Thyroid Cancer - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

THYROID CANCER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Thyroid Cancer: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84096-2 1. Thyroid Cancer-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on thyroid cancer. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON THYROID CANCER .................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Thyroid Cancer ............................................................................. 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 23 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND THYROID CANCER .......................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Finding Nutrition Studies on Thyroid Cancer ............................................................................ 71 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 78 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND THYROID CANCER .................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 81 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 95 General References ....................................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND THYROID CANCER ................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Recent Trials on Thyroid Cancer ................................................................................................. 97 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 99 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON THYROID CANCER ............................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Patents on Thyroid Cancer ........................................................................................................ 101 Patent Applications on Thyroid Cancer..................................................................................... 102 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 105 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON THYROID CANCER .................................................................................. 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 107 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 109 Chapters on Thyroid Cancer ...................................................................................................... 110 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON THYROID CANCER ........................................................................ 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Bibliography: Multimedia on Thyroid Cancer ........................................................................... 113 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON THYROID CANCER ..................................................... 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 115 Academic Periodicals covering Thyroid Cancer......................................................................... 119 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 121 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 122 Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 123 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 129 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 131 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 133 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 139

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 141 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 141 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 141 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 141 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 141 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 147 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 149 THYROID CANCER DICTIONARY ......................................................................................... 151 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 199

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with thyroid cancer is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about thyroid cancer, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to thyroid cancer, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on thyroid cancer. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to thyroid cancer, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on thyroid cancer. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON THYROID CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on thyroid cancer.

Federally Funded Research on Thyroid Cancer The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to thyroid cancer. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to thyroid cancer. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore thyroid cancer. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for thyroid cancer: •

Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF T(2;3)(Q12;P25) IN THYROID CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kroll, Todd G.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUN-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2001 Summary: Thyroid nodules are common in the adult human population. Many are benign but some are cancers with varying degrees of malignant potential. Clinical

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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assessment cannot stratify individual thyroid nodules into definite benign, premalignant, or malignant categories. Pre-operative pathologic classification is imprecise because thyroid follicular hyperplasias, adenomas, and carcinomas have overlapping morphologic features. As a result, the majority of thyroid nodules resected at surgery are benign. We hypothesize that investigations into the pathogenesis of thyroid follicular neoplasms will elucidate their basic biology, improve diagnosis, identify reliable prognosticators, and reduce the need for thyroid surgeries. t(2;3)(q12;p25) has been identified in 8 of 11 human thyroid follicular carcinomas using cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses. t(2;3)(q12;p25) appears specific for follicular carcinoma in that it was absent from 12 papillary carcinomas, 21 follicular adenomas, and 12 multi-nodular hyperplasias lacked t(2;3)(q12;p25) analyzed by FISH. We hypothesize that t(2;3)(q12;p25) results in formation of a novel human oncogene that we propose to characterize and determine whether it is a marker identifying patients with malignant and pre-malignant follicular thyroid nodules. The t(2;3)(q12;p25) oncogene will be localized by physical mapping with YAC- and BAC-FISH of both breakpoints. Fusion oncogene cDNAs will be isolated with BACs and verified by: (1) their ability to hybridize to DNA spanning the translocation breakpoint(s), (2) identification of genomic DNA rearrangements and unique mRNA transcripts in follicular carcinoma tissue, and (3) direct nucleotide sequencing. In vitro systems will be established to characterize oncogene transforming activity, and the utility of the oncogene in diagnosis and classification of thyroid follicular neoplasms will be evaluated in histologic and cytologic pathology specimens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE 10Q22-23 CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Parsons, Ramon; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Recently, a candidate tumor suppressor gene, PTEN, has been identified on human chromosome 10q23 that is mutated in sporadic cancers of the brain, breast, and prostate. Germline mutations of the PTEN gene are observed in Cowden disease, an inherited predisposition in breast and thyroid cancer. Analysis of the codon sequence of PTEN has revealed a tyrosine phosphatase/dual specificity phosphatase domain. The phosphatase domain sits within a large domain homologous to tensin and auxilin. Mutations have been observed within the phosphatase domain and non-overlapping portions of the tensin domain. The carboxy-terminal half of the codon sequence has no significant homology to other genes; nevertheless, it is a target for mutations as well. Thus, it represents a potential functional domain of unknown significance. The first specific aim will attempt to identify the frequency of PTEN inactivation in brain and breast tumors. Tumor DNA paired with normal DNA samples will be analyzed for PTEN mutations in exonic sequences. Homozygous deletions of exons will be investigated using a variety of techniques, including Southern blotting, PCR, with polymorphic markers within and surrounding the gene, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The potential inactivation of PTEN expression through methylation will be explored. Finally, tumors at different phases of development will be tested for alterations. The second specific aim is to characterize the PTEN protein. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies will be developed. These antibodies will be utilized to identify the location of PTEN in cells, normal tissues, and tumors. PTEN will be expressed as a fusion protein in e. coli, purified, and tested for phosphatase activity.

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Mutants of PTEN found in people will be expressed to determine their effects on phosphatase activity. Finding proteins that specifically interact with the phosphatase or other domains of the protein will be a high priority. Approaches to find such proteins include co-immunoprecipitation, two-hybrid analysis, and affinity purification. The third aim is to determine the physiological function of PTEN and uncover its mechanisms of tumor suppressor. To identify the role of PTEN in normal and tumor development, the gene will be mutated in the germline of mice. As an alternative approach, tumor cell lines mutated for PTEN will be complemented with the wild type gene. Phenotypes to be tested include cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEMETHYLATION THERAPY OF THYROID CARCINOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Ain, Kenneth B.; Medicine; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-MAY-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Disseminated dedifferentiated thyroid epithelial carcinoma is a terminal disease with no effective systemic treatment or chemotherapy, as a consequence of the loss of the ability to concentrate iodide, rendering it unable to be treated with radioactive iodide. Our translational research efforts aim to restore the therapeutic effectiveness of radioiodine for systemic therapy. Iodide uptake depends upon expression of the human sodium-iodide membrane symporter (hNIS). Chemical agents, differentiation inducers and demethylation agents, have been able to restore lost differentiated functions in a wide variety of other tumor types. Our data show that demethylation agents can restore expression of hNIS mRNA in dedifferentiated human thyroid cancer cell lines and restore iodide uptake. We have shown that this is likely consequent to demethylation of CpG islands of the hNIS gene promoter (or the promoters of thyroid-specific transcription factors) in tumor samples. For this reason, we hypothesize that methylation-induced loss of hNIS gene transcription is reversible by chemical therapy with demethylating agents or differentiation inducers. Such therapy should enable radioiodide treatment of dedifferentiated thyroid cancers. In addition, we have demonstrated that the same mechanism of gene methylation is responsible for loss of expression of E-cadherin, a protein contributing to cell:cell adhesion in human thyroid cancer cells. Restoration of E-cadherin expression may suppress tumor invasion and metastasis, improving the clinical course of thyroid cancer patients. In this way, clinical use of demethylation agents may enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic radioiodine and simultaneously diminish the progression and spread of disease. This proposed patient-oriented research will utilize demethylation agents to restore or enhance radioiodine uptake in thyroid carcinoma metastases of patients previously unresponsive to radioiodine treatment. Pilot trials using known active agents, such as 5-azacytidine, will be supplemented with trials of additional agents defined by cell culture and xenograft studies. Patients with therapeuticallyunresponsive dedifferentiated thyroid cancer metastases are often treated with palliative surgical resection of gross tumor. In such patients, fresh tumor samples will be analyzed for hNIS gene methylation and E-cadherin expression and cultured for cell lines. These analyses and in vitro studies will permit targeting of specific agents to individual patients for the purposes of both radioiodine therapy and modulation of tumor progression. Such patient-oriented research will proceed in the context of active mentorship in thyroid oncology and translational research centered on Oncology fellows. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ESTABLISH OF POST CHERNOBYL NIS THYROID BANKS Principal Investigator & Institution: Thomas, Geraldine A.; University of Cambridge Cambridge, England Cambridge, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-JUL-2000; Project End 10-SEP-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) This project will form an internationally supported collaborative research resource for many groups working on the problems of thyroid cancer which has followed the Chernobyl accident. It is designed to promote collaboration and avoid competition in the use of limited and very valued resources. The four funding organizations involved in the project are the National Institute of Health of the USA, the European Commission, the World Health Organization and the Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation of Japan. The basis of the project is a collaborative approach to the collection of the tissue from cases of thyroid cancer in the areas around Chernobyl with simultaneous collection of blood samples and basic clinical information. The project has several aims (a) to ensure that the best possible diagnostic service is given to patients, (b) to provide a diagnosis agreed by internationally recognized pathologists. This diagnosis will be made available to research groups from those countries carrying out molecular biological, therapeutic, epidemiological and other studies. (c) to ensure that specimens of thyroid cancer are properly described and sampled, and that materials are available for appropriate research studies (frozen tissue, fixed tissue sections, extracted DNA/RNA and blood samples, together with relevant information), through a protocol agreed by the research organizations involved. The project will provide a valuable research tool for future researchers interested in the mechanism of radiation tumourigenesis of the thyroid following irradiation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EXPLOITATION OF RET INHIBITORS FOR TREATMENT OF THYROID CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelkin, Barry D.; Associate Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Activation of the RET tyrosine kinase is involved in approximately 50% of cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and 20-25% of cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). For medullary thyroid carcinoma, there is no effective therapy other than surgery. In this proposal, we will develop therapeutic approaches for MTC and PTC, based on inhibition of RET. We have shown that the indolecarbazole compunds of CEP-701 and CEP-751 inhibit RET and induce apoptosis in MTC cells in culture. Focusing mainly on MTC, this proposal will develop this observation, toward effective therapy for these diseases in humans. The effect of CEP701 and CEP-751 on inhibition of RET activity and MTC growth will be evaluated in an animal model of human MTC. Combination therapy, using CEP-701 or DEP-751 and a conventional cytotoxic agent, will be examined. A library of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, structurally similar to CEP-701 and CEP-751, will be screened for more effective RET inhibitors. Correlative markers will be identified for RET inhibition, based on downstream effectors of RET signal transduction pathways. Immunological assays for these markers will be developed for future use in assessing the efficacy of RET inhibition in clinical settings. The effect of RET inhibition by CEP-701, CEP-751, or other compounds on several forms of RET commonly activated in MTC and PTC will be

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examined. In addition, the effect of RET inhibition therapy will be examined in tumors arising in the natural thyroid setting, in transgenic models of MTC and PTC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FUNCTIONAL PROTEOGENOMICS OF MITOCHONDRIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Oefner, Peter J.; Associate Director; Biochemistry; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): One hundred and two clinical phenotypes have been associated with mutations in a quarter of the known 406 nuclear-encoded human mitochondrial proteins. Estimated 500-600 nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins await identification. The physiological mechanisms operating in mitochondria are highly conserved among eukaryotes. Hence, insights gained into the function of mitochondrial proteins in yeast can be correlated to their orthologues in human that are involved in health and disease. Using single-gene yeast deletion mutants, 265 novel proteins with a respiratory deficiency have been identified. By blasting these proteins against an expressed sequence tag library and, consequently, correlating them to mapped putative mitochondrial disorders, candidate genes could be identified for such mitochondrial disorders as optic atrophy 4, Moebius syndrome 2, Friedreich ataxia 2, and thyroid cancer with cell oxyphilia. As a follow-up, a complementary study of mitochondrial function at the transcriptional and translational level is proposed. Using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of tryptic digests of isolated yeast mitochondria, accurate mass tags for yeast nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins will be obtained with the goal to identify all mitochondria located proteins. High-density DNA array expression analysis of proteins identified by gene deletion and the proteomics project will be used to identify pathway specific mRNA signature profiles, which can be used to group unclassified genes into an operational network. Thirty-two yeast deletion strains involved in the function of the respiratory chain, amino acid metabolism, heme biosyntesis, and membrane transport were selected under the criteria of their quantitative deletion phenotype and a human orthologue involved in a mitochondrial disorder. In addition, to study more subtle alterations of cellular and mitochondrial function, experiments using the yeast deletion collection on several iron and thiamin conditions are proposed. Further, mRNA signature profiling will be conducted on human cell lines established from patients with mitochondriopathies. These cell lines are related to yeast, 19 have a known gene mutation and a yeast orthologue involved in the similar pathway and partially found with a respiratory deficiency. In a pilot project, a library of accurate mass tags for human mitochondrial proteins will be generated for the characterization of human cell lines derived from patients with known or putative mitochondriopathies. The concordance of protein data with those obtained by means of human mRNA expression arrays and the functional genomic findings from yeast will be assessed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GCRC MASS SPECTROMETRY CORE FACILITY SUPPLEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Burnett, John C.; Professor of Medicine & Physiology Direc; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1976; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a revised supplemental application to bring a proteomic analytical facility to our Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory so as

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to facilitate clinical research in the post-genome era. The investigators request support to expand our shared instrument facility by adding a state-of-the-art mass spectrometer ion-trap to perform protein profile analysis in conjunction with functional and gene array analysis. This new system with high throughput and capability for proteomic analysis will enhance the research efforts of several human researchers. This proposal deals with human studies conducted in the MC GCRC from nine NIH-supported investigators (total 20 NIH grants including two program projects representing support from NIDDK, NIA, NIHL, and NCI). These investigators represent a wide range of disciplines endocrinology, metabolism, aging, nutrition, transplantation biology, vascular biology and cancer. The proposals are: 1) Dr. K. S. Nair (PI) investigates (I) the effect of insulin and amino acids on hepatic and muscle protein profiles and (ii) age and exercise effects on muscle protein and gene transcript profiles. 2) Dr. R. Rizza investigates whether the circulatory proteins differentially regulated by insulin and glucose in Type II diabetics and non-diabetic people. 3) Dr. J. Levine investigates the effect of experimental weight gain on changes in adipocyte protein expression. 4) Drs. B. L. Riggs and S. Khosla investigate the effect of estrogen deficiency on protein expression in bone marrow. 5) Drs. D. Jelinek and N. Kay investigate the protein and gene expression profiling in multiple myeloma and (three cell leukemia. 6) Dr. M. Joyner investigates the protein and gene transcript profiles in microvasculature in people who are non-responsive to nitric oxide stimulants and compare with the responder. 7) Dr. M. Stegall investigates the protein profiling in kidney samples of people with chronic allograft nephropathy. 8) Dr. M. Jensen investigates the differential of proteins and gene transcripts profile in abdominal and gluteal fat cells. 9) Drs. N. Eberhardt and B. McIver investigate the proteins and gene transcripts differentially expressed in thyroid cancer tissues and normal thyroid tissue. The facility is well supported by NIH (through GCRC as well as program projects) and Mayo Foundation for maintenance and supplies. Highly qualified mass spectrometry technicians are available and the investigator has longstanding experience in using biomedical mass spectrometry for protein studies. The addition of new mass spectrometers and personnel will allow our facility to advance our program to identify new proteins and the altered expression of proteins in diseased states and in response to physiological stimuli. The results from the proposed studies are expected to make major contributions to our understanding of molecular mechanisms of various diseases and the aging process. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENE THERAPY OF PROSTATE CANCER USING RADIOIODINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Morris, John C.; Associate Professor & Chair; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 31-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death of American men. Metastatic prostate cancer is considered essentially incurable. In marked contrast, thyroid cancers can be effectively treated and, at times, cured even when widespread metastasis is present, because of the ability of the cells to concentrate iodine, making therapy with radioactive iodine possible and effective. The studies described in this proposal are aimed at transferring the gene for the thyroidal sodiumiodide symporter (NIS), the structure that is responsible for iodide trapping by thyroid cells, into prostate cancer cells. In addition, the potential role of this transfer as a means of gene therapy for metastatic prostate cancer is examined. The studies involve targeting expression of the NIS gene using prostate specific promoters in order to achieve prostate specific gene expression. Our preliminary studies have demonstrated the feasibility of

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this gene transfer in vitro and in vivo, in that high level and prostate specific iodide uptake has been established in LNCaP cell tumors in mice and those tumors have been successfully treated with 131I. The experiments outlined in this proposal will further examine the feasibility and efficacy of NIS gene transfer in vivo using mouse models, mechanisms of maximizing NIS protein expression and activity, and the cell killing effect of 131I in these models in vitro and in vivo. Further, our studies will examine the immune response within immunocompetent host mice following radioiodine killing of NIS transfected murine prostate tumors and the influence of that response upon the appearance and progression of native prostate cancer in transgenic mice (TRAMP), which naturally develop prostate cancer. Finally the proposal describes a phase I/II clinical trial of adenoviral mediated NIS gene transfer in patients with recurrent prostate cancer. Our studies, will serve to examine the potential of NIS gene transfer to prostate cancer as a method of therapy of metastatic disease and are the first so described. In addition, successful demonstration of radioiodine effect in our prostate cancer model will serve to stimulate interest in NIS as a therapeutic gene for other cancer types. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Boat, Thomas F.; Director; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-DEC-1993; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: This is a proposal for the renewal of a multi-categorical General Clinical Research Center at the Children's and University Hospitals. Major areas of research include: 1. Pediatric Liver Disease. Studies are defining the pathophysiology and treatment of new inborn errors of bile acid metabolism and peroxisomal disorders and the pathogenesis of bone disease and growth failure in cholestatic liver disease. 2. Bone Health. Studies will examine the effect of maternal age during lactation on bone demineralization and the value of progestins in ameliorating the loss. Studies will evaluate the role of calcium supplementation on bone accretion in prepubertal children, the role of exercise in bone accretion in preschoolers and the pathogenesis and management of bone disease in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. 3. Cancer. Using resources available through a proposed Tissue Procurement Facility supported by the GCRC, basic science and clinical investigators will obtain tumors for investigations of the cell biology and molecular mechanisms of malignancies. Studies will investigate thyroid cancer, neural tumors, breast cancer, and the APC and Bloom's Syndrome genes. 4. Gaucher Disease. Despite the availability of enzyme research for Gaucher Disease, disability from bone disease persists. Studies will evaluate the potential value of bisphosphonates as an adjunct to enzyme replacement for the treatment of bone disease in Gaucher Disease. 5. Cystic Fibrosis. Studies are defining the safety of a replicationdeficient recombinant adenovirus construct to deliver the CF transmembrane conductance gene to the nasal epithelium. 6. Cholesterol Synthesis. Studies are evaluating the potential effect of the cholesterol content in breast milk or infant formulae and cholesterol synthesis rates to determine if early exposure to cholesterol in the human infant may have an "imprinting" effect on cholesterol synthesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INTRATHECAL CANCER THERAPY USING I131 NAI Principal Investigator & Institution: Wong, Franklin C.; Associate Professor, Nuclear Medicine An; Nuclear Medicine; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is a difficult management problem of patients with various types of cancers. If left untreated, it is invariably fatal. There is essentially no effective treatment. Serious untoward effects are associated with current therapies including neural-axis irradiation and/or intrathecal chemotherapy. The former is limited by radiotoxicity to the underlying nervous tissues while the latter, by intrathecal breakdown and poor penetration of the meninges to reach the tumors. On the other hand, the locoregional use of radiopharmaceuticals such as beta-emitters with millimeter ranges may overcome such hurdles. Beta emission from iodine-131 has a limited range of 2-3 mm that is not impeded by diffusion. It will deliver large radiation to the tumors in the CSF and meninges while sparing the cerebral cortices and the spinal cord. Others using tumor-specific I-131 labeled anti-tenascin monoclonal antibodies have found partial therapeutic success but encountered hematotoxicity. Since hematotoxicity from I-131 compounds has been correlated with total body exposure and labeled antibodies are known to be retained in the body for days, exclusion of the antibody moiety may enhance excretion of unnecessary radiopharmaceuticals and decrease hematotoxicity to allow higher initial dosage for better efficacy. This study aims to determine the regional distribution, dosimetry, potential toxicity and efficacy of intrathecal I-131 sodium iodide (NaI). It is a widely available radiopharmaceutical for effective thyroid cancer therapy. Our preliminary modeling results have found sufficient dosimetry to treat tumor cells in the CSF and meninges, while sparing the underlying brain and spinal cord. This Phase I study will measure the whole-body, organ and regional dosimetry of intrathecally injected I- 131 NaI to correlate with potential efficacy and side effects including thyrotoxicity, hematotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Five to six groups of 3 patients will be studied according to the IRBapproved protocol ID98- 331. In brief, study patients will undergo intrathecal injection of I-131 NaI, followed by blood and urine collection and scintigraphic imaging at determined intervals for pharmacokinetics and dosimetry. Eradication of tumor cells in the CSF will be the primary indicator of efficacy. The CSF cytology, MRI, thyroid, hematology and neuropsychology profiles and neurological status will be followed up to 6 months and contrasted with dosages and dosimetry to determine a reliable set of parameters for further studies. At the end of the study period, our team shall have generated a sufficient set of data to determine whether it is worthwhile to pursue a phase II clinical trial of intrathecal I-131 NaI for the treatment of LM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THERAPY

LEVOTHYROXINE:

TRIIODOTHYRONINE

COMBINATION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Jonklaas, Jacqueliine; Medicine; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this project is to determine what combination of thyroid hormones provides optimum replacement therapy for hypothyroidism. There are two circulating thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and standard thyroid hormone replacement consists of synthetic thyroxine (levothyroxine) alone. Although levothyroxine is converted into triiodothyronine in the circulation, triiodothyronine levels achieved may not be equal to those seen with intact thyroid function. Therefore, the overall hypothesis of this project is that levothyroxine replacement results in a subtle deficiency of triiodothyronine and provides incomplete treatment for hypothyroidism. The initial hypothesis to be tested in

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11

this project is whether, within individual patients, standard replacement with levothyroxine results in lower serum levels of triiodothyronine than those seen while the thyroid gland is functioning. Participants will be euthyroid individuals scheduled for thyroidectomy for benign nodular disease or thyroid cancer. Serum triiodothyronine levels prior to thyroid surgery will be compared with those after thyroidectomy, to determine if levothyroxine replacement results in lower, sub-physiologic triiodothyronine levels. Another hypothesis of this project is that a panel of genes can be identified whose expression level is reflective of thyroid status. Complimentary (c) DNA array technology will be used to develop a gene panel whose expression is regulated by thyroid hormone. This gene panel will be included in the biochemical markers used to assess thyroid status. The third hypothesis is that levothyroxinetriiodothyronine combination will provide superior treatment of hypothyroidism. Biochemical, physiologic and psychologic indices of thyroid status will be compared during combination therapy with several ratios of levothyroxine and triiodothyronine to indices during treatment with levothyroxine alone. The regimens will be compared to determine if the one that most closely reproduces the triiodothyronine levels seen with intact thyroid function, also has the most favorable impact on thyroid status. The final hypothesis of this project is that sustained release triiodothyronine is superior to commercially available triiodothyronine. Because of its short half-life, replacement with triiodothyronine leads to fluctuating serum levels. A new sustained release product, which results in steady triiodothyronine levels, will furnish more physiologic replacement. This will be tested against treatment with levothyroxine, and levothyroxine and triiodothyronine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF RET/PTC REARRANGEMENTS IN THYROID CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Nikiforov, Yuri E.; Assistant Professor; Pathology and Lab Medicine; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (Scanned from the applicant's abstract) Thyroid cancer is the most common form of solid neoplasms known to be associated with radiation exposure. However, the mechanisms of radiation-induced carcinogenesis are not well understood. The high prevalence of rearrangements of the RET gene has been recently found in postChernobyl papillary thyroid carcinomas and in thyroid tumors from patients exposed to therapeutic external radiation. The positions of breakpoints sites in the RET and ELEI genes identified in post-Chemobyl tumors with RETPTC3 rearrangements suggested that these two genes may be aligned across from each other in the nucleus at the time of DNA breaks (Nikiforov et al., Oncogene, 1999). Consistent with this idea, we found that one pair of RET and H4 genes (contributing to RET/PTCI rearrangement) was juxtaposed in 35 percent of inter-phase nuclei of normal thyroid cells. These data suggest that two potentially recombinogenic chromosomal loci may be contiguous to each other in the nucleus predisposing to generation of rearrangement by adjacent double-strand DNA breaks produced by ionizing radiation or other genotoxic agents. The main goal of the current proposal is to explore the role of nuclear architecture and gene proximity in generation of chromosomal rearrangements after radiation exposure. We propose to use two-color FISH and three-dimensional confocal laser-scanning microscopy to determine the frequency of physical proximity of genes, contributing to the major types of RET/PTC rearrangements, in normal human thyroid follicular cells and in other cell lineages. We will establish whether chromosomal organization with

12

Thyroid Cancer

respect to these loci is cell-type specific, age-dependent, or varies with cell cycle stage. Any of these parameters could explain in part the high prevalence of thyroid cancer after irradiation, and the higher susceptibility of children. Then, we will expose cultured cells to different doses of ionizing radiation to test directly the relationship between gene proximity and the frequency of radiation-induced RET/PTC rearrangements in vitro. These studies will extend our understanding of the mechanisms of radiationinduced carcinogenesis in the thyroid gland. In addition, they are likely to have importance for a broad range of chromosomal rearrangements found in cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR CHANGE AND THYROID CANCER RISK AFTER CHERNOBYL Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Scott; Professor of Epidemiology; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This study will investigate the occurrence and molecular characteristics of thyroid cancer in residents of the Bryansk Oblast of the Russian Federation who were up to 50 years of age at the time of exposure to radiation from the Chernobyl Power Station accident on April 26, 1986. The study has three primary purposes: 1) to characterize cases of thyroid cancer according to specific molecular markers of genetic change, and to investigate whether the presence of such markers is associated with individual thyroid radiation dose to the thyroid from the Chernobyl accident; 2) to investigate whether age-at-exposure dependent radiation dose response for thyroid cancer differs between cancers that are positive versus negative for the molecular markers investigated; and 3) to investigate whether the presence of these same molecular markers is associated with clinical outcome. Thyroid cancer cases diagnosed between April 1, 2001 and March 31, 2006 will be identified and the diagnosis confirmed by a panel of expert thyroid pathologists. Controls, equal in number to the cases of thyroid cancer, will be selected among residents in the Bryansk Oblast, without thyroid cancer, individually matched to cases by sex, age, type of settlement and talon. For all cases and controls, the following information will be collected: 1) demographic and health history; 2) details of residential and dietary history; 3) appropriate physical samples to aid dose reconstruction; and 4) a blood sample. Individual radiation dose to the thyroid will be estimated for each case and control. Paraffin embedded tissue or fresh frozen tissue will be obtained for each case to assess tyrosine kinase growth factor and tyrosine kinase receptor expression for purposes of estimating the association between the presence of each of the markers and individual thyroid radiation dose. Clinical history and outcome data will be collected from medical records for investigation of the association between adverse clinical outcome (e.g. recurrence) and individual thyroid radiation dose, patient characteristics, and molecular markers of genetic change. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ADENOMA/FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA

DISTINGUISH

FOLLICULAR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Zeiger, Martha A.; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001

Studies

13

Summary: Over 28,000 thyroidectomies are performed in the United States annually for suspected malignancy. However, up to 18,000 of these are benign on permanent histology. This phenomenon is due to the fact that fine needle aspirations (FNA) of the thyroid that are suspicious for malignancy ultimately turn out to represent a benign process in 60% of cases. Because of this phenomenon we chose to examine follicular neoplasms of the thyroid for molecular markers that would distinguish a follicular adenoma from a carcinoma. Up to 40 follicular neoplasms of the thyroid were screened by microsatellite polymorphism analysis that might distinguish the two. Although there was no difference between follicular adenomas and follicular carcinomas, Hijrthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid appeared to have greater loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 1q and 2p that could distinguish Hijrthle cell adenomas from Hijrthle cell carcinomas. These abnormalities could also be demonstrated on FNA samples with 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity; a potential dramatic improvement over what can now be accomplished by cytology. Because Hiirthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid represent a very small percentage of thyroid carcinomas that still left the clinical dilemma of distinguishing follicular adenomas from carcinomas as well as lesions that were suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma. We, therefore, examined follicular neoplasms and lesions that were suspicious for papillary cancer for telomerase activity. We found that 100% of follicular carcinomas and 67% of papillary thyroid cancer have a positive telomerase activity. As a result of this above work, we are prospectively collecting FNA samples from patients who have suspicious lesions on thyroid cytology. The collaborating institutions include the University of Pittsburgh and Mayo Clinic at Jacksonville. To date we have collected 127 samples and are currently examining the use of telomerase as a marker to distinguish benign from malignant. Should we be able to accomplish this and apply it to FNA then theoretically this technique could result in the obviation of up to 18,000 thyroidectomies performed annually in this country. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THYROID CELL GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Fagin, James A.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1989; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): This grant application proposes to study the mechanism through which the RET/PTC oncogenes induce papillary thyroid cancer. While the mechanism of RET activation of cell signaling pathways has been evaluated in a variety of cells, almost nothing is known about its signaling pathways in the thyroid, where it is normally expressed. Considering that RET is intimately involved in carcinogenesis, both for differentiated thyroid tumors and medullary thyroid tumors, this study has a very sensible goal. In particular, the applicant will study the effects of RET/PTC on cell cycle control and genomic stability, evaluate signaling of RET/PTC through the RAS pathway and via PLC-gamma and determine the role of PKC-epsilon in thyroid cell transformation in vivo. RET/PTC rearrangements (four or more) are unique to papillary thyroid carcinoma, and RET/PTC3 is especially prevalent in cancers arising in children exposed to radiation in Chernobyl. RET/PTC appears to be a specific initiating event in tumorigenesis, although presumably with additional mutational change. The translocations forming the RET/PTC oncogene appear to be through chromosomal exchange at specific break points, and it is suggested that these are because the sites of exchange are next to each other during interphase. RET/PTC is believed to be constitutively activated, and that phosphorylation at position 586 allows binding to the membrane and interaction with

14

Thyroid Cancer

SHC, allowing it to transduce signals through RAS. Subsequent steps in the pathway may involve MAP kinase, or possibly phospholipase C-gamma. Studies on H-RAS have shown that it, when constitutively expressed, can act possibly through MAP kinases to cause abnormal mitosis. Activation of PLC-gamma can cause activation of PKC-epsilon, and this may possibly be involved in apoptosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR-GENETIC ANALYSIS OF 3P14 GENOMIC STABILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Drabkin, Harry A.; Professor; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 14-AUG-1998; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): The hereditary renal carcinoma 3;8 translocation has been the source of considerable interest among cancer geneticists and a long-term goal of this laboratory. The pattern of disease is one of classic hereditary cancer with autosomal dominant inheritance, multifocal early onset renal cancer and less frequently, thyroid cancer. The investigators were the first to clone the 3p14 translocation breakpoint. Their subsequent investigations identified homozygous deletions in various carcinoma cell lines involving a region approximately 150 kb telomeric to the t(3;8) breakpoint. This region coincides with FRA3B, the most inducible fragile site in the genome. Whether or not the deletions involving FRA3B result solely from genomic instability, or are biologically selected, is an important question, given the high frequency of 3p loss in a variety of malignant diseases. While Ohta et al. identified a 3p14 gene, FHIT, spanning the 3;8 breakpoint, its role as a tumor suppressor has been seriously questioned. The investigators have discovered that the 3;8 translocation results in a fusion transcript between a novel gene, TRC8, and FHIT. The TRC8 gene is suggested to be a membrane receptor with partial similarity to Drosophila patched, the human homologue of which is responsible for the hereditary basal cell carcinoma syndrome. With regard to the distinct 3p14 deletion region, the investigators have obtained evidence for additional non-FHIT transcripts and have identified a cell line, CC19, with ongoing spontaneous deletions in FRA3B which exhibit tumorigenic differences. This system provides an ideal model to investigate the tumorigenic role of FHIT and other putative genes. The investigators propose, therefore, two main areas of investigation: 1) The further characterization of TRC8 including a mutational analysis of renal and thyroid carcinomas; development of antibodies for the subcellular localization of normal and rearranged products; transfection experiments to functionally characterize the TRC8, TRC8-FHIT and FHIT-TRC8 products. 2) To clarify the role of 3p14 deletions in cancer, they will examine the tumorigenesis of CC19 subclones with and without deletions affecting FHIT exons. If consistent correlations between deletions and tumorigenic variation can be obtained, they will perform transfection experiments with FHIT to confirm this activity. If non-FHIT coding regions are suggested to have tumor suppressor activity they will be further characterized. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROTEIN KINASE C AND THYROID CELL APOPTOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Knauf, Jeffrey A.; Internal Medicine; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2002

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15

Summary: (taken from the application) In 1997, there were an estimated 16,100 new cases of thyroid cancer in the United States. Cancer is not simply a proliferation process, but the manifestation of an imbalance between cell growth and cell death. It is likely that for a tumor clone to progress the apoptotic program must be successfully disabled. In support of this paradigm, we have isolated a chimeric and truncated mutant of PKCepsilon (Tr-PKC-epsilon), the gene for which was amplified and rearranged in a thyroid cancer cell line. When transfected into PCCL3 cells (a well-differentiated rat thyroid cell line) Tr-PKC-epsilon inhibits activation-induced translocation of the wild-type isozyme, resulting in protection of cells from apoptosis. This is accompanied by a marked impairment in p53 stabilization, which may be in part due to elevated levels of MDM2. These findings point to a role for PKC-epsilon in apoptosis signaling pathways in thyroid cells, and suggest that disruptions in PKC-epsilon function may be involved in thyroid tumorigenesis, possibly by altering the cellular response to DNA damage. In support of this we have found that in 75-85% of thyroid carcinomas there were dramatic changes in the level and/or subcellular distribution of PKC-epsilon compared to corresponding normal thyroid tissue. The following Specific Aims are proposed: (1) We will use an inducible expression system to achieve selective activation of either PKCepsilon or the constitutively activated mutant PKC-epsilon-A159F and to determine whether this alone can initiate an apoptotic program, that can be blocked by Tr-PKCepsilon. (2) We will explore whether PKC-epsilon activation interferes with phosphorylation, stabilization, and other post-translational modifications of p53 and MDM-2. (3) We will manipulate the function of the isozyme in thyroid follicular cells of transgenic mice, by targeting expression of either PKC-epsilon, PDK-epsilon-A159F, or the dominant negative inhibitor Tr-PKC-epsilon. Effects on thyroid cell apoptosis in vivo will then be studied in mice exposed to external radiation to the thyroid bed. (4) We will determine if the observed changes in expression and distribution of PKCepsilon in thyroid cancers are due to somatically-acquired structural defects in the PKCepsilon gene, or to epigenetic events. For tumor clones to expand, they must not only exhibit unrestrained stimulation to proliferate, but must also disable essential protection circuits that trigger apoptosis. We propose that PKC-epsilon is part of this defensive strategy, and that this can be subverted during tumorigenesis, or perhaps modulated during adaptive responses such as goiter involution, or thyroid remodeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RADIATION INDUCED THYROID CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Schneider, Arthur B.; Professor of Medicine and Chief; Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1977; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The major objective of this research proposal is to study radiation- induced thyroid cancer by coordinated clinical, epidemiological and laboratory investigations. The clinical studies are designed to determine the continuing incidence of radiationinduced thyroid cancer and to evaluate methods of diagnosis and medical and surgical approaches to treatment. This will be accomplished by continuing the longitudinal study of patients who received childhood head and neck irradiation for benign conditions at Michael Reese Hospital. Of the 4,296 patients who were so treated 3,058 (71.2 percent) have been located and 1,025 (33.5 percent) have had surgery for thyroid nodules. Among those who have had surgery, 357 (34.8 percent) have had thyroid cancer. The follow-up of this population will continue with the following aims: (1) to determine the continuing incidence of radiation-induced thyroid cancer, (2) to determine if their radiation-induced thyroid cancers have the same age- dependent

16

Thyroid Cancer

worsening prognosis as seen in the general population, and (3) to evaluate the diagnostic methods and treatment methods that have been used. Laboratory studies will focus on the role of serum thyroglobulin in the diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Parallel studies will continue on other radiation-induced tumors, including benign and malignant salivary tumors, neural tumors, parathyroid tumors and others. Together these will provide the information to develop guidelines for the care of persons with a history of radiation. Epidemiological studies will focus on identifying evidence for the existence of heritable radiation susceptibility factors. Patterns of multiple tumors in irradiated individuals and family histories of cancer will be analyzed. Specimens of neoplasms from previous surgery will be used to study specific oncogenes as markers of and as participants in radiation-induced neoplastic transformation. These studies will focus on rearrangements of the ret protooncogene in thyroid neoplasms and the NF2 tumor suppressor gene in neural tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RADIATION INDUCED THYROID CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Weier, Heinz-Ulrich G.; Staff Scientist; Structural Biology Division; University of Calif-Lawrenc Berkeley Lab Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: (From Abstract) In 1986, an accident at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, USSR, led to the release of high levels of radioisotopes. Ten years later, the incidence of childhood papillary thyroid cancer (chPTC) near Chernobyl had risen by 2 orders of magnitude, most likely as a consequence of increased exposure to ionizing radiation. The routes and mechanisms by which radiation generated these additional thyroid cancers remain mysterious. Eight years ago, we began to archive thyroid tumor tissues from patients who underwent thyroidectomy near the site of the power plant, among them 214 specimens from children. Several tumors from this collection aberrantly expressed ret tyrosine kinase transcripts due to a ret/PTC1 or ret/PTC3 chromosomal rearrangements on chromosome 10. However, many other chPTC tumors have phenotypes not attributable to aberrant ret expression. Moreover, even within a retpositive chPTC tumor, not all cells express ret or contain a rearranged chromosome 10. We hypothesize that these other classes of tumors may inappropriately express a different oncogene or have lost function of a tumor suppressor as a result of chromosomal rearrangements and that knowledge of the kind of genetic alterations leading to chPTC may facilitate the early detection and staging of tumors as well as provide guidance for therapeutic intervention. To test this hypothesis, we propose to map the sites of chromosomal breakpoints in 38 cases of radiation-induced chPTC and identify genes with abnormal pattern of expression. We will localize the breakpoints in radiation-induced tumors for which we have metaphase spreads using G-banding results and Spectral Karyotyping. With the breakpoints grossly determined, we will define the targets for positional cloning and prepare breakpoint-spanning YAC contigs and high-resolution physical maps based on co-linear BAC clones. Control groups will be comprised of children who developed thyroid cancer without prior radiation exposure as well as tumors in adult patients who underwent radiotherapy as children or adults. Interphase cell preparations from the control groups will be studied with comparative genomic hybridization and probes specific for candidate loci to detect translocations as well as gene amplifications and deletions. We can then identify genes at the chPTC-specific breakpoints by exon-trapping, direct selection, and DNA sequencing. We will prepare stable cell lines carrying the oncogenic rearrangements for

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17

further characterization and distribution. Finally, we will examine the levels and localization of mRNAs with Northern and in situ hybridization analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF THE SODIUM/IODIDE SYMPORTER IN BREAST Principal Investigator & Institution: Brent, Gregory A.; Professor; Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) In the lactating mammary gland, iodide is concentrated up to 36-fold in milk compared with the plasma iodide concentration, due to stimulation of the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). Some hormone-dependent breast cancers also concentrate iodide, up to 7-fold, but iodide uptake in breast cancer must be enhanced to make radioiodine treatment possible, analagous to the TSH stimulation required for uptake of radioiodine into thyroid cancer. All-trans retinoic acid (RA) treatment stimulates iodide uptake, MS mRNA, and MS protein in MCF-7 cells, an estrogen receptor (ER) positive human breast cancer cell line, in a time and dose dependent fashion. No RA-induction of iodide uptake is seen in an ER-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB 231, or a normal breast-derived cell line, MCF-12A. An in vitro clonogenic assay demonstrated selective toxicity of radioiodine following RA stimulation of MCF-7 cells. MCF-12A cells have abundant MS protein, but no functional iodide uptake. MS regulation differs significantly in the breast compared to the thyroid, and differs in normal breast and breast cancer cell lines. We propose to study the regulation of iodide transport in breast cancer cell lines compared to normal breast and thyroid cell lines, with the goals of optimzing iodide uptake and selectively targeting breast cancer cells. Specific aims include: 1. Determine the mechanism of RA-mediated transcriptional regulation of the NIS gene in breast-derived cells utilizing selective retinoid agonists and cell lines with a range of endogenous RAR and RXR expression. 2. To determine the characteristics of NIS protein expression, subcellular localization, and kinetics that are associated with maximal function of NIS in breast-derived cell lines and those features that distinguish functional iodide uptake among cell lines that express NIS protein. 3. Utilize an in vitro model to optimize RAstimulated radiation-mediated cell killing in breast cancer cells. 4. Develop in vivo models to determine the efficacy and specificity of RA-stimulated iodide uptake into breast cancer and determine the influence of enhancers and radiation sensitizers. RA raioiodide uptake may be useful for diagnosis and treatment of some differentiated breast cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RHENIUM-188 THERAPY OF NIS-EXPRESSING BREAST TUMORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dadachova, Ekaterina; Nuclear Medicine; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Breast cancer remains the major cause of cancer death in women in the developed world. Novel therapeutic modalities are needed for those patients in whom chemotherapy, hormonal treatment and external radiation therapy are not effective. Recently a new molecular target has been identified in 80% of mammary cancers in humans but not in normal/healthy breast tissue - mammary gland sodium/iodide symporter (mgNIS) which may open a new avenue in treatment of breast cancer with radioactive iodine 131-I. However, in the absence of prolonged

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Thyroid Cancer

biological retention of 131-I in NIS-expressing mammary tumors an isotope with shorter physical half-life and superior to 131-I decay properties, which can be transported by NIS may provide a better therapeutic option. We have recently showed that the powerful beta-emitter 188-Rhenium (188-Re) which has therapeutically useful emissions superior to those of 131-I, is also transported by NIS and will deliver several times higher radiation dose to the tumor in comparison with 131-I. We hypothesize that 188Re will be more efficient than 131-I in elimination of NIS-expressing breast tumors in mice. We also hypothesize that the combination of dose fractionation/normal organ protection will increase 188-Re tumodcidal effect while decreasing the radiation dose to normal organs. To test these hypotheses we will start with evaluation of 188-Re and 131I cell-killing impact on NIS-expressing cells of thyroid in normal mice under the conditions of suppressed organification. We will perform comparative 188-Re and 131-I therapy of xenografted breast tumors in nude mice including dose escalation and maximum tolerated dose determination. We will employ the combination of dose fractionation/stomach protection to protect the stomach from radiation. We wilt also perform comprehensive dosimetry calculations for future therapy of NIS-expressing breast cancers in humans. The Specific Aims of the project are: Aim 1 To compare cellkilling potential of 188-Rhenium versus 131-Iodine in NIS-expressing tissue in vivo using thyroid in healthy mice as a target organ. Aim 2 To evaluate the feasibility of using 188-REO4- as a tumoricidal agent in NtS-expressing breast cancer tumors in mice. The proposed research will provide data on interaction of a novel molecular cancer target - mgNiS with non-iodine therapeutic radioisotope and on its potential to eradicate breast tumors. The long-term goal of this research is to contribute to the development of a novel cost-effective radionuclide therapy for treatment of breast cancer and, possibly, for other NIS-expressing cancers such as thyroid cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE TUMORIGENESIS

OF

THE

CNC

GENE

IN

DEVELOPMENT

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kirschner, Lawrence S.; Internal Medicine; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 21-MAR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's description): Carney Complex (CNC) is an autosomal dominant tumor syndrome that is best classified as a novel form of multiple endocrine neoplasia. In this application, Dr. Lawrence S. Kirschner proposes to isolate the genetic defect causing CNC and to begin the functional study of the encoded protein product. In the first portion of this study, a positional cloning strategy will be undertaken to isolate the genetic lesion responsible for CNC. 24 families with CNC have been collected, and a candidate region on chromosome 2pl6 has been defined by genetic recombination analysis. A yeast and bacterial artificial chromosome (YAC and BAG, respectively)-based contig of this area will be constructed and utilized to map expressed sequences into the minimal candidate region. Those mRNA sequences falling in the candidate interval will be cloned and screened for mutations using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (D-HPLC) analysis. Once the CNC gene is identified, this information will be used to generate transgenic mice lacking the CNC gene, and the effects of this mutation during fetal development, especially of the endocrine system, will be examined. At the same time, mutations in the CNC gene will be sought in CNC associated sporadic tumors, such as cardiac myxomas, benign and malignant adrenal tumors, and thyroid cancers. The long-term goal of this project is to identify the role that the CNC gene product plays in the normal development of the

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endocrine and other systems, as well as the role that the mutated gene plays in tumorigenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Herbert; Chief, Endocrine Surgery; Surgery; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor derived from the calcitonin-producing thyroid C-cells and accounts for 3-5% of cases of thyroid cancer. Besides surgery, there are limited curative and palliative treatments available to patients with MTC, emphasizing the need for development of other forms of therapy. We have shown that over-expression of raf-1 markedly suppresses cellular growth and induces differentiation of human MTC cells in vitro. We have also shown that these raf-1 effects can be mediated through leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a soluble cytokine currently in clinical use for central nervous system disorders. However, the role of raf-1 and LIF in modulating MTC growth and differentiation in vivo has not been explored. In this proposal we will further characterize the downstream events required for raf-1-mediated MTC growth suppression and differentiation. Secondly, we will determine if raf-1 activation can inhibit in vivo MTC tumor growth in a mouse model of metastatic MTC. These studies should determine if modulation of the raf-1 signaling pathway, either by direct activation or through LIF signaling, could play a potential role in the management of patients with metastatic MTC. Because LIF has been already utilized in human subjects for treatment of central nervous system disorders, if our animal data validates our in vitro observations, clinical trials with LIF in patients with metastatic MTC could happen in the near future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SIMPLIFIED LOW IODINE DIET FOR I 131 RADIOIODINE DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Stephanie; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Radioactive iodine is used for the diagnosis of distant and local metastases of thyroid cancer and therapy of thyrotoxicosis and thyroid cancer. Because of the high iodine content of the American diet, the efficacy of radioiodine is diminished unless that patient is placed on a strict low iodine diet. This diet which consists of freshly prepared meals and homemade breads and pastas is nearly impossible to follow with the American dietary habits of eating in restaurants and using convenience foods. After review of the iodine content of currently available foods, the objective of this study is to develop and test a convenient and palatable out-patient diet to decrease iodine intake and excretion to less than 50mcg/24hrs in normal volunteers and patients undergoing routine radioactive iodine diagnostic scanning or therapy for thyrotoxicosis and thyroid cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SPORE IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Sidransky, David; Associate Professor; Otolaryn & Head & Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application for continuation of the Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Head and Neck Cancer at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine supports a highly interactive, multidisciplinary, and interinstitutional program. Five research projects, three cores, a career development and a research developmental program are proposed to carry out our translational research in head and neck cancer. Research Project #1 - Molecular Screening and Risk Prediction of HNSC. - Co- Investigators, William Westra (basic) and Wayne Koch (clinic). Research Project #2 - Tumor Suppressor Gene Promoter Hypermethylation for Detection of Head and Neck Cancer - Co-Investigators, David Sidransky (basic) and Joseph Califano (clinic). Research Project #3 - HPV Vaccine Therapy and Correlates of Response in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (HNSC) - Co-investigators, TC Wu & Keerti Shah (basic) and Maura Gillison (clinic). Research Project #4 - Combined Modalidty Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer Evaluating Inhibitors of the EGFR/TK Pathway - Co-Investigators, Edward Ratovitski & Manuel Hidalgo (basic) and Arlene Forastiere (clinic). Research Project #5 - Exploitation of RET Inhibitors for Treatment of Thyroid Cancer - Co-Investigators, Barry Nelkin (basic) and Doug Ball (clinic). The cores support the research programs (Core #1 - Pathology/Tissue Core, Dr. Westra; and Core #2 - Administrative/Clinical Core (Drs. Sidransky & Forastiere), Core #3 Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core (Dr. Goodman). The Career Development Program (Dr.Forastiere) aids the emergence of new investigators and the Research Developmental Program (Dr. David Sidransky) provides rapid funding of innovative directions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GLYCOPROTEINS USING MS Principal Investigator & Institution: Desaire, Heather; University of Kansas Lawrence Lawrence, Ks 66045 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: The glycoprotein hormones to be studied are used as diagnostic markers, for pregnancy and tumors, and as pharmaceuticals, for the treatment of infertility and thyroid cancer. Thus, a reliable method to characterize these proteins, particularly when they are used for medicinal purposes, is paramount in order to assure medication is safe and effective. Current techniques used to study these compounds are time-consuming. Furthermore, they often do not provide sufficient information about the point of attachment, of the carbohydrate to the protein, or sufficient information about the heterogeneity of the carbohydrates. We propose to overcome these problems by analyzing intact glycopeptides using tandem mass spectrometry. By developing mass spectrometric methods of characterizing the carbohydrates, while they remain attached to the protein, the origin of carbohydrate attachment will be unambiguous. Our approach will utilize tools developed for analyzing carbohydrates that are not linked to proteins; however we will tailor these techniques to accommodate the peptide fragments linked to the reducing end of the oligosaccharides. After demonstrating our technique will be successful on a purified glycopeptide, we will develop the appropriate

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separation strategies required to use our technology in characterizing a glycoprotein that has multiple glycosylation sites. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE MAMMARY GLAND SODIUM/IODIDE SYMPORTER (MGNIS) Principal Investigator & Institution: Carrasco, Nancy; Professor; Pharmacology; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033

Molecular

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Na symporter (NIS) is a plasma membrane protein that mediates active I- transport in the thyroid and other tissues, including salivary glands, gastric mucosa, and lactating mammary glands (MG). NIS is regulated differently in each tissue. NIS-mediated I- transport in the thyroid is the first step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Endogenous functional expression of NIS in thyroid cancer is the foundation for the single most effective and most side effect-free anticancerous targeted radiation therapy available, i.e. radioiodide therapy, which has been successfully used in thyroid cancer for over 60 years. Our group isolated the cDNA encoding NIS and generated anti-NIS Abs. We have characterized thyroid NIS and its regulation. Mammary gland NIS (mgNIS) mediates active I- transport in lactating mammary cells, from which I- is passively translocated via a different transporter to the milk. mgNIS is expressed in lactating (but not in non-lactating) MG. mgNIS is regulated by estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin. Mammary adenocarcinomas in transgenic mice display mgNIS-mediated active I- uptake. The only two cancers in which endogenous functional NIS is expressed are thyroid cancer and breast cancer. Over 80% of human breast cancers express mgNIS, but it is still unknown in what percentage of these NIS is functional. Normal non-lactating human breast samples do not express mgNIS. The endogenous expression of NIS in breast cancer provides an immense advantage over other cancers, into some of which NIS has been ectopically expressed by virus-mediated gene transfer. To characterize mgNIS in mammary cells and ascertain its potential value in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, we propose: 1. a) To characterize the regulation of mgNIS in mammary cell lines; b) to investigate the effects of systemic and local regulatory factors on the expression of mgNIS in vivo; c) to determine whether low temperature and chemical chaperones promote targeting of mgNIS to the plasma membrane; d) to complement our understanding of I- translocation in the lactating mammary gland by assessing the role of putative apical I- transporters. 2) To develop a radioiodide therapeutic protocol and assess its effectiveness in the treatment of adenocarcinomas in animal models. 3) To ascertain, in fine needle aspirates from both human primary breast tumors and metastases, the functional expression of mgNIS and its possible correlation with other breast cancer parameters. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THYROID NEEDLE BIOPSY--ITS DIAGNOSTIC USEFULNESS IN THYROID CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Lopresti J.; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TUMOR SUPPRESSORS AND DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Eberhardt, Norman L.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Thyroid malignancies, the most common endocrine cancer, account for >17,000 new cases and 1,200 cancer deaths per year in the U.S. The bulk (70-95%) of these neoplasms are primary thyroid carcinomas of follicular cell origin, including differentiated papillary (PTC) and follicular (FTC), and undifferentiated anaplastic thyroid cancers. In the U.S. incidence rates are PTC > FTC >> anaplastic carcinomas, while morbidity/mortality rates associated with these cancers are anaplastic carcinomas >> FTC >PTC. Evidence for progression from benign follicular adenoma (Fa) > FTC has been observed, while PTC appears to arise de novo. While numerous studies have attempted to define the molecular genetics of differentiated thyroid cancer, virtually all of these studies have suffered from lack of significant specimen numbers, insufficient pathological criteria, or both. We have shown extensive evidence for frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomes 3p, 10q, 13q and 17p in FTC , but not FA or PTC, suggesting that tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) may be involved in the genesis of FTC. Known TSGs mapping near regions of LOH on chromosomes 3p (VHL and FHIT) and 17p (p53) do not appear to be involved, since mutations of these sequences are rare in FTC. Thus as yet undefined TSGs appears to be involved in the genesis of FTC. In the current studies we will perform a detail molecular genetic study of at least 30 specimen/tumor type of a well defined and stratified population of thyroid cancers, in which extensive clinical records are available. Tumor types will include PTC (grades 1,2 and 3), FTC (minimally and widely invasive, oxyphilic and non-oxyphilic carcinomas) and FA. With this population of tumors we will: (i) perform a comprehensive LOH analysis of all chromosomes arms at a resolution of approximately 10 cM, (ii) refine mapping of regions of significant LOH at a resolution of less than or qual to 2 cM, (iii) analyze candidate TSGs that resides within the refine map locations and (iv) clone potential tumor suppressor genes that reside in locations for which no known TSG candidates have been identified. The molecular genetic profiles will be correlated with the clinical records to assess the significance of the genetic changes on morbidity and mortality. These studies will offer one of the first comprehensive analyses of LOH in any well defined tumor population that can be reconciled with the clinical record and will provide detailed insight into the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: USE OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE IN A THYROID CANCER PT Principal Investigator & Institution: Burge, Mark R.; Assistant Professor; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for thyroid cancer in the PubMed Central database: •

Identification of rapid turnover transcripts overexpressed in thyroid tumors and thyroid cancer cell lines: use of a targeted differential RNA display method to select for mRNA subsets. by Gonsky R, Knauf JA, Elisei R, Wang JW, Su S, Fagin JA.; 1997 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146961

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Increased expression of AP2 and Sp1 transcription factors in human thyroid tumors: a role in NIS expression regulation? by Chiefari E, Brunetti A, Arturi F, Bidart JM, Russo D, Schlumberger M, Filetti S.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139985

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with thyroid cancer, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for thyroid cancer (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of pulmonary metastatic thyroid cancer complicated with Graves' disease. Author(s): Suzuki K, Nakagawa O, Aizawa Y. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 April; 48(2): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11456264&dopt=Abstract

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A case of thyroid cancer involving the trachea: treatment by partial tracheal resection and repair with a latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. Author(s): Shigemitsu K, Naomoto Y, Haisa M, Yamatsuji T, Noguchi H, Kataoka M, Kamikawa Y, Tanaka N. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2000 May; 30(5): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857502&dopt=Abstract

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A comprehensive analysis of MNG1, TCO1, fPTC, PTEN, TSHR, and TRKA in familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer: confirmation of linkage to TCO1. Author(s): Bevan S, Pal T, Greenberg CR, Green H, Wixey J, Bignell G, Narod SA, Foulkes WD, Stratton MR, Houlston RS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 August; 86(8): 3701-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502798&dopt=Abstract

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A new therapeutic approach in medullary thyroid cancer treatment: inhibition of oncogenic RET signaling by adenoviral vector-mediated expression of a dominantnegative RET mutant. Author(s): Drosten M, Frilling A, Stiewe T, Putzer BM. Source: Surgery. 2002 December; 132(6): 991-7; Discussion 997. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490846&dopt=Abstract

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A novel autocrine loop involving IGF-II and the insulin receptor isoform-A stimulates growth of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Vella V, Pandini G, Sciacca L, Mineo R, Vigneri R, Pezzino V, Belfiore A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 January; 87(1): 24554. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11788654&dopt=Abstract

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A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer. VI. Fish and shellfish consumption. Author(s): Bosetti C, Kolonel L, Negri E, Ron E, Franceschi S, Dal Maso L, Galanti MR, Mark SD, Preston-Martin S, McTiernan A, Land C, Jin F, Wingren G, Hallquist A, Glattre E, Lund E, Levi F, Linos D, La Vecchia C. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2001 May; 12(4): 375-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11456234&dopt=Abstract

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A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer. VII. Cruciferous and other vegetables (International). Author(s): Bosetti C, Negri E, Kolonel L, Ron E, Franceschi S, Preston-Martin S, McTiernan A, Dal Maso L, Mark SD, Mabuchi K, Land C, Jin F, Wingren G, Galanti MR, Hallquist A, Glattre E, Lund E, Levi F, Linos D, La Vecchia C. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 October; 13(8): 765-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420956&dopt=Abstract

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A report of six cases of familial papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Orsenigo E, Beretta E, Gini P, Verrecchia F, Invernizzi L, Fiorina P, Di Carlo V. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 2003 March; 29(2): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633563&dopt=Abstract

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A thyroid-specific far-upstream enhancer in the human sodium/iodide symporter gene requires Pax-8 binding and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-like sequence binding proteins for full activity and is differentially regulated in normal and thyroid cancer cells. Author(s): Taki K, Kogai T, Kanamoto Y, Hershman JM, Brent GA. Source: Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 2002 October; 16(10): 2266-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351692&dopt=Abstract

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Aberrant localization of beta-catenin correlates with overexpression of its target gene in human papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Ishigaki K, Namba H, Nakashima M, Nakayama T, Mitsutake N, Hayashi T, Maeda S, Ichinose M, Kanematsu T, Yamashita S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 July; 87(7): 3433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107263&dopt=Abstract

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Ablation of thyroid residues with 30 mCi (131)I: a comparison in thyroid cancer patients prepared with recombinant human TSH or thyroid hormone withdrawal. Author(s): Pacini F, Molinaro E, Castagna MG, Lippi F, Ceccarelli C, Agate L, Elisei R, Pinchera A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 September; 87(9): 4063-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213846&dopt=Abstract

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An audit of management of differentiated thyroid cancer in specialist and nonspecialist clinic settings. Author(s): Kumar H, Daykin J, Holder R, Watkinson JC, Sheppard MC, Franklyn JA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 June; 54(6): 719-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422105&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of Tg transcripts by real-time RT-PCR in the blood of thyroid cancer patients. Author(s): Savagner F, Rodien P, Reynier P, Rohmer V, Bigorgne JC, Malthiery Y. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 February; 87(2): 635-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836297&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of thyroid cancer data from the Ukraine after 'Chernobyl' using a twomutation carcinogenesis model. Author(s): Leenhouts HP, Brugmans MJ, Chadwick KH. Source: Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2000 June; 39(2): 89-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10929377&dopt=Abstract

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Anaplastic thyroid cancer evolved from papillary carcinoma: demonstration of anaplastic transformation by means of the inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Wiseman SM, Loree TR, Hicks WL Jr, Rigual NR, Winston JS, Tan D, Anderson GR, Stoler DL. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 January; 129(1): 96100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525202&dopt=Abstract

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Anaplastic thyroid cancer. Author(s): Pasieka JL. Source: Current Opinion in Oncology. 2003 January; 15(1): 78-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490766&dopt=Abstract

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Anatomical distribution and sclerotic activity of bone metastases from thyroid cancer assessed with F-18 sodium fluoride positron emission tomography. Author(s): Schirrmeister H, Buck A, Guhlmann A, Reske SN. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 July; 11(7): 677-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11484897&dopt=Abstract

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Antisense hTERT inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth. Author(s): Teng L, Specht MC, Barden CB, Fahey TJ 3rd. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 March; 88(3): 13626. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629130&dopt=Abstract

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Appearance of antithyroglobulin antibodies as the sole sign of metastatic lymph nodes in a patient operated on for papillary thyroid cancer: a case report. Author(s): Tumino S, Belfiore A. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 May; 10(5): 431-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884191&dopt=Abstract

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Are posttherapy radioiodine scans informative and do they influence subsequent therapy of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer? Author(s): Fatourechi V, Hay ID, Mullan BP, Wiseman GA, Eghbali-Fatourechi GZ, Thorson LM, Gorman CA. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 July; 10(7): 573-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958309&dopt=Abstract

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Balancing demands of cancer surveillance among survivors of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Dow KH, Ferrell BR, Anello C. Source: Cancer Practice. 1997 September-October; 5(5): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9341351&dopt=Abstract

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Benign thyroid disease and dietary factors in thyroid cancer: a case-control study in Kuwait. Author(s): Memon A, Varghese A, Suresh A. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 June 5; 86(11): 1745-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087461&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral cervical lymph node metastases in well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Noguchi M, Kumaki T, Taniya T, Miyazaki I. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1990 June; 125(6): 804-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2346381&dopt=Abstract

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Binding of a human monoclonal antithyroglobulin antibody to cultured human thyroid cancer cells. Author(s): Misaki T, Alam MS, Sakahara H, Kasagi K, Konishi J. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 1997 May; 11(2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9212886&dopt=Abstract

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Biodistribution and dosimetric study in medullary thyroid cancer xenograft using bispecific antibody and iodine-125-labeled bivalent hapten. Author(s): Hosono M, Hosono MN, Kraeber-Bodere F, Devys A, Thedrez P, Fiche M, Gautherot E, Barbet J, Chatal JF. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 September; 39(9): 1608-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9744353&dopt=Abstract

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Biologic basis for the treatment of microscopic, occult well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Furlan JC, Bedard Y, Rosen IB. Source: Surgery. 2001 December; 130(6): 1050-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742337&dopt=Abstract

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Biologic dosimetry in thyroid cancer patients after repeated treatments with iodine131. Author(s): M'Kacher R, Schlumberger M, Legal JD, Violot D, Beron-Gaillard N, Gaussen A, Parmentier C. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 May; 39(5): 825-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591584&dopt=Abstract

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Biphasic effects of thyrotropin on invasion and growth of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in vitro. Author(s): Hoelting T, Tezelman S, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1995 February; 5(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7787431&dopt=Abstract

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Bispecific antibody and bivalent hapten radioimmunotherapy in CEA-producing medullary thyroid cancer xenograft. Author(s): Kraeber-Bodere F, Faibre-Chauvet A, Sai-Maurel C, Gautherot E, Fiche M, Campion L, Le Boterff J, Barbet J, Chatal JF, Thedrez P. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1999 January; 40(1): 198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9935077&dopt=Abstract

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Bone changes in pre- and postmenopausal women with thyroid cancer on levothyroxine therapy: evolution of axial and appendicular bone mass. Author(s): Jodar E, Begona Lopez M, Garcia L, Rigopoulou D, Martinez G, Hawkins F. Source: Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the Usa. 1998; 8(4): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024900&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density in medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Chen JJ, La France ND. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1988 February 25; 318(8): 517-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3340134&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density in well-differentiated thyroid cancer patients treated with suppressive thyroxine: a systematic overview of the literature. Author(s): Quan ML, Pasieka JL, Rorstad O. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2002 January; 79(1): 62-9; Discussion 69-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754378&dopt=Abstract

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Both class I and class II HLA antigens are thyroid cancer susceptibility factors. Author(s): Rigopoulou D, Martinez-Laso J, Martinez-Tello F, Alcaide JF, Benmamar D, Hawkins F, Arnaiz-Villena A. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1994 May; 43(5): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7940496&dopt=Abstract

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Brachiocephalic vein thrombus of papillary thyroid cancer: report of a case. Author(s): Koike E, Yamashita H, Watanabe S, Yamashita H, Noguchi S. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(1): 59-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871819&dopt=Abstract

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Brain metastasis from differentiated thyroid cancer in patients treated with radioiodine for bone and lung lesions. Author(s): Misaki T, Iwata M, Kasagi K, Konishi J. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 2000 April; 14(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10830528&dopt=Abstract

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Breast uptake of iodine-131 mimicking lung metastases in a thyroid cancer patient with a pituitary tumour. Author(s): Kao PF, Chang HY, Tsai MF, Lin KJ, Tzen KY, Chang CN. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2001 April; 74(880): 378-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11387158&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchoscopic diagnosis of thyroid cancer with laryngotracheal invasion. Author(s): Koike E, Yamashita H, Noguchi S, Yamashita H, Ohshima A, Watanabe S, Uchino S, Takatsu K, Nishii R. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2001 October; 136(10): 1185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11585513&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular safety of acute recombinant human thyrotropin administration to patients monitored for differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Pagano L, Klain M, Scherillo G, Salvatore M, Fenzi G, Lombardi G, Fazio S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 January; 88(1): 2114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519854&dopt=Abstract

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Case-control study of female thyroid cancer--menstrual, reproductive and hormonal factors. Author(s): Zivaljevic V, Vlajinac H, Jankovic R, Marinkovic J, Dzodic R, Sipeti Grujii S, Paunovic I, Diklic A, Zivaljevic B. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2003 February; 12(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548112&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of a thyroid hormone-mediated short-loop feedback control of TSH receptor gene in an anaplastic human thyroid cancer cell line. Author(s): Chen ST, Lin JD, Lin KH. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 2002 November; 175(2): 459-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429043&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystokinin-B (CCK-B)/gastrin receptor targeting peptides for staging and therapy of medullary thyroid cancer and other CCK-B receptor expressing malignancies. Author(s): Behe M, Behr TM. Source: Biopolymers. 2002; 66(6): 399-418. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658727&dopt=Abstract

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Cigarette smoking and the risk of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Kreiger N, Parkes R. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2000 October; 36(15): 196973. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000579&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical impact of retinoids in redifferentiation therapy of advanced thyroid cancer: final results of a pilot study. Author(s): Simon D, Korber C, Krausch M, Segering J, Groth P, Gorges R, Grunwald F, Muller-Gartner HW, Schmutzler C, Kohrle J, Roher HD, Reiners C. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 June; 29(6): 775-82. Epub 2002 March 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12029551&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical review 156: Recombinant human thyrotropin and thyroid cancer management. Author(s): Robbins RJ, Robbins AK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 May; 88(5): 1933-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727936&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical review 158: Beyond radioiodine: a review of potential new therapeutic approaches for thyroid cancer. Author(s): Braga-Basaria M, Ringel MD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 May; 88(5): 1947-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727938&dopt=Abstract

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Clinico-pathological features of thyroid cancer as observed in five referral hospitals in Iran--a review of 1177 cases. Author(s): Larijani B, Aghakhani S, Khajeh-Dini H, Baradar-Jalili R. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(4): 334-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899505&dopt=Abstract

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Coexisting Hashimoto's thyroiditis with differentiated thyroid cancer and benign thyroid diseases: indications for thyroidectomy. Author(s): Pisanu A, Piu S, Cois A, Uccheddu A. Source: Chir Ital. 2003 May-June; 55(3): 365-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872571&dopt=Abstract

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Combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging of recurrent thyroid cancer. Author(s): Zimmer LA, McCook B, Meltzer C, Fukui M, Bascom D, Snyderman C, Townsend DW, Johnson JT. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 February; 128(2): 178-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601311&dopt=Abstract

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Coming of age: recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone as a preparation for (131)i therapy in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Robbins RJ, Pentlow KS. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 July; 44(7): 1069-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12843222&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of documented and recalled histories of exposure to diagnostic x-rays in case-control studies of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Berrington de Gonzalez A, Ekbom A, Glass AG, Galanti MR, Grimelius L, Allison MJ, Inskip PD. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 April 1; 157(7): 652-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672685&dopt=Abstract

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Complications of neck dissection for thyroid cancer. Author(s): Cheah WK, Arici C, Ituarte PH, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2002 August; 26(8): 1013-6. Epub 2002 June 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045861&dopt=Abstract

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Concomitant hyperparathyroidism and nonmedullary thyroid cancer, with a review of the literature. Author(s): Leitha T, Staudenherz A. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 February; 28(2): 113-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544127&dopt=Abstract

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Contralateral papillary thyroid cancer-high incidence in therapeutic completion thyroidectomy. Author(s): Gemsenjager E, Heitz PU. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 April; 12(4): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034063&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of an Anti-CEA Fab' scan in the detection of medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Malamitsi J, Kosmidis PA, Papadopoulos S, Petounis A, Linos DA. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 June; 27(6): 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045444&dopt=Abstract

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Current national health insurance policies for thyroid cancer prophylactic surgery in the United States. Author(s): Dackiw AP, Kuerer HM, Clark OH. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2002 August; 26(8): 903-6. Epub 2002 June 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045864&dopt=Abstract

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Current therapy for childhood thyroid cancer: optimal surgery and the legacy of king pyrrhus. Author(s): Ringel MD, Levine MA. Source: Annals of Surgical Oncology : the Official Journal of the Society of Surgical Oncology. 2003 January-February; 10(1): 4-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12513952&dopt=Abstract

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CXC chemokine receptor 4 expression and function in human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Author(s): Hwang JH, Hwang JH, Chung HK, Kim DW, Hwang ES, Suh JM, Kim H, You KH, Kwon OY, Ro HK, Jo DY, Shong M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 January; 88(1): 40816. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519884&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of hepatic metastasis from medullary thyroid cancer with Tc-99m-MIBI scintigraphy in a patient with Sipple's syndrome. Author(s): Sato S, Okumura Y, Tamizu A, Maki K, Akaki S, Takeda Y, Kanazawa S, Hiraki Y. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 2001 October; 15(5): 443-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758951&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Takami H, Sasaki K, Ikeda Y, Tajima G, Kameyama K. Source: Asian J Surg. 2003 July; 26(3): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925288&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of galectin-3 messenger ribonucleic Acid overexpression in papillary thyroid cancer by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Bernet VJ, Anderson J, Vaishnav Y, Solomon B, Adair CF, Saji M, Burman KD, Burch HB, Ringel MD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 October; 87(10): 4792-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364475&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes and infarcted papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Haddad FH, Malkawi OM, Omari AA, Izzat AS, Khassrof HM, Faiad LM, Okla AL, Jamil AN. Source: Saudi Med J. 2002 April; 23(4): 467-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953778&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Modigliani E, Franc B, Niccoli-sire P. Source: Bailliere's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2000 December; 14(4): 631-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11289739&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of thyroid cancer and cytogenetics. Author(s): Antonaci A, Boncompagni A, De Capoa A, Consorti F, Giovannone G, Mardente S, Vietri F. Source: Tumori. 2001 July-August; 87(4): S46-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11693821&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic 131-iodine whole-body scan may be avoided in thyroid cancer patients who have undetectable stimulated serum Tg levels after initial treatment. Author(s): Pacini F, Capezzone M, Elisei R, Ceccarelli C, Taddei D, Pinchera A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 April; 87(4): 1499501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932271&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic accuracy of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the follow-up of papillary or follicular thyroid cancer. Author(s): Hooft L, Hoekstra OS, Deville W, Lips P, Teule GJ, Boers M, van Tulder MW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 August; 86(8): 3779-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502811&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic changes as a reason for the increase in papillary thyroid cancer incidence in Geneva, Switzerland. Author(s): Verkooijen HM, Fioretta G, Pache JC, Franceschi S, Raymond L, Schubert H, Bouchardy C. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2003 February; 14(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708720&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic dilemma: papillary thyroid cancer with psammomatous calcifications. Author(s): Gooding GA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2001 April 15; 110(6): 496, 503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379568&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic value of high-resolution B-mode and power-mode sonography in the follow-up of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Gorges R, Eising EG, Fotescu D, Renzing-Kohler K, Frilling A, Schmid KW, Bockisch A, Dirsch O. Source: European Journal of Ultrasound : Official Journal of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 2003 February; 16(3): 191-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573788&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiated thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. Author(s): Giuffrida D, Scollo C, Pellegriti G, Lavenia G, Iurato MP, Pezzin V, Belfiore A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 January; 25(1): 18-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883862&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiated thyroid cancer presenting as distant metastases. Author(s): Mishra A, Mishra SK, Das BK, Pradhan PK. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 2002; 168(5): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375614&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiated thyroid cancer: “complete” rational approach. Author(s): Kebebew E, Clark OH. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2000 August; 24(8): 942-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10865038&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiated thyroid cancer: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome in patients under 21 years of age who present with distant metastases. A report from the Surgical Discipline Committee of the Children's Cancer Group. Author(s): La Quaglia MP, Black T, Holcomb GW 3rd, Sklar C, Azizkhan RG, Haase GM, Newman KD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000 June; 35(6): 955-9; Discussion 960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10873043&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiated thyroid cancer: determinants of disease progression in patients <21 years of age at diagnosis: a report from the Surgical Discipline Committee of the Children's Cancer Group. Author(s): Newman KD, Black T, Heller G, Azizkhan RG, Holcomb GW 3rd, Sklar C, Vlamis V, Haase GM, La Quaglia MP. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1998 April; 227(4): 533-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9563542&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiated thyroid cancer: prognostic factors and influence of treatment on the outcome in 441 patients. Author(s): Sautter-Bihl ML, Raub J, Hetzel-Sesterheim M, Heinze HG. Source: Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie : Organ Der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft. [et Al]. 2001 March; 177(3): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285769&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse soft tissue uptake of I-131 after post-thyroidectomy ablation therapy for thyroid cancer. Author(s): Song HC, Heo YJ, Kim SM, Bom HS. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 March; 27(3): 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852316&dopt=Abstract

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Distant metastases from thyroid and parathyroid cancer. Author(s): Shaha AR, Ferlito A, Rinaldo A. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2001 JulyAugust; 63(4): 243-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408821&dopt=Abstract

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Dosimetry-guided radioactive iodine treatment in patients with metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer: largest safe dose using a risk-adapted approach. Author(s): Dorn R, Kopp J, Vogt H, Heidenreich P, Carroll RG, Gulec SA. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 March; 44(3): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621014&dopt=Abstract

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Early detection of occult thyroid cancer metastases in small cervical lymph node by genetic analysis of fine-needle aspiration specimens. Author(s): Lee MT, Lin SY, Yang HJ, Lee TI, Lin HD, Tang KT. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2000 October; 29(5): 322-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11108495&dopt=Abstract

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Early malignant progression of hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Machens A, Niccoli-Sire P, Hoegel J, Frank-Raue K, van Vroonhoven TJ, Roeher HD, Wahl RA, Lamesch P, Raue F, Conte-Devolx B, Dralle H; European Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (EUROMEN) Study Group. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 October 16; 349(16): 1517-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14561794&dopt=Abstract

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Ectopic lingual thyroid masquerading as thyroid cancer metastases. Author(s): Basaria S, Westra WH, Cooper DS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 January; 86(1): 3925. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11232030&dopt=Abstract

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Effective half-life of 131I in thyroid cancer patients. Author(s): North DL, Shearer DR, Hennessey JV, Donovan GL. Source: Health Physics. 2001 September; 81(3): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11513465&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of thyroid hormone suppression therapy on adverse clinical outcomes in thyroid cancer. Author(s): McGriff NJ, Csako G, Gourgiotis L, Lori C G, Pucino F, Sarlis NJ. Source: Annals of Medicine. 2002; 34(7-8): 554-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553495&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of high therapeutic doses of iodine-131 in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and detectable serum thyroglobulin. Author(s): de Keizer B, Koppeschaar HP, Zelissen PM, Lips CJ, van Rijk PP, van Dijk A, de Klerk JM. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2001 February; 28(2): 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11303890&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated F-18 FDG uptake in laryngeal muscles mimicking thyroid cancer metastases. Author(s): Zhu Z, Chou C, Yen TC, Cui R. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2001 August; 26(8): 689-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11452175&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic ultrasonography in patients with thyroid cancer: its usefulness and limitations for evaluating esophagopharyngeal invasion. Author(s): Koike E, Yamashita H, Noguchi S, Ohshima A, Yamashita H, Watanabe S, Uchino S, Arita T, Kuroki S, Tanaka M. Source: Endoscopy. 2002 June; 34(6): 457-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048627&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced antitumor activity of combined pretargeted radioimmunotherapy and paclitaxel in medullary thyroid cancer xenograft. Author(s): Kraeber-Bodere F, Sai-Maurel C, Campion L, Faivre-Chauvet A, Mirallie E, Cherel M, Supiot S, Barbet J, Chatal JF, Thedrez P. Source: Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 2002 February; 1(4): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467222&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology and primary prevention of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Nagataki S, Nystrom E. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 October; 12(10): 889-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487771&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of reproductive and hormonal factors in thyroid cancer: evidence from a case-control study in the Middle East. Author(s): Memon A, Darif M, Al-Saleh K, Suresh A. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 January 1; 97(1): 82-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11774247&dopt=Abstract

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Equal induction and persistence of chromosome aberrations involving chromosomes 1, 4 and 10 in thyroid cancer patients treated with radioactive iodine. Author(s): Puerto S, Marcos R, Ramirez MJ, Galofre P, Creus A, Surralles J. Source: Mutation Research. 2000 August 21; 469(1): 147-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10946251&dopt=Abstract

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Establishment and characterization of OCUT-1, an undifferentiated thyroid cancer cell line expressing high level of telomerase. Author(s): Ogisawa K, Onoda N, Ishikawa T, Takenaka C, Inaba M, Ogawa Y, Chung KH. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2002 August; 80(4): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210034&dopt=Abstract

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Estrogens in female thyroid cancer: alteration of urinary profiles in pre- and postoperative cases. Author(s): Lee SH, Kim KM, Jung BH, Chung WY, Park CS, Chung BC. Source: Cancer Letters. 2003 January 10; 189(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12445674&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of germline sequence variants of GFRA1, GFRA2, and GFRA3 genes in a cohort of Spanish patients with sporadic medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Borrego S, Fernandez RM, Dziema H, Japon MA, Marcos I, Eng C, Antinolo G. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 November; 12(11): 1017-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490080&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the levels of bFGF, VEGF, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 in serum of patients with thyroid cancer. Author(s): Pasieka Z, Stepien H, Komorowski J, Kolomecki K, Kuzdak K. Source: Recent Results Cancer Res. 2003; 162: 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12790334&dopt=Abstract

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Expansion of microsatellite in the thyroid hormone receptor-alpha1 gene linked to increased receptor expression and less aggressive thyroid cancer. Author(s): Onda M, Li D, Suzuki S, Nakamura I, Takenoshita S, Brogren CH, Stampanoni S, Rampino N. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2002 September; 8(9): 2870-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12231529&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of the sodium iodide symporter and thyroglobulin genes are reduced in papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Ringel MD, Anderson J, Souza SL, Burch HB, Tambascia M, Shriver CD, Tuttle RM. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2001 April; 14(4): 289-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301345&dopt=Abstract

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Expression patterns of cellular growth-controlling genes in non-medullary thyroid cancer: basic aspects. Author(s): Sarlis NJ. Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 2000 April; 1(3): 183-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708296&dopt=Abstract

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External radiotherapy of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Pollinger B, Duhmke E. Source: Onkologie. 2001 April; 24(2): 134-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11441292&dopt=Abstract

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False positive 131I whole body scans in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Mitchell G, Pratt BE, Vini L, McCready VR, Harmer CL. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2000 June; 73(870): 627-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10911786&dopt=Abstract

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Familial non-medullary thyroid cancer in Iceland. Author(s): Hrafnkelsson J, Tulinius H, Jonasson JG, Sigvaldason H. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 March; 38(3): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11303513&dopt=Abstract

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Familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Alsanea O. Source: Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2000 October; 1(4): 345-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061376&dopt=Abstract

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Familial occurrence of nonmedullary thyroid cancer: a population-based study of 5673 first-degree relatives of thyroid cancer patients from Norway. Author(s): Frich L, Glattre E, Akslen LA. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 February; 10(2): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11219767&dopt=Abstract

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Familial thyroid cancer. Author(s): Alsanea O, Clark OH. Source: Current Opinion in Oncology. 2001 January; 13(1): 44-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148685&dopt=Abstract

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FDG PET in thyroid cancer: thyroxine or not? Author(s): Grunwald F, Biersack HJ. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2000 December; 41(12): 1996-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138684&dopt=Abstract

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Feasibility of a randomized trial on adjuvant radio-iodine therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Dragoiescu C, Hoekstra OS, Kuik DJ, Lips P, Plaizier MA, Rodrigus PT, Huijsmans DA, Ribot JG, Kuijpens J, Coebergh JW, Teule GJ. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 April; 58(4): 451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641628&dopt=Abstract

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Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and iodine-131 wholebody scintigraphy in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Dietlein M, Scheidhauer K, Voth E, Theissen P, Schicha H. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1997 November; 24(11): 1342-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9371865&dopt=Abstract

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Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in medullary thyroid cancer: results of a multicentre study. Author(s): Diehl M, Risse JH, Brandt-Mainz K, Dietlein M, Bohuslavizki KH, Matheja P, Lange H, Bredow J, Korber C, Grunwald F. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2001 November; 28(11): 1671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702109&dopt=Abstract

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Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in rheumatoid arthritis-associated lung disease in a patient with thyroid cancer. Author(s): Bakheet SM, Powe J. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 February; 39(2): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9476924&dopt=Abstract

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Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, a new technique for increasing the detection rate of coincident thyroid cancer in head and neck oncology. Author(s): Stokkel MP, de Klerk JM, Hordijk GJ. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2000 December; 257(10): 552-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195035&dopt=Abstract

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Follicle-derived thyroid cancer in young people: the Duke experience. Author(s): McGregor LM, Rosoff PM. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2001 March; 18(2): 89-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11255738&dopt=Abstract

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Follicular thyroid cancer cells: a model of metastatic tumor in vitro (review). Author(s): Hoelting T, Goretzki PE, Duh QY. Source: Oncol Rep. 2001 January-February; 8(1): 3-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11115561&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Pacini F. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 August; 29 Suppl 2: S492-6. Epub 2002 June 13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192551&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer: comparison of multiple diagnostic tests. Author(s): Dietlein M, Moka D, Scheidhauer K, Schmidt M, Theissen P, Voth E, Eschner W, Schicha H. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2000 November; 21(11): 991-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192718&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer: what is the value of FDG and sestamibi in the diagnostic algorithm? Author(s): Dietlein M, Scheidhauer K, Voth E, Theissen P, Schicha H. Source: Nuklearmedizin. 1998 January; 37(1): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9467164&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of thyroid cancer patients with “poor prognosis”. Author(s): Toubert ME. Source: Annales D'endocrinologie. 2003 February; 64(1): 68-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707640&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of thyroid cancer patients with favorable prognostic indicators. Author(s): Leboulleux S, Baudin E, Schlumberger M. Source: Annales D'endocrinologie. 2003 February; 64(1): 64-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707639&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency and predictive factors of malignancy in residual thyroid tissue and cervical lymph nodes after partial thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Alzahrani AS, Al Mandil M, Chaudhary MA, Ahmed M, Mohammed GE. Source: Surgery. 2002 April; 131(4): 443-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935135&dopt=Abstract

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Functional results and quality of life after tracheal resection for locally invasive thyroid cancer. Author(s): Sywak M, Pasieka JL, McFadden S, Gelfand G, Terrell J, Dort J. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 May; 185(5): 462-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727568&dopt=Abstract

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Gadd45gamma expression is reduced in anaplastic thyroid cancer and its reexpression results in apoptosis. Author(s): Chung HK, Yi YW, Jung NC, Kim D, Suh JM, Kim H, Park KC, Kim DW, Hwang ES, Song JH, Ku BJ, Han HJ, Ro HK, Kim JM, Shong M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 August; 88(8): 3913-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915687&dopt=Abstract

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Ganglioside reactive antibodies of IgG and IgM class in sera of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Lewartowska A, Pacuszka T, Adler G, Panasiewicz M, Wojciechowska W. Source: Immunology Letters. 2002 February 1; 80(2): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750045&dopt=Abstract

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Gene therapy of rat medullary thyroid cancer by naked nitric oxide synthase II DNA injection. Author(s): Soler MN, Bobe P, Benihoud K, Lemaire G, Roos BA, Lausson S. Source: The Journal of Gene Medicine. 2000 September-October; 2(5): 344-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11045428&dopt=Abstract

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Gene therapy of thyroid cancer via retrovirally-driven combined expression of human interleukin-2 and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Author(s): Barzon L, Bonaguro R, Castagliuolo I, Chilosi M, Franchin E, Del Vecchio C, Giaretta I, Boscaro M, Palu G. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2003 January; 148(1): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534360&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic alterations in differentiated thyroid cancer: what can be expected for gene expression profiling of thyroid carcinomas. Author(s): Santoro M, Melillo RM, Carlomagno F, Castellone MD, Vitagliano D, Guida T, Vecchio G, Fusco A. Source: Annales D'endocrinologie. 2003 February; 64(1): 62-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707638&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic and biological subgroups of low-stage follicular thyroid cancer. Author(s): French CA, Alexander EK, Cibas ES, Nose V, Laguette J, Faquin W, Garber J, Moore F Jr, Fletcher JA, Larsen PR, Kroll TG. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2003 April; 162(4): 1053-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12651598&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic disregulation of gene coding tumor necrosis factor alpha receptors (TNF alpha Rs) in follicular thyroid cancer--preliminary report. Author(s): Zubelewicz B, Muc-Wierzgon M, Wierzgon J, Romanowski W, Mazurek U, Wilczok T, Podwinska E. Source: J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2002 April-June; 16(2): 98-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144133&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic events in the evolution of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Freeman J, Carroll C, Asa S, Ezzat S. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 August; 31(4): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12240753&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic predisposition to non-medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Houlston RS. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1998 October; 19(10): 911-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10234671&dopt=Abstract

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Genome-wide appraisal of thyroid cancer progression. Author(s): Wreesmann VB, Ghossein RA, Patel SG, Harris CP, Schnaser EA, Shaha AR, Tuttle RM, Shah JP, Rao PH, Singh B. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2002 November; 161(5): 1549-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414503&dopt=Abstract

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Global skeletal uptake of technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate in female patients receiving suppressive doses of L-thyroxine for differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Frusciante V, Carnevale V, Scillitani A, Zingrillo M, Dicembrino F, Giannatempo GM, Ghiggi MR, Minisola S. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 February; 25(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9473261&dopt=Abstract

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Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms in thyroid cancer patients. Author(s): Hernandez A, Cespedes W, Xamena N, Surralles J, Creus A, Galofre P, Marcos R. Source: Cancer Letters. 2003 February 10; 190(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12536075&dopt=Abstract

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Gonadal damage from 131I therapy for thyroid cancer. Author(s): Mazzaferri EL. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 September; 57(3): 313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201822&dopt=Abstract

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Good prognosis in thyroid cancer found incidentally at surgery for thyrotoxicosis. Author(s): Vini L, Hyer S, Pratt B, Harmer C. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1999 March; 75(881): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448499&dopt=Abstract

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Graves' disease, thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. Author(s): Belfiore A, Russo D, Vigneri R, Filetti S. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 December; 55(6): 711-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895209&dopt=Abstract

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Greater local recurrence occurs with “berry picking” than neck dissection in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Musacchio MJ, Kim AW, Vijungco JD, Prinz RA. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 March; 69(3): 191-6; Discussion 196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678473&dopt=Abstract

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Growth inhibition and chemosensitivity of poorly differentiated human thyroid cancer cell line (NPA) transfected with p53 gene. Author(s): Kim SB, Ahn IM, Park HJ, Park JS, Cho HJ, Gong G, Suh C, Lee JS, Kim WK, Kim SH. Source: Head & Neck. 2001 March; 23(3): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11428453&dopt=Abstract

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Growth inhibitory effects of flavonoids in human thyroid cancer cell lines. Author(s): Yin F, Giuliano AE, Van Herle AJ. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1999 April; 9(4): 369-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10319943&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Kendall-Taylor P; Guidelines Working Group. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 April; 58(4): 400-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641620&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for the use of radio-iodine, thyroid hormone, and treatment of metastatic disease in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Paloyan E, Walker RP, Lawrence AM. Source: Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1998 October; 7(4): 665-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9735128&dopt=Abstract

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Hanford: study leaves questions about increased thyroid cancer rates unanswered. Author(s): Kotz D. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2000 April; 41(4): 17N-18N, 21N, 25N. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10768551&dopt=Abstract

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Hayes Martin Lecture. Our AMES is true: how an old concept still hits the mark: or, risk group assignment points the arrow to rational therapy selection in differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Cady B. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1997 November; 174(5): 462-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9374215&dopt=Abstract

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Health profiles and quality of life of 518 survivors of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Schultz PN, Stava C, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R. Source: Head & Neck. 2003 May; 25(5): 349-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692870&dopt=Abstract

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High frequency deletion of the tumour suppressor gene P16INK4a (MTS1) in human thyroid cancer cell lines. Author(s): Jones CJ, Shaw JJ, Wyllie FS, Gaillard N, Schlumberger M, Wynford-Thomas D. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1996 January 15; 116(1): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8822272&dopt=Abstract

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High incidence of thyroid cancer in central Italy. Author(s): Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Bidoli E. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1998 July 29; 77(3): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9663615&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer: genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Author(s): Kimura ET, Nikiforova MN, Zhu Z, Knauf JA, Nikiforov YE, Fagin JA. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 April 1; 63(7): 1454-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670889&dopt=Abstract

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High resolution loss of heterozygosity mapping of 17p13 in thyroid cancer: Hurthle cell carcinomas exhibit a small 411-kilobase common region of allelic imbalance, probably containing a novel tumor suppressor gene. Author(s): Farrand K, Delahunt B, Wang XL, McIver B, Hay ID, Goellner JR, Eberhardt NL, Grebe SK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 October; 87(10): 4715-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364463&dopt=Abstract

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Highly sensitive serum thyroglobulin and circulating thyroglobulin mRNA evaluations in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer in apparent remission. Author(s): Fugazzola L, Mihalich A, Persani L, Cerutti N, Reina M, Bonomi M, Ponti E, Mannavola D, Giammona E, Vannucchi G, di Blasio AM, Beck-Peccoz P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 July; 87(7): 3201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107225&dopt=Abstract

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High-resolution ultrasound associated with aspiration biopsy in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Rodriguez JM, Reus M, Moreno A, Martinez M, Soria T, Carrasco L, Parrilla P. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 December; 117(6): 694-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9419100&dopt=Abstract

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High-sensitive 2nd generation thyroglobulin immunoradiometric assay. Clinical application in differentiated thyroid cancer management. Author(s): Giovanella L, Ceriani L, Garancini S. Source: Q J Nucl Med. 2002 December; 46(4): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411872&dopt=Abstract

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High-sensitivity human thyroglobulin (hTG) immunoradiometric assay in the followup of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Giovanella L, Ceriani L. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2002 May; 40(5): 480-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113292&dopt=Abstract

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Histologic trends in thyroid cancer 1969-1993: a clinico-pathologic analysis of the relative proportion of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. Author(s): Agrawal S, Rao RS, Parikh DM, Parikh HK, Borges AM, Sampat MB. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1996 December; 63(4): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8982370&dopt=Abstract

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Histological verification of positive fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose findings in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Schluter B, Grimm-Riepe C, Beyer W, Lubeck M, Schirren-Bumann K, Clausen M. Source: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Chirurgie. 1998 April; 383(2): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9641897&dopt=Abstract

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Histone deacetylase inhibitors promote apoptosis and differential cell cycle arrest in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Author(s): Greenberg VL, Williams JM, Cogswell JP, Mendenhall M, Zimmer SG. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 April; 11(4): 315-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349829&dopt=Abstract

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Histopathological characteristics of childhood thyroid cancer in Gomel, Belarus. Author(s): Ito M, Yamashita S, Ashizawa K, Hara T, Namba H, Hoshi M, Shibata Y, Sekine I, Kotova L, Panasyuk G, Demidchick EP, Nagataki S. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1996 January 3; 65(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8543392&dopt=Abstract

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Hospital discharge policy in thyroid cancer patients treated with 131I: the effect of changing from fixed time to exposure rate threshold. Author(s): Mohammadi H, Saghari M. Source: Health Physics. 1997 March; 72(3): 476-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9030851&dopt=Abstract

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Human kallikrein 2 (hK2) mRNA in peripheral blood of patients with thyroid cancer: a novel molecular marker? Author(s): Roddiger SJ, Renneberg H, Martin T, Tunn UW, Zamboglou N, Kurek R. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2003 January; 129(1): 29-34. Epub 2003 February 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618898&dopt=Abstract

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Human thyroid cancer cells as a source of iso-genic, iso-phenotypic cell lines with or without functional p53. Author(s): Wyllie FS, Haughton MF, Rowson JM, Wynford-Thomas D. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 March; 79(7-8): 1111-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10098744&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperthyroidism and concurrent thyroid cancer. Author(s): Vaiana R, Cappelli C, Perini P, Pinelli D, Camoni G, Farfaglia R, Balzano R, Braga M. Source: Tumori. 1999 July-August; 85(4): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587026&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperthyroidism with concurrent thyroid cancer. Author(s): Zanella E, Rulli F, Sianesi M, Sciacchitano S, Danese D, Pontecorvi A, Farinon AM. Source: Ann Ital Chir. 2001 May-June; 72(3): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765347&dopt=Abstract

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I-123 imaging after recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone to diagnose metastatic disease in an intubated patient with papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Fish SA, Alavi A, Mandel SJ. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 December; 27(12): 895. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607874&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of cervical lymph node dissection on serum TG and the course of disease in TG-positive, radioactive iodine whole body scan-negative recurrent/persistent papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Alzahrani AS, Raef H, Sultan A, Al Sobhi S, Ingemansson S, Ahmed M, Al Mahfouz A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 June; 25(6): 526-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109624&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of nodal metastases on prognosis in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Beasley NJ, Lee J, Eski S, Walfish P, Witterick I, Freeman JL. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2002 July; 128(7): 825-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117344&dopt=Abstract

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Importance of lymph node metastases in follicular thyroid cancer. Author(s): Witte J, Goretzki PE, Dieken J, Simon D, Roher HD. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2002 August; 26(8): 1017-22. Epub 2002 June 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045860&dopt=Abstract

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In-111 DTPA-octreotide scintigraphy for disease detection in metastatic thyroid cancer: comparison with F-18 FDG positron emission tomography and extensive conventional radiographic imaging. Author(s): Sarlis NJ, Gourgiotis L, Guthrie LC, Galen B, Skarulis MC, Shawker TH, Patronas NJ, Reynolds JC. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 March; 28(3): 208-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592128&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and survival of Swedish patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Lundgren CI, Hall P, Ekbom A, Frisell J, Zedenius J, Dickman PW. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 September 10; 106(4): 569-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12845654&dopt=Abstract

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Increased expression of phosphorylated p70S6 kinase and Akt in papillary thyroid cancer tissues. Author(s): Miyakawa M, Tsushima T, Murakami H, Wakai K, Isozaki O, Takano K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2003 February; 50(1): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12733712&dopt=Abstract

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Increased risk of thyroid cancer among women with hysterectomies. Author(s): Luoto R, Grenman S, Salonen S, Pukkala E. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 188(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548194&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing incidence and characteristics of differentiated thyroid cancer in Huntington, West Virginia. Author(s): Merhy J, Driscoll HK, Leidy JW, Chertow BS. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 November; 11(11): 1063-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762717&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing the effectiveness of radioactive iodine therapy in the treatment of thyroid cancer using Trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Author(s): Zarnegar R, Brunaud L, Kanauchi H, Wong M, Fung M, Ginzinger D, Duh QY, Clark OH. Source: Surgery. 2002 December; 132(6): 984-90; Discussion 990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490845&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing thyroid cancer incidence in Canada, 1970-1996: time trends and age-periodcohort effects. Author(s): Liu S, Semenciw R, Ugnat AM, Mao Y. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2001 November 2; 85(9): 1335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720471&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of proliferation, differentiation and dedifferentiation factors on the expression of the lysosomal cysteine proteinase cathepsin L (CL) in thyroid cancer cell lines. Author(s): Plehn A, Gunther D, Aurich H, Hoang-Vu C, Weber E. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2000; 477: 487-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10849775&dopt=Abstract

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Initial results from a prospective cohort study of 5583 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the united states during 1996. U.S. and German Thyroid Cancer Study Group. An American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer Patient Care Evaluation study. Author(s): Hundahl SA, Cady B, Cunningham MP, Mazzaferri E, McKee RF, Rosai J, Shah JP, Fremgen AM, Stewart AK, Holzer S. Source: Cancer. 2000 July 1; 89(1): 202-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10897019&dopt=Abstract

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Innovative strategies for the treatment of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Schmutzler C, Koehrle J. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2000 July; 143(1): 15-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10870026&dopt=Abstract

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Interlaboratory comparison of thyroglobulin measurements for patients with recurrent or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Morris LF, Waxman AD, Braunstein GD. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2002 August; 48(8): 1371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142399&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative ultrasonography improves identification of recurrent thyroid cancer. Author(s): Karwowski JK, Jeffrey RB, McDougall IR, Weigel RJ. Source: Surgery. 2002 December; 132(6): 924-8; Discussion 928-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490837&dopt=Abstract

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Iodine deficiency, radiation dose, and the risk of thyroid cancer among children and adolescents in the Bryansk region of Russia following the Chernobyl power station accident. Author(s): Shakhtarin VV, Tsyb AF, Stepanenko VF, Orlov MY, Kopecky KJ, Davis S. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 August; 32(4): 584-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12913034&dopt=Abstract

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Iodine-131 uptake in focal bronchiectasis mimicking metastatic thyroid cancer. Author(s): Song HC, Heo YJ, Kim SM, Bom HS. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 April; 28(4): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642729&dopt=Abstract

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Is a bilateral modified radical neck dissection beneficial for patients with papillary thyroid cancer? Author(s): Ohshima A, Yamashita H, Noguchi S, Uchino S, Watanabe S, Koike E, Yamashita H, Kuroki S, Tanaka M. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(12): 1027-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12541017&dopt=Abstract

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Is hepatitis C virus infection associated with thyroid cancer? A case-control study. Author(s): Montella M, Crispo A, Pezzullo L, Izzo F, Fabbrocini G, Ronga D, Tamburini M. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2000 August 15; 87(4): 611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918206&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of antigenicity of recombinant human thyrotropin after multiple injections in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Paterakis T, Ebels H, Mallick UK, Proud G, Jones N, Lennard T, Lucraft H, Fenwick J, Weightman D, Kendall-Taylor P, Perros P. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 July; 10(7): 623. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958317&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of impact of radioiodine therapy in tg-positive, diagnostic whole-body scannegative patients with follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. Author(s): Fatourechi V, Hay ID, Javedan H, Wiseman GA, Mullan BP, Gorman CA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 April; 87(4): 1521-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932275&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic detection of hepatic metastases in patients with residual or recurrent medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Tung WS, Vesely TM, Moley JF. Source: Surgery. 1995 December; 118(6): 1024-9; Discussion 1029-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7491518&dopt=Abstract

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Leukaemia and thyroid cancer in emergency workers of the Chernobyl accident: estimation of radiation risks (1986-1995). Author(s): Ivanov VK, Tsyb AF, Gorsky AI, Maksyutov MA, Rastopchin EM, Konogorov AP, Korelo AM, Biryukov AP, Matyash VA. Source: Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 1997 February; 36(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9128893&dopt=Abstract

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Leukaemias and cancers following iodine-131 administration for thyroid cancer. Author(s): de Vathaire F, Schlumberger M, Delisle MJ, Francese C, Challeton C, de la Genardiere E, Meunier F, Parmentier C, Hill C, Sancho-Garnier H. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1997; 75(5): 734-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043033&dopt=Abstract

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Leukemia after a small dose of radioiodine for metastatic thyroid cancer. Author(s): Bitton R, Sachmechi I, Benegalrao Y, Schneider BS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 November; 77(5): 1423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8077344&dopt=Abstract

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Leukemia developing after 131I treatment for thyroid cancer in a patient with Werner's syndrome: molecular and cytogenetic studies. Author(s): Takemoto Y, Hata T, Kamino K, Mitsuda N, Miki T, Kawagoe H, Ogihara T. Source: Intern Med. 1995 September; 34(9): 863-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8580557&dopt=Abstract

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Levothyroxine dose requirements for thyrotropin suppression in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Burmeister LA, Goumaz MO, Mariash CN, Oppenheimer JH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 August; 75(2): 34450. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1639933&dopt=Abstract

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Lifestyle and other risk factors for thyroid cancer in Los Angeles County females. Author(s): Mack WJ, Preston-Martin S, Bernstein L, Qian D. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2002 August; 12(6): 395-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160598&dopt=Abstract

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Longchain serum fatty acids and risk of thyroid cancer: a population-based casecontrol study in Norway. Author(s): Berg JP, Glattre E, Haldorsen T, Hostmark AT, Bay IG, Johansen AF, Jellum E. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1994 September; 5(5): 433-9. Erratum In: Cancer Causes Control 1995 March; 6(2): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7999965&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term follow-up of 92 patients with locally advanced follicular or papillary thyroid cancer after combined treatment. Author(s): Glanzmann C, Lutolf UM. Source: Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie : Organ Der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft. [et Al]. 1992 May; 168(5): 260-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1598660&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term impact of initial and surgical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Author(s): DeGroot LJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 December; 97(6): 499-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7985706&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Author(s): Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 November; 97(5): 418-28. Erratum In: Am J Med 1995 February; 98(2): 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7977430&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term outcome of children with papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Vassilopoulou-Sellin R. Source: Surgery. 2001 June; 129(6): 769. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11391381&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term results of reoperation and localizing studies in patients with persistent or recurrent medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Kebebew E, Kikuchi S, Duh QY, Clark OH. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2000 August; 135(8): 895-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10922248&dopt=Abstract

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Loss of heterozygosity of the long arm of chromosome 7 in follicular and anaplastic thyroid cancer, but not in papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Trovato M, Fraggetta F, Villari D, Batolo D, Mackey K, Trimarchi F, Benvenga S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 September; 84(9): 3235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10487693&dopt=Abstract

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Lovastatin induces apoptosis of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells via inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation and de novo protein synthesis. Author(s): Zhong WB, Wang CY, Chang TC, Lee WS. Source: Endocrinology. 2003 September; 144(9): 3852-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12933658&dopt=Abstract

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Low-iodine diet in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer with radioactive iodine. Author(s): Sonenberg M. Source: Endocrine. 2002 March; 17(2): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12041916&dopt=Abstract

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Low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer: the need for selective treatment. Author(s): Shaha AR, Shah JP, Loree TR. Source: Annals of Surgical Oncology : the Official Journal of the Society of Surgical Oncology. 1997 June; 4(4): 328-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9181233&dopt=Abstract

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Lysophosphatidic acid, a novel lipid growth factor for human thyroid cells: overexpression of the high-affinity receptor edg4 in differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Schulte KM, Beyer A, Kohrer K, Oberhauser S, Roher HD. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 April 15; 92(2): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11291053&dopt=Abstract

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Management of papillary and follicular (differentiated) thyroid cancer: new paradigms using recombinant human thyrotropin. Author(s): Mazzaferri EL, Massoll N. Source: Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2002 December; 9(4): 227-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542401&dopt=Abstract

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Management of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Author(s): Jones MK. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2002 July; 95(7): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091503&dopt=Abstract

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Management of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Vini L, Harmer C. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2002 July; 3(7): 407-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142170&dopt=Abstract

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Massive rise in thyroglobulin with adult respiratory distress syndrome after embolisation of thyroid cancer metastasis. Author(s): Elshafie O, Hussein S, Jeans WD, Woodhouse NJ. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2000 May; 73(869): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884754&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of thyroglobulin mRNA in peripheral blood as an adjunctive test for monitoring thyroid cancer. Author(s): Grammatopoulos D, Elliott Y, Smith SC, Brown I, Grieve RJ, Hillhouse EW, Levine MA, Ringel MD. Source: Molecular Pathology : Mp. 2003 June; 56(3): 162-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782763&dopt=Abstract

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Medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Kebebew E, Clark OH. Source: Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2000 October; 1(4): 359-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057161&dopt=Abstract

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Medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Clayman GL, el-Baradie TS. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2003 February; 36(1): 91-105. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803011&dopt=Abstract

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Metastatic thyroid cancer unresponsive to conventional therapies: novel management approaches through translational clinical research. Author(s): Sarlis NJ. Source: Current Drug Targets. Immune, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2001 August; 1(2): 103-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476792&dopt=Abstract

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Mitochondrial DNA alterations in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Tong BC, Ha PK, Dhir K, Xing M, Westra WH, Sidransky D, Califano JA. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2003 March; 82(3): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619060&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular rearrangements and morphology in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Kroll TG. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2002 June; 160(6): 1941-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057897&dopt=Abstract

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Multifactorial analysis of survival and recurrences in differentiated thyroid cancer. Comparative evaluation of usefulness of AGES, MACIS, and risk group scores in Mexican population. Author(s): Rodriguez-Cuevas S, Labastida-Almendaro S, Cortes-Arroyo H, Lopez-Garza J, Barroso-Bravo S. Source: J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2002 March; 21(1): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071534&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple neoplasms in an irradiated cohort: pattern of occurrence and relationship to thyroid cancer outcome. Author(s): Mihailescu D, Shore-Freedman E, Mukani S, Lubin J, Ron E, Schneider AB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 July; 87(7): 3236-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107231&dopt=Abstract

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Neck and whole-body scanning with 5-mCi dose of (123)I as diagnostic tracer in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Gulzar Z, Jana S, Young I, Bukberg P, Yen V, Naddaf S, Abdel-Dayem HM. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2001 July-August; 7(4): 2449. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11497474&dopt=Abstract

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Neutralizing vascular endothelial growth factor activity inhibits thyroid cancer growth in vivo. Author(s): Soh EY, Eigelberger MS, Kim KJ, Wong MG, Young DM, Clark OH, Duh QY. Source: Surgery. 2000 December; 128(6): 1059-65; Discussion 1065-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11114643&dopt=Abstract

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New research developments increase therapeutic options for thyroid cancer and bone pain palliation. Author(s): Williams JE. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1997 November; 38(11): 19N-20N, 26N. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9374327&dopt=Abstract

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New treatment regimen for thyroid cancer. Author(s): Kerr C. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2003 March; 4(3): 137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623354&dopt=Abstract

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No association between immunohistochemical expression of p53, c-erbB-2, Ki-67, estrogen and progesterone receptors in female papillary thyroid cancer and ionizing radiation. Author(s): Karlsson MG, Hardell L, Hallquist A. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 December 9; 120(2): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9461034&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence of increased chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in lymphocytes from nonfamilial thyroid cancer patients prior to radiotherapy. Author(s): Gil OM, Oliveira NG, Rodrigues AS, Laires A, Ferreira TC, Limbert E, Rueff J. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2000 November; 123(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11120336&dopt=Abstract

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Non-131I-scintigraphy in the treatment and follow-up of thyroid cancer. Singlephoton-emitters or FDG-PET? Author(s): Grunwald F, Briele B, Biersack HJ. Source: Q J Nucl Med. 1999 September; 43(3): 195-206. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568135&dopt=Abstract

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Non-medical exposure to radioiodines and thyroid cancer. Author(s): Hindie E, Leenhardt L, Vitaux F, Colas-Linhart N, Grosclaude P, Galle P, Aurengo A, Bok B. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 August; 29 Suppl 2: S497-512. Epub 2002 July 19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192552&dopt=Abstract

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Northern Cancer Network guidelines for management of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Regional Thyroid Cancer Group. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2000; 12(6): 373-91. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11202091&dopt=Abstract

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Nuclear medicine and thyroid cancer. Author(s): Jana S, Abdel-Dayem HM, Young I. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1999 December; 26(12): 1528-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10638402&dopt=Abstract

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Obstructive endotracheal lesions of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Ahmed M, Saleem M, Al-Arifi A, Almahfouz A, Mahasin Z, Al-Sobhi S, Ingemansson S, Taibah K. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 August; 116(8): 613-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389690&dopt=Abstract

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On target cell numbers in radiation-induced H4-RET mediated papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Radivoyevitch T, Sachs RK, Nikiforov YE, Nikiforova MN, Little MP. Source: Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2001 September; 40(3): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783847&dopt=Abstract

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Operative strategy in follicular thyroid cancer. Author(s): Wang MY, Lin MT, Liaw KY. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 December; 101(12): 820-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12632814&dopt=Abstract

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Opposite ansa cervicalis to recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis to restore phonation in patients with advanced thyroid cancer. Author(s): Miyauchi A, Yokozawa T, Kobayashi K, Hirai K, Matsuzuka F, Kuma K. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 2001 July; 167(7): 540-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11560391&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal treatment strategy in patients with papillary thyroid cancer: a decision analysis. Author(s): Esnaola NF, Cantor SB, Sherman SI, Lee JE, Evans DB. Source: Surgery. 2001 December; 130(6): 921-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742318&dopt=Abstract

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Optimizing the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Mallick UK, Lucraft H, Proud G, Perros P, Fenwick J, Kendall-Taylor P, Johnson S, Lennard T, Ball S, James RA, Douglas F, Weightman DR. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2000; 12(6): 363-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11202089&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome after treatment for papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Lin JD, Hsieh SH, Chang HY, Huang CC, Chao TC. Source: Head & Neck. 2001 February; 23(2): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11303631&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome and toxicity associated with maximum safe dose radioiodine treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer. Author(s): Robeson WR, Ellwood JE, Margulies P, Margouleff D. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 August; 27(8): 556-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170000&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with negative diagnostic whole-body scanning and detectable stimulated thyroglobulin. Author(s): van Tol KM, Jager PL, de Vries EG, Piers DA, Boezen HM, Sluiter WJ, Dullaart RP, Links TP. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2003 June; 148(6): 589-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773129&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer with detectable serum Tg and negative diagnostic (131)I whole body scan: comparison of patients treated with high (131)I activities versus untreated patients. Author(s): Pacini F, Agate L, Elisei R, Capezzone M, Ceccarelli C, Lippi F, Molinaro E, Pinchera A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 September; 86(9): 4092-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549631&dopt=Abstract

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p73 tumor-suppressor activity is impaired in human thyroid cancer. Author(s): Frasca F, Vella V, Aloisi A, Mandarino A, Mazzon E, Vigneri R, Vigneri P. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 September 15; 63(18): 5829-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522906&dopt=Abstract

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Papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Yim JH, Doherty GM. Source: Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2000 October; 1(4): 329-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057158&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of care for patients with primary differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland treated in Germany during 1996. U.S. and German Thyroid Cancer Group. Author(s): Holzer S, Reiners C, Mann K, Bamberg M, Rothmund M, Dudeck J, Stewart AK, Hundahl SA. Source: Cancer. 2000 July 1; 89(1): 192-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10897018&dopt=Abstract

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PET in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Khan N, Oriuchi N, Higuchi T, Zhang H, Endo K. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2003 October; 76(910): 690-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14512328&dopt=Abstract

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Population-based study of familial medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Hemminki K, Dong C. Source: Familial Cancer. 2001; 1(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14574015&dopt=Abstract

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Positron emission tomography in thyroid cancer management. Author(s): Larson SM, Robbins R. Source: Semin Roentgenol. 2002 April; 37(2): 169-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134369&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Cohen EG, Tuttle RM, Kraus DH. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2003 February; 36(1): 129-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803014&dopt=Abstract

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Pregnancy following operative and complementary treatment of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Pomorski L, Bartos M, Narebski J. Source: Zentralblatt Fur Gynakologie. 2000; 122(7): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10951709&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of thyroid cancer in hyperthyroidism treated by surgery. Author(s): Lin CH, Chiang FY, Wang LF. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2003 August; 19(8): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12962424&dopt=Abstract

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PTEN expression is reduced in a subset of sporadic thyroid carcinomas: evidence that PTEN-growth suppressing activity in thyroid cancer cells mediated by p27kip1. Author(s): Bruni P, Boccia A, Baldassarre G, Trapasso F, Santoro M, Chiappetta G, Fusco A, Viglietto G. Source: Oncogene. 2000 June 29; 19(28): 3146-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918569&dopt=Abstract

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Quality-of-life changes in patients with thyroid cancer after withdrawal of thyroid hormone therapy. Author(s): Dow KH, Ferrell BR, Anello C. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1997 August; 7(4): 613-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292951&dopt=Abstract

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Quantification of salivary gland function in thyroid cancer patients treated with radioiodine. Author(s): Malpani BL, Samuel AM, Ray S. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1996 June 1; 35(3): 535-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8655377&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative and qualitative differences in growth, invasion and lung colonization of an anaplastic and a papillary human thyroid cancer cell line in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Boghaert ER, Ain K, Taylor K, Greenberg VL, Fowler C, Zimmer SG. Source: Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. 1996 October; 14(5): 440-50. Erratum In: Clin Exp Metastasis 1997 January; 15(1): 76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8871538&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative detection of peripheral thyroglobulin mRNA has limited clinical value in the follow-up of thyroid cancer patients. Author(s): Span PN, Sleegers MJ, van den Broek WJ, Ross HA, Nieuwlaat WA, Hermus AR, Sweep CG. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2003 January; 40(Pt 1): 94-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542917&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative radioiodine therapy in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Maxon HR. Source: Q J Nucl Med. 1999 December; 43(4): 313-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10731782&dopt=Abstract

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Radio-guided surgery for lymph node recurrences of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Salvatori M, Rufini V, Reale F, Gajate AM, Maussier ML, Revelli L, Troncone L, Ardito G. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2003 July; 27(7): 770-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14509503&dopt=Abstract

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Radioiodine treatment with 30 mCi after recombinant human thyrotropin stimulation in thyroid cancer: effectiveness for postsurgical remnants ablation and possible role of iodine content in L-thyroxine in the outcome of ablation. Author(s): Barbaro D, Boni G, Meucci G, Simi U, Lapi P, Orsini P, Pasquini C, Piazza F, Caciagli M, Mariani G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 September; 88(9): 4110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970272&dopt=Abstract

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ras mutations are associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Garcia-Rostan G, Zhao H, Camp RL, Pollan M, Herrero A, Pardo J, Wu R, Carcangiu ML, Costa J, Tallini G. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 September 1; 21(17): 3226-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12947056&dopt=Abstract

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Recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Durski JM, Weigel RJ, McDougall IR. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2000 June; 21(6): 521-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10894560&dopt=Abstract

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Recombinant thyrotropin for detection of recurrent thyroid cancer. Author(s): Ladenson PW. Source: Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2002; 113: 21-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12053710&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent and/or metastatic thyroid cancer: therapeutic options. Author(s): Karavitaki N, Vlassopoulou V, Tzanela M, Tzavara I, Thalassinos N. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2002 July; 3(7): 939-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083993&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent or persistent thyroid cancer of follicular cell origin. Author(s): Duren M, Duh QY, Siperstein AE, Clark OH. Source: Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2000 October; 1(4): 339-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057159&dopt=Abstract

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Reproductive factors and risk of papillary thyroid cancer in women. Author(s): Rossing MA, Voigt LF, Wicklund KG, Daling JR. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 April 15; 151(8): 765-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10965973&dopt=Abstract

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Retinoic acid redifferentiation therapy for thyroid cancer. Author(s): Schmutzler C, Kohrle J. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 May; 10(5): 393-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884186&dopt=Abstract

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Right thyroid hemiagenesis associated with papillary thyroid cancer and an ectopic prelaryngeal thyroid: a case report. Author(s): Huang SM, Chen HD, Wen TY, Kun MS. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 May; 101(5): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101857&dopt=Abstract

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Scatter irradiation in childhood causes thyroid cancer. Author(s): Cohen A, van der Schaaf A. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 June 17; 176(12): 570-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064952&dopt=Abstract

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Scintigraphic evaluation of salivary gland dysfunction in patients with thyroid cancer after radioiodine treatment. Author(s): Caglar M, Tuncel M, Alpar R. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 November; 27(11): 767-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394122&dopt=Abstract

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Segregation of the V804L mutation and S836S polymorphism of exon 14 of the RET gene in an extended kindred with familial medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Patocs A, Valkusz Z, Igaz P, Balogh K, Toth M, Varga I, Racz K. Source: Clinical Genetics. 2003 March; 63(3): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694233&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitivity of 123I whole-body scan and thyroglobulin in the detection of metastases or recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): de Geus-Oei LF, Oei HY, Hennemann G, Krenning EP. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 June; 29(6): 768-74. Epub 2002 March 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12029550&dopt=Abstract

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Serum thyroglobulin and 131I whole body scan after recombinant human TSH stimulation in the follow-up of low-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Torlontano M, Crocetti U, D'Aloiso L, Bonfitto N, Di Giorgio A, Modoni S, Valle G, Frusciante V, Bisceglia M, Filetti S, Schlumberger M, Trischitta V. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2003 January; 148(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534353&dopt=Abstract

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Serum thyroglobulin measurements in differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Girelli ME, De Vido D. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2000 July; 54(6): 330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10989968&dopt=Abstract

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Statins sentence thyroid cancer cells to death rho. Author(s): Robbins RJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 July; 88(7): 3019-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12843137&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical approach to cervical lymph node metastasis in differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Goss M, D'Amico S, Mobiglia A, Sargiotto A, Deandrea M. Source: Tumori. 2002 May-June; 88(3): S47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12365389&dopt=Abstract

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Surveillance of TSH-suppressive levothyroxine treatment in thyroid cancer patients: TRH testing versus basal TSH determination by a third generation assay. Author(s): Gorges R, Saller B, Eising EG, Quadbeck B, Mann K, Bockisch A. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2002 October; 110(7): 35560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397535&dopt=Abstract

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Surviving thyroid cancer. This silent cancer affects both young & old women. Author(s): Biller L. Source: Awhonn Lifelines / Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. 2002 June-July; 6(3): 280, 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078573&dopt=Abstract

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The helix-loop-helix protein, Id-1, is overexpressed and regulates growth in papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Kebebew E, Treseler PA, Duh QY, Clark OH. Source: Surgery. 2003 August; 134(2): 235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12947323&dopt=Abstract

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The role of cell cycle regulatory protein, cyclin D1, in the progression of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Wang S, Lloyd RV, Hutzler MJ, Safran MS, Patwardhan NA, Khan A. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2000 August; 13(8): 882-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10955455&dopt=Abstract

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The role of external beam radiotherapy in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Mazzarotto R, Cesaro MG, Lora O, Rubello D, Casara D, Sotti G. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2000 July; 54(6): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10989971&dopt=Abstract

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The value of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET in patients with medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Brandt-Mainz K, Muller SP, Gorges R, Saller B, Bockisch A. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2000 May; 27(5): 490-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10853802&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid cancer in children: report of three cases and a review of the Japanese literature. Author(s): Matsuura K, Ogata T, Araki K, Kaneko A, Kobayashi M, Sugimoto T. Source: Surgery Today. 1997; 27(10): 961-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10870585&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid cancer prevalence after radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Angusti T, Codegone A, Pellerito R, Favero A. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2000 June; 41(6): 1006-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10855625&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid cancer: 1999 update. Author(s): Tyler DS, Shaha AR, Udelsman RA, Sherman SI, Thompson NW, Moley JF, Evans DB. Source: Annals of Surgical Oncology : the Official Journal of the Society of Surgical Oncology. 2000 June; 7(5): 376-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10864346&dopt=Abstract

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TRAIL-induced apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells: potential for therapeutic intervention. Author(s): Ahmad M, Shi Y. Source: Oncogene. 2000 July 13; 19(30): 3363-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918593&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of advanced medullary thyroid cancer with an alternating combination of doxorubicin-streptozocin and 5 FU-dacarbazine. Groupe d'Etude des Tumeurs a Calcitonine (GETC). Author(s): Nocera M, Baudin E, Pellegriti G, Cailleux AF, Mechelany-Corone C, Schlumberger M. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2000 September; 83(6): 715-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10952773&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with paclitaxel: phase 2 trial using ninetysix-hour infusion. Collaborative Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Health Intervention Trials (CATCHIT) Group. Author(s): Ain KB, Egorin MJ, DeSimone PA. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 July; 10(7): 587-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958311&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual radioiodine uptake caused by metallic sutures in the skull in a patient with thyroid cancer. Author(s): Modoni S, Martino G, Guerra M, Frusciante V. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2000 December; 25(12): 1053-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11129153&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual radioiodine uptake in a patient with thyroid cancer and cranial metallic clips. Author(s): Campenni A, Minutoli F, Pecorella GR, Baldari S. Source: Nuklearmedizin. 2002 December; 41(6): N89-N90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520663&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual types of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Ain KB. Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 2000 April; 1(3): 225-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708297&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a remote controlled radiotherapy afterloading system to manage unresectable, metastatic thyroid cancer in the trachea. Author(s): Nakashima T, Yano G, Nomura Y, Tomita K, Wada S, Hata K. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1994; 251 Suppl 1: S73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894782&dopt=Abstract

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Use of surgical gamma probe for the detection of lymph node metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Lippi F, Capezzone M, Miccoli P, Traino C, Di Martino F, Angelini F, Spinelli C, Iacconi P, Pinchera A, Pacini F. Source: Tumori. 2000 July-August; 86(4): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11016732&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in diagnosing esophageal infiltration of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Ohshima A, Yamashita H, Noguchi S, Uchino S, Watanabe S, Toda M, Yamashita H, Koike E, Takatsu K, Inomata M, Arita T. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 September; 24(8): 564-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686537&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of recombinant human thyrotropin in the radiometabolic treatment of selected patients with thyroid cancer. Author(s): Pellegriti G, Scollo C, Giuffrida D, Vigneri R, Squatrito S, Pezzino V. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 November; 11(11): 1025-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762711&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of the diagnostic total body scan in differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Doi SA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 February; 86(2): 949-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158080&dopt=Abstract

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Using baseline and recombinant human TSH-stimulated Tg measurements to manage thyroid cancer without diagnostic (131)I scanning. Author(s): Wartofsky L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 April; 87(4): 1486-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932269&dopt=Abstract

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Using recombinant human TSH in the management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer: current strategies and future directions. Author(s): Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 September; 10(9): 767-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041454&dopt=Abstract

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Value of external irradiation for locally advanced papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Kim TH, Yang DS, Jung KY, Kim CY, Choi MS. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2003 March 15; 55(4): 1006-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605980&dopt=Abstract

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Value of mass screening for thyroid cancer. Author(s): Miki H, Inoue H, Komaki K, Uyama T, Morimoto T, Monden Y. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1998 January; 22(1): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9465769&dopt=Abstract

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Value of protein-bound radioactive iodine measurements in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer treated with (131)I. Author(s): Hammersley PA, Al-Saadi A, Chittenden S, Flux GD, McCready VR, Harmer CL. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2001 May; 74(881): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388991&dopt=Abstract

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Value of stimulated serum thyroglobulin levels for detecting persistent or recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer in high- and low-risk patients. Author(s): Duren M, Siperstein AE, Shen W, Duh QY, Morita E, Clark OH. Source: Surgery. 1999 July; 126(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10418587&dopt=Abstract

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Variation in survival of adult patients with thyroid cancer in Europe. EUROCARE Working Group. Author(s): Teppo L, Hakulinen T. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1998 December; 34(14 Spec No): 2248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10070295&dopt=Abstract

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Vascular endothelial growth factor expression is higher in differentiated thyroid cancer than in normal or benign thyroid. Author(s): Soh EY, Duh QY, Sobhi SA, Young DM, Epstein HD, Wong MG, Garcia YK, Min YD, Grossman RF, Siperstein AE, Clark OH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 November; 82(11): 3741-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9360534&dopt=Abstract

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Vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody inhibits growth of anaplastic thyroid cancer xenografts in nude mice. Author(s): Bauer AJ, Terrell R, Doniparthi NK, Patel A, Tuttle RM, Saji M, Ringel MD, Francis GL. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 November; 12(11): 953-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490072&dopt=Abstract

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Visualization of jugular vein on a thallium-201 scan for thyroid cancer. Author(s): Nakano S, Hasegawa Y, Kuriyama K, Kajita A, Ishigami S. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1989 June; 14(6): 449-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2743696&dopt=Abstract

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Visualization of the thymus with therapeutic doses of radioiodine in patients with thyroid cancer. Author(s): Michigishi T, Mizukami Y, Shuke N, Yokoyama K, Noguchi M, Watanabe Y, Matsui O, Aburano T, Tonami N, Hisada K. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1993 January; 20(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8267685&dopt=Abstract

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Vitiligo, autoimmune thyroiditis: a rare thyroid cancer arising with bone metastates on maxillofacial area. Author(s): Frati R, Frati C, Sassano PP, Antonaci A. Source: J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1999 March; 18(1): 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374684&dopt=Abstract

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Well differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Kinder BK. Source: Current Opinion in Oncology. 2003 January; 15(1): 71-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490765&dopt=Abstract

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Well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Jossart GH, Clark OH. Source: Current Problems in Surgery. 1994 December; 31(12): 933-1012. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7956323&dopt=Abstract

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What causes thyroid cancer? Author(s): Ziegler J. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 December 3; 89(23): 1754. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9392614&dopt=Abstract

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What is the optimal treatment of nodal metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer? Author(s): King WW, Li AK. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1994 December; 64(12): 815-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7980252&dopt=Abstract

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What is the role of 1100 MBq (< 30 mCi) radioiodine 131I in the treatment of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer? Author(s): van Wyngaarden M, McDougall IR. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1996 March; 17(3): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8692486&dopt=Abstract

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Why are thyroid cancer rates so high in southeast asian women living in the United States? The bay area thyroid cancer study. Author(s): Haselkorn T, Stewart SL, Horn-Ross PL. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 February; 12(2): 144-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582024&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND THYROID CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and thyroid cancer.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Thyroid Cancer The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “thyroid cancer” (or a synonym): •

A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer. I. Methods. Author(s): Laboratory of General Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy. [email protected] Source: Negri, E Ron, E Franceschi, S Dal Maso, L Mark, S D Preston Martin, S McTiernan, A Kolonel, L Kleinerman, R Land, C Jin, F Wingren, G Galanti, M R Hallquist, A Glattre, E Lund, E Levi, F Linos, D Braga, C La Vecchia, C Cancer-CausesControl. 1999 April; 10(2): 131-42 0957-5243

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Actin architecture of cultured human thyroid cancer cells: predictor of differentiation? Author(s): Surgical Service Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121. Source: Demeure, M J Hughes Fulford, M Goretzki, P E Duh, Q Y Clark, O H Surgery. 1990 December; 108(6): 986-92; discussion 992-3 0039-6060

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Aetiology of thyroid cancer: an epidemiological overview. Author(s): Istituto di Medicina Sperimentale del CNR, Roma, Italy. Source: Salabe, G B Thyroidology. 1994 April; 6(1): 11-9

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An epidemiologic study of thyroid cancer in Hawaii. Author(s): Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Source: Kolonel, L N Hankin, J H Wilkens, L R Fukunaga, F H Hinds, M W CancerCauses-Control. 1990 November; 1(3): 223-34 0957-5243

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Assessment of combined radioimmunotherapy and chemotherapy for treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Garden State Cancer Center, Belleville, New Jersey 07109, USA. Source: Stein, R Juweid, M Zhang, C H Goldenberg, D M Clin-Cancer-Res. 1999 October; 5(10 Suppl): 3199s-3206s 1078-0432

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Benign thyroid disease and dietary factors in thyroid cancer: a case-control study in Kuwait. Author(s): Department of Community Medicine and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait. [email protected] Source: Memon, A Varghese, A Suresh, A Br-J-Cancer. 2002 June 5; 86(11): 1745-50 00070920

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Bone changes in pre- and postmenopausal women with thyroid cancer on levothyroxine therapy: evolution of axial and appendicular bone mass. Author(s): Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. Source: Jodar, E Begona Lopez, M Garcia, L Rigopoulou, D Martinez, G Hawkins, F Osteoporos-Int. 1998; 8(4): 311-6 0937-941X

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Case-control study of thyroid cancer in Northern Italy: attributable risk. Author(s): Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy. [email protected] Source: Fioretti, F Tavani, A Gallus, S Franceschi, S Negri, E La Vecchia, C Int-JEpidemiol. 1999 August; 28(4): 626-30 0300-5771

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Ceramide-induced apoptosis of human thyroid cancer cells resistant to apoptosis by irradiation. Author(s): Department of International Health and Radiation Research, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan.

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Source: Sautin, Y Takamura, N Shklyaev, S Nagayama, Y Ohtsuru, A Namba, H Yamashita, S Thyroid. 2000 September; 10(9): 733-40 1050-7256 •

Clinical impact of retinoids in redifferentiation therapy of advanced thyroid cancer: final results of a pilot study. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany. [email protected] Source: Simon, D Korber, C Krausch, M Segering, J Groth, P Gorges, R Grunwald, F Muller Gartner, H W Schmutzler, C Kohrle, J Roher, H D Reiners, C Eur-J-Nucl-MedMol-Imaging. 2002 June; 29(6): 775-82 1619-7070

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Clonally related but phenotypically divergent human cancer cell lines derived from a single follicular thyroid cancer recurrence (TT2609). Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit and Medical School Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Geldof, A A Versteegh LRT van Mourik, J C Rooimans, M A Arwert, F Hermsen, M A Schadee Eestermans, I L van Dongen, G A van der Valk, P van der Clement EHP Lips, P Teule, G J Thyroid. 2001 October; 11(10): 909-17 1050-7256

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Combined chemotherapy with bleomycin, adriamycin, and platinum in advanced thyroid cancer. Author(s): Divisione Oncologia Medica, U.L.S.S. N. 21, Padova, Italy. Source: De Besi, P Busnardo, B Toso, S Girelli, M E Nacamulli, D Simioni, N Casara, D Zorat, P Fiorentino, M V J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1991 June; 14(6): 475-80 0391-4097

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Degree of thyrotropin suppression in differentiated thyroid cancer without recurrence or metastases. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ankara University Medical School, Turkey. Source: Kamel, N Gullu, S Dagci Ilgin, S Corapcioglu, D Tonyukuk Cesur, V Uysal, A R Baskal, N Erdogan, G Thyroid. 1999 December; 9(12): 1245-8 1050-7256

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Diagnostic value of technetium-99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) scintigraphy in detecting thyroid cancer metastases: a critical evaluation. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan. Source: Alam, M S Kasagi, K Misaki, T Miyamoto, S Iwata, M Iida, Y Konishi, J Thyroid. 1998 December; 8(12): 1091-100 1050-7256

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Efficacy of high therapeutic doses of iodine-131 in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and detectable serum thyroglobulin. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. Source: de Keizer, B Koppeschaar, H P Zelissen, P M Lips, C J van Rijk, P P van Dijk, A de Klerk, J M Eur-J-Nucl-Med. 2001 February; 28(2): 198-202 0340-6997

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Follicular thyroid cancer. Author(s): Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Source: Grebe, S K Hay, I D Endocrinol-Metab-Clin-North-Am. 1995 December; 24(4): 761-801 0889-8529

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Global skeletal uptake of technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate in female patients receiving suppressive doses of L-thyroxine for differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ospedale “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, IRCCS di San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.

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Source: Frusciante, V Carnevale, V Scillitani, A Zingrillo, M Dicembrino, F Giannatempo, G M Ghiggi, M R Minisola, S Eur-J-Nucl-Med. 1998 February; 25(2): 13943 0340-6997 •

Growth inhibitory effects of flavonoids in human thyroid cancer cell lines. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA. Source: Yin, F Giuliano, A E Van Herle, A J Thyroid. 1999 April; 9(4): 369-76 1050-7256

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Guidelines for the use of radio-iodine, thyroid hormone, and treatment of metastatic disease in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Hinsdale Hospital, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA. Source: Paloyan, E Walker, R P Lawrence, A M Surg-Oncol-Clin-N-Am. 1998 October; 7(4): 665-80 1055-3207

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Highly sensitive determination of TSH in the follow-up of TSH-suppressive therapy of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Munich, FRG. Source: Mann, K Saller, B Mehl, U Hormann, R Moser, E Nuklearmedizin. 1988 February; 27(1): 24-8 0029-5566

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Histone deacetylase inhibitors promote apoptosis and differential cell cycle arrest in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Author(s): University of Kentucky, Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Lexington 40536, USA. Source: Greenberg, V L Williams, J M Cogswell, J P Mendenhall, M Zimmer, S G Thyroid. 2001 April; 11(4): 315-25 1050-7256

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Influence of L-thyroxine on cardiac function in athyreotic thyroid cancer patients--an echophonocardiographic study. Author(s): II. Medizinische Universitats-Klinik, Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Stadt Wien, Osterreich. Source: Punzengruber, C Weissel, M Klin-Wochenschr. 1988 August 15; 66(16): 729-35 0023-2173

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Longchain serum fatty acids and risk of thyroid cancer: a population-based casecontrol study in Norway. Author(s): Hormone Laboratory, Aker Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Source: Berg, J P Glattre, E Haldorsen, T Hostmark, A T Bay, I G Johansen, A F Jellum, E Cancer-Causes-Control. 1994 September; 5(5): 433-9 0957-5243

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Low-iodine diet in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer with radioactive iodine. Author(s): [email protected] Source: Sonenberg, M Endocrine. 2002 March; 17(2): 141-3 0969-711X

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Management of undifferentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Thyroid Nodule and Oncology Clinical Service, Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Centre, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA. Source: Ain, K B Baillieres-Best-Pract-Res-Clin-Endocrinol-Metab. 2000 December; 14(4): 615-29 1521-690X

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Metastatic thyroid cancer unresponsive to conventional therapies: novel management approaches through translational clinical research. Author(s): Clinical Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm 8D12C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. [email protected] Source: Sarlis, N J Curr-Drug-Targets-Immune-Endocr-Metabol-Disord. 2001 August; 1(2): 103-15 1568-0088

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Minimal thyroid cancer: clinical consequences. Author(s): Klinik und Poliklinik fur Nuklearmedizin, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster, FRG. Source: Bottger, I G Recent-Results-Cancer-Res. 1988; 106139-45 0080-0015

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Monitoring isotretinoin therapy in thyroid cancer using 18F-FDG PET. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Germany. [email protected] Source: Boerner, A R Petrich, T Weckesser, E Fricke, H Hofmann, M Otto, D Weckesser, M Langen, K J Knapp, W H Eur-J-Nucl-Med-Mol-Imaging. 2002 February; 29(2): 231-6 1619-7070

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Norwegian case-control study testing the hypothesis that seafood increases the risk of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo. Source: Glattre, E Haldorsen, T Berg, J P Stensvold, I Solvoll, K Cancer-Causes-Control. 1993 January; 4(1): 11-6 0957-5243

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On the cells of origin of radiogenic thyroid cancer: new studies based on an old idea. Author(s): Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Clinical Cancer Center, Madison 53792. Source: Clifton, K H Domann, F E Groch, K M J-Radiat-Res-(Tokyo). 1991 December; 32 Suppl 2143-55 0449-3060

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Phenylacetate enhances the antiproliferative effect of retinoic acid in follicular thyroid cancer. Author(s): Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco/Mount Zion Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif., USA. Source: Eigelberger, M S Wong, M G Duh, Q Y Clark, O H Surgery. 2001 December; 130(6): 931-5 0039-6060

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Prognostic value of serial serum thyroglobulin determinations after total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Endocrine Division, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, SP, Brazil. Source: Lima, N Cavaliere, H Tomimori, E Knobel, M Medeiros Neto, G J-EndocrinolInvest. 2002 February; 25(2): 110-5 0391-4097

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Radioiodine ablation and therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer under stimulation with recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone. Author(s): Department of Oncology, Sahlgren University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Berg, G Lindstedt, G Suurkula, M Jansson, S J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2002 Jan; 25(1): 44-52 0391-4097

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Radioiodine-131 in the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic well differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati Hospital, Ohio.

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Source: Maxon, H R 3rd Smith, H S Endocrinol-Metab-Clin-North-Am. 1990 September; 19(3): 685-718 0889-8529 •

Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) in the radioablation of well-differentiated thyroid cancer: preliminary therapeutic experience. Author(s): Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. [email protected] Source: Perros, P J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1999; 22(11 Suppl): 30-4 0391-4097

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Recombinant thyroid-stimulating hormone in differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Source: Krausz, Y Uziely, B Nesher, R Chisin, R Glaser, B Isr-Med-Assoc-J. 2001 November; 3(11): 843-9 1565-1088

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Recombinant thyrotropin for detection of recurrent thyroid cancer. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. [email protected] Source: Ladenson, P W Trans-Am-Clin-Climatol-Assoc. 2002; 113: 21-30 0065-7778

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Recurrent and/or metastatic thyroid cancer: therapeutic options. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Evangelismos Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou Street, GR 10675, Greece. Source: Karavitaki, N Vlassopoulou, V Tzanela, M Tzavara, I Thalassinos, N ExpertOpin-Pharmacother. 2002 July; 3(7): 939-47 1465-6566

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Retinoic acid redifferentiation therapy for thyroid cancer. Author(s): Medizinische Poliklinik, Abteilung Molekulare Innere Medizin und Klinische Forschergruppe, Universitat Wurzburg, Germany. [email protected] Source: Schmutzler, C Kohrle, J Thyroid. 2000 May; 10(5): 393-406 1050-7256

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Risk factors for thyroid cancer in northern Italy. Author(s): Epidemiology Unit, Aviano Cancer Centre, Italy. Source: Franceschi, S Fassina, A Talamini, R Mazzolini, A Vianello, S Bidoli, E Serraino, D La Vecchia, C Int-J-Epidemiol. 1989 September; 18(3): 578-84 0300-5771

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Risk factors of thyroid cancer among women in Tokai, Japan. Author(s): Division of Epidemiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan. Source: Takezaki, T Hirose, K Inoue, M Hamajima, N Kuroishi, T Nakamura, S Koshikawa, T Matsuura, H Tajima, K J-Epidemiol. 1996 September; 6(3): 140-7 0917-5040

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Safety of completion thyroidectomy following unilateral lobectomy for welldifferentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Source: Kupferman, M E Mandel, S J DiDonato, L Wolf, P Weber, R S Laryngoscope. 2002 July; 112(7 Pt 1): 1209-12 0023-852X

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Selective cytotoxic activity of a novel ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor MDL-101,731 against thyroid cancer in vitro. Author(s): Pediatric Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, University Clinics of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. [email protected] Source: Kotchetkov, R Krivtchik, A A Cinatl, J Kornhuber, B Cinatl, J Folia-Biol-(Praha). 1999; 45(5): 185-91 0015-5500

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Sensitivity of 123I whole-body scan and thyroglobulin in the detection of metastases or recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Rotterdam, Dijkzigt, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: de Geus Oei, L F Oei, H Y Hennemann, G Krenning, E P Eur-J-Nucl-Med-MolImaging. 2002 June; 29(6): 768-74 1619-7070

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Somatostatins and their role in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK. [email protected] Source: England, R J A Atkin, S L Clin-Otolaryngol. 2002 April; 27(2): 120-3 0307-7772

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Surveillance after treatment for well differentiated thyroid cancer: audit for chest radiography. Author(s): Thyroid Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK. Source: Powell, M E Moskovic, E C Harmer, C L Clin-Oncol-(R-Coll-Radiol). 1994; 6(3): 151-3 0936-6555

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Susceptibility of thyroid cancer cells to 7-hydroxystaurosporine-induced apoptosis correlates with Bcl-2 protein level. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA. Source: Wang, S H Phelps, E Utsugi, S Baker, J R Jr Thyroid. 2001 August; 11(8): 725-31 1050-7256

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The association of body size, reproductive factors and thyroid cancer. Author(s): Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96813. Source: Goodman, M T Kolonel, L N Wilkens, L R Br-J-Cancer. 1992 December; 66(6): 1180-4 0007-0920

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The roles of cytokines and retinoic acid in the regulation of human thyroid cancer cell growth. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, R.O.C. Source: Lin, J D Chao, T C Weng, H F Lin, K D Cytokine. 1998 July; 10(7): 536-9 10434666

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Thyroid cancer in children and adolescents--consequences in later life. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Wiersinga, W M J-Pediatr-Endocrinol-Metab. 2001; 14 Suppl 5: 1289-96; discussion 1297-8

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Thyroid cancer with a high 123I-NaI uptake in primary and metastatic foci with euthyroidism. Author(s): Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan. Source: Nakayama, C Nakata, H Zeze, F Eto, S Ichiya, Y Eur-J-Nucl-Med. 1987; 13(9): 480-1 0340-6997

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Thyrotoxicosis due to metastatic papillary thyroid cancer in a patient with Graves' disease. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Source: Basaria, S Salvatori, R J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2002 Jul-August; 25(7): 639-42 03914097

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Thyrotropin suppression and disease progression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: results from the National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Registry. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, and The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland 21215, USA. Source: Cooper, D S Specker, B Ho, M Sperling, M Ladenson, P W Ross, D S Ain, K B Bigos, S T Brierley, J D Haugen, B R Klein, I Robbins, J Sherman, S I Taylor, T Maxon, H R Thyroid. 1998 September; 8(9): 737-44 1050-7256

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Transplantable rat thyroid cancer cell line FRTC transformed with muramyl dipeptide. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine 4, Saitama Medical School, Japan. Source: Iitaka, M Fukasawa, N Kitahama, S Miura, S Kawakami, Y Sato, H Sugano, S Ishii, J Katayama, S Br-J-Cancer. 1997; 75(1): 40-6 0007-0920

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Treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with paclitaxel: phase 2 trial using ninetysix-hour infusion. Collaborative Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Health Intervention Trials (CATCHIT) Group. Author(s): Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. [email protected] Source: Ain, K B Egorin, M J DeSimone, P A Thyroid. 2000 July; 10(7): 587-94 1050-7256

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TSH and thyroid cancer. Author(s): Department of Pathology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom. Source: Williams, E D Horm-Metab-Res-Suppl. 1990; 2372-5 0170-5903

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Using recombinant human TSH in the management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer: current strategies and future directions. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. [email protected] Source: Mazzaferri, E L Kloos, R T Thyroid. 2000 September; 10(9): 767-78 1050-7256

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to thyroid cancer; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Iodine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iodine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND THYROID CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to thyroid cancer. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to thyroid cancer and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to thyroid cancer: •

131I whole body scintigraphy in thyroid cancer patients. Author(s): Lind P. Source: Q J Nucl Med. 1999 September; 43(3): 188-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568134&dopt=Abstract

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18F-FDG for the staging of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: comparison of a dual-head coincidence gamma camera with dedicated PET. Author(s): Tiepolt C, Beuthien-Baumann B, Hliscs R, Bredow J, Kuhne A, Kropp J, Burchert W, Franke WG. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 2000 October; 14(5): 339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11108162&dopt=Abstract

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18F-FDG-PET in the follow-up of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Lind P, Kresnik E, Kumnig G, Gallowitsch HJ, Igerc I, Matschnig S, Gomez I. Source: Acta Medica Austriaca. 2003; 30(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558561&dopt=Abstract

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99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC and (18)F-FDG in thyroid cancer patients with negative (131)I whole-body scans. Author(s): Gabriel M, Froehlich F, Decristoforo C, Ensinger C, Donnemiller E, Von Guggenberg E, Heute D, Moncayo R. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2003 November 19 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14625664&dopt=Abstract

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Adjuvant treatment of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Beauduin M, Hermans J, Majois F. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1987; 41(5): 944-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3454107&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of combined radioimmunotherapy and chemotherapy for treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Stein R, Juweid M, Zhang CH, Goldenberg DM. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1999 October; 5(10 Suppl): 3199S-3206S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10541364&dopt=Abstract

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Chemotherapy for thyroid cancer. Author(s): Hoskin PJ, Harmer C. Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 1987 November; 10(3): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2448847&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical experience with recombinant human thyrotrophin (rhTSH) in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Mariani G, Ferdeghini M, Augeri C, Villa G, Taddei GZ, Scopinaro G, Boni G, Bodei L, Rabitti C, Molinari E, Bianchi R. Source: Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals. 2000 April; 15(2): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10803328&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical usefulness of FDG PET in differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Macapinlac HA.

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Combination chemotherapy of advanced medullary and differentiated thyroid cancer. Phase II study. Author(s): Scherubl H, Raue F, Ziegler R. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1990; 116(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2312602&dopt=Abstract

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Combination chemotherapy of metastatic thyroid cancer. Phase II study. Author(s): Bukowski RM, Brown L, Weick JK, Groppe CW, Purvis J. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1983 October; 6(5): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6193705&dopt=Abstract

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Combined chemotherapy with bleomycin, adriamycin, and platinum in advanced thyroid cancer. Author(s): De Besi P, Busnardo B, Toso S, Girelli ME, Nacamulli D, Simioni N, Casara D, Zorat P, Fiorentino MV. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1991 June; 14(6): 475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1723086&dopt=Abstract

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Combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging of recurrent thyroid cancer. Author(s): Zimmer LA, McCook B, Meltzer C, Fukui M, Bascom D, Snyderman C, Townsend DW, Johnson JT. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 February; 128(2): 178-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601311&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of 123I scintigraphy at 5 and 24 hours in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Shankar LK, Yamamoto AJ, Alavi A, Mandel SJ. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2002 January; 43(1): 72-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801706&dopt=Abstract

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Complementary role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and 131I scan in the follow-up of post-therapy differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Hsu CH, Liu RS, Wu CH, Chen SM, Shih LS. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 July; 101(7): 459-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353337&dopt=Abstract

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Cytochrome c release is upstream to activation of caspase-9, caspase-8, and caspase-3 in the enhanced apoptosis of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells induced by manumycin and paclitaxel. Author(s): Pan J, Xu G, Yeung SC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 October; 86(10): 4731-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600533&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis in medullary thyroid cancer with [18F]FDG-PET and improvement using a combined PET/CT scanner. Author(s): Bockisch A, Brandt-Mainz K, Gorges R, Muller S, Stattaus J, Antoch G. Source: Acta Medica Austriaca. 2003; 30(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558562&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiated thyroid cancer. Impact of adjuvant external radiotherapy in patients with perithyroidal tumor infiltration (stage pT4). Author(s): Farahati J, Reiners C, Stuschke M, Muller SP, Stuben G, Sauerwein W, Sack H. Source: Cancer. 1996 January 1; 77(1): 172-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8630926&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of reserpine on salivary gland radioiodine uptake in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Levy HA, Park CH. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1987 April; 12(4): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3581610&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of vinblastine and 5-fluorouracil on human glioma and thyroid cancer cell monolayers and spheroids. Author(s): Nederman T. Source: Cancer Research. 1984 January; 44(1): 254-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6690037&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated F-18 FDG uptake in laryngeal muscles mimicking thyroid cancer metastases. Author(s): Zhu Z, Chou C, Yen TC, Cui R. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2001 August; 26(8): 689-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11452175&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced antitumor activity of combined pretargeted radioimmunotherapy and paclitaxel in medullary thyroid cancer xenograft. Author(s): Kraeber-Bodere F, Sai-Maurel C, Campion L, Faivre-Chauvet A, Mirallie E, Cherel M, Supiot S, Barbet J, Chatal JF, Thedrez P.

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Epidermal growth factor (EGF)- and transforming growth factor alpha-stimulated invasion and growth of follicular thyroid cancer cells can be blocked by antagonism to the EGF receptor and tyrosine kinase in vitro. Author(s): Holting T, Siperstein AE, Clark OH, Duh QY. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1995 February; 132(2): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7858744&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of low-dose radioiodine ablation therapy in postsurgical thyroid cancer patients. Author(s): Ramanna L, Waxman AD, Brachman MB, Tanasescu DE, Sensel N, Braunstein GD. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1985 November; 10(11): 791-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4075672&dopt=Abstract

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False positive 131I whole body scans in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Mitchell G, Pratt BE, Vini L, McCready VR, Harmer CL. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2000 June; 73(870): 627-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10911786&dopt=Abstract

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Feasibility of a randomized trial on adjuvant radio-iodine therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Dragoiescu C, Hoekstra OS, Kuik DJ, Lips P, Plaizier MA, Rodrigus PT, Huijsmans DA, Ribot JG, Kuijpens J, Coebergh JW, Teule GJ. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 April; 58(4): 451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641628&dopt=Abstract

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Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose dual-head positron emission tomography in the detection of recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer: preliminary results. Author(s): Stokkel MP, de Klerk JH, Zelissen PM, Koppeschaar HP, van Rijk PP. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1999 December; 26(12): 1606-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10638413&dopt=Abstract

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Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in rheumatoid arthritis-associated lung disease in a patient with thyroid cancer. Author(s): Bakheet SM, Powe J. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 February; 39(2): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9476924&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer: comparison of multiple diagnostic tests. Author(s): Dietlein M, Moka D, Scheidhauer K, Schmidt M, Theissen P, Voth E, Eschner W, Schicha H. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2000 November; 21(11): 991-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192718&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer: what is the value of FDG and sestamibi in the diagnostic algorithm? Author(s): Dietlein M, Scheidhauer K, Voth E, Theissen P, Schicha H. Source: Nuklearmedizin. 1998 January; 37(1): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9467164&dopt=Abstract

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Growth inhibitory effects of flavonoids in human thyroid cancer cell lines. Author(s): Yin F, Giuliano AE, Van Herle AJ. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1999 April; 9(4): 369-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10319943&dopt=Abstract

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Growth regulation of the human papillary thyroid cancer cell line by protein tyrosine kinase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Author(s): Hishinuma A, Yamanaka T, Kasai K, So S, Bamba N, Shimoda SI. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1994 August; 41(4): 399-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8528355&dopt=Abstract

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Histological verification of positive fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose findings in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Schluter B, Grimm-Riepe C, Beyer W, Lubeck M, Schirren-Bumann K, Clausen M. Source: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Chirurgie. 1998 April; 383(2): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9641897&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of cervical lymph node dissection on serum TG and the course of disease in TG-positive, radioactive iodine whole body scan-negative recurrent/persistent papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Alzahrani AS, Raef H, Sultan A, Al Sobhi S, Ingemansson S, Ahmed M, Al Mahfouz A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 June; 25(6): 526-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109624&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of FDG PET on patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who present with elevated thyroglobulin and negative 131I scan. Author(s): Schluter B, Bohuslavizki KH, Beyer W, Plotkin M, Buchert R, Clausen M.

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Influence of initial large dose on subsequent uptake of therapeutic radioiodine in thyroid cancer patients. Author(s): Jeevanram RK, Shah DH, Sharma SM, Ganatra RD. Source: Int J Rad Appl Instrum B. 1986; 13(3): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3771260&dopt=Abstract

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Initial experience with high-dose radioimmunotherapy of metastatic medullary thyroid cancer using 131I-MN-14 F(ab)2 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen MAb and AHSCR. Author(s): Juweid ME, Hajjar G, Stein R, Sharkey RM, Herskovic T, Swayne LC, Suleiman S, Pereira M, Rubin AD, Goldenberg DM. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2000 January; 41(1): 93-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10647610&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative ultrasonography for localization of recurrent thyroid cancer. Author(s): Desai D, Jeffrey RB, McDougall IR, Weigel RJ. Source: Surgery. 2001 April; 129(4): 498-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11283542&dopt=Abstract

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Iodine supplementation in Sweden and regional trends in thyroid cancer incidence by histopathologic type. Author(s): Pettersson B, Coleman MP, Ron E, Adami HO. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1996 January 3; 65(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8543389&dopt=Abstract

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Iodine-131 uptake in a patient with thyroid cancer and rheumatoid arthritis during acupuncture treatment. Author(s): Otsuka N, Fukunaga M, Morita K, Ono S, Nagai K, Katagiri M, Harada T, Morita R. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1990 January; 15(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2306894&dopt=Abstract

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Isotope imaging for metastatic thyroid cancer. Author(s): Haugen BR, Lin EC.

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Longchain serum fatty acids and risk of thyroid cancer: a population-based casecontrol study in Norway. Author(s): Berg JP, Glattre E, Haldorsen T, Hostmark AT, Bay IG, Johansen AF, Jellum E. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1994 September; 5(5): 433-9. Erratum In: Cancer Causes Control 1995 March; 6(2): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7999965&dopt=Abstract

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Low-dose and high-dose radioiodine in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Ryo UY. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1977 July; 63(1): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=879192&dopt=Abstract

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Management of undifferentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Ain KB. Source: Bailliere's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2000 December; 14(4): 615-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11289738&dopt=Abstract

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Monitoring isotretinoin therapy in thyroid cancer using 18F-FDG PET. Author(s): Boerner AR, Petrich T, Weckesser E, Fricke H, Hofmann M, Otto D, Weckesser M, Langen KJ, Knapp WH. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 February; 29(2): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926385&dopt=Abstract

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Non-131I-scintigraphy in the treatment and follow-up of thyroid cancer. Singlephoton-emitters or FDG-PET? Author(s): Grunwald F, Briele B, Biersack HJ. Source: Q J Nucl Med. 1999 September; 43(3): 195-206. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568135&dopt=Abstract

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Obstructive endotracheal lesions of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Ahmed M, Saleem M, Al-Arifi A, Almahfouz A, Mahasin Z, Al-Sobhi S, Ingemansson S, Taibah K. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 August; 116(8): 613-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389690&dopt=Abstract

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p21 Waf-1 (Cip-1) enhances apoptosis induced by manumycin and paclitaxel in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Author(s): Yang HL, Pan JX, Sun L, Yeung SC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 February; 88(2): 763-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12574211&dopt=Abstract

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PET imaging of recurrent medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Simon GH, Nitzsche EU, Laubenberger JJ, Einert A, Moser E. Source: Nuklearmedizin. 1996 June; 35(3): 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8710526&dopt=Abstract

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Phase II study of etoposide (VP-16) in patients with thyroid cancer with no prior chemotherapy: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study (E1385). Author(s): Leaf AN, Wolf BC, Kirkwood JM, Haselow RE. Source: Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2000 February; 17(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10713660&dopt=Abstract

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Phytoestrogens and thyroid cancer risk: the San Francisco Bay Area thyroid cancer study. Author(s): Horn-Ross PL, Hoggatt KJ, Lee MM. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 January; 11(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815400&dopt=Abstract

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Positron emission tomography in thyroid cancer management. Author(s): Larson SM, Robbins R. Source: Semin Roentgenol. 2002 April; 37(2): 169-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134369&dopt=Abstract

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Positron emission tomography of the thyroid, with an emphasis on thyroid cancer. Author(s): McDougall IR, Davidson J, Segall GM. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2001 May; 22(5): 485-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388568&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Cohen EG, Tuttle RM, Kraus DH. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2003 February; 36(1): 129-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803014&dopt=Abstract

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Pregnancy following operative and complementary treatment of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Pomorski L, Bartos M, Narebski J.

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Radiation Dose Assessment for I-131 Therapy of Thyroid Cancer Using I-124 PET Imaging. Author(s): Erdi YE, Macapinlac H, Larson SM, Erdi AK, Yeung H, Furhang EE, Humm JL. Source: Clinical Positron Imaging : Official Journal of the Institute for Clinical P.E.T. 1999 January; 2(1): 41-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516552&dopt=Abstract

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Radioactive iodine, and adjuvant in the evaluation and management of thyroid cancer. Author(s): JAMES LR. Source: Miss Valley Med J. 1957 November; 79(6): 277-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13483410&dopt=Abstract

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Radioimmunotherapy of medullary thyroid cancer with iodine-131-labeled anti-CEA antibodies. Author(s): Juweid M, Sharkey RM, Behr T, Swayne LC, Herskovic T, Pereira M, Rubin AD, Hanley D, Dunn R, Siegel J, Goldenberg DM. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1996 June; 37(6): 905-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8683309&dopt=Abstract

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Radioiodine therapy for well-differentiated thyroid cancer: a quantitative dosimetric evaluation for remnant thyroid ablation after surgery. Author(s): Samuel AM, Rajashekharrao B. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1994 December; 35(12): 1944-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7989975&dopt=Abstract

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Radionuclide-labeled somatostatin analogues for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in nonmedullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Gorges R, Kahaly G, Muller-Brand J, Macke H, Roser HW, Bockisch A. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 July; 11(7): 647-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11484893&dopt=Abstract

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Radioprotection of salivary glands by amifostine in high-dose radioiodine treatment. Results of a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Bohuslavizki KH, Klutmann S, Brenner W, Kroger S, Buchert R, Bleckmann C, Mester J, Henze E, Clausen M.

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Redifferentiation therapy with retinoic acid in follicular thyroid cancer. Author(s): Grunwald F, Pakos E, Bender H, Menzel C, Otte R, Palmedo H, Pfeifer U, Biersack HJ. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 September; 39(9): 1555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9744342&dopt=Abstract

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Redifferentiation therapy-induced radioiodine uptake in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Grunwald F, Menzel C, Bender H, Palmedo H, Otte R, Fimmers R, Risse J, Biersack HJ. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 November; 39(11): 1903-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9829580&dopt=Abstract

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Resistance of [18f]-fluorodeoxyglucose-avid metastatic thyroid cancer lesions to treatment with high-dose radioactive iodine. Author(s): Wang W, Larson SM, Tuttle RM, Kalaigian H, Kolbert K, Sonenberg M, Robbins RJ. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 December; 11(12): 1169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186505&dopt=Abstract

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Resveratrol induces apoptosis in thyroid cancer cell lines via a MAPK- and p53dependent mechanism. Author(s): Shih A, Davis FB, Lin HY, Davis PJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 March; 87(3): 122332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11889192&dopt=Abstract

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Retinoic acid for redifferentiation of thyroid cancer--does it hold its promise? Author(s): Gruning T, Tiepolt C, Zophel K, Bredow J, Kropp J, Franke WG. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2003 April; 148(4): 395-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656659&dopt=Abstract

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Salivary gland protection by amifostine in high-dose radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Bohuslavizki KH, Klutmann S, Bleckmann C, Brenner W, Lassmann S, Mester J, Henze E, Clausen M.

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Selective cytotoxic activity of a novel ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor MDL-101,731 against thyroid cancer in vitro. Author(s): Kotchetkov R, Krivtchik AA, Cinatl J, Kornhuber B, Cinatl J Jr. Source: Folia Biol (Praha). 1999; 45(5): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10730887&dopt=Abstract

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Signal pathways involved in apigenin inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells (ARO). Author(s): Yin F, Giuliano AE, Van Herle AJ. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 September-October; 19(5B): 4297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10628390&dopt=Abstract

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Spurious thyroid cancer metastasis: saliva contamination artifact in high dose iodine131 metastases survey. Author(s): Park HM, Tarver RD, Schauwecker DS, Burt R. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1986 May; 27(5): 634-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3712080&dopt=Abstract

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Surviving thyroid cancer. This silent cancer affects both young & old women. Author(s): Biller L. Source: Awhonn Lifelines / Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. 2002 June-July; 6(3): 280, 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078573&dopt=Abstract

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Swainsonine augments the cytotoxicity of human lymphokine-activated killer cells against autologous thyroid cancer cells. Author(s): Fujieda S, Noda I, Saito H, Hoshino T, Yagita M. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1994 April; 120(4): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8166967&dopt=Abstract

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Thallium-201 SPECT increases detectability of thyroid cancer metastases. Author(s): Charkes ND, Vitti RA, Brooks K. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1990 February; 31(2): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2313353&dopt=Abstract

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The role of F-18FDG PET in thyroid cancer. Author(s): Lind P, Kumnig G, Matschnig S, Heinisch M, Gallowitsch HJ, Mikosch P, Kresnik E, Gomez I, Unterweger O. Source: Acta Medica Austriaca. 2000; 27(2): 38-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812462&dopt=Abstract

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The use of imaging studies in the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer and hyperparathyroidism. Author(s): James C, Starks M, MacGillivray DC, White J. Source: Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1999 January; 8(1): 145-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9824366&dopt=Abstract

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The value of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET in patients with medullary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Brandt-Mainz K, Muller SP, Gorges R, Saller B, Bockisch A. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2000 May; 27(5): 490-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10853802&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroglobulin mRNA quantification in the peripheral blood is not a reliable marker for the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Author(s): Eszlinger M, Neumann S, Otto L, Paschke R. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 November; 147(5): 575-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444888&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid cancer. Author(s): Rossi RL, Majlis S, Rossi RM. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 2000 April; 80(2): 571-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10836007&dopt=Abstract

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Thyrotropin stimulates invasion and growth of follicular thyroid cancer cells via PKC- rather than PKA-activation. Author(s): Hoelting T, Tezelman S, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1993 September 30; 195(3): 1230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8216254&dopt=Abstract

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Treating the patient with differentiated thyroid cancer with thyroglobulin-positive iodine-131 diagnostic scan-negative metastases: including comments on the role of serum thyroglobulin monitoring in tumor surveillance. Author(s): Fatourechi V, Hay ID.

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Source: Semin Nucl Med. 2000 April; 30(2): 107-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10787191&dopt=Abstract •

Treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with paclitaxel: phase 2 trial using ninetysix-hour infusion. Collaborative Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Health Intervention Trials (CATCHIT) Group. Author(s): Ain KB, Egorin MJ, DeSimone PA. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 July; 10(7): 587-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958311&dopt=Abstract

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Uptake of 18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose by thyroid cancer: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Author(s): Sisson JC, Ackermann RJ, Meyer MA, Wahl RL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 October; 77(4): 1090-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8408458&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of [99mTC]MIBI and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose for imaging recurrent medullary thyroid cancer and hyperparathyroidism in MEN 2a syndrome. Author(s): Roelants V, Michel L, Lonneux M, Lacrosse M, Delgrange E, Donckier JE. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 2001 November-December; 56(6): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881324&dopt=Abstract

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Value of protein-bound radioactive iodine measurements in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer treated with (131)I. Author(s): Hammersley PA, Al-Saadi A, Chittenden S, Flux GD, McCready VR, Harmer CL. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2001 May; 74(881): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388991&dopt=Abstract

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What is the role of 1100 MBq (< 30 mCi) radioiodine 131I in the treatment of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer? Author(s): van Wyngaarden M, McDougall IR. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1996 March; 17(3): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8692486&dopt=Abstract

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Why are thyroid cancer rates so high in southeast asian women living in the United States? The bay area thyroid cancer study. Author(s): Haselkorn T, Stewart SL, Horn-Ross PL.

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Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 February; 12(2): 144-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582024&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND THYROID CANCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning thyroid cancer.

Recent Trials on Thyroid Cancer The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to thyroid cancer.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Boronophenylalanine-Fructose Complex (BPA-F) and/or Sodium Borocaptate (BSH) Followed By Surgery in Treating Patients With Thyroid Cancer, Head and Neck Cancer, or Liver Metastases Condition(s): Endocrine Cancer; Gastrointestinal Cancer; Head and Neck Cancer; metastatic cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): EORTC Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Study Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Diagnostic procedures using boronophenylalaninefructose complex (BPA-F) and/or sodium borocaptate (BSH) to detect the presence of boron in tumor cells may help determine whether patients who have thyroid cancer, head and neck cancer, or liver metastases may benefit from boron neutron capture therapy. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of BPA-F and/or BSH followed by surgery in detecting boron uptake in tissues of patients who have primary, metastatic, or recurrent thyroid cancer, head and neck cancer, or who have liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00062348

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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Celecoxib in Treating Patients With Progressive Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Condition(s): insular thyroid cancer; recurrent thyroid cancer; stage II follicular thyroid cancer; stage II papillary thyroid cancer; stage IV follicular thyroid cancer; stage IV papillary thyroid cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital & Richard J. Solove Research Institute; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Celecoxib may stop the growth of thyroid cancer by stopping blood flow to the tumor and by blocking the enzymes necessary for tumor cell growth. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of celecoxib in treating patients who have progressive metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00061906

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Combretastatin A4 Phosphate in Treating Patients With Advanced Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Condition(s): anaplastic thyroid cancer; recurrent thyroid cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Ireland Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Combretastatin A4 phosphate may stop the growth of anaplastic thyroid cancer by stopping blood flow to the tumor. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combretastatin A4 phosphate in treating patients who have advanced recurrent or metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00060242

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Using X-Ray Dye to Locate Hidden Parathyroid Tumors Condition(s): Hyperparathyroidism; Parathyroid Neoplasm Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: Occasionally tumors of the parathyroid gland cannot be detected by standard x-ray diagnostic procedures (CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds). In order for the tumor to be removed surgically it must first be localized. To do this often requires a procedure known as parathyroid arteriography and parathyroid venous sampling. This procedure begins by placing a catheter through a blood vessel in the groin. The catheter is then guided through blood vessels to reach the area of the neck. The blood vessels in this region flow in and out of the thyroid and parathyroid. An X-ray dye is then injected through the catheter into the arteries of the thyroid/parathyroid (parathyroid arteriography). The alternative is taking a small sample of the veins found in this same

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region (parathyroid venous sampling). Researchers prefer parathyroid arteriography because it causes less discomfort to the patient and requires less experience to do the procedure. However, parathyroid arteriography provides positive results in only 50% of patients undergoing the procedure. Parathyroid venous sampling provides greater amounts of positive results but the readings are often imprecise. Parathyroid tissue secretes a hormone known as PTH (parathyroid hormone). The release of PTH is stimulated by low levels of calcium in the blood. The idea behind the study is to inject a dye into the area of the parathyroid that will cause a release of PTH. Several parathyroid venous samplings will be taken following the abrupt elevation of PTH. This will provide information on the effectiveness of an intraarterial hypocalcemic stimulus (injection of dye into the arteries of the parathyroid when calcium blood levels are low) and venous sampling as techniques to improve localizing parathyroid tumors. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001394 •

Thalidomide in Treating Patients With Thyroid Cancer Condition(s): stage IV papillary thyroid cancer; stage IV follicular thyroid cancer; medullary thyroid cancer; recurrent thyroid cancer; insular thyroid cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Kentucky; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Thalidomide may stop the growth of thyroid cancer by stopping blood flow to the tumor. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness thalidomide in treating patients who have thyroid cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00026533

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials:

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For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON THYROID CANCER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “thyroid cancer” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on thyroid cancer, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Thyroid Cancer By performing a patent search focusing on thyroid cancer, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on thyroid cancer: •

Method of detecting metastatic thyroid cancer Inventor(s): Chabot; John A. (Rye, NY), Ditkoff; Beth Ann (New York, NY), Feind; Carl R. (Alpine, NJ), LoGerfo; Paul (Grandview, NY) Assignee(s): The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,066,449 Date filed: April 15, 1997 Abstract: This invention provides a method of detecting metastatic thyroid cancer in a subject which comprises detecting circulating thyroid cells in a bodily fluid sample of the subject by obtaining an appropriate nucleic acid sample from the bodily fluid sample of the subject; and determining whether the nucleic acid sample contains a marker sequence. Specifically, this invention provides wherein the marker sequence is mRNA corresponding to the reverse transcript of DNA encoding thyroglobulin. Also, this invention provides wherein the marker sequence is mRNA corresponding to the reverse transcript of DNA encodes thyroid peroxidase. This invention further provides a test kit for performing the above-described method. Excerpt(s): Throughout this application, various publications are referenced by author and date. Full citations for these publications may be found listed alphabetically at the end of the specification immediately before the claims. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to those skilled therein. Differentiated thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy (Cady, B. and Rossi, R. L. , 1991). In the United States, there are approximately 14,000 new patients and 1,100 deaths per year (Shah, J. P. and Lydiatt, W., 1995). Follicular cancers generally metastasize via hematogenous dissemination, whereas papillary cancers spread through lymphatic involvement. Patients with distant metastatic disease have the worst prognosis (Braverman, L. E., et al., 1991). Current techniques to detect metastases include nuclear scans (such as.sup.131 I scanning) as well as measurement of serum thyroglobulin. Detectable serum thyroglobulin levels are found in normal patients as well as some types of benign thyroid disease (LoGerfo, P., et al., 1979). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06066449__

Patent Applications on Thyroid Cancer As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to thyroid cancer:

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Cancer gene determination and therapeutic screening using signature gene sets Inventor(s): Horrigan, Steve; (Potomac, MD) Correspondence: Alan J. Grant, ESQ.; C/o Carella, Byrne, Bain, Gilfillan,; Cecchi, Stewart & Olstein; 6 Becker Farm Road; Roseland; NJ; 07068; US Patent Application Number: 20020102531 Date filed: September 27, 2001 Abstract: Processes for assaying potential antitumor agents based on their modulation of the expression of specified genes, or sets, of suspected cancer cell genes, especially for thyroid cancer, are disclosed, along with methods for diagnosing cancerous, or potentially cancerous, conditions as a result of the expression, or patterns of expression, of such genes, or sets of genes. Also disclosed are methods for determining functionally related genes, or gene sets, as well as methods for treating cancer based on targeting expression products of such genes, or gene sets, and determining genes involved in the cancerous process. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/236,033, filed Sep. 28, 2000, 60/236,032, filed Sep. 28, 2000 and 60/236,028, filed Sep. 28, 2000, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The present invention relates to methods of assaying potential anti-tumor agents based on their modulation of the expression of specified sets of genes and methods for diagnosing cancerous, or potentially cancerous, conditions as a result of the patterns of expression of such genes. Screening assays for novel drugs are based on the response of model cell based systems in vitro to treatment with specific compounds. Various measures of cellular response have been utilized, including the release of cytokines, alterations in cell surface markers, activation of specific enzymes, as well as alterations in ion flux and/or pH. Some such screens rely on specific genes, such as oncogenes (or gene mutations). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Indole carboxylic acids as thyroid receptor ligands Inventor(s): Aspnes, Gary E.; (Rockville, RI), Chiang, Yuan-Ching P.; (East Lyme, CT) Correspondence: Pfizer INC.; Patent Department, Ms8260-1611; Eastern Point Road; Groton; CT; 06340; US Patent Application Number: 20030078289 Date filed: September 24, 2002 Abstract: A compound of the formula 1wherein W, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 and R.sup.13 are as defined herein, useful in the treatment of obesity, overweight condition, hyperlipidemia, glaucoma, cardiac arrhythmias, skin disorders, thyroid disease, hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer and related disorders and diseases such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypercholesteremia, depression, osteoporosis and hair loss. Excerpt(s): This non-provisional application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/325,385, filed Sep. 26, 2001. The present invention relates to novel thyroid receptor ligands and, more preferably, relates to indole carboxylic acids, and derivatives thereof, which are useful in the treatment of obesity, overweight condition,

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hyperlipidemia, glaucoma, cardiac arrhythmias, skin disorders, thyroid disease, hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer and related disorders and diseases such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypercholesteremia, depression, osteoporosis and hair loss. The present invention also provides methods, pharmaceutical compositions and kits for treating such diseases and disorders. Thyroid hormones are important in normal development and in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. For example, thyroid hormones stimulate the metabolism of cholesterol to bile acids and enhance the lipolytic responses of fat cells to other hormones. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods of treatment and kits comprising a growth hormone secretagogue Inventor(s): Carpino, Philip A.; (Groton, CT), Griffith, David A.; (Old Saybrook, CT), Hadcock, John R.; (East Lyme, CT), Landschulz, William H.; (East Lyme, CT), Pan, Lydia C.; (Mystic, CT) Correspondence: Pfizer INC.; Patent Department, Ms8260-1611; Eastern Point Road; Groton; CT; 06340; US Patent Application Number: 20030105114 Date filed: September 27, 2002 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of treating bulimia nervosa, male erectile dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, or ameliorating ischemic nerve or muscle damage. The present invention also relates to kits that can be used in the treatment of bulimia nervosa, male erectile dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, or ameliorating ischemic nerve or muscle damage. The present invention also relates to increasing gastrointestinal motility after surgery and increasing gastrointestinal motility in patients who have been administered an agent that decreases gastrointestinal motility. The present invention relates to new treatments and kits comprising a growth hormone secretagogue. Growth hormone, which is secreted from the pituitary gland, stimulates growth of all tissues of the body that are capable of growing. In addition, growth hormone is known to have the following basic effects on the metabolic processes of the body: (1) increased rate of protein synthesis in all cells of the body; (2) decreased rate of carbohydrate utilization in cells of the body; and (3) increased mobilization of free fatty acids and use of fatty acids for energy. As is known to those skilled in the art, the known and potential uses of growth hormone are varied and multitudinous. See "Human Growth Hormone," Strobel and Thomas, Pharmacological Reviews, 46, pg. 1-34 (1994). Also, these varied uses of growth hormone are summarized in International Patent Application Publication Number WO 97/24369. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Thyroid receptor ligands Inventor(s): Chiang, Yuan-Ching P.; (East Lyme, CT) Correspondence: Gregg C. Benson; Pfizer INC.; Patent Department; MS 4159, Eastern Point Road; Groton; CT; 06340; US Patent Application Number: 20010051645 Date filed: April 17, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides thiazolidinedione, oxadiazolidinedione, and triazolone compounds of Formula (I) which compounds are thyroid receptor ligands. 1The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions and kits comprising such compounds and methods of treating obesity, overweight condition, hyperlipidemia, glaucoma, cardiac arrhythmias, skin disorders, thyroid disease, hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypercholesterolemia, depression, and osteoporosis using such compounds. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of U.S. provisional application No. 60/199,044, filed Apr. 21, 2000. The present invention relates to certain thiazolidinedione, oxadiazolidinedione, and triazolone compounds which are thyroid receptor ligands. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions and kits comprising such thiazolidinedione, oxadiazolidinedione, and triazolone compounds and to methods of using such compounds in the treatment of obesity, overweight condition, hyperlipidemia, glaucoma, cardiac arrhythmias, skin disorders, thyroid disease, hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypercholesterolemia, depression, and osteoporosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with thyroid cancer, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on thyroid cancer. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning thyroid cancer. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON THYROID CANCER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to thyroid cancer. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on thyroid cancer include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “thyroid cancer” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “thyroid cancer” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “thyroid cancer” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

21st Century Complete Medical Guide to Thyroid Cancer - Authoritative Government Documents and Clinical References for Patients and Physicians with Practical Information on Diagnosis and Treatment Options by PM Medical Health News; ISBN: 1592480209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592480209/icongroupinterna

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Induction of Thyroid Cancer by Ionizing Radiation (Ncrp Report No. 80) by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. (1985); ISBN: 0913392723; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913392723/icongroupinterna

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Radiation and Thyroid Cancer by G. Thomas (Editor), et al; ISBN: 9810238142; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9810238142/icongroupinterna

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The Charles Harkin Award for research in thyroid cancer (SuDoc HE 20.3152:C 38/998) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010Y51O; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Y51O/icongroupinterna

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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Thyroid Cancer by James N., Md. Parker (Editor), et al; ISBN: 059783489X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/059783489X/icongroupinterna

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The Thyroid Cancer Book by M. Sara, Ph.D. Rosenthal (2002); ISBN: 1553950593; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1553950593/icongroupinterna

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Thyroid Cancer by H. J. Biersack (Editor), F. Grunwald (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 3540413901; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540413901/icongroupinterna

•

Thyroid Cancer by Larry D. Greenfield (1978); ISBN: 0849352053; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849352053/icongroupinterna

•

Thyroid Cancer by James A. Fagin (Editor); ISBN: 0792383265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792383265/icongroupinterna

•

Thyroid cancer; ISBN: 0433142200; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0433142200/icongroupinterna

•

Thyroid Cancer (Intl Congress Series, 684) by C. Jaffiol (Editor), G. Milhaud (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0444807594; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444807594/icongroupinterna

•

Thyroid Cancer in Children Living Near Chernobyl: Expert Panel Report on the Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident (Radiation Protection Research A) by D. Williams, et al; ISBN: 9282655156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282655156/icongroupinterna

•

Thyroid cancer in Denmark in the period 1943-1968 by Finn Lindahl; ISBN: 8774375717; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8774375717/icongroupinterna

•

Thyroid cancer, an Indian perspective; ISBN: 8187099054; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8187099054/icongroupinterna

•

Thyroid Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide to Clinical Management by L. Wartofsky (Editor), Ernest L. Mazzaferri; ISBN: 0896034291; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896034291/icongroupinterna

•

Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment by Orlo H. Clark (Editor), Shiro Noguchi (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 1576261166; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1576261166/icongroupinterna

•

Thyroid Cancer: Its Epidemiology Clinical Features, and Treatment by Georg Riccabona (1987); ISBN: 038716555X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/038716555X/icongroupinterna

•

Thyroid Cancer: Its Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Treatment; ISBN: 354016555X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/354016555X/icongroupinterna

•

Understanding thyroid cancer and its treatment (SuDoc HE 20.3002:T 42) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B000109VUO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000109VUO/icongroupinterna

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•

Value of histologic classification of thyroid cancer by Kaarle Franssila; ISBN: 8716009096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8716009096/icongroupinterna

•

What you need to know about thyroid cancer (SuDoc HE 20.3152:T 42/2) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B0001161OC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001161OC/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bone metastases of thyroid cancer, biological behaviour and therapeutic possibilities Author: Nemec, Jan.; Year: 1978; Praha: Univerzita Karlova, 1978

•

Controversies in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer Author: Cady, Blake,; Year: 1985; [Leiden?]: Boerhaave Committee for Postgraduate Medical Education, University of Leiden, [1987]; ISBN: 9067671363

•

Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer in adults. Author: British Thyroid Association.; Year: 1999; [London?]: British; ISBN: 186016157X

•

Irradiation-related thyroid cancer: information for physicians Author: National Cancer Institute (U.S.). Division of Cancer Control and Rehabilitation.; Year: 1978; [Bethesda, Md.]: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, [1977?]

•

Oversight on implementation of the Orphan Drug Act (Public Law 97-414): hearing before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninetyeighth Congress, first session, on reviewing the radioepidemiological tables and thyroid cancer research (section 7 of the Orphan Drug Act, Public Law 97-414), April 12, 1983. Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources.; Year: 1984; Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1984

•

Report of the Expert Meeting on Thyroid Cancer After the Chernobyl Accident: Kiev, Ukraine, 18-21 October 1993; Year: 1998; Geneva: World Health Organization, 1994

•

Scientific protocol for the study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid disease in Belarus following the Chernobyl accident Author: Becker, David V.,; Year: 2001; [United States: s.n., 1992?]

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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•

Soft tissue roentogenography in diagnosis of thyroid cancer; detection of psammoma bodies by spot-tangential projection, by Masayoshi Akisada and Yoshihide Fujimoto. Author: Akisada, Masayoshi.; Year: 1977; Tokyo, Igaku Shoin, 1973

•

The histogenesis of thyroid cancer. Author: Simionescu, N. (Nicolae); Year: 1973; London, Heinemann [1970]; ISBN: 0433302801

•

Thyroid cancer Author: Riccabona, G. (Georg); Year: 2000; Copenhagen: [s.n.], 1983; ISBN: 8774942484

•

Thyroid cancer: a report by 76 Illinois hospitals on patients diagnosed in 1970-84. Author: American Cancer Society. Illinois Division. Cancer Incidence and End Results Committee.; Year: 1994; Chicago (77 E. Monroe St., Chicago 60603): American

•

Thyroid cancer: role of radionuclides in diagnosis, management, and treatment: proceedings of the National Seminar on Thyroid Cancer: Role of Radionuclides in Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment Author: Shah, D. H.; Year: 1990; Bombay, India: Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, c1986

•

Thyroid cancer. Edited by Chr. E. Hedinger. Author: Hedinger, Chr. E. (Christoph Ernst),; Year: 1970; Berlin, New York, Springer [c1969]

•

Treatment of thyroid cancer in childhood: proceedings of a workshop held September 10-11, 1992 at the National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda, Maryland Author: Robbins, Jacob,; Year: 1994; [Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health]; Springfield, VA: Available from the US Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Technical Information Service, [1994]

Chapters on Thyroid Cancer In order to find chapters that specifically relate to thyroid cancer, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and thyroid cancer using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on thyroid cancer: •

Endocrine Disease Source: in Miller, R.L., et al. General and Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1995. p. 309-320. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9934. (800) 426-4545 or (314) 872-8370; Fax (800) 535-9935 or (314) 4321380; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $43.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0801670241. Stock Number 07024. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook on pathology for dental hygiene students, covers endocrine disease. Topics include the clinical aspects of hyper-and hypopituitarism; diabetes insipidus; the development of the thyroid gland, and the physiology and function of the thyroglossal duct cyst and the lingual thyroid gland; common causes of myxedema; the etiology of Hashimoto's disease; the etiology and clinical symptoms of Graves' disease; thyroid cancer and its relationship to radiation or genetic etiology; goiter; the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of Friderichsen-

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Waterhouse syndrome, Addison's disease, and Cushing's syndrome; diseases caused by hypersecretion of aldosterone and adrenal sex hormones; the clinical and radiographic changes indicative of hyperparathyroidism; diabetes mellitus (types I and II); and common dental problems associated with diabetes mellitus. The chapter includes a list of learning objectives; illustrative case studies; and recommended readings. 4 figures. 2 tables.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON THYROID CANCER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on thyroid cancer. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Thyroid Cancer The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in thyroid cancer (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on thyroid cancer: •

Controversies in thyroid cancer therapy, adrenal imaging and osteoporosis evaluation [slide] Source: the Society of Nuclear Medicine; Year: 1992; Format: Slide; [New York, NY]: The Society, [1992]

•

Current management of thyroid cancer [videorecording] Source: SSO, the Society of Surgical Oncology, 52nd Annual Cancer Symposium, March 4-7, 1999, Orlando, FL; Year: 1999; Format: Videorecording; [Chicago, Ill.]: Distributed by Teach'em, [1999]

•

Surgical management of thyroid cancer-total thyroidectomy [videorecording] Source: American College of Surgeons; produced and distributed by DG, Davis & Geck; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; Danbury, Conn.: American Cyanamid, c1983

•

Thyroid cancer: diagnosis and treatment [motion picture] Source: American Cancer Society, inc.; [made by] Aegis Productions, inc; Year: 1969; Format: Motion picture; [New York]: The Society, 1969

•

Thyroid cancer [slide] Source: Department of Continuing Medical Education School of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo, in cooperation with the Lakes Area Regional Medical Program; Year: 1975; Format: Slide; [Buffalo]: Communications in Learning, 1975

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON THYROID CANCER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover thyroid cancer.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on thyroid cancer is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to thyroid cancer. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for thyroid cancer: •

Extrathyroidal growth of thyroid cancer increases risk of local, distant metastases Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 27, 2003

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•

Lovastatin induces apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells, but clinical value uncertain Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 30, 2003

•

TSH use before radiotherapy for thyroid cancer reduces iodine isotope half-life Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 18, 2003

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Oxigene thyroid cancer drug gets fast-track status Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 04, 2003

•

Low-iodide diet enhances efficacy of radiotherapy for thyroid cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 30, 2003

•

BRAF mutation linked to papillary thyroid cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 21, 2003

•

Higher chance of thyroid cancer after hysterectomy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 10, 2003

•

Hysterectomy linked to early increased risk of thyroid cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 05, 2003

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Targeted gene therapy for thyroid cancer exhibits efficacy in animal model Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 24, 2002

•

Marine organism-derived aplidine advances against rare thyroid cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 22, 2002

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Zeltia's aplidine advances against rare thyroid cancer Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 21, 2002

•

Mortality low but recurrence high with thyroid cancer in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 29, 2002

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UK guidelines aim to reduce thyroid cancer mortality Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 22, 2002

•

UK guidelines aim to cut thyroid cancer mortality Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 22, 2002

•

Thyroid cancer can present in youngsters who carry RET oncogene mutation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 01, 2002

•

Reproductive, hormonal factors influence risk of thyroid cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 21, 2002

Periodicals and News

•

Chernobyl's young have high rate of thyroid cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 10, 2001

•

Many thyroid cancer cases linked to Chernobyl Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 23, 2001

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Radiation therapy for breast cancer does not increase risk of thyroid cancer Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 27, 2001

•

Breast tumor radiation not tied to thyroid cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 25, 2001

•

Thyroid cancer therapy may up breast cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 26, 2001

•

Thyroid cancer is the major continuing health effect of Chernobyl disaster Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 27, 2001

•

New test improves the detection of recurrent thyroid cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 13, 2000

•

Thyroid cancer patients treated with radioactive iodine not a threat to family Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 05, 2000

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Family safe from thyroid cancer patient's radiation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 03, 2000

•

Embolization effective for vertebral metastases of thyroid cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 27, 2000

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Children at risk for thyroid cancer following radiation therapy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 20, 1999

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Recombinant human TSH alternative to thyroid hormone withdrawal for thyroid cancer follow-up Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 22, 1999

•

After Chernobyl, pediatric thyroid cancer incidence escalated in Ukraine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 01, 1999

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Child thyroid cancer rises 10-fold after Chernobyl Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 30, 1999

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Lithium improves I-131 uptake, retention in thyroid cancer patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 31, 1999

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•

Scans help detect thyroid cancer recurrence Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 19, 1999

•

Screening for thyroid cancer due to nuclear bomb tests not advisable Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 02, 1998

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Experts advise against thyroid cancer screening Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 02, 1998

•

Conventional Method Still Best In Radioiodine Scanning For Thyroid Cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 29, 1997

•

Increase In Thyroid Cancer In Children Of Chernobyl Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 22, 1995

•

Incidence Of Thyroid Cancer Quintupled In Chernobyl Area Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 01, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to thyroid cancer, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Thyroid Cancer Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to thyroid cancer. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering thyroid cancer that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for thyroid cancer. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with thyroid cancer. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to thyroid cancer: Bleomycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Blenoxane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202093.html

Calcitonin •

Nasal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Miacalcin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203482.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calcimar; Cibacalcin; Miacalcin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202106.html

Iodine •

Systemic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202106.html

Thyroid Hormones •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Armour Thyroid; Cytomel; Levo-T; Levothroid; Levoxyl; Synthroid; Thyrar; Thyroid Strong; Thyrolar; Triostat; Westhroid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202566.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

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Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to thyroid cancer by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for thyroid cancer: •

Tiratricol (trade name: Triacana) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=44

•

Thyrotropin alpha (trade name: Thyrogen) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=767

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 23700 254 847 3 0 24804

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

20 Adapted 21

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on thyroid cancer can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to thyroid cancer. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to thyroid cancer. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “thyroid cancer”:

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•

Guides on thyroid cancer Thyroid Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroidcancer.html

•

Other guides Adrenal Gland Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adrenalglanddisorders.html Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html Head and Neck Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandneckcancer.html Parathyroid Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parathyroiddisorders.html Pituitary Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pituitarydisorders.html Radiation Exposure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/radiationexposure.html Thyroid Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to thyroid cancer, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Thyroid Cancer (Carcinoma) http://www.aace.com/members/Thyroid_Carcinoma.pdf Thyroid Cancer: Frequently Asked Questions http://www.thyroid.org/patients/brochures/ThyroidCancerFAQ.pdf What is Thyroid Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_is_thyroid_cancer_ 43.asp?sitearea=cri

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Can Thyroid Cancer Be Found Early? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_can_thyroid_cancer_be_f ound_early_43.asp?sitearea=cri How is Thyroid Cancer Diagnosed? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_how_is_thyroid_cancer_ diagnosed_43.asp?sitearea=&level=

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How is Thyroid Cancer Staged? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_how_is_thyroid_cancer_s taged_43.asp?sitearea=&level= Thyroid Scan/Thyroid Uptake Study Source: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/procdiag/thyroidupt.pdf TRH Stimulation Test Source: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/procdiag/trh.pdf •

Treatment Radioactive Iodine Therapy Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_radioactive_iodine_thera py_43.asp?sitearea=cri Surgery Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_surgery_43.asp?sitearea= cri Thyroid Cancer (PDQ): Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/thyroid/patient/ Treatment of Thyroid Cancer by Stage Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_treatment_of_thyroid_ca ncer_by_stage_43.asp?sitearea=cri

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01101 What Should You Ask Your Doctor About Thyroid Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_5x_what_should_you_ask_y our_physician_about_thyroid_cancer_43.asp?sitearea=cri

•

From the National Institutes of Health What You Need To Know about Thyroid Cancer Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/wyntk/thyroid

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•

Latest News Gene Profiling May Greatly Improve Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer, Improving Treatments for Cancer, and Avoiding Surgery for Others Source: 09/19/2003, American Thyroid Association http://www.thyroid.org/professionals/publications/documents/03_09_19_gene_ profiling.pdf

•

Organizations American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/ American Thyroid Association http://www.thyroid.org/ National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/

•

Pictures/Diagrams Atlas of the Body: The Endocrine System Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZW5TZ46JC &sub_cat=514

•

Prevention/Screening Are Potassium Iodide Pills For You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=CC00027 Can Thyroid Cancer Be Prevented? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_can_thyroid_cancer_be_p revented_43.asp?sitearea=&level= Guidance on Protection of Children and Adults Against Thyroid Cancer in Case of Nuclear Accident Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2001/ANS01126.html How to Take the Thyroid “Neck Check” http://www.aace.com/pub/tam2001/neckcheck3.pdf What Are the Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_what_are_the_risk_factor s_for_thyroid_cancer_43.asp?sitearea=cri

•

Research Do We Know What Causes Thyroid Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_do_we_know_what_caus es_thyroid_cancer_43.asp?sitearea=&level=

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What's New in Thyroid Cancer Research and Treatment? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_6x_whats_new_in_thyroid_c ancer_research_and_treatment_43.asp?sitearea=cri •

Statistics SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1973-1999: Thyroid Cancer (Invasive) Source: National Cancer Institute http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1973_1999/thyroid.pdf Thyroid - U.S. Racial/Ethnic Cancer Patterns Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/statistics/cancertype/thyroid-racial-ethnic What Are the Key Statistics for Thyroid Cancer? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_are_the_key_statist ics_for_thyroid_cancer_43.asp?sitearea=&level=

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on thyroid cancer. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Vocal Cord Paralysis Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH). June 1999. [3 p.]. Contact: Available from NIDCD Information Clearinghouse. 1 Communication Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892-3456. Voice (800) 241-1044. TTY (800) 241-1055. Fax (301) 907-8830. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.nidcd.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 99-4306. Summary: Vocal cord paralysis is a voice disorder that occurs when one or both of the vocal cords (vocal folds) do not open or close properly. Vocal cord paralysis is a common disorder, and symptoms can range from mild to life threatening. This fact sheet describes vocal cord paralysis and its management. Written in a question and answer format, the fact sheet covers the physiology and anatomy of the vocal cords; the causes of vocal cord paralysis, including head trauma, stroke, neck injury, lung or thyroid

138 Thyroid Cancer

cancer, or viral infections; the symptoms of vocal cord paralysis; diagnostic tests used to determine the presence of paralysis; treatment options, including voice therapy and surgery; and research studies that are being conducted on vocal cord paralysis. The fact sheet concludes with a list of resource organizations through which readers can obtain additional information. 1 figure. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Procedure guideline for extended scintigraphy for differentiated thyroid cancer Source: Society of Nuclear Medicine, Inc - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 February; 15 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1363&nbr=621&am p;string=thyroid+AND+cancer Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Frequently Asked Questions on Potassium Iodide (KI) Summary: Answers frequently asked questions about potassium iodide as a preventive measure for thyroid cancer from radiation exposure. Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6698

•

What You Need To Know About™ Thyroid Cancer Summary: This booklet on thyroid cancer discusses symptoms, diagonsis, treatment, and emotional issues, and questions to ask the doctor. Source: Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7190 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to thyroid cancer. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide

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useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to thyroid cancer. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with thyroid cancer. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about thyroid cancer. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “thyroid cancer” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “thyroid cancer”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “thyroid cancer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “thyroid cancer” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

141

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on thyroid cancer: •

Basic Guidelines for Thyroid Cancer Thyroid cancer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001213.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Thyroid Cancer Breathing difficulties Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Constipation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003125.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm

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Hoarseness or changing voice Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003054.htm Neck swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003262.htm Nodules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003230.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Thyroid Cancer ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Calcitonin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003699.htm CEA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003574.htm Dexamethasone suppression test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003694.htm Laryngoscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003851.htm Serum calcitonin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003699.htm T3 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003687.htm T4 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003517.htm Thyroid biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003901.htm Thyroid scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003829.htm

Online Glossaries 149

Ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm Ultrasound of the thyroid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003776.htm •

Background Topics for Thyroid Cancer Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Cancer - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002166.htm Chemotherapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002324.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Laryngoscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003851.htm Malignancy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002253.htm Metastasis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002260.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Radiation therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001918.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

151

THYROID CANCER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidemia: Increased acidity of blood. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinomas: A malignant tumor of the epithelial cells of a gland which typically metastasizes by way of the lymphatics. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenoleukodystrophy: A chromosome X-linked disease. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH]

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Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allelic Imbalance: A situation where one member (allele) of a gene pair is lost (loss of heterozygosity) or amplified. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-

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COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anaplastic: A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and bear little or no resemblance to normal cells. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Ansa: A turn or bend in a thread or line; a bend in a wire; one of the patterns formed by the dermal ridges on the finger tips. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on

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the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Aplidine: An anticancer drug obtained from a marine animal. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes

Dictionary 155

associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH]

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Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled

Dictionary 157

with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]

Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH]

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Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carboxy-terminal: The end of any polypeptide or protein that bears a free carboxyl group. [NIH]

Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the respone to colon cancer treatment. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]

Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH]

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Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrodysplasia Punctata: A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe autosomal recessive form (Chondrodysplasia punctata, rhizomelic), an autosomal dominant form (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), and a milder X-linked form. Metabolic defects associated with impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form. [NIH] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Aberrations: Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood

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system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Effect: Variation in health status arising from different causal factors to which each birth cohort in a population is exposed as environment and society change. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1

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to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of

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organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU]

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Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dacarbazine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Demethylation: Process that releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide in the liver. [NIH]

Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH]

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Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dose Fractionation: Adminstration of the total dose of radiation in parts, at timed intervals. [NIH]

Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active

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second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine cancer: Cancer that occurs in endocrine tissue, the tissue in the body that secretes hormones. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other health-

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related event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the cells that line an organ. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU]

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Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] External radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external-beam radiation. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH]

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Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication. [NIH] Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an

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increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycopeptides: Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively

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assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Helix-loop-helix: Regulatory protein of cell cycle. [NIH] Hematogenous: Originating in the blood or spread through the bloodstream. [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Histone Deacetylase: Hydrolyzes N-acetyl groups on histones. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH]

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Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer

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factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunoradiometric Assay: Form of radioimmunoassay in which excess specific labeled antibody is added directly to the test antigen being measured. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunotoxins: Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including radioactive isotopes and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies, and antigens. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

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Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interphase: The interval between two successive cell divisions during which the chromosomes are not individually distinguishable and DNA replication occurs. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intrathecal chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that are injected into the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU]

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Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involution: 1. A rolling or turning inward. 2. One of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. A retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. The progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. [EU] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Iodine-131: Radioactive isotope of iodine. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]

Kilobase: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH]

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Laryngeal Muscles: The intrinsic muscles of the larynx are the aryepiglottic(us), arytenoid(eus), cricoarytenoid(eus), cricothyroid(eus), thyroarytenoid(eus), thyroepiglottic(us), and vocal(is). [NIH] Laryngeal Nerves: Branches of the vagus nerve (the tenth cranial nerve). The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The recurrent (inferior) laryngeal nerve originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levothyroxine: Levo isomer of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. It is used for replacement therapy in reduced or absent thyroid function. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the liver. [NIH]

Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lobectomy: The removal of a lobe. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]

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Locoregional: The characteristic of a disease-producing organism to transfer itself, but typically to the same region of the body (a leg, the lungs, .) [EU] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lung metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the lung. [NIH]

Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lymphokine-activated killer cells: White blood cells that are stimulated in a laboratory to kill tumor cells. Also called LAK cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH]

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Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease. [NIH] Maximum Tolerated Dose: The highest dose level eliciting signs of toxicity without having major effects on survival relative to the test in which it is used. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastasize: To spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH]

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Metastatic cancer: Cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Micronuclei: Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer

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cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myxedema: A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is cretinism. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Neck dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU]

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Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrine tumor: A tumor derived from cells that release a hormone in response to a signal from the nervous system. Some examples of neuroendocrine tumors are carcinoid tumors, islet cell tumors, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma. These tumors secrete hormones in excess, causing a variety of symptoms. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a

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mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Octreotide: A potent, long-acting somatostatin octapeptide analog which has a wide range of physiological actions. It inhibits growth hormone secretion, is effective in the treatment of hormone-secreting tumors from various organs, and has beneficial effects in the management of many pathological states including diabetes mellitus, orthostatic hypertension, hyperinsulinism, hypergastrinemia, and small bowel fistula. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Optic Atrophy: Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the retina and converge to form the optic disk, optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts. Glaucoma, ischemia, inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions are relatively common causes of this condition. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH]

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Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] P53 gene: A tumor suppressor gene that normally inhibits the growth of tumors. This gene is altered in many types of cancer. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

PDQ: Physician Data Query. PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the

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National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the CancerNet Web site, and more specific information about PDQ can be found at http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/pdq.html. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Peroxisomal Disorders: A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional peroxisomes. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include Zellweger syndrome; infantile Refsum disease; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (chondrodysplasia punctata, rhizomelic); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and adrenoleukodystrophy (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phonation: The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or

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glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

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Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predictive factor: A situation or condition that may increase a person's risk of developing a

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certain disease or disorder. [NIH] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a

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protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Psammoma bodies: Structures found in some benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor cells that look like hardened concentric rings when viewed under a microscope. Can be a sign of chronic inflammation. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]

Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH]

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Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal,

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tracheal, and cardiac regions. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reoperation: A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient. It includes reoperation for reexamination, reoperation for disease progression or recurrence, or reoperation following operative failure. [NIH] Resected: Surgical removal of part of an organ. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH]

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Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerotic: Pertaining to the outer coat of the eye; the sclera; hard, indurated or sclerosed. [NIH]

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH]

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Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sentinel lymph node: The first lymph node that cancer is likely to spread to from the primary tumor. Cancer cells may appear first in the sentinel node before spreading to other lymph nodes. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH]

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Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Fluoride: A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Sodium Iodide: Sodium iodide (NaI). A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function determinants. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU]

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Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptozocin: An antibiotic that is produced by Stretomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU]

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Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Telophase: The final phase of cell division, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin networks. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terminal disease: Disease that cannot be cured and will cause death. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]

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Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroid Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroid Nodule: A small circumscribed mass of differentiated tissue associated with the thyroid gland. It can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. The growth of nodules can lead to a condition of nodular goiter. Most nodules appear between the ages of 30 and 50 years and most are benign. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of

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toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor alpha: Factor isolated in a variety of tissues including epithelium, and maternal decidua. It is closely related to epidermal growth factor and binds to the EGF receptor. TGF-alpha acts synergistically with TGF-beta in inducing phenotypic transformation, but its physiological role is unknown. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]

Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive;

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called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unresectable: Unable to be surgically removed. [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca

198 Thyroid Cancer

alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

199

INDEX A Abdominal, 8, 151, 182 Aberrant, 16, 25, 151 Ablation, 25, 36, 62, 75, 85, 90, 151 Acceptor, 151, 195, 196 Acetylcholine, 151, 180 Acidemia, 151, 183 Acne, 151, 174 Acne Vulgaris, 151, 174 Adaptability, 151, 158 Adenine, 151 Adenocarcinomas, 21, 151 Adenoma, 13, 22, 151 Adenosine, 25, 151, 184 Adenovirus, 9, 151 Adjuvant, 40, 82, 84, 85, 90, 151 Adrenal Cortex, 151, 152, 186 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 151, 183 Adverse Effect, 151, 174, 189, 191 Aerobic, 151, 178 Affinity, 5, 54, 152, 192 Agonists, 17, 152 Aldosterone, 111, 152 Algorithms, 152, 156 Alkaline, 152, 157, 194 Alkaloid, 152, 189 Alkylating Agents, 152, 163 Alleles, 152, 176 Allelic Imbalance, 46, 152 Allograft, 8, 152 Alpha Particles, 152, 187 Alternative medicine, 118, 152 Ameliorating, 9, 104, 152 Amifostine, 90, 91, 152 Amino Acid Sequence, 152, 153, 167, 168 Amino Acids, 8, 152, 153, 158, 160, 168, 183, 185, 187 Ampulla, 153, 165 Anaesthesia, 153, 172 Anal, 153, 176 Analog, 153, 167, 181 Analogous, 153, 196 Anaphylatoxins, 153, 161 Anaplasia, 153 Anaplastic, 22, 26, 30, 33, 42, 47, 54, 61, 66, 69, 74, 78, 84, 89, 92, 94, 98, 153 Anastomosis, 58, 153 Anatomical, 26, 153, 172

Anemia, 153, 179 Animal model, 6, 21, 116, 153 Annealing, 153, 185 Ansa, 58, 153 Antagonism, 85, 153 Antibiotic, 153, 163, 164, 183, 193 Antibodies, 4, 10, 14, 27, 42, 90, 153, 169, 179, 184, 188 Antibody, 10, 27, 28, 69, 152, 153, 154, 160, 169, 170, 172, 174, 177, 178, 188, 192, 198 Anticoagulant, 154, 187 Antigen, 152, 153, 154, 161, 170, 171, 172, 177, 188 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 154, 161 Antihypertensive, 154, 189 Anti-infective, 154, 174 Anti-inflammatory, 154, 158 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 154, 158 Antimetabolite, 154, 167 Antineoplastic, 152, 154, 156, 164, 167, 182, 185, 193, 198 Antiproliferative, 75, 154 Antipsychotic, 154, 189 Aplidine, 116, 154 Apoptosis, 6, 14, 15, 42, 47, 54, 65, 72, 74, 77, 84, 89, 91, 92, 116, 154, 158 Arginine, 153, 155, 180 Aromatic, 155, 158, 183 Arterial, 155, 171, 187, 193 Arteries, 98, 155, 156, 162, 178 Arteriography, 98, 155 Arterioles, 155, 156 Aspiration, 46, 155 Assay, 17, 64, 155, 188 Ataxia, 7, 155, 194 Autologous, 92, 155 Autonomic, 151, 152, 154, 155, 175, 180, 183, 188 B Barbiturate, 155, 194 Basal cell carcinoma, 14, 155 Basal cells, 155 Basal Ganglia, 154, 155 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 155 Base, 151, 155, 163, 168, 174 Benign, 3, 11, 13, 15, 18, 22, 27, 31, 68, 72, 102, 151, 155, 158, 179, 187, 188, 195 Bilateral, 27, 51, 155

200 Thyroid Cancer

Bile, 9, 104, 155, 156, 168, 175 Bile Acids, 104, 155, 156 Bile Acids and Salts, 155, 156 Biochemical, 11, 93, 152, 154, 156, 169, 191 Biological Transport, 156, 164 Biopsy, 46, 148, 156 Biosynthesis, 21, 156 Biotechnology, 23, 109, 118, 129, 156 Biotransformation, 156 Bivalent, 28, 156 Bladder, 156, 186, 197 Bleomycin, 73, 83, 122, 156 Blood Coagulation, 156, 157, 194 Blood pressure, 154, 156, 171, 178, 192 Blood vessel, 98, 156, 157, 159, 165, 174, 175, 176, 192, 193, 194, 197 Body Fluids, 156, 164, 192 Body Mass Index, 156, 182 Bone Marrow, 8, 156, 172, 176, 179, 192 Bone metastases, 26, 109, 157 Bone scan, 157, 190 Boron, 97, 157 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 97, 157 Bowel, 153, 157, 164, 173, 181 Bowel Movement, 157, 164 Brachytherapy, 157, 173, 174, 188, 198 Bradykinin, 157, 180 Branch, 75, 145, 157, 162, 176, 180, 182, 192, 194 Breakdown, 10, 157, 164, 168 Bronchi, 157, 166, 167, 196 Bronchiectasis, 51, 157 Bulimia, 104, 157 C Calcium, 9, 99, 157, 160, 182, 191, 194 Carbohydrate, 20, 104, 157, 169 Carbon Dioxide, 157, 163, 184 Carboxy, 4, 157, 158 Carboxylic Acids, 103, 158 Carboxy-terminal, 4, 158 Carcinoembryonic Antigen, 87, 158 Carcinogenesis, 11, 13, 26, 158 Carcinogenic, 152, 158, 173, 181, 186, 196 Carcinogens, 158, 181 Carcinoid, 158, 180 Carcinoma, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 26, 46, 47, 50, 59, 66, 78, 94, 134, 158, 180 Cardiac, 18, 74, 103, 104, 105, 158, 166, 168, 175, 179, 189 Case report, 27, 63, 158 Case-Control Studies, 24, 25, 32, 72, 158 Caspase, 84, 158

Catecholamines, 158, 189 Causal, 158, 160 Celecoxib, 98, 158 Cell Adhesion, 5, 158 Cell Cycle, 12, 13, 47, 64, 74, 158, 162, 166, 170, 187 Cell Death, 15, 154, 158, 166, 179 Cell Differentiation, 158, 191 Cell Division, 158, 159, 162, 166, 173, 177, 178, 184, 186, 190, 194 Cell Lineage, 11, 159 Cell proliferation, 5, 159, 191 Cell Respiration, 159, 178 Central Nervous System, 19, 151, 159, 168, 181, 191 Cerebellar, 155, 159, 189 Cerebellum, 159, 162, 189 Cerebral, 10, 155, 159, 166 Cerebrum, 159, 162 Cervical, 27, 36, 42, 48, 64, 86, 159 Cervix, 159 Chemotactic Factors, 159, 161 Chemotherapy, 5, 17, 72, 73, 82, 83, 89, 149, 159 Cholesterol, 9, 104, 155, 156, 159, 162, 171 Chondrodysplasia Punctata, 159, 183 Chromaffin System, 159, 165 Chromatin, 154, 159, 194 Chromosomal, 11, 13, 16, 57, 159, 178, 184 Chromosome, 4, 16, 18, 38, 54, 151, 159, 168, 175, 176, 178, 190 Chromosome Aberrations, 38, 159 Chronic, 8, 149, 151, 159, 163, 164, 172, 181, 187, 193 Circulatory system, 159, 165, 173 Clear cell carcinoma, 160, 163 Clinical trial, 3, 9, 10, 19, 97, 99, 129, 160, 162, 164, 183, 187, 188 Clone, 14, 15, 22, 160 Cloning, 16, 18, 156, 160 Coagulation, 156, 160, 195 Codon, 4, 160, 168 Cofactor, 160, 187, 194 Cohort Effect, 50, 160 Collapse, 157, 160 Colorectal, 97, 160 Colorectal Cancer, 97, 160 Combination Therapy, 11, 160 Complement, 21, 153, 160, 161, 168 Complementary and alternative medicine, 81, 95, 161 Complementary medicine, 81, 161

Index 201

Complete remission, 161, 189 Computational Biology, 129, 161 Computed tomography, 31, 83, 161, 190 Computerized axial tomography, 161, 190 Computerized tomography, 161 Concentric, 161, 187 Congestive heart failure, 103, 104, 105, 161 Connective Tissue, 156, 161, 168, 176, 189 Consumption, 24, 161 Contamination, 92, 161 Contraindications, ii, 162 Control group, 16, 162 Controlled study, 90, 162 Coronary, 103, 104, 105, 162, 178 Coronary heart disease, 103, 104, 105, 162 Coronary Thrombosis, 162, 178 Corpus, 162, 176, 186 Corpus Luteum, 162, 176, 186 Cortex, 155, 162, 166, 189 Cortices, 10, 162 Cranial, 66, 159, 162, 173, 175, 181, 183, 188 Crossing-over, 162, 188 Cultured cells, 12, 162 Curative, 19, 162, 194 Cyclic, 25, 162, 169, 180 Cyclin, 64, 162 Cyst, 110, 162 Cysteine, 50, 162 Cystine, 162 Cytogenetics, 34, 57, 162 Cytokine, 19, 77, 162, 194 Cytoplasm, 154, 162, 169, 179, 194 Cytotoxic, 6, 76, 92, 163, 188, 191 Cytotoxicity, 92, 163, 174 D Dacarbazine, 66, 163 Databases, Bibliographic, 129, 163 Daunorubicin, 163, 164 De novo, 22, 54, 163 Decidua, 163, 184, 196 Degenerative, 163, 170 Deletion, 7, 14, 45, 154, 163, 168, 176 Demethylation, 5, 163 Denaturation, 163, 185 Density, 7, 29, 156, 163, 181, 192 Dental Caries, 163, 167, 192 Deoxyribonucleotides, 163, 189 Depolarization, 163, 191 Dermal, 153, 163 DES, 66, 153, 163 Diabetes Insipidus, 110, 163

Diabetes Mellitus, 103, 104, 111, 164, 169, 170, 181 Diagnostic procedure, 97, 98, 101, 118, 164 Diastolic, 164, 171 Diffusion, 10, 156, 164, 173 Digestion, 155, 156, 157, 164, 173, 175, 193 Digestive system, 100, 164, 179 Dilatation, 157, 164, 186, 197 Diphosphates, 164, 189 Direct, iii, 4, 16, 19, 121, 164, 189 Disease Progression, 35, 78, 164, 189 Dissection, 48, 86, 164 Dissociation, 152, 164, 174 Dose Fractionation, 18, 164 Dosimetry, 10, 18, 28, 36, 164 Double-blinded, 90, 164 Doxorubicin, 66, 164 Drug Interactions, 122, 164 Duct, 110, 153, 164, 190 Duodenum, 155, 164, 165, 193 E Ectopic, 36, 63, 164 Effector, 151, 160, 164, 174, 180 Efficacy, 6, 9, 10, 17, 19, 37, 73, 116, 165 Elective, 92, 165 Electrolyte, 152, 165, 185, 192 Electrons, 155, 165, 174, 187, 188 Embryo, 158, 159, 165, 167, 172 Endemic, 165, 192 Endocrine cancer, 22, 165 Endocrine Glands, 165, 182 Endocrine System, 18, 136, 165, 180 Endoscope, 165 Endoscopic, 37, 67, 165 Endothelium, 165, 180 Endothelium-derived, 165, 180 Endotoxin, 165, 196 Enhancer, 25, 165 Environmental Exposure, 165, 181 Environmental Health, 77, 128, 130, 165 Enzymatic, 157, 161, 163, 165, 183, 185 Enzyme, 9, 158, 164, 165, 169, 177, 183, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, 194, 195, 196, 198 Epidemic, 165, 192 Epidemiological, 6, 15, 72, 166 Epidermal, 85, 166, 196 Epidermis, 155, 166 Epinephrine, 166, 180, 197 Epithelial, 5, 151, 156, 163, 166, 170 Epithelial carcinoma, 5, 166 Epithelial Cells, 151, 166, 170 Epithelium, 9, 165, 166, 168, 196

202 Thyroid Cancer

Erectile, 104, 166 Erection, 166 Erythrocytes, 153, 156, 166 Escalation, 18, 166 Esophageal, 67, 166 Esophagus, 164, 166, 193 Estrogen, 8, 17, 21, 57, 166, 186 Estrogen receptor, 17, 166 Ether, 166, 183 Etoposide, 89, 166 Eukaryotic Cells, 166, 172 Evoke, 166, 193 Exhaustion, 153, 166 Exogenous, 156, 166 Exon, 16, 63, 167 Expectorant, 167, 192 Expiratory, 167, 183 External radiation, 11, 15, 17, 167 External-beam radiation, 167, 174, 188, 198 Extracellular, 161, 167, 192, 194 Eye Infections, 151, 167 F Family Planning, 129, 167 Fat, 8, 104, 156, 162, 167, 175, 182, 189, 192 Fatty acids, 53, 74, 88, 104, 158, 167 Feces, 158, 167 Fetal Development, 18, 167 Fetus, 167, 184, 197 Fibrin, 156, 167, 194, 195 Fine-needle aspiration, 36, 167, 179 Fish Products, 167, 190 Fistula, 167, 181 Fluorescence, 4, 167 Fluorine, 40, 41, 47, 65, 85, 86, 93, 167 Fluorouracil, 84, 167 Fold, 17, 117, 167 Fractionation, 18, 167 Fructose, 97, 168 G Gallbladder, 151, 164, 168 Gamma Rays, 168, 188 Ganglia, 151, 152, 155, 168, 180, 183 Gas, 157, 164, 167, 168, 171, 180 Gastric, 21, 168 Gastric Mucosa, 21, 168 Gastrin, 30, 168, 170 Gastrointestinal, 97, 104, 157, 158, 166, 168, 191, 192 Gastrointestinal tract, 158, 168, 191, 192 Gene Amplification, 16, 168 Gene Deletion, 7, 168

Gene Expression, 8, 43, 168 Genetic Code, 168, 181 Genetic Engineering, 156, 160, 168 Genetic testing, 168, 185 Genetics, 22, 39, 57, 63, 162, 169, 183 Genital, 160, 169, 174 Genotype, 169, 183 Gland, 17, 21, 61, 63, 84, 91, 98, 110, 134, 151, 159, 169, 176, 182, 184, 186, 190, 193, 195 Glioma, 84, 169 Glucose, 8, 94, 164, 169, 170, 173 Glucose Intolerance, 164, 169 Glycopeptides, 20, 169 Glycoprotein, 20, 158, 169, 194, 196 Glycosidic, 169, 181 Glycosylation, 21, 169 Goiter, 15, 110, 169, 195 Governing Board, 169, 185 Graft, 169, 171 Granulocytes, 169, 191, 198 Groin, 98, 169 Guanylate Cyclase, 169, 180 H Half-Life, 11, 18, 36, 116, 169 Haptens, 152, 169, 188 Health Status, 160, 169 Heart failure, 170 Helix-loop-helix, 64, 170 Hematogenous, 102, 170 Hematology, 10, 41, 76, 170 Heme, 7, 170 Hemoglobin, 153, 166, 170 Hemorrhage, 170, 193 Hepatic, 8, 33, 52, 170 Hepatitis, 51, 170 Hepatocytes, 170 Hereditary, 14, 36, 170, 183 Heredity, 151, 168, 169, 170 Herpes, 43, 170 Herpes Zoster, 170 Heterogeneity, 20, 152, 170 Histology, 13, 170 Histone Deacetylase, 50, 170 Homeostasis, 104, 170 Homologous, 4, 152, 156, 162, 170, 190, 193 Hormonal, 17, 30, 38, 116, 170 Hormone therapy, 61, 171 Host, 9, 171, 198 Hybrid, 5, 160, 171 Hybridization, 16, 171

Index 203

Hydrogen, 151, 155, 157, 163, 171, 178, 180, 181, 183, 187 Hydrolysis, 156, 171, 183, 185, 187 Hypercholesterolemia, 105, 171 Hyperlipidemia, 103, 104, 105, 171 Hypersecretion, 111, 171 Hypersensitivity, 171, 189 Hypertension, 103, 104, 105, 171, 181 Hyperthyroidism, 48, 60, 65, 171 Hypnotic, 155, 171, 194 Hypothalamus, 171, 184, 192 Hypothyroidism, 10, 103, 104, 105, 171 Hysterectomy, 116, 171 I Id, 64, 79, 95, 135, 136, 138, 139, 144, 146, 171 Imaging procedures, 171, 196 Immune response, 9, 151, 154, 169, 171, 172, 198 Immune system, 171, 172, 197, 198 Immunization, 171, 186 Immunoglobulin, 153, 172, 178 Immunologic, 159, 171, 172, 188 Immunology, 42, 74, 151, 152, 172 Immunoradiometric Assay, 46, 47, 172 Immunosuppressant, 152, 167, 172 Immunotoxins, 172, 188 Impairment, 15, 155, 167, 172, 177 Implant radiation, 172, 173, 174, 188, 198 Impotence, 166, 172 In situ, 4, 17, 172 In Situ Hybridization, 4, 17, 172 In vitro, 4, 5, 9, 12, 17, 19, 28, 41, 61, 76, 85, 92, 103, 172, 185 In vivo, 9, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 56, 61, 172 Incision, 172, 174 Indicative, 107, 111, 172, 182, 197 Induction, 17, 38, 92, 107, 154, 172, 186 Infantile, 172, 183 Infarction, 162, 172, 178 Infection, 51, 159, 167, 172, 176, 183, 189, 193, 198 Infertility, 20, 173 Infiltration, 67, 84, 173 Inflammation, 151, 154, 167, 170, 173, 181, 187, 189, 195 Infusion, 66, 78, 94, 173 Initiation, 173, 196 Inorganic, 164, 173, 192 Insight, 22, 173 Insulin, 8, 24, 173, 174 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 173

Interleukin-2, 43, 173 Internal Medicine, 13, 14, 18, 74, 77, 78, 165, 170, 173 Internal radiation, 173, 174, 188, 198 Interphase, 13, 16, 173 Interstitial, 157, 173, 174, 198 Intestine, 156, 157, 160, 173, 174 Intoxication, 173, 198 Intracellular, 172, 173, 180, 185, 191 Intracranial Pressure, 173, 181 Intrathecal, 10, 173 Intrathecal chemotherapy, 10, 173 Intravenous, 173 Intrinsic, 152, 173, 175 Invasive, 22, 42, 137, 174, 176 Involution, 15, 174 Iodine-131, 10, 28, 29, 37, 40, 51, 52, 73, 87, 90, 92, 93, 174 Ionization, 174 Ionizing, 11, 16, 57, 107, 152, 165, 174, 188 Irradiation, 6, 10, 12, 15, 63, 68, 72, 109, 157, 174, 198 Ischemia, 174, 181 Islet, 174, 180 Isotretinoin, 75, 88, 174 K Kb, 14, 128, 174 Killer Cells, 174 Kilobase, 46, 174 Kinetic, 174 L Labile, 160, 174 Lactation, 9, 174, 182, 186 Large Intestine, 160, 164, 173, 174, 188, 191 Laryngeal, 37, 84, 174, 175, 188 Laryngeal Muscles, 37, 84, 175 Laryngeal Nerves, 175, 188 Larynx, 174, 175, 188, 196, 198 Latent, 175, 186 Lesion, 18, 175 Lethargy, 171, 175 Leukemia, 8, 19, 52, 164, 175 Leukocytes, 156, 159, 169, 175, 179, 183, 196 Levothyroxine, 10, 28, 52, 64, 72, 175 Library Services, 144, 175 Ligament, 175, 186 Ligands, 103, 105, 175 Linkage, 24, 175 Lipid, 54, 173, 175 Liver, 9, 97, 151, 155, 156, 163, 164, 167, 168, 170, 175, 190

204 Thyroid Cancer

Liver metastases, 97, 175 Liver scan, 175, 190 Lobe, 175 Lobectomy, 76, 175 Localization, 14, 17, 25, 87, 175 Localized, 4, 98, 163, 172, 175, 184 Locoregional, 10, 176 Longitudinal study, 15, 176 Loop, 24, 30, 176 Loss of Heterozygosity, 13, 22, 46, 152, 176 Lung metastases, 29, 176 Lutein Cells, 176, 186 Lymph, 27, 36, 42, 48, 49, 61, 64, 67, 86, 159, 165, 176, 179, 191 Lymph node, 27, 36, 42, 48, 49, 61, 64, 67, 86, 159, 176, 179, 191 Lymphatic, 102, 165, 172, 176, 192, 195 Lymphatic system, 176, 192, 195 Lymphoid, 153, 176 Lymphokine, 92, 176 Lymphokine-activated killer cells, 92, 176 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 176, 190 Malignancy, 13, 42, 102, 149, 176 Malignant, 3, 13, 14, 16, 18, 36, 151, 154, 176, 179, 187, 188, 194 Malignant tumor, 151, 176, 179 Mammary, 17, 21, 177 Mass Screening, 68, 177 Maximum Tolerated Dose, 18, 177 Mediator, 173, 177, 191 Medical Records, 12, 177 Medical Staff, 164, 177 MEDLINE, 129, 177 Meiosis, 156, 177, 178, 193 Melanin, 177, 183, 197 Melanoma, 157, 177 Membrane, 5, 7, 13, 14, 21, 161, 163, 166, 175, 177, 179, 184, 185, 189, 191, 196 Meninges, 10, 159, 177 Menopause, 177, 185 Menstrual Cycle, 177, 186 Mental Disorders, 100, 177, 186 Mental Health, iv, 3, 100, 128, 130, 177, 186 Metabolic disorder, 163, 177, 183 Metaphase, 16, 156, 177 Metastasis, 5, 8, 10, 29, 33, 55, 61, 64, 92, 149, 177 Metastasize, 102, 177, 190

Metastatic, 8, 19, 24, 27, 36, 41, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 59, 62, 66, 74, 75, 76, 77, 83, 87, 91, 97, 98, 102, 177, 178, 190 Metastatic cancer, 97, 178 MI, 33, 73, 94, 149, 178 Microbe, 178, 195 Micronuclei, 57, 178 Microorganism, 160, 178, 198 Microscopy, 11, 178 Microtubules, 178, 182 Millimeter, 10, 178 Mitochondria, 7, 178 Mitosis, 14, 154, 178 Mitotic, 166, 178, 198 Mobilization, 104, 178 Modeling, 10, 178 Modification, 168, 178, 187 Molecule, 154, 155, 161, 162, 164, 165, 168, 169, 171, 178, 181, 184, 188, 191, 196, 197 Monitor, 158, 178, 181 Monoclonal, 4, 10, 27, 69, 172, 174, 178, 188, 198 Monoclonal antibodies, 4, 10, 172, 178 Monocytes, 175, 179, 194 Mononuclear, 179, 196 Monophosphate, 25, 179 Morphology, 56, 170, 179 Motility, 104, 179, 191 Mucins, 179, 190 Mucosa, 168, 179, 186 Mucositis, 179, 195 Multiple Myeloma, 8, 179 Myocardium, 178, 179 Myxedema, 110, 179 N NCI, 1, 8, 98, 99, 100, 127, 179, 183 Neck dissection, 32, 44, 51, 179 Necrosis, 154, 172, 178, 179 Need, 4, 19, 54, 109, 110, 123, 135, 138, 140, 151, 179 Needle biopsy, 167, 179 Neonatal, 64, 92, 179, 183 Neoplasia, 18, 36, 135, 179 Neoplasm, 98, 179, 197 Neoplastic, 16, 153, 176, 179 Nephropathy, 8, 180 Nerve, 104, 155, 175, 177, 180, 181, 185, 188, 193, 197 Nervous System, 19, 159, 177, 180, 183 Neural, 9, 10, 16, 180 Neuroendocrine, 19, 180 Neuroendocrine tumor, 19, 180

Index 205

Neuropsychology, 10, 180 Neurosecretory Systems, 165, 180 Neurotoxicity, 10, 180 Neurotransmitters, 179, 180 Neutrons, 152, 157, 174, 180, 187, 188 Nitric Oxide, 8, 42, 180 Norepinephrine, 180, 189 Nuclei, 11, 152, 165, 168, 176, 178, 180, 181, 187, 194 Nucleic acid, 102, 168, 171, 172, 181 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 171, 181 Nucleus, 11, 154, 155, 159, 162, 166, 168, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 186, 187, 193, 194 O Occult, 28, 36, 181 Octreotide, 49, 181 Oligosaccharides, 20, 181 Oncogene, 4, 11, 13, 16, 60, 65, 116, 181 Oncogenic, 16, 24, 181, 187 Opacity, 163, 181 Optic Atrophy, 7, 181 Optic Chiasm, 171, 181 Optic Disk, 181 Optic Nerve, 181, 189, 190 Orthostatic, 154, 181, 182 Osteoporosis, 28, 103, 104, 105, 113, 182 Overweight, 78, 103, 105, 182 Ovum, 162, 163, 182, 186 Oxytocin, 21, 182 P P53 gene, 44, 182 Paclitaxel, 37, 66, 78, 84, 89, 94, 182 Palliative, 5, 19, 182, 194 Pancreas, 151, 164, 173, 174, 182, 192 Papilla, 182 Paralysis, 137, 182 Parathyroid, 16, 36, 98, 134, 182, 194 Parathyroid Glands, 182 Parathyroid hormone, 99, 182 Partial remission, 182, 189 Parturition, 182, 186 Pathogenesis, 4, 9, 22, 110, 182 Pathologic, 4, 47, 154, 156, 162, 171, 182, 197 Pathologic Processes, 154, 182 Pathophysiology, 9, 182 Patient Education, 137, 142, 144, 150, 182 PDQ, 135, 182 Pelvic, 183, 186 Penicillin, 153, 183 Peptide, 20, 183, 185, 186, 187, 195 Peptide Fragments, 20, 183

Peripheral blood, 48, 55, 93, 183 Peripheral Nervous System, 183, 192 Peroxidase, 102, 183 Peroxide, 183 Peroxisomal Disorders, 9, 183 PH, 32, 43, 57, 88, 183 Pharmacokinetic, 183 Pharmacologic, 169, 183, 195 Phenotype, 7, 168, 183 Phenylalanine, 183, 197 Phonation, 58, 183 Phospholipases, 183, 191 Phospholipids, 167, 184 Phosphorus, 157, 182, 184 Phosphorylated, 49, 184 Phosphorylation, 13, 15, 184 Physiologic, 11, 156, 167, 169, 177, 184, 188 Physiology, 7, 110, 137, 165, 170, 184 Pilot study, 30, 73, 184 Pituitary Gland, 104, 184 Placenta, 184, 186 Plants, 152, 157, 169, 179, 180, 184, 196 Plasma, 17, 21, 153, 169, 170, 179, 184, 190 Plasma cells, 153, 179, 184 Plasmid, 168, 184, 197 Platelet Activation, 184, 191 Platelet Aggregation, 153, 180, 184 Platelets, 180, 184, 191, 195 Platinum, 73, 83, 176, 184 Podophyllotoxin, 166, 185 Polymerase, 26, 33, 185 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 26, 33, 185 Polymorphic, 4, 185 Polymorphism, 13, 63, 185 Polypeptide, 152, 158, 169, 171, 185, 186, 192, 198 Polyposis, 160, 185 Posterior, 153, 155, 159, 182, 185, 190 Postmenopausal, 28, 72, 182, 185 Postsynaptic, 185, 191 Post-translational, 15, 185 Potassium, 136, 138, 152, 185 Potentiation, 185, 191 Practice Guidelines, 130, 138, 185 Precursor, 164, 165, 180, 183, 185, 197 Predictive factor, 42, 185 Predisposition, 4, 43, 186 Prevalence, 11, 46, 60, 65, 186 Primary Prevention, 37, 186 Primary tumor, 186, 191 Probe, 67, 186 Progesterone, 57, 186

206 Thyroid Cancer

Prognostic factor, 35, 186 Progression, 5, 9, 22, 36, 43, 64, 153, 186 Progressive, 98, 158, 166, 169, 174, 179, 184, 186, 196 Projection, 110, 180, 181, 186, 189 Prolactin, 21, 186 Promoter, 5, 20, 186 Prophase, 156, 186, 193 Proportional, 168, 186 Prospective study, 176, 186 Prostate, 4, 8, 186 Protease, 160, 186 Protein C, 5, 152, 160, 187 Protein S, 8, 54, 104, 109, 156, 168, 187 Proteinuria, 179, 187 Proteolytic, 160, 187 Protocol, 6, 10, 21, 109, 187 Protons, 152, 171, 174, 187 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 182, 187 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 182, 187 Psammoma bodies, 110, 187 Psychology, 164, 180, 187 Psychophysiology, 180, 187 Public Policy, 129, 187 Publishing, 23, 187 Pulmonary, 24, 156, 161, 187 Q Quality of Life, 42, 45, 187, 193 R Radiation therapy, 21, 117, 149, 167, 173, 174, 188, 198 Radiography, 77, 188 Radioimmunoassay, 172, 188 Radioimmunotherapy, 28, 37, 72, 82, 84, 87, 90, 188 Radioisotope, 18, 188, 196 Radiolabeled, 174, 188, 198 Radiopharmaceutical, 10, 188 Radiotherapy, 16, 39, 57, 65, 66, 82, 84, 116, 157, 174, 188, 198 Randomized, 40, 85, 165, 188 Receptor, 12, 14, 24, 30, 33, 39, 54, 85, 103, 105, 154, 188, 191, 196 Recombinant, 9, 25, 30, 31, 48, 51, 54, 62, 63, 67, 75, 76, 78, 82, 117, 188, 197 Recombination, 18, 188 Rectum, 157, 160, 164, 168, 174, 186, 188 Recurrence, 12, 44, 73, 116, 118, 188, 189 Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve, 58, 188 Red Nucleus, 155, 189 Refer, 1, 160, 170, 175, 180, 188, 189 Reflective, 11, 189

Regimen, 57, 165, 189 Remission, 46, 188, 189 Reoperation, 53, 189 Resected, 4, 189 Resection, 5, 24, 42, 189 Reserpine, 84, 189 Respiratory distress syndrome, 55, 189 Retina, 181, 189 Retinoid, 17, 189 Retrograde, 174, 189 Rheumatism, 189 Rheumatoid, 9, 41, 85, 87, 189 Rheumatoid arthritis, 9, 41, 85, 87, 189 Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase, 76, 92, 189 Ribose, 151, 189 Risk factor, 53, 76, 186, 189 Risk patient, 63, 68, 190 S Saliva, 92, 190 Salivary, 16, 21, 61, 63, 84, 90, 91, 164, 190 Salivary glands, 21, 90, 164, 190 Scans, 27, 39, 82, 85, 98, 102, 118, 190 Schizoid, 190, 198 Schizophrenia, 190, 198 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 190, 198 Sclera, 190 Sclerotic, 26, 190 Screening, 20, 103, 118, 160, 183, 190 Seafood, 75, 190 Secondary tumor, 177, 190 Secretion, 151, 171, 173, 174, 179, 181, 190 Segregation, 63, 188, 190 Sella, 184, 190 Semen, 186, 190 Semisynthetic, 166, 172, 191 Senile, 182, 191 Sentinel lymph node, 33, 191 Sequencing, 4, 16, 185, 191 Serotonin, 154, 189, 191 Shock, 191, 196 Side effect, 10, 21, 121, 123, 151, 154, 191, 193, 195 Signal Transduction, 6, 191 Signs and Symptoms, 189, 191 Skeletal, 44, 73, 179, 191 Skeleton, 191 Skull, 66, 173, 191 Small intestine, 164, 170, 173, 191 Social Environment, 187, 191 Sodium, 5, 8, 10, 17, 25, 26, 39, 97, 152, 192 Sodium Fluoride, 26, 192

Index 207

Sodium Iodide, 10, 39, 192 Soft tissue, 36, 110, 156, 191, 192 Solid tumor, 156, 164, 192 Somatic, 177, 178, 183, 192, 194 Somatic cells, 177, 178, 192 Somatostatin, 90, 181, 192 Sound wave, 189, 192 Specialist, 25, 139, 192 Species, 166, 171, 177, 178, 192, 196, 198 Specificity, 4, 13, 17, 152, 192 Spectrometer, 8, 192 Sperm, 159, 192 Spinal cord, 10, 159, 173, 177, 180, 183, 192 Spleen, 176, 192 Sporadic, 4, 18, 38, 60, 192 Stabilization, 15, 192 Staging, 16, 30, 81, 190, 193 Sterile, 182, 193 Sterility, 173, 193 Stimulants, 8, 193 Stimulus, 99, 193, 194 Stomach, 18, 151, 164, 166, 168, 170, 191, 192, 193 Strand, 11, 185, 193 Streptozocin, 66, 193 Stress, 148, 186, 189, 193 Stroke, 100, 128, 137, 193 Subacute, 172, 193 Subclinical, 172, 193 Supplementation, 9, 87, 193 Support group, 149, 193 Supportive care, 183, 193 Suppression, 19, 37, 52, 73, 78, 148, 193 Suppressive, 29, 44, 64, 73, 74, 193 Symphysis, 186, 193 Synaptic, 191, 193 Synergistic, 186, 193 Systemic, 5, 21, 122, 156, 166, 172, 174, 188, 193, 198 Systemic therapy, 5, 193 Systolic, 171, 193 T Technetium, 44, 73, 194 Telomerase, 13, 38, 194 Telophase, 178, 194 Teratogenic, 152, 174, 194 Terminal disease, 5, 194 Terminator, 160, 194 Tetany, 182, 194 Thalamic, 155, 194 Thalamic Diseases, 155, 194 Thalidomide, 99, 194

Therapeutics, 37, 85, 123, 194 Thermal, 157, 164, 180, 185, 194 Thigh, 169, 194 Threshold, 47, 171, 194 Thrombin, 167, 184, 187, 194 Thrombomodulin, 187, 194 Thrombosis, 187, 193, 194 Thrombus, 29, 162, 172, 184, 195 Thymidine, 43, 195 Thymidine Kinase, 43, 195 Thymus, 69, 172, 176, 195 Thyroid Gland, 11, 12, 59, 110, 169, 171, 179, 182, 195 Thyroid Hormones, 10, 104, 122, 195, 197 Thyroid Neoplasms, 16, 195 Thyroid Nodule, 4, 15, 44, 74, 195 Thyroiditis, 31, 69, 195 Thyrotoxicosis, 19, 44, 77, 195 Thyrotropin, 28, 30, 31, 51, 52, 54, 62, 67, 73, 76, 78, 93, 123, 171, 195 Thyroxine, 10, 29, 40, 44, 62, 73, 74, 175, 183, 195 Tin, 184, 195 Tomography, 26, 31, 34, 40, 41, 49, 60, 83, 85, 89, 195 Topical, 174, 195 Toxic, iv, 152, 163, 165, 172, 185, 195 Toxicity, 10, 17, 59, 164, 177, 195 Toxicokinetics, 195 Toxicology, 130, 195 Toxins, 154, 172, 179, 181, 188, 196 Trace element, 157, 167, 195, 196 Tracer, 56, 196 Trachea, 24, 66, 157, 167, 175, 195, 196 Transcriptase, 194, 196 Transcription Factors, 5, 23, 196 Transduction, 191, 196 Transfection, 14, 156, 196 Transferases, 169, 196 Transforming Growth Factor alpha, 85, 196 Translational, 5, 7, 20, 55, 75, 196 Translocation, 4, 14, 15, 21, 196 Transplantation, 8, 172, 196 Trauma, 137, 155, 179, 194, 196 Tuberculosis, 161, 196 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 43, 194, 196 Tumor suppressor gene, 4, 16, 22, 46, 176, 182, 196 Tumorigenic, 14, 196 Tumour, 29, 45, 196 Tyrosine, 4, 6, 12, 16, 85, 86, 158, 197

208 Thyroid Cancer

U Ultrasonography, 37, 51, 67, 87, 197 Unconscious, 171, 197 Unresectable, 66, 197 Uranium, 194, 197 Urethra, 186, 197 Urinary, 38, 197 Urine, 10, 156, 163, 187, 197 Uterine Contraction, 182, 197 Uterus, 159, 162, 163, 171, 186, 197 V Vaccine, 20, 151, 187, 197 Vagina, 159, 163, 197 Vascular, 8, 56, 68, 69, 165, 172, 180, 184, 195, 197 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 56, 68, 69, 197 Vasodilation, 152, 197 Vasodilators, 180, 197 Vector, 24, 196, 197 Vein, 29, 69, 173, 181, 197 Venous, 98, 187, 197 Venules, 156, 197 Vertebrae, 192, 197

Vertebral, 117, 197 Veterinary Medicine, 129, 197 Vinblastine, 84, 197 Vinca Alkaloids, 198 Viral, 138, 181, 196, 198 Virulence, 195, 198 Virus, 21, 43, 51, 165, 168, 196, 198 Vitro, 9, 17, 19, 198 Vivo, 9, 19, 198 Vocal cord, 137, 183, 198 W Weight Gain, 8, 198 White blood cell, 153, 175, 176, 184, 198 Windpipe, 195, 198 Withdrawal, 25, 61, 117, 198 X Xenograft, 5, 28, 37, 84, 153, 198 X-ray, 32, 98, 155, 161, 167, 168, 174, 181, 188, 190, 198 X-ray therapy, 174, 198 Y Yeasts, 183, 198 Z Zymogen, 187, 198

Index 209

210 Thyroid Cancer

Index 211

212 Thyroid Cancer