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a U ' erepov eciro) n rov akrjdovs; Kiev, e(f>rj' oo? Srj C r) 7r<M9 Xeyeis; ' TL av avrtp eZ^e? Trpos ravra; Sfioiov TOVTO iK€iv
r), SecTac fidpTupos; CLVTOS yap ^paavfJLayo^ SfioXoyel TOI) a> 5 TloXefiap^ey viro TO>V dp^ovTeov hiicaiov elvai edeTo ^paavfia^o^. Kal yap TO TOV /epeiTTOvos, c5 KXeiTocfioov, av/n(f>epov Sifcaiov elvai B edeTo. ' TavTa Be dfMpoTepa OifAevos obfjuoXoyTjo'ev av evioTe TOVS Ta avTois d^vfi<j>opa /ceXeveiv TOVS YJTTOVS re Kal dpypTToielv. e/c Be TOVTCOV TCOV v/JLo\oyi(ov ovBev fiaXXov TO TOV 10 KpeiTTOvos %v/JL epov lepeiTTOvos 6W09 Sifcatov earai irotelv. dtcpiftel \6y<j)- ovrax; rj aX\ft)9 €X€C> OVTCOS, e^rj, (jyaiverai. Ov/c dpa, 15 r)v K iyd), larptfcr) carpi/cr) I TO %vfJL U)V<# (with yap ovirep vvv Brj k'Xeyov, rov /Jbeyd\Xa Bwd/ievov irXeovetcrelv, 35 TOVTOV ovv o-Koirei, elirep /3ovXei Kplveiv, 6a ep€L IBia avrco dBiKov elvat i) TO BiKaiov. irdvTCOv Be paara fxadrjaei, edv eirl rrjv reXecordrrjv dBtKiav eX-^779, rj TOV \iev dBifcrjaavTa evBaijjLOve&TaTov irotel, TOVS Be dBucrjOevTas ical d&i/cfjcraL OVK av 5 ddXtcoTarov^. eaTiv Be TOVTO Tvpavvus, fj ov Kara OVTI, and the like, is used to indicate that at least as suitable in point of meaning a word is to be taken in its strict and full here. etymological sense {EV-TJOLKCOV) : cf. Phaed. 35 \£ya> 7 ' ev re TroXcTifcr) teal ISioyTifcrj dpjffl. iv
32
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[340 B
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aTrohe^wfieda.
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ein\nroti<ji)$ A 1 ! ! : ^7riXci7roi)
virb T&V dpx^vTdJp: that which the rulers aofyiGTiKbv ffVKO
TTOAITEIAC A
341 B]
33
dXXa 7ra? 7' av etiroiy OTI 6 laTpbs rjfiapTev KCU 6 dp^cov TOLOVTOV ovv Brj (rot teal e/xe vTroXaffe vvv Brj diroKpiveaOai • TO Be 35 341 dfcpiftecTTaTov exelvo Tvyydvei €(7TX, fJLTj dfiaprdvecv. Tideadat,
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B ouTe I fjurj XaOoyv fSidcraadai, TG> Xoytp Bvvauo. 'Xecprjaaifjn,, TJV O° eyco, (5 fiafcdpie. TOCOVTOV eyyevrjTat,
dXX* iva
OvBe y
Bcopto-at, 7roTep<»9 Xeyeis TOV ap\ovTa
35 dtroKpfvcarOai. The imperfect infinitive, as Schneider remarks (Addit. P . 6). 3 4 1 A—342 E Socrates now meets Thrasymachus on his own ground, and attacks his definition according tp the * strictest form ' of argument. He shews by analogy that every ruler qua ruler seeks the good of those whom he rules, since every art aims at the good of its own peculiar charge or object, and not at its own, for qua art there is nothing lacking to it. 3 4 1 A ff. It is to be noted that the discussion is now transferred from the region of facts into an atmosphere of idealism. For this, Thrasymachus is primarily responsible. The theory that the ruler qua ruler makes no mistakes, is no doubt true ideally, but practically it is of little moment, since he will suffer qua ruler for the errors which he commits in moments of aberration. The strength of Thrasymachus' theory lay in its correspondence with the facts (real or apparent) of experience; it is the temptation to defend his theory against the criticism of Socrates which leads him to abandon facts for ideas; and as soon as he is refuted on the idealistic plane, he descends to facts again (343 Aff.). The vein of idealism struck by Thrasymachus is worked to some purpose by Socrates. To assert that rulers qua rulers always seek the good of their subjects is in reality to set before us a political ideal,
av €7rc-
fir) avOcs
TJ/JLCV 10
T€ teal
and Plato's Ideal Commonwealth is intended to be its embodiment in a state. Plato was probably the first to develope and elaborate this principle of political science, but the legislations of Solon and other early lawgivers furnish examples of its application to practical politics (see especially Arist. Rep. Ath. ch. 12 and Solon's verses there cited), and it is formulated by the historical Socrates in Xen. Mem. ill 2, with which compare Cyrop. VIII 2. 14. See also Henkel Studien zur Gesch. d. gr. Lehre vom Staat pp. 44, 145, and Whibley Greek Oligarchies p. 11 n. 29. 5
Kovpyovvra (as Schneider observes) is not used as in 338 D of putting an evil or sophistical interpretation on a theory, but of damaging a man's personal reputation and credit: "scilicet existimationis et pecuniae detrimentum facturus sibi videbatur sophista ideoque Socratem se, quamquam frustra, impugnare in sequentibus quoque criminatur." 3 4 1 B 9 pi) Xa8oiv : '"si non latueris" (Schneider). Stephanus conjectured yA\v and Ast /ue for yd]: but either change would destroy the antithesis between XavOdveip and /?tdfe
oUre ^tdaaadai
bvvarbv.
Hirschig's excision of fit) \adu>v greatly impairs the emphasis.
T7AATQN0I
34
TOV tepeiTTOva, TOV co? eVo? elirelv rj TOV a/epiffet Xoy
Tov
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6 A 2 II: om. A1.
18.
akXa
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y
A.Xr)6r)y €<j>r). Ov/covv
Haw
ye.
Ov
teal r) Tk
yovv I I : ye oftv A.
TQV Ka.0* eavrCov TL TJ ddijvara iroulv ivt12 rbv c5s ^tros clirciv. The only exact parallel to this use of ws £iros eltretv XeipotivTwv Xeyofi^vrj (Schol.). The proin Plato is Laws 656 E o-Koirwv 5' evprjaeis verb is very rare, and does not seem to atirbdi rA ixvpioarbv fros yeypa/jL/j.e'va rj occur elsewhere in classical Greek. T€Tinro)/x4va ov\ ws ^ o $ eitrelv /xvptoa-rbv 18 ov&v »v Kal Tavra: * though you dXX' 6VTU)$. This idiomatic phrase is rare were a nonentity at that too': i.e. at before Plato, who uses it 77 times with bluffing me, as well as in other respects. the meaning 'to put the matter in a word,' So (I think) Schneider, rightly ("aber implying that other and possibly more auch darin ist's nichts mit dir"). Others exact means of describing the thing in (e.g. Shorey in A. J. Ph. xvi p. 234) question might be found. In 52 of these explain 'and that too though you are cases the phrase is combined with iras or a thing of naught.' But in that case Kal ovdels and their family of words, in the ravra would surely precede ovdev wv. sense of /ere, propemodum: its use in Tucker can hardly be right in making Kal other connexions is in part a return to ravra simply 'moreover' 'too,' 'and proved old poetic usage; cf. Aesch. Pers. 714, a failure, too.' Nor (in spite of J. B. Eur. Hipp. 1162, Herad. 167. See Mayor in Cl. Rev. x p. n o ) is it quite Griinenwald in Schanz's Beitrage zur hist. enough to translate (with Campbell) Synt. d. gr. Spr. 11 3, pp. 21 ff. The 'though here again you are nobody,' i.e. other examples in the Republic are v 'with as little effect as ever.' 464 D, VIII 55IB, ix 577 c. 21 Kal X£yc—ovra is expunged by Herwerden, but the emphatic reiteration o vvv 8t] J:\eycs: viz. in 340 E /card rbv aKpifir) \6yov. The antecedent is the is in keeping with the whole tone of the phrase dKpi^eT Xbyy. The conjecture of passage. For the sense we may recall the words of the so-called oath of HippoBenedictus, oi> for 0, though adopted crates els oUlas 6t oKbcras av eaia;, i
342 A]
TTOAITEIAC
A
35
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1
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jectsupon whom the art is exercised. The expression is a little vague (cf. v m 543 c n.) but it is rash and unnecessary to in-
vel consimilia scribere." The same sense, expressed more briefly, may be obtained by the insertion of Sei before elvai: 'has sert etdet or write eKaarq) < TU>V eldwv > every art also a t-v/uHpipov besides (i.e. TotjTwv, as Tucker recommends. besides the %vy.
But
34
o-w[ia lo-ri irovr)p6v KTX. Lys.
the words of the sentence ap' ofiv—re\4av 217 B avayic&freTai 86 ye
36
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[342 A
5 €tC7ropcov(rr)<;; dpa fcal ev avrrj rrj re^yrj evi Tt? 0novr]plai ical hel ifcdarrj re^vrj a\\i?9 Te\vr)^y r/ris avrrj TO %v/j,
iKiropiotiarjs q : £K"iropi£o6
5 ^Kiropiovcrqs. See cr. n. iiciropioij&ris appears in three Florentine MSS. The present is difficult, if not impossible, in so close a union with the future: cf. X 604 A and VI 494 D. See Introd. § 5. 8 rj avTij—o-K&l'erai; This question (which is of course to be answered in the negative) shews the awkwardness of the reading of A in ap' ofiv—TeXtav elvai (341 D), which might almost be construed to mean that each art does seek its own
Set I I : 8ei del A 1 : Set aid A 2 .
=d/fpt/3^s ovaa in the sense which aKpifify bears throughout this passage (341 B al.). Hartman's insertion of 17 before d/c/w/3^s is unsatisfactory; his alternative proposal to change d/cpi^s to OKpipQs spoils the emphasis, and gives a wrong sense, 3 4 2 c 20 !«WTVJ|M| is here a synonym for T^XVV' All arts rule: and ruling is itself an art or science, not a happy inspiration (cf. Mem. ill 6). Like other arts, ruling seeks only the good of that which it rules. 3 4 2 D 26 wfioXoy^Tat ydp—XPT1fxa" Turnjs. Ast compares Arist. Pol. A 9. 1258 s 10 ff. dvdplas ydp oti xphv^Ta. irotelv $
nOAITEIAC A
343 A] .
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37
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teal TO itcetvG) ^iffM(j>€pov teal irpkirov teal \eyet 343
XVI.
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teal ovte 5
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7 o n oilci TOVS iroi|Uvas KTX. Thrasymachus gives a new turn to the nursery saying. The illustration from the shepherd and his sheep (which is now for the first time introduced) was used by the historical Socrates to justify the opposite
of
$
xbXeus oXedpoi (Meineke Fr. Com.
Grace. 11 1, p. 140) the image is the same. Compare the eloquent words of Ruskin in Sesame and Lilies § 43 and Milton's Lycidas 113—129. 3 4 3 B 12 TJ7€i 8iavo€ur0cu. The conclusion (Xen. Mem. m 2. 1) &VTVXUV conjecture 5ia/cet
Arist. Eth. Nic. vin 13. n 6 i a 12 ft. eft
(I think) mean ' far from ' (sc. knowing):
yhp Trotet TOVSftaffiXevofAivovs,etrrep ayadbs this would require irbppoj et
see Ast's Lex. Plat. s. v. vo/ietis. In Socrates' view 'the shepherd careth for his sheep.' With Thrasymachus' attitude should be compared the picture of the tyrant in Theaet. 174 D as a avpumjv 7} Troi/xiva ij Ttva I$OVK6\OV—iro\v
/35d\-
\OVTO. (he squeezes as much milk as he can out of his flock): also Solon ap. Arist. Rep. Ath. ch. \i d yap TIS &\\OS TaVTTJS T7JS TI/U.7JS ^TVX^V,
OVK &V KCLT^aX€
drjfiov ov5' iwavffaTO, | Trplv dvTapd^as map
e'letXev 7
Ar. Wasps 192. Such biting sarcasm is appropriate in the mouth of Thrasymachus. 3 4 3 c 16 dXXoTpiov d-ya06v. Arist. Eth. Nic. v 3. 1130s 3 f. 5td 5e" T6 aM TOVTO Kai dXXbTpiov dyadbv 8 OK el etvai i) SiKaioo-vvrj IXOVT) TWV dpeTujv, 6TI irpbs %Tepbv eo-Tiv aXXy yap TO. avfx
Stewart's note) and ib. 10. H 3 4 b 5 . 17
T^J OVTI is not r £ OVTL diKaiif), but
revera (as Stallbaum observes). 19 »s dXrjOcSs as well as aX
344A] apxofxevoi D evBai/iova
nOAITEIAC A
39
TTOLOVCTLV TO itcelvov ^v/Jb(j>epov Kpelrrovos 6W09, teal 20 etcelvov TTOIOXXTLV vTrrjpeTovvres CLVTOJ, eavrovs Be ' ovK
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on Sltccuos dvrjp dBu/cov iravTayov eXaTTOv €^ei. wpcorov /xev ev T049 777209 dXXrjXovs ^v/xfioXaiois, oirov av 6 TOIOVTOS TU> TOLOVTO) fCOivGJvrjar), ovBa/juov dv evpois ev rfj BiaXvaet rr}? leoivcovias irXeov 25 eyovra TOV Btfcaiov TOV dSl/cov a \ V eXarrov eireiTa ev rols ^ 0 9 TTJV 7roXivt orav re rive? elacfropal dxriv, 6 fjuev Si/caio? diro rdov E icrcov irXeov elcrcfyepei, 6 S' eXarrov, orav re XTJyjrecs, I 6 fxev ovBiv, 6 Be 7roXXa Kephaiveu. /cal yap orav dpyr)v Tiva dp^rj e/cdrepos, Tw fjLev Sifcato) virdpyei, ical el firjhefjiia aXXrj ty/jita, rd ye oitctla 30 BL d/xeXeiav fioxOvpOT^PC0^ %Xeiv> *K ^ T°v Brjfxoaiov fjL7]Bev otxfreXeladat Bed TO Bi/caiov elvat, 7rpo9 Be TOVTOI? dTTeyQttQai TOt9 re oliceLois teal TO69 yvcopifxo 19, orav firjBev eOeXrj avTols vTrrjperelv nrapd TO BiKaiov T
7
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Kal XdOpa Kal j3ia dQaipelrai,
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tcai yap
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re teal oveihr) €%€i ra
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Kal
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eireihav
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dvhpairohtcrdfxevof; BovXoo
dvrl
avTov?
TOVTCOV TS)V ala^pcov
15 K€K\7)VTai,
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7rpo? TO?9 TCOV
evhalfioves
OV fJLOVOU V7T0 TG)V 7T0\lTQ)V ' d\\d
6
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he ns
TWV TOIOV-
TCOV Kafcovpyrjfidrayv KaXovvrac
ical /jua/cdpioi
Kdl V1T0 TG>V aWcOV, C
rfSucrjicoTa* ov yap TO
oi
OVTOOS, C3 Sfti/tpaTe?, ical lo"^ypoT€pov
ical iXevOepMorepov ical SeairoriiccoTepov dSi/cla Bucaioavprjs e 20 iicavtos ytyvo/buevrjy ical otrep ef «p%^9 e\eyov, £vfi
TO fjuev rov
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plq. II: /3/a A.
3 4 4 B 8 <5v depends on jWp€i. 10 dvSpairoSurrai: * kidnappers.' The word is defined by Pollux ill 78 as 6 rbv tXetiOcpov KaradovXcocrd/xevos rj rbv dXXbrpLov OIK£TT)V dirayb/jLevos. Thessaly had
an evil name for this kind of crime (Blaydes on Ar. Plut. 521); but the frequent references to it in Attic literature shew that Greece itself was not exempt. See on IX 575 B and the article in Stephanus-Hase Thes. s.v. 11 TWV TotovTwv KaKOvpyqjidrwv is usually explained as depending on Kara, txtpy, but as /card fx4prj is adverbial, this is somewhat awkward. It is perhaps better to regard the genitive as partitive, rt being omitted as in Kivfiaeiev hv rwv d£iojv X6yov vbfiuv iv 445 E, where see note. 12 irpds Tots—xP1lHiaflriiV i s virtually equivalent to rrpbs r y rd TQV iroXirwy dipeXtoOai, and combined by zeugma with 8ouXu>ffr)Tai. Cf. I 330 E n.
14 cv$a£}tov€S—K?KXt|VTai. The generic singular ns has become a plural, as in Phaed. 109 D, infra VII 536 A. Envy of tyranny and tyrants was common in the Athens of Plato's younger days: compare Gorg. 484 A, 470 D (where it is maintained by Polus that Archelaus of Macedon is tvdaLfxup, and Socrates
says dXtyov croi ir&pres avfXf^yi]
141 A ff. The plays of Euripides in particular (see v i n 568 A) often eulogised the tyrant: e.g. Troad. n 6 9 ff., Fr. 252, Phoen. 524 ff. In earlier days Solon's friends had blamed him for not making himself tyrant of Athens: see the dramatic fragment (33 ed. Bergk), where the prevalent passion for tyranny is forcibly expressed in the lines tfdeKov ydp Kev KpaTT?i
fyd y yivos (4—6). pfy ( 4 ) See also Newman's fA i l Politics of Aristotle I pp. 88 388—392. 3 4 4 c 16 ov-ydp—rr\v dSiicCav. Cf. Gorg. 483 A <j>v
20 tKavws yiyvo[Uvr\: 'realised on an adequate scale' (D. and V.). For the construction of yiyveaSai with an adverb cf. (with Ast) Soph. 230 C and infra VI 504 C. After TO 5' ddiKov below, Herwerden would insert T6 to go with iaur<JJ XvaireXovv re Kal t-v/x
TTOAITEIAC A
344 E] XVII.
Tavra
elwajv
6 ' &pa
6&
Xoyov.
rjvdyKaaap
viropelval
ov jirjv etaadv
teal Brj eycoye teal airds
re
E eiri^eipelv
irpayiia
eire
ye
irdvv
i/o> eZ%€z/
tnrievai,
TWV wrcov dOpoov ical
avrov
KCL\ irapaa^elv
oi Trapovres,
reap elprj/jueveov
dXX' 25 \6yov.
iSeo/jbtjv re teal elirov *Q Bac/xovie
ta^e, olov i/jL/3aka>v \6yov rj fiadelv
Kara
iv I>G3 €^€t
ovrco? elre
' Siopi^eadai,
aXXco? e^ec;
a\\'
ov
filov
irpXv ScSdgai
rf afutcpov Siaycoyrfv,
otei f; civ 30
e/ca
of Socrates* view, but a restatement of his theory, with an addition necessitated by Thrasymachus' example of the shepherd. The shepherd (says Socrates) is no shepherd, when he fattens his sheep
for his own gain, nor the ruler a ruler, when he enriches himself at the expense of his subjects. On such occasions both shepherd and ruler are in reality /xurflwriKoi—professors of /jnffdumK^, an art which is distinct from that of ruling, though usually associated with it. This analysis is new and valuable in itself; it also enables Socrates (in 347 D) to make the first explicit allusion in the Republic to an ideal state, and to formulate what afterwards becomes a leading principle of the Platonic commonwealth—the reluctance of the ruling class to accept office. 3 4 4 D 24 KaTavrXtjo-as. For the metaphor cL infra vii $?fi B, Lys. 204 l), Lucian Dem. Enc. 16 (imitated from this passage) and other examples in Blaydes on Ar. Wasps 483. 28 ^PoXwv: cf. Theaet. 165 D, Pro/. 342 E. The whole expression recalls the Latin proverb scrupulum abeunti (Cic. dt Fin. IV 80). 3 4 4 E 31 8iayo|Mvos. The use of this verb in Soph. EL 782 xp^vo* dirjyt /j.€, Dem. 18. 89 irdXefxos—dirjyev vfxas, Xen. Rep. Lac. 1 3 and elsewhere is in favour of regarding Sicry^/uepos ('living') as grammatically passive and not middle both here and in Laws 758 A. Cf. Stephanus-Hase Thes. s.v. bidyu). lyd y i p KTX.. I agree with Stallbaum and others in taking this sentence as interrogative: 'do you mean that / think otherwise about this matter?' i.e. think that it is not a question of filov diayury^. J. and C. complain that this interpretation is "wanting in point." It is surely much to the point to make Thrasymachus repudiate the imputation of trifling. His doctrine appears all the more dangerous when he confesses that it is no
42
TTAATQNOI
[344
ty €
iroifialveiv II et yp in marg. A 2 : irialveiv A.
sophistic paradox, but a rule of life. I can see nothing to justify Apelt's conjeciure Zyury'ap'for iyu y&p (Odserv. Crit. p. 11). 33 TJTOI r\\i.u>v y€. ijToi or rjjrot—ye= 'or else' (not 'or rather' as J. and C.)The regular construction is TJTOI—TJ, and rj—TJTOL was condemned by the grammarians as a solecism, though it occurs in Pind. Nem. 6. 5. With the use of ijroi in this passage cf. in 400 c, iv 433 A TOVT6 iarip—rjroi rotirov TL eWos i} ducaio
£<m. The effect is exactly as in the English 'let him be unjust' etc., 'nevertheless he cannot convince me that it is really more profitable than justice.5 J. and C. understand TIS before £
346A]
nOAITEIAC A
7T0L/Ji)jv 6GTIV,
a\\'
wairep
43
OV TTpOS TO TGOV TTpoftaTWV
fteXTLGTOV
BatTVfjuova TLVCL fcal fieXXovTa ecrTidaeaffai,
D evco^lav, i) av 7rpo
wairep
7r/w TTJV
^prjfjiaTKTTrjv ' dXX' ov 20
7roi/JL€pa. Ty Be TTOL/nevifcfj ov Br/irov aXXov TeTdKTai, 07TG>9 TOVTG) TO fteXTiaTov iiaropiei'
TOV fJiiXei ?}', i
Ta ye
a>
avTrjs,
WGT elvai ffeXTio'TT], l/cav&s Brjirov ifC7T€7r6pio'TaL, ea>? 7' av firj&ev eVSe?; TOV Troifievcfcfj elvav
OVTQ) Se wjjirjv eycoye vvv Srj
elvai r/fjilv ofjuoXoyeiv, irdaav
TOfieXTMTTOvcncoireladai rj etcelvcp Tip dp^o/JLeva) T€ teal E fJbev
dvayicaiov
dp^rjv, Ka& oaov dpyr), firjSevl aXX(p 25
rat9 TToXecriv, TOU? dXrjdS)^ ap^ovTa?,
Oepairevo-
av Se TOV<;
i/covTas
otei
apypvTas
dpyetv;
M a AL OV/C, €
TL Be; rjv 8' iyd>y do @pao"i;/xa%e, Ta? aXXa$ dp%d<; 30 0Ti ovBeis ideXec apyeiv
avToiaiv
346 dp^o^evot^;
iirei
itc(M)v> dXXd fiiaOov
0)
ovj^i
e/cdaTrjv
ifcdo-TOTe TWV TC^vcov TovTw eTepav elvai, eyeiv;
feat, w /j,atcdpt,e, firj irapd
7repaivco/jL€v. 'AXXd
TOVTO),
IBiav Tivd TJ/JLIV irapkyeTai^
TC5 eTepav TTJV Bvva/Mv OVKOVV
'iva TL KOI KCU wtyeXlav
a X \ ' ov KOCVTJV, otov laTpi/cr) 5
vyiecav, tcvftepvrjTitcr} Be a-coTrjplav iv TG> irXelv, teal al 5.
Tots
fievTot
B6%av diro/cplvov,
ecfrrj, eTepa.
alTovaiv,
aXXai
otov A 2 n : ohi A1.
circa universttm pastoris negotium errantern a Socrate Thrasymachum notari docent " (Schneider). How Thrasymachus errs is explained in otf irpos rb KT\. vialveiv might perhaps be read, if the a\Xd clause is taken closely with what precedes: you did not think it necessary (says Socrates) to adhere rigidly to the genuine shepherd, but think he fattens his sheep qua shepherd. In that case, however, we should expect aXX' ov—fi\tirei? in place of oi)—^X^irovra, to form the antithesis to iriaiveiv. 3 4 6 D 24 OVTW 84 |J>T)v. Some inferior MSS (with Eusebius Praep. Ev. x u 44. 2) read 5T) for 64, and so Ast and Stallbaum. The connecting particle is better than the illative here, where Socrates is merely recalling his former train of reasoning: 'and it was thus that I came to think ' etc.
346 E31 ovScls—ptto-edv. Cf. Arist.Eth.
Nic. v 10.1134 b 5 ff. Kal 5iA TOVTO dWd
dval <pa
ry irtpav.
44
TTAATQNOZ
[346 A
ovreo; TIdvu ye. OVKOVV teal ficadcorifcrj fiiadov; avrrj yap avTrjs I rj SiW/u &cnrep 10 hired ov, ovBep TL fiaXXov, idv TL$ Kvftepp&v vyirjs ylyvTjrai Sea TO f*vfi
%vfji
%vn
*i.
atirri %q: avrrj A : afar} (sic) II.
7 OVKOOV KTX. Aristotle agrees with TLK^ (/u