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PERSIAN MANUAL, A POCKET COMPANION INTENDED TO FACILITATE THE ESSENTIAL ATTAINMENTS OP CONVERSING WITH FLUENCY AND COMPOSING WITH ACCURACY, IN THE MOST GBACEJUL OF AIL THE LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN
THE EAST.
FART
I.
A CONCISE GRAMMAR OF THE LANGUAGE,
With Exercises on its more prominent peculiarities, together with a Selection of Useful Phrases, Dialogues, and Subjects for Translation into Persian.
PART
A VOCABULARY OF USEFUL
II.
WORDS, ENGLISH AND PERSIAN, SHOWING AT THE SAME TIME THE DIFFERENCE OF IDIOM BETWEEN THE TWO LANGUAGES.
BT
CAPTAIN
H.
WILBERFORCE CLARKE, "Royal Engineers.
LONDON: WM. H. ALLEN &
CO., 13,
WATERLOO PLACE,
1878.
S.W.
LONDON
:
GILBERT AND EIVINGTON, PBINTEBS, 52, ST. JOHN'S SQUABE, E.C.
Wirult,
1- SI.
WHO ENCOURAGED ME
.,
IX
BOYHOOD, YOUTH, AND MANHOOD,
THIS
WOBK
IS,
WITH AFFECTION,
PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR. THIS work Part
I.
is
divided into
Section
1.
Two Parts
:
The Grammar. Lessons and Exer-
2. Progressive cises.
3.
Miscellaneous
Dialogues
and
Exercises.
Part 2.
Part
II.
Vocabulary.
Sections 2
and 3 of Part
The Grammar sian
I.
and the whole of
II. are entirely original. is,
in part, compiled from the Per-
Grammars by Dr. Lumsden, LL.D., 1810.
Mirza
Muhammad
Ibrahim
ShirazI, 1841.
Mr. A. H. Bleeck, 1857. Dr. D. Forbes, LL.D., 1862. Its
arrangement is entirely new much original matbeen introduced ; and the whole rendered as ;
ter has
concisely as possible.
The Exercises and Sentences (English to be turned
PREFACE.
X into Persian)
have been taken from Dr. Forbes' It
Manual of Hindustani. exercises
was considered that these
and sentences were possibly as good and as as any others which could be devised,
well arranged
this work, the student by adopting them for would have the advantage of being able to compare The great the Hindustani with the Persian idiom. success which Dr. Forbes' Manual of Hindustani
while,
has obtained was a further inducement to adopt the
same plan. 3.
The aim throughout
this
work has been
to
useful idioms, gather under each sentence as many That portion expressions and synonyms as possible. of a sentence which may be represented by other
in brackets ; equivalent expressions is enclosed and the equivalent expressions also placed within are put at brackets and separated by semi-colons
the end of the sentence.
Thus, on page 126 of the
Vocabulary, against the word "robbed," it is to be understood that the expressions " duzd burda ;" " dast-burd-i-duzd gardida;" "ba sirkat rafta;" "duzdida shuda," may each be substituted for the " ba duzdi in the expression
rafta,"
sentence.
This plan of rendering the sentences will, it is believed, give great aid to the student in mastering He will see at a glance the several the language.
PREFACE.
XI
in which a sentence may be rendered, will observe the force of words, and will be able to com-
ways
pare idiom with idiom.* 4. It has been customary to regard Persian as a language easy of attainment this is far from being ;
A certain degree of proficiency may easily
the case.
be reached
;
but to obtain a thorough knowledge of
the language is exceedingly difficult, owing to (a) The vast number of words (said to be 80,000) in the language
;
The ambiguous expressions in which a Persian
(<5)
delights
;
The want
(c)
Want
(d)
of translations ;t
of properly qualified teachers.*
this work is most readily yet all that care and labour could do to
That there are defects in allowed
;
prevent error has been given to the task. The critic will remember that this is the first attempt ever * In his Hindustani Manual Dr. Forbes rendered the English way only. For Hindustani this may be suffi-
sentence in one cient
;
but a rich language, such as the Persian, requires more
generous handling. f The only Persian books translated into English are Gulistan, the Amvar-i-Suhaili, and the Shah-Namah. J
This
Arabic.
is
the
a most serious difficulty as regards Persian and
PREFACE.
Xli
to bring out a work, systematically into arranged, treating of the rendering of English
made by anyone Persian.
5. At the present time, the only books which attempt to treat of the rendering of English sentences into Persian are the following :
(a)
rabji,
"The
Persian Munshi," by Dosa-Biya,i Su-
a Parsi.
This book contains 1117 sentences, rendered in Hindustani, SindhI and Persian. The sentences are not arranged alphabetically, nor so as to express the rendering of a certain dominant word they are simply grouped together under six heads, Introductory, ;
Mercantile, Medical, Judicial, Military
The work
and Miscellaneous.
roughly lithographed on bad Indian paper. The renderings in lithographed oriental character are not easy for a beginner to decipher. But for the arrangement and the way in
which
is
it is
got up
it
would be an excellent work.
obtained from Messrs. Thacker and Co., of
be
It can
Bombay,
for
6J rupees.
" Modern Persian," by an Officer of the Haiderabad Contingent, revised by MIrza Zainul 'Abadm (6)
Shirazi. This
is
a small book, printed in
Bombay
in 1871
points in the oriental character (which
have
is
it
;
1769 sentences, without any arrangement whatever
;
contains
the vowel
not transliterated)
been omitted, making it very difficult for a beginner to pronounce the words. It may be obtained from Messrs. Thacker
and
all
Co., of
Bombay, for 10
rs.
"The
(c)
Conversation Manual," by Captain G.
Plunkett, E.E. This
is
a book, printed in London, containing 670 sentences
and a bare
list
of 1500 words, which are rendered in Hindustani,
Pushtu and Persian.
Eoman
character only
It. is a
used.
is
small book and necessarily covers but a small extent of each of the three languages.
It
may be obtained from Messrs.
son and Co., Cornhill, London, for 6
The three books, one defect, which
is,
Kichard-
rs.
briefly described, labour
that each sentence
is
under
rendered in
The student is not afforded the opportunity of contrasting idiom with idiom, word with
one way only.
word
;
nor of exercising his powers of observation.
The Persian Manual now
offered to
the public
contains:
In
Section
2,
Part
I.,
555 sentences.
3,
Part
I.,
333
II.,
1969
In Vocabulary, Part Total
number of
sentences,
2857
This number 28.57 represents the actual number of English sentences rendered into Persian ; but almost every sentence is expressed in several ways. The actual number of Persian sentences probably
amounts, at
least,
cally arranged.
to
2857 x 3
= 8671,
all
methodi-
A bald list
of words
is
of
little
use
;
the student
know how to use them.* It is hoped that study of this Manual may save the student much
requires to
a
and unnecessary drudgery with a native teacher that the tables of Persian weights and measures, the ;
digest of regulations regarding examinations in Persian and Arabic, and the lists of Persian and Arabic
books
may
prove useful.
I here beg to record the service which I have re-
6.
ceived, in correcting the proof-sheets of this work,
and generally in bringing it out, from (a) Maulawi Allah BaKhsh, who passed twentyfive years of his life in Persia,
acted as Arabic in-
during the Abyssinian campaign, and is now Instructor in Persian in the High School of terpreter
Karachi in East India. () Shaikh
Muhammad
a native of Tahran,
who
campaign, and followed
Sadik, Hajiu-1-haramam, me in the Abyssinian
served
my
fortunes at divers seasons
in India.f
I mention the names of these men not only because they deserve to be named, but also as a gua* This
is
especially the case with regard to Arabic words used
in Persian. "
"
f Hajm-1-haramain is the title of a Musulman who haa made a pilgrimage to Makkah and Madlna.
XV
PREFACE.
rantee that the Persian renderings of the sentences
are idiomatic as well as grammatical. 7.
lent
The student's attention is drawn to the excelmanner in which the "Work has been got up by I freely acknowledge the great
the Publishers.
obligation under which I rest for the care
and trouble
which they have exercised.
H.
WILBERFORCE CLARKE, CAPTAIN, R.E.
Karachi,
May
1877.
The following Table gives a this
list
of Exercises in
Manual, which- will be found rendered in Persian
in Forbes'
" Persian
Grammar." The other
exercises
have been taken from the " Gulistan" and "Arabian Nights' Entertainment."
PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS.
4
do 2. It will be observed that , J , J, j , j,J, j not alter in shape, whether initial, medial, or final; neither do they unite with the letter following to 1
the
The
left.
letters b, k,
,
do not
alter
;
but they
always unite with the letter following to the The eight letters peculiar to Arabic are <^>, fjc,
\s
c
la,
,
,
They appear only
Jf.
The four
purely, or originally, Arabic. liar to
Persian are (>,
-.
,
j
,
left.
^,
in words
letters pecu-
^J.
PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS. 3.
cu
The sound
t.
of this letter
dental than that of the English with the Sanskrit if
is softer t
;
it
and more identical
is
.
s
iJL>
words
is
sounded by the Arabs
thick, thin;
by the Persians
like
th in the
as s in the
words
sick, sin. -.
ch has the sound of ch in the
-. h is it
is
word church. word haul; f
a strong aspirate like h in the
.uttered
by compressing the lower muscles of
the throat. -^
kli
has a sound like ch in the word
loch, as
pronounced by a Scotchman. J d is more dental than the English d. j z is sounded by the Arabs bike th in the words thy, thine ;
by the Persians
as z in zeal.
PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS.
sounded as r in the French word pardon, pronounced like j in the French word jour ;
r is
.
j zh is or as
in the
z
s
fjc
our
word
azure.
sounded as in shun, shine. has a stronger and more hissing sound than
sh
i
5
is
s.
^
2 is
pronounced by the Arabs as a hard d or
dt; by the Persians as z. L, k t and z in Persian are sounded like
)
eu
t,
and
z
:
c
gA
like the
is
letter r as
pronounced by a
Scotchman. resembles the letter
Jf
CJ
k
is
d/ #
is
gem,
J
sounded
like
sounded
A;
c
in
cp,
ca/m.
in king, Calendar.
like g in go, give
;
never as g in
gentle. Z
is
sounded
bined with
^ n
it,
like
I
in law.
When
alif is
the two take the form of
^
com-
or ^.
at the Beginning of a word, or syllable, is
sounded
like
n
;
at the
end of a word or
preceded by a long vowel, bike that of
n
it
in the French
syllable, if
has a soft nasal sound
word
gar^on.
When
followed by the labials t_j b, i_j p, i /, it assumes the sound of m, as in the word Juu^, gumbad, not t
guiibad. *
/i
is
an aspirate
the end of a word,
like if
h in heart, hand
preceded by
;
but at
the short vowel
PRONUNCIATION OP THE LETTERS.
6
a
no sensible sound, as in
(faihoC), it lias
<)Jlj,
dand,
'***
"a
In
grain."
this
case, it is
ha,e-muMtafi } or obscure
.J^* .J^
called
h.
In a few words, where the fatha vowel alif, the final 8 is
is
for the long
a substitute
sounded
fully
;
as
"
shah
<x
[for sl
U
shah]
"
JUa
mali [for
^
ra/i [for s^ rah]
mah] "
sounded in 13 dah,
It is
a king."
a month."
a roa.d."
" ten,"
It is imperceptible in the
pounds.
and
all its
words
&
com-
ki
and
chi, with their compounds, whether conjunctions Persian word ending in the obscure or pronouns. &s>-
A
5
have
h will
Roman
the
characters
letter," or 4. It
"
;
omitted when written in "
nama
[not
namah]
a
written communication." difficult
is
h
as aUiU
to
distinguish
between the
sounds of the letters forming one of the following
groups a
:
.
]o
1
eu
t^ j ^
The Persians never attempt
^
CL;
to pronounce them they content themselves by sounding them according to the Persian letters, to which they
as the
Arabs
most nearly
;
assimilate.
VOWELS AND ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS,
7
Observation 5.
When
and
s
h,
or z
separate letters following
" as,hal,
"
more
plants/' a
or
comma
and
represent two
h,
'C
each other, as in JvfJ
most easy/' and .Ifcfl az,h(ir, will be inserted, as shown in
the examples. At the end of Arabic words
s
is
li
often
marked
with two dots, thus 'i, and sounded like t. In such words the Persians generally convert the into t^_> t; sometimes unaltered, and they leave the 'i
'i
frequently they omit the two dots, in which case the letter becomes imperceptible in sound.
YOWELS AND ORTHOGRAPHICAL
SIGNS.
6. The primitive vowels in Arabic and Persian are three in number. *fr*
The thus _
first ,
is
called
fatha, and
over the consonant to
which
it
is
written
belongs.
It
represented by the letter a in calendar.
is
x-G^
The second
is
called
tj^
kasra,
and
thus ~ , under the consonant to which
is
written
belongs. It In the is represented by the letter i in sip, or fin. Roman character it is represented by i unaccented.
The ,
third is
it
&*o zamma, which is written thus Its sound is like that of
over its consonant.
in the
words
pull,
push
;
or like oo in foot, hood
;
VOWELS AND ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS.
8
sound
its
Eoman
is
never that of u in
character
In the use, perfume. represented by u unaccented.
it is
In Persian these three short vowels are called respectively
" jj
When
7.
:
zdbar,
above."
"beneath."
->:
zer,
^
pesh,
i
a consonant
<(
j?
i.
in front.
is
))
accompanied by one of
the three vowels, fath a, kasra, or
zamma,
it is
said
'z f
to be t^J^rs^" mutaharrik, or moveable.
In Persian and Arabic, the
first letter of
a word
always accompanied, or moveable, by a vowel. When, in the middle or at the end of a word, a
is
is not accompanied by a vowel, it is said or inert. Thus in the ,j-U sakin, quiescent, 0/0^ the is * moveable by fath a ; word +-> mardum,
consonant to be
the
is
.
inert,
zamma, and,
having no vowel ; J
+:- jazm,
called
the *
finally,
that
moveable by
The symbol
,
o/o^
it is inert,
as in the example
^^> mar-
a man*''
dum,
In Persian the inert
is
placed over a consonant to
is
'
show
is inert.
;
hence jazm
last letter of a is
omitted.
word
is
generally
LONG VOWELS OR LETTERS OF PROLONGATION.
THE CONSONANTS 8.
At
I
c
y
,
AND
,
^
^
9
.
the beginning of a word or syllable (alif) its sound on the accompanying vowel. I
depends for c
('airi)
depends its
panying vowel;
for its
sound on the accom-
place
of utterance is in the
lower muscles of the throat, thus 'ab
,
C^
'ib
:
(^.^c.
,
'ub,
are different in sound from ^ c_>l
has j (waw)
f
ab,
L__>!
ib,
the sound of
c
w
>!
ub.
in the
words we,
went.
The modern Persians pronounce the waw in
like v
words such as *y& shavam, ^jj^ shavL
^
(ya)
is,
in sound, like
y in the words you,
yet.
LONG VOWELS OR LETTERS OF PROLONGATION.
When , inert, is preceded by a letter moveby fatha, the fatha and alif coalesce and give a lengthened sound, as J6 Mr, "work;" the sound 9.
I
able
is like
that of a in war.
Alif, inert, is
always preceded by fatha ; hence
LONG VOWELS OR LETTERS OF PROLONGATION.
10
dlif, not beginning a word or syllable, has always a lengthened sound.
10. When is preceded by a consonant ^, inert, moveable by zamma, the zamma and ^ coalesce and form a sound like u in rule.
When ^ ,* inert, is preceded by a consonant, moveable by fatha, the fatha and . coalesce, and form a sound like ou in soundWhen j *
,
inert, is
preceded by a consonant move-
*
When j is preceded by ^ lowed by alif, the sound of j in the words
,
moveable by fatha and folalmost imperceptible, as
is
khwab, "sleep," pronounced
Jch.db.
"
I desire," pronounced kh,dham. In such cases the j will not be sounded, and in the
khwdham,
Eoman
it will be represented by w. preceded by ^, moveable by fatha, and sometimes by zamma, or Jcasra, is followed by any of the nine
character
When j
letters
:
,
<j
occasionally loses
SUU-'L/'J>> its
I>
sound, as in the words
V
)
.jji.
pronounced
Tfhad,
not khaud or Jchawad.
pronounced
kfiyd,
not
.jji.
^ji. pronounced
t ^ie
J
:
Jchiid.
khesh, not Jchiwesh.
This rule applies only to words purely Persian. In the the w will in such words be omitted, and
Eoman character,
the vowel marked with a dot, as
M<
SUMMARY. able
by
11
kasra, no union takes place,
the sound of w, as
When
and the
^
retains
(siwa).
ly
preceded by a consonant moveable by kasra, the kasra and ya unite and form a long vowel, like i in the word machine. 11.
^j
inert, is
(2/0),
"
familiar This sound of ya, is called ya,e m'ariif, ya." In Persia yd has sometimes the sound of ea
word bear ;
in the
"
unknown
When
sound
this
is
ya," or ya,e 'ajami,
called ya,e majhul,
"
i. e.
Persian ya."
preceded by a consonant moveable by fatha, the fath'a and ya unite and form (_$
(?/), inert, is
a diphthong like ai in the as
i
German word
kaiser, or
in wise.
a consonant, When (ya), inert, is preceded by moveable l)y*zamma, no union takes place ; and the
^
13
ya
retains its sound of y,
" muyassar,
--/
word j*u^
as in the
obtainable."
SUMMARY. 12.
From what
has been said
we have
Three short vowels, Three long vowels,
:
t
x'
Jo bad, Jo bid, Jj >
j'j fcaci,
> Jjj
bud
;
'(,
&zci,
J^j
&cZ
;
C-^
o*
Two diphthongs, Jju laid, Jy laud; Two long vowels peculiarly majhul, "unknown," or " 'ajami,
O
Persian," Jjj be1,j*.
roz.
12
RULES
READING.
FOB,
RULES FOR READING. 13.
There are very few Persian works, manuscript all the vowels are marked.
or printed, in which
The primitive short, vowels -, ~, _, as well as _ and _ are almost always omitted. The following remarks
may be
of service
:
The last letter of every word is inert, hence the mark _ (jazm) is omitted. (&) The short vowel 1 (fatha} is of more frequent (a)
occurrence than kasra or ing,
it is
(c)
zamma;
hence, in print-
omitted.
The short vowel _
(fatha) should be supplied
for every consonant in a word, except the last
and
marked with _, or one of the vowels. (d) The letters 1, ^, ^, are generally inert, when not initial ; hence they are not marked with jazm. those
,
(e)
When
^,
^,
not
initial,
are moveable conso-
nants they are marked with their proper vowels. (/) When ^ (10010) or (ya) follow a consonant
^
unmarked by a
short vowel, or
the majhul or 'ajamt sound
an ant."
jye mor,
When
;
by jazm, they have
as
"
-x
sher,
a lion."
a consonant moveable
is
(g) preceded by ^ by zamma, and ya by a consonant moveable by
the sound
is
m'aruf, or
known
;
" 4)***,
sud,
" gain."
|
^Ji
kasra,
as shir,
milk."
RULES FOR READING.
1
3
When waw and ya follow a consonant marked (7i) with jazm, they are consonants, and are sounded as j
(iv)
able
and
^
(y)
When waw
(i)
.
and ya follow a consonant, move-
by fatha, they form diphthongs
*$ kaum, "a 14.
tribe." |
Some symbols have
^ still
to
as
;
"a
sair,
walk."
be noticed. They
madda, hamza, tanwtn, tashdid, the article of Arabic nouns, and wasla. are
:
(a)
SJK
(madda) [^]
when placed over an
extension, and
signifies
broad and open that of a in water. The
alif gives it a
sound, almost equivalent to madda is used to avoid the meeting of two the beginning of a word.
"
Thus, instead of water."
definite
L-J!
1
,
alifs at
the Persians write L_J! ab,
8^ (hamza) [j or -] is used, instead of alif, (ft) when one syllable of a word ends with a vowel, and [according
our ideas of orthography] the following syllable begins with a vowel ; that is, virThus we have tually with an alif. to
:
-*
f-
^Ij pa,e, instead of jjl
^lU
fa } ida, instead of
In Persian the sound of hamza Arabic the sound of hamza
is
is
;
sjlli
.
that of alif; in
that of 'ain.
Strictly,
14
RULES FOR READING.
hamza ought
to be used
ning with a vowel, inflexion, as
"
^jj
badl,
This rule
whenever a
added
syllable, begin-
to a root in the
way
of
:
JoJ didem,
*j
is
is
Practically,
"
we saw," from
root, did ;
badness," from root, bad.
seldom observed.
hamza in the middle of a word
is
equivalent to our hyphen in such words as re-open. At the end of words, terminating in the imperceptible 3 , hamza has the sound of e.
Roman character, hamza will be reprecomma between the vowels, as in SJJU
In the
sented by a
(c)
^fi
the
(tanwln) [-, ~, -] signifies the using It is formed by doubling the
letter
^. vowel point of the last letter of a word. The vowel is then pronounced as though it terminated in ^ n. In the Roman character it will be represented by n.
In Arabic, tanwln serves to mark the inflexion
of nouns
;
J
j
fa,ida.
of
;
thus the symbol
:
- (double zamma) marks the nominative^) / sing. ~ marks the > .
genitive ^ (double fath a) marks the accusative
,
(double ~kasra)
&
,
}
In Persian only the _ (double fath a) (accusative form) is used, and that adverbially ; as
RULES FOR READING. 9
"
lJU*5sr
takhminan, le
Is'Jul
15
by valuation."
by chance."
ittifdkan,
*
The symbol
(double fatha} requires alif, which,
however, does not prolong the sound of the
last
syllable.
The
is
1
when
not required
- (hamza) or
,
as
the
word ends with
:
" *
shai~an,
.*
willingly,"
*. hikmatan " nor
when
the
word ends with
which case
alif [in
skilfully ;"
alif only
surmounted by
ya,
is
pronounced]
;
as,
"
of prolongation, as
alif is
"
a or
God."
this
[-],
doubles the letter over which Oil
(e)
symbol
J
I
;
be repre-
)
"
or
corroboration,"
it is w
M urram
will
o.
(taslidld)
IV*"
like the alif
"end," "futurity."
'ukbu,
Roman character
sented b
sounded
:
ta'ala
jJUJ
In the
lovingly."
haivq-an,
J.yb
Without tanwtn the
/
'joyful/* vXor<
this Article is
placed; as
Muhammad.
used only before Arabic
SUBSTANTIVES, ADJECTIVES, AND PRONOUNS.
1
Nouns. If the Noun begins with any of the fourteen ^ & J yj eu d> ^ j j j ^j~ (jo (jo
^
letters
the
of the Article assumes the sound of the initial
J
Noun, which
letter of the
is
then marked by tashdid;
thus f
So^ 1
jiJJ
" ,
the light,"
" ^H*A^J
^
jj
I
" !
the sun,"
the faith,"
is
pronounced an-nuru.
is
pronounced ash-shams.
is
pronounced ad-din.
The J must always be its
written, though
has lost
it
own sound.
When
the
Noun
Article is omitted,
marked by >
begins with
and the
taslidtd, as
initial
J the J of the J of the Noun is
:
f
-6
bJ) al-lailatu,
"the night/' instead of
^c
2Ljlil.
(/) <*Loj (wasla) \_-~\, implies conjunction, and is only inscribed over an initial alif, in Arabic Nouns, to mark union with the preceding vowel ; as >.^
^^juU.^JL.^c) amzru-l-muminin,
"Commander
of
the Faithful." Ml
J>
>
'
^.^Jl -.lo
" Salahu-d-dln,
Saladin, or
Peace
of Religion."
SUBSTANTIVES, ADJECTIVES, AND PRO-
NOUNS. 15. Th.e
Grammarians
of Arabia
and
Persia
GENDER.
reckon three parts of speech '
17 the Noun, ism
:
Verb,/Z; and the Particle, harf. The Noun includes substantives,
;
the
adjectives, pro-
nouns, and participles.
The Verb agrees in its nature with ours. The Particle includes adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. GENDER.
Males* are masculine, feinales are feminine, and all other words are of no gender. 16.
*
Animals have
different
names
to express the male or
female; thus + j
mard,
" "
pisar, *-
a man."
zan,
a son."
khurus,
"
woman.
dukhtar,
"
a daughter.'
makiyan, "a hen." ~ mesh, " an ewe."
a cock."
\i,
" a
t
Animals have sometimes^ (war), "male," and " (mdda~),
female," affixed or prefixed to them, as sher-i-nar,
"a
oU^-i
iL
:
sher-i-mdda,
"a
lioness."
lion."
ma
"a cow."
jiar-ffdtv
Arabic Nouns frequently form the feminine by adding the imperceptible s (h), as: " elL ma/ik, a king."
|
i5d. maliJca,
"
a queen."
(
18
)
FORMATION OF THE PLURAL.
Nouns denoting rational beings form the by adding ^1 (aw) to the singular, thus "
17.
plural
X
.Jo
:
padar,
.til*
madar,
a father," " a mother,"
Nouns denoting animals by adding
usually form the plural
an, sometimes ha, as tt
asp,
(
.
^K^j padaran.
plur.
plur. ^T;*>U madaran.
:
plur.
a horse,"-'
^UJ
aspan.
*}
murgh., "a,
i
shutur
aspha.
lyju
[
.*
^r
bird,"
murS^n>
'
^ .!Li!
(
")
((
ushtur
\
Nouns denoting inanimate by adding ha JJ>
objects form the plural
and
to the singular,
" kalam,
JJ ^Z, "a
sliuturan.
UJLi shuturhd.
/
\
.iJLi
.
rarely an
a pen," plur.
l^Jji
flower,"
L^ gulha. "
;
as
kalamha.
'sA^.J dirak/itlia. (pi. 'sA^.
," 1
diraMtan.
U
OBSERVATIONS ON THE AFFIX aw. 18. If the
the letter
noun ends is
in
\"L
(a),
inserted before ^1
or ^ (), or^ (an) to
(o),
prevent
I
FORMATION OP THE PLURAL.
19
Sometimes, though rarely, the letter omitted after _j ; as
^
the hiatus. is
x*
"
U! J daria,
a page," plur. ^V-H J dunayan.
jijl pari-ru, "fairy-faced,"
" &OZM,
_jj'j
_f,
i
as
^jjj^ bazmvan.
the arm," plur.
In nouns ending in obscure into
pZwr.
s
(A),
the
is
changed
:
X-
*r
auLi,^ jirishta,
an angel/'
pZ-ur. ^'JoLi^j -firish-
tagan. **x*
bachcha,
4fc^
Sometimes the t
"& 8 is
child," ^>Zw. ^iXsr bachchagan.
retained
;
as f
"
jyc murda,
dead," plur.
^tdj* murdahgan.
When s is preceded by a long vowel the plural formed in the usual way ; a'^j'j
padshah,
"a
king," plur. ^lalij'j pad-
sJiahan.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE AFFIX 19.
Jid.
In nouns ending in the obscure
disappears
;
iili-
s
(h)
as
nama, khana,
is
a letter,"
a house/'
plur. l^c'J LyJli-
namaha. ffhunaha.
the
FORMATION OF THE PLURAL.
20 If the
s
retained
is
preceded by a long vowel, the
* is
as
;
sL ruh,
"a
road," plur.
/
rahha.
\Jt>x\,
FINAL OBSERVATIONS.
words may have the Persian or the
20. Arabic
Arabic form of plural
thus
;
Persian
Sing.
PL
Arabic
PL
3
_
defect
.
.
<
^o>
*
\*z
'aibha
'>
/
(
viceroy
a book
.
L_>'Jtf
*
^y-t-z 'uyub
nuwab ^^'J nafoan t-^'y
L-^Jli na,ib
.
awa,ib
kitab
l^j'Jo
kitabhu
^oo
alabourer^J^U 'ami/ ^^UU 'amilan
A-wfatft
L*c 'amalat
In imitation of the feminine plural of Arabic nouns, names applicable to females, or to things without life, sometimes form the plural by the affix tjul (ut)
or
ci^'o (iyat)
a favour
.
an anecdote
When affix
the
.
.
;
as Sing.
Plur.
nawuzish
naivazisliat
nakl
nakliyat
word ends
becomes cy'*-
(jai),
in imperceptible 8 (7i) the the letter a being omitted;
FORMATION Or THE CASES.
21 Plur.
Sing.
a
letter, or
")
r
nama
namajat
nawishta
nawit
k'ila
k'ilajat
written communication.)
a
fort
These terminations, at, iyai, and sidered vulgar, and are rarely used.
are con-
jat,
FORMATION OF THE CASES. 21. There
Nouns;
it
is is
formed as follows (a)
only one
declension of
The
extremely simple.
Persian
cases are
:
The Accusative, by adding
\.
(ra) to the
nomi-
native (singular or plural); often the ra is omitted, and the accusative has then the same form as the
nominative. (6) The Dative, by adding ra to the nominative ; " and sometimes [omitting ra] by prefixing ba, to" " for." The prefix
an accusative, requiring (c)
ra, occurs in the sentence.
The Vocative, by prefiasing the interjection ^1 nominative; and sometimes, in poetry,
(at) to the
[omitting ai] by adding
^r
<_^
a*
ma r d, >
"
as
:
man!"
friend !"
Uu,.J dosta, f*9 j bulbuhl,
alif,
"
"
O
nightingale I"
FORMATION OF THE CASES
22
The Ablative, by
(d)
prefixing to the nominative
(singular or plural) the prepositionjl (az). (e) The Genitive, by the juxtaposition of
substantives
the thing possessed comes
;
first,
two with c/
its
e^J -^'
sounded with kasra, called ^j^S
letter
final 1
thus
Jcasra,e izafat ;
x-
(JiJlo
viXLo
" jt^ pisar-i-malik, j^o
Ttitub-i-pisar-i-malik,
of the king's son." If the governing
use (1)
alone with ..io
J.-C
word ends
majJiul with _
<_
"
the son of the king."
"
c__>H
in
the book
or j the Persians (2) or _ hamza
!
hamza ;
kasra, expressed or understood ^^
jU- or j&) ^U- ja,e padar, the father."
"
;
as
the place of
f " the foot of the ^U or J^c t_$U pa,e mard,
man.." * or
.wjj
^JM
the face of the
rw,e pisar,
son.." f
t
or
s-
"
J^ j_^
&w,e
^fw/,
the scent
of the
rose."
In practice, when suppressed; as If the * (li),
^
^ ^U
majhul
^?o,e
is
used, -
mard; .^
hamza
is
^j ru,e pisar.
governing word ends with the obscure
or the long vowel
^
(z
or
e),
the Persians
23
DECLENSION OF NOUNS.
- kasra use the mark _ hamza with expressed or
understood; as &li- khana,,e mard,
L>_
b J ,
"
the house of the man."
"
*\^*> muht,e darya, u banda,e khuda,
the fish of the sea."
"the servant of God."
Observe that both _ and
are pronounced as
ya,e majhul.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS. "
22.
Kurd,
a knife." Plur.
Nom.
kardha.
Jcard.
f-i-Mrd. Gen.<
^
Ace.
e-kardha.
* e-Mrd.
(
Dat.
i-kardha.
e-kard.
e-kardha.
kard-ra.
kardha-ra
ba kard.
ba kardha.
.
kard-ra.
kardJia-ra.
kard.
kardha.
Voc. ai kard.
ai kardha.
Abl.
az kardha.
az kard.
Similarly,
every substantive may be declined. to be satisfied are, whether ^1
The only questions (an) or
lib
(ha)
is
to be
added
for the plural,
and
THE AKTICLE.
24 whether
~ ,
,_$
,
or -
be used for the geni-
to
is
(Vide pars. 20 and 21.)
tive.
THE ARTICLE. 23.
In Persian there
may
Jyc mard,
is
no Article.
signify
"man/' or
the
man,"
according to the context.
A substantive may be made definite by adding ya,e majhul, or ya,e wahdat,
i.e.
"
^i^c marde, " ^jj zane,
"
If the (liamza)
If
a
$
" bachcha,
a child."
"
a certain child."
be preceded by long
s'-i^U
symbol _
quiescent, the
be added; as
&s? bachcha, e,
retained, as
woman/'
a certain book."
noun ends in
may
^
:
a certain man."
a certain
kitabe,
^'J^
the ya of unity, thus
alif,
^ (ya,e
majhuf)
is
:
padshali,
^y&lijU padshahe, Observation.
"a
king."
"a
certain king."
Since an abstract noun
is
formed
25
ADJECTIVES.
by adding ya
"with kasra,
i.
e.
yu,e ma'ruf, to
adjective, or appellative noun, ambiguity
Thus the "
casionally arise.
^lij'j badshahe,
oc-
between
difference
a certain king/'
"
^lij'j badshaht,
sovereignty," or
can be distinguished; but the
any
may
it
" royal,"
often happens that
mark kasra
omitted.
is, through negligence or custom, In such a case the context alone can
indicate the proper meaning.
ADJECTIVES. 24. Persian adjectives are indeclinable ; in construction they follow * their substantives, to which
they are connected by (kasra), or _ (hamza), as
" mard-i-nek,
" .
^
(y<*,e
majhul) ,
:
ru,e kltub,
a good man." a
fair face."
" banda,e khuda,
a servant of God."
DEGREES OF COMPARISON.
The comparative degree is formed by adding (tar) to the positive, and the superlative by
25.
Jp
adding ^Ji
(tarin)
,
as
:
* See
p. 90.
26
ADJECTIVES. "fair." t-jj*. /chub, .^j
|
yj^i- khubiar, "fairer."
Ju~>- khubtarin,
fairest/'*
Arabic adjectives (if triliteral) form the comto parative and superlative degrees by prefixing the triliteral root, as : I
ha-san, "beautiful." ,**
1
"
more, or most, beautiful."
ahsan,
" *.xlac
azim,
great."
*r
**
*lac!
a'zam, "more, or most, great."
Generally the Arabic adjectives in Persian form the degrees of comparison in the Persian manner ; as
" fazl,
excellent."
afzal-tar, or fazl-tar (Pers.)
afzal (Arabic)
fazl-tarin (Pers.)) * 7 ( A u- \ \ ) a/zed (Arabic) * Tar and tarln i
rately
;
tarln
jsy
(
is
"
upon,"
excel-
lent."
most excellent."
may be written with
bihin,
" zer,
"more
the word or sepa-
sometimes contracted to In ; as
Tar and tarln are
bar,
| j
best," for tf.jty UJitarin.
also
added to prepositions and adverbs
bartar,
"below," zertar,
" "
higher," bartarin,
lower,"
zertarin,
"
"
;
highest;"
lowest."
PRONOUNS.
28
Third Person
3
)
"he."
o,
Plural,
Singular.
Nom
eshan.
o.
~
i- eshan.
t-o.
Gen.
^
e-o.
e-eshan.
L e-eshan. Dat.
o-ra.
eshan-ra.
la
la eshan.
o.
Ace.
o-ra.
eshan-ra.
Voc.
(nil.)
(nil.)
az
o.
az eshan.
la
o.
Abl.
bar
The
^
la eshan.
lar eshan.
o.
third person has, in the singular, the form
wai, and sometimes
oLii.l
^1
o,e
When
the
third
and, in the plural,
person represents a
thing, the demonstratives their plurals, l$iT will presently
^T
anha and
J am, my;
an,
l^JoJ
and ^1
znha, are
lifeless
In,
with
used, as
be seen.
27. The possessive pronoun the suffixes
^U
;
oshan and ^Li shan.
e^>!
inan, our
;
at,
^U
thy;
tan,
may be rendered by
his. ^jZ] ash,
your
;
^li
s/iaw, their.
29
PRONOUNS. f
When
noun ends
the
termination
is
rejected
in
1
and
or
^
of the . long, the inserted in its place ; 1
as
my
foot.
c^o^c may at, thy
hair.
pay am,
*j'j
.Jij.
When tained
;
the
ruyasli, his face.
.
noun ends
.JSl&ili-
In other cases +j
Jo
,
s,
alifis re-
padarat, or
house.
kjtana-am,
my
khana-at,
thy house.
khana-ash, his house.
^ j<j y
~,Jo padarasli, or
.Jv.Jo
quiescent
alif is rejected
padaram, or
LTJ.cXj
in
as
;
as
padar-i-man,
t^ padar-i-tu, thy ^
,Jo
padar-i-man, or
my
father.
father.
padar-i-o, his father. 'uo
jJo padar-i-mu ,
our
"father.
Jj.Jo padar-i-tan, or IA
,<^padar-i-sliuma, your
father.
or ^'-iol ^Jo padar-i-eshan, ^,'^4^ padar-i-shan, their father.
30
PRONOUNS.
RECIPROCAL PRONOUN, jj~ Mud,
man Mudam
"
self."
man Mud, I myself. tu Mudat or tu Mud, thou thyself. o Mudash or o Mud, he himself. ma Mud-i-man or ma Mud,* we ourselves.
28.
or
shuma Mud-i-tan
shuma Mud,* you yourselves.
or
eshan Mud-i-shan or eshan
The
Mud, they themselves.
reciprocal pronouns are thus used
my own
Jcitdb-i-Mudam,
kalam-i- Mudat, thy
own
:
book. pen.
asp-i- Mudash, his own horse. jamhii,e Mud-i-man, our own cups.
Mardn-i- Mud-i-tan, your own asses. sandukha,e Mud-i-shan, their own boxes.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 29.f
^1 l^Jul
*
tn, this (for
persons or things).
tnha, these (for persons or things).
These forms are rarely used.
When la is placed in close connection with an or In, the tnadda of ^\ and the initial alif of ^1 are replaced by A ; as f
j-jljj
baddn, to that.
ohun,
"
like," the initial
1
badin, to this.
^jj
|
After the words bar, "on
;"
of j\
,
dar, ^jlijl
,
"in;" az, "from;" and the tnadda ,.^1
81
PRONOUNS. these (for persons only).
^iJol inan,
that (for persons or things). yjl an,
(#] ariha, those (for persons or things).
^Ul anan, those
(for persons only).
Examples j*>
^ ^
in mard,
^Jj-o
m
one word,
men.
~kitab,
that book.
o?i
kitabha,
those books.
prefixed to a noun, so as to form
sometimes changed into
J im ;
as
"this day;" imshab, "this night;" imsul,
imruz,
"
it is
is
man.
an
T
When ^1
this
*n mardtin, these
this year."
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. There are three in number
30.
of
o
are rejected,
\
the preceding word jji
dar
i-ilij
jj\
az
0,
when they ;
in him.
from him.
are closely connected with
as
bar eshdn, on them. o,
:
jja.
^^
cliun o, like him.
dar an, in that.
^j* dar
In, in this.
PROXOUNS.
32
who?
ki,
Ttira,
whom?
to
whom?
(appli-'
Sing, or
cable to persons.)
what?
C/H,
chira,
what?
to
(applicable to things.) ? out of any
kudam, which
kudam kudam
what? why?
number
which person which road ?
sliakhs, rail,
;
Plural.
as
?
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
These are
31.
all
indeclinable. harchi, whatsoever.
chand, some. yake, one,
some one.
har
some one.
has,
tane
haryak, everyone.
all.
sundry
thing.
all.
anki or harki, who-
soever. liar
whatsoever
har cMz,
individuals.
liar
both.
hard-it,
chand,
har, every,
harja,
harkas, everybody.
hech, any.
hama,
or
kuja
wheresoever.
shakes, a person.
kudam, whosoever, which so ver.
har shab, every night. har ruz, every day. har wakt, whensoever.
bahar
however.
hot,
EELATIVE PRONOUNS. 32.
There are no Eelative Pronouns
cles &$ ki, for persons,
and a^
clii,
;
the parti-
for things, are
THE VERB. sometimes regarded as
33
relatives.
This matter will
be considered in the Syntax.
THE VERB. 33. There
only one conjugation.
is
All the tenses are formed from the root, or from the infinitive, as will be seen
from the following
example of the Verb ^Jo*-, rasidan, "to arrive;" root
^j~j
ras.
TENSES OF THE ROOT. Aorist.
"
I
may, or can,
rasam
rasem.
2. rasz 3.
"
Plural.
Singular. 1.
arrive.
rased.
rasad
rasand.
Present Tense. I arrive, or 1.
mt-rasam
2.
vu-rasi
3. tnt-rasad
am
arriving."
mz-rasem. mz-rased.
ml -rasand. 3
THE VERB.
34
Simple Future.
"
I shall, will, or
may
Singular.
bi-rasam
1.
bi-rasem. bi-rased.
2. bi-rasi
bi-rasand.
bi-rasad
3.
arrive."
Plural.
Imperative.
"
me
Let
arrive/'
1.
ras am
rasem.
2.
ras
rased.
3.
rasad
rasand.
The Noun
of
Agency
formed by adding *jj_
is
(anda) to the root; as rasanda, "the arriver."
The Present
Participle is
formed by adding
^
1
;
'
as
..it* ; 1
rasan,
arriving."
The Causal Verb landau, as
is
formed by adding amdan, or
:
" ^jaiUwj rasamdan, ^lioUw^
to cause to arrive."
rasandan, "to cause to arrive."
OBSERVATIONS. 34. Aorist.
The Simple Future
differs
but
little
from the
35
THE VERB. Native grammarians
that tense the Aorist
call
here styled the Simple Future, and they say that when the Aorist (our Simple Future) is used in
which
is
the subjunctive mood, the particle bi is omitted, as bdsham, I may be. bi-bdsham, I be.
:
|
The Simple Future
most often used
is
as follows
:
I promise that I will come,
vfada mi-kunam ki biydyam.
The second person
and
(singular
plural) of the
Imperative has frequently the particle thus arrive thou, bi-ras
When
the
first letter
for its vowel, bi
bi prefixed;
arrive ye, bi-rased.
\
of the Imperative has
may become
bu
zamma
as
;
do thou, bu-kun.
The
third person singular of the Imperative
may
be
rendered benedictive by lengthening the vowel /a^dt of its final syllable let
O
him
;
as
arrive, rasad.
that he
may
arrive
!
rasdd.
Similarly
kunad, from kardan, "to do," makes kundd. " to shudan, shavad, become," makes shavdd. dihad,
buvad,
garddnad
dddan,
" to
give,"
_budan, "to be,"
garddnidan,
makes garddnad.
makes dihdd.
makes buvdd or
" to cause
bad.
to become,"
TENSES FROM THE INFINITIVE.
36
Except in poetry, and on occasions of particular formality,
it is
rather pedantic to use this benedictive
The Aorist
form.
is
more frequently
used.
TENSES FROM THE INFINITIVE. Preterite or Indefinite Past.
35.
" I arrived." Singtilar*
Plural.
rasldam
rasldem.
1.
2. rasldl 3.
raslded.
rasldand.
rasld Imperfect.
"
I
was arriving/'
1.
ml-rasldam
ml-rasldem.
2.
ml-rasldl
ml-raslded.
3. ml-rasid
mi-rasldand.
Past Potential or Habitual. " "I might arrive," 1.
rasidame
I used to ai-rive."
rasldeme.
2. rasldl
rasldede.
3. raslde
rasidande.
Compound Future. " I will arrive."
khwahem rasid
1.
k/iwaham rasld
2.
khwahl rasld
khwahed
3.
khwahad rusld
khwahand
rasld. rasld.
PRETERITE PARTICIPLE.
37
OBSERVATIONS. 36. In the Imperfect ^-A* (liami) is often prefixed instead of ml .
The Past Potential
is
formed by adding ya,e majhul
to all the persons of the Preterite, except the
2nd
person singular. In the Compound
Future, the auxiliary is the Aorist of the verb khwastan, "to wish/' root khwdh.
The
letter
j
is
not to be sounded (see p. 10).
PRETERITE PARTICIPLE. "
37. StXx-. rasida,
arrived," or
The following three
tenses
"
having arrived."
are derived from the
Preterite Participle.
Perfect Tense.
" I have arrived." Plural.
Singular. 1.
rasida
am
randa em.
2. rasida I
rasida ed.
3. rasida ast
rasida and.
Pluperfect Tense.
" I had arrived." 1.
rasida budam
rasida budem.
2.
rasida bfidl
rasida bitded.
3. rasida
lud
rasida budand.
PERSONAL TERMINATIONS.
38
Future Perfect. " I shall have arrived." Plural.
Singular.
raslda bdsham
raslda bdshem.
2.
raslda bdshl
raslda bashed.
3.
raslda bdshad
raslda bdshand.
1.
may be conjuthe tenses the termination of the
verb in Persian Similarly^ every
In
gated.
all
2nd person singular In the terminations
is
ya,e m'aruf.
*.>
(em) &> (ed) (1st and 2nd
persons plural), ya,e majhul
is
sounded.*
PERSONAL TERMINATIONS. 38.
These are Plural,
Singular.
am, am. r & or
^1
*?.)
em, are. ed, are.
I, art.
y
and, are.
The personal terminations may be joined *
An
to a
educated native of Shiraz informs the writer
that the terminations em, ed (1)
(2) (3)
should properly be pronounced im,
The sound of e
in the
Id,
em, ed,
may may never 2nd case
is
aim, aid. " bear." that of ea in
PERSONAL TERMINATIONS.
39
substantive.
In compo-
or
pronoun, adjective, sition
(a)
The
man
Ai^-i ^> yj'-io!
word ends
If the
retained, as
e^*J (c) If
"
he
a scholar.
^
Sultan.
is
in obscure
s
(Ji),
alif is
:
SiiJu
j!
o
banda
ast,
he
is
a slave.
the substantive be an abstract noun, as,
"
boldness,"
existence," dUiri,
hastt,
am
eshan nek and, they are good. o sultan ast,
(ft)
;
shagird am, I
(
iXiGj
omitted
initial alif is
noun
ness," the final ya of the
sliadl,
omitted
is
;
"gladas
>
O^^Jj ^JJUJD
thou art glad.
tu sliud-l,
^Jli,
jl
diltr ast,
o
hastem,
we
he
is
(d) In the case of the pronouns
"
what ?" the
final
of the termination
s
is
is
changed into
who ,
the
*>
"who?"
omitted, and the
t,
(e) If
bold.
are, or exist.
word ends
in
initial
alif
as
is it ?
what .
y~t ;
is it ?
(10010)
or
1
(alif),
the
THE VEB.R " BUDAN."
40 initial dllf
of the termination
is
changed into ya
;
as JUli)
danayam,
I
|
am
we
,jJ'Jb danayem,
learned.
are learned.
r ^= - khub -ruyast, he
*-
j
*
is fair-faced.
>
Jlj danayH, thou art wise.
In the 3rd person singular and plural, yd need not be inserted
as
;
ruyast or k]nib rust, he
A'/tfib
ddndyast or dand&t, he
39.
is
ddndyand or ddndnd, they are 38 we have
From
Plural.
Singular,
thou
hast, he
40.
wise.
:
hastam, I am. Jiastl,
fair-faced.
learned.
is
art.
hastem,
we
hasted,
yon
are.
are.
hastand, they are.
is.
The verb Ivdan, "to be;"
root, lu or bash.
TENSES FKOM THE ROOT. Aorist.
"
I
may
be."
Singular. 1.
*
bdsham*
The form buwam, from the root
Vide paragraph 34, p. 35.
Plural. bds/iem.
&w, ia also used.
THE VERB " BUDAN."
41 Plural.
Singular. 2.
bdshl
basked.
3.
bdshad
bdskand. Present,
mi-bashaw,
"I am," &c.
Simple Future. bi-bdskam, "I shall, will, or
may
be," &c.
Imperative. 1.
(no
first
2. bask, 3.
Idskem, let us be.
person)
be thou.
basked, be ye.
bdskad or bad, let him be bdskand,
let
them
Present Participle (not in use), bdskdn, being.
Noun
of
Agency
(not in use), bdshanda, be-er.
TENSES FROM THE INFINITIVE. Preterite, or Indefinite Past.
" I was." Plural.
Singular.
budam
budem.
2.
budl
folded.
3.
bud
budand.
1.
Imperfect,
mi-budam,
"I was," &c.
be.
THE VERB "SHUDAN."
42
Past Potential or Habitual, budame,
"I might be, or used to be/' &c.
Compound Future.
khwaham
bud,
I shall or will be/' &c.
Preterite Participle, duda,
"having been/' "been."
TENSES FROM THE PRETERITE PARTICIPLE. Perfect Tense.
buda am, " I have been/' &c. Pluperfect,
buda budam (not in use). Future Perfect, buda bdsham, " I shall have been," &c. 41.
The verb shudan
(for
shudan) "to be" (passive),
root shaw.
TENSES FROM THE ROOT. Aorist.
"I Singular. 1.
shavam
2. skavi 3.
shavad
may
be." Plural.
shavem. shaved.
shavand.
Present Tense, " ml-shavam, I am," &c.
THE VERB " SHUDAN."
43
Simple Future.
"I
bi-shavam,
shall or will be/' &e.
Imperative. first
1.
(no
2.
shaw, be thou.
shavem, let us be.
person)
3. sharad, let
shaved, be ye.
him
be.
shavand, let
them
be.
Present Participle (not in use) skavdn, " being/' Noun of Agency, shamnda, "be-er," or "become-er."
TENSES FROM THE INFINITIVE. Preterite or Indefinite Past.
"I
was."
1.
shudam
shudem.
2.
shudl
shuded.
3.
s/tud
shiuland.
Imperfect.
mi-sliudam,
"I was/' &c.
Past Potential or Habitual. mi-shudame,
"I might
be," &c.
Compound Future, khwdham shud, " I will be," &c. .
Preterite Participle, shuda, " having been."
TENSES FROM THE PRETERITE PARTICIPLE. Perfect Tense,
shuda am, " I have been," &c.
CAUSAL VERBS.
44
Pluperfect Tense,
skuda budam, I had been, &c. Future Perfect,
shuda bdskam, I shall have been, &c.
THE PASSIVE VOICE. 42.
The Passive Voice
is
formed by prefixing the
Preterite Participle to the tenses of the verb sfiudan,
" to
become ;" thus
be,
Present.
" I
may
be struck." Plural.
Singular. 1.
zada shavam
zada shavem.
2.
zada skavi
zada shaved.
3.
zada shavad
zada shavand.
and similarly
for the other tenses.
CAUSAL VERBS. 43. These are >
or
^\
- andan,
formed by adding ^ikjjl^ unldan to the root of the primitive verb
;
thus j
Just an, '
" to leap,"
root,
jah
;
jahanidan or jahan-
(/ti/i,"to cause to leap," rooi,ja/idn: gashtan, "to *f to cause to bebecome," root, gard ; gardanidan,
:
come," &c.,
root,
gafddn.
45
(
)
NEGATIVE VERBS.
A verb
44.
is
" particle
&i
rendered negative by prefixing the
not ;"
na,
or <*H,
na
<xi
rasld,
he did not arrive.
With the imperative the particle !
jlx
em-
mo> purs, ask not.
^j~*
oU* ma
is
let it
feat?,
not be
!
God
forbid
!
OBSERVATIONS.
When
the particles
prefixed to a verb
by madda, the
(na),
beginning with
initial
alif is
alif,
(ma) are
not marked
omitted, and yu
is
inserted in its place.
The ya takes
the vowel of the rejected alif;
thus
andak/d, he threw. .x-x"
C^^-'jJuJ nayandakht, he threw not. -Iisl
uftam, I
JLajo
may
Hyuftam, I
fall.
shall fall.
consider. ^l^jl angur, jlXij.<,
mayangtir, do not consider.
NEGATIVE VERBS.
46
If the verb begins with
the
madda
is
rejected
arad, he
J
'. \
;
I
the
I
remains,
but
thus
may
1
bring
.
he will bring. i^Uj biyarad, ,T ar, .Ijj
bring thou.
biyar,
bring thou.
do not bring. j\j^ mayar, i^'jj
nayarad, he
In the older poets the the following
JwJj
45.
not bring.
(no) often unites with
without the intervention of ya
I
;
he came not," for iXjjJ nayamad,
namad,
"he came
may
not."
The personal terminations ( 38)
are conjugated
negatively, as follows:
Plural.
Singular. ^_*j
_j or
<xj
am
not.
4_*Ju
nayem, we are not.
nayt, thou
JuJli
nayed, you are not.
I
nayam,
art not. Ci^v*-w ntst,
jJuJ
he
is not.
The substantive verb ha dam tively, as follows
:
nayand, they
are
not.
is
conjugated nega-
ROOTS OF VERBS.
47 Plural.
Singular.
am
nistam, I
Jo
mstem,we are not.
_jj
not.
jUkjJ
thou art
jo nlsti,
you are
lusted,
not.
not.
-xj
:^*-jJ mst, he is not.
mstand, they are
not.
46. Interrogation is usually expressed by the tone of the voice. In writing, the word dyd, " whether." i
is
prefixed to a question, or the
word yd
na,
" or
J
not/
affixed.*
ROOTS OF VERBS.
^
47. Infinitives in
-
long vowels consonants
I
j
(a),
(r),
Infinitives in
O*
(
s )j
^_r
5 (
-
%
^
(a),
*
^
Did your
J
(z),
(tan) are *
Infinitives in
yd na ? ddned?
^
(#), or
by the
(?i).
preceded by
^
(M),
(/)
Hence the following (a)
(dan) are preceded by the
rules
^1
:
(adan),
^
(tdaii),
and
father go there ? pidar-i-shumd anjd raft,
Do you know
Persian
?
ayd shumd fdrsl ml-
*
Yerba marked thus (f) are
regular.
ROOTS OF VERBS.
49
t
(I) Infinitives in
tion,
as
:
^J. (udan) reject that terminaand substitute (a) or ^1 (a,e) for the root, I
50
ROOTS OP VERBS. VERB.
ROOT.
to carry,
(d)
bar.
burdan,
to do,
fcardan,
kun.
to die,
murdan,
mlr. sipdr.
to entrust,
sipurdan,
to offend,
dzwrdan,
dzdr.
to squeeze,
afshurdan,
afshdr.
^
Infinitives in
reject the termination, root, as
(tan),
preceded by
and change
into
j.
j
.
:
VERB.
ROOT.
to throw,
anddz.
anddkhtan, Exceptions.
to cook,
to
to recognise,
.
.
(
gusekhtan
~)
(_
gusastan
)
(
sukhtan
')
.,
gusil.
weigh
(e) Infinitives
dkh. shinds.
shindMtan,
to snap
to
paz.
j3itkhtan t
draw a sword, akhtan,
.
in
^
(tan),
>
sanj.
preceded by
reject both tan and sin for the root, as
VERB. to live,
:
ROOT. zistan,
zl.
(kji),
for the
HOOTS OF VERBS.
Exceptions.
VERB.
HOOT.
to become,
gas Jitan,
embrace
to
gard.
dghoshtan,
dghosh.
gddan,
gd,e.
to elevate,
afrdshtan,
afrdz.
to
kushtan,
kush.
kill,
hislitan
to let
down or huh.
hilldan or quit
hishldan
to mix,
sirishtan,
to plant,
kdshtan,^
Mr.
to sow,
kishtan,
kdr.
to spin
ristan irishtan
to write,
(g)
sarisJi.
nawishtan,
Infinitives
in
^
preceded by
(tan),
generally reject tan, and change
"
to shine,"* toftan, root, tab.
c_s
remains unchanged, as
We may add
<
j
into
u_j, ,
as
,
In some verbs the
:
:
VERB.
L
e__>
to deceive,
fareftan
fareb.
to obtain,
ydflan
yab.
to beat,
kuftan
kub.
53 ROOT. baf.
pazlr. suft
and
'HI /I)'
ft.
sumfj.
dskftb.
kd,o
kan.
\kaiid.
farkan and farshukuf.
shinau.
rub. glr.
go and
go,e.
kfcusp.
If the preceding rules, with their exceptions, be no difficulty will be found in conjugating any
learned,
Persian verb.
We
have also
VEEB. to sleep, to sleep,
khicnlidan
khmbidan
khusb.
(
54
)
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. 48. (1)
.
Number:
ADVERBS.
55
INDECLINABLE PARTS OP SPEECH. Interrogation Jcu ?
where
kuja ?
:
?
Tfudum ja ? kicdam ta- (what I
) raf?. chand ? how many
cliun ?
?
?
on ac-
1
1
7
ba c/a saoao
?
/
V count
what quantity
? ?
feat,
Time present
'.
?
?
how ? when ?
:
imruz, to-day.
kunun
imsJiab, to-night.
hulan
imsal, this year.
hamindam tn zaman hamzn zaman
ham aknun
just now, in-
this
hanoz, yet.
shamgah, in the evening.
stantjthis
bamdad |
very mo-
sahrgah
)
in
the
morn-
ing.
ment.
Time past
:
pesh az ^n ) r before kabl az tn )
this.
az pesh
pesetar
9
?
aknun
pesh
;
how much
eld kadar,
what way
in
how
7
what
fwhy
cfei ?
.
direc-
tion?
chiguna
6an/,e ,
?
why
chira,
what place ? what way ?
*\
peshin r
) c
anciently.
dtruz, yesterday. \
previously.
dishab, yesternight.
par
sal parln, last year.
56
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Time
to
come
:
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Time
indefinite (continued)
very seldom.
leamtor,
maha
liar 7
}
monthly.
f
.
muhiyana
)
liar sola
:
har dam dam ba dam
)
bar
}
Quantity andak, a
\
digar-bar
)
If
am,
little.
khaili, greatly,
wajvr
bas,
1-1,1
abundantly.
[
)
Doubt
it
may
Affirmation
be.
nr
enough, only.
hamm, even
this,
only,
even.
la
shak
be
shubha
bukiJc,
peradventure.
albatta, verily. certainly.
ajna
be shah
tawanad, possibly.
:
Itamana It
much.
:
sliayad, perhaps.
bashad,
again
kafi, sufficiently.
little.
firawan}
every moment.
:
much.
bisiyar,
)
dlgar
every year. saliyuna
57
^
[undoubtedly. )
behama
chiz, without
any
doubt whatever. be sakhta, without fice.
arti-
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
58
Negation
:
hech
hargiz, ever.
mutlakan, not at hech, not any.
all.
hech wakt, at no time. bi
netting what-
cliiz,
ever.
na, no, not.
hech wajh, in no wise.
Comparison
hech Tcudam, none whatever.
hech
no person.
Teas,
hech bab, on no account.
:
kamtarin, least.
ziyadat
kuchaktar
beshtar
more. afzun
smaller.
Murdtar misal, alike.
fuzun bisiyartar,
aksar
much more. >
aghlab
musawi, equal.
muwazi,
^
most.
parallel.
ru ba ru
}
beshtarin )
mukabil
\
kamtar
muhazl
)
muwazin ham wazn
} of the
less.
akul
kuchak small.
j
opposite.
same
weight.
khurd
Arabic nouns in the accusative case are used adverbially, as
:
kasdan, purposely; mukarraran, repeatedly.
59
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. Example*.
went to
49. I
him
see
man yak
Once upon a lime he went to see
I
bare ba didan-ash raft.
him,
went to
him
see
once
man yak bar ba didan-ash raftam o bas.
only,
He was
bar ba didan-ash
raftam.
once,
only
two hours
with me,
o
da
sd'at ba
man
biid o
bas.
God only knows, You asked of me
khudd mi-ddnad
o bas.
ahumd hamin tanhd az man
alone,
pursided. I do not exactly recollect it
;
might have been mid-
durust dar khatir-am nist
;
mi-tawdnist ki zuhr bdshad.
day,
Think well
perhaps
;
may come
it
into thy re-
khub ta,ammul bi-kun shd-
yad ba
khdtir-at biydyad.
collection,
Why,
because just as I
returning
was
disappoint-
chird ki, chftn
mdna
edly from the door of your house, I saw a
mi-gasfitam
number of them
dam.
in the
man mahru-
az dar-i-shumd bar
jamae
az
dnhd-rd dar kucha di-
street,
For
I
have often seen them
eating
two
their
o'clock,
food
at
chi ki
man
bisiydr
didaam
eshdn dar sd'at-i-dii
ghizd mi-khurand.
\
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
62 (a)
The
following- require to be followed
zer-i-izafat, or
bald, upon, aloft.
nazdiki, vicinity.
pdjin, down.
lerun, out.
fardz or zabar, above.
andarun,
zer, below, beneath.
in.
kabl, before.
furud, down.
ba'd, after.
jihat, toward.
pesh, before.
pas, after or behind. su,e,
by the
sign of the genitive case.
towards, side
jdnib, side. bahar, bard,e, for, on ac-
of.
miydn, between. pahlu, by the side.
count
of.
siwd,e, except.
nazd or nazdik, near. (b)
All the above in para,
them, except (
ba'd,
(a)
which takes az
The following take
;
take az before it.
az, before or after
the option of the speaker, as az pas, from behind
may after
pas
them, at
:
az, after, then, afterwards.
az pesk or pesh az, before.
az bertin or lerun
az,
from without.
az baghair or baghair az, except.
When is
az
is
used after the preposition, zer-i-izafat
omitted.
(d) The preposition ba may be prefixed to foregoing, but not to the five following :
sipas, bard,e, bahar, kabl, ba'd.
all
the
63
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. Examples. (e)
under the ground, zer-i-zamln. above the tree, ldld,e darakht. near the city, la nazcUk-i-shahr. after that, paz az an. before me, peshazman (time) ; pesh-i-man (place).
CONJUNCTIONS. 53.
The simple Conjunctions
wa*
or
niZy
ham,
o,
gar,.agar,
are
:
and.
ctii, ki, for, as,
also, likewise.
amma,
lekin, but.
balki,
but,
if.
ya, either, or.
whether.
on the con-
trary.
chu, chiin, when.
juz, except.
magar, unless, rather. * The rule for pronouncing the conjunction j is
as follows
When
connects sentences and clauses
it
,
"and,"
:
it
is
pro-
nounced wa, as he came and went, amad wa
"When
it
connects words in a phrase
sometimes as u
;
for
example
day and
,
J
nierht
sounded as
0,
:
f
ruz o
sTidb.
ruz u
sliab.
-I
(
In transcribing
raft.
it is
Eoman
character, j will be rendered as o ; but the student must remember the rule
given above.
it
into the
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
60
INTERJECTIONS AND PREPOSITIONS. 50. Regret or sorrow :
afsos
) .
,
ah, a sigh
alas!
[
daregh
)
tciif,
want
Grief, distress, :
:
amdn,
O
:
quarter
farydcl) cry
beddd, injustice
Lord
ydrabb,
!
afrin, create
!
!
:
!
Admiration, real and feigned
O
(i. e.
!
marhabd, welcome tabdrak alldh ,. , jj.j
oarak
pity
")
(
alkili
~
!
tyranny!
!
:
Lord,
let
,
,
us have more.)
!
,
God
.
.
is
blessed
, !
) I
God is omnipotent kddir, God is powerful karim, God is beneficent
alldh akbar, alldh
alldh
mdshd
!
!
alldh,
Godjias willed!
inshd alldh, please
God
Lamentation, mourning
fighdn
afghdn
~)
)
!
lament alas
oh
!
!
!
:
wa,e I
!
Hatred, contempt
:
/,
fie
!
waild
[ )
oh, misery
I
61
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. Call to attention
:
ainak
~\
hdn
(
ham
)
ai,
O
hark!
lo! behold!
!
Examples.
My
brother, I
very seriously
How
well, as
regret,
is
God
afsos
barddaram
dat blmdr
ill,
willed,
yesterday did your horse
ki ba shid-
ast.
diruz
asp-i-shumd
alldh chi khub
mdshd
dawld
!
run! PREPOSITIONS.
51. Prepositions are placed before the simple, or
nominative forms, both of Nouns and Pronouns. "
My father
went from home
Pidar-am az khdna ba bazar
They
are
:
from, by.
az,
bd,
with
to the market," raft.
(in
company
be,
without.
fa,
up
to, as far as.
juz, except, besides.
with). bar, abar, on, upon.
dar, in.
ba, in, by, to.
52.
The
rest of the Prepositions
stantives, or Adjectives.
ai-e,
properly, Sub-
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
62
The following require
(a)
bald, upon, aloft.
I
pd,ln, down.
j
zer, below, beneath.
lerun, out. in.
kabl, before.
furud, down.
ba'd, after.
jihat, toward.
pesh, before.
pas, after or behind.
towards, side
ib,
of.
by the
side.
bahar, bard,e, for,
mii/an, between.
pahlft,
by the
nazdiki, vicinity.
anda ran,
fardz or zabar, above.
su,e,
to be followed
the genitive case.
zer-i-izdfat, or sign of
count
side.
on
ac-
of.
siwd,e, except.
nazd or nazdik, near. (b]
All the above in para,
them, except (c)
ba'd,
(a]
which takes az
The following take
may after
take az before it.
az, before or after
them, at
the option of the speaker, as az pas, from behind pas az, after, then, afterwards. az pesh or pesh az, before. :
;
az berfin or bernn az, from without. az baghair or baghair az, except.
When is
az
is
used after the preposition, zer-i-izafat
omitted.
(r7) The preposition ba may be prefixed to foregoing, but not to the five following:
sipas, bard,e, bahar, kabl, ba'd.
all
the
63
INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. Examples. (e)
under the ground, zer-i-zamln. above the tree, bdld,e darakht. near the city, ba nazdik-i-shahr. after that, paz az an. before me,pesb az man (time) \pesJi-i-man (place)
.
CONJUNCTIONS. 53.
The simple Conjunctions
wd*
or
riiz,
ham,
o,
gar^agar,
are
:
and.
chi, ki, for, as,
also, likewise.
amma,
lekin, but.
balki,
but,
if.
yd, either, or.
whether.
on the con-
trary.
chu, chun, when.
juz, except.
magar, unless, rather.
* The rule for pronouncing the conj unction j is
as follows
When
it
,
"and,"
:
connects sentences and clauses
it
is
pro-
nounced wa, as he came and went, amad tea raft, "When it connects words in a phrase it is sounded as sometimes as u
;
for
example ,
.
day and night
f \
[
In transcribing
it
into the
o,
:
ruz o
sJiab.
ruz u
sliab.
Roman
character, j will be
rendered as o ; but the student must remember the rule given above.
formed by adding the smaller number to the decade conjunction
o,
as
:
shast o shish, sixty
To to
and
six.
find the precise date (Christian) corresponding
any given year of the Hijra. Let
Let
M = Mussulman date in years. E = required English date in years. E = M x 0-970225 + 621-54.
Then This
is
exact to a day.
DAYS OP THE WEEK. Thursday, panj shamba.
Sunday, yak sTiamba. Monday, du shamba. Tuesday,
si
shamba.
Friday, ddlna. [ba.
Wednesday, chahar skam-
Saturday, shamba.
DERIVATION OF WORDS. 56.
SUBSTANTIVES.
(a)
The Persian names of Agents
are formed
prefixing nouns to contracted participles active, as
a seller of roses, a co.oker of broth (i.e.
the cook),
gul-farosh.
|
ash-paz.
)
a shoemaker,
kafsh-d&z.
a hatter,
kullak-dfiz.
a saddler,
The contracted
by :
zln-sdz.
participle
sometimes corrupted,
is
Ban, a corruption of man, contracted from mdnanda, "a remainder/'
Gar and gar a form of Tear. Observe that gar
signifies
a maker, and that gar
indicates a performer.
Examples. a gardener,
a porter (doorkeeper), a jailor,
bdgh-bdn. dar-bdn.
zinddn-bdn.
a goldsmith, a blacksmith,
dhangar.
a potter,
kilzagar.
an attendant,
khidmalgdr.
DEEIVAT10N OF WORDS.
68
NOUNS OF PLACE. (fj)
Gdh
is
added to the noun, as
a bed, a resting-place, a throne-chamber capital of
:
khwab-gali.
manzil-gah. takhi-gah.
an empire
the evening,
sham-gah.
halting-place,
farud-gah.
untimely,
begah.
The
affixes istan, zar, Ttada,
(c)
may be
used, as
a rose-garden,
gidistan.
namak-zar.
a salt place
an a
shura-zar. but Jcada.
idol temple,
firs
dan, sar, lakh,
:
atash had a.
temple,
kalam dan.
a penholder, a mountainous country, a rough, stony place,
sang lakh,
a demon-haunted place,
dew
Jcoh sar.
lakh.
DIMINUTIVES. 57.
A diminutive
four affixes
is
formed by-adding one of the
and
2
to a noun.
DERIVATION OF WORDS.
(a)
The
CJ
affixes
,
t
and
the case of rational beings, as
*
69
only are used in
:
a small man,
mardak.
a small woman, a small girl,
zanak. duk/ttarak.
In an endearing sense, as:
My poor
dear
tiflak-i-man blmar ast.
child
little
is .sick,
(Z>)
In a contemptible sense &S thou fellow
Why, (c)
this
ai zanaka.
!
In the case of persons' not grown up add s (h) only, as
The only being
is
affix
CJ
,
a small horse, a small ass,
At
it is
:
a naughty boy, a good-for-nothing (d)
used.
ai mardi.ka.
!
woman
sufficient to
tional
is
pisara, girl,
dufchtara.
used in the case of an
as
irra-
:
aspak. kharak.
the same time the adjectives kucliak or khurd used, as
may be
:
a small horse,
aspak-i-kuchaJc.
DEUIVATION OF WORDS.
70
The
affix
may
denote pity, or compassion, as
the poor tired ox,
:
gawak-i-Masta.
the poor wretched ass, kharak-i-miskin. -x
It is usual, however, to
noun,* as
ric
add CJ
(&)
to the gene-
:
poor
little
creature,
haiivanak.
poor
little
bird,
murgh_dk. h aiwandk-i-k/iasta.
poor jaded beast, the
weak miserable animal, *
The
(e)
mate
objects, as
a
little
<j
CJ and
affixes
janwarak-i-za'if.
^
:
hauzak.
pond,
a small garden, (/)
The
affix
are used with inani-
&=**
CJ
lagftcha.
is
used when a noun
applied in
an unusual way, as
significant
wink of the
by
stealth,
making a somersault, *
The word murgh
the hand,
gosliak,
gosh, the ear.
pushtalc,
pusht, the back.
applies to
haiwdn
it
be
to
eye, cliaslimak.
clapping the hands, dastak, from dast, listening
is
:
all
birds.
domestic animals and
fish.
jdnwar
wild beasts, reptiles, and vermin.
gardshanda
reptiles only.
DERIVATION OF WORDS.
71
ABSTRACT AND VERBAL NOUNS. 58.
An
noun may be formed from an
abstract
simple or compound, or from a noun, by the addition of yae ma'ruf, as, adjective,
^
(a)
From an
adjective
.
:
goodness, neki, from nek, good, the possessing of the
world, royalty, jahan darz,
from jahan dar, world-possessing, idleness, bekari, from behar, idle. (6)
From
a noun
friendship, dosti,
:
from
dost,
a friend,
manliness, mardt, from mard, a man.
mihmam, from mihman, a guest, sovereignty, badshahi, from badshah, a king. entertainment,
If the primitive word ends in obscure s, the suppressed, and the letter ^J is inserted, as
s
is
:
sadness, azurdagi, from azurda, sad.
infamy, bachchagi,
bachcha, a child,
slavery, bandayt,
banda, a slave.
59. Verbal
Nouns are formed by changing
the infinitive into
.1
,
as
:
speech, guftar) from guftan.
motion, raftar, seeing,
dldar,
raftan. ,.
dldan
,
of
DERIVATION OF WORDS.
72
This termination occasionally gives the sense of agent, as
:
k/iaridar,
seller,
from kharidan. farokjdcm.
purchaser, faroMtar,
The
third person singular of the preterite may (a) before the imperative of the same
be placed verb,
or before the third person singular of the
(&)
same or another verb, as
preterite of the
conversation, guft-gu } e,
(a)
:
or guft-o-gu,e.
search, just-ju.
buying and (&)
selling, kharld o farosh.
Marzd o faroMt. amad o raft. " _ coming and going ] amad o shud. ( To express suitableness, ^ ya,e mn'ruf, buying and
selling,
(
(c)
ya,e liyakat, is
A
(d)
adding
^
added
to the infinitive, as
fit
to be done, Tcardani.
fit
to eat, khurdani.
or
:
noun may be formed from the root by () or
^
(ish) as
:
from
go, root ofguftan. of afrldan. root afrin, burning, inflammation, sozish, from soz, root of
speaking, conversation, go, I, creation, afrinish,
so kJ, tan.
from
DERIVATION OF WORDS.
73
motion, going, path, rawi, from ran, root of raftan.
knowledge, danl, from dan, root of danistan.
The root
(e)
itself
ardour, soz, grief,
may be
from
soKfrtan,
A
:
to burn,
ranjldan, to grieve,
ranj,
know.
danistan, to
know, dan, (/)
used, as
noun may be formed by adding CJI
(peculiar to verbs in udan) or
inflammation, sozak,
8 ,
as
,
^1
:
from sokhtan,
to burn,
an order,
farman,
farmudan,
to order,
trembling,
larza,
larzidan,
to tremble.
ADJECTIVES. 60. Adjedtives denoting possession, plenty, mixture, are
be grieved, ginissa khurdan. take profit, nafa' giriftan. return, rujtl' namtidan.
be sorrowful, maghintin bvdan
The student should observe the different ways in which the verbs " To be astonished/' " To believe," " To are rendered. To '*'
complete,"
Thus
expect,"
"expecting," takes the active verbs " one Cardan, kashidan, namudan, &c., while muntazir,
who
intizdr,
expects," takes the neuter verbs budan, shudan. }
gardidan, nishistan, &c. Similarly the other verbs
may
be rendered.
(
88
)
SYNTAX. ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS. In prose compositions the nominative is put first, then the object or complement, and, lastly, the verb, as:
the
mughal purchased the
tuti-rd kharld.
mughal
parrot,
Timur
arrived in India,
flmur ba kindastdn rasld.
Words and phrases denoting time, manner, when they apply to a whole sentence, are placed
&c., first,
as:
one day, in a certain city, a darwesh went to the
shop of a certain trader,
When tence that
ruze, dar shahre, darweshe
man
consider
put
last, as
said,
me
" Do
-
i- bakkdle
raft.
the complement to a verb
it is
dukdn
bar
is
a complete sen-
:
you
a fool ?"
a certain king- saw in a dream that the whole of his teeth had dropped
an mard guft, mard ahmak mi-pi nddri ?
pad$hahe dar khwdb did
Jti
tamdm-i-danddnhd^-o uftdda and.
out.
When
the object
the object
is
is qualified
by a
relative sentence
placed before the verb, and the qualify-
ing phrase after
it,
as
:
ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS. I have heard of a king
who
issued the order for
89
pddshdhe-rd sh-unldam ki ba kushtanl - e - aslre
the executing of a cer-
ishdrat hard.
1
tain captive.
they relate of one of the kings of Persia, that he
yake-rd az muluk-i- ajam
extended the hand of
i-tatdwul ba mal-i-ra'i-
usurpation over the property of the people.
yat dardz kard.
hikdyat kunana ki dast-
CONSTRUCTION OF SUBSTANTIVES, ADJECTIVES, AND PREPOSITIONS. Adjectives are indeclinable.
The
adjective usually follows
qualifies, as
a good
the
noun which
it
:
man
fears
mard-i-khub az khudd ml-
God,
tarsad.
my black horse was
in the
.te-
wlla bud.
stable,
When
asp-i-siydh-i-man dar
the noun
is
in apposition, the adjective
may
either precede or follow the substantive.
The word immediately yd,e marf'f* as
thy father
is
before the verb has usually
:
a good man, padar-i-tu mard-i-khub 1st or, padar-i-tu
*
The
full
form
which yd,e mahjul
is
is
:
used.
;
khub mardlst.
padar-i-tu khub marde ast,
in
ARRANGEMENT OP WORDS.
90
London
a great
is
city,
landan
sJiakr
buzurg;
sJiahr
ydr or,
or,
1st
bisiydi
landan
bisi-
-i- buzurgist ;
landan bisiydr buzurg landan 1st ; or,
skahr
shahr-i-bisiydr buzurg 1st. If the adjective express more than a simple quality, such as good or bad, or if it be of Arabic origin, it
should be placed after the noun, whether expressed before or after the verb, as :
t
thy servant
is
a bad man, naukar-i-tu mard-i-shanr* ist; or,naukar-i-tu
dist sharlr .
mar-
(Itwouldbe
to say, naulcar-i-
wrong
tu sharlr mardlst}.
Adverbs should be placed immediately before the sometimes the second noun may intervene, ;
adjective as
:
England
is
a very good
mamlakat-i-bisi-
ingland
ydr khubist; or, ingland
kingdom,
bisiydr mamlakat-i-khfil)Ist ;
or,
ingland
khub mamlakate
khalll ast; or,
ingland mamlakate khaili khub. *
Sharlr
is
One might say naukar-i-tu lad marde ast.
Arabic.
:
ast
ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS.
When
91
the adjective precedes the substantive, it will mark of izafat is not used. In Persian
be noticed the
this construction is called the inverted epithet.
The names words
city,
of places and rivers are placed after the
town, &c. } with the izafat between them,
as:
the river Euphrates,
The
izafat
darya,efardt.
sometimes supplies the place of the con-
junction^ as: a mistress with rosy cheeks
y dr -i-gul
and honied speech,
Two
nouns, in
izafat ; they are
'izdr -i- shirin
sukhan.
common
use,
sometimes omit the
:
a companion,' master .
a possessor
of,
")
,
...
endowed with
head, top, extremity,
[
sahib. '
) sar,
as:
a possessor of wealth,
sahib mat.
possessed of
sahib hnnar.
skill,
sar chashma.
fountain-head,
head of the way,
sar-rdh.
source of wealth, capital,
sar-mdya.
The following noun
is
used with the Arabic
"the": a lord, master, endowed with, zu.
al,
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES.
92 as:
possessed of dignity,
zH-l-jaldl.
possessed of motion, possessed of life,
zfy-l-liayat.
Alexander the Great,
su-l-karnain.
zu-l-harakat.
(two-horned or powerful). The following noun, similar to those just mentioned, takes the izdfat, as :
people belonging to any > profession, an inhabi- f
tan t, lord, master, wor-
f
endowed with
)
thy, as
fit,
:
veiled,
ahl-i-hijdb.
an
ahl-i-san'at.
artificer,
a councillor of
state,
ahl-i-dewdn.
aM-i-
a traveller,
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES. Any noun with an
epithet, as
a
Some
man
a particle prefixed to
it
may become
:
possessed of wealth, mard-i-bdmdl.
as: epithets consist of several words,
a country taken in war, mulk-i-bajang girifta. a slave with a ring in his ear, banda,e halka bagosh. the All-wise, who endows halam-i-sukhan bar zabdn the tongue with speech,
The greatest number should be expressed same order, as
rest following in the
two hundred and fifty-four thousand
seven
first
;
the
:
hun-
dred and eighty-three
du sad hazdr
du
si
o
panjdh
o haft
o oftahdr
sad o hashtdd
gusfand.
sheep,
From number
A
eleven is
to
expressed
definite
nineteen, first.
noun may be used in the plural number number, as
to answer the cardinal
the
however, the smaller
(See p. 65.)
men were two
thou-
:
mardan du kazdr ludand.
sand,
as
Sometimes a phrase from the Arabic is introduced an epithet to a Persian substantive, as :
a darwesh whose prayers are answered,
a
man
sincere of speech,
generous of soul,
darwesh-i -mustajdbu-dda'wdt.
mard-i-sddiku-l-kaul karl-
mu-n-nafs.
COMPARISON.
9-1
The
adjective pronouns an, in, precede their sub-
stantives.
Some
adjectives of a pronominal nature, as Jtama,
" all/' digar,
"
"
other," ckand,
" some," or several,"
precede or follow their substantives all
;
for
example
hama marduman ;
the people,
or,
:
mar-
duman- i-hama. the other
digar zan
woman,
some, or several days,
; or,
zan-i-dlgar.
chandrfiz; or^tiz-i-c/iand.
COMPARISON. The word than
after the
pressed in Persian by az, as
comparative degree
is
ex-
:
more splendid than the sun, roshantar az oftab. women are more delicate zandn ndzuk-tar az martlian
Sometimes used,
dan and.
men, bih,
"good," in the positive form,
when denoting comparison,
silence is better
than
evil-
speaking; but speaking well is better than
for
"
better," as
khamoshl bih az sukhan-ibad
ast ;
wa mkhan-i-nek
bih az kjiamoshl.
silence,
The
is
:
superlative degree governs the genitive as
:
95
COMPARISON. '
the best of men,
nektarln-i-mardumdn.
they say that the meanest of animals is the ass,
goyand
The same Arabic, as
kl kamtarin-i-jdn-
wardn,
Mar
ast.
from the
rule applies to superlative forms
:
the most illustrious of the
ashraf-i-ambiyd.
Prophets,
The
are few in particles called prepositions
The most common Az,
" !
be,
"
a
"
from," Id,
without,"
besides,"
and
are
" "
td,
dar,
number.
:
with," bar, till,"
" as
"
on," da,
far as," juz,
"
in, into,"
" except,"
" in."
Prepositions take the simple or nominative form of after them, as
noun or pronoun
:
from Baghdad to Shiraz I will go with thee,
Such other words
as
az baghddd id slilrdz bd tu
are
khwaham
raft.
used like prepositions
require zer-i-lzdfat, as:
near the minister,
nazd-i-wazir ; or, da nnzd-
above his head,
bdld,e sarash.
i-wazlr.
before me,
pesh-i-man
;
i-man.
under the earth,
zer-i-zamln.
or,
dar pesh-
96
(
)
PRONOUNS. The
affixes are
Pers.
:
Plur.
Sing.
my J
am,
2.
thy MJ\
at,
your ^o
3.
his (^1
asfr,
their
1.
our
man.
^U
ftm.
shan. ^jli
Mention has already been made (see page 28 Gr.) of the use of these affixes
when attached
It will be sufficient in this place to
plural terminations are rarely used
the
noun
tion with
to
which the
an adjective, the
the adjective, as
affixes
J
;
belongs
and that when is
in construc-
affix is usually
added
to
:
thy dear
The
affix
to nouns.
add that the
,
life,
eul
'umr-i-azizat.
\\ may
,
^^
be employed to
;
I
denote the dative and accusative cases thee, or
me,
thee, &c., as well as
to
me,
to
the possessives my,
\
thy, his.
The
affixes
may bo
joined to the verb which
governs them, or to any word* in the sentence, as
:
*
Except the simple prepositions and a few of the
conjunctions, as
wa
arid yd.
>
97
PIIOXO'UXS.
the porter did not admit
darba-nam
na
ralia
hard.
me,
much
the earth has so
consumed
khalt-asli cliunun
bufdunl
.
it,
Sometimes there
is
sentence, darba-nam,
ambiguity ; thus, in the
by
itself,
might mean
first
my por-
In a case of this kind the context must be
ter.
considered. 9
The
reciprocal
pronoun
self,
as
pronoun
<3ji-
corresponds to our
:
I myself, thou thyself,
man khud. tu khud.
be the nominative to any person of the verb, the termination of the verb showing sufficiently It
may
the sense, as
It as
:
I myself went,
khud
raftam.
they themselves went,
khud
raft and.
is
used as a substitute for a possessive pronoun,
:
the goldsmith went to his house,
I
la
khanate khi'd
raft.
was coming from my
garden, Zaid beat his (own) slave, Zaid beat his
zargar
(another's)
man az Idgh-i-khud^dmadam. Zaidghuldm-i-khnd-rdzad. Zaid ghuldm-i-o-rd zad.
slave,
7
98
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
The lar, as
I
affix khiidash is
used in the third person singu-
:
saw Zaid in his (own]
Zaid-rd dar khan(Lj> khudash didam.
house,
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, In and
When
an.
name
of an irrational being, or of an inanimate object has been mentioned, and reference is
the
made
afterwards
to
it
by a pronoun
(as
In and an, with their plurals are used, as
the lion said the painter of it was a man, the wise
men were
at a loss
in the explanation of
the
mmawwir-i-in
guft
hukamd az tdwll-i-dn
'djiz
mandand.
dn-i-tu, az dn-i-man, az an-
&c., are equivalent to the
thine, &c., as
or they),
ins an ast.
it,
The phrases dn-i-man, i-tft,
sher
it
:
English words, mine,
:
throne of Egypt
is
masnad-i-misr dn-i-tust.
thine,
whose house was
this ori-
he
In
khdna awwal az dn-i-
kibud?
giually? said, that of
my grand-
guft az dn-i-jaddam.
whose did
chiin o U-guzasht az dn-i-
father's,
when he it
died,
become
?
ki
skud
?
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. he said, that of
my
99
guft az dn-i-padar-am.
fa-
ther's,
and &- are simply connectives, not
<x
tives, as
I
saw
who
a prince
malik-zdda-rd
pos-
sessed wisdom,
After
rela-
:
ki, o is
who
the fool
dldam
" that he."
understood, sets
up
a
camphor candle
in
a
abla,e ki o (usually writ-
ten
ko)
rftz-i-nlshan
shama' -i-kdfurl
clear day.
in the genitive
Example
many a renowned
ki
'akl ddshl.
person-
nihad.
:
bas
ndmwar
ki zer-i-zamln
age have they deposited beneath the dust, of
dafn karda and ki az
whose
existence
hastiyask ba rv,e zamln
that
of
his
(lit.,
exist-
(usually
written
kaz)
yak nishdn na mdnad.
ence) no trace remains
on
the
face
of
the
earth,
Again I
:
am
not he whose back
you
will see in the
of battle
(lit.,
should see
m)
r
day
that you back),
an na man bdsham ki
riiz-
i-jang blrii pusht-i-man.
DEMONSTRATIVE PKONOUNS
100
in the dative
Example
appeared
person
temptible
my
(lit.,
ai ki shot khs-i-manat haklr
namud.
conthat
person appeared to ,
thee),
Example he
:
whom my
to
(thou)
whom
in the accusative
like the pistachio
:
an
I beheld all fat,
nut
ki
chfin pisfa
dldam
ash liama maghz.
he that I saw him),
(lit.,
in the ablative
Example
that (proceeding-) in which there
is
of
suspicion
:
an ki dar wai mazzina,e khatr
ast.
danger,
The terms "
harchi correspond respectively to " whatsoever." Harld refers to rational
Jiarki,
whosoever,"
being-s; harchi to inferior
For example
animals or inanimate objects.
:
whosoever shall wash his
hands of
life,
will utter
the same
whatever he
harkiflast azjanbislnlyad,
harchi dar dil ddrad
bi-
goyacl.
has on his mind,
When ticle ki
a substantive
may
follow, as
is
expressed after
liar,
the par-
:
everything which,
har chlz
ki.
101
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
AVhen yd,e mnjhul
is
added
to a
noun, followed by
more
kl or chi, the substantive is rendered
as
definite,
:
envy
is
that
such a torment
hasad ranje a$t ki az mash-
impossible to
akkat-i-dn juz ba marg na
it is
escape from
except
The
by
its
tawdn
pangs
rast.
death,
particles ki
and
when used
c7d,
interrogatively,
are to be considered as substantives, as
whose horse may that be to whom are they
who
:
an asp-i-ki bdshad ?
?
speaking? kird ml-goyand ?
are they ?
esJian
kiyand ?
az bahar-i-chi dmadal ?
on account of what are you
come ? for
it
what did you go ?
chird rafll ?
The particle td is frequently added to numerals; implies individuality, as :
I have
two or three
ters-to write
(lit.,
let-
two
man ham du
si td kdghaz ddram binawlsam.
or three individual letters),
When
two nouns come together, so as to form one the genitive is formed by adding az
compound word,
to the first noun,
which should be made
definite
atnxing yd,e walidat, or by prefixing a numeral, as
by :
CONCORD OF VERBS.
102 a sword of
sliamslilre
steel,
or
az fuldd,
shamshlr-i-fulddl.
two swords of
du
steel,
skamsJiir azfiddd.
CONCORD OF VERBS. If the nominative to a verb be expressive of rational beings, the verb will agree with its nominative, as
Two
or
more nouns,
plural verb, as
:
barddardn ranjidand.
the brothers were vexed, in
the singular, require a
:
the goldsmith and carpenter seized the images,
zargar
wa
najjdr lutdn-rd
giriftand.
If the nominative to a verb be expressive of irrational beings, the verb is usually in concord with its nominative ; but sometimes it is in the singular,
as
:
four horses were killed,
chahdraspkushtashudand; or, cJiahdr
asp
kushta
shud.
the animals of the forest
made a
noise,
When two
or
genera) have a plural, as
:
jdnwardn-i-besha dwdznamtidand.
more nouns (expressive of
common
distinct
verb, the verb will be in the
COXCORD OF VERBS. the horse and the ass are
not of the same genus, a horse, an ass, and an ox
were
103
wa khar az yak jins
asp
mstand. aspe,
wa
khare,
wa
gdice
kushta shudand.
killed,
In respect to nouns representing inanimate objects, is sometimes made to agree with its nomi-
the verb
native, sometimes put in the singular.
It is not absolutely necessary to use a verb in the
singular
when
the nominative
the same time the verb the passive
voice,
is
is
in the plural; at
often so used, especially in
by eminent
and correct
writers
speakers. In the Active Voice the verb should usually
agree with
its
nominative.
the houses of the people
were destroyed,
For example
:
khanalw,e mardum kfiardb
shudaud ;
or,
khdnahd,e
mardum khardl the houses of this city are
very small,
shud.
khdnaha,e In shahr bisiydr kuchak and ; rarely,
khdnahdf In shahr ydr kuchak ast.
bisi-
If several nouns representing distinct classes of objects have a common verb, the verb will be in the plural, as
water,
:
fire
,
and earth are
of opposite nature,
db, dtasfi
wa
fchdk az az-
ddd-i-i/nlc diyar ami.
CONCORD OF
104 If,
VEB.BS.
however, tney be of the same quality or class, may be in the plural, but is usually in the
the verb
singular, as
:
in our garden grapes, figs,
and apples
are not to be
found,
dar bdgh_-i-md angiir wa anjlr wa seb ydft, na mls/iavacl;
or,
rarely,
na
mi-^havand.
and light-
dar in mausim baraf wa bar an wa tagarg wa ra'd
ning frequently come
wa bark mukarrar bdham
together,
inl-ayad; or, rarely, m~i-
at this season snow, rain, hail, thunder,
If the nouns be expressive of things which have no
material existence;
e.g.,
time, day, night, joy, grief,
&c., the verb is usually put in the singular, as grief, joy, death,
life,
all
come from God,
gham wa
:
shddl wa inarg z'mdagi hama az
zva
khiuld ml- ay ad.
manliness and generosity
make
this
When
demand,
jawdn-mardl wa muruwat chunin iktizd mi-kunad.
a numeral precedes a
noun the
latter does
not require the plural termination ; yet if the noun express a rational being, the verb will be in the plural, as
:
ten darweshes will sleep
on one carpet,
daJi
darwesh dar giUme
bi-khiispand.
105
CONCORD OF VERBS.
Irrational beings and inanimate objects take the verb in the singular, as :
a hundred thousand horses
sad hazdr asp hdzir shud.
were ready, there were two thousand
du hazdr ghurfa wa hazdr
rooms and a thousand
aiwdn bud.
vestibules,
Nouns of multitude, denoting rational beings, are followed by verbs in the singular or plural, according to the unity or plurality of the idea conceived in the mind
of the speaker, thus
a
people
is
gang
of
:
monarch the
to the just
an army,
shdhinshdh-i- ddil-rd
ra-
'iyat lashkar ast,
Arab thieves
td,ifa,e
duzddn-l- arab bar
had settled on the sum-
sar-i-kohe
mit of a certain moun-
dancl.
nishista
bu-
tain,
the whole nation through partiality
flocked
kJ,alke
ba taassab bar o
gird dmadand.
to
him,
The
rule for addressing persons is as follows
Among
persons in the same sphere of
life
:
you
is
used.
Between intimate
friends, either
a superior to an inferior, thou
an independent person,
it is
;
you or
b*ut if
thou.
From
the inferior be
better to use you.
106
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.
.
Kings are addressed
in the third person singular,
sometimes third person plural. The phrase " His " Majesty" is used, not Your Majesty ." Sovereigns, when speaking of themselves, say, " His Majesty/' " never " I or " We." In writing they use " We." Great personages address each other in the third Inferiors speak of their superiors in person singular. the third person singular.
It will have been noticed that
have a
common
where several nouns
verb, the conjunction wa, "and,". is
required.
Har and hama
har take the noun in the singular hama in the plu; ;
takes the verb also in the singular ral, as
:
all
the people came,
hama
has dmadand.
In speaking of exalted personages the plural verb is
used, as if
:
the king wishes, agar pads/id?) kabfdfarmdyand.
The verb
is
used in the singular,
when speaking
of God.
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.
An
active verb does not, as a rule, require that its
complement should have the sign of the accusative For example case. :
O, cup-bearer, bring a goblet of wine !
sdkiyd saghir-i-s/iardb biydr.
GOVERNMENT OF VEKBS. ,the
darwesh preserved the
107
darwesh sang -r a ba
Mud
"
stone in his possession,
nigdh ddsht. a certain villager had aass, dihkdne khare ddsht. the people of the garden iuardumdn-i-bdgh khar-rd
used to beat the
When
tnl-zadnnd.
ass,
the accusative case
When
omitted.
is
used indefinitely, rd
any ambiguity would
omission, rd should be inserted, as the goldsmith struck the
arise
from
is
its
:
zargar najjar-rd zad.
carpenter,
the
man
case of
mard sher-rd
slew the lion,
In these cases rd
compound
is
kusht.
In the obviously necessary. rd is never added to the
verbs,
substantive (see page 86).
When insertion I
rd is
used
is
to denote the dative case,
absolutely necessary, as
gave a book
to that
man, an mard-rd kitdbe dddam.
In this case kitdbe, the accusative, the dative case
is
its
:
is indefinite,
and
expressed by rd.
When case,
a verb governs an accusative and a dative rd cannot be used for both cases. If the accusa-
rd the dative will be expressed by ba.
tive requires
For example let
:
them give the ruby woman,
to
la'l-rd la
an zan dihand.
that
give
me
the book,
kitdb-rd ba
man
li-dllt.
GOVEENMENT OF VERBS.
108
When
the object
is
in a state of construction with
another noun or with an adjective, and from its nature requires rd, that termination is added to the latter
noun
I
Moreover, however complex the
or adjective.
sentence
may be,
rd should be placed at the end, as
minister,
one of the kings of Khurasan saw in a dream Sultan
Mahmud,
yake az multik-i-khurdsdn Sultan Mahmud - i -Sa-
the
men who had and
vice
bakhwdb
rd
did.
tane cliancl
wdki'a
among
az marddn-i-
wa jang
did a
azmuda-rd
seen ser-
had
-
baktagin
son of Sabaktagm, they sent forward several individuals from
:
Zaid pisar-i-wazlr-rd dldam.
saw Zaid the son of the
bi-firistdd-
and.
expe-
rienced war,
The termination rd respect of," as
is
often used in the sense, "in
:
they relate a story with regard to a certain tyrant,
zdlime-rd hikdyat kunand,
I have heard of a darwesh,
darweshe-rd shunlda am.
After a generic noun, used generically, rd ted,* as *
is
omit-
:
Generic nouns
may be used in three ways definitely, and generically. Thus we may -say either the man, the bird a man, a bird or man, lird, with :
indefinitely,
;
refc-rence to the entire species.
;
109
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. Greediness
both
brings
bird and fish into the
dar drad tama' murgh wa mdhl ba land.
net,
The rd
is equivalent to the definite article "the" used definitely, and is, therefore, omitted after generic nouns.
however, the noun
If,
noun as
is
is
in construction with ki, the
considered definite, and rd must be added,
:
bring,
O
which
Sufi, the is
cup
Sftfl
a
as
pure
Uydr
~ki
d,ina sdf ast
jdm-rd.
mirror,
In the old Persian writers the accusative
by prefixing the I saw the man, The
particle
mar
mar mard-rd
particle rd
is
of the genitive, as
is
to the noun, as
formed
:
dlda,d.
sometimes used in the sense of
:
Zaid's head,
Zaid-rd sar.
a certain person had lost
yake-rd dil az dast rafta bud.
his heart,
When ment
an
indefinite
of a sentence rd
noun occurs is
I saw a holy man,
Sometimes rd I
is
commence-
:
pdrsd,e-rd didam.
omitted, as
had a companion,
at the
required, as
:
r of Ike ddshtam.
GOVERNMENT OP VERBS.
110
The pronouns and the Arabic word fuldn, " such a one/' always take rd, as I
saw
:
such a person
has con-
as
is
fuldn-rd dldum. fuldn skakhs khud-rd pin-
hdn
cealed himself,
The rd
dldam.
tfi-rd
thee,
I saw such an one,
Jcarda ast.
always used in the case of
specific nouns,
:
Zaid struck Omar,
Zaid
'
Umr-rd
The pronominal
suffixes reject rd, as
I said to him,
guftarn-ash.
Sometimes rd tale
8
is
" used, as Gulistan," book
iii.
:
(one of the sages) prohibi-
ted his son from eatingtoo
zad.
:
pisar-ash-rd nahi
Tear A
az
bisiydr khurdan.
much,
" Again, Firdusfs Shah-nama" he gave arms and
money
to his army,
When noun, rd
:
wa
dirJiam
ddd
lash-
Jcar-asJi-rd.
an entire phrase is used in apposition to a placed at the end of the phrase, as
is
I saw 'All
:
(may Allah be him !) in a
pleased with
dream,
sildh
'All (raziyu-l-ldh
'an/tf>)
rd la khwdb dldam.
Ill
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.
When rd I
is
an adjective is placed
added to the noun, as
saw a tyrant
The verbs fit
as
;
in apposition to a
noun,
:
zdlime-rd khufta didam.
asleep,
bdyistan, to be necessary
tawdnistan, to be able
;
;
shdyistan, to be
are used impersonally,
:
it is
necessary to do,
bdyad kard.
it is
proper to say,
shdyad guft. tawdnad kard
one
may
do,
The root of tawdnistan
is
more frequently used,
as:
one
may
tawdn kard.
do,
Some impersonal nate meaning-, as
verbs take a nominative of cog-
:
bdrdn ml-bdfad.
it rains,
(r'ad sadd mi-zanad; it
thunders,
it
lightens,
J
or,
r 'ad m/j-shurad.
(tundar in~i-tundad.
Two
bark ml-darakhshad.
tenses of the Potential
Mood, present and
past,
can be formed by adding the contracted infinitive to " to the aorist and preterite of the verb tawdnistan,
be able" I
:
am
able to go,
I was able to go,
tawdnam
raft,
tawdnistam
raft.
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.
112
The verb as
" to
kJncdstan,
desire," is similarly used,
:
kkicdham
I will go,
raft.
If the infinitive precede the .governing verb,
the full form, as
it
takes
:
I cannot do this deed,
'in
kar Itardan na ml-ta-
wdnam.
When
the infinitive and its governing verb
separated by an intervening clause, the used, as it
are
form
is
:
abnd,e jins-i-mdrd na shd-
does not become persons of our sort, in the pre-
yad
other than the truth,
.
Often after k/iwdstan,
(Jar
slidhdn
sence of kings, to speak
huzrat-i-pdd-
ju~
ba
rdsll
sukhan g lift an.
and
sJunjlstan, bdyiifan,
ta-
the present subjunctive with the particle
i'.-a
HIS tan,
is
used, instead of the infinitive, as
Jci
:
nii-khwdkan ki bi-ravam.
I wish to go, it is
full
proper that I should
shdyail ki bi-kbp&nttm.
read,
This construction
is
sometimes necessary,
sentence turd Idyad zad might stand for 5 " must strike." strike or
you/
The
for the
"I must
you
infinitive is often used as a verbal
noun, in
113
THE TENSES. which case the noun which follows tive, as
is
put in the geni-
:
az dmadan-i-lahdr, az raf-
from the arrival of spring and the departure of
tan-i-dai,
winter the leaves of our
ydt
aurdk-i-ha-
-i-md mi - gardad
lives are folded.
THE TENSES. After verbs signifying " to command," " to order/' the perfect tense is used to imply that the order given
was immediately
carried out, as
the king gave orders to
pddskdh farmud id o-rd
put him into prison, the sage
commanded
dar zinddn nihddand.
haJdm farmud to, ghuIdm-rd ba daryd anddkh-
that
they should throw the
boy into the
:
tand.
sea.
If the fulfilment of the order
the present subjunctive (the
king)
them
is
used, as
was not immediate, :
commanded bi-farmvd
to wrestle,
ki
musdra'at ku-
nand.
he gave orders so that they bestowed a robe of ho-
farmiid id ustdd-rd khiCat o ni'mat dddand.
nour and a reward on the master, *
To become
rolled
up
;
to close, tai gardidan.
8
]
THE TENSES.
14
In narration, when a second verb occurs verb in the preterite, the present, or aorist, as
after. a is
used,
:
the young- tiger
saw that
he has not the power
palang lachcka did ki tdkat-i - mukdwamat na ddrad.
of resisting.
In recounting a conversation the very words of the speaker are used, as
these are their houses, this is my father's house, that is your brother's horse,
an pisarat ast. in khdnahd,e eshdn and. in khdna,e
padaram
ast.
an asp-i-barddar-i-[tu ast^ or [tust].
this is that
that
is
your
thy
sister's
this
pen
that
she
is
is
man's mother,
an khwdharat
sister,
horse
is
swift,
is very good, a very good book,
a
m rnddar-i-dn mard ast.
an kitab bisiydr khub ( o
little
his father
woman,
was a great man,
ast.
asp-i-khicdharat tezrau ast. in kalam bisiydr khub ast. ast.
zan-i-kotah-kad ast.
\ o zanak ast.
padar-i-o buzurg bud.
OF COMPAUISOX.
khwdhar
11'
mah-icash
- i - til
bud.
your
sister
was very hand-
khicdhar
my
horses were
brother's
i-tii
mall-fatal
were
kitabhd,ebachchagdn-i-e$hdn
very good,
If
bisiyar
I
am
marghub
aspdn-i-barddaram nihdyat tez-raftdr budand.
extremely swift, their children's books
Exercise.
-
bud. Tthwdharat bisiydr bud.
some,
hub budand.
that man's brother.
This
woman
is
That boy is my brother's son. This is my sister's book. That man is this boy's father. These houses are very lofty. That girl's mother was veiy wise. Your father's horse was very swift. My
my
brother's daughter.
My
sister's daughters brother's children are handsome. That man's brother's wife was a are very good girls. That was a very handsome very ignorant woman. woman. This boy is very lazy. These girls are very
These women were excessively ugly. The man's lazy. horses were very small. They are very had husbands. She is a bad wife. They are very bad wives.
LESSON
2.
EXAMPLES. the elephant is larger than the horse, the fox is smaller than the
fil az asp kaJdn-tar
ast.
rubah az sag khurd-tar
dog, the horses are swifter than the elephants,
ast.
aspdn az flldn tezrau-tar and.
( fil az hamajdnii'drdn buzurg the elephant
animal of
is all,
the largest
\
ast.
1 fil bitzurgtarln-i-hama hai\,
wdndt
ast.
OF INTEIIROGATIVES.
118
fil, asp, o sag az
ama
wardn-i-dltjar and. fil, asp, o kalb
the elephant, the horse, and the dog, are wiser than all other animals,
fa n-
ddnd-tar az liama zakd-
haiwdndt-i-dlgar wat-tar ddrand.
Exercise. The cow is more lazy than the horse. These men are more wicked than dogs. The boys are more ignorant than the girls. The horses and the dogs are handsomer than the elephants. My pen is better
than your pen.
This boy
is wiser than that boy. your brother's mare. Our swifter than are dogs your horses. The men are worse than the women. The fox is wiser than the dog. This pen is the worst of all (worse than all). This woman is the handsomest of all (more handsome than all). That
My
father's horse is swifter than
girl
was much wiser than her mother.
She was the
wisest of all the girls (wiser than all the girls).
LESSON
3.
EXAMPLES. who who
is
that
is
this
man ? woman ?
who
are these boys
?
who
are those girls
?
whose whose whose whose where where where
house
[\In
?
his brother ?
are horses ?
your
atjdl klstand?
an dukhtardn klstand?
is this ?
children are these books are these ? daughter is she ? is my father ? is
an ddam Iclst ? in khdtun klst ? in kodakdn klstand ?
father's
in khana,e klst ? In bachchag dn-i-kistand ? In kitdbhd,e klstand ? o dukhtar-i-klst ?
padaram kujd
ast ?
barddarash kujd ast? aspdn-i-padar-i-shumd kujd
and ?
119
OF INTERROGATIVES.
where
are
my
brother's
ehildren's books ?
where may be that man's mother's mare ? your house ?
is this
was
that
bachcliagdn-i-bar-
ddar-i-man kujd and ? mddiydn-i-madar-i-dn ddam kujd bdshad ?
shumd
dyd, In khdna,e
father's horse ?
my
kitabhd,e
dyd,
an
ast ?
asp-i-padar-i-man
bud? be
this
may
my
sister's
table ?
how many
pens will there
be? what-like books will they be ?
mez-i-Tchwdhar-i-man
dyd,
bdshad ? chand kalamhd bud?' Jcitdbhd,e chi bud ?
Jchwdhand
kism khwdhand
Where is your brother ? Where is this ? Whose son are you ? Whose horses How many houses are there ? What sort
Exercise.
man's mother are these
of book
?
is
pen yours
Is that your sister's table
?
Is this
Where had you been yesterday
?
Where
this ?
?
will these children
be to-morrow
?
When
will
you be
the house) ? Was your father at home Will your brother be at home to-morrow ? yesterday ? Were my two books on the table yesterday ? Where are his four sons ? Have his three daughters been at home ? Were there seven horses there yesterday ? Will there be eight men in the house three days hence ? Were there five or six dogs there two days ago ? What is this thing? What animals are these? Is that an-imsil a horse or a cow ? at
rah; (high) shdh-rdh ; shdrC bar ; samar (plur.) asmdr.
;
jdda.
;
tair (plur.) tuyur.
ism.
ins; insan
;
haiwan-i-natik.
Intransitive Verbs. ,
,,
to stay, dwell,
(
|
to come, to go,
mandan. mmga d ghtan amadan.
.
^^ ^.^
raftan.
dawldan
to run,
;
puyidan,
( khwabidan. to sleep,
< (_
to arrive, to flow, to proceed, advance,
to retreat, fall back,
khuftan. khushldan.
rasldan ; ivdrid or wurud shudan. Cjari shudan. < rawan shudan. (. sail-i-ab shudan. pesh raftan ; mukaddam shudan. C pas, pa shudan. <
'akab amadan.
( mutaakib shudan. to
sit,
to return,
nishastan.
bdz or pas gashtan.
OF INTRANSITIVE TERBS. /
121
mvrdan. wafdt yaftan. la jalian-i-bakl raftan. intikal kardan.
to die,
(ready) bajdn amadan. EXAMPLES.
man dar niiin
I
am
sliaJir
daram. dar
staying in the city,
man
shahr
father dwells in
padaram dar an
that
ml
tashrlf
house,
\_manzil.~\
we came from
dl ruz az besha
the forest
svJciinat
\_ml-dar a in. ~^
\jiazlram~\.
my
mi-munam.
shahr manzil ml-
-
\_khav a\
darand.
ma amadem.
yesterday,
we
will go to the city tomorrow, the bird was sitting on the
ina
far da ba shahr khwahem
raft.
bala,e shakh-i-darakht ml-nisliast.
murgJi
tree,
where are you going ? whence does this river flow?
kuja mi-raved? az litja In [darya raivan asi] ?
[rud
-
khdna ml
-
ravad.~\
do these men sleep
in the
In
city?
where does
this road
lead
marduman dar shahr mlkhwaband ?
tn }
(
t0 > ?
t0 (g is
the
in
fish
very large
who were sitting
( in that river
?
those that were the
underneath
aTb a-ku)a ml-rasad ?
dar an darya. mahiyan siyar buzurg
bi-
and?
dnun
klstand ki zer-i-darakht nishasta budand?
tree?
The
forest near the city is very large. are sleeping beneath the tree ? The road towards the forest is not very good. The horses
Exercise.
How many men
122
OF SUBSTANTIVES.
The water flows from plain. the river into the city. In that forest there were many The boats on the river are coming towards large trees. the city. How many boats are there ? There will be 250 horses on the plain to-morrow. There were 2500 men on the large plain near the city yesterday. hundred and fifty men have retreated from the river towards the forest. The horses are dying on the plain, and a hundred men died yesterday within the city. That man stayed nine days in my house. I slept one night in the forest, but I will not sleep there a second night. The water is flowing from the river into the streets of the city. The men are advancing towards the city. The fruit on these trees is very good. Where do all these people come from ? What is the name of that city ? What is the name of that river which flows from the forest ? What is the name of the street in which you dwelt ? The people were sitting beneath the trees. When did you arrive in this city ? When will you return home ?
were running from the
A
LESSON
5.
Substantives, oread, butter,
wine,
nun.
mask a ; kara ; zubdat. shardb; mat; bdda; sahbd
;
(fermented
liquor) Ichamr. tea,
breakfast,
dinner, knife,
fork,
ckd or chd,e ; (urn) samawar. (very early) ndshta; (between 11 and 12) nahdr ; (about noon) chasht.
dmokhtan. f dudan. j bakhshldan. 1 'miiyat kardan. V, 'at a kardan; arzdrii ddshtan.
OF TRANSITIVE VERBS.
124
Cguftan. harf zadan.
to say, tell,
<
(_
to see, look,
sukhan guftan.
/
dldan.
\
mushdhida kardan.
muaiyana kardan. \muldhaza kardan.
"}
f shun id'an ; isghd kardan. \shuniidan; gosh kardan.
to hear,
y
shinuftan.
\istima namudan. zadan. ( zarb zadan. (
to strike,
khwdndan. nawishtan ; rakam or
to read, to write,
tah-
rlr kardan.
to take,
giriftan
;
(seize)
dast
dar
girebdn zadan.
he
is
we
bringing bread,
EXAMPLES. o nan ml-drad.
md ma
drink water,
eshdn shardb mi-naualiand.
they drink wine, my brother will drink cold
barddaram db-i-sard khwuhad khitrd.
pure water,
make
(
tea, (
bring a spoon, give me some meat, bring a knife and fork, make breakfast ready, bring a clean plate, when will you get dinner
ready
db-i-zuldl mi-khurem.
db-i-zuldl ml-navshem.
did taiydr chd bi-sdz.
o sdf
bi-ktin.
kdshug]i.e biydr.
kadre gosht mard bi-dih. kdrde o changdh biydr.
nahdr taiydr bi-kun. bushkdb-i-sdf biydr. kai shdm-rd khwdhcd award?
?
will you drink wine what will you eat ?
?
shardb khwdhed kJiurd ? chi
khwdhed khurd?
OF TRANSITIVE VERBS.
1
2o
Do you eat any fruit ? Bring me some and milk. Put a knife and fork on the table for my father. Cool (make cold) some wine for us. Prepare dinner for six people. You will bring us some Will yon give me some wine and some rice and milk. cold water, that I may drink ? Do you drink tea ? Will your brother drink wine ? Bring us three knives, three He reads forks, three spoons, and three clean plates. Exercise.
tea, sugar,
very good books.
He
writes a letter to
me
every day.
She was writing letters when I came to her house. He We were reading their letters hears good news of him. when they arrived. Tell us all the news of the city. I will tell you the news of the city when I return. Give us some bread and butter.
LESSON
6.
E x A M P L E s. put the water on the table,
ab-rd
bar
mez
\bi-nili\.
\J)i-guzar,~^
( shakar-rd
take
away
the sugar,
< (.
give
me
clean
(make clean) the
the wine,
cool the water,
tharub-rii plate,
[bar dar~\.
[bar
gir.']
kand-ra bi-bar.
ba-man
bi-dih.
bushkiib-ru saf bi-kun. ab-rd sard bi-kun.
The dog is drinking the milk. They were Exercise. Who has taken away putting the water on the table. He is cleaning the plate. They are cooling the sugar ? Take away the meat and put the wine on the water. Put the water near me on this table. The the table. dogs will drink the water. Beat (or strike) that idle He was eating the sugar and drinking the wine. boy.
We
I shall see him to-morrow. shall see them to-day in the city. If they see us here, they will beat us very shall not see that man, if we remain in this much. house.
We
OP TRANSITIVE VERBS.
126
LESSON
7.
EXAMPLES. f he has placed good food j
upon the
o bar
made
we drank
who
an zan chd taiydr karda
tea,
father has the wine,
my
drunk
he called
all
khnrda
ast.
ma
db-i-sard Tthurdem. birinj-rd ki khurda ast
?
the servants
o
into the house,
we had
ast.
padaram tamam shardb-rd
all
cold water,
has eaten the rice
Tchiirish-i-nafls
yuzdslita ast.
(.
she has
ni-
ast.
bar mez
1 o
table,
mez ta am-i-Tchub
hdda
?
hama naukardn-rd andarun--i-khdna talabid.
ma
very good bread to the men, the women ate bread and drank milk, given
mardumdn-rd
bisiydr
khub nan ddda budem. zandn nan o shir khurdand.
Exercise. Have you learned the Persian language ? I have read a few pages. Have you seen the city of Teheran ? You have made the voyage of the sea, what wonders did you see there ? I may say what one of the " The wonder that I saw on the sea was this, sages said, that I came safe to land." How much money have father gave me an order your friends given you ? for one thousand rupees. How much did you give to the man ? How many rupees did he demand of you ? He demanded ten rupees, and I gave him three rupees and a half. Have you prepared breakfast ? Have you prepared a good dinner for two people ? Have you put the bread on the table ?
My
LESSON
8.
to be able, tawdnistan
;
root tawdn.
EXAMPLES. (o
he can (or
is
able to) speak \
our language,
y
V
zabdn-i-md
ml-tawdnad
guft.
o zabdn-i-md guftdn ml-ta-
wdnad.
OF VERBS.
are you able to read writing ?
no one this
my
will be able to read but yourself,
mard shuma nawishta,e khwdndan ml-tawdned? khwdndast-i-khatt-i-man dan mi-taivdned ? in-rd siwd,e shuma kase khwdndan na kjucuhnd tawdnist.
he
can
speak
a
little
English,
they have done eating,
have you done writing ?
kadre dar zabdn-i-inglislmltawdnad harf zad. eshdn az khnrdan fdrigh shuda and. eshiin az tandivul-i-ta dm parddkhta and. eshdn-rd az tandwul-i-ta dm Jardghat hasil shud. shuma az nawishtan fdriah shuda ed ? 1
they had done reading I arrived there,
when
dar
hm-i-rasldan-i-man, eshdn az khwdndan farigh shuda budand. wakte ki man rasldam eshdn, &c. ba-mujarrad-i- rasidan -iman, eshdn, &c.
When he had done writing the letter, then Exercise. I came away from the house. When you come (i. e. shall here to-morrow, I shall have done reading the come) book. Can you swim across this river ? I cannot swim at all, but my brother is an excellent swimmer. So great was the darkness that I could not see anything. The ruler of this village cannot speak English, but he can I hope I shall be able to learn speak Persian well. the language of this country in the space, of six months. 1
"
Come punctually," wakt-i- [jnauuda'] biyd. [ma hud ;
mu'otyan.1
OF VERBS.
128
LESSON to begin,
9.
root khez.
khastan.
to rise,
giriftan.
to allow,
glr.
\dadan
( guzashtan.
gnzar.
,,
EXAMPLES.
wa guftan girifi. eshdn khwandan giriftand.
he arose and began to say, they began to read, you began to eat, he allows them to come i
,
he
him is
shumd khyrdan girifted. dar khdna eshdn-rd ijdzat-i-
dmadan dihad. o-rd rattan bi-dih. - T - , 7 o-ra bi-guzar ki bi-ravad. (
into the house, ,
let
o bar khdst
(
go,
J.
<"**??*
allowed to come,
j o ( rukhsat-i-amadanyana ast.
ma ml-khwahem, o rdwdddradkimabi-kunem.
he will allow us to do what
we
.
harchi
like,
Exercise.
He
One man began Another
bread.
dmad.
down, and began to tell this story. to say, I shall not be able to eat this began to say, I will not allow the
sat
He will give you leave to children to read these books. walk in this beautiful garden every day. father Shiraz on account of transacting is allowed to go to (making) business. Go to my brother's house, present
My
to
him
my
compliments,
Strip off your clothes, the boat to this side.
and bring home
swim
my
saddle.
across this river, and bring
LESSON
10.
EXAMPLES. he
is
in the habit of read- (
ing every morning,
J
ar
\
?W
\Mat-i-Khwan-
(^o liar sabali i/ii-ki/iwanaa.
129
OF VERBS. f he
o
liar
ruz
cJnze
mashk-i-
nawishtan diirnd. o har ruz chize udat-i-nasomething every day, y \ wishtan ddrad. he used always to give o kamesha shagird-rd 'ddati-tdkid ml-kard. (make) this injunction to is
in the habit of writing \
*
the scholar,
f I wish to learn the Persian
1
language,
man zabdn-i-fdrsl dmokhtan ml-lthwaham.
\
mard
arzu,e dmokhtan-izabdn-i-fdrst ast.
\ what do you wish
kuddm sukhan guftan ml-
to say ?
khwdhed ? I wish to write a letter,
Jchatt
nawishtan ml-Jthwah-
am. I
Exercise.
dawn.
He
o'clock.
am accustomed
every day to rise at the
in the habit of dining every day at two make it a practice to read three hours in
is
We
the morning. I wish very much to learn the language of this country. Do you wish to read this book? It is to learn the Arabic language in order to speak necessary and understand well the Persian. It is desirable to know the language of the country in which you are dwelling.
LESSON
11.
EXAMPLES. who
killed that
man ?
(
an ddam-rd
ki kusfit ?
\
kuddm kas
katl-i-dn
karda
(_
he has placed all the things on the table, lay my watch on the'shelf,
o
ddam
ast.
liama
chizhd
bar
mez
[nihdda~\ ast. [guzdshta.']
saat-i-man bar tdk guzdr~\.
[6i'-wz'A.]
9
[bi-
OF VERBS.
130
they have eaten up
all
the
dinner,
write a letter for me,
f eshan tamam shdm-rd bi-l\ kull khurda and. 1 eshdn sham tamam tandwnl \ karda and. az bardie man khatte binaiuls.
f
he has cut down
the
all
trees in the garden,
tamam darakht
\ y
ast,
o
burida
ki dar bagfe.
ast.
hama darakhthd,e bugh-ra munkati' karda
(^
ast.
the things ou the table. That man Has he written out the two ? The king said to the soldier, Cut off this man's head in my presence. Throw out the Exercise.
has killed
Put
my
all
companion.
letters, as I told
him
They all spoke out, saying, We your house unless you make an apology for this conduct. His father, mother, brothers, and sisters have all died. The goat has smashed the He has lost a great sum looking-glass with his horns. of money (very many rupees) in gambling. You will sit down in this room until I return from the king's audience (darbcir). The dog has eaten up the whole of water from this basin. will not sit
down
the butter.
Who
in
has cut
down
LESSON
that fine tree
?
12.
EXAMPLES. I read
my
man
book,
f
thou readest thy book,
tii
nii-
- i -
khudat
mi-
khud
mi-
kitab
Xhyani. \}
tu
kitab
-
t
-
Jchwani.
\ he reads his (own) book,
kitab-i-khud-ra khwdnai/i.
o
kitab
- i -
khwdnad.
khudash
ml-
131
RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS. she reads her (own) book,
we have have
seen our father,
you
written
your
letter ?
the goldsmith and carpenter
went
to their
(own)
city,
an zan kitab-i-khud-ra mikhwanad. pidar-i-[khud~\ dlda em.
ma
shuma khatt-i-khud-ra nawishta ed? zargar o [najjur] ba shahri- khud - i- shun rajtand. \_dar rudgar.~\
the
women
feed their (own)
children,
zandn bachcha(jun-i-kh{(d-ishun ml-paitvarand.
Did you see your father yesterday ? Bring your dogs here to-morrow, that we may go a-hunting. in this room till I shall have done writing my Wait letter to your master. Give my compliments to your master and say that Mr. F. is not at home. Why do you In my country beat your servants in that manner ? every man considers his own house as his castle. My Exercise.
friend
is
gone
to his native
country for the benefit of his
The judge said to the plaintiff, Go and take your money from the woman. The plaintiff came back and said, Sir, I cannot get my money from this woman. health.
LESSON
13.
EXAMPLES. where did you like,
a wise
find this dog-
unclean animal
man
?
like you,
what-like animals are these?
he took up a very large stone,
a fine-looking stag came in sight,
in jdnioar ki najis misal-isag ast kujd ydfted ? misal-i-shumd ddnd.
like a bow, and her hair (lit. hairs) black as night. straight as the cypress, her lips red as the Tcandurl (a beautiful red flower), and her feet delicate as She was beautiful as Zulaikha, the flower of the lotus.
were
Her form was
and as
The young prince was handsome The king was wise as Sulaiman, just as
faithful as Laili.
Yusuf.
Naushirwdn,
Hdtim, and brave as RUstam.
liberal as
LESSON to drink, to come,
to
I
have an
inclination for,
have an inclination
14.
naush-i-jdn farmudan. tashrif dwardan. Tfhwdstan mail kardan, or
mail ddshtan ; itta,il shudan. man mail-i-ab ml-Jcunam. man db-rd mail mj-kunam. man db ml-~khwdham. man ba ub \_mai
for
water,
\rna,il
EXAMPLES. (
I shall see him myself,
-J
( will she herself
come
?
^
man Jchud o-rd Tchwdham did. man khndam o-rd Tchwdham did.
1
an zanlfhud khwdhad dmad ? an zan Tchudash khwdhad
dmad ? 1
1
These forms are rarely used.
RESPECTFUL FORMS OF ADDRESS.
133
f shumd khudfarda Jchicahed will
you come yourself
morrow
dmad ?
to- \
?
shumd
)
will
you,
morrow
how
,
,,,
f
the health of your
honour?
.
(
you,
sir,
drink
farda
l
jM
( mizaj-i-sharif chiquna ast ? * a [ san] ast? <
-
\_iaur.-]
shumd will
dmad ?
shumd Jchiid tashrif khwdhed award ?
to-
?
.
is
come
sir,
Jchud-i-tdn
Jchwdhed
V.
Jchud
kadre shardb
naush-i-jdn Tchwdhed far-
any
mud. jandb
Tfhud
mail-i-shardb
khwdhand farnnud.
may sit
please monsieur to
it
down,
fjandb-i-dll ba kursi tashrif \ bi-ddred ? bismi-l-ldh
bi-farmdyed (at the time of eating). f mizctj i -jandb -i- 'all ba
y
C.
how
the health of your
is
highness
?
\
Jchairiyat ast ?
j miztij V.
- i
-jandb
-
i-'ald
ba
'tfiyat ast ?
I am going there myself this very day. Exercise. If he himself Will you come yourself to-morrow ? cannot give the money, perhaps his brother will be able We do not wish to appear ourto advance it for him. I am your worship's faithful selves in this business. I have sought for the child in your honour's slave. Your worship's (master's) dinner is ready. garden. Master's palki (vulg. palanquin) is now at the door. there is no one in sir, are my father and mother the world, except your honour, who will assist your poor Where is the native country of your miserable slave. highness ? Will your majesty ride on the white elephant
You,
to-day
;
? 1
This form
is
rarely used.
USE OP THE INFINITIVE.
134
LESSON 15. EXAMPLES. ( tu-rd
I
must buy a good horse,
do not commit such
ba
Jch>rna,e
\
you must go home,
folly,
raftan bdyad. 1 bayad ki tu ba Jchdna,e Wind bi-ram. \_ az bard,e Tthud asp-i-khub mar a bay ad kharld. f chunin himdkat ma kun. < dar chunin bddiya,e zaldlat (.
do not go to that country,
ma
ran,
baddn mulk
ma
ran.
ba Iran irdda,e raftan na ml-ddram. hdlan mard irdda ba raftanilhdl
I do not
now
intend to go
i-lrdn nlst.
aknun man irdda,e raftani-ajam na ddram.
to Persia,
az bard,e raftan-i-fdrs irdda na ddram. Exercise. must not do evil to the end that good may result. That wounded soldier must not eat so much fruit. You must read three j>ages of this hook every Do not speak more nonsense. Never strike your day. horse on the head. Do not strike your dog in that manner. Do not drink any of the foul water of that river. When do you intend going to Europe ? He is about to travel in Persia (Fdrs), Arabia ('Arab), and Turkey (JRum). She does not mean to remain in this country after the cold season. The officers do not intend to go to the tiger-hunt. ilhdl
We
LESSON 16. Use of the Relative. EXAMPLES. that
which you say
true,
is
all
dnclii
shumd ml-goyed, hama
rdst ast.
USE OP THE RELATIVE. whatever plainly comes into your mind,
the man whom you saw in the city yesterday died this
morning,
dnchi dar
135 dil-i-tu bi-dyad,
sdf bi-go.
an mard ki shumd o-rd dar shahr dl ruz dided imruz subh murd. marde ki o-rd dl ruz dar shahr dided, imruz dam-isubh [wafdt jahdn-i-bdkl
the letter which you wrote to me has not arrived, where there is a rose there is
as
Ifhatte ki
ydft~\.
\ba
raft.~\
ba-man nawishted,
na raslda
ast.
ba-jde ki gul ast,
khdr
ast.
also a thorn,
you
act,
so
will
you
experience,
dnchi ml-kdrl, bi-dnravl. dnchi ml-kunl, biydbl. harki shdkh -i - mazarrate kdrad, mewd,e manfa'at kujd chinad. har jd,e ki tu ram hamrdh-
wherever you go, thither will I also go,
as the master, so will be the scholars,
i-tii
khwdham
bud.
har jd,e ki tu ravl ['akab-i\jnutu] khwdham dmad. tadkib-i-tu ; darpai,e tu^\ dnchi ustdd bdsliad, shdgirddnash bdshand. dnchi miCallim^ bdshad, taldmlzash bdshand.
hamchu
zagji,
hamchu bach-
cha.
hamchu
rlsh,
hamchu shdna.
That very foolish young man has lost in money that his father had given him when home. They broke to pieces all the furniture
Exercise. all the
play
he
left
1
master, mudarris talamiz ; muta'allim.
;
mu,addib
:
pupil,
talnnz,
(plur.)
136
ON ORIENTAL PHRASEOLOGY.
which they found in the people's houses. The king highly approved of the horses which you sent to him last year from Arabia. Why have you not done what I told you ? The officer rewarded the soldier who saved his life. Have you made a copy of the petition which the villagers brought to me yesterday ? At the i*oot of the very tree under which you are now standing there is buried a potful of ashrafis. The servant whom you recommended to me is a great rascal.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
me
he told
did he not
to
tell
you that he
had
lost all his
play
?
money
mard khud
o
go home,
guft ki ba khana,e bi-rau.
dyd, o ba
slmmd na
man hama
at
137
fjtift
ki
pul-i-khud-ra
dar bdzl bdkhtam ?
he says that his parents have died, ask him whether that horse be his own or not, he says it is assuredly his own,
ml-goyad ki wdlidain-i~
o
man wafdt '
ydfta ast.
az o bi-purs ki an asp az dn-i-o ast
yd na
?
o ml-goyad ki albatta az en-
i-man
ast.
master sends you his compliments, and Exercise. desires me to say that he cannot come to see you to-day, I told him, that if he would as he is busy writing. prove to me that he did not charge me more than the market price (or price current) for the grain, then I would give him the sum he asked. I wrote to my friend
My
morning, and told him that I would send him the in a day or two, if he did not require it sooner. me that he had suffered great hardships on the journey ; that he had been robbed of part of his property, and obliged to sell the rest in order to pay his expenses during his way home. He wished to come here this morning to see you, but he told me that his horse was dead, and therefore he could not come. this
book
He
told
LESSON
18.
nahdr
bring breakfast, bring dinner, bring bread, bring milk, give sugar,
biydr.
sham biydr. nan biydr. shir biydr.
[s^aar]
bi-dih.
nabdt.~\ 1
" Whose will
it
be
?
"
kird bdshad ?
\kand or
Exercise.
Who
is
bringing the breakfast?
Sir,
I
have brought the breakfast. What is -there to-day for dinner ? They eat good bread and drink fresh milk. Have you lighted the caudles ? Bring us some tea, Where have all sugar, bread, and milk very quickly. the servants gone to ? Sir, they have all gone home. When will they come back ? When you go there, you will first turn to the left and then to the right. Ask
What is the these soldiers of what regiment they are. name of the officer ? At what hour to-morrow morning will they
march
for
Ispahan
?
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
LESSON
move
139
19.
( rdst bi-rau.
straight on,
the porters, take away the table, take away the things, raise the table,
\ rdst bar blnl bi-rau. mazdiirdn-rd bi-talab. mez-rd [bar ddr~\. [fo'-iar.] asbdb-rd bi-bar. mez-rd [bar ddr\. [bi-yir.~\ C khabar-ddr bash.
they are ignorant, bring my book, bring niy shoes,
\Jcafsh~\-i-man
biydr.
[pa,
posh, pa afzdr, or pd,e zdr, orpd,e dan, or muza.~\
go to the market,
la bazar
bring a
kadre yosht biydr.
little
Exercise.
meat,
bi-rau.
the porters have come.
Sir, all
Tell
them
put the things in the carriage. Have you fastened the door of the house ? When I shall be at leisure I shall see him. Has the servant brought the meat from the market ? Have you put my books on the table ? Sir, pray forgive me, I had forgotten. Well, do not forget again. What a great misfortune this is I have shoes. I am not at leisure to Sir, brought your see him to-day, tell him to come early to-morrow. Who is that old man who is standing near the door ? to
!
LESSON 20. shumd Jclsted? chird dmaded? ~ sl um a cMz C
who why
are you? are you come?
you
will say something to
*
.
< (_
clilze
mara
bi-goyed. ma ran] an.
dast az don't be troublesome,
call
my
house steward,
f
] sliuma im-kmuatied
man
ddr.
takhllfam ma dih. mara mutakhallif ma shau. mara dar mashakkat mayanddz. [darogjia,e] pesh khidmatgdrdn - i-mard bi-talab. [ndzir-i.~\
1
misfortune, afat
tlrd-bakhtl ;
dsliilb
;
bald; sakhtl ; musibat nakbat ; dsib ; sammd. ;
;
shiddat
;
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
141
sham biydr. sham ba mez nigah ddr. sham ba mez nig h ddr. sham la mez bi-guzdr.
order dinner,
hukm-i-dwardan-i-shdm
bi
dih.
man,ba kdre,berunkhwdham
I will go out,
raft.
my
bring
1
clothes,
rakhut-i-poshidan-i-mard biydr.
zud tashrlf biydred. marammat-i-khdna,e
come quickly, repair the warehouse, please
tijdrat
bi-kuned.
akhbdr biydr.
bring the newspaper, is this
ak_hb art biydr. in chiz bi-'ainihihamdnast.
who
eshdn hama dnjd and. o kist?
the very thing? they are all there, is
he ? any one there? is
dyd,
bdz
say that again, how are you ?
we
ast?
farda man khtvdham
go to-morrow, way, that way,
In [rdh] bi-rau.
this
raft.
[taraf.~]
an C
has the gun fired?
2
[jdnib.~\ [rdh~\ bi-rau. top sar shuda ast ?
( top
Who
Tease
chiguna I? or chi taur I? ahwdlat chi taur ast ?
shall
move move
dnjd bi-go.
zada
ast ?
has he come the newspaper come to-day? Where have you put my clothes? Has the Jchdnsdmdn yet returned from the market ? Tell me when he comes back. Sir, the khdnsdmdn says there is no good meat in the market Exercise.
here?
1
8
that man, and
why
Is
rakhut to
is
fire,
is the plur. of rakht, apparatus, apparel. ( top-rd sar dddan; tufang-rd sar dddan. < top-rd sar kardan.
\top-rd zadan.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
142
Carry the books and newspapers to the ware-
to-day.
What will he say to you to-morrow ? How is ? He says that he is now much better. The
house.
he to-day
every morning at dawn, and also end of evening twilight. Such is the custom of
in the fort is fired
gun
at the
this country.
LESSON send
for
the
1
palanquin
21.
az lard,e 'amdrl,e raivdn
zud
quickly,
bi-firist.
has the master risen ?
dyd, sdhibat az khwdb [bar khdsta ast]. \_beddrshuda
this is a
In
ast.]
very
fine fruit,
mewa
[laziz] ast. [nafis
;
latif.~]
this is
we he
wonderful news,
are hungry and thirsty, a careful man,
is
m akhbdr-i-'ajlb
ast.
ma gursina o tushna em. o sliakhse [dur andesh] ast. [hoshiydr; bu khabar ; sahib-i-intibdh.~\
they are great rogues,
z
the whole land
hama zamln [hamwur ;
eshdn kalun [bad ma' ash] and. [_aubdsh ; diinan o kjiasis hiinmatdn ; fdsikan; ishrdr
.
his heart
is
is
is level,
grieved,
your business pleted ?
now com-
dil-i-o
[_bardbar~\ ast.
musattafi.']
jlda ; mukaddar majruh.^ kdr-i-shwnd
ilhul
shuda
ast] ?
Victuals, kijdf-i-ma'dsh.
;
malul
;
[tamum
[ba itmdm
ast.]
Litter for an elephant, 'amdri. Litter for a camel, haudaj, or kajdwa (for palanquin, 'amdri,e rawdn.
A 3
na-kasdn.~\
[_maahjimm~\ ast. [ran-
raslda 1
;
women).
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. is
the proof of
she
is
it
strong ?
dalU-i-dn kdr kdmil ast? ( o bisiyur yustdlch ast. ( o bisiydr be adab ast.
very impudent,
dsmdn khub musaffa
the sky is quite clear, these are mischievous chil-
[jam' nist.] dil-i-o bekardr ast. \dil-i-o dar iztirdb nil-dyad,
is restless,
i
ne is a
o
fool,
\_ahmak~]
nd-ddn this
paper
is
;
ast.
in kdgjiaz [tarj ast.
moist,
\_abla
;
nu-fahmJ\ \_nam-
ndk.]
who
is
making a
noise
C
ki [shor]
(
sadd
?
what are you saying ?
mi-kunad? [saut
;
ghnughd.~\ ( shumd chi ml-
Exercise. Sir, the p; ki is ready. Bring me some Ask that man if his master has paper, that I may write. What is the name of this fruit ? Is there yet risen. much fruit on that tree ? I shall come home when I have
completed there.
my
You
Do
not make so much noise men were great liars. You very careful. The fool says everything
business.
said that these
say that you are
that comes into his heart ; but whatever come? into the heart of the wise, the same remains hidden. The news from the army this week is by no means favourable. The man who brings the news is a very great rogue, and those who believe him are fools.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
144
LESSON speak easy Persian,
22.
fdrsl,e [sails] It-go. [dsdn.]
whence are you come ?
az
Tcujd
dmada ed?
ran
go away, you have leave,
[murakhkkas
[shumd-rd rukhsat
ed]. ast ;
go not there again,
shumd rukhsat ed.] dnjd bdz ma ran. Cmd-rd ba sdhil pd,ln bi-kun.
put us on shore,
<
md-rd
(^
bi-guzdr. an jd ki manzil
r *
who
lives there?
1
\ go on straightforward, bring some wine and water, cool the water well, the dinner is on the table,
ba
kindra,e
daryd
ddrad? an jd ki ml-mdnad?
dnjd kuddm
kas
manzil
ddrad? rdst bi-rau.
kadre shardb o db biydr. db-rd bisiydr sard bi-kun.
sham [bar mez]
ast.
[mu-
haiyd.']
what he
is
is
your name
C o bisiydr hoshiydr ast. o bisiydr 'aklmand ast. \^o zl shu'ur ast.
<
very clever,
wake me very
ndm-i-shumd
?
chlst ?
early,
mard
[wakt-i-subh] beddr bi-
kun.
['ald-s-sabdh; bdm-
he has made confession,
ddd.] imruz ruz-i - [bahdri] [musa/a.] o ikrdr karda ast.
make
a signal to the porter
bahammalishdrat-i-dmadan-
coming
i-[m-jd] bi-kun. [mtaraf.] sarra sabr bi-kun. eshdn-rd ba khdna,eman bi-
it is fair
for
to-day,
here,
have patience a little, send them to my house,
ast.
firist.
sprinkle a little water, turn back that leaf, tie their
hands and
feet,
kadre db biyafshdn. an tvarak-rd bdz bi-garddn. dast opd,e oshdn bi-band.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
145
You say that the Persian language is very He put them all ashore there yesterday. Have well the wine and the water ? Tell me when cooled you the dinner is on the table. Why did you not wake me very early, as I told you ? If you forget another time, then you will get great punishment. Have they seen our signal for their corning here? Send the wine and water to my house. do not live there. These boys He has made no confession as yet. are very clever. Who has torn the leaf from my book ? The magistrate caused the prisoners to be bound hand and foot. Exercise.
easy.
We
put those rupees
LESSON
23.
*
dar
in the bag,
\_kisa~\
bi-guzdr. is
come back this way, move a little slower, come, take off my boots, come out of the house,
wash your hands and
rupiyahd
bar dar darweshe istdda o bisiyar zaki ast. in nan bisiyar khub ast. ba In rah bdz a. andake dhista bi-rau.
a fakir at the door, he is very intelligent, this is very good bread, there
an [jib.~\
ast.
biydkafsh-i-manpdylnbi-kun. az khdna berun biyd. dast o ru,e khitd bi-ishue].
face,
[UL] he has many friends,
o bisiyar dostdn ddrad.
what
benefit will there be in that ?
they have suffered
dar an amrchifd,ida khwdhad bud? f eshdn bisiyar gh_am khurda
much
and. ba eshdn bisiyar gjiam raslda
j)
sorrow,
)
(. 1
ast.
a bag for money or letters, klsa. a cut-purse, kisa bur ; (thief) duzd
man) rdh-zan
;
;
(highway-
tarrdr.
a purse-bearer or letter-carrier, k'tsaddr ; kdsid. a purse, surra. a letter-bag, a letter, kharita. 10
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AXU EXERCISES.
146 lie
he
o rlsli-i-dardz ddrad.
has got a long beard,
what bird
is
kuddm murgh ast? \ In murgji chist? f o bisiyar shardbi ast. \ o bisiyar [shardb khwdr] 1 ast. [sharab khyr; khrtm(
Exercise. How many rupees are there in the bag ? Bring water, that I may wash my hands and face. I have suffered much sorrow on your account. What is the name of this fine bird ? These flies give me much trouble. That fakir has a very long beard. Give him a rupee and tell him to go away. Tell him that if he makes such a noise another day, I will punish him do Where friends Are all the live ? your severely. His friends afford him one people present to-day ? hundred rupees a month. That man is quite innocent. There are many very fine trees in that field. These men never speak the truth ; I cannot place any reliance upon what they tell me.
mara namitna.e ['inayatl bifarm ayed. [lutf.f | Infakat [hila~\ ast. [dam; fareb ; makr ; zark.~\ f
where is his shop? have you got a rope,
dukan-i-o kuja ast? l ay a, shumii rassane dared? r-badshah bar takht julus
the king sat upon the throne,
-)
(^ ,
.
.
.
his voice
what what what
(
-.
is
good,
sort of animal is this ? is is
your advice your age ?
,
budshahjulis-i-takht gardid. awaz-i-o khush ast.
~
.
| n s]iaWL In haiwaii
msh
a u- n asf
kudum kism ast?
saldh-i-shumd chlst? 'umr-i-shuma chlst?
?
nazd-i-man 'amdri,e rawan
send the palki near me,
bi-firist.
me
give
the whip and hat,
[taziyana'\
o
kulii,e
mara
bi-dih.
bring water for washing hands,
\_chabuk.] f ab-i-dast shu,e biyar. 3 the \ ab-i-dast short biyar. y V.
ab az bara,e sliustan-i-dast-i-
man
biyar.
string, rishta; a dependent, rishta dar. rope, rassan; thick rope, rassan-i-kuhtjt ; thin rope, rassan-i'barik or rishtak. to sit, to sit down, to ascend the throne, julus kardan. ,
mizdj-i-shumd chiguna ast? f miswdk o suda,e danddn give
me the tooth-brush and }
powder,
short bi-dih.
miswdk
)
o
safuf-i-danddn
shii,e bi-dih.
(^
bring a suit of clothes,
l
bring ink, pen, and paper,
*murakkab, kalam, kdghaz
yak dast-rakht-i-poshtdan biydr. bitjur.
whose horse
is
f an asp az dn-i-kist? < an asp az klst?
that?
(.
who
is
that European?
an asp mdl-i-klst dnfarangi
?
kist ?
Exercise. One day, in the summer season, a king and his son went a-hunting. When the air became very hot, then they placed each his cloak on the back of a certain
The
jester.
there
is
answer,
two
an "
king, having laughed, said,
"Now,
O jester,
burden on thy back." The jester gave Verily, your majesty, I bear the burdens of ass's
asses."
LESSON 25. wh6se house
is
n
this ?
( l ^
in
1
best suit of clothes, or kashancj.~\ blotting paper,
! {,
yak
^
na **-i-lj*t? khana az an-i-kist
dast-rakht-i-[a'la].
?
\bihtar
kath. kayJiaz-i-murakkab khushtc Icun.
*u&*-i:
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. this Boil is bai'ren,
zamln
in
.
149 ast.
[tposrate]
\jshora-bum.~\
eslum bisiyur [tam't]
they are very avaricious this rupee is adulterated,
in rupiya kdsid ast.
its
surat-i-dn
shape
is
bad,
[shakl
the
English
language
is
and.
bad [haikaV]
;
ast.
haiyai:~\
zabdn-i-ingllsl [muishkii]
ast.
[nmghlak.]
difficult,
'ankabutpdk bi-kun. tdr-i-ankabut pdk bi-knn. liCdb-i^ankabut pdk bi-kun. !khdna,e o chi \_taksir] karda ast ?
what crime has he committed
az o chi taksir sadir shuda ast? bar sabz-zar bisiyar shabnam
?
ast.
there
much dew on
is
the
grass,
now they are very
helpless,
bar
kith
bisiyur
[Id 'tldj
what
business
you
shabnam
uftada ast. bar giyuh bisiyur shabnam barida ast. f and. ilhdl bisiyar \be iliij~\ liij~\ Id char. dr.J
;
injd chi kdr mi-kuned?
?
doing
behuda
goi,e
o
uklnr na
ddrad. there
is
no end
of his
[ukhirat\-i nlst.
chattering,
1
-
yuwa
gol,e
[ikhtitum.']
amez
o
wa
makdldt-i-muhdl makaula,e mustahildt-i-o iJchtituni na ddrad.
right and wrong, sawdb o kjiatd.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
150
( eshdn bisiydr \izr kardand.
they made
much
<
apology,
(.
parents have gone to theirhouse(otherpeople's house), there are many fruits in
my
dar makdm-i-itizdr amadand. wdlidain-i-man ba Jchdna,e oshdn rafta and. eshdn
dar an bdgh bisiydr mewahd and.
that garden,
I have a headache,
J
(
where did you hear news ? it is late, let
this
us depart,
sar-i-mandard mi-kunad. man sudu daram. shumd kujd in khabar-rd slnmtded ? der shuda ast, biyd ki md bi-ravem.
They thus say, that in a certain house a tiger and a man saw a picture, in which the man was drawn as victorious, and the beast subdued. The man said to the tiger, " Dost thou see the braveYy of the man, " how he has overcome the tiger ? The tiger gave " The if a tiger had been answer, painter was a man the painter, then the drawing would not have been in Exercise.
:
this
manner."
LESSON he has a
26.
liver complaint, this is a fine season,
o blmuri,e jigar ddrad.
sow
1
mausim khub ast. dar bdgh an tukhm-rd
~in
that seed in the garden,
bi-
kdr. ( o he.
has a toothache,
< (.
there are many playthings in the bazar, 1
a
field,
root kdr.
mazra?
;
zarcC
;
[dard~\-i-danddn
ddrad.
[waja'.~\
danddn-i-o dard mt-hinad. dar bazar bisiydr chizhd } e bdzicha and.
ziruat
;
to
sow a field,
kishtan,
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
what
is
your occupation
[_kdr]-i-9hwnd cJtist? \jjesha;
?
kasb this translation is
very good,
to-day, -j
wax how much is
this is a
boat
ishtighulJ]
khwdhad ^azi'ya^e
slind.
sd'at- i-sh iitnd
well,
candle, the fare of the
?
,.,,,.., what o clock is it?
imruz
o
rvjff
khwdhadshud. [murdfa'a.]
(,
your watch goes
;
in tarjuma bisiyar khub ast. imruz f nmkaddama,e o \
,
come on
his case will
lol
in
kh ub mi-ravad.
shama\e momi
ast.
\kiruya,e\ musliuya chi kadar ast ? [ujrat-i-.~\ C cli
and suat
ast ?
[chizoaktast? hat and coat, the fara for a day
?
Lulu o kabd,e marii stif kun. az bard,e yak ruz kiraya
up the blinds, take away
pardalid bar dar, buslikdbha
brush
what
my is
chi lift
the dishes, place rny watch on the table,
kadar ast ?
bi-bar.
saat-i-mard
bar
mez
bi-
guzur. this
fmit
is
very acid,
in
mew a
bisiyar talkh ast.
chird [khafa [baham bar
why
are you angry
?
ed~]
?
dyed
ru,e
;
darham mi-kashed ; dar khashm mi-dyed ; chin ba jabln shuda
ed.~\
One
day, a stag, from fear of the hunters, There a having fled, entered within a certain cave. large tiger having gone, seized and began to eat the stag. At the time of dying, that helpless animal said, in his I own heart, "Alas, what a great misfortune is mine Exercise.
!
from fear of man, and now I have fallen into the claws of an animal whose cruelty is even greater fled hither
than man's."
152
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
this is a
very
LESSON
kur bisiyar
[musJikil] ast.
muta'azzir mutcf assir.~\ f eshdn bisiyar farebi and.
[dushwdr
ness,
,
they J 3 are very that
27.
in
difficult busi-
c
<
kadam dar bddiya.e . . , 7 ghadar wa kufran nihuda
(.
and.
beautiful
(
.,
,,
1
garden,
an bdgh bisiyur
\_zibu]
ast.
[khiib drasta.~\
(
this cloth is
;
\ esJidn
,
artful.
a very
is
;
In parcha bisiyar [dunislit]
very coarse,
ast.
[kuluftJ]
shumd kdbil-i-kdr ed? shumd sazdivdr-i-kdr ed?
C ayu,
are you
for the business? ] uyd,
fit
( it
colder
is
to-day
than
az dl ruz, imruz sard-tar ast.
yesterday, this line
is
in satar bilitar ast.
better,
dil-i-o
gham his heart
she
is
is
very sorrowful,
dumb and
this story is all a
room
is
very
how
long
is
this cloth ?
is -well
lighted,
ast].
[rnustaull ast.^ o pareshan Tthdtir o
pard-
hama
ast.
darogji ast.
keshmish bisiyar \_lkhub~\ and. [no/ is.] o Ithdna^ kaldn ddrad. in hujra Jehiib roshan karda in
he has a large house,
room
ast.
[ghdlib
in kissa
lie,
these are fine raisins,
this
bar o
ganda dil ast. an zan gung o Tear
deaf,
this
ghamgin
shuda ast. utdk Ithub roshan ast. in hiijra bisiyar bidand ast. ( in pdrcha chi kadar [dardz~\ in
lofty,
3
ast? _
['ariz.-]
in pctrcha V ddrad ? }
chi
kadar
tul
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. are
these
very
wicked
in bachchagdn bisiyar sharir
and.
children, ,
...
,.
.
153
his disposition
( Jchulk-i-o be
,
is
<
cruel,
they are lazy and negligent, they are of a very stern
,
rahm
ast.
.
.,-
( tabiat-i-o be rahm ast. eshdn sust o ghafil and.
In a dark night a blind man, having taken Exercise. a lamp in his hand, and a jar on his shoulder, was going " along in the market. Somebody said to him, O fool ! in thy eyes day and night are alike ; of what use is a " The blind man, having laughed, said, lamp to thee ? "O you great blockhead do you imagine that the lamp !
is for
my
benefit
?
No,
it
that thou mayest not break
entirely on thy account,
is
my jar
LESSON this this
amidst the darkness."
28.
in kalam bisiyar
pen is too soft, paper is very coarse,
*
in
ast.
this letter
in
is ill- shaped,
narm
ast,
kaghaz bisiyar [kuluft\ [zibbir.]
haraf [bad surat]
ast.
\badkhatt.~]
f shuma bisiyar ^
*
* '
y
\ can you speak English
?
shuma ba
dhista
bisiyar
mi-
dhistagi
mi-goyed. zaban-i-in<]llsi
haraf zadan
mi-tawdned ? descend, otherwise you will fall,
1
thin, fine,
[payin] biyd, warna shuma khwahed uftad. [farodJ]
bank ; ndzuk.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
154
bayad ki bd man bi-raved.
you must go with me, take
in basta bi-bar.
this bundle,
away
Cimruz it is
it
cloudy, yea,
little,
(.
see,
has
it
balki
ast,
cleared
up a
balki tarashshuh ddrad. bi-bln ki kadre sdf shuda
little ?
ast,
yd na
?
ma hama
we know it all, they know a great deal, he gave me much trouble,
why
sahdbi
kadre rn'i-bdrad. rains a \ sahabi 1 imruz ast,
do you laugh without
mi-ddnem. eshdn bisiydr mi-ddnand. o mar a bisiydr [taTMif~\ dad. [zuhmat.~\ shumd be sabab chird mi-
Manded? ( eshdn mdrd bisiydr lashwish ddda and. they have annoyed us very \ az kirddr-i-eshdn munaghmuch, I ahis shuda em. V. in Jchdna az- dn-i-man nist. in khiina az mdl-i-man nist. this is not my house, in khdna az milk-i-mannist.
allow
me
to
smell
that
flower,
lutf bi-farmdyed ki \_bu,e dngul-rd bi-bmam\. \_gidrd bu bi-binam ; gul-rd bu bi-shinavam.~\ az ru,e luff bu,e an gul bar giriftan
that chair, open the lock of that door,
apply
oil to
Exercise.
and
" said,
Hawd\
A We
very poor
kufl-i-dn dar-rd
man went
two are sons of
therefore
we
mard
bi-dihed.
an kursi-rd rughan bi-mdl.
;
kun.
to a very rich
Adam
are brothers
wd
man
and Eve (Adam o you are very rich
and I am very poor ; give me a brother's share." The rich man, on hearing this, gave to the poor man one kauri. The poor man said, " Oh, sir why do you not bestow upon me a brother's share?" He replied, "Be !
155
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS ANL> EXERCISES.
content, my good friend if I give all my poor brothers one kauri each, I shall not have any remaining." ;
LESSON some of onr soldiers have been wounded,
29.
Vaze sar-bdzdn-i-md majruh shuda and. an kodak-i-sust-rd bi-zan. an darakhthu,e khurd-rd
'umuk-i-in hauz chi kadr ast? in yambugh chi kadr 'amlk
the depth of this
tank?
ast ?
md
bain-i-in har
du farak
chist ?
dar miydn-i-in har du td
what is the difference between these two ?
tafrik chist ?
du tufdwat
miydn-i-in har chist ?
chi farak az in
A person
went
baddn ast?
a scribe, and said unto " Write a letter for me." He said, " There is a him, " I do not wish to send in foot." The man Exercise.
my
pain
to
said,
you anywhere, why are you making this unreasonable excuse?" The scribe replied, "You are speaking the but when I write a letter for any person, then I always sent for to read it ; for nobody else is able to
truth
am
read
;
my
handwriting."
LESSON this
does not
army
know
you
fighting
lashikar
kawd'id-i-7ckud
na mi-ddnad.
exercise,
between
30.
in
its
is
two
there
md
what
bain-i-shumd
[kaziya~\ chist?
?
har
du
[d'awa
;
takru,e ; ma'raJca ; miijddilat o mundza'at ; Jang
ojadal o harb; mundkisha mukdUla ; mukhdtiba o
o
mu'dtibd.~\
in
this
book how many
chapters are there
dar in kitdb chand [bdbhd~\
and?
?
[faslhd.]
( bar in asbdb hech [Aasr] ast ?
on these goods discount
?
is
there any j
[Jcasr
;
kasr.~]
1m asbdb-rd chand pul tanzil I
ml-kunand ?
\
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
157
dar hisdr har ruz [kos kofta the
drum
ml-shavad].
beats every day
[tibl
mi-
zanand.~\
in the fort,
dar
kilo?
har yawn duhul mi-
naivdzand. this
boy
is
much
loved by
kodak bisiydr 'aziz-i-md
in
ast.
us, in this
dar
tank are there any
fish?
in [hauz] hech
mdhi ast?
\_db-gir; birka.~\
make a
hole here in the
jd dar zamin
in
\jnacfhdke']
bi-kan.
earth,
I caught a fish with a rod,
dam
bd
\_gaude.~} mdhi t e girijtam.
mddah-gdw-rd shdJchhd
in I
this
cow has no
nayand.
horns,
mddah-gdw shdTchhd na
in
ddrad,
I
of what kind
is this
cloth ?
in [pdrcha~\
chi kism ast ?
[tdka.']
do
intend
to
you going Europe ? this hang up lamp in the
ayd,irada,e raftan-i-farang1
istdn mi-kuned? dar ddldn in fdnus-rd [mu-
hall,
do you go by land or by water ? Exercise.
of the
of your
'allak bi-kun.~] [biydwez.~\ khushkl yd ba tari
khwdhed
"
O
tigress, of
me
eveiy year
ones, but of you, during the there are no more than two or three."
many young
life,
raft ?
A certain hare having gone to the presence
tigress, said to her,
there are
ba
"
whole
The
What you say is very having smiled, replied, true of me, indeed, there may be only one young one in all my life, but that one is a tiger." tigress, :
than hearing is better speaking, from labour results greatness,
shunidan az guftan bihlar ast.
natija,e mihnat buzurgi ast.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AXD EXERCISES.
159
A
certain old woman had a goose which Exercise. every day used to lay an egg of gold. One day the oM " If I increase in her own mind, thus the food of this goose, then she will every day give two golden eggs." Having thus determined, the old woman began to give the goose every day as much food as she could eat. Now, after some days, the goose having become very fat, gave no more eggs.
bar ummed [mauf\ mi-khandad. \_ajl.~] barddar - i khyd - rd [dar hdlat-i-sakhti'] madad bidih. \_dar hdlat-i-ihtiydj ;
distress,
is
[aiisat-i-ahwdl] [i' tidal]
to the wise a hint
God
jdhil shudan maut-i-zindagi
is
dar muhtdji.~\ aksar aukdt dawd bimdri ast.
alldh ta'dla [hakkopdk~\ ast. \_rdst-bdz o mukaddar.~\
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
160
adam az mu'dmala,e
Jchitd
mashhur mi-shavad.
man becomes known from
adam
his conduct,
az
'amalhii,e
Tfhud
mi shavad~], \_mashhur [shuhrat mi-ydbad.~\ az mana' kardan Jchwdhish ziyada mi-shauad. az muzahamat khwahish tarakki mi-pazirad. az 'akl \_nafaka~\ ziyada na mi-shavad. [rotlna ; -
from prohibition desire
in-
creases,
does not increase with wisdom,
fortune
wo
Exercise. One day a large bull was grazing in afield, when a conceited fly came and sat on one of his horns. The fly began to say in her own mind, " I am very heavy, and if I remain here, assuredly the bull will not be able to lift his
"
head from the ground."
O
am
bull, I convenience ; if so
afraid I
am
LESSON
33.
Then the
fly
said
giving you great init be, then speak out, and I will "O bull answered, fly, be not immediately depart." The uneasy on my account, for I was not in the least aware of your being there till you spoke to me." aloud,
this
during rain
month much
dar in mdh bisiydr bdrdn uftdd.
fell,
an jd [naukare]
send a servant there,
bi-firist.
[muldzim; khddime; chdsit
under this
zer-i-in daraTcht bi-nishin.
tree,
/ kimat-i-in what
is
pearls
the price of these ?
\ y
\
how heavy be?
will this stone
ddndhd,e
durr
chist ?
ddndhd,e mararid chist ? wazn-i-in sang chi kadr mikimat-i-in ii}
shavad?
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
what
name of
the
is
l
this
nam-i-in
161 chist?
[rft'A]
1
village ?
\mauza
karya^\ asp-i-sawdri-rd biydr.
bring the riding-horse, brush the curtains well, so
parda-rd khub biyafshdn ki pasha,e na mdnad.
no mosquito may
that
;
td
remain,
fkafshhd-rd khub [saf] clean the shoes well,
j
fcJSLS^L
ratg
bi-
bi-
dih.
C
( bay ad ki [fcarim] bdshem.
we ought
to be benevolent,
SS V.
we have
fallen into great
difficulties,
^;U ^
.
fa
karlm bdshem. dar mushkilut-i-kaldn uftdda em.
faz tufdn
many
have
ships
been
damaged by the storm,
bisiydr jahdzhd nuksdn khurda and.
\
1 az tufdn ba bisiydr jahdzhd V.
he every day drinks new
o
milk,
to
sit
still
is
better than
nuksdn rasida ast. har ruz shir-i-tdza minaushad.
ba kh'imoshi nishastan az bar khdstan ba kaziya
quarrelling,
bihtar ast.
grind this
wheat
in the mill, ( (
do you know who agent ?
is
his
'dardsiydln
g^allabiyds. dar asiya in ghalla oi-sao. shwnd mi-ddned ki \wakil~\i-o
kist ?
[gumdshta
;
nd,ibJ\
A man went,
Exercise. certain person,
to
That person, from 1
1
for the purpose of seeing
his house, at the time of his own house, saw the man
village, dih, or dih
; plur. dihut. to grind, sdbidan or dsidan.
11
a
midday. coming,
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
162
" When he asks where the to his servants, master of the house is, you will say that he is now gone In the meanwhile, the man to dine with some one." " Where is the master of the
and said
liaving
arrived, asked, " "
The is gone out." he is to have gone out of his midst of such heat." The master of the house, having put his head out of the window, said, "You are a very great fool to wander about at this time: for I have been all day in my own house." house
take away this counterpane into the other room, is this place in the district of Shlraz? I will
show you a
beautiful
picture,
j
in gurba kaldn [panja'] ddrad. [nakkun; TtJianj.~\
dar hujra,e digar in lihdf bi-bar.
dyd, dar 'aldka,e Shirdz in
mauza
ast.
manshumd-rdtaswire [Aasm] khwaham namud. [makhul
;
margJiiib
;
nadir ;
ma'kuL~\
your signature
is
to this bond,
necessary
ba
in
shumd zim
1
tamassuk dastkhatt-i;
[zarur~] ast.
one pair of candlesticks, yak jvft-i-shamd'ddn
two one
[Za-
malzumj]
;
i.e.,
articles,
paii-
of scissors, 'adad-i-mikraz
;
i.e.,
one
article.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. to-day there is a guest in their house,
who
it is
is this
very
bo 7 's governor
imriiz
t*
khdna,e
eshan
ast.
""'"* ** ? [amraUi.] der shuda ast md-rd bisiydr ba khdna,e khud raftan
?
I
permit us to
late,
dar
mihmdne
163
bi-dih.
bisiydr der shuda ast [bii/
go home,
\_ijdzat bi-dih.~\
in this affair there
is
much
dar In mu> dmala
(
[>/]
[bisiyar berahmi be muruwatL]
<
,
ielty '
(
;
ast,
btsiyar
they commit oppression of every sort,
eshdn [zulm]-i-har kism mlkunand. [jour ; sitam ;
we have
In
be dad.']
at present
a long
journey,
A certain
wakt md safr-i-dardz dar pesh ddrem.
man having gathered a a forest, was carrying it to his own house. After having gone some distance, the old man became very tired, and having thrown down the burden from his shoulder on the ground, he began to cry " O " out, Angel of Death, deliver me from this misery \ At that very instant the Angel of Death stood before " have you called, me, and what do him, and said, Why " On seeing this frightful figure, you want with me ? the old man, trembling, replied, " O friend, be pleased to assist me, that I may lift once more this burden upon my for this purpose only have I called you." shoulder Exercise.
load of
wood
feeble old
(literally sticks) in
:
LESSON have you a glass for holding the medicine ? 1
az ru,e lutf please give me a letter of introduction,
ndma
mard mard
ndma marhamat
why do you write with a bad pen ? of these two which
is
the
best? I will take the business from
you and give your going
it
to him,
there
is
not
nlst. 1
o
dar
'ilm Jchub ivdkif ast.
khub mahdratyufta
o az 'ilm is
sifdrish
bi-kuned.
ba kalam-i-bad chird shumd mi-nawised ? az in har du td kuddm bihtar ast? man az tu Carnal Jchwdham khwdhatu girift o bado dad. an jd raftan-i-shumd zarur
necessary,
he
sifdrish
bi-dihed.
az sar-i-lutf
well versed in science,
ast.
o
dar
'ilm
khub mahdrat
ddrad.
he
is
very
and
learned
o bisii/dr 'dlim ast o tez-fahm.
intelligent,
this will
be best of
all,
me what
he is saying, the groom to get the horse ready,
tell tell
in [bihtarin-i-hama~\
khwdh-
hama
bihtar.~\
ad bud.
[_az
bi-go ki o chi mi-goyad. mihtar-rd bi-go ki asp taiydr bi-kunad.
Exercise. In a country of Kashmir a certain merchant had an Abyssinian slave whose skin was as black as charcoal. One day in the winter season the slave took off his clothes, and having taken up some snow, he began, with great labour, to rub it on his body. During this, his master came that way, and having seen this curious
circumstance, said,
"
What
are you doing here
experience, wdkij kdri
;
"
?
tajriba kdri.
The
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
165
slave answered, " I am rubbing my body with snow, so that I may become white like the people of this country."
His master, laughing, said, " fool, do not labour in ; your body may, indeed, dissolve the snow, but your skin will not thereby become white." vain
LESSON
36.
'man mi-khwdham
Tci berun bi-ravam. man niz berun raftan mi-
I
I also wish to go out,
khwdham.
mar a
niz
berun
irdda,e
I
raftan ast. khwdhish-i-berun raftan
man
ddram.
\
why do you when
will
climb the tree
?
you be able to
depart ?* is the saddle on the horse or not ? we will return in a few if
minutes, dinner be ready, bring
it,
my compliments your master, do you know this man ? he has much acquired give
to
science,
he has amassed much wealth,
ba
dirakht
bar mi-
dyed, kai judd
sliudan
khwdhed
chird
tatcdnist.
bar
asj>
zin [basta~] ast yd
na ? [karda shuda.~\ md dar chand \_dakika~] bdz khwuhem dmad. \_lahza.] agar
\_shdm~\
taiydr
ast
biyar. [khurish, khnruk.~\ \_saldm~\-i-man ba sdhib-i-
khud
bi-dih.
\_taslim.~\
shinud 'inmard-rdmi-ddned? o
bisiydr 'ilm ast.
o bisiydr daulat
hdsil
karda
jama' karda
ast.
To leave a person, az kase [judd~\ shudan. To leave a town, az shahre rukhsat shudan.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
166 come,
let
talk, will one
draw you go
ma
har du bdkam
us two have some
biyd,
horse be able to
guft-gu bi-kunem. uyd in kadr bdr-i-girdn yak
kt
asp mi-tawdnad kashld?
so great a weight ? on, we are coming,
shifmd pesh bi-raved, kt
ma
[^am] miyayem. [dar-paiJ] these things are
come from
Europe, ,
n
shall
,1
we
pass
the
m
chizaz waldyat-i-farang hd rasida and ? ( wa kujd shab ba sar bi-
u guzrdnemJ]
(.
we have no time
,(\ ilhdlmd-rd farsat-i-bdzimst. na / "ftaf+W*
^
to play at
'ddrem.
(
Exercise. One day an ox was grazing in a field in which several young frogs were playing. By chance one of the young frogs was crushed under the foot of the ox,
and died. The other frogs having seen this, went home, and having told their mother what had occurred, they " O then we never before saw so an
said, mother, large animal." On hearing this, the old frog, having distended her belly very much, said, "Is he as large as this?" The young ones replied, " Assuredly, he is much larger than that." She then, having distended herself twice as " " " O much, said, Is he so large ? They answered, mother, he is a thousand times larger." The old frog, continued to her distend however, through pride, body more and more, till at last her skin burst, and she died.
LESSON he has scalded his
foot,
o
37.
pd,e Tchud-rd ba ab-isozdnida ast.
\cjarm]
\ddgh ; josh.]
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS A^D EXERCISES. be
,1
knives a,,
these children are scream-
in
bachchagun
hama ru;
letter?
ghur\ mi-kunand. [ghciughu.^ ma tamum ruz baru,e In just o ju dashtem. aya khatt-i-khnd-ra muJtr
shaded with
\_karda ed ? \_zada ed.~\ kh_ana,e inn dar zer-t-suya,e
raining, give us shelter,
aknun burun mi-burad, mar a
ing
all
we were
\_shor o
day,
seeking for this
all
day,
have you sealed your
\
our house
is
dirakht-ha
trees, it is
go forward
there,
and stand
panulte bi-dih. ja pesh bi-rau
khamosht
still,
bring out these things from the palkl, speak loud, then I shall hear
o
ba \
biyist.
az 'amar1,e rawunln chiz-ha biyur.
ba uwuz-i-buland bi-go
ki
bi-shinavam.
you,
what do you Persian
an
ast.
?
call
that
in
an chi ;->
Exercise. From the" house of a certain person, a bag of rupees was stolen. The owner of the money gave information to the judge of that city. The judge immediately called before him all the people of the house but after much investigation he was unable to detect the At last he said to them, " This night I will give thief. each of you a stick one cubit in length, and it will so happen that the stick of him who is the thief will become one inch longer than those of the rest." Having thus spoken, the judge gave each a stick, and dismissed them. During the night, the thief being afraid, said to himself, "If I cut off one inch from my stick, in the morning it will be of the same length with the rest." Thus, having considered, he cut off au inch from his stick, and next ;
i
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
168
The
day attended, along with the others.
looked at the sticks, thus discovered the
LESSON up something as a shelter from the sunshine,
set
38.
bard,e tdbish-i-dftab pandhe
bar dr. o
he
agreed with
me
this
o
in wakt ba-man muwdfik dmad. in wakt ba rd,e man
time,
muwafik~\ shud.
exercise
yourself in writing and reading.
you
judge, having
thief.
,
[mutta-
dar nawishtan o khwdndan khud-rd mashdk bi-sdz. az shunidan - i- in-khabar 1
eshdn tarsidand. az shun idan-i- in-khab ar \darhdlat-i-pareshdni dm-
on hearing this news they were much frightened,
adand]. \darhdlat~i-iztirdb dmadahd ; dahshat wa pareshdni bar oshdn mustauli shud, or istild
dar in sanduk chi kadr nil
khwdhad ganjid ?
how much
indigo will this chest contain ?
dar in
they are all offended with one another,
in
sanduk chi kadr
khwdhad dmad sanduk
chi
and.
ranj.~\
1
to vex,
kadr
khwdhad girift. hama az yak digar shuda
pareshdn kardan.
nil
? nil
\_khafa~\ \_shakar
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. the coachman not to drive so quick,
tell
169
kdliskabdn-rd bi-go ki chanddn [ZMC?] na rdnad. \_tez or tund.~\ md bamakr ofareb az dast-i-
dushman
we have
escaped from the hands of the enemy,
the
whole
city
has been
\_rihd shudaem\. ydfta em ; jdn la saldmat burda em.] md az dast-i-dushman ba hlla khalds shuda em. tamdm shahr (jfcar&] shuda \_rihd,i
ast.
flooded,
\_gharik
;
daryd
burdJ]
put
these
two trays
to-
in
gether,
har
du kdb-rd ba ham
bi-guzdr.
with this our joy will be
1
badin khushi,e
khwdhad
increased,
md
ziydda
shud.
A
Exercise. certain person having a pain in the stomach went to a physician, and said, " For God's sake, me some doctor, give physic, otherwise I die from a pain in the stomach." The doctor asked him what he had
eaten that day. The man said, "Merely a piece of burnt bread." On hearing this, the doctor said, " Let me look at your eyes." Then, having called one of his " servants, he said, Bring me the medicine for the eyes."
" O man, on hearing this, screamed out, doctor, time for your joking ? I am dying from a pain in the stomach, and you talk of medicine for the eyes. What connexion is there between medicine for the eyes and a pain in the stomach ?" The doctor replied, " I
The is
sick
this a
wish, in the first place, to make your eyes sound, for it is evident that you are unable to distinguish between black and white, otherwise you would never have eaten burnt bread."
joy, shddmdni \io; isdt ; nishdt. imbisd
;
farah ; khurrami ; tarab ; mubdsatat ;
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
170
LESSON
we have much reduced our money must be
sent
back to him, the commander-in-chief has pardoned a soldier,
f sipah-sdldr az taksir-i-sipdhi,e dar guzashta ast. } sipah-sdldr sipdhi e-ra mii'df
\
t
karda
v.
rule your paper, then write,
kharch-i-khud-rd bisiydr
takhf if karda em. in pul ba o zarur wupas bdyad kard.
expenditure, this
39.
ma
kcigjiaz
-
ast. i
all
the
people
have died
fallen
pas
\_gursin-
ayi murda] and. bajdn dmada.~\
one upon
another, splice these two ropes together, they live in great affliction, or through much toil,
bank of the Euphrates, he drove the chariot two parsang, when one of the wheels broke,
ba
lab i daryd, e fardt, 'imdrate ta'mir karda ast. -
-
b'ad az rdndan-i-duparsang, yoke az pdyahd^e kdlivka \_shikast].
Exercise. Two women were quarrelling with one another about a child, and neither of them had any witness. the one conHaving gone before the judge, " tinued saying, " The child is mine and the other also ;
was saying, " The
mine, O your worship, give me justice." The judge, being helpless, sent for the " Of this child make two executioner, and said to him, child
is
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
171
On pieces, and give, one to each of these women." hearing the order of the judge, the executioner drew the sword, and was about to cut the child in two. During this, one of the women stood still, and said nothing, but " the other woman, weeping aloud, said, O sir, do not kill my child if such is justice, I give up my claim. For God's sake give her the child." On hearing this, the judge became convinced that this indeed is the real mother. To her he gave up the child ; and to the other woman having given punishment, he ordered his people to expel her from the couutry. ;
LESSON
why
we run away, no danger there ?
should
there
is
40.
an jd khatra hech chird o
nist,
pas
ma
bi-gurezem ? dostdn-i-kadlm-i-khud-rd
guzdshta
ast.
musdhibat-i-dostdn-i- sdbika-
rd lds
ba
karda
dil-i-khud
inkdr
ast.
az ydrdn-i-sdbika suhbat kata'
they went. to Europe six
months ago,
on hearing a statement of this sort, they began to
karda ast. pesh az in shish mdh eshdn ba mulk-i-farang raftand. az shunidan-i-ln sukhanhd, [bunydd^-i-khanda nihddand. [bind.~\ V ad az shunidan-i-in chunin sukhanhd eshdn khandi-
gardener, sow the seed of this flower in the garden,
ai
bughbdn [tukhni] -i-in
\bazr;
bazr.~]
dar gulb
bdgh i-kr.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
172
he has taught us with great
o
labour,
md-rd ba mihnat-i-bisiydr \_dmokhta~\
ast.
[dars
ddda.~\
by the grace of God have found repose,
md
we '
... it is it
shdyad
m^ ^
very cloudy perhaps will ram much,
he has amassed much wealth
and property, in this house there
is
a hall
is it
since
had
bisiyar b rld
or
.
dar
in Ithuna
ast,
bdrdn
/ ^ ^
o bisiyar daulat o Icarda ast.
and three rooms,
how
dram
fazl-i-'khu.dd
yafta em. imruz bisiyar [sahdbl~\
I
,
az
^abr L
mdljama'
yak ddldn
o si
hujra and.
long you ceived this news ?
re-
chand wakt ast ki in akhbdr ba shuma raslda ast ? b'ad az an ki in alehbcir girifted, chand wakt guzashta ast?
A
fox having seen a crow sitting on the tree, with a fine piece of cheese in his mouth, to think in her own heart, " shall I get this
Exercise.
branch of a
began
How
delicious morsel into
my own
She then possession ?" " Master Crow, I am quite delighted to see said aloud, you this morning your elegant figure and black feathers have entirely fascinated my heart. Will you sing to me one of your charming songs, so that the pleasure of my ears may be like that of my eyes ?" On hearing this flattery, that foolish crow opened his mouth that he
O
:
might show
mouth
his skill in music.
As
soon as he opened his upon the ground.
to sing, the piece of cheese fell
The fox immediately
seized it, and walked away, saying, dear friend, your voice is a little out of tune toremain silent till I have day pray gone some distance. In the mean time, receive this advice of mine Never pay any attention to the words of those who flatter you."
"
My :
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
LESSON
41.
bd
eshdn
they live with their parents,
173
wdlidain-i-Tchud
ml-mdnand. ba lab-i-daryd
we have taken
a walk on
1
the bank of the river,
how much
for
(this) to
my
will
you
master
y
sell
?
md
\_gashta~\
em.
\
[gardida.~\ ba sdhil-i-daryd md [smr] karda em. [tamdsha. ~\
ba \_sdhib~\-i-man ba chand kimat in rd khwdhed farokht ? 2 \_wali n'imat ;
mvrabbi
;
khuddwand-i-
n'imatJ} yd hech chiz bard,e khitr-
dan is
there anything to be had there for and eating drinking ?
are you at all aware where they are gone ? remain here until we return,
the knife fell from into the river,
1
to
walk
my
hand
hech m'alumat ast ki
hanun jd [bi-mdn]
td ki
md
buz bi-gardem. \_bdsh.~\ kdrd az dast-i-man \_\_dar~]
daryd uftdd.
.^
to see anything, bard,e sair raftan. amusement, sair kardan.
to walk, or travel, for *
hama
kujd rafta and ?
heir apparent, wali t e 'ahd.
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
174 in
our not
Persian,
speaking
fault
general
pronouncing
in
is
each
dar sukhan guftan-i-zabdni-fdrsi kusiir-i-md in ast ki ma hasbu-l-ma'mul har
in-
'
lafz ba tafrik tala/uz
dividual letter fully,
a
man who cannot speak the
*
language of the people among whom he sojourns may sometimes be in
wa
zabdn-i-ahliydn-i-dn
na
mulk
danger of starving,
na
mi-kunem. shakhse ki dar diydre snkunat pazir shuda bdshad ddnad,
pas
tarsast ki sJidyad az [gursinagi~\
khwdhad murd.
\be dzuka.~\
he
tells
iu his
you
him
to speak to
own
mi-goyad ki dar zabdn-i-
man
language,
A
Exercise.
o
bi-go.
washerman had an
certain
ass,
which he
in a garden for the purpose of grazing. people of the garden used to beat the ass, and drive him away from thence. One day, the washerman fastened around him a tiger's skin, and said, " At the time of night go you into the garden to graze, and do not make any noise." Even so, every night the ass in the Whenever the tiger's skin used to go into the garden. people saw him by night,' they used to think for certain that this was a tiger. One night the gardener himself saw him, and from fear he went up into a tree. In the mean time, another ass which was in that neighbourhood
used to
let
go
The
'
1
do you
live there? '
shumd an jd sukunat pazir hasted?
( an ja jd o sukunat pazlr ast. an jd o maskan ddrad. he lives there, 3, <<
j
(,
m an jd maskan-i-o
T
i-i
ii
1 hke this
ast.
mard pazir ast. n kitdb mard matlub ast. i. . book, m kitab mar . mar&A - b asL j (^ in kitdb-rd pasand ddram. f in kitdb
'
i
)
*
PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.
17o
made a
noise, and the ass of the washerman, on hearing also raised his voice, and began to bray in the manner of all asses. The gardener, on hearing his noise, that,
discovered what he was. He came down from the tree, and having thoroughly beaten the ass, he drove him out of the garden. Hence, on this subject the wise men have " For asses silence is be*t." said,
poshdk poshldan ; libds dar bar kardan ; libds zadan ; jama dar sarw bar kardan.
doz
to sew,
dokhtan, (root) sajuf kardan.
to stitch,
dkhidan, (root) akhin sahij kardan.
to spread the table-
sufra guzdshtan; or, sufra gustardan.
cloth,
to spin, to thread
a needle,
to thread pearls,
to take fire, to set fire
house),
(to
a
;
rishtan, (root) rls. rishta ba suzan anddkhtan
nakh kardan.
to thread rubies, to extinguish a fire,
;
lul
j* k kardan> munsalik kardan.
dtash nislidndan. dtash girijtan.
khuna-rd dtash zadan.
(to
hem)
(to pipe)
;
suzan-rd
182
CONVERSATIONAL TERMS. Good
night Peace be on you !
Good morning
God
Praised be
And
!
!
!
on you be peace and
the blessing of
God God
On
bless
you
God
!
masd,u-l-khair ! saldm 'alaikum ! sabdhu-l-khair ! al hamdu-li-lldh ! o alaikumu-s-saldm o rahmatu-l-ldh ! '
<
i
khudd hdfiz-i-shumd ! khudd hamrdh-i-shumd
!
be with you whom be the peace of !
t
rahmatu-l-ldhi 'alaihi!
God! Blessing on him May it be well
'alaihi-s-saldm !
!
!
No, by God
<
With heart and
soul, <
The great and glorious God, In the name of God the 1
merciful and compassionate 1
khair bdshad ! wa-l-ldh ! ba jdn o dil. ba sar o chashm. ba chashm. bajdn o minnat.
Id
!
'azza wajalla. bismi -l-ldhi-r- rahmani- r-
Mudd,e
rahim
!
!
To God be praise and glory
!
li-l-ldhi-l-hamdu wa-l-min-
natu! 1
no power, nor virtue, but in God,
There
1
at
is
Id haula
wa
Id
kuwata
illd
li-l-ldhi.
These expressions are in common use. As they are common and peculiar they are given in character.
once
183
CONVERSATIONAL TERMS.
The
student should note : The use of wasla. (b) The use offaiha, as a final termination, in the (a)
words azza, jalla, haula, kuwata. use of zamma, as a final termination, in the words, hamdu, minnatu. (d) That 4)1 is pronounced as alldh ; that <JJ li-l-ldhi is contracted from 4)V, in respect to which the
(c)
The
following remark " When the
is
important
particle
J
is
:
prefixed to a noun
beginning with J, which, when definite, ought the initial alij of the noun to have the article disappears, and '(iu order to avoid the meeting of three J's) the laud of the article is dispensed :
with, or represented by tashdid."
184
SECTION LESSON
43.
HI.
ON BREAKFAST.
sabak chihil o siwum dar ndshtd. f lawdzima,e
get the breakfast equipage ready,
sdmdn
)
it
taiydr
wa
asbdb-i-chdsht
bi-sdz.
(^
toast
chdsht
bi-kun.
\
kadre nun ba dtash garm bi-kun o ba khub tarah
some bread, and butter properly,
maska-ash bi-mdl. (
does the water boil
? (_
give
me
a clean cup and
saucer, give that gentleman another
cup of
make it
dyd db bajosh mi-dyad ? ay a db mt-joshad ? finj an o nalbake saf mard bi-dih.
the water with which this tea is made has not been boiling ; it has no taste at
Tci
az an in chd sdJchta bardbar na ast
shuda
all,
ddrad.~\
these eggs are not fresh
from
whom
;
have
in
ddndhd,e tulthm-i-murgh nistand, az lei [or
tdza
you Never brought them ? the to table bring any
kujd']
but those that are laid at
bar sufra maydr.
dwarda
ed,
baiza,e -Tchdnagi
siwd,e
hargiz
home, Exercise. One night a kuzi found in a book that whoever has a small head and a long beard is a fool. The a small head and a long beard, said to himkdzl, having " I cannot increase the size of the self, head, but I will shorten the beard." He sought for scissars, but could not find tbem. Having no other course, he took half his beard in his hand, and carried the other half towards the lamp : when the hair took fire, the flames reached his hand ; upon which, letting go his hold, the beard was entirely consumed, and the kdzi overwhelmed with shame, as it verified what was written in the book.
i-zait, turshi o waajiaira az In kism biydr. har ruz az bard,e man bar
of vegetable on the table daily, and tell me the name of each,
svfra sabza,e har kism bi-guzdr, o az ndm-i-liar chlz nishdn bi-dih.
sauce,
this sort, let me have of
what do you table ?
call that
vege-
an
balclat-rd chi
mi-goyed?
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. get one dressed for me every day, and tell me the name of each as I eat it, till you see I can call for everything of this sort
by
its
proper name,
do so with everything else, as this will be a capital plan for learning and useful this digesting tongue, being at once a meal and a lesson,
bring some beef, mutton, veal, fish, fowl,
and veni-
son,
189
har ruz bard,e man yoke bipaz, o ba wakt-i-khurdani-oazndmashnishdn bi-dih td ki ba shumd in! alum shavad ki man ndm-i-in guna chiz bardbar giriftan mt-tawdnam. ba har chiz ham badln taur '
bi-kun, zird ki bara,e d-
mokhtan
o
ydd ddshtan-i-
zabdn-i-mufldbisiydr khub tajwize
khwdhad
bud, ki
ham sabak o ham tabak ast, kadre gusht-i-gdw, gusht-igusht-i-gusdla, gusfand, gusht-t -mdhi, gusht-i-
wa gusht-i-dhu
murgh, biydr.
can
what
Persian
dress
you
dishes well
fruits
now
?
each
sort,
shumd ta'dm chu
ml-ta-
mewd
ba
are in season
bring
me some
ahl-i-fdrs
tarah'i-khub
wdned pukht? \_mausim -i kuddm
?
]
kadre az har kism
biydr.
\_m wakt mewd,e
ast
of
?
.
kuddm kism rasida bdshad?~\
to-morrow we
shall dine in
fardd
berun-i-shahr
khwdhem
the country, send everything in time,
\Jbar
khi(rd,
wakt^
sham
har chiz
bi-firist.
[ba
wakt^] will this
meat keep
in this weather
so long
?
dyd dar in mausim in gosht td ba In kadar der tdza
khwdhad mdnd ? shumd bi-raved, rukh-
ilhdl
now you may you have
all
leave,
sat ast.
depart, in
wakt shumd tashrif bibared, murakhkhased.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
190
" If person said to his servant, you see in the morning, apprize me of it, that I may also behold them, as it will be a good omen, whereby I shall pass the whole day pleasantly." In he inshort, the servant saw two crows in one place formed his master ; but when the latter came, he saw the other flown He was only one, very having away. angry, and began to beat the servant ; at which time a " friend sent him some victuals. The servant
A
Exercise.
two crows together early
:
said,
my
lord you saw only one crow, and have obtained victuals had you seen two, you would have got a beating." !
LESSON
45.
ON NAMING,
;
TELLING, SPEAKING, &c.
sabak chihil o panj dar ndmldan o guftdn.
what is the name of this ? what do you call this thing what do they Persian ? can you tell
ndm-i-in chiz chist ? ?
call that in
me where Mr.
me
the
in chiz-rd clii [mlgoyed ?] [mi-named..] dar dn-rd zabdn-i-fdrsi chi
mi-goyand ? mi-tawdned guft ki
mard
snhib-i-fuldn kujd manzil
lives ?
tell
shumd
name of
this in
your own language, do not tell any one what I said to you about that
ddrad ? dar zabdn-i-khud mard az ndm-i-m chlz nishdn bi-dih.' az bdbat-i-dn kitdb dnchiba tu
guftam ba kase
ma go.
book, /marzi,e o na bud ki bi-gnyad az In har du sabak kuddm sabak-i-diruza bud, yd which kuddm sabak - i -fardd
he would not tell me of the two was yesterday's lesson,
or
to-morrow's
khwdhad
man
bud.
guftan na miJchwdhad, ki az in har du kuddm sabak-i-dlruza, o kuddm az farda khwdhad
ba
bud.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISKS.
191
shumd mi-goyed naukar -i - shumd muta-
ba dnchi
nist.
wajjih
naukar-i-shumd bar hukm-i-
your servant does not mind what you say to him,
shumd
\jnutawajjih \_khaydl
inl-sliavad~\.
mi-dihad ;
gosh na
na na
mi-
dihad.~\
him he
a great rogue, he is always telling his master no end of lies.
tell
and
is
that
o-rd bu-go ki tu bisiyr aubashi wa hamesha a sdhib-i-khud [darogh, az
hadd
ziydda mi-goyi~\. mi\daftar -i- darogh.
kushd,i.~\
well, I will not speak to him, as I may get angry
and beat him
him
his
;
but give
wages aud
dis-
miss him,
bisiydr
khub,
man
ba
o
sukhan na khwdham hard az
in sabab ki shdyad khashmndk shavam, o o-rd bi-zanam ammd shumd ;
o-rd muwdjib-ashbi-dihed, o rukhsat kuned.
what
did he say
told
him
returned
to
when you
remain
till
I
?
o chi guft, wakte ki shumd hukm ddded ki td bdz
gashtan-i-man [injd bdsh~\ or \_bi-mdn~],
he said he had business, and could notpossiblyreruain,
mard \Jcdr~\ ast, o mannami-tawdnam mdnd.
o guft ki
\_shiujhle.~]
did you ask him of what nature the business
was
az o pursided ki kdr-at chi
bud?
?
yes, I did ask
;
but he said
was an affair of secrecy which he could not it
bale,
man
az o pursidam,
lekin guft ki [kdr-i-makhfi~] ast, o dn-rd zdhir na
mi-tawdnam kard.
divulge,
khan-i-parda.^
[_su-
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. they speak English among themselves and Persian
with
us,
[darmiydn -i- khnd-i-shdn] zabdn-i-inglisi mi-goyand, o bd md fdrsi. [bdhain.^
they will know him to be a foreigner, though he speaks the Persian very
eshan khwdhand ddnist ki o [ghair mulli,e'] ast agarchi zabdn-i-fdrsi ba kd,ida nii-goyad.
grammatically,
\_ghariltu-l-
watne. ]
could I speak the Persian I would with pleasure ; but, alas, I cannot join two sentences together in that tongue,
miagar zabdn - i -fdrsi tawdnistam guft ba khushi amind mi-guftam, afsos ! ki dar-dn zabdn du jirmla bdham na mi-
tawdnam you
will be able to speak
it
few months, and you ought to practise speaking
in a
it
who you how
with every one
able to
speak
it
tell
is
to
well,
sdkht.
dar 'arsa,e chand mdh shumd bardbar khwdhed tawdnist
ammd bdyad ki bd har shakhs,e ki az sihhati - kaldm agdh tawdnid
guft, .
namud mukdlima bi-kuned o ist'imdl-i-mashk-i-haraf
zadan karda bashed.
how much
I regret not to be able to understand what
they say, I take the liberty to inform you that nothing but practice will enable you to speak with fluency,
bisiydr
maghmum am
!
ki
dnchi eshdnmi-farmdyand,
bafahm-i-manna mi-dyad. agdrchi
gustdkhl
ast,
ba
shumd izhdr mi-kunam ki ba juz mashk digar chiz tawdndi,e tarrdrl
guft-c/u
ba
na mi-bakhshad.
A
Exercise. poet went to a rich man, and bestowed great praises on him ; at which the latter, being pleased, " I have not said, any money at command, but a large quantity of grain : if you come again to-morrow I will
The poet went home, and early the next morning went again to the rich man, who asked him
give you some."
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
193
he .was come. He answered, "Yesterday you promised to give me some grain, and I am now come for it." The other replied, " You are an egregious fool you delighted me with words, and I have also pleased you why, therefore, should I give you any corn ?" The poet went away ashamed.
why
;
;
LESSON
ON
46.
VISITING, SHOPPING, &c.
sabak chihil o shishum dar muldkdt kardan o khariddri.
nazd-i-man
bring the palk! near me, take
me
to
Mr.
[pdlki]
biydr.
\_takht-i-raw an. \
mard ba khdna,e
's,
sdhib-i-
fuldn bi-bar. send the footman on before to see if the
piydda,e-rd pesh bi-firist, ki dydjandb-i-mirzd ba khdna tashrlf ddrand yd na. nazd-i-darwdza pdlki biydr.
gentleman
be at home or not, bring the palki close to the door,
go as
fast as
ba harchi tamdmtar ba
you can,
jit] bi-rau.
ask
if
the gentleman has
out, and will return,
gone
sdhib
berun
rafta, o agar rafta
andkai
dyd
bi-purs,
when he
\_ta?-
['ujlat.']
bdz
[khwdhand araarfj. khwdhand d-
[tashrlf ward.~\
my
give
saldm-i-man ba sdhib-i-khudat bi-rasdn, wa wakte ki o bdz bi-dyand, in khan ba oshdn bi-dih.
compliments to
yonr master, and give this note to him when he returns,
you have Mr. not
lost the 's
house
road to ;
this is j
it.
rdh-i-khdna,e sahib-i-fuldn d;; [In mst gum karda ed ki mi-raved], mi-rave [in rdh
('
ask the people in that house
show yon
the way, go to the China bazar, to
az
khatd ast.~\ mardumdn-i-dn rdh bi-purs.
khdna
ba bdzdr-i-chini bi-rau. 13
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
194
keep on
this side or
on that
in taraf
yd an taraf
bi-gtr.
side,
take care you do not go near that bull,
khabar-ddr ki nazd-i-dn ndr gaw na ram.
keep clear of that dust on
az
the road,
\_khdk~\-i-rdh bash, \_gard.~\
ba
kindr
let that chair
go on before,
bi-guzdr ki an kursi-rd pesh bi-barand.
keep behind
my
brother's
dar pai [or 'akab~\-i-kursi^e barddar-am bash,
why do you pass any gentle-
chirdbadn tarah az pahlu,e
chair,
man's chair in that way
?
kursi,e
kuddm
sahib mi-
guzari.
bring the umbrella to this
ba in taraf chatr biydr.
side,
do not go near the carriage,
down
the palki,
nazd-i-kdliska
ma
rau.
am
going to this
pdlki pd,in bi-guzdr. istdda bash, ba in dukdn mlravam.
what is the book?
price of this
klmat-i-in kitdb chist ?
put
stop,
I
shop,
I will not give so much, I won't give half the price
you
an kadar [chandin] kimat na khwdham dad. sliumd dnchi klmat ki mi-khivdhed nisf-i-dn niz dad.
ask,
man na khwdham I do not want the book, but if you sell it very cheap I may purchase it,
mard
zarurat-i-kitdb
mst,
ammd agar arzdn kh whedfarokht, shdyad ki
bi-
kharam. I have no cash about me, but if you will follow me
you
will
money
at
receive
my
house,
your
[nazd-i-khud-am pul nist,] agar shumd 'akab-i-man khwdhed dmad, ba khdna.e
man khwdhed
ydft.
khud pul na ddram.~\
[ba
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. bring the book with you, and then receive its price,
kitdb o
ham rah-i-khyd
pas klmat-ash
195 biyar,
bi-glr.
Exercise. One day a tyrannic king having gone out of the city unattended, saw a person sitting under a tree, of whom he inquired, " What is the character of the " He king of this country ? Is he oppressive or just? " Do " He is a The said, answered, great tyrant." king " No." The king reyou know me ?" He answered, " I am the monarch of this The man was place." joined, " Do you know who I am ?" The terrified, and asked, " I am the son of king said he did not. He rejoined, such a merchant ; three days in every month I lose my The king senses, and this is one of those three days."
laughed, and ended the conversation.
COLOURS Tchiiki start.
ashy, azure,
db-gun
colour,
black, siydh ; blue, blue, indigo,
violet,
white,
nil.
sabz
akhzar. surkh.
;
zangdrl.
rusty,
kabud.
binafsh.
safaid
;
.abyaz. zarcl.
yellow,
gandum-gun.
LESSON 1
is
lujaward. rang.
aswad ; slum.
brown,
he
;
ranglia.
green, red,
47.
ON WALKING,
RIDING, &c.
sabak chihil o haftum dar sair o sawdri.
gone out somewhere
to walk,
az
barii,e [gashtan] ba ja,e rafta ast. [saz'r; tamuslia.~]
1 sabak chihil o haftum dar gashtan bar rah o sawdr shudan.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 197 see that the reins are strong and kept in constant re-
zamdmhd kawi and
bi-bin ki
o
yd na,
hamesha dnhd-rd
marammat karda
pair,
here, you groom, hold the
horse, I must dismount for a little,
take care, he will get out of your hands,
ai sd,is
!
asp-rd
bash.
bi-gir
ki
mard, bard,e andak fursate pa, in shudan buy ad. khabar ddr lei asp az dast-i-
shumd na gurezad. an zamin mundsib-i-
that ground proper for the horse to go over, coax him that he may not
bi-bin ki
be restive, put a cloth over the horse's
khira na sliavad. bar chashmhd,e asp parda bi-guzdr [or bi-band}. zin-posh, dumchi, dahana,e lagdm, tang, ajldl, waghaira kujd and ? an jd,e-rd ba khabarddri
see,
is
eyes,
where
the
is
saddle-cloth,
crupper, the bit, bellyband, housings, &c. ? examine the place carefully, and see how far the water
comes up,
raftan-i-asp ast yd na. o-rd nawdzish bi-kun, kl
nnddhaza bi-kun o [?'liirn
bi-namd~\
kujd mi-rasad.
ki
db
td
\muttalf
shau.~]
you must not give the horse water
now
so very is
whilst he
is
dad td garm bdshad.
asp-rd db na bdyad ki In chunin
warm,
this a quiet horse for the
road? does he stand
fire ?
walk him about, rub him well down, and take care, at your peril, that he does not catch cold,
rdh raftan in asp salim ast, yd na ? az dwdz-i-top o tufang [ram na mi-kunad] ? [iia mi-
bard,e
ramadJ] o-rd bi-garddn, ba Jehftbi mdlish-i-o, bi-kun o [Mabarddr bash ki in kdr, ba
zimma,e tust] ki sard na girad.
Exercise.
A learned
man used
{Jthabar ddr.']
to attend a mosque,
198
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
One of the congregation wept the preacher said, " words
and preach
to the people.
constantly.
One day
My
make
a great impression on this man's heart, which is Others observed thus the reason of his crying so much." " The learned man does not make to the man who wept any impression on our minds ; what kind of a heart :
in tears ?" He answered, " I do not weep at his discourse, but I had a favourite When the goat goat, of which I was exceedingly fond. grew old he died now, whenever the learned man his the comes and to my rememchin, goat speaks wags brance, for he had just such a long beard."
to curry (a horse), to dismount, to drive, to graze,
rawdn. asp timdr kardan. ( az asp pd,m amadan. \ az asp pa farud amadan. dar kdliska nishasta asp randan. charidan.
to gallop, to goad a horse, to leap,
tdkhtan. bar asp mahmez zadan. jastan.
to be lame, to
langldan.
(bar asp sawar shudan. < bar asp ba zin bar amadan.
mount,
(,
to neigh, to ride,
bar asp ba zin bar nishastan. zinudan. sawar-i-asp budan
;
sawar shudan
;
sawdr raftan. to stumble,
to
laghzidan; (a slip) laghzish. asp shindkhtan.
understand horses,
a
thorough
Arab
bred
asp-i- 'arable khdlis [or Mass],; aspi-tdzl.
horse,
(good) Mush rag ; asil ; (bad) bad rag ; (mixed) du rag. khush nishdn.
blood,
good marks,
LESSON
48.
ON
SPORTING.
sabak chihil o hashtum dar bdb-i-shikdr [or nakhchir~]. is
there
much game
neighbourhood
?
in this
dar
in
shikar
akndf.]
[nawdhl'] ast ?
bisiydr
[atraf
;
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. there are wild buffaloes in
abundance, a few tigers, and all kinds of smaller in
game. every
field
tridges,
there are par-
and that swamp
is full of water-fowl, clean all the fowling-pieces
well, and put up a few bullets also for the large
gdmesh - i - dasht'i, chand sher o said az liar
bisiydr
kism and.
dar har kisht kabakdn and o an tdldb az murgjidb'i-
ydn pur
hama
ast.
la khubi sdf bi-kun o niz bard,e tufang hd,e-kaldn chand tufanghd
gululahd bi-guzdr.
guns,
some of the villagers to show the usual haunts of
call
the game,
chand talab
kujd
\_dihkdndn~\-rd
behind that copse there are two wild buffaloes ; do you fire at the one towards the left, I shall take the other, you have hit the mark, but
have missed,
how many
birds have
you
killed ?
do you think there
game
here, or
of prey
is
any any beast
shikar mi-mdnand. ;
nafrdn.~\
pas-i-dn besha du gdmesh-idashti and, shumd ba an ydrnesh ki ba chap ast tufang bi-zaned,
man
bd
rdst.
shumd nishdn zada ed, o man khatd karda am. kadar murgltdn \_kusht a~\ ed? [zada.'] ayd, shumd mi-ddned ki injd saide ast, yd nakhchire.
chi
?
when
if
bi-
nishdn dihand ki
\jahl-i-dih
I
201
it gets cool, towards the evening, we shall go to that wood ; perhaps we may see something or other,
chiin
you can swim, bring out that duck and those two the duck has geese
agar shumd shindmi-tawdned kard, an bat tea an har du kdz bar dred ; bat ghota khurda ast zud ba nazar khwdhad dmdd.
:
dived,
but
appear again,
will
soon
karib-i-wakt-i-shum sard khwdhad shud, ba an besha
md khwdhem
raft
bdshad ki chize digar
;
bi-
binem.
202
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
give me some small shot and a turnscrew this powder is damp, dry it a little in the sun,
mar a kadre sdchima
take the people with you, and beat all the bushes
mardumdn-rd ham rdh-ikhud bi-gir o besha-rd ba
;
bi-dih o
pech-gard; in bdrut[namndlcast\; o-rddardftdbbiguzdrki khushk bi-shavad. [nam girifta ast^\ or \_nam kasluda ast~\ or [far shuda ast].
khubi bi-zan.
well,
keep close there, I see a tiger near that bush,
dnjd
\_poshida bdsh~\ kinazddirakht shere mi-
i-dn
binam.
\jpinhdn sdkit bdsh.~\
why
do you
careless will
fire
manner
wound
in
that
?
you
the country
people,
take a good aim, do not be confused, but lodge the ball in the tiger's head, otherwise we are all dead
men, have you brought the fishing apparatus with you ? there are some good fishing stations here,
shau
;
chird ba an chundn be khabari tufang mi-zaned ? - rd zakhmt Ithwahed kard. shist-rdkhub bi-gtr,pareshdn
dihkdndn
ma
bash, ammd dar sar-isher gulula bi-zan ; warna
bi-ddn ki hama \_murdagdn Tthwdhembud~\. \Jthwdhem murd, or mi-mirem.~\ ba lawdzima,e mdhl-gtr ham rah -i- Tthud - i - tan dwarda ed ; in jd bardie giriftan
-
i-
mdhi
bisiydr
jdhd,e khub and.
A
woman was walking, and a man looked Exercise. at her, and followed her. The woman said, " do " you follow me ?" He answered, Because I have fallen
Why
with you." The woman said, " Why are you in love with me ? my sister is much handsomer than I am ; she is coming after me go and make love to her." The man turned back, and saw a woman with an ugly face. in love
;
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
203
Being greatly displeased, he went again to the other " said, Why did you tell a falsehood ?" The woman answered, " Neither did you speak truth for if are in love with me, why did you go after another you woman ?" The man was confounded, and went away in
wing, bdl ; (feather) par. strong of wing, kawi bdl; tez-bdl ; jandh-i-istijdl. beak of a bird, minkdr. to peck at (a thing), bar chize minkdr zadan. to
;
sher-i-
expand the wings, bdl afshdndan. par rekhtan.
to moult,
to build a nest, bdludan
;
dshiydna kardan.
1
sting, nesli.
stinger, nesh-zan. striking with a sting, nesh-zanl.
LESSON 49. ON TRAVELLING. sabak chihil o nuhum dar siydhat [or saiyahi~\.
how many
stages
town
fi'om this is
your boat ready
is
Shiraz
az in shahr cliand manzil \_ast~\ ? \_darad.~\
shiraz
?
?
dyd mdshuh,e shumd taiydr ast?
are
your people ready to go a voyage to Mecca ? all
what for
is
the hire of this boat
two months 1
?
the aim of one's
*
dyd hama mardumdn ishumd ba safr kardan-i-
k'aba taiydr and ? az bard,e du mdh kirdya,e in kishti chlst ? life,
k'aba,ejdn.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. which hour does the tide serve to go up the river to-day ? as soon as the tide serves, let the boat be taken above the shipping to such a ghat, whei-e we will embark in the evenat
207
imruz ba chi sd'at db bald mi-ravad ki ma ba daryd raftan mi-tawdnem ?
ba mujarrad-i-mundsib shudan-i-madd mdshuh bdld,e jahdzhd ba fuldn 'uburgdh bi-gir, ki irnshab sawdr shavem.
ing,
we must
not commence, such a journey without with being provided every necessary and comfew which of are fort,
shudan-i-
bidun-i-mavjud
sdmdn-i-safr o wa.gha.ira, zaruriydt in chunln safr kardan na bayad, zird ki dar rah bisiydr chizhd kam \_dastyab~\ mi-shavad.
procurable on the way,
\_muyassar.~]
both to avoid expense and inconvenience,
az bard,e
we must
reduce our baggage to as small a quantity as possible,
I
am
not going by water, I
prefer going
by land,
kam
Jcharch
wa
parhez-i-takhlif mundsib ki dar sdmdn ba ast, har kadar ki tawdnem
takhfif namdyem. az daryd na mi-ravam, balki rah - i - khushki pasand
ddram.
we must have well
packed, all against
everything to
guard
accidents,
bar hama wdki'dt nigdh ddshta bdshem ki az ghafilat-i-naukardn ivdk?
which occur frequently by the carelessness of
mi-shavad \_siwd,e har~\ wdriddte ki bar musdfirdn mi-uftad md-rd bayad kihama asbdb-rd ba tarahi-Jchub bi-bandem. ['t7a-
servants, independent of those common to all travellers,
wa,e an hama.~\ come,
chairman, in whose
service are you, and did arrive you
Balki?
when in
ai
hammdl ! shumd naukari-kisted,
rasided ?
o kai ba balkJi
208
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
how many
other chairmen are with you ? the desire people always to pitch the tents near water,
hammaldn-i-digar hamrdhi-shumd chand nafarand ? mardumdn-rd bi-go ki hamesha nazd-i-db, o agar mum-
under
kin ast zer-i-diraJchthd, Jchaimahd istdda bi-kunand [or bar pa bi-kunand~\. eshdn hama ham-watandn-i-
and,
if
possible,
trees,
are they all your countrymen only, or your rela-
what
of chairmen is here who make money than the
tribe
there
more
shumd and, yd khweshdni-shumd ?
tions ?
kuddm
hammdldn
td,ifa,e
ast ki az digardn ziydda pul hdsil mi-kunand ?
rest?
what in,
district is this village
and who
trate of
is
the magis-
in dih dar
kuddm
ta'alluka
hdkim-i-dn kist?
ast, o
it ?
how very
highly cultivated the country is, through which we passed to-day !
mulke kimd az an imruz guzdshta em [chi dbad ast~\ ? \_chibisiydr mazdri' ; maz1
the proprietor of that village to send some of his people in the evening to beat up the game for
tell
ru ast.~\ zaminddr-i-dn dih-rd ki chand
-i wakt-ibi-firistad ki eshdn
shdm bard,e
us,
take care that everything is paid for, and that no violence be used against the villagers,
ba
masaid - rd
biydwarand. khabarddr kj, chiz
bi-go,
mardumdn
Jchud-ash-rd
kimat-i-har
ddda shavad,
dihfcdndn
gird
.
\_zabar
karda na shavad.
o
ba
dasfi\ \_zulm
;
tazallum.~\
A
miser said to a friend, " I have now a Exercise. thousand rupis, which I will bury out of the city, and I will not tell this secret to any one besides yourself." In short, they went out of the city together, and buried the
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
209
money under a tree. Some days after, the miser went alone to that tree, but found no signs of his money. He " said to himself, Excepting that friend, no other has taken it away ; hut if I question him, he will never He therefore went to his house, and said, " confess." great deal of money is come to my hands, which I want to put in the same place ; if you will come to-morrow, we
A
go together." The friend, by coveting this large sum, replaced the former money, and the miser the next day went there alone, and found his money. He was delighted with his own contrivance, and never again placed will
jahdz-rd garddnidan. bdd-bdn bar ddshtan. f ba zaniin chaspidan. < ba zamin nishastan.
{ ba koh khiirdan.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
para para shudan. madkhal ndma ; sanad-i-
to fall to pieces,
admission ticket,
1
213
madkhal. f kdghaz-i-rasid-i-lcirdya, efi. \ nafar [az rdh-i-dlianl~\. sanad - i - kiraya,e 'ardba,e
railway ticket,
]
V.
diikharii.
madkhal ndma,e [tamdsha
theatre ticket,
gdh\. free pass
bank
by
note,
LESSON sa bak
[inazhar.]
(
sanad -i- mu'dfi,e kiraya,e
(
'ardba,e dukhdni. bardt.
rail,
WITH A MUNSHI.
50.
panjdhum dar guft-o-gu,e md lain shakhse az farang o mu'allim-i-fdrsi.
sahib, I am very j;lad to see you ; why have you been absent so
munshi
long
man az didani-shumu bisiyur khusham;
munshi sdhib In
chird
kadar muddat
mdnda ed man Tcidliydt
gjiair huzir
?
Lave you brought works of Sa'di ?
me
the
az bard,e
ash'dr~\-i-sa'di '
?
for
dwarda
ed?
1
For the part within brackets we may use az 'ardba,e Similarly
we may
[dtashl~\.
[dulihdni
; ditdl.']
say for the steamer ticket
az jahdz-i-dtashi. az markdb-i-dulthdrii. az kishti,e dudl.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. do
your idea, for the who has transactions of all sorts with both the low and the high say, in
shumd ba khaydl-i-khiid
person
throughout
Persia,
mi-goyed,
chi
bard,e shakhse
mu'dmala,e har /.
ki
tamdm-i-fdrs, ddrad
of
these two languages, viz.
ddm zabdn
Arabic and Persian,which the most requisite ?
dyd
is
in
215
ku-
[zarwr] ast, 'arabl yd fdrsl ?
\_ldzim.~]
regard to the mere Arabic words which occur
ba nisbat-i -alfdz - i- 'arabl
in the language, they are
wdki' mi-shavand, chanddn mushkil nlst ; ammd, az tashkhls -i- muzakkar o mu,annas,bd ma'-i tain iz-i- ta laffuz -i- Jchd Us 'arabl chanddn sakht kdr ast, ki hech kas td in wakt ba khubl hdsil na karda na ast ; kase balki, khwdhad kard, az in sabab ki kamdl-i-'ilm misal -i- paranda,e \_af~
ki
notsoverydifficult,butthe masculine and feminine, with the discrimination of pronunciation in the pure Arabic, to learn them is so arduous a task, that no one as yet hath
properly acquired it, nay, never will for perfection in science is like an enchanted bird, which, the ;
more one
- i -
zabdn
sun sdz~\ ast, ki har chand kase koshish-idn akhz-i-o mi-kunad kadar dn kdjir az dast
tries to catch,
the farther that imp
darmiydn
flies
from him,
durtar mi-shavad.
[mu-
sahhar.~\
in
acquiring the Persian what is your tongue, advice ? Speak candidly, that I
may
learn the lau-
guage accordingly, and remain eternally obliged to you on that account,
ba
nisbat-i-dmokhtan-i-zabdn-i-fdrsi chi Jarmdish
mi-dihed? ba saddkat bigoyed tdki man ba muivdJik-i-dn zabdn bi-dmozam; o az dn sabab, az shiuitd [_mamnzin~\ td ruz-i-kiydjuat
iinuid
bdsham. ;
mashkur.^
[ihsdn-
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
216 if
you obtain an acquaintance with the inflections of words, which is to be attained from the gram-
mar
only,
will
your progress
then soon be com-
az garddn-i-alfdz
agar
muhdwara shumd
[or lodkif] Tfhwdhed shud
kifakat az sarf o nahw hdsil mi-shavad ['ilrniyati-shwnd zud/camdl Jchwd-
had
plete,
o
muttali*
['ilmiyat
girift.~]
-
i-slmmd kdmil khwdhad slmd.~\ it
true ; for we can neither apply the words is
Jci
md
alfdz-
rd ba khubi isti'mdl
Tear-
properly, nor do we know the reason of their appli-
dan na mi-tawdnem, o
cation, without the
i-isti'mdl-i -
gram-
be sarf o nahiv
ddnem.
mar,
your remark is just ; and I am surprised that
sir,
other English gentlemen do not think the same
way, in
rust ast, ztrd
European languages we reckon eight or nine parts of speech ; in Persian you reckon only three, viz. the noun, the
\J.arik~\-
dnhd na mi-
\_wajh.~\
sdhibd, kaul-i-shumd rdst ast, o man ta'ajjub mi-kunam Jci
suhiban-i-digar
chunm
[na mi-andeshand"\. [khaydl na mi-kunand ; ba ghaur na mi-parddzand.^ dar zabdnhd,e farang md haft
yd nuh kism-i-kalimdt ammd dar
mi-shumdrem,
zabdn-i-fdrsi sirf si kism, y'ani ism, o ft I, o harf.
verb, and the particle,
A
horseman went to a city, and hearing Exercise. there were many thieves in the place, said to his groom " Do a,t night, you sleep, and I will keep watch, for I " Alas ! cannot on The you." groom answered, what words are these ? I cannot consent
rely
my
lord,
asleep and
my
master awake."
to be In short, the master
went to sleep, and thfee hours afterwards awoke, when he called oat to the groom, " What are you doing ?"
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
217
He answered, " 1 am meditating how God has spread the The master said, " I am afraid earth upon the water." He lest the thieves come and you know nothing of it." " 0, my lord rest satisfied, I am on the watch." replied, !
The horseman went
to sleep again,
"
and awaking
at
mid-
what are you Holloa, groom " I am answered, considering how God has
night, he called out,
!
doing ?" He He replied, " I am supported the sky without pillars." afraid that amidst your meditations the thieves will He replied, " O, my lord I am carry away the horse." The cavalier awake how can the thieves come ?" again went to sleep, and an hour of night remaining, he awoke, and asked the groom what he was doing. He " I am since the thieves have stolen !
;
considering, the horse, whether I shall carry the saddle upon to-morrow, or you, sir." replied,
LESSON
51.
WITH A PERSIAN
my head
OFFICER.
sabak panjdh o yakum dar guft-o-gii,e ba sarhange fdrst. the recruits will go to ball practice every evening,
Exercise. certain man went to a darwesh, and proposed three questions-; First Why do they say that God is omnipresent ? I do not see Him in any place ; show me where He is." Second " Why is man punished for crimes, since whatever he does proceeds from God ? Man has no free will, for he cannot do anything contrary and if he had power, he would do to the will of God " How can God everything for his own good." Third punish Satan in hell-fire, since he is formed of that element and what impression can fire make on itself ?" The darwesh took up a large clod of earth, and struck him on the head with it. The man went to the kdzl and " I said, proposed three questions to such a darwesh, who flung a clod of earth at me." The kdzi having sent " for the darwesh, asked, Why did you throw a clod of earth at his head, instead of answering his questions ?" :
:
:
:
;
" The clod of earth was an answer he says he has a pain in his head ; let him show the pain, then I will make God visible to him: and why does he make a complaint to you against me ; whatever I did was the act of God, I did not strike him without the will of God, what power do I possess ?
The darwesh
to his speech
replied, :
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. and as he
is
formed of earth, how can he
that element ?"
221
suffer pain
The man was confounded, and
from
the kazi
highly pleased with the darwesh's answer.
LESSON
52.
MILITARY AFFAIRS
Ahwal-i-jang.
accoutrements,
sdz o yardk-i-sarbaz ; (halberd) harba.
ally,
madad
ambassador, ambush, arms, ,,
rasul
gar. elcht
;
kamin
;
;
safir
;
mursal.
(ambuscade) kamingdh.
sildh; sildh-i-jang. (to take off) az badan sildh kushadan. (to put on) bar badan sildh [_poshidan~\.
armed,
[drdstan ; bastan.~\ musallah ; (to be) asliha bar badan
armourer,
dhangar ; sildh-sdz
ddslitan. sildh-
(armoury)
;
Jchdna.
army, arrow, artillery,
attack,
lashkar; 'askar
;
jaish.
tir ; paikdn. top-khdna; (battery) ta'bi,at; morcha.
hamla; yurish.
battalion,
faty.
battle,
Jong; kdr-zdr. (axe) tabar zm. sar mza,e tufang. slla ; latma ; slli.
[afgandan ; dddan.~] chakmdk-rd sar pdya dwardan ; (half cock) chakmdk-rd bar nim pdya
to cock a gun,
in
zakhmi
rdstan; (intrenchments) [morchdl'] sdkhtan. [kandak or kh.andak.~\ ba burnt kase-rd ba hawd [burdan}.
blow up,
flash
kardan;
(obliquely) mahrif o ghair-i-nizdm pesh raftan. (a battery) murclia,e top-khdna d-
to advance,
to
majriih
;
kardan.
river,
to
227
the
kashldan. nird-bdn bar dlwdr gitzdslitan. [tufang o chakmdk~\ gul kardan.
pan. to
hold out the last,
to
td nihdyat hdlat-i-ldchdri
dar muha-
fizat koshish namildan.
kase-rd ba sukhra giriftan. jd,e dar sangur kardan. bar kilo? yurish dwarda \_musakhkjiar~\
to impress, to stockade,
to storm,
namudan
\_taskhir~\
;
kilo*
az hamla
fath kardan ; (storming party) kasdne ki yurish burda az rakhna kasd-i-ddkhil-i-jd,e kuncmd. to stand a charge,
Exercise.
tdb-i-hamla,e
Certain
dushman dashtan.
Arab merchants went
to a king of
Persia, and exhibited some fine horses for sale. king liked them very much, and bought them. He
The
gave the merchants two lakhs of rupis over and above the their purchase, and told them to bring more horses from own country as soon as possible. The merchants upon
228
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
leave. One day afterwards, the king being exhilarated with wine, said to the wazir, " Make out ft list of all the fools in my dominions." The Avazir represented that he had already done so, and had put his majesty's name at the very head of the list. The " Because He asked so. two
this agreement, took their
why
king
you gave
replied,
]akhs of rupis for horses to be brought by merchants, for whom no person is security, neither does any one know what part of Arabia they belong to and this is a sign The king said, " But if the of the greatest folly." merchants should bring the horses, what is then to be done ?" The wazir answered, " Sire, if they should be such fools as to bring the horses, I will insert the names of the merchants at the head of the list, and your majesty's name will in that case occupy only the second ;
place."
LESSON
53.
WITH A HEAD SERVANT.
sabak panjdh o siwum dar guft-o-gu,e ma bain shakhse farang o daroajta,e Ifhudddm.
do you speak our language
dyd ba zabdn-i-md sukhan
?
mi-goyed ? yes,
sir,
I can speak a
little
bale,
sahib,
zabdn
English,
- i -
man
inglisi
kadre
mi-ta-
wdnam guft. td [hdl~^ zabdn-i-fdrsi guf-
I have not yet learned to speak Persian,
tan
naydmokhta
am.
[hanoz.~\ Tcujd manzil dared? ilhdl bud o bash kujd [mi-
CaJcnun
where do you now
live ?
^
(
your name ? let me know also your master's name,
pray what
is
'knnedl? [ddred.] ndm-i-shvmd chist, o ndm-i[indlik~]-i-lthnd ba man bi-go.
\_arbdb.~\
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
how
long have you been in
that gentleman's service
?
229
azchandwakt \_dar naukari,e an sahib muldzim biida ed~]
[dar (or ba) nau-
?
kari,e
an sahib mashghul
ed.}
where
is your native country, and how far may it be hence ?
[watan~\-i-shumd kujd ast, o az in jd chi kadar dur
bdshad ?
\_zdd
-
bum
;
maulid.~\
do
in
people general go there by land or water ?
what
is
the most important
article of trade
az rdh-i-khushkt
yd
tari,
hama mardumdn aksar dnjd mi-ravand? dar an mulk kuddm jins
in that
ld,iktar-i-tijdrat
kuddm
country, and what things are produced in greatest abundance there ?
ast,
o
chiz ba [q/zwnf] jd paida mi-sha-
dar an vad? \_kasrat ; firdwdnl ; afzdjsh.']
are your parents
alive or
1
wu lidain -i- shumd
zinda and, yd na, o ba muldkdt
not, and do you ever go to see your relations and
kardan
friends ?
karibdn o dostdn gdhe mtraved,
do you know at what rate copper sells in the market here?
- i -
khweshdn
yd na
o
?
dyd mt-ddned in jd ba kuddm nirkh dar bdzdr mis farokhta ml-shavad ?
what, cannot you even say that one penny's worth of copper will be the weight or size of a penny or not ?
mi-tawaned
know nowadays
i-yak fils
rate a quart of milk sells in the city, and in
the
country
for
net
dyd
khwdhad bud,
?
dar in ruzhd ba chi nirkh yak asdr-i-shir dar shahr farokhta ml-shavad, o dar dihdt ba chand ?
at
what
much
shumd
gujt, ki
mis, ba kadar-i-yak fils, bardbar-i-wazn o anddz-
yd na do you
ki
mufajjibam,
how
?
you may now
f shumd-rd rulthsat ast ? shumd muraTtMchas ed.
\
depart, V.
[shaved.^
A certain
king had a wise wazir, who resigned his office, and employed himself in worshipping God. The king asked the nobles what was become of the wazir they answered, that having quitted his exalted The station, he employed himself in serving the Deity. " O wazir, what offence king went to the wazir, and asked, He service ?" have I committed that you quitted my " answered, Sire, for five reasons have I done this firstly, because you used to sit and I remained standing Exercise.
;
:
your presence; now, I serve God, who has commanded to sit at the time of prayer secondly, you ate whilst I was looking on now, I have found a Providence who eateth not himself, but sustains me thirdly, you now, I have a master who slept, whilst I watched knows not slumber, but protects me whilst I rest fourthly, I was always afraid, that if you should die I might experience some misfortune from enemies ; now I serve a God who is immortal, neither can enemies do me any injury fifthly, with you I was afraid, that if I should have committed a fault, you would not have forgiven me but He whom I now serve is so merciful, that if I commit a hundred sins every day he pardons me." in
me
:
;
:
;
:
:
;
234
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
Persian doctors frequently administer our medicines, but they are utterly unacquainted with them,
'iimuman
tablban-i-fursl
ma
nnCalijahd^e
ml - kunand, unlid
ist final
magar az na wdkif
bi-l-kull
and. Exercise. One of the kings of Persia sent a skilful physician to the prophet Muhammad (upon whom be He had been some years in Arabia without peace !). any one having come to make trial of his skill, neither had they applied to him for any medicine. One day he came to the prince of prophets, and complained, saying, " They sent me to dispense medicines to your companions, but to this day no one hath taken notice of me, that I might have an opportunity of performing the service to
which I had been appointed."
Muhammad
replied,
"It
a rule with these people never to eat until they are hard pressed by hunger, and to leave off eating whilst " This they have a good appetite." The physician said, He then made his obeisance is the way to enjoy health." is
and departed. The physician begins to speak when evil would result from his silence ; either when there is eating to excess, or when death might ensue from too much abstinence. Then, doubtless, his speech is wisdom, and suoh a meal will be productive of health. (Gultstdn, chap,
ddshtan ; istlld ydjtan. jallab dddan ; (to take a purge) jallab giriftan.
to
waram kardan.
to swell, to try a remedy, to vomit
;
'ilaj-i-marze kardan. f kai kardan. or to wish \ kase-rd \_kai~] shudan.
to vomit,
j
he
is
he
is
dil-i-kase
[tahauwu'J]
\barham khurdan],
[ta-
fiauwu' shudan.~\ bimdrl,e o ['wuj] ddrad. [siyddatl ; getting worse, ril ba tarakki^} ( bimdrl,e o ru ba [tanazzut] ddrad. getting better, \ \iiuzul.-] { bimdri,e o kam mi-shavad. V.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
LESSON
55.
BETWEEN A
239
CIVILIAN AND A SARISHTA-
DAR,,OR NATIVE OFFICIAL.
ma
sabak paiyah o panjum dar guft-o-gu,e
bain 'dmile az
farang o sdhib-i-diwdn. pray,
my
friend,
are
somewhat versed
you
in the
revenue department ? call a lease,
what do they and what part
its
counter-
dostd ! mard bi-farmdyed lei az kdr-i-[tahsilddri}khub
wdkifedydna? [niahsuL] \kabdla,~]e
chist?
?
have you any other namesj for the rate or rent ad-
justment of lands
?
zamin chi chlz-rd
bard,e
kabuliydt
[ijdra ndma.~\
band
o
ndm
[Jehiraj] dared ?
madkhul should you not recollect another word for the then explain the rate, nature of it in detail,
o
mi-goyand,
[nidi ;
bast
-i -
wa
-
digar guzuri ;
madakhil
;
mahsulJ] agar lafz -i- digar bard,e khirdj ba ydd-i-shumd na mi-dyad, haklkat -i- an \_tafsilwdr
baydn
[mufassal
kuned].
bi-
takr'ir
bi-kuned.]
do
the farmers pay the revenue to government
by instalments, or gross
in the
?
does this species of revenue
come
in before, or during, or after the crop ?
dyd kisht-i-kdrdn ba sarkdr khirdj-rd [baaksdtj/
yak \az
kardr-i-kisthCi ~
yd
in kism-i-pul-i-kjiirdj pesh
dai~miydn, yd ba'd az fasl ba khizdna [rnirasad~\ ? \mi-razdnand.~\
yd
240
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 1
azzamm-i-ld-khirdjjydmu dfi, chize khirdj ba sar-
does free land, or that not assessed, pay anything at
government, or not, way of acknowledge-
all to
by ment
?
used to settle formerly the assessment of the several districts
county registrar differ from clerk
az zamin-i Id-khirdj kuddm .mdl-guzdrl taur-i-peshkash ba sarkdr add mi-
namdyand, yd na
town
or
mdyad, yd na ? az in band o
kabl
Jchiraj
shaJchs
?
what respects does the
the
m'i"
?
az zamtn-i-ld-khirdj kuddm rusukhiyat, ba taur-i-hiddya, sarkdr hdsil mi-na-
who
in
kdr ba taur-i-tuhfa dihand, yd na ?
village
-
t
-
bast-i-
zamm kuddm
mukarrar karde
?
o darmiydn - i - kdnungo paimd^sh kunanda chi farak ast ?
?
pray tell me the true state of what are called shikami portions of a village or
hakikat-i-dn kafa,e mauz'a, yd mazr'a ki dnrd shikami mi-goyand bi-
asl
'
farm, is
farmdyed.
\
any paper called a deed of abdication or rejection, does it what and
hech
kabdla,e tark kardan ast yd na, o
yd Id-d'awa
lst?
imply ? in
these
days,
when
con-
stables are put over is
dunage ex-
landholder, acted, or not, and to
amount
?
any
what
In zamdn, wakte ki bar kuddmin zaminddrun muhassildn (or ahl-i-ihti-
dar
sdb) mu'aiyan (or mukarrar} karda mi-shavand talabdna talab mishavad yd na, o ba chi fcadr.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 1
the country does the confarmer or the landholder receive the sustenance money ? what is the name of the paper which contains an account of the tanks, orchards, boundaries, &c. of any village ? they call it muwazina, or in
tracting
boundary sketch, does a servant call himself sarkar, khalifa, milt tar, &c.
why
dar
241
tcfalluka
naf[ntwtajir] mlshavad, yd ba zamindur ? [multazim.^ ndrn-i-dn kdgJiaz ki dar an at/a,
aka
ba
tafsil-i-tdldbhd
'alafzdr,
haddhd,e mauz'a chi bdshad ?
muwazina
ya'nt
and,
naksha,e
zai)riniidkdghaz-i-[hadd~\
bandi ml-goyand.[rakba.~\ cnird naukare khud - rd khitdbhd,e 'izzat, ya'ni sarkar, khalifa, mihtar o
wa-ghaira, mi-dihand ? that he
a great man in the eyes of his master and of the other
lawyer had a very ugly daughter was arrived at a marriageable age ; but although he
Exercise.
a farmer, hatrds; kishtkdr; kdshtkdr; dihkdn, muzdr'i ; falldh ; (of taxes) ijdradur. harvest, hasdd ; (time of) hasddat ; (a reaper) hassdd of rice) fasl-iOr hiisid (pi. hussdd) ; (autumnal kharif; (spring peas, barley, wheat) fasl-i-rab'i ; (wheat) fasl-i-gandttm. to sow, kishtan or kdshtan ; zird'at kardan. a green field, kisht zdr ; (sown) mazra' ; mazra'a. a meadow, 'alafzdr ; murgh_zar. a plough, kulba ; a ploughman, kulba run. 16
242
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEUCISES.
offered a considerable
was
inclined to
wed
dower and other valuables, no one her. Brocade and damask, and
pearls and jewels, will appear disgusting on a bride who ugly. At last, through necessity, he married her to a It is said that, in the same year, there blind man. arrived from the island of Sarandip (Ceylon) a famous who could restore sight to the blind. They physician is
asked the father, " Why do you not have your son-in-law cured ?" He said, " Because' I am afraid that, if he should recover his sight, he will divorce my daughter,
who
is
now his wedded wife. It is best that the husband woman should be blind." (Gulistdn, chap. ii.
of an ugly tale 47.)
LESSON
56.
ON GENERAL
BUSINESS.
sabak panjdh o shishum dar gu/t-o-gu,e mu'dmala,e 'dm.
Here (speaking toa servant), take the draft, and bring the money: be quick, what must be done ? it is now eleven o'clock, be quick, that I may have the money in time,
muldzim bar at
at
pul biydr
me have it by one o'clock,
bi-gtr o
zud shav.
bdyad Icard ? aknun sd 'at-i-ydzdah ast. kun ki bar wakt pul ba zud chi
dast-i-man bi-rasad biydyad)
let
:
(or
.
ba sd'at-i-yak dn-rd ba
man
bi-rasdn.
go to the counting-house, and speak to the head accountant, the accountant to take bank notes, and pay the amount of the draft,
tell
the
money must now be Mr.
to
sent
ba muhdsib khdna bi-rau, o ba muhdsib-i-a'zam bi-go.
muhdsib bi-go ki dast dwez-i-sarrdja (or sarrdf-khdna) bi-glr o puli-dn add kun (or bi-dih). hdlan bdyad ki shumdpul ba ba
sdhib-i - fuldn istdd.
bdyad
fir-
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. request Mr.
to order
what remains
to
243
la ful'm sahib 'arz li-kun ki liiil-m bi-kunad ki dnchi
az bard,e kirdya kardan-imdshuh nafare bi-firist. man imruz ba kardchi
diately, else
be done,
I will go to Karachi to-day,
khwdham go
to the bazar,
and buy a
[raft].
[shud.~] td
la bazar li-rau, o du
pair of globe lanterns,
fdnus
- i -
mudawwir
li-
khar.
who
will collect the bills ?
kuddm kas
pill
- i -
jama' khivdhad
hisdl
\_kard~\?
There was a king, who had no son he expedients, but derived no advantage whatever from them he was, therefore, greatly dejected, but would not discover the cause of this to any Exercise.
tried
;
many remedies and
;
By chance a strolling mendicant arrived he then disclosed this his affliction to him, on which the holy one.
;
244
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEHCISES.
" After out a charm, and thus prescribed must drink it along with your queen and on your having a son, you must call him Mihr Munir, bestowing on him every science, and all sorts of accomplishments but beware of marrying him against his consent." Having thus directed, he
man wrote
:
dissolving this in rose-water, you ;
;
wandered away.
This divine prescription being dissolved in rose-water, the king and queen drank it off, and by its blessed influence they had at last a fine healthy boy.
Whatever the pilgrim had enjoined respecting him was all
put in practice.
LESSON 1
57.
In continuation.
sdbak panjdh o haftum dar muttasil-i-mazbur.
Harunu-r-rashid
is
clever in
hdrunu-r-rasJitddar\_tahsili -
collecting bills,
karz
hoshiydr
ast].
-i- karz fitnat dar ad; or wusul-i-wdm Tchub mahdrat ddradJ] \_husul
in continuation,
dar dar dar dar dar dar dar
matlab-i-md sabak. matlab-i-bdld,e. matlab-i-pesli in.
have you compared them with the sample? do they agree
Jchabarddr ki shumd fareb
na
upon,
Jchured.
ba namuna dnhd-rd mukdbil karda ed? \_muwdfik
and
?
?~\
[in
misal-i-dn
mi-mdnad.^
two
or three packages are
du
si
basta az kism-i-a?la
ast.
superior,
go and procure a pass
for
the things that are ready,
bi-rau o az bard,e chtzhd ki taiydr and Tthatt-i-
rdhddrl hdsil kun.
When the prince became a man, he one Exercise. day took leave of his father and went away to enjoy the chase, where a beautiful deer came in sight, grazing on a He then plain, with a golden collar round its neck. gave these orders to the people who were with him " You must manage to catch this fawn alive, surround it on all sides ; if we thus get it, so much the better ; the otherwise, person over whose head she bounding Just escapes, must put his horse to full speed after it." as they had completely encircled it, the deer all at once made a spring over the prince's own head ; the rest checked their horses' reins, while he spurred his horse She bounded away at such a rate as hard at its heels. to leave the attendants many miles behind, and at last He then outrunning him, vanished from his sight. stopped in amazement, himself he knew not where, and neither had he a place to lodge his followers far away :
;
in,
nor enough of the day
left to return.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
LESSON
58.
In
247
continuation,
sabak panjdh o hashtum dar zikr-i-mazkur. get a boat, and send them on board the ship, the captain's sir, agent said the goods cannot
be shipped to-day,
mdshiih bi-gir o chizhd-rd bar jahdz bar kun. sdhibd, kdr-guzdr-i-nd khudd guft ki imruz asbdb bar jahaz bar shudan na mt-
tawdnad.
mind what the agent says, but mind what I
don't
dnchi kdr-kun mi-goyed bar
an [ma
ma
shinau~\
\_khaydl
ma gosh kun~\ ; magar dnchi man ba mt-goyam \_gosh-i-jdn
say,
kun,
bi-shinau~\.
or
[gosh o dil
bi-
shinau.~\
am
as you bade me, I
sir,
sdhibd, [chundnchi
farmuda
ed ba mutdbik-i-dn^ mlravam. [ba mujib -i-
going,
~
go and ask the head ac-
when the
countant sails,
and bring
me
ship
word,
bi-rau o az muhdsib-ia'zam bi-purs ki jahaz kai khwdhad bar \_langar o jawdb [rawdna khwdhad
servant, call
the cashier,
ddsht~\,
biydr.
ai nafar,
shud.~\ khizdnchl-rd bi-
talab.
how much was
shuda bud?
the
don't
di ruz chi kadar pul jama'
?
yesterday
keep
collected
money by you, pay away any,
1
pul-rd nazd-i-khiid nigdh bi-ddr, ba kase hech ma dih.
1
make
this
kjhud bi-ddr
;
m
money your charge, pul-rd hawdla,e pul-rd nazd-i-khud amdnat ddr.
5IISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEHCISES.
248
1
what
is
the discount on the
Company's paper
?
sad rupiya,e kdghaz - i dnvdn-rd chi kasr migirand ?
fl sad rupiya,e bar at -i
-
bahddur chi kadar tanzll ml-kunand? darkdghaz-i-dnvdn fl sad shish tumdn sud mi-gardad, agar bi-khared du tumdn o shish kirdn kasr ast ; yd . bi-faroshed du
Kampani
if
you purchase the Company's paper of six per cent, interest, the discount is two tumans six kirab ; if you sell, it is two and a half tumans.
tumdn
o
mm.
agar kdghaz -i- bar at i diwdn, ki fi sade shish tumdn sud mi-dihand, bikhared du tumdn o shish kirdn kasr mi-girand ;
agarbi-faroshedifi saddu o
take
these four thousand
tumans, with what money has been received for bills,
and buy Company's
3
mm
tumdn waziat
bi-glr o bardt-i-dlwdn bi-
Mar.
paper,
send these letters as directed,
ba muwdfik-i-sar ndmahd,e in khutut \_rawdna~\ biTcun.
Exercise.
ast.
chahdr hazdr tumdn bd m'a an pul ki az karzhd wusul karda shuda ast
In
While
\_rawdnj]
the eyes of the " prince lighted on a dwelling, and thinks he, Well, let me at least learn to whom this house belongs." He then beheld a venerable aged darwesh seated there, to whom, after salutation, he observed, " With your leave may I 1
3
in this perplexity,
Siudh and Punjab Railway Company. jamd'at-i-rdh-i-dhani,e Sindh o Panjdb. a debt, karz (plur. kuruzdt} ; debtor, karzddr.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
249
"
remain
all night here ?" all means, my child," By " the house is at replied the venerable man, your service." Having quickly given the necessary directions for his guest's repast, as well as the horse's grain and
fodder,
when done
"
also with entertaining him, he asked,
Pray who are you, young gentleman, and why have you come here ? " He then related the whole of his late adventure. In tne mean time, what does he see ? Lo
!
on a splendid throne, four fairy queens, exquisitely beautiful, clad in rich brocade, and covered from head to foot with jewels and precious stones, suddenly descended,
who, having alighted, made their obeisance to the reverend sage, and seated themselves respectfully in his presence.
LESSON
59.
In continuation,
sabak panjdh o nuhum dar mubdhasa,e mazbur. az gumruk khdna an asbdbrd dar 'ardba,e gdw
bring those goods in bullock carts from the customhouse,
[guzdshta~\ biydr.
\kar-
da; nihdda; bar dashta^] ba har chiz
shumd-rd you must attend
mutawajjihshudan bdyad. bdyad ki shumd ba har
to every-
thing,
cliiz [multafit '
put the store No. 2 into order, and see that there is
no damage, 1
1
bi-shaved~\.
\tawajjuh bi-kuned.~\ duwum asbdb khdna,e durust U-kun, wa khalardar ki nuksan na shavad.
an armouiy, saldh-khdna. a counting-house, \jnuhdsib~\-khdna. a bank, sarrdj-khdna ; sarrdfa. a factory, kdr-\Jthdna]. [<jdh.~\ an office, daftar-khdna. a post-house, manzil-khdna.
[hisdb.]
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
250 if
you don't look thing,
who
to every-
else will ?
agar shumd [&] har cJiiz nazar na khwdhed kard ki
khwdhad kard ?
\_darJ]
man
berun mi-ravam
Vad az
dmadan-i-khudam yana~\
harna bardbar [mu'aibi-kunam. \_mu-
shdhida
;
chrzhd
I
am
out, let
going everything ready come back,
me
see
when
I
muldhazaJ\ berun mi-ravam, ki pesh az dmadan -i- man hama clrizhd taiydr bdshand. ai darbdn ! muhdsibdn-imuhdsib - Jchdna dmada
man ha Ian
khabarddr
door-keeper, are the countaccountants ing-house
come
who
is
factory sir,
and?
?
at
work
in the iron-
?
nobody
is
kdr -Mdna,e dhan kudam has kar mi-kunad?
dar
sdhibd, kase
yet come,
mada not yet come ? how what time of day do they mean to come ? is this,
ila hdl
nayd-
ast.
chiguna \asf\ ki kase nayd-
mada ast, ba kudam
sd'at-
i-ruz eshdn irdda,e
dma-
dan mi-ddrand.
[ittifdk
mi-uftad.']
this is the case every day,
and therefore Mr.
work
is
's
not yet done,
har ruz chunln [as], o az in sabab kdr-i-fuldn sdhib
td
shuda to-day, we will settle this business,
when they come
is speaking to me daily about this work,
Saladin
when they come send them to me,
hanoz tamdm na [itlifdk mi-
ast.
wakte ki imruz dyand md in kdr-rd \_faisal~\ khwdhem kard. [faisala ; saldhu-d-din har
tasfiya.'}
ruz az ba man guft o gu mi-kunad. dar wakt-i-dmadan eshdn-rd ba man bi-firist. bard,e in kdr
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
251
"
Exercise. The sage remarked, Well, this was not your visiting-day here, pray tell me on what account you have come." They replied, " Worshipful saint, there is a princess named Badar Munir ; we intended to pay her a visit, this is the road, and we could not find it in our hearts to pass by without first paying our respects to you." He then said, " Good, do take this prince also along with you ; he will at all events see whether Badar Munir is more lovely than the ladies of his palace, or they fairer than she." To this the fairies agreed, and having handed him to their throne, flew away, and in the twinkling of an eye reached the palace of Badar Muntr. The instant
that Mihr Munir discovered that angel's face, bright as the moon, he became enamoured with her, while she also admiring his radiant countenance, and flushed by love's magic bloom, shone resplendent with the charms of a
damask
rose.
LESSON
60.
In
continuation,
sabak shastum dar makdla,e
how
long are those Europe goods to lie at the customhouse ?
td
ma
kabl.
chand dar [gumrulc] an asbdbhd,e farang khwdhad mdnd. \Jaziy at-khdna.~\
sdhibd, bagjiair- i-jihrist-i-
chtzhd, sir,
know what they
are,
can I bring them
how
?
sdmdn mi- taivdnam,
chiguna
diuardan
without an invoice to
ki
m'alum am
nist ?
<
sdhibd,bacfhair-i-fard-i-irsdl az bard,e shindkhtan chi-
guna asbdb mustakhlis mitawdnam kard ?
different sorts of goods pay different rates of duty,
ba asbdb-i-kism-i-mukhtalif mahsulfark ddrad. ba har kism-i-asbdb mahsuli-digar ast.
mahsul -i
judd
-
ast.
har matd? judd
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
252
az kushddan-i-sandukhd wa az muldhaza,e kimat-iasbdb ba shumd [inkishdf]
by opening the boxes and seeing their value, you
khwdhad
shud.
az kushddan-i-sandukhd wa takhmina kardan-i-kimat-
stand,
i-asbdb shumd-rd
I cannot myself open the packages, in opening the packages, the
may be
m'alum
Tchwdhad shud. sdhibd, tanhd sandukhd na
sir,
goods
\_mun-
kashif.~]
be able to under-
will
mi-tawdnam kushdd. az kushddan-i-bastahd shd-
yad \nuksdn-i-asbdb sha-
injured,
vad~\.
\_ba
asbdb nuksdn
rasad.~\
Here, take the invoice and
go
directly,
.
,
ai nafar ! fihrist-i-asbdb bigir o.fi-l-faur bi-rau.
ai
nafar
!
fard-i-asbdb
bi-
gir o ba zudi bi-rau. sir,
I
am going please me the invoice, ;
to
sdhibd, irsdl
at
two
o'clock the custom-
house
officer
came and
opened the boxes, when I have signed each voice, I will give
in-
them to
accountant to be and then send
the
.
copied,
them
to you,
mi - ravam, karda fard-i-
ilhdl
mihrbani
give
[^indyat] bi-farmd-
yed. \_marhamat; 'atd.~^ ba sd'at-i-du ['uhdadarf-
i-makdf dmad o sandukhd kushdd. ['amz7.] wakte ki ba har fard dast khatt khwdham kard dn-rd ba niuhdsib, az bard,e nakl kardan khwdham dad, wa pas az an ba tu khwdham firistdd.
clerk,
copy these, and give
them
to the sergeant,
[kdtibd /] tn-rd nakl bi-kun o ba hawdladdr bi-dih. [ai muharrir.~\
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. a blacksmith, and open the boxes compare the value and quantity of the goods with the invoice, then make them tight
call
;
253
dhangar-rd bi-talab o sandukhd-rd bi-kushd ; kunat o wazn-i-asbdb bd bijak mukdbil bi-kun, bcCd az an bdz \bi-band~\.
[band kun.]
again,
Three watches of the night glided away in such pleasure, harmony, and delight, as human tongue cannot express. When these four fairy damsels were about Exercise.
" Come taking leave, they addressed the prince thus He being pierced to the heart with the arrow of " I will not love, replied, go ; if you must set off, by all :
along."
means depart." On representing this to Badar Munlr, that she might persuade him to take'leave, they perceived that she also had no desire to let him away. In this " Now what is to be done ? if perplexity they observed, we leave him, how shall we show our* faces to the holy man ? and if we convey him hence in the present posture of affairs, she will be offended ; the best advice is to wait a little longer, till both begin to slumber.". After this, with the fatigue of sitting up, both got a-nodding they then gently and artfully raised him on the throne, and with some philter lulling him asleep, flew off with him. ;
61.
Ls|wf sabak
sfiast o
In continuation,
yakum dar
matlab-i-peshln.
when you have
ai hawdladdr wakte ki dast
signed your name, give
khatt karda bashed dnhdrd ba tahwil-ddr bi-dihed.
sergeant,
them
to the cashier,
the officer having entered the particulars of every case in his book, and the duty on each article, wrote the amount,
sdhib-kdr-i-a'ld
dar
kitdb-i-
nmtafarrikdt wa mahsul-i-har jins sabt - rd karda mablaghdt
jchud
[darj^
mastur
namud. ;
t
astir
[tahrir ;
;
irkdm ;
indirdj ; mundaraj.~\
254
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
taking the invoice, I had to
fldm-ndma
to
girifta mard ba huzur-i-dmil-i - \buzw(j~\ bdz raftan wanamudan za-
had and was
ruruftdd. [a'zam; a'td.~\ ba'd az tamdm kardan-iinhd sd'at-i-chahdr shud o gumruk-khdna band gar-
the next day I delivered the invoice to the officer,
ruz-i-digar fihrist-rd [la dmil-i-mukdta' at hawdla
go again, and show the head officer, having done
it
all this, it
struck four o'clock, the custom-house
did.
shut,
[la hawdla,e
kardam]. 'dmil -i
having examined the value of the articles, and their duty, he signed it,
coolies,
and brought them
away,
accountant, I will not give a farthing to the customhouse people or the policeman at the wharf,
-
gumruk
khdna
kardam.~\ ba'd az muldhaza kardan-ikimat-i-asbdb o mahsiil-i-
dnhd dast khatt bar rist~\
afterwards, paying the duty to the cashier, having got an order for a pass and cleared the cases, I hired
-
ba'd
kard.
az
add
\_fih-
[tdlika
-
;
namudan-i -
mahsul ba sarrdf hukm-iijdzat-ndma ydftam ; sandukhd mustakhlis kardam wa hdmildn-rd (or hammdldn-rd} ba muzd girifta ba khdna an asbdb-rd burdam. ai muhdsib, ba ahl-i-gumrukkhdna yd ba yoke az ahli- ihtisdb-i-furza
[dirame~\
na khwdham dad.
\_pa~
shize.~i
accountant, why did you not go to the police-office and get a pass ?
ai muhdsib, chird ba daftar khanate zabt o rabt-i-
shahr
bard,e
ydftan-irajtl ?
na khaldsi.~\ fijdzat]-ndma
^
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
255
(3^
On their arrival, they delivered him to the his permission returned to their mansions. By dawn of djiy, when he (the prince)., awoke, neither the sparkling dome nor its refulgent orb was there he heaved a deep sigh, and calling, " Alas, Badar Munir .'" again fell into a do'ze, from the effects of the potion upon him. Soon after, when a watch and a half of the day had elapsed, on the appearance of a crowd, ^ the darwesh from circumstances guessed that these must be his attendants, and having called them, he consigned him to their charge. His companions were of course but noticing his condition, they gratified by finding him got alarmed about what reply they should give the king, and thus interrogated the good anchorite " Please your "Ask reverence, why is our prince thus distracted ?" On hearing this, they accosted the himself," said he. " Son of our prince in the following words sovereign, " why are you thus beside yourself ?
J* Exercise.
good father, and with
own
;
^
;
:
:
LESSON sabak shast o sir,
what can
I do
?
62.
In
continuation,
duwum dar
for
two
bahs-i-mazbur. ! chi kunam, az du ruz mardfursat-i-chash-
sdhibd
or three days I have not
si
had a moment's
mak zadan na buda
leisure,
ast o
one can't get a thing done at once at the court,
fauran ba 'addlat \_chize na tawdn kard~\. [kase na ml - tawdnad hech
don't go myself, nothing
baghair raftan i khudam [hech karda na mi-sha[hech na ml-shavad~\. vad ; hech kdr bar na mi-
kard.'] if-I
is
done,
-
ayad.]
-
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
256 I
know, five days ago, you wrote to Shiraz that the things would be forwarded to-morrow or next day, and no pass is
sir,
! man mi-ddnam lei panj ruz pesh az In ba shlrdz namshta edki farda yd pas farda chlzhd firistdda khwdhad shud,
sdhibd
wa
obtained,
hdl dnki hech ijdzathdsil na shuda
ndma ast.
how can they go ? is
they can't be sent without a pass, the order for screws gone to Shiraz factory ?
pas chiguna baghair-i-ijdzat ndma tawdnand raft ? dyd hukm bard,e sdkhtan-ipechhd
ba
dhani,e
shirdz rafta ast,
yd na they promised
imriiz
khdna,e
kardand
ki
\_bi-fir istem~\.
[an
khwdhem
firis-
chizhd-rd
to-day,
-
?
eshdn wa'da
send them
to
kdr
tad.-]
if
they
don't
come
this
evening, you go there before gun-fire,
agar dnhd imruz sham na rasand pesh az wakti-top zadan an jd birau.
ba for
want of these screws the
bales of cotton are lying
l
sabab-i-[na bildan-i-~\
pechhd ~\
bastahd,e uftdda and.
pumba
loose, band.']
no
one knows when vessel will
the
sail,
kase na mi-ddnad ki jahdz kai [langar bar khwdhad ddsht],
[rawdn khwdhad
shud.]
have you collected the bills I gave you yesterday ?
aikhuddwand, an kadr-i-mutulibdt ki badin banda az huzur \_dada] shuda bud majmu'a,e pul i dn ddkhil-i-khizdna,e 'dmira
karda am. [sapurda ; huwdla karda ; tahwll '
karda.]
>
The
prince neither distinctly articulated with his mouth, nor opened his eyes, all that he raved Exercise.
In short, they placed being, "Alas, Badar Munir !" him in the palki, and conveyed him with fear and trembling to the king, to whom they stated the matter
i
;
"
so I* !
:
May
lovely fawn
it
please your majesty, yesterday afternoon a in sight, and the prince, after forbidding
came
set his horse after it himself at full gallop ; we nevertheless followed at a respectful distance. She took shelter in so wild a wood, that the prince escaped our sight entirely, though we were all following him with our eyes ; besides which, darkness overtook us, and we being helpless, passed the whole night in that place ; but rising by daybreak we continued our inquiries ; at last we found him in this distracted condition, at the lodge of a hermit there. When we inquired of him, he also gave us no information whatever, though we naturally conjecture that the person's name which is mentioned must be one with whom the prince is in love." us,
j
J
'
A J\
LESSON sabak
sJiast o
63.
do you know where Najamudin is ? sir, I heard he is not coming his brother says has a fever,
to-day
he
;
In continuation.
siwum dar
guft-o-gu,e mausuf.
najmu-d-din kujd
ast,
sJiumd
mi-daned ?
man shunlda am kio imruz na mi-dyad ; barddar-ash guft ki o tap
sdhibd!
karda
ast.
17
'
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
258
how
mean to do his he has a fever
chiguna kur-i-khiid-rd mtkunad, ki o har riiz tap darad.
the cloth examined yesterday, and placed to
nii'kh-i-pdrcha-rd dirilz dar-
does he
work
?
daily,
was
Muhammad count sir,
it
Ali's
ydft karda, shumd ddkh-
ac-
il- i
?
'alt
entered in the not in the
is
da
-
ed,
muhammad yd na ?
magar
ast,
dukhil-i-
tafrik-ndma na shuda. chird agar i'tirdz-i-daldlat kunad, chiguna [band
ledger, so, if
hisdb-i
sdhibu! ddkhil-i-khasra shu-
waste-book,
why
-
karda
he objects to the how is it to be
brokerage,
khwdhad shud?
o bast]
settled ?
\_mukarrar ; munfasil.~\ ai
I
will it
thank you to with him ; he
does not mind us in the
\_az
shumd
1
dn rmCdmala khwdhed kard ; [o ba sukhan-i-man 2 hech wazn na ml-nihad].
I
settle
man
!
kkwdham ihsdnmand~] shud agar bd o faisala,e
/
sir,
sdhib
] l
[_mamniin-i-ihsdn-i-shumd. ~\
i 2
[_ki
kaldm-i-man nazd-i-o
wazn na
least,
mi-girad.~\
sukhan-i-mard hech ba khaydl - i - khud na mi-
*[o
drad.'] 2
[o
ba sukhan-i-man hech
i'tind
make
out the account of what cloth he has purchased up to this time, balance the account, leaving out the cloth bought yesterday,
dddan na buyad guzasht. dar hisab-i-o jam' iva kharch waza' nainuda baghair-inawishtan-i-bakaya an-rd
na buyad guzasht. "
Exercise. The king then tenderly began My child, you will discover your affliction, we shall then consider of a remedy for it." After much entreaty, he returned, "O my dear father, the only specific I want is Badar^, jMuriir ; possessed of her I would recover." They next j interrogated about her address and residence. The prince :
if
'
"
" I know He rejected all not, indeed." sorrowfully said, food, continued day and night heaving deep sighs, and this distress, his parents weeping bitterly. Witnessing also were sorely afflicted, and kept beating their breasts in such anguish for their son, that the affairs of the state were running fast into disorder and confusion. The minister was a prudent man, and thus remonstrated to " his majesty Let not your highness be so woe-begoue, but attend as usual to the interests of your kingdom ; :
your slave
is despatching messengers in every direction ; should a princess of the name be found anywhere, we may then get the prince married to her if the parents agree with a good grace, all is well ; if not, why, let us force them." ;
outstanding balances, bakayfi,e hisdb. a remainder, residue, baklyat (plur. bakaija).
260
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
LESSON
64.
chahdmm dar
sabak shast o
the account of shawls, handkerchiefs,
baftas,
&c.,
which have been agreed for, ie all settled,
there
is
In continuation,
nothing else due to
if you please to him compare Dr. and Cr. you ;
zikr-i-mazkiir.
hisdb-i-shdlhd, dast mdlhd, bdfta o ivagjiaira \ki ki-
mat-i-dnhd faisal shuda biid ba sar-anjum rasida kimat ast]. [ki dar bud ba faisal shuda anjdm rasida ast.] 1 az md o-rdhech dddani riist; agar az rdh-i-mihrbdni jam' a o wdsil-rd [mukabit]
khwdhed kard, khwahed
will see,
[tanzir; tamsil ;
fahmid. tatbik.-]
Kasim accountant, what are you doing ? see that the accounts are correct, I
am
1
ai kdsim muhdsib
kuned?
!
chi mt-
bi-bin ki hisdbhd
\_durust~\
and,
yd
na.
[sahih.~\
afraid there are errors
in Saladdin's last year's
account,
man mi-tarsam [g_halathd~]
and.
1
with that. an chiz mukabil
mukdbila
chizhu bi-ktm.
this
in chiz 2
y
e in
wa an
wdkf shuda
[aghlat.~]
in chiz-ra ba
compare
ki dar hisdb-
i-par sdla,e salahu-d-dln
bi-hin.
chiz-ra mukabil bi-kun.
to correct, amend, sahih kardan. Hiilhcntic news, sahih khabar.
excellent proof, sahihu-l-'aiyar.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. I
can't
make
what
out
sugar,coffee, sugar-candy, and raisins have been
purchased, sir, here is nothing without a written order the accounts agree with what ;
is
written,
what I mean. I say it's not clear what belongs to each account,
that's not
there is no fear about I have by me the accounts of sales and pur-
sir,
that
261
khabar na ddram, ki chi kadar shakar, kahwa, nabdt
o
shuda
kishmish
Jchartda
ast.
sdhibd
! baghair-i-hukm-ndma,e huzur hech ddkhil-ihisdb na shuda ast ; hisdbhd ba dnchi nawishta shuda ast [muwdfik~\ and.
[mutdbik ; barubar.^ an matlab-i-man nist, balki mi-goyam ki dnchi ba har hisdb ta'alluk ddrad, an saj m'alum nist. man in na mi-goyam, balki matlab-i-man an ast ki ta'alluka,e har chtz ba har hisdb-i-[_'ala haddah~\ saf m'alum nist.' [mutafarnka.~\ suhiba ! ba nisbat-i-an hech Tthaufnist,
man
hisabhd,e
kharid o farokht ddram.
chases,
me what is the amount of Saladdin's account what quantity and kind of articles,
tell
mar a jam* -i-
hisdb- i-sald-
hu-d-din bi-go, wo, kadar o kism-i-asbdb-ash nishdn U-dih.
Exercise. This plan was applauded by the sovereign, and scouts were accordingly sent to all quarter?, nnth a One of these emissaries found requisition in due form. his way to Badar Munir's country, and on making the requisite inquiries there, he learned that her situation wa.s still more deplorable, by pining at the absence of her
On this the fleet envoy, quite overjoyed, entered the presence of her illustrious father, and presented the
lover.
'
262
f .
'
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.
formal request to him ; who, though drooping with sorrow for his daughter, on reading the contents of the He instantly, without paper, became much exhilarated. loss of time, preparing an answer, delivered it to the " Do you quickly proceed messenger, with this injunction, by night and by day till you deliver this from me." The " The it was thus of purport friendly epistle hath reached us, in which you solicit my daughter Badar Munir's hand for your son Mihr Munir, to which I have consented it is now incumbent on you to reflect, that :
:
the sooner you arrive for the nuptials, so much the better you will therefore be pleased to make no delay, nor take any trouble about the bridal preparations." :
LESSON
65.
In continuation.
sabak shast o panjum dar makdla,e
wait a moment, the articles had on the 4th
sir,
instant are not entered,
1
sdhibd
inayed
ma
kail.
kadre sabr bi-far-
! ;
asbdb-i-tdrikh-i-
chahdrum -i - mdh
-
i- hdl
[dar kitdb nawishta~] na shuda ast. \_ddkhil-ihisdb ; madkhiil -i- daftar ; ddkhil-i-daftar ; dar daftar kaid ; dar hisub
khwdhad shud ; ay a hisdb-i-o taiydr ast ? [dar jahdz rawdna.~\
jalidz~\
current month, mdh-i-hal. current year, sdl-i-rawdn.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEttCISES. it is
here, sir
;
the amount
due from him
is
56,411
263
sdhibd! hisub hamin ast mablayk ki az o \_rasulani~\
panjdh o shish hazdr sad o ydzdah chahdr rupiya mi-bdshad. [mu-
ast
rupees,
tdliba.~]
me
the account ; I will go on board the ship, settle it, and get the
give
money, you come with me, then I shall have no trouble in
ba
mar,
hisdb-i-o
bi-dih,
man barjahdz rafta,faisal khwdham kard, wa mablaghrru khwaham girift. }ia>it/-<~iJi-i-man
\Jiech
na khwahad
i-dn
explaining,
biyd ki
maru
zuhtnat-i-fahinuishshud.~\
[hech zuhmat dar tafsili
-
na
an
man dar
bdshad
;
ki
talcrir-i-tafsil-i-
dn hisdb hech zuhmat na 1
baram.^ kudrat alldh
!
waste-
ddsht,
kitdb-i-yad
book. kitdb
the Kudrat-Ulla, bring waste-book, journal, and with the book of ledger sales with you,
-
i-mutafar- ^
i---, kitab-i-tafnk,
J journal.
<
kitdb-i-riiz
-
ndma, ) kitdb -i-madkhal o "\ l
kitab-i-amaaani o
March,
I
edger
)
kitdb-i-farosh, sales-book.
hamrdh-i-khud biydr.
1
To
be written thus :kudratu-l-lah.
.
264
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. pul-i-madkhal o karz-i-har dukdnddr ba man nishdn
show me the amount of what is due to and from
bi-dih.
ba
each of the shopkeepers,
man bi-namd mablaghdti-ddd o sitad-i-har dukdnddr.
it
appears to me all the accounts are in confusion,
mard
[rni-namdyad~\ darham hisdb
Tci
hama
barham
ast.
hark
you
are
!
things ready sir,
some
all
my
men
yd na ? faldn nafare bard,e an kdr mablagh girifta ast. yakin ddram ki karib-isd'at-idu injd khwdhand
?
one has
taken
ai sdhib
for them ; no doubt they will be here
money
by two
[ma'lummi-shavad.~] nafar ! hama chizhd,e
ai
o'clock,
taiydr and, !
'
\bud~].
when they come, send them immediately to the new
1
landing-stage, now high water, I can't
[rasid.~]
wakte ki bi-rasandfi-l-faur ba mat dbar-i-nau bi-firist.
aknun madd bald ast, ziydda az in \_tdkhir~\ na mi-
it is
wait longer,
taw dnam
kard.
[der ;
tawakkuf.~\
When the bearer of such cheering intelliExercise. gence delivered the letter into the minister's hands, he forthwith conveyed it to the emperor's court and when his majesty cast his eyes over the lines, he felt his heart glow with renovated vigour. In short, he was supremely happy, and accordingly ordered a reward for the bringer of these glad tidings. That day, in every house over the whole city, there were great rejoicings, and the king " I will set out on such a thus instructed the minister ;
.
:
1
it is
high-tide,
it is
low
tide,
madd
bald ast.
jazr pd, in
ast.
MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. day
265
to celebrate the auspicious marriage of Mthr Muriir ; mean time, get all the equipage immediately ready
in the
for the royal nuptials, as well as the necessaries for our
journey." In that period every requisite was prepared, and the king set forth in great pomp and splendour, along with his army, with a retinue and procession so numerous and resplendent, that a detail here would prove too tedious. In a few weeks he entered the other's territories with becoming grandeur and dignity, with flying colours aarfbands of music, and thence, having accomplished the otyect of his journey, he returned to his own capital in a very splendid manner, bringing with him his son and daughter, attended with melody, pleasure, and delight. .
^
17*
PERSIAN MANUAL, PART
II.
VOCABULARY. ENGLISH AND PERSIAN.
THE
following selection of phrases will be found to answer two distinct purposes: 1st, To exercise the student in readily turning into Persian every possible variety of English expressions 2nd, To serve as a vocabulary of useful words, each sentence containing a leading word, arranged according to the order of the alphabet. ;
A. abandoned
ABANDONED
able.
The crew having abandoned
the ship, had
run away. mallahan jaliaz-ra guzashta (mafrur gashta) budand. ru, ba firar nihada.) Or, (fircir karda; mallahan tark-i-jahaz nirifta gurekhta budand. ABATE He does not abate me one diram. o (yak diram Or, kam} ba man na ml-kunad. (takhfl/-i-yak diram.} o az an kimat yak diram az man kam na mi^girad. ABIDE Abide with me a few days. ba man chand roz (bimaned.) (tashrlf bi-dared.) Or, chand roz in (banda)-ra az suhbat-i-khud mamnun bi- far may eel. (khaksar ; fidict.) ABILITY He possesses great ability. obisiijar (kabiiiyat Or, o ba darad). (kabil ast.) Or, o dar 'iliii kamil ast. kamal-i-ilm~tyat raalda ast.
Or, o sahib-i-(balacfli)
ast.
(isti'adad.)
ABLE
He
ta'idd;
is an able man. o (s,ahib-i-aswad) mahir ; ahl-i-isti'adad.)
ast.
18
(mus-
268
able
ABLE kard
Are ?
shuma ABSENT
you
accomplish.
able to do
this ?
shuma mi-tawaned
Or,
in
kar
kabiliyat-i-ln kar kardan dared ? I have been absent ten days.
hazir) buda am. (hazir na.) roz tul kashida ast.
mi-tawaned
ki in kar bi-kuned ?
dah roz
Or.
(ghair-
Or, ghaibat-i-tnan ta
dah
ABSTAIN We ought to abstain from committing evil. ma-ra bayad ki az bad-karl (parhez bi-kunem). (buz biyayem ; dost bi-darem ) Or, ma-ra az kar-i-shanl' (dant kotah) bayad kard. (tajannub.) ABSURD It is absurd to speak thus. churiin gu/tan ast.
(behudd) dance.
(la-ya'ni; 'abas.) as much as you please
Take
ABUNDANCE
har kadar
I have abunkhwahed, bi-glred ; man (ba kasrat] ba wafur ; ba wafrat ; ba firawam ;
daram. (ba i/rat ; la fart.} ABYSSINIAN That is an Abyssinian habshl
ast.
(banda
;
ki
;
zar-i-kharld
;
slave.
o (gliulam}-i-
mamluk;
'abd.)
He
ACADEMY
goes to an academy daily. o rozmarra ba madrassa mi-ravad. ACCEDE Do you accede to what I propose, or not ? anohi ml-goyam kabul mi-kuned, ya na ?
ACCENT
retain my Persian accent. ta hal lahja,e daram. ACCEPTABLE The book you sent me was acceptable. kitdbe ki shuma ba man Jiristaded (pasandida) bud. (pasand ; matbu ; makbul.} ACCEPTED He immediately accepted my offer. ofi-l-faur &ukhan-i-mara (kabul kard]. (paziraft ; ijabat kard.) Or, haman scCat bar sukhan-i-man razl shud. ACCOMPANY Except you accompany me, I will not go. I
still
zaban-i-farsl
man baghair (ham-rahl,e) shuma na khwaham raft. Or, man na ml-ravam ta anki (rafakat-i- ; suhbat-i-.) shuma hamrah-i-man nayayed. ACCOMPLISH I was not able to accomplish my wishes. man (ba murad-i-kjiud rasidaii) na tawanistam. (arzu,e
account
awardan
Jchud bar sar
dan;
;
action.
ummed-i-khyd ba anjam rasanichidan.)
gul-i-murad-i-kjnid-ra
az dastam bar nayumad.
mad).
ACCOUNT
28ff
Or,
mudda'uyam
Or, nuiksudam hasil (naya-
(na shud.}
Have you an account with him
?
shuma ba a
hisabe dared ?
ACCUSED
He
accused of robbing his master.
is
bar o
tuhntat-i-dumdl karda n-i-aghfi,e khud-ash amada ast. Or, tuhmat bar an shakh_s nihada and ki o mal- i-malik- i-khtfdra duzdida ast. Or, an has ba. tuhmat-i-duzdi kardan-iagjtfi^
khtid
(giriftar
muttahim gardlda
amada)
ast.
(mat'un gardlda
;
mansiib ffashta.) ACCUSED lam accnsed of breach of my word, personal and weakness of judgment. man ba tanakis-ilevity, kaul \ca kkiffat-i-zat ica rakakat-i-ra^ mansub gardlda
am. ACCUSTOM kjnvfindan
;
Accustom yourself
wa
to
natrishtan khvd-ra
read and write. masliak bi-kun.
dar Or,
(istimal}-i-khwandanu-anau-ishtan bi-kun. (rabt ; saicad.) ACID This fruit is very acid. In meica khaill (turush ast). (talkhl darad.)
ACQU.\INTANCES
He
has
many
acquaintances.
o bisiyar
(ashnayan) darad. (musahiban ; rufaka ; munisan.) Or, o ba mardumcin-i-bisiyar marifat darad. man hama-ra ACQUAINTED I am acquainted with all im-shinasam. Or, man ba hama (icaklf am), (ma'rifatl daram; ru shinas hastam.) ACQUIRED He has acquired great knowledge. o 'ilm-i~ Or, o u-afir (hiisil) karda ast. (paida ; andokhta.) tahs~d-i- Urn ba darja,e kamal karda ast. ACQUITTED He has been tried and acquitted. mnrafa'a,e chtze bar o sabit nayamad. o tamam sJiud Or, tahkikat-i-o kardand wa lekin az ^adm-i-sabutl riha,i yaft). berun ^ufida,e anjunn amad.) ACTION A good action deserves our praise. -fil-i-nek (lu,ik-i-afrin
wa
tahslri) ast.
(wajibu-l-ta'rjf.)
270
active
admitted.
ACTIVE He is exceedingly active in that business. o dar an kar bisiyar (chalak) ast. (shatir; Mr-ran; tez-kar; chust; tez-dast.)
ADJACENT
ADAM
This
is
adjacent to that.
in badan muttasil ast.
expelled Adam and Eve from paradise. -Jirishta,e khuda az bihisht adam wa hawwa-ra Or, malaku-l-hakk az jannat adam wa ikhraj kard.
The
angel of
God
hawwd-rd (badar kard).
(jildkard; berun kashid.) malakuangel of death seizes upon all men. l-maut (jdn-i-har insdn mi-g~irad.) (kabizu-l-arwah ast.) Or, azra.il dkhirjdn-i-hama-rd mi-glrad. Or, ajal akhir ba hama kas mi-rasad. Or, liama kas-ra ajal jirdr mirasad. Or, ma hama 'alufa,e marg hastem. ADDITION He has received an addition to his salary. o Or, bado izafa,e izafa,e musliahira,e khud yafta asU mmvajib raslda ast. Or, dar tankhicah-i-o (tarakkl) gardida ast. (afznni ; ziyadafl.}
ANGEL
The
ADDRESS
tell me his address? sdhiba, niwa nam wa makam-ash fannudan mi-
Pray can you
shan-i-khitab
tawaned
?
ADJOUKNED
To-day's meeting is adjourned till Monday da shamba,e ayanda maukitf ast. Or, mahfil-i-imroz ta dli shamba,e ayanda mu'attat karda and. ADJUST Let us first adjust this matter. (biya ta au-u-al mukarrar)-i-m kar-ra bi-kunem. (bi-guzar ki awical rafa' nent.
wa
majlis-i-imroz ta
ruju'.)
This is admirable writing. In Tfhatt bisiyar (nafis] ast. (khush-khrttt.} ADMIRE I greatly admire him for his great learning. man az kamal-i-' Urn-ash bisiyar ta'ajjub ddram.
ADMIBABLF.
ADMIT!
do not admit what you say.
man
ancld shuma
ml-goyed, (kabul na daram). (manzur-na ml-kunam.) Or, bar anchi Or, man ka,il-i-kaul-i-shi(i>ia mstam. shuma m7-goyed man ka,il instam.
ADMITTED
May
a stranger be admitted
?
begana-ra dar
adult
affecting.
271
In ja ijazat-i-(d(<Jckil shudan) ast? (madkhal kardan; dakhl kardan ; ilukhul kardan ; tadakJikhul sakhtan.) Or, gharlbe-ra rnkjisnt ast Id dar in ja bar yabad? ADULT A school has been opened for adult persons. maktabe az bara,e shakhsan-i-baligh, bar pa shuda ast. Or, ta'lim-kh_ana,e-ra ba jihat-i-nau jaicanan bina nihada and. ADVANCE Can you advance me this sum ? in pul ba taur-i-peshgl mara ml-tauaned dad. ADVANCED The enemy had advanced as far as Shiraz. dushman ta ba shahr-i-shlraz pesh rafta bud. ADVANTAGE Of what advantage will that be to- me ? an an chifa,ida ba man khwiihad rasld? Or, an clilz clii Or, az an kar chi manfaat-am khwahad bakhshid ? Or, 'in kar ba jihat-i-man chi mazarafl kJiwaham bast ? ba dar an dard-i-man ad? chi daira dar ad? Or, nafi Or, an an chlz chi tamattu' ba man khwaltad rasld / Or, an clilz chi man/a at ba man ru khwilltad namud ? ADVERSITY She has long been in adversity. an zan ta muddat-i-madld dar muslbat uftada ast. Or, an za'ifa ta icakt-i-daraz ba bala giriftar buda ast.
ADVEKTISE
You had
better advertise the sale.
ki ishtihar-i-(farokht) ba
bihtar ast
bazar-i-'amm bi-kuned. (harraj ;
mazad. )
What
your advice in this affair ? dar In muOr, dar in amr chi maslahat Or, dar In kar chi ml-(daned)? (diked; kuned.) (mauizai) ml-blned? (saifab.") ADVISABLE Do you think it advisable to do so? aija, shuma In chunln kar kardan (munasib ml-blned} ? (maslahat ml-daned.) Or, in chunln kar kardan nazd-i-shunta maslahat darad ? AFFECTED He affected a great show of kindness. an shakhs zahiran khatir-darl,e firau-an if a namud. AFFECTING This history is affecting. In hikayat (dardamez) ast. (gham-angez.} Or, in misal dar kase (asar
ADVICE
is
'arnala salah-i-shuma chlst ?
ml-kunad).
(dar ml-glrad.)
272
affection
agent.
AFFECTION He shows great affection for the people. o bar marduman-i-khud bisiyar muhabbat ml-kunad. Or, o ba 'awamu-n-nas uns-i-tamam darad. Or, o-ra (ulfat)(Jiawadarl.} i-baligh ba ahl-i-mulk ast. He affirmed this to be a certain fact. o ba yakln guft Id in sukhan (sahih} ast. (haklkl ; rast.) Or, o bar sadakat-i-in (sabit mand). (ka,im nishast ; istiklal
AFFIRMED
girift.)
He on hearing the news became greatly o az shunldan-i-m khabar bisiyar (pareshan)
AFFLICTED afflicted.
(mutaraddid ; paraganda-dil ; muztaribb ; mu; sar gardan.) Or, ba istima'-i-ln wtiki'a khaill hairan gasht. Or, bad az isgjta kardan-i-ln kaifiyat (dilash sokht). (bikh-i-gidbun4-shadl,e o burida gasht.) AFFLICTION They have suffered great affliction. eshan (ranfri-firawan kashlda and. (mihtiat ; 'azab ; gham.) shud.
shawwash
AFRAID khauf
am
az raftan-i-an ja (mara afraid to go there. (khaufml-glram; khauf daram; mukhatvwaf' am ; ml-tarsam.) Or, man mt-tarsam ki anja bi-ravam. AFFORD I cannot afford to give so much monthly wages. chandan mushahira ba shuma na mi-tawanam dad. Or, man na ml-tawanam ki In kadr-i-muwajib mahahana ba I
ast).
shuma bi-diham. AFFORD Pray afford me your
assistance.
mara madad
bi-farmayed. Or, mihrbanl karda, mara dastglrl bi-kuned. Or, lutf farmuda, mara pushtl bi-farmayed. Or, az ru,e iltifdt ba man himayat bi-kuned.
AFFRONT
I
do not wish to affront him.
o-ra (khafgl
dadan) na rnl-khwaham. (ba khashm aivardan.) Or, man na ml-khwiiham ki o az man ranja-khatir gardad. AGE Her age is not more than ten years. umr-i-an dukhtar az dah sal (ziyada) nut. (beshtar; mutajciwiz.) AGENT Do you know who is his agent ? aya shuma midaned ki (gumashta) e o klst ? (wakll ; kar-guzar ; fa'il* ; 1
t
'amtt.)
*
ffil
is
only used in grammar.
agitated
273
almanac.
Standing before the court, he began to be much wakte ki o dar 'adalat istad (o-ra bisiyar larzish agitated. girift). (bisiydr larza bar andcimash uftad ; dil-ash
AGITATED
tapldan girift ; khauf wa hiras bar o mastaull shud.) J agree to what you say. anchi shuma ml-yoyed (manznr mi-diiram bar an riza mt(kabiil mi-kiinam). Or, ba mmcajikat-i-kaul-i-shuma dar amada diham.) am. Or, ba shuma dam-i-muwaj\kat mi-zanam.
AGREE
;
AGUEEAELE
His company is very agreeable. rafakatash pasandlda ast. Or, mu,anasat-i-o pasand-khatir ast. Or, imsiyat-i-omarghjib ast. Or, az miikh_alitat-i-o haz-ibisiyar paida mi-shavad. AGREEMENT What agreement had you with him? bado chi 'uhda wa paiman basta ed ? Or, bado eld (wa'da) karded? (ta'ahhud; i'tir(if-nama.) Or, bado chi karardild ba 'arnal awarded ? AGREED They agreed to a rendezvous at that place. eshcin ba yak digar mi'ade nihudand. Aia The air of this country is very unfavourable. ab o hawa,e in mulk bisiyar na (saz-kur') a$t. (muwafik.} ALAS Alas it is all true. a/sos ! in hama rust ast. ALIKE The two are perfectly alike. in har du ta ba yak !
bi-l-kull mushabbah and. har dU ta sar-i-mu,e farak nlst.
dlgar
Or, dar mushabahat-iin Or, in har du 'aid kull-i-
hal misal-i-yak-dtgar and.
ALLIGATOR
dar I saw an alligator in the Euphrates. rud-khana,e farat yak (7tihange)-ra dldam. (timsahe.) ALLOW Allow me to go with you. bi-guzdred ki ham-rah-ishuinii, bi-ravam. Or, intffarmuda, inarci ham-rah-i-khud bi-bared.
ALLOW
Do not allow delay. ta,akhlr(ran:rt)ma dar. (jii,iz.) He made me an allowance of ten rupees. dah rupiya ba man dasturl diid. Or, (u-(ijh-i-kifaf)-i-
ALLOWANCE o
manbakadar-i-dahrnpiyadrid. (ma'ithat; idrar; ivazlfa.) ALMAIS^C Have you got this year's almanac? (takwim-i(tanjlm-i-itnsula.) imsal) dared ?
274
alphabet
answer.
ALPHABET
I have not yet learned the alphabet. ta hanoz (dar abjad ta'tim na (huruf-i-tahajjl nayamoklita am), alif,ba,pa na danam.} Speak aloud, that I may hear you.
am;
yafta
ALOUD
ba awaz-i-
buland bi-go ta tura bi-shinaram.
What alteration shall I make? ba chi four in-ra (tabdll) bi-kunam. (tabaddul ; tagtiaiyur ; tahicll ; haraf; inhiraf) ALTEKED It is now done, and can't be altered. ilhal tamam shud, hech tabaddul sliudan na mi-taicanad. Or, aknun ba itmam rasida ast, ba hech u~ajh (tac/haiyur
ALTERATION
shudan) na mi-tawanad. (mitbaddal gashtan ; mutaghahjir shudan; munharaf gardldan.) AMASSED He has amassed great wealth. an has bisiyar daulat jam' karda ast.
AMOUKT AMOUNT cliist
The
bill will
amount
to
500 rupees.
-jairi-i-hisab
sad rupiya buda bashad.
jianj
What
is
the amount of your
bill ?
jam'-i-hisab-at
?
AMAZED
I was
amazed
bisiyar (ta'ajjub
at the
kardam).
amount.
(mnta'ajjib
az jam'-i-hisab muta;
shudam
haiyir shudam ; hairan shudam.]
Amuse yourself awhile in the garden. kadre der ba bagh, mashghul bi-shau. Or, chande (tafarruj-i-rauza bi-nama). (khjid-ra ba bostcin dar ishtic/hal bi-dar.) ANCIENT Shlraz is an ancient city. sluraz shahr-i-kadlm ast. Or, shiruz shahrlst kadlm.
AMUSE
Does this make you angry ? In sukhan shuma-ra (khashm-nak mi-kunad)? (ghaiz ml-dihad.) Or, az in sukhan shuma-ra khashm rn'i-mjad? Or, az in sukhan shuma (ghaiz mi-ared) ? (khashm ml-kuned ; dar ghussa mi-shaved mutaghaiyur mi-shaved; mutacfhaiyiz mishaved ; kahr mi-fjtred : baham bar ml-ayed.) Or, az in sukhan 'aish-i-shumatalkh, mishavad ? Or, bar In sukhan
ANGRY
',
khashm mi-glred ? Can you give an answer
ANSWER
to this question ?
jaicab-
answer
dad
275
apprehended.
Or, az jaicab-i-in su,al leasera mustafiz farrnudan mt-tatcaned? ANSWER This will answer my purpose. in la kar-i-man kjhwdhad khnrd. Or, in ba hasb-l-mudda' -i-man khwahad bud. Or, az in ijra,e kar-i-man khwHliad shud. i-in su,al mi-tau-cined
?
1
ANXIOUS
I
am
(mushtUk-am ja bi-rasam.')
very anxious to get there.
ki
an ja
bi-rarani).
(ishtiyak
man
bisiyar
daram
ki
an
man o-ra J have not seen him anywhere. hech ja na dlda am. Or, ba o hech ja (mulakat na am. na shuda.} karda) (mulakl APOLOGY He made no apology for his misconduct. o az bara,e bad rafttin,e kjnid hech frizr na kard). ('war nayaward; mu'iifi na kkwast ; mazrat na kard; i'tizar na kard.) Or, o bar bad raftar~i,e kjntd istighfar na guft. APPEAL He made an appeal to Government. o ba sarkar
ANYWHERE
ntjn,'-i-murafa'a,e kJiud kard.
APPEAR
He
will
not appear personally in this business.
amr khud-ra (poshlda) khwahad dasJit. (makhfl.) Or, o dar m 'amal ru-posh khwahad shud. Or, o dar In, Jtar ba zat-i-khud zcihir na khwahad shud. APPEARS It appears to me very strange. In kar ba nazaro dar In
i-man bisiyar ('ajlb mi-aijfid). (gharib ast ; nadir ast.) man az in kar muta'ujjib-am. Or, az in kar mara tdajjub mi-ayad. APPLICATION He made an application to the judge. o ba Or,
hakim-i-shara? 'arz kard.
(In writing, 'ariza.) ba'daz be appraised and sold. takhjinn asbab-i-o ba (liarraj) farokhta khwahad shud. Or, ba?d az ta'aiyun-i-k'iinat saman-ash ba (mazad.)
APPRAISED
His goods
will
farosh' khwahad rasid. APPREHEND I apprehend you have made a mistake. man mi-fahmam ki shuma ghalat karda ed. Or, (dar fahm-iman mi-ayad) ki khata khurda ed. (mafhum-am ml-
shavad.)
APPREHENDED
He
was apprehended and put into prison.
276
appropriated
arrested.
mahbus gardid. Or, eshan o-ra karda dar kaid-khana andakhtand. APPROPRIATED He has appropriated all his property to this purpose. o az bara,e in kar hama milkiyat-i-khudash (guzashta) ast. (makhsus karda.) APPROVE Do you approve of what I say ? anchi ml-goyam (shuma pasand ml-kuned), ya na ? (shuma-ra jjasand miayad ; dar nazar-i-sliuma pasandida m/i-ayad ; dar samai-kdbul-i-shwna mi-ii/tad ; ba ra,e shuma muwafikat mikunad; ba mahall-i-kabul-i-shuma makrun ast.} ABABIC He teaches the Persian and Arabic languages. o zabanha,e farsl wa 'arabl mi-amozanad. Or, o dar o giriftar shud, ica
giriftar
'ajjami wa 'arabl (ta'llm ml-kunad). (tadns ml-kunad ; dars mi-dihad.) ARCHES There are five arches in the veranda. dar peshkhcina panj tak ast. Or, dar aiwan panj mihrab ast. Or, tin pesh-gah panj kaman dcirad.
This
ARDUOUS
is
an arduous
shudan-i-ln kar mushUdl ast. ast).
murtakib undertaking. Or, irtikab-i-m amr (dushwar
(ishkal darad.)
Let us argue the point together. biya ki ma baham bar In nukta (mubahasa bi-kunem). (bahs bikunem ; burhan bi-namayem ; dalll bi-dihem ; hujjat biy-
ARGUE
awarem.)
He uses very strong arguments. o bisiyar kawi dalllha ba k
ARGUMENTS
kas bnrhrinhu,e
ARITHMETIC 'ilm-i-(siy~ik)
I
kliti'
i-riyuzi ini-umozam. ml-yubam.
ARMY
darad.
am now
ilhal man learning arithmetic. Or, ilhal man 'Urn(hisab.} dar Or, Ji-l-hal ''ilm-i-ghayat ta'lim
mi-khwanam,
The king was at the head of his army. badshah ba sar-i-lashkar)-i-khud bud. (malik-pesh-rau,e 'askar.) ARRESTED He was arrested for debt by Kasim. ba sabab-
arrival .i-karz
(o
az
dast-i-kasi>n
277
assembly. giriftar
(kasim
shud).
o-ra
giriftar hard.)
Have you heard
ARRIVAL
the
news
of his arrival?
shumakhabar-i-(rasulan)-ash shimlda ed ? dagl ; makdam; u-arid shudan.) ART I am not acquainted with that art.
(icurud
;
ayii rasl-
az (or bar) an
hunar (wakif nayam). (wukiif na daram.) Or, dar an (faun, p\. funiin.) (san'at) maharate na detrain,
ARTFUL
They
and.
(
eshan bisiyar (klla-baz) are very artful. dli ru ; ; hukka-biiz ; ntrang-parduz ;
rtibah-baz
Or, eshcin dil)n-i-f(trcb ica dagha mi-gustarand. gurpaz.) Or, eshan inajmi'-i-fasad wa makr wa majmiCa,e zirk wa gjiadr and. ARTICLES They deal in various articles. eshan dar matWi-har
nau
tijHrat
(inal-i-jiizl)
tujjclr
and
ml-kunand.
nu-faroshand.
Or, eshan pllaicar hastand Or, eshan
(apia.s-i-kjhj.ir da ^
mal-i-knlll mi-faroshand.
Has he
As
repaired the carriage as I told him ? ba mujib-i-guftan-i-man (marammai)-i-kaliska karda ast, ya,
na ? ASCEND
(tajdld.)
Let us now ascend the mountain. biya ta il-hrd bdla,e koh bi-ravem. ASK Ask him what is his name. (az o bi-pitrs) ism-i-shuma chlst ?
Ass
(o-ra bi-purs.)
To whom
does that ass belong? an khar azan-iOr, mcilik-i-an khar klst ? ASSEMBLED The people of the villages assembled. kist ?
ahl-i-dihat (jam) shudand. (majmii' ; tiitijtami' ; mujamma\) Or, marduman-l-bulukat (firaham itmadand. (gird.) Or, jam!' muklman-i-karya (ijtima') namUdand. (jam'lyat.) ASSEMBLY I saw a great assembly of people. man gurohOr, izhdihame bisiyar midahaza kari-buzurge dldam. dam. Or, jam'iyate kaslr mushahida kardam. Or, (.(,dmad. (jam' ; jama'at ; ifa)e 'azlm ba nazar-i-man zumra; kasrat-i-khala,ik ; mahfd, pi. mahafil; majma')
i-marduman.)
278
astonishment.
assent
man ra,e shuma-ra I assent to your proposal. kabul ml-kunam. Or, ba irada,e shuma muttafik-am. Or, man ba kh_wahish-i-shuma karar mi-(kunani). (glram.) Or, man mukirr-i-arzu,e shuma hastam. ASSERTED He asserted that it is so. o (ba yakln guft) Id
ASSENT
ham chunin ast. (ikrarkard; tahklk hard.) ASSIST We ought to assist each other. bayad Id yak digarra madad bi-dihem. Or, mara bayad Id yak djyar-ra (mu'awin bashem.) (mu'awanat ; imdad ; yaicarl ; piishtl; madad
bi-kunem.}
Or, bayad ki murad-i-yak dlgar-ru, bar
arem.
ASSOCIATE
do you associate with evil company? ba (mukhaHtat} ml-kuned ? (ikhtilat ; muwasilat ; ulfat; mubasliarat ; mu'asliarat;
Why
suhbat-i-bad
mujalisat
;
chira
; uns.) Or, ba bad-raftaran chira (yar nilshaved)? (rni-nishlned ; nn-paiwanded ; dam saz mi-bashed ; suhbat dZred.) Or, chira dar taicila,e rindcin mi-bashed? Or, chira bamardum-i-sharirwa/attan ikh tilat mi-warzed ?
mura/ikat
*0r, chira dar silk-i-suhbat-i-safikan (ablahan, faromayagan, kam-zarafan, subiiksaran, kfnmnaf/ftn, bad-tlnatan, nakisan, na-kasan, bdd-sifjalan, na/as parwaran, khlraruyun, ttra-rayan, turush-ruyan, bahana juyan, bad' khuyan, miCjiban, mtkis-aklan, talkh-guftaran, mardumazaran, gada-taba'an ; na parhezgan) munsalik nil-shaved ? ASSURE I assure you there is no danger in that matter. man ba shuma, rust nii-goyam ki dar an mu'amala hech
khauf ica
kh_atar nist.
m
ASSUREDLY
rast) Assuredly this is true. (yakln ast ki shakk sadik ; al hakk In hakk ; ba khuda sahlh ; ba sar-i-khudat In muhakkak.J ASTONISHMENT He manifested great astonishment on his o az taraf-i-khitd (ta^ajjub^-i-bisiyar (zahirf hard. part. ast.
m
(be
2
*(tahaiyur
;
hairat.)
(ashkar.)
Or, ma'lum ast ki
m
to,-
* The meanings of these useful words, here grouped together, should be found from a Dictionary.
279
auction.
astronomy
kaiyur bar o (mustauli) shud. (girifta.) Or, az tarafi-khwesh mutahaiyir mand. Or, o angusht-i-tahaiyur ba
dandan girift. ASTEONOMY Are you acquainted with the
science of astro-
aya az 'ilm-i-najum (wakif ed)? (wukuf dared.) Or, aya, dar 'ilm-i-astar chlze (maharat) dared? (dakhl.) ATONE How shall I atone for this conduct? ba jihat-iOr, ba chi taur kaffara,e In bad raftari chi bi-kunam ? takfir-i-ln khabasat-i-nafas-i-man bi-kunam?
hujum.) bar ma zadand. ATTEMPTED He never attempted to learn. o liargiz tan-ikhnd ba (tallm} na dad. (ta'allum ; tadris.) Or, o bi-lkull kosliisli-i-khwandan
; mnltafit bi-sliavem.) I have received notice to attend the court at ten
ATTEND
ihzar-nama ba jiliat-i-man amada ast ki (pesh-iba sa'at-i-dali hazir basham. (criminal, dar mahkama,e mujrima; civil, dar mahkama,e mahsul; judicial, dar nuthlcama.e 'adalat.) ATTENDANCE Your attendance there is required. hazir sliudan-i-shuma dar an ja zarnr ast. Or, hazir biidan-isliuma dar an ja az jumla,e zaruriyat ast. ATTENTION She pays attention to learning. an za,ifa ba 'Urn kjiwandan bisiijar (nia,il darad}. (ma,il mi-bashad ; o'clock.
hahim-i-shara?)
ml-kintad
tawajjuh
Or,
shavad.) (dil;
AUCTION
an,
;
iltifat
zan dar
ml-kunad
;
tahsll-i-'ilm
mutawajjih
m~i-
(tan) ml-dihad.
khayal.)
Do
you mean to attend the auction? aya ba Or, uya irada dared ki ba mazad
harraj khwahed raft ? bi-raved ?
280
awkward.
authentic
AUTHENTIC
man man bar
I believe the information is authentic.
chumn ml-falimam
ki
m
khabar sahlh
Or,
ast.
In khabar (itimad) mi-kunam ki rast ast. (itikad ; itibar.) Who is the author of this book ? musannif-i-in
ADTHOK
kitabkist?
(mu,allif; nainsanda; naklband.) By whose authority do you do this ? shuma ba hukm-i-kiidam shakhs In 'atnal ml-kuned ? AVARICE There is no end to his avarice. (tama^-i-o (az
AUTHORITY
hadd zlyada f ast. intiha
imsak; bukhul; hadd ; be hisab.)
*(hirs
be ghjayat
;
la
;
;
z
(la
baj^hlll.)
He is extremely avaricious,
AVARICIOUS
o nihayat(bakhil} ast. (harfs ; bakfail ; tami'.) Or, o abu-l-hivs ast. AVERAGE What is the average of attendance at your
ba maktab khana,e shuma (sarasarl)
school? i-atjal
kadar ast. (takhmman.) I cannot avoid going, man az raftan
ta'adad-
clli
AVOID mi-tawanam
(ihtiraz)
na
Or, man na/rat,) az raftan (baz na ml-tauTmam mcind}. (sar baz na mltawanam zad.} Or, man tark-i-raftaii-i-aii ja na mi-ta-
iranam
kard.
(ijtinab
;
imtina'
;
girift.
Awake me early in the morning. ba tcakt-i-pagah mara bedar bi-kuned. Or, Cala-s-aabah] mara ikaz bi-
AWAKE
kuned. i-sadik
AWARE
(sabuh
;
barn-dad
fajr
tabashir-i-sabah
;
;
subh-
subh-i-kazib.)
I
was not aware of this. man az wakif na (khabar na dashtam ; ittila na dashtam ; muttaW
budam.
na budam ; wukuf na
AWFUL
;
;
How
despise
danand
m
yii/tam.)
inexpressibly awful
God!
halat-i-aw
chiguna
is
(i$]ikhjt
(1iavilu.uk)
ast
the state of those wha ki khuda-ra haklr ml-
I
(aahmgln
;
maJchiif:
haibatwar.)
AWKWARD
He
awkward at his work. dar kar-i-khud ; muhmil; na-shinas.) This is an awkward circumstance. wuku-i-in
(khani) ast.
AWKWARD wakiat
is
(na-kabil
be wakt ast.
(ia munasib.)
Or,
m
kaziya
(gjfoiir
makbuV)
ast.
axe
AXE wa
281
banwupt.
tabare biy tired Bring an axe, and chop this wood. in (chub-ra para para bi-kunrd). (heztun-ra kafa' bi-
kuned ; hema-ra bi-shikaned; hatab-ra bi-bured; wakaidra munkati bi-kuned.) B.
BACHELOR
he
Is
still
a
bachelor? aya tfi in roz an 'a nisi na kardn ; \izab; nakad(
shak&s (mujarrad) ast. khudJ.) What has he got on his back? i-khiid chi darad ?
BACK
BAG
Put
an kas bar pusht-
money in the bag. in pul-ra dar (kisa (kharita bi-nih ; jamcCdan bi-kun; jibbiyan-
this
bi-giizar).
ddz.)
The soldiers departed this moniing with their imroz subh 'eukarty&n ham rah-i-asbab- i-kJi ud baggage. rawan shudand.
BAGGAGE
Are you willing to become bail for him ? tiija shuma mi-khwahed ki zaman-ash bi-shaved ? Or, az taraf-i-o Or, zamanat-i-khud az (zaman) khwahed shud ? (kaftl.)
BAIL
taraf-i-o
BALANCE
kabul dared ? What is the balance of
my account ? (mtzan)(tonsil bafctiya,e.') the bale of cotton. basta,e pwnba-ra, (wa
i-hisab-i-man chlst ?
BALE
Open
kun).
BALLAST sabra)
BANISH
;
(baz kun ; bi-kusha.) That vessel has come in ballast.
amada
ast.
We may
now banish our
fears.
shatha,e kh_ud-ra (yak taraf kunan). yak su nihem ; az dast riha kunem.)
BANKERS
an jahaz (dar
(kh~di.)
ilhal
ma
(bar taraf
dah-
kunem ;
eshan sarrafan Shiraz. Or, eshan dar shiraz sarrafl mi-kunand. BANKRUPT He has lately become a bankrupt. o dar in rozha (dar) shikasta ast. (war.) Or, o dar in aiyam khisarat-i-hama mal-i-khud girifta ast. Or, o-ra khisurat-
They
are bankers in
az shircizand.
i-hama milk-i-khud rasida
ast.
282
bare
beaten.
We sat on the bare ground. ma bar (zamin-i-barahna) nishastem. (khiik.) You have made a bad bargain. shuma mu'ahadat-i-kab~ih karda ed. BARKS This dog barks at everybody. in sag ba har shakhs BARE
BARGAIN
; nabbah; u
Caf-'af)mi-kunad.
BARRELS
(Jaw-'aw
have sold
I
my
m
(malT; subrtit; wairan; kabil-i-zira'at na.) BASE Alas! what base conduct am I guilty of! afsos! eld 'amal-i-bad az man sudlr shuda ast ! Or, dareghji ! murtakib-i-chi 'amal-i-na sliii.iata shuda am ! Or,wae! chi 'amal-i-(kabih) az wnjnd-iman sar bar aivarda ast! (fcisid; shanV ; karih ; muhkir.) BASIN Bring some water in a basin. kadre ab dar tasht (tihorabum)
ast.
biyared.
BASKET
Put these things in a basket. andarun-i-sabad In chlzlia bi-(guzar). (lean; nih.) BATHING I saw numbers of people bathing in the Euphrates. jamanjat-i-khalke-ra dldain ki dar darya,e farat
BEARS
m
(ghi(sV)
He
ml-kunand.
(taharat.)
bears this load on his head.
o bar sar-i-khiid
Or, o bar sar-i(haml mJ-kunad.} khud haml guzfishta, hamil-i-an ml-bashad. shuma an-ra ba (sabr BORE You bore it very patiently. tahammul karded). (istiklal bar diisht namuded.) BEATEN I have beaten him twice in learning. dar (imokhtan du bar bar o(sabkat}karda am. (burda; girifta.) Or, dar dars giriftan (du martaba az o bar amada am). (du da/a az o go,e burda am.) BEATEN The master has thoroughly beaten the slave. malik ghulam-i-khud-m (khub Itoft.a) ast. (be muhaba zada ;
The ship was becalmed four days. jahaz to, cliahar roz (sakit) mand. (sakin.) BECKON Beckon to him to come here. ishara bi-kun ki In
BECALMED
ja biyayad.
He has lately become very proud. o dar in rozha (maghrnr) shuda ast. (pur-gharur ; mutakabbir ; mudammigji jibbir ; nakhwat-kash ; khud-pastind.) BED He is ill and confined to his bed. o blntar ast ita
BECOME
bisiyar
;
bar bistar-i-khud uftada
BEE
I
ast.
have been stung by a bee.
zambur-i-'asl
mam
(gazlda.) (nesh zada) ast. BEG I beg your pardon for what I have done az anchi karda am ('afw talab mi-kunam). (istighfur m~i- sazain ;
a beggar at the door. ba dar (fakire) ; sa,ile ; darueshe ; rawan-khwahe.) began to speak English. dar zaban-isukhan Or, dar lisan-iguftan shuriC karda am. inglisl imjlisi haraf zadan girifta am. BEGINNING It has neither beginning nor end. an (awwal wa akhir) na darad. (ibtlda wa intiha ; aghaz wa anjam ; shuru' wa khatima ; mukaddama wa akhirat.) BELIEVES He believes whatever people tell him. bar anchi marduman mi-goyand (i'tikad) ml-kunad. (i'tibar ; Or, ba ajwah-i-am mu'takide ast. itimad; bawar.) istuda
BEGAN
ast.
I
is
(gada,e
have
(mu'tamide.)
BELONG Does shuma ast ?
this knife belong to
you ?
In kard az an-i-
19
bend
284
lei/rout,
BEND
The ears of corn, being ripe, bend to the ground. khoshaha,e glialla az pukhtanl ba su,e zamln (faro] mlshavand. (ma,il; kaj ; mutawajjih ; militant.) BENEFIT Has the medicine afforded you benefit ? In 'ilaj shuma-ra (fa,ida) harda ast? (ttistr ; man/aat.} Or, az in mu^alaja (fa,ida dldaed}. (istifada girifta ed.) Or, az khurdan-i-m dawa shuma-ra kadre takhflf-i-marz shuda ast ? BESEECH I beseech you to p.iy attention. (iUimas) mikunam ki shuma badin kcir dil bi-dihed. (istid'a.) Or, iltifut farmuda multqfit bi-shaved. Or, multctjl ml-shavam ki dar in amr tan bi-dilicd. BESET He is beset on all sides with business. az liar Or, ba liama atrcif taraf ba kar-i-bisiyar maslighul ast. dar kar (mahsur) ast. (masruf.} I am going to the shoemaker's to bespeak a ba dukan-i-kafsh-doz ml-ravam tafarma,ishpair of shoes.
BESPEAK
i-sakhtan-i-yak jii/t-i-urusl bi-diham. I think it will be best to do so.
BEST
aulatar.}
sawab
man
churiln mi-
kardan (ansab) ast. (afzal ; Or, maslahat-i-an mi-blnam ki In kar 'ain-i-
ki
fahmam
chuntn
in
ast.
lam apoor man, be pleased to bestow one diram. man muhtaj-am dimme 'afa bi-farmayed. Or, man hajlam pashize ba khairat bi-dihed. Or, hujatmand-am az ru,e
BESTOW
lutj mara dimme 'inayat bi-kuned. BETTER Mine is better than yours.
i-shuma bihtar
mal-i-man az mal-
ast.
BEWARE Beware wa jahili ihtizcir
of idleness
and ignorance.
az ilimal
Or, az takasul iva jahilli/at purhaza bash. Or, az takahul wa jahalat (ijtinab) bi-kun. Or, (susti) wa awuragl-ra bi-guzar. (batalat; (ihtiraz,} bi-saz.
kahili.}
BEYROUT
have been three years in Beyrout. dar bayrut Or, hulan si sal gnzashta ast ki man dar bayrut (mu-tawakkif buda am}, (inuklni buda am ; ta si sal
I
buda am.
285
lidblessing. sakin slmda
am; mutamakkin shuda am; ikamat karda
am ;
sukunat dashta am.) do you bid me do this? chira mara farma,ishi karda n-i-ln kar ml-kuned ? BIG How big is the book you speak of? kitabe ki zikr ml-kuned, chi kadar hujum darad?
BID
Why
Give me your bill, I will pay it. hisab-i-khud-ra ba-man bi-dihed an-ra ada kJiwaham kard. BIND Bind him hand and foot. dost wa payash bi-band. Or, band bar dost ica payash bi-nih. BIND Bind him neck and foot. silsila dar gardan vca
BILL
(kun ; band.) zanjlr bar payash bi-(nih). dast bar katif-ash bi-band. Pinion him. BOUND He has bound up the parcel. an kas (bukcha)-ra basta ast. (basta.) BITTEN He was bitten by a jackal. yak shaghale o-ra (f/aztda) ast.
shuda
(zakhml
BLAMEABLE
Or, o az sliaghjile gazlda
Am I blameable in this?
(mukassar)-am
BLAME
karda.")
ast.
?
The blame
digar mukassar
zimma,e man
ast.
aya
man dar
m kar
(takslni'ur.)
rests only
nist.
Or,
upon me. ilzam-i-ln
shca,e man kase takslr khciss ba
Or, Injurm mahz az dast-i-man
(bur
Or, siica,e man kase dlr/ar (sadir shuda.) (malzum-i-m kar nist.) Or, (llzam-i-ln kar na darad). ba juz-i-man kase digar mujrim na shuda ast. BLAMELESS No, without doubt you are blameless. na, be shakk shimia (be kiisur ed). (ma'sum ed.) BLED After being bled he recovered. ba'd azfasd kardan Or, ba'd az rag zadan ifaka yaft. Or, ba'd sliifa yaft. az. hajamat kardan andake riihat yaft. BLEEDS I have cut my finger, see how it bleeds. angushti-khud-ra burlda am, bi-bined (chiguna k]t_un az o ml(chi taur kh_un mi-ayad.) chakad). BLESSING By the blessing of God I am better. la jazli-allah ta'ala kudre uram yafta am.
amada)
ast.
286
blind
bottle.
dnshakhs bi-l-kull (nd-bind) H.e is now quite blind. (kur ; zarir ; a ma.) BLINDFOLD He led him blindfold through the city. o
BLIND ast.
chashm-ash bast
wa
Where
BLOSSOM
o-rd gird-i-shahr garddnid.
is blossom we expect fruit. ja,e shugufa ast, ummed-i-meu-a ast. BLOSSOM This plant will soon blossom. in nihal zud (gul
there
ki
khwdhad
hard),
(shugufa
khwdhad dad.)
Or, In nihal
zud bar khwahad award.
He blotted the whole of his papers. o bar Or, o hama kdghaz-i-khud dacfh-i-siyahi anddkht.
BLOTTED
hama
kdg>h_az-i-khud-rd
BLOW
tasum hard.
Blow the dust
az kitdb-i-khud-at off your book. gard (fut bi-kun}. (pa/ bi-dih ; u-d pak.) Or, kitab-ikhud-rd bi-taluined. BLUNDER You blunder continually. sJiumd hamesha
(khata; ghalat ; kusur.) (sahw) mi-kuned. He is bolder than 1. o az man (shuja'tar) ast. (be baktar ; shaji'tar ; dilawartar.) Or, o az man ziyada shuja'at darad. BOLT Fix a bolt on the window. dar danclia chifte bi-zan. Or, dar gkurfa darbande murattib bi-kun. Or, dar rauzan
BOLDER
band-kasha,e ka,im bi-kun. He wishes to have a bond for this amount.
BOND
In mablac^-i-pul tamassuk ml-khwahad. BONE The dog has a bone in his mouth.
bara,e
sag dar dahan-
i-khud 'azme darad.
have been to the bookseller's shop. ba BOOKSELLER dukdn-i-kitdb-farosh buda am. BORN He was born before you. o pesh az shuma (paidd) shuda bud. (maulud ; zdda ; mutawallad.) BORROW I want some money, from whom can I borrow ? man kadre pul mi-kh_waham az kuddm kas (karz) miI
t
awdnam
BOTTLE
girift, ?
Put
(warn;
'driyat.)
this oil into a bottle.
dar (surcihl bi-guzdr)
in raug]ian-i-talkh-rd
(kuza bi-kun.)
bottom
Kead
BOTTOM
to the
broken.
287
bottom of the page.
ta ba (intiha),e
(akhir ; anjam ; Jchatm; ikhtitam ; Or, sahlfa-ra tamam bi-kJi waned, Bow Having made a bow, he sat. o (salam hard) wa nishast. bar astun dasht ; zamin-i(sar-i-khidmat kh_idmat bostd ; kjiidmat hard; shart-i-kjndmat ba ja award ; rasm-i-adab wa tahiyat ba ja award ; sar-i-khidmat
safha bi-lthwaned.
muntaha
;
ta Id tah.~)
ba zamin nihad; alif kamat-i-khud-ra chun nun kliam sakht.}
Bows
Bows and arrows were formerly used in war. (dar lir wa kaman aslilia,e Jang budand.
aiyam-i-giizashta)
(sabikan; dar aiyam-i-salaf ; dar wakt-i-peshin ; mukaddaman ; pesh az ; kabl az ?n.) Box What shall I put in this box? dar in sanduk eld
m
(kunam ; niham.) That lady wears bracelets. an banii yara ba dost ml-kunad. Or, an sahiba mi'zad ba dast ml-poshad. Or, an khatun dast-biranjan dar dast ml-kunad. BBAKCHES That tree has many branches. an shajar bi-(guzaram}.
BBACELETS
bisiyar (afanlri) darad.
(funi, sing, far'
;
aghsa,e, sing.
ghusu ; fajha ; shakhha.) BRASS Don't you know brass from copper? ayH birinj-ra az mis na ml-daned ? Or, fark ma-bain birinj u-a mis na mi-kuned ? Or,fark-i-birinj wa mis na ml-daned ? BBAVE His soldiers are very brave. 'askariyan-ash kkaill (shiija')
and.
BRAVERY (sliuja'at
; jang-ju ; dushman-kush.) bravery have they displayed ? eshan clii namuda] and ? (dilawarl zahir karda ; himmat
(dilir
What
izhar sakhta.)
The ass is braying. himar (nahik mi-zanad). ml-kunad; ml-shorad.) BREADTH What is the breadth of that cloth ? (arz)-i-an parcha chi kadar ast ? (pahan ; kushudagl.) BROKEN He has broken it in pieces. o iln-ra (kJnirdBBAYING
('ar-'ar
kjiiird
karda)
gusekhta.)
ast.
(para-para
shikasta
;
reza-reza
broken
288
He
BROKEN karda
ast.
butt.
has broken the agreement. (nuks
;
(khilaf)-i- 'ahd
faskh.}
I have run to such a degree that I am out of breath. man chunin dawlda am ki (nafs) na mi-tawan-
BREATH -
am am
zad. (tanaffus ; dam.] ki majdl-i-nafs kashidan
BREED birinj
These insects breed in the paida mi-shavand.
He
BRED
Or,
man chunan dawlda
na (ddram). rice.
(awuram.) in kirmha dar
bred up his children in the best manner.
o
atfal-i-khitd-ra ba (tarik-i-ahsan panvarish dad), (afzalul-icajh tarbiyat kard ; bihtartn-i-surat nashw o nama dad.)
He
o was bribed to commit that wicked deed. an kar-i-sham kard. Or, ba jihat-i-kar-ishanl' o-rd rishwat dada shuda ast. BRICKS Bricks are made of this kind of earth. az In
BRIBED
rishwat
fjirifta
kism-l-(j)il)
khishtha sakhja mi-shavand.
(khilab.)
BRIDEGROOM I saw both the bridegroom and the bride. har du damad ica 'arus dldam. BRIGHT Do you observe that bright star ? aya an (najmi-mujalli)-rd ml-bined?
(sitara,e
darafohan;
darakjishan.}
BROAD. clii
How
broad shall I
kadar ^ariz)9 bi-sazam
make ?
m (boriya)
mat ?
this
^zlgh.
;
akhtar-i-
s
hcisir.)
(pahan
1 ;
'
wasi'.)
He is by trade a broker. o ba harfat dallale ast. Or, o ba kasb baiyae ast. Or, pesha,e o dalldll ast. BRUSH Here is a brush, where is the paint? wjdkalami-mu ast, ammo, rang kitja ? BUD. These trees are beginning to bud. darakhtha shuguftan mi-glrand. Or, ashjcir (dar shuguftan) and. {ba shuguftan dar amada.) BUILD I am going to build a house. man makcime ta?m/ir
BROKER
m
m
kjiwaham kard. Are you not afraid of the bull? az an nar-gaw (na (shuma-ra khau/ nist; mukhauicaf na miml-tarsed)?
BULL
bashed.)
bundle
BUNDLE
Where
289
cake.
put this bundle ? in bukcha-ra ; kunam ; daram.) BUKDEN The whole burden rests upon me. tamam bar bar man ast. Or, man humil-i-tqmam haml-am. BURN Burn this waste paper. in kaajiaz-i-raddi-ra ba atash bi-dih. Or, In kirtas-i-bekar-ra ba atash bi-soz. shall I
(niliam
kuja bi-((fuzaram).
Or, vi kaghaz-i-muhra-dar-i-mardud-ra ba atash biijandaz. They drank so much that they almost burst. an kadar tiaiishldandki (tiazdlk bud ki shikam-i-eshan bi-tarkad).
BURST
Or, (dar tarkjdan-i-shikam-i-t'shan clnze na manda bud.) eshan ba an kadar ashaniTdand ki mi\la,e eshan karlb ba tarkidan bud. BURST He burst open the door. o darwaza-ra shikasta waz kard.
BURY
He
is
gone to bury his father.
o
padar-i-khnd-m
da/n kard an rafta ast. Or, (o barfi,e tajlriz tea takfln) kardan-i-mdid-i-khud rafta ast. (o bara,e tadfin.) BUSINESS He is come on business. o bam,e (shuyhhe amada ast. (kare ; 'amale ; hajate.} BUSY He is now very busy, and cannot speak to you. ilhal (ba kar maslighnl ast) ira ba shitma sukhan guftan na m~i-tau-anad. (madi(fh_ul-i-kh_id)nat ast; ba kar o bar ishtighal darad i-khwesli ast.)
;
ba mu'ainila muslitaghal ast
;
I am going to the bazar to buy paper. bazar az bara,e khandan-i-kaghaz ml-ravam.
BUY
CABLE
dar band-
man
ba
That ship has
lanaar lost her anchor and cable. jahaz har du gum shuda ast. (kataj.) This cage is to keep birds in. in kafs bara,e niyah
ira (kals)-i-an
CAGE
dashtan-i-paranda
CAKE
ast.
Where did you get that cake ? an (kullcha) az kuja ba dast-i-shuma rasid. kurs ; rag&if, (ka'k ; bishmat; pi.
290
cash.
calamity
This
CALAMITY
be to them
will
,
a great calamity.
7n
l
(afat-i-'azimy bar eshan icaki (Jchwahad shnd).* (sadma,e kabtr ; bala,e buzurg ; hadisa,e kalan.) ^(khwahad it/tad.) CALUMNTATES He calumniates a person. o dar posfln-i(ravad.) Or, o harf-i-kase mi-chmad. Or, o dar 'aib giriftan-iOr, o ghjbat-i-kasc ml-kunad. kase mi-koshad. Or, o kase-ra ghaibat nu-kiinad. Or,
mardumemi-(uftad).
o kase-ra ba badl
yad ml-kunad. Or, o nam-i-kase ba
zishtl
mi-bavad.
Have you made jam karda ed?
CALCULATION
a calculation of the cost?
(hisab]-i-lfh.arj
CALF
The cow and
bud.
The
together.
sea was quite calm.
(bi la
amuTij
Where
CANVAS kujci
(takjimlna
;
muwazina.}
mada-gaw
ica
baham yak ja budand.
gfisala
CALM
calf were
biftiyar
bi-l-kull (be
did you buy this canvas ?
Jchanda ed
CAPACITY
bahr
manje)
mmhauii'islina.)
;
In (palas)-ra az
?
(parclia,e kanv.} a person of great capacity. an shaJchs (isti'dad ; firasat ; idruk ; (kabilvjat) darad.
He
is
kuu-at-i-madrika ; dirayat ; ahliyat ; diiuish.) Or, an sheikhs (darfirasat kamif) ast. (sahib-i-fazllat ; sahib-i-fazlOr, aklmaitdJ,e an kas ba kamal raslda ast. i-kamal.) has sent me a card of invitation. an kas rulta,e CARD J
He
da'u'at-ra ba jihat-i-man jiristada ast. I have no care on that account.
CARE
dar an sukh_an
(parwa) na daram. (fikr ; andoJt : muzayaka; dil-tanqi.} Or, az an amr ghamna (daram). Or, dar dil(kh_uram.) i-khiid tafakkure-ra rah na diham. him I a load on CARRYING saw his head. man carrying o-ra dldam ki bar bar sar guzashta ml-rarad. CASE Have you no case for your razor? aya (g]iilaf-i-teqi-dallaki)-ra
CASE ast).
CASH
This
na dared?
is
a very
(jild-i-ustura
difficult case.
; miyan-i-mardiida.) In murafa'a (mushkil
(ishkal darad.)
In cash and notes I have 100 dinars. nakd wa barat sad dinar daram.
dar wajh-i-
cast
agi
clia/.
CAST Cast away this clothing. In libils-ra bar andaz. CASTLE He lives near the castle. nazd-i-hisar sukunat Or, karib-i-(kasr) manzil darad. (hisn.) Have you seen to-day's catalogue of the dlda ed ? (fard ; fard(fihrist)-i-hurraj-i-iinroz-rii
diirad.
CATALOGUK sale?
i-tafsil.)
CATCH
Catch
that
bird.
an
murak-ra
(akhz
bi-kun).
(bi-ylr.)
Do
CAUSE
mi-da ned
you know the cause of
(illat; u'usita ; miijib.) What need of all this caution
CAUTION ;
ihtiyat; huzar
tadblr.j
amr
?
(dn r-andeshl
(Jchabardar'i) cliist?
bnn
this ?-{sabab)-i-in
;
ihtiraz
;
;
tahzlr
hajat-i-m chunin 'akibat-andeshi; dtir;
'?
hazam ; ta,ammul;
We ought to
be cautious, and not to give offence mara bayad ki az zuhmat diidan-i-kase hazar bi-
CAUTIOUS to any.
Or, mara baijad ki ta tairanem (tz azlyat dtidan(khabardar sharem). (hoshiyar bashem ; hazur shavem ; sahib -i-ihtiyiit bashem; mu&tagir bashem.) CEASE When will you cease talking ? az sukjian guftan kai (faraghat) kjncahed kard? (mauktif ; farug]t ; taicaJc-
kunem. i-kase
kuf.)
Qr,kaitark-i-harafzadankh_wa]ied(yirift)? He is a very celebrated poet. o
(kard.) shd'ire
CELEBRATED
(ma'riif ; mausiif ; riamicar ; mumamduh.} Or, o \dlama,e shiiara ast. Place this in the centre. in chlz-ra dar (miyan
bisiyar (masJihur) ast.
a~~'ii
;
CENIKE
(markaz-i-da,ira bi-nih.}
bi-ynzjir).
This house has been
CBKTUKY
guzaslita ast ki in khiina
sadd sal
built a century.
(ma'mur sltuda
ast).
(-ra ta'mlr
karda and.)
CERTAIN I am certain of it. man in-ra yakln mi-danam. CERTIFICATE I have received from him a certificate of my man azo ba nisbat-i-kabin>/t capacity and good conduct. tea nek-raftari,e Ithud (sifiirish nama),e yafta am. (dust an-eza
CHAFF
;
liyakat namu.) is plenty of chaff, but no wheat.
Here
in
ja post-
292
chain
i-gandum Jirawan
ast
cheap.
Or, m liama (s#r.) m aya zanj lr-(i-ahani) na.
magar gandum
m nist.
sabos ast (nishan)-i-gandum dar CHAIN Is this chain made of iron? (az alian sakhta shuda.)
ast ?
He
CHALK
an has fakat ba
writes only with chalk.
gil-
i-safaid mi-nawisad.
He is gone there for change of climate.
CHANGE
an ja ra/ta ast. must change my clothes.
(tabdify-i-ab o haiva
CHANGE
I
i-khud-ra ^iwaz] bi-kunam.
CHANGEABLE taV ast.
His mind
ast.
wa
CHAPTER
;
chapter shall
Or,
bat/ad ki libas-
tabdil
o
;
ibdal.}
mutalamnnu-tOr, o
sahilu-l-tark ast.
Or, dil-ash (be talauivun dar tab
nlst.
o
1
we read?
kudam bub
bi-
?
He
CHARACTER neko
wa
ka,imn-l-mizaj
(na payadar.)
What
kh_wanam
(tahicil.}
mara
changeable.
Or, o saliilu-l-kabul
sabitu-l-kaul
karar) darad.
is
(badal
az bara,e
darad.
mu'azzaz
;
CHARCOAL
o n~im-ibears an excellent character. Or, o (sahib-i-'izzat) ast. (zU-l-izzat;
mukarram.)
She draws
pictures with charcoal.
tin
zan
tasivtrha ba zaghal ml-kasliad.
He charges very high. o giran klmat ml(khwahad.) CHARITABLE They are very charitable to the poor. eshan ba (ghanban karim) and. (muflisan rahlm; maflukan sakhl ; mustam audit n sadkat-baklish'} a o bisiyar bestows He CHARITY great deal in charity. (sadka ; tasadduk ; zakat ; zakwat.} (khairat) ml-dihad. CHARMING That is a charming song. an naghina,e dilCHARGES kunad.
Or, an sarod-i-tarab-anfjez ast. Or, an samaOr, az Or, an tarannum-i-dil-faroz ast. an nagjtma kase-ra shor u'a tarab dar sar ml-ayad. Or, az an nag&ma kase dar halat wa tarab nn-bashad. CHEAP These articles, I think, are cheap. man mi-
fareb
ast.
i-dil-awez ast.
pindaram baha.)
ki in chlzha (arzan) and.
(kam-klmat ; subuk-
cheat
293
circuit.
They cheat whom they can. eshan ba har kase ki mi-tawanand fareb ml-dihand. Or, esluin ba har kase ba kadar-i-makdur-i-kjnid (cfhadr ml-kunand). (gjtabn misnzand ; hlla-bazi rn'i-kunund ; ghabin mi-bashand.) CHEESE This cheese is not good. In panlr (khub nist). (lih shuda ast?) CHICKENS I saw a hen with ten chickens. manmakiyanera ba ma' dah chuza dldam. CHIEK My chief reason for coming here was to see
CHEAT
man you. CHILDHOOD
rnahz az bara,e d~idan-i-shuma mja amadaam. I have known him since his childhood. man az (hln-i-tufiiliyat-ash) o-ra danista am. (aiyam-i-koda-
Or, az wakte ki o
; 'altd-i-khurd^yash.) o-ra shinakhta am.
klijash
man
CHILDISH (bazi,e
These are but childish employments.
kodakan)
ast.
(kar-i-kodakl.)
tifl
bud
infakat
m
CfliNA^-He has lately come from China. dar rozlia az chin icarid shuda ast. CHIPS Why are all these chips here? take them away. in khtishak chira In ja ast? an-ra bar dar. Or, in (taan-ra bi-bar. (rezaha,e rashha) chira In ja itftada ast ? '
chub.)
CHISEL
Cut
nnilziC
this
stick
with a
chisel.
in
chub-ra ba
bi-tarash.
CHOICK
It
was his own choice
kh_wahish-i-Jchud kard.
Or,
?
m
kar ba do so. o chunln kar kardan o-ra
to
ikhtiyar tiftad.
CHOOSE
Choose which of these two you please.
har du
ta yake-ra (bi-guzin).
(bi-chm
;
az In
ikhtiyar bi-kun
;
kabul bi-kun.)
Mix some cinnamon with the other spices. ham-rah-i-dlnar masalih dar-chlnl (biyamez). (makhlut bi-kun ; takh_llt bi-kun ; ikhtUat bi-kun ; bi-khisanid.)
CINNAMON
CIRCLE
They
nishastand.
CIRCUIT
He
da,ir ast.
all sat in
a circle.
eshan (dar surat-i-da,ira)
(halka zada.) is
now judge
of circuit.
an
ilhal hakim-i-
294
circulated
CIRCULATED
They have
clock.
circulated notices in all directions.
eshan ba har taraf ishtihiir-ra jari karda and. ba har taraf ittila' namajut-i-eshun ijrci yafta and.
CIRCULATION
Has
Or,
this coin been long in circulation?
zarb az bisiyar wakt murauwaj buda ast. Or, aya (rawuj yafta.) bisiyar sal ast ki in sikka (ra,ij- buda) ast. CIRCUMSTANCE This is a curious circumstance in saniha,e 'ajlb ast. Or, in kaifiyat-i-bisiyar nadir ast. Or, In
In ahiitil-i-khaill ta'ajjub amez ast. He is one of the civil servants of the Government. o yoke az sahiban-i-(amur-i-daulat) ast. ('arnal-i-mam-
CIVIL
lakat.)
He
o ba har has (mida,im] every one. adib ; mu,addab ; sahib-i-siduk ; ; Malik ; scihib-i-adab ; mulatlf ; latlf.} Or, o ba har kas ta'zim ml-kunad. He received us with great civility. o ba bisiyar CIVILITY (khulk ; ikhlak; adab ; (tawazu') ba ma mulcikat kard.
CIVIL
ast.
is civil to
(salim
;
halim
mula,imat ; mudara; mudarat.) further claim on that gentleman's bar imlak-i-an sahib iddi'a,e digar dared ? estate ? CLEVER She is more clever than he. an zan az an mard suliik;
CLAIM
Have you any
(dana)-tar ast.
(zakl
;
hoshiyar
;
kar-guzar ;
maslahat-
guzar j pukhta.^
The attorney has written to his ba muwakkil-i-khud nawishta ast.
CLIENT
client.
an wakil
The climate of Europe is very fine. ab o hawa az midk-i-maghrib bisiyar khub ast. CLIMBING He was climbing a tree. o (bala,e darakht bar) mi-raft, (bar darakht bala.) CLINGS That child clings to its mother. an farzand ba (madar-i-kjiud mi-chaspad). (gardan-i-madar-i-khud miCLIMATE
awezad.)
Leave your cloak in the hall. (bala-posh,}-i-khudra dar dalan bi-guzar. (farghul; labada; jawalik.) CLOCK What is the time by the church clock? ba sa'at-i-
CLOAK
clothe
295
comfort.
(7sa-kadaj chi s~iat ast? ('ibadat-gah ; Kkana,e khuda ; sijda-gah ; masjid ; jdmi.) It is near two o'clock. karlb ba sa'at-i-du ast.
ride in coaches, others go on foot. kaliska sawcir mi-shavaud wa ba'ze
piyfida ml-ravand. This cloth
COAKSE
In parcha bisiyar is very coarse. hanguft ; jar'ab ; riafij ; satt/th ; sitabr.) COBWEB Sweep away that cobweb. an parda,e 'ankabntrajarUb bi-kiin. Or, an (nasju-l-'ankabutj-ra az Inja bi-rub. (malkm.} COLD I feel very cold. man burudat-i-azim ihsas mi-hmam. Or, mara (sardt),e bisiyar mahsus ml-shavad. (bard.) COLLECTED A great crowd was collected. majma-i-buzurg (kiduft) ast.
I commend man (ta'rtf)-iyour prudence. tamlz-i-shuma mi-kimam. (tahsln; afrin; tausif ; sita,Or, imtiyciz-i-shuma muwafiku-r-ra,e khttd-am miish.)
COMMEND
ayad.
Or, hazar-i-sliumti
dUr-andes]i~i,e
mara
pasatid mi-ayad.
Or,
shuma-ra tasmb tnt-namayam*
COMMERCE Baghdad is a first-rate Baghdad 'umda,e ja,e tijarat ast.
seat of commerce.
He
COMMITTED
was committed to prison. o dar mahbas Or, o dar kaid-khana tnursil sliud. firistada shud. COMMON The common people speak thus. marduman-i-
'awamm m churiin mi-goyand. 'amm ast.
COMMUNICATE (baiycin')
Communicate
bi-kun.
Or, in kalcim muhav:ara,e
this to
him.
mmkhan
(zahir; izhar ; aslikam* fash
COMMUNICATIVE He ma'lum ml-shavad ki
bado
huwaida.) appears to be very communicative. o (zaban-i-daraz durad).
;
(bisiyar go,e
ast.)
I have no companion. man (musahibe) na (munise ; ma,nuse ; ham-suhbate.) to be in am his COMPANY glad company. khatir-i-man ba mukhalitat-i-o mail darad. Or, suhbat-ash ghanimat shumaram wa khidmat-ash yaghma. Or, ba munadimat-ash raghbat ml-(daram). (kunam,^ Or, ba ikhtilati-o bisiyar mail ml-daram. Or, az musaMbat-asli khaill
COMPANION daram.
I
.
Or, miimfikat-ash mara khusJi mi-ayad. Or, sud-i-sarmaye 'umr-am wisal-i-o-ra ml-shwnaram.. COMPARE Let us compare my writing with yours. biya to,
khushnud am.
ba khatt-i-shamel (dar taslibih bi-darem). Or, biya ki met (tashbih bi-kunem; mukabil bi-kunem.) har du kliatt-i-khud-ra dar mlzan-i-taswiyat bi-nihem. khatt-i-mara
canvass
COMPASS
conceit.
297
A
ba (icasita),e kutbship sails by the compass. mi-ravad. (waslla.} thus ? have act no Why you compassion ? chira chumn kar ml-kuned ' shuina-ra (nih/iiat) na mi-
numa jahtiz rah
COMPASSION
ayad? (rahm
;
shafkat
;
talattuf
;
tarrahum.)
Or, chira
chumn kar ml-kuned ? dil-i-shiona na ml-sozad. COMPETENT Are you competent to the work ? shuma ba kase
liyakat-i-~ui
hasted?
kar dared? Or, shuma kabil-i-ln 'amal In kar ay dast-i-shuina bar ml-taivtinad
Or,
amad ? COMPLAINED I have long complained of his conduct. bisiyar aiyam (fjuzashta ast ki az afal-ash(shikayat) karda am. (nalish ; gila; faryad; shakica.} COMPLAINTS He is always coming with complaints. o hamesha (daftar-i-shikayat baz) ml-kunad. (faryad ; nalish.}
He is
COMPLETE
o dar complete master of this language. Or, o dar lit Usan kainiliijat darad. sends his compliments to you. COMPLIMENTS Sir, Mr. sahibci sahib-i-fuldn ba shuma (salam ml-rasanad).
In zaban kamil ast.
(tasllm im-dihad.)
COMPLY
Unless you comply, what can I do ?
razl nlsted chi bi-kunam
COMPOSING wa nahw
He is now composing
a
grammar.
o ilhal sarf
(tasnlf) ml-kunad. (ta,lif.) I don't exactly comprehend this.
COMPREHEND (-ra
agar shuma
?
khub na m'i-fahmam'}.
In sukhan (dar 'akl-i-man durust na nil-
ayad.)
CONCEAL taicanam
kunam;
cannot conceal this matter. man na mltn sukhan-ra (pinhan dnram). (nihufta mastur kunani ; ikhja kunam ; makhft daram ; I
ki
maknun daram; bi-posham.) Let us not indulge conceit. mara bayad ki (khnd-pasand na bashem). (az klt_>td na balem ; 'ujb dar sar na darem; dimayh-i-behlida na pazem ; khud-bln na kitiium or
CONCEIT
bashem.)
298
conceited
That man
CONCEITED
(inn'jib) ast.
bin
;
khi.ul
confined.
an shakhs
kh_aill
(maghrur ; khud-pasand ; Miud-ra,e ;
kjuid-
very conceited.
is
nama ; mudammagh.)
CONCEIVE I conceive you are iu the right man ml-danam ki shuma ba rah-i-rastl mi-bashed. CONCERN This business does not concern you. bar ba shuma (ta'alluk na darad). ('alaka na darad ; muta'allik
m
Or, dar In kar dakhl-i-tasan'uf-i-shuma
nlst).
riist.
Or,
shuma dar In kar dakhl-i-tasarmf na ml-tawaned kard. CONCERN This has caused her much concern. az In kaiOr, in amr fiyat an zan bisiyiir mutafakkir gardid. t
sabab-i-iztirab-i- azlm-i-an nisa shud.
CONCLUDE kar dan)
It is ast.
CONCLUSION
time to conclude.
This
(akhir)-i-bab ast.
CONDITION
;
(kh_atm is
.My condition
His conduct
;
is
khwahad kard.) CONFESS I confess
to
kard)?
my
hal-i-man az
better than his.
(afisan.) is
be
commended.
Who
(rahban khwahad
m
iklititam.)
ld,ik-i-ta'nf ica tahsin ira afrln ast. will conduct us thither?
CONDUCT
wakt-i-(tamam
the conclusion of the chapter.
(khatm
ahu-al-i-o (bihtar) ast.
CONDUCT
ilhal
kJiatima.)
(khwahad
conduct
lias
raftar-ash
an ja ki mara burd ; dallalat
been
amiss.
man
(i'tiraf)m'i-kunai ki kirdar-i-inanmayiib ast. (ikrar.) Or, man kliud ka,il-am bar anki dar in amr clnze takslr az man sadir shuda ast. Or, man mukirr-i-bad rajtari,e
khud hastam. CONFIDENCE I
bar place no confidence in what they say. sukhanha,e eslian (misuk-i-man nlst). (itibar or i'timad na ml-kunam.) Or, i'tikad-i-kaul-i-eslian nazd-i-man bi-lkutt sakit shud.
CONFINED He is now confined in jail. o ilhal dar kaidkhana kaidkarda shuda ast. Or, o ilhal dar mahbas mahbiis ast. Or, o aknan dar (sijn nihada) shuda ast. (zindan basta; kaid-khana mukaiyid.)
confirmed
CONFIRMED
Is the
299
consigned.
news confirmed or not?
In Khobar
ast ya na ? (tahklk ; mukarrar.) You have confused my work.
shuda
(sabit)
CONFUSED
(darham barham) karda
He
CONFUSED
is
ed.
kar-i-mara
(pareshan.)
confused.
an
has
(pareshan; mutaraddid ; sar-gardan
;
ast.
(saraslma)
hairan
;
muztarib
;
niuztarir.)
There
CONNECTION
is
no connection
in these sentences.
jumlaha ba yak d~iyar (nisbat na dar and).' (bo, ham munsalik nayand ; muntazlm nayand ; 'alakana darand.) In
CONQUERED He conquered the whole country. o bar tamam mulk (tasallut yaft). (musallit shiid.) Or, zer-lhukm-i-khud tamam diyar-ra dar award. Or, o sultanatra dar tasarruf-i-khnd dar award. (o-ra
Or, mainalik-i-atraf (dar kabz-i-o dar amad.) Or, o kard. (ma/tuK) (jath.} Or, o mutajarrif-
musallam shud).
tamam mulk-ra i-nahiyat shud.
CONSCIOUS
I
am
not conscious of having said
'so.
man
m
chunin sukhan gufta am. (m~iyad na (daram) ki kunam; ml-glram.} Or, (dar yad-i-man na mi-ayad) ki chumn gufta am. (ba yad-am na ml-ayad ; man ba yad na da rain.) CONSENT Do you consent to my proposal ? ba ra,e-i-man
m
Or, tajwlz-i-mara kabul Or, tadbir-i-man makbuLi-khatlr-i-shuma ast ? She went without my consent. baajtair-i-(ijazat)-
(razl hasted)? (raza mi-dihed.)
nu-kuned ?
CONSENT
i-man an za'lfa raft, CONSEQUENCE That is darad.
(izn; rukh_sat ; raza,e.) of no consequence. an zarar
Or, muzayaka,e
m
m'anl
nlst.
Or, dar
na an
mazayaka nlst. CONSIDER I will consider
it. bar an amr tajwiz khwaham Or, dar band-i-an kar klvwaham bud. Or, dar in tasauwir khwaham namud. sukhan-ra ba sukhan Or, khwaham an-ra ba kadam-iOr, mizan-i-kiyas sanjld.
kard.
m
tafakkur khwaliam paimud. The cargo of the vessel was consigned to him.
CONSIGNED
20
300
constitution
tamam
contrary.
ba (hawala),e an kas bud. (tahinl ; Or, tafmz-i-tamam mahmula,e jahaz-
bar-i-jaJiaz
sapurd ; tafu'iz.) ra bado kardand. CONSTITUTION His constitution bisiyar (kaiii) ast.
is
very strong.
(mustakim ; mazbvt
CONSULT
Let us consult in (maslahate maslahat)
upon
tabiat-ash
;
mustakill.} this subject. biya ta dar
bi-kunem.
(amr mashwarat ;
CONTAIN How much indigo will this box contain? dar in sanduk chi kadar nil khwahad gunjid. Or, in sanduk chi kadar nil khwahad girift. CONTEMPT Treat no one with contempt. dar kase (nazar-
ma
kun. (ba chashm-i-istihkar nazar ; tahkir ; Or, kase-ra ba ch ashm-i-istikhfaf ma nigar. Or, dar kase ba dida,e istikrah ma bin. Or, kase-ra (khitrd) ma dan. (khwar ; hakir ; tasgfeir ; makruJi ;
i-hikarat)
karahat).
karili.)
CONTENT (bar an
I
am
har chi daram an dar mi-sazam ; bar an dar az an pa,e kinaat daman-i-sala-
mufsid; sharir; niza' bar pa mi-namayand. mi-(khezand).
(uftand.}
Or, ba jang-i-har kas Or, ba khiiaf wa inkar-i-har Or, da'wa,e mukawamat bar pa
Jfus ba dar mi-ayand. mi-kunand. CONTINUAL There is a continual noise in this place. dar ja (shor) hamesha mi-manad. (ghaugha ; ghol ; ghalghala ; haw-hu ; ashob.) CONTBACTED The Honourable Company contracted for the paper. jama'at-i-bahadur az bara,e in kaghaz ijara kard. CONTRARY Contrary winds detained the vessel. az bad-i-
CONTRIVANCE By what contrivance shall we go there ? ba kudam hila ma an ja khwiihem raft? CONVENIENT Will your coming to-morrow be convenient ? -farda dmadan-i-shuma (munasib) khwahad bud? (muwafik; sha,ista.)
Are you fond of conversation?
CONVEBSATION guft-gu dared
?
sliauk-i-
Or, sha,ik-i-mukalima hasted ?
Will you please to convey this article to him ? azru,e(lutf) In chiz-ra bado bi-rasaned? (altaf ; talattuf; mifirbam.) CONVINCED I am convinced what you say is true. man
CONVEY
yakin daram ki an clii shuma mi-goyed rast ast. COOKS. Having no cook, he cooks for himself. an shakhs ghiza,e khud-ra khud (mi-pazad) Id tabbakh na darad. (bar sikh ml-kunad ; bar taba birlyan ml-kunad.) COOI-ER It is cooler to-day than it was yesterday. imroz az diroz sard-tar ast, COPY Please copy this for me. hitffarmuda bara,e man (nakl}-i-m bi-kuned. (saicud.) Buy some cord, and tie these things together. kadre (risman-i-bar~ik) bi-khared wa In chizha-rti ba-hatn
CORD
bi-banded.
(habal.)
CORK
Is there no cork to this bottle? aija in kuza,e shisha (sidad) na darad ? (simam.) CORN. There was great plenty of corn last year. dar stil(madakhil-ii-gvzashtm (ghalla,e jirawfin paida shud,
ghalla bisiyar bud ; ba ifrat ghalla pai da shud.) CORRESPONDENCE Have you any correspondence with him shuma ba o (murasalai) dared? (nawisht tea khwand.) Or, shuma tarika,e ritsul wa rasa,il ba o jarl dared ? CORRUPT Society here is extremely corrupt. suhbat-i'?
majlis-i-mardutn-i-m ja bisiyar (mazmiim) ast. makhzul ; maklmh ; fasid ; mukhlaf.) COUCH Move this couch into the other room. i-istirahat)-ra
ufa
;
ba ittak-i-dlgar bi-bared.
mihad ; mahd,
pi.
muhud.)
(mashnii'
;
in (rakht(shaft; shafta ;
302
council
credit.
He is a member of the Supreme Council. o yoke az ahl-i-majlis-i-('uzma) ast. Or, (a'la ; ula.) o mushlr-i-mashwarat-i-a'zam ast. Or, an agha yoke az
COUNCIL
(mushawiranyi-khass
ast.
(mudabiran.) counsel. mar a lay ad Id kabul {az naslhat-i-akilan ru(maslahat-i-nek durem). kash na shavem.) COUNT Count over the money I gave you. pule ki man ba
Let us regard good
COUNSEL
shuma dadam bi-shumarcd. COUNTERFEIT This is a counterfeit
coin. in ashrafi kalb Or, in zarb-i-sim daghal ast (silver). COTTON This country produces much cotton. dar mulk pumba,e bisiyar pai'da ml-shavad. Or, zira'at-ipumba dar In ja ba ifrat ast.
ast (gold).
COUNTEY ast.
m
This
is
COUPLE
Buy
my
native country.
in
(watan)-i-man
watan-i-asli
;
(maulid
for
me
; mautin.) a couple of razors.
bara,e
man
juft-
i-teoh-i-dallciki bi-khared.
You
COURAGE
shuma possess greater courage than I. az man ziyada (shuja'at) darad. (himmat ; mardanagi ; diliri ; dilawarl ; jurat ; tajiisur.} CRACK There is a crack in this basin. in aftaba mu darad.
ast.
God
CREATED
Or,
afrid.
Or, in tasht mu-
Or, In lagan shiyuf darad.
dar shuda
award,
created
the
world.
allah-ta'ala
geti-ra
az 'adm ba icvjtid bara ; khuda,e 'azza wa
(hakk-ta'ala) jahan-ra
(hakk-i-jalla
wa
a'lla
;
jalla; izd; musabbabu-l-asbab ; musta'an.) God is the Creator of all creatures.
CREATOR
khuda maujudat ; makhOr, sani'-i-kull masnuat khuda ast. shumaagree to give you three months' credit
k_halik-i-hama (khal(i,ik} ast. lukat.)
CREDIT ra ta
CREDIT
I si
(ka,inat;
mail (dain) mi-diham. (mukarizat.) This action does him great credit. azinkar
bisiyar (i'tibar) hasil mi-gardad. J
azz
wa wakar ; karam ; ikram
;
('izzat
;
ihtiram.)
o-ril
sharraf; cib-ru;
creditors
303
cry.
His affairs are in a bad state, therefore he has called together his creditors. bar o bar-ash muntashlr shuda ast lihaza karz-kjiwahan-i-khud-ra talabtda
CREDITORS
ast.
Look how these
CREEP bi-bln
chiguna in
lizards creep along the wall.
(karfasliati)
bar diwar chaspan mi-ravand.
(kalpakan.)
CREEPER
This
is
mi-n (Imand.
called a creeper.
In nihal-ra (arghaj]
(buklatu-l-bdrida.)
What
CRIME
crime has he committed? o chi takvir Or, chi kusur az o sar zada ast ? Or, chi (zamb, pi. zunub.) (khata) az o sadir shuda ast ? CRITICISE He will criticise our composition. o (islah-i-
karda
ast
?
khwahad kard.
tasnlf)-i-mara
CROOKED
That
CROSSED
He
(bar)
rud
'iibur
He
CROWS
line is crooked.
crossed the river.
kard.
(tashlh-i-musauwada.) an satar kaj ast. az ab-ju,e guzasht. Or,
(az.)
when the cock crows
rises
o ba (bang)-i-khurus bar
ml-khezad.
in the morning,
(mujarrad-i-awaz
;
shart-i-awaz.)
CROWD
an ja kalan
There was a great crowd of people.
(izdiham)-i-khalfc
bud.
(jam'tyat
;
ijtima'
;
jama at
;
majma'.)
CRUELTY
They
only in cruelty.
delight
rahnu) khushi
eshan az
(be
(sang -dill ; dilOr, khaill khurrann sab'iyat sitam.) zahir mi-kunand ki ba digaran durushtl ba (kar barand). azcirl;
hasil
;
zidm
ml-namayand.
;
('amal fiwarand.) The birds will pick up all these crumbs. parandagan in rezhci,enan khwahand chid. CRUSHED He was crushed under the carriage- wheel. zer-i-charkh-i-'arciba (takwib (mas,huk sdkhta) shud.
CRUMBS
sakhta
CRY
;
rasis karda.)
What
is
why do you cry out chumn ghul wa shor ml-kuned
the matter?
halat ast ? chira
so ? ?
chi
304
cubits
l
(darazi)
,e
length of this stick is about four cubits. l In chub karib ba chahar (gazf ast. (tul
z
tawalat.)
CULTIVATED ast.
damp.
The
*CUBITS
(said; dost; mirfak.] This land is cultivated.
(ma'mur
;
abad
;
zira'at
In
karda shuda
zamm
;
(mazru)
;
kishtashuda.) CUNNING They are by nature cruel and cunning. bi-t-tab' be rahm wa harif and. Or, bi-l-asl sang-dil wa ghaddar and. Or, bi-l-nafs zalim wa na"ar and. Or, bi-z-zat be shafakat wa makkar and. Or, ba khu dil azar wa 'aiyar and. CUPS They drink tea out of cups and saucers. eshan
wa
nalbaki ml-khurand. been cured by that physician. man az an (tablb) shifa yafta am. (pizishk.) CUBIOUS This is a curious shell. in sadaf ('ajib) ast. Or, In gosh-i-mahi nadir ast. (gharib.} (badi.) CURTAINS Are there no curtains to this bed? aya in bistar pasha-paran na darad ? (parda ; sidafat ; sajf.) CUSTOM Do you know how this custom arose ? shuma midaned chiguna in rah o rasm (uftdd)? (paida shud; sar bar award; sar bar zad; ru,e namud.) Or, khabar dared ki rasm-ra ki (ijad) kard ? (ikhtira ; waza'.) CUT ^You have cut this pen so that it won't write. In kalam-ra chunan kat' karda ed ki az an nawishtan na ml-
cha bafinjan
CURED
I have
m
1
CYPHER yak
ifr
One and
a cypher
make
ten.
agar ba hindasa,e
ddda shavad hindasa,e dah gardad. D.
DAMAGE
Has
the
cargo received any damage? aya nuksan ba (mahmula},e jahaz rasida ast ? (bar.) DAMP This house is very damp. khana bisiyar (namnak) ast. (namgm ; martub ; martab.)
m
* The breadth of one
finger
,,
one hand six hands
= 2 barley corns, end to end. = 7 side by = 8 end to end. = 48 = one cubit = 18 inches. ,,
side.
They spend
305
deceit.
dancing
DANCING
their time in singing
eshan wakt-i-khud-ra dar (sarajdan mi-guzranand. (nag/iina pardakh_tan wa
ing.
and danc-
wa
raksidan)
rates
kardan;
tarannum zadan wa
rakis shudan.) DANGER are you afraid ? there is no danger. chird mi-tarsed ? hech kjiauf-i-khatar nlst. DARE I dare not do as you say. an chi shuma ml-goyed
Why
jur,at-i-kardan
DABK
na
diiram.
The
shab bisiyar (tarlk) bud. night was very dark. Or, lail kh_aill daijur bud. (tar.) DAEKNESS They are in gross darkness. eshan dar (zidmat; zalamat.) (zidmat) and. DATE What is the date of his letter? tarlkh-i-tahrir-ikhatt-ash chist? DAWN They rise at dawn. eslian (ba u-akt-i-sahar) bar mikhezand. (dam-i-subh ; 'aJa-s-sabuh.) DAY What time of the day is it? chi saat ast? DEAD I saw a dead snake on the roadside. ba kinar-irah (mar-i-murda-ra) did am. (afa,e-ra la haiy.)
DEADLY
wound
Its
ash muhlik ast
DEAF
He
is fatal
;
its
poison deadly.
zakhm-
;
zahr-ash(katil). (halahal.) is deaf, and can hear nothing. o (kar) ast. liech
na ml-tawanad shunld. (summ ; asamrn ; giran-gosh.) DEALS He deals honestly with everybody. ba har kase ba (rast-bazi) sadakat-kari
DEAR dear.
The
;
suluk
ml-kunad.
(diyanat;
wiandari;
ikhjas.)
goods you have purchased, I think, are very ki shuma k_h_anda ed, ba ra,e man
an asbab
bisiyar (giran) ast.
DEAR ast.
He
is
Or,
(giran-baha; besh-fclmat.) ba dil-i-man bisiyar (azlz) very dear to me. ba o muhabbat-i-kamil daram. Or, o
man
(munis)~i-dil-am ast.
DEBTOR
A
(muhnim-i-raz.)
one who owes money. karzdar hose (warn; dainj bidih.) DECEIT They only live by deceit. eshan fakt ba fareb (guzran mi-kunand). (aukat ba sar mi-burand; rozgar debtor
is
ast ki (karz) dcirad.
806
deceitful
deficient.
mi-guzranand.) Or, eshan ba (makr) zindagi mi-kunand. (dagha ; talbls ; ghahn ; gjiadr ; kaid ; makadat; khad'at ; flw ; zark ; shaid ; 'aiyarl.) DECEITFUL What is there more deceitful than the human heart? az dil-i-insan kudam chiz (dagha-baz)-tar ast. ; ghadar.) You have been deceived by them. slmma badeshan (maghbun shuda ed). (ghabn khurda ed ; mughalata sakhta shuda ed ; taghlit karda shuda ed.) Or, shurna az eshan daghja yafta ed. DECIDE Let him decide this question. bi-guzar Id o (in
(gjhadir
DECEIVED
mu'amala-rafaisal) bi-kunad. (infisal-i-m amr.) I asked him, but he declined. man az o pursldam, mayar o (inkar kard). (razi na shud ; sar baz
DECLINED zad.)
DECREASES roz
That
roz ba
article decreases in value daily.
kimat4-an chiz (kam) mi-shavad.
(habut
;
sakit
;
fuisid.)
A
DECREE
az bara,e decree was passed for this purpose. In hukme mukarrar shud. Or, ba jihat-i-w (hukm-i-kaza
mu'aiyan gardid).
DEDUCT
Do
DEFECT ('aib)
az
kadarpul (kat) khivaJiam kard. (icazl'at; icaz'.) you see any defect in this ? aya dar In hech
ml-bined?
DEFENCE
(tauki'-i-farma ijra yaft.) much from his account.
deduct so
I shall
hisab-ash In
(pi.
'ayub
;
tawaffun.}
He made his defence in
i-khud-ash kard.
Or, dar
dar 'adalat
court.
mahkawa
tti
'uzr-
a'zarat-i-kJi i
zahir kard. Or, dar 'adalat (i'tizar^-i-khifd-ra ba 'arsa,e zuhur award, (tazkiyat.) statements of both defendant and plainThe DEFENDANT tiff were heard. kalam-MmttJda'l-'alaihl wa mvdda'i
shunida shud. Or, izhnr-i-(asa)iii karda shud. (raft' wa da*l.)
DEFICIENT
They
nayand. darand. 'akl)
wa
faryadt)
eshan (kamOr, dar tamiz kami na
are not deficient in sense.
(kam-hausila.)
istima,'
DEFORMED
She
(bad-shakl) ast.
Who
DEFRAYS
(bad-haikal; karihit-l-mauzar.) defrays the costs of his learning?
mi-dihad?
ki
Id ada nn-kunad ? DEJECTED His mind
(ranjida) ast.
There
badan-i-an zan
deformed in person.
is
i-amokhtan-ash
DELAY
307
demanded.
deformed
is
kharch-
Or, ikh.rajat-i-ta'l1m-axh
much
dil-i-o
dejected.
bisiyiir
pur-gjiam ; pur-alam,) dar bab-i-m amr delay in this (taicakkuf ; ta,akhlr ; dirangi ; mihlat ;
(azurda
;
much
is
(der) bisiyar ast.
; tahawun ; tasah-ul.) DELIBERATE This is my deliberate
mitkus
man
ast.
(mustaklm)
DELICATE Her hands pa,e an ma'sliuka bisiyar nigann ; ncizanm.) DEFJCIOUS This is a most bisiyar laziz ast.
(iiazuk)
ast.
m lukma
Or, lazzat-i-in lukma marghub ast. I was greatly delighted
didan-i-o bisiyar khushnud shudam. DELIRIOUS The fever is so violent that tab
tajwtz-i-
(nafls; latif;
delicious morsel.
Or, maza,e
DELIGHTED
delirious.
m
opinion.
(muatakill.) and feet are very delicate.
him
my message ?
paigham-
?
(rasairided.) delivered his brother
from
much
distress.
o baradar-i-kjiml-ra az (halat-i-kh_arubl najat dad), (bisiyar itarani kh_alas kard; na musaadat-i-rozgar rihamd.)
DEMAND
Have you any demand upon me?
hech (daiya) dared 1 (da\ca ; iddi'a aya az man chize iktiza dared?
DEMANDED
He demanded more
i-khud ziyada (talabld). khwcist kard
;
iddi'a kard.)
(talab
;
aya az buz khwast.}
man Or,
than his due. o azkarzkard da'wa kard ; dar ;
308
denies
He
DENIES
denies having sukhan (inkar ml-kunad).
despairs. this. o az guftan-i-in (munkir ml-shavad ; iba ml-
said
kunad; tanakur ml-kunad.) When do you intend
DEPART
to
depart?
irada,e
Or, kai ahcida' khwahed shud ?, Or, raftan kai dared ? In ja-ra kai alwida' khwahed guft? Or, az mjii kai (tash-
khwahed burd) ? (murakhkhas khwahed shud: kadam ranja khwahed farmud ; 'inan-i-'azlmat mun'atif khwahed sakjit; nuhzat khwahed farmud.) DEPEND I cannot depend upon what he says. an eld o ml-goyad bar an i'timad na ml-tawanam kard. rlf
DEPENDS
That depends upon the state of an kar ba tan-durustl,e man (maukiif) ast. munhasir.) ast.
Or, In sukhan ba
my
health.
(muta'allik ; (sihhaf)-i-man muta'allik
(sahihu-l-badan.}
DEPOSITORY This khana ast.
is
a depository for books.
in kutub-
What
DEPTH
is the depth of this tank ? 'umuk-i-in hanz Or, 'anuk-i-m (ghadir) chist? (ab-glr ; db-dan;
chist?
burka;
talab.)
What description gave he of the place ? o wasf-i-anja chisan kard ? Or, o an ja-ra chigunabaiyan kard ? Or, o (sharh}-i-an jci chiguna dad ? (tafs_il ;
DESCRIPTION
to/sir.)
DESERVE and.
DESIRE
They deserve to be punished.
eshan
(la,ik-i-saza\
(tnustahikk-i-azab; kabil-i-taubikh; sazawar-i-'itab.) man hukm khwaham 1 will desire him to do so.
kard ki o
ham
chitnln bi-kunad.
have a great desire to see him. man ba dldani-o (ishtiyak-i-kamil darant). (mushtak hastam ; sha,ik Or, sihila,e shank-i-dldan-i-o dar gardan-i-dil-ihastam.) dar sar-i-dldiir-i-o ml-bUsliam. Or, kjiud daram.
DESIRE
I
He is very desirous of seeing you. o bara,e didan-i-shuma bisiyar (arzumand) ast. (mitshtiik.) DESPAIRS He despairs of accomplishing his object. o ba sar rasanad. ki kdr-i-khud-ra na (tawakku,' darad)
(bar dasht.) Of, o dil-i-khitd-ra az jan bar girift wa ba marg nihad. Or, o dast-i-khud az jan shust. Or, tushna wa be naiva ru,e bar khak wa dil bar halak nihad.
(bund),
Or, az 'umr ummed bar Or, az zindaganl ma,yus gasht. kand. DESPISE ought not to despise any one. bayad ki ma kase-ra (khwar) na darem. Or, bayad ki ma az (haklr.) kase (miitanaffur na bashem). (nafrat or karahiyat or tanaffur na kunem.)
We
DESTROYED Your papers have been all destroyed. kaghazha,e shuma hama (tabah) shuda ast. (kharab ; makhrub.) DETAIN Do not detain the servant any longer. Jchadimra ziyada az in (muntazir ma guzar). or guzar ; mu'attal ma dar.)
DETERMINED (kasd) karda
kunam.
(tasmim
fcamar basta
DICE
He
(dar intizar
ma dar
am determined to do as you recommend. am ki ba hasb-i-naslhat-i-shuma 'amal bi-
I
am
;
nlyat ; 'azm
;
mukarrar ;
irada.)
Or,
ki &c.
was ruined by playing at
ka'batain-bazl tabah shud.
dice.
o ba sabab-i-
tamam maliyat-i-Tchud(bahawadad; ba bad-i-
Or, o
radar kimUr-bazl (talaf kard). fana dad ; ba halat-i-tabah rasaind.) DICTIONARY See if this word is in the
dar
DIFFERENT
the
dictionary. kitab-i-lughat bi-bln ki in lafz ast ya na. are of different People opinions on
az babat-i-ln
subject.
and).
(ra,e rnukhtalif
amr marduman ddrand ;
(muJchtalifu-r-ra^ mutafiku-r-ra,e nlstand ;
mukhalifu-r-ra,e and.)
DIFFICULT difficult?
Do you aya
(mushkil) ast ? muta'assir.)
think that the English language is tasauwir mi-kuned ki zaban-i-inylisl (tnughjlak ; gjialik ; diishwar ; muta'azzir ;
310
dig
disagreement.
DIG Dig up this jungle. In kharbunha az bekh bar kan. DILIGENCE It requires only diligence. -fakat (jidd o jihad) zariir
ast.
(koshish
;
sen
;
Or, bayad
'arak-resi.)
shuma dar in kar ba sabll-i-(istimrar) mashghul bashed, imiidaicamat ; mmrazabat ; istidamat.) DILIGENT They are diligent scholars. eshan taliban-i-muki
Or, eshan talmlzan-i-mihnat-kash and. jahid and. Her eyes are become dim through age. az sabab-iOr, az ba'if-ijnri zay-i-basarat an zan-ra girifta ast.
DIM
kuhn-sali chashnt-i-anfartiita kam-nazar shuda ast. I must go now, it is dinner time. irakt-i-sham
DINNER
ast, mara bayad raft. DIRECT This is the direct road
Shiraz
DIRECT biini
rast nn-ravad.
(minhaj
to :
in (rah) ba
Shiraz.
tank;
sabll.)
az rah-i-mihrPlease direct me where to find him. ba man nishan bi-dihed ki bado mulUkcit kuja bi-
knnam. DIRECTIONS
I
will
attend
your directions.
to
man ba
Or, man mutairajjih kjhtcaham shud. mutabik-i-dastunt-l-'anial-i-shumfi taicajjith khwuham kard.
nasfhat-i-shuma
DIRTT
This road is very dirty. (pur az kjiilab ; pur az icalial
sirat khas ica
DISADVANTAGE
khashak If
you
In kism advantage. nuksan darad. Or,
nuksHn kjnpahed
In rah bisn/nri^hiiUzj ast. ;
najis
;
Or, dar
palld.)
'in
ast.
act thus, it will be to your disraftar namudan dar bab-i-shuma
agar In
chunln
khtcahed
kard,
yaft.
DISAGREE
They disagree with one another. eshan ba yak dlgar (mukhalif and). (miikhtalif and; ikhtilaj darand.) DISAGREEABLE On that account it is very disagree\>ta able. ba ba'is-i-an bisiyar (na nnin-iifiku-t-tab') ast. matbu' ; na marghiib ; na makbul ; maskh.nt disagreement.
DISAGREEMENT They have ehan (na muicafikat] ast. naklz.)
{ikhtilaf;
;
nifak
tnakriih.)
darmiyan-i;
be-ittijaki;
disappointed
311
dislike.
DISAPPOINTED I was much disappointed. (mahrum) shudam. (be bahra ; na ummed
man
bi-l-kull
; ma,yus.) halan able to discharge his debts. ada hard. mi-tairanad karzha,ekhud-ra DISCIPLINE This army is without discipline. In 'askar
He
DISCHARGE
is
now
nn ml-danad. Or, in Ioshkar (be kanun) ast. nizam ; be ,m.) DISCONTINUED The custom is now discontinued. ilhal an rasm (mansukh) ast. (mardud ; maukiif; na murauicaj.) DISCOURAGES What you say discourages me. kaul-ishuma mara (no, ummed) ml-kunad. (be dil; ma,yus ; kaicrCid (la
takhinf.}
Come, let us hold a discourse. biya ta ma niakalima) bi-kunem. (kll-kUl ; r/tift o shunid ; guft o gu,e.) DISCOVERED I have not as yet discovered the thief. ta wakt duzd-ra (na y lift a inn), (jiaida nakardaam; badast
DISCOURSE l
m
ninjawarda am.]
DISCOVERV That is an important discovery. an (ijad) bisiyar khub ast. (ikhtira'.) DISCRETION He has ability, but wants discretion. o 1 darad ica lekin (kabillyat) (imttyazp na darad. ^(liyiikat ; 'akl.)
DISGUISE
*(tamlz ; intibah ; ihtiyfit.) Let us not use disguise.
ma-rafareb kardan
no,
bayad.
To do so would be a disgrace to us. az chumn kardan ab ril,e ma rekhta kjnvahad shud. Or, az chuiun munkire ma dar chah-i-itifi'al khwahem uftad. Or, Infil ba ma (mazillai) khwahad award, (zillat; karahiyat ; be 'izzatl; be hurmatl ; fazlhat ; ta'nat.) Or, in fi'l mam
i-eshan bi-l-kull jiasftnd na daram. Or, shan (dar dil-i-man nafrat padtd nri-ayad). (karahiyat
312
dismissed
dissuade.
or tanaffur or hakarat daram.) Or, dar silk-i-muicanasat-i-eshan munsalik shudan na mi-khwaham. Or,
az mandan dar halka,e suhbat^i-eshan dil-am mutanaffiv mi-shavad.
The king dismissed the
DISMISSED
ahl-i-darbar-ra
courtiers.
(murakhkhas) kavdand.
padshah
(rukhsat;
bar-
khast.)
DISOBEY
I cannot disobey his orders.
man
radd-i-far-
na mi-taivanam kard. Or, man hukm-ash na mitawanam shilcast. Or, man na mi-tawanam ki (sar-i-kjiud
man-i-o-ra
az halka,e inkiyad-ash bar awarani). ^adul-i-hukm-ash bi-kunam ; (fhashiya,e mutabaat-l-o az. dosh-i-khud biyandazam.)
Herein he displays great talent. dar in maslahat (istfdud-i-o zahir mi-shavad). (firasat-ash ba zuhur mi-ayad ; idrak-ash huwaida mi-ay ad or gardad; zakawat-
DISPLAYS
ash padid mi-ayad ; majal-ash rukTi mi-namayad.) DISPLEASED They became much displeased. cshan (na
shudand.
khiish)
bisii/rir
azurda;
(mukaddar ; ranjula;
lira.}
DISPOSE
Can you dispose of these goods
ashiya bara,e
man
ba
(tijarat)
for
me?
in
farokhtan mi-tawaned ?
(serarfa.)
What is the
iva o chi (bahs) ast?
dispute between you two? ma, bamtalcrar ast? Or, darmiyan-i-sJiumil (mubahasa ; ibtihas ; kaziya; shor
wa fasad ;
munaza'at;
DISPUTE
i-shuma har du chi niza
;
tancizu';
khar-khasha
:
mujadila.)
DISSATISFIED
Why
razi) hasted ?
DISSOLVES
The
are you dissatisfied ?
chira
(az in amr be raz'i ; na raz.} sun dissolves the snow. a/tab
(ahair-
yakh-ra Or, partfib-i-sJiams baraf-i-nishasta-ra ab mtgudazad. kunad. Or, tab-i-kjnirshed yalth basta-ra hall mi-kunad. DISSUADE Cannot you dissuade him from doing so again. shuma o-rci (man na ml-tawfined kard) ki o in chunin kar baz
nakunad?
(man?
nit
ml-taivaned shud.)
distance
313
doses.
What
distance is the city of Baghdad from az inja shahr-i-bng]idJid eld imifasala ddradf bain in ja ica shahr-i-bagfadad chi kadar (tiifawat)
DISTANCE
this place?
Or, ma ast? (ba'd; ba'id
DISTENDED
;
masafat
;
Having distended
masahat.) his belly with food,
he at
pur <(Z ta'am karda
(lialak
shikam-i-khttd-ra
last perished.
(fautshud; jan-i-zindagiyash lab rez gusht ; safr-iakhirat kard; intikal hard; rihlat namud; ba halakrasld; jan ba hakk tasllm kard ; jan-ash baramad; az daru-lfana ba daru-l-baka shitaft ; az jalian-i-faril rakht bar bast ; da?l ajal-ra labbaik gitft ; az jan wida kard ; nearly, jan-ash ba lab amad; bajan amad.) shud).
His
DISTINCT i-o
wa
saf
DISTINGUISH
articulation is clear
(sahih) ast. I cannot
and
distinct.
(makhraj-dar.) distinguish these two
talaffuzletters.
ma-bain-i-m haraf har dii (tafrik) na mi-tawanam kard. (fark; imtiyaz ; tamiz ; mumaiyiz.)
DISTRESS She is now in great dar (muslbat-i-shadid) uftada
(tafarruh-i-dil ; nuzhat-i-khatir ; nishat-i-tcalb ; tarabOr, az In kar imbisat-i-tab' hasil ml-namayand. i-diJ.) dividend on his estate will be paid the first DIVIDEND ast.
A
of next month.
ba tarlkh-i-gjiurra,e mah-i-ayanda (kist) (Tinaksam ; hissa ; para ;
az mal-ash dada khwahad shud. bakhsh.)
DOCK
The
bara,e
vessel is now in dock repairing. -jahaz ilhal (marammat dar sunar) ast. (ta'mir shudan dar
ta'mlr-khana,e jahaz.)
DOCTRINE
This
is
very strange doctrine.
in usiil-i-bisiyar
'ajlb ast.
DOSES
He
has taken two doses of this medicine.
o dti
314
double
khurtik az In
dawa khurda
drove. ast.
Or, o du habba,e daru
girifta out (pills).
DOUBLE
Double du
rassan-i-barik
string, and then it will do. ta bi-kun ki kifayat khwahad kard.
in
this
Or,
In rassan (muza'af bi-kun) ta ba kar bi-khurad. chand bi-kun ; taz'if bi-saz ; az'fif bi-kun.)
(du
DOUBLE Is this paper double ? aya in kaghaz du ta ast ? DOUBTFUL It is doubtful if he will come. dar bab-iamadan-ash (shakk)
ast.
Or,
(shabha.)
amadan-ash
tashklk dar ad.
DBAG
How
can one horse drag such a load? yak asp Or, ba chi chiguna In chunin bar ml-tawanad kashld? taur yak asp kifayat-i-kashldan-i-in bar tm-kunad ? DRAIN There is a drain under the house. zer-i-khana (badar-raii)
ast.
(ab-yuzar
;
ab-lula
;
jub
;
ab-rah
;
baluat.)
DRAUGHT Give me one draught of water. yak (katra},e ab ba man bi-dih. (jur'a.) *DRAW Make the figures, and draw a line. hindasa binawis wa (khatf) bi-kash. (satar.~) DRAWBACK Is there any drawback on these goods? bar in asbab hech (dasturi) ast? I thought thus in
DREAM
(wazi'at, pi. waz(i,i'.)
a dream. dar khwabe In (khayal dashtam ; muhlim sakhtam.) cares nothing about dress. o az babat-i-libas-
chunin (didam).
DRESS
He
i-khudjikre na darad. Or, o ba (poshak) dil-i-khud-ash na ml-dihad. (talizlb kardan; libas kardan.) DRESSING Wait a little, he is now dressing. andake sabr bi-kunki o (libas ml-poshad). (mulabbis mi-gardad; libasi-khud-ra dar bar mi-kunad.)
DRIVES He always zud ml-ranad.
DROVE
drives very fast.
I drove a nail into the wall.
dlwar (zadam). * Parallel Circular
o
hamesha
man
kciliska
mekhe-ra dar
(koftam.)
line Maft-i-mutawazt.
mustadir.
Right line Curved
Tthatt-i-mustaJclm.
munhant.
drum
DROM
315
eagerness..
The drum
roz-marra is beat in the fort daily. nawakhta mi-sharad. Or, har roz naubat mi-zanand. This house is exceedingly dry. In khana la ghaynt
fall dar hissar d(ir kil'a
DRY
(khushk)
ast.
(sannl
;
samil.)
DUE
That note falls due to-morrow. miad-i-an bariit farda tamam kjiwaliud sliud. Or, wada,e an dast-awez fanln ba {twain nil-rasad. She is both dumb and
DUMB
deaf.
an zan ham (gung)
wa ham kar ast. (Ifil ; bukum.) DUNCE He has learned so long,
yet he is a dunce. muddat-l-madid khwanda, ast ica lekin lianoz abla,e
ast.
DURABLE
Eeal and durable happiness dar in dunya (rahat-i-asli
earth.
is
not attainable on
wa
imtstaJclni)
?-
('aish-i-'ain wa pa,edar; tarab wa nashat.-iyassar riist. baki; 'ishrat-i-asll wa ka,im ; masarrat-i-hak~ikl wa sabit ;
imbisat-i-mukjilis
DUTY
wa mustamarr.)
Do
these articles pay duty ? aya In ajnas mahstili-gumruk darand ? Or, aya In asbab gumrukl ast? DWARF dwarf is one who is little in stature. shakhse-ra
A
(kotah-kadd) wl-goyand Id kadd-i-kotuh darad.
(kas'iru-
l-kadd.)
DWELL
Dwell where he may, he is unhappy. manzil darad na khush mi-manad.
jii,e
ki o
E.
EAGER
He
undertake the business. o eager (mushtak) la kar kardan ast. {sha,ik.) Or, o ishtiyiik la kar kardan darad. Or, kJiwaJtish darad ki kar ba zimma,e is
to
khud ffirud. EAGERNESS He shows great eagerness to learn. ba dars khwandan kh_wahish-i-lmyar (zahir ml-kunad). (mliMmayad.)
Or, ba tadrls dil-i-khyd-ra ml-dihad
21
316
ears
eclipse.
EARS
You deafen one's ears by your noise. ba shor-ishuma goshha,e mardum (para) ml-shavad. (darlda.) EARN In this way I can earn ten rupees a month. badin taur
man dak rupaiyafl
mail hasil ml-taicanam kard.
You are not in earnest in what you only jest. slmma rast na nn-goyed, shaitkhl
EARNEST Or,
dar guftar-i-shuma sadakat
ma'lum ml-shavad. amezl
(zarafat
mutay aba-go, i
;
;
;
you
say,
nri-ku>ied.
tnst balki (tan)a.ikJnir)
maziihat; hazal-bazl ;
bazla-yo,i
;
tlb-
latlfa-go,i; wibisat.)
I gave ten rupees earnest money. man dah rupaiya ba tarik-i-(bai'ana] dadani. (ta'nb ; tamslk.) EARTHENWARE They manufacture earthenware. eshun
EARNEST
(zuruf-i-sifall)
bourhood. zanrin bud.
ml-sazand.
An
EARTHQUAKE
earthquake was
felt lately in this
m
zamln (amadf. l (tnzalzal ; zuhala.) \ufttid.) Do you travel east, west, north, or south ? sii,e ntashrik, ya maghrib, ya shutnal ya janii-b
EAST
kuned
EASE
neigh-
chand roz yuzashta dar In nawaln larza,e dar In mahalla (jiimbish) l -iOr, kabl az aya ba safr ml-
?
He
o rozgar-i-khud-ra dar (kliHsht) (rafahiyat; aram ; aish ; faraghat ; rahat; farkhanda-huli : asa,ish; fatighu-l-baligh;
lives at ease.
'
ml-guzranad.
tana'um
;
kjiurrami;
EASY
awn
I will set
;
inibisat.)
you an easy lesson.
(asan} khwaliam dad.
slunna-ra sabak-i-
sails; asjial.) EAT [In Persia people eat according to their class, thus : haklman se r kji_itrand ; 'Ubidan nlmser kji_urand ; zaliidati to,
(said
;
sadd ramk khurand; jriran khurand
ta 'arak bar ai/ad;
jait-anan khyrand ta tabak bar glrand.] The tide has begun to ebb. jazr-i-ab-i-bahr sliurn
EBB
shuda
ast.
Or, ab-i-bahr (jazr shudan giri/ta)
ast.
(dar
ibtida.e jazr.)
ECLIPSE There will soon be a solar eclipse. ba'd az chand roz (kusuf-i-aftab icakij khwahad shud. (a/tab mahjiib; a/tab girifta.)
edge
317
encourages.
EDGE
I saw him sitting on the edge of the river. ba kinar-i-nahr o~ra nishasta didam. Or, man o-ra didam ki ba lab-i-rud nishasta bud.
Who is the editor of this newspaper? (muhtamim)4-ln akhbiir-nama last ? (ratcim-wcaka,i' ; muharrir-> i-akhbar-nama ; ii-aka,i-nigar ; muwallif.) EDUCATION She has written a book on education. 7/i 'akila kitabe dar bub-i-tarJab-i-td'llm (tasrilf) karda ast.
EDITOR
him medicine, but it had no effect. man dadam, am ma (asar na hard). (mu,assir or fa,idamand or az ofci,tda na sJuid.) EGGS I saw a bird's nest with four eggs. ashiyana,e murgJi didam ki dar tin chahcir baiza bud. ELEGANT Hers is an elegant house. khana,e an zan pur takalhtf wa khush-nama ast.
EFFECT o-ra
I gave
dam
He is very eloquent. o bisiyar (faslK) ast. zaban-aicar ; sukhan-ran ; sukhan-guzar ; fusahat-pardaz ; sarlhu-l-kalam ; surl'u -l-kalam ; sahib-i-bala-
ELOQUENT (baligh.
;
Or, o bisiyar fasahat darad. mulk-i-chm mamlakatis a large empire.
ghat.}
EMPIBE
China
i-(ivasi'} ast.
(mabsut; basit; 'madid; mamdiid
;
kushuda.)
Who will employ such people? bachumn ashlthiis
EMPLOY
khwahad dud? (khidmat ; kar o bar.) Or, marduman-ra ki (inashghjll) khwahad kard /
ki (shughf)
chunin
(mushtagftal.)
EMPLOYER hist ?
EMPLOYMENT chitt?
EMPTY
Who
(agha
;
is
aka
What
your ;
employer?
(munlb]-i-shuma
kar-farma. )
is
your employment? (kar}-i-shnm~i ; kasb ; pesha ; hirfa; sina'ftt.) In khaiia empty, it has no tenant.
(shughl; ishtighjil
This house
is
khali ast Jcirayadar na darad. ENCLOSE Enclose my letter in yours. andar-i-khatt-ikhnd ruk'a,e mara bi-kun. Or, khatt-i-mara dar kh_att-
i-khud (malfuf] bi-kun. (tai; lifufa.] Your former kindness encourages me.-
ENCOURAGES
318
encouragement
engraver.
mihrbam,e sabika,e shurna mara ummed mi-dihad. talattuf-i-peshm-i-shuma
Or, altaf-i-salf-i-shuma (tahris ba hare.}
ENCOURAGEMENT ba
This
mara
dil-i-mara affords
Or,
(jur,at) ml-dtfiad. (tasaUl.} (istimalat)
me
mi-kunad.
encouragement.
in
man
END
(istimalat ; tahrls ; tahrik.) (tasalK) ml-dihad. There is no end to his talking. kll-kal-i-o intiha
na darad. ENDEAVOUR
Or, sukhan guftan-i-o-ra andaza riist. I must endeavour to see him to-day. mara imroz (ba mulakat-i-o] sai bi-namayam. bayad (mulakat ba o ; mulakat-i-o-rd.) Or, bayad ki imroz ba (dldr/rash kasd bi-kunani). (sharf-i-mulazitn-ash 'azm bi-sazam.} ENDORSEMENT This note wants your endorsement. tamassuk dast-kh_att-i-sliuma mi-kh_ivahad. Or, bar In ki
w
barat sahih-i-shuma (zarur) ast. (lazim ; dar-kar.] The cat is the enemy of the mouse. gurba ba mush 'adawat-i-(zati) darad. (jibilfi ; tab'L) Or, gurba wa mush baham az aliyat mukhtalif and. Or, ma bain-
ENEMY
mush az
i-gurba u-a
sirisltt
(ikhtilaf) ast.
(khilaf.)
He
ENERGY
o ba sar goes to work with great energy. (dar.) Or, garml,e (ba) kar nuuhgfaul ml-shavad. wa o ba kuwat-i-dil kar ml-kuitad. az dil sa'i,e Or, jan kar ml-namaijad. ENOAGED I have engaged him as my servant. man o-ra ba taur-i-naukar (gu-zashta) am. (mukarrar karda ; dar kar mu'aiyan karda.) Or, man o-ra naukar dashta
tamam
am.
ENGAGEMENT
I have an engagement this evening, and im*hab (shwjktherefore cannot accept your invitation. lihaza dawat-i-shuma ijabat na tni-tan-unam le) daram hard.
raks
;
(To dinner, da'wat-i-ziya/at ; to a dance, da'icat-ito a party, fete,da'wat-i-inihm(lni, dit'tcat-i-yuhbat.)
ENGLAND
Have you
muUt-i-ingllstan nahe
ENGRAVER talabed.
Send
for
(hakkake.)
ever been in buda ed ?
an
England
engraver.
?
aya dar
(muhrkane)-ra
bi-
enjoy
ENJOY
319
estate.
m
I enjoy this season of the year. az mausim-iOr, az ni'mat-i-kazz-i-mausim (muta-
sal rahat mi-glram.
matti') ml-shavam. (mutalazziz.) will enter this cave ?
ENTER
Who
dar in ghar Id dakhil Or, dar in maaJinra ki (dakhJ) khwahad Or, dar in (madkhal; dnkhul ; tadakJikhid.)
khwahad shud ka'rd?
?
dar khwahad amad ? That news is entirely false. an khabar bi-l-kiiU darogh ast. Or, an afwci sar a sar kazib ast. EQUAL Is your writing equal to mine ? nawi$hta,e tu barabar-i-dast-khatt-i-man mi-bashad ? Or, dast-khatti-tu laf-i-barabarl,e dast-khatt-i-man mi-zanad ? Or, tahrlr-at ba tahrir-am (masawl) ast ? (mutasawl.) Or, rakam-at ba rakam-am sawiyat darad ? ENVY Envy is hateful. hasad makruh ast. Or, rishk kalif ki
ENTIRELY
karih
ERRAND
ast.
He
Or, hasrat (kablh) ast. (makbuh; mazmun.} went there, but forgot his errand. o an ja
magar paigftam^-i-khud-ra faramosh kard). (az y adash raft ; -i-khud-ra mansi kard.) It is incumbent on us to forsake erroneous ma-ra lazim ast ki khayalat-i-mahal bi-guopinions. zarem. Or, zarur ast ki ma (tasauu'ircit-i-na marbut az dast bi-dihem). (ra,eha,e batil az sar badar bi-kunem.} ERROR Do you see any error in this writing ? aya dar in nawishta liecli ghalat ml-bined ? ESCAPED They escaped from prison. az zindan ru bafirar nihadand. Or, az habs gurekhtand. Or, az mahbas mafrur gashtand. Or, az sijn zahuf kardand. ESPECIAL This is a matter of especial moment the rest is by no means essential. mukaddama bisiijar zarur na darad ; zarurast, baki hech (muzayaka nlst). (ihtiycij raft,
ERRONEOUS
;
m
at
na
darad.J
ESTABLISHED This law has lately been established. m kanun dar in rozha (mu'aiyan) sJnida ast. (miikarrar ; bar karar
ESTATE
;
He
mujciwiz
;
murauu-aj.)
left all his estate to his eldest son.
o
hama
320
eternal
example.
mal-i-khud-ra bapisar-i-a'zam bawaslyat dad. Or, o murd u~a wasiyat hard ki imlak-i-man bapisar-i-buzurg-am dad a shavad. ETEENAL They who fear God will obtain eternal happiness. anan ki az allah-i-ta'ala tarsand rahat-i-'ukba
khwahand
yaft.
Or, anan ki az kh/iida khauf mi-darand
'aish-i-(mudam) hasil mi-namayand. (jawid ; abadl; la fana ; ba baka.} EUROPEAN European articles are now plentiful. chizha,e farangistan halan (Jarawan] and. (wqfir ; ba ifrat ; ba kasrat ; kasir ; ba ivafur.}
EVEN Draw two even lines. du khatt-i-mutawazi bi-kash. EVIDENT It is evident you are mistaken. (zahir) ast ki shuma ghalati khurda ed. (wazih ; huwaida ; paida ; roshan
ashkar ; mubaiyin
ba wuzuh.') this evening. man imshab mulakat-i-o-ra (intizar mi-kasham). (muntazir mi-basham.) Or, man imshab muntazir-i-tashrif-i-o mi-basham. EVENT This is a melancholy event. in waki'a ghamnak ast. Or, in saniha maghmum ast. Or, in hadisa andoh;
EVENING
aym
ast.
I expect to see
;
him
Or, in ittifak ranj-awar
ast.
EVIDENCE. By the evidence produced in court, his guilt was proved. ba gawahi ki dar 'adalat (iwardand jurmash ( abit) shud. (masbut ; sabut ; isbat ; sabat. ) EVIL His coming caused much evil to many. az amadanash bajam'-i-kasir kabahat rasid. Or, amadan-ash mtijibi-(ranj)-i-unas gardid.
(maltil
;
ashob
;
dahiyat.)
EVIL In this world evil and good are found. dar In jahan badi wa neko,t baham maiijud ast. Or, dar in dunya kabahat wa alahiyat ya/ta ml-fshavand. EXALTS He neither exalts nor abases himself. o na khweshtan-ra fuziim nihad na tan dar zabuni dihad. Or, na khjtd-ra tarjih dihad wa na zabun sazad. EXAMPLE That lady is an example to all around her. an banu bara,e dlgar banmcan (misale) ast. (zarbu-lmisal; namudar ; unmudaj ; unmnz, j.)
exceeds
391
executed.
He
EXCEEDS
exceeds every one in intelligence. o dar dana,i (bar harna sabkat ml-barad). (az hama go,e sabkat ml-rabayad; az or bar hama musabikut ml-kunad or
barud.)
What you propose,
EXCEPTIONABLE able in one
I think, is exceptionanchi shuma tajwlz ml-kuned,
particular.
dar an yak daklka
(kfibil-i-i'tiraz) ast.
(la,ik-i-saniyat
;
Or, maslahate ki shuma mi-farmayed dar yak nukta ja,e (istisna) ml-bashad. (i'tiraz.)
mustasnl.)
EXCHANGE
man man
I will give you this in exchange for that. ba 'iwaz-i-an in chlz ba shuma khwaham dad. Or,
in chiz-ra ba an chlz ba
hard,
(badal
EXCHANGE meet
;
'iwaz
;
shuma
(tabaddul)
khwaham
tabdll; istibadal.)
The exchange
is
where merchants
a place
to transact business.
bazar-yah ja,e ast ki t
baham gird mi-ayand.
(masrif.)
EXCHANGE I have no desire to exchange situations with man khwahish na darani ki ju,,e khud-rci ba ja,e you. shuma badal bi-kunam. EXCITE Let us excite each other yak digar-ra
(tahri$
to study.
ba talim] bi-kunem.
biya ki
ma
(tahns-i-ta'lim
;
targhlb-i-tadris.}
EXCUSE you. dared.
Pray excuse my not having formerly written to az 'adam-i-naicishtan-i-man az ru,e lutf ma'zur bi-
EXCUSES
They made many
(kardand).
(aicardand
;
excuses.
nihddaud.)
eshan bisiyar 'uzr Or, eshan bisiyar
ma'zarat khwastand. Who is the executor to his estate? vcasl\e (irs ; mlras ; maurusa.) (warsa),e o klst ? EXECUTED Three men were executed for murder last
EXECUTOR
Monday. si
du shamba guzashta ba sahab-i-khun-afshanl
marduman (tanab andakhta) shudand.
alaba zada.)
(ba
dar kashlda ;
322
expect
extract.
Do you expect to see him shortly? muntazir mibashed ki o-ra zud bi-blned. Or, mutakki' mi-bashed hi mulakdt-i-o zud bi-kuned. Or, (mutarakkib mi-bashed) ki mulakat bado zud bi-kuned. (tawakku' dared ; ummed dared ; mutawakki' or mutarussid mi-bashed.) EXPELLED The king expelled him from the land. badshah farmud to, o-ra az diyar (ikhraj) kardand. (kharij ; jila,e watn ; badar ; bcrtin.) EXPENSE What will be the expense of doing this? az
EXPECT
khwahad bud ? has experience in business. o dar liar Or, o dar kar (mushakk) ast. (ahl-i-
kardan-i-ln kharch chi kadar
He
EXPERIENCE
tajriba darad.
imtihan.) If you ask, he will explain any part which you do not understand. anchi shumti na ml-fahmed agar az o khwiihed pursld o (baiyan}-i-an khwahad hard, (shark ; takrlr ; inkishaf ; to/sir; izhar ; ta,wll ; tabyln; kashf.) hall mushkil-i-skuma az o Or, agar istifsar bi-farmayed,
EXPLAIN
khwahad kard. EXPORTED Much indigo was exported
last
month.
dar
mah-i-guzashta nil-i-firaimn az
dii/ar (rawana) shud. (ikhraj karda ; nakl-i-iskal karda ; irsal dashta.) EXPORTATION These articles are for exportation. In ajnas
muntakla bashad.
EXPRESSED
ast. Or, In asbcib bara,e (nakl-i-iskal) ml(ikhraj shudan az mulk.) I don't know how this phrase is expressed in
English.
man na
ml-datiam Id In (kalam)-ra. dar
chi sail tarjuma ml-kunand.
inglisl
(istilah;
lisan-i-
'ibarat;
guftar.)
EXTENT
This
llm-i-eshan ast.
Or,
hadd-i-ta'the extent of their learning. ast. Or, In muntaha,e saicad-i-eshan badln (martaba,e) 'ulum-i-eshan raslda ast. is
badlnja
(maya,e.)
man I showed you an extract from this letter. az In khatt (intikhabe) shuma-ra namUdam. (ijmale ;
EXTRACT
kat'-i-chlda.)
extravagant
His children are extravagant
EXTRAVAGANT i-o
323
false.
(miisrif)
and.
(fazul-kharch
;
farzandan-
mubazzir
;
bazl-i-mal
ml-kun.)
Her eyebrows are arched. abruyiin-i-an zan la misal-i-mihrab and. EVES How can you write if you shut your eyes ? cigar shuma cliashm-i-khud-rei bi-banded chiyuna ml-taicaned
EYEBROWS
nawisht.
F. in kitab-i-kism ast. a book of fables. Or, In kitab (mushtamil) bar afsanalia ml-bashad. (mu-
FABLES
This
is
tazammin.}
FACE
Her
face is fair.
rang-i-ru,e
an banu (so/aid)
ast.
(sapid.}
FACTORY Formerly there was an indigo factory here. (kcir-khana,e nil) Inja bud. (ja,e kar o l>ar-i-nll.} pesh az FAILED Had it not been for his assistance, I should have
m
failed in
ayar o maru (imdadpna ml-namud
my purpose.
l
(i'anat ; (dar husul-i-muddal.,e khud mahrurn shiidame). mu'aicanat ; dast-glri ; pa,e mardi ; icasatat ; himayat; z madad.} (kam-i-dil-i-man bar nayamade ; yad-i-man bar
murcid-i-dil
na
raslde
;
jam-i-arzuyam hamchunan pur
mande.}
FAINTED From fatigue and hunger they fainted away. az mandagl wa gursinagi dar ghash cimadand. Or, az
koft-i-safr v:a
Or, az
faldh ghash giriftand.
takati) u'a ju' be-hosh shudand.
(be-
mandagl; dar
(faro
mandagl.}
FAIR ast,
It is
now
fair,
FAITHFUL He is an kadlm wa Imandilr
FALL
you can
go.
ilhal
asman
be
sahab
sliuma mi-tawaned raft.
He
old
and
o naukar-i-
faithful servant.
ast.
was killed by a
fall
from his horse.
khud ba zamln uftad wa mnrd. FALSE Be assured that the report
is false.
o az asp-i-
yakln kun ki
324
family,-faultless.
khabar (darogh ast). (p~iya na darad ; az zewar-i-sidk mu'arra ast ; batil ast.)
In,
FAMILY He has a large family. o 'lyal-i-bisiyar darad. FAMINE* So scarce was corn in that city, that it was feared there would be a famine. dar an shahr ghalla chandan (ba killat] It is
FAN
sard
now
wa khunhk-sall bud. (kami.) what need have you of a fan ? ilhal
Id khauf-i-kaht
cold,
zarurafl,e bad-zan chlst
ast,
sarma
bud
ast,
ihtiyaj-i-(bad-kash)
?
Or, halan mausim-i(bad-bezan ; mir-
chist ?
waha.}
She has
FASCINATED
entirely fascinated
my
heart.
an
Or, an ma'shnka mar a Or, ba muhnbbat-i-an mah-ru yiriftar farefta karda ast. amadam. Or, an sarw-saln dil-am az dast rabiida ast. Or, man dil az dast dada,e an mahwash hastam. Or,
pari-ru
dil-i-mara
tit ,ir-i-dil-am
Or,
an
ast.
asir-i-dam-i-an
mushkin-bu,e gardida ast. az sar o pa dar dam-i- 'ishk-i-kh ltd Or, an (naznln) dil-i-mara bi-l-kull ba khtid
dil-fareb marci
andakhta kashida
burda
ast.
ast.
(sayad-i-said-i-dil-i-'asMkan.)
Have you fastened the saddle on the horse ? aya bar asp zln nihada ed ? Or, ba asp zln-ra basta ed ? Or, asp-ra zln karda ed? FAT Are these sheep fat or lean? in gusfandha (farbih) 1 FASTENED
9 ya laghir)* and ? ^(samln.') (nahlf; zaft.) FATHERLESS He died there, leaving a widow a,nd five o an ja murd iva biwa-zan ba ma? fatherless children.
panj farzand yatwi guzjisht. I am very much fatigued with walking. az aasht o gard man kofta am. Or, az bisiyar raftan mara dar ast. rah daraz Or, (mandagl.} (koftagl) girifta
FATIGUED
random wa (sust) mandam. (furo ; dur.) FAULT Those things are not yet ready, whose
fault is in chizha hanoz taiyar nay and, khata az kist? kitdamkas (be is there that is faultless? FAULTLESS it ?
Who
ku$u,r) ast.
(ma'sum; be takslr ; be khata * Plenteous year, sal-i-farakh.
;
be gunah.)
favourable
325
-figurative.
FAVOURABLE The wind on the river is favourable for g<>in^ up the river. bara,e raftan ba bala,e nuhr bad (inuicajik) ast.
(shurta.)
FAVOUR Pray favour me with your address. az nam o imhan-i-khana,e kkiid la UKIII bi-diltcd. FAVOURITE i-man
FEAR
This
ast.
We
liaijad ki
little
boy
is
to
fear
ought ma har kadar ki
ast.
(matlub.)
God more than man. ina-ra az marduman ml-tarsem ziyada
az an khauf-irkhudu dashta
FEAR
my
Or, In kodak (niahbub)-i-man
ru,c luff
In tiflak 'az7z-
favourite.
biisheni.
would have gone there, but I went not. from fear of its being too late ere I arrived. man an ja mlI
raftame
FEATHER
ica lekiti az khauf-i-der
This feather
(khjlb-surat) ast.
(hqsln
amadan na
very beautiful.
is ;
ret/tarn.
in
par bisiyar
jamll.)
FEATURES The features of these two are alike. shakl-i-~in du til ba yak dlgar (mushtabl ant), (nntslwbahat or ishtibaJi darad ; bdham mi-lthurad ; iniitiiasil or mushablh ast.)
He
is now very feeble he is unable to stir from halan o bisiyar za'lf ast u-a az makam-i-khud (taliarruk; jumbish.) (harakat) na ml-taicanad kard. FEEDS The squirrel feeds chiefly upon fruit. mush-i-paranda bi-l-kjinssa bar men- a zindaal ml-kunad. FERRV-BOAT There is a ferry-boat at this place. badln ja (Idxbtl.e 'itbur) ast. (ma bar ; kishti,e guzara.) FERULE The whole soil of that country is fertile. tamam
FEEBLE
;
home.
1
zanrin-i-iin
diyar (ser-hasil)
ast.
(zar-khez
;
barumand
;
kabil-i-zirifat.}
FETCH
bi-rau Go, fetch some fruit out of the garden. kadre meica az bagh biyar. FEW I know not if many or few were there. man na midunam ki dar an ja kasir budatid ya kalil. FIGHT It is better to sit still than to fight. khcimosh nishastan az bar khastan ba Jang bihtar ast. FIGURATIVE This is a figurative mode of speaking. in
326
file
flatter.
Or, in tarz-i-kalam (mutaur-i-guft-gu tamsll-amez ast. sajja')ast. (murassd" ; mukallal; rangln.) FILE File the screw. inpech-ra (sohan bi-kuri). (bi-su,e.) FILE File these papers. in kagjiazlia-ra (rishta bi-kun). (dar misal bi-guzar ; dakhil-i-daftar bi-kun.) FILL Fill this tub with water. in hauz-i-chubm-ra az ab
pur bi-kun. FINAL The morrow.
final dividend on his estate will be paid tofar da (kist-i-cikMrin) az imlak-ash ado, karda
khwahad shud. (rnaksam-i-mu,akhkhir.) FIND I have lost my pen, see if you can
gum karda am,
kalam-i-kjiud-ra hi
paida
FOUND
I
find
it.
man
bi-bmed magar an-ra
kuned. found it underneath the table.
an-ra
zer-i-/n, c
(paida karclam.) (yaftam). FINED If you do so again, you
must be fined. agar waktshuma jurmana girifta) shuma, musadira nihada.)
i-digar in chunin kar bi-kuned (az
khwahad shud. Help me
FINISH
(ba to finish this letter.
dan)-i-7n khatt ba
FIRST
kudam
dar (tamam kar-
man
mu'airanat bi-kun. (itniam.) the first thing to be done? ilhal clnz peshtar bayad kard.
What
is
now
FISHERMEN. I saw some fishermen laying their net. chand maJn-giran-ra didam ki (dam^-i-khud-ra mi-(nihudand).
2
z
*(shabka ; nashbil.)
andakhtand.) FIT He is not at
(gustardand
all fit for this
work.
;
guzaslitand
;
o la,ik-i-m kar
mutlakftn nlst.
FIXED
What day have you
upon to go there? roz mukarrar karda ed? man 'alame-ra dar I have seen a flag at the fort.
bara,e raftan badan ja
FLAG
fixed
kudam
kiVa dlda am.
FLAT
What
is the shape of the earth, round, flat, square, surat-i-kura,e zamin chi taur ast? (mudauwir), mustawi, murabba', ya baizawi. (mustadlr.)
or oval?
FLATTER
Why
do you
flatter
me
so?
chira in chunin
taur
mara
malluk.}
327
fold.
flattery
ml-kuned?
(khushamad)
(chaplusi;
ta-
We
FLATTERY
ought not to listen to the words of na shayad ki (ma ba sukhanan-i-khush-amad flattery. gosh bi-dihem}. (tna sukhanan-i-chaplusi-ra gosh bikunem.) FLEE Why should we flee ? there is no danger. chiru
ma
bi-gurezem ? khauf riist. What flowers are these?
in fling them away. gulha chi kism and ? anha-ra biijandaz. FLINT Fire is produced by flint and steel. az (chakmak (kaddah wa fulad.J zadan] atash paidu mi-shavad. fTinder, harraka; sokhta.] FLOAT It is high water, the vessel will now float. viakti-madd-l-bahr ast, ilhul jahaz bala,e ab khwahad raft. FLOCK I saw there a flock of sheep. man an ja (ghall(i),e gusfand dldam. (rama.) FLOOR The floor of this room wants repairing. -farrash-
FLING
i-ln
hujra
FLOUR
marammat (ml-kh\vahad). (talab ast.} is made of flour. nan az ard sakhta mi-
Bread
shavad..
You must not pluck
FLOWERS
na shayad na bayad.
FLUTE
He
these flowers. shuma-ra, Or, In gulhd-ra chldan
ki in gnlhci bi-chined.
can play upon the
flute.
o nai,e labak tau-anad
(daniid).
FIJES
(nau-akht ; zad.) There are a number of flies.
inja magasan pur ml-
bashand.
He cut the parrot's wing, lest it should fly away. o par-i-tufl-ra (burld kiona parad). (kandid ta, opanciiz na kunad; bar kaslttd Id o ba parwaz dar nayayad; chid
FI,Y
ki o
FOG
dar parwaz nai/rnjad.) In the morning there
is
a thick fog here.
In ja bnkhjlr-i-gfializ mi-bashad.
nazh rn-i-kuslf inl-btisliad. Fold these things in
FOLD
bamdad
Or, matla'e subh inja
paper.
in
chizha-ra
dar
328
follow
kaghaz (malfuf bi-kun
;
forfeit.
(lifufabi-kun; dar naward; fai
bi-kuri).
bi-pech.)
You go before, I will follow. pesh bi-rau man pas-i-tu khwaham Umad. Or, sabik bash man dar akab)i-tu khwaham amad. (pusht; pai.) FOND I am not at all fond of that fruit. an meica mutlak na (pasand (mara khush na mi-ay ad ; mara daram). FOLLOW
('
khush
nist.)
What
FOOD ast?
sort of food
is
this?
in (khurafy chi kism.
(khurish ; kilt; ta'tim: cfhizii-.) He is a great fool. o (ahmake] 'azlm ast.
FOOL
na-dane
'
(abla,t
;
sadah-lauhe ; bewitkufe ; kharife) FOOLISHNESS To be angry without a cause is foolishness. be sabab (dar khashm amadati) 1 (na-dariif ast. ^(ghussa ;
shudan ; kahr giriftan kashidan.)
FOOT
*(kciliw
Look
;
ghazb namudan
;
rangl ; khu \jal-i-batil.} ba sum-i-asp
at the horse's foot.
ru,e darhain bi-bin.
Or,
*dar sum-i-asp (nazar) bi-kuned. (nigah; mtdfihaza.) FORBID Why did you forbid him to come ? chira az ainadan-i-injil o-ra (man' karded) ? (mumana'at or nahl karded ; munitani or mcini' badied.) Font E The stream now runs with great force. -jimjan-inahr ilhal ba zor mi-ravad. FOUEHEAD He fell down and cut his forehead. o ba zaniin u/tad wa peshana,e khud-ra (majriih kard). (kata' or munkati' kard; bund.) FOREIGN He is gone to a foreign country. o ba mulk-i-
ghair rafta
FORETELL morrow ?
ast.
Who
can foretell what will happen on the pesh ml-tawanad git/t Id farda az parda,e ghaib chi hadisa (sadir khwahad shud) ? (ru,e khwahad dad; waki' khwahad shud; ba zuhur khwahad paiwast. FORFEIT For doing this you must forfeit a rupee. az chunm kardan (ba shuma yak rupaiya jarimana dadanl ki
}
*
rd, in its
proper place,
may be used
instead of dar.
forget
329
fountains.
khwahad shud). (az shuma yak rupaiya jarlma yafta khwahad shud.) FORGET Don't forget to tell him what I said to you. anchi ba shuma guftam hainan sukh_an ba o bi-goyed, (farainosh na kittled,) (nasl ma shuved.) FORGIVEN If he had acknowledged his fault, I should have forgiven him. agar o ba gunah-i-kjmd (ikrar karde man o-ra wa'zur dtishtame). (i'tiraf karde man mazarati-o kabiil dashtanie.) Or, agar o bar takslr-i-khud kajl shude man o-ra niu'iif kardame. Or, agar o kusur-ikhud zahir karde wan ac gnnali-ash (dar guzashtatne). (mighfarut dadame.)
FORM
The form of the cypress-tree is quite straight. shakl-i-sarw bi-l-kull sahl ast. Or, kainat-i-sarw bi-l-kull (ikUmat)
FORMER
ast.
Which
(rant; kn.im.) part of his letter
the former or the latter?
do you think the best, knduni hissa,e khatt-ash shunia
aula-lai; tnl-dancd, (aincalln i/a
>ja
ukhinii)
(makaddajita
iHii.itkltira.)
FORMIDABLE
The
ohjections you
indeed formidable.
make
(i'tiraz)-i-sliuniti
dar In sukhan fi-l-waki' sakht
to my plan are bar khilaf-i-ra,e man
ast.
(i'raz
;
ta'arruz
;
irad.)
FORSAKE
Let us not forsake our friends
in their distress
halat-i-(pareylianl) dostan-i-kjnid-ra na shayad zasht. (parngandagl; furo manduffi ; dar mandugl
dar
mandugl; skikastugl;
iztirabl; abtarl.)
gu;
w"
Or, dar halat-i-
ma-nl az ashntiyantfarnghat na biiyad dasftt). (inunkata na bayad shud; kata na bciyad kard ; inkitrC
kjiastagl
na bayad kard.) FORTUNE He has made a
large fortune.
o mal-i-firair
jam karda ast. FOUNDATION. The foundation of the house was laid. (btotyad)4-%kana nihada shud. (bina; puya; asas; muk'adut ; kaidat.)
FOUNTAINS
There are fountains of water everywhere.
330
freefiirmsh.
har-ja chashmaha,e ab (jari and"). (mujra or ijra darand.) Or, har ja (zah-ab) hast.
and; mnjra (chushma,e
zaya.)
FREE
You are free to do as you please. shuma na mi-shavad har chi mi-khwahed
base mani-ibi-kuned.
anchi dar mizaj-i-janab bilshad bi-farmayed.
Or, Or, anclii
khwahed
FBEEZE
be takalluf bi-kuned. It is so cold to-day, I
think at night it will ki (guman dciram) ki ba shab zamln yakh basta khwahad shud. (ihtimal darad.) FREIGHT I have engaged the whole of this vessel's freight. an kadar ki mahmula dar ad in jahaz-ra ba njrat freeze.
imroz In kadar sardl ast
am. Or, man (shart)-i-mahmula,e tamam jahaz karda am. (ikrcir.) FRESH These greens are fresh from the garden. In tara az bagh taza and. FREQUENT I have frequent opportunities of seeing it. ba dldan-ash mara (inaukf) bisiijar ast. (Jursat ; girifta
kabu) FRIEND What shall I do ? I have no friend. chikunam? man (doste) na daram. (mukhlis; khatil; munis; muhibb; habib ; yar; mushfik
FRIENDLESS
I
;
am now
shafik
;
mahnnn-raz ;
entirely friendless.
ham-nafs.') ilhal man be
dost hastam.
FRIGHTFUL
have seen a most frightful figure. (shakle (haikale wahshatnak ; dew-sima.) FRUGAL How does he manage his household affairs ? is or o iimurat-i-khanayl,e khud-ra he frugal extravagant? chigiina ba saranjum ml-rasanad? (ba kifayat ya ba fazuli) ? (ba kina'at ya ba israf.) I
haulncik) dldam.
FULL
Is this cask empty or full ? In (barrnll) tihl ast ya pur ? (khambak.) FULFILLED The purpose for which you sent me has been fulfilled. kare ki bara,e an shuma marajiristaded (tamam shuda) ast. (ba itmam or ba sar rasida.) FURNISH How soon can you furnish these things? In
furniture
chizha
la
(maiijiid
;
331
gild.
chi 'ujlat (muhaiya) mi-tau-aned hard. muyassar; taiyar.) FURNITURE He makes all kinds of furniture. (rakht-ikhana) az liar kism mi-sazad. (asasu-l-bait.} FUTDRITY We cannot see into" futurity. ma (khabar-imustakbil) na danem. (ahwal-i-ayanda.}
G.
GATHER
Gather up the crumbs. rezalia,e nan bar chin. Do you expect much gain from this trade ? az in
GAIN
Or, az in hir/a tairakku'-i-sud-i-bisiyar dared ? (mutarassid.) (mutarakkib)-i-naf-i-Jlrawan mi-shaved ? Or, rija dared ki az In kasb mal-i-kaslr ba dast-i-(shuma
pesha
khwahad amad).
(khud khwahed award.) have you left the garden gate open ? chira darwaza,e banh wa guzaskta ed ? GENEROSITY There are no limits to his generosity. haddi-sakhan-at-ash nut. Or, karm-ash (na mahdud ast). (hadd or intilia na darad.) GENEROUS He is very generous and gentle. o sakhi wa narm-dil ast. Or, o karim wa rah'un ast. Or, o faiyaz wa hallm ast.
GARDEN
Why
Are you acquainted with that gentleman ? badan khan-sahib (md'rifat dared) ? (ashna,i dared ; ru-
GENTLEMAN
shinas mi-bashed.}
GEOGRAPHY
He
has composed a book on geography. o karda ast. ('arz.) GET Can you get me another book like that? misal-i-an kitab dlgare bara,e man (tawaued yft)? (ba dast tawaned award fiJi'-i-shinna khwahad amad.) GOT You have got many books give me one. shuma kutub-i-bisiyar dared, yoke az anlia ba man bi-dihed. GILD Do you know how to gild paper ? shuma mi-daned
dar
'ilm-i-(jughrafiija) kitabe tasnif
;
chiguna
kagJiaz-ra
zar-afshan
inl-kunand
?
Or,
22
aya
332
grateful.
gilt
tarklbe
ki
kitabha-ra
sahaffan
kunand, shuma mi-daned
He showed me
GILT
man
khjtna,e
ba zar mulamma'
mi-
?
a gilt picture-frame.
an shakhs ba
namud).
(mutalla nishan dud.} has five three and two girls. GIRLS He children, boys o panj ta farzand darad si pisar wa du dnkhtar. GLAD Are you glad or sorry on this occasion ? dar bab-i-
taswir-i-^mulamma'
in sukhan khush ed ya ghamnak ? GLASS Take care, this will easily break,
khabar-dar,
glass.
az balur
GLOVES
I
m
it
is
made
of
chiz ba asanl shikasta mt-shavad
ast.
have bought a pair of gloves.
yak
juft-i-(dast
(dastuna ; dast-taba.} posh) kharlda am. GLUE Tell the carpenter to glue these two boards together. ba darrudgar bi-go ki in du takhta ba sarisli baham bi-
(chaspan ; yak-ja bi-kun ; wasal bi-kun.) (paiwand). Is this chain made of gold, silver, iron, brass, or copper ? In zanjlr az zar, slm, ahan, birinj ya mis sakhta
GOLD
shiida ast ?
GOODNESS ba
Have the goodness
man khabar
bi-dihed.
(i'lam) bi-kuned.
to
inform me.
Or, talattuf
az ru,e lutj
farmuda mara
muttaW.) (ittila Everyone does not know how to govern. harkas hukm-ranl kardan na mi-tawanad. Or, takat-i-hukumat kardan liar kas na darad. GOVERNOR He is now Governor of Baghdad. o ilhal ;
GOVERN
(siiba; wall, e far man.} (hakim}-i-bacfhdad ast. In this province much grain is produced.
GRAIN
dar in
paida ml-shavad. (siiba ; zill'a.) Whose grand house is that ? In khana,e ('all-
(kishwar) ghalla,e bisiyar
GRAND
(rafi ; wasi ; 'azvn.) shan) az an-i-lust? Sir, be pleased to grant me this request. sahiba, az ru,e lutf 'arz-i-man kabul bi-kuned. Or, istid'a,e man
GRANT
ijabat bi-farmayed. I am grateful
GRATEFUL
for
your kindness.
man
az
gratified
333
guide.
Or, man shakir-i-ihsanmihrbani,e shuma mamniin am. i-shuma hastam. Or, man az altaf-i-shuma (shukr-guzar) Jiastam. (ihsanmand ; mashkur.) Or, az madara,e
shuma minnat pazlr am. GEATIFIED Seeing such a
man
az
dldan-i-chwnn
school, I
maktab
am much khaili
gratified.
(khush)
am.
(masrur.)
GBAZING The horses are grazing on the plain. maidan ml-charand. GBEAT You have done me a very great favour.
aspan dar
shuma bar
man minnat-i-kasir (dashta) ed. (nihada.) Or, shuma ba man ihsan-i-a'zamfarmuda ed. GRIEF He has caused much grief to his father. o ba pidar-i-khud (bisiyar ranj) rasanida ast. (shu'la,e ah.) Or, o mujib-i-sar-maya,e gham ba pidar-i-khud biida ast. Or, o bais-i-mal(il-i-kaslr ba icalid-ash biida ast. GRIEVOUS This is a grievous calamity. in (a/at-i-'azlm
)
ast.
GRIND
(muslbat-i-sanffln ; bala,e saklit.) Grind this wheat in the mill. dar asiya in (cfhalla-
(yandum-ra ard kun.} What is the ground-rent of this house ? kiraya,e zamm-i-ln khana chist ? flowers GROW Many grow in the Khan's garden. gulha,e bisiyar dar bagh.-i-kluln-i-(ii-ala-shari) mi-ruyand. ('alishan ; buland-makan ; rafi'n-d-darjat ; rafiu-l-ja,e-gah : ra
biyas).
GROUND-RENT
khandan
sulala,e
GROWN
;
'azimu-sh-shan.)
You have grown
very tall since I saw you last. az an wakt ki man shuma-ra dldam (tawilu-l-kamat shwla ed). (kadd-i-tawll karda ed.)
GUARDIAN
Who
the guardian of this child? murabbi.e Or, (atalik)-i-ln saghir klst ? (kaiyim.} GUESS Can you guess the meaning of what I say ? anchi nn-goyam shuma ba matlab-i-an mi-rased ? GUIDE I went without a guide, though I had never been that road before. agarchi badmi rah gahe kail az in na (rah-nama : rafta budam be (rah-bar ) rairdna shudam. dalil-i-rah; hadi ; badrika.\
m
tiflalc kist ?
is
334
habit
hard.
H.
He is in the habit of walking out early. o 'ala-ssabah 'adat-i-(gardidan) darad. (gasht o yard.) Or, o barn-dad mu tad ba gardidan ast. HALL The house has a hall and three rooms. In khana yak dalan darad wa si hujra. Or, in makam-ra yak aiwan ast wa si kamra. HAND Take hold of his hand. dast-ash bi-glr. HANDKERCHIEF Give me a handkerchief. (ru-male) ba HABIT
man bi-dih. HANDLE The
(dast-male.)
handle of this drawer khana,e In mez shikasta shud.
In
HANDSOME
his
appearance he
is
is
broken.
handsome.
dasta,e o
dar
u-l- tidal ; (lat if wajih ; hasin ; (khub-sRrat) ast. jamil ; zlba-tala't ; ziba-haiyat ; badl'u-l-jamal.') Or, o ba shakl nadiru-l-husn ast. Or, o ba shamaM kamal
stirat
Or, bahjat darad. nihayat jamal darad.
Do
o
ba liaikal
gkayat-i' tidal
you know whose hand-writing
HAND-WEITING shuma ml-daned is ?
HANG
Hang
wa this
ki in dast-khatt az klst ? the keys upon the nail. kalidha ba mekh
biyawezan.
HAPPEN
When
did that
happen
?
in hadisa kai hadis
shud ? Or, in waki'a kai waki' sliud ? Or, kudam wakt in ittifak (shud) ? (uftad.) HAPPINESS In this world no one enjoys perfect happiness. dar in dunya hech kas (rahat-i-tamani) na darad. asa,ish-i-hakikl
;
tana'um-i-kamil.)
They who fear God here will be happy hereafter. anan ki dar in ja az khudcl mi-tarsand dar 'akibat khush khwahand shud. Or, an kasan-ra (farhaf)-i-ukbg dost khwahad dad ki dar in dunya dar khau/-i-khudd mlmanand. (sa'adat.)
HAPPY
HARD
Is the lesson
you have given
me
hard or easy ?
hardship
335
health.
mara dada ed aya (asan ast ya mushkH). ya mughlak ; sahl ast ya mudakkik.}
sabake ki ast
HARDSHIP This is a great hardship. m HARE The hare is a very timid animal. (buz-dil) Is
HARM
ast.
(shutur-dil
there any
kar
churiin
;
harm
kardan
sakhti,e 'azim ast.
kharcjosh bisiyar kha,if; tarsan ; jabl.} in doing this ?
J
(
(yusr
aibe)
ml-bashad ?
m
aya dar (nukane ;
muzayaka,e.}
HASTE I write in great khwaham ki khatte ba
haste to save the post.
man
sabll-i-cliaparl (bi-Jiristam)
1
mi-
lihaza
ba (sur'at)*-i-tamam mi-nawisam. \raw~ma bi-kunam ; mursal dciram ; irs&l ddram.} 9 (ta'jll; shitab.} HASTENED They hastened away as fast as possible. eshan ta ba makdur-i-khud shitaftand. Or, ba sur'at harchi tamamtar shudand. Or, ba ta'jll-i-tamam rah (giro, gardldand).
(giriftand.)
HASTEN
You must try to hasten his coming. dar bab-irasidan-ash badln ja shuma-ra sa'i bayad kard. HASTY To act in a hasty manner is not wise. dar kar tez
kardan himakat ast. Or, dar kar musta'jil shudan az tarik-i-'akl ba'ld ast. Or, dar umur ta'jil ba kar burdan azjada,e danayat dtir ast. HAT On entering the room he took off his hat. ba (mvjarrad)-e-dakhil shudan-i-utak kula,e khud-ra az sar bar dasht. (shart.) HATE Let us hate nothing but sin. tna'ra az neck chlz Or, ma-ra ba nafrat na bayad kard mayor az gunah. juz-i-ma'siyat az chize kirahiyat na bayad kard. Have HAVE you any acquaintan ce with that gentleman? badan agha (ma'rifate) dared? (shinasa,l.) HEALED His wound is now healed. zakhm-ash pur shuda ta'jil
Or, jarrahat-i-o (mundamil shuda) ast.
ast.
(indamal
ya/ta.}
HEALTH
His health
o tan-dunist
nu
ya/ta.)
ast.
is
sound.
sihhat-i-o
ba hal
Or, mizaj-i-o (mustaklm)
ast.
ast.
Or.
(ikhdlal
336
hills.
heap
HEAP
Here is a heap of papers, put them away. yak ambar-i-lcaghaz dar in ja jam' shiida ast, (beriin bi-bar). (ba yak taraf bi-guzar ; bar kinar bi-kun.) HEAR Hear what I say, then give an answer. anchi ml(bi-shinau), ba'd
goyam or dar
az an jawab
masmu bi-kun.) The heart of man
bi-dih.
(gosh
kun
;
HEAET
is
inclined to evil.
dil-i-insan
ba gunah-gam (ma,il mi-bashad). (mail darad.) To-day the heat is very great. imroz (hararat) ba
HEAT
shiddat
ast.
HEAVEN
(harur ; garml.)
In heaven
is unspeakable happiness, in hell dar bihisht asa,ishe ast ki dar guftan nayayad wa dar jahannum 'azabe ast az bayan ba'ld. Or, dar jannat rahat in kadar ast ki dar tafsll nayayad wa dar sakkar alame ast ki sharh-i-an dar hita,e takrir
unutterable woe
!
na mi-gunjad.
HEAVY
This box
In sanduk khaill
dasht
is
very heavy, how can I carry it? ast chiguna ml-tawanam ba:
sangm
?
When walking I trod upon his heel with ba wakt-i-raftan payam ba kab-ash khurd.
HEEL
What
HEIGHT
is
the height of this wall
?
my
foot
(bulandl,}e
It
dlwar chi kadar ast ? (irtifa' ; bala,l ; rafa't.) This large estate is without an heir. in milkiyati-azim la waris ast. Or, In miras-i-a'zam waris na darad.
HEIR
HELP mine
Can you afford me any help in this affair oi shuma dar in amr ba man hech (madad) nil-
?
tawaned dad.
(mu'awanat ; i'anat ; imdad.) eshan fakat (tara mtonly upon herbs. (bar sabzaha zindagl ml-kunand.) khurand). HIDE The crows steal, and afterwards hide what they can. zaghan duzdl mi-kunand wa ba'd az an anchi mi-tawanand (pinhan) ml-kunand. (ikhfa ; makhfl ;
HERBS
They
live
poshlda.)
HILIS There are few hills in i-khwarazam kohha kam and.
Kharazam. (jabal.)
dar mulk-
hint
337
holy.
You can just give him a hint of this affair shuma dar bab-i-ln amr o-ra ishara ml-taivancd hard. HIRE To go there I must hire a palankeen and boat. az bara,e raftan badcin ja mara takhj.-i-raican wa kishtl HINT
kiraya bayad hard.
Have you read the history of Persia. tankh_-i'ajm mutala'a karda ed ? HIT He hit me a very hard blow on the head. o bar sar-am zarb-i-shadul (zad). (rasatiid; koft; dad.) HOLDS He holds his pen in the left hand. o dar dast-iHISTORY
chap kalam-i-kh_ud-ra ml-glrad. Make a hole in the ground here.
HOLE
In ja dar
bi-(kun). (kan ; ka,o ; zan.) now return home. It is late, let
zamin
maghake
me
HOME
guzclr ki
man
shud
(der)
ba makam-i-kjiud-am bi-ravam.
bi-
(ta,khjr
;
dirang ; tahmvun.}
HONEY
some honey out
I ate
shahd az
kadre Or, kadre 'asal az
of the honey-comb.
(khiina,e shahd) kh_urdam.
(ma'sal) kjnirdam.
HONOUR
He
(mahran.) has obtained much honour.
o 'izzat-i-'azim
Or, o husul-i-takrlm-i-bisiyar karda ast. Or, i^izz wa ikram)-i-madld ba dost awarda ast. (rafa'at; cibru ; sharaf ; sharafat ; icakar ; ihtiram.} HOPE I hope to have an interview with you very soon.
karda
hasil
rija
daram
ast.
ki
zud (sliuma^ra) mulakat khwaham kard.
Or, mara ummed ast ki dar andak roz mulakat-i-man ba shuma kjiwahad shud. Or, tarassud-i-an daraiH ki man 'ankanbba shuma mulakl klvwaliam shud. HOSPITAL An hospital is about to be built there. yak (ba shuma.)
(na-khud pasand.} (khud-ra hakir mi-danad). He possesses great humanity as well as huo (insaniyat^-i-bisiyar darad wa (hilmiyat)" mility.
HUMANITY l
mardwmi ; muruwat ; hiss-i-bashriyat.) a (faro; maskmi; khushu' ; khuzii ; istikanat.) The hunter is gone a-hunting. (saiyad ba said)
(admiyat
;
tani; tawazu'
HUNTER
(shikari ba shikar.] It hurts his mind to see such wickedness.
rafta ast.
HURTS
mushahida,e in chunln (kabcihat) dil-ash mi-sozad.
az
(badl ;
shana'at.)
I.
IDEA
I
had no idea that you would come
to-day.
dar
khayal-i-man na bud ki shuma imroz khwahed amad. They spend their time in idleness. eshan aukati-khud-ra dar (kahili zal mi-kunand). (tasahili mi-guzarand ; susti ba sar ml-burand ; lahw o la'b ba bad ml-
IDLENESS
dihand.)
IGNORANT siist)
They
and.
ILLIBERAL
are ignorant and idle. eshan (na-dan wa kahil ; na-shinas wa
(jahil
Such
wa
battal.)
a
sentiment
is
illiberal.
In
clmnin
khayal (batil) ast. (bud a si ; na karim.) ILLITERATE It is not good always to associate with illiteba jahilan hamesha suhbat dashtan murate persons. nasib
IMAGE
nist.
There is an image in that temple. dar an butkhana but ast. Or, dar an sanam-kada sanam ast. IMAGINATION Whence arose this imagination ? az knja in khayal (paida shud) ? (sar bar zad ; sar bar awa?'d.) IMAGINE How do you imagine that I should agree to this?
imitation
339
important.
(kh_ayal ml-kuned) ki
man
In snkh_an-ra kabul
dar sar-i-khiid dared.) Or, chiguna khayal mi-banded ki man badln sukhan (mutkuncn/i.
(kiiin*
;
(ittifak kitnam.)
taftk fihavam).
This
IMITATION
ml-glred
in chlz of wood, iu imitation of stone. ba misal-i-sany az chub sakhta shuda ast. Or, in chlz ki (ishtibah)-i-sang darad az chob sakhta shuda ast. (tashblh; shablh ; mushabahat; mumasilat.) IMMENSE The undertaking is likely to be attended with immense expense. agjhlab ast ki dar In kar kharch-ibisiyfir
IMMORTAL
is
khwahad shud. The body is mortal, the
badan
soul immortal.
wa ruh (baki). (la-yamut.) IMMOVABLE They are immovable in their opinions. ffiin ast
eshan ba or dar tajinz-i-kjiud (mmtakill) and. (ghair-muOr, eshan bar ra,e khud mustaklm and. taharrik.) IMPART It is our duty to impart knowledge. bar ma uTijib ast kifaiz-i-ta'llm bi-gustarem.
sides impenetrable forests. su'ud-i-ln jabal ghair nnnnkin ast zlra ki bar har taraf besha,e (mumtani'u-d-
all
dukhjd) ml-bashad. (dushwar-guzar.} Or, In kohha beand az In sabab ki bar har atraf besha,e mani'u-d-
guztir
dukhul ml-b~tshad.
IMPERFECT
Everything in this world
is
imperfect.
har
chiz dar In
dunya (iiakis) ast. ('aib-dar; kasir.) IMPERTINENT His behaviour is impertinent. o dar (gustakji) ast. (ba'ld) ast.
IMPORTANT
;
wakih.)
icaz'-
Or, akhluk-i-o az adab
(mu'arra.) It is very
zarur ast ki bi-shavem.)
(shaukh
ma
important to attend to
ba In 'amal (dil bi-dihem).
this.
bisiyar
(mutairajjih
340
imports
IMPORTS
inattention.
Have you seen the exports and imports ? aya wa raftani dlda ed ? They impose on whomsoever they can. ba har
asbab-i-amadanl
IMPOSE
tawanand (ghadr) ml-kunand.
kase ki
(fareb
ghabn
;
;
makr.} IMPOSITION
They practise every kind of imposition. eshan (dagha},e har taur ml-kunand. (makr; shayadi ; kaid ; ghadr ; ghabn.} IMPOSSIBILITY How can I believe an impossibility ? chiguna bar (muhal) baivar ml-taicanam hard ? (ghair-iOr, chize ki imkan na darad chiguna bar an imkani.} i'timad ml-tawanam kard ? IMPOSSIBLE It is impossible for me to comply with what you (mumkin nist) ki anchi shuma mi-goyed kabul bisay. kunam. (ghair mumkin ast.) Or, imkau ua darad ki ba hasb-i-istida'a,e shuma 'amal namaijam, IMPOSTOR He is a notorious impostor. o(makkar}-i-inashhur ast. (ghaddar ; ghabin ; 'aiyar ; tarur.) Or, o (khaddri)-i-maruf ast. (munafik ; ahl-i-nifak ; salus ; mura,i ; mulahid.) IMPRESSION What he said made an impression on me. dar dil-i-man (asar kard). (tasir or sirayat mu'assar shud ; ja,e girift ; khurd.) IMPROBABLE What he tells me appears very improbable. anchi mara ml-goyad (kkila/-i-kiyas) ma'lum ml-shavad. (be-ihtimal ; na-muhtamil ; dur az 'afcl.) IMPROPER To act thus would be higbly improper, and 7 cJtuiun kar kardan bi-l-kull therefore imprudent. ghair muniisib nn-bashad wa az in sabab be tatnlzl. anchi IMPROVE Can you improve what he has written nauishta ast shuma an-ra (islah) ml-taicaiied kard / sukh_ftn-ash
kard
;
'?
(bihtar.)
IMPURE
No impure
person will enter heaven. na khwahad shud.
(na-pak) dar jannat dakhil
shakhse (kjialnn
;
sham'.)
INATTENTION
This has arisen solely from your inattention.
incessant
341
indecent.
infakat az (taghi(ful)*-i-shuma (uftada) z
ghjljili
ihmal.)
;
(ittifak or
wakV
'ast. ^(ghaflat; or hadis slmda.)
INCESSANT We have lately had incessant rain. rozha dar tn ja baran (mutau'titir) barlda ast.
dar in ('ala-l-
ittisal; muttaxil.)
INCH Had this piece of wood been an inch longer, it would have done very well. agar In chub dar ful yak jau daraz-tar mi-bud (kifayat ml-kard). (ba kar nu-khurd or mi-amad.) INCLINATION He feels no inclination to study. tadrls dar dil-i-khud na darad.
INCOME shuma
Do
you know what
ast ki (niadkhal)-i-o
is
income
his
chand
ast ?
ma'lnm-i-
?
(dukhul
danl; dakhl; madakhil.) INCOMPARABLE This is incomparable writing. nazlr) ast.
o mail ba
;
ama-
wkhattlbe
(la-sit in.)
INCOMPLETE
Your
(nu-tamam]
ast.
book
is
incomplete.
kitab-i-shuma
(nakis.)
INCONVENIENCE
Will my staying here till the first of next to you? aya az mrindani-man dar In ja ta ba tUnkh_-i-gh.urra,e mcJh-i-ayanda shuma ! (dar Itar-i-shuma mutakllf kjnvuhad rasid) (ba zahimat khwahad shud.)
goyam sahih astya ghalatj INCREASED My family has lately been
az chand increased. roz 'iyal-i-man (mazid) shuda ast. (ziyilda ; afzuda ; kaslr.) INCREASING There is a rumour of increasing the army. Or, afwa ast ki afwa,e ziyada kardan-i-fauj mi-bashad. dar ta'adad-i-fauj afzuni khwahad shud. INDECENT They speak indecent language. eshan kalam-i(sharii' ; tashnl'.) (fahish) ml-goyand.
342
independent
INDEPENDENT
He
is
information.
now independent
of
any
one.
o bi-l-
kull ba hech
kas (muta'allik riist}. ^ilaka or istighna na dcirad.) Or, o az liama kas (mustaghril) ast. (be ta'alluk; ghair-muta'allik). Or, o (be zabt wa rabt) ast.
(khud mukhtar.') Is there an index to this book?
INDEX ast.
in kitab-ra fihriste
Or, in kitab (tafsil-i-makala,e) darad?
(tashrih-i-
abwab.)
INDIFFERENCE
This
in kar in churiin
is not. to riist
be treated with indifference.
ki (ghaflat} bi-kuned.
(musahilat.]
INDIGENOUS Is this an indigenous plant? In nihill az in mulk ast ? Or, paidayish-i-in nihal dar in ja ast ? INDIGO I was formerly employed in Mr. 's indigo scibikan dar kar-khana,e riil-i-sahib-i-fuldn rnashfactory. ghul buda am. I heard of your indisposition last week. dar hafta,e-guzashta ahwal-i-marz-i-shuma isgha kardam. INFANCY I knew him from his infancy. man o-ra az
INDISPOSITION
(zaman-i-tufuliyaf)-ash mi-shinasam.
INFER What do you infer from what he shuma az an chi (natya bar ciwarda ed)
('ahd-i-khurdi.) said ? anchi gu/t ?
(kiyas kashida
ed ; istidal karda ed.)
We
must show kindness and respect
to our ba (mardu1 ba adab wa ta'zim suluk mi-namayem ba man-i-khass) 'amm niz bay ad hard, ^(khwciss; buzurgan; zabar-dastan ;
INFERIORS
inferiors, as well as superiors.
chunanchi
ma
; kablran.) ^('awwam ; khiirdan ; sagkiran ; zerdastan; sighar.} INFINITE God is infinite in power and wisdom. kudrat ica hikmat-i-khuda (be intihfi) ast. (iia-mahsur ; na-mu-
kibar
tanahi.)
We have no influence over them. ma bar eshan kudrat na darem. INFORMATION Is there no one here that can give me information concerning this ? kase dar in ja nist ki mara az in amr (i'lam tawanad dad) ? (ittila tawanad kard.)
INFLUENCE
ingana Or, kasc mst ki dar In sakht?
343
insensible.
amr bar man roshan tawanad
How long have you been in Ingana? (chand (az chand roz.) wakt) ast ki dar ingana buda ed ?
INGANA
She
INGENIOUS ast.
is
fin biinu bisiyar very ingenious. (zarif) ; zaki ; hunar-mand.)
(sahib-i-firasat
He
INGENUITY
'azttn dfirad.
INHABITANT
possesses (firasat
The
of the village.
;
much zarafat
ingenuity. ;
idrak
;
o (kiyasat)-i-
zihn.J
petition was signed by every inhabitant In 'ariza az har shakjis-l-ahl-i-dih dast-
khatt karda shuda ast.
Or, bar in 'ariza har mukim-ikasba dast-khatt kard. INHUMAN Their disposition is inhuman. mizaj-i-eshan be (insaniyat ; marhamat ; muruwat.) (rahm) ast. INIQUITY They delight in all kinds of iniquity. eshan dar kardan-i-har nau-i-fasad (khush and), (sarur mi-
kunand.}
INJURY
1
never did him the least injury.
man liargiz o-ra
ziyan na (dfi,shtam). (dadam.) Or, man gahe o-ra (iza) na rasunldam. {khal"l ; badi.) Or, man liargiz half bar o na kardam. Or, man galie bar dil-asli (gazand) na nihiidam. (mazarrat ; zarar.) INJURED His health has been injured by too great exeraz ziijtidafi.e mihnut sihhat-i-o (khalal) girifta tion. ast. (nuksan; mazarrat.) INJUSTICE He practises injustice towards all. o bar har kas zahn mi-kunad. (be-insufi; tajabbur.) INNOCENT They are all innocent. eshan az gunah pak iva (mu'arra) and. (rnubarra^ INOFFENSIVE These animals are inoffensive. injanwaran muzl nay and. INQUEST An inquest was held yesterday on the body of a shakh_se ki kh-ud-ra ba tufung person who shot himself. hulnk kard. tahk'ikat--i-an ahical dlroz shud.
INSENSIBLE He is so ill that he fcadar blmar ast ki be-Jwsh ast.
is
insensible.
o
in
insert
3-44
You had
INSERT
dar
ast ki
intellect.
better insert this in your letter.
%jj0f[-i-kjytd \ln-ra bi-nainsed).
bihtat
(In-ra darj bi-
kuned In ruk' a d~ikh_il bi-kuned.) INSIGNIFICANT How very insignificant is man, compared insan ba nisbat-i-khnda.e 'azlm wa to the Almighty! jaUll chi kadar (na-chlz) ast ! (be mani; be mikdar.) INSINCERE His words are insincere. sukjianan-ash (pnr(na-mukhlis na-sadik ; be-icaffi ; rang-amez.) riya) and. INSOLENT They behaved in an insolent manner. eshan be adabana (siduk kardand). (pesh amadand; harakat or 'amal kardand.) INSOLVENT He has lately become insolvent. kdbl az in ;
;
shakh_s (war) shikasta ast. (dar ; bar; ica.) Call a person to inspect this cloth. tainlz-ra bi-talab ki ba nazar-i-tafarrus dar In
(in
INSPECT
sahibe
parcha
l'i-ni
INSPECTION ajnns az
The goods
(tnulahaza,e
bara.e
xhuma
are all ready for yoor inspection. shiuna maujud) and.
(iKn'aiyana,e taii/Hr.)
INSTANT I will be with you in an instant. man dar (chashmak zadan) nazd-i-shuma nu-ayam. (turfatu-l-ain.} INSTINCT Man acts from reason, animals from instinct. inxtin az 'akl fil mi-kunad wa haiwan az (jibillat). ('akl-i-haiwum.)
In Europe are noble institutions for communicating knowledge. dar farang az bara,e tadrls-i-'Um khub tarklbiit karar yfifta and. INSTRUCT Can you instruct me in this science ? dar in 'Urn ba man ta'litn nn-tawilned dad. (tarbiyat mi-tawaned
INSTITUTIONS
kard.)
INSURED
I have insured the vessel for 50,000 tomans, and have the insurance-policy in my possession. an jahazra ba panjah liazar tiiman lima karda am wa kaghaz-illma nazd-i-man ast. INTELLECT She has a wonderful intellect. an banu idraki-ajib darad. I
345
in telligencein t rusted.
How
INTELLIGENCE
did you receive this intelligence ?
chiguna In khabar ba shuma
He
INTELLIGENT ast.
fahni)
is
Intemperance
'adm-i-ftidal badan ;
o
mard-i-(tez-
(zlrak.)
INTEMPERANCE zarat
ra^'id /
an intelligent man.
nuksan.)
wa
hurts body and
mizfij-rii (zarar]
Or, bad-parhezi jism
mind.
mi-dihad.
icu tab'-ra
(mumuzirr
ast.
INTENTION
Have you any
intention to go to
Europe
?
raftan ba faran// diired INTERCOURSE There is no intercourse between us. ma buin-i-man ira tu hech I'ilUka) mst. (Ui'alluk ; nisbat.) licch irada,e
Or, man ba tu mutaallik nayam. I have no interest in this matter. INTEREST. dur In amr marti hech (ghuruz) mst. (nuttlab ; 'ilaka.) INTERFERE Why should we interfere in that affair? chirti dar an amr (f?<;M/ kunem) (dakjiil sliarem ; mukhill sharem ; dast-andiiz~i kunem. INTERPRET You must interpret what he says to me. anchi ba man rn'i-ijoyad bayud ki tarjiuna,e an bi-kuncd. INTERPRETER If you know not the language of the country, you must use an interpreter. agar zaban-i-mulk no, ml<
)
daned (mutarjim) nazd-i-kjiud niyah bayad dasht.
(ttir-'
jaman.}
INTERRUPT
I hope, sir, I don't sahiba interrupt you. ummedicar-iim ki (mukhill-i-shuma na rn'i-shavam). (darmiy(in-i-sitk_h(in-i-shuma na ml-uftam.} INTERRUPJION Your coming here is an interruption to my
aiiKiJan-i-shuina mujib-i-kJiahd-i-man ast. Or, az amadan-i-shuma dar kar-i-man kh,alal mi-uftad. Or, amad((n-i-shumil dar kar-i-man k_h_alal nri-andazad. INTRODUCE Shall I introduce you to that gentleman?
business.
janab li-knnnnam was intrusted with the whole business. tamiim knr bado (mufuiiu-dz') shllda bud. (sapurda tafmz karda : hnictila-karda.}
ai/a shitma-ra iiuil
INTRUSTED
He
;
346
invalids
INVALIDS
It is said a
house
the benefit of invalids.
join. will
be built at Isfahan for ki dar Isfahan 'imarate
mi-goyand
az bara,e (marlzan) tamir karcUi khwahad shud).
maran; \dllan.} INVENTED Who invented
this
instrument?
(bl-
in alat ki
(yad) kard ? (ikhtira ) INVINCIBLE The Amir imagined his soldiers were invincible. dar khayal-i-amir amad ki 'askar-i-ma (ghair.
maghjub} ast. da,imu-l-muzaffar ; ghair-manfur ; a/iairmakhur.} INVITATION He has given me an invitation to dinner, and I have accepted it. o mara dawut-i-taam kiirda ast, wa ijabat-i-an kardu am.
His
INVOLVED
affairs are
much involved.
kar-ash
darham
barharti ast.
IRREGULAR
These
lines
are
In satur (rast)
irregular.
nayand. (ba tufawat rast.) ISLAND The company have given permission island of Ceylon.
to clear
jam?iyat-i-saiulij<(ran bara,e
dan-i-jazira,e sarundlp ijazat
dada
the
wf
kai-
sal
dar
ast.
J.
JATL
He
is
to remain in jail one year.
ta ba
yak
(kaid-kJianti}khwalHtd mand. (makbeu; zuulan; inahbus.) JESTER Is that the king's jester? an kaa u/u(nkhara),e padshahast? bazla-baz; lubat-baz ; lutlfa-go.)
in du takhta baham Join these two boards together. Or, in du takhta ba-yak-dlrjur (bi-chaspan).
bi-paiu-and. (ittisal,
or
muntuzam, or
mutaruttib bi-kun.)
munsalik,
or
munukid, or
joke
What
JOKE
maziih
;
I said
bud.
(bazl
347
keep.
was only in joke.
(mutayaba
hazal-bUzl..
;
imbisiit
anchi guftam fakat ;
zarafat
;
muzahat
}
JOURNEY I am now going to make a long journey. ilhal mara sdfar-i-tawll kardanl ast. Or, mara ittifak-i-sufarkardan uftada This news affords
i-durfiz
ast.
me great joy. In khabar mara khushi,e 'azim mi-dihad. Or, In khabur ba,is-i-(tarab)ast. i-kaslr-i-man (nishat ; tafnh; khurrami , farh; fariih ; masarrat ; sarur ; buhjat.}
JOY
How
can I judge of bis character? I don't know chiguna dar bab-i-ra/tari,e o sukhan bi-goyam ?
JUDGE him.
mano-ra na nil-danam. JURY The (English) judge summed up the evidence, and the jury gave their verdict. kazl,e inglisi az gawahan tafahhus karda khalasa,e izhurha,e shawahid ba ru,e (bar majlis (zahir kard), wa majlis-i- 'adalat fatwa dad.
khwand.)
The
JUDGE
(native)
bashanda,e
fcazl,e
judge punished the delinquent. an mulk (takslrwar)-ra saza dad.
(mujrim.)
Squeeze some juice out of this lemon.
JUICE
kadre 'arak
How
JUMP
(jast)?
JUNIOU
az In llmun
hiyafsliiir.
far
can you
jump ?
ba chi kadar mi-tawaned
(khez-zad.) He is the senior, I the junior.
wa man
an kas bala-dast
man
kalan ust, wa khurd. He says nothing in justification of it. JUSTIFICATION o az kirdar-i-khud ('uzr) na ml-kunad. (mazarat.) ast,
zer-dast.
Or, an kas az
man
K.
KEEP
me
In mablaahtill I want it. money Keep i-man nazd-i-khud amanut bi-yuzared ta wuktt ki dar kari-man ayad. Or, in pul-i-man ba (zimma,e) kjiud bi-kuned 23 this
for
/mot.
kernel
348
ki ba kdr-i-man bi-khurad.
td wakte
In
pul-i-man pesh-i-kjiud (bi-nihed)
(bi-dared
(hawala,e.) ta wakte ki,
Or, &C.
nigdh bi-ddred.)
;
Break this .cocoa-nut and eat the kernel. ndrnl-rd bi-shikan, wa maghz-ash bi-khur. 60 snbab cause. KILL It is sinful to kill animals without \
KERNEL
kushtar, haiwdnat (ba katl rasdnldan khata) ast. (-ra hardm.) ba kali KINDLED They kindled a fire with straw. Sfash dar dadand. Or, ba khdshdk dtash (zadand). (roshan,
kardand.) ma traversed the kingdom of Persia. KINGDOM Or, ma az ajam ubur >ubur-i-mulk-i-lran kardem.
We
kardem.
K ISS_Give me bi-dih,
sipas
a kiss, then
fly
your
kite.
bi-paran.
kaghazak-i-khud
(ba
man) bosa
(bar
sar
wa
chashm.)
has two kittens. KITTENS This is a beautiful cat she du bachcha darad. In ahurba khaill kjiub shakll ast, o bar KNEES He fell on his knees and asked pardon. o sar-i-'ajz faro du zanu nishast wa 'uzr khwast. Or, ;
wa 'uzr-i-taksir kard. (award.) Or, o sar-i-khud Or, o zamin-iba zamm-i-niydz nihdd wa 'afw khwast. khidmat bosld wa mu'afi khwast. bi-bin ki in chakuKNIFE Try if you can open this knife. rd ml-tawdned bdz kardan, ya na. in ja dar KNOT Here is a knot in this string loose it. (hard)
;
* Id or 6
knowledge
m
risman gira
ast,
darad, an-ra hall bi-kun. What is wealth
KNOWLEDGE
349
last.
an-ra bi-kusha.
Or, in
without
rowan 'akd
knowledge!
be
danish daulat chist !
KNOW
Do you know what people think of him? aya mi-daned ahl-i-duniya (o-ra chi taur mi-pindarand ? (dar
bab-i-o chi
gumdn
mi-barand.)
L.
LABOUR
They
labour hard for
their living.
az bara,e
guzran-i-khud (mihnat mi-kashand). (mihnat mi-barand ; talkhi,e mihnat nil-chashand; sakhfl,e mihnat mi-khurOr, eshan ba mushakkat-i-tamdn ma ash mland.)
kunand.
Here are fifty labourers employed. in ja badin kar panjah mazdur (mashghul and), (ishtiyhal
LABOURERS darand.)
LAKH
kharch-i-an yak sad It will cost a lakh of rupees. hazar rupaiya khwahad shud. LAME Being lame he walks with a stick. ba sabab-i-langi ba madad-i-asa ml-gardad. LAND Will you go by land or by sea? az rah^-khushki
khwahed
LAND
raft
ya
(ba tari) ?
Where do you mean
shudan) dared ?
to
(az rah-i-bahr.) land ? kuja irdda,e (pa,ln
(farud amadan.)
Muhammad Husain'is the landlord of this am his tenant. Muhammad hussain malik-i-ln khana ast ; man kirayadar-ash-am. LANGUOR I am overcome with languor. bar man manOr, man maghluh-i-za^fl gashta am. dagi ghalib ast. LARGE I caught a large, fish yesterday. diroz (ba) dam LANDLORD house
;
I
mahi,e kalan giriftam. (dar.) man ba si-shamba,e I saw him last Tuesday. Or, man az si-thamba,e guzashta guzashta o-ra didam. o-ra na didam.
LAST
350
laugh
LAUGH
leave.
do you laugh without reason? be sabab chira (ml-khanded) ? (khanda shuma-ra mi-glrad ; tabassum mi-kuned ; Jchanda shuma-ra nil-ay ad.) LAWFUL Is it lawful to do this ? aya in cliunln kardan
ma-ra lay aside everything that is evil. bayad hi liar shararat-ra yak taraf bi-nihem. Or, ma-ra bayad ki har khabasat-ra bi-guzarem. Or, ma-ra bayad ki har fahhashi riha bi-kunem. Or, ma-ra bayad ki az har (dast bi-kashem ; dast bar manahiyat (bi-pardazem).
darem ; tajannub, LEADS. That poor
or, ijtincib, or, ihtiraz bi-kunem.^
man
an is blind, another leads him. miskin na-blna ast, digare rah-bar-ash mi-bashad. Or, an na-kas ama ast, digare 'asa-kash-i-o mi-bashad. LEAD Where does this road lead to ? in rah kuja (mlravad) ? (sar ml-barad.} LEAN Don't lean upon the table. bar mez takiya ma (zan ; saz.) I saw a monkey leap over the fence. dldam Id thornbuzina,e bar (sadd) jast zad. (barrier, bandriigh ; fence, kheir-landl; stone-fence, diwar-i-sangl ; pale-fence,
(kuri).
LEAP
dar-bazin.J
LEARN
You can
learn faster
than
I.
shuma az man
jaldtar amokhtan mi-tawaned. LEASE I took a lease of this house for five years.
In
khuna-ra ta ba muddat-i-panj sal (kiraya kardam). (ba kiraya giriftam ; ba ijara giriftam.} LEAVE It is late, let us now take leave. der shuda ast, Or, tahawun shuda bi-guzar ki murakhkha^ bi-shavem. ast, ijazat bi-dih ki
T
WAVE
It is said
rukhsat bi-(girem).
he intends soon
(shavcm.)
to leave this country.
ml-goyand ki iruda,e raftan az in mulk jaldl darad.
led
351
liberty.
He led so bad a life no one respected him. raftarash in chwfln bad bud ki kase o-ra ('izzat) na kard. (ikram; ihtiram; taknm ; makrimat ; ta'ziin; hurmat.) LEFT He left all his business to his clerk. hama kar o bar-i-khud-ra (haicala,e muharrir kard). (dar or ba LED
hawala,e katib dad.)
LEFT
Being lame of his right hand, he writes with the chun ba dast-i-rast lunj ast ba dast-i'chap mi-
left.
nawlsad.
LEGIBLE This writing khwanda shudanl nist. ki khwanda shavad.
LEG
He
fell off his
is
not
In.
legible.
Or, in dast-khatt
horse,
and broke
dast-khatt
mumkin
his leg.
riist
az asp-i-
khud uftcid, wa safe-ash shikast. LEISURE Sir, are you now at leisure, can I speak with you? sahiba shumci (farighed) ; mara ijazat ast ki sukhane bi-goyam
(-rafursat ast
?
;
-rafaraghat
ast.)
LEND I am very poor, can you lend me a few rupees ? man khaili (mujiis]-am, shuma mi-tau-aned ki kadre pul ba man karz bi-dihed ? (mafluk; maskm; mustammand; (fkarlb.)
LESS
My
wages are
.mushaliira,e o
LET
Why
kam
less
than
muwajib-i-man az
his.
ast.
did you let loose the horse ?
chira asp-ra
guzashted ? LET Let us see in kitcib-ra
LKVEL
wa
if we can read this book. (dlda shavad) khwandan mi-tawanem ya na. (bi-blncm.)
The ground
is
quite level.
zamln
bi-l-kull
ki
(mu-
sattah] ast.
(hanncar ; barabar'.) LIABLE By doing this you are liable to a penalty. az chunln fil ba shuma (siyasat lazim) mi-ayad. (Jurmunit J5,w.)
He is exceedingly liberal. o bisiyarkanm ast. Or, o khaili Or, o nihayat (sakhj) ast. (jautcad.) (samahat) darad. (karam ; futuicat ; jud o sakha.) LIBEBTT They were in prison, but are set at liberty.
LIBERAL
353
licks
like.
eshan dar zindan budand, magar halan (riha,i) yafta and. (makhlasl ; khalasl ; najat.) LICKS By the deliciousness of the food the dog licks his sag ba lazzat-i-gosht dahan-i-khud khush mi-kunad. lips.
LICKS The dog licks water with his tongue. zaban mi-khurad.
LID
Lift
up the
lid of this box.
sar-posh-i-in
kalb ab ba
sanduk bala
bi-gir.
He thinks nothing of telling a lie. bar kase darogh bastan pesh-i-o hech muzayaka mst. Or, darogh guftanra hech gunah na mi-fahmad. LIES He lies down under the shade of a cypress tree. o zer-i-saya,e darakht-i-sarw (khud-ra daraz mi-kashad). LIE
ml-kunad.)
(istirahat
is short, we ought now to prepare for eternity. zindagl kam ast, ma-ra bayad ki fikr-i-akibat bikunem. Or, 'umr kotah ast, ma-ra bayad ki (asbab-i(az bara,e akhirat zad-i-rah.} dkhirat) taiyar bi-kunem. LIFELESS He fell to the ground lifeless. o ba zamin be jan uftad. Or, o ba zamin be hash uftad, wa ba khak
LIFE
Life
yak-san gasht.
LIGHT ast
Is this package light or
ya
(giran).*
Tell him
LIGHT
heavy
?
in basta (subuk)\
l(khafl/.) *(sakll.) to light a fire. o-ra bi-go ki atash biyaf-
rozad.
We
LIGHTEN
must lighten the
boat,
otherwise
it
will
bayad ki mahmula,e kishtl-ra zud subuk bi-kunem, wa ilia darab (faro khwahad raft), (ghark, or mustaghsink.
rik, or
mugharrak, or magh/ruk khwahad shud.) It lightens very much. bark ba ifrut ml-zanad.
LIGHTENS
Or, sa,ika khaili mi-darakhshad.
LIGHTNING I was out yesterday in a storm of thunder and lightning. man dlroz ba vcakt-i-ghaflAan-i-rad wa darakhshidan-i-sa,'ika berun budam. Or, zer-i-tufan wa darakhshidan-i-bark budam.
LIKE
My house
is
very much like yours.
man
dlroz dar
khana,e
man ba
like
353
load.
(pvumasiJai) darad. (bar misal)-i-khana,e
Or, (mushabihat.} ast. (ba or
shump
tana,e cina,e man
ba misal.) I should like
LI*E
much
to visit
shuma
Europe.
i-firaU'an) as.t ki 'sair-i-mulk-i-inii^rib * shauk, or
(mara shank(man
bi-kunam.
'
binyUr
ishtiyuk duram.*)*
am
more than one hundred ziycida az yak sad rupiya ba man (parwanagl) bi-diham^ (ijazat.) LINING This cloth- must have a lining. in parcha-ra astar (zarur) ast. {lazim Or, In abra astar wajib.)
LIMITED
I
limited not to give
rupees.
ni&t
Icl
;
mi-khwHluid.
How many
LINKS
an there in that chain? Or, dar an silsila chand ta
links are
zanjlr chand halka darad ?
halka ast
LION
A
?
asad az sher
lion is stronger than a tiger.
(zor-
O]pa&I)tar ast.
Lips^Her
(kawi.) labhu,e lips are red.
an zan
(surkji) and.
misal-i-marjanl. ) LIQUID Is the medicine you speak of a liquid ? ki shuma zikr-ash mi-kuned raklk ast.
LIST
Write a
(la'l
dawa,e
of the things sent to Tihran. ki ba tehran mursil shuda ast fihrist-ash bi-nawls. list
Listen to what I
LISTEN
tell
you.
ashya
anchi mi-goyam gosh
kun. Or, guftar-i-man ba gosh-i-jan bi-shinau. kaul-i-man andar-i-gosh (bi-glr). (biydwar.)
The
LITERAL
translation
is
;
too literal.
Or,
In tarjuma ziya-
datar (harf ba harf) ast. (lafzi.) LITTLE Give me a little, I don't ask for much. ba man kadre bi-dih, bisiyar na nu-khwaham. LIVELY He is of a lively disposition. o khush tab ast. LIVE I shall respect him as long as I live. ta an ki zinda 1
am
khwaham kard. (ikram-i-o ; ta'zim-i-o.) (o-ra 'izzai) o ba man told me to load the boat with indigo. (ba nil pur guft Id man kishti-ra (az nil pur) bi-kunam.
LOAD
bar.)
He
354
loaded
LOADED
lost.
gun loaded ? aya in tufang pur ast ? you know the virtue of the loadstone ? khjlssiyat-i-(sang-i-maknatis) mi-daned ? (ahan-mtba.) LOAN May I beg the loan of this book ? az rah-i-mihrTs this
Do
LOADSTONE
man
bani In kitab-ra ba
(ariyat)
khwahed dad.
rufan; 'firiyatan ; amanatan.) LOAVES Tell the baker to give three loaves.
hukm bi-dih LOCK There kufl nut),
ki o si
biyawarem ;
sandufc-i-shwna(-ra ast.)
to-night? imshab kuja bi-shavem ; shab ba sar bi-guzranem; mutawakkif bi-shavem ; sukunat shall
bi-darem)
(manzil
bi-dihad.
no lock to your box. (kufl na darad ; be kufl is
Where
LODGE
nan
(ta'ar-
ba nan-paz
\ve
?
lodge
(pa,in
; mutamakkin bi-shavem.) These rooms are very lofty. in hujraha
bi-pazirem
LOFTY
(buland) and.
bisiyar
(rafi.)
LOITER Why do you thus loiter away your time ? shuma chira chiinln taur aukat-i-khiid-ra dar gh.aflat za,i' mi-kuned ? Or, shuma chira in chunin taur aiyam-ikhud-ra (ba bad) mi-dihed ? (muft az dast.)
m
How long
LONG chi
is
kadar (tawil
this piece of cloth ? ast).
(daraz
ast;
in parcha,e jama or tawalat tiil
darad.)
How long shall you remain there ? ta ba chand roz an ja khwahed mand ? LOOK Let me look through your spying-glass. bi-guzar ki man ba durbin-i-shuma bi-binam.
LONG
When you go to Shiraz buy me a lookingwakte ki ba shiraz bi-raved yak (a,ina) az bara,e
LOOKING-GLASS glass.
man
bi-khared.
LOOSE kuned
Try ki
if
(sajanjal.)
you can loose (untie) this knot. koshish biin gira-ra (wa) kardan bi-tawaned.
shuma
(hall; baz.)
The joints of this chair are very loose. bandha,e in kursi bisiyar (sust) shuda and. (hazz ; shull.) LOSE Take care you don't lose the knife I gave you. LOOSE
mad.
loss
man
karde ki
355
shuma dadam khabar-dar an-ra gum na
ba
kitned.
Loss
He
raslda
has met with great
ast.
Or,
loss.
nuksan-i-Jirawan
o-ra bisiyar khisarat bar o (uftada) ast.
j
yashta ; 'a,id gardida
('ariz
;
waki shuda
;
warid shuda
;
raslda.)
LOST
He
LOTS
I
imroz
way in coming from the wl-amad rah gum kard.
lost his
az shahr
biiz
five lots at to-day's sale. 'adad-i-ashiya kharldam.
purchased )>
wafcte ki
city.
ba
harriij-i-
LOTS They cast lots the lot fell on him. kura afgandand ba nam-ash kur'a (uftad). (bar cimad.) LOTUS This is the flower of the lotus. Inyul-i-nllnfarast. LOVE They have no love for each other. eshiln baham (muhabbat) na darand. (muwaddat ; ulfat; unsiyat ;
;
mu,anasat; khullat.} Low This is a very low room. (farud; na-buland.) Low The price he asks
is
in hujra khaili (past) ast.
very low.
klmat-i-bisiyar
kam
m~i-khw~ihad.
LOWER
Lower this bucket into the well. dar chah in dahc-ra pa,m bi-kun. LUCRATIVE Theirs is a lucrative employment. kar-i-eshan bisiyar (naf) darad. (inan/aat ; intifa' Put this luggage in the boat.
LCOGAGE
;
fa,ida.)
-dar zaurak In
asbab-ra bi-ynzar.
He
LUSTY gashta
is
ast.
now grown very
lusty,
o bisiyar (farbih)
(chak.)
M. MACHINE
What
(san' at) chist ?
MAD
He
shud.
is
the
name
of this machine
?ism-i-ln
(tilat.}
was bit by a mad dog. o az say-i-diu-ana gazlda Or, sag-i-dlu'ana o-ra gazid
made
356
He made me
MADE
marriage.
write the letter directly.
o az
man
fi-l-faur khatt nawisanid.
MADE
Having made a pen, he began
tarashida nawishtan
MAGNIFICENT
(girift).
These
are
to write.
kalam
(shuru' kard.}
magnificent
apartments.
in
hujraha khaili ('alishan) and. (zu-l-rafd'at.} MAID-SERVANTS He has two maid-servants. o du(mashata) darad.
MAKE
(band-andaz ; zan-naukar.) haste and write the letter.
Make
khatt-ra bi-nawis.
zud bash wa in
Or, in khatt fi-I-faur bi-nawls.
Who manages his affairs? kar-i-o ki(mi-kunad) ? Or, Id tartib-i-muhimat-i-o (ba sar-anjam mi-rasanad.) mi-kunad ? Or, ada,e kar-ash ba zimma,e hist ?
MANAGES
We
MANKIND
ought
to love all
mankind.
ma-ra bayad
hama
hi
ba
ma
sukhan
insan (dosti) bi-darem. (ulfat ; ikhlas ; muhabbat; uns; istinas; muwaddat; yaganagiyat.] MANNEB 'He spoke to us in this manner. badln(taur) ba
(namat; minwal; tarik;
guft.
dastur ; nahaj
;
sabil;
wajh
;
tarah.)
MANURE
This garden needs some manure. in bostan kud mi-khwahad. Or, in bagh zarurat-i-sargtn darad. Or, in rauza-ra ihtiyaj-i-sargm ast. Show me a map of Persia.
MAP
(bi-nama).
MARBLE
ba
man
naksha,e Iran
(nishan bi-dih.)
This
floor is
paved with marble, and inlaid with
turquoise. -farsh-i-in khana (rukham andakhta shuda ast wa khishtha,e firuza dor an scikhta). (az marmar wa khislitha,e firuza mi-shavad.} The regiment will march to-morrow.
MARCH
faujfarda kuch khwahad kard. MARK Put a mark on the paper that is yours. kaghaze ki az an-i-shuma ast bar an nishan bi-kun. MARKET I have been to the market. man ba bazar (buda am), (rafta budam.)
MARRIAGE o kai
When
will his marriage take place?
khwahad shud ?
sliadi,e
Or, munakahat kai khwahad kard?
master
357
merciful.
Or, 'akd-i-nikah kai khwahad bast? Or, o zane-ra kai dar 'akd-i-nikah khwahad award? Or, o kai juftekhwahad Or, o kai zane khwahad khwcist ? is a very kind master (meaning, teacher or o bisiyar mihrban ustade ast. preceptor). MASTER Is your master (meaning a European gentleman) girift ?
He
MASTER
at
home ?
MATE
agha,e shuma ba khana ml-bashad ? Call the carpenter and his mate now. najjar
(rafik-ash) bi-goyed ki fi-l-faur bi-ayand. wa an adm ki ba o sar o kar bashad.)
wa
(shagird-ash
;
MATERIALS How can they work without materials? be saman kar chiguna mi-tawanand kard ? By what means can you do this? ba chi tadbir in-ra ml-tawaned kard ? Or, shuma dar ada,e In kar chi
MEANS
dost ras paida kardan mi-tawaned ? I mean to go to Baghdad to-morrow.
MEAN
raftan (ba) baghdad daram.
MEASURE
Measure
this cloth.
-farda irada,e
(-i--)
In parcha-ra (bi-paima).
(gaz bi-Jcun.)
MEASURE
This
(makdar).
MEET
is
a kind of measure.
Meet me
in yak kisme ast az
andaza.} at Maulavl Said's house to-morrow.
(paima,ish
;
farda ba khana, e maidawl said (ba man) muliikat bi-kuned. (mara ; ba man.) Or, az bara,e mulakat (kardan-i-man) farda ba makam-i-mulla sa'id hazir bashed, (-am.) MEMOIRS I am reading a book of memoirs. kitab-i-tazkirat ml-khwanam.
MEMORANDUM
Make
a
memorandum of
this.
yad-dasht-i-
In bi-nawis.
MEMORY ast.
MEND
I have a bad memory. hafiza,e Or, man tab'-i-ghabi daram. Tell the carpenter to mend this box.
bi-go ki in S(induk-ra
(marammat}
bi-kun.
man mukaddar ba darrudgar (ta'mir.)
We ought ever to be merciful. ma-ra bayad hamesha (rahim bashem). (inmhjik ; shafik ; mutarahham.) Or, ma-ra bayad ki ba har kas ba (rahm wa
MERCIFUL ki
358
merchandise
mischief.
wa marhamat suluk bi-namayem).
shafkat
futuwat pesh ayem.) This is an
MERCHANDISE
i-(tijarat) ast.
article of
(muruwat
merchandise.
(dad o sitad; taudagarl;
u-a
m jins-
bai''-i-farokhtan
wa kharldan.} MERCHANT He
is now a merchant in Teheran. o dar tahran (saudagare) ast. (tajire ; bazargane. ) MET I walked four miles and met no one. chahar mil Or, chahar mil raftam'ba hech has mulakat na kardam. masafat kardam ba hech kas mulakl na shudam.
METHOD
What
is the best method (mode) of learning a dar amokhtan-i-zaban kiidam tariff bihtar ast? MID-DAY I did not arrive there till mid-day. tci ba wakti-riim-roz an ja na rasidam MIDDLE Shall I put it at the top, or in the middle? inra bala bi-gnzaram ya darmiyan ? MIDDLING This paper is middling. in kaghaz mutawassit
language?
.
ast.
MILD
She is mild in temper. an svhiba mizcij-i-(mida,im) darad. (hallm.} MIND I have considered this in my own mind. man dar bab-i-in
dar khatir-i-khud (andesha) karda am.
(fikr
;
ta,ammal ; tafakkur.) MINDED Had you minded what he said, then it would be well. dyar ba ancln o r/uft muttaftk mi-shuded pas bihtar bude. Or, agar sukhan-ash kabul mi-dashted chi khush tajwtz
bude
;
!
Lead and copper are dug out of mines. surb wa mis az (m'adan) kanda ml-sharnd. (k~ui.) MINUTE I shall return in one minute. d
MINES
khwaham kard. MIRTH They are
full of
na mi-gunjand. MISCHIEF They
are always in mischief.
muzl and.
mirth.
eshan az khushl dar jama eshan liamesha
miserable
359
missed.
The wicked man is always miserable. atlamMisr.i;.\r,i.F. nri-nianad. hnnit'xJia (dardniand) i-lxii{ (inunnaghis : inanhns ; zalll ; shikasta-hal muztarib ; wuntashirr.) Misers never think they have enough. dlda,e ahl-i-tama ba ni'mat-i-dinnja pur na mi-thavad. Or, hiirlaHn ba jahanf aurtsina and. Or, dlda.e tany-i-harlsan
MISFORTUNE He has met with a great misfortune. lar o kam bakhtlj 'azlm uftada ust. Or, bar o uftit-i-lmztirg ru,e
dada
ast.
Or.
zawanii
zada
Or, ba amra'-i-jitnahn mitbtalu ijardlda, o-ra hadaf-i-tlr-i-balu sUkJita ast. Or, samj-i-muslbat az manjanlk-t-balri bar sar-ash ast.
zamana
ast.
was grievously misled by following your az j'a-Jrafttin-i-naslhat-i-sJiumrt JcJiatat" sakht khurdam. Or. az kabul kardan-i-iiiashnarat-i-shunia
MISLED
I
advice.
khaill fart'b Mntrdam.
This
MISMANAGEMENT
is
owing
to
your mismanagement.
az be tadbir7,f shuina in chiimn kitr wak? thud. Or. a.z be inti::aml,e shitma In ba :uhUr atiiada ast. Or. az mubiisharat-i-na -kh.air-i-shuma In ittifiik uj'tada ast. u-akt-i\\e vnight not to misspend our time. MTSSPI.ND az dost khud-ra (zaj kardan) munasib nlst. (be fa,ida
dada n.)
MISKECKONED
I
suppose you have misreekoned these
(mazituta daram ki sh until rupees; count them again. dar thinmrdan-i-ln rufiiyaha gh.al
MISREPHESENTKD matter.
o in
lie
h;is
miu'h
misrepresented the naniuda ast.
vntkiHldanta-rri bar (khilfif tea)
J
ma/iakat ; aks zahir. ) (ghair hakk nakl munkalib; nri-rast ; They fired several times at a leopard, but missed
MISSED
360
missed
motion.
ba palang chand bar tufang (khali kardand), am ma Tthata kardand. (sar kardand zadand.} MISSED I missed him on the road. man dar rah zahil shudam, o-ra na didam. Or, sahican nazar-i-man bar o it.
;
nayuftad.
MISTAKE You mistake my meaning. shuma matlab-imara gJialat ml-daned. Or, ba khatir-i-shuma ma'ni,e maksad-i-man na mi-ay ad. Or, shuma ba maghz-imudd'a,e
man na mi-rased.
Or, ba matlab-am ghalat mi-
kuned.
We
MISTRUST
should not mistrust without cause. be sabab az hech kas (be 'itibar) shudan munasib mst. (bad-
; dar shubha ; dar shakk.) these together. in har du-ra btiham (biyamez). or takhtit,or dtikhil, or jam' bi-kun ; khlsan.) (makhlut, MOCK It is improper to mock any one. bar hech kas (naki) kardan munasib nist. (tamasTchur ; ta'na ; istihza ;
{'tikad
Mix
mazak hak
bad-guman
;
Mix
;
maskhara
;
;
istifchra
;
maza ; khanda-rish ; maz-
taghwlt.}
He
MODEST
(sharm-ru}
o mizaj-i-sharma modest disposition. Or, o Or, tab'-i-an shakhs mahjub ast.
is of
aaln darad.
ast.
(sahib-i-haiya
;
khjashi.)
MOLEST
They molest us very much. eshan mara (tashwtsh-i-'azlm ml-dihand.) (dikk or mushauwash or azar Or, eshan bar ; takllf or tasdl' mt-dihand.) hal-i-ma taarruz mi-kunand. Or, eshan mutaarriz-ihal-i-ma mi-shavand.
rrii-kunand
MONEY
I shall receive the
money
after
one month.
yak mah) pul ba dast-i-man khwahad rasld. yak mah munkazl kjiwuhad shud.) MOON The moon has not yet risen. ta hanoz muhtab bar na khasta ast. [full moon, badr ; mali-i-chuhar dah ; nevfmoon,mah-i-nau; hilul; kurra,e mah; awival-i-mah.] MOTION The motion of this wheel is very quick. (hara-
(bad az
inkiza,e (wakte ki
l kat) -i-ln (charkh)* bisiyar ziid ast.
tahwit
;
inkiraz
;
taharruk ; daur.)
\gardish; jumbish *('vjlat.}
;
motive
361
mute.
What
MOTIVE
ast) ki in
is your motive for doing this ? chi (ba'is kdr mi-kuned ? (matlab or wajh or mudd'a or
daiyat dared.)
MOUNTAIN
Have you seen the Himalaya mountain? aya koh-i-himalaya mushdhida karda ed ? MOUNTED Having mounted his horse, he rode off. bar wa bar taTfht. The whole country mourns his
asp-i-khud sawdr shud,
MOURNS
ba mcitamloss. Or, az i-marg-ash ahl-i-tamam mulk siydh mi-poshand. murdan-ash ahl-i-tamam mulk (maghmum) shuda and.
(mdtam
MUDDY
zada.)
Why
do you bathe
-in
muddy water?
chira dar
db-i-(mukaddar) ghusl mi-kuned? (tira; mutakaddar ; mulairwas.) MOLE I have bought a mule for 200 rupees. katire (du sad rupiya-ra) kharida am. (ba du sad riiphja.) MURDERED He was murdered by robbers. o az dast-i-
duzdan (kiishta shud). (ba katl rasld ; munkatl, or katil, or maktul shud.) MURMURING They are always murmuring. eshan hamesha (shikctyat)
mi-kunand.
da,imu-l-aukat
Music
(gila;
wa'wa't.)
Or,
eshan
marmar ml-zanand.
Are you fond
music?
aya mushtak ba (sarod) sama' ; tarranum ; malahi.) Or, aya (naghma-ra pasand) mi-dared ? (ilm-i-musikira dost.)* MUTE I spoke several times, but still they continued mute. man chand bar guftam, ammd (khdmosh) mandmi-bashed ?
N. In parts of Persia little children are accustomed dar ba'ze nawahi,efars tiflagan (la aashtan to go naked. dar hUlat-i-barhanagi mu'tad and). (Ttdat-i-gashtan dar hulat-i-\iryat darand ; 'uryan nil-bashand.) NAME This vessel's name is the Zuleika. ism-i-in jahaz Or, zulaikha ast. Or, in jahaz zulaikha nam darad. badjn jahaz zulaikha nam dada and. Or, in jahaz musamma ba ism-i- zulaikha ast. Or, In jahaz ba zulaikha
NAKED
mausum
gashta ast. All the people of this nation speak his praise. har kaum-i-in mulk ta'ri/-i-o mi-kunand. Or, sair-i'airainmu-n-nas-i-in balad khutba,e tahsln ba nam-ash mi-
NATION
khwan/tud.
NATURE
The
tiger is fierce
NAUGHTY
She
^(zat
;
jibillat.)
a naughty (shokh-chashm.)
ast.
NAVIGATION (amokhta
NECESSAKY go there.
by nature. s
(muhlbb)* ast. is
girl.
sher az (sarisht} 1
(tund-mizaj
;
shadld.}
an dukhtarak (sharlr)
Have you
learnt navigation? shuma mallahl (yad girifta ed.) It is not anyways necessary that you should ba hcch wajh (zarur nisi) Id shuma an ja bi-
ed) ?
ravcd.
(litzim or wlijib nayayad.) have need of your assistance. ba madad-i-shuma (muhtiij) hustam. (hajat or ihtiyaj daram.) Or, mara imiliul-i-shuma zarur ast. NEEDFUL It is absolutely needful that I should go.
NEED
I
ihtit/rij
man
vifthz ast Id
man an ja
az jumla,e zaruriyat
bi-ravam.
Or, ra/tan-i-
ast.
NEGLECT
This is owing to your neglect. az ihmal-ishumii In ba zuhur dmada ast. Or, az taghaful-i-shuma in wnkf shuda ast. Or, az be-khabarl,e shuma In ba
wuku
raslda ast.
Or, az (tahawun)-i-thuma In ba man-
negligent
363
number.
shuhud amada ast. (ghaflat; musahilat ; musamahat ; tamhil.} NEGLIGENT They are idle and negligent. eshan (siist wa ?aba'e
o dar neighbourhood. Or, o dar (maskan.) inutaicakkif ; sukUnat-
pazlr.}
We will go there next month. ma mah-i-ayanda an ja khwiiham raft. NIB I have broken the nib of my pen. (zaban}-i-kalami-khiid shikasta am. (nok; stir ; fcik ; nesh ; dam.) NEXT
NIPPED
I
nipped
my
fingers
with
the
gushthcl,e khud-ra ba mlnkash a/shnrdam. NOISE I cannot bear so much noise.
an-
pincers.
man
takat-i-ln
chunin ghaugha na ml-tawanam ilward. Or, man tahammuL-i-chunin (inashghala) na tnl-taicanam kard. ica ghul; ghulghul.) ; gha.lgh.ala; shor Or, In ghul-gjiadar-ramutahattonil na ml-tanTinam shud. NONSENSE What they say is all nonsense. anchi ml(yawa-go,l ; behuda-go't.] aoyand hama (icahiyat) ast. Or, eshan stik_han-i-ikhtilat ml-goyand. NONSUITED The plaintiff was nonsuited. mukaddama,e muddal (kharij) shud. (na manziir.) NOTHING He asked, but I gave him nothing. o kh wast
(sliaghf
chunm
wa
lekin pashize
NUMB
My
gushtha,e
na didam.
fingers are
man
numb
with cold. az sarma and. (ghair-i-hiss
(hhushk) shuda
ait-
u~a
jumbish.)
NUMBER
What number
nafar huzir budand
of persons were present ?
?
24
chand
-numerous
:5Gi
object.
NUMEROUS There are numerous errors in your writing. dur tuncislitu ,e shuma bisiyiir ghalatlia and. NURSE They took with them their little child and its eshan tifl-i-kuchak-i-khud ba ma' daya ham-rah-inurse. khwd-i-shan burdand.
He
NURTURED bud
u-a
was delicately nurtured. o mutana"im Or, dar ni'mat wa rahat wa
saya parwarda. asa,ish aukat guzranid.
0.
How
>ARS
(
can
the
boatmen
row
without
oars ?
az (halisaha} 1 chiguna (hallsa-zanUn} z kashidan 1 nri-ttnt-rtnand? (k]iada; jafdak ; majzaf ; mikzaf.\
lingjiair
<
In a court
it is usual for witnesses to take an oath. gawalian hasbu-l-kanun dar 'adalat kasani bi-khurnnd. Or, dar 'adalat hasbii-l-ma'mul shahidcin n-khurand. xfni
>ATH
Good children are obedient to their parents and obliging to every one.farzandan-i-arjintand tabf-i-uali,l,i i,i i-klnttl va ba hama kas (mutau-azi) mi-bashand.
)r.i-.i.iKNT
kjidllk; adabwa aznnn-numa.} (naw3xuk*tutnd I must obey his orders. mara bmjad ki hukm-ash ;
OitKY
lui Or, mara buyad ki Cubudiuat)-i'-hukm-i-o jab'njnram. l>i-kutnnn* (jf'a.) -\Vliat was the there? object of
y/i
*
'uuiidiyut is
your going dar an ja chi bud?
used to express obedience to God.
_
oblige
365
offence.
You should try to oblige your master. bayad ki dar (razamandty,e akci,e khud koshish bi-kuncd. (kh_uHliOr, bayad ki sahib-i-khud-ra khush bi-kuned. nudl.)
OBLIGE
(masritr
kliusJmnd.)
:
These words are obscure.
OBSCURE
In alfaz (mughlak)
and.
(mifamma ; ghalk.} OBSOLETE This term has become Uhal
ast.
(matruk)
obsolete. innliinal
(mansukJi;
In
istUah
muattal;
;
bila isti'mal.}
OBSTACLE
This
is
an obstacle to
my learning. mawani'
In (mani'}-
muzuhim ; mumani.) OBSTINATE They are obstinate in their opinions. eshun dar ra,e khud bisiycir (khud-sar) and. (sar-kash ; nnita'assab ; Jchud-pasand ; mu'anid; mutamarrid, yardan-kash.) OCCASION There was no occasion for your coming. amad(in-i-sliuma dar In ja darkar na bud. OCCASIONED He has occasioned his parents trouble. a i-ta'llm-i-man
ast.
(mittaarriz
;
;
sadd ;
Or, o ba pidar o madar-i-khud (tusdf) dada ast. (zuhmat; iztiiab; takjjf.) OCCUPIED After another month, I shall have occupied ba'd az itmtiin-i-mali-i-dlijar this house twenty years. blst sal kamil khwahad shud Id dar in khana tawakkuf sabab-i-ranj-i-icalidain-i-khiul gardid.
icarzlda am.
OCCDKRED
remember
this ever to have occurred na m~i-ayud) ki Jn chumn amr (yad na daram.} ittijak uftUd. pesh az OCCURRENCE This is a very remarkable occurrence. 7?t amre bisiyar ('ajlb) ast. (gharib ; nadir ; ta'ajjubnak ;
I don't
before.
(dar
i/Hd-i-tuati
m
mutaajjib.}
ODD
This
is
a very odd kind of expression.
7
kalame-
'ajib ast.
OFFEUCK
man man am?
What
offence have I
committed?
cldjunn
ba mtjud amada ast? Or, chi takslr az u-ujnd-isar bar zada ast? Or, ba cJii ma'sl mubtala gardlda Or, chi khata az man sadir shuda ast ?
366
opposition.
offending
OFFENDING I cannot think na mi-khwuham ki o-ra
of thus offending him. man 'in chiinln (na-khush) sazam.
mam
Or, (ranja-khiitir ; dil-azurda ; tagh,y~iz.) nist ki miijib-i-azar-i-kh_atir-ash shavam. OFFERED Had I known this before, I should
pasand
have offered agar kabl az In in amr-ra ml-danistam bara,c imdad-i-shuina hazir budame. 's office. la daftarOFFICE I am going to Mr. kh_ana,efulan sahib mi-ravam. officer. o is a He OFFICER sarhange az ahl-iEuropean farang ast. [Civil officer, 'uhda-dar mansab-dar ; 'anialdar ; military officer, sipah-salar ; sardar.] OLD Once upon a time an old man and an old woman went to the forest to gather sticks. bare az bara,e jam' kardan-i-hezum plr-marde u-a prr-zaiw dar besha raft and.
you
my
services.
;
[Old msLn,fartilt; mard-i-kithn-sal ; mard-i-sal-lthurda ; old
woman, fartUta ; There
OMISSION
kardan-i-'in chlze cliize (faro
'ajur; zan-i-kulin-sal ; zan-i-sal-kli urda.] some omission in copying. dar nakl
is
manda
ast.
guzasht) shuda ast.
Or, dar saic'id hirdan-i-m (tark
;
imhal karda.)
OMITTED I omitted to mention that. man faramosh hardam ki an sukjian bi-goyam. OMNIPOTENT God is omnipotent and omnipresent. kJntda (kadir wa har ja hazir) ast. (kirdagarwa dar hama yah.} OPERATE How does this medicine operate? 'in daru cJii'iUna
(asar ml-kunad)?
(taslr
tm-kunad
;
asar
or
tasjir da/rod.)
What opinion do you form on this subject? ba nazdlk-i-dunna dar bab-i-ln chi niaslahat ml-bashad ? Or, dar bab-i 'in chi (kiyas m'i-kuned) ! (ra,e mi-dared.) Or, dar trazu,e 'akl-i-slntiii/i In amr chi icazn darad ? OPPOSITE His house is opposite to mine. makam-ash OPINION
()nnknbHyi-khana,e u-az'i
;
man
ast.
(uiuhazl
;
ru-ba-rfi
;
mu-
vnitakabil.)
OPPOSITION
He
has
mukhftiifat-irbiriyar
met with much (rii,e
dada)
ast.
bado nanuida ;
opposition.
irukh
367
overlook.
oranges
; ba zuliur amada.} Or, bislyar mardumiin bado (ta'arruz) karda and. (ikJitUTif; ta'arniz ; khiliif.) ORANGES I have brought some oranges. man kadre
',rd shuda
naranyl (aicarda am).
He
ORATOR
is
(khjirlda 3/tearda a/n.)
celebrated as an orator.
ofaslhe -mashhtir
Or, o sukhan-pardaze-ma'ruf ast. ORDKR This is an order for a hundred rupis. in barate ast az sad rupiya. Or, in sad rupiya-ra kagfaaze-zar ast, ORDER This school is without order. In maktab be-(tart~ib) ast.
ast.
(intizam
ORDERED
;
rabt o zabt.)
man
have ordered the goods to be got ready. dar bab-i-(amada) kardan-i-ajnas hukm karda am. haiyfi
;
1
taiyiir
;
(mu-
mustciid.)
He
was well versed in oriental literature. az 'ihn-i-maslirik~i khnb wtiki/ bud. ORIGIN Do you know the origin of this saying? (asT}-iIn kul ui tnl-daned? (mansha ; bunyad ; mabdci.} ORIGINAL This is not the original writing. 7n tahnr Or, in asl nlst, sawad ast. (asil ; 'aiin.) (asll) riist. ORNAMENTS They wear different kinds of ornaments.
ORIENTAL
i
(hidlhn : (zewarha),e kism ba kism mi-poshand. Or, cshan piraya,e tarah ba tar ah (dar bar) mltarazha.) knninid. (bar badan.) in atfal yattm and ORPHANS These children are orphans Or, Infarzandan yaslr and (fatherless and motherless). (motherless only). cannot overcome the enemy. ma bar OVERCOME cshcin
We
dusliniiin
(yhjllib
shuda n)
na
Ml-taicanem.
(ghjillb
Or, ma (bar dmhman ghaliba) na dastyaftan) ml-tawanem hard, (ditshman-ra inaghjiib orfath.) OVERFLOWED The river has overflowed its banks. db-iba nahr (az kiniira bala) amada ast. (ba tnghyan Or, al>-i-darya sail-rawan buda axt. sailab.) OVERLOOK It is better that you overlook his offence. in
amadan
;
;
bihtar
a.si
ki (az kb.atTi,e o
takslr-ash ilar yiizared;
miiaj bi-kuned.)
chashm-posht bi-fannai/i
zambash
b i-bakhjih cd
;
*l\.
(
kusur-i-o-ra
368
overset
-pardon.
A
OVERSET
sudden gust of wind overset the boat. yak Or, yakbargi tapancha,e bad safina-ra bar gardamd. (wazh-gnn) hard.
(yitfta am.) In what page of the book does the word occur? dar kiidam safha,e kitab an lafz (ml-ayad) ? (icuki' ml-.
PAGE
shavad.}
Where did you get this paint? aya az kujii vi rang (glr\i-shuma amad ? (ba dast.) PAINTER In former times, there lived in China a celebrated dar zamiln-i-salf nakfcashe-masJipainter, by name Mam. hur dar mulk-i-chln bud ba nain ))iaii~i. Or, dar zatan-isabik (musauwlre) ma'rtif dar diyar-i-chin sukunat dasht PAINT
ki
i)(ii-ash
manl
bud.
(surat-yare
;
nakkash-pardaze
:
timsal-gare.}
He
PALE
became pale through
fear (literally yellow).
o az Jch.au/zard sliud.
PAMPHLET
Have you read that pamphlet? an risala (kjiwanda ed)? (muta'ala karda ed ; nntlahiza kardaed) PANES There are ten panes of glass in this window. dar
m ghitrfa dah (fard)-i-slnsha
PARCEL irsal
ast.
(kJiaiia.)
have forwarded to him the parcel karda am. (basta ; dasta.)
PARDON
bado (bukcha
I
Sir,
bi-farrnayed}.
I
beg your pardon. (ina'zur
bi-dared
;
sahiba 'afw
i
mara (mu'af bi-kuned
;
bi-
Or, sahiba taUb-i-mag&firat-i-shuma ])astam. Or, sahiba ja,e ma'zarat mara bi-dihed. Or, sahiba az
yamurzed.*)
* amurzldan applies to seeking
for forgiveness
from God only.
parents taksir-i-ma
kuned
;
mara
man
bi-
(rnara bahil
In-
Or, ai sahib bar
Or, saliiba ('uzram bi-nihed).
baJchslied.
369
passengers.
maza dar guzared. bihil bi-kuned.)
He said that his parents had given him leave to o giift ki wcilidain-i-man ijazat-i-kardun-i-chunli/ do so. kar dada budand. PARTAKE I invited him to partake of some fruit, but he would not. man o-ra ba tanawul kardan-i-kadre meu-a PARENTS
daicat naunidam, wa lekin o (inkar hard), (ciba or istikrwf or kabul na kard; sar baz sad.) Or, man o-ra ba shank shudan-i-ta'am da'wat dfidam, wa lekin o fraz kard. PARTIALITY We ought not to show partiality in our judgment. rnara baynd ki dar insaf (tarti/darl,e kase na knnem}.
(taraf-i-kctse
na ylrem.)
am
mistaken in this particular. b
PARTICULAR
I find I
{niafhr<,m)-am ml-rasad ki
(sharike) ast.
Each
(mushcirik.)
them
favours his own party. har yak az fank-i-khud ml-kunad. Or, har yak az eshan haicadrir-i-(fank)-i-khud ml-bashad. (ahl-i-tashawar.) PASS Have you got a pass for these goods ? az bara,e 'in asbab (khatt-i-rah-dan,)e dared ? (rawana.) PASS This coin does not pass in Persia. In zarb dar ~nTni
PARTY
of
eslian tarqfdarl,e
(mnraiuraj)
rawaj
PASSED
nist.
(rawan,
ra,ij.)
Or, in sikka-ra darfars
nist.
He
passed by him.
bar o guzar kard.
Or, az o
guzasht.
PASSED PASSAGE
He passed that way.
o-ra guzar bar an rah uftad. river intercepted their passage. nahre a'zlm bar guzar-i-eshan uftad. Or, ju,e ab-i-buzurg bar mamurri-eshan padld amad,
A
PASSENGERS
That ship brought many passengers.
an
:iTO
peep.
passion
ma baran
jnltaz bisii/ar tiran-i-kaslr Smadand.
award.
One ought never
PASSION
Or, dar an jahaz musa-
be in a passion. bayad ki (ghussa; khashm ; tashaddud ;
to
kasedar(ff]iaiz)nayayad. taghaiijnr.}
He has obtained a passport to go to Tabriz. as bara,c raftan ba tabriz (parwana,e rahdarl) hasil karda
PASSPORT
(sunnad-i-rah-darl
ast.
auzar-nama
;
;
larat-i-zhnmat.}
PATH
This path leads to the village. ba dih In rah (sar nil-kashad). (sar ml-dihad ; im-ravad.) PATIENCE It becomes us to exercise patience in adversity. niara bayad ki d
iiitiitl lii-kii/it'in.
PATIENT ica
are patient and peaceable. eshiin (sabir and. nthtaiil tea salah(sallm ica hallni ;
They
Hiula.iin)
andesh.)
PATRONIZES
He
patronizes whatever tends to the welfare
dar amre
of the country. bnxliad hrir
PATTERN
You must
ki \Htjntin
ki mi<jib-i-bihbudi,e
clii taiitiliittar sU'l
give
me
a pattern to work by.
yak (na>intna,e li-dihed )
(innindaje.) In n ailing,
I'AI >!:
ifiyad ki dar
ki
bayad badan karbi-kunam.
pause where there
is
a stop.
(wakf)-ra niyah bi-dared.
(ja.e
you ought
khwamlan
mulk buda
nn-kunad.
to
wkut.} P AY I n*re had a month's pay beforehand. man mmcajibi-t/ak unlit pcshgl girifta inn'. PAYS He is a man, he pays all his debts. o very^ just idam-i bi$iyar (diyanat-dSr) H.tt kurJizat-i-khiid-ra ada mlknnad. (nnuttii-inizaj ; i,man-dSr.)
He will have only pecuniary J'ikat dar nakd k/Lifaliad xhnd.
PECUNIARY
PEEP
loss.
nuksan-ash
The windows
are so small, one can but just peep through them. ghurfahTi In kadar tan,, ami ki kase fakat I'tmah un-tau-anad ztid). (jamush ml-taicanad hard.) '
peevisli
permission
371
.
These children are peevish and perverse.
PEEYFSH
afjal (-njTir
ic
a
For doing
PENALTY
and.
kajrti)
this
m
(tez-mizaj tea 'anld.)
you must pay a penalty. az dadani kkwahad
kardau-i-lii kar slnuna-ra (jarimana~),e shud. (gh.arm ; ghartiinat : nnisadira.)
Lend me your penknife to cut my pen. bara,e taraShidan-i-kalam-cm chiiku,e kbjid 'ariyata* M-dihed. His turn of mind is pensive. dil-ash bi-z-ziit
PENKNIFE PENSIVE
(iinitafakkir) ast.
(muta.ammil
:
jikrmand.)
dar I perceive no error in your composition. tahrlr-i-shiimd hech ghalut (paidii na ml-taicanain kard). na ml I'm am ; na uri-yabum.)
PERCEIVE
PERCEPTIBLE
This blemish
is
not perceptible.
in
dagh
kabil-i-idrah nut.) ilhul lar-i-slunna is now perfect. (ba kcunal rnnlda ; ba itnitiin rasida.}
fobair-mafaiu fist). PiaiFKCT Your work (hainih axt.
(Ha-fi<.i
;
"We ought to aim at perfection, though we cannot attain it. bayad ki ba tahxil-i-kanial koshish bikunein anarchi badan na nn-tuicanem ras'td. PERFORM He generally promises, but he does not perform. -o aksar wa'da nn-kunad, ivct lekin (ba ja na miarad). (taina/n nu uri-kunad; ba itmain nn mi-rasa nad.) PERFUME The whole apartment was filled with perfume. tarnam litijra az (khjlsh-bo)purshitd. (shamlm ; ra,ihat;
PERFECTION
nafh
'itr
;
;
'abir.)
PERFUMED
The house is perfumed by the fragrance of these flowers. az shamnia.e In r/uUtfi tamani khana (inu'avibar) xhud. (mu'attar ; mashiniim ; tashmim ;
dur perplexed in this business. in miCamala bisiyar (mutaraddicfy am. (mnztarib ; Or, dur In \nnal paraganda; mushauwish ; liairan.) man dar maeik-i-'ukda hastam. PERSUASION I have done this deed through his persuasion. (az targhify-ash In kar karda am. (ba tahrls ; ba I
tahrlk.)
PERTINENT
His
(sh3yista}and.
answers (sa^au-ar;
are
jau-abha,e
pertinent.
o
muwafik; mustuitjib: mioiusib.)
You must make a
PETITION petition to the men-hunts. baycidki saildayaran-ra ^arz-i-lial) bi-kitned. {farfdStiU \inza
PHIAL nif/cih
;
phial for the
dashtttn sh'isha'e dared
PHRASE 'amm PHYSIC
;
'arzl.)
Have you a
This phrase ast.
is
very
medicine
?
dam
?
common.
in ikalimai bisiyar
mwtjtlah ; juuila.) I am not fond of taking physic. Or, giriftan (pasand) na danon. (dost.) dairii kfinrdan nai/am. ('ibarat
barti.e
;
ian
man
daica
sltu,ik-i-
Do you know what physician visits him ? mi-da ned ktidam tabib tnulUkut as bara,c mu'alaja,e
PHYSICIAN x/ti
o mi-kunad ? PIECE Give me a small piece of paper. tnara (tikku),t kaghaz In-dih. (}iura; reza ; kata' ; ruk'at.) PIETY He is a person of great piety. o sahib-i-(parsiij} ast. (karamat : ittikn ; salahiyat ; takwa.} Or, o yakc az (sulha) ast. (ahrar.) Or, tunk-i-iin leas zikr ica shukr
ira khidi/t'it
ica
tii'at
ica
isar, ica
kina'at ica taithid ica
p ili/rim tawakkul ;
tahammul
ica taslrin ira
ast.
dar) abbid
(salih
parsa
;
ast.
muttakl ; zahid
ahl-i-ittika
;
373
plan.
;
;
Or, o bisiyar (dni-
parhezgar
miiiiahhid.)
mnta-
;
Or, o yak'in dar
sharm darad wa ward' dar din wa zuhd dar dunya dar chashm ica blm dar tan. PfLGRiM The pilgrim is gone on pilgrimage. an hajl ba tea
dil
hajj rafta ast.
PILLARS
His house
ornamented with
is
ash ba (situn)hii arasta 'a ut a,
ast.
pillars.
(rakn, pi. arkau
;
Tfhnna-
'amud,
pi.
id.)
PINCERS
I
want a pair of pincers from them.
az eshan
yak 'adad-i-ntinkasJi ml-khwaliam. PINNACE Whose is that pinnace now passing?
andunyl,e nu-ravad az an-i-klst? nazdlk bud ki man dar PIT I was near falling into a pit. Or, dar (yhar} u/tadan-am chlze na maghilk biyiiftam. hi ilhal rah
manda biid. (hitfrat.) The afflicted should
mara bui/ad excite our pity. ki bar (muslbat-zadayaii} rahm b'ujarem. (an kasan ki ba dron-i-bala mubtala and.)
PITY
PITT
man
What
a pity you did not tell me this (half ki ba na karded. (afsos ki ba man iftila, or !
kJiabar)
miikhbir.)
What is
PLACE
the place called where he lives?
makame
dar an ja stikUnat darad twm-ash clnxt ? PLAGUE The plague of this business is endless. (mihnat va musliakkat^-i-ln kar (intilta na darad) 9 ^(zuhmat ; tasdT dikkat.) "(la-intiha ant.) PLAIN This writing is plain and easy to be read. In ki
.
;
rakam saf
ast ica (ba asarn
khwanda mi-shavad). (baghair
ma'sur dar khtvandan ml-ayad
;
tashlh<~l-tutala'a mi-
bashad.)
PLAINTIFF
Who
is
the plaintiff in this affair?
muddal klst ? Have you seen the plan
dar in
inu'am/'iJa
PLAN
'imarat d'ida ed ?
of the building?
(midahaza karda
ed.)
naksha,e
374
plane
PLANE
pointed.
Smooth
this board with a plane. in talchta,e-ra ba randa (saf) bi-kun. (musattah ; tastih.} PLANKS Are these planks for sale ? aya ~m takhtaha
(faroTthtam) and.
jins-i-bai'.)
(kah-gil shuda ast ; anda.ida and.) have now no time to play. mara ilhal fursat-
ast).
We
PLAY
:
inside walls are plastered with lime. andar>/n-i-k!i_ana ba JcJiannr-i-ahak (astarkarl
dlictiriin
shuda
(inal-i-farokht
The
PLASTEKKD
i-bazl inst.
PLEASED
ma
Or,
akiiun fursat-i-biizi ita damn. me of this before, I should
he had informed
If
have been better pleased. agaro peshazln mara khabar mi-dad man z'njadatar (khjishnnd) bUdame. (masrur ;
kh_urra>n
PLEDGE o
;
I
kjiursand
pledge
my
pa4man)mi~kunam
Or, ba ad(i,e
ba kasrat
I/i
manner.
('ahd
ki 'uicJninln kjnvrdiain kard. (iki-ur.)
kiir
In kism-i-meica
ast.
have an excellent plough
I
}
oxen.
Jchush-icakt.) word to act in this
kaul nn-knnain. This kind of fruit is plentiful.
PLENTIFUL
PLOUGH
;
(kidba)
,e
and one pair of wa yak
bisiycir kh_ub (nazd-i-inaii}" ast
; fadan.) ^(daram.) the rains arrive, I shall plough this field. bartsh khicahad shud (bar In zainln knlba-
^(sJiii/ar
jHtt-i-i/aic.
When
PLOUGH
ii'akte ki
ranf} khu'aimin hars or shiyfir.)
kard. (zatnln-ra tlniar or falahat or Or, ba niansitn-i-barisJi ~in zamui khwaluun ahnjand. POET He is a poet; have you seen his last poem? o sha'ire fiat shi'r-i-iikJiinn-ash (muttila'a karda (ba ed) ? mutrda'a aicarda ed )
This needle has no point.
POINT
In
suzan nok na darad.
[eye, sitfar.]
She has been
POINT
fcanbu-l-j/inrii
bUda az
atft.
bJlda
at the point of death. an sahibn Or, an ba'nu dar halat-i-niza*
ast.
Oi',jn>ii-an kjaiunn ba lab rasida bud. khatun rainake manda bud.
Or,
naffi-i-an
POISTKD
Had
you asked, I could have pointed out
to
you
politeness in
what manner
man
tarklb-i-ln
He
POLITENESS
man
la
to act.
amr
375
postures.
agar az
man
istifsar
mi-karded
ba sliunia natiindame.
received us with great politeness.
(lutf-i-'/izl/ti
o ba
(taicazu-i-kaslr suluk
pesh-amad),
hard; akhlak-ihuma inulaki thud,) He rides out every morning on his pony. o har subh bar (yaba.e kh_ml saictir) ml-shavad. (markab-i-
PONY
kh_nrd-i-kh,ud rakib.
POOR
He
sltttd.
is
)
now become
(pariiga)ida,e rozl
poor. ;
o ilhal bisiyar (mufli&)
maskln
;
mustammand ; mu-
muta'attal
; tahi-dast ; fakir ; tazaif ; muhtaj ; mafluk ; Or, o aknuti Jar hillnt-i-be-charagi uftada ast. be-naira.) Or, o akniin az puya,e daulat ba iflas uftada ast. POPULOUS Shlraz is a very populous city. shlraz shahre
ast bisiyur (ina'mur).
(abud abadan.) have his portrait in my possession. man tasinr-i-tala'at(shab~th-ash ; (tasinr-i-ruyash) daram.
PORTRAIT
;
t
ash.)
POSSESSED Had I studied earlier, by this time I might have possessed much learning. agar man kabl az ta'llm m~i-giriftam pas (tarakkl dar "dm bisiyar namii(t/iaharat dar 'ihn bisiyar yaftame ; dar 'ilm dame). bisiyar maltir shudame ; 'alim shitdame.) POSSIBILITY There is no possibility of your getting there {iinankin nist) ki imroz badan ja bi-rased. to-day. (imkan na darad ; surat na bandad ; muhtamal nist; ihtimal na mi-rai'ad.) POST If the letter goes by to-day's post, you must send it to the post-office now. agar m!-kh_walied ki khatt-ishuma ba band-i-imroza bi-ravad bciyad ki ilhal ba band-
m
kJiana bi-jiritted.
What will be the postage? mahsTil-i-khatt-ibarld chi kadar ml-bashad / POST-MASTER I have sent word to the post-master. ba
POSTAGE
mukhtar-i-lmnd-khnna paighame Jiristada mn. The glare of anger was evident in his postures.
POSTURES
376
pot
prediction.
(asar)-i-kh_ashm dar harakat (at ash
POT
;
\ra
sukaniit-ash paida
amad.
dar In
zarf-i-
tab.)
What
is
there in this earthen pot
sijTiHn cliist?
?
[metallic, filizzi,]
POVERTY Though in great poverty she is happy. agarchi an zan dar (falakat)-i-shadld nj'tada ast Minsk nu-bashad. ; fakr ; na-darl : tany-dast'i ; tahl-dasfi.) beyond my power to understand this. daram. no. \kuicat; takat ; (iktidar)-i-fahmldan-i-ln Or, az takwiyat ; kud rat ; makdur ; majal ; isti'dad.)
(nuiflisl
POWER
;
ijias
It is
amr-ra bi-fahmam. purpose, I think, is not practicable. anchi irada dared bara,ey am gh.air-mumkin ast. PRACTICE W'hence arose this practice ? az kuja In ('adat paida shud). (rasm bar khast ; dastur sar bar award.) PRACTITIONER He is an effective practitioner, and a comhlta,e fahm-aiti berun ast ki In
What you
PRACTICABLE
o jarrah -i-kamilast ira tablb-i-(hazik}. petent physician. Or, o ba zcicar-i-jarrah'i arasta astwa ba hiiliyu,<-
(zarlj.)
talnbi pairasta.
PRAISE bayad
We ki
tahsln
bayad hishan
to
(badan-ra
afrin ica
ira
na praise the undeserving. madh) bi-kunem. (sharlran-ra sita,is]i wa istihsan Or, mara na
ought not
ma
)
ki bar (siuuri 'an) tal/an-i-sana ;
mudbiran PRECARIOUS
itmfsidan ;
;
fasidan
;
bi-kushayem. (fafajiran ; bad-ina'aslian :
fast/can.)
Her health is very precarious. mizaj-i-an khjanam bixiyar :na-ka,im) ast. (na-)niikarrar : na-miistamir ; ita-mustakUl ; 'alii; be-kiyam ; be-sabat ; ghair-
i-mutasabit.)
PRECEPTS
In the book which you gave me are many kitabe ki ba man daded dar a>i bisiyur
excellent precepts.
(ahkam)-i-afzaland. (naslhat, pi. naxfijh; pand ; andarz.) I'REDICT We cannot predict what will happen on the
ma pesh na nri-tau-anem tjuft ki fardu chi (ru,e khiruhad dad), (khwahad uj'tad ; ba zuhiir khtvahad ainad.) PREDICTION Your prediction has been fulfilled pesh-go,l,e morrow.
shuda PKKFEII
377
president.
prefer
shuma la artjam raslda ast. sar anjam yafta ast. Or,
Or, kh_abar-i-gh_ailj-i-shuma, ghaib-go,l,e
shuma tamam
ast.
1 prefer
shuma az
your house to
khml
k_h_ana,e
man
own.
my
bihtar ml-danam.
Tchana,e
Or,
man
khana,e shuma-ra bar k_hana,e khud (tarjlh m~t-diham). Or, man khana,e (ikhtiyar wl-kioiaw ; )nl-//u~~tnam.) shuma-raba W\.ana,e khud dar Tchuli mukaddam nn-daram. PKEFEHABLE Which of these two is preferable ? az in har dn ta kudam pasandida-tar ast ?
We ought to get rid of prejudice.
PREJUDICE hi
mara bayad
(az ra,e be danish ica taaz fikr-i-be-khabar na taftlsh ihtiraz bi-
(ta'assub-rcl bi-guzarern).
fahhus bi-rahem
;
kunem.)
He
PREMIUM
received a
premium
sad tuman ba tarlk-i-in'ai
of
100 tuman.
o
yak
ijaft.
PREPAIUNG
They are preparing to go to England. eshan bara,e raftan-i-wilayat (taiyan) mi-kiuiand. (tahaiyat;
ta'biijat.)
He
PREPARED i-k_h_ii(l
(kard}.
PRESCRIPTION
prepared his speech.
o pas'ich-i-siikjian-
(pardakht.) The doctor wrote this prescription.
tabib
In nuykh_(i-ra nairisht.
He said
PRESENCE rii.e
>nan)guft.
so in
my presence.
(ba icuj ud-i-ihzar-i-man
bad'in taur(ru-ba;
dar mmcajihat-
i-man.)
The Amir
PRESENT
of
Samarcand sent
this elephant to
amlr-i-sainarkand the Governor-General as a present. ba ta>tr-i-(tiihfa)Tn pll bara,efarman-farma mursil sakht .
savghat ; pesh-kash.) PRESERVED 13y your kindness (
hadlya
ba,
;
my
'inaijat-i-sJmmajan-ain (mahfiiz)
mahrux
;
was preserved. mand. (ba salamat
life
;
masun.)
Are you fond of preserves ? (jnural>ba)ha-ra pasand dared ? (ma'jun ; anyubina.) PRESIDENT Who is the president of that society ? kudam-
PRESERVES
378
presume
probable.
kas dar an (majlis mlr-i-majlis) ast
jama at PRESUME
?
(anjiiman sanrar
,
ra.lsu -l-majlis.) I presume, sir,
you have lately arrived in this at agha mazinna daram ki shuma taza dar In' country. diyar icarid shuda ed. PREVAIL I could not prevail upon him to remain here (o-ra bar in na tawamstam dasht) Id dar longer. ja (o-ra tahrlk or targjiib or tahrts ziyada tawakkuf kunad.
m
na ttttoSniltam hard.) PREVALENT This disorder tn
mar?
is
at present very prevalent.
ilhal bisiyiir (ghjllib ast}.
(mastiili ast
;
ghalibu
darad.) I thought you might have prevented their going away. gum an dasJitam ki shuma cshan-rfi az bar gardldan man' ml-tan-anisted hard. PREVIOUS You went previous to my arrival. shuma kabl as amadan-i-man {raneana shaded), (rah giro, shaded; ru ba rah nihaded.) Is that really the PRICE What is the price of this ? market-price (or price-current)? klmat-i-m shai chlst ? aya fi-l-u-aki nirkh-i-bazar liamin ast? p RIDE "\Ve ought to shun pride. bayad ki ma az gharur
PREVENTED
or tnjannub bi-namayem; ihtiraz (bi-parhezem). (ijtinab Or, bayad ki ma (kkftyal-i-far'ani) az sarbibi-kunem.) takabbur ; naklnvat ; 'ujub ; pindar kashem. (kibr ;
;
ixtigAtia,i.)
Who is
the principal in the business? dar in kudain kas (inukjitar) ast? (madrini-l-mnham.) will kitab 'anPRINTED The book shortly be printed. kanb matbu IthwUhad shud. a held conversation. cslian sukhanPRIVATE They private tanha'i ; ikhj'a ; khufuja ; khafi : i-(makhfi) kardand. (ba
PRINCIPAL
mit'Hi/Kilii
ptnhan.)
PROBABILITY ai/H (ihtimaj
Is there a probability of my seeing darad) ki man o-ra bi-bmam.
PROBABLE That is not at all na darad). (mutahammil
him
(aghlab
probable. nist.)
an
bi-l-kull
?
ast.)
(ihtimal
procure
Where can
PROCURE
kuja ba glr-i-man ml-ayad
PRODUCE
Those
379
propagated.
I procure a boat?
kishtl az
aya
?
produce of this country. ashiya dar in mulk paida ml-shavand. Or, an ajnax
an
articles are the
paida, ish-i-ln diyar
ast.
This garden produces nothing but weeds. dar In baah hech paida na ml-shavad magar (kali o khas).
PRODUCES (
kaJi-i-nakhara. )
PROFANE
eshan fakat Or, ba juz az sukhanan-i-
They use only profane language.
kali tit at-i-behUda ml-goyand.
(na-pak) hech
na ml-goyand.
(mutanajjis
na-sha,ista
;
;
palld.)
He
PROFLIGATE
became a
profligate.
o (fajir) gardld-
Or, o dar lahw o Id'b (fasik; shakl; zuba ; aubash.) mashahjil shud. Or, o fisk o faj ur agkaz (kard). ( n ihad PROMISED I promised to call upon him to-day. inan .
(wa'da^ kardam ki imroz nazd-i-o
khwaham
(\ihd
raft.
|
;
taahhud; kaul.)
PROMOTED
By
this our happiness will be
az
promoted
ma (ziyada
kh_wahad shud). (bartar khwahad gardld ; khwahad afzud rii ba tarakkl khwahad nihad 'urtij khwahad girift; afzun or buland khwahad shud) PRONE Man is prone to err. adam ma,il ba khata ast. Or, adam ma,il ba yunah darad. Or, insan muratikab az khata o nisyan ast. PRONOUNCE Let me hear you pronounce this word. in khiishl,e
;
tala/uz-i-ln lafz (ba
man
man
bi-go) ki bi-shinavam.
(pesh-i-
zahir kun.)
PRONUNCIATION
Is
fuz-i-man sahlh
my
pronunciation correct?
aya
talaf-
ast
What
PROOF
chi dalll dar proof can you give of this? bab-i-subnt-i-'tn dared? Or, In-ra ba chi tank ba isbat ml-rasaned ? Or, misdak-i-'in dalll chi dared ? PROP If you take away this prop, the roof may fall. agar in (situn)-ra bar khwahcd dasJit sfikf khwahad uftad.
(nikn
;
'uniud.)
PROPAGATED
This doctrine
is
propagated everywhere. 25
In
380
proper
prove.
masla dar liar ja (muramcaj asf). (raicaj darad; ifaza karda sfiuda ast ; s1ia,T sliuda ast.) PEOPER Do you conceive this to be proper? aya shuma mi-fahmed ki 'in (munasib) ast ? (ba ja ; lialal ; ditrust.) PROPORTION You will, have your proportion of profits. shuma fls manafi' (hissu),e tumarn kjnpahed yaft. (bahra; kismat.)
PROPOSE
man dii
we share the loss between us. nuksan ml-shavad dar an ma liar (shank ml-bashem ; sharakat darem.)
I propose that
tiu-yoyain ki anchi
(mnshtarik
eni).
Will you prosecute him before the judge for
PROSECUTE
his offence'?
bara,e khata,e o
Tchwahed kard
?
shuma bar
o ba kazl nalish
He is now in great prosperity. o dar in rozha (bakhtl-yawar) darad. (nasib-i-kamil ; taW-i-maimun ;
PROSPERITY
bakht-i-himayun
PROSPEROUS
chashm-i-danlat bedar.)
;
His
affairs are
now very
prosperous.
ilhal
umur-ash ru, ba tarakkl ml-nihad. Or, ilhal ba murad-ikhud ham-ran ast. Or, aknun mahbub-i-matlub ba o rukh Or, o ilhal (bakhjiyar]
ml-nata>/ad.
ast.
(nairumand
;
bahramand ; bar-khjirdar ; sa'adatmund farkhanda-fal.} anchi PROSPERS In whatever he undertakes he prospers ki ))ri-kunad, dar an (kam-ijab) ml-shavad. (fiiTizmand ;
;
fathmand.) a prince's glory to protect his people. PROTECT It fukhr-i-shah-zada In ast ki ra'iyat-i-klnid-ra (ba hifazat (hifazat or hirasat or iiiijahdasht kunad.) Or, darad). is
jail
o jalal-i-padshah-zada In ast
khiid
tank-i-muhafizat
mar'l
ki (dar
dcirad).
bab-i-ruiyat-i-
niyahbanl,e
(ba
r'aya,e khud mitjan-i-murafcibat bi-bandad.) PROTECTION They fled to the king for protection.
i-shah bara,e
panah
(ru ba Jirar nihadand).
ba nuzd-
(dar yurekh-
tand.)
PROUD
They who
are proud have
(maghrur and kam "akl
PROVE
kam
'akl and),
little sense.
(gfictrur
kasane ki
dar sar darand
darand.)
I can prove this to
be
true.
man
sabit
ml-tawanam
proverb
381
purchased.
kard Jd in sahih ast. Or, man ba isbat mi-tawanam rasa* nid hi in durust ast. PROVERB This is a commoii proverb. in masale mashliur ast.
PROVIDED
Being
in service all the time,
have you not
provided for your family? ay a in kadar-i-\(inr dar naukarl guzranldcd wa lekin ba jihat-i- aiyal wa atjal-ikh_ud chize jam na karded ? PROVIDENCE Providence directs all things. hukm-i-rizzak bar hama chiz (j(in) ast. (muhlt ; da,ir.) Or, parwavdiffSr bar hama makhlukat hukm ml-kunad. PROVINCE This disease affects the whole province. In marz dar tamam diyar (ishtidad darad]. (shiddat darad ; muntashir ast ; ghalba darad) PROVISION Make provision for your journey. bara,esafari-Tchud (tosha,e
rah taiyUr) bi-kun.
(^Ud-i-rah awUda.)
He
PROVOKE
o does everything he can to provoke me. har kadar ki mi-taicanad marti (ba ghussa mi-arad). (ba khashm o ba ghaiz mi-arad; atash-i-kh_ashm mi-afrozad.) PRUDENT She is a wise and prudent woman. an zan dana wa dur-andesh ast. Or, an zan (ra,e mumr) wa fikr-i-diir-andesh
baiza
PULL
wa
darad.
(ra,e
sa,ib
;
'akl-roshan;
ra,e
'
akl-i-niirani.)
We must
bayad ki pull the boat along with a rope. ma ba rassane kishtl-ra bi-kashem. PULSE Let me feel your pulse. nabz-i-khud mara ihsas kardan bi-dihed. Or, bi-guzared ki nabz-i-shuma-ra ihsas bi-namayam.
You may expect to be punished for this. muntazir bashed ki dar In amr (ba anii'a,e 'aztib u-a nikal khwahed mu'azzab khwahed gardid}. (sharbat-i-siyasat
PUNISHED
chashid.) I am reading a dialogue between a pupil and his su,al o jawab ki ma bain-i-mtad wa shagird preceptor. ba wuku rasid mi-khwanam.
PUPIL
If I had had sufficient money, I should have purchased the house. agar ptil (ba kifayat ml-dashtam
PURCHASED
382
purchasers
kharldame.
kh_ana
quality.
(iktifa
mi-hard
;
mi-hard
kifayat
;
kafi mi-shud.)
PURCHASERS
There were few purchasers.
mushtariyan
kam budand. P-IRIFIED Can you inform me how bisiyar
the heart may be sJnima mi-tawaned guft ki chiguna dUpak ml-
purified?
tawanad shud ?
PURPOSE
dar dil-ipurpose to consider this subject. 1 karda am ki (tajwizf-i-ln mukaddama
I
khudam
(kasd)
bi-kunam.
z
^azm ;
khiyal ; riiyat ; 'azlmat.) tafahhm.) PURPOSE For what purpose do you do this ? chi kar in-ra, mi-sazed ? PURSE He found a purse with five ashrafis in ;
tajassus
taftish
(panj) ashrafi yaft. (bci panj.) PURSUED Our soldiers pursued the
'askariyan-i-ma
(tahklk
;
;
ba shast mil
ta
enemy
az bara,e it.
k^sa,ti
sixty miles.
dar (pai,ef dushman
*(akab ; kqfa,e.; ta'akkub.} *(uj'tadand.) Or, la$likariyan-i-ma to, ba shast mil (ta'aJckub)-i-dushman kardand. (ta'akkub.)
(raftand)*.
PURSUIT Your pursuit of pleasure is fruitless. shuma befa,ida ast. (rahat-talabl.)
PUT
('ais/i
ju,i)e
He put all
his savings into the bank. hama bakaya,e dar sarrfif-khiina (amanat guzaslit}. (amanat nihad taudi scikht Ida' ; ; icadl^at kard.)
klnid-ra
hard
;
Q.
(
He
has
many good qualifications. o liyilkat-i-pasandlda) bisiyar darad. (fazal-i-kamUl ; ittisaf; ; attwf-i-fiamlda tauslfat-i-taiyab ; shamu.il-i-
QUALIFICATIONS i-ahsan
neko
;
Are you
(kribil)-i-ada,e In
QUALITY
kudam
; slratha,e khjish.) qualified to do this
kJiisalrit-i-kJiub
QUALIFIED
kar hasted?
Of what klstn
ast?
quality
Or,
is
(saziiivar.) this cloth ?
m kirbas ku.da.ni
work T;i
?
shmna
parcha az
nau' darad?
rails.
quantity
QUANTITY What quantity do you wish for? nn-khwahed ? (mikdnr ; andttza.)
chi (kadar)
QUARRELS
They appear to be fond of quarrels. (malum nn-shavad) ki mail ba kh_arkhasha darand. (ba tasauwir mi-ay ad.) QUARREL Why do you quarrel one with another? (nizd' ma bain-i-yak-dlgar chira bar pa) ml-kuned? (munakisha baham digar chira.) QUARTO Is the work printed
in folio, quarto, octavo, or
duodecimo ? kitabe ba barabar anddza,e safha matltu shuda ast, ya du, warka, ya chahar warka, ya si warka / QUEEN The king and queen were both present. malik tea malika har du dar an ja hazir budand.
Take some water
QUENCH
to
jihat-i-(i)itifa,e atash-i-tushnagi)
i-atsh
quench your
thirst.
kadre ab bi-khur.
minhal-i-'atsh.) That vessel came quick.
ba 1
(dafa
-
;
QUICK tamam amad. (sur'at.) QUICKEN We must quicken our
an jahaz ba
('ujlat)-i-
pace, if we wish to arrive there this evening. ayar dar an ja imshab rasidan mikjnoahem lazim ast ki (gam ba shitab bi-)nihem. (kadam
ba
kadam ba sur'at bi- ; kadam sust na ; pa,e ; pa,e kund na.) me a quill and a quire of paper. yak kalam-
'ujlat bi-
bati
na
QUILL
;
Give
kaghaz ba man 'inayat bi-farmayed. do you mean to quit this house ? irada,e (khall kardan-i)-in khana kai dared? (guzashtan-inakl az.) QUOTATION This is a quotation from some other book. in muntakhkhibe ast az kitabe digar. Or, In intikhab-ii-par
wa
dasta,e
W hen T
QUIT
kitube digar ast.
R.
RAGS
made
kaghaz az (latta)ha sakhta Paper mT-sharad. (parcha ; plna ; khirka ; khazfarat ; pargala.) RAILS Some of the garden rails are broken. kadre hissa,e is
of rags.
rains
384
reason.
shikasta slnida ast. (dar basin ; dar a bazun ; hulkus ; jaflak ; hadud-i-chubin ; hadd-i-chubin.} RAINS It rains very fast. baran ba i/rat im-barad. RAISINS Are you fond of raisins ? ba kishmish (mail dared)? (ma, il mi-bashed.) Or, kishmish dost dared? RANK What is his rank in the army ? dar 'askar kudam 'uhda darad ? RAPID The stream is very rapid in the rainy season. dar aiyam-i-barish (saify-i-wahr tamam sarf ast. (ijra ; barali)-i-bagh
rawanagl,e ab.) This is a very rare plant.
RARE
He
RASH khud
in niliale ast bisiyar
('ajuba.)
(shigarf).
is
bisiyar
o dar kirdar-ivery rash in his conduct. ta'j'd mi-kunad). (mutahauwir or shitabanda {
ml-lashad.)
He is a great rascal. o yake az ahl-i-fasad-i- 'azim Or, o (faside buzurg) ast. (tabah-kare buzurg : khabise rajim: lawande kablr ; rinde kharab ; khafrake
RASCAL ast.
kalan.)
At what
RATE
rate do
you buy
RAW
dan kh ub
REACH
I
ba kudam,
this cloth ?
nirkji In pilrcha-ra ml-khared ? It is not good to eat rice raw.
birinj-i-kham khur-
nist.
cannot reach so high.
ba in kadar-i-bulandi na
iin-tau-anam rasid. He reads eight or ten hours every day. hasht ya dah saat rn'i-khwanad.
READS
READY
Sir,
the carriage
is
ready.
har roz
sahibci kaliska taiyar
ast.
REAL na
m
This
hama
m hama hakikl hama ma'nain na srl ast. Or, na zahirl ast. Or, In hama az ma'na
is all real,
inujazl ast.
batinl
Or,
not show merely.
m
na az surat ast, REASON What is the reason you cannot be silent ? chi sabab ast ki (sakit na ml-tawaned shud) ? (sukut or kJiamoslii na ml-tawaned icarzid.)
reasonable
What you
REASONABLE goyed
(m'akul)
sha,ista
;
ast.
385
rectify. is
anchi ki ml-
reasonable.
say (pasandida,e
'akl
;
mustahsan
;
na-mutajtiiciz.)
REBUILT
That house has been
rebuilt.
an Tchana baz-pas
ta'mlr karda shuda ast.
RECEIVED
I received your letter, dated 1st March. kJiatti-shnma mu,arrikha ghiirra,e mah-i-March ba dast-atn
rastd.
RECEIPT
Give ba
(raside)
me a receipt for man marhammat
the money.
in pul-rii
bi-farmayed.
(kabzu-l-
wusul.}
RECENT
in khabar (jadid)
Is this intelligence recent?
ast'
(nau-khez ; nau-paida ; nau-ciwarda ; nau-rasida.) Tell me the recipe for this medicine. nuskha,e in daica ba man bi-nani(i. RECKONED Have you reckoned what these things vnll come to ? hisab karda ed ki (jam'yi-k~imat-i-m ajnas chi
RECIPE
kadar khwahad shud ? (majmu'a.) RECOLLECT I now recollect what you told me. anchi ki shuma ba man gufted ba yad-am nil-ayad. Or, az anchi gufted (mara yad mi-ayad). (yad mi-daram ; yad miaram yad-am ast.) RECOLLECTION I have no recollection of his telling me it. man yad na daram ki o m sukhan ba man giift. RECOMMENDATION Sir, be pleased to give me a letter of ;
recommendation to that gentleman. sahiba sifarishnama,e ba nam-i-fulan aghji ba man 'inayat bi-farmayed. RECOMPENSE I desire no recompense for serving you. az bara,e khidmat-gu2an,e khud (ajar) na mi-khwaham. (padash
silla
;
RECONCILED
;
'iicaz
They two
;
jaza are
;
ta'wtz
now
;
muzd ;
reconciled.
vjrat.)
in
har
dti
Or, In har dti ba musalihat baham muttafik shuda and. Or, In har du ma bain-i-khud sulh o salah gira,ida and. sakjita and.
Have you any expectation of recovering your iimmed dared ki mal-i-khud buz khwahed yaft. If there be any mistakes, rectify them. agar
RECOVERING property
RECTIFY
?
386
reduced
dor MI saJuce buda bashad, kalam-i-islak bi-kashfd.
regarded. iislnh bi-farmayed).
(bar
an
I
dar I have very much reduced my expenses. Or, itkrajat-i-khxd Muitii (takhj\f\ karda am. (tankis.) khaiti (maks&r) karda am. (kam:
REDUCED
To what do these words refer ? in (kalimat) dar bab-i-kudam ml-bashand ? ciktral ; makalat. REFERENCE Can you give me a reference to any one? shakhtf wn-tawaned namud ki ba shuma (marifat dashta) )
bashadf
(uakjf buda.)
REFLECT '-The more I reflect upon this circumstance, the more I regret it. chanddn ki dar in mukaddama ghaut mt-kunam an kadar ba man ranj ziyadatar mi-rasad. Or, har kadar ki dar in mu'amala ta.ammitl ml-kunam an kadar (ta.assuf-i-be$htar mara dast r/ri-dihad}. (ziyadatar nadamat ml-buram; ziyadatar angusht-i-tahassur ba dan-
dan mi-gazam.} I feel much refreshed hy the air. az 1 ba man (khaili tazagi hasil aft), (taraucat-i-azlin ba hsii]-i-man ml-anjamad; istirahat-i-icafur ba man rukh mi-namayad.) Or, az in bad tazagi,e tamam ihsas mt-kunatn. REFTXD He will he obliged to refund this sum. laz dadam.e In pul bar o vctijib khwHhad shud. Or, in kadar pul o-ra baz dadani Tchvahad shud. REFUSED He has refused what advice I offered. nasihate hi bade dadani (kabuJ na kard). (na shinuft ; radd hard :
REFRESH ELhair<>
ba
ijabat-ash nayamad. I bear him very great regard. )
have regarded my advice. ba kardan ba zirnma,e shuma zarur
to
regiment
357
repentance.
Or, mashvarat-i-man (taicajjuh.) ba shuma lazim bud.
bud.
REGIMENT
His regiment
ba 'irak rafta
REGRET
is
marl dashtan
gone to Babylonia. -/auj-ath
ast.
I regret J did not follow
your advice. (pasheiltifat na kardam. Or, ta,assuf mi-kunam ki ba hasb-i-mashirarat-i-shuma 'amal na kardam. REJOU E I shall rejoice to see him. az dtdan-i-o (khuskl mara hasil khyahad amad). ikhushnud khwaham thud ;
mam mi-khyram) ki ba maslihat-i-shuma (nadamat or hasrat mi-buram.)
man ru khwahad dad.) These matters need to be regulated. ba muamalat (intizam) lazim ayad. (insiram ;
khiirrami ba
REGULATED jihat-i-in
nazm o nasak.} REGILARITY The business proceeds with in
kar ba intizam-i-tamam (mi-shatad).
regularity. (ba 'amal mir
ayad.)
REMAFNTSG There nakd bakl mst.
RENEW
no ready money remaining.
is
hech
renew the lease of this house. kirayanama.e in kJiana jadid murtasim kardan mi-kJivaham Or, rakam-i-kiraya,e In khana tajdid kardan mii-JchwaJum*
RENT
I wish to
The monthly
kirya,e
m
rent of this house
is fifty
rupees.
khana \mahiran, panjah rupiya mi-bashad.
\az karar-i-mahe.)
REPAY
Can you lend me two hundred rupees
I will repay
you in two days.
for two days? aya shuma mablagh-i-du
sad rapiya ba (muddat}-i-du roz ba
dad ? ba'd az
man
karz mi-tawaned
J
du roz ada khvaham kard. (va'da ; mait'id ; mt'ad ; paiman ; ikrar ; ta'ahhud.) REPEAT I now repeat what I told you before. anchi kabl arsa,e
az
f/i guftam. ilhal (mukarrar nri-kunam). (i'adat or takrar ml-kunam ; baz or ba takrar mi-goyam ; zikr-i-an
sukhan baz or baz muzakira mi-kunam.) Hereafter our repentance will be useless. dor *ukba tauba kardan j a ,ida na khwahad dad. Or, dar
REPENTANCE
388
repented
akhirat (ta,ib shudan) sude
request.
na darad.
(nadim sliudan
;
nadamat kashidan.)
Had I acted as they advised me, I should have agar man ba hasbu-l-naslhatrepented of it very much. i-eshan 'amal mi-kardam nadim mi-shudam. Or, agur maslihat-i-eshan ba 'amal mi-tiwardam, pasheman nilshudum. Or, agar ba mashwirat-i-eshan iktida kardame
REPENTED
hasnit khurdame. REPETITION This is a repetition of what was said before.
anchi kabl az In (tazkara yafta) ast i'adat-i-an in
ast.
(guftu sluida.}
What
REPLY
reply do you
make
su'cil-i-man chi jauTib ml-dilied? REPORT I have made a report to
to
Mr.
my
-
ba
question?
on
man
this.
1
ba julane sahib bar in (i'lam namuda ain}. (ittlla or khabar dada am.) Or, man julane s~(Jiib-ra dar bab-i-m
amr (ba REPORTED
'arz
rasanida am),
It is so reported.
chumn taruh
(niuttali
In
kardu am.)
chumn dar
aficah u/tada
khabar ishtihar yafta ast. cliunln nan zabtin nad4-'amtn shudct ast. REPRESENT I will represent the subject to him. ast.
Or,
7
Or,
1
bad'in
kaiflyat o-ra muttal'C khjcaliam sakh_t.
Or,
khwaliam niliad. His conduct was reproached by many.
man man
stirat-i-hal pesh-i-o
REPROACHED
base
(muTitibat ; ta'n; (Audamat) kardund. mazammat ; taublkh; sarzanish ; zrtjr ; 'itab : ta'atmut mulam ; tanz ; iftirti ; ta'ynb ; taslim ; nikohish ; td'ylb.) Or, base bar kirdar-asli ta'na zarland. REPROOF Their conduct deserves reproof. ufnl-i-eshan
bar
kird~tr-as1i
;
l(i,ik)-i-'itab ast.
REPROVED
(mustaujib ;fariikh_nr; shayar; darkh_ur;
He
o bar eslian reproved them very sharply. (sakt ; ba Or, o badeshan (ba salabut) guft. Or, o eshan-rn lm k_h_iibl mu,iat krd. durushtl.) REQUEST What request did they make? eshan chi
bang zad.
(istida'a)namudand?
(darkjnvast; iddi'a; ikti-a
;
tjdab.)
request
389
respected.
az shumii I request of you only this one favour. fakat in ('inayat) mi-khwaham. (rafat ; talattuf.) These two very much resemble each other. in liar da ba yak-dlgar bisiyar im-manand. Or, in har du (mushabih),e yak-dinar and. (mushtubih; imsal ; misal ; m/umagtt ; mushabih.') Or, in har du ba yak-digar tashbih darand.
REQUEST
RESEMBLE
You
RESERVE book.
si
will reserve for
(nu$kha,)*e
me
kitab-i-khud
three copies of your bara,e man (nigah
2
^(muntasikh.) *(yak-taraf bi-nihed.) Is that the place of your residence? aya in (maskin)-i-sJiuma ast ? (ja,e tuwakkuf ; ja,e sukunat; ja,e btid o bash ; ja,e tamakkun ; maknm ; makan.)
dared)
,
RESIDENCE
He has resigned his former office. uz 'uhda,epeshln-i-khud (istighfa girifta) ast. (dast banliir shitda ; tark girifta; tark giifta.) Or, mansab-i-sabika-i-khud-ra
RESIGNED
(tark) karda ast. ('itizal.) RESIST You cannot resist his claim. da'wa,e o-raradd no, ml-tawuned kard. Or, shuina-ra ba da'u-a,e o imkan-imukaivamat na tawanad mand. Or, daf-i-da'wa,e o na nu-taicaneil kard. Or, mutaUba,e o az shuma mundaf na tawanad shud. Or, bar mutaliba,e o i'tiraz na ml-tawanad award. RESISTANCE The enemy fled without resistance. dushman mukabila na-karda (gurekht]. (Jirar kard ; mafrur shud ; ril
ba Jirar nihad.)
RESOLUTE
They are resolute in their purpose. eshan bar irada,e khud (ka,im) and. (mustaklni; mustahkam ; sabit-kadam ; imisbit ; mntawassik ; rasikh; ;
tnahknm
mustakil.)
To do
RESOLUTION
(istiklal-i-)ni^nj
niyat-i-ustiiwrtr zariir
RESOLVED
am
am
dar In kar ('azrn-i-musammam lazirn ;
this requires resolution.
iriijib) ;
ast.
irada,e
mustakvm
la-bud.}
resolved to do so no more. ki In chunln bay na khwaham kard. I
kasd karda
He is everywhere respected. ba har ja ki ml-ravad ^izzat wa hurmat ml-blnad). (ba khidmat-ash
RESPECTED
390
respect
ikdam mi-namayand takrlm ica ta'zlm
;
ica
revive.
ba ikram-ash pesh ml-ayand ; o-ra ikram mi-namayand ; o-ra ba 'izzat
wa hurmat suluk ml-namayand.) RESPECT I pay great respect to what he ml-goyad
man
o-ra (icakar) mi-diham.
sukhan-i-o-ra (taukir) ml-kunam.
anchi
says.
Or,
(wak\)
man
(taiikT.)
I had no rest last night. d~i shah (khwiib-am na (yak lahza na khwabldam ; yak daklka chashmam barham na guzardam ; dar chashm-am khicab na See SLEEP. gasht ; khwabam na burd.) RESTORED I have restored more than I took away. har kadar ki girift am ziyada az an (baz) dadam. (wapas ;
REST
girift).
pas.)
RESULT
What was
of your
the result
natiju ,e mashwarat-i-shiona
c)ti
deliberation?
tuitrila iritku <\mad}:
(ba
anjamid; ba zuhur amad ; ba zuhur paiicast ; sur ba 'arsa,e shuhud kashld.) RESULT From this measure many benefits will result. az In tadbirmanfa'at-i-wafur (dast kjiwahad dad), (tahsil or hasil khwahad shud ; ba hiixul kjiwahad anjamid ; ba ii'iiku'
At ten o'clock the company began to retire. ba sa'at-i-dah mahjil (barkhwast). muba'idat or tabaid kard ; baz gasht.) RETURN When do you propose to return. irada,e (mura-
RETIRE
jaat) kai dared? (audat ; mu'awudat.) Or, 'azimat kai muriatif khwahed kard / REVISED I have revised what I had written. nawislita budam bar an nazar-i-sam kardu am.
REVIVE
Trade
is
now beginning
to revive.
'inan-i-
anchi
tijarat ilhal
baz raunak giriftan aghaz ml-kunad. Or, bazar-i-tijarat ilhal baz garni ml-shavad. Or, saudagarl aknun ia ba tarakkl ml-nihad.
rewarded
391
roars.
The General rewarded the soldiers. sipahsalar \iskariyun-ra in'am bakhshld. RIBAND Tie this with a riband. in-ra ba (kur) bi-band.
REWARDED
(sharbad.)
That merchant is very rich. an tajir khaiti (tairanmmtaghnl; muii'im.} Or, an saudagar
RICH
gar)ast. (g&ant; .
(daulat-i-bekiyas ; mal-i-jira(mmat-i-beairan) darad. wan.) Or, an bayyi' sahib-i-dunya or khudawand-i-
nimat ast.) RICHES What are
him who has no heart to them ? az daulat-ash chi fa,ida ki vi chunin himmat na darad ki an-ra ba sarf-i-ja,iz
make o
riches to
a right use of
Or, shakhse-ra ki dil-ash ba kharch-ikh,arch namayad. ja,iz mU,il na buda bashad, az dunyii chifa.ida ? RIDDLE Can you tell the meaning of this riddle ? (ma'nl,e In chistan Jiall
;
RIDES
m~i-tmcaned kard
fail!)
/
('ukda,e
ma'm,e in inu'amma-ra tashnJi.) He rides on horseback every morning.
mu'amma har roz
ba wakt-i-subh bar asp saicar ml-shavad. Or, roz-murra 'ala-s-sabah (i'iikib-i-asp) inl-shavad. (inarkub-i-markab .) RIDICULE They ridicule serious counsel. bar salcih-i-nek (tamasklntr) nri-kitnand.
(taskhur ; istihza.)
her diamond ring. an sahiba angushtan la naa1n-i-ahnU-i-khud (fjum] karda ust. (Jikdan.) KJXGS The bell rings daily at twelve o'clock. har roz ba
RING
She has
lost
wakt-i-nof-roz (jaras nau-akhta) mi-shavad.
dara
RIPEN
dftra.ida.
This
puljbjan
(zang zada
;
)
fruit
amada
is
beginning to ripen.
in
mewa ba
ast.
if you wish to be a good scholar, rise early every aijar khwahish-i-/azil shudan dared 'ala-s-sabah az day. (kjiwab bedar shaved), (bistar-i-klnpab bar khezed.) RISEN The price of indigo has risen lately. a~ \irsa,e kalib klmat-i-nll ru ba (afzuni) nihada ast. (tarakki,
RISE
izdiyad kasrat ; ziyadafi.) The sea roars loudly.
bahr
mutamaicwij mi-
392
robbed
rust.
sharad. Or, bahru-l-muKit (mutalatim mi-shavad ; ba ifrat nu-gkiirud.)
He has
ROBBED
been robbed of
all bis
i-mikra,e o (ba duzdl raft a) ast. i-dusd (jardula; ba sirkat rqfta
ri-shavad.) (mu'talij
hama
plate.
(died l/urda
;
tasht-
dast-burd-
; duzdlda shuda.) ROCK The ship ran upon a rock, and was lost. jahaz ba koh khurd wa (gh_ark) sliud. (para-para; inughrak ; gharlk; mustaghrik ; dar lib faro; shikasta.) ROOF The roof of the house fell in. (sakf)-i-khana ba
zamm ROOTS
uftad.
Those
(bain.)
trees were
dug up by the roots.
an darakhtha
(bar awarda) shuda budand. (kanda.) ROPE Make the boat fast with a rope. saflna-rii (rassan ; habl^) (jnihaade) bi-band.
az
bekli
ba
RUB Rub your hands with this leaf. dastlia,e khiid-ra badm bary-i-darakht bi-iiiled. RUDDER The vessel ran upon a sand-bank, and lost her rudder. jahaz (bar tal-i-reg bar amad ica sukiin-ash shikast. Or, jahaz ba tauda,e reg nishast wa (dumbal)-ash shikast.
RUINED o
(kjialla ; kh_alasha.) ttiese deeds he will in
By
akh_iru-l-a)nr
(talaf o taraj
pareshan
RULE
;
;
the end be ruined.
(tabah) khwahad shud. shikasta bcil; be sar o samcin :
az tn karha
khasta-hal
;
pii,e itial.}
What
rule do you observe in study ? dar talim-ikudfim kii,ida nigah dared ? Or, dar tadnsi-ibn-i-khud ba kudam dastur (>n ithajit mi-shaved) ! iltifat or mail or taicajjuh ml-kuned; ma,il nn-shared} RULER God is the ruler of the universe. afnnanda,e 'ilni-i-kjiiid
Or, rabbu-l-'alamain kjnisrau.e maujudat ast. Run after him and call him back. dar ('akab)-ash bi-dawed tea o-ra baz bi-khwaned (pai ; kafd,e.) RUST This knife is covered with rust 7// kard ba sang chaku-ra aliida ast. In morchana kh_urda ast. Or,
RUN
sad
393
satisfaction.
S.
SAD
This
is
indeed a sad
misfortune.
in.
fi-l-waki'
azim ast. (bafiyat ; zillat.) SADDLE He is used to ride without a saddle. ('adat-ash smear inl-^iavad. (o 'adat darad.) ast) ki baghair-i-zln SAFE I heard of his safe arrival in London. man shunidam hi dar shaJtr-i-landan (ba khiiir o'afiyai) uarid shud. (ba a in an o aman; ba sihhat ; ba salamat; salaman o (muslhat)-i-
Cfhariman.)
We may
SAFETY
(salamat)
amniyat
;
live
bi-manem. hifazat.)
here in
(amn ;
safety.
aman
;
m
dar arain
;
ja ba 'ajiyat
;
Or, dar in ja ba pa,e karar jada,e
istikamat bi-paiinayem. This boat has neither mast nor
SAIL
ni kishtl tir
sail.
na darad na SAILORS lahan
(shura' ; kala'a.) (bad-ban), malSailors visit different parts of the globe. sair-i-mulkha,e (mukhtalif)-i-dunya ml-kunand.
(mutafarrik.)
His salary is 500 rupees a month. mnu-ajib-ash panj sad rupiya ast. Or, o mushahira,e panj sad rupiya
SALARY
darad.
SALE
There
will
harrtij-i-namak
be a sale of khwaliad shud.
harraj farokjita khwahad shud. SALEABLE. These articles are not
salt
to-morrow.
Or, farda saleable.
-farda
namak ba
In ajnas kubil-
i-farokh_t nai/and.
Yours and mine are both the same. chize ki az ani-man ast wa an chlz ki az an-i-aluana ast har dii (yakOr, chlz-i-shuma (ala-s-sawiya ; mutasawi.) san) and. wa cliiz-i-man har du yak kism ast. Or, ashiya,e ma har du az yak naiC mi-bashad. SAMPLE Show me a sample of the rice. ba man namuna,e
SAME
birinj bi-namayed. This rice is full of sand. In birinj az reg pur ast. SATISFACTION Your book has afforded me much satisfao-
SAND
394
satiety
az
tion.
bisiyar
khushnudl
He
saw you to satiety. o az didan-i-tU ser garOr, az dldan-i-tu serl bado ru aicarda ast. Save this for to-morrow. m-ra bara,efarda nigah
SATIETY
SAVE
kitub-i-sliuma
namuda am.
hasil
dida
mutala'a,e
sea.
ast.
bi-dared.
SAVED
I have saved dost-i~khudam-ra badar aicarda am),
my az
friend from a very great danger. mulilik (ba salamat kh-a,e
(najat dadam ; mahfuz dashta am.) darTell the carpenter to saw this board in two. takhta^ra ba arra do para bi-(kunad). rudgar-ra bi-go ki
SAW
m
(kun.)
m
This is an old saying. (makaT)-i-kadlm ast. (kaul; guftar ; sukhan.) SCARCE These articles are now scarce. In asliiya (kam-
SATING
yab) and.
(cfhair-fa,iz
;
ghair kasir
;
na-yub
;
nadir
;
cfharlb.)
SCATTER Scatter this seed on the ground. In tukhm-ra ba zamln (biyafshaned). (bi-pcished ; bi-kared.) SCOBE I have bought a score of sheep. (blsta.e) gusfand khanda am. (but 'adad-i.~) SCORN He treated my advice with scorn. naslhat-i-mara (hakarat kard). (hakir danist; istikhfaf kard ; kirah'njat kard.)
ba
istikrah
shinuft
;
SCRAPE
az kalam-i-khud Scrape the ink off your pen. niurakkab (pak kun). (bi-kharash ; Jiakk kun.) SCRATCHED I have scratched my finger with a nail. angmht-i-khiid-ra ba mekhe kliaraslilda am.
SCRAWL
Why do you scrawl on my paper? chira bar kaghaz-i-man kjiatt-i-(kh_am) mi-hashed ? (na husn.) SCREAM These children scream all day. atfal tamam roz ghireie mi-zanand. SCREWS This lock is fastened on with screws. In kufl az pech (band) karda sliud. (murattab ; mutarattab,} SCRIBE This is the village scribe. in katib-i-fcanja ast. SEA The ship will go to sea to-morrow. -farda jahaz (ba bahr raican khwcihad shud). (langar khwahad bar dasht.)
w
seal
SEAL
What
395
seized.
did you give for that seal?
az bara,e an
iiinlir clti diii lul !
Have you
SEALED
bar kkatt-i-Jchud sealed your letter ? (muhr karda ed) ? (khatm or muhr zada ed.} SEAMS There are no seams in this cloth. In libas darz na darad. Or, dar In jama dozislie nist. SEARCH I had a long search to no purpose. man ta ba muddat-i-madid just o jU,e be-fa,ida kardam. SEARCHING I have been searching for this all day. matt tamam roz (dar talcish-i-ln buda am). (tafahhus-i-m karda am ; tajassus-i-in dashta am.) SEASON This is a pleasant season of the year. in mausimi-sal khush ast. SEA-SHORE We walked by the sea-shore. ma ba scihil-i-
bahr pa-piyada (sair) kardem. (tafarnij.) They keep all things secret. hama chiz (nihan) darand. (pinhan ; poshida ; makhfl ; ikhfa ; mastur. Or, sirre ki mi-darand ba kase darmiyan na mi-(m]uind). (a rand goyand.) SECTION You will find this in the fourth chapter, fifth dar fasl - i -panjum - i - bab - i - chaharum m-r~i section.
SECRET
}
kjnvahed yaft.
You may remain here secure. shinna dur in ju (aiman) bashed, (ba aman ; ba salamat ; ba khairiyat ; mmalhim ; salim ; baajiyat.) SEE I see, the trouble I take to teach you is useless. man ml-danam ki mihnateki dar ta'tim-i-shuma nn-kunam
SECURE
be-sud ast.
SEED
Sow
bi-kar.
this seed in tne garaen.
barza
in (bazr) dar lgh_
tukhm.) SEEK If we seek for knowledge, we shall find it. agar talab-i-'ilm bi-kunem ji-l-uTt ki' hasil khii-ahent namud. SEIZED The police office^ seized him. shuhnu yiriftar-ash namud. Or, 'asas akhz-ash namud. Or, yake az ald-iihtisab (makhuz-ash namud). (dar wai aii-ekh.t ; dastdar (barz
gireban zad
;
;
;
o-ra girift.)
26
396
select
serves.
SELECT Select what things you choose. an chizha,e ki shuma nu-pasanded (bi-guzin-ed}. (ikhtisas bi-kuned ; ; istinbat bi-kuned.) old books I intend to sell
bi-chined
SELL
my
daram
kasd-i-an
nau SEND
ki kutub-i-kufm
and buy new ones. U-fufosham iva kutub-i-
bi-kh grant.
servant to Tehran once a week. man ba tahran ba hafta yak bar (m~imiita'iillik ; ^kjiidmatyar ; hajib: mulazim : Jiristam}". naukar ; chakar ; rahl.) ^(rau-ana nri-kunam ; irsal or I send
my
\kh_adintf-i-kh_ud-ra
rmirsil daram.')
SEND The king said, Send for the executioner. badshah farmud ki jallad-ra bi-talab. Or, khusrau hukm dad ta ki jallad-ra bi-talaband.
She possesses much sense and judgment.
SENSE
1
('akl-i-jiraicaii)
muiiir
;
darad
wa
jirasat-i-rnustahkam.)
i-farakh.) SENSES It behoves us to
(ra,e
durustf.
^tamlz-i-sa,ib
an zan ^(zam~ir-i-
dirayat-
;
keep our senses under control.
niara bayad ki hau-ass-i-kjriid-ra dar zabt M-darcin.
dar In sentiments agree with yours. ba ra,c shuma (muttajlk ast). (muica/ik muicajikat or ittifak darad.)
SENTIMENTS
amr ast
ra,e
;
My
man
SEPARATION How long is it since their separation? chand muddat ast ki (judaj) danniyait-i-t'shan uftad. (farak ; mufankat ; mahjurl ; hijran ; farkat ; tufrakat; hijr -mubaidat ; katl'at /) SEPARATE They live in separate houses. eshan dar :
khana.e (mukhtalif) sukunat darand. ; juda.) SERENE The sky is serene and clear. ast u-a nuranl. (be sahab ; na tank.)
(\da hida
;
unttti-
Jarrik
SERIODS
Are you
serious in
a^man
yhat you say
'?
(kh_ub saf) anclii ml-
goyed sanjida ast ya na. SER\ES Ivorj serves for various purposes. 'aj dar karha,e an u-a' rn'i-aijad. Or, (aj) ba karha.e anua im-kh_urad. (dandaii-i-jAl.)
397
share.
service
man dar I have been in his service ten years. rmdazimat-ash ta ba dali sal (hazir buda am), (miydn-ikhidmat basta am ; muldzim buda am.) SET I set off to-day for Khaiva. man imroz ba samt-ikhaiva ml-ruvam. Or, man rdh-i-khaiva imroz (tai mi-
SERVICE
kunam). (kata mi-kunam ; ml-puimayam.) I have set the trap in the place you told me. ja,e ki ba man nishan ddded dar an jd dam (gustarda am). karda am nasb ; am.) (nihdda
SET
SETTLE
I will
now
my
settle
account.
man
ilhdl hisdb-i-
khtcdham kard. (faisal ; rafa'.) SEVERELY He was punished severely. o 'azab-i-alltn ydft. Or, ba (ta'zlbp-i-sakhj Or, 'akubat-i-shadld bado rasid. ^('ikab ; muatabat.) *(giriftar or (giriftar)* amad. mubtald or makhiis or usir or mukaiyad shud.) SEW Sew these two together. In liar dii-ra bfiham (bidozed}. (tulflk U-kuned ; rafu bi-sazed ; gharzut bi-kuned.) SHADE Sit in the shade of this tree. -dar zer-i-(saya),e in darakht bi-nishmed. (zill.) SHADED My house is shaded with trees. khana,e man ba khud-rd
(be bdk)
darakhtiin (sayadar) ast. (muzallal shuda.) Shake the boughs of the tree. (shakhha^e 1 darakht (bi-jumbanedf. (furu' ; afumn, sing, fanait ;
SHAKE
\mutaharrik bi-sazed; -ra agh$a,e, sing, gkusun.) harakat bi-dihed.) SHAKE Shake off the dust on your clothes. -jamaha,e khud-ru az khjcik bi-takaned. SHAKE Shake hands. biyd ki ma baham musafiha bikunem.
SHAME
What, have you no shame? aya (sharm) na Or, aya (khujlat ; haiyd ; nang ; infi'al.) khajalat na mi-(kashed) (bared.) SHAPE Do you know what shape the earth is ? ml-daned dared?
'
ki haikal-i-arz chi-san ast ?
SHARE
He has received
o hissa,e
his
own share out
kh_ud az imlak yafta ast.
of the property . Or, o kismat-i-
398
sJiare
sign.
Tchnd az mcil husul karda ast. kiyat la husrd amada ast.
Or, o-ra bahra,e az mil-
halan hajamat kcirdan I am just going to shave. nn-khwahum. SHED The sun shed his beams over the earth. (shu'la,e
SHAVE
mihr) la ru,e arz Or,
khurshed.)
(shua'-i-shams
it/tad.
a/tab
ba
tub-i-khud-rii
;
latoamf-i-
zamlti
ru,e
(gustard ; rekh_t ; pashld.) SHEET Give me a sheet of paper. yak (takhta,]e kaghaz ba man bi-dih. (warak ; fard.) SHELL I have found a beautiful shell. man (sadafe kh ush(afgand).
numa) yafta am.
(gosh-i-mahi,c hasin.}
SHELTER
It rains fast, let us shelter ourselves. bar~nt (sakht) mi-barad biya ki panah bi-ytrem. (ba zwli ; la ifrcit; fund.)
SHINES
The sun
imroz
shines with great power to-day.
tab-i-aftab bisiyur (fuirr) ast.
(mahrur
;
shadld
;
sakh_t
;
tabandu.)
Do you know how
SHOOT tlr
(andakhtaii)
to shoot with arrows ?
ml-daned
?
kardan
(riha
;
shuma zadan
;
andazi.)
SHORTEN
Can you shorten
ml-tau-aned kard ?
this? shuma (m-ra Jchurd) (In the case of a speech, in sukhan-
ra takasur.)
SHOULDER
He
has an epaulet on his shoulder.
(dosh)-i-khud nishane darad.
(shcina
;
o bar
kitf.)
Please show me the book you spoke of. Jcitabe ki shuma zikr-ash karded azru,e 'inayat ba man (nishan
SHOW
bi-dihed).
(bi-namUyed.)
SICK He has been sick (or ill) a long time. az muddut-idaraz bvnar shuda ast. SIGH Why do you sigh ? chira Hh vn-(kimed) ? (hashed.) Or, chira nafs-i-sard az dil bar ml-ared ? SIGN This is a sign of rainy weather. in 'ultimate (barish] ast.
(matar.) az ru,e talattitf bar Please to sign this paper. haajiaz (dast-kJiatt) bi-kuned. (sah'ih.)
S 1GN
'in
SIGNIFIES
It signifies liecli
got/and
little
399
sky.
signifies
what they
(inuzayaka) na darad.
say.
Unclii mi~
(zarar.) In kar-khana,e ab-
SILK This is a silk manufactory. resham ast. SILLINESS What can be greater silliness than to think thus? az In cliunm khayal bastan kudam (himakat) ziyadatar ast
? (sadagl; rakcikat ; fiyalat.) case is similar to yours. hal-i-man (ba misal}-i-halat-i-shuma ast. (mitshtabih ; miishabih.) SINCERE His love towards us is sincere. muhabbat-ash ba ina ba ikhlcis ast. Or, muwaddat-ash ba ma ba
SIMILAR
My
sadakat SINCERITY
ast.
He
(l>nk-baz;
Or, muwalat-ash ba ma khalis ast. is a man of sincerity. o (rast-baz) ast.
Or, o sahib-i-(rast bazi) ast. sadakat; sidk.^ SINGS She sings very sweetly. an zan khub (mt-sarayad). (sarod or taghannl or tar annum or zumzuma ml-kunad ; sarod or tdrannum mi-zanad.)
pesha
;
(iklllas
mashkiifu-l-kalb.)
;
SINGULAR
Their religious opinions are singular. khai/alut-i-mazhab-i-eshan ('aj'ib) out. ('ajab, pi. 'aja,ib; gharib; nadir.)
The boat is sinking. kishtl dar abfaro mi-ravad. Or, kishfl (mustagjirak) nil-sliavad. (ghark ; maghrtik ghank.] SINS No man is so just that he sins not. kase in cJntinit, (munsif-miziij) mst -ki gunah na kunad. (pak-baz khuda-tars ; neko-kar.) Sit down, and see if you can understand this or not. SIT (bi-nishlned) wa bi-blned ki 7n-ra fahmldan mi-tawaned t/il
SINKING
;
;
(tashrif bi-dared size is the
na.
;
taka'id bi-kuned
;
bi-fannayed.)
What
book you speak of? kitabekizikrash ml-kuned chi kadar (hitjam darad) ? (kalan or killat
SIZE
ast.}
SKY
The sky is overcast.
asmanba zulmat-i-sahab poslii
400
sleep
sorrow.
ast. Or, sipilir ba abr-i-siytih gashta ast. Or, gumbad-icharkh ba mugh tank shuda ast. SLEEP I had no sleep all last night. dishab Jchwabam na Or, dishab yak dam khwab dar chashm(burd.) (girift).
am na (gasht).
(ii)nad.)
Or, dishab khwab mara
na rabud.
See REST.
SMARTS
The
cut in
my hand
smarts very much.
zakhm-
i-dast-am ba ifrat dard mi-kunad. SMELL Let me smell that 'flower.
bi-guzar ki an gul-rci (istishmam or ishtimam bi-kunam; bU,e biglram; bii,e bi-bmam.} SMELL These flowers are without smell. in gulha (khush(ra,iha; nashicat ; 'itr ; ttbat.) bo) na darand. SMOKE The house is full of smoke. khana az dud pur (bi-boyam).
ast.
SMOOTH This is smooth paper. In kaghuz-i-muhra-dar ast. SNARL These dogs snarl at one another. In sagan bn yak-dlgur (k]iiir-khur ml-zanand). (gharish or hanr mlkitnand.)
SNATCHED
He
snatched
it
out of
my
hand.
az dast-am
chlz (rabud). (ghusbld.} SNEEZE. You sneeze, because you have got a cold. b
'atsan ml-kuned ; ml-safled ; shinmha ml-kuned.) SOLDIER He is an experienced soldier. 'askarl,e mastiff azmuda, jalian-dlda, safr-karda, kar-dlda, bark-i-shamsher-i-jadal
ba chaslim
gosh-i-o raslda, ast. SOLICIT May I solicit,
dida,
rti"d-i-kos-i-dilaicaran ba
ai sahib agar sir, this one favour. dared man ba khidmat ('arz kmtum). (iltimas kunam ; multamis pardaz shavam.) SOMETHING I wished to tell you something, but have man ml-khwastam ki ba shuma sukhane forgot what. bi-goyam ica lekin faramosh kanhim. This occasions me much sorrow. In ba man SORROW khaill alam ml-rasanad.
mazur
sorry
SORRY
I
i-khud
401
spends.
am
man
sorry for my offence. (khaill ranjida am).
la sabab-i-taksir-
(ta,assit/
ml-khuram
;
mtthd-am; dil-azurda am; tang-dil-am; andoh-zuda am maghmum-am; mahzun-am; ba dam-i-gham giriftar-u in
; :
dast-i-taghabun bar zanu,e khud mi-zanam.) SORT Sort these papers. In kawaghazat-ra (ala-hidda l bi-namayed). ('ala hidda bi-chlned ; kism war bi-dared ; kismat bi-kuned.)
SORT
Is this the sort
you wanted
?
kisme ki
mikhwahed
in ast ?
The soul must be happy or miserable. zariir ast ruh ba asa,ish manad ya ba rang. SOUND I hear the sound of music. (awaz-i-soz o saz)
SOUL ki
mi-shinavam.
SOUR
That
(shor or
ghaugha,e musikl.)
fruit is sour, don't eat
it.
an mewa turwh
ast,
ma, khur.
SPACE
Leave more space between the
i-sutur
(farke
ziyada)
bi-guzared.
lines.
dar miyan-
(tufawate
mazld
;
fasila,e afzun.}
SPACE In the space of three months. dar (arsa),e si mah. (muddat.) SPARE He besought them to spare his life. o az eshan istid'a,e jan bakhshl,e khud namud. Or, o iltmas kard ki eshan az sar-i-jan-i-o dar guzarand. A spark of fire may set in flames a whole village. (chun atash-i-andak dar ishtial ayad) tamam dih bi-sozad. yak zarra.e sharrar ; yak atash para ; yak izhak.) SPEAKS He speaks the Persian language well. bazaban-ifarsl khub haraf ml-zanad. Or, dar zaban-i-'ajami khush
SPARK
sukhan ml-goyad. SPECIMEN Show me a specimen of your writing. namuna,e dast-khatt-i-khiid bi-nama. SPECTACLES They wear spectacles. eshan 'ainak ba istimal ml-arand.
He spends his money as fast as he procures it. har kadar piil-i-khyd zudmi-yabad an kadar zud(kharch
SPENDS
402
stammered.
spices
(mi-rezad ; ba bad mi-dihad; sarf or israf or tulaf or tasarruf or itlaf ml-kunad.) esliau SPICES They trade in different kinds of spices.
nn-kunad).
(asnaf-i)-masalihha siim-i-
SPILL
amca'-i-
;
mi-faroshand.
mujchtalif.) care you don't spill
Take
(tarah-tarah
;
ak-
;
1
1
the
ink.
Jchabardar
l
(roslma,i ; midad ; siyahi.) (na rezed) *. (insibab na kuned ; na pashed.} SPITE He has done this merely out of spite. o in kar ba
(murakkab) s
('adau-at; dmhmani; I;~in; sabab-i-(khusumai) karda ast. liakad ; bad-khwahl ; kmawari ; bughz ; bad-andeshi.) SPLIT Having split the cocoa-nut, his friend and himself
You have spoiled my paper. shnma kaghaz-i(makhrub ; tabah.) (kharab) karda ed. SPOT There is a spot of ink on your clothes. j(imaha,e shuma dagjie siyah darad. Or, bar Jdswat-i-shuma dag he
SPOILED
mara
murakkab ast. SPREAD Spread this mat upon the floor. in haslr bar zamln (bi-austared). (farsh bi-kiined; bi-kh waled.) SPREAD Having spread a net at night, he caught many birds.
ba
o
shab (shabaka),e gustarda parandaJia
dam award, (sha-nrat ; hibalat.) The weeds spring up very fast here.
ba
kasrat ba
SPRING kalie
nakara ba zudi mi-roijad.
bef/ana ba
ta'jll
(ivujud
dar in ja
Or, dar in ja sabza,e
ml-glrad).
(paida mi-shavad
;
ml-damad.) STAG That is a stag of twelve tine. an gan-azne ast ki dawazda shakh darad. STAIRS He was sitting on the stairs. o bar (nirdban) nishashta
STAMMERED
biid.
(zma ; sallam; markat;
Perhaps
andar zaban-ash bud.
he
stammered.
(lukUnate.)
mi'raj; masa'd.)
magar
(luknatc)
stand
403
stir.
STAND When you read stand in your proper place. -wakte kimi-khwaned dar makani-i-khud (ka,iin bashed), (biyisted ; kiyam bi-kuned ; STARED They all
istikainat warzed.} stared to see me.
eshan hama mara dlda (ba chashm-i-kushada nigristand). (wa nigristand ; nigah zadand ; lamak kardand ; nazar-i-tez or nazari-daklk kardand ; lata zadand?) STARVING The people were nearly starving. nazdlk bud Id inarduman az (gursinayl) bi-mlrand. (jii'-) STATION He is a person of high station. o sahibe (rutbd) ast. (darja; martaba ; mansab; sliaraf ; munzilat ; jah o jallal ; tumkln ; 'izzat ; irisHb ; ma&am-i-'att.} STAY She intends to make a long stay there. an zan kasd dflmd Id dar an ja ta ba (der) bi-mfinad. (muddat-imad'id.)
He still continues steady to his purpose. ila-hal ba irada,e khjid (Ara,m) ast. (mukirr ; musaimnim ; mustakil usta war ; pat/adur ; sabit-k(uht)ii.) STEALS The jackal steals what he can lay hold of. sliaijluil harchi ml-yubad ba duzdl bar dnshta nn-ravad. STEEP The bank of this river is very steep. kinra,e in STEADY
;
nahr
bisiyar
(nasliib-dar
ast).
(saraslilb
ast;
yarlwa
durad.)
Can you
STEER
trii4atvanedf
steer
(mkkardan;
He
STICK
ijiriftti
walks with a sair mt-kunad.
This paper
STIFF ast.
a vessel? stick.
is too stiff.
aya jaliaze (randan) zabt kardan.) o yak chub-i-dasti dar dast In kaghaz nihayat (durusht)
(sakht.)
Cannot you be still for one moment? aya yak lahza (sakit na mi-tawaned mand). (sukut na ml-tawaiied
STILL
tear zed.)
STIR
I
am now
so
weak
I
can scarcely
stir.
ilhal in
kanizor-am ki ba diishican harakat ml-kunaw. Or, ilhrd in chunln za'Tfu-l-badan-ain ki ba sakhti ta/tarruk
cliunln
iiii-kunam.
404
store
stumbled.
He
STORE
has great store of learning. o (kh_azana),e (makhzan; ma' dan.] STORY I did not hear that story. man an (kissa) na shunidam. (sar-guzaslit ; dastan; kaziya; hadis ; nakl ; ofsana ; hikayat. 'azim-i-'ilm darad.
)
STRAIGHT Is this ruler straight? aya in mistar rast ast? STRAIN Strain this milk through a cloth. in shir az (biyafshared ; bi-fishured ; tarwik bibazl or saf bi-kuned.) STRANGER I am a stranger here. man dar in ja (gharibe)
parcha sazed
(bi-palu,ed).
;
am.
(ghaire
STRAW
;
mi-ayad
STRENGTH kam ast.
; beg ana, e ; shatlre.) get straw ? kah az kuja hasil-i-mci
ajnabl,e
Where can we ?
I have but
little
zor dar badan-am
strength.
man dar
Or, jism takwiyat kam daram. takat dar ajza,e badan-i-man ru ba takasur niliada ast. STRETCH Stretch out your hand. dast-i-khud-ra daraz bikuned. STRIKES I will go as soon as the clock strikes. ba Or,
mnjarrad-i-nawakhtan-i-sa^ at man khwaham raft. He struck him with a stick on the head. sar-ash chube zad.
STRUCK
o bar
They stripped him and took away his clothes. jama az tan-i-o kashtda burdand. Or, eshan o-ra
STRIPPED eshan
(barhna) karda libas-aslt burdand. ('uriyan; be poshak.) They are strong and healthy. eshan (kawl) wa
STRONG
tan-durust mi-bashand.
(kawl-jussa
;
mazbutu-l-badan
tawana ; nairumand.) STUCK Getting into the
;
o ba boat, he stuck in the mud. wakt-i-sawar-shudan-i-kishtl da r khilab dar mand. Or, chi r hine Id o dar kishtl bar cimad dar wakh_al (faro) sliud. (nasb ; mulsik ; 'alak.) STUDY They study all the day long. eshan tamam roz (tadru) ml-kunand. (taT}Sil-i-ulum ; mutaala.) STUMBLED I stumbled in running across the road. wakte ki man az rah 'ubur ml-kardam (sadma ba man rasid).
(sakut
kardam ; saktat ya/tam
;
sakit shudam.)
subdue
405
siick.
We ought to subdue our passions. mdrd bdyad khwdhishhd,e nafsdm,e khud-rd (dar kabza,e kh ud
SUBDUE hi
Or, bayad ki ma nafs-i-khiid(zabt bi-kunem-.} ddrcm). rd (taskjnr bi-sdzem). (maghlub or zer or taghullub or tamalluk or istirkuk or musakhkhar bi-kunem.) SUBJECT What is your advice on this subject? dar amr (chi maslahat ml-bmed) ? (chi saldh dared; ra,e shuma chlst.} Or, dar mashwarat-i-in masalih chi tadbir
m
mi-(kuned)
SUBMITTED ghjlliban
?
(diked.)
They submitted muVf mandand.
to the conquerors.
Or,
eshan
eshan ba
asir-i-hukm-i-
Or, dar taht-i-T},ukm-i-ghaliban amaghrdiban amadund. dand. Or, (inkiyad]-i-1iukm-i-ghaliban kardand. (itaat.) Or, khud-ra ba arbab-i-taghallub (taslim) kardand. (isti-
lam ; istislam.) SUBSCRIBE Will you subscribe to this publication? tasnlfa-ra, dast-khatt khwahed kdrd ? (i.e. subscribing to
m
the principles of the publication.) Or, az bara,e Tthandtasmfa klmat-i-hissa ki ba zimma,e shuma dyad ada.e Tchwcihed kard ? for the purchase of the (i.e., subscribing
i-in
publication.)
He
SUBSISTENCE darad.
has a subsistence only.
o kut la-yamut
-
SUBSTITUTE
Some
for paper.
people write on leaves as a substitute ba'ze marduman ba 'iwaz-i-kaghaz bar bargha
mi-nawlsand.
With your assistance I have succeeded. ba mu'aivanat-i-shuma (man kam-yab shudam). (ba murdd-ikhud rasida am ; bahra-mand shuda am ; flrozgashtaam.) SUCCESS have had little success in our work. dar kar ma kam (fath-ydb) shuda em. (bahra-mand ; bakhti-
SUCCEEDED
m
We
ydr.)
Who is to be his successor ?(ka,im mafcam}ash ki khwdhad shud. (jd-nishm ; nd;ib-mandb.} SUCK The squirrels suck this fruit. mush-i-paranda in SUCCESSOR ?
mewa-rd (makk mi-kashad). zaz ml-kunad.}
(tamassas, mi-sdzad
;
tamaz-
406
suffer
He
SUFFER
did not suffer
sure.
me
to sell the goods.
farokhtan-i-asbab-am na dad. man asbab-ra bi-farosham.
SUIT
Or, o
Will this kind suit you?
ijazat-iki
mara na guzasht
in kism (pasand-i-shuma
(ba shuma pasand ml-ayad.) Your advice appears suitable. nasihat-i-shuma
ml-ayad)?
SUITABLE
(munasib ma'lum) mi-shavad. (shci,ista zcihir ; la,ik-imafhum ; sazawar huwaida.) I have but two suits of clothes. man fakat do Or, ba juz az do rakht-i-poshcik (dast)-i-jama daram.
SUITS
libas-i-digar
SUMMER.
na daram.
now
It is
summer
the
season.
in mausim-i-
(tabistan) ast.
He
SUMMONS
(tamuz ; garma ; saif.J has received a summons to attend the court hukm-ndma bado rasida ast ki farda, dar
SUPPLICATE It will then be in vain to supplicate. an wakt (tazarru') kardan mu/id na khwahad shud. (iltimus; ibtihal ba rija
;
niijaz
;
laba
;
iftikar tawajjuh.)
Can you supply me with these articles ? shuma in chizhii maujud karda ba man ml-tamined dad? SUPPORT He has no means of support. (agbab4*ma'ithai\ na darad. (zariiriycit-i-ma'ash ; rakht-i-rozl ; idrar-i-rizk.) SUPPORT How does he support his family? o paru-atish-
SUPPLY
i-(lau-r(hikan)-i-khud chi taur 'iyal
wa
SUPPOSE
ml-kunad
?
(muta 'allikan
;
at/al; kaba,il.) I
should suppose you are mistaken.
man
(ml-
(guman daram ; mSrfahmam.} SURE I am not sure that it is so. (mara yakln nlst) ki chunm ast. (ijakln na daram; ba yaklnam na ml-ayad.} danam)
mujarrad-i-istima-i-tn sukhan (muta'ajjib shudam). ('ajabnak or ta'ajjub-nfik or hairat-tiifin or mutahaiyir or
hairan shudam
; taajjub or 'ajab kardam.) would have been greatly surprised had you told him this. agar in suklian bado ini-yujted o ta-
He
SURPRISED
'ajjub-i-azim ml-kard.
SURROUNDED mushkilat
am
I
(ffiriftar)
surrounded with difficulties. man ba shuda tan. (iHahsnr; mubtala ; aslr ;
muhlt ; mmtahsir ; mahat ; haslr karda.) I have no suspicion that he has done this. SUSPICION man (guman na daram) ki in cJiumn karda ast. (shubha or zinn or shakk or tawahhum na daram; dar guman
nayam ; ivahm na ml-buram.} SWARM Look here is a swarm
of bees. bi-btn dar in ja yak amboli-i-magasan-i-asljam'shuda ast. Or, bi-blti dar 'in ja matjasan-i-asl pur shi(da ast. SWEEP Sweep away this litter. In khas okhfishak bi-rubed. !
SWEET
The sugar-cane
is
very sweet.
nai-shakar kJiub
shirin ast.
SWELLED
My
foot swelled greatly.
payam
bisiyar (amcis
amasid ; (mutaicarrim shud ; icaram hard; inaufukh or shak or muzmaajiid gasht.} SWIM Can you teach me to swim ? shuma mam (shinawari) ml-tawaned amokht. (shitui kardan ; shinaivish ; hard},
shina'.}
This parrot swings upon a wire. t/i tfitj bar tare kafs nisliasta khud-ra ml-jumbanad. SWORD I will draw my sword. man (shmHsheryi-khud-ra
SWINGS
az miyan berun kjiwciham kashld.
(husam; sainsam.)
408
temiinate.
system
Or, man tegJi-i-khud-ra az gkilaf benui khwaham bar award. SYSTEM: They teach without any system. eshan ta'lim-ibe-kci,ida mi-dihand.
T.
TAKE
Come
your cloak. andarun biyayed labada az badan-i-khud bar hashed. TAKES He takes medicine usually once a month. o dar har mah yak bar dawa (ba 'adat) ml-khtirad. (hasbu-lhasbii-l-ma'mul ; J.iasbu-l-dastur ; ba hasbii-lin,
and take
off
TAKEN
Having taken the fort, they entered the city. eshan kila-ra (ba kabza,e kfiud iiwarda) dar shahr dafch il shudand. (taskjnr or akhz orfathor mafttikor musakhkJl'ir
teacher that taught you, taught me. ba shuinU tti'Uin dad man mz az o ta'llm Or, mudarrise Id ba shuma dars dad o ba man
muallime
ki
giri/tam. 7c dars dad.
new book. H.itiyat kun na dan. TELL Tell me where 1 may meet with him. ba man itigo ki man ba o kuja (mulnk'i khwaham shud). (mulakat khwaham kard ; ml-rasam.}
TEAR
Mind you
don't tear your
ki kitnb-i-nau-i-khud-ra
TEND
This will tend to increase our knowledge.
qfznn~i,e tahs'd-i-ilm
wajjih; raghib,)
khwahad
TERM
mara
'ihn-i-ina rn ba
afsunl
nihad.'
It is
now term time, the court
darbar ast'adalat (maftuh)
TERMINATE
In ba
(ma.il) kJiicUhad sakht. (muta-
Or, az In ka,ida
When
ast.
is
open. (makshiif; waz
do you expect this
icakt-i-
7/
affair
;
baz.) ter-
will
thanks
409
timber.
minate ? dar khayal-i-shumii chiguna mi-ayad hi ~in muJtaddama hai (anjam khwahad yaft)? (ba itmam khicHhad rasld or
;
tamam orfaisal
munkazl khwahad shud ;
iW
THANKS
I
Sir,
return you
or munfasil ormunkatii' or infciza khwahad
infisiil
many
sahiba
thanks.
man
mi-basham. (ihsanmand ; imtinan-pazir ; marhun-i-minnat ; murtasahiba man az Or, 'uhd
bisiyar (shukr-guzar)-i-shuma
mihnat-pazlr
;
him-i-ihsan.}
berun na ml-tawanam anutd. Or, $ahiba tauk-i-minnati-shuma dar gardan andakhta am. Or, bisiyar shukr-ini'indt-i-shuma mi-goyam.
THATCHED
This house must be thatched anew. in khana-ra az sar-i-nau ba kahbin bayad poshid. Or, sakfi-ln khana az sar-i-nau ba kashsh durust bayad hard. THICK Do you wish for thick paper or thin ? kayhaz-i1 mi-khwahed ya (bank)* ? l (zaft ; sitabr.) ilurusht) (
THOUGHT
They exercise no thought on the subject. dtir In amr (ra,e khud na nn-arand). (* akl-i-khjul-ra dakhl na nu-dihand ; akl-i-khiid-ra dakhl-i-tasurruf na mldiliand
;
kiyas
or jikr or
tafakkur or khayal
na mi-
kunand.)
THREATENS
He
(tahdJd)-i-saza
threatens to punish them. ml-dihad. (takhjcif ; I'ad
o badeshan ;
tahadud
;
tauakkum; wa'ld.) TIDE The tide has begun
to flow. ilhal madd (dar ayhaz) (shuru shuda.) TIGER There is a tiger in that forest; also a tigress, dar an besha shere nar together with two young ones. ast balki sher-i-mcida ba ma do bachcha. ast.
TILLED
This ground has never been na sluula ast.
tilled.
harf/iz (shiyar kardd)
zamin
in
(zira'at
karda
;
krishta.)
TIMBER tir)
Where
shall
kh_ivahem yaft,
we procure timber (khashab.)
?
az kuja
(shaJi-
410
time
TIME
Youth
rtniokjitan ast.
TIRED
I
am.
am
transported.
the time of learning.
is
(shablbat
;
wujud-i-man
ica
:
rcihe
wtinda.)
yafta
ast.
n-akt-i-
(shabiib)
;
'wifowan-i-shabab.) bisii/ar (dar-manda) sJiuda
man
quite tired.
(ma tub
sJiabb
Or, (takassHl)-i-bisiyar dar (miindayi ; takasur ; tasa-
hiliyat.)
TITLE
This
is
a
title only.
In
fakat (khitabe)
ast.
(sar-
nama.)
TOBACCO
smoke
They
tobacco.
eshfin
tumbaku,
m~t-
kashand.
TOLERABLE
This
is
tolerable
writing.
in kh_att (ma-
yukra) mi-basliad.
(mukarib.} travelled by the
ba TORCHES We light of torches. rosham e mash'alhu 'safr kardem. TOSSED The boat was tossed with the waves. ba sababi-tdlatum-i-amicaj
kishti,
(tali
o
bala) ml-shiul.
(zer
o
bald.}
TOUCH
Touch
this with
your finger.
ba anmisht-i-klind
(lams] bi-kuned. (mass; mumasat ; imsas There are plenty of toys in the bazar.
7?i-?v7
TOYS
bazlcha dar bazar
;
mujtass.)
asldya,e
bisiytir nn-bfi-shand.
TRANSACT They dar an jci kar o bar az har kism
eshan
transact different affairs there. (ml-kuna)id).
(ba 'anil
nri-iirand.)
TRANSFERRED That money has been transferred to me. an pul ba man (sipurda) shuda ast. (haicHla harda ; Or, an piil dar tahinl-i-man amada wad'iyat nihada.) ast.
We have transgressed God's commands. az hadd-i-hukin-i-kb_i(dn (kadam berun nihnda o/t). c hukm-i-lzd Or, ma (berun rafta em ; guzashta em). karda em. ('adul.) (tajaii-uz) TRANSLATE Translate this into Persian. in-rii dar zaban-
TRANSGRESSED
ma
tarjuma bi-kun. He has been transported for life. i-da ,imu-l-habs yrljta jila-watan karda shud. Or, i-da,imu-l-uinr yafta nakl-i-watan karda shud. i-fars
TRANSPORTED
o kaido habs-
travelled
tumbled.
.
TRAVELLED We travelled all the way on foot. rah pa jn'yada raftem TRAVELLING He is travelling in Persia. o
411
ma tamam
.
iin-kunad.
He
TREADS
(safr-i-fars
(dar furs siyahat.} treads so softly, I don't hear the
his step.
chnmn ba
o In
sound of
ahistagl ml-rarad ki (an-az-iml-rasad. (sada.e pSy
kadam-ash ba gosh-am) na sama'-i-man.)
TREACHEROUS dar
cfhaddar
ghad'ir
;
miiyhaddur z
ba
;
ghadur
;
;
is
^dag]ia
bis'njar
dacthal-zan.)
M/
mi-larzam. man az tremble with fear: lilianf bar man (Iar~a) mmtaull. nn-shai-ad. (ra'sha ;
His trial will take place to-day. imroz mukaddama,e o (rf<7,ir) khu-nhad shad. (j>esh : rnju'.} TRIFLE Why do you thus trifle away your time? slut mil
TRIAL
chira ba In tatir nukat-l kh_nd-ra (ra,eyan)az dast ml-dihed. inntft
be fn, iila.)
:
TRIVIAL (subuk
This :
He
TROUBLE
is
but a
be-inai/a
;
gives
trivial affair.
be-irazn
them
In amr-i-(khaflj} ast.
;
be-mifcdar.) much trouble.
(dikkat (zahmat)-i-ftraican ml-dihad. saklat ; mihnat ; takaUuf.) TRUST I am not anyways afraid to
hech muzat/aka
na daram
ki
(baro
:
o
badeslian, ta*d~i
takbjlf ;
:
trust him. i'timad)
mari bi-knnam.
(rtibar-i-o.\
lam convinced what he says is the whole truth. ml-danam harchi ki o ml-fjui/cid knU'i rast ast. TRYING It is of no use trying to do this. a:)ii(i,isJi-i-ln TRUTH
i/akln
man
kar ba
TUMBLED yak and
dltfar ;
be fa.ida
fl.s?.
They tumbled over one (u/tadand).
inltidrii/i
(initnJtadiin
another.
shudand
eslian ;
bar
yalatl
kardimd.}
27
412
undertake.
tune
TUNE
Her
(na saz)
voice is a
ast.
(be
out of tune.
little
rang
;
TURN
Turn over
TWIST
Twist these cords together.
In
this leaf.
(bi-tubed
(bi-peched).
;
awaz-ash kadre
namauzitmj
warak bi-gardaned.
m
fatal bi-sazcd
rassanha baliam charkh ;
biyared
;
bi-kuned.)
U.
UGLY ast.
This
is ;
(zislit
UMBRELLA
In harf ugly shaped letter. (na zlbu) bad-sfirat ; bad-sliakl ; kablh ; makruh.} fin
I have left behind
my umbrella. (chatr)-ikhud-ra dar pas guzaslita amada am. (sayaban ; aftabgir; aftab-gardan ; shdmsi.)
UNANIMOUS
They
wei'e
unanimous in their opinion.
eshan dar ra,e khiid (mitttajik) biidand. (yak-jihat ; yakdU ; hamsaz ; yak-kaid ; yak shaiir.) UNCERTAIN It is uncertain whether I shall go or not. mukarrar mst ki )a>i dar an ja bi-raram ya na. UNBECOMING To act thus is unbecoming. chiimn kar
m
kardan (na munasib")
UNCHANGEABLE.
God
ast.
(nci sha,ista
only
is
ta'ala (bar karar) ast. iva ka,im.}
UNDERGO
(mihnat ml-bardared m~i-kuned.)
gh.air-i-muii-rtjik
;
mahz kh uda unchangeable. yazal ; bila taghaiyur ; da.im
do you needlessly undergo all this chira be-zariiratan liama (taklif ml-kaslied).
Why
trouble.
(la
;
m
;
zuhmat
mi->bared
;
tasdl' or
dikkat
,
UNDERSTAND-^-! do not understand your meaning. matlabi-shuma (na ml-fahmani). (ba fahm-i-man na nil-ayad ; mafhum-i-man na ml-gardad.} Or, mudda'a-i-shuma dar fahm-am na mi-ayad. Or, fahm-i-fahwa,e shuma na mikunam.
UNDERTAKE
Will you undertake to manage this business ? ba zimma,e khud (khwahed girift)?
intizam-i-ln kar (fcabrd
khwahed kard.}
unexpectedly
unsearchable.
413
UNEXPECTEDLY
This letter came unexpectedly. In murasala (na gahana) wand shud. (be-khabar.} UNFIT He is wholly unfit for the task assigned him. kare ki bado hawala shuda ast dar ada,e an bi-l-kull (na la,ik ast). (adm-i-liyakat darad ; na kabil ast.} UNFURNISHED. The house is unfurnished. an khana or lawazimat or saman na (arasta nisi), (rakht darad.)
UNHAPPY
She is quite unhappy on this account. az in an zan (bisiyar ranjida-khatir) shuda ast. ('aish-ash munaghghis ; 'ishrat-ash talkh ; an zan dil-tang o rnagh-
jihat
mum
o
andoh-agm o ghamnak^) Through God's mercy we escaped unhurt. ba fazl-i-khuda ma az (mazarat mahfuz) mandem. (zarrar
UNHURT
masiin; azlyat mahrus.) Our sentiments are united. ra,e ma (muttajik) (muttahid ; ba ittifak ; ba ittihad.) UNJUST Do you conceive this to he unjust? aya shuma khayal mi-banded ki in (be inxafi) ast ? (na hakk; be dddi;
UNITED ast.
khilaf-i-ma'dUat ; khilaf-i-shar' .}
We
UNKIND
should not be unkind to each other. bayad ba yak-dlgar (be rukm) na shavem. (be muruwat ; be marhamat ; be shafkat ; gjhair-tarahhum?)
ki
ma
He
UNGRATEFUL (na sipas
;
is
o (kafir-i-ni'mat) ast. ungrateful. na shukr-guzar.) Or, o 'adat; darad. (kufr-i-ni'mat ; kufranu-n-
na hakk-shinas
i-(kufran-i-ni'mat)
na'm.)
UNLAWFUL
To do
(khilaf-i-shar')
UNLOCK
ast.
in churiin is unlawful. (na mashru' ; na hakk.)
so
kardan
Unlock the door.
(bikufi-i-darwciza (wa kun). az or ba kalld bi-kiisha.) da'u-aTheir demands are unreasonable. ha,e eshan (be ja) ast. (be i tidal ; mutajawiz ; na ma'kul;
kusha
;
UNREASONABLE na
ja,iz.)
UNSEARCHABLE
The ways
of
God
are unsearchable.
414
uttered.
unspeakable
az
hikmat-i-aUah-ta'ala
(fahm-i-ma
(idrak-i-ma
Our joy is unspeakable. hadd-i-baiyan bernn ast.
UNSPEAKABLE
ma
kh_nshl,e
az
His mind
UNSTEADY
is dil-ash bisiyar very unsteady. (na ka,im ; be sabat ; na ustuwar ; be
karar] ast.
(be
mi-bashad.
berun)
ba'id.)
istiklal.)
I am altogether unwilling to go there. ba rajtan-i-nn ja bisiyar (na raz) hastam. (na khushnud ; be dil ; na khwah.) Or, az rajtan-i-an ja daregh (daram).
UNWILLING
(uu-kwiani
UNWISE
;
man
ba
nn-ayad.)
It were
unwise not to agree to this. az In kar (sar baz zadan ; iba or (inkar kardan) na danl ast. daregh or istinkaf or nakaf or ikra' kardan ; baz ~in kar-ra na kabUl kardan be wukufi Or, istndcui.) ast.
He
UNWORTHY
has proved himself unworthy of your az kirdar-ash (sabit shuda,) ast ki o ln,ik-imasbut or Itimayat-i-shuma )itst. (ba isbat rasula; mubaiyin or huicaida or irazih or zaliir shuda; ba protection.
irit.nh paiwasta.)
UPPER
Are there any upper rooms in
this
house
?
aya
In khana(-ra tabake faukani mi-bashud) ? (tabake bala darad.} UPRIGHT They are upright in their dealings. dar mu'nnialnt-i-c'sJian
fadakaikar
;
(amanot-guzar) and.
(sadik
rcist-baz
;
;
diyanat-dur.)
No one urged him to do so. hech kas ba chnn'm kar kardan o-ra (taka^a) na kard. (iztirar ; amada ;
URGED
targhjb
URGENT ast.
USE
;
iktiza
;
tahns.)
This business
is
urgent.
(mutdkazl; mubram
Of what use
(kliurad
bandad
is
;
this ?
m
muhlmm 7n ba
kar o bar (zarurl) ;
;
bajjad.}
chi
Or, paiwandad.) bakhshad ? Or, In chi sud darad ? UTTERED I never uttered such a word. :
In
kar ml-(ayad} ? ba chi sud mi-
man
In
chumn
vain
415
vexation.
sukhan galie bar zaban nayawardam. Or, man sikr-i-ln chunln sukhan bar zaban na randam. Or, In chunln sukJian az dahan-i-man (bar) nayamad. (femw.) Or, man in chunln kalam gahe takallum na kardam. V.
He
VAIN
exerts himself in vain.
o be fa,ida koshish ml-kunad. Or, o ranj-i-behuda mi-barad wa sa'i,e be fa,ida ml-kunad. VALUE I value his friendship greatly. man kadar-iOr, man ulfat-i-o-ra \izlz dostiyash bisiyar mt-danam. daram. Or, muwaddat-i-o-ra sarmaya,e zindayanl mt-
shumaram.
What
VALUE
the value of these precious pearls? yatlm) clilst? (marwarldha,e shahwar.) VALUABLE These things are valuable. in chizhii bisiyar (girami; girun-maya ; klmatl.) (samlmj and. VANITY He is full of vanity. o pur az ghuriir ast. Or, o dar-sar bisiyar kh_ayal-i-(khud faroshl) darad. (Ithudis
^u'w.) There are various opinions about it. dar bab-i(ra,eha,e mukhtalif) and. (ikhtilaf-i-aksam ;
istig]ina,l;
maslahatha,e mutafarrik.) VARNISHED This chair has not been varnished. kursi lak malida
na shuda
bar In
ast.
VENTURED
Confiding in his luck, he ventured all his bar naslb-i-khud i'timad karda property on this risk. mdl-i-khud-ra dar makam-i-khatra (tifgand).
Kama
(andakjit.)
VERILY
Verily I cannot believe you.
na mi-tawanam kard. VEXATION I meet with nothing
-fi-l-wakV
bar shuma
i'timad
but vexation in this dar In amr ba juz az tasdi hech chlz (hasil)-ir na ml-ayad. (gir ; ba dast ba hasil ; ba hu$iil.)
business.
man
416
vice
They make no
voyage.
and virtue. (ma bain-i-khubs iva fazl farfy na mi-kunand. (kubh az husn tafrik ; darmiyan-i-shantfat wa khubl tafawat ;
VICE
imtiyaz-i-badi
wa
neko,l.)
tamiz na darand. ma'siyat
wa
'iffat
distinction between vice
Or,
ma
bain-i-('aib
wa husnat ; khubasat wa 'ismat.] (kabahat
;
sharr
wa hunar] wa khair ;
VIGILANT We should be vigilant in avoiding evil. ki ma dar ihtiraz kardan az badi (bedar) bashem. tabih
bayad (mun-
hoshyar ; agah ; mustaikiz.} He cannot vindicate his conduct. dar bab-iOr, anchi raftar-i-khud hech'uzrna ml-tawanad award. ki dar raftar ast az an ba 'uzr khud-ra khalas na ml;
VINDICATE
tawanad kard. VIOLATE I must not violate the orders
of the government. (na-fannam,e) hukm-i-daulat na kunam. Or, bayad ki ('adul-; 'adm-i-ita'at ; na-farma bardarl.} man az farman-i-riyasat (mukhalifat) na kunam. (sarkashi ; gardan-kashi ; ta'aruz ; i'raz ; ta'arruz.) VIOLENT His temper is very violent. o mizaj-i-(khashmnak) darad. (cfhazub ; ghazab-nak ; arghand ; arghada.] Or, o (atas1i)-mizaj ast. (tund ; tez ; sakht.) VIRTUOUS Let us always maintain virtuous conduct.
bayad
man
ki
bihtar ast ki
ma (raftar-i-nek madam
ikhtiyar bi-namayern}.
(ba khasalat-i-'afif da,imu-l-ankat 'adat bi-glrem.) VISIT I am going to visit him. man (bara,e) mulakat-i-o
ml-ravam.
VOICE
(ba sharaf-i-.)
She has a fine
(tibat-amez
;
narm
o
voice.
aivaz-i-an sahiba (khiisli) ast.
hazm ;
taiyibu-l-ada
;
taiyib-lahjat).
Or, an zan zaban-i-sliirm darad. VOLUMES Is the book in one or two volumes ? In kitab yak jild darad ya do ? VOYAGE He is now on a voyage to Bushir. o ilhal ba bush'ir az (rah-i-tari) mi-ravad. (tarlk-i-bahr.)
wafer
WAFER WAGES
What wages
you receive ? shuma chand (mazduri; mitzd ; talab ; daily rozma; rozana ; monthly mushaharat ; mahi-
('ujrat)
nn-yabed
yaumiya
;
yana.) Tell
WAIT
'inayat/armuda la man
(chize az barii,e cha spanl dan.)
(kulaje) li-dihed.
m
me a wafer.
Please give
417
warranted.
him
do
?
to wait in this room.
kamra (muntazir
bashed),
bao bi-goyed
(intizar bi-kuned
;
ki dar chande
; andake bi-maned; mutawakkif bashed.) have been waiting for you t\vo hours. ta ba dii sa'at (intizar-i-shuma kashida ant). (barci,e shuma iiumtazir buda am; do cliashm ba rah-i-skuma dcishta am ; chashm-i-Jchud-ra nargiswar ba shali-rah-i-shinna nigrun daslita am; bar a, e shuma nnitaivakkif buda am; ba jihat-i-shuma tawakkuf karda am.} WAKE You must endeavour to wake early. shuma-ra 'ala-s-sabah az bistar bar khastan bciyad. T ALK Do you mean to walk or ride ? shuma pa piyada rah raftau mi-kh_walied ya (saictir) ? (ba saicarl.) WALL The garden wall has fallen. diirar-i-bagh (u/tada) ast. (manhadim shuda ; inhidam yitfta ; az pa dar
taii-akkuf bi-kuned
WAITING
I
-
W
amada.)
WANDERED
I
have wandered in
all
directions over the
ba hama taraf-i-mulk (sair karda am), (siya,' country. hat or tafarruj karda am ; gashta am ; gardlda am) Or,
WANT
man jaicanib-i-diyar ba kadam paimuda am. I want much to see him. man o-ra didan
mi-khwaham. WAREHOUSE This ast.
is
his warehouse.
bisiyar
in (khana,e ajnas}-i-o
(asbab-khjuna ; ambar-Jchana ; karbaj.) This table is warped. In mez (kaj) shuda ast.
WARPED
(khamida; mu'amcij ; kosh; munhani.)
WARRANTED
The horse is warranted without blemish. (kamr asp 'aibe na darad. (wa'da karda) slntda ast ki duda ; ikrar karda ; $amanat-i-in tna'nl rjirifta)
m
418
waste
whistling.
WASTE Why do you waste your paper ? cliira kaghaz-ikhud-ra (tazijl'} ml-kuned ? (za,T ; kJiarab ; makJiiTib.) WATCH I watch an opportunity of going there. man ba jiliat-i-raftan-i-cin
jUi/am
;
ja (mauka',e mi-binam).
inuntazir-i-fur*at ml-bashaui
;
(kabu
m~i-
mutarassid-i-icakt-
i-sha,ista ml-basham.)
WATCH
Your watch goes remarkably well. sa'at-i-shuma ba tarah-i-khub ml-raiad. WAX These candles are of wax. in shani'ha az mom sakhta shuda ast.
WEAR
I
wear a suit of clean clothes every day.
liar
roz
(dar bar mi-kunam.") weaves the kind of cloth we wear. kisme
daste jcima'e saf (ml-posham).
WEAVES
He ma inl-posJiem an sluikhs He will return in a week.
piircha hi
WEEK
ml-bafad.
dar
'arsa,e yak hafta (muaicadat ; 'ndat.) because of the death of his son. ba
(mu)-nja'at) kjnvahad kard.
WEEPS
He weeps
or (iiala o ah (mi-nalad). ojighan or ashkbun inl-kunad.) shakar sugar been weighed ? (wazn or tartll. karda.}
sabab-i-rihlat-i-pisar-ash f/iriya o zcirl or-shor
WEIGHED
Has
this
m
(sanjlda) shiula ast. WEIGHT What is the weight of this stone?
(wazn) darad
in
sang chi
(sanglnl ; sanj ; bar ; saklat.) WELCOME You are welcome. shuma (kh_ush) amadaed! Or, marhaban o sahlan ! Or, marhaba! (ba-khair.) ?
WELL
Tell them to dig a well here. badeshan bi-goyed dar in ja chahe bi-kanand. WELL I understand well what you sp.y. anchi ki shuma, ml-goyed (dar fahm-i-mati khub ml-ciyad). (man ba ki
khiibi
nn-fahmam.) This paper is very wet. kaghaz bisiyar (nam) ast. (tar; namgm ; martub ; nam-nak.} WHISPERED I whispered that to him. man an sukhan dar gosh-ash (ahista) guftarns (ba ahistagl; ba khafiya;
WET
m
ba nihuftagt.) I heard somebody whistling. shakhse-rci sltunidam ki (safir mi-zanad). (safar mi-kunad.)
WHISTLING
419
wounded.
WHOLE
You
shuma
are
basJiad
welcome
hama
agar khwahish-i-
to the whole.
bi-glred.
WIDER
I want some cloth wider than this. parcha az ~m 'anztar mT-kJnpaham. WINDOW The bird flew out at the window.
dancha
WINTER
(parii-az kard}. (panc~iz I like the winter season.
kunan raft
pasand mi-ayad. (shita ; zaniistriii.) She possesses much wisdom. Jit rat
kadre
paranda az ;
parld.}
mam (mausim-i-S(irma) an zan
WISDOM
kaniil darad.
man
dirayat
('akl)-i-
kiyasat.) They only are wise who fear God. mahz an kasan darand. nu-basliand ki tars-i-kjiuda. ('akii ; ('aklinaud) (firasat
:
;
;
WISE
dana
WISH WISH
;
zU-l-'akUl; sUhib-i-idrilk: miihakkak.]
What
your wish ? khwahish-i-skuma cJiist ? eshan (mi-khwahand) to remain here. ki dar in ja bi-manand. (tamanna or arzn or irada or shank dtirand.} WITNESSES. Has he any witnesses ? o (yawahe) darad ? is
They wish
(shahide.)
WORLD
This world was created by the power of God. ba kudrat-i-ilahl In dunya (ba icujud amad). (paida or
Ufrlda shud.)
WONDER
Nobody can evince wonder at this. liecli kas dar na ml-tawanad kard. (sliiyu/t ; taajjub.) She works to 'support herself and family. an zan
in ('ajab)
WORKS
ba jihat-i-pancarish-i-khj(d-asli wa atfal-i-khiid mihnat mlkunad. WORSHIP We worship one God only. ma (parastish}4taut; bandagl ; khuda,e icahid )in-kunem. ('ibadat ; namaz.} Or, ma mii'takif-i-taufiid mi-bashem. WORTHY I am not worthy of so much kindness. man l(i,ik-i-i)i kadar-i-mihrbanl nlstam. WOUND Deadly venom was extracted from the wound. az zakhm (zahr-i-katil) bar awarda shud. (samm-i-halhal ;
matamm-i-halahal.)
WOUNDED
Some
of our sepoys were
lashkiriya>i-i-ma (tnajrTih rjashtand).
wounded. (-ra
-ba'ze
az
jarrahat rasld.)
420
wrecked
zealous.
WRECKED
That ship was wrecked. an jahaz (tabali) shud. (takhrib; inhidam ; zer-i-ab faro zada ; shikasta ; ghark ;
ghank mustaghrik.} WEITE Let me see if ;
b in
am
ki
man
I can write as well as you. biba misal-i-shuma khush Wifltt naidshtan
mi-taictinam ya na.
WRONG
You have bought the wrong kind of seed. bazr az kism-i-digar kharida ed.
shuma
Y.
YARD
This stick
is
a yard long.
in chub' yak gaz daraz
ast.
He
YEARS
basliad.
ten years old. o ba 'timr dah sala riOr, 'umr-ash dah sal ast. Or, o dah sal 'umr is
darad.
YELLOW
That
an zard (ma'liim miappears yellow. (ml-namayad.) YESTERDAY Yesterday it rained much. dl roz barun ba shavad).
the season of youth. dar (aiyam}-i-jau-am. ; mausim-i-bahar ; zamtin.)
daur
Z.
ZEAL
He
zahir
sliowed
hard.
great
(ghabt
;
zeal.
ghabta
o ;
irawan (sar-garmi\e fit. gJiairat
;
'asabiyat
;
hamiyat.)
ZEALOUS and.
They
are very zealous. eshan bisiyar (sar-gami) sha,ih; inudaicin ; mudmin ;
(ghajr; ghayur ;
mutahuuu'ir.)
421
zephyr.
ZEPHYR
The breath of the zephjr ma k_hush mi-ayad.
bad-i-sabii bn
feels pleasant to us. Or, nh-i-janubi ba ma
mtihsus flii-sliatad.
The book
is
finished,
the year 1877. tammatu-l-kitab
ba
by the aid of the Merciful King, in 'aunu-l-maliku-l-icahhab
fl
sannat
EXAMINATIONS. IN INDIA there are the following examinations in Persian and Arabic, at which persons other than members of the Indian Civil Service (see note, page 160)
may
present themselves
:
The Second or Higher Standard* in Persian,
1.
or Arabic, (a)
The books which have
to be read are
PERSIAN. 'Ikd-i-gul.
(Selection of the Gulistan.) '
Nqfhatu-l-yaman
(1st part).
ITcd-i-manzum. (Selection of the Bostan.) (b)
Half of an ordinary octavo page of plain English has to be rendered into
:
Persian (c)
translated readily. The reward for passing
(d)
or
Arabic.
Manuscripts in Persian or Arabic have to be read is,
fairly
and
in
PERSIAN.
ARABIC.
Es. 500
Es. 800
Conversation with fluency, and with such correctness of pronunciation, grammar and idiom as to be at once intelligible,
has to be carried on with a native, f
* So called because it corresponds with the examination styled the Second, or Higher, Standard in Hindustani ; there is no examination in Persian or Arabic by the First or
Lower
Staiulard.
t Bxcept iu Bombay, this portion of the test
is,
in Arabic, omitted.
424 Standard of High Proficiency,
2. (a)
The books which have
to be read are
:
ARABIC.
PERSIAN. Gttlistdn.
IKhioanu-s-safa.
Bostan.
Nafhatu-l-yaman.
Anwdr-i-Suhaili. (6)
A
passage of moderate difficulty, half of an octavo page in from a text-book, has to be rendered into
length, not taken
English. (c)
An
English paper of moderate
difficulty
has to be translated
and
idiomatically. (d) Similarly, a paper of English sentences has to be rendered. Eeward for passing in
accurately
PERSIAN. Es. 1500
Es. 2000
Examination for a Degree of Honour.
3. (a)
ARABIC.
I
The books which have
to be read are
:
ARABIC.
Hammdsdh. Jaimur-ndmah. Makdmdt-i- Hariri.
Inshd,e Abu-l-fazl. SiJcandar ndmah.
Dlwdn-i-Hdfiz. (6)
Two
octavo pages, one in prose, the other in verse, selected difficult work, not a text-book, have to be
from some
translated with accuracy into English. (c)
(d)
A
difficult passage from English has to be rendered with accuracy, elegance and neatness of expression, and with perfect correctness of spelling and grammar.
Conversation has to be carried on with idiomatic accuracy
and fluency.*
Howard
for passing in
PEESIAN.
ABABIC.
I
Es. (4000) Except
in
Bombay,
Es. (5000) this portion of the test
Is,
in Arabic, omitted.
425 In the Province of Sind, there
4.
is
a Special Examination
in Persian.
The books which have (a)
to be read are
:
Gulistan.
First (1)
A
(c)
An
Four Chapters of the Anwar-i-Suhaill.
passage, in an easy narrative style, not taken from the textbooks has to be translated into English.
English paper of easy narrative style has to be rendered, and with accuracy of grammar, into Persian. paper of English sentences has, similarly, to be rendered.
intelligibly (d) (e)
A
Conversation, with accuracy and fluency, has to be carried on with a native of Persia.
Keward
-(1000) Ks.
for passing
Remarks. Examinations
1,
2 and
3,
are regulated
by G. G. O. Military
Department, No. 734 of 9th September, 1864 ; and No. 294 of 24th March, 1866. These orders of Government relate to the following languages
Telugii, Malayalam, Sindi. well as to Persian and Arabic.
As
In respect to Pushtu the following Government order applies
specially
:
G. G. O. Military Department, No. 733 of 15th July, 1873.
The Special Examination (4) in Persian for of Sind is based on:
the Province
Bombay Castle, No. 2741 of 22nd Septemand No. 1122 of 14th April, 1875.
General Department, ber,
A
1874
;
would do well to apply person, who intends to serve in India, to an Indian Agent, in London, for copies of these orders.
426 The Government of India and the Governments of Madras and
Bombay may,
in addition to the
pecuniary rewards already
noted, award a gold medal to any
officer,
who
is
reported to
have passed an examination, in any language, with extraordinary merit.
No
obtain rewards for passing the tests of the Second Standard, or High Proficiency, whose period of actual residence in India, exceeds 10 years ; nor will any officer receive any reward for officer will
passing the test for the Degree of Honour, whose period of actual residence in India exceeds 15 years.
Examinations for Degrees of Honour, Certificates of High Proand for the Second or Higher Standard, will take place at Presidency Towns. The special examination in Persian for the Province of Sind, will take place at Bombay travelling allowance for the journey from Sind to Bombay and return will be given. Length of service is no ficiency
;
bar to any one's appearing.
Rules for the examination, at Fort William, of Candidates other than Her Majesty's Indian Civil Servants. 1.
A
general examination
monthly, usually the 1st
is
Monday
held by the Board of Examiners (not being the 1st or 2nd) of the
month, to which military officers and all gentlemen,* authorized by Government to be examined by the Board, are admitted. 2. Applications for examination from Military Officers are to be made to the Adjutant-General of the Army, or the officer in charge of his office at the Presidency and, from all other gentlemen in the public service to the Head of the Department, in which they ;
may
be serving at the Presidency.
Candidates, in their applications, are invariably to state their
* Officers in the Public Works aTul Education Departments and officers of the Bengal Police Battalions. Other gentlemen by order of the Government of India, Home Department.
in the
427 All applications are to be forwarded, in sufficient time to reach the Secretary to the Board, on or before the 25th, or [if for 3.
the High Proficiency Examination, or for a Degree of Honour] on, or before the 20th of the month preceding that in which the ex-
amination 4.
is
held.
Examinations commence at 11 a.m.
;
and
all
papers are to be
delivered to the Secretary by 4'0 p.m. Candidates arriving after 11*15 a.m. are excluded from the examination. 5.
Candidates are to sign their names legibly on each of their
exercises. 6.
No
Candidate can present himself for examination by the at two consecutive monthly examinations or, by the
same standard
;
Proficiency test, or for a Degree of Honour, until three monthly examinations, or four months, have intervened from the
High
date of the examination at which such Candidates
examined and 7.
may have been
failed to pass.
Special examinations are not granted except by the order of
Government. 8.
Candidates are not to
any of the Examiners,
call
on the Secretary to the Board, or
for the pui'pose of ascertaining the result of
their examinations.
A copy of the Board's report, embodying the remarks of the Examiners on his oral and written exercises is sent to each Candidate as soon after the examination as is practicable.
Extract from the Proceedings of the Government of India in the Foreign Department. No. 1470 P, dated Fort William, 13th August, 1874, Observations. In the dispatch above quoted, Her Majesty's Secretary of State dwelt on the necessity for encouraging officers
employed in the
Political
Department to study Persian and Arabic
languages.
Probably such encouragement could most effectually be afforded by holding out some reasonable prospect of employment to officers
28
428 devote themselves to the study of these languages. In the opinion of the Honourable the President in Council, however, it is impossible to give any definite promise of employment in the Poli-
who
tical
Department
as a reward to officers
who
pass examinations or
even high examinations in Arabic and Persian. Other qualifications must necessarily be regarded as of even greater importance than linguistic attainments. At the same time a thorough knowledge of these languages should be allowed much weight in the selection of Candidates Civil or Military for employment in the Political Department. 2. The President in Council deems it necessary that officers who are hereafter appointed to the Political Service without having passed the High Proficiency or Honour tests in Persian or Arabic should, after their appointment pass a linguistic test of a higher standard
than that
now demanded.
Under Foreign Department Resolution Ho. 541 P, dated 17th March, 1871, officers hi the Political Department are at present required to translate a passage of Persian into English and a passage of English into Persian. They are also required to hold witli moderate fluency a conversation in Persian, and to read with
fair
Persian manuscript. lu order both to raise the present standard of qualification and to bring it into accordance with the standards recognised under the
facility a
Civil
and Military Examination Rules, the President
to
the
Class
it
Political
Assistant
be required
to pass either in Proficiency test ; further that in Turkish Arabia, the Persian Gulf and shall
Arabic, or in Persian, by the
such
in Council
necessary to prescribe that in future officers appointed Political Department in and below the grade of 1st
considers
High
officers if employed Muscat shall be required to pass a colloquial examination in Arabic and if employed at Zanzibar, a colloquial examination in Arabic or Swaheli, even though they may have already passed in Persian; and ;
employed in the Continent of India, a colloquial examination either in Hindi, or the local vernacular of the place where they are If such officers be appointed to Burma, they will be serving. if
required to pass the High Proficiency test in Burmese, but will not be required to pass in Arabic or Persian. 3. When the exigencies of the public service require the employ-
429 ment of an officer in any of the higher posts of the Political Department, Government reserves to itself the right of appointing any officer who*m it considers to possess the best general qualifications even though he may not have passed in these languages. But for the retention of appointments in and below the grade of 1st Class Political Assistant, it will be essential that officers hereafter
appointed shall have passed or shall within three years from date of appointment pass the tests above prescribed, besides qualifying in the other subjects laid
down
for examination in the Political
De-
partment.
To
officers
above the grade of 1st Class Political Assistant neither
these rules, nor the rules contained in the Resolution No. 5-11 P, dated 17th March, 1871, are applicable.
In August, 1874, the number of
officers belonging to the Indian passed the tests for the Degree of Honour and High Proficiency was as set forth in the following Table
Service
who had
:
430
Under
Notification of the 24th
March, 1870, by the Government of members of the Civil
India, the rules for the examination of Service of India are as follows :
A
Civil Servant, attached to the
Upper Provinces, may present High Proficiency Examination in Persian or Hinattached to the Lower Provinces, he must pass in
himself for the dustani:
if
Bangali or Uryah before he can compete in Persian or Arabic. Until he shall have obtained the certificate for High Proficiency in Persian or Hindustani (or Bangali or Uryah, as the case may be) he is not permitted to present himself for distinction in other
languages.
He may
compete for a Degree of Honour without
obtaining a certificate of High Proficiency. He is not allowed to present himself more than twice at any examination ; but, if specially recommended by the Examiners, he
may appear
He
is
a third time.
not allowed to present himself for the
High
Proficiency
Examination after the lapse of 7 years, nor for the Degree of Honour Examination after 10 years, from the date of his first arrival in India.
No
exception will be
made on account
Examinations will be held on the
January
first
I
April of each year, at the Presidency towns. Application to be examined must be
of leave of absence, &c. in
Monday
July October
made 3 months
before the
date of the examination.
A
Civil Servant desirous of attending examinations for prizes for
the study of the Oriental languages, is allowed leave of absence on full pay for one month before the examination ; if he passes the examination, he is allowed another month. This leave of 2 months
counts as service and residence. The amount of leave is not to exceed 2 months at one time, nor 12 months in the aggregate. The tests for High Proficiency and the Degree of Honour examinations are the same as those for Military Officers, or persons not belonging to the Indian Civil Service , but the rewards are different.
431 The reward
for passing PERSIAN.
(a) (ft)
The High Proficiency Examination The Degree o Honour
There
member
is
is
ARABIC.
Es. 2,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
no examination by the Second or Higher Standard for a
of the Indian Civil Service.
These rules
affect particularly
the
members of the
of Bengal ; in the Presidencies of Madras and modified by local regulations.
A member of
Civil Service
Bombay
the Indian Civil Service should obtain
they are
:
Eesolution, Financial Department, No. 2,749 of 24th September, 1864, by the Government of India ; Letter, Home Depart-
ment, No. 4,127, of 10th September, 1870, from the GovernNotification of 24th March, 1870, by the
ment of India
;
G-overnment of India; Notification No. 49, of 4th September, 1874, by the Government of India.
