®
Teach Yourself
COMPLETE Speak, read and write with confidence (page xvii) xxiii) (page alphabet the Learn 1) (page yourself Introduce Order a drink Small talk (page 19) menus (page (page 35) Understand 73) (page 51) Give directions arrangements travel Make the time (page (page 91) Tell the future (page 97) Talk about call phone a Make 134) the Understand 151) (page forecast (page 186) weather Greece (page 208) in Easter . voca buI ~ Find e ential I' fast (page 278) Test your elf and learn (www.teachyourself.com)
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FROM BEGINNER TO
:
Level4
"'c.f
\'1t-
.,l\\\
"Global scale" of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: learning, teaching, assessment (CEFR)
N
u ..J
!~ t>W
Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. Can summarise information from different spoken and written sources. reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. Can express him/herself spontaneously, very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning even in more complex situations.
>..J
~~ >w
1-U
u -> "'"' ..J
t>W
>..J
~~ >w
Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognise implicit meaning. Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.
1-U
Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialisation. Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options. Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst travelling in an area where the language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest. Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans. Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need.
< ..J
.-"' -> t>W
>..J
~ft: >w
Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed ot the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives. people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help.
1-U © Council of Europe. www.coe.int/lang.
Extract reproduced with the permission of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg
Complete Greek
®
Teach
Yourself
Complete Greek Aristarhos Matsukas
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: a catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: on file. First published in UK ~~~7 as Teach Yourself Grui by Hodder Education, pan of Hachette Livre UK, 338 Euston Road, London, NW1 3BH. First published in US 1997 as Teach Yourself Gruk by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. This edition published 1010. The Teach YOMI'IIIlf name is a registered trade mark of Hodder Headline. Copyright C 1997, 1003, •o1o Aristarhos Matsukas
In UK: All rights reserved. Apan from any permitted use under UK copyright law, no pan of this publication may be reproduced or ttansmitred in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information, storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing &om the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Funher details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS. In US: All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no pan of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Typeset by MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company. Printed in Great Britain for Hodder Education, pan of Hachette Livre UK, 33 8 Euston Road, London, NW1 3BH, by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading, Berkshire. The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websires referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher and the author have no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content will remain relevant, decent or appropriate. Hachette Livre UK's policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Impression number 10 ~ 8 7 6
s4 3 1 1
Year 10IJ 2.014 2.013 2.012. 2.011 2.010
Acknowledgements Special thanks for this new edition go to Rebecca Green, Ginny Catmur and Sue Hart, my editors at Hodder Education, also to my students in New York City, Athens, and now in Berlin who have shown me over the years what is important and fun when learning Modern Greek.
.................................................................................................
Contents v
Acknowledgements Meet the author Only got a minute? Only got ten minutes? Introduction How to use this book Symbols and abbreviations Pronunciation guide 1
2
3
4
s 6
7
ix X
xii xvii xviii xxii xxiii
r11a aoul
Hi! Asking for and giving personal information, introducing people, using Greek greetings Ta Kciv£u;; How are you doing? Engaging in 'small talk; enquiring about each other's health, conversing about common daily activities, talking about what jobs people have, counting from 1-10 'EAa va naOUIJ€ tva ou(ciKd Let's have a glass of ouzo! Ordering drinks, asking for local drinks, counting from 11-20 KaAra op€~111 Bon appetit! Ordering food in a restaurant, asking for local specialities, enquiring about Greek eating habits, counting from 21-100 Revision test 1 nou dvaa 11 AKponoAra; Where is the Acropolis? Asking for directions, understanding simple instructions, finding your way around, counting from 101-1000 KaAo Ta~i6d Have a nice trip! Making travel arrangements, finding out about public transport, purchasing tickets and making reservations, telling the time, counting from
1
19
35
51
67 73
91
1000-10000
Contents
Vll
8
'ExnE 6w1Jcttla; Do you have any rooms?
9
Enquiring about rooms, making hotel reservations, checking in or checking out, explaining a problem with your room 0iAnE TlnoTa; How can I help you? 124 Buying things, enquiring about prices, stating preferences, naming fruit and vegetables, naming colours
10 11
Revision test 2 'EAal noao«; Elvaa; Hello! who is it?
107
144 151
Making telephone calls, making arrangements to meet someone, suggesting what to do and where to meet, talking about business plans 12
Eixa tva TPOI.IEPO novoKtcpaAol I had a terrible headache! Express feelings, talking
167
to a doctor, asking for remedies, naming different professions, naming different sports 13
Ta Kaapo tKavE; What was the weather like?
186
Talking about the weather, using expressions of time, getting the gist of a weather forecast, naming the months and seasons 14
nou nftyaTE yaa naaxa; Where did you go for Easter?
208
Using appropriate language at a social function, expressing wishes or congratulations, expressing opinions and state preferences, describing past events 15
Revision test 3 Key to the exercises Glossary of grammatical terms Grammar summary Index of grammatical terms and thematic vocabulary Greek history timeline Greek language timeline Taking it further English-Greek glossary Greek-English glossary
Vlll
230
237 252 257 270 272 273 276 278 298
Meet the author I have worked as a professional author and language teacher for over 25 years. I have written language books with special focus on Greek as a foreign language, including a bilingual English-Greek, Greek-English pocket dictionary. I have lived about half of my life away from Athens, my birthplace, first in the US for fourteen years, where I had studied Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) and Applied Linguistics, and now in Berlin for the last nine years. My accumulated teaching experience of Modern Greek comes from teaching adults and college students in New York City, then Athens, and more recently Berlin. My professional experience also includes among others university teaching in the USA, working as a head of department in a community college in Athens, as a language school director in Ioannina (Greece), and as the translator of three cookery books. When not at my desk, I can usually be found in the kitchen, in a bookshop, or at a language book fair. I love travelling (having visited more than twenty countries), watching TV, and learning languages. Aristarhos Matsukas
Meet the author
lX
Only got a minute? According to Aristides Konstantinides' book Greek
Words in the English Language there are 45,729 Greek words in English!
As you work through this course, you will become increasingly aware of Greek loanwords in English although sometimes, you have to stretch your imagination and bend the odd pronunciation rule to spot them. Here are some first examples of loan words:
problem, music, politics, idea, programme, system. Have a go at the similar or different exercises in the Practice section of each unit. There are at least ten words in these exercises throughout this book that test your ability to make associations between what you already know and what you are learning. These associations can sometimes be difficult to detect: for example the words 1JU8o~
(myth), IJETpo (metre) and nEpio6o~ (period) are
easily detected once you know the Greek alphabet, but
X
the word ~~~Aio (book) does not carry an immediate association, although bibliography does. You might be relieved to know that there are a large number of English loanwords in Greek too, for example complex, stress and camping. Many sports are also identical in both languages, for instance tennis and volleyball. New technology has also introduced many terms in Greek: computer, fax, and email are a few examples. In Greece many signs are in English, including the street sign for 'stop: the sign 'WC' for public toilets, and even 'P'for car parks. Sometimes, there is a Greek word for these words, but the English word is generally used in everyday language.
XI
nly got ten minutes? . \tl.' of the Indo-European languages, with more than 4,000 years of development and history. It is spoken by more than 10 million people in Greece alone and about 4 million people elsewhere. Australia, Canada, the USA, and South Africa still have the largest Greek-speaking populations outside Greece. Apart from the second- or third-generation Greeks abroad, many foreigners, like perhaps yourself, learn Greek in colleges, adult education centres, or private language schools every single year. One of the reasons is perhaps to keep up ties with families, or new relatives, or even business colleagues in Greece. No matter what your reason is for actually wanting to learn Greek, you are about to study a very interesting language, rooted in a deep and rich cultural heritage, and spoken by a very proud nation. After so many centuries, past works in this language are still relevant in many disciplines including philosophy, drama, the arts, and architecture, just to name a few. New doctors still take the Hippocratic Oath before graduation. Theologians and ordinands still read the New Testament in its original language, and mathematicians still try to expand on Pythagoras's theorem after 2,500 years! The rich cultural and linguistic past of the Greeks should not be viewed as an extra burden on your efforts to learn Modern Greek as it is nowadays spoken in Greece. On the contrary, that past should make you aware that learning Greek today can set you apart from other bilinguals or multilinguals who claim knowledge of other major languages. It is not only an advantage to be able to speak Greek; it should also be a privilege and a unique experience! Even in the business world, knowledge of less commonly spoken languages can make a difference when you apply for a new job, so take this as a rewarding experience right from the start and remember you are not the first person to try and learn Greek. Many other language learners have succeeded in the past with this beautiful language and now you will be the next one. Xll
Apart from this course, you can nowadays get so much information through the Internet, from Greek music to online dictionaries or photos from all over Greece or even the new Acropolis Museum in Athens! The Internet can accompany your efforts with this book and can add colour, shapes, and designs as well as enrich the suggestions or topics we are dealing with in this book. Do not also forget what we pointed out to you in the one-minutesummary. You already know more than you probably think! Throughout the units we try to reinforce and single out certain obvious or not so obvious similarities in both languages. People are often surprised to realize that so many words are almost similar and/ or easy to remember. Let us give you some examples here with Greek numbers: 'triathlon' from tria, for 'three'; 'pentagon' from pente, for 'five'; 'octagon' from okto, for 'eight''; or even 'decimal' or 'decathlon' from THeka for 'ten'. What is also very comforting is that many road signs, or signs in airports, railway stations, or harbours are usually bilingual in Greek and English! This book will, however, prepare you also for some signs you might encounter only in Greek. So the combination of bilingual signs in Greece and familiarity with the Greek script as taught in this book should prevent you from becoming afraid of this new alphabet. Remember also that we will use a lot of transliteration to boost your confidence with many initial vocabulary items that can be tackled this way and so relieve you of an extra burden. So kalimera, kalispera and kalinihta will be greetings and valedictions for you to understand and/or use immediately, rather than having to spend five minutes thinking about their spelling! After all this information, are you ready now to move on and make some progress with grammar? For some reason, when some learners hear this word, it turns them off completely. Of course, we would like to think that life would be. much si.mp~er ~f there were no grammar a.t all. Man¥.dl · thmk English IS virtually grammar-free. Enghsh-s ~a eyed with surprise when someone points out th words 'who whose - whom' are the nominative, genitive accusative forms. Unless they have learnt Latin or any other heav-~inflected language, they will never have heard anything like thi~fore! Interestingly enough though, this is true and there area smal·W>· inders and traces
glish. Today, some languages have retained inflected forms, w .. eas some others have reduced them along the way. Both languagCfor example, have irregular verbs (go- wentgone), irregular a ives (bad- worse- worst), or irregular nouns (singular: news i .. plural: two mice but one mouse). You will me irregular forms, but do not forget that both asked to le tJil. also plenty of regular verbs, nouns, or adjectives! Consi
XIV
and following the examples found in many of the units in this book, it will become second nature to use o Yannis for 1ohn', i Maria for 'Mary' and to LonTHino for 'London'! The same thing can happen also with verb forms: for example there are two forms, 'walk' and 'walks', for the simple present tense in English instead of six different ones in Greek! A reason for this is that, of course, in English we understand the difference between 'I walk', 'you walk', 'we walk', and 'they walk' through the use of different personal pronouns. In Greek, the verb endings will signal the information of personal pronouns and this is why the pronouns themselves are usually omitted. So the Greek verb perpata-o signals from its ending o (-w) that only 'I walk' is right as the translation here. Most Greek verbs have this ending and a few others end in -me like i-me (I am). So the initial worry about there being all these different forms can actually be reduced with simple explanations and plenty of examples in each unit. Of course, the idea of having more endings attached to nouns, verbs or adjectives is not unique for Greek alone but also for learning a number of other languages including Italian, French or Spanish just to mention a few. What you need to bear in mind and remember for the moment is not the words themselves, but why the ending matters. It matters because it tells you who is doing what, what is happening, and when is that happening. You might be wondering about the challenge of remembering all these different endings and of course use them later on. As soon as you realize that you will be learning them all the time in relevant and meaningful situations, your fears will be put aside and your focus will change. In English we often swallow our final syllables or vowels, but in Greek every syllable counts, especially the vowel at the end (you will notice that most Greek words end in a vowel). This makes things easier because_ in most cases these e?dings (wh!c~~»: ys clearly heard) are pomters not only to puttmg phr ,,~IPM-Rra together, but to understanding them too. We ex rough simp dialogues in everyday situations not only wh IS IS Important in Greek, but how you, too, can use this knowle<J! to build on a solid foundation that will, if you persevere with this..fturse, enable you to speak and understand Greek with confidence . .g;w ~"f.!W't
The most striking difference between Greek and English is perhaps word order. In English, following the 'subject-verb-object' principle, one ends up with a very structured and orderly way to construct a sentence or phrase. On the contrary Greek, by the virtue of having so many different endings, has a more flexible way to construct the same sentence. Let's take an example to illustrate this: 'My cat chased a black mouse yesterday!' The only flexibility in English is perhaps the word 'yesterday" which we can move to the beginning of the sentence. We can also leave the word order as it is but change our intonation, reading this sentence so as to actually emphasize different pieces of information. Apart from that, we have no other real possibilities in English. In Greek though, we can easily construct six different possibilities, just starting with what we would like to emphasize at the beginning and placing at the end what needs less attention. In other words, the endings attached to each single word will not confuse the meaning, if we put the verb 'chased" or the noun 'a black mouse' in the first place in the sentence! This is a small challenge for you as you learn Greek but at the same time sets you free from the big worry of how to put different pieces together in a Greek sentence. Of course even Greek with this flexibility in its word order does have certain limits that one can not overlook. For example 'my caf or 'a black mouse' are entities that need to be together when we move them within the sentence. We cannot deliberately separate them and leave the word 'my" at the beginning and the word 'caf' at the end of the Greek sentence. But this is also logical, don't you think? For most beginners, learning Greek is an exciting and exhilarating experience. This is probably because they have met or heard Greeks discussing, arguing, and gesticulating amongst themselves: whether they are angry or contented they seem to us Anglo-Saxons to be living life to the full. Learning Greek may yet add another dimension to your life too!
XVI
.................................................................................................
Introduction Welcome to Complete Greek! This is a course designed for learners with no previous knowledge of Greek; it can also be used by students with some previous knowledge of Greek to revise and consolidate their language skills. Whatever your aims in using this book, you can learn at your own pace and to the level you need. By the end of the course you should be able to communicate in most everyday situations, while visiting Greece. The language you will learn in this book is that of everyday life in Greece, so you can familiarize yourself with Greek people, their customs, the climate and the country. The emphasis is on the communicative aspect of the language; first just try to get the gist of the dialogues, bearing in mind the name of the unit. There are many phrases in the first four units (designed as a 'survival package' - a basic introduction to the language you need in Greece) which are best learned as phrases. You will meet the grammar explaining the structure of the phrases in later units. This book will teach you the standard spoken language used today in Greece. It's called demotic meaning 'popular' or 'everyday' language, as opposed to katharevousa, a form of Modern Greek, which is almost extinct. For a fuller explanation of the history of the Greek language, see the Greek language timeline at the back of the book.
Introduction
XVll
How to use this book Read the introduction in English at the beginning of each dialogue before you read, or listen to, the dialogue. The dialogues marked with '4t are on the recording which accompanies this book. To develop good pronunciation, you are strongly advised to use the recording as much as possible. Study the dialogue and the vocabulary after the dialogue. Words from all units can be found in the Greek-English glossary at the end of the book. In the Language notes section you will find explanations of the new material, as well as useful facts connected with the subject matter of the dialogues. There are also many new words in this section. Learning these words is extremely important since vocabulary is the backbone of any language - as well as extremely useful when visiting Greece or talking to Greek people elsewhere. Grammatical points are explained in the Grammar section. There are tables and examples to help you learn the verbs, nouns, adjectives and pronouns. How you absorb the grammar is up to you. There is also a useful grammar section at the end of the book. When you feel confident with the material in the unit, you can check your understanding with the Practice section. The exercises are designed to practise communication, although there are some grammar exercises as well. There is generally a further dialogue in the A little extra! section with new vocabulary which provides additional material on the subject. The last section looks at the culture of the Greek people and their country. There are three Revision tests in Units 5, I o and I 5 - with exercises focusing both on communication and grammar which will consolidate your newly-acquired knowledge and will allow you to check your progress.
xviii
You get the chance to Test yourself at the end of each unit except after the revision units. The following sections are included at the back of the book: • Key to the exercises Here you can find the answers to all the exercises in each unit. Try to work through the exercises by yourself before you turn to this section to check your answers. • Glossary of grammatical terms Here you can look up the grammatical terms used throughout the book and you will find a short explanation and some examples. • Grammar summary This section provides examples of Greek articles, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions and verbs. • Index of grammatical terms and thematic vocabulary Here you can find out where a grammar point was first explained or a topic introduced. • Greek history timeline Here you can check the most important dates and events in Greek history. • Greek language timeline Here you can discover the evolution of the Greek language through the centuries. • Taking it further Many suggestions and sources of real Greek language are collected here for you especially if you have access to the Internet. • English-Greek glossary Some useful words and phrases you may need to look up on a visit to Greece or as you work through the course. • Greek-English glossary Most words and phrases covered in the fifteen units of this book.
Before you learn the Greek alphabet Contrary to popular opinion, Greek is not a difficult language to speak, particularly at beginner's level. The Pronunciation guide in this introductory section will make most points about pronunciation clear. Where Greek offers a more serious challenge to the learner is in reading and writing the language. This book uses the standard Greek alphabet alongside an informal transliteration system, so that
How to use this book
XIX
the learner can start to understand and speak the language without the obstacle of the new script. We call it an informal transliteration system because various ways have been devised to represent Greek sounds using a western alphabet but no standard form has ever been established. The transliteration system used in this book is a close phonetic representation of Greek words transcribing their sounds into English script. Transliteration does have its shortcomings but its value, especially assisting reading at early stages, has been generally accepted. Transliteration has been used in the dialogues and vocabulary boxes in the first ten units.
Transliteration versus Greek script? Transliteration cannot replace the Greek script. It cannot even be found in a written form of any kind including books, signs or public notices. It simply helps learners to overcome the challenge of a new script in the early stages, as already stated above. The book makes use of both transliteration and Greek script. If you are interested in practising the Greek script further, look out for Read and write Greek and the Get started in Greek course, from the same publisher as this title.
A few words about the recording This book can be successfully studied without its accompanying recording. However, it is highly advisable to use it since it will help you a great deal to pronounce Greek correctly, acquire a more authentic accent, and distinguish sounds- something extremely vital at this early stage. Many learners sometimes complain about not being able to speak a language, even after some considerable effort, but it has been widely accepted that the more we hear a language and try to tune into its sounds and rhythms the more we can speak it in practice. The recorded dialogues and exercises will also offer you plenty of practice in understanding and responding to basic Greek. Keep in mind that although we can always ask native speakers to XX
repeat something for us, we can play the recording back and forth without hesitation as many times as needed to hear something or distinguish a sound. Readers without the recording will find that there are some exercises that cannot be done with the book alone but in such cases the material is always covered by other activities in the specific unit or in the Revision tests. It is not vital to acquire a perfect accent. The aim is to be understood; here are a number of techniques for working on your pronunciation: Listen carefully to the recording, native speakers or your teacher. Whenever possible repeat aloud. 2 Record yourself and compare your pronunciation with that of a native speaker. 3 Ask native speakers to listen to your pronunciation and tell you how to improve it. 4 Ask native speakers how a specific sound is formed. Watch them and practise at home in front of a mirror. 5 Make a list of words that give you pronunciation trouble and practise them. 1
How to be successful at learning Greek Do a little bit every day, between 20 and 30 minutes if possible, rather than two to three hours in one session. 2 Try to work towards short-term goals. For example, work out how long you'll spend in a particular unit and work within this time limit. 3 Revise and test yourself regularly using the tests found in each unit. 4 Listen to the recording as many times and as frequently as possible. If you don't have the recording, grasp any opportunity to hear the language (by native speakers in Greece, on the radio, in films, in Greek restaurants or social clubs, etc.). 5 Hear yourself speak! If at all possible find yourself a quiet place to study where you can speak out loud. It will build up your listening and speaking skills as well as your confidence! 1
How to use this book
XXI
6 Use every opportunity to speak the language. You don't have to go to Greece to do this. Find a native Greek speaker to help you and find out about Greek social clubs, etc.
Symbols and abbreviations -4t This indicates that the recording is needed for the following section.
Insight This section looks at the culture of the Greek people and their country. As in French, German, Spanish and other languages, Greek nouns have gender. In Greek, there are three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. They are marked (m), (f) and (n). You will also find the following abbreviations: (sing) singular (pl) plural (lit.) literally (fml) formal (infml) informal
Punctuation Greek punctuation is very similar to that of English. The only obvious difference is the semicolon (;) which is used as a question mark in Greek! The Greek semicolon looks like an English full stop slightly raised (· ).
xxu
The stress mark in Greek A written accent is used in all words of more than one syllable to show where the stress falls, both in the Greek script and in the transliteration. Try to observe this as carefully as possible. Changing the stress can alter the meaning entirely, so pay close attention. No stress mark is used when the word is spelled out in capital letters only. You can read more about 'stress and intonation' in the Pronunciation Guide.
Insight Use the Pronunciation guide below as a reference point often, especially at the beginning. It is natural for you to forget or confuse some unique Greek letters, but you will also realize that frequent revision of this section will boost your confidence and facilitate the process when reading single words or small texts.
Pronunciation guide The Greek alphabet -4t CD1, TR 1 The Greek alphabet has 24 capital letters and 2 5 small letters. This is because the letter l: [sigma] becomes a small a in any position of a word except at the end, where it is c;. If you have the recording, listen to how the alphabet sounds when recited in Greek. Alternatively, check the names below:
Pronunciation guide
XXUI
Aa
BP ry
46
E£ z~
HlJ
99 ll
KK
AA. MJ1
[alfa] [vita] [ghama] [THelta] [epsilon] [zfta] [Ita] [thfta] [y6ta] [kapa] [lamTHa] [mi]
Nv :::~
Oo Dn Pp
r. ajr, T~
Yu cl»q»
xx
"'nw"'
[ni] [ksi] [6mikron] [pi] [ro] [sfghma] [taf] [fpsilon] [fi] [hi] [psi] [omegha]
Greek, unlike English, is a phonetic language. This means that you can read or pronounce any word once you know the alphabet, something similar to German, Italian or Spanish. Distinguish the different sound of [TH] and [th]. The first is used to produce the sound of 4 6 as in this, though or thus. The second is used to produce the sound of 8 9 as in thin, thought, or thug. Be careful with two letters that have almost the same name: E [epsilon] and Yu [fpsilon].
£
Vowels and consonants There are seven vowels and seventeen consonants in Greek. Vowels a, E, T}. L, o, u, w
Consonants p, y, o, ~. 8, K, A., fl, v, ~. n, p, afr:;, T, q>, x. W
Two-letter vowels
Two-letter consonants
aL, El, Ol, OU
yy,yK,YX,f!TI,VT,TO,T~
XXlV
Vowel combinations
Two same-letter consonants
au, EU
~~,KK,AA,~~,VV,TITI,pp,OO,TT
The sounds of vowels and consonants in each sub-group above are explained in the following section. Letters and sounds
In general, remember that all letters have one sound, with a few exceptions: fy [ghcima], I af«; [sighma], and Xx [hi]. Otherwise, the vowel or consonant sounds are always pronounced in the same way in Greek, in contrast with English where one letter usually has more than one sound, e.g. a as in mat, mate, mayor, etc.
Vowel sounds -4~
CD 1, TR 1, o:z:47
Aa Et: HlJ h Oo
Yu
nw
[alfa] [epsilon] [ita] [y6ta] [6mikron] [ipsilon] [omegha]
a as in raft e as in met i as in inn i as in sit o as in lot i as in inn o as in lot
Examples of vowel sounds:
Aa Et:
HlJ It Oo
Yu
nw
[a] aEponA.avo [e] EAtK6nnpo [i] iJpwa<; [i] teSta [o] o~uy6vo [i] un68EC1TJ [o] wpa
[aeroplano] [elik6ptero] [iroas] [iTHea] [oksigh6no] [ip6thesi] [ora]
aeroplane helicopter hero idea oxygen hypothesis hour
Greek vowels can be short or long. The transliteration system used in this course does not show this since in Greek, unlike English, you will rarely find word pairs such as fit-feet or sit-seat. Consequently, the Greek word cm(n house is transliterated as [spiti] although the first [i] is longer than the second. Pronunciation guide
XXV
Remember that Hl), h., and Yu have the same sound (i as in sit). Also1 Oo and Ow have the same sound (o as in lot). '
Consonant sounds 4 CD 1, TR 1, 03=49
BP
[vita] [ghama]
46
[THelta] [zita] [thita] [kapa] [lamTHa] [mi] [ni] [ksi] [pi]
ry
z~
eo KK A}.
MJ.l Nv :::~
D1t Pp
[ro]
r. aff:.
[sighma]
TT
[taf] [fi] [hi]
«<»cp
xx
"'"'
[psi]
vas in vet 1 gh soft gh sound* 2 y as in yes TH as in this z as in zip th as in thin k as in kit I as in let mas in met n as in net ks as in banks pas in pet r as in rest 1 s as in set 2 z as in zip t as in tea f as in fit 1 has in hat 2 ch as in loch ps as in laps
*There is no equivalent sound in English.
Examples of consonant sounds:
BP ry
46 z~
eo KK XXVI
[v] [gh]* [y] [TH] [z] [th] [k]
~o\rrupo
yaA.a yLayux 5TJI..LOKpaT(a ~W5LO
9i:aTpO KL9apa
[vutiro] [ghala] [yaya] [THimokratia] [z6THio] [theatro] [kithara]
butter milk granny democracy zodiac theatre guitar
AJ... Mil Nv E:~
nn Pp
r. aj<; TT Yu <S>cp
xx 'I' til
[I]
AE~6VL
[m] [n] [ks]** [p] [r] [s] [z] [t] [i]
~OUOLKrl
[f] [h] [ch] . [ps]
VOOTaAy(a ~evocSoxe(o
n:uxvo pacSLO OaAUTa K60~0<;
TPEVO un:69ECJT1
[lem6ni] [musikf] [nostalghfa] [ksenoTHochfo] [piano] [raTHio] [salata] [k6zmos] [treno] [ip6thesi] [fotoghraffa] [hor6s] [6chi] [psihologhfa]
lemon music nostalgia hotel piano radio salad cosmos/world train hypothesis photography chorus/dance no psychology
The transliteration [gh] sounds almost like y in yield and not gh in ghost.
*
**
The letter E ~ [ksi] sounds like the x in six or box.
Please note that all these transliterations are approximate sounds and only the recording or native speakers can offer the exact sound.
Insight Have a short break now. Have you already realized that most of the examples given under the vowel and consonant sounds were related words in both languages, e.g. idea and L6£a or piano and mavo? Choose five words from these two lists and try to write the corresponding Greek by heart!
Two-letter vowels oC$ CD 1, TR 1, o6:n
The following two-letter vowels have only one sound, short or long, depending on whether they are found in a stressed syllable or not.
AI EJ
aL t:L
[e] [i]
[alfa-y6ta] [epsilon-y6ta]
e as in set i as in inn Pronunciation guide XXVU
01
Ol
OY
ou
[6mikron-y6ta] [6mikron-fpsilon]
[i] [u]
i as in inn u as in put
The remaining two-letter vowels have two different sounds each:
AY
au*
EY
£u**
[af] [av] [ef] [ev]
[alfa-fpsilon] [epsilon-fpsilon]
af as in after av as in avenue ef as in effort ev as m ever
* It is always [af] and [ef] when au or £U is followed by any 9, K, ~' n, a, «p, x, 1J1 letter. **It is always [av] or [ev] when au or £U is followed by any p, y, 6, ~' A, IJ, v, p, letter or any vowel. Examples of two-letter vowels:
AI
al
AY
au
EI EY
£l £U
01
Ol
OY
ou
[e] [af] [av] [i] [ef] [ev] [i] [u]
VaL aUTOKLVTJTO Auyouam<; EljlaL EUKaLp[a EupwltTJ OLKOVOjlla oupav6<;
[ne] [aftokfnito] [a vgh ustos] [fme] [efkerfa] [evr6pi] [ikonomfa] [uran6s]
yes car August lam chance Europe economy Uranus/sky
Two-letter consonants -4t CD 1, TR 1, 07:14 The following two-letter consonants have only one sound: yy
YX "("(J
T~
[ghama -ghama] [ghama-hi] [taf-sfghma] [taf-zfta]
ng as in England (Not as in engine)
nh as in inherent ts as in sets dz as in adze
The remaining two-letter consonants have two different sounds each:
XXVlll
yK
[ghama-ka pa]
,.nr
[mi-pi]
V'£
[ni-taf]
1 gas in go 2 ng as in England 1 bas in boy 2 mb as in timber 1 d as in day 2nd as in end
The g, b and d sounds occur at the beginning of Greek words, whereas the ng, mb and nd sounds occur within a Greek word. Examples of two-letter consonants yy
fK/fK
YK
MU/Mn
YX 1111
NT/NT
V'£
TZ/T~
'£~
TilTa
TO/Tf;
[ng] [g] [ng] [nh] [b] [mb] [d] [nd] [tz] [ts]
Ayy.A(a YKOAq> aytrupa UYXO<; 1mpa~o
.Aat.ma VTOj.lUTa j.lOVTEpvo T~a~
Tcnyapo
[anglia] [golf] [angira] [anhos] [bravo] [lamba] [domata] [monderno] [tzaz] [tsigharo]
England golf anchor stress bravo lamp tomato modern jazz cigarette
Two same-letter consonants
The following two same-letter consonants are always pronounced as the one letter consonant.
IJIJ KK
u llP vv Tt1t
PP (J(J
TT
[v] [k] [I] [m] [n] [p] [r] [s] [t]
l:a~~am
(Saturday)
EKKEVTpLK6<; (eccentric) J.lETaAAO (metal) rrp6ypaJ.lJ.la (programme) rupavv(a (tyranny) mrrMpoj.to<; (hippodrome) appu8j.t(a (arrhythmia) y.Awaaapto (glossary) Ant!d) (Attica)
vas in vet k as in kept I as in let mas in met n as in net pas in pet r as in rent s as in set t as in tent
Some other remarks 1
The following six words have two different spellings: one with the final letter v and one without. Pronunciation guide
XXIX
aun1
au-olv
TT)
TT)V
tva
TO
tvav TOV
OE
OEV
ll'l
ll'lV
her (personal pronoun) the/her (article, personal pronoun) one (indefinite article, numeral) the (article) not (negative particle) don't (negative particle)
The grammatical rules for this are as follows: Drop the final -v
Keep the final -v (a)
((3)
when the following word starts (a) with a vowel when the following word starts with one ofthe following consonants:
when the following word starts with a consonant other than the ones listed on the left: 13, v, 6, (, e, A., IJ, v, p, o, q>, X
K,n,T yK, IJn,VT TO, T( (, ljl 2
When the final letter v in a word is followed by a new word starting with K, ~. 11, 't or t1J then the two words sound as one and the corresponding combinations create the following sounds: tva:ll.Kaq>t
V+K
TOll~Epw
v+~
0Ell1IllW OTT)ll Ii)vo TTJllllt.axvw
v+n V+T v+ $
[ng] [ngz] [nb] [nd] [nbz]
[enangafe] [to~ero]
[THenbao] [stindino] [tinbzahno]
a coffee I know him I don't go to Tinos I look for her
Try to ask a native speaker to say them at a normal speed and pay attention to these sound combinations. Stress mark and intonation
You have probably noticed that most Greek examples in this section have a stress mark. This mark is used to show the main or primary stressed syllable in a given word. It always falls on one of the Greek vowels and never on a consonant. It is primarily used with words of two or more syllables, although there are a few exceptions of one-syllable words with a stress mark. This is the case when two words have a similar sound but different function and meaning, for XXX
instance, the word 11 meaning the without a stress mark and or with a stress mark. The stress mark can be used on lower case vowels and only on an initial capital vowel letter in a proper name (names for people or places), for example Kal.a [kala] well/fine, or Avva [ana]. No stress mark is used, when the word is spelled out in capital letters only, for example ANNA [ana]. Intonation focuses on the rise and fall of the level of the voice, which often adds meaning to what is being said. A statement in Greek is changed into a question by changing the intonation of the voice without changing the sequence of words or adding question words. To turn a statement in Greek into a question the voice should go up at the end of the sentence instead of going down. You should remember that falling intonation is used in statements and raising intonation is used in questions. Question-words such as do ... ?, does . . . ?, did . . . ?, or inversions like you are ----. are you are not used when formulating questions in Greek. Two examples to illustrate this point are given below: You speak English.
[m~glika] M!Aan ayy.ALKa. ~
-------.
Do you speak English? [milate anglika]? MIAaTE ayy.ALKa;
You are from Greece. [fste ap6 tin elaTHa] E(mE arr6 TTJV EA.Ac:lcSa. ~
Are you from Greece? [fste ap6 tin elaTHA] E(oTE arr6 TTJV EA.Ac:lcSa;
...................................................................................................... Insight
Make another stop here and check your memory skills with another five words found in the two lists of two-letter vowels and consonants. Unsurprisingly these lists also include several related words in both languages, so we hope you can tackle this challenge easily! When you think you have understood most of these explanations, move on to the practice section which will further assist you in understanding the Greek alphabet .
........ .. ... .. .. .. .. ...... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. ... .... .. .. .. ....... .. .. .... ..... .. .. .. .... . Practice 1-Iere are some exercises for you to practise on. Each question concentrates on a specific feature of the alphabet. When in doubt, Pronunciation guide
XXXI
you can check your answers in the Key to the exercises section at th back of the book. 1 There are some unique capital letters in the Greek alphabet Can you fill out the grid working horizontally to complete th alphabet?
2
There are also some unique lower case letters in the Gree alphabet. Can you fill out the grid below working horizontally t complete the alphabet?
3 Some Greek letters look like English but have a different sound.
See if you can get them right. i B: [b) or [v]
ii H: [i] or [h)
iii P: [p] or [r]
iv X: [h) or [x]
'
4 Lower-case Greek letters can be divided into three groupsj
according to how they are written. We can do the same in English: a letters on the line like a, c, e, etc.; b letters with risers above the line like b, d, f, etc.; c letters with descenders below the line like g, p, q , etc. Can you group the Greek letters accordingly? The first three have been done for you. group a a b
c
XXXll
~ y
5 Some capital Greek letters do not have an obvious association
with their corresponding small letters. Can you complete the grid? ir
ii Ll
iii H
iv K
vA
viM
vii N
viii 3
ixL
xT
xiY
xii n
6 Some Greek streets are named after British/American people or
places. Try to match the English names on the left with the Greek script on the right.
KENNENTY ii BIKT!lPIA iii BYP!lN iv XIM
a BYRON
b HILL c KENNEDY d VICTORIA
7 Most examples in the Pronunciation guide used words which are
similar in Greek and English, for instance radio and [raTHio] pacSLO. Can you remember two sports, two instruments, two countries, and two means of transportation? If you can't remember everything, the box below will help you. You can write in Greek script or transliteration. -cptvo llUlVO
AyyA.(a -ctwu;
j.llltlOKET aEponA.avo
Kt8apa EA.A.acSa
8 Match the words on the left with the words on the right to form
word-pairs. Check your answers on the recording. If you don't have the recording, check your answers at the back of the book. ~~
CD 1, TR 1, oS:zo a [ne] vat
b (musikf] jlOUOLKT') c [salata] aaA.am d [anglia] AyyA.(a e [golf] yKoA.q> f [anhos]
[domata] v-rojlam ii [stres] a-cpE«; iii [bala] jln
Pronunciation guide XXXlll
9 Now practise your pronunciation by saying some names ~
geographical regions in Greece. If you have the recording, liste to each one first and look them up on the map on the next page t see where each place is. One of the regions is not on the recording see if you can find which one is missing. j -4t
co ,, TR ,, os:s3
I
a [atikf]- [nisia saroniku] ATTIKH- NHl:IA l:APflNIKOY
b [kiklaTHes] KYKAMEl: c [THoTHekanisos]- LlflllEKANHl:Ol: d [vorioanatolika nisia egheu] - BOPEIOANATOAIKA NHl:IA AlfAIOY e [thraki]- [samothraki]- 9PAKH -l:AM09PAKH f [makeTHonfa]- MAKELWNIA g [thesalfa] - 9 El:l:AAIA h [fpiros]- HnEIPOl: [evia]- [sporaTHes]- EYBOIA -l:nOPMEl: j [kendrikf elaTHa]- KENTPIKH EMMA k [nisia ionfu]- NHl:IA IONIOY I [pelop6nisos]- nEAOnONNHl:Ol: m [krfti] - KPHTH
Did you pick up the word for Greece [ehiTHa] Ellcilia and the word for islands [nisia] VTJaLci? They will come in handy later on.
Insight [kali epithichia]! KaATJ rnL-rux{a stands for good luck! Now you are ready to move on to the first unit. Do not worry if you haven't remembered all the details. That will happen in due time with your efforts to follow the dialogues and texts of the upcoming units. Rome was not built in a day! That is to say that you should not be putting pressure on yourself before, let's say, Unit r 5! But even then, there is still a long way to go ...
XXXIV
" ...
~ . -
a
•
b •
ATIIKH-NHl:IA rAP!lNIKOY KYKAAl1El:
c
~ aCaEKANHl:OI
d
ffiilll
BOPEIOANATOAIKA NHl:IA AlfAIOY
e ~ 9PAKH-rAMOOPAKH
g. r
D
h ~ 9El:rAAIA
MAKEaoNIA
k
ElJ
EYBOIA-WOPAt1El:
•
KENTPIKH EMAM
IIIIII
NHl:IA IONIOY
I ~ nEAOnONNHl:OI m~ KPHTH
IUlEIPOI
Pronunciation guide XXXV
1
·································································································
re1a oou! HI.., In • • •
this unit you will learn how to Ask for and give personal information Introduce people Use Greek greetings
1 What's your name? ,.,» CD 1, TR2
Tim and Mary Johnson are a young British couple both with oneyear work placements in Greece. Tim works for a bank and Mary is an archaeologist. Listen to, or read the conversations they have at a party in their early days in Athens. Mary Jean-Pierre Mary Jean-Pierre Mary
[yasas] [pos sas lene]? [yasas] [me lene Jean-Pierre Depardieu] [pos]? [Jean-Pierre Depardieu] [a] [ke ap6 pu lste]?
Jean-Pierre Mary Jean-Pierre
[I me ap6 tin ghalia] [ap6 pyo meros]? [ap6 to parlsi] [esis]?
Mary
[ap6 tin anglia] [ap6 to lonTHino]
Hello! Whatj your name? Hello! My namej Jean-Pierre Depardieu. Pardon? (lit. What?) Jean-Pierre Depardieu. I see! (lit. Aha!) And where are you from? I'm from France. From which part? From Paris. How about you? (lit. You?) From England. From London.
Unlt1
Hll
1
i Mary raa oac;! nWc; oac; Atve; i Jean-Pierre reta oac;l Me Atve Jean-Pierre Depardieu. i Mary nwc i ........,...... Jean-Pierre Depardieu. i Mary Aa! Kat an6 nou elote; i Jean-Pierre EltJat an6 Til raAAia. i Mary An6 noto tJtpoc;; j Jean-Pierre
An6 TO naplot. Eoelc;;
L~~ .................~~~-~~~-~~~~:.~~-~~-~~~~~~:............................................ reaa aac;l [yasas] nwc; [pos] nwc; aac; AtvE; [pos sas lene]
IJE AtvE [me lene] Aal [a] KQI
[ke]
an6 [ap6] nou [pu] [iste] [ime] TI'J(V) [tin] 1'1 raAAia [i ghalia] noao [pyo] TO !Jipoc; [to meros] EiOTE Eij.IGI
TO
[to]
TO napiOI
[to parisi]
EaEic;; [esis]
11 AyyAia [i anglia] TO l\ov6ivo
[to lonTHino]
Hello! how (what) What's your name? {lit. 'How are you called?' or 'How do they call you?') (fm./pl.) my name is Aha! (Oh, I get it!) and from where you are lam the (f) France (f) which place (n) the (n) Paris you? (How about you?) England (f) London (n)
2 What languages do you speak? o4t CD 1, TR :z, 01:24
Tim meets Domenico at a party; he's trying to find out how many languages Domenico speaks.
2
··:;:i·~····················£y~~~·~1·i~~·~~~·i~~;i?
........... 'H~ii~i·w;;~-r;-;,~~;·~~;;,;?··· ........1
Domenico Tim Domenico Tim Domenico Tim
[Domenico di Capo) [ti ghl6ses milate)? [italika) [m6no italika)? [m6no italika) [a]
Tim Domenico Tim Domenico Tim Domenico Tim
f£ta oad nwc; oac; Atv£; Domenico 01 Capo. Tt yAWoo£<; 1-UAOT£;
1
Domenico di Capo. What languages do you speak? Italian. Only Italian? Only Italian. I see! (lit. Aha!)
1 1 1
I 1
ITMIKQ.
M6vo iraAtKa; M6vo ITaAtK6.. Aa!
................................................................................................................................... [til yAwooEc; [ghl6ses] lraAaKci [italika] 1.uAcin [milatel J.16vo [mono]
Tl
what languages (f) Italian (language) you speak only
3 Are you Italian? ~w
CD 1, TR 2, 02:26
Listen to, or read, the conversation and try to get the gist before reading the translation below.
··M'aiY...........£y~suHi5e'ita.i65i'?..................... 'i:,ii:A;:e·;;;;ii·iiaiiaii7..........................1 Antonio Mary Antonio Mary Antonio
[ne fme] [ap6 pya p61i)? [ap6 to milano] [ala t6ra meno stin athfna] [egh6 fme ap6 to lonTHfno) [kseris anglika]? [6chi] [THistih6s) [m6no itaiika ke tora elinika]
Yes, I am. From which town? From Milan, but /live in Athens now. I am from London (myself). Do you speak (lit know) English? No! Unfortunately not! Only Italian and now . .. Greek!
Unlt1
Hll
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
3
1 Mary
Who~ your nome?
[pos se lene}?
i Antonio [Antonio) [esena]? i Mary [meri 1marfa] i Antonio [oreal [yasu men)
I
Mary
i Mary i Antonio i Mary i Antonio
. Antonio. Yours? Mary or Mario. Tho~ nice! Toke core, Mary/ 'Bye Antonio.
[yasu ant6nio]
j Mary 1 Antonio
re10 oou! Eioat traMc:;; Nat, ei}JOtl Ano nota noArv Ano to M~avo, a>.Aa twpa ~ m.,v A9flva. Eyili eiiJOI an6 to J\ov61vo. ::tpe~«; AyyAtKa; OXtl t.umuxtiJQ M6vo ltaAtKa Kat tilipa ..• EAA.,vtKO!
1 Antonio j Mary 1 Antonio Mary
nWc; oe Aeve; Avt6vtO. Eoeva; Maip11 1'1 Mapia. Opafal reta oou Malp11. raa oou Avt6vto.
i Mary
i:................................................................................................................................. I o ITaAoc; [o ital6s] noaa [pya] 11 noA11 [i p61 i] To MaAavo [to milano]
aAAa [ala] Tcilpa [t6ra]
Jilvw [meno] ati1V [sti n] 11 A8flva [i athina] qtcil [egh6] AyyAaKa [anglika] oxa [6chi] (tpllc;; [kseris]? 6uatuxwc; [THistih6sJ EAA11v1Ka [elinika] ncilc; ae Atve; [pos se lene]? eotva [esena] 1'1
[i]
wpala [orea] aou [su]
4
Italian (n) (origin) which town (f) Milan (n) but now I live m Athens (f) I (first person) English (language) no you know (here, do you know?) unfortunately I I am sorry but ... Greek (language) What's your name? (infm./sing.) you or good, nice, wonderful to you I you (sing.)
i·~~igt;t·························································································
The section that follows often extends the vocabulary of each unit. It is a good idea for you to transfer information from this section to your notebook as a mind map or a list, or even to flash cards as related words. Some people even use Post-it notes on the refrigerator or even the bathroom mirror! It is important to concentrate on small chunks at a time and for you to feel on top of things and not overwhelmed; it is perfectly all right if you decide to copy only 3-5 words or expressions at a time. 0 0 ••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Language notes Greetings and farewells
You have already met yna aou! [yasu] (informal, for addressing people you know) and y£La aac;! [yasas] (formal, for people you don't know, or for addressing more than one person). They are both expressions used every day by young and old alike. The word yna [ya] comes from uyda [ighia] (health) and the expression actually means health to you! There are three other meanings of this expression: goodbye - when leaving, bless you - when sneezing and cheers! - when drinking.
Although y£La aou, yt:La aac; or simply y£La [yasu-yasas-ya) can be used throughout the day, Greeks use other greetings and farewells too, such as KaAlJJlipa [kalimera] (good morning), KaA6 IU:OlJJlipL [kal6 mesimeri] (have a nice siesta!) KaA6 an:6y£UJ1« [kal6 ap6ghevma] (have a nice afternoon), KaAl)cntipa [kalispera]
Unlt1
Hll
5
(good evening), KaAO (Jpa6u [kal6 vraTHi] (have a nice evening)'i and KaATJVUXt« [kalinfhta] (good night). KW.TJJ.lipa stands for bot~. good morning and good day in English. j In formal greetings you may hear xa(pnt: [herete] (hello) and in1 certain regions the repeated form xa(pt:TE! xa(pt:TE! The answer isl also xa(pnt: although sometimes you might hear both expressionsj xa(pnt:! yt:la aac;! together as an answer. The formal avdo [andfo ]' (goodbye) tends to be used less and less. It is still used however to. mean a 'final goodbye'. :-································································································································~
l Greetings
l: yatal :
l yaa O'OUI j yaa CJad
Farewells
Replies
yaaJ
yatal yaaa aoul yaa O'Q(I
j accwuatpal
yaa O'OUI YIIG CJad acaAq.,Wpal
IICCIAqcnripaJ
ICUOIICCJrlptpd
il
=
=:a.......
KCIArtJiipaf
:
i:
1 !
!
I I
==!
..................................................................................................................................l:
:
*You could also say~ mlfnK (thanks, likewise).
Grammar 1
Asking questions
It is easy to ask a question in Greek; just remember that the pitch of your voice goes up. EiaaaiTaA6c; means you are Italian when the pitch of your voice goes down at the end, and are you Italian? when the pitch of your voice goes up at the end. You will be pleased to know that to ask questions in Greek there are no changes in word order as in English, such as you are - are you? or the addition of extra words, such as 'you love me - do you love me?' The English semicolon(;) is the question mark(?) in written Greek. The Greek semicolon is a mark we do not use in English; it is a raised full-stop! (· ).
6
e:i1..1a1 [fme] to be Notice the statement and the question forms of the verb dJJ.aL (I am).
The verb
..
i··~i~~;[i;;;~i···············/;-;;;····················· ·~~~rr~~i··············;-;;;,;·····················1
i eloat [lse]
you ore (infm)
i elva• [ine] i eiiJaare [lmaste] i eloaare/elare i [fsaste] [lste]
he/she/it Is we are you are (fm)
j elvat [ine]
they ore
eloat; (ise} dvm; [(ne) d!Jaott; [fmaste] doaare/elate; [fsaste} [fste] elvat; [fne]
are you? (infm)
1
Is he/she/it?
are ~~it? are you? (fm)
i i
1
i j : ................................................................................................................................... are they?
You use daaL when talking to one person that you know well, or when he or she is younger than you; this is the 'informal form' (infm.). However, when you use daaan: or dan: to one person, it is probably out of respect (with an older person, higher social status and so on) or when you address more than one person; this is the 'formal' (fm.) or plural form. Other languages also have different forms of formal and informal address for you are: 'tu est' and 'vous etes' in French, or 'du bist' and 'Sie sind' in German.
Saying yes and no In Greek as in most languages you can answer a question fully or give a shorter answer. Notice the following example and the four possible answers: Eicrm InxA.6~; Are you Italian? Nat, ELI.lm haA.o~. Yes, I am Italian. Nat, ELjlaL. Nat.
Yes, I am. Yes.
Or you can even give a silent answer by tilting your head forward a couple of times. Soon you will meet other ways of saying 'yes' such as JlcXAUJTa, aJJ.i and n:wc;! with their corresponding uses. The opposite of vaL (yes) is OXL (no). This is often confusing to the ears of many foreigners because the Greek word for yes (vaL) sounds like the English no. Notice also the head nodding that usually accompanies a Greek yes or no!
Unlt1
Hll
7
2
The verbs live/stay and know
Verbs (i.e. words expressing an action or state such as 'go, be, eat') are conjugated in Greek. This means that you put endings after the stem of the verb. (The stem is the simplest form of a word, i.e. without any ending, such as f,l£V- (live), and ~£p- (know).) The function of an ending is to identify who you are talking about. Notice the different forms of two common verbs: JlEVW (I live) and ~tpw (I know). :·································································································································~
j Jltv-w [meno)
1 Jltv·Etc; [men is]
/live/stay you live
~~p-w [ksero)
~~p-Ete; [kseris)
I know you know
1
j
j Jltv·Et [meni) he/she/it lives ~.1[kseri) he/sheli.'.t knows.·.·.,. ·' i Jllv-ouJ1E [menume] we live «p-Gull£ [kserume) we know
i Jltv-ETE [menete] you live (~p-etE [kserete) you know , 1 Jltv-ouv [menun] they live ~~ [kserun) they know · :.................................................................................................................................a Here are two examples you saw in the dialogues earlier in this unit: AJJJx Twpa jlEVW
But now I live in Athens.
Do you know [speak] English?
3 The definite article
'The' (the definite article) has more than one translation in Greek. There are three forms of definite article: o for masculine nouns, TJ for feminine nouns, and TO for neuter nouns. All nouns will appear in the vocabulary boxes with the appropriate definite article. For example: o ImA.6c; (m) 11 n6A'1 (f) TO jlEpoc; (n)
the Italian (m) the city (f) the place (n)
Greek definite articles are also used with proper nouns (words which have a capital letter), so that Mary is TJ Ma(plJ in Greek, rather than simply Ma(plJ. Likewise there are articles in front of city names such as:
11 A9~va TO AovcS(vo
[the] Athens (f) [the] London (n)
Don't worry if you don't grasp everything immediately; soon it will all fall into place.
8
i·~~igh·t·························································································
Take a deep breath now and have a short break before the exercises. Think for a moment upon the unit's focus and reflect upon your understanding. Have you followed pretty much everything up to now? Are you able to say your name, your home town and some of the languages you speak? Can you ask other people these questions? These were some important aspects of Unit 1, so how are you getting on?
...................................................................................................... Practice 1
See if you can cope with some typical situations that you might encounter in Greece:
a You have been introduced to a young Greek woman. Ask her name. b You have just seen a friend in the street. Say hello and ask him how he is. c You meet your boss in the street. Say hello and ask her how she is. d You meet a Greek colleague in the hotel where you are staying. At various times of the day, how would you say: 'good morning', 'good evening' or 'good night'? e You are so confused that you want to say: 'I'm sorry, I don't speak Greek.' How would you say that? f You have just arrived in Greece and you want to find people who speak English. How would you ask: 'Do you speak English?' 2
Match each question to its most appropriate answer.
a 3EpETE fa!J..udt; b E[me ITaA.6<;; c E[crm an6 TTJV AyyA.[a; d An6 nOLa n6A.T);
i An6 TO MIA.avo. ii 'OXL, an6 TT)V ITaALa. ill NaL, ~tpw. iv 'OxL, 6ev EL!lat.
3 Rearrange these lines to make a dialogue.
a Map(a ntTpou. b 'OxL. 116vo EllTJvLKa. c KaATJilEpa, nw<; cra<; AEVE; d MIAaTe AyyA.LKa;
Unlt1
Hll
9
4 Complete the dialogue using the information in italics.
"
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . uoooooooo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 N{Koc; You 0 N(Koc; You
fELa aac;! nwc; aac; AEVE; a Say your name. An6 nm) da-rE; b Tell him which country you are from.
0 N{Koc; You 0 N{Koc; You
An6 TTOLO 11Epoc;;
c Tell him which city/town you come from TL YAWCJCJE<; lllAUTE; d Say which language{s) you speak.
................................................................................................................................... 5 18LO 1'1 8tafPOpE'tlKO; Similar or different? Did you recogmze some of the Greek words in Unit 1? Can you match up the words in the list on the left with those on the right? The words in brackets might help you. a b c d e f g h I j
11£ At~£lc;
uyda
y.Awaa£c; 116vo n6.ATJ 6la«popnLK6 wxra 11tpa d11al
I II Ill lv v vi vii viii lx x
health (hygiene) languages (polyglot) only (monopoly) city (metropolis) night morning/day different words (lexicon) I am me
to the following a 1 1 1 conversation and fill in '---'----'-:-b+--+-+-+-+--, the missing words. The shaded vertical word means c 1'---'--+--+--+--+--+---!1---1 'Greece'. If you don't have d I the recording try to fill in the gaps from the words in the f J box below.
6 Listen
l
10
•
4 CD 1, TR 2. 03!50 ....................................................................................................................................!
l Mary l Robert
i i i
ft=:1a oou a _ _ . fe1a oou Mapla. Na oou oucrrr'!ow TI')V b _ _ . ft=:la oou C- - ! Elo01 d - - ; N01, t=:l~a1. Eou; Eyw ei~a1 an6 TI')V e _ _ . An6 no1o ~tpo<;; An6 TO 1\i~t=:pnou>.. To (Ep€1<;; 'OXI, f _ _ TO (epw! Eou, an6nou g _ _ ; An6 Tl') 0eooa>.oviKI').
l Mary
i Robert
i Helen i i i
Robert Helen Robert ~ Helen j Robert ~ Helen
j
i i i i ~
~
:
:..................................................................................................................................:
EAtvl]
[
P6~n:EpT
6£V
l
~----£-~_a_L_________A_yy __l_w__________E_AA_~_v_~_a____~ P6Jl1tEPT [r6bert)
Na aou auan'la(l) [na su sistfso] To A{tJEp1tOU1 [to Uverpul)
6£v 'tO ~tp(l) (THen to ksero] TJ 8Eaaalovbc1J [i thesalonfki]
Robert (m) let me introduce ... to you Liverpool (n) I don't know it Thessaloniki/Salonica (f)
7 Listen to the following list of words on the recording and write
each one below its corresponding sound. If you don't have the recording, use the words in the box below. '4t
CD 1, TR 2, 04!28
(a] as in cat
[
[e) as in bed
Atv£
vat
~tpw
va
alllt
an:6
l Unit, HI
11
8 Listen to Dialogue 3 in this unit again and fill in the m1ssm
words. If you don't have the recording try to fill in the gaps fro the words in the box. 0 CD 1, TR 2. os:o3 r·Ni~~:y··················r~;~-~~~i ··~·==·i~~~6~;····················· ······· ·· · ······· ·· ·····
; ; ; ; ; ;
Antonio Mary Antonio Mary Antonio Mary 1 Antonio ; Mary ~ Antonio
..········
Nat, b _ _! Arr6 nota c ___; Arr6 TO MtMvo, d _ _ Twpa IJEVW crtrJV A9r'}va. Eyw £1j.lat arr6 To /\ov61vo. e _ _ Ayy'AtK6.; 'Oxt! AuOTuxw<;! f _ _ ITaAtK6. Kat Twpa ... illl")vtK6! nw<; ae >-.tve; AVT6vto. g _ _; Malpl") r'} Mapla. h _ _! reta aou Mafpl").
~~~-~..................~~~~-~-~~-~~~~~~:.......................................................................l
1..
wpa[a
rr6ATJ
m£va
e[aaL
A little extra! The extra dialogue below will add some useful phrases to your vocabulary. Try to get the gist of the conversation first before looking up the vocabulary. This should prepare you for real situations where you understand some of the conversation, but not all of it. At the 'Apollo' hotel
Two friends meet Mary in the hotel lobby. They have an informal conversation. Marie-Sofie is from fallia [ghalla] (France) and Gabi is from f£ppav(a [ghermania] (Germany) •
....................................................................................................................................
1 Mary 1,,_·
~
12
Marie-Sofle Mary
[yasas) [eTH6 menete)?
Hi! Are you staying here?
[ne ke 6chi] [egh6 meno eTH6) [i gabi 6chi) [pu men is gabi)?
Yes and no! I'm staying here. Gabi is not. Where are you staying, Gabi?
l 1,, ·_
l
Gabi Mary Gabi
Mary
Marle-Sofie Mary Marie-Sofie Gabi Mary Marie-Sofie Mary Gab I Mary Gab I Mary Marie-Sofie Mary Marie-Sofie Gabi
[meno sto ksenoTHochlo I'm staying at the Hotel akr6polis] Acropolis. [pu ine to ksenoTHochlo Where~ the Hotel Acropolis? akr6polis]? [lne konda] [ala THen ksero It's close by but I don't know pu] [meno me mfa all where. I'm staying with ghermaniTHaJ another German. [a] [esi mari-sofO [menis I see! How about you, me ali ghalfTHa]? Marie-Sofie, are you staying with another French woman? [ne] [meno me tin monfk] Yes, I'm staying with Monique [ap6 to parisi] from Paris. [a] [oreal! [yasas lip6n]! I see/ That's nice! Well, take care! [yasu] 'Bye! [yasu marla]! Take care, Maria! r£ta oac;! Ec5w IJEVET£; Nat Kat 6xt! Eyw IJtvw Ec5w. H rKaiJm 6xt. nou IJEvEtc; rKaiJm; Mtvw OTo (EvocSoxEio •AKp6noAtc;~ nou Eivat TO (Evoc5oxEio •AKp6noAtc;"; Eivat KOVTO aMa c5Ev (tpw nou. Mtvw IJE j.Jia aMI") rEpj.JaV(c5a. Aa! Eou Mapl-ro
.
..................................................................................................................................: 9
True or false? Mark (.I') for true, and (,IC) for false. a H Map(-EOq>l j.lEVEL OTO ~EVOOOXELO "AKpOTIOAL<;". b H fKaj.lm j.lEVELj.lE !!La fEpj.lav(oa. c H Mov(K OEV dvm an6 TT] fill(a. d To ~Evoooxdo "An6Mwv" dvm KOVTa OTO ~Evoooxdo "AKpOTIOAL<;".
Ec5w [eth61 O'To [sto] to (t:vo6oxEio [to ksenoTHohio]
here at the hotel (n)
>
a
Unlt1
Hi!
13
[konda] fiE [me] 1 t~ia/JIIG [mfa/mia] GAA11 [ali] JIIG 6AAI1 [mia ali] 11 rEpf.IGVi6a [i ghermaniTHa] " 11 raAAi6a [i ghaliTHa] EO'U [esij Aoanov [lip6n] KOVTa
near with one/a other/another another German woman French woman you then/well
Tick the most appropriate answer to the phrases you hear. If you don't have the recording, match the most appropriate answer to the four phrases listed below.
10
o4t CD 1, TR 2, 05:49 a i
II
b ii i ii d I II C
NaL KaL6XL. fELa cra«; A.om6v. Mtvw crTo ~Evolioxdo "AKp6no.AL«;". Mtvw llE llLa aAATJ fEpllav(lia. E(vaL KOVTa alla liEV ~tpw llOU. fipa(a! fELa cra«; A.om6v! fELa cra«;! fELa crou!
Phrases: a Eliw llEVETE;
b nou !lEVEL«; fKal.lm;
c nou ELVaL TO ~EVOliOXELO "AKp61lOAL«;"; d fELa cra«; A.om6v!
Insight You will find below some cultural information regarding this unit. Accept some comments with an 'open' mind and heart! We understand that in our microcosmos it would be easier if other people and nations acted the same way but this is usually not the case. Sometimes we realize that we do not have to travel far or visit another country. We can find smaller or bigger differences just around the corner or even in the next village or town. So, now you can read the comments below.
14
•personal' questions
Be prepared to meet people who ask what we consider 'personal' questions from the very first moment you are introduced. Most Greeks don't differentiate between 'What's your name?' and 'How much do you earn?'! You could easily be asked the following questions, maybe not on your first day in Greece and some only by friends or acquaintances, but you have to be prepared. How much do you weigh? Are you married? How many children do you have? How old are you? I think you look fatter! Have you put on weight? How much did you pay for your car/house, (etc.)? How old is your husband/wife? just remember that these are cultural differences and the questions are not intended to make you feel uncomfortable. Personal space
When you are in Greece, you will notice that you have very little personal space: queues at concert halls, bus stops or banks are not particularly orderly. To understand Greek queuing habits you have to experience them! 'Queuing' in Greece would actually be 'jumping the queue' but beware! Many Greeks would not hesitate to complain if you try it.
Some European names When you meet people abroad, you need to know some countries and cities. Study the map of Europe (Eupw1tTJ) below. You can probably recognize and identify countries from international car stickers. Anonou daaljdon; [ap6 pu ise/iste]? Where are you from?
Ano nolo J,lipoc;; [ap6 pyo meros]? From which place? Ano nma nolTJ; [ap6 pya p6li]? From which town? Unlt1
Hll
15
an6 TTJV EllacSa [ehiTHa]
@
an6 TTJV A9~va [athina]
an6 TTJV AyyA.(a [anglia] (MeyO:AT] Bpemv(a) [meghali vretania]
@
an6 TO AovcS(vo [lonTHino]
0 CD 0 0
an6 TTJ MacSp(TTJ [maTHriti]
an6 TTJV lonav(a [ispania] an6 TTJV ImA.(a [italia] an6 TTJ fall(a [ghalia] an6 TTJ fEpllav(a [ghermania] an6 TTJV EA.~n(a [elvetia] an6 TTJ LOUT]cS(a [suiTHia]
an6 TTJ PWilTJ [r6mi] an6 TO nap(OL [parisi] an6 TO BepoA.(vo [verolino]
@
an6 TTJ Zup(XTJ [zirichi]
0
an6 TTJ LTOKX6Aill] [stokh6lmi]
Some useful words: EMacS a Greece Eupwnai'Ki] 'Evw(JT] EupwTIT] Europe
European Union
Insight At the end of every unit, you are challenged with some questions and tasks before you move onto the next unit. Make sure that when you check your answers, you have actually reached a minimum of 70% correct replies. If not, it might be a good idea to check your mistakes, work on them, and do this section another day.
16
Test yourself 1
Can you remember the Greek for the following ten important words from this unit? Try to write your answers in transliterations or Greek script. I II ill iv v
2
hello 'bye good from here
vi where vii yes viii no lx with x near
Can you remember the following ten important phrases from this unit? Use transliteration or Greek script.
Unlt1 Hll
17
What's your name? II Where are you from? iii From which city/town? iv From London, England. v My name's ...
vi Do you speak English? vii I live in ...
viii I'm staying at ... ix It's near. x I don't know.
3 The five phrases below use the informal way of addressing people.
Can you change them into formal Greek? Use transliteration or Greek script. [pos se lene 1? nw<; O"E AEVE; ii [ap6 pu ise1? Arr6rrou E£oaL; iii (pu menis 1? Oou !lEVEL<;; iv [milas anglika1? MLA.a<; AyyA.LKa; v [yasu1 fELa oou.
18
2
·································································································
Tl KQVEI<;; How are you doing? In • • • • •
this unit you will learn how to Engage in 'small talk' Enquire about each other's health Converse about common daily activities Talk about what jobs people have Count from 1 to 10
1 How are you doing? ~w
CD 1, TR 3
\1ary Johnson meets her Greek colleague ru{)pyo~ nanaOOlTOUAO~
IY6rghos PapaTH6pulos] at the Greek Archaeological Society lounge.
~~- ~~:.t:~;~~~~···:,~~:::······ Mary
[kala-kala efharist6] [esfs]?
ru-.pyoc; [ki egh6 kala ime] [lfgho
Mary
Just fine, thanks, You? I'm also fine. A bit tired, but why are
kurazmenos) [ala yatf mu you speaking 'formally' to me? milas ston plithindik6)? I don't know. My Greek Isn't very (THen ksero) [THen ksero kalo! elinika) (fne lathos]? good. Have I made a mistake?
Unlt2
How are you doing?
.I l l
:,~'.
19
r.Wpyo< [6chi] [THen fne IAthos] ••• No, you haven't made a mistake [ala imaste sinaTHelfi] [611 me fonazun y6rgho]
[endaksi y6rgho] Mary l"lfi»pyoc; Mary l"lWpyoc; ; Mary
i
rawpyo<
1
(lit. it's not a mistake . .. ) but we are colleagues. Everybody calls me George. OK, George.
·. ~J·.
·. •
f£10 00<; KUpl£ nono66nouA£! Tl KQV£1'£; f£to oou Mofpfl. T1 KOV£t<;; KoM, KW.O. Euxopum.iJ, Eo£1<;; K1 £yt.il KW.a £1~01. fl.lyo Koupoo~tvo<;, oMa y10TI ~ou ~IM<:···.~.·. OTOV n>.f19UVTIK6; . ll£V ~tpw! ll£V ~tpw KW.a EMflVtKa. Efvot M9oc;; ·~·5 0Xt, 6£V EIVOI M9o<; ••. oMa E~OOT£ ouva6£>.q101. ·•
t
O>.ot ~£ cpwva(ouv flt.ilpyo.
·•·
i Mary EVT0~£1 flt.ilpyo .. • '1 :.............................................................................................................................. J KUPI£ [kirie] Tl [ti]
Kcivn£ [kanetel
Mr what/how you do, you are doing (pl./fm. form)
KcivEac; [kanis]
you do, you are doing
Ka.Aci [kala] £UXGPIOTW [efharist6] £a£ic; [esis] Koupaa11tvoc; [kurazmenos] yami; [yatO Aiyo [ligho] 11ou 111Acic; [mu milas] 111Acic; [milas] nAI}8UVTIKOO [plithindik6s] 111Acic; cnov nAI}8UVTIKO [milas ston pilithindik6] TO Aci8oc; [to lathos] auvci6£Acpoa [sinaTHelfi] oAoa [611]
well, fine, good, OK thank you you (pl./fm.) tired why? a little (bit) you speak to me you speak plural (m) you talk in a formal way
(sing./infm. form)
20
mistake (n), false colleagues (m/f) everyone (lit. all the people)
cpwva(ouv [fonazun] oAoll.l£ «pwva(ouv [61i me
fonazun] fVTci(£1 [endaksi]
they call everybody calls me (people call me) all right, 0 K
> 0
2 How are you? ~$
CD 1, TR 3, 01:16
.\lary strikes up a conversation in a corridor at the Polyglot Institute (Oo!tuy!twno lvonmuTo) [Polfghloto Instituto] with the director rLavvrp:; AVTWVLOU [Yannis Antonfu] .
...................................................................................................................................: Mary
ruivv.,c; Mary
Mary
r.avv.,c; Mary
r1avv11c; Mary
r•avv.,c;
[kalimera kirie andoniu] [ti kanete]? [kalimera marla] [lme kala] [esf pos ise slmera]? [kala] [eho 6mos pende mathlmata sfmera] [po-po] [pyos kani to pr6ghrama su]? [esfs klrle andonfu] [a ne]! [to ksehasa]!
Good morning, Mr Andoniou! Howareyou? Good morning, Maria. How are you doing today? Fine, but I have five classes today! Wow! Who arranges your schedule? You, Mr Andoniou! Oh, yes! I forgot that!
KW.ru..1tpa KUPI£ Avrwviou! Tt Kavtt£; KW.I"JI.Jtpa Mapia. Ei1..1a1 KW.a, fOU nwc; float Or'}1.J£pa; KW.a, txw 61..1wc; ntvt£ I.Ja8r'}1.Jma or'}1.J£pa! (laughing). nw! nw! notoc; KOV£1 TO np6ypa1.JI.Ja oou; Eofic; Kupt£ Avtwviou! A, val! To ~txaoa!
................................................................................................................................. £ou [esO
nwc; £ioal; [pos ise]? Oli1J£pa [simera] txw [echo] 61Jwc; [6mos] ntvu [pende]
you (sing./infm.) how are you? today I have but, though five
Unit 2
How are you dolng7
ID
c
~
II&:
!::!
::I
a
21
"'~':': 1Ja8fiiJaTa [mathfmata] ' nw! nw! [po-pol!
~ ==~•
I
[to prOghrama] noaoc; KGVEI TO npoypaiJIJG aou; [pyos kani to pr6ghrama su]? TO (txaaa! [to ksehasa] (txaaa [ksehasa]
classes (n), lessons, courses Wow! who schedule {lit. programme) Who arranges your schedule? I forgot that! I forgot
3 I don't remember! -4$ CD 1, TR 3, 01:54
Domenico Di Capo, an archaeologist, meets MapHxvva Ayyt.Aou (Marianne Angelou), a Greek archaeologist who spent three months in Italy last year. They meet at the National Archaeological Museum .
.................................................................................................................................... Marianne [yasu domeniko] [herome Hi, Domenico. I'm glad to see you i 1',,.·
Domenico
1 Marianne 1 Domenico
22
pu se ksanavlepo] again. How are you doing? [pos fse]? [yasu mariana] [THen to Hi, Marianne. I don't believe it! I see you in Athens again. pistevo] [se ksanavlepo stin athfna] [pos pas]? How's it going 7Are you OK? [fse kala]? [fme polf kala] [esf pos fse]? I'm just fine. How are you? [kala] [poli kala] Fine, just fine.
[p~~~~n~J~res
Ho(~t~=~:~r:nh:t~i,~~
,' ,: Marianne Domenico :
fse stin been [eho tris meres stin I've been (lit. I have) three ... days athfna] [nomizo teseris] in Athens./ think four ... Hm! [hm]! [THe thimame]! I don't remember!
1 Marianne
reta aou NTO!JEviKO. XalpOIJOI nou OE €avaf3Atnw. nwc; EIOOI; reta aou Maptawa. !lev TO ntateuw! I:e €avaf3Atnw OTilV A9r')va. nwc; nac;; Elaal KaM; EiiJal noM KaAa. Eau nWc; eiam;
j:.
Domenico
j
Marianne
oomenico Marianne oomenico
Ka).a, noM Ka).a! n6oEc; IJEpEc; E(OOI O'TI1V A8f)va; 'EXW TpEtc; IJEP£<; O'TI"JV A8f)va... No!JI(w TEOOEplc;.•. X!J! AE 8UIJOIJOI.
................................................................................................................................. xaipOIJOI (herome] ~avai}Atnw [ksanavlepo] xaipo!JOI nou aE ~avai}Atnw [herome pu se ksanavlepo] monuw [pistevo] 6Ev To naanuw! [THen to pistevo] mAl( na(; [pos pas]? noAu KaAa [polf kala] n6oE(; [poses]? EXCIJ TpEI( IJEPE( aTI"JV A91\va ••• [eho tris meres stin athfna] ... '1 I"JIJEpa [i i mera] VOIJi(w [nomfzo] TEOOEpl( (teseris] XIJ! [hm]! 8u!Jci!Jaa [thimame]
I am glad I see again I am glad to see you again I believe I don't believe that! How are you doing? How's everything? very well, pretty good how many? I have been in Athens for three days day (f) I think four hm! I remember
ID
i
Ill
!::!
5
i'n5.i9t."t························································································· Have a short break now. The three dialogues include many new words which you will need some time before you learn them. Close the book and listen to the three dialogues on the CD a couple of times. Concentrate only on the intonation and general message of each dialogue rather than individual words. Be satisfied if you can follow part of the conversation. This actually resembles real life situations where we cannot look up what a speaker says and of course we do not understand everything at the beginning .
.......... ... .. .. .... .. ... .. .. ..... .. .. .. ... .... .. ..... .. .. .. ... ...... .. .. ....... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ...
Unlu
Howereyoudolng7
23
Language notes Asking 'How are you doing?'
This is possibly the most frequent Greek question! It is used throughout the day and along with Kala and n:o#.u Kala, is the most frequent 'formula question' and 'formula answer'. Kavt:T£ is the plural and formal form of the verb Kavw. This question has two different meanings:
How are you doing? What are you doing? The question How are you? and its answer Very well, thank you are, as in English, a formula question/answer (something we say but do not necessarily mean). In Greek you probably won't hear t:uxapurrw at the end of the reply. TL Kavw;; and TL Kavnt:; are only two ways of enquiring about some body's health; here are some examples of other ways commonly used:
Singular (Informal)
Plural (Formal)
TL Kavw;;
TL KtXVETE;
nwc; dcrm; nwc;nac;;
nwc; dcrTE; nwc;naTE;
How are you doing? How are you? How's everything with you?
You will hear other ways of asking this question in later units; here are some common answers:
KaAt:l well noAu KaM very well ETCJL Kl ETCJL so, so
OXL noM KaAa not very well ac; m AEilE KaAa I guess I'm all right!
The words for Mr/Mrs/Miss
Mr, Mrs and Miss, preceding a name, are o KUpLm;, '1 Kup(a and '1 6t:an:oLv(6a in Greek; the corresponding contracted forms are K., Ka, and 6(6a. (Ms does not have a Greek equivalent yet.)
24
These forms change when you address a person directly. There are some exceptions to this rule of course. Notice the difference in the following examples: 0 K. (KUplO~) nana~ ELVaL Koupacrlltvoc;. Kuptt: nana, Tl KaVEn:;
o K. (K\Jpto~) nana.SOnou.Ao~ dvm Koupacr11tvoc;. Kuplt: nana.SOnouAt: Tl KaVETE;
0 K. (K\JpLo<;) nana.SOnoul.o<; dvm KUpto~!
Mr Papas is tired. How are you doing, Mr Papas? Mr Papadopoulos is tired. How are you doing, Mr Papadopoulos? Mr Papadopoulos is a gentleman!
In the second and fourth examples Mr Papas and Mr Papadopoulos are addressed directly so the ending changes. The ending of the family name The endings of women's usually denotes the place of origin: names are slightly different: nana.SOnou.Ao~ -
from the
Ka nanalionOUAOU
Peloponese nanalicXK'I~ - Crete MapKcXTO~ - Cephalonia MaTcrm)Ka~ -
Epirus Maupo~ - Northern Greece MaupUi11~ and EA!laA.6y.Aou Asia Minor and Anatolia.
Ka nana6cXK11 Ka MapKcXTou Ka MaTcrouKa KaMaupou Ka Maup{611 and Ka EA11aA.6y.Aou (the
only one with no change) There are two common Greek prefixes XaT~'I- as in XaT~11611J.L'ITP{ou and Dana- as in Uana6111l'ITP{ou that actually denote an ancestor's profession: Dana~ means priest, for instance. Thanking someone Euxapunw (thank you) and t:uxapur-rw no.Au (thanks a lot) are the two most common expressions for thanking someone. X{J..La Euxapurrw (many thanks) literally means 'one thousand thanks'.
Unit 2
How are you dolng7
DapaKal.w (You're welcome) and ThtoTa (don't mention it) are the two most common responses. DapaKal.w is a useful word in Greek; it has many meanings depending on context.
Please when asking for something Hello when answering the phone Come in when answering the door What can I do for you? in a shop Take a seat pointing to a chair What did you say? or Pardon? asking someone to repeat something Numbers 1-10 <4$
CD 1, TR 3, 03:25
Dialogue 3 introduced the numbers 3 and 4. Here are the numbers 1-10 for you: 1
tva/ ~(a/ tvac; [enajmia/ enas]
2
Mo [THio]
6 t~L [eksi] 7
3 Tp(a/TPEL<; [triajtris] 4 Tf.ooEpajTf.ooEpLc; [teserajteseris] 5 nf.vTE [pende]
mnlf Eqmx [epta/ efta]
8 otcrwfoxni> [okt6joht6] 9 10
EVVf.ajEVVLa [enea, enia] 6£Ka [THeka]
The numbers 1, 3 and 4 have different forms because of grammatical rules. The numbers 7, 8 and 9 have two different forms because of phonetic rules. Study them and learn them by heart.
Grammar 1
Saying who
Personal pronouns (words like I, you, he, they) are part of English verbs since they define who is doing or receiving the action. Although Greek has equivalent corresponding words they are normally left out and mostly used only for emphasis. Em), n KaVEL<; E6w;
26
You (and nobody else!}, what are you doing here?
In this example, the form KavEtc; of the verb Kavw discloses the personal pronoun you. Study and learn the following personal pronouns: i··s·i·~9~i~~
............................................
Pi~·;i···············
! £VW
I
: aut6
it (n)
=
we
EfJE{c;
.'~~~ 2;~ :
...........................................
::~-f)
~
j
1:.
they (n)
aUTci
...................................................................................................................................
They has three forms for the masculine, feminine and neuter cases. As mentioned in Unit 1, all nouns- words such as KUptoc; (gentleman), TJJ.I.Epa (day), ~Evo6oxdo (hotel)- have the corresponding masculine, feminine or neuter article in the vocabulary boxes. 2
Indefinite articles o K\Jpw<; - masculine 11 11 J.I.Epa - feminine TO ~EVOOOXELO -
neuter
The indefinite article (a or an in English) also shows the gender: Eva<; Kl.JpLo<; J.I.La T] J.I.Epa Eva ~Evoooxdo
a gentleman a day a hotel
The words tvac; (m), Jl(a (Jlla) (f) and tva (n) can also be used as the numeral one: Eva ~Evoooxdo
a hotel or one hotel
We'll look at this in more detail in later units. 3
Present tense of the verb 'to do/make'
The verb Kavw (1 do) is one of the most frequently used verbs, along With txw (I have) and dJ1at (1 am). It has many different meanings depending on the context. =~·······
......
··~=···························
Unit 2
...........................1
How are you dolng7
27
KOVEt KOVOUIJE KOVETE
he/she/It doeS we do you do they do
KOvOUV .................................................................................................................................
TL KQVETE; TL KavETE Eliw; TL liouA.ELa Kavw;; (liouA.ELa)
nowc; KavEL To rrp6ypa1JJ1a; KQVEL;
noao
How are you doing? What are you doing here? What do you do? {lit. What job (f) do you do?) Who makes the schedule? How much is it?
(you add different endings to the stem- see Unit 1), most verbs have the same ending forms in the present tense. The various forms, of the present tense in English such as I do, I am doing are translated by one single form in Greek. 1""(;;ti;;·~~~·························;/i~;!~t~y~·~·;~;;;·ii~i~9/i~-;;;~t~yi~-g························~
1 (£VW) (tpw 1 (£VW) KOvw 1 (£VW) cpwva~w
I know I doll make or I am doing /I am making I call or I am calling
~--~-~~~-~~~~........................~~~~~~-~~-~-~'!!.~~~~!~.~············································ Don't worry about not understanding everything immediately. Leave some questions for later! Everything will make sense in time.
:fpet Kave~ ayyAIKa; [kseri kanls anglika]?
Does anyone know English?
Insight How do you mark the important things you find in every unit? Some people underline, circle, or highlight things. Some even
28
l
rewrite important points in a separate notebook. No matter what works best for you, we hope that somebody can trace your efforts up to this point and that your book does not look completely 'unused' after two units. Marking will also help you to retrace those points more easily later which you have either forgotten or want to revise .
....... ...... .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ... .... .. .. .. .. .. ..... . Practice 1
See if you can react to the following situations:
a You are asked about your health. Say that you are very well. b You want to ask: 'How about you?' (infm. and fm. form) c
You would like to enquire about
K.
Maupo<;'s health.
d You are asked to join a group of people. Tell them that you are a little bit tired.
e In the beginning you will forget a lot. How do you say 'Oh, I forgot that!'? f
2
How would you tell someone that you have only been in Athens for two, three, four and five days?
Match each question with the most appropriate answer.
a TL KavEL<;; b E(vaL A.aeo<;; c TL KaVETE K'UpLE AvTwv(ou; d n6oe<; J.lEPE<; doat ecSw;
ELJ.laL KaA
il iii iv
NOJ.lL~W E~L.
'OxL, cSev dvaL KaA
3 Rearrange these lines to make a dialogue.
a KaA.a, noA.U KaA
nw<; na<;; EloaL KaAa;
d nou; e EcSw! 4 Translate the English into Greek in the following dialogue:
··~············~;=~~~=::;;···························! Unlt:l Howareyoudolngl
29
j
ftci»py~
Al .Opa{a! An6 nou dCJT£;
l::
You
b From England, but please be less formal. [lit. why ore you speaking to me formolly?J
l rwpyo.; l You l fwpyoc;
Aev ~tp(J). A£ aac; ~tp(J) mAli! An6 now J,ltpoc; dCJT£; c From Liverpool. How about you?
An6 tTf 8t:aaiXAovUa]. floot:c; J,ltpec; dCJT£ (Jtl)V EAM6a;
l:.................................................................................................................................. You d I think only two or three days. : 5 Similar or different? Match the list on the left with the list on the right. a OAOL
b np6ypa1111a c ltOAUYAWTTO d LVGTLTOUTO e ayyEAO<; f E8VLKO g apxawA.oyLKO h jlOUCJELO KEVTpO j novoc;
ii iii
iv v vi vii viii ix X
institute national (ethnic) museum centre schedule (programme) archaeological all (everyone) polyglot pain angel
6 Can you recognize some of the words you have
already learned? Find as many words as you can- horizontally, vertically and diagonallyof two, three, four and five letters.
0 E I M H X .a N 0 I n A K y p
y n M E N I T I E
.a
7 Listen to the following list of words and write each one below its corresponding sound. If you don't have the recording, use the words in the box below. -4t CD 1, TR 3, 03:53
[i] as in inn
nwc; KUplE
30
[o] as in or
jlOVO TpEL<;
dvaL CJtT)V
J
8 Listen to Dialogue 3 in this unit again and fill in the missing
words. If you don't have the recording, try to fill in the gaps from the words in the box below.
d CD 1, TR 3, 04:28
··M~;i~~~~·········r:~~~-~~~-"N~~~~~~~:·;:=·~~~-~~~~~~~it~~:·n;;;~·······~ Domenico Marianne Domenico Marianne Domenico
b~ l feLa aou Mapuivva.llEV 'tO c _ _ ! Ee ~avapAtnw <J'UIV l A91'Jva. fiwc; nac;; ElaaL KaAci; d _ _ 1TOAU KaAci. Eall; e _ _ b _ ; j
K«Aci, noAu KaAci. f _ _ J.ltpec; b _ _ <J'UIV A9T)va; 'Exw 'tpELc; 11Epec; <J'UIV A9T)va . . . g _ _ 't£aaepLc; . . . X11! lie h - - ·
l l l
j
l :..................................................................................................................................: 8u11cq.tat xalpo11m
A little extra! At the 'Apollo' hotel again ~,»
CD 1, TR 3, os:11
f'twpyo<; nanaoonouA.o<; is supposed to meet his colleague Mary Johnson in the lobby of the hotel. She is not there so he asks the receptionist.
:::~~:··::1§~~:~:~~~ ·····~~E~iM;;~·····! rawpyoc;
[barite na tin fonaksete]? [me lene] [y6rgho papaTH6pulo] Receptionist [mis61ept6] [bor6 na THo] [an to kliTH~ [ine eTH6] [THen fne eTH6] [ara fne sto THomatio tis] [se lfgho] . . .
Can you call her (please)? My name's George Papadopoulos. Just a moment. I'll look to see if her key is here ... it's not here; she must be in her room. A little later .. .
Unit2
How are you doing7
31
rawpyoc;
Mary
rawpyoc;
Mary
rawpyoc; Receptionist
rawpyoc; Receptionist
[yasu meri] [tl kanis)? [lse kala]? [yasu y6rgho] [lme kala] [ala ligho kurazmenl) [eho trls meres stin athina m6no] [ala THen kimame kath61u]! [tha pame sinema] [i 6chi)? [THen ksero] [THe nomizo] [ime malon poli kurazmeni]
Hi, Mary. How are you doing? Are you OK? Hi, George. I'm OK but a little tired. I've been in Athens for only three days, and I can't (lit. don't) get any sleep at all! Shall we go to the cinema (movies) or not? I don't know . .. I don't think so •.. I'm really (lit. rather) very tired.
I.uyyvWIJil, ll Ka Johnson e6w IJEVEt; MQ}.tota, e6w IJEvEt. MrropEiTE va Til cpwva(ETE; Me Mve ftwpyo narra66rrouAo. Mto6 AETTT6. Mrropw va 6w av TO KAEt61 elvat e6w./lev Eivat E6<.iJ apa EiVOI OTO 6WIJOTIO Til<:· I.e;\iyo ...
rawpyoc; Mary
reta oou MaiPil· Tt KQVEI<;; Eloat KaM; reta oou ftwpyo. EiiJOI KaAQ QAAQ Aiyo KOUpOOIJEVIl. 'Exw TPEt<; IJEPE<: OTilV A9t')va 1J6vo, a;\M 6ev KOIIJOIJat Ka96Aou! ea TTOIJE OIVEIJO ., 6xt; ilEV (epw ... 6E VOIJi{W ... EiiJOIIJQ}.;\OV TTOAU
1 rawpyoc; ~ Mary 1.................................. ~?~P.~~P.~~~.:. ::.................................................................. .. nciAa [pali] IJnopdu va [borite] TllV
[tin]
IJaao AEmo [mis6 lepta]
av [an] TO KAEa6i [to kliTHG cipa [ara] TO 6WIJGTIO [to THomatio] Tile; [tis] aTo 6w1JciTao Tile; [sto THomatiotis] Ka96Aou [kath61u]
32
again are you able to, can you her just a minute if key (n) then the room (n) her in her room at all
ea naJ1£i [tha pame]? ,.0 01v£JlO
[to sinema]
1.uiAAov [malon]
shall we go? cinema (n) rather/probably
>
0
9 True or false? Mark (.;") for true and (,K) for false.
a 0 K. nanaMnouA.oc; ELVaL OTO ~Evo<'>oxElo "An6Uwv". b H Ka Johnson dvat am A61!11U (lobby). c H Ka Johnson dvaL am <'>w11an6 TIJ<;. d H KaJohnson ea llclEL (will go) <JLVEI!cl. H Ka Johnson £6ciJ JlEVEli
We have already seen KupLOc; (K.). Kup(a (Ka) and 6t:«moLv(6a (61:6a) are used as courtesy titles in Greek. KupLoc; (K) has two forms: KUpLOc; when you talk indirectly about someone; and KUplE when you address someone directly. MKTWP f) 4L6cXK"l'Wp (4p.) (Doctor/Dr) is a title attached to the name of medical doctors or professionals with a PhD, EdD, or LLD. MtaLt or Mav"l'cXJl, as Monsieur and Madame in French, are used less and less by the new generation. What is interesting and different is the use of K., Ka or 6(6a with the first name of a person only (such asK. flwpyoc; Mr George) as a semi-formal form that does not exist in English. nw! TIW!
Interjections are words that give flavour and emphasis to a statement or question. The translations of these probably wouldn't help you much. It is best to use your imagination and try them out. In the first two units you came across: Aa! Ow! nw! XJ1! Mna! that denote understanding, admiration, uncertainty, and surprise in the corresponding contexts. This list will increase in the units to come, so start looking out for these interjections.
lnsi9ii"t························································································· Make sure that your correct answers have scored at least 70% in this last section. Mark your mistakes and find not only the correct answers but also the corresponding explanations in the
Unit 2
How are you dolng7
33
unit. Although you are probably studying alone, you can also try to see if someone would like to become a study partner with you and facilitate your learning efforts better. See how easy now this last section is for you. If you want, you can time yourself. Do not take more than five minutes to complete this section!
······································································································ Test yourself 1
Can you remember the Greek for the following ten important words from this unit? Try to write your answers in transliteration or Greek script. ii iii iv v
:1.
thanks Greek tired all right today
vi vii viii ix X
but excuse me sure only rather
Can you remember the following ten important phrases from this unit? Use transliteration or Greek script. How are you doing? ii I'm tired. iii How are you? iv I forgot that. v Is it a mistake?
I don't believe that! I'm just fine. I don't remember. Just a moment! x In a little while.
vi vii viii ix
3 The five phrases below use the formal way of addressing people.
Can you change them into informal Greek? Use transliteration or Greek script. [ti kanete]? TL KavnE; ii [pos fste1? nw<; ELO"TE;
iii [yasas kirfa Johnson] fELa cra<; KUp(a Johnson iv [fste kala]? E(crn KaA
34
3 •••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
'E~a
va nlOU~E eva OU~clKl! Let's have a glass of ouzo!
In • • • • •
this unit you will learn how to Order drinks Order breakfast Order Greek appetizers Ask for local drinks Count from 11 to 20
1 Let's have a glass of ouzo! ~'»
CD1, TR4
rtwpyo<; nanac56nou.Ao<; invites Mary Johnson to join him for a Jrink in a local ouzeri-taverna .
..................................................................................................................................: rawpyO( Mary
ruiJpyoc Mary ru.iJpyoc
[meri] [ela na pyume] [ena uzaki stis aleksanTHras] [pu fne tis aleksanTHras]? [lne konda sto parko panathlnea] [ena poll 6morfo mezeTHopollo] [mezeTHopollo] [ti lne
Mary, let's have a glass of ouzo 1 at Alexandra's. l Where Is (lit. the) Alexandra's? l It's close by, at the j Panathinea Park, a very l nice 'mezethopo/io: l 'Mezethopollo: what's that? j
aft6]? [THen katalaveno] I don't understand. [mezeTHopolfo lne mla 'Mezethopolio' is a tavern with many appetizers and a lot taverna] [me pol us mezeTHes] [ke poll uzo] of ouzo.
Unit 3 Let's have a glass of ouzo!
.:'=,~
35
[se ligho] ..• [stis aleksanTHras] ... IEpllrtopo( [ti tha parete parakal6]?
[THio uzakia] [ke mla pikilla] ~£PPrtopo(
l"lciJpyoc; Mary
l"lciJpyoc; Mary
rawpyoc;
[amesos]!
•.• A little while later ••• at Alexandra's ..• Are you ready to order? (lit. What are you having, pleasen Two (glasses of) ouzo and a plate of assorted appetizers. Right away!
Maip'l, O.a va ntOUj.l£ tva OU(OKI OT'lC: "AAE~avcSpac;~ nou Elvat T'lc;"AAE~avcSpac;"; Elvat KOVTO OTO napKO nava91')vata, tva noM 6j.topcpo j.t£(£6onw).Eio. M£(£6onw).£io ... Tt Elvat auT6; /::.EV KOTMajkllvw. M£(£6onw).£1o Eivat Ilia Taj3tpva ll£ noMouc; j.t£(t6£c; ... Kat noM OU(O. r£ ).fyo ... at'lc; AAE~avcSpac; ...
~ Icp~aTopoc;
j fuitpyoc; j Iap~ITOpoc;
:
Tt ea naptt£ napaKa).w; Mo OU(OKia Katj.t(a notKt).fa. Aj.ttowc;!
.................................................................................................................................
tAa [elal cnqc; [stis] tAa va naouJ.IE [ela na pyume]
J.IE(t6t:c; [mezeTHes] 11 TaiUpva [i taverna] noAAouc; [polus]
36
come/let's go at let's go and have (lit. (you) come and (we) drink) park (n) a park in Athens Alexandra (f) (here= the name of an avenue and tavern) nice {lit. beautiful) (infm.) tavern offering a large [to mezeTHopolio] number of appetizers appetizers (m), snacks (cold or hot starters) tavern (f) many
oEpi}ITOpO«; [o servit6ros]
:a ncipETE [ tha parete] no•K•Aia [i pikilia] 11atJtow«; [ amesos ' ]
waiter (n) (lit. the servant) will you have assorted appetizers straight away
2 ouzo with water! ~$ CD 1, TR 4, 01:12
ftwpyo<; and Mary drink ouzo.
r· ~~~; ······· ·····[;~~. ~i~~~~·~~·~~~i···············~~~·d~·~~~~i~·;;~~:·;;,~·G;~~Ic~)····· . l i
! ru.iJpyoc; : !,':.!
Mary
i rawpyoc; : !.!
i
Mary
rawpyoc;
! Mary
! Mary : rawpyoc; i Mary
! rawpyoc;
[stin elaTHa]? [sketo] [me pagho) [i me ner6)
drink ouzo in Greece? ~ Straight, on the rocks, or with water. ~
[uzo me ner6] [aft61ne] [vale mu Ugho ner6].
Ouzo with water. That's it! Let me have (lit. pour/put) some (lit. little) water. Here you go! Do you drink ouzo in England? Yes, I've got a (lit. girl) friend who likes ouzo. She usually drinks ouzo with lemonade.
[oriste]! [pfnete UZO stin anglia]? [ne) [eho mfa frill [pu tis aresi to uzo] [pini sinithos] [uzo me lemonaTHa] [uf)! [llzo me lemonaTHa)! [apesio) [6chi] [ine thavmasio] [mu aresi poll] [stin anglfa] [pfnume epfsis metaksa) [sketo i me k6ka k61a] [metaksa me k6ka k61a]! [ftani]! [THe thelo n'akuso] [alo pya]
: .l=:::
~ : l.·
Phew! Ouzo with lemonade! Awful! No, It's wonderful. I /ike it a lot. In England, we also drink Metaxa brandy straight or with coke.
Metaxa with coke! That's it (lit. enough)!/ don't want to hear any more (lit. any longer).
n
Avt6 EIVOI! BOA£ !.IOU }.(yo VEp6.
OpiOT£! niVETE ou~o O't'lV Ayy'Aia;
Unit 3 Let's have a glass of ouzol
37
Mary
rtwpyoc; Mary rtwpyoc;
Nat, txw 11ia q>iXIl nou TflC: ap€oe1 To ou(o. nivet ouv~ewc; ou< IJE Xe~-tovaoa. Ouq>! Ou(o IJE AEIJOVCtOa! Ana[Olo! 'OXl EiVOl eau!JCtOlO! Mou ap€0El noM. rTflV AyyX[a TTlVOUIJE ETTlCJflC: METO(Ct OKETO ~ llE KOKQ KOAO. METO(a IJE KOKQ K6Xa!
nlvnE [pinete] aKtTo [sketo] .,ae nayo [me pagho] TO v£po [to ner6] aUTo elvaal [aft6 ine] PGAe [vale] opiaTE [orlste] 111
ROU
[pu]
~ Tl')«; apta£1 [tis aresi] auvfl8w«; [sinithos] ~ - 11 A1.,aova6a [i lemonaTHa] 5 oucpl [uf]! analaao [apesio] 8au.,aaaao [thavmasio] enial')«; [episis] Clnaveal [ftani]! OKOUaW [akuso] 4E 86w va aKouaw aAAo naal [THe thelo n'akuso alo pya]
you drink straight on the rocks (lit. with ice) water (n) that's it!lthis is it! pour/give here you are! that she likes usually lemonade (f) phew! awful (adj.) marvellous (adj. )/wonderful also That's enough! hear I don't want to hear any more (any longer)!
3 Breakfast in 'America'! ~•
CD 1, TR 4, 02:52
Gabi, Marie-Sofie and Domenico have breakfast in 'America', the breakfast room of the Apollo Hotel.
:································································································································· j I£p(ltT6poc; [fsteetimi]? Areyouready(toorder)? Marie-Sofie
38
[6chi] [mas fernete ton katalogho parakal6]
No, could you bring us the menu please?
I
:upiJaTopoc;
~ I£piJaT6poc;
1"•••-Soflo l I£pjJITOpoc; ! Gabi
~ Domenico
~ Marie-Sofie
! I£pjJITOpoc; i
IEppaTopoc;
i
Marie-Sofie
: IEpPITOpoc; i
IEpPaTopoc;
i
Marie-Sofie
i Ieppawpoc; : Gabi i Domenico
: Marie-Sofie
[ne vevea] [amesos]
Yes, of course, right away.
[se lfgho] ... [iste etimi t6ra]? [thelume THfo proina kontinental] [ke THfo omeletes me zamb6n] [ena ghalik6 kate] [ena tsal] [ke THfo chlmus portokali] [thelete to tsail [me lem6ni i ghala]? [tsai me lem6ni] [efharist6] [ferte mas] [lfgho vutiro ke marmelaTHa] [epfsis]
A little later ..• Are you ready now? We'd like two continental breakfasts and two ham omelettes, a French coffee, a (cup of) tea and two glasses of orange juice.
[ke frighanies] [i psomij [amesos- amesos] [uf]!
Would you like tea with lemon or milk? Tea with lemon, thanks. Can you also bring us some butter and jam (lit. marmalade)? And toast or (regular) bread. Right away, right away, I've had it!
EIOTE tfOIIJOI; 0Xl, IJaC: cptpVETE TOV KaTCJAoyo napaKall.li>; Naa, j3tpaaa, a~Jtowc;. reAiyo ... EIOTE tfOIIJOI Tli>pa; etAouiJE c5uo npwava "KoVTavtVTall." Kal c5uo OIJEAtfec; IJE (a1Jn6v. 'Eva ya""1K6 Kacpt, tva TOOl Kal 6Uo XUIJOUC: ROPTOKciAI. 8tAETE TO TOOIIJE AE1J6vl I'J yaAa; TOOIIJE AEIJ6VI, euxapiOTW. CJ>tpTE IJac; Alyo j3oiJTupo Kai1Jap1JU06a EniOilC:· Ka1 cppuyav1tc; I'J I!IWIJI .. . AlltOW<; ... alltowc;! ... Oucp!
IEppawpoc; ..............:. ..................................................................................................................... i
itoa~oa [etimi] cptpvuE [fernete] IAac; cptpvuE [mas fernete] == cptpu ~ac; [ferte mas] o KaTaAoyoc; [o kataloghos]
ready you bring (Could you) bring us menu (m) (lit. catalogue/list)
Unit 3 Let's have a glass of ouzol
39
TO npcanvo [to proin6] KOVTcvtvtaA [kontinental] O!Jutuc; [omeletes] TO (a!Jnov [to zamb6n] o Kacptc; [o kafes] TO Tacic [to tsai]
breakfast (n) continental omelettes ham (n) coffee (m) aca tea (n) :50 o XUIJOC'; [o chim6s] juice (m) ~ TO nopToKcUc [to portokali] orange (n) 5 TO AEIJOVI [to lem6ni] lemon (n) a TO ycUa [to ghala] milk (n) TO pouTUpO (to VUtiro] butter (n) 11 IJGPIJUci6a [i marmelaTHa] marmalade (f) cppuyavct< [frighanyes] toast TO li'W!Ji [to psoma bread (n) oucpl [uf]! I've had it! Enough! No more! phew!
Insight Have a short break now. It is a good idea to personalize your learning. This unit for instance deals with ordering a dnnk, food or even having breakfast in Greece. So you can start compiling a 'top-10-list' of your own preferences. What are the Greek names of the drinks and foods you like? You can look up a couple of words if the unit does not include them. Your 'Top-10-lists' will grow unit by unit, you will be able to express yourself easier, and you will become more and more confident. So, start compiling your first list now!
······································································································ Language notes Greek tavernas Mt:~t:6onwJ.do
is an informal taverna offering a large selection of appetizers to accompany ouzo, retsina or beer. The word itself denotes -nwJ.do (selling) and J1£~E6t:«; (appetizers). Greek appetizers include "t~«"t~tKL (tzatziki) - a yoghurt, cucumber and garlic dip; "t«P«IlOOaActta (taramosalata) - fish-roe dip;
40
t:qrd6t:-; (keftethes) - meatballs; TUpomTa (cheese pie); and
:navaK01tlTa (spinach pie).
Tavernas (TajJ£pva) also offer a large selection of appetizers and local specialities. These are very informal places and many outdoor ravernas are open from early spring to late autumn. Restaurants (t:<Jna'topLo or pt:aTopav) often demand more formal dress. Greek coffee
coffee drinking is a social event in Greece that takes place at any time of day. EllllVLKo-; (Greek coffee) is also called pu~avTLvo-; (Byzantine coffee) or TOUpKLKo-; (Turkish coffee), but nowadays the distinction of GKETo-; (no sugar), J.lhpLo-; (one spoonful of sugar) and yJ.uKo-; (two spoonfuls of sugar) is sufficient for ordering. Two companies dominate the Greek coffee industry: Loumidis (AouJ.1(611-;) and Bravo (Mnpapo).
In most places you can also order Ka1tOU'ta(vo (cappucino) or Eanptaao (espresso), BLt:vvoua (viennois) or yallLKo-;, (French
coffee) and
~t:anl GOKOAcXTa
(hot chocolate), or K«KcXO pO(f)llll« (cocoa). Nt:-; Kaq»t (instant coffee), ~t:GTo-; (hot coffee) or q»pant (iced coffee) are very popular as well. TaaL (tea) is readily available in most places but Kpuo TGcXLll TGcXL J.lE nayaKLa (iced tea) is rarely found in Greece. Numbers 11-20 ~'» CD 1, TR 4, 03:58
The numbers 11-20 are listed for you below. Read the notes again about 1-10 on Unit 1. 11 EVTEKa [endeka] 12 owot:Ka [TH6THeka] l3 OEKaTp(a [THekatrfa) OEKaTpd<; [THekatris) 14 OEKaTtaat:pa [THekatesera) OEKaTtaat:pl<; [THekateseris] IS OEKantvn [THekapende]
16 ot:KaE~L [THekaeksi] 17 ot:Kamnx [THekaepta] 18 OEKaoKTw [THekaokt6] OEKUOXTW [THekaoht6) 19 6t:Kat:wta [THekaenea) OEKUEWL
Unit J
Let's have a glass of ouzol
41
Grammar Plural forms
1
Did you notice the plural form in the first dialogue of this unit? liuoou~mCLa
two glasses of ouzo
And the singular form: E.vaou~aKL
one glass of ouzo
In English there are also many ways of expressing plural nouns; such as car-cars, box-boxes, knife-knives, ox-oxen, sheep-sheep. Here are some common plurals of some of the nouns you have already met in Greek:
..................................................................................................................................., ~ Masculine ' ~ o J..le~tc; - 01 J..le~i6£c; the snack - snacks ~ 0 rrayoc; - Ol TTOYOI the ice - ices o KaT6Aoyoc; - 01 KaT6Aoyol the menu - menus
!
1 Feminine ~ 11 ay6rr11 - 01 ay6rr£c; ~ I") TTOlKlAia - Ol TTOlKlAi£c;
l '1
A€J..IOVOOQ - Ol A€J..IOVOO£c;
the love - loves the assorted platter - platters the lemonade - lemonades
~ Neuter 1 TO Ae!JOVI - TO Ae!J6vaa ~ TO rrpwtvo - TO rrpwtva
the lemon - lemons the breakfast - breakfasts ~ TOOU~O - TO OU(a the OUZO - OUZOS : ............................................................................................................................... :r. Masculine, feminine or neuter
Gender (identifying masculine, feminine or neuter!) enables you to give more precise information in a statement whereas in English you cannot be as precise. Look at these examples: 'Exw tva cpU.o OTTJV Ayy.A(a. 'Exw IlL« cpU.11 crTTJv Ayy.A(a.
I have a friend in England. I have a friend in England.
What's obvious from this example is that in English you have to ask in order to distinguish between a male or female friend; in English
42
•friend' is generic whereas in Greek you use either cpU.o(c;) (male friend) or cpU.TJ (female friend). 3 Adjectives
In Greek a noun requires that everything that precedes it agrees with it in gender. ('dt:~t:6onwJ..do is a neuter noun (i.e. TO JU:~t:6onwldo); look at the following examples of the neuter noun and adjectival relationships: ME~E<')onwA.t:(o
taverna (n) tva/TO ~E~ESonwA.t:lo a/the little taverna £va/TO o~opq>o ~E~Ec501tWAELO a/the nice little taverna £va/TO no.Au o~opq>o a/the very nice little taverna ~E~Ec501tWAELO
And for a masculine noun: c!>O..oc; £vac;/o q>l.Aoc; £var,/o o~opq>oc; q>l.Aoc; £var,/o noA.u o~opq>oc; q>l.Aoc;
friend (m) a/the friend a/the nice (handsome) friend a/the very nice (handsome) friend
And for a feminine noun: c!> LATJ JltU/T] q>LAT) Jlta/T) o~opq>T) q>LAT) JlLU/T) TIOAU o~opq>T) q>LAT)
friend (f) a/the friend a/the nice (beautiful) friend a/the very nice (beautiful) friend
Practice 1
See if you can deal with some more situations you are likely to encounter in Greece.
a You are in a JU:~t:6onwldo. Order a glass of ouzo and a plate of assorted appetizers. b You are tasting ouzo for the first time: give your impression by saying 'excellent' or 'awful'. c You are having a drink with a friend. How would you say 'I like it a lot' or 'I don't like it much'? Unit 3
Let's have • glass of ouzol
43
d You are ordering a glass of ouzo. How would you say 'straight up' or 'on the rocks'? e You are in a coffee shop. How can you ask for the menu? f 'Tea with milk' is what you like. Ask for it. 2
Match each question with the most appropriate answer.
a b c d
TL dvm llE~E6onwA.do; TL aa mxpEn:; E(CJTE ETOL!lOL; 8EAETE TCJ(lL llE AE1.16VL;
I 'Eva ou~o KaL llla ltOLKLALCC.
II 'OXL, llE yaA.a. Iii M (a Ta~tpva llE 1.1E~t6Ec;. lv 'OXL, aK61.1a!
3 Rearrange these lines to make a dialogue.
a Tp(a MEm~a T6TE. b NaL, ~t~aLa. c NaL, ~t~aLa. d 'EXETE MEm~a 7 Ema aCJTtpwv (stars);
e Mou q>tpvETE Tov KaTaA.oyo napaKaA.w; f
NaL, ~t~aLa.
4 Translate the English sentences to complete the following dialogue.
.....................................................
..
1''i~·;;ii~~6;;~~··········· ··:r;·a~·~·6p~~·~~p~~~Xw; 1 You
l Itpjlm)poc; 1 You l Itpjlm)poc; 1 You
1 ItpjlaTopoc; LE Aiyo ...
l l You
a Could you bring us the menu, please? LE Aiyo ... EioTE €To 11.101; b Yes, an iced-coffee and an instant coffee. TinoTa aMo; c Nothing else for the time being. Thanks. AllEOW<;! d Could you bring us the bill, please?
l. ~.~.~~.·~~.~~.~...............~.~~~~~:....................······················································ s
Use the clues to complete the crossword. The shaded vertical word stands for 'Right away!' - often said by Greek waiters but do they actually mean it?
a coffee b marmalade
44
a
_.
I l
bI
c d
e
.....,
f
I l
li
c coffee without sugar d instant coffee e how/what f cinema 6
Similar or different? Did you recognize any more words in Unit 3? Match the list on the left with the list on the right. a
~ouwpo
ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
b Ka
mxpKO d !!UP!lEA.Ma e aoKOAUTLVU f KUTaAOyoc; g AE!!OVL h
j m~Epva 7
friend chocolate tavern catalogue/menu/list omelettes coffee butter park marmalade lemon
Listen to Dialogue 3 of this unit again and fill in the missing words. If you don't have the recording try to fill in the gaps from the words in the box below.
~$ CD 1, TR 4, 04:32
............
...................................................................
:··;:-~·PP~~6~
Ei~~--~-==~
~ Marie-Sofie ~ Iepj5&-r6pCH;
'OXI, J.IOC: b _ _ TOY Kcrr0Aoyo, napaKa).ciJ; Na1, c _ _ , OJ.ltawc;.
: Itpj5&T6PCH;
I.EAiyo ... ElatE tTOIJ.lOI Tcilpa;
: Marie-Sofia
90.ouJJE6Uo .d _ _ .KOVTIVMa>.•KOI6Uo
: IepplT6PCH; ~ Gabj
e _ _ J.lE CaJJn6v. 'Eva ya).MK6 Kacpt, tva TOOl KOI 60o f _ _ nopTOI(OAL etAErE TO TOOl g _AEJ.16vl h _ _ yOAa; T001 J.IE MJ.16vl, EUXOPiaTW. t _ _ J.lQc: Alyo poOTupo KOI J.IOPJJEA06a EniOI'Ic;. ... Ka1 cppuyav&tc; r't j _ AJJtowc; •.. OJ.ltawc;! ••• Oucpl
[ Dornenlco ~ Marle-Sofie
~ .. ~EPI511'6pCH;
.................................................................................................................................
Unit 3 Let's have a glass of ouzol
45
ETOll..lOl
q>EpTE
XUI..lOUc;
TTPWlVQ
KOl
..................................................................................................
,
Insight How did you do on this last section? Did you have any particular difficulties especially in the last exercise? If not, we would like to suggest something to you whenever you have some extra time. There are usually three dialogues in each unit. Go back and copy one or both of the remaining dialogues on a piece of paper. Then decide and white out 6 to 10 key words before you play the CD again and challenge yourself not only with the listening comprehension but also the spelling of the missing words.
A little extra! At the 'Neon' cafe -4i CD 1, TR 4, os:27 fLwpyo~ nanaoonou.Ao~, Domenico Di Capo and Mary Johnson have just arrived at 'Neon' - a cafe in the centre of Athens.
KACI»ENEION
NEON
~-~····:~~~:~~;,~l··~~~~~~ 1.
Mary
:.
l,',,,
46
r&ci»pyo(
appetizers. [pali uzo]l [egh6 thelo na Ouzo again! I want to have pyo] [ufski sfmera] [ena whisky today. A Cutty Sark on kati sark] [me paghakia] the rocks. [kl egh6 thelo mfa bfra] And I want a beer. A Heineken or [mfa Heine ken] [i mia an Amstel. Amstel]
Domenico
Mary
rawpyoc;
rawpyoc; Domenico Mary
rawpyoc; Domenico Mary
rawpyoc;
[t6te egh6 tha paro ena Then I'll have a small glass of) ouzo and a small plate of assorted uzakQ [ke mia mikrl appetizers. We are In Greece after pikiUa] [yatl lmaste all (lit. Why are we in Greecen. stln ei~THa]? You're right! Let's have a bottle of [kal~ les]l [na p~rume retsina •.. do they have retsina ena bu~li retsina] • • • here? [ehun retsina eTH6]? [THe nomlzo] [eTH6 lne •. •I don't think (so). It's a coffee bar (here). Let's ask anyhow kate-bar] [as rotlsume (lit. though). 6mos] Ta ea ncipoUJ.IE naacSaci; Eytil Mw va ncipOUJ.IE ouCo Kal J.lla J.IEvclAI'I noaKIAia. nciAa ouCol Eytil 80..w va mw ouloKa oi'JJ.!Epa. 'Eva Cutty Sark J.IE nayciKaa. K1 £ytiJ 80..w J.l(a 11nupa. Mia Heineken I'J Ilia Amstel. T6T£ £YW 8a ncipw tva ouCciKI KOIIJ(O J.IIKPI'J nOIKIAia. raatl Eillaat£ atl'lv EAAcicSa; KaM AEd Na ncipouJ.!E tva J.lnOUKciAI p£Tolva ••• txouv p£Tolva £6w; ... 11£ VOIJICw. EcSW EIVOI KOcpf-IJnap. Ar, PWTI'JOOUIJE 61JW(, .•.
To Kacpt [to kafe] To J.lnap [to bar] Atw [leo] llEyciAoc;/-1'1/-o [meghalos/-i/-o] nciAa [pali] mw [pyo] 8tAw va naw [thelo na pyo] TO OUiOKI [tO ufski] O~J.IEpa [sfmera] J.IE nayaKaa [me paghakia] 1"J J.lnupa [i bfra] J.IIKpoc;/-fl/-6 [mikros/-f/-6] VIOti [yatij KaAa Ale;! [kala les]! to J.lnouKGAa [to bukali]
(here) cafe (n) bar(n) I'm suggesting/saying large (adj) again I drink I would like to drink whisky (n) today with ice cubes/on the rocks beer (f) small because you're right! you're talking sense! (lit. well you are saying) bottle (n)
Unit 3 Let's have • glass of ouzol
47
11 pnaiva [i retsina] > 0
ac; pco~m'taoUJIE [as rotfsume]
retsina (f) Greek wine flavoured with resin let's ask
8 True or false? Mark (..') for true and ()C) for false.
a b c d
'OAOL 8£J..ouv 0\J~O ~E TrDlKtA(a. H Ka Johnson 8£AEl ~ta ~m)pa. 0 K. DiCapo 8EAEl tva ou[crKt. 0 K. naTta66TtOUAO~ 8EAEl ~La pncr[va.
9 Tick the most appropriate answer to the phrases you hear. If you don't have the recording, match the most appropriate answer to the four phrases listed below. ~• CD 1, TR 4, 06=45
a i 8£J..w va mw ou(crKt ml~Epa. ii et:>..w ~(a ~m)pa. b i 'Eva Cutty Sark ~E mxyo. II Eyw J..tw va mxpowE m)~o. c I Ou~o Kat ~[a ~EyaATJ TtOLKIA[a. ii M(a Heineken ~~(a Amstel. d i A~ pw-nlcrou~E 6~w~. ii Ou~aKt Kat ~[a ~tKp~ TtotKIA[a. Phrases:
a naA.t m)~o! b Eyw 8£Aw va mw ou[crKt ml~Epa. c Kt 8tJ..w ~(a ~m)pa. d EcSw dvat Kaq>t 1-map.
ryw
Coffee and ouzo- the Greek national drinks Greeks always find time for a morning, afternoon, or evening coffee or a glass of ouzo in a K«q>£vt:lo, ~ax:apon:AaaTdo or ou~EpL These places serve students, businessmen, lovers, the unemployed and pretty much everybody else- young and old: people study, tal~
48
business, cuddle, read the newspaper, talk about politics or football rnatches, and generally watch the world go by! A cup of coffee or a glass of ouzo can last two, three or four hours. You will find a Kacpt:vdo in every neighbourhood in larger cities and always in the centre (KEVTpo) or square (nA.anla) of smaller rowns or on the sea front (napaA.la) in fishing villages. Greek culture has evolved around the daily activities that take place in Kacpt:vda, ~axaponAa(J'tda or ou~t:pl
You have probably heard of or tasted Greek ouzo. There are many srnall producers and connoisseurs can tell the difference between brands. Metaxa brandy is another national drink, and it comes in three-, five- or seven-star bottles. Wine (Kpaal) comes in white (aanpo), red (KOKKLvo) or rose (po~i). You should try retsina (pnalva)- the wine flavoured with resin that Greeks sell in their ouzeri or tavernas. Ouzo
12, Ouzo Tsantalis (TaavTaATJ), Ouzo Mitilinis (MunA.fJVTJc;), Retsina Kourtaki (KoupTclKTJ), Retsina Markopoulou (MapKonouA.ou), Hatzimihali (XaT~TJJ.llXclATJ), Papaioannou (nanai"wavvou), Boutari (MnouTaplJ) or Cambas (KaJ.lnac;) are some of the many good Greek drinks. You must try them to find out which you prefer!
i"n5.i9h't························································································· We hope that you have access to the Internet because we would like to ask you for an unusual assignment. The section on 'Greek national drinks' includes many brand names but also different kinds of coffee bars, ouzos, or wines. Would you be able to surf the Internet and come up with 5 to 10 different photos? You can always print them out and insert your findings as extra visual cues and/or extra cultural information at the end of this unit. Do not forget to name, of course in Greek, your print outs!
······································································································
Unit 3
Let's have a glass of ouzo!
49
·J
Test yourself 1
Can you <emembee the G<eek foe the following ten importJ words from this unit? Try to write your answers in transliteratioi or Greek script.
f
water ii also iii bread iv milk
v usually 2
menu breakfast marvellous awful x beautiful
vi vii viii ix
i
Can you remember the following ten important phrases from this unit? Use transliteration or Greek script. Here you go! ii Can I have some ... ? ill That's it! iv That's enough!
v I don't want ...
vi vii viii ix x
Do you drink ouzo? What is 'mezeTHes'? I don't understand. I like it a lot. I have a friend.
3 The five phrases below use the formal way of addressing people.
Can you change them into informal Greek? Use transliteration or Greek script. ii iii iv v
50
[ti tha parete 1? TL Sa mxpETE; [valte mu nero]! BaATE ~ou VEp6 [pinete ghala]? nlvETE yaA.a; [mas fernete] ... ? Ma<;
4
·································································································
KaA~ 6pE~rt!
Bon appetit! In • • • •
this unit you will learn how to Order food in a restaurant Ask for local specialities Enquire about Greek eating habits Count from 21 to 100
1 Have you got moussaka? ~w
CD 1, TR 5
Tim Johnson joins a colleague, fHXVVTJ<; .1TJJlTJTp(ou [Yannis Dimitrfu], for lunch. They go to 4>0..mcrTpov [Filistron], a trendy taverna at 811a£lo [This(o] facing the Acropolis.
;::~~ ··:J~~~~=:ui:: ~~~i;:::;~·-~ i
Tim
[vevea-vevea]? [tzatzfkil? [taramosalata]? [melitzanosalata]? [ti fne afta]?
Really? Tzatzlkil Taramosalata? ~ Melitzanosa/ata? What are these?
Unit 4
Bon appetltl
:.~
51
ruivvllc;
Tim ruivv11c; IEp(31TC)pa
IEp(31TC)pa
Tim
[endaksi]! [tha parangilo egho ya sen a] [na parume mia pikilfa) [apo tus uzomezeTHes pu ehun) [egh6 thelo musaka)! [THen ehun musaka eTHo) [misolepto) [ehete musaka]? [ochi)! [ehume mono) [oti lei o kataloghos) [oreal! [tote thelume mfa taramosalata) [mfa tir6pita) [piperies ghemistes) [dolmaTHakia ke sutzukakia) [a) [ke mfa sa lata epochfs) [malista) [tha pyfte kati)? [tim) [thelis retsina) [i ena karafaki uzo)? [malon ena karafaki) [ki ena bukali nero)
All right! I will order for you. Let's have a plate of assorted appetizers from the starters (lit. ouzo) on offer. I'd like moussaka! They don't have moussaka here. Just a moment. Do you have moussaka? No! We've only got what's on the menu. OK! (lit. Nicen Then we'd like an (order of) taramosalata, cheese pie, stuffed peppers, dolmathakia, and soutzoukakia. Ah, and a seasonal salad. Yes. Will you have anything to drink? Tim, do you want retsina or a small carafe of ouzo? I'd rather (have) a small carafe (of ouzo) and a bottle of water.
Tim rtaw11c; Tim
6Ev KaTaXa(3a!vw TinoTO! Eiv01 6Xa ma EXXflvtKa! 'EAa Twpa! Efvat 6Xa m' AyyXtKa! Bt(301a! Btl301a! T(aT(iKt; TapaJ..IOO'aMTa; Mf.AtT(avooaMTa; Tt Eivat aUTO; EvTO~f.t! 0a rrapayyEiXw Eyw yta otva. Na rrapouJ..If. J..l[a rtavv11c; 1lOIKtA[a arr6 TOU<; OU(OJ..If.(tOf.<; 1lOU txouv. Tim Eyw 8tXw J..louoaKa! r1aw11 c; 6Ev txouv J..IOuoaKa EOw. Mto6 XmT6. 'EXETE J..iouoaKa; IEpf31T6pa 'Oxt! 'ExouJ..If. J..16vo 6,Tt XtEt o KaTaXoyoc;. Opaia! T6TE 6tAOUJ..IE J..lfa TapaJ..IooaMTO, J..l[a Tup6mTa, rtaw11c; 1ll1lf.pttc; Yf.J..IIOTtc;, VTOAJ..IaOOKta Kat O'OUT(OUKOKta. A! Kat J..lla oaXma f.1lOXr'}<;. IEpi31Topa MaXtma. 0a mEfTE Kan; flaw'lc; TtJ..I, 6tXEt<; l)f.TO'fva r'} tva Kapaq>OKI ou(o; Tim MaMov tva KapacpaKt Kt tva J..11TOUK6Xt vf.p6.
.:....................................................................................................................................
52
l(aTaAa~aivw [katalaveno]
TiJJOTO (tipota) oAa [ola] ·eAa Twpal [ela tara]! TO T(OT(iKI (to tza tziki) I'JTapaj.IOOaAina
understand nothing/anything everything Come on now! tzatziki (yoghurt-cucumber dip) (n) taramosalata (f)
[i taramosahita] 11 IJEAIT(avoaaAina
fi
aubergine salad/dip (f)
melitzanosalata]
I will {place the) order for you [tha parangilo egh6 ya sena] let's have va napou!JE [ na parume] o IJOUOaKac; [o musakas] moussaka (m) (layers of aubergine, potatoes and minced meat > topped with bechamel sauce) ~ VTOA1Ja6aKaa [dolmaTHakia] rice, or rice and minced meat, o wrapped in vine leaves mnEpatc; VEIJIOdc; green peppers filled with rice, or [piperies ghemistes] rice and minced meat o,TI AiEl o KcrtciAoyoc; whatever is on the menu (lit. what[6ti lei o kataloghos] ever the menu says) oouT(ouKaKaa [sutzukakia] spicy meatballs in tomato sauce '1 Enoxi'J [ i epochi] season (f) 0a mEiTE Kcm; [tha pyite kciti]? Will you have anything to drink? (lit. will you drink anything?) To KapacpaKa (to karafaki] small carafe of ouzo TO j.IROUKciAI [to bukcili) bottle (n) ea napayyEiAw Eyw yaa atva
§
2 Souvlaki or gyros? 1'»
CD 1, TR s, 01:40
Tim and Mary have discovered a souvlaki place in the centre of Athens and they often go there for a snack.
··~~·~::\:;::·:::;;···········::;:·:·==~·'"'''''•''"! Unit 4
Bon appetltl
53
Tim
Ta~UiG(
Tim Tape:ia( Tim Tapt:IQ( Tim Tapt:ia(
[ena suvlaki loksandras) [mfa patates) [ke THio bires) [bira se potiri) [I bukali)? [bfra bukalil [ehete Heineken)? [m6no Amstel) [endaksi THio Amstel) [p6so kanun)? [pende evr6) [oriste, efharist6) [kali sas 6reksi)!
Tim Tape:ia( Tim 1 Ta~UIG( 1 Tim 1 Tape:iac; 1 Tim 1 Tapt:ia( 1 Tim
One Loxandra souvlakl, (an order
o6i
Draught or bottled beer? Bottled beer. Have you got Heineken? Only Amstel. OK, two Amstel. How much are they? Fiveeuros. Here you go, thanks. Cheers! (lit. Good appetite!)
!:.
r£10 oac:;! r£10 oac;! Tl ea napETE; 'Eva oou~MKI Aw~avtpa<;, IJia nm6TE<; Km Mo IJnUpE~ Mnupa OE noT~PI ~ 1JnOUK0111; Mnupa 1JnOuK
!~~~~~~ .............. ~~~.~.~~~.~~~~~~ .......................................................................:
1..
.
l··~;~·~~~~i~~-[~i~·~~-;;;i~~]····· ················;;;~-~~~;;;~;·;~·i(')''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"'"~ 1 TO oouPAaKI [to suvlaki) · o yupoc; [o ghlros) TO nOTI'Jpa [to
potlri) pia nGTGTt:( [mfa patates) opiOTt:l [oriste)! KaAI'J oat; opt:(l'll [kali sas 6reksi)!
chunks of pork on a skewer (n) usually a combination ofpork and lamb thinly sliced glass (n) a portion of chips (French fries) here you are! here you go! bon appetit (to you)!
l 1 .~:
j
................................................................................................................................... 3 At the counter -4~
CD 1, TR s, 03:19
Tim is trying to place the order but he can't quite understand one question.
54
r· v~~~~~~·····;~~:~i~ii ................................(~;~;;;;~~·i~k~j·;.;~;;,;~~·~~·;~;··j i,,
Tim
i YnciAAitAO(
! Tim ·,,i.
vncillllAO(
i Tim
! YnciAAllAO( i Tim
! YnciAA11Aoc; i Tim : YnciAAllAO( : Tim : YnciAAllAO( : Tim : YnciAAllAO( ! Tim
I'm sorry? (lit. whatn What did yousay? [thelete ap'61a] [mesa stin Would you like everything on the pitta bread? pita]? [THen katalaveno] I don't understand. [aporimenos] [thelete (confused) Would you like tzatziki, tzatzlki, kremiTHi, domata]? [a] [ne-ne]! But, of course! (lit. Oh yes, yesn [ke sta THfo]? [ke sto On both? On both kalamaki and kalamaki] [ke sto gyro? ghlro]? [aporimenos] [ne-ne]!? (confused) Yes, yes!? [til? [ti Ipate]?
An'6Aa; Tt; Tt ElnaTE; 60-ETE an'6Aa IJfOO OTilV niTa; !lEv KmaAa~aivw. (anOPPilllfvOC:) 60-ETE T(OT(iKI, KPEIJIJU61, VTOIJOTO; AI vat, vat! Kat OTa 6Uo; Kat OTo KMOIJOKt Kat OTO yupo; (anopprwtvoc;) Nat, vat{;!).
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
...................................................................................................................................:
o nc:iyKoc; [ o pangos] an'6Aa [ap'6la] Tt Einau; [ti fpate]? Mtoa [mesa]
'1 niTa or 11 nina [i pfta] anopp'lf.IEVoc;/-11/-o Ia porimenos/-i/-o] To KPEJ.If.IU61 [to kremiTHi] '1 VTOJ.Ic:iTa [i domata] kat <JTa 6uo; [ke "Sta THfo]? kaa. .. Kat ••• [ke ... ke ... ]
the counter (m) everything on it? What did you say? on (the pitta) {lit. inside the pitta) pitta bread confused the onion (n) the tomato (f) in both? both ... and ...
Unit 4
Bon appetltl
55
Language notes Greek cuisine
Greece has a rich, ethnic cuisine with many well-known dishes. To a visitor it is simply a matter of taste; some dishes might taste delicious and others might never be tried again! Below is a list of ou~OJ.lt:~llit~ (ouzo snacks). Why not try them!
HTPEA~ yapiOa TIMOKATAAOrOE- PRICE LIST I'AAATEI' I SALADS Auzuvo
300
CabbaJe
300
Pcilcmc11 Russian salad
350
TO\IOCJCIMltU
500
Aolllcuvuco Xc:opuhllco
750
M1ncptb:t
800
Hamburger Patty rap(~ aayav6u
800
Fried Shrimps 400
Fetadleese
56
800
Spiced Sausage
Tuna Salad
:EayavGin Fried dJeese
XuMq&ap6Jna Squid
MapouA.l Lettuce
.b.
tPAFHTA I MAIN DISHES
Uatat~ T1JYUV1t~
500
Freadlfries 500
notxtl.(u Assorted appetizen
600
A5 ouvlaki and a gyrol A aouJJA.aKL (souvlaki) is usually chunks of pork on a skewer. A KaAaJ.lUKL (kalamaki) is a skewer of pork meat. A y{lpoc; (gyro) (literally meaning spinning or turning around) is actually a combination of layers of pork and lamb rotating on a spit and, when cooked, thinly sliced. I;ouJJA.aKL is mostly served on a skewer with a slice of bread (tJiwJ.LL) whereas yt}poc; is served on pitta (nha or nh'"l'a) with tomatoes (TOJ.lcX"l'E«;), onions (KPEJ1J1U6La) and tzatziki ('t'~a"l'~LKL). There
are souvlakia and gyro stands in cities such as London, New York, Sydney and Melbourne where Greek communities flourish, but also in many smaller places and, of course, all over Greece.
Numbers 21-100 ~,~
CD 1, TR s, 04:24
21 ELKOO"l tva [eikosi ena] 22 ELKOO"L Mo [fkosi THfo] 23 ELKOO"L Tp(a [fkosi tria] 30 Tpu:lvm [trianda] 3 I TpHlVTa f.va [ trianda ena] 40 crapavm [saranda]
50
TtEVJlVTa
60 70 80 90
E~JlVTa
[penfnda] [eksfnda] £~80jlJlVTa [evTHomfnda] oy86vm [oghTH6nda] EVEVJlVTa [enenfnda] 100 £KaT6 [ekat6]
Bon appetitl Ka.At] opE~TJ [kalf 6reksi] is said to wish someone a good meal. During meals you might hear yna aou!, or yna aac;!, or yt:La Ita<;! (cheers) when raising and/or clinking glasses. An interesting expression with no English equivalent is KaAtl xwvt:tJITJ! at the end of a meal meaning 'have a good digestion!'.
····································································································
Insight
Have a short break now and challenge yourself with some numbers. Make a list of some numbers which are significant in your life! Include your age (also the age of friends and family), Your house number, your home and office telephone numbers,
Unit 4
Bon appetltl
57
or even the numbers on your car number plate. Can you say those numbers (in tens) in Greek? Try also to write them down in words with the book closed!
······································································································ Grammar notes 1
The verb 'to have'
The verbs dJlaL (to be) and £xw (to have) are the most frequent verbs in many languages. The verb £xw is 'regular', meaning that it has regular endings like other verbs you have already learned, such as ~tp-w, JlEV-w or KaTW..a(Jatv-w among others. ~-·;t~~·[~~~i''''''''''''''''''"'''''''"''''''''"'''''''~""~~~···············
1 tx-e~c; [echis] 1 tx-aa [echi] ~ q-ou!J& [ehume] 1 tx-nc [ehete]
.. ··········· ..···············""'"j
i i
you have he/she/it has we have you have
l i
~..~~~~.~~~~.~~ .........................................~~~!..~~.~~..............................................1 2
Choosing the right ending
You might have noticed different spellings of certain words; for example f.IOUO'GKQ (moussaka) and cnoxi'Jc; (season) in this unit. They have appeared as Of.IOUO'aKac; (adding an -c;) and ll&noxi'J (deleting the final-«;). As we have already noted, Greek is an inflectional language (subject to changes in stems, prefixes, endings, and so on) and there are many slightly different forms of nouns. There is often more than one singular or plural form in Greek. Here are some examples:
:··································································································································: l, Case Singular ~,:. . 0
Masculine
IJOUO'QKcl<;
Feminine 11 £noxr')
TO
).mt6
i
the
moussakas
the
season
the
minute
l
1 Genitive
TOU
IJOUO'OKcl
Tfl<;
£noxr')<:
TOU
).mtOU
l
l
of the
moussakas
of the
season
of the
minute 1
1 Accusative
TO(v)
IJOUO'OKcl
TflV
£nOXr'J
TO
).£nt6
1 Nominative
Neuter
1
l
l.................................................................................................................................. (in) to the moussakas (in) to the season (in) to the minute l . :
58
Don't be alarmed by the number of different articles and endings: rhe wrong choice does not make a lot of difference when used in context because a careful listener will understand. With frequent use of the language, they will become second nature to you. It is better to use the language incorrectly rather than waiting until you can speak it perfectly. Start enjoying the language, and don't be afraid of it! 3 Word order
In English the word order of a sentence is constant: subject before verb, and verb before object, for example I (subject), want (verb), moussaka (object). To add emphasis in English you change the intonation whereas in Greek you can change the word order. Here are some examples to show how many variations of word order are correct for one sentence: Eyw et.Aw 1.1oucraKa! Eyw 1.1oucraKa et.Aw! etA.w 1.1oucraKa! etA.w 1.1oucraKa eyw! MoucraKa 9EA.w! MoucraKa StA.w eyw!
eyw
I want moussaka!
eyw
In fact the first variant, which corresponds to the English word for word, is the most frequent form.
Practice 1
Can you respond to the following situations?
a Say 'bon appetit' to someone at the beginning of a meal, and 'good digestion' as they finish their meal. b You are not sure whether a restaurant has a specific dish or not. How could you ask for an aubergine salad, a platter of assorted appetizers, a snack to accompany ouzo or moussaka? c Ask for the menu, and the bill! d How would you ask: 'Will you have anything to drink?'? e How would you ask for a small bottle of ouzo 'Mitilinis'? Unit 4
Bon appetltl
59
f How do you say: 'Come on now!'?
g And the question: 'How much are they?'? :z Match each question with the most appropriate answer.
a TL e:(vm auTix; b 'EXETE y\Jpo; c TL Sa napayydA.ETe:; d TL ELTraTE;
i .1uo 1.mupe:c; KaL llLa KoKa K6A.a. ii .1e:v dna TLTIOTa! iii Be:~a(wc;! An'6A.a; iv nmKLALa KaL OU~OjlE~f:cSe:c;.
3 Rearrange these lines to make up a dialogue ~·
CD 1, TR s, os:13 a Tlnom! M6vo ve:p6! EuxapunoujlE. b TL Sa mdn; c TL Sa mxpETE; d M(a aaA.am moXJ1c;. e E(an f:ToLilOL;
f
Bt~ma!
4 Complete the following dialogue .
.......................................................................................................................................
l :Ea:piJLTOp~ l You l l:£ A.lyo
l l:Ep~Jtdp~ i You
,
TL 9a mxptr£ napaKaA.w; a The menu, please.
ElaT£ trolJ.lot Twpa;
:EEpiJl'tOp~
b Yes. Have you got any veal chops? ~OOWX~ clxL M6vo XOtptVJ\ 111tPt~6A.a ~IJ£PCX.
You
c OK/ A pork chop, a moussaka, and a seasOf!llsalad.
:EEpiJl'tOP~
9a nte(T£ TlnOTa;
You
d A small bottle ofouzo. What kinds ofouzo do you h
:Ef:piJLTOp~
12, TamaA.t} ft
: You
l l:EpiJld~
··
MuTtA.flVTJ'>·
e Asmall bottle of Mitillnis.
TlnOTa allo;
l:.................................................................................................................................. You f Nothing else for the time being. . s You are in a Pizza Hut in Greece. Look at the menu overleaf. Can you recognize the ingredients below before you place your order? a npamve:c; mne:ptf:c; b Tovoc;
60
i pepperoni ii fresh tomato
c l.lllELKOV
d e
1t£1t£p0Vl qJpECJKLa TOIUXTa
t
11o-rcrapeMa
g TCJEVTap h j.LOVT£pEU T~aK i rrpamvTJ craA.am j craA.a-ra CJ£
iii green peppers lv tuna v bacon vi Monterrey Jack vii mozzarella viii green salad ix Chef's salad x cheddar
You have decided on a Cheese Lover's pizza. What will you get?
PIZZA SPECIALITIES SUPREME: MomaptAA.a, 1tE1tEp6vt, ~waxapt, rrpa
j.lctVLTapta ......................................................................4E
6.SOE
7.00€
6.SOE
?.OOE
6.SOE
?.OOE
6.soe
?.OOE
6.SOE
?.OOE
SUPER SUPREME: Momapilla, xmptv6 11E llllaxaptKa, mTIEp6vt, lloaxapt, ~allTI6v, rrpaOWTJ 1tl1IEpta, KpEjljlU«'it, jlaUpE<; EAtE<; Kat jlctVtTapta ............................................................. 4€
CHICKEN SUPREME: MomaptAA.a, KoTa-TiouAo, KpE 1111u«'it, 1tpacrtVTJ llillEpta KcttjlaVLTtlpta ............................................................. 4E
CHEESE LOVER'S: H lltma llE TO (JltE<JLaA llELYila 11a<; a1t6 3 rupta, jlomaptAA.a, TaEVTap, llOVTEptu T~aK, cruv Mo alto Ta uAtKa 1tou Tipon 11aTE ........................................ 4E
GREEK LOVER'S: MomaptAA.a, q>ptcrKta vTollaTa, q>tTa, 11aupE<; EAtt<;, 1tpacrtVTJ TilllEpta, KpEjljlU«'it, p(yaVTJ, 1lE1tEp6vt, llctVLTapta Kat TO (JltECJtaA jlElyjla jla<; ctno 3 rupta .................................................................. 4E 6
XwpunuclJ aaAth-a [horiatiki salata] is probably the most popular salad in Greece. It is a tossed salad consisting of:
Unit 4
Bon appetltl
61
-4t CD 1, TR s, 05:41 a olives
e
b
b feta cheese c tomatoes d onions e peppers f cucumbers g vinegar h oil
Fill in the crossword with the Greek names of these ingredients. 7 Listen to Dialogue 3 in this unit again and fill in the missing words.
If you do not have the recording try to fill in the gaps from the words provided below. Two of the words are used more than once. o4t CD 1, TR s, o6:os
................................................................................................................................. YnGAlqAoc An'6Aa; )i ~1
l
j Tim j YnGAAqAoc
:Tim j Yn6.AAI)Aoc ~
1..
Tim
:lt!
Tt; Tt a ______;
b _ _ an'6Aa c _ _ atrtv ntra; ] AEVd - ~J (anoppru.1Evod b _ _ tCat({Kl, KP£1.AIJU61, e ___; 'l~ A, vat, vall t!
;~: ,.,;.~;;;;;;,~?.~.~~~~:~.~:~:.~. =.=~.~~=;····] .......
drratE
VTOJHXTa
KataA.aj3a(vw
Kat
A little extra! Ordering at Goody's
-4t CD 1, TR s, o6:39
Three friends are trying to order burgers at Goody's.
62
8EAETE
,.. ~rraAA~A~~·······[~~~~~·~·~;~;~~~;~h~1·?··············~~::fi~ii~~~d?(·,;~:~~~~~~~ 1
NiKoc;
[6chi] [tha lthela ena No. I'd like a cheeseburger, a ~ hamburger me tirl] portion of French fries, and a ~ [tighanites patates] [ke small coke (lit. small size). mla k6ka k61a] [mikr6 meghethos] [egh6 thelo na rotiso katil [ti I would like to ask something. echi to grlnberger mesa]? What1 in the Greenburger? ~ [echi anguraki] [pikla] It has pickles, onions, tomatoes,~
.::.!::
j r 1avvi'Jc; j YrrciAA11Aoc;
[kremiTHi] [domata] green salad and dressing. [prasini salata ke dresing] [endaksi] [ena grinberger All right, a Greenburger menu gevma ya mena] [me for me with 7UP and a club seven ap] [ki'ena klab sandwich or Tonia. sanduits] [ya tin t6nia] [THen ehume seven ap] We don't have 7up, only Sprite. [m6no spraitl [endaksi sprait t6tel All right, Sprite, then ... 'EXETE E(Unl)pETI)9Ei; Oxt. 9a r'!9£Aa tva XO(.InoupyKEP (.IE tupi, ti)VOVIttc; natOtEc; Kal(.lia K6Ka K6Aa (.11Kp6 (.IEyE9oc;. Eyw e£Aw va pwtr'!ow KOtl. Tl txEI TO Greenburger (.ltoa; ~ 'EXEI ayyOUpQKI niKAa, KPE(.I(.IU61, VTOIJOTa, npOOIVI) aa>.CJta i Kal dressing. ~ Evta~EI, tva Greenburger VEU(.Ia v•a (.lEva (.IE 7UP Kal tva l club oavtou'itc; v•a ti)V T6VIa. i ll£v tXOU(.I£ 7UP (.16vo Sprite. ~ Evta(£1, Sprite t6t£ • . . ~ :::.!::::
! rtciVVI'Jc; j
YnciAArJAoc;
j rtcivvllc; YnciAArJAoc; : NiKoc; j
: rlciVVI'Jc; : YnciAAI'JAOc;
j
YnciAA11Aoc;
! r•avv11c;
..................................................................................................................................: EX£T£ £~Un1Jpctq8£i; [ehete eksipiretitha To XGJ1noupyK£p [to hamburger] To tupi [to tira trwavqttc; natauc; [tighanites patates]
have you been helped/ served?
•c
hamburger (n)
~Ill:
cheese (n) ~ french fries, chips (lit. fried potatoes)
Unit 4
Bon appetltl
63
1J1Kp6c;/-fl/-6 [mikr6s/-f/-6] [tO meghethos] qw &tAw va pwTflaw K{ITI [egh6 thelo na rotfso kati] &tAw [thelol To ayyoupaKa [to angurakil 11 niKAa [i pfkla] To yEu!Ja [to ghevma] TO OQVTOU"iT( [to sanduits] TO j.lty£80(
small size (n) I'd like to ask something. (lit. I want to ask something) I want I I'd like small cucumber (n) pickle (f) meal (n) sandwich (n)
8 True or false? Mark (,/) for true and (X) for false.
a 0 NLKO<; SEAEL Eva xajlnoupyKEp YEUjla. b 0 fLUVVTJ<; SEAEL Eva club oavTOUIT<;. c H T6vLa SEAEL Eva Greenburger. d 0 N(Ko<; Sa mELjl(a KoKa K6A.a jlLKp6 jlEyESo<;.
e H T6vLa OE Sa mEL -r(no-ra. f 0 fLUVVTJ<; OE Sa mEL 7up.
Insight Have a short break here. Imagine that you are all alone in a Greek fast food restaurant. Could you order a nice cheese burger with chips and a large Coke without panicking? By the way, you will have left your book at home, sorry! Prepare your order on a piece of paper and compare notes with the book later on. If you have a Greek fast food restaurant in your area, do that on your next visit. It can't get more realistic!
.................................................................................................····· Beyond language Fast-food places Both aoupA.aKL [suvhiki] and yt}po [ghiro] places are in competition with international fast-food. Hamburger places are everywhere in Greece nowadays. International fast-food chains stand next to Greek fast food restaurants such as Corner's, Goody's, Neon's, Lebel's, Pitta Pan and Hambo.
64
sreakfast in ... America
[he three meals in Greece are npwLvo [proin6] (breakfast), J.lf<JTII·J.t:pLavo [mesimerian6] (lunch) and (Jpa8Lvo [vraTHin6] (dinner). DpwLVO is often simply a cup of coffee, so you won't find many nice breakfast places in Greece offering continental or English breakfast, except in tourist areas during the summer. Many Greeks still enjoy a heavy lunch and an afternoon siesta before returning to work. However, the fast pace of the modern business world has changed and nowadays a light lunch, such as sandwiches or salad, frequently replaces a heavier meal. Dinner is still the most enjoyable meal of the day. After a hard-working day many Greeks go out for dinner. Ta(Jtpvt:c; [tavernes] (tavernas) are an everyday option whereas more expensive restaurants (t:crna'tOpLa) lestiat6ria] are for special occasions. Dinner is usually the largest meal of the day, starting late, around 9 p.m., and lasting for two or three hours. Diminutive endings/forms
You have already met several words ending in -«KL [-aki] such as tmpaq>cXKL, ayyoupaKL, ou~aKL, or aou(JA.aKL. These words are not in a dictionary because they are the diminutive form. Here are some examples and the words they derive from:
1 ki::·······~1t::·······~-~~·······l~~;""l ...................................................................................................................................: The three diminutive endings most commonly used in Greek are: -cXKL hiki], -ouA.a [-ula], and -("taa [itsa]. These correspond roughly to the English endings of -let and -ing: book-+booklet, drop-+droplet, duck-.duckling. These endings imply something 'smaller' or 'younger' especially in names. Avva [ana] (Anne), for example, becomes AvvouA.a [anula] (little/young Anne, Annette). They might also be used as a term of endearment, such as AvvouA.a or NouA.a [nula] (for an older
Unit 4
Bon appetltl
65
Anne). They are also used affectionately without implying 'lesser' for example Ka«p£ [kafe] (coffee) becomes Ka«pt:8aKL [kafeTHaki]; Kpaa( [krasf] (wine) becomes KpaaaKL [krasaki]; or JlnUpa [bfra] (beer) becomes Jlnup(Taa [birftsa].
Test yourself 1
Can you remember the Greek for the following ten important words from this unit? Try to write your answers in transliteration or Greek script. ii iii iv v
season bottle glass chips/French fries onion
vi vii viii ix X
tomato chicken ten twenty thirty
:z Can you remember the following ten important phrases from this unit? Use transliteration or Greek script. vi A bottle of water. Bon appetit! ii It's all in Greek! vii Do you want retsina? iii It's all in English! viii I'd rather have ouzo. iv I'll order for you! ix How much are they? v I want stuffed peppers. x I'd like to ask something. 3 The five phrases below use the formal or plural form of addressing
people. Can you change them into informal Greek or singular form? Use transliteration or Greek script. ii iii iv v
66
[ehete eksipiretithf]? 'Ext:n: E~UltTJPETTJ8EL; [THen ehume ... ] ~EV EXOUJ.lE ... [ti fpate]? TL t:hrau; [ thelete salata]? 8£A.ETE aaA.am; [tha pyfte kati]? 8a mdtt: Kan;
5
.................................................................................................
Revision test 1 In • • • • • •
this unit you will review Greek greetings Introductions Common daily activities Food and drink Numbers Cities, countries and languages
Check your progress so far. Once you have completed the following exercises, compare your answers with the correct ones at the back of the book. Identify any areas that still need some work and go over them again before you start the next unit. 1
Respond to the following situations in Greek: a You are tasting Greek coffee for the first time. Give your opinion by saying: 'It's excellent!' or 'It's awful!'. b Ask for the 'menu' or the 'bill'. c Ask for a medium, sweet or black Greek coffee. d Ask for a 'tea with milk' or 'tea with lemon'. e A friend tells you "'EA.a va moUJ.l£ tva ou~aKL". What will you do? f A friend asks you "nail£ a£ J.lLa ljJapom~tpva; ". Where does he or she want you to go? 9 You would like a light breakfast. Ask for some toast with butter and marmalade. h You look tired. Say to a friend that you are tired because you didn't sleep at all. You have been asked: "9a TTUJ.l£ O"LVEJ.la ~ 6xt"; What does it mean and how could you answer?
Unit s Revision test ,
67
j Someone asks you: "nou lltV£TE Twpa;". What does he or she
want to know? How will you answer? :1
Rearrange these lines to make a dialogue. Try without listening to the recording first.
<4• CD 1, TR 6 a KaL nou 11tvw;; ~£V £l11aL ltOAU KaAa cnlll£pa. c fLaT(; TL tx£L<;; d Eyw lltvw 11£ TTJ Mov(K an6 TO nap(OL. nail£ yLa tva ou~aKL; e ~£v To mon:uw. 'Exnc; 116vo cSUo 11tp£c; OTTJV A9t1va KaL ... f nwc; nac;; E(oaL KaAa; g To ~tpw ... alla xa(pollaL nou £LilaL £liw. h NaL. Noll(~w £lvaL KaA6 yLa Tov n6vo. i 'Exw £6w tva n6vo. J Twpa 11tvw 11£ llLa aAATJ f£pllav(6a oTo KtvTpo. Eo\J;
b
3 Singular or plural?
You have learned a lot of words in the singular and plural forms in the first four units. Can you complete the lists below? Singular a ? b yA.wooa
c XU116c; d q>puyavLa e ? f liw11ano
g ? h ou~aKL ll£~tc;
j k I m n
68
? Oll£AETa ou~o
? ?
Plural llltOUKaALa ? ? ? KaTaAOYOL ? 11tp£c; ? ? ltOLKLAL£<; ? ? lla9r11laTa ouvali£Aq>OL
4
Masculine, feminine or neuter? You have probably realized how important it is to know the articles of Greek nouns. Test your memory by putting the words from the box below into the correct column. To help you, there are five of each gender. rrp6ypa~~a
~Epa
~OU<JELO
xu~oc;
M:Soc;
vuxTa
Kaq>£c;
rup6mTa
~EvocSoxE£o
Ta~(8L
Ta~£pva
~E~E<;
rr6ATJ
n6voc;
KanUoyoc;
Masculine 0
• • •
• • s
Feminine 11
• • • • •
Neuter TO
• • • • •
Countries Opposite is a list of 26 countries. Can you make out the names for Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, France and Spain? How many more can you recognize before looking at the answers?
a b c d e
AYl:TPAAIA AYl:TPIA BEAriO fAAAIA fEPMANIA f riBPAATAP g MNIA h EABETIA El:ElONIA
j IPAAN~IA k Il:OANIA I ITAAIA m KYO POl:
n AOY?:EMBOYPfO o MAPOKO p MEf.BPETANIA q NOPBHriA r N. A<J>PIKH
s
OAAAN~IA
t OYffAPIA
u OOPTOfAAIA v EAAA~A w l:OYH~IA x TAYAAN~H y TOYPKIA
z
Units
<J>INAAN~IA
Revision test,
69
6 Ordering a souvlaki
You are with some friends at the niTTA nAN (Pitta Pan) souvlaki place somewhere in Greece. You order the following: • one item under niTTA nAPA.10~IAKH (Traditional pitta) • two items under niTTA X!lPIATIKH (Villager's pitta)
TIMOAOnON
~ ADOt'OIIN
,
"'"'~
• three items under EAAHNIKH NO~TIMIH (Greek specialities) • one small and two large bottles of beer 7 Reading Greek
Here is a label from everyday Athenian life. Can you make out its message?
8 Here is a list of the ten largest cities in the world in 199 5 and a
projection of the ten largest cities in 2015. The numbers represent millions of inhabitants. Can you make out the names of the cities and the countries?
70
01 10 nOAYnAH8EI:TEPE:t nOAEII:
(Source: United Nations.) 9 Foreign languages
Greeks often ask what languages you speak. Here is an advertisement for language-learning courses. Tick all the languages you recognize. rJ\OHEr nov MnOPEITE NA MAOETE ... j
AyyALKa yLa business
.J Ayyi.LKa yLa apxapiou<;
0 0 A
.J AyyALKcl YLU TTPOXWPTJJ.!EVOU() ..1 Apa~LKa
.J ..J
J .J
E~paiKa
o o
KopEanKa Mal.aLaLaKa
larrwvLKa Ivl>oVTJaLaKa lvi>LKcl Ipl.avi>LKa Ial.avi>LKCt IarravLKcl
0 0 0 0 0 0
OUavi>LKa noAWVLKcl nopTOYaALKcl PwaLKa
0 EAATJVLKa yLa ~tvou<;
o
Nop~TJYLKa
I:Ep~oKpoanKa
Unit 5 Revision test 1
71
D fEpiJ.avtKa yta D npoxwpl]IJ.tvou<; D .1avt~tKa
D I!TITavtKa Aanv. AiJ.EpLK. D :Eou!]cStKa D ImA.tKa D TaiiA.avcStKa D Ktvt~tKa D
tvA.avcStKa
10
Listening comprehension
~•
CD 1, TR 6, oo:s3
Listen to the last dialogue of Unit 4 again and fill in the missing words. If you don't have the recording try to fill in the gaps from the words provided below. r·:;;;~
Nbccu;
l'lGvvrt< Yn~cu; i:.
l'lGvvrt<
l YnciAAqAO(
.....
~j(~;·;==:·;
.......................................................................
~~
OXI. 9a f'I9U.a tva xa!JnoupyKep IJE tupt Tf'IVOVITt<: ·~~ b _ _ KOI JJIO K6Ka K6Aa IJIKp6 c _ _ • ·;j Eytil 9€Aw va d _ _ Kan. ~l T1 EX£1 to Greenburger JJEOa; 'EX£1 ayyoupaKI nlt
tl
i:.................................................................................................................................. rac\vvq< : notaTE<; J.IEVE9oc;
72
J.IEVO E~Un'l PET'l9Ei
oaMta KpEJ.IJ.IUOI
6
·································································································
nou ElVQl ., AKp6noA.,; Where is the Acropolis? In • • • •
this unit you will learn how to Ask for directions Understand simple instructions Find your way around Count from 101 to 1000
1 Where is the Acropolis? ~'~
CD 1, TR 7
Tim and Mary are having some difficulties finding the way to the Acropolis in Athens .
..................................................................................................................................: Tim A811vaio( Tim A811vaio( Mary
A811vai0(
Mary A811vaio( Tim Mary
[sighn6mi pu fne I akr6poli]7 [pate meta p6THia] [i me leoforfo]? [meta p6THia] [fne makria]? (6chi THen fne makria] [fne 6mos tulachiston] [THeka lepta meta p6THia] [endaksi] [THen mas pirazi] [na perpatamel (mas aresi na kanume v61tes] [meta p6THia] [fne kalf ghimnastikf] [t6te] [mfnete s'aft6n to THr6mo] [mehri tis stfles] [tu ollmbfu THi6s] [sto fanari strfpste THeksia] [ke sto telos tis anif6ras] [tha THite tin akr6polil [THeksia i aristera]? [sta THeksia sas] [efharistume polf] [yasas]!
~
l ~
nm A8qvcdoc;
nm
~:. A8qvafoc; ;:~ Mary
~: A8qvaloc; ~ Mary 1 A8qvaloc; 1 nm
I.uyyvWIJI'), nou Elva• ., AKp6noAI'); natE IJE TO n661a l't lJE AEwq!OpEio; Me TO n661a. EiVOIIJOKpla; Ox• 6ev elva•IJaKpla. Eiv01 61Jw<; TouAax•mov 6£Ka {1o) Aema IJE Ta n661a. Evta(El 6e lJa<; ne1pa~£l va nepnaTaiJEI Mac; ap£oe1 va KcJVOUIJE ~6AT£<; IJE Ta n661a. Elvat KaM VUIJVaOTtKI't. T6te, IJEIVETE o'aut6v to 6p6lJO lJlXPI TIC: I.tl'tAe<; tou 0Auj.tnlou !116<;. Ito q>avap1 atphjiT£ 6e(1a KOI ato ttAoc; Tl')<; avl')
l~ ~~ .: ..................................................................................................................................
:
o A811vaioc; [o athineos] auyyvWJII'I [sighn6mi] ROT£ JIE TO no61a; (pate meta p6thia)? JIE AEcaupopEio [me leoforfo] JIGKpaa [makriaJ TouAaxaaTov [tulahiston] 6E JIG( REipO(EI va nEpnaTOJIE [THe mas pirazi na perpatame] pwTaw-pwTciJ [rotao-rot6] JIIAaw-J~aAw [milao-mil6] ~..• •. nEpnaTaw-nEpnaTw [perpatao-perpat6] !I Jlac; aptaEa [mas aresi] va KOVOUJIE PoAnc; [na kanume v61tes] 11 YUJIVGaTIKI\ [i ghimnastikO JIEiVETE [mfnete] JIEXPI [mehri] ITJ\Alc; TOU OAuJiniou 4aoc; [stiles tu olimbiu THi6s] aTo cpavapa [sto fanari] aTpillrtE [strfpste] 6E(la [THeksia] aTo TiAoc; [sto telos] 11 av11cpopa [i anif6ra]
i
74
Athenian (m) excuse me are you going on foot? by bus far at least we don't mind walking I ask I speak I walk we like to take a stroll {lit. strolls) exercise (f) {lit. gymnastics) stay until Temple of Zeus {lit. Olympus Zeus' Columns) at the traffic lights turn right at the end uphill (f)
ea 6£iT£ [tha THfte] aptOTEPci [aristera] CJTO 6£(tci aac; [sta THeksia sas]
you will see left on your right
>
a
2 Excuse me ••• ~'»
CD 1, TR 7, 01:43
Tim and Mary are wondering if they have taken a wrong turn. They ask for directions again .
.·i;ii~~~~·········~:~:;~:~l~~~;jj~!~~~~~;~;jj~~~i~:~:~;:~~~~f~~~~~j~········_~=========.: Tim A811vaia Tim
THeksia] [ke tha THite tis stiles tu olimbiu THi6s] [brosta sas] [THen katalaveno kala elinika] [milate ligho pio sigha]? [ne vevea] [sti ghonia] [THeksia] [THeksia katalavenete]? [meta i stiles ine konda] [poll konda] [katalavenete]? [ne- ne] [katalaveno] [efharist6] [se ligho] ...
Mary [sighn6mi pu fne i stiles tu olimbfu THi6s]? nEpacnaK6c; [na] [THe vlepete]? [eTH6 brosta sas] Tim A811vaia
Tim
Me ouvxwpelte, (tpete 7TOU elvat 01 I:t~Aec; TOU 0AUIJ7TIOU tlt6c;; Nat ~tjklta, elate noM Kovta. I:tphjlte OTilV npti.lt'l ywvla 6e(t0 Kat 9a 6elte Tic; I:t~Aec; TOU 0AUIJ7T(OU tlt6c; 1J7TpOota oac;. tlev KataAa~alvw KaM eAAilvtKa. MIAate Alyo mo oty
Mary
I:uyyvlilll'l· nou elvat ot I:t~Aec; tou 0Au1Jnlou l1t6c;;
n&paCJTIK6c; Na! l1e 13A~nete; E6w 1J7Tpoota oac;!
................................................................................................................................... 11 A811vaia [i athinea] o n£paOTaKoc; [o perastik6s]
the Athenian (f) passer-by (m)
Unlt6
Where Is the Acropolis?
>
a
75
J.IE auvxwpe:in [me sinhorfte] npc.iJTI"J [pr6ti]
1:' ~:;:;!j ~~~~::i
,1\ ~~:;:;.a[;;~~~:~~~ta <
sas]
OTI"J ywvia [sti ghonfa] val [na!] 4e: PAtnne:; [THe vlepete]?
I'm sorry/excuse me first corner (f) in front (directly) in front of you slower on the corner there! Can't you see?
3 In front of the Acropolis -4$
CD 1, TR 7, 02:53
Tim and Mary are right next to the Acropolis entrance .
.................................................................................................................................... l Mary 1 A8qvaioc; 1 1 Mary
1 A8qvaioc; 1 i Tim i A8qvaioc;
l
l Mary l
j A8qvatoc;
I
Mary l A8qvaioc; : ~ Mary ~ A8qvaioc; · l Tim l A8qvaloc; ~
i 76
[sighn6ml] [pu lne I lsoTHos ya tin akr6poli]? [ekl pano] [anevite afta ta skalopatia] [sto telos] [tha THfte tin fsoTHo] [fne makria]? [fmaste ITHi poll kurazmeni] [6chi] [fste poll konda] [lste brosta stin akr6poli] [apia THen borlte] [na THfte tin isoTHo] [ap6 eTH6] [tlipate]? [i lsoTHos ya tin akr6poli] [lne pfso ap6 afta ta THendra] [fste m6no penfnda metra] [ap6 tin fsoTHo] [oreal [epltelus ftasame] [THen andeho] [tin poll zesti stin
~~~ [alithia] [kani poll zesti] •. .
ruyyvw~'l· nou Elvat '1 Eloo6oc; yta T'lV AKp6noArv
EKEI navw! AvEf3£iTE QUTO TO OKaAonema. rTo TO.oc; EkJ 6EITE T'lV E(OoOO. Elvat ~aKplcl; El~aOTE fl6'1 noM KOUpaO~tvOI . . . 'O)(L ElaTE noM KOVTO. ElaTE ~npOOTa OT'lV AKp6noA11. AnM 6EV ~nopEITE va 6EITE T'lV Eloooo an6 E6W. Tt ElnmE; H Elooooc; yta T'lV At
1
i i
i 1 1
1 1 1
j
l j
I 1 :
~
~ ·
1 1 ~
l
! Mary
Oparat EnatAouc; qrraoaj.l£! Aev avttxw trw no~u Oti')V
Aet\Vel.
«Ol'll
AM8t1a! Kavtl noM (tOTI') ••• ~ A91'1VG(O( :...........................................................................................................................................
11 tiao6oc; [i isoTHos] t:Kfi [ek0 t:Kfi navwl [eki pano]! avt:Ptiu [anevite] to aKaAoncita [to skalopati] Koupaa11tvoc; [kurazmenos] anAa [apia] ano t6w [ap6 eTH6] niaw ano [piso ap6] auto Ta 6iVTpa [afta ta THendra] to 6tVTpo [to THendro] ntvJ\VTa (50) [peninda] J.IETpa [metra] t:mTtAouc;l [epitelus]! cpTciaal'£ [ftasame] aVTixw [andeho] 6tv aVTiXW TI'IV noAA!\ (EaTI'I [THen andeho tin poli zesti] aA.;9taal [alithia]! Kavta noAu (iaTI'I [kani polf zesti]
entrance (f) there over there! go up step (n) tired simply from here behind these trees tree (n) fifty metres at last! we arrived I stand I can't stand too much heat really! I that's true! it is very hot
······································································································ Insight
New but very important vocabulary is necessary for this unit. One good idea is for you to draw some mind maps here. The dialogues and also the next few pages will offer you the most useful words and expressions when asking or giving directions. Prepare at least a mind map of types of public transport, and another one with places and shops around town and another one with the necessary verbs and verbal phrases for such conversations. When the mind maps are ready, check and see if you can say from memory 70% of the vocabulary listed .
......... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. ... .... .. .. .. .... Unit 6 Where Is the Acropolis?
77
Language notes Public transport
-4t CD 1, TR 7, 04:34
These means of transport are all useful in and around Athens: 11£ -ca n:o6La [meta p6THia] on foot 11£ -co At:wcpopdo [me to leoforio] by bus 11£ -co -cpoAt:i [me to tr6lei] by tram 11£ -co n:oul.pav [me to pulman] by coach 11£ -co -cptvo [me to treno] by train 11£ 'tTJV fJapKa [me tin varka) by boat 11£ -co n:l.o(o [me to plio] by ship 11£ -co Kapapl [me to karavi] by ship 11£ -co a£pon:l.clvo [me to aeroplano] by plane 11£ -co n:o6i)l.a-co [me to poTHilato] by bicycle 11£ -co JllJX«VclKl [me to mihanaki]
by motorcycle Years ago you would have gone 11£ -co yai6oupl [me to ghaiTHuri] by
donkey 11£ 'tO clAOYO [me to alogho) by horse
Travelling by taxi (fU'tO'ta~() is another popular and still inexpensive way of travelling in Greece, but in Athens this can be a memorable experience because: • a taxi won't always stop when you hail one. You have to shout your destination point as the taxi slows down! • you often have to share a taxi with other passengers! • a taxi might not take you exactly where you want to go, but drop you off at the closest point en route! In other cities and in smaller towns the taxi situation is a little bit better, with taxi ranks at designated and central points, but usually there are not enough taxis to cope with the high-season influx of tourists.
78
understanding directions H;1ve a look at these verbs which are essential to gtvmg or understanding directions.
!::~:~fu~~i;·· :
. .~l:;n . . · · · ·;· · · · . .. ·',:
KOTE~O
: f!ElVE
KQTE~EiTE
:~~
~-TE
~ n~yalVE
nllVOiVETE/nrwaiVTE
: navE
naTE
~
auvexi~e
ouvtxtae
go down Stay ~ go go continue, carry on show
IJEIVETE
~ 6£1~£ :
6ei~TE .................................................................................................................................. :
0
apLcrn:pa (left) crT'apLcrn:pa
w8£la (straight on) £u8£la, (CJLa
o£~La (right)
(on the left)
(straight ahead)
(on the right)
am o£~La
\orice the different articles (o, 11, 'TO) before the nouns. !lou ElVUL 0 nap8£VWVa<;; (m) 0 CJTa81J6<;; 11 AKpOTTOAT]; (f) 11 nA.aTda; 'TO KEVTpo; (n) 'TO CJXOAELO;
Where is the Parthenon? the station? the Acropolis? the square? the centre? the school?
The following words and phrases are important when giving or trying to understand directions. crTo q>avapL CJTO CJTaupoOpOIJL crTo f3a8o<; CJTO TEAO<; CJTO KEvTpo
at the at the at the at the at the
traffic lights crossroads end (of a corridor) end (of a street) centre (of a town/city)
Unit6
WhereistheAcropolls?
79
:••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••u•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••oo .. ,.~~
! ecSW
i navw
! e6w navw
here over over here overthere
£K£1 Klrrw e6w Kmw £K£1 Klrrw
there ·' i below ···~ down here ' ! down there :~.l
!
j £K£1navw .............................................................................................................................
.,;~:
First, second, third .•.
... oTphjm: aTT]V npwTTJ ywv[a (f) cSE\JTEPTJ TPLTTJ TETaPTTJ TIEilTITTJ
. .. turn at the first corner second third fourth fifth
... oTp[\IJTE O"tOV npwTo cSp6Jlo (m) 6EllTEpO Tp(TO TETapTO TIEJlTITO
... turn in to the first street second third fourth fifth
... oTp[\IJTE O"tO npwTO OTEVO (n) cSEUTEpo Tp[To TETapTo TIEJlTITO
... turn in to the first side street
second third fourth fifth
Notice the effect of the three genders on the spelling of the ordinal numbers. If you are trying to find your way around Athens, or another city or town, you will find these phrases very useful. You will also find it useful to become familiar with the names of places and shops below and on the next page.
Post office
80
Bank
Police station
Church (£KKAJ]ola)
Fire station
Hotel
Restaurant
Fish shop
Coffee shop
Greengrocer's
Department store
Butcher's
Florist's
Beauty salon
Camera Supermarket (Photographic) shop
Hospital
Chemist's
Grammar 1
Giving commands
There is a specific verb form used to give commands, such as go!, come here!, ask (me anything!). This is called the 'imperative'; it is best to learn these in context. Remember that the verb form distinguishes between you (informal), usually ending in-£ or -a, and You (formal and plural), always ending in -u. You have already seen some verbs in the imperative form earlier in this unit. Here are some more:
~~~~i··· ··········E?~·~~;~ii····~
.......................1
..................................................................................................................................: Unit 6
Where Is the Acropolis?
81
2
Verbs - a summary
How are you getting on with your Greek verbs? Here is a summary of some of the basic rules mentioned in previous units:
• Rule 1 Don't look for words like I, you or they. Example: E(a-rE tmpo<JTa crtTJv AKp6noA.TJ.
Ei.a-rt: instead of t:adc; da-rt: (you are) (Revise Unit 2, Grammar note 1)
• Rule 2 Don't look for questions starting with do or does. Example: Ka-raA.a~a(vETE; Instead of Eadc; KcrtW..apai.vnt: you simply use Ka-rW..apai.vnt:; (Do you understand?) (Revise Unit 1, Grammar note 1)
• Rule 3 Don't look for different verb forms distinguishing between I stand or I am standing; Greek uses only one form. Example: aEv av-rtxw tTJV noA.u ~E<JtTJ <JtT)V A9~va (I can't stand too much heat in Athens.) Av-rqw can be I stand or I am standing. (Revise Unit 2, Grammar note 3) • Rule 4 11t:/11t:v gives the negative form. Examples: aE ~A.tnnE. (You don't see.) aEv KaTaAa~a(vw. (I don't understand.) aEv av-rtxw illo ma! (1 can't stand it any longer.) Don't confuse OXL (no) with 6t:v (not) preceding verbs: 'OXL, l>Ev Ka-raA.a~a(vw: (No, I do not understand.) • Rule 5 Different endings make a difference!
:•••oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo-ooou•••••••••••••~•••••••oo,o,!'~?~i
l Kat"CJA$(VW i KaraAa~MIC l ~vaa
I understQQd ·. ',,
youu~
Group I: hf/shelit · · Ka-rW..apai.vw is a l understofldl regular Greek verb. ; Kata).a{3afvoupa we understand .. you ufl(lerstand . 1 Practise and become ! KataAa~(vnc 1 KataAa~fvouV ·· theY understand j familiar with the : ................ ......................... ......................... . different forms of the verb. ~
(Revise Unit 1, Grammar note 2)
82
~
Group II: You have already met some verbs ending in -aw such as rct:pna-raw (to walk), pw-raw (to ask), J.Ul.aw (to talk, to speak).
fhe endings of these verbs differ from verbs such as KaTaA.apa{vw (to understand), avdxw (to stand), Kavw (to do) (Group 1). What is worth noting here is that these verbs have a 'full' form and a ·contracted' form: the meaning does not change but, in terms of frequency, the 'contracted' form is the one most commonly used. Practise and become familiar with the different forms of these verbs. !he verb Jltl.aw(w) is a good example:
...................................................................................................................................: ~ 'full'form j 111Aaw
i llt>.ac; lllAGII
1
j lllAG!R
i lllAcita
'contrected'.form IJIAW 1JIA6< IJIAG IJIA{apa IJWlrta
1 I speak
you speak he/she/It speaks we speak
you speak
l
! l
l
1
:.. ~.~.~.~ ......................~~~~~.........................~.~ .......................... .1 Numbers 101-1000 ~$
CD 1, TR 7, 05:47
100 102 151 200 300 400 500
EKaT6 [ekat6] EKaT6v cSUo [ekat6n THfo] EKaT6v 1tEV~VTa Eva [ekat6n penfnda ena] <'iLaK6aLa/6LaK6aLOL/<'iLaK6c:nE<; [THiak6sia, THiak6si, THiak6sies] TpLaK6ma/TpLaK60LOL/TpLaK6aLE<; [triak6sia, triak6si, triak6sies] TETpaK60LajTETpaK60LOLjTETpaK60LE<; [tetrak6sia, etc.] 1tEVTaK60Laj1tEVTaK60LOL/1tEVTaK60LE<; (pendakosia, etc.]
600 700 800 900 1000
E~aK6ma/ E~aK60LOL/ E~aK60LE<; [eksak6sia, etc.] E1tTaK6majmTaK60Lot/mTaK6aLE<; [eptak6sia, etc.] oKTaK6majoKTaK6mmjoKTaK60LE<; [oktak6sia, etc.] EVVLaK60LajEVVLaK60LOL/EVVLaK60LE<; (eniakosia, etc.] XLALa/xLA.wt/XLALE<; [hflia, hflji, hilies]
Unit 6 Where Is the Acropolis?
83
Practice 1
Respond to the following situations. a You would like to attract the attention of a passer-by. How do you say: 'I'm sorry' or 'Excuse me'? b How would you ask: 'Where is the Apollo Hotel'? c You want to know if it is far or close by. How would you ask 'Is it far?' or 'Is it close by?' d Translate these directions into English: 8t:~ux, t:uOda, apto-tt:pa and l.ata? e Which forms of transport are related to: TpOA£i, At:wcpopdo, T~l.? f A friendly local person has just given you instructions to get to where you want to go. How would you say goodbye and thank him for the advice? g You have some trouble following the directions given by another person; how would you say: 'I don't understand Greek well. [Can you] speak more slowly?'
2
Match each question with the most appropriate answer. a E(vaLilaKpux o nap9t:vwva«;;
b E(vaL KOVTa 11 AKp61tOAll; c nou £LVaL TO Eptx9t:LO;
d TL ££vat TO Ep£x9t:LO;
Nat, ££vaL KOVTa. ii 'OxL. 5t:v dvaLilaKpLa. iii To Eptx0t:Lo t:lvaL <JT11V AKp61tOAll. iv llt:v ~tpw.
3 Rearrange these lines to make a dialogue: o4t CD 1, TR 7, o6:.p
a naT£ 11£ Ta n65La; b AuT6 5t:v ££vaL KaA~ yu11vacrn~. c To ~tpou11£, aA.M 5t:v nt:Lpa~t:L! d nail£ !!La ~6A.Ta O"TO KEVTpO TTl I) A9~va«;. e nou naT£; f 'OXL, ltall£ 11£ TO aUTOKLVllTO.
4 Complete the dialogue using the information in italics. r-~~;~·········~~~~;:~~~-~i~~~-~-~~~(;;;·············································:~
:i You
84
• Stay on this strett.
:!
1j,nval.ot; i•u 1 ,49r1val.o.; ! fOU 1.l9Tivalot; 1 fOU
:.................. 5 Can you match the list on the left with the list on the right? Sometimes the associations might not be as obvious as you might expect. a n6&a b KEVTpO C
d e f 9 h
aUTO(KLVT]TO) -rp[TTJ ywv(a !lhpa TpEVO TpOAEI m~[
at:ponA.avo VU!lvacrrLKfJ
auto( mobile) il metres Ill foot specialist (podiatrist) lv trolley v gymnastics/exercise vi trigonometry (three corners) vii aeroplane viii train lx centre X taxi
6 Practise the different forms of Greek verbs that you have learned
so far. Select the correct form to complete the sentence.
a Ma<; apEOEL va _ _ p6A.nc;. b _ _ o'au-r6 TO 6p6~to!
c nou _ _ T) nA.a-rda; d 6Ev _ _ va Sdn TTJV doocSo an6 t:Sw. e Eyw St:v _ _ TTJV ~tOTTJ.
f _ _ oLya-OLya!
g 6Ev Ka-raA.apa(vw. _ _ A.£yo mo OLya; 7
( ( ( ( (
KQVETE
KQVOUI!E
MELVEL
MELVETE
t:l~taL
ELVUL
I!TtOpdTE
I!TtOpd
av-rtxou~tE
Mdvouv doaL I!TtOpOU~!E
aVTfxEL avTEXW
( KaTEpa(vEL Ka-rtpa MLM
KQVOUV
MLA.at:L
) ) ) ) )
Kanpa(VETE ) MLA.an
Listen to Dialogue 3 in this unit again and fill in the missing words. If you haven't got the recording fill the gaps using the words in the box. Unit 6
Where Is the Acropolis?
85
-4t
CD 1, TR 7, 07:26
.
.............
r·;;.;~;:; ··········~~~~~~:~~;;·~i~~;·~~··==~;~·~~·~;;;~~A~ ,:;;··i 1 Alh)va~ EKEI b _ AV£(3€1TE aUTa Ta oKaAonana. Ito ·~ ! ! c _ _ ea &:IT£ Tflv tloo6o. ···~. : 1 Mary Elvat d _____; EIJ.taot£ e _ _ noAu f " ! j Alh)va(O( 'Qxt. g - - noAU KOVTC1 g _ _ J.tnpootO OTflV AKp6n~ j 1 AnM c5Ev h - - va 6Etr£TTIV Eloo6o an6 e&i.J. j 1 Mary Ttl _____; ! i Alh)valoc; H Eioo6oc; yta TTIV AKp6noA11 elvat nlow an6 aUTa Ta 6tvtpa. j ; Elate j _ _ n£VI')vta (so) J.ttrpa an6 TTIV tloo6o. j
l Mary
k _ ! EmttAou<; q>TOOOJ.t£! /ltv I - - TTIV noM m - - OTilV A8t')va. 1 Alh)va{oc; AArWeta! Kciv£1 noM m _ _ ...
;
j j
!
:ooooooooooooooouoo••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••ooonoooouoonoo•••••••••••••••ooooouoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooouoo.:o.:
,.mopeite
avtexw
KOUpGOJ.IEVOI
navw J.IGKpta
wpaia
dote
A little extra! Asking for advice -4$
CD 1, TR 7, 07:46
Tim and Mary plan to see some interesting sights in Athens.
;···················································--······--····································································..; i nm
:
l cDIAoc; ::l
~!'!,
..,..._ :
~
Mary 1 cDiAoc; :
I~
86
[thelume na THume] [merika aksiotheata stln athfna] [pos borume na pame]? [pu thelete na pate]? [mas aresi o likavlt6s] [I platia kolonaklu] [keto zapio] [aft6 fne efkolo] [borfte na pate] [pandu meta p6THia] [ke fne kalf ghimnastlkf] [ITHika pano sto likavit6] [ap6 pu na ksekinfsume]? [ap6 to zapio] [borlte na THfte to zapio] [ke na perpatfsete] [mesa sto parko]
~~
1 :
l ::l
i
! 1
l
I
TiJTI
cJ>iAoc; Tim
d>iAoc; Mary d>iAoc; Mary d>iAoc; Mary d>iAoc;
Tim 01Aoc;
[ghrato eTH6 sto Mrti] [pos na pate] [pr6ta sto zapio] [ke sto parko] [meta stin platla kolonakfu] [ya ena kafe] [lsos metrlo] [e)? [ke fstera ap6 eTH6] [THfhni ston hartl) [perpatate pros to likavit6] [poll oreal! [thelis na erthis]? [yatf 6chi]? E>O.outJE va cSoutJE tJ£ptKa a~to9tara OT'lV A9r\va. nW<; tJnOpOUtJE va nOtJE; nou 9D.£r£ VO narE; Mac; aptoEt o AuKa~'lTT6c;, 11 nXarEia KoAwvaKiou Kat TO ZannEto. Aut6 Elvat EuKoXo. MnopeiT£ va narE navtou tJE TO n6c5ta. Kat Eivat KaAr\ VUtJVOOTtKr\, Etc5tKO navw OTO AUK0~'1TT6. An6 nou va ~EKtvr\oouJ.IE; An6 To ZannEto. MnopEITE va cSdtE To ZannEto Kat va nEpnatr\OET£ jJEOQ OTO napKO. "EnEtTa; rpaTa OTO ZannEtO KOt OTO napKO, jJETO OT'lV nXatE(a KoXwvaK(OU yta tvav KaO.Et<: va tp9£tC rtarl6xt;
··································································································································· tJEptKci [merika] some Ta a~ao9taTa sights [ta aksiotheata] o AuKaPI'JTTO( [o likavit6s] a hill in the centre of Athens (There
11 nAan:ia [i platia] to KoAcaJvciKt [to kolonaki]
EUKoAo [efkolo] naVTou [pandu] Etc5tKQ [iTHika)
are splendid views of the city from the top: reach it by cable car or walk up.) square (f) High-class neighbourhood in central Athens (with the most expensive real estate, full of expensive stores and trendy street cafes and pubs). easy everywhere especially, particularly
Unit 6 Where Is the Acropolis?
87
navw [pano] ano ROU VQ (EKIV!iGOUJIE; [ap6 puna ksekinfsume]? Jltaa [mesa] tnE&Ta [epita]
(~ !~~:~ll~~~~;tis]
:;1
iawc; [fsos] UaTEpa [fstera] 6El)(VW [THfhno] npoc; [pros] 8tAEac; va tp8Eac;; [thelis na erthis]?
on the top where to start? in, inside afterwards, then
:a;'(:) maybe, perhaps later on to show to, towards do you want to come?
8 True or false? Mark (.I) for true or(~) for false.
a 0 Tim Km TJ Mary etA.ouv va oouv ~EptKa a~weta-ra.
b Tou<; aptoEL TO ZamtELo
~6vo.
fiE ~rropOUV va ltUVE rraVTOU ~£ Ta ltOOLa. d 0
Greek directions A lot of information is given via non-verbal communication hands directing you straight on, left or right, (mxvw iJ Kch"w)! Greeks use maps less and ask questions more often than other people do.
Greek public transport Olympic Air is the national carrier with many domestic and international flights. Much privatization has recently taken place. Many other private carriers connect Athens with other destinations around Greece. The Athens Underground (To Mnpo 'tl)c; A&rlvac; or Ynoy£loc; or HAt:KTplKOc;) is being extended. The original line connects Piraeus harbour with the northern suburbs of the city. There is an extension
88
rhJt reaches the newly-built airport 'Eleftherios Venizelos', north east of Athens. o1:E OpyavLO'J.Ul~ ILlillpOlipOJ.lWV Ellalia~ (the Greek Interrail Organization) connects western Greece with Athens via the ITa9JlO 0£A01TOVvtlO'OU (the Peloponnese railway station) and northern Greece via the Larissa railway station (ITa9JlO Aap(O'll~ or j\(tpLO'«~).
Piraeus harbour serves all the Greek islands. OAn OpyavLO'JlO~ (Piraeus Port Authority) runs all the routes.
ALJ.LEVO~ Dnpaud~
There is an extensive bus system both in the city (aO"TUOl auyKoLvwv(a) and intercity/country-rail (um:paO'TLKTJ auyKmvwv(a KTEA). All buses in larger cities now have a ticket-validating machine on hoard. On train platforms there are also ticket-validating machines~TJXclVTIJ.l«. Otherwise, there is a conductor (EL(J"J(pclKTopa~) on the hus or train. The t:K6on1pta ELO'LTTIP(wv (ticket booths) are small, one-manned, self-standing booths centrally located throughout the city where single tickets, packs of ten tickets or JlllVLa(a KclpTa (monthly curds) are on sale. Taxis (Ta~() are usually yellow, grey, blue or white depending on the city. Neither taxi nor bus journeys are expensive, compared with elsewhere in Europe and you are guaranteed a memorable experience that you might, or might not, want to repeat!
Test yourself 1
Can you remember the Greek for the following ten important words from this unit? Try to write your answers in transliteration or Greek script. ii iii iv v
excuse me far left right corner
vi vii viii ix X
here there entrance square centre Unit 6 Where Is the Acropolis?
89
2
Can you remember the following ten important phrases from thi 8 unit? Use transliteration or Greek script.
i On foot. II By bus. v Turn right/left. vi I'm sorry... vii Where is the ... ?
iii iv viii ix X
At the traffic light. It's a good exercise! I can't stand the heat! We are very tired. It's very hot!
3 The five phrases below use the formal way of addressing people.
Can you change them into informal Greek? Use transliteration or Greek script. (elate eTH61? EAnTE ecSw! ii [minete eki1! MdvETE EKEL! iii [stripste aristera 1! l:-rphjJTE apu:rrepa! iV (pighende efthia1! Ur'JYaLVTE EU9E(a! v [sinechiste isia1! l:uvex(cr-rE [O"La!
90
7
·································································································
KaA6 Ta~f61! Have a nice trip! In • • • • •
this unit you will learn how to Make travel arrangements Find out more about public transport Purchase tickets and make reservations Tell the time Count from 1,000 to 10,000
1 At a travel agency ~®
CD 1, TR 8
Tim and Mary are planning to go on a trip outside of Athens. They ask a travel agent ('Ta~t6uu'TtKoc; npaK'Topac; [taksiTHiotik6s praktoras] or simply npaK'Topac;) about visiting Thessaloniki. ·n~6~ ..... ibii~,;~·~i·~;b'i6.b'thi~t;i·rti~·th',~t;i? ....................1 Tim
npaK1'0fHI< Mary
[skept6maste na p'me stl thesafonlld] [ka~ ti TH"rkia ton THiakop6n] [pos thetete na p'tel {me aerop"nol {treno lleoforfol? [aft6 fne to pr6vltma)l {THen ~rume] [borlte na mas
voithfsete)? np6Jnopac · [ne] [as THO._. to~} [stl thesalonlkl pet" I ollmblafd} Pap61on) [ke I sUI bas) [IP'rdll ptfsf· kathe
:~~IP'rhun ptfsls) (to pror) [to mesim~rl) (ke to Tim npaK'fttpa<
[p6sl6ra fne i ptfsi]? [perfpu penfnda lepta]
Unit 7 Have a nice trlpl
~: .·
1 Mary 1 npaiCTOf)CI( 1 Mary
InpaKTOpGc; 1 np6Ktopac;
:~
nm
1 npaiCTOpac; 1:.
Mary
[ke p6so kani to isitfrio]? [t6ra perfpu enenfnda evr6] [me 61es tis eterfes] [apli metavasi m6no]? [6chi] [met'epistrotrs]
~
.
KaArnJtpa 000 napaKaA
.•.•~
j
rKEnt6~QOTE va 1TO~E 01'11 aeaaaAoviKI'l KQTQ Til OtOPKE~ ~
TWV OtQK01TWv. '(! : nwc; 90.ETE va n6Te, IJE aeponMvo, Tptvo ~ Aew<popEio; Aut6 Elvat TO np6~A11~alll.E.V ~tpou~E. MnopEITE va !Ja<; ~o.,e~aETE;
~: npaKTOpCic;
nm
1 1 np61C1'0pac; 1 Mary
1 npaKTOpGc; 1 Mary 1 npaiC1'0pcl( :
Nat, a<; OOU~E 1TpWTa TO aeponMvo. rT., aeooaAOVIKI'l nET6Et 11 0AUIJ1TiaK~, 11 An6AAwv Kat 11 Sky Bus. Ynapxet nt~O., K09E ~Epa. YJTclPXOUV nt~OEt<; TO npwi, TO ~E0111Jtpt KQt TO ~pQOU. noo., elvat 11 m~a.,; neplnou 1TE~VTQ (so) AEntcl. Kat 1TOOO KclVEt TO EtOtT~pto; Twpa neplnou EVEvr'lvta (9o) eupw IJE 6Xe<; Tt<; ETatplec;. AnA~ IJETcl~OI'l ~6vo; 0Xt1JET'E1TIOTpo<pr'l<;.
wpa
..................................................................................................................................:
Ka8iau [kathiste) aKtmoJ.&a• [skeptome) IKEnTOJ.IGaTE va naJ.&E
take a seat, sit down I think, I plan we are thinking of going
[skept6maste na pame)
KQTQ T'lV 6uipKEIQ [kata tin THiarkiaJ po.,eaw/po.,eciJ [voithao/voith6) ~.·.· ac; 6oUJ.IE npciJTa [as THume pr6ta) nnaw/nnw [petaotpet6J ·. unapxE• [iparchil I. 11 ml\a'l [i ptisi) unapxouv [iparhun)
1
n6a11 ciJpa Eiva1 11 ml\a11; [p6si 6ra ine i ptisi)?
nEpinou [peripu) TO AEnTO [to lept6) noao KQVEI TO EICJITI'JpiOi [p6so kani to isitirio)?
92
(idiom) during
I help let's see first I fly there is flight (f) there are how long is the flight? (lit. hoW much time is the flight?) around, about, approximately minute (n) how much is the ticket?
with every airline (lit. with all the companies) airline company (f)
M£ oA£c; Tic; naapi£c; [me 61es tis eterfes]
11 a£ponop&Kii naapla [i aeroporikf eterfa] arrAoc;/-i)/-6 [apl6s/-f/-6) arrM IJETc1Paol') [aplf metavasi] JJfT'En&OTpocpi'Jc; [met'epistrofis]
simple (adj.) one-way, single round trip, return (lit. with return) vacation
61aKontc; [THiakopes]
.
A0HNA 09.30 o-.oo 10.03 o-.51 IIX ..l2 11~ . .11 12.32 11.12 14.11 12.12 15.12 12.48 IU6 16.19
12.30 13.01 17.00
15.29 17.09 18.11 18.48 19.17
19.31 21.07 22.10 22.45 23.14
f
0EHA/\ONIKH
nEIPAIAl: A8HNA OINOH AEBM.EIA AIANOKAAlll AAPil:A KATEPINH nAATY 8El:l:AAONIKH
...
13.46 13.16
10.46 09.08 08.08 07.30 07.02
16.48 16.18
19.17 18.27 17.46 13.47 16.45 12.09 15.10 11.06 14.05 10.29 13.29 10.01 13.00
. 21.19 23.16 20.29 21.47 18.47 20.46 17.08 19.09 16.04 18.05 15.00 17.01
2 Bytrain? ~'»
CD 1, TR 8, 02:06
!'\inety euros sounds expensive so they look into taking the train. Tim
npaKTopac; Mary
npaKTopac;
[enenfnda evr6) [foe lfgho akriva] [kserete ta THromol6yia tu ose]? [6chi] [ya ta THromol6yia tu ose) [prepi na pate] [sta ghraffa tu ose] [polf konda ap6 eTH6] [pu lne ta ghraffa tu ose]? [parte tin panepistimfu] [efthla kat6] [to THeftero sten6 ine i sfna] [strfpste THeksia] [ke fne sta penfnda metra] [THeksia sas] [se llgho] ...
nm npaKTopa<
[sighn6ml] [p6te echi treno ya ti thesalonfki] [parakal6]? [mis61ept6 na THo] [echl stls THfo ke !kosi] [ke kanl trianda evr6] [aplf metavasl] [THefterl thesl] [thelete na kanete kratlsi]?
YniaAAqAoc; Tim
[THen kserume ak6ma] [mu THfnete ena pr6ghrama] [me . ~ ta THromol6yia yia thesalonfki]? ' ~ [parte ena ap6 apenandi] ~ [efharistume] !
Tim
Evev~vto (90)
Tim
npa~aopac;
Mary
npaKtOpac;
eupt.il eivo1 Alyo oKpl~a. :tpETe TO 6pOIJOA6yla TOU OrE; OXI. no TO 6pOfJOA6ylo TOU OrE nptne1 VO nfue OTO ypo
Tim npa~aopac;
Tim
: YniaAAqAoc;
ruyyvW!Jr], n6Te txe1 TpEvO y1a Tr] 0eooaAoviKr] napaKaAtil; MI06 Aem6 va 6w. 'Exe• OTic; 6Uo KQI EIKOOI (2.20) KQI KOVEI Tplavta (3o) eupw anA~ IJETO~OOr] 6euTepr] 9tOr]. 0tAETe va KavETe KpaTr]OrJ; IJ.ev (tpOUIJe OK6f.IO. Mou 6iVETe tva np6ypOIJIJO IJE TO 6po1,1oMyla yta 0eooaAoviKr]; napTe tva an6 antvavt1.
!. ~.~..................~~~~~~~~?.~~: ..............................................................................: .
.
i .
i .
aKpa~a [akriva] TO 6po1JoAOyao [to THromol6yio] nptnEa va naTE [pre pi na pate] TO ypacpEio [to ghraffo] KOVEI (kani] '1 eta,. [i thesi] '1 KpOTI)O'l [i kratisi] napTE tva ano antVOVTI [parte ena ap6 apenandi]
expensive timetable (n) you have to go office (n) costs (here) class (f) reservation (f) get one from across (the room)
3 By bus perhaps? ,.. CD 1, TR 8, 03:53
Tim and Mary are still checking their options so they go to the KTEA: travelling by bus is still the most inexpensive way around and the Bus Port Authority is full of people, noises and hubbub.
94
:··:;:;rn···················[p~.i~~].[t~·g·h~~ff~·pli·~~f~-~i6~j·[·p~~~k~i6i?···········
····················l
j nt:patniKO( f
Til11
! Tirn l.
vrraAAI'JAO(
!
Tim
i YrraAAI'JAO( :Tim ~ YrraAAI'JAO( :Mary ~ YrraAA11Ao( • Tim :Mary : YrrciAAI'JAO(
(mesa s'aft6 to ktfrio) (efharist6)
~
l
(yasas] (kathe p6te iparchi leoforio ya ti thesalonlki]? (mis6 lept6 na THo] (iparchi ena pu fevghi] (se misf 6ra] (iparhun thesis ak6ma] (p6sa isitlria thelete]? (sighn6mi ala THe fevghume sfmera] (p6si 6ra kani to taksffHi]? (kani pendemisi me eksi 6res] [thelete na kratfsete thesis]? [p6so kani to isitfrio] (me epistrom? [to apl6 fne] [ikosi evr6] [ke me epistrofi trianda evr6] [p6te prepi na klfsume thesis]? (mia mera prin] (efharistume polO [efharistume] [tipota]!
:Tim nou elva1 TO ypa
ro.ryo ... : Tim : YnciAAilAO( :Tim : YnciAAqAO(
l
reta oac;. Ka9e n6Te unapxe• Xew<popeio yta Tl') EleooaXoviKI'J; Mto6 Xem6 va 6w. Ynapxe• tva nou cpeuyet oe ~.uor) wpa (112). l Ynapxouv 9EOEI<; aK61Ja. n6oa EIOITr)pta 8£AETE; j ruvvvWill'l aMa 6e cpeuyouiJe or')J.lepa. noo11 wpa Kave• To l Ta~i61; ~ KavEI JTEVTEIJIOI'J (51/2) IJE E~l (6) wpe<;. ElEAETE va KpaTr)OETE ~ ~~~
: Tim • YncUA'IAO( : : : : :
Mary YnaAAqAO( Tim Mary YnQAAqAo(
n6oo KclV€1 TO EIOITr)piO IJ€ EJTIOTpocpr); To anM elva• eiKOOI (2o) eupw KatiJE ematpo<pr) Tplavta
~w~ n6TE npEJT€1 va KAeiOOUIJ€ 8EOEI<;; M1a IJEpa nptv. EuxaptOTOUIJE noM. EuxapiOTOUIJE. TlnoTa!
!
l
l
1
l
1
l
1
...................................................................................................................................1: 'l nAqpocpopia [i pliroforfa) VpacpEio nAqpocpopu.iJv
information (f) information desk
>
0
[ghraffo plirofor i6n)
Unit 7
Have a nice trip!
95
KTipao [to ktirio] Kci9£ nou; [kathe p6tel q»£uyw [fevghol a£ J.na.; ciJpa [se misi 6ra] 11 eta... [i thesi] noa11 ciJpa Kciv£a; [p6si 6ra kanO? TO anAo [to apl6] j.l£ £niOTpoq»fl [me epistrofO npav [prin] TinoTa [tipota] TO
building (n) how often (lit. every when)? I leave in half an hour seat (f) how long does it take? one-way (n) return, round-trip in advance (lit. before) not at all, don't mention it! (lit. nothing)
Language notes ... second class You have met two meanings for the word OtOTJ: class in Dialogue 2, and seat in Dialogue 3. Below are the different classes available when travelling by boat or aeroplane. npwTI] 8£011 liEtm:pT] 8£011 TplTI] 8EOTJ TOUplOTltol 8EOTJ OLKOVOI!ltol 8EOTJ TPLTIJ 8EOTJ/KaTampwlla !!1Il~VE<; KAU<;
first class second class third class tourist class economy class deck class business class
9£0TJ can also mean position, post, place or thesis.
Most languages have words with more than one meaning. Compare the word match in the following contexts: He went to a football match. He met his match in his wife. This blouse is a good match for your skirt! Other examples from this unit are tr£TcXW·tr£TW meaning fly and throw; l£1r'ro meaning minute and thin. You will find more examples in later units, so make a note of the exact meaning in context.
96
Not at alii you have already learned the words and phrases to thank or apologize to someone (see Language notes on Unit 2). Here's a reminder in case you've forgotten some.
thank you thanks a lot many thanks (lit. a thousand thanks)
wxapL<1TW wxapLaTw noM xO.La EUXapLaTw
Two possible replies you might hear are: OapaKaAW TlnoTa!
You're welcome! Not at all! Don't mention it!
XllLa auyyvWJlTJ literally meaning 'one thousand apologies' is used
when somebody has made a serious mistake- along the lines of I am terribly sorry or I am so sorry. Simply auyyvWJlTJ or JlE auvx:wpdu can be used for 'sorry' or 'excuse me'. Round trip When you buy a ticket ("to t:LO'L'n]plO) you will have to specify anlo (one-way) or J1£ £1tlO"'tpocpfr two-way (return). You might also hear: !!OVO m1yaLv£ (lit. just going) anA.~ !!ETa~aOTJ (lit. single transfer) !lETa EmaTpoq>~<; 1 llET'EmaTpoq>~<; 1 ll£ EmaTpoq>~ 1 ll'mLaTpoq>~ (lit. with return). Telling the time Telling the time in Greek is not difficult. Have a look back at Unit 4 to revise the numbers. ntv'Tt: (5), litKa (10), dKOO'L (20) and ElKOO'L ntvu (25) are the most frequently used numbers when telling the time, but remember, digital watches and timetables use numbers 1-59:
1.24 j.lta KaL ELK0<1L TEaaEpa 1.48 j.lta KaL aapaVTa oKTw
Unlt7
Have a nlcetrlpl
97
Use K«L (past) for 1-30 minutes past the hour and napa (to) for 3t-s 9 minutes past the hour; but note that KaL is the only word used when telling the time from a digital watch or clock. Look at this diagram:
Mo napa ni:VT£ Mo napa MKa IJla Kat Tl:TapiO
Mo napa 1"&1"ap1"0
Mo napa £lKOOl
Mo napa £lKOOl ni:VT£
IJ(a Kat IJloti
Other important words used in telling the time are: Kat Thapm napa Thapm KUl!llml
A.mr6/A.Ema
quarter past quarter to half past minute/minutes
Tt wpa ELVat; 'EXETE wpa; MnopdtE va jlOU TIELTE TllV wpa; E:EpETE Tl wpa ELVat;
wpaj WpE<; hour/hours vwp(<; early apya late
What time is it? Do you have the time? Can you tell me the time? Do you know what time it is?
If you want to be specific about the time, use OTTJ Jlla (at one), and c:rnc; 6uo, Tp£Lc;, Tiam:pLc;, ntvn: and so on (at two, three, four, five). When it is on the dot of the hour, you use aKpLfJwc; (exactly). 6.00 E~L TJ wpa aKptl3w<; 10.00 MKa TJ wpa aKptl3w<; 12.00 cSwcSEKa TO llE
98
6 o'clock exactly (sharp) 10 o'clock exactly (sharp) 12 o'clock noon 12 o'clock midnight
·································································································
i'~~ight
y 0 u have just learnt several important words and phrases about telling the time in Greek. Here is a quiz for you: 1) Is the notion of time different in Greece? 2) Is it OK when you arrive late at a cafe and a Greek friend is waiting for you? 3) Is supper served later and does it last longer compared with your standards? If you have answered 'yes' to all these questions, you are on the right track! If not, discuss them with a Greek next time you have the chance .
.................. .. .. ......... .. .. .. ....... .... ..... .... .... ... .. ..... ...... .. ...... ....... .......... Grammar 1
More about word order
Pay attention to the position of words like 'us', 'me', 'them'- they come before the second verb in Greek but after the second verb in English. These are another form of personal pronouns. Compare the two forms below:
~~--~·······~····~1;:·······~····§·········~--~·!r··, ...................................................................................................................................: Look at the following examples: Mnopw va a£ ~OTJ8~aw. MnopE( va Jlac; ~OTJ8~aEL. MnopOUilE va 'touc; ~OTJ8~aoUilE. Mnopw va aac; ~OTJ8~aw; ~lEv llTtopdu va f.1£ ~OTJ8~<JETE.
I can help you. He can help us. We can help them. Can I help you? (pl. + fm.) You cannot help me.
qw
Do not confuse them with words like (I), £aU (you), au'toc; (he) and so on. These are subject personal pronouns - look back at Unit 2 to remind yourself. LE ~OT)8w. Eyw aE ~o 11 ew.
I help you. I help you. (lit. I and nobody else!)
Unit 7
Have a nice trlpl
99
Ma<; ~OTJ9ouv no.AU. AuTOL!l«<; ~OTJ9ouv no.AU. 2
They help us a lot. They (and nobody else) help us a lot.
Greek spelling
As the Greek language has undergone major shifts in the last 25 years, there is confusion about some spellings and sometimes more than one spelling is used. Don't worry about this; native speakers also have trouble with spelling sometimes. In this unit, words like O'UYVVWilTJ (excuse me) or Ta~Ei6l (trip) could also be spelt O'UVVWilTJ (only one y), or Ta~t6l (only l instead of £l). These are correct spellings. Other examples are £Talpda or £Talpta (company), nha or 'lttna (pitta bread), ll«Kpux or ll«Kpua (far), MavWATJc; or MavOATJc; (Emmanuel), and Tptvo or Tpal.vo (train). 3 Prepositions
Words such as on, to, at, in and so on are called prepositions. Greek prepositions can be characterized as 'simple' (one word) or 'compound' (two words). There are four 'simple' prepositions: an6 yLa 11£ <J£
from, by for with, by at, in, on, to
Compound prepositions include: an£vavn (an6) llltpoanx an6 cS(nA.a <J£ (t:)mxvw an6ja£ KUTW (J£
llE<Ja <J£ E~w an6
across from, opposite in front of next to over/on to down by, down to, under inside outside
When a£ is followed by the definite article (words like TO, Ta, TTJV) it is reduced to a- and the two are written as one word. Some examples: El11aL <JTTJ ( <J£ + TTJ) 8t:aaaA.ovlKTJ. naw <1TTJ 8£<J<JaAOVLKTJ. 'Eva EL<JLTIJpLO yLa TTJ 8£<J<JaAOVLKTJ.
100
I am in Thessaloniki. I am going to Thessaloniki. A ticket for Thessaloniki.
H A~q>6rroA.TJ dvaL arrtvavn
I live in Thessaloniki. The Acropolis is across from here.
arr6 E5w. MrrA.a crro (aE +TO) axoA.E(o.
Next to school.
Mf.vw 11taa <JT11 E>EaaaJtov(KT).
4 Numbers 1001-1oooo ~'~ CD 1, TR 8, 05:12
1001 XLALa tva [chilia en a] 1002 xlA.ta .SUo [chilia THio] 2000 .SUo xLA.ta5Ec; [THio chiliades] 2001 .SUo xLA.ta5Ec; tva 3000 TpEL<; XLAUl5Ec; 4000 TE<J<JEpLc; XLALMEc;
TrEVTE XLAL
6ooo
Practice 1
You are at a travel agency and would like some details about a journey you plan to make. How would you ask:
a Is there a flight every day? b How long is the flight? c How much is the flight? d Is it one way or round trip? e Can I make a reservation now? f Can I have a timetable? g How often? How long? How much? 2
Match each question with the most appropriate answer. a Ka9E rr6TE urrapxEL Tptvo; b n6n rrpETrEl va KAEL<JOUjlE etaELc;; C nou ELVUL TO fpaq>ELO nA.TJpOq>OplwV; d n6<JTJ wpa £Lvat TJ rrn1<JTJ;
I EKEL rrtpa! .1E ~A.trrEtc;; II Mo wpEc; aKpL~wc;. iii Ka9E jlEpa VOjll~W. iv 'E~LjlEpEc; rrpLV. Unit 7
Have a nice trlpl
10 1
3 Rearrange these lines to make a dialogue. a 3EpETE Tt6CJT] wpa KclVEL TO TpEVO;
b An6 nou daTE; E(~-taO"TE an6 TO AovcS(vo, aUa Twpa llEVOUilE O"TTJV AST\va. d l:uvfJ8w<; ETITcl wpE<;. e E(~-tat an6 TTJ 9Eaaa.Aov(KTJ, aUa naw O"TTJV AST\va. Ead<; an6 TIOU ELO"TE; f A! flpa(a! E(~-tat no.Au Koupaa~-t£vo<;. Mnopw va KOLI!TJ8W (sleep); g Nat llliOpELTE! Ka.A6 Ta~E(cSt!
c
.....
4 Complete the dialogue using the information in italics. r·"~ :.j
n~---~
.,..... •....,_ i You
j np6anopa(
i You j npU'ropac i You
l np6IC.TOpCI( : You
~;;;;·~·~;·9;A;;~·;~;~;
................................1
•
fd like two tickets for Rhodes. .avo; b How much is It by boot?
T1 9t0118&T£;
c Second class. 40€ J.l6vo nftva•ve.
d Andtheroundtrlp? 70€ 6£Ut£pfl 9tOI'J KQI 60€ KatOotf)W~CL • Howlongdoeslttalce? AtKOOI<'tW (ijp£(. f What/18 hours! I can't stand four hours on a boot!
;,!
i
~ l
! i l :
! np8'ropa( ! !:........................................................................................................................................ You l: 5 Match the list on the left with the list on the right. a wpa b np6ypa~-tlla c T6vo<; d VTOilclTa e 8£0TJ
f np6~ATJila g TOUplO"TLKTJ h llE I no.AuyA.wTTo j KEVTpO
i problem ii thesis iii tourist iv me v polyglot vi centre vii hour viii programme ix tuna X tomato
6 Using the central letter and at least one other, how many words
can you make? Check that you know what all the words mean! Here's an example to start you off: nOTE.
102
YOUR TARGET: 5 words - average 10 words- good 15 words -very good and more than 20 words- excellent!
7 Listen to Dialogue 3 in this unit again and fill in the missing
words. If you don't have the recording, try to fill in the gaps from the words provided below. ~w
CD 1, TR 8, o6:11
........................................................................................................................................ ~
! ~
Tim nepacnaK6t; Tim
~ Tim
~ Tim !
YnQAAI)Aoc;
~ Tim j YnaAlfllot; j Mary j YnaAAflloc;
j
nm
j Mary
nou £iVai TO ypaq>£10 a _ _ napaKaAW. b _ _ a'aUT6 TO KTipiO. Euxaptartil. reMyo .•• fEta oac;. Ka9E n6TE c _ _ ).EwcpopEio yta Tl'l 0EooaAoviKI"'; Mto6 ).£m6 va d _ _ . YnapXEI tva nou e _ _ oE IJIOt'l tilpa (1/2). YnapXOUV 9EOEI<; aK61Ja. nooa EIOITt'lpta 9t).ETE; l:UVVVWIJI"' aMa c5EV f - - Ot'li.JEpa. n6011 tilpa KOvEI TO
g __ ;
KavEt nEVTEIJIOil (51/2) I.JE t(t (6) WP£<;. 0£).a£ va KPOTt'IOETE h - - ; nooo KQVEI TO EIOITt'lpiO IJE I _ _ ; To anA6 Eiva120 EUpW Kaii.JE I _ _ 30 EUptil. j _ _ nptn£1 va K).eloOUIJE 9toEtc;; Mia I.JEpa k _ _ . EuxaptaToUJ.t£ no).u. EuxaptaTOUJ.lE.
~ .. ~~~~......~ ..==.~···················································································: Thro·ra
(j>E\JYEL
q>EUYOU!!E
Stow;
rron:
U'TtCXPXEL
Ilia a
ow
'TtATJpOq>OplWV
E'TtUHpOq>Jl
m~(OL
Unit 7
7tplV
Have a nice trlpl
10 3
8
What time is it? Say the following times in Greek. If you have the recording, listen to them a couple of times, and repeat.
-4~
CD 1, TR 8, 07:19 a b
c d e
f g h
8.15 9.25 6.50 3.30 5.45
1.00 7.30 2.35 4.00 7.52
k I
4.23 9.49 m 7.12 n 1.30 0 1.43
A little extra! In the taxi -4~
CD 1, TR 8, o8:27
A passenger (mtjJlh'lc; [epivatis]) travelling to the airport is having a conversation with a taxi driver (Ta~LT~i)c; [taksitzis]) .
....................................................................................................................................
l Ta(rtCftc;
~ Ta(nCftc;
[pu pate klrie]? [sto aeroTHr6mio parakal6] [pu pate]? [panda ta berTHevo]! [pao sti r6THo] [pistevo]l [ti 6ra fne i ptisi sas]? [stis okt6 ke THeka] [a] [ehume 6ra] [THen echi kinisi simera]
:
[se ligho] . . .
i
i i i i
EmPcitl'lc; Ta(n~qc; EmPcitllc; Ta(nCftc;
En•Pcitl'lc;
1 Ta(nCftc;
i i i
Ta(nCftc;
I
EmPcit11c;
EmPcit11c; EmPcitl'lc;
i Ta(nCftc;
i Ta(nCftc; i En.Pcitl'lc; i Ta(nCftc;
i En.Pcitl'lc; i
Ta(aTCftc;
; EmPcitl'l( ~ Ta(nCftc;
104
[ftasame] [mis61ept6 na sas TH6so] [tis aposkeves sas] [efharist6] [ti otrlo]? [endeka evr6 akriv6s] [oriste TH6THeka evr6] [kratfste ta resta] [efharist6] [ke kal6 taksfTHi] [efharist6] [yasas] nou TrOT£ KUpt£; rTo a£poop61Jto rrapaKol\lil. nou rraT£; naVTa Ta tJrr£pO£uw! naw OT'l P6oo, m
l i
i i i i
~ :
! i i ~
I:O.iyo ... Ta~ITCf!c;
En•IGTllc; Ta~ITCf!c;
EnllGTllc; Ta~ITCflc;
Enllarllc;
Cl>Taoa,.uo! M1o6 Aem6 va oac; 6wow Tic; anOOKeutc; oac;. EuxapiOTw. T1 ocpeiAw; 'EVTEKQ fUpW OKpl~c;. OpiaTE 6W6£Ka euptil. l<parr\OT£ Ta ptOTa. EuxapiOTW KQI KaA6 T0(£161. EuxapiOTW, ye10 oac;.
·······························································································································
o Ta~aT(Iic; [o taksitzfs] o enajJciTI'Ic; [o epivatis] TO at:po6pOf.IIO [to aeroTHr6mio] 1mt:p6EUW [berTHevo] o Kaapoc; [o ker6s] txouf.IE Kaapo [ehume ker6]
taxi/cab driver passenger (m) airport (n) I mix up/confuse time/weather (m) there's time I we don't need to rush (lit. we have time) I') KiVI'IOI'I [i kfnisi) traffic (f) luggage/suitcase (f) 11 anooKEUii [i aposkevn Tic; anoCJKEutc; aac; [tis aposkeves sas] your luggage (lit. the suitcases your) ocpEiAw [offlo] I owe KpaTiiaTE TQ ptaTa [kratfste ta resta) keep the change
§ >
~ &
9 True or false? Mark (.I) for true and (.X) for false.
a 'Exouv noA.u KaLp6 va mxvE crTO aEpo8p6JlLO. b navE <JTO 8UTLKO aEpo8pOJllO. c H TinlOTJ dvaL crn<; oKTw Kat -rE-rapTO. d 0 ETIL~UTTJ<; Oq>ELAEL13€. e 0 ETIL~UTTJ<; TIETUEL <7TTJ P68o.
······································································································ Insight
Take a short break now and see how fast you can say some of your daily routines and the times they happen. Whenever you can, associate a verb with the activities. For example, 'I have breakfast at 7:30', 'Tpww npwLvo a-nc; t:cpTaJ.lLOTJ' or 'I work at 9:00 o'clock' ·~oult:uw CJTLc; t:VVLa lJ wpa'. Look up a few verbs in the glossary in the back of the book or in a dictionary if you don't know them.
Unit 7 Have • nice trlpl
10 5
Test yourself 1
Can you remember the Greek for the following ten important words from this unit? Try to write your answers in transliteration or Greek script.
ii iii iv v 2
about flight office information building
vi vii viii ix x
seat airport traffic luggage change
Can you remember the following ten important phrases from this unit? Use transliteration or Greek script.
i ii iii iv v
There's time! Keep the change! I always get it mixed up. Where are you going? What time is it?
vi vii viii ix x
It's one o'clock. It's half past one. It's quarter to two. Many thanks! You're welcome!
3 The five phrases below use the formal way of addressing people.
Can you change them into informal Greek? Use transliteration or Greek script. [parakal6 kathfste] flapaKaAW Ka8(crTE. ii [parte to] flapn: TO. iii [thelete isitfria]? 8EA.t:TE ELO"LTIJpLa; iv [borfte ... kserete]? MrropELTE ... ~Ept:TE; V [pupate]? flOU TtclTE;
106
8
·································································································
'EXET£ 6w~.UlTla; Do you have any rooms? In • • • •
this unit you will learn how to Enquire about rooms Make hotel reservations Check-in or check-out Explain a problem with your room
1 Do you have any rooms? ~il
CD2,TR1
Tim and Mary are surprised that there are so many tourists and that so few of them book accommodation in advance. Here is a typical conversation in this situation. NTORIO(
Toupicna( NTomO(
Toupkrra( NT6n10< Toupicna(
[psahnete ya THomatia]? [ne ehete THomatia]? [eho ena THomatio] [ya enikfasi] [ya p6ses meres to thelete]? (ya tris meres] [bor6 na THo to THomatio]? [vevea] [elate ap'eTH6] [THen ine makria] [eho aftokfnito] [aftf fne i valltsa sas]? [ne] [se lfgho] .•.
Unit 8
Do you have any rooms7
10 7
Toupfcrra(
Nr6moc Toupkna(
Jtr6moc: Nr6moc; Toupkma~
Nr6moc;
Touplcn:ac; Nr6m0( Touplcn:ac;
[orfste] [nato] [6chl] [THe mu ar~i] [ehete katl kalftero ke meghalftero]? [eho alo ena] [lne pyo fslho] [ala pyo akrlv6] [nato THo]? [a] [malista] [aft6 fne endaksi] [tha to parol 'l'axvne yaa 6w1Jlma; Na1. 'EXETE 6(&)1JCma; 'EXW ~Q 6wiJCmO yta EVOIK(OO'l. na n6oec; IJtPEc; TO 8tAETE; na TpEic; !JlP£c;. Mnop VQ 6w TO 6WIJclTIO; Bt~aa. EMu an'ecSW! Aev elvaaiJaKpua. txw aUToKiV'lTO. AUTI\ EIVOII'} ~ oac:; Naa.
uMyo ... Nr6moc; Touplcn:ac; . Nr6m0( Toup(cnac;
I
Op{OTEI N6TO!
0Xa, 6E IJOU aptoell 'EXETE KclTI K~UTEpo KOIIJEV~UTEpo; txw elMo tva. Efvaa mo 1\ouxo aMa mo aKpaf36• Nato6w;
AI MclAIOTal AUTO Efvat EVTcl~EI. Sa TO nc]pw.
:ooooooouooooooooooooooouoooooooooooouoooooooouoooouoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooouoooooooooooooooooooooooooo:
'
'IJaxvw [psahno] TO 6WIJGTIO [to THomatio] 11 £VOIKiaa11 [i enikfasi] yaa ~;voaKiaal'l [ya enikfasi] an'~;6wl [ap'eTH6]! TO QUTOKiVI'ITOI [to aftokfnito] 11 PaAiTaa [i valftsa] vciTol [nato]! 6~; IJOU apta£11 [THe mu an~si]! KaAuupo(/-1'1/-o [kaliteros/-i/-o] IJqaAuupo(/-1'1/-o [meghalfteros/-i/-o] RIO [pyo] 1\auxo(/-1'1/-o [fsihos/-i/-o] naipvw [perno] 9a TO ncipw [tha to parol 0 VTORIO( [o d6pios] o Toupiatac; [o turfstas]
108
I'm looking for room (n) rent (f) for rent this way! (lit. from here) car(n) suitcase (f) here it is! (also va To!) I don't like (it)! better larger more quiet I take I will take it local person (m) tourist (m)
2 At the hotel reception desk ~,»
CD 2, TR 1, 02:04
;\ rourist is asking about room availability at the reception desk of local hotel. YmlllTJlO«; un:o6oxT!«; [Ipalilos ipoTHochis] (Yn:.un:.) or Pt:at:tJnov(aTa«; [Resepsionistas] are the words for receptionist.
;l
.
.......................................................... [kalimera sas) [ehete THomatia]? l [veveos] [thelete mon6klino i THiklino)? l [ena THikllno] [ya simera to vraTHi m6no] [me farTHI i
··v~:~;;:········ ······[k~i~~~·~~·~~~j.[j;~~~·k'~·~6j?
Touplarpaa Yn.un. Toupiarpta Yn.un.
Touplarpaa Yn.un. Touplarpaa Yn.un.
Yn.un. Touplarpaa
Yn.un. Touplarpaa
Yn.un.
Touplarpaa
Yn.un. Toup(arpaa
Yn.un.
~
krevati) [an ehete] [malistal [mis6 lept6 parakal6] [ehume ena pu vlepi ston kendrik6 THr6mo] [echi thea] [ala echi lighi fasaria]. [episis ehume alo ena] [pu vlepi stin esoterikl avli tu ksenoTHochiu], [ine poli pyo oreo] [ke pyo lsihol [nomlzo] [6ti aft6 me ti thea) [tha lne kalitero ya mena] [simblir6ste aftl tin karta paramonls] [ke ipoghrapste eTH6 parakal6] [orlste]! [to THomatio sas lne to eksak6sia ikosiTHio) [ston ekto 6rofo). [elate na sas pao). [o grum] [tha sas voithlsi] [me tis valitses]
l l
l l l '
KaArUJtpa aa<;. napaKaAw; KaAru.atpa aa<;. 'EX£TE 6WIJOTia; BE~aiw<;. 6lA£TE 1JOV6KAavo ~ 6iKAavo; 'Eva 6iKAtvo yta OrliJEpa TO ~pcl6u 1J6vo. ME <papM KPE~aTt av tX£TE. MllAtOTa. Mta6 AEm6 napaKaAW. 'ExouiJE tva nou ~MnEt OTOV K£VTpiK6 6p61JO, fxEI eta MAO fxEI Aiyll QXIOapia. Eni011<: txouiJE elMo tva nou ~MnEt OTI"IV EOWTEPIKrl auAr'! TOU (EV06ox£iou, Eivat noM mo wpalo KOI mo r'!auxo. NOIJICw 6Tt aUT61JE Til eta ea Eivat KaAUTEpO yta IJtVa. LUIJRAilPWOTE OUTrl TllV KclpTa napaiJOVrl<: Kat unoypaljiTE E6w napaKaAW. OpiaTE! To 6w1Jano aa<; Elvat TO 622 OTOV tKTo 6po<po. EMTE va 00<; ROW. 0 yKpoUIJ ea aa<; ~llerlOEIIJE Tl<; ~aA{TOE<; •
...................................................................................................................................
Unit 8
Do you have any rooms?
10 9
reception desk (f) receptionist (m/f)
11 paaa!lla6v [i resepsi6n] o/11 umUA11Aoc; uno6oxftc; (Yn.un) [o/i ipalilos ipoTHochis] J.IOV6KAavo [mon6klino] 6iKAavo [THiklino] «pap6uc;/-aa/-u [farTHis/-iat-0 nou PAtnaa [pu vlepi]
I:i.•.
aawupaK6c;/-ft/-6 [esoterikos/-i/-6]
11 auAft [i avlu . autJnAI'Jp«iJCrtE [simblir6ste] 11 KapTa napatJovftc; [i karta paramonis] unoypa~~~Ta [ipoghrapste] aTOV iKTO 6po«po [stan ekto 6rofo] EAau va aac;naw [elate na sas pao] VKPOUJ.I [o grum] 11 ToupiaTpaa [i turistria]
0
single room double room wide facing (lit. that faces/sees) inner, inside courtyard (f) fill out registration card stgn on the sixth floor I'll take you there (lit. I'll go you there) porter tourist (f)
3 I have made a reservation ,.$
CD 2, TR 1, 03:18
Tim and Mary have made a reservation with a hotel in the centre of Thessaloniki. They have just arrived at the hotel.
rn~"'"""""""""""""""'[k~~~~f~~~~f=~-~~~~::~~:~:~·j·~h~~~~Jlk~~h~ 1 Pao&!lllovlcnac;
1
!
I! nm
PaCJa:!lllovicrtac;
i,_!
.
110
-
[kal6s orfsate kfrie Johnson) [parakal6) [borfte na simblir6sete) [tin karta paramonls]? [ghrapste t'6noma sas] [ti THiefthinsf sas]
[e::~:~~r;~~66:H~~~a=~~~til6)? [orfste]
::.::~:~tlo]
(yo •naTHfldlno][theletena
echi thea] [i isichfa]?
. ., ! 1
!
I! i,,l
PEGEijiiOViGTG(
[fmaste poll kurazmeni] {tha protimusame ena THomatio] [me isichia] [6kei] [to THomatio sas lne] [to triak6sia ikosi pende] [ston trito 6rofo] [m61is vghite ap6 to asanser) [THeksia] [oriste to kliTHi sas] [ke kaliTHlamonO {efharistume] [ala pu rne to asanser)7 [a sighn6mi] [sto telos tu THiaTHr6mu]
Tim
Ka~rwtpa oa<;. Ovo!Ja
Mary
Tim PEGEijiiOV(GTQ(
Kat txw KCtVEI KpCtTI'JOI'J yta TtOOEpt<; I'JIJtpE<;. KaMI<; opioaTE KUPIE Johnson. napaK~lil IJllOpdTE va OUIJll~I'JpWOETE TI'JV KCtpTa napa!Jovl')c;; fpCtljiTE T'6vo1JCt aa<;, TI'J6tEu9uvor'J Oa<; Kal TOV api91J6 6taj3aTI'Jp[ou. EuxapiOTw<;. Mnoplil va txw tva OTuM; OpiaTE. LE~iyo
Mary
Mary Peaat~»aovicna(
...
'EXETE KCtvEI KpCrri")OI") y1a tva 6i~IVO. f>t~ETE Va tXEI 9ta I') I")OUXia; EiiJOOTE noM KOupaOIJtVOI. ea llpoTIIJOUOaiJE tva 6Wj.1Crrl0 IJE I'JOUXia. OK! To 6W1JCtTI6 aa<; EiVal TO 325 OTOV 30 {TpiTO) 6pcxpo. M6~1<; j3yEiTE an6 TO aoavatp 6E(1Ct. OpiaTE To ~Et61 oa<; Kat K~r'J6ta1Jovr'J! EuxaptOTOUIJE, ~a nou Eiva• To aoavotp; A, ouyyvlill.ll"), OTO T~o<; Tou 6ta6p61JOU.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .u
ovoiJa(oiJal [onomazome] 'l KpGT'lG'l [i kratisi]
txw Kav~:a KPGT'la'l [eho kani kratisil KaAc.iJc; opiaau! [kal6s orisate] ypa'IJT• [ghrapstel 'l61EU8UVG'l [i THiefthinsi] o apa81Joc; [o arithm6s] TO 6aaf)mqpao [to THiavatlrio] o aTuAoc;/To aTuAo [o stil6s/to stil6] •uxapiaTwc; [efharistos]
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
my name is (lit. I am called/named) reservation (f) I have made a reservation welcome! write down address (f) number(m) passport (n) pen (min) gladly
Unit 8
Do you h•v• •ny r-ms7
111
8a npoTt!JouaaiJE [tha protimusame] !JOAtc; pye:iu ano TO aaavatp [m61is vghlte ap6 to asanser] TO KAt:t6i [to kliTHij
KaAI'j 6ta!Jovftl [kaHTHiamonij! aTo TtAoc; TOU 6ta6p61JOU [sto telos
we would like/prefer just as you come out/ step out of the lift key (n) (have) a good stay! at the end of the corridor
tu THiaTHr6mu]
TO TtAoc; [to telos] o 6ui6pOIJO( [o THiaTHromos] o pe:at:'IJtoviaTac; [o resepsionlstas]
end (n) corridor (m) receptionist (m)
4 Oops! The shower curtain is missing! ~-
CD 2, TR 1, os:o6
Mary has called reception to complain about there being no shower curtain. Listen and read the following interesting exchange (more cultural than linguistic ... ). 1''p~~·~~~k;;;··············[~~i·················································································1
1 Mary 1
I~
Pt:CJE'IJIOVIcmu; Mary : Pt:OE'IJtovlatac; Mary Pt:OE'IJtOvlarac;
Mary
~ Pe:ot:'IJtovlara( 1 Mary ~ Pt:ae:'IJtoviarac; ~ Mary ! Pe:ae:'IJiovlara( 1 Mary
112
[ne] [fme i Mary Johnson] (ap6 to THomatio] [triak6sia fkosi pende] [to banio THen echi
[m~~~~~:~~~na
banio THen echi kurtina] . . . [ke pos tha kano duz]? [horis kurtina] [kiria Johnson] [horls kurtlna] [ma ta nera]? [min stenahorieste kath61u] [ta nera fevghun] [s'ena lept61 [to banio steghn6nl] [ghrlghora-ghrlghora] [e] [aporimeni klint to tilefono] Nail Na1, EIJJOif"l Mary Johnson an6 TO OWJJCITIO 325. To J.l1TClviO 6£v tX£1 KOUpTiVa ••• Ma ••• Kavtva J.l1TOVIO &v tX£1 KoupTiva ... Ka1 mix; 9a KOvw VTOUC Xwplc:; Kouptiva Ka Johnson; Xwplc; KOUP'tiVa; Ma TO V£pO;
l
~
I~
1 ~
~
P£a£ljl&ovfarac
M11v ouvaxwptfutE Kae&toul Ta vEp(l
ypftyopal · E??? (Anoppi'}J.IEv'l KAelvet TO TI'}Atcpwvo).
..............................................................................................................................i
Mary
vat! [ne]
TO JJnOVIO (to banio) 11 KOUpTiva [i kurtfna] TO VTOU( (tO duz) j.lO ••• KGViVa JIROVIO 6EV iXEI
KoupTiva [rna kanena banio THen echi kurtfna] KCtVW VTOU( (kano duz] J.IO Ta vepci; [rna ta nera]
To vepo [to ner6] ll'l auvaxwpaicne Ka8oAoul [rni stenahorieste kath61u] auvaxwp&iJ.&a& [stenahorierne] ouyvwvw [steghn6no] ypf1yopa [ghrfghora] ypf1yopa-ypf1yopa [ghrfghoraghrfghora] anoppi"'J.&ivo(/-11/-o [aporirnenos/-i/-o] KAEivea TO TllAicpwvo [klfni to tilefono] To TI'}Aicpwvo [to tilefono]
hello (on the phone) bathroom/tub (n) curtain (f) shower (n) but ... none of the bathrooms has a curtain take a shower but the water? How about the water? {lit. the waters) water (n) don't worry at all! I worry I dry up fast extremely fast confused she hangs up (the phone) {lit. she closes the phone) telephone (n)
.................................................................................................... Insight After these comments and explanations, perhaps you should have a small break here and think about sending an email or making a telephone reservation about some rooms with a sea view that you have seen on the Internet! Think about the choice of words and write down your room inquiry before your telephone call to the owner of these rooms who only speaks Greek!
.................................................................................................... Unit 8
Do you have any rooms?
113
Language notes Different accommodation
All kinds of accommodation are available in Greece. Early reservation (KpcXTTJOl)) and confirmation (EmfJEfJalw01J) are essential, especially in summer. EEvo6oxdo (hotels) are listed in six categories from A to E by the
Greek government according to the level of comfort offered. MoTtA (motels) are located along main motorways on the mainland. Dav6oxdo (inns) and Davau)v (boarding houses) are both types of 'bed and breakfast' -good value, clean and safe accommodation. Students could try the EEvwvac; NEOTTJT«c; (youth hostel for men and women), or the XAN (YMCA for men only), or XEN (YWCA for women only). In small towns and villages you will see signs saying
EvoLKLcl~OVT«L
6WJ1cl'tla (rooms to let), Em'ltAwJlfva 6WJ1cl'tla (furnished rooms), EmnA.wJlfva 6LaJ1Ep(aJ1aTa (furnished apartments) and MmxvyKaA.oou~ (bungalows)- all offer an inexpensive stay in Greece,
but it's a good idea to check out the place before deciding to stay.
Insight Before you read the next paragraph, surf the Internet again for a short time and find at least one photo of each different type of Greek accommodation. Print out your findings and attach them to this page as extra visual and cultural information. You could also add colour to these black and white pages, so your mind is surrounded by sounds and colours!
······································································································ Using the lift
It is usually easy to work out the different floors when using a lift. Sometimes, though, it can be confusing as the 'ground floor' can be considered the 'first floor'. The different names are given below: Tp[To<; (3o<;) 6po<po<; liEUTEpO<; (20<;) opo<po<;
114
3rd floor 2nd floor
rrpC.:rro<; (10<;) 6poq>o<; -ro rranxpL/o 111.u6poq>o<; '["0 LO"OYELO -ro fJI.UUllOYELO -ro un6yno M£vw aTov TETapTo (40) 6poq>o. Au-r6 dvaL TO La6yELO. To SLaJ1EpLO"IHlJ10U ELVaL mo un6yELO. noMa ~axaponA.aan(a txouv naTapL/1111L6poq>o.
1st floor mezzanine ground floor between cellar and ground floor cellar/basement I live on the fourth floor. This is the ground floor. My flat is in the basement/ cellar. Many pastry shops have a mezzanine.
Useful hotel vocabulary
maid (f) manager (m + f) waiter (m +f) (lit. servant) lift/elevator (n) bathtub (f) foyer (n) bar (n) lobby (n) balcony (n) suite (f) toilet (f) continental breakfast
'1 KaJlaptipa [i kamariera]
o/TJ JlcXVa-r~t:p [o/i manatzer] O/TJ at:pfJttopo<; [o/i servit6ros]
TO aaavatp [to asanser] 11111l«VLipa [i baniera] To <pouayti [to fuaye] To 111tap [to bar] To AOJ11TU [to lobi] TO J11taAKOVL [to balk6ni) 11 aou{Ta [i suita] 11 TouaAtTa [i tualeta] npwLVo KOVTLviVTal [proin6 kondinendal] 1lpWLVO aJlipLKav [proin6 amerikan) TO <JEpfJL<; liWJl(l'(lOU [to servis THomatiu] o TT)A.t:cpwVT)nJ<; [o tilefonitis] To TT)li
American breakfast room service (n) telephone operator (m) telephone (n) mini-bar (n) buffet (m) air-conditioning
Unit 8
Do you have •ny rooms7
115
Room (requirements)
.........................
r·~;:;········~;
; povOd&yo
l a«<Wvo
l -rpfdwo
onebed two bed~. three beds fourbeds
~;·········b;di;·························i
pov6
lmA6
~
$tng/e double wide
l i
~
l~ i :.......;........;................................................................ ;................................................! So, you could ask:
ea 1l8t:A.a ••. 'EXETE •.• ; tva J.lOV6 liWJ.lUTLO tva limA6 liWJ.lUTLO Mo lim.Aa liwJ.lana
I'd like . .. Do you have ... ? a single room a double room two double rooms
You can also ask for:
tva liwJ.lano J.lE Mo KpE~ana tva J.lOV6KALVO tva li(KA.tvo
a room with two beds a single bed twin beds
You can also find out if the room is: J.lE J.lTTUVLO J.lE VTOU<; J.lE J.lTTaAK6Vt J.lE eta J.lE TOUaAETa
with a bath with a shower with a balcony with a view with ensuite (toilet)
You might have a choice of position: J.lTTpOOTU /OTT)V TTp6oOtJITJ niowjoTo niow 11tpo<; npo<; TT) ea>..aooa npo<; TT)V au.A11
at the front at the back facing (towards) the sea facing (towards) the courtyard
The following phrases are often used instead of txw KcXVEl KpcXTIJOTJ (I have made a reservation): unapXELJ.lia KpUTTJOTJ OT'6vo11a. . .
txw KA.EioEt tva liwJ.lano yta . . .
116
there's a reservation in the name of ... I have booked a room for ...
fta Ol],u:pa TO (Jpa6u (for tonight, lit. for today the night) is a useful Greek expression. Some other examples are:
£ni 1.u:pa TO npw[ cr~ j.1£pa TO cr~!1£Pa TO
!1£
this morning this afternoon this evening
If the speaker asks: tva JlOVO 6WJlcXTLO yLa ml!JEP« TO (Jpa6u 110 vo, the two words JlOVO and JlOVO might confuse you in the same sentence. Movo is single and JlOVO is only. This is one of the phonetic word pairs that you should learn. For the time being learn the three pairs below. :··;6~~···············-;;~~······································~-;;~6··················;i;;gi;······················1
alla but 1 9Ea goddess 1 :...................................................................................................................................: j ilia
other
~
view
eta
Grammar 1
My, your, their •••
In Unit 7 you met !JE, aa-;, personal pronouns, and now you're going to learn about 'my', 'your', 'their'- possessive pronouns. Note that these pronouns come after the noun they modify whereas in English they come before the noun .
. . . . . . . . ; ; ;· · ·. . . . . . . . . . ··~-~~·
·················~~;;······· ······~~~················
.........!
crou
your
aa~
your
TOU
h/S (m)
TOU~
TTJ c;
her (f)
Tou~
TOU
/ts (n)
TOU~
their (m +f) (m) their (f) their (n)
1
''••••ooooooooooooooooooouoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooonooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo!
To 6vo11a 11ou. H OL£u8uvm1 aou. To 6La~aU,pL6 mu. To KA.no[ aac;. Ta ow11ana !l«c;.
My name [lit. the name my(!)] Your address His passport Your key Our rooms Unit 8 Do you have any rooms7
11 7
:z The verb 'to like'
The Greek verb JlOU apia£L (to like) is quite tricky, but don't be discouraged: have a go at learning it. Try to learn also these contracted forms which are particularly frequent: Jl'apia£L for !lou apia£L and a'apia£L for aou apia£L. IJ.OU apEO£L aou apEO£L TOU/Tll<; apEO"£L IJ.U<; apEO£L aa<; ap£an
TOU<; apEO"£L
I like you like he/she likes we like you like they like
Two of the very few other verbs that are also similar to this verb are 1!£ ltv£ (my name is/1 am called/I am named) from Unit 1, and 1!£ Tt£Lpa~£L (I mind/I am bothered) from Unit 6. r·~·;~-~~~~~···········i·;;,i~"d···························~-~~············;-;;;;;·~~~~~i················1
; a£ mt.pa~Et
l Tov/TtJV/To l 1t£t.pcl~£l l 1.1.«~ n£t.pcl~£L
l oa~ n£t.pcl~£L
you mind he/she/It minds
Tov/TtJvI
a£ Aiv£
we mind you mind
11«~ Aiv£ aa~ Aiv£
l
you ore called he/she/it is called
TO AEVE
we ore called you ore called
l l l
1
l. ~~~.~-~~-~~~~~~ ....... ~~.!.~~~~.....................~~~~-~-~........~~!..~':..~~!!~............1 The verb Jl'apia£L (like) changes to JlOU aptaouv or Jl'aptaouv and the verb 1!£ n:£Lpa~£L (mind/bothered) to 1!£ tt£Lpa~ouv when the noun following is plural. Look at these examples: Mou ap£a£L TO ~tvocSoxdo. Mou ap£aouv Ta ~tvocSoxda. l:ou ap£an o IJ.OuaaKa<;; ~£V TOU apEO"OUV Ol O"aAaT£<;! Mt rrEtpa~EL TJ noM~ ~EaTll. 0 fLwpyo<; KUL TJ Map(a IJ.E TIELpa~OUV. ~E IJ.E 1t£Lpa~El TJ K6Ka K6Aa. 3
I like the hotel. I like (the) hotels. Do you like moussaka? He does not like salads! Much heat bothers me. George and Mary bother me. I don't mind Coca Cola.
Some other verb forms
Here are some verbs that you have already met, ending in -JlaL, for example: OUJlcXJlaL (I remember); KOLJlcXJlaL (I sleep) - both from Unit 2, aKmoJlaL (I think) - from Unit 7, and, in this unit
118
-rt:vaxwpliJ.LaL (I worry) and ovoJ.La~oJ.laL (I am named/my name
~).These verbs behave differently to the other verb-groups you have :een so far. The four most frequent endings in this group (called 'reflexive') are -aJ.LaL, -t:J.LaL, -oJ.LaL and -OUJ.laL. Here they are in full:
:··a·~~6~~~··················································~~;-;;;~;;;i;;············································1
i eu1.uxcrat : eu11 a-rat i eu11611a11TE i eu116cra11TE i eu11ouv-rat
:
1
you remember he/she/It remembers we remember you remember theyremember
i:.=.
.
...................................................................................................................................
:··;·~~~x~pd~~·~······································;·~~;;y····················································1
i orEvaxwplicraL
cr-rEvaxwpttrat i crrEvaxwpt6j.la11TE i cr-rEvaxwplii1TE : crrEvaxwpLOuvrat i
:
l
you worry he/she/it worries we worry you worry they worry
l 1 1 1
..................................................................................................................................:
.................................................................................................................................... . .
i
:
I think you think he/she/it thinks we think you think they think
..................................................................................................................................:
Practice 1
Respond to the following situations: a b c d
Find out if a room is available. Specify what kind of bed you want: single/double? Ask if the hotel has a single room for four nights. Say you want a double room with a shower/bath. It should be quiet and have a sea view. e Ask the price of the room. f Tell the receptionist that you have made a reservation. g You don't like the room they have given you. How would you say: 'I don't like the room. It is not quiet and it does not have a view'. Unit 8
Do you have any rooms?
119
2
Match each question with the most appropriate answer.
a 'VaXVET£ yta 6w~ana; b 'EXET£ KaVEL KpaTIJcrrJ; c 8EA£T£ va EX£t 8£a iJ TJcrux[a; d AuTfJ £lvm 11 ~al.haa aa<;; ea Trpon~ouaa~£ va EXEL TJcrtlXLa. ii Nat. Op[au TJ ETrL~E~a[wcrrJ. iii Nat. 'EXET£ 6w~ana;
iv Nat auTfJ £lvat. 3 Rearrange these lines to make a dialogue. a et>.w tva ~£YMO 6w~ano ~£ wpa[a 8£a. 'EXET£; b fta m)a£<; ~Ep£<; TO 8EA£T£; c I::.Ev ~Epw. La<; TrEtpa~Et; d 'EXET£ 6w~ana yta EVOtKLacrrJ; e 'Oxt! 0EA£T£ ~tKp6 iJ ~Ey
4 Complete the dialogue using the information in italics.
::··v~~·············~··"H;ii~i"M;;~-;;;;;;{;1~~;;;;·wii"k~:;·;;~~;,;;;;;~c;;;-;;~;;;;·,~~~;~···::; 1
nights. KaA.Wc; op[aan ICI.Ip{a Wilke. Iu~1tA.rJpwOT£ Tl}V J«lp-ra 1 : mxpa~VJ1c; aac;~ MTropc.l>va txoow ~pt6 ouc;; ! ~ You b Hereyouare!Canlhaveopen,please? 1 ~ Paa-.&Ov Euxap(OTwc; ... 9EA£T£ 'tO 6ooplmo va P~.tltt:tnpoc; To : 6p611o iJ OTO n{aw 11tpoc;; ! ~ You c I don't mind./ am very tired and I would like to sleep right away. 1 ~ Paoa11Ja6v To 6ooj.UX'tto aac; dvat TO 8os. I'tov 6y6oo 6po<po. ~ l You d Where's the lift? !
1 P&cr~lflt6v
l
:..................................................................................................................................:
s Match the word on the left with the words on the right. a ~tKpO b pm£$t6v c TOUplaTpta d KapTa e KEVTptKO f EO"WTEptKTJ
120
card ii esoteric (inner- inside) iii curtain
iv suite v micro (-economy, -waves) vi telephone
vii tourist viii service lx reception
KOUpT(Va
9
TT]AEQ)WVO
h
aou(Ta
a£p~L«;
6
7
central
X
Can you recognize some of the words you have already learned? you can find the words by reading the letter-squares horizontally or vertically. There are at least nine words horizontally and nine words vertically that will be familiar to you. A
e
E
r
H
T
E
X
E
I
-=
E
N
0
[).
0
X
E
I
0
A
A
T
y
n
M
E
p
E
p
e
A
n
p
0
T
I
M
r n
E
A
-=
A
A
N
E
p
0
y
r n
K
E
n
T
0
N
T
A
I
X
I
A
N
A
M
0
N
H
Listen to the following list of words on your recording and write each one below its corresponding sound. If you don't have the recording, use the words in the box below.
~'» CD
:a, TR 1, os:ss
[af]
[ev]
[ef]
UllOO"KEUTJ EUXapLO"TW EU8E(a
8
Listen to Dialogue 4 in this unit again and fill in the missing words. If you don't have the recording, try to fill in the gaps from the words provided in the box on the next page.
~0 CD :a, TR 1, o6:4:1
Unit 8
Do you have any rooms7
121
..
r·h~~···········N~··································································· ·········~
! Mary
Not, t(f.IOt f\ Mary Johnson an6 TO • ....:......__ 325. To 1 b _ _ &vtxe•c: Ma ... d - - IJRclviO 6ev t){Et C j Kat ncix; 6a 8 - - VTOUC',; j Xwpl( c _ _ Kupla Johnson!O) :'::.: Xwpf(c_;MaTaf _ _ ; g _ _ arevaxwpttart KQ86).oo!Ta f _ _ ,: : q>E(Iyouv o'tva X£m6. To ~n6vto h _ _ :
:
E
.•.l
PcoiiiJtovfcmlc;
i Mary
!.: ~=ttovfcmu;
....... , : PCGCtiJlOV(cmu; : : :
&
~
':
l. ~~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~:lr~;;;.~;;~~.·.~~.~~~~:~. . . . . . . . . . . :J KclVW
OWjlclTLO
KOUpTLVa
jlTiclVLO
Kavtva
O'TfYVWVEL
VEpcl
Ill'}
9 Listen to a receptionist assigning different rooms. Number them
1-10 in the order you hear them. If you don't have the recording, study these numbers in Unit 5. ~•
CD 2, TR 1, 07:24
325
747
421
780
480
821
554
825
557
954
Test yourself 1
Can you remember the Greek for the following ten importan~ words from this unit? Try to write your answers in transliteration' or Greek script. room/s ii earls Ill touristls
vi address vii number viii passport
1 122
j
iv suitcase/s v reservation/s 2
lx pen x shower
Can you remember the following ten important phrases from this unit? Use transliteration or Greek script. Don't worry! vi A room for tonight. ii First/second/third ... floor vii Have you got rooms to let? iii No, I don't like it! VIII Have a nice stay! iv My name's ... /I'm called . . . ix I'll take it. v I've made a reservation. x Just a moment please!
3 The five phrases below use the formal way of addressing people.
Can you change them into informal Greek? Use transliteration or Greek script. [ehete THomatia]? 'ExnE 6w11ana; ii [simblir6ste eTH6] l:u!!TtA.T'JPW
Unit 8
Do you have any rooms?
12 3
9
································································································· 9£AETE T(TTOTa;
How can I help you? In • • • • •
this unit you will learn how to Buy things Enquire about prices State preferences Name fruit and vegetables Name colours
1 We are going to Athinea ,.. CD 2, TR2 Mary is planning to visit a department store and a colleague of hers decides to join her .
............................................................... ················· ········· .................................. ~ Mary
·······.~:
[hriazome na kano merika ps6nia] [tha lthela na aghoraso] [ena •~~ ~ f6remal [ke merika kalindika ya mena] [ki'ena pukamlsol [ya l . ~TI~ . ~ lwavva [thelis parea]? ~ ~ Mary [tha fne kalltera ya mena] [an lse mazi mu] [hriazese na aghorasis ~ j tlpota]? 1 i lwawa [panda thelo]! [lsos THo kamla kenuria krema pros6pu] [ke ~ j kamia kol6nia] [I krema mu] [tha teli6si sfndoma] ~
~~ry ~~Mpa~? j lwiavva [tha pame sto athinea] [ine ena oreo polikatastima] [ke ine poll
j
i i:
124
konda apo'TH61 Mary [oreal [pame]l lwiavva [ande] [pame]!
~
j j
i !:
Xf)Eta(o!Jat va Kavw IJEPIKO ljllilvaa. ea ()Sua va ayopaaw tva cp6P£1JO KOIIJEPIKO KWJ..UVTIKO yaa IJtvO Kl tva nOUKOIJIOO VIO TOVTIIJ. etMac; napta; ea £(VQI KMUt£pa yaa ~a av EIOOIIJO(IIJOU. Xf)Eta(EOOI va ayopOOEI<; TinoTa; navta 80.w! 1awc; 6w KOI..UO KQIVOOpyaa kptiJO npoawnou KOI KOIJIO KOAWVIO. H kptiJO IJOU ea TUEIWOEI aOVTOIJO. noo >.Ec; va naiJE; Mary lwcivva ea naiJE OTO A811vala. Elvat tva wpalo noAuKOTOOTiliJO Kat Eivaa noM Kovta an6'6w. Opala, na!JE! Mary lwcivva il\VTE, nOIJE! Mary
................................................................................................................................... XPEtci(o!Jat [hriazome] Ta lllc.iJvaa [to ps6nia] 8a 1\0da [tha fthela] To cpop£1Ja [to f6rema] TO KOllUVTtKci [ta kalindika] TO nOUKGIJlOO [to pukamiso] 11 napta [i parea] 8tA£tc; napta; [thelis parea]? KaAuupoc;/-1')/-o [ka lfteros/-i/-o] IJa(i IJOU [mazf mu] IJO(i [mazO iawc; [fsos] Katvoupytoc;/-a/-o [kenurios/-a/-o] 11 Kpt!Ja [i krema] To npoawno [to pr6sopo] 11 KoAc.iJvaa [i kol6nia] 11 Kpt!Ja IJOU Oa T£A£ac.iJa£a [i krema mu tha teli6si] T£A£ac.iJvw [teli6no] OUVTO!Ja [sfndoma] nou A£c; va nci!J£; [pu les na pame]?
TO noAUKQTGCJTI')IJO [to polikatastima]
I need shopping (pl.) I would like dress (n) cosmetics (pl.) shirt (n) company (f) do you want company? better with me together perhaps new cream (f) face (n) cologne/perfume (f) my cream will be running out I complete/! end/! run out shortly/soon where do you think we should go? (lit. where are you saying we go?) department store
Unlt!l
Howcanlhelpyou7
125
(let's) go! OK, let's get going!
2 On what floor are the men's shirts? ,.. CD 2, TR 2, 01=37
i.. ~.........(;i9·h~6~ii'i~·;·P;~~·6~~i~i·ii~;t~·~~d~i·kA·P'~k~~~~~i?.................i i llwlrrn\( i lw6vva i Mary i
1 lfiHWva 1
[ston tetarto] [sto tmima andrik6n] [Mary eta na parume to asanser] [egh6 tha anevo ap6 tis skales] [ta asanser fne poll mikn1] [ke eho klistofovia]! [endaksi] [pame ap6 tis skales] [to athinea echi kili6menes skales] [ti les]?
~~
~~
1 1 Mary
[se ligho] . . .
1:.
ICIKWva
j rlCdAIJtl'l( 1 ICIKWva 1 Mary
! lfiHWva
! Mary
! ICIKWva ! Mary IICIKWva
! ICIKWva l nwArrn\( ! lfiHWva ~:. Mary ~.:
1:.
lwavva Mary
[eTH6 imaste] [ftasame]! [ne] [tha rotiso ton pol itO [ya andrika pukamisa] [sighn6mi] [pu ine ta andrika pukamisa]? [sto vathos] [tha vrume meghali pikilia eTH6] [ime sighuri] [kita]! (a] [ine oreo ala skurol [ligho pyo anikt61 [ti hr6mata forai o Tim]? [sinithos anihta ke mon6hroma] [aspro- siel - kitrino] [ke kamia fora kafe] [emena mu aresun ta rig he pukamisa] [ala THen tu aresun kath61u] [ti meghethos forai]? [meseol [i to triandaeksi numerol [na ena oreo] [s'aresi]? IUvvvWI.II'l· oe no1ov 6po<po eiva1 Ta av6p1K6 nouK61.110a; ITOV TtrapTO, OTO TI.II'JI.IO avOpiKWV. Mary O.a va napouiJ£ TO aoavotp. EytiJ ea avtl3w an6 Tl<; oKOAec;. Ta aoavotp £iva1 noM IJIKpa Kal txw I
EVTci~£1.
IO..iyo ...
126
i
!
! ! i
!
i ·
E6W E(jlOOTE,
ea J3poullE llev<W'l notKIAia e6til. Elllat alyoupi'J. Mary 1wavva Mary
lwavva Mary
KoiTa! A, eivat wpalo aMa aKoupo.Aiyo mo avotKT6. Tt XpWilOTO cpopQEt 0 Ttjl; l:uvfl&x; OVOIXTO KOI!lov6XPW!l0, aanpo, Ott}, KITpiVO KOI KQjliQ cpopQ Kacpt. Ejltva jlOU apEOOUV TO pi)'E ROUKQjltOO aMa 6ev TOU aptaouv Ka96Aou. TtjlEyE9o<; cpopaet; Meaalo 1'1 TO 36 voull£po. Na tva wpalo. I'aptaet;
IWOvva ..................................................................................................................................
av6paK6(/·Il/-6 [andrik6s/-f/-6] TO TJ111U.IG [tO tmfma] OTO TJ111JI.IO av6p1KWV [sto tmima andrik6n] avepaivw [aneveno] 11 aKciAa [i skala] 11 KAeaOTocpopia [i klistofovia] KUAIOJIEVE( OKciAEc; [kili6menes skales] KUAIOJIEVO(/·I'J/·o [ki Ii6menos/-i/-o] Tt Aec;; [ti les]? JlpiaKw [vrisko] I'J noaKIAla [i pikilia] aiyoupo(/·I'J/·o [sighuros/-i/-o] EiJIOI aiyoupi'J [ime sigh uri] KO(Ta! [kfta]! KOITciCw [kitazo] OKoupo(/-a/-o [skuros/-a/-o] OVOIKT0(/·1\/·0 [aniktos/-f/-6] To XPWJIO [to hr6ma] cpopciw(-w) [forao(-6)] To JIOVOXPWJIO [to mon6hromo] aanpo [aspro]
(something) for men, men's section (n) at the men's section I go up staircase (f) claustrophobia (f) escalators rolling, on rollers how about it? I find selection (f) sure I'm sure look! I look dark light colour (n) I wear single colour white
· Unit 9
How can I help you7
12 7
1
I
cntA [siel] KiTplVO [kftrino] . Kacpi [kafe] payi [rig he] TO fdyE80( [to megethos] , IJEOaio [meseo] ~~ TO VOUIJEPO [to numero]
sky blue yellow brown striped size (n) medium number, size (n)
3 Fruit and vegetables? '4t CD 2, TR 2, o3:os Tim and Mary buy their fruit, vegetables and flowers in the A.aito1 ayopci [laikf aghora] (market) that takes place close to their hotel on Tuesdays. lwavva [Joana] Joanna, Mary's colleague, is visiting them this morning. r·······················ith~-~~~-~"ti·,~iki.~i~~~~i"?························································~
l Mary 1
Wvva
.:
[ke vevea tha pame] [lne triti simera] [ti tha fame an THen
[~-a;~~~ilas san eliniTHa nikokira](ehete laiki aghora stin anglia]?
! Mary
[6chi akriv6s to fTHio] [ala kati par6mio] [tha ffghume
: nm jlw4vva
[ti lei aft6s]? [mi se niazi] [tha parete mfla]? {6chi ap6 eTH6J [pyo kato fne pyo ftina] [ke pyo kala] [tha parume mila ke portokalia] [ap6 ton kir-k6sta] [kalimera stus ksenus mas] (kalimera kir-k6sta] [THen ehete meghalitera mila sfmera]? [THen eho meghalltera] [ala ine trip61eos] [ke ine nostim6tata] [ke ta portokalia] [merli pu lene] [merlil [endaksi} [TH6ste mas] [ena kil6 mila] [ke THfo kita portokalia] [p6so fne]?
I~ £::::~1Q ~herono)! l Mary :
l Kup Kfiwtac; l Tim
l Kup KfiNml(
:
l. Mary ==
128
! _,1
!
I :
l ! !
l
l :
l
~
. =:
KuP KciHnac; Mary Kup KciHnac;
[tria evr6] [ke THeka lepta] [pyos echi kala marulia] [ke h6rta kir-k6sta]? [eTH6 THfpla mu]
Tim Mary
ea nail£ OT'l Aa"iKJ't 011)1.l£pa; Katj3l~ta 9a nOll£. Elv01 TpiT'l OJ'tl.l£Pa! Tt 9a
lwcivva Mary
rt Aiyo ... nwAI'JTI\< Tim lwcivva Mary Kup KciHnac; Tim Kup KciHnQ( Mary
Kup KciHnQ( Mary KupKciHnac;
'Q).a Ta K6j3w, 6Aa Ta l.laxatpli.lvw! Tt Al£1 aUT6c;; Mil 0£ VOta<£1. ea nap£T£ l.ll'tAa; 'OXl an6 £6W. nto KclTW £(Val ntO
................................................................................................................................... market (f) fruit, vegetable, and flower market {lit. popular market) Tuesday 11 TpiT'l [i triti] ea ncitJE [tha pamel we will go 9a cpcitJE (tha fame] we will eat housewife (f) I'J VOIKOKUpci (i nikokira] nap6tJOloc;/-a/-o [par6mios/-a/-oJ similar TtAoc; nciVTwv [telos pandon] at last, anyhow K6Pw [k6vo] I cut I cut/slice something with a knife tJaxaapwvw [maher6no] '1 ayopci [i aghora] Aa'iKr\ ayopci [laiki aghora]
Unit 9
How can I help you7
12 9
I
oAa TG Kopw, oAa TG JIGXGipcinM common expression used by [6la ta k6vo 6la ta maher6no] farmers meaning that their produce is of such good quality that they are willing to let you try it before you buy Atw [leo] I say never mind J111 a£ voaci(€1 [mise niazi] apple (n) TO JJi!Ao [to milo] nao KciTw [pyo kato] further down To nopToKciAa [to portokali] orange (n) Mr KUp [kir] foreigner (n) larger
~- =~=~~~P~:~~~~~o [meg ha Iiteros/-i/-o] 11 TpinoA11 [i tripoli] VOGTIJ.I0(/-11/-o
Tripolis (Greek town) delicious
[n6stimos/-i/-o)
JJtpAa(v) [merli(n)] nou Atv€ [pu len e) To KaAo [to kilo] TO JJapouAa [to maruli] XOPTG [h6rta) 6inAa JIOU [THfpla mu]
extremely sweet as they say, as the rumour goes kilo (n) lettuce (n) greens next to me
Language notes Colours
Colours can be distinguished as avolKTcXXPWJI«Ta (light colours) or aKoupa XPWfl«Ta (dark colours). Many objects, including clothes, flags, or walls, can be: flOVOXPWflO<;/ ·TJ/ -o
cSfxpwfloc;/ -TJ/ -o TPLXPWflO<;/ -TJ/ -0
130
one-colour(ed) two-colour(ed) three-colour(ed)
-r£LPUXPWiloc;/ -TJ/ -o noJcuxpwlloc;/ -TJ/ -o
four-colour( ed) multi-colour(ed)
The printed designs are usually: ptYE (striped) Kap6 (checked) noua (spotted/dotted) qlfTPLilE (multi-coloured) A.ouA.ouMm ((/owerylf/oral)
The basic colours that most of us know are: : : : : !
:
: : : !
: : :
white black yellow red black and white green blue brown grey pink orange burgundy
aanpo [aspro] IJaupo [mavro] KiTpavo [kitrlno] KOKKIVO [k6klno] aanpoJICiupo [aspr6mavro] npaawo [praslno] !JnAE [ble] Kacpt [kate] yKpiCo [grizo] poC [roz] nopToKaAI [portokal~ IJnop\f'fW [bord6] poet [roze]
ros~
.
....................................................................................................................................: Fruit and vegetables There are fresh produce markets all over Greece - in the cities and the villages alike- selling fruit (cppouTa), flowers and vegetables (Aa:xavLKa), clothes, dishes and craft items. Here is some important vocabulary:
~=f::.:···
...
.
······~······································ 1
Unit 9
How can I help you7
131
i TO cnacpuAa [to staffli] i TO Kapnoli(a [to karpuzi]
o xoupfia«; [o hurmas] 1 0 avava( [o ananas] o y&apfiG( [o yarmas]
l
grape watermelon yellow melon peach cherry banana strawberry coconut date pineapple (kind of) peach
i 1\AXANIKA [lahanika] 1 TO KapO"''O [to kar6to] i TO otlavo [to selino] flapoliAa [to maruli] i To Aaxavo [to lahano] i TO Kouvouni6a [to kunupfTHi] i TO KaAGJinOKI [to kalab6ki] i TO KoAoKu8ciKI [to kolokithaki] i 11 ncnma [i patata] i 11 V"''OfiGTG [i domata] i 11 fldl"''(ava [i melitzana] i o apaKa«; [o arakas] i o f1GiVTav6( [o maidan6s] 1 0 Gvl80( [o anithos]
vegetables carrot celery lettuce cabbage cauliflower corn courgette, zucchini potato tomato aubergine, eggplant pea parsley dill
i 1'0 nmovl [to pep6ni] i TO po6GKavo [to roTHakino] i To upaoa [to kerasi] i 11 tmavava [i banana] i i i
11 cppaouAa [i fraula] 11 Kap66a [i kariTHa]
1To
:
..................................................................................................................................:
Days of the week
The days of the week are: . ·································································································································: 11 KupaaKI\ [i kiriakO Sunday 11 4EUTtpa [i THeftera] Monday 11 TpiTI'J [i triti] Tuesday 11 TnGp'ri'J [i tetarti] Wednesday 1'1 ntflnTI'J [i pemti] Thursday I'J napaOKEUt'J [i paraskevO Friday To IajJjkrro [to savato] Saturday
..................................................................................................................................
132
These are all feminine nouns except Saturday which is neuter. You have probably noticed the association between 6t:unpoc;/-1)/-o (second) and 4rudpa (Monday) - the second day of the week. Likewise, Tp(TTJ (third day of the week), Tt:TcXPTTJ (fourth day of the week), 0Ef.11tTTJ (fifth day of the week). napaaKt:Ul] comes from napaoKEUa~w (to prepare, in a religious context), l:ajJIJ«To from Sabbath and KupLaKiJ (day of the Lord,
day of rest). The expressions on Sunday, on Monday and so on, and the plurals on Sundays, on Mondays etc. are: TIJV KupLaKJl
6£UTEpa TI]V TphlJ TI]V TETilpTTJ TIJ v n£11rrTTJ TI]V napaoKEUJl TI]V
ToLa~~aTo
and TL~ KupLaK£~ TLC) 6£UTEp£~ TL~ Tp(Tec; n~ TnapTe~
TLC) n£1!TIT£~ TLC) napaoK£UE~ TaLa~~am
Most shops are usually open (avoLKTcX/avOLX'fcX) 9.00-15.00 nc; 6wT£pe~, TeTapu~ KaL La~~am, 9.00-13.30 and 17.30-20.30n~Tphe~, n£1!TIT£~and napaOKWEC). (6wT£pec;:Mondays, Tp(u~:Tuesdays, etc.) Shops are closed (KAl:LOTa) TL«; KupL«KE«; (on Sundays). Usually shops are open all day, from 9.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m., all week long, including Sundays in the resorts during summer.
······································································································ Insight Take your diary out now! Find what day your birthday is on this year and write it down in Greek. You can ask friends or family members and make a list of all seven days! If you wish, you can carry this out during the 12 months which are coming up in the next paragraph! Be brave! You're already on the right track!
.......................................................................................................
Unitt How can I help you7
13 3
Grammar 1
Talking about the future
You have encountered Oa (will) in the previous units. Sa is the marker introducing you to a future action, such as will eat, will go, will drive. Greek verbs can be listed in two categories: those that change and those that don't in the future tense. Look at the verbs below: No change 1··~6~~······················;·"d~·······························a~·~6~~······················;·~iii"d~············l
j ~pw
l
ocpe!Aw
I know I owe
9a (tpw ea O<ji£1Aw
I will know I will owe
j
l
~ .................................................................................................................................j
Verbs that do change 1··~~A~~~~···············;-,;~ii,··························a~~~~;~;;;··············;·~iiifi~i;-;,·······1
j nllValvw
i 13Atnw
j OV£j3aiVW
j pwraw 1 Tpww j <ji£Uyw
I go I see I go up I ask I eat /leave
9a now ea cSw 9a OV£j3W/avtj3w
aa pwr~aw aa <jlclw 8a <jluyw
I will go I will see I will go up I will ask I will eat I will/eave
1.. ~.~~~~ .................. ~.~~~~ ............................ ~.~~~..................... ~.~~!.!.~~~
j
l j
j 1
j
........J
In the second list you'll notice that certain verbs change their form completely. Bllnw becomes Oa 6w and -rpww becomes Oa cpaw. These are irregular verbs which have new forms for certain tenses. It's best to learn the new verb forms when they first appear in a dialogue. There are further explanations about the future tense on section 7 of the Grammar summary. Here are the future conjugations of two important verbs: r·e;;·~t;;;;·············i·;;t;;"d~·····························e;;-;;6-p~············i·~iii"t~;;~·················1
j 9a Kllv£1<;
you WiN do
9a n(Jpac;
you Will take
1 9a KclvoUIJ£ J 9a KclvETE 1 80 KOvOUV
he/she/It will do we Wi/1 dO you will do they WI/I do
ea nap£1 9a nopoUJJ£ napm: nQpouv
he/she/It will take 1 we w11/ take ! you Will take they Wi/1 take 1
l ea Kllv£1
j
eo l eo : ...................................................................................................................................:
134
l
Making comparisons
You have already seen several adjectives. Now have a look at the comparatives. 1··~~~;)~~;;~·-············;;r;;··································-~~~~---··········;;~/;~;···········l
1 iJfy
1 111o aKptJ36 1 111 o KCrrW
forger more expensive further down
mo KaAa mo avoucr6 mo qrrTJvci
l
better lighter cheaper
l
l
:................................................................................................................................... :
There is a helpful list of adjectives with the different endings at the back of the book (see section 3 of the Grammar summary). For now learn the word mo (more) with certain adjectives and the ending -t:po-;1-t:PlJI-t:po (-er) with other adjectives: mo aKpL~6 or aKpL~6Tt:po mo q>TTJV6 or q>TTJV6Tt:po
more expensive cheaper
Another important word in comparisons is am) usually meaning from but here meaning than. Certain adjectives have two comparative forms -something that does not exist in English. Note the following examples:
..(."\ I I (l b. ) J.lE)'UAO<; ·TJ -o arge"1 tg , d .. VOOTLJ.lO<;/-TJI·o ( e1tctous)
< <
J.lE)'aAUTt:po<;I·TJI-o (larger/bigger) mo JlE)'aAo<;I-TJI-o (larger/bigger) voOTLJ.16TEpo<;I-TJI-o (more delicious) , .. mo VOOTLJ.lo<;I-TJI-o (more deltczous)
The superlative form The words best, worst, smallest and most expensive are known as the superlative form of the adjectives good, bad, small and expensive. There are two ways of forming the superlative form from Greek adjectives: either add an ending, similar to the -est in English, or use the articles (o, l), To) with the word mo (most) before the adjective. Look at the examples below: AuT6 t:lvat aKptl36 cm[n.
This is an expensive house.
AuT6 t:lvaL aKpLI36Tt:p6 an[n an6 TO 8LK6 J.lOU. AuT6 t:lvaL mo aKptl36 O"TILTL an6 TO 6LK6 J.lOU.
This is a more expensive house than mine.
Unit 11
How can I help youl
13 5
Aun) dvat TO aKptl36upo arr(n O"TI]V A8~va. AuT6 dvat TO mo aKptl36 arr(n
This is the most expensive house in Athens.
O"TI]V A8~va.
3 Loan words
Loan words from foreign languages don't have different forms for the genders (m/f/n) or the cases (nominative, genitive or accusative), or for singular and plural. More than 80% of loan words are neuter, including the ones you have already met . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
~ TO ~ap 1 TO a6vtou't'rc; 1 TO XO~noupyKEp 1 TO nouM~EP
bar (English) sandwich (English) hamburger sweater (English)
To aaavatp TO OLVE~6 TO ~01Jn6v To yKapa~
lift (French) , cinema (French) , ham (French) garage (French) ;
l. ~~~~.............~~~-~~~~~~~~......................~.'~.'~~..............~.~~~~?..................:• Here's a reminder of the different forms of these words:
f. ·····:··· . .
I
the gentleman
1 01
T«VT"EIJOV
the seaside/beach
the lift/elevator
······~·······=············~~·····=~--'} 01
n"aC
TO
aaavatp
'J
l TWV T(M"E~QV TWV n"aC TWV aaavatp l l.. ~~~.......~~~~~~~....................~.·~..........~~~~...................~~......... ~.?.?.~~~~.... J' Many proper names such as TO r.AaaKwjlq (Glasgow), ToAov6(vo (London), TO Dap(at (Paris) and TO Mt.Aavo (Milan) don't have any other form, except in the genitive.
Practice 1
Respond to the following situations in Greek. a A friend of yours is going shopping. Ask him if he wants your company. b How would you say: 'I need to do some shopping', 'I must do some shopping', and 'I want to do some shopping'?
136
c How would you ask: 'Which floor is the men's/women's/ children's (av6ptKwv/yuvatKt:f.wv/nat6tKwv) section/department?' d You need to buy a skirt or shirt. How would you refer to one, two, three, or a multi-coloured skirt/shirt? How would you also specify the design if you want striped, checked or spotted? e You are talking to a sales person. Say that you need something smaller, better and cheaper! 1
Below are four colour tests. Fill in the blanks. Each colour counts for five points to a total of one hundred points (20 x 5 points). Study the colours again if you score less than 75 points! TEST 1 Traffic lights
TEST2 Wine colours
red= _ __ orange= _ __ green= _ __
white= _ __ red= _ __ rose= _ __
TEST3 Psychological test: what's the colour of ... happiness = _ __ health= _ _ calmness = _ __ energy= _ __ TEST4 The rainbow colours: list five colours. TEST 5 Your extra points! black= _ _ white= _ __ Your three favourite colours ... 3 Complete the dialogue using the information in italics.
·==········~~.:::·::;~:;;;.····················!::.~ You
b ·Ask if the watermelons are delicious.
Unit 11
H- Clln I help you7
13 7
1 IMwa 1 You 1 lw6vva
1You
1 lw6vva 1 You
l lw6vva 1: You
NoonJ.16Tatal MtpAI nou Mv£, J.ltpMI c Ask for a small one, not more than five kilos. Opkm. AUTO; d That's it for the time being. How much Qte they? ntvt£ wp
.....................................................................................................................................: 4 A friend has given you a list of groceries. Match the list on the left with the one on the right.
a b c d
IJOUOTOp6a IJflOVQVQ avavac; KOpOTO e naTOTO
f OE~IVO g KEpOOl h ooKoMTa KO
j VTOIJClTO
ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix X
cherry carrot tomato celery banana chocolate coffee mustard potato pineapple
5 Solve the clues from (a)-((}. All are seven-letter words that end in the centre circle. You are trying to find: one fruit, two floors/storeys and three colours. If you take one letter from each word you will reveal the colour 'green', which is another seven-letter word. Your clues:
e
138
b
a floor b colour c colour d fruit e floor f colour
6 Listen to Dialogue 3 in this unit again and fill in the missing words. If you don't have the recording fill in the gaps from the words provided below. ~$
CD 2, TR 2, 04:50
Tim
Mary lwcivva
Mary
eo 1Tclj.IE OTil AciiKI'} OJ'}j.IEpa; Kat (3tj3ata 9a naj.IE. Eivat Tpit11 O~j.IEpal Tt 9a a _ _ av 6EV naj.IE; nw, nw! MtMc; oav b _ _ votKOKupa! 'EXETE Aa'iK~ ayopc] atrtV AyyAia; OX• aKptj3wc; to c _ _ aMa K6tt d _ _
.eo
I
IE Aiyo ... nwArl'n'l~
Tim lwcivva
Mary
Kup KciJcna~ Tim
Kup KciJcnac;
Mary
Kup KciJcna~ Mary Kup KciJcna~
OAa Ta K6j3wl 6Aa Ta llaxatp<.ilvw! Tt MEt OUT6<;; Mil OE f g --ll~Aa; Ox• an6 E&il. nto KaTw Eivatmo h _ _ Katmo KaM. I --ll~Aa Kat rroptoKOAta an6 TOV KUP Kwata. KaAilj.ltpa OTOUc; j _ _ j.lac;! KaArwtpa KUP Kwata. h.EV tXETE k --ll~Aa O~j.IEpa; h.Ev txw k _ _ I aMa Eivat Tpm6AEwc; Kat Eivat I _ _ . Kat TO rroptoKaAta, j.ltpAtnou MvE, lltpAt! Evta(Et. m --!lac; tva KtM ll~Aa Kat 6Uo Kt.M noptoKOAta. n _ _ Eivat; Tpia Eupw Kat 6tKa AEma. notoc; txEt KaAa o _ _ Kat p _ _ KUpKwata; E6w q _ _ j.lou.
--·eo
eo
··································································································································· TTOVTWV
q>Oj.IE
h.WOTE
TTOpOUIJE
(tvouc;
rrapEIC;
noao
EM11vi6a
IJEVOAUTEpa
i6to
VOOTIIJOTata
<j>TilVO
rrapOIJOIO
IJapouAta
6irrAa
xopta
TTOpETE
Unit !I
VOlO<EI
How can I help you?
13 9
······i~·~·i·ght···················································································
You have learnt quite a lot of new words including colours and fruit and vegetables. Why don't you create some mind maps combining these two categories. You can make 3-5 circles writing the name of a different colour inside each circle. Think and write around the circle as many fruits or vegetables which are that particular colour. You could also create two separate lists and then connect the colours with corresponding fruit and vegetables. The process of creating and solving such a task will benefit your long term memory of new vocabulary while you are taking control of learning Greek!
A little extra! Opening hours
Study the opening hours mentioned in these adverts before you answer the 'true or false' questions in Unit 9, A little extra.
KOTOnOYAA lOYIAAKI rYPOl Y'O rt0(0Tf'1'f0
Ka' KaAT) yeuary MCND'A UH IIUA AIIO TO ftlllll
KYPIAKEI ANOIXTA
nA. /ICYfiiiiAH% 5 nMTEIA KY"'EI\HI
THI\. 8624843
140
HAELXHTOY LillXOYITOMEfAPO MO~ MCn cm6 t~ aqn6tEQa EVl')!!EQOOJ.tEVE~ ()LCY..toO~xE~ x/..aoLx~~ !!OUat'X~~ tTJ~ EuQWJtT)S
'0(!£~ ltltOU{tyiaS:
Ae-IIa.lO n:.~t.-6. ll·l·t, Ia 10 lql.-2. t.t·l'· Kutci tlS 'lf.liQES t(I)V naQaotciOt(J)v:
Ae-IIa lOn:.Jt.-8:30 Jt.J!., Ia 10n.J.1.·2.Jt.Ji. & 6-8:30 Jl.J.t, Ku 6-8:30 ftJl. mllQOipOQlES: 72.82.159
11 nacnwraKI\ KGpta [i pistotiki karta] ETI\0'10(/-a/-o [etisios/-a/-o] TO miTOKIO [to epit6kio]
quality (f) taste (f) sq.= square instalment (f) credit card (f) annual interest
eDnA [fi-pi-a]
VAT
v<
n.IJ. npo IJEGilfltSPiat; [pro mesimvrfas] IJ.IJ. IJETG IJEGilfltSPiat; [meta mesimvrias] 11 Atoxq [i leschi] o 6iO'KO( [o THiskos] to Miyapo MoucnKI\t; [to megharo musikfs] KAacnK6t;l-l'l/-6 [klasik6s/-f/-o]
a.m. = ante meridiem
>
11 noa6TqTG [i pi6tita]
., yEuoq [i ghefsi] nA. = nAanta [platia] ., cSooq [i TH6si1
= =
CD
0
:.: v
3
pm. = post meridiem
0
club (f) record (m) Music Hall (n) classic
Unit 9
How can I help youl
141
'1 EupWR'l [i evr6pi] KaTQ Tl( '11Jip£c; TCIJV RapacnaOI:CIJV
Europe (f) during performance days
[kata tis imeres ton parastaseon]
performance information present (n)
'1 Rapacnaa., [i parastasi] RA'lpocpopi~:c;
[plirofories] To 6wpo [to THoro] 7 Mark (.f) for true and (X) for false.
Advert 1
a 'Exouv KaA~ nou'>TT)Ta KaL KaA~ yEUOTJ. b E(vm avOLxnx Ka8E JlEpa. c 'Exouv Mo TT)AE
e !J.Ev E(vaL avoLKTa TT)V KupLa~. f TTJV nEJ.lllTT) KA.E(vouv one; 3.00 ll·ll· g Avo(youv one; 8.30 n.Jl. Ka8E J.!Epa. h !J.Ev avo(youv nc; KupLaKEC). KA.E£vw (I close), avo(yw (I open)
Advert 3 To Mryapo MouoL~c; EXEL AEOXTJ !J.(oKou.
j KaTa nc; napaoTaoELc; E£vm avoLKTa Kat nc; KupLaKEC). k rm nATJpOWVO 7282159. I !J.Ev avo(yEL nc; KupLaKEC) xwp[c; napamaOTJ.
Test yourself 1
Can you remember the Greek for the following ten important words from this unit? Try to write your answers in transliteration or Greek script. shopping
ii iii iv v
142
dress/es cream soon market/s
foreigner/s apple/s orange/s white x black
vi vii viii ix
'
can you remember the following ten important phrases from this unit? Use transliteration or Greek script.
Do you want company? ii I don't have it with me. iii Let's take the lift/elevator. iv It's on the fourth floor. v I'll ask the sales person.
What's your size? Never mind! Do you have bigger/better... ? Come here, next to me! x Remember the days of the week?
vi vii viii ix
3 The five phrases below are given in the present tense. Can you
change them into the future tense? Use transliteration or Greek script. [teli6no sfmera] TEA.ELwvw cnlllEpa. ii [vlepo tile6rasi] BA.£nw TTJAE6pa
Unit 9
How can I help you7
14 3
10
·································································································
Revision test 2 In • • • • • • • •
this unit you will review Simple directions Purchasing tickets and making reservations Telling the time Enquiring about travelling Enquiring about rooms and making hotel reservations Enquiring about prices and buying things Colours The numbers 101-10,000
Check your progress so far. Once you have completed the following exercises, compare your answers with the correct ones, which can be found at the back of the book. Identify any areas that still need some work and go over them again before you start the next unit. 1
Respond to the following situations in Greek: a How would you ask: 'Where's the station?', 'Where's the square?' and 'Where's the centre?'? b Someone speaks too fast for you, tell him: 'I don't understand Greek well. Can you speak a little bit slower?'. c You hear ':E-rov ltpWTO op6~to OE~ux', ':ETIJ OElJTEPTJ ywv(a OE~ux' and ':ETO -rp(-ro
144
e You ask a friend to go to the park with you. Her reply is 'METa rr68La ~TO auTOKLVI'JTo;' What did she ask? f Ask for a map at a nEp(mEpo. As soon as you get it ask for the price. g You are in a travel agency. Ask if there is a daily flight to Thessaloniki. The answer is positive. Now ask how many flights there are a day and what is the timetable. h Ask for the bus timetable from Athens to Thessaloniki and when you have to book the bus seats. The price is ELKO
Below is a list of many colours you already know, and some new ones. Can you match the list on the left with the list on the right?
a
ll1tE~
b ll1tE~ CJKm)po C KpEjl
d e f g h
llW~
Kaq>E aVOLKTO aCJTlllEVLO yKp(~o
xpua6 npa
mauve ii silver ill gold iv fawn V grey vi beige vii orange viii green ix cream X tan
3 Below is a list of different kinds of fabric. Can you match the list
on the left with the list on the right? a KallllM
b aaTEV c cpavEA.(A.)a d KajlnapVT(va e ALVO f vauA.ov g 1tLKE h nonA.(va
satin ii linen iii gabardine iv pique, cotton v camel-hair vi tulle, fine silk vii rayon viii flannel
Unit ,o
Revision test 2
14 5
ix poplin
PEYLOV oaTEV J k OOUET I TOULVT m TOUAL
X
xi xii xiii xiv
n ~EAouSo
nylon tweed velvet satin suede
4 a You are in Amerikis Square with your car. Listen to a passerby telling you the way to Taptpva 'TO ApXOV'T001tL'TO. What
did the speaker say? Repeat and write down the directions to ApxovTo01ttTo. -4t CD 2, TR 3, 03:53
nAPKO nAA TElA AMEPIKH!:: -
nATHl:I!lN npoc; nATHl:IA
-
b You want to get to AN8L1f1N 21. Luckily you've got the following map. You are on the corner of A IYrrPOY (Syngrou Avenue) and XAPOKOnOY street. Say aloud and write down how to get there. -4~
146
CD 2, TR 3, oo:s3
Imagine you are in a
' Greek town, stan d"mg where the X is marked on the map below. You will hear three people asking about the square, the school and the station. Which letters on the plan correspond to these places? ~'»
CD 2, TR 3, 01:30
5
Name the means of transport below. (Here's some help: ford use !!ETa TI08La, and fork TPEXOVTa<;.)
b
llj ((
f
Unit to
Revision test 2
14 7
6 fLwpyoc; is planning to go to l:rrtnw; (Spetses) for a short
visit and he needs to book a hotel room. Listen to him making enquiries on the phone and read the conversation below before deciding whether the phrases below are true or false. ~•
CD 2, TR 3, 02:46
r·r~
i i
i i
..............K~~~t~~~ze;;..~·a~~-~~-~6~-~i~·~~~~·y-;~ ..............i
~aaa( rawpVO( ~CJEI(
i fafi»pyO( i i i i
i i
i
Kpcrn'jCJCI(
fiWPVO( ~CJEI(
3 ~pa61a oac; napaKa>.w. na n6n:; na aupto. 'EXETE 6w!Jcma; Tt 6w!Jarto 9£A£te napaKa>.w; 'Eva 61MIVO, IJE tva 6mM KPE~clTI aMa 6XIIJE 6Uo IJOVcl
~~
Mto6 Aem6 napaKa>.w va cSw TO KOIJTriOUTEp. A !JclAtOTa, tXOUIJE 6uo 6w!JC1TIO 6ii.w Kat Til 6teu9uvofJ oac;. Kt tva TllAE<(XIJVO.
i i
i
i
i ~
i i
i i i
i
~--~~~..............~~~:.~~~~~~-'.:.::..........................................................................1 a M[a KPUTllOTI yta rrtVTE ~pa6La.
M[a KPUTllOT] yLa tva 6[1
b c d e
7 Read aloud, and then write out these times:
a
c
148
b
d
0
s 5
e
f
g
h
j
s The sentences below are jumbled up. Put them in the right order adding the time at the beginning of each phrase. The times are: 10:00, 10:15, 11:30, 13:00, 14:30, 15:30. a _ _ ota~a~EL Eq>TJJlEp(oa Km ~A.E1tEL TTJAEopaE.
f ---IDJYULVEL <JTO JlTIUp yta !llU llTIUpa. 9
Listen again to the second dialogue in Unit 9 and fill in the missing words. If you don't have the recording, try to fill the gaps using the words in the box on the next page.
~0 CD 2, TR 3, 03:47
: lwavva
: nwArrtl\< : lwavva
i Mary i lwavva Mary
IuyyvW~I'J, OE notov 6pocpo EIVOI TO av6ptKO a _ _ ; ITov Tttapto, OTo b _ _ av6ptKWV. Mary VO napou~E TO C - - . Eytil avt~ an6 Tic; OK
aa ea
IEAiyo ... Mary
E6W E(~QOTE, • - - !
Unit 10 Revision test 2
14 9
lwawa.
Nat. ea pwTr'}oW TOV nwAilTti yta av6ptKO nOUKOIJIOa. Iuyyv
~
Mary 1 lwawa ~'. Mary
:.
l 1wawa 1 Mary
A, £1va1 wpalo a>J.a oKoupo. Alyo mo h _ _ . T1 XP<.iJJ.tma qx>paet o Tim? Iuvfi9wc; ovot)(Ta Kat I _ _ , aanpo, atOt. KiTptvo Kal KaiJIO (j)Opcl Kaq>t. E!JEVa IJOU aptoow TO j nouKaiJIOO a>J.a 6ev Tou aptoouv Ka96Aou.
l
k _ _ qx>pae1; Meaalo ti TO 36 I _ _ . Na tva wpaio. m _ _ ;
l
r,
j
l i
l lwawa i : ..................................................................................................................................: !levee ex;
plye
aaavaep
VOUIJEPO
aK6Aec;
TlOUKOIJlOO
QVOlKT6
TIJTtiJO
IJOV6XPWIJO
J368oc;
a'apeae1
q>TOOOIJE
TlOIKlAiO
150
11
································································································
'EAa! TTOIO<; e:(val; Hello! who is it? In • • • •
this unit you will learn how to Make telephone calls Make arrangements to meet someone Suggest what to do and where to meet Talk about business plans
1 Is there a public phone? ~0
C02, TR 4
Tim is organizing a meeting with a colleague who works forTpan£~a nlCHE<.U<; Credit Bank. ··:r·i·~······················-Ex~~·~~~t~~~~;·
n£pnrnpac; Tim n£pmnpac; Tim n£pnrnpac; Tim
rpGJIJIGdac;
......................................................................
I:uyyvWj..ll'] aMa EiVOI xa}.aoj..ltvo. n.,yaiVETE arrtvavn OTO OMo rrEpimEpo. EuxapiOTw. (I:To OMo rrEpimEpo) ... Mrropw va Kavw tva TI']Atcpwvo; TOTfiK6 r') UTrEpaOTIK6; TomK6, EOW OTI']V A8r')va. Av Eiva1 TomK6, Tl pwTac;; KavE! EuxapiOTW ..• (naipvEI Tov apl8j..16) ..• Na1, VEla oac;. 1\Eyoj..lal Tim Johnson. ea r')8£Aa va KAElOW tva paVTE~OU j..IE TOV K. I:TtAIO Aj.JaVaTi61']. n6TE 8a j..ITrOpOUOE va j..l£ 6EI; 0a 8£AOTE apy6TEpa Or')j..IEpa r') aup10;
Unit,,
Hello! who lslt7
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
151
~:
nm
Aupto 9a rltaV KaAUTEpa yta J.IEvO, av Eivat 6uvcn6v.
.~:
fpappcn:tac
'Eva M:rrr6 va 6w TO np6ypaJ.1J.Ia Tou ... Mnopel va oa<; 6EI aup10 OTI<; 2.00 TO J.IEOI'lJ.Itpt. MnopEitE; Nat J.lnopw, euxaptcnw noM. ea oa<; 6w aupto OTI<; 2.00.
1 nm :
:
.~
·~
;·: ·~'-·.:
~
:~
q:
,~
:••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
xaAaa!Jtvoc;/-1'1/-o TO ne:pinnpo TOnlKOc;/-1'1/-o une:paGTaKoc;/-1'1/-o naipve:a TOY apa81Jo AtyOj.IGI 8ai'J8e:Aa 8a I'J8e:Aa va KAe:iaw tva pavupou Topavupou 8a !Jnopouae: av e:ivaa 6uvmov o ne:pame:pcic;
Is there a public phone (I can use)? (lit. Do you have a phone (I can use)?) out of order kiosk (n)lnewsstand local long distance he dials (lit. takes) the number my name is (lit. I am called) I would like I'd like to make an appointment (lit. 'close' an appointment) appointment (n) he would be able to, he could if it is possible news stand salesperson/owner (m)
2 At Amanatides' office
-4• CD 2, TR 4, 02:36 1··rp;~~;:4~;;········i<~~~t;;~~:il~;;~~~ti;;·····················································1
1 nm
l fpappadcu; ~ :
~ ~
nm
fpCIIJIJadCI(
!nm 152
KaArlJ.Itpa oa<;. 'EXW pavtEj30U J.IE TOV K. AJ.IaVaTI611. 1 MCV.tcna, Ka9IOTE napaKaA. r6vo!J6 oac;; 0vOJ.IO(OJ.Ial Tim Johnson, EIJ.Iat ouv66~q>O<; TOU K. 1 AJ.1avcnl611. AouAeuw OTI'lV Westminster Bank. i A! M6AtOTa. Mto6 AEJTT6 9a TOV napw OTO EOWTEptK6 . . . j (KOTEI3Q(Et TO aKOUOTIK6). 0 K. AJ.Iavcni611<; 9a Oa<; 6EI 1
!
Eu~~~::.~a. 0a oa<; q~wva~w Ey<.i>.
I
napaKaAw,aK~ouenore~
Xalpeu KUPIE AIJOVOTI6q. Xalpo1Ja1 noXu nou 00<; ~ava~Mnw.
fE1a aac; K. Johnson, n KOv£TE; EAau, napu IJIO Kapit
Tim ...................................................................................................................................
nopaKaAciJ; Ka8ion T'OVOIJO aac;; OVOIJO(OIJOI o/11 ouvci6dcpoc; 6ouAEuw 8a TOY ncipw aTO EOWT£plKO , , , KOTEPci(El TO QKOUOTIKO TO QKOUOTIKO cpwvci(w OKoAou8EiaTE IJE xoipnE ncipTE IJIO KaptKAa TQ XOlpETiOIJOTQ EK IJtpouc; aac; 8Ep1J6TEpoc;/-ra/-o Tic; 8Ep1JOTEpEc; EUXtc; IJOU ., EUXI\ cpaAIKOTEpoc;/-rt/-0 TO cplAIKOTEpa XOlpETiOj.IQTQ IJOU VQ IJilV TO ~EXOOETE! ~EXVciJ
What can I do for you? How can I help you? sit down your name? my name is (lit. I'm named) colleague I work I'll call his extension (/ine) she is hanging up the recetver receiver (n) I call follow me hello (formal) take a seat greetings/regards on your behalf warmer my warmest wishes wish (f) friendlier my best (lit. friendlier) regards don't forget that! I forget
Unit 11
Hello! who Is lt7
•c ~
• ~
a:I
15 3
3 A business meeting -4t CD 2, TR 4, 04:03 The president of a UK-based company is visiting Mr Amanatides and exploring the possibility of setting up a branch of her company in Greece. Tim introduces her to Mr Amanatides. r·:n·;······························N"~-~~~·~;;i~·~·~;;i~·s;;;ith:··································i
~ Af.ICIVCITI6q( ~ ~ Smith
j
~ Ataavcrrl6q( ~ ~ ~ Smith ~ nm ~ AfiCIVatl61'1( ~
j Smith j nm
~ Smith
Xalpw noM KUpla Smith {If..U9). KaAwoopioaTE OTilV EMMa. Ka9IOTE. Kt eyw xaipw noM.!J.ev 1.11Mw KaAa EMilVIKa aMa npoona9W. AUTr'l EIVOII'l KOp'TO !.IOU. MIAaTE untpoxa! MaKOpt va I..IIAOuoav 6Aot tTot! Ma Ka9IOTE, Ka9iOTE! Na oa<; npoa
j
!
l j j j j
~
! ~
i j j j
L.........................................~~-~-~~~~~-~~.?.~~~-~~-~~~.?.·................................ .1 va oac; yvwpiow ••• xaipwnoAu npoana8ciJ 11 KapTa untpoxa JIOKOpl npoocptpw TO OVOIIJUKTIKO av 6t:v oac; KOVEI Kono ., Tpant:(a t:Ani(w (EKIVW 11 ouvt:pyaoia EUXOJ.IOI
154
let me introduce ... to you glad to meet you I try card (f) excellent I wish/would that/if only/may I offer refreshment (n) if it's no trouble (to you) bank (f) I hope I start co-operation (f) I wish// hope
10 auaTI')JIG 1 pan£(1KO(/-I\/-6
system (n) banking
i·n~ight·························································································
The previous dialogues might be a bit 'business oriented' for you if you do not have any business meetings on your next trip to Greece. In this case, we would like to suggest that you still focus your attention on this new vocabulary, especially words and expressions that can also be used on different social occasions. Can you continue your list and come up with a 'top10-list' here before you tackle the next session? Our suggestions include: 1) Let me introduce ... to you. 2) I wish ... 3) If it's no trouble to you ...
Language notes Greek kiosks
To m:phrn:po, of great importance in everyday Greek life, does
not just sell sweets, magazines and newspapers. The kiosks are freestanding, central booths - usually one square metre - and you can ask there for directions, information on local properties, local gossip and so on. 0 m:pl1tn:pa«; (the owner) will sell anything from stationery to
children's toys, and from ice-cream to worry beads! There is usually ~1 public pay phone and in remote villages this could serve most of the local inhabitants. Below is a list of what is readily available at a Greek n:t:phrn:po: TJ t:q>T)Jlt:pl.6a/·t:«;
TO n:t:pL06LKO/·Kcl TJ OOKOAciT«/·T£«; TJ yKocpptTa/ -n:«; TJ Jl«OTLX«/·£«; To n:aywTo1 TJ KapaiJ.tlaf·t:«;
-a
newspaperl-s magazinel-s chocolatel-s choco-waferl-s chewing gum/-s ice-creaml-s candyl-ies
Unit 11
Hellol who Is lt7
15 5
o O"tuloc;f-o( OR To O"tUlo/Ta O"tUlo TO JlOAUj)L/-a To ~upacpL/-a TO yp«JlJl«TOOl)JlOI -a o cpaKEloc;/-OL To TaLyapo/-a
peni-s pencill-s razor/-s stampI-s envelopel-s cigarettel-s
Introductions ~•
CD 2, TR 4, 05=46
As you now know there are many different ways of saying 'my name is' in Greek. In this unit you have OVOJlcX~OJl«L, ltyoJlaL, TO OVOJl« JlOU dvaL, but remember also f.1£ ltv£. These all mean 'my name is'. When referring to your first name you can use JlLKpo OVOJla (lit. small name) and for your last name or surname rn(OETO or E'llWVUJlO. OOLo £lvaL TO Errl8ETo aac;; fpchjJTE TO ETrWVUjlO aac;. now £lvaL TO jllKp6 <JOU OVOjla; ME A.t.vE Kwva-rav-r(vo. nwc; A.t.yEaaL; Ovolla~ollaL Kwmac; Allava-r(cSJ]c;. Owe; <JE Af.vE; Owe; OVOjlU~E<JaL;
What's your last name? Write your surname. What's your first name? My name is Konstantine. What's your name? My name is Kostas Amana tides. What's your name? What's your name?
This is my card KapTa here means business card; it can also mean postcard and can
be used in with various other words: Trl<JTWTLKi) KUpTa -rparrE~LKi) Kapm
Tl]AEq>WVLKi) Kapm EKTrTWTLKi) KUpTa
credit card bank card phone card discount card
OTE (OpyavLaJloc;TTIArnLKOLVWVLwv Ella6ac;) the Greek Telephone
Company has installed digital phones for public use in several central locations. You need a TTIAEcpwvuciJ KcXpTa from a rrEp(TrTEpo, or from other shops with the sign THAEKAPTE:I: E.1.U (Phone cards on sale here) (THAEKAPTE:I: stands for THAE-cpwvLKEc;-KAPTE:I:). The
156
telephone instructions are all in Greek. You might need these most j,nportant ones: BMTE THN KAPTA srMTE THN KAPTA .1EAEITOYPfEI XAi\ALMENO BMBH
INSERT CARD TAKE CARD OUT OUT OF ORDER (lit. it doesn't function) OUT OF ORDER 0 UT 0 F 0 RD ER (lit. malfunction)
Don't forget these other useful phrases: TOTILKO UJAE<j)WVO urrEpa
local telephone call long-distance telephone call
The word Tll.Atcpwvo actually refers to the telephone itself, but the word has replaced TTIAE(f)WVTJJ.l« (telephone call) in most instances. You also know: TT]AEq>WVTJTIJ<; UKOU
operator (as a person) or answering machine receiver
If it's no trouble for/to you
Here are some Greek phrases to learn by heart: Av (OE) croufcra<; KaVEL K6rro. If it is (no) trouble to/for you. Av (OEV) ElVaL ouvaT6. If it is (not) possible. Av (OEv) ETILTpErrETUL. If it is (not) allowed. The word Kono (toil) has many useful meanings in different contexts. This book should have been ElllJVlKU xwp(<; Kono! (Greek without toil!/Greek without hard work!). If you look back at the earlier units, you will see how far you have come. Congratulations! Study the examples below and see how important Kono<; is. Don't forget: Ta ayaOa Konol<; K~wv~al! (No pain, no gain!) MTJV KaVEL<; Tov Kono va'p9EL<;. .:lEv dvaL Ka96A.ou Kono<;. EuxapLcrTw yLa Tov K6no crou. Ma9a(vw EAATJVLKa xwp(<; KOltO. A~(~El
TOV KOllO. E(vaL xa11£vo<; Kono<;.
Don't bother to come. It's no bother at all. Thanks for your trouble. I learn Greek without any difficulty. It's worthwhile. It's a waste of energy/effort.
Unit n
Hellol who Is It?
15 7
Grammar 1
ea used as 'will' or 'would'
In Unit 9, you met 8a (will) in the future tense. In this unit, 8a was used in three other different sentences: 9a~9EA.a
aa,mopouoa 9a~~ouv
I would like I would be able I would be
A fourth example is: 8anpO'l'lj.lOUaa I would prefer (the conditional tense) from Unit 8. Here they are in full: :................................................................................................................r ........ .....................,W:: ~
~ 9a fl9£Aa
1 9a t\9wt; ~ 9a fJ9w
1 9a 9tAa~tE 1 9a 9tAa'tE
l 9a t\9£Aav
I would like you would like he/she/it would like we would like you would like they would like
9a ~tnopouaa 9a f11topoila£t; 9a ~tnopouae 9a f11topouaafl£ 9a fl1topouaan aa !J.nopouaav
I would be able ·;ij you would be able . ·~~ he/she would be able i we would be able til you would be able '1 they would be able A~
9a npon11ouaa aa nponflouaet; aa npo·nJ.louae 9a npoTLflOUOafl£ 9a npOTLIJ.OUOUT£ 9a 1tpOTlllOUaav
I would prefer ~ you would prefer ·;i he/sheittwould prefer~l we would prefer ! you would prefer 1 they would prefer i
~
'~i
i Oa flflouv
I would be 1 aa t\aouv you would be 1 aa fJTav he/she/it would be 1 aa iJflaaTav we would be 1 8a i)aaaTav you would be i 8a 1\TaV they would be
:
...................................................................................................................................
English will and would are replaced in Greek with 8a followed by a verb in different tenses: Sa 9EAW
ea EliJaL 2
I will/ike I will be
Sa i)9EAa 9a TJIJOUV
I would like I would be
The connector word va
You will have noticed the extensive use of va to connect two verbs. Some examples from this unit are: Mrropw va Kavw. 8a i]9EA.a va KA.dow. Mrropd va om; liEL.
158
I am able to do. I would like to make. He is able to see you.
1 is essential for you to remember here that the verb form of the second (the subjunctive- see the Glossary of grammatical terms at the back f the book) takes the same verb forms in the future tense preceded by ~a. Notice that, in the following examples, the same changes occur in the furure and the subjunctive. All verbs are from Unit 9 (Grammar point 1).
:erh
1.. M~~~·~~·;b·~····················i.rt;;;·;~~-~~······s~bJ~~di~-~~b·~··l
i '[£AELWVW i rnwa[vw
to end togo to see to go up toask to eat to leave to toke
ea TEAEtWOW 9anaw ea 6w
1 1
eo.w va TUEIWoW eo.wvanaw eo.w va c5w ee>.w va avt~ eo.wvapwtr'tow 90.(1) VQ cpQW 90.w VO cpt)yw SO.w va napw
1 pAtnw 1 1 avE~alvw 9a avt~w/ave~ 1 ! pwraw(til) 9apwtr'tow i rpWW 9a (j)QW ~ q>EUYW 9a fPUyw : nalpvw ea napw : :..................................................................................................................................:
l
l l
The verb form is the same in the future and subjunctive. Refer to Unit 9 again for the full conjugation of this verb form. You also use this verb form in situations where two verbs in the same sentence have different personal pronouns, as in 'I want him to go'.
8£/..w va m:lw 8£/..w va Tiac; 8£/..w va mxt:t 8£/..w va mlfl£ 80. w va mht: 8£/..w va mxv(t:) 8£/..e:L va mho.
I want (me) to go I want you to go I want him/her/it to go I want us to go I want you to go I want them to go He wants me to go.
3 Subjunctive
The subjunctive has two main functions in Greek. The first one Was mentioned in the previous paragraph- as the second verb in a sentence preceded by va: 8£/..w va m:lw.
I want to go.
The second main function is more idiomatic. The simplest way of getting to grips with this function of the subjunctive is to learn examples in phrases as you come across them. There were many examples of this second, idiomatic function of va in the three dialogues of this unit. Look at the following list of examples:
Unit,,
Hello! who Is lt7
15 9
'Eva A£Tn6 va 6w To just a minute, let me see (so 1 can see) his schedule. np6ypall~Ul TOU. Na TTJc; 6wa£T£ nc; 8t:pll6Tt:pt:c; Give her my best regards. (lit. (I hope) you (to) give her wx£c; 1-1ou.
my best regards) Don't forget that! (lit. (I hope) Na llTJV TO ~£XUCJ£T£! (you) not to forget that!) Na aac; yvwp(aw Tov tdlpw Let me introduce Mr Smith to you. (lit. (I would like) to Smith. introduce to you Mr Smith.) MaKapL va llLAouaav 6A.OL haL! If only everybody could speak like this! (lit. (I wish that) everybody speaks so!) Na aac; npoaq>£pw Kan; Can I offer you anything? (lit. (Can) I (to) offer you anything?) Naq:>uyw; Shall! go? (lit. (May) I to go?) Come and see me. 'EAa va ll£ llt:Lc;. (lit. Come to see me)
Practice 1
Respond to the following situations you are likely to encounter~ Greek. '
a You are at a nt:p(nTt:po. Ask the nt:pmupac; for one local and one long-distance telephone call.
b Introduce yourself and say where you work. c Someone is saying: napaKaAW, aKOAOU8ELCJT£ ll£. What will you do? d Someone is visiting you. How could you say 'Sit down' or 'Have a seat.'? e You are talking to a colleague. How could you say: 'My regards to your wife.'? f Use the phrase 'Don't forget that!'. g Introduce Mr Smith to your friend. h Introduce rLwpyoc; to rLavvT)c;. Welcome someone at your home. Write out both phrases.
160
~
Match each question with the most appropriate answer. a 'EXETE TTJAEq>wvo; b 0EAETE yLa TOltlK6 ~ UTIEpaanK6 TTJAEq>WVO; c noTE ea 8£AaTE va KAEL<JETE paVTE~ou;
d Xa[pEaaL rrou ~E ~ava~.A£rrw;; e Na aou rrpoaq>£pw Kan;
MLa6 AEm6 va 8w To rrp6ypa~~a ~ou. ii Nm, £va avaljJuKTLKO av liE aou KavEL Korro. iii Nal rrapa TIOAU. iv fLa UTIEpa<JTLKO. 'EXETE ~ETPll~ (unit metre);
v
LUyvW~ll
alla dvaL xa.Aaa~£vo.
3 Rearrange these lines to make up a dialogue.
a Nm arr6 n<; 8.30 rr.~.-2.00 ~-~· b E[vm Mo rrapa ThapTo.
LE TIOLa TpCtTIE~a 8a rra<;; Euxo~aL va rraw TIPLV (va) KAEL<JOUV. e noTE avo[youv Ol TpaTIE~E<;; E£pEL<;; f TL wpa ELVaL Twpa; g LTTJV TparrE~a nlaTEw<;. C
d
4 Complete the dialogue using the information in italics. ~w
CD 2, TR 4, 07:06
r··~t::······~t~~~~5~;;~:.··············_1:= ~ You
j A~avcrd61J!;
b I don't care who is cheaper. I care who is better! Noj.l{~w o fL
: You
c Let1 start with Nicholas and if there is a problem
. j
with (rrpojJAlJI!aTua]) co-operation, then we will see. Mnopd va dvaL'ItOAU apya TOtE. d It's never too late! EAn(~w va ExEL~ 6bcLO! (I hope you are right) (lit. you have right)
~
A~avcrt{SlJI; You
! A~avcrt{STJI;
:
l l j
l l
l
..................................................................................................................................: S Match the words on the left with those on the right. a TOltlKO b apL8~6<; C TT)AEq>wvo
esoteric ii system ill schedule/programme
Unit,,
Hellol who Is lt7
161
d e f g
lv all v arithmetic vi telephone vii magazine/periodical viii topic(al) ix appointment/rendezvous x card
£CJWT£pLK6 KapTa cnJCJTI) 11a np6ypajljla
h pavTE~OU
I 6AOL j 1t£pLOc5LK6
6 Write out the future or subjunctive forms of the following verbs?
a b
avE~a[vw
i II iii iv v vi vii viii
~A.£nw
c na[pvw d TtT)ya[vw e pwTaw(w) f TEAELWVW g •pww h q>Euyw
Salva _ _ Salva _ _ Salva _ _ Salva _ _ Salva _ _ Salva _ _ Salva _ _ Salva _ _
7 Use your translation skills to say the following in Greek.
a b c d e f g
I want to go to the square. Hello! I have an appointment with Mr Petrou. He wants us to go to Thessaloniki tomorrow. I would like a single room with a bath and a TV. Where's the restaurant? That would have been (lit. would be - in Greek) better for me. I would prefer a room with a view. h A refreshment (a soda) if it's no trouble for you.
8 Can you recognize some of the words you have learned in this unit?
Remember you can find the words horizontally and vertically. H
r
A
r
T
A
N
n
e
K
A
I
p
0
r
A
E
"
A
T
0
p
A
I
E
0
M
0
r
T
p
A
N
E
B
0
T
H
N
=
E
K
I
N
H
r
0
" -
162
Listen
to
Dialogue 3 of this unit again and fill in the missing
9 words. If you don't have the recording try to fill in the gaps using
rhe words in the box below. ~~
CD 2, TR 4, o8:1o
r·:r·,·;.;;············ ...........N~~~~··;·=::=·;~~·~~p;~·;;~·,th: ........................................l Af.lavcrti6qc; b _ _ noM KUpla Smith (I:~.u6). KaAwoop(OOTE OTrtV l l,
! smith ~ Af.lavcrri6qc;
l Smith ~ Tim l Af.1aVcrtl6qc; ~ Smith i Tim
~ Smith
ruaoo. ' - - ·
·
K1 eytil b _ _ noM. flev 1.11Mw KaAa illrtVIKa aAM d - - · Auni eiva1 11 KOpTa jlOU. MIAaTE e - - - ' MaKapl va 111Aouoav 6Ao1 tTo1! Mac _ _ , c _ _ !Naoac; f _ _ KOTt;ea meiTe KOTI; 'Evav Ka
K~·--·
KteytilaUT6 J--· Na
.................................................................................................................................... XPEta
EArri<Et ouvepyaoia rrpoorraew
K08lOTE K6no urrtpoxa
A little extra! Greek banks Read the following text about Greek banks carefully, then try questions 10 and 11 below. To EAATJVLK6 Tpan:e~tK6 oUOTTJil« EXEL apKETE<; OjlOLOTTJTE<; llE To AyyA.tK6. AJJ...a cSev dvat aKpt~wc; To (cSto. Yn:apxouv n:avw an:6 ELKom EAATJVLKE<; Tpan:e~ec;. 'OA.ec; dvat tcStwnKtc; Tpan:e~ec; eKT6c; arr6 TTJV E8vuo1 Tpan:e~a TTJ<; EMacSoc; n:ou dvat KpanKf]. Ot mo
Unit 11
Hello! who Is It?
16 3
yvwTa aE O'Uvillay1.1a ~ wpw ~ KaL m Mo.
apKET0(/-1'1/-0 'l OIJOIOT'll"O i6ao(/-a/-o navwano 161CaJTIKO(/-iJ/-0 EKTO(ano KpOTIKO(/-iJ/-0 E8vlKO(/-iJ/-o EIJnOplKO(/-iJ/-o 'l niatWO'l IOVIKO(/-iJ/-o aypOTIKO(/ -iJ/ -0 'l Epyaaia CJXE6ov 1'11-l'lXOVfJ 6tXOIJOI 6ivw TO auvciAAayiJa IJEXPI Uvo(/-1'1/-o Kavtva(/KOIJia/Kavtva TaAEcpTa KaaTa6uo 10
several resemblance (f) similar more than {lit. over than) private except for state national commercial credit (f) Ionian agricultural labour (f) almost machine (f) I accept I give exchange (n) until foreign somebody (m)lsomebody (f)/ something {n) money (pl.) both (lit. and the two)
Mark(,/') for true and (.K) for false. a Ynapxouv no:U.ts Lc5LwTLKES KaL KpanKES TpanE~Es.
b H TpanE~a E:U.acSos E(vm KpanJ01.
164
c H EMMa EX£L mxvw an6 1000 Tpane~LKE<; ~11xavt<;. d MepLKE<; Tpane~e<; 6(vouv auvillay~a. e E(vaL avoLXTa an6 6euT£pa ~EXPL napaoKeu~. f H Westminster dvaL ayyA.L~ Tpane~a. g OL Tpan£~£<; KA£LVOUV <JTL<; 2.30 TL<; napa<JK£UE<;. h t:..ev ~nopd Kavtva<; va txn A.eqna ae auvillay~a. 11
Answer the following questions.
a 'EX£L O~OLOTllT£<; TO ayyALKO ~£TO £AA11VLKO Tpan£~LK6 mJ<JTll~a; b n6oe<; £AA11VLKE<; Tpan£~£<; unapxouv; c n6oe<; ~EV£<; Tpan£~£<; unapxouv; d nw<; ~nope( Kav£va<; va EX£L Ta A£q>Ta TOU; e noL£<; Tpan£~£<; 6txovmL ~ 6(vouv auvillay~a; f non avo(youv KaL n6T£ KA£LVOUV OL Tpan£~£<;;
Insight Take a break here and do some Internet research. Can you find out the names of at least five Greek banks? Does one of these banks also have a branch in the UK? Are there any British banks in Greece? If yes, how many can you list? Ask and compare your findings with some people in your Greek circle. Some facts worth knowing
• In a list of the 20 most profitable companies on the Greek stock market, the first five places are held by the five largest banks. The next 15 places go to other banks, investment companies, and dairy, cigarette and canning companies. • More than 50% of Greeks have independent sources of income (£Lao6ruurrlt:-;), around 20% are manufacturers (jJLoJll]xavoL) or tradespeople (EJ1110pOL), around 5% are hired workers (J1La8wTo(), more than 15% are freelance/self-employed (Elt:uOt:poL rnayyd.JlaTI.t:«;) and about 7% are pensioners (auvta~LOUXOL).
• One in two Greeks has a phone (TIJAEcpwvo), almost one in three has a radio (pa6Lo), and nearly one in four has a TV set (TIJAf:opaaq).
Unit n
Hellol who Is lt7
16 5
Test yourself 1
Can you remember the Greek for the following ten important words from this unit? Try to write your answers in transliteration or Greek script. telephone/s ii kioskls iii card!s iv bankls v appointment/s
vi vii viii ix X
later tomorrow today regards refreshments
:r. Can you remember the following ten important phrases from this
unit? Use transliteration or Greek script.
vi Sit down please! I Can I make a telephone call? II I'd like to make an appointment. vii Don't forget that. viii My regards to your Iii If it is possible. wife. lv I'm glad to see you again. ix Let me introduce Mr. X to you. v Take a seat! x How do you do? 3 The five phrases below are given in the present tense. Can you
change them into the future tense? Use transliteration or Greek script. i il ill iv v
166
[pigheno avrioj nTJya(vw aupLO. [rotao avrio] Pwnxw aupLO. [fevgho noris] c:I>Euyw vwp(<;. [perno tilefono] na(pvw TT)AE
12
······························································································
Eixa tva TPOIJEp6 noVOKEcpaAo! 1had a terrible headache! In • • • • •
this unit you will learn how to Express feelings Talk to a doctor Ask for remedies Name different professions Name different sports
1 Where were you yesterday? ~0
CD 2, TR 5
:\lary didn't go to her office yesterday and one of her colleagues is quiaing her.
································································································································· Taoia Mary
Taoia Mary Taoia Mary
Taoia Mary
KaAI'll.lipa MaiP'l· re XOOOIJE XSec;! nou r')aouv; li!Jouv a6t69ET'l. Eixa iva Tpo1Jep6 novoKiq>aAo Kt £Tat EIJEIVO OJTiTt. Eiaat KaAliTepa or')!Jepa; Nat, aAM EXTic; 6Aa 13out(av OTO KEq>OAt IJOU. nr')yec; OE KOViVa ytaTp6; !J.ev nr')ya ae ytOTp6. EXTic; TO IJEO'l!Jipt nr')ya a' iva q>Op!JOKE(O. 0 q>OpiJOKOJTOt6c; IJOU i6WOE iva IOXUp6 XCtlTI yta JTOVOKE(j)OAOUc; Kat 'liJIKpaviec;. rtOTi eixec; 'l!JtKpaviec;; !J.UOTUXW<;, iXW 'liJIKpaviec; OJT6 T6TE JTOU r')IJOUV IJIKp6 JTat6i.
Unit 1:t
I had a terrible headacheI
16 7
j Tacrfa 1::::
Mary
Av elvat trot, ytml 6ev K08toe<; onrrt; Ka661louv omtt ouvtxe10 ex6t<;. Bapt81)Ka! Hp8a OTil 6ou).eta va napw ).(yo Ka8ap6 atpa! Aev ea 6ou).tiJIW Ao.,,v,l
l T... l
"'"'-....
AI Opala! Eyc.U v61lt(a nW<; !lOVO 01 'EMI)vt<; 6t 6ou).euouv
;~.i
~i. ,
~'l
,~
~~ ~ .. ~~~ ................~~~.~~.~~~~~.~~~.~~~~.~~~~~~!~~.::.:...............................:J 1\CJOUV (E)X9tc;/(E))(ti( CJEXGCJGJIE a6aa9noc;/-I'J/-o
tixa TPOJ.IEpoc;/-1\/-o o novoKtcpaAoc; onovoc; TO KEcpciAI Kl flCJI iJIEIVQ TOCJn(TI oAa Poua(av CJTO KEcpciAI JIOU nl\yEc;; O/I'J VlaTpoc; TO cpapJIGKE(O O/I'J cpapJIGKOnOIO( t6CIJCJE •axupoc;t-1\t-o TOXGnl 11 I'JJIIKpavia Tonaa6i KG91CJE( KG90J10UV CJUViXEIQ papt91'JKG l\p9a l\p9a OTI'JV 6ouAEta va napw Aiyo Ka9apo atpal VOJIICJQ oKAI'Jpa
168
you were yesterday we missed you sick (not feeling well) I had awful, terrible headache (m) pain (m) head (n) so, because of that I stayed house (n) my head was spinning did you go? doctor (m + f) chemist's/pharmacy chemist (m +f) she gave strong pill (n) migraine (f) child (n) you stayed {lit. you sat down) I had been sitting continually I was bored I came I came to work to get some fresh air! I thought hard
2 How was your weekend? ~$ CD 2, TR s, 02:28 Titn and Mary visited the island of Spetses last weekend; Mary explains their adventures there.
..
··i~a·~;;·········· ····r~·.~·~~·M~;:y.'i<~~·~~·~6&;i
Mary IdAIO( Mary ITO.IO( Mary
It0.t0( Mary
ITtAtO< Mary
ItO.aO(
..............................................
KW.rn.&tpo rTD.to. Tt KOVeiG KW.a. nwc; nepaoate TO ra~~QTOKUptaKo; n(}yate nou8EV6; Tt va aou nw; 'HTav tvac; e
~
j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j
...~.~~ .................... ~.~~~~.~~~.~~.~~~~~~.:.:.: ...................................................... .1 KaAJ\ P6oJ&ci6a! nepciaan TO IappaTOKUptaKo nou9evci Tavaaounw; 0 EcpaciATil( 9tAw va J&ci9w tna9a TpocptKO(/-J\/-6 11 611A11TI1Piaa11
have a good week! you spent weekend (lit. SaturdaySunday) nowhere/anywhere what can I tell you? nightmare (m) I want to know I had (lit. I suffered/! went through) food poisoning (f) Unit 12
I had a terrible headache!
16 9
I stayed medicine (n) serzous hospital (n) swimming (n) walking/jogging (n) he swam enough he walked he ran nurse (m +f) wow! (surprise) over-exhaustion fatigue, exhaustion I need rest (f) I rest in other words, that is to say I wouldn't say that!
iiJliVQ TO cpcipiJGKO aopapo(!-1'1/-o TO VOGOKOIJ£iO TOKOAUJ.Inl TO Pci61'JV KOAUIJRI'JG£ apKnci nt:pnciTI'JG£ iTp£(£ O/I'J VOGOKOIJO(/-a IJRG! I'J unt:pKORWGI'J I'JKORWGI'J XP£1G(OIJGI I'JGVcinauai'J avanauoiJal 611Aa61'j IJI'JVTOA£c;l
3 I feel sick ~•
CD 2, TR s, 04:09
Tim goes back to work, but he looks really pale. His boss tries find out what's wrong with him.
to
..............i<~~~~r.;:e-i~;·6pp~~~~·"At;·~~~~~:· ...
l··~:n~oi~
Tim K.nauAou
nm
I
K.naoAou
170
!J.EV E{J.tat {Jppwoto<; CJMa Ot09c:'lvoJ,lat OKOpa ci6ta9n~ !J.EV ~avanaw OTtc; I.nttoEd ftari; Elvat eva wpalo VI')OI ..• ITO TO~I6t ma9a VOUT(O. ITO V'loi '1 Mary €1JEIV£ OTO Kp£j30Tt!J£ Tpo
noAu 1-1aupa TO j3Mn£tc;. M11v £loot T6oo anatot~oc;. Ta lliJ1VtK6 oou y(VOVTat KaAIJT£pa 1J£pa IJE TJ1V
Tim K.nauAou
Tim
flJ.!ipa. Iuv~ TrlV A8flva. Aya"flO£<; TflV eAM!vtKI\ Koutfva. Kat £foot tvoc; no.MJ KoMI( tpaneCtK6c; uncW.r)Acx. Tt elMo atAet<;; Na fK.IouvVKJTP6d Na ~ 11 txwnaeet .. ~ 'H payapat; ... va 1Jay£1p£ua Otfl Mary yta va IJ'lV na9et tpoq>u
,,,,,oooooooooooo•ooooooooooooooooo,.uoooouoouoouoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo•ooooooou•ooooooooooooooooooooooooouooooo
appWOTOq-1)/-o x).wtJoq-1\/-o cpaiVOIJOI tna9a vaUTia 11 vaUTia tt ciAAo 9a yiv£1; no).u tJaupa ta PAtneac;
ill pale I look I was seasick seasickness, nausea what else is going to happen? you see everything black, you are very pessimistic (idiom)
anaaoao6o(oc;/-l)/-o IJEpa IJE TI)V l)tJtpa ouvJ\9taec; aycinl)oEc; o/q unciAAI)Aoc;
pessimist day by day you became used to you loved, you fell in love officer (here), clerk, employee
o ~Jciyeapac; va j.layeipeua o/q mAotoc; UtiJflAOc;/-J\/-6 VKpavaciCw hot va IJilV !Jnopei va ae OKOUEI Kavtvac;! '1 OUIJPouAJ\
c ~ > 1111:
v
5
(m +f)
va J\iJouv yaatpoc;! va J\(epa ••• Tt txw nci9et
ID
0
I wish I were a doctor! (so I could) know ... what I am suffering from cook (m) (so I could) cook pilot (m +f) high I complain/moan so, it is not possible for anyone to hear you! advice (f)
Unit 12
I had a terrible headache!
1 71
Language notes In case of emergency
In a serious medical emergency people always use their mother tongue, wherever they are. Nevertheless, it is important for you to develop a working vocabulary for feelings, talking to doctors, asking for remedies and understanding basic medical jargon. Here are a few basic phrases: Xpwx~oJ.laL f.va ytaTp6
ypt1yopaf aJ.lf.crw<;. 'Eva yLaTp6 rrou va JlLAU AyyALKa. nou ELVaL TO LaTpE(o; l!..Ev mcr9avoJ.laL KaA.a. 'Exw 11UpET6. llOVOKE<paAO. KoLJt6rrovo.
rrov6A.aLJ.lO. ALcr9aVOJ.laL appwcrTO<;. a5La9ETO<;. vauT(a. ~aAT).
I need a doctor quickly/at once. A doctor who can speak English. Where's the doctor's office? I don't feel well. I have got a fever/temperature. headache. (To KE<paAL: head) pain in the belly/ stomach. (T) KOLALa: belly) sore throat. (o A.aLJ.16<;: throat) I feel ill. sick. seasick. dizzy.
Idioms TL EXETE; nou llOVUTE; n6cro Katp6 EXETE auT6v TOV rr6vo; ET)KW<JTE To JlaVLKL cra<;. napaKaAW, y5u9duf~arrA.wcrTE.
What's the trouble? Where does it hurt? How long have you had this pain? Roll up your sleeve. Please undress/lie down.
Vocabulary TO KpUWJ.la TO acr9Jla
172
cold asthma
'(0
stress diarrhoea influenza pneumonia specialist examination allergic cortisone penicillin antibiotic medicine treatment antiseptic prescription
UYXOI)
T1 &appma T1 ypt1tltTJ
TJltVEUI!OVLa o/TJ EL6LK61) T1 E~ETaOTJ
o/TJ aAAEpyLK61) T1 Kopn~6VTJ
TJltEVLKLAALVTJ TO aVTL~lOTLK6 -ro cpap~-taKo TJ 9Epa1tELa TO aVTLOTJ1tTLK6 T1
cruvmYT1 (8) TO K&cp0AI
(b) TO QUTi
(m) 1111UTI1
(c) o A01116<; (d) o WIJOC: (p)TO~tpl
(e) o ayKc.ivac;
(oA KAI1po)
(f) 11 nMTil
(g) 1111&01') (t) TO MKTuAo
(h) TO xtpl
XtPIOU
(i) TO y6VOTO
(i) TO n6lil
(v) 11 q>Ttpva
(k) TO OOKTUAO
nolhou
Basic body parts 1
lJ K«p6ul
2 T« 1tVEU1!0VL«
3 TO aTOf.lcXxl
heart lungs stomach
4 TOtJUKWTL 5 T«EVTt:pa 6 -racntJ..axva
Unit ,2
liver intestine bowels
I had • terrible headache!
173
Sport Do you like sport? Do you like to participate in sport or do you prefer to watch it on TV? Many sports («mop) have the same name as in English, but are spoken with a slight Greek accent, such as Ttvtc; (tennis). jogging is T~OYKLV or ypfJyopo Pa6T)v (brisk walking!). Study the sports on the next page and learn the ones you like to watch or participate in. To Tpoxa6TJv 'tO GKL TO tto66acpaLpo 'to poM:u T) KWTIT)A«Gta 11 ~LcpaaKta
runnmg skiing football volleyball rowing fencing
TO 't~OUV'tO 'tO KOAU~TU
11 no6l).A.aata 11 mnaata TOXCtv't~TIOA
TO ~TIUGK£'t
judo swimming cycling horse riding handball basketball
Frequency Here is some useful vocabulary (adverbs and adverbial phrases) for talking about how often you do something: Indefinite frequency
........................................................................................................................······ l navta/OUVEXEIO always/continually l ···~·:
l ouv~9wc;/vop1JO)JOXE66v navta l ouxva j IJEpiKEc; q>optc;/nEplo61KO i anav1a
l OXE66v notE j nott
:
usually/normally often/frequently sometimes/periodically rarely/seldom hardly ever never
l j j !
l j
...................................................................................................................................
Definite frequency
·:~::~;f~~:~~~~~~································::i·::~:;~~~······························l Kcl9E IJEpa/l)llEpflO(Wc;/-a K69E E~IJ66a/Ej36o1J061alwc;/-a K69E ll~Va/IJflVIalwc;/-a K69E xp6vo/ETI"Jolwc; ............ u
174
.........................u
every day/daily every week/weekly every month/monthly every year/yearly
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
professions fhc following professions can be found in this unit: o/TJ yLa-rp6c; o/TJ
doctor chemist nurse
O/TJ UTtaAAT]Aoc; o 11ayELpac; o mA6-roc;
clerk cook pilot
Now test your memory on some professions from previous units by covering up the Greek: o/TJ o£pf3L-r6poc;/-a 0
Ta~LT~~c;
TlEplltTEpac; o/TJ YPUilllaTtac; o TIWAT]~c; TJ nwA.~-rpLa 0
waiter/waitress taxi-driver kiosk owner secretary salesman saleswoman
The cartoons below depict some other popular professions. Look out for those that are similar in both languages.
0 11U9T]~c; o MoKaA.oc; o EpyaTTJc; 0 KTLOTT]c; o KTTJV(a-rpoc; o A.oyLo~c;
student teacher worker builder vet book-keeper
o apXLTEKTovac; o ~wypaqJoc; 0 UOTUVOillKOc; 0 OOT]y6c; o mav(o-rac;
architect painter policeman driver pianist
Have a nice week In Greek there are many expressions of 'good wishes' that have no English equivalents. Study them and become familiar with them; Greeks use them frequently in daily exchanges.
Unit 12
I had a terrible headache!
17 5
KaA.6Jl~va!
KaA.6 xp6vo ( tTm;) or KaA.~ xpovLa!
KaA.~~EKoupa~!orKaA.~ avanau~!
Have a good week! (lit. Have a nice, productive week!) (a wish heard on Mondays when people go back to work) Have a good month! (lit. Have a nice, productive healthy month!) (a wish heard on the 1st of each month) Happy New Year! {lit. Have a nice, productive, and healthy year!) (a wish heard on the first days of each year) Have a nice weekend! (a wish heard on Fridays/ Saturdays) Have a nice rest! (a wish heard when people leave work at the end of the day)
Do you still remember these expressions from previous units? KaA.~ 6pE~T]!
KaA.~ xwvEI.JITJ! KaA.~ 5LaJ.lov~!fKaA.~ napaJ.lov~!
Bon appetit! Have a good digestion! Have a nice stay! (at hotels)
Insight Have we listed your job or profession here? If not, look it up in a dictionary! Do not go on until you have personalized all pieces of different information and vocabulary focus. For instance, we have listed some sports for you but perhaps your favourite sport was not included in that list. Do not despair! As previously mentioned, take control of your learning and actively add all new pieces that are relevant to you. This book has already laid the foundations for you but you have the last word on what is not there and fill in any missing links.
176
Grammar 1
Talking about the past
~0
far you have met the present and the future tense in Greek. In the
next few units we are going to look at the past tense. Here are two j!11portant verbs dJ.LaL (I am) £xw (I have) in the past tense. ~·· ~·~~~(~;···········,;~~··········································~,~~··············;·h~d····················l
~ ~aouv(a)
' ~TaV(E)
~~acrrav ~aacrrav ~Tav(E)
you were he/she/it was wewere you were they were
t:fXEfO EiXE •fxapE •ixan Eixav
you had he/she/it had wehad you had they had
1 1 1 1
j
..................................................................................................................................: Note that the usual ending -w becomes -a, and there is an additional
;
letter at the beginning of some verbs. Below is a long list of all verbs you have already met in the past tense -all from Unit 12, except the first three .
...................................................................................................................................... ~ Main verb form Past verb form ~ ~E)(VW ~ A€(y)w ~ qm1vw ~ EiJ..lat xavw : J..IEVW ~ mwalvw : 6ivw K68oJ..lal ~apttJ..lat
: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
tpxoJ..lat VOJ..ll<w na9alvw t
I forget (Unit 2) I say (Units) I arrive (Units) I am t miss I stay I go I give I sit/stay I am bored I come I think I suffer I do/make I spend I swim I walk I run I get used to /love I know
~txaoa £ina tq>Taoa ru.touv(a)
txaaa t~£tva n~ya
t6waa Ka9taa ~apt811Ka ~pea
v6J..1toa tnaea tKava ntpaaa KOAIJJ..l1TilOO nEpnOTilOa tTp£~a ouv~81cra
ayan11oa
I forgot I said I arrived I was I missed I stayed I went I gave I sot/stayed I was bored I came I thought I suffered I did/made I spent I swam I walked I ran I got used to /loved I knew
i.................................................................................................................................. ~tpw ft(Epa i: Unit 12
I had a terrible headache!
1 77
Don't be discouraged by this list; you already know some of ther:n especially in the main verb form, and some verbs don't change much in the past tense: vo~(~w
---+ v6~Laa
Kavw
---+
£Kava
~Epw
---+
TJ~Epa
But some of the verbs do change dramatically: £pxo~aL ---+ iJp8a
It might be a good idea to keep referring back to this list until you feel confident that you are familiar with them all. 2 Efi£1Va - I stayed As previously mentioned, some verbs add a letter to the stem in the past tense. In the verb tdvw (I stay), tdv- is the stem and -w is the ending. Notice the changes that take place in the present, future and past tenses of this verb.
1.. 5,;;;iE;di~;
......................
1 ~Ev·W
:: JJEv- El<;
l J.IEv·EI l JJEv • OUJ.IE l J.IEv • ETE
l J.llv - ouv ~ I stay, you stay, etc.
..................
s,~di;s
.....]
p;ft;;5t;;IE~d'i~9
8a~V-W
t-~IV·O
8a ~(V • El<;
t • ~IV • E<;
8a J.IE(V • OU~ 8a J.IEIV • ETE
• JJdV • 0~ • J.IE(V • OTE
8a~V-EI
:li
i l
E·J.IEIV·E
8a fldv • ouv
t - ~IV - av
I will stay, you will
I stayed, you stayed,
i i ~
~ .................................................... ~~?.~.~~C:: ........................... ~~~: ...............................l The additional letter E· is missing from the we and you forms in the plural. The following verbs, have a similar conjugation in the past tense: Eq>Taaa I arrived
£naea I underwent EKava I did/made
txaaa I lost E~ELva I stayed £6waa I gave All these except for a prefix.
178
hpE~a
fJ~Epa l]~t:pa
I ran I knew
take the prefix
E·,
and
l]~t:pa
adds TJ· as
·,·~~igh·t·························································································
How can you actively use the list of so many verbs in the past tense? We have two suggestions: 1) Break down this list in three smaller ones: in the first list, write down the verbs which have no change in their stem (Kav-oof£-Kav-a); in the second the verbs with only a small change (VOJl(~-oofvoJlLa-a); in the third all the irregular verbs (£pxo-JlaL/l]pO-a) 2) Write an email to a friend upon your visit to a Greek island using the past tense to explain what you have done or how it was. Try and see how it works for you!
......................................................................................................
Practice 1
Respond to the following situations in Greek. a It's Monday. You meet someone who wishes you "KaA.~ (E) ~Oo~taoa". What will you answer? b It's the first day of the month. You want to wish a Greek friend a good month! What do you say? c You have just finished eating. A friend of yours says, "KaA.~ xwvE\jiTJ!" What will you say? d You haven't seen someone for some time. How would you say: 'We missed you. Where have you been?'? e It's Monday. Ask a friend how his weekend was and where he spent it. f There is an emergency. Ask for a doctor right away. g A friend of yours does not look well. Ask: 'Are you sick? You look kind of (lit. a little bit) pale!'.
2
Match each question with the most appropriate answer. a Owe; ltEpa<JE«; TO l:a~~aTOicUpLaKO; b O~yE«; ltOU8Eva; C 'EXETE XcXltla yLa ltOVOKEq>aAOU«;; d TL np£nn va Kavw yLa-rp£; e Owe; UL<J8cXVE<JTE mli!Epa;
Unit 1:1
I had a terrible headache!
179
NaL ~t~aLa. 'EXETE KaL TII.1LKpav(Ec;;
II 'ETOL KL ETOL. A(yo KaAUTEpa an6 xetc;. iii ApKETa KaAa av KaL liEv £Kava T(nom! iv flpETtEL va 1.1ELVETE OTtLTL ouvtxELa. V
NaL, OTO OTtLTL TOU aliEAq>OU (brother) !lOU.
3 Describe what happened to you. The vocabulary in the box below might help you!
a l:K6vm$a oE 1.1£a ntTpa (stone) ... b KruTtTJOa TO KEq>aAL !lOU OTOV TOLXO (wall) ... 'EKo$a TO liaKTUAO !lOU ..• d 'Emaoa To xtpL 1.10u OTTJV n6pTa .. . e 'EnEoa an6 nc; oK«AEc; (stairs) .. .
C
. . , KaL,,,
I t~yaAa KapOUI.lTtaAO (bump, lump). [=a bump came out] ii l.ltlTWOE (a£1.1a =blood). iii tonaoav Mo liaKTUA.a.
iv KTUTtTJOa Ta xtpLa !lOU KaL Ta Tt66La !lOU. v tOTtaoa To n6liL 1.10u. OKOVTacpTw I trip over 1<6(3(1)1 cut KTunwl hit mavw I catch ntcpTW I fall ~yaCw I take out IJOTWvw I bleed onawlbreak
.....
..... ..... ..... .....
..... ..... .....
OK6VTOI!Ja tK0\110 KNnTJOO tmaoa tnEoa
1'
t~ya}ta
IJ{rtwoa tonaoa
4 Tell the doctor what's wrong with you using the expressions below and overleaf. Match the pictures to the phrases.
a To KEq>aAL IJOU ~ou(~EL. b Mou EPXETaL va Kavw E1.1ET6 (I vomit). c Tpt1.1w (I shiver), TOUpToup(~w (I am shaking) an6 TO Kpuo = txw KpualiEc; (I feel a chill). d 'Exw TP01.1EP6 novoKtq><XAo.
e L\Ev txw Ka86A.ou 6pE~TJ. f 'Exw TP01.1EP6 KoiA6novo. (TJ KoiALa belly) g ME novaEL o apLOTEp6c; 1.10u Wlloc;.
180
II
v
iv
vi
vii
Tpij.ICIJ TOUpTOUp((CIJ
IJEnOVOEI IJE novaEa o apaoTEpoc; IJOU WIJOc; o WIJO(
I shiver// am shivering I am shaking it hurts (lit. to me it hurts, or I hurt) my left shoulder hurts shoulder (m)
5 Complete the dialogue using the information in italics. ~~
CD 2, TR s, o6:1o
ITiAIO(
You
KaAilf..ltpa, O£ XOOOJJEI r1oU floouv; a I was on a trip In Crete {J(pi'!Til>·
ITiAaO(
na 6ouAEttc; fl m(f6t avai!JUXflc; (pleasure);
You
b It was a business trip. (lit. trip for business)
ITiAIO(
n6oo KatpO l1JEIV£C::
You
c I stayed for three days.
ITiAIO(
nt'ty£c; 1.16voc; oou (aiOI'\e) t't f..IE Til yuvaiKa oou;
Unit 12
I had a terrible headache!
181
You
d I went alone and my wife came the next (EJJ6f.1£VO<;/-ry-o) day. nEpOOQTE Wpaia; e We had a good time. Especially (Et6tKa) my wife because she went shopping every day! TuxEpoil (lucky you!) Ef.IEic; f.IEIVOf.IE oniTt ytaTI '1 ITilla I')Tav 1 OPPWOT"l· 1 f Ill? What was wrong with her? ! EIXE OUVEXEIO 6t6ppo10. g That's not nice. How Is she now? KaMT£pa, Ka>.UtEpa. 1 h I hope she gets (va yiVEt) better soon/ j
I~atCN;
You
You
l
IUlaoc;
i
You IdA&CM; You
l ................................................................................................................................... : 6 You are looking for two words about sport, two words from your
list of definite and indefinite frequency vocabulary, two words about health, and two professions. The vertical, shaded word means continually.
a
I b
c d
e
I
f g h
I
7 Match the words on the left with the words on the right.
a rr6vo<; b T~OUVTO C XUVTJ.lTTOA d
182
nausea ii antibiotic
ill pilot iv pneumonia v allergic vi judo vii handball viii migraine ix chemist/pharmacy X pam
8 Listen to Dialogue 3 in this unit again and fill in the missing
words. If you don't have the recording try to fill in the gaps using the words provided in the box. ~w CD 2, TR
s, 07:43
!···~·:·n~~i~;
..............i<~~~~·Ti~:·ei~~~··;=:=;·"Aiv~·~~p~··b==:·1
f
Tim
: "· nauAou : Tim
! "· nauAou
1 1 1 1
/lEV EliJ(ll • - - CJMa OloeavoiJOI OK61JO 06I09£TO<;. llEV ~avanaw OTIC: IntTo£c;! flatl; Elva• tva wpalo c _ _ .. . Ito ta~l61 ~na9a vaUTia. Ito c _ _ 11 Mary ~IJEIV£ OTO Kj)E~OTIIJE tpo
1 1 1 1
Kouava.
1 j 1 j
~c
!
Tim
: K.
nauAou
: Tim
Na ~IJOUV VIOTp6c;! Na ~~Epa Tl EXW na8£1 . . • 'H h - - · .. va 1JOV£ip£ua OTll Mary y1a va IJ'lV 1 na8£1 Tpo
...................................................................................................................................: VTJ O'l
UTiaAATJAOc;
q>a(vmcu
an:cum68o~oc;
O'UV~8LoEc;
O'UIJf3ouA.~
Un:EpKOTIW<JT]
t.HlyELpac;
The Greek population
The population of Greece reached a peak of 10.2 million in 1991. Since then, it has been declining, with slightly fewer than 10 million at the start of 2000. There are approximately 4 million Greeks living abroad, particularly in Canada, the USA, South Africa and Australia. The number of legal and illegal immigrants to Greece has increased dramatically, reaching over 1 million by the turn of the century. This diagram shows the distribution of population in the regions of Greece.
Unit 12
I had a terrible headache!
18 3
n:l.l}Ouapo~
population regions, geographical areas according to
yt:wypaqnKa 6Lapt:pl.ap«T« K«Tcl
Test yourself 1
Can you remember the Greek for the following ten important words from this unit? Try to write your answers in transliteration or Greek script. yesterday ii sick iii doctor/s iv pharmacy v medicine
2
vi vii viii ix x
weekend enough serious sw1mmmg jogging
Can you remember the following ten important phrases from this unit? I need some fresh air! vi I need some rest. ii How was your weekend? vii Don't say that! iii It was a nightmare! viii It's good advice! iv It was wonderful! ix I feel ilVsick/dizzy/seasick! v I like swimming a lot. x I've got fever/headache/sore throat.
184
fhe five phrases below are given in the present tense. Can you 3 change them into the past tense? Use transliteration or Greek
script. [aghapao tin elaTHa] Ayamxw TTJV EMacSa. ii [kolimb6 poll] KoA.ul!n:w n:oA:u. iii [ksero elinika] ?:tpw EAATJVLKa. iv [kano ghimnastikf] Kavw VUI!VaonKJ1. v [tr6-o musaka] Tpww 11ouoaKa.
Unit 12
I had a terrible headache!
18 5
13
·································································································
T1 Kalp6 E:Kave; What was the weather like? In this unit you will learn how to • Talk about the weather • Use expressions of time • Get the gist of a weather forecast • Name the months and seasons
1 What was the weather like7 -4•
CD:t, TR6
Tim and Mary have just come back from a long weekend in Lamia. The weather messed up their plans so now they are complaming about it to a couple of friends .
...................................................................................................................................:
"EAa Tim nEe; ~ac;. nwc; rlTOV TO TO~Ei6t oac; OTrJ J\a~[a; nou nr'JyaTE; Tt Katp6 £KavE; Of.a! Tim Mv KaivEoat noM OTEvaxwprJ~Evoc;. "Exou~E naEt Kl QAAE<; <popE<; OTrJ J\a~[a. AuT6 TO yEyov6c; 6EV ! Tim ! EXEt ~avaou~(3EL nw, nw, 0E£ ~ou! ! Apaoui6qc; Mac; EXEt<; f3yaf.Et TflV niOTrJ! Mary ytaTi 6E ~ac; AE<; EOU Tt ouv£f3rJ; Mary Tt va oac; nw; ll.Ev £xw OTEvaxwprJ9Ei noT£ WVrlOEI OTOU<; q>[AOU<; ~a<; yta TO Tptr'J~Epo. ~ AuToi txouv OXE6taoEt va K
l l
l
l l
186
HAtKTpa
l l ~ ~
! ! ! ! ! ~ ~ ~
l
Ma Tl KOip6 EKQVE TO.oc; navrwv; H /\aiJIO 6EV Eival TOOO IJOKpta an6 TllV A9flva. TETOIO na).t6Kalpo! EKEIVO TO TplJ'liJEPO elxav OMo ee6 EKEI. 'aa Tl.ilpa, IJ'l Aec; TETOIO My1a!
............................................................................................................................ nee: J.IO( £iXOJ.IE npoypOIJIJOT(0£1 1 ooo noAAci npciyj.IOTO aKOUV£001 cpaiv£001 OT£VOXWP111JEVOc;/-ll/-o txou!JE nci£1 TOV£VOV6( 6ev EX£1 (ovoouiJPEl nw, nw! GEt IJOU! IJac; EX£1 pyciA£1 TI'IV nlOTI'I! TIOUVEPil 6ev EXW aT£VOXWPI19£i nod ciAAou ETOI EXOUIJE TllAEq»WVI\0£1 TO Tpii\IJEpO txouv OX£61cio£1 TEAIKQ o Koap6c; IJQ( m pci£16Aa TEAoc; nciVTWV TETOIO naA16Ka1po! EKdvoc;/-11/-o 09£6( 1-l'l AEc; TETOIO A6y1o!
tell us we had planned so many things you sound you look worried, troubled, concerned we have been to (lit. we have gone) event, fact (n) it has never happened (occurred) before oh, my goodness! (lit.) we sweated our guts out! what happened I have not been troubled, worried never before like that we have called long weekend (lit. three-day event) they have planned at the end, finally the weather messes up everything after all such awful weather! that God (m) don't say this kind of thing (lit. such words)
2 It rained cats and dogs! 1'»
CD 2, TR 6, 02.:18
1-D,tJcrpa and ApLotd6T]<; finally hear the end of the story; Mary tells
them everything!
Unit 13 What was the weather like?
18 7
..
............:
l··iru;~····· ·o~~·~~~;)V~~;;;~~~~~·t.~;~i·~·~~~~~i~~·~~~~6 tl ~r .h'IV£', :i i Mary Nat! 'Ej3p£)(E OUWXEIQ KapeitaoaJ.IE 01'0 antn twv cpiAwv J.IOC: J.IE 13poxfl, noMfl i j3poxfl. MelvaJ.IE tpeu; J.lepec; J,~toa O'l'o <mitt ouvtxeta Kat 1 J.IETO entO'l'ptljlaJ.IE 01'1\V A9qva. Autr'l efvat 'ltO'l'opla 1-10~ l Apacnai6qc; Ot cpiAot oac; n tKavav; /lev eloate Ka96Aou tllAE6paoll; Ae 1 cpayate; lle J.llAfloate; 1 Mary Oxt! lle 9tAaJJE va OoUJ.I£ t11AE6pao11 r'l va aKouoouJ.IE 1 pOOIO.flE 9tAO!JE va cpQIJE tOU OKaOIJOU! 6tAaJ,IE va nclJ.IE 1 01'0 KOO'l'po O'l'l)V AKpo).O!J(a Kat oe ouo !JOUoEia J.IEOa 1 01'1) J\aJ,IIO. 'EnEJTa 01 cpiAot J.lac; 9a !Ja<; oOilVOUOav O'l'tc; 1 eep!JonuAec; Kat uO'l'epa O'l'a KaJ.Itva BoupAa nou J.IO<: 1 tAeyav 6tt elvat wpalo 9tpetpo yta Kavtva J.lnavto . . . 1 nm nou ttTota rox11 61Jwc;; Avtf yta 6Aa auto EIJEfc; !JEivaJ.IE <mh'L l HAinpa 'EX£1 yupiO!Jata o tpo)(6c;! ea txete t'lV euKatpfa va nate 1 nlaw ~ava. 'Etat 6ev Elvat;
l
:i
j i
. l
l 1
1.. ~~~ ..............:~~~-~~~-~~·..~-~-~~?.~.:.~~-~~~~~~::.:.: .............................................. j oAa aKouyoVTal f.IGUpa Kl cipaxval tppaxaKapaKAono6apa 6£ CJTGf.IGTI}O£ nod cpTciOGf.IE anacnpt'IJaf.l£ I} ICJTOpia 6av£i6au; 6a cpciyau; 6a f.IIAJ1aau; va QKOUOOUf.l£ TO pci6ao TOU OKGOf.IOUI TO KciCJTpO 9a f.IG( o6rtvouaav 01 9£pf.10nuAac; To9tpupo TO f.IRGVIO yaa f.IRGVIO
188
everything sounds (is) gloom and doom! it was raining (it had been raining) cats and dogs (here) (lit. chair legs) it never stopped we arrived we returned story (f) (lit. history) didn't you watch? (lit. see) didn't you eat? didn't you talk? to listen to radio (n) (eating) to bursting point! castle (n) they would drive us an archaeological site resort (n) swim (n) for swimming
JTOU dTOIO TUXIl Oj.IWc;l 0vti tX£' yupia!Jma o Tpoxoc;! 0 tpoxoc; 1'1 t:UKOipia tOU XPOVOU!
we were out of luck! No such luck! instead the tables turn! (Greek expression) wheel (m) chance (f) next year!
:
~ ~
g
3 Who was to blame? ~·» CD 2, TR 6, 03:53
Who was to blame? The weather, the season, Lamia itself or London? Listen to and read the last part of their conversation. :...................................................................................................................................: : T1m
~
: Aptcn£16'1<
! Mary • H:>.iKTpa
~
Tim
! Aptcn£16'1< : Mary
• HAiKTpa
'Exoul.l£ ano<paoia£1 va l.lflV TIOI.I£ OTfl Aa1.1ia (ava! OuT£ Tou : xp6vou, OUT£ TOU napaxp6vou, OUT£ 1TOTE! ~ flaT[ ~P£ Tim. KoiTa Tov K01p6 01'li.I£Pa. 'Exe11.1ia untpoxfl AlaKacSa Kl tva 6pooep6 aepaKI. 1\tve 6TI 1.11TOpei va ~pt(el TO ~p66u OAAO 6e VOI.Ii{W. K1 0 KOip6<; e[VQI nap61.1010<; OTfl Aa1.1ia 0r')1.1epa. MflV TOU I.IIAOTe VIO Tfl Aa1.1ia! !lev txe•<: 6iKIO 61.1wc; Tim. ITo Aov6ivo ~ptxe• Ka9e 1.1Epa. npoXTE<: tp1(e XOAO{I. 'OAOI 01 6p61.101 eiva1 ~peVI.IEVOI Kl emKiv6uvo1. E6til61.1W<:, 6e ~Atne1c;; Mil !.IOU I.IIAOTe VIO TO /\ov6ivo! fl'auT6 txw t:>.9el OTflV EMMa. !lev r')9ua aMec; ~poxtc; Kal x16v1a. 'AMo Kpuo KQITIOVWVIa. 'H9ua r')AIO, 9aAaaoa KQI 01.11.10u61a! Xaipol.latnou 11 Westminster Bank 6e a'tOTe!Ae OTflV Ka~6Aa r'l TflV ::av9fl. EKE! va 6e1<; xe•1.1tilvec; ••. !lev eiVOI 61.1W<: xeii.IWVO<: Ttilpa. Eival aVOI(fl KQI1Tepii.I£VQ ntil<; KOIJTW<; OUTr') TflV enoxr'). 'OAOII.IO<: tAeyav 6TI e!va1 '1 KQAUTepfl rnoxr't OTflV A9r')va. AUT6 va AEVETOI! EivaiJTPQyi.IOTI '1 KQAUTepfl rnoxr'l . • . 1 :l.·
...................................................................................................................................: txou!JE anocpaaiaEI
oun ... OUTE ••• tou napaxpovou
aPE o Kaapoc; 1'1 AaaKa6a
we have decided neither ... nor ... the year after next adds emphasis to a statement weather (m) sunshine (f) Unit 13 What was the weather llke7
18 9
cool (little) wind, breeze (n) wind (m) rumour has it that (lit. it is said that) it might rain right (n) the day before yesterday it hailed (lit. hail was dropped) hail (n) wet dangerous I have come rain and snow (lit. rains and snows - they are both plural) cold (n) TOKpUO frost (f) 11 naywvaa sun (m) o fiAaoc; sea (f) 118i1Aaaaa sand (f) 11GIJIJOU61G 6£v a£ tCJT£1A£ you were not sent towns in northern Greece 11 KaPiiAa/1'1 :av811 £K£i va 6£1( XEIIJWV£(1 there you (could) realize (lit. see) winters/ winter (m) 0 XEIIJWVQ( spring (f) 1'1 GVOI(I'I n£pij.i£Va nciJc; Kal nciJc; I looked forward to (idiom), I was very eager/excited ... season (f) 11 £noxfl that goes without saying! aUTo va Atynall npayj.IQTI indeed 6poa£po(!-•'lf-o TOG£pGKI oatpac; Atv£6TI 1JROp£i va ppt(£1 T06iKIO npox&tc; tpa(£ xaAaC• TOXaAil(l PPEV!Jtvo(/-1'1/-o £RIKiv6uvo(/-l'l/-o txw tA&£1 ppoxtc; Kaa x•ovaa
Language notes The weather in Greece
There are three verbs used frequently in conversations about weather: Kclv£1., qt:L and dvat. Typical questions about the weather are: Tt Katp6 Kclv£l atli!Epa; Tt Katp6 Ex£l CJTI)V A8i)va;
190
What's the weather like today? . What's the weather like in Athensf
j
nw<; t:fvaL 0 KaLp6<; O'TO Aovo(vo;
What's the weather like in London?
sorne typical answers to these questions are:
E(vaL urrtpoxo<;, ELVaL E~a(mo<;, dvm 8aujlaO"Lo<;. E(vaL aoxrJilo<;, dvm arra(mo<;, dvm KaK6<;. E(vaL alepLO<;, ELVUL aoTaTO<;. 'EXEL OUVVE<j>Ul, ALaKaOa, \jJLx
It's marvellous, it's brilliant, it's wonderful. It's awful, it's terrible, it's bad. It's fair, it's unsettled. It's cloudy, sunny, there's drizzle, rain, hail. It's hot, cold, chilly, frosty. It drizzles, it rains, it hails, it snows.
Some useful words and examples:
.................................................................................................................................... ~ o OVE!JO<;
i o ~Xto<;
wind sun
CJ>uOOEI OtljlEpa. 'EXEI AtaK
drizzle
'l'tXaAI(El O'TI'lV A91'tva; Oxtl3ptxet. Pi)(VEt KOTaayl6a.
ol't~pa.
i lli3Poxl't : I"]
KOTatyi6a
i ll uypaoia : To xaAa(t : TO XlOVI
rain (thunder) storm humidity hail snow
~ To cruwe
'Exe• uypaola. PI)(VEt xaAa{t. Xaovl{et ouvtxeta.
'EXEt ouwecpa
It's windy today. There Is sunshine today. Is It drizzling in Athens? No it's raining. There's a thunderstorm. It's humid. There's hail. It's snowing constantly. It's cloudy today.
j j
l
''••••ooooooooo.oooooooouooooooooooooooouoooooooooo.ouoooooooouooooo•ooouooooooooooooooouooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo:
lhe months and the seasons ~'»
CD 2, TR 6, o6:og
lhe four seasons are: o Xt:LilWVac; lJ llvOL~T)
winter spring
TO KaAOKa(pL TO qJ0LVOTtWpO
summer fall, autumn
Unit 13 What was the weather llke7
191
... and the months of the year are:
o IavouapLOc;lo ft:vap11c; o «<»t:IJpouapLoc;lo ct»At:pap11c; o Mapnoc;lo MapTTic; o An:pO..Loc; I o An:p0..11c; o MaLOc;lo M~c; o IouvLOc; 1o IouVllc; o IouA.Loc; 1o IouA.11c; o Auyou«Ttoc; 0 l:£1fTE11PPLOc; I 0 l:t:n:TlllPPllc; 0 OK'tWjJpLOc; I 0 0K'tWPP11c; o NotllPPLOc;lo No£11PP11c; 0 4t:KE11PPLOc; I 0 4t:KE11PP11c;
january February March April May June july August September October November December
As you can see there are two words for each month; both are frequently used. All the months and 'winter' are masculine, 'spring' is feminine and 'summer' and 'autumn' are neuter. Have you noticed that the months are similar to English? Listen to the exact pronunciation of the seasons and months if you have the recording. Here are some more useful expressions: TT]V aVOL~T]
in spring in summer in autumn in winter
TO KaAOKULpl
Expressions with months take TOV or TO:
r~~-- -~::;~··········-~=····-~~ 1 ... but
~
TO CDa:pPou6pto
1 TO M6ptto 1 TO McWo
in February in March in May
TO
Ia:mt~~PPto
TO NotiiPPto TO Aa:KtpiSpto
.,l.
in September J In November . ~ in December j
!oooooooooouoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooouoooooooooonouooooooooOooooooOooOoooooooooOooOOoooooooooooooooOooooooooooooUOOO••
······································································································ Insight
Can you now associate weather conditions with months? Make three lists one for the UK, one for Greece and one for
192
Australia. Be careful about your third list because Australia is on rhe other side of the globe! Compare your findings with a circle of friends. You can also make a list of your circle of friends and rhe months of their birthdays. Do not forget to include yours!
.... ·································································································· some Greek idioms Greek is rich in idioms. It is best to learn these by heart because translation often does not mean much. Idioms add a new linguistic dimension to the language which would otherwise be very sterile. Look at the difference between 'It is raining heavily' and 'It is raining cats and dogs'. The latter brings extra 'weight' and 'importance' to the meaning. Likewise in Greek: BptxELnapa no.Au contrasted to P(XVEL Kapt:K.Aono6apa, or P(XVt:tnana6t:c;, or Bpixt:tl!£ 'tO 'tOUAOUJll. Below is a list of all the idioms in this unit. Why don't you create another list from the previous units? It will be a good revision exercise for you. Mm; txw; ~ya.At:L TTJV n(<mJ!
We sweated our guts out!
'E~pt:~E
It rained cats and dogs! It is all gloom and doom!
(because of you) Kapt:I
I eat to bursting point! The tables turn! Next year, the year after next! I was very eager/excited, I was dying to ... That goes without saying!
'Tag' questions The following examples show you the different forms of 'tag' question in English that have only one equivalent in Greek! It's very easy for you to remember. 'ETO"L 6Ev t:lvm; Isn't it? 'E-rOL 6t:v t:lvaL; 'E-rOL 6t:v t:lvaL; 'E-rOL 6t:v t:lvaL; 'E-rOL 6Ev t:lvm;
George studies hard, doesn't he? Mary does not work, does she? Tim cannot swim, can he? Joan can read, can't she? Unit ,3 What was the wuther llke7
19 3
It's easy, isn't it? It's not hard, is it?
'Enn l>Ev dvat; 'ETcrtl>Ev dvat;
So Greek is quite easy, isn't it? What answer would you give to: Ta EMTJVLKa l>Ev dvatnoA.U McrKoA.a. 'Emtl>Ev ELVaL;
If you say: 'Nat, ETO"L E(vaL!' then you are on the right track! Keep up the good work! Expressions of time riA nOTE ElnE OTI TO 0EJ\EI;
riAMEGAYPIO
riAAYPIO
riAl:HMEPA
riATOPA
The cartoon illustrates the Greek notion of time, especially in a business context and particularly in the public sector where assignments move slowly, or stand still, before, or after, coffee! The cartoon's question probably refers to a supervisor or boss and a certain deadline. It reads: (for) when did he/she say that he/she wants it?
riA ME8AYPIO riAAYPIO riAl:HMEPA riA T.!1PA
for for for for
the day after tomorrow tomorrow today (right) now
Similar important vocabulary is: l"'"""""""""""""'""'"""""'"'""""""'""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""''~~
1 1'0U pvou
j a6p10
194
·
TOU napaxp6vou
j.tE.8aUpto
next year tomorrow
the year after next the day after tOmorrow
1 1
i 11tpo• 1,,·
(tlxetc;
last year yesterday
np6nt:pcn npo)(6tc;
the year before last the day before yesterday
:.....................................................................................................................................
Grammar 1
This and that
You have seen lots of words like cro'toc;, au'to and au'ta in previous units, and 'toaa, au'to, 'toao, 'tE'tOLO, rKdvo, 'tE'tOLa and au't'ft in this unit. These are all pronouns; like the other pronouns you have already learned they have different forms for gender (m/f/n), singular or plural. These are 'demonstrative' pronouns rather than personal, or possessive, pronouns, which were explained in previous units. The most important demonstrative pronouns are:
au"toc;, cro't'ft, cro'to rKdvoc;, rKdVTJ, rKdvo Toaoc;, 'tOat'J, "toao TE'tmoc;, 'tE'tma, 'tE'tOLO
this that so, so much, so big, so many such (a), of such a kind
Here are some examples from this or previous units: Aunx Ta 6EvTpa
AUTO<; 0 6pOI!O<; AuTo TO KTipto Tooa noMa npayiJaTa AuTo TO yEyovoc, Tooo f.IGKpt6 TEToto na~tOKatpo! EKeiVO TO Tpl~f.IEpo! TETota Myta!
These trees (Unit 5) This street (Unit 5) This building (Unit 6) So many things (Unit 13) This fact (Unit 13) So far (Unit 13) Such terrible weather! (Unit 13) That three-day (weekend!) (Unit 13) Such words! (Unit 13)
Don't confuse the use of cro'toc;, cro't'ft and cro'to as demonstrative Pronouns with au'toc;, cro't'ft, a\J'tO as personal pronouns! The tirst always come before nouns and the latter before verbs. Some l'Xamples:
Unit 13 What was the weather like?
19 5
... (before nouns)
This street (m) This woman (f) This building (n)
Avdc; o 6p611o<; Avnj TJ yuva(Ka AVTO TO KTlplO
But ... (before verbs) AvToc; EXEL Mo (JT[(na. Avnj dvm voooK6J.la. AVTO dvat aKpt~6.
He has two houses. She is a nurse. It is expensive.
Try to learn the different forms of these pronouns in the box below. You can refer back to this page whenever you need to.
i"~~~j;;·
l
..
Ace.
;~~ii~; ······· . ;~:;~· ........ ~~:; .
i
aut6v
l
autr)(v)
aut6
: Plural
'
:
: ~ Nom.
autoi
aut€<;
auta
!
1. ~;,;:. . . . . . . . . . . . . ;.~-~~~~. . . . . . . . . . . .;.~-~~~. . . . . . . . . . . .;;t. . . . . . . .! 2
4E(v), Mq(v), 'Oxa - not,
don't, no
Can you remember how to make negative sentences in Greek? If you are still not sure, this section will review the most important uses in daily speech. • L\E(v)
This is used with a verb for negative meaning.
:··········································································..······················································:
1 0D.w
I want
1
I am
:
Eij..lat
l':!.e OD.w l:J.ev eij..lat
~ ~~o:w
~a:ants
~:~ ~~~w
1 'HOeA£ 1 0a llQW
He wanted
1 re EotetA£
He sent you
l:!.ev r')OU.e l:!.£. ea llQW l:!.£ cre EO'TelA£
:
196
I will go
I don't want
I am not
~:;::n't
want He didn't want
I won't go He didn't send you
l : ;
I 1 1 1
...................................................................................................................................
Notice that it is always before the verb: M(v) +verb +Sa+ verb ~r.(v) +(personal pronoun)+ verb ~E(V)
~E
SEA.w Sa mxw ~E <JE E<JLEtAE ~E
• MfJ(V) There are two basic uses: a With imperatives
MTJV Tpwc;! MTJV nac;! MTJV TO Kavnc;! MTJ 11ou 11v..ac;! MTJv mu 11v..a-rE!
Don't eat! Don't go! Don't do it! Don't talk to me! Don't talk to him!
b With the second verb in a subjunctive form. Anocpaa[aallE va llTJV na11E. Mnopd va ll'l cpuyw. Mnopw va ll'l cpaw. ~Ev llnopw va ll'l cpaw.
We decided not to go. I might not leave. I am able not to eat. I am not able not to eat.
• 'Oxl
This is used like the English 'No'. 'OxL, liE St).w va cpaw. 'OxL, liE llE Atvr. fLwpyo. 'OXL, liEV 1!110pw. 'OXL, liEV 1!110pou 11E. 'OxL, liE Sa cpuyou11E.
No, No, No, No, No,
I don't want to eat.
my name is not George. I can't!
we cannot. we won't leave.
Tac; ... This is a click of the front teeth while breathing in, often accompanied by a nod of the head. The tilting of the head for a no answer is 'up-and-down' in non-verbal Greek rather than 'left-to-right' in non-verbal English! This non-verbal difference combined with the confusing sound of 'yes' (vat) that sounds almost like 'no' means that you need to be careful when native speakers use it. Unit,, What was the WHther llkel
19 7
3 Verbs in the present perfect tense
This unit introduces you to another important verb tense in the past called 'present perfect'. It is similar to the English in examples like 'have gone', 'has taken'; it is formed with the verb txw + present perfect form (always ending in -t:l). Some examples from this unit: 'EXOUJ.U: TtaEL. Mac; txnc; ~yaA.n TTJV TtL(J"[l']. 'Exw crn:vaxwpfJ8EL. 'EXOUJ.iE TTJAE
We have been (gone). We have sweated our guts out. I have worried. We have called. They have planned.
An important point that is not always initially obvious, is that the verb form used in the present perfect is a familiar form already learned as part of the future tense. Look at the list overleaf: j""NiA.iN.vERa·····FurufiE.FoR·Ni·······;~·PiE.Fi5ot4············PfiEsENt.PERFEcr.!
l nrwaivw
ea naw
1 J3y6{w
ea 13va>.w 1 CJT£VOXWPIEJ.i01 9a OT£VOXWPI19W 1 1 Tl1>.£(j)WVW 9a Tfl>.£(j)WVr'JOW
ea nat:1 ea J3yCV.£1 9a OT£VaXWPfl9£i 9a Tl1>.£(j)WVr'J0£1
1
(txw> na£1 (txw> J3yCV.£1 (EXW) OT£VOXWPI19£i (EXW) ~
l 1 1
1
1 l
1 OX£616{w Sa OX£616ow Sa OX£6160£1 l : ..................................................................................................................................: Here is the simple conjugation of this tense: 1''tX~·······
1 txt:u; 1 Ex£L 1 txouJ.if 1 Ex£T£
.. ········ .. ·· .. ··:;;,~~~~·~~~······ .................... i''h~~~·~~ii~'d''"'"'~'""'''''''"'1 UJAf
you have called he/she/it has called we have called you have called
1
1 1 1
~ .. ~~~~...................... ~.~~.~~~.~~~...........................~~~!~~.~~.~~~~~~ ...................l 4 The past continuous
This is another past tense showing 'duration' in the past for example (a) it was raining (for some time= duration) when he left the house (past continuous tense in English), and (b) It had been raining for
198
three days last week when I called off my trip (past perfect continuous in English). Both tenses would have been translated as tppqt: in Greek and not (it rained) that shows no 'duration' but one, single action in rhe simple past. £~pE~£
Some examples: It rained yesterday. (no duration) 'E~pEXE EX8E<; TtEVTE wpE<; TtpLV
va crTallan1cr£L. 'E~PEX£ rrpox8t<; 6mv ~p8£ o
fLUVVTJ<;. 'E~pE~E
Kap£KAOTt6cSapa yLa
E~601!~VTa SUo wp£<;. 'E~PEX£
It had been raining for five hours yesterday before it stopped. (duration) It was raining the day before yesterday when john came. (duration) It rained cats and dogs for 72 hours (and then it stopped). (no duration) It had been raining cats and dogs constantly! (and it probably kept on raining) (duration)
KapEKAOTt6cSapa!
'OA.oL 11a<; tA.t:yav ..•
Everybody was saying to us ... (duration- many times)
'OA.oL 11a<; £lrrav ...
Everybody said to us ... (one, single time)
Study the list below and compare the two verb forms in the past: JT~ya
/went
nflyatVa
Til~
Tfl).ecpwvoooa
tj3pe~
I called I planned /said /trained
tcpuycr tcpaya
I left late
oxe6faoa E(JTQ
oxe61al;a tAEya
tPpexe tcpeuya ttpwya
I was going I was calling I was planning I was saying It was raining I was leaving /was eating
Unit 13 What was the weather llke7
19 9
These two past tenses have exactly the same ending:
:····················..·············································································································
~ Eq>aya ~ E<payE( ~ E<payE ~ cpayaiJE ~ cpayaTE 1 Ecpayav
Iate you ate he/she/it ate we ate you ate they ate
trpwya trpwyE( ETPWVE TpwyaiJE TpwyaTE ETpwyav
I was eating// had been eating you were eating he/she/it was eating we were eating you were eating they were eating
:
··································································································································
Practice 1
Can you talk about the weather in Greek? a How would you ask: 'What's the weather like in Greece?'? b If they ask you the same question about the weather back home, how would you say: 'It's often cloudy.'? c 'It's often rainy.' d 'It snows in the winter, and it is very cold.' e 'I like it when it is sunny and chilly.' f 'Does it snow or hail in Greece?' g Someone told you: 'To KaAOKalpL KcXVEL noM ~EO"TTJ EA.M<'la alla <'lEv EXEL uypao(a!'. What did he say?
2
Match each question with the most appropriate answer.
a TL emu aptoEL OTTJV EAA.a<'la; b TL KaLp6 tKavE; c E(oaL
'Hmv 11aupo KL apaxvo. MTJ pwTac;! ii 0 ~ALoe;. TJ 9<XAaooa, TJ allllou<'ita! Ill NaL npox9tc;. rtaT[ pwTac;; iv 'Hmv a(9pLOc; auvtxELa. Y napa T£0AU, yLaTL \jHXaAL~EL t~w! 3 Rearrange these lines to make a dialogue. -4t CD 2, TR 6, 08=49
a Ma KaAa (OK, but idiom)! Tt Katp6 ElXE; b Nat, alla <'lEv KavallE TLT£oTa A6yw (due to) Tou KaLpou.
200
c 6T]Aa8~, 8Ev m1yau rrou8Eva; d Aurra11m rrou TO aKm)w. e E(xaTE rrpoypaiJIJaT(crEL va KavETE rroUa rrpay~JaTa; f Arra(mo KaL acrmTO Ka8E jlEpa. g AKpL~w<;! 6Ev m1YallE rrou8Eva! h K1 eyw. napa rroA\J ... 4 Complete the dialogue by translating the English in italic. ~'~
CD 2, TR 6, 09:31
:··HAt~~····M~~ix~;~·~¥6i~~-~~-~i;;;·,·r;;i·6~~~~i~~·;;~~~~~i~~;;·············l
l
~ You ~ HA!KTpa ~ You ~ HA!KTpa
a Whatcanltellyou?
~ You ~ HA!KTpa ~ You
c The weother was awful and very unsettled.
~ HAEKTpa
j
flaT( 6E.1JOC: ta Ate; 6Aa; E(VQI mo EUKOAO.
l
b I don't know./ have never been so concerned before. Ma KaAO! Tl ouvtprt;
j
l j
Na1, aAAa 6E.V to t')(E.p£<;; d No. Everybody was telling me that the weather would be fair
l l
and wonderful.lnsteod (here avtl6tta) • • • 'E.Aa llll KOV£1<; ET<11 tWpa • . •
j
:. :.~.~ ............. ~...~~~~~-~~~-~~?.~.~~.~~-~~.~.........................................................1 s Match the words on the left with the words on the right. a KacrTpo b LcrTop(a c xaM~L d aEp6-ypa1Jila
e IouAw<; f !OUVLO<;
9 TT]AEq>WVW h Maw<; i Mapno<;
ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix
aerogram June story March I telephone castle May July hail
6 What are the past tense (simple and continuous) forms of the
following verbs? simple a avE~a(vw b ~AErrw c rra(pvw d TrT]ya(vw
continuous
avt~T]Ka
avt~mva
Unlt13
Whatwastheweatherllke7
201
e pwTaw(w) f n:AELWVW g Tpww
h
of the year? The quiz below will test your memory and knowledge! A Which season?
8 Which months belong to each season? Write the months in the spaces provided. Winter a ___ b ___ c _ __
Summer g __ h __ i __
Spring Autumn d __ e __ f __
j __ k __ l __
C Below is a list of most of the Greek public holidays. Can you put them in two lists to separate the religious holidays from the rest?
j.. E.niitt.NiEtAPn'Ei:...............................................Piill:iC.Hoi:ioivs ............... j
lj
!
Aylou BaoV.Eiou :t\y1a 6Eo(jl6vEia 1 Kaeapa t.Euttpa 1 Euayy. 9Eot6Kou 1 'E9v1K(J EntTE1oc; MEyaAJ'l napaoKEU(J 1 :t\y1ov naoxa 1 6Eutepa TOU naoxa
lav. 1 Jan. lav. 6 Jan. Map. 6 Mar. Map. 25 Mar.
New Year's Day Epiphany Ash Monday National Holiday
Anp. 21 Apr. Anp. 23 Apr. Anp. 24 Apr.
Good Friday Easter Day Easter Monday
1 1
I~~~:o~::~atoc;
:~~. ~~~ne
~~i~~~::ay
I
l
~~~1~~~ .~:.~~-- -~~~-
202
j
1 1 1
l
!
0 Do you know the signs of the zodiac? What are the months for:
a Atwv
c l:Kopm6c; d Taupoc;
b KapK(voc;
E In which month were you born? TL 11~va yt:vv~9TJKE<;;
s Test your translation skills: a b c d e f g
You look very concerned. What happened? You have often been to Corfu, haven't you? The weather messed up our plans. What awful weather! I don't like it at all. Did you watch TV? Did you eat? Did you talk? You'll have the chance to go back again. Yes, indeed. Next year, at the earliest!
9 Can you recognize some of the words you have already learned?
Remember to look horizontally and vertically. A
I
A
K
A
!J.
A
A
n
0
p
n
y
e
0
p
y
B
0
r r
0
B
p
0
X
H
0
r
I
N
E
M
A
r
n
A
r
n
N
I
A
10 Listen to Dialogue 3 in this unit again and fill in the missing
words. If you don't have the recording, try to fill in the gaps from the words provided in the box. ~·
CD 2., TR 6, 10:37
j··:n~················~;c~~~~··;~~-~~~·~;;~;~:\~~i~i-;;6i~~-~~~·········~ : Xf)6vou oUt£ tou b _ _ , OUt£ nottl : ~ ~ narii3P£ Tim; c _ _ tov tcalp6 OJ'tJ.t£pO. 'EX£tJ.ttO untpox11 ! "'ai<06a 1e1 tva 6poo£p6 at:pQtct.l\tv£ 6tt J.tnopel va d __ 1 ! TO j3p06u aMQ 6£ VOJ.t({W. Kt 0 ICOtp6<; £ivai e _ _ OTrl ~ !: AQilla OJ'ttJ£PO. !:
l
Unit 1:1 What was the weather llke7
203
M11v Tou 1.11MTE v•a Til Aa!Jia! ·~: .: Aev tXEt<; f _ _ 61.1wc;Tim. ITo Aov61vo ~. ~E 1.1tpa. g _ _ tpt~ )(QAa(t. O}.ot ot6p61Jol Elvat ~EVIJtvOt Kl h _ _ . E61.i> 61JW<;, 6E ~lie;; nm Mll!JOU IJiMrrE VIO TO Aov6(vol fi'OUT6 E)(wt ;tfs$' rDTI'IV j ruaoo. AEV ri9£}.a aMEc; 13poxtc; Kat )(l6'Wlmo J_ i Kat naywvta. 'H9oo k _ _ , eaAadpa. Elvat avot~l'l Kat n _ _ i nl.i)c; KQIJTI.i)c; OUTr'\ TI'IV 0 _ _. Q).otj.IQ<; p _ _ 6Tt i EiVOtll Ka}.UTEPI'I 0 _ _ OTI'IV A9r'\va. j Apacruf611( AUT6 va >.tyETat! Elvatnplly!JaTtl'l Ka}.tifEPI'I o _ _ . . . i
Mary HAtKTpa
.................................................................................................................................: OlKlO
t>.8Et JTPOXTEC: Kpuo
fJTIKlVOUVOl JTEpl!JfVO EAfVOV a'tOTElAE
moxr't XEIIJWVOC: anoq>aaiaEt r'\AlO
napaxpovou nap61JOIOC: KoiTa ~pt~Et
Insight Exercise 7 had a list of the Greek public holidays. Can you make a similar list with most of the British public holidays for a friend of yours in Greece? Are there any common public holidays on both lists? Compare your findings with your circle of friends. Needless to say, we hope that your lists are in Greek?
A little extra! The weather
Look at the following weather information, and answer the true or false questions.
204
KAIPO:E
0EPMOKPAl:IEr Aefrva 0€0'/VliCT) natpa Aaplaa Iroavvwa HpaKAaO El;rotEj)lKOU
Bpi.>!;~ AruKroaia AovSlvo napim Pci>lln
35
32 32 TI~
35
34 35
32 32 39 25 29 36
~ AI8PIOI: ~ I:YNNE~IA
cival,..Kal 1too
6
AI:TATOI:
~ ""tftl
BPOXH
~ 0.....
KATAif14A
XIONI
9AAAD:A V<.A.I V<.A.J
V<.A.I
TAPAn4ENH noAY TAPAn4ENH
:! ! ! TPIKYMI04HI: ANEMOI t.,.......- AI:8ENEII: ~ II:XYPOI ~nOAY
II:XYPOI ~ 8YEAAru.EII:
Unlt,J Whlltwastheweatherllke7
205
11 9EpJIOKpaaia TO E(WTEpiK6 11 J\EUKWOia 1186Aaaaa TapayJIEVoc;/-11/-o 11 TpiKUJI(G aa9Evlic;/-lic;/-tc; ICJXUp6c;/-li/-6 8uillw611c;/-11c;/-Ec; 118uilla TOniK6c;/-li/-6 TOnaKtc; VEcpWOEic; TonaKtc; ppoxtc; TO vtcpoc; VEcpdW611c;/-11c;/-Ec; popEIOQVGTOAIK6c;/-li/-6 popEI06UTIK6c;/-li/-6 liPEJ.IOc;/-11/-o 11
temperature (f) abroad, overseas (n) Nicosia (Cyprus) sea (f) rough (sea) storm, tempest (f) weak strong stormy, thundery storm, hurricane (f) local hazy (cloudy) in places local (scattered) showers smog (n) cloudy, overcast north-eastern north-western tranquil, quiet
Mark (.I) for true and (.X) for false.
a H 8EplloKpacr(a O"TIJ pavKq>oUpTIJ dvm nap611ma llE TIJV 8EpllOKpacr(a crn~ Bpu~tME~.
b H Pww1 txEL TIJV mJITJAOTEPTJ 8EplloKpacr(a.
c To AovcS(vo txEL Til xallTJAOTEPTJ (lowest) 8EPil0Kpacr(a. Ymipxouv TPEL~ EAATJVLK£~ n6A.EL~ llE TIJV (cSLa 8EpllOKpacr(a. MEpLKOL aVEilOL ELVaL LOXUPOL O"TIJ 8aA.acrcra. LE llEPLKcl lltPTJ Til~ EMacSa~ 0 KaLp6~ ELVaL aO"TaTO~. LE llEPLKa O"TJilELa TJ eaA.acrcra ELVaL ltOAU TapaylltVTJ. h LTIJV Kp~TIJ 0 KaLp6~ ELVaL acrTaTO~. I LTIJ 9mcraA.ov(KTJ o KaLp6~ dvm aLepLO~. j 0 KaLp6~ ea ELVaL OXEMv a(8pLO~ aupLO.
d e f g
Test yourself 1
206
Can you remember the Greek for the following ten important words from this unit? Try to write your answers in transliteration or Greek script.
ii iii iV v 2
water trip/s weather worried television history
vi vi vii viii ix X
menu sunshine breeze ram snow sea
Can you remember the following ten important phrases from this unit? ii iii iv v
I've planned/called. vi You are (not) right. You sound/look . . . vii This is the best time in Athens. The rain never stopped. viii It's not winter now, it's spring! It rained cats and dogs! ix What's the weather like? You'll have the chance x It's fair/unsettled/awfuV to go back again. marvellous.
3 The phrases below are given in the present tense. Can you change
them into the future tense? Use transliteration or Greek script. [pigheno taksfTHi] nTJya(vw m~(&. ii [rotao st'anglika] Pwnlw Ol' AyyAtKa. iii [fevgho naris] Euyw vwp(<;. iv [perno tilefono] na(pvw TTJAEQ>WVO. v [kani zesti] KaVEl ~£UTTJ.
Unlt13 Whatwastheweatherllke7
207
14
·································································································
nou nt;yaTE y1a naoxa; Where did you go for Easter? In • • • •
this unit you will learn how to Use appropriate language at a social function Express wishes or congratulations Express opinions and state preferences Describe past events
1 Where did you go for Easter? ot~
C02, TR7
Tim and Mary are talking about their Easter holiday. ~-·4q;~~pq~········ii·~~-~~¥~~~·v;~·r;6;;x~·;t:;;;,;····················································~ 1:
nm
~ 4rlJ.IIlTPrt<
: ~. nm
~ 4rtlliiTPI'l( 1 Mary
l ~
l j
l 1
208
Kal nou 6£V mivai.JE; Elxai.JE nciEI OTO lOKcip6o, fJETcl OT'lV 16ciK'1, fJETcl OT'l h.W6WV'1, Kal t0..oc; OTa flciW£Va. KaM, 1..1a nou KclVatE AvciOTOO'l; AvciOTaa., KclVai.JE OTO IOKclpOO. 'EXOUIJE t.vav KaM cpl).o Tov navay~ nou 1..1ac; EIXE KOAtoEI OTo laKcip6o 6).'1 T'l MEyci).'l B6o1Jci6a. nou EiVal TO IOKcip6o; AKOUOTcl TO EXW a>J.ci 6E 6U1Jcli.Jal. OutE Kl EIJEic; To Elxai.JE ~avaKollaEI. A"Mci 6Tav yvwploai.JE TOV navay~ 6).o v•'auT6 I.Jac; fJ().OUOE. Mac; O..EVE 6TI EIVOI tvac; napa6oolaK6c; OIKIOfJ6c; nou clVTE~E TOU<; OEIOIJOUc; TO 1953- Mac; O..EVE v•a T'lV ~OUX'l· ~PEI..I'l ~pa61V~ Cw~. y1a ta 1..1£Vci).Q Vlwt, K6tEpa KaiiOTIO
1:
~
.~: ~ 1
l ~
~ ~
l j
Avacnaafa Tim 0000000000
.a6r'}; 0>.11 TJ'l MEV~ll B6of,l66a. Ka1 TJ'lV KuplaKr'} Mil £i)(OV 1'}611 (36M1 apv6KI OTO <po(Jpvo KOI KQTOIKOKI OTJ'l Oou(3Xa, EIJEic; q>clyOIJE n~l \116p1! T1 Xfc; f3pE na16lf,IOU; T6ao KaA6; nou va aac; XttJE .••
ooooouo•••••••••ouooooooooooooooouoooooooooooouoooouoooooooo . . oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
we had gone £iXGIJf: ncif:l Resurrection (f) Avcicnaa., 11 nou KGVCil'f: Avcicnaa.,; Where did you celebrate Easter? (lit. .,.ac; t:ixt: KaAtat:~ 11 Mt:yciAI'I (E)P6otJci6a OKOUCJTQ 1'0 txw TO t:iXGIJf: (avaKOUOf:l yvwpiaatJt: napa6oaaaK6c;/-l\/-6 0 OIKIOIJO( nou civn(t: o Of:IOIJO( ftpt:!Joc;/-1'1/-o J'l(WI\ TO YIWT/1'1 8aAGIJI'IVOC: TO K01'(1')t:p0 TO ICJTIOcpOpO «P'liJIOtJtvoc;/-1'1/-o onwa6flnon 11 'IJapoTaptpva cpciyan; 611Aa61\ Eixav 1\611 PciAt:~ 1\61'1 ToapvciKI apvciKa cno cpoupvo TO KGTOIKGKI KGTOIKGKI CJTI'I aoupAa Tl At:c; PPt: naa6i IJOU;
where did you spend (do) Resurrection?) he had invited us Holy Week I've heard about it we had heard it before we met traditional settlement (m) that withstood, survived earthquake (m) tranquil life (f) yacht(n) cutter (n) sailing boat (n) famous definitely fish taverna (f) did you eat? in other words they had already prepared (put) already lamb (n) lamb in the stove (oven) kid, young goat (n) kid on the spit what are you telling me, my dear? {lit. what are you saying, my child?)
Unit 14
Where did you go for Easter7
209
TOGOKaAO; nou va aac; Ail!£
so good? where (how) can we start? What can we tell you?
2 Anastasia, have you had your name day?
-4•
CD 2, TR 7, 02:13
Tim and Mary have just realized that it was their friend Anastasia's name day a few days earlier. ~··iVi~~···············n~:;:;~·a~i·~~~i·;:~·t:tx~~~i·A~~~~i~:·~;6;;~~<~~··················1
~ Avacnaaia
l Tim 1 Mary 1 Avacnaaia 1
j Mary 1
j Alll!f!TPI'I(
l l
Tim
Nat. ftopta{w TI'\V 1'\I.IEPO TOU naO)(O. :I:uyvWI.II'\ KOI XP6VIO no;\M t6tE. Nat, vat xp6vta oou noMa! No {1\oEtc;! EuxaptotW, EUXOPIOTW. M'EKnAI\06ETE 61.1wc;. =:tpETE 6;\Ec; Tl<; ill'lVIKEc; EUXE<; • • . EiXOI.IE UTI00)(£9£1 OTOV K091'\VI'\TI\ 1.10<; TWV ill'lVIKWV VO Tic; 1.168ou1.1E Kat va ttc; XPI'\OII.Ionotoui.IE.I6ou ;\otn6v! Opaia; Kat (3t(3ata wpaia. Mnp6(3o oac;! A! Twpa 9ul.lr'J91'\KO. Kt EoU ~'11.11\TP'l va xaipEoa• TI'\V yuvaiKa oou! rwota; :I:wota, OWOTO, EUXOPIOTW. K1 EOEic; 6,tl Ent9U1.1Eitt:! 0, Tl Ent9UI.IOU1.1Ei E? Aa! Aut6 6£V TO KataAaEO(VW • . • TutKo o'tmaoa Mary •••
~
l l 1 1 1 1
j
l l
j AqJ.II'jTpqc; j j Mary j i AqJ.II'jTpqc; l :..................................................................................................................................:
yaopTci(w 1'1 VIOpTI\ xpovaa noAAci! xpovaa aou noAAci va (l\a£ac;! EKnAI\aaw 1'1 EUXft EiXGJ.IE unoax£8£i 0 KG81'JVI'JTft( J.1G8aivw
210
have you had your name day? (here) (or birthday) I have/! celebrate my birthday or name day holiday (f)/celebration many happy returns! (lit. many years) many happy returns to you! may you live long!/enjoy your life! I surprise (EKTIA~TTw/EtrnA.~oow) wish (f) we had promised teacher, tutor (m) I learn
XPI'JOIIJOliOIW u5ou Aomov! JJ11Pci~o oac;!
twpa 9u1JJ\91'JKO va xaipEOOI TI'J
yuvaiKa oou! Kl EOEic; O,TI E:J119UjJEiTE! 6, Tl
ma9UIJW o'tmaoa mcivw
I use here you go!lhere's the proof! well done (to you), Bravo! I've just remembered (lit. now I remembered) congratulations to your wife! (lit. enjoy your wife!) may your wish come true! (lit. and whatever you like/wish!) whatever I wish, I desire I got you (idiom) I catch, I hold
3 We hadn't slept at all ••• ~~
CD 2, TR 7, 03:33
Tim and Mary are still telling their friends about their Easter holiday and what it was like leaving Fiscardo. Avacrracria Mary
Tim
KOIIJE:TO nwc; nr')yare OTI'JV 190KI'); 0 Oavayr')c; £1XE Kt6Aac; IJ!Ar')OEI OE KOnotouc; tOKcip6o! Ox! ruyvWIJI')! To 10Kcip6o dvat OTO mo ~pEtO !Jlpoc; Tl')c; KE<paMovaac;, A, OTI')V I<E:<paMovtci nr')yaTE! 0Ec; TO ~pE Tim! Tt TO Kpatcic; J.IUOTIK6; reMyo •••
Tim
Avacrraaia
. . • Kat nou AtrE IJE TO OKcicpoc; EIXOJ.IE nepaoet KOVTci an6 TO rKopnt6 TO VI')Oi TOU 0vOOI'), tnEtTQ nr')yOIJE OTI')V 1\EUKOOO, an'EKEI OTI'JV npt~e
Unit 14
Where did you go for Easter?
211
1:::.
nm
I
Avacnacrfa
j:.
:
Mary
METa an6 6£Ka ilipEc; T0~£161 qrraoa~e OTa navveva VUP
nt;r;: wpa
..................................................................................................................................:
£iXE KIOAac; JIIAqaEI GE TO GKcicpoc; 6E IJG( iXETE REI QKOIJG popeaoc;/-a/-o RE(TO Kpmciw( -w) TOIJUaTIKO Kal nou Atu ••• EiXGIJE nepciGEI TOVI1Gi 0 nvaa.,c;
aTGIJaTtlGGIJE npav va cpTciaOUIJE
i
6EV EiXGIJE K011JI18Ei Ka86Aou cpUGIKQ tnpEREVQ TllV ciAA11 j.ltpa o yYWaTO(/-q/-6
(he) had already talked to motorboat (n) you haven't told us yet northern say it, come out with it! keep secret (n) to continue my story, on that subject then (idiom) (lit. and that you are saying . .. ) we had sailed island (n) Onasis (a Greek tycoon, shipowner, businessman, and owner of Scorpio island) we stopped before arriving/getting (lit. before we (to) arrive) we hadn't slept at all of course, naturally we had to the next (lit. other) day acquaintance, known (person or thing)
4 And in Yannena? -4t CD :1., TR 7, os:o6]
Tim and Mary are still recounting their exciting adventures in Yannena (or Ioannina = lwavvLva). They were particularly excited about the Vrellis Wax Museum. Listen and read the last part of the conversation.
212
r·A~~~~~~···········i<~.-~~·r-;6~~;·ii~6·~~~~············································· l.
Mai'Y
l AvaOTaa(a j Mary
: AvaOTaaia Tim
Mac; e:fxav ne:t 6'tt 9a IJOC: n(Jymvav o't.va navrwupt t(w an6 TO f!Qwe:va. EK£1 OKOUOOIJE TOniK(J, napaOOOIOK(J IJOUOtK(J Kat e:iOaiJe: vt6mouc; va xope:uouv. 'Htav noM e:votacptpov Kat Klrn 6tacpope:ttK6 v•a IJO<;. nou WJ.ou n(Jyote:; Mac; e:ixav unoox£6e:i va IJO<; oe:l(ouv TO Mouoe:lo Ktptvwv 01JOIWIJOtWV TOU Bp&11. M6Xtc; otKa Xe:ma t(w an6 TO rtawe:va. 'HTav noM ouvapnaattK6 Kat e:votacptpov. Kat e:lvat To IJOVaOtK6 OTilV EMMa an'6oo (tpouv 01 yvWOToi IJa<;. Eivm Kcltt avtiOTOIXO IJE To Mouoe:lo Til<; Madame Tussaud ato 1\ovoivo. nw, nw! fle:v e:ixa (OVOKOUOE:t! TPOIJE:p6! Cl>avtOOTtK6! 'EXOUIJE TtToto IJOUoe:io OTilV EMMa; H EMMa txe:t T6oa IJUOTtKa nou 1JOAov6Tt e:ixaiJe: OtO~clOEt KOt EiXOIJE KclVEt tpEUVO nptV VO £p90UIJE OTil XWpa oa<; Kt6AO<;TI1V npWTiliJEPO £OW KOTOAa~aiJE 6Ttll OtOIJOV{J IJO<; eo e:ivat napanavw an6 ouvapnaattK(J. Kat oe:v ntOOIJE t(w! XaipoiJOt nou T'aKouw. MaKapt va e:ixa Kt e:yw TllV iota e:vtunwa11 6tav n(Jya ...
···································································································································· 9a IJO<; nl'jyOIVOV To nav'lyupa t~wano
TOntKOc;/-l'j/-6 VT6moc;/-a/-o xope:uw e:v6aacptpov nouaAAou; 6Eixvw/6e:i(w Ktpavoc;/-'1/-o TO Oj.IOiWIJO ouvapnaatiK6c;/-l'l/-6 avtiatoaxoc;/-'1/-o TPOIJE:pO! cpaVTOO'TIKO! dxa!Je: Kave:a tpe:uva
they would have taken us (religious) fair (n) outside local local I dance interesting where else? I show/to show wax model (n), image, figure unique/exciting corresponding awesome! fantastic! we had done (some) research Unit 14
Where did you go for Easter?
•c
~
>
Ill:
u
s
a
213
11 xwpa npav va tp8ou1.1£ KI6Aac; napanavw Kaa6n ntaa1.1£ t(wl
I.IGKGpl va £iXG Kl £VW TI'IV i6aa £VTUJIWGI'I I1£VTUnWGI'I
country (f) before coming (lit. before we (to) come) already more than and we didn't miscalculate!, and we guessed right! (lit. and we didn't fall outside!) I wish I had the same impression impression (f)
Insight The following section is proof of the ever existing difficulties in translating not actual words but cultural ideas. You will often be confronted with words and expressions where translations and explanations have their shortcomings. As a rule of thumb, learn them by heart and make sure that you remember the appropriate word and/or expression when you next attend a birthday party or a wedding. If you fear you might have a 'Greek' black out, then a flash card can easily be hidden in one of your pockets! Take this opportunity and impress some people!
Language notes Easter in Greece
Greek Orthodox Easter is probably the most important religious holiday in Greece; it usually falls one or two weeks after Western Easter. The week before Easter Sunday (KupLaKi) TOU Oaaxa), you'll notice Athens getting emptier and emptier, and by Good Friday (M£YaA11 OapaaKrofj) approximately four million people have left the city for the villages (xwpLa) they come from. Around this time the Greeks use lots of expressions of good wishes: XpovLa nolla
214
Many happy returns!
This is an expression used on occasions such as name days, birthdays, religious holidays. The best response is rn(OTJc;! likewise or XpovLa (ooufaac;) n:olla Many happy returns (to you) too! KaAO Daaxa! Happy Easter! This is a wish used usually before Easter Sunday particularly when people are leaving for the break and they probably won't see each other again until after Easter. XpUJ'TO«; AVEC1Tl]! Christ has risen! This is used on Easter Sunday and the few days following. The best response is probably the same XpLo'Toc; Av£C1Tl]! and sometimes Al:q8wc; Av£C1Tl]! Truly he was resurrected or Al:q8wc; o KupLoc;! Truly it was the Lord! H M£YaATJ (E)~cSo1-uxcSa Holy Week starts on MqcUTJ 4t:udpa (Good Monday) and lasts until MqcUo l:appa'To (Easter Saturday) and Easter Sunday. The day after Easter Sunday is 4£U'TEpa 'TOU naaxa (Easter Monday.) H AvaCI'TaOTJ can actually refer to the Easter mass or service or to the resurrection itself.
Many Greek cities and towns have local traditions varying from Dt:pvct»opa 'TOU Em'Tacp(ou (Epitaph's Procession) on Good Friday
to cooking lamb, or cracking red-dyed eggs on Easter Sunday. This is a very special time of the year, rich in cultural heritage so if you have the opportunity to visit Greece at Easter don't miss it! Kavwfm:pvw TTJV Avacrta<JT)...
I celebrate/! spend (the days of) Easter ...
Congratulations and other Greek wishes Na xa(pt:aaL 'TTJ yuva(Ka CIOU/'TOV clv'Tpa CIOU/'TO n:aL6( aou!
Congratulations to your wife/ husband/child!
This is used when you address the husband or wife upon the birthday or name day of his wife/her husband/their child. A frequent reply is: KL t:adc; o,n t:m8Uil£L'TE! Na ~f)at:Lc;!
May your wish(es) come true! May you live long! (you-singular)
An idiom addressed to the person who celebrates a name day or birthday.
Unit 14
Where did you go for Easter?
215
Na ~l]a£n! Na aac; ~l]a£L!
May you live long! (you-plural) May he/she live long!
An idiom addressed to the parents of a newly-born baby. Euxapurtw or £UX«PL(J"[OUP£ are two possible answers to the last three expressions. Translating 'again'
Eava and n:ciAL both mean 'again'. Eava appears as a prefix to many verbs, as you have seen in previous units, such as: ~avaJlAi:n:w ~avaKOUW ~ava-rpww
I see again I listen/hear again I eat again I go again
~avamJyatvw
DciAL cannot be used as a prefix although it could be used with the
above verbs as a second word: I see again I listen/hear again I eat again I go again
JlAi:n:w n:ciAL aKOUW 1tclAL -rpww n:ciAL 1t11Y«LVW n:ciAL
Instead of mlA.t you could have used the word examples e.g. p.Atn:w ~ava I see again.
~ava
in the last four
Eava also has another meaning with certain verbs: .1Ev TO dxallE ~avaKoua£L.
We hadn't heard about it before.
Idiomatic uses of the verb 'to say'
The verb Aiw or }J;yw has many idiomatic uses. The sentence above is one example, and the list below contains others that are frequently used: D£c; !lOU KQTL. D£c; Kan. Atw llLa t
nwc; TO lin CJTa EAATJVLKa; .1Ev ~EpEL Tl Ai£L 216
Tell me something. Say something. I tell a story/secret. How do you say that in Greek? He doesn't know what he is talking about.
Let them talk! Never mind what they say! What do you make the time? Come, say around five. I am at a loss for words. I say my say! I have a hunch/feeling that ... Is it likely to rain? Really! Is that so? You don't say so! Come out with it! What did you say? I beg your pardon? What about a pizza?
Aa'Touc; va livE! TL wpa At:~ va ELVaL; 'EA.a, ac; nouJlE anc; n£vn:. !lEv ~tpw n va nw. Atw on txw va nw! Kim !!OU AiEL on ... At:~ va ~pE~EL; MTJ !!OU nEL~! fl£~ TO A.om6v! TLdna'tE;
Tt At:~ yta !!La n(ma;
A.tw has some irregular forms in certain tenses. The main ones are:
At(y)w Sa nw
dna txwfdxa nEt ITE<;- TIELTE- (TIE
I say/tell I will say/will tell I said/told I have/had said/told say/tell
More Idiomatic expressions
In Unit 13 we met some Greek idiomatic expressions. Here are some more idioms from this unit and some examples using the verb ntcp'tw (I fall).
I5ou.Aom6v! Na.Aom6v! ?:£pEte;, hm 5Ev ££vat;
Here you go! Here's the proof! Here you go! Here you are! You know, don't you? Isn't that right? the next day (lit. the other day) We guessed right! He fell out of the car/train.
TTJV aAATJ !!Epa .:1Ev ntaaJlE t~w! 'Ent:a£ t~w an6 TO aUTOKLVTJTO /TpEVO. To ~a~o tnt:a£ an6 m x£pta !lOU. The vase fell from my hands. To xt6vt rnt:cp'tE auv£xELa. The snow was coming down I falling down steadily. Unit 14 Where did you go for Easter?
21 7
H TLil~ yLa m q>po\rra tru:a£. H 8EP1.10Kpaa[a 1tEcpT£L 'En£aa m:lvw Otll Map[a.
The price of fruit went down. The temperature is dropping. I came upon/across Mariall bumped into Maria. I was completely taken aback! I was completely surprised. I fall ill!I am taken ill I go to bed!
'En£aa an6 Ta aUVVEq>a!
llEcpTW appWOTO<;. llEcpTW yLa UlTVO!
The different forms of the verb ntcp-rw are:
.............................................. ................................................................1
r·:;;t.;~~
~,~;;
1 9a ntow
I will fall I fell I have/had fallen fall
j brtoa
1 txw/elxa ntoea
! ntoe - ntOTE
l l ;
!
!..................................................................................................................................:
Note that both At(y)w and ntcp-rw have the same imperative form: DEOT£ (Tell) or Utn£ (Fall)! Now you might like to look up these idiomatic expressions word by word!
Grammar 1
The past tense
This unit contains many more verbs in the past tense. The list below has the main and the past form of the most important ones.
!"TiiiW' ........................i.go .......................:::; .... j Kavw i yvwpl(w
i avttxw i Tpl.ilw 1 (e)(VW
j mavw : cpmvw
1 OTallOTOW
i: EiJ.lat 218
I do I meet I stand I eat I forget I hold I arrive I stop I am
Ti~va
..................i.weni ......................1
tKava yvl.ilpaoa -. 6VTE(a -t tfPCIYCI -. (txaaa -. braaoa -. tcpTaaa -t OTOJ.llmloa -t fiJ.louv -.
-t
I did I met I stood, I endured I ate I forgot I held
I arrived I stopped I was
j i
i
i l
1 : l
i:
I see
-+ ef6a -+ KaTaAaPa
I understand
/SQW
I urukrstood
··················~·········································~·--·······················"'········--···············~··················:
As a reminder, here's the full conjugation of two of these important verbs in the past tense. I went ...
I ate ...
TT~Y-
E:- q>ay- a E:- q>ay- E<; E:- q>ay- E
a
TT~Y- E<; TT~Y- E TT~Y- a~E TT~Y- aTE
E:-
TT~Y- av(E)
2
q>ay- a~E q>Qy- aTE q>ay- av
The past perfect tense
This unit introduces you to just one more past tense. I go I went I have gone I had gone
naw - TITlya(vw n~ya
txw nan dxa nan
Now that you are familiar with the present perfect tense featured in Unit 13, this new tense called the past perfect tense will create no difficulties for you. It is formed with the past tense form of the verb txw followed by the same verb form as in the present perfect. Some examples: :··txw.n6Ei············7-;,-o-v-e·-go-o-e···············~····£rx"Ci"iiii£i·········/"h"O"J-g;;;;e················l
txetc; noet EXE:I noe:t EXOUIJE nOEl ! EXE:TE nOEl ~ txouv noet
you have gone
-+ elxe:c; nOEl
s/he/}t has gooe we have gone you have gone they have gone
-+ -+ -+ -+
EIXE nOEl EiXOfJE nOEl EIXOTE nOEl Eixav noe:1
you had gone s/he/lt had gone we had gone you had gone they had gone
~
l ~
! i .....................................................................................................................................: Here is a list of verbs from this unit in the past perfect tense:
Unit 14 Where did you go for Easter?
219
..
..
r·£ixa~·n~£i···· ···········w;·;;Qd·go;;;··················~··neiic;···············i·9c;········- ~~0::
i EfX& ICGAtoet
he had lttvlted we had done again
-+ -+
j Ef)(QV PQ).EI
they hod prepared
-+
1 Ef)(Q~E unooxESel 1 dxe ~IAI\<Jet 1 d)(Q~E nepaoet j EIXOIAE KOIJ.Ul8Ei l Efxav net 1 Efxa (avaKoUOEt 1 Elxa1A£6tal3dOEt 1 ElXQIAE KOVEI
we hod promised he hod talked we hod soiled we hod slept they hod said I had heard again wehodreod we had done
-+
1 efxaJ.tE (avaKOv£t
i
i
KCWiJ. · I invite ;~! ! ~ I redo I ·· · l doagaln j j3dlja) . I prepare j (here)
uneoxotlQJ I promise ~IAQw{W) I talk n~ I soil (here)
-+ -+ -+ KOIJJOj.IQI -+ At(y)w
(QVQKO\)(a) -+ 6taf3d(w -+
I sleep I soy I hear again /study/read I do
l
1
! l j
j j
! l : ...............................................................................................-.....................................: -+ KOVW
-
Important key words used with this new tense or the present perfect are: aK6jlajaK61lTJ ma ~BTJ KL6A.ac; jl6ALc;
still, till, yet not longer, (no) more already already just
Some examples from the dialogues of this unit and other situations are: Evw £Lxav ~BTJ ~oupvo ... 0 navaYJ1c; e(xe KL6A.ac; ... jlLA~OEL
Llev e(xa q>an aK6jla, 6Tav ~pee o fLwpyoc;. M6A.Lc; BEKa A.ema t~w an6 Ta fuxvveva. Lle etAw ma Kaq>E. Lle jlltOpW mal AK6jla jlaea(vw EllT]VLKa. M6A.Lc; dxa q>an, ~pee o fLwpyoc; OTO OltlTl.
220
Since they had already put a lamb in the oven ... Panagis had already spoken/ talked to ... I hadn't eaten yet when Giorgios came. Just ten minutes outside Yannena. I don't want coffee any more. I can't take it any longer! I am still learning Greek. I had just finished eating (lit. eaten), (when) Giorgios came home.
3 Adverbs
Words such as aKOJla, ma, KLolac;, mUL, ~ava and JlOALc; are adverbs. Adverbs can be divided into four groups according to their rneaning: c of manner d of quantity
a place or direction b of time
You have already learned many adverbs in the previous units. Here is a list of the most important in each group. Remember that most adverbs have one form. Study the list below and refer back to it whenever you need to. Place and direction
Time
Manner
Quantity
rrou; where? rrou9Eva nowhere EOW here EKEL there mavw up, above KaTw down, under llECJa in, inside
n6n; when? T6TE then Twpa now noTE never
mil~;
rr6ao; how much? T6ao so, so much
t~w
aK61!a(T)) still, yet
out, outside llETa~u between y{Jpw (a)round KOVTa near llaKpta far
alltaw~
at once
ltaAL again ~ava
again
Kt6ft.a~
already already ma already 1!6At~ ;ust ~OT)
how? otherwise ET<JL so, like lla~[ together, with 6nw~ as, like aav as, like atya slowly 116vo only wpa(a{ine Eltl<JT)~ too, also KUp(w~ mainly t8iw~ especially aMtw~
6ao as much as I!OV6 single noft.u much, very ltLO more ).[yo some, little apKETa enough <JXE86v almost TOUAQXL<JTO(V)
at least Ka96ft.ou not at all nEp[nou about
Insight We hope that you are happy and impressed with your progress so far and that you definitely want to go back and revise. That was the reason we suggested from the very beginning to put some colour in your book by underlining or highlighting certain things page after page. This will help you retrace your steps and flag the sections you have not tackled fully the first time around. Do not despair if you forget; this is very natural and is common to most of us. Continue your efforts and get to the last unit soon!
Unit,.. Where did J'OU go for bst«7
221
Practice 1
Respond to the following situations in Greek. a You want to ask someone 'How do you say that in Greek?'
b You want to find out if someone has had his/her name day. c What are the expressions used when congratulating someone for his wife/her husband/their child's name day? d What will your answers be when you hear: Na ~~CJEL~! Na ~~crEn:! Na cra~ ~~crn! e Xp6vLa noMa is a very common expression. How will you reply? f You want to find out two specific details: Ask 'Where did you go?' and 'What did you do?' g Ask 'Where else did you go?', 'What else did you do?'
:z. Match each question with the most appropriate answer.
a noLO~ cra~ ELXE KaAECJEL; b To dxaTE ~avaKO\JCJEL; c fL6pm~E~, ETCJL OEV dvaL; d fLaT( ~cracrTav T6cro KoupacrllEVOL; e nou aAAOU ~yaTE; 'OxL, ~Tav TJ npwTTJ q>opa. ii ftaT( OEv dxallE KOLI1TJ8EL Ka86A.ou. iii nou8Eva, YLaTL OEV ELXUilE aUTOKLVTJTO. iv 0 q>LA.o~ 11a~ o nava~~· v Nm EX8E~. 'HTav m yEv£8A.La 110u. 3 Rearrange these lines to make up a dialogue. -4~
CD :z., TR 7, o6:37 a 'EA.a nE~ 11a~. TL KavaTE;
b c d e
KL aK611a KaAUTEpa. 'Hmv T6cro EVOLaq>£pov. rvwp(crallE TTJ ~paOLV~ ~w~ TTJ~ P6oou. nEpacraTE wpa(a Tl~ OLaKOTTE~; E(vaL npay11an 6nw~ A.EvE; f nou va cra~ A.Ew; g nE~ lla~, TTE~ llU~. Ma~ ECJKUCJE~!
222
4 complete the dialogue using the information in italics.
~··A~·~~~p~(·····6~~-~~~-tx~~:;;~·;~~6~~-~~-~~i~~-;~~·Ci);~~6p-&;:·······················1 a It's in the most northern point of Cephalonia. 1 ~ ~l'l~rlTPilc; Aa! Twpa KOT0AaJ3a. Kat n~ ntpaoaTE; 1 ~ y0 u b We had a good time. We stopped there for a whole weekend. 1 ~ All~rlTPil( KavaTE tlnota; Ei&rrE tlnota; 1 : You c There was a fair and we had the chance [EuKatpfa] to see 1 local dances and hear traditional folk music. 1 ~ ~l'l~rlTPI)c; 0a tnpEnE va 1\tav wpaia! ' You d Yes, it was very exciting. Especially for a foreigner. ~ ~l'l~rlTPI)( flll~061\, 9a (avan6TE EKEi av tXETE 6M11 EUKatpia; You e Definitely, yes. I /ike whatever is nice and I wouldn't mind seeing it again. ~ ~ll~fiTpl)c; K~l\ TUX'l t6tE! ~ y0 u
:
..................................................................................................................................:
5
Match the words on the left with the words on the right.
a KOTEpo b YLWT c KOTIETilVLO<; d VOUTTJ<; e <paVTOCJTLKO f
ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix X
sailor/nautical famous bravo captain yacht naturally, physically hypno therapist cutter fantastic museum
6 Practise the different forms of Greek verbs in past tenses. Choose
the correct words from the boxes to complete the sentences. CYTTJV AS~va
a EXTE<;.
b 00TE _ _TO ftwpyo;
c Tt _ _ rrptv va
'Exro qmicret Eixa
eixe<; <paet eixe<; 'tpciet
tA.ew;
Unit 14
Where did you go for Easter?
22 3
d !J.ev ~8EAa va _ _ ltpLv
crtaJ.1ato6cra Eixe~ crtaJ.1atr]creL txw crtallat~cret
va qmxcrw O"TTJV AS~va,
aMa ~Atnw; . . .
·
l
If
....,..,
e TL _ _ crTTJv TTJAEopa
f Aa! AuTo TO
txet~ oet f. tOE~ dxe~ oet
[ txw
ltOU
!lOU ElltE<;!
-
~qcicret eixa ~excicret ~txaaa
7 Choose the correct adverb of place, time, manner or quality to complete the sentences. AS~va;
[
KCcVf.L aUTO TO ltOUKCc!.iLO"O;
[
a
b
ELXE<; ltCcf.L O"TTJV
c !J.ev ~ya _ _ ntpcrL.
[
d To crnin 11a<; eivm _ _
[
TOU O"XOAELOU KaL TOU <pap11aKELOU. e H KaTEpLVTJ ELVaL _ _ O"TTJ 8mcraAOVLKTJ.
f AUTO KCcVEL
ltEVTE
EUpW.
224
[ [
g To Ta~f.l<')L KUVEL _ _ an<; oKTw wpe<;.
[
h fvwpLO"a TO fLwpyo _ _.
[
1tOCTO
1tOCTO
1tott
tocro
1t0tf.
1tul~
TOCTO
!lem~u
1toueevci
KOVta
KOVtcl
t~w
t~w
!1E'W~U
!1E'W~U
J
l l ]
l
Ka96A.ou touA.cixtcrtov A.iyo
J.10At~
01t(l)~
rJOTJ
aJ.lecrw~
yupw
J.lasi
J J
[
LlE 8EAW va <paw _ _. E[XE TIUEL _ _
mo
miA.t
7tE pi1tou
]
[
flE TTlV EA.EVTJ yta 6taKon:£c;.
8 Can you recognize some of the words you have already learnt?
9
~
n
0
T
E
H
T
0
T
E
n
0
~
A
N
T
0
K
0
N
T
A
A
M
E
T
A
~
y
Listen to Dialogue 4 in this unit again and fill in the missing words. If you don't have the recording try to fill in the gaps using the words in the box.
••••••••ooooooooooooooouooooooooooooouooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
Avaaraala Mary
AvaGTaala Mary
AvaGTaala
Kat OTa ru]vvEVa; noun~yaTE; Ma<; elxav net6Tt9a !Ja<; n~yatvav o't.va E~W an6 Ta ru1vvEVa. EKE( aKOUOaiJE TOJTIK~, a b IJOUOIK~ Kat el6a1JE vt6mou<; va xopeuouv. 'HtaV noM C Kal KtlTI 6tacpop£TIK6 yta jJa<;. nou aMoun~yatE; Mac; elxav d va !Ja<; 6EI~ouv To MouoElo Kt.ptvwv OjJOIWIJcltWV TOU Bpt.AA11. M6At<; 6t.Ka AEJTTO t.~w an6 TO To 1Jova6tK6 OTI1V EMa6a ~pouv _Elvat _ flOvvEVa. 'HTaV noM e an· 6ooKat C Ot f _ . Kat IJO<;. Elvat KOTI avtiOTotxo IJE To Mouo£1o Til<; Madame Tussaud OTO J\ov61vo. nw, nwlllEV elxa ~avaKOUOEI! g !
Unit '4
Where did you go for Easter?
j
:~', .
225
nm
H EMMa txe• T6aa h rrou ~o>.ov6TI eixa~e 61a~aae• Kat eixa~E Kavet tpeuva rrptv va tp9ou~e OTI1 i aac; Kt6>.ac; TI1V 1TpWTI1 ~Epa E6W KaTaM~aiJE 6Tt 11 61a~ov~ ~ac; 9a elva1 j arr6 auvaprraOTIK~. Km 6ev rrtoa~e t(w! l k rrou T'aKouw. MaKap• va eixa Kl eyw TI1V 16ta 1 ~ _ _ _ 6Tav rr~ya... l
l
:
..................................................................................................................................: IJUOTIKO U7TOOXE8Ei auvaprraOTtK6
rravrwupt ev6ta
EVTlJ7TW011 rraparravw xwpa
yvwaToi rrapaOOOIOK~
XOipOIJOI
A little extra! -40 CD 2, TR 7, o8:37
Rhodes is one of the most popular destinations for tourists going to Greece. It has a very cosmopolitan summer life and many things to offer young people. Listen to and read the dialogue below.
..
~··i(~;;~~······-r~~·P66~;:;~v;;.:;~~··········································································· ·~
Tim KciJcna(
KciJcna(
l Tim
l KciJcna( l ~
l ~
nm
'OXI aK61Ja. A'J\Aa EXOU~E aKOUOEl T6aa rro>.>.a yt'aUT~V. EIVOI 6>.a rrpay~aTI a>.~Seta; Nat eivm. 'EXEt T6aa rro>.>.a va rrpomptpet. 'Exe• TI1V rra>.•a rr6>.11, TO MavTpaKt, TO Evu6peio, TO Mouaeio, OPXOIO).oytKOU<; XWPOU<;, TI1V AKp6rr0>.11 OTI1 l\iv6o ... K1 arr6 ~pa61v~ (w~; EKEi c5ev EXEI va (11MijiEI TirroTa arr6 Til ~pa61v~ (w~ 07TOiaOc5~1TOTE aM11c; KOOIJ07TO>.iTIK11<; rr6>.11c;. iliOK08~KEc;, VOlT K>.a~rr, ~7TOUclT, ~rrupapiEc;, J.I1Tap, EOTlaT6pta ... navTOU K60~oc;, rraVTOU KOO~OOUppo~. Kmrrwc; rraEI KavEic; eKEI; EuKo>.a. Me TO aeporrMvo ae 45 >.ema KOI ~e TO rr>.oio ~ OE 14 tilpec;. A'J\Aa TO ~IOTIK6 E1Ti7TE60 eiVal arr6 TO 1TIO aKpl~O l a'6>.11 TI1V EMac5a. Elva• aKpt~a va rrac; eKei, va IJEIVEtc; EKEi, ~ va 6taoKE6aoetc; EKEI. A'AM elva1 wpala. l M~rrwc; TUIKO tvac; xp6voc; va ~.,v eivm apKET6c; OTI1V E>.Moa! ~
i~ . ~r.~~~;t;~~;;~~~~~:::~:.='~"" 226
l
i
11 aM8£la
npoaq»tpw rraAaci noA11 to MavtpciKa tO £VU6pEiO oxwpoc; 11 /\iv6oc; (11A£uw KOGJ.IOROAiTIK0(/-11/-0 onoaaa6{jnoTE ciAA11c; 11 6aaKo81iK11 TO vciaT KAaJ.In 11 J.IROUOT 11 J.lnupapia TO J.IRGp 0 KOOJ.IO( 11 KOOJ.IOOUppo{j £UKOAa TO jliOTIKO Enin£60 6aaaKE6ci(w 116ouAEaci KaAI'J TUXIl! 11 napciTaa11 10
truth (f) I offer old town, old quarters the harbour for yachts, sailing or fishing boats aquarium (n) site (m)lspace, area (m) a village 54 km south of Rhodes City I become jealous/] am jealous cosmopolitan whatever else/other disco/discotheque (f) nightclub (n) nightclub with Greek music (f) pub (f) bar (n) people {lit. cosmos), crowd (m) crowd, sea of people, throng easily standard of living (lit. the biotic level) I entertain (myself or others) work, job, employment good luck! extension (f)
Mark (./) for true and (.X) for false. a H P66oc; j.lnop£l va npoacpEpEL noMa CJTOV mup(CJTa 11 EltlGKEltllJ (visitor). b !J.Ev £lvaL 611w<; noA.u KOaj.lonoA.(nKrJltOATJ. c YmxpxEL KaL AKpOltOATJ CJTO XWPLO (village) TT]<; A(v<'iou. d H ~pa<'iLVll (w11 TT]<; <'lEv £lvm cravj6nw<; (like) clUE<; KOGj.lOltOALTLKE<; ltOAEL<;. e 'EXELltOAAE<; <'llcrKo81lKE<;, vaLT KA.a111t K«LilltOUaT. f 'EXEL noA.U K6a11o aMa oxL KaL KOCJj.loauppo1l. g To ltAOLO KclVEL14 wpE<;.
Unit 14 Where did you go for Ellster7
22 7
h To ~LOTLK6 m(m:So dvaL xaj.1T]A6. 0 Tim XP£La~£TaL tva xp6vo napchaOTJ yta va Set KL ilio TT]v
j
EAA.a8a. 0 KwcJTa<; TOU 8LV£l TT]V wxfl
'KaA.~
nJXT]'.
Greek music
Music has always been essential to the Greek way of life. The nation's educational system is based on languages, philosophy, mathematics, physics, physical education and music! These are the Greek words for some musical instruments: lyre bouzouki dulcimer lute clarinet baglamas flute
11 A.:upa
TO j.!TIOU~OUKL TO oavTOUpl ToA.aoum TO KA.ap(vo o j.lnayA.aj.lac; 11 q>A.oyf.pa
Music was once a part of the language and played an important part in works such as Homer's epics. That 'musicality' has somehow been lost. Some of the many kinds of Greek music are: i\al~ j.lOUO"l~
eA.aq>pta A.al~
j.loum~
8T]j.10Tl~ j.!OUO"l~
VT]O"LWTLKa Tpayou8La ~ VT]OLWTLKT] j.!OUO"l~ pEj.!TIETLKa
popular music light popular music regional, folklore music island songs or island music rebetica (many call it 'the Greek blues')
Different kinds of music have, in turn, created different dances. Some of the most popular are: KaAaj.lanav6, ~Ej.lTIEKLKO, aupTaKL, aupT6, aouoTa and TO"Lq>TETEAL. Recently a form of 'table dancing' has developed - it is a unique experience for both tourists and locals.
228
rest yourself 1
Can you remember the Greek for the following ten important words from this unit? Try to write your answers in Greek script. ii iii iv
v 2
this year friend/s life sailing boat/s fish
vi vii viii ix X
teacher/s island/s musiC of course museum/s
Can you remember the following ten important phrases from this unit? Where did you go for Easter last year? ii We had heard it before. iii We ate a lot of fish. iv Did you have your
name day? v Many happy returns!
vi vii viii ix X
May you live long! May your wish come true! He has already spoken to some friends. You have not told us yet ... It was very interesting.
3 The phrases below are given in the present tense. Change them
into the past tense, using either transliteration or Greek script. [pupate]? nou mhe; ii [ine sinarpastik6]? E(vm mJvapnaanK6; iii [eho tin endiposi] 'Exw tllV evnmwOTJ. iv [to vazo pefti] To j3a~o ltE
Unit 14
Where did you go for Eester7
22 9
15
·································································································
Revision test 3 In • • • • • • • •
this unit you will revise Making arrangements and meeting someone Initiating and carrying out business talks Talking to a doctor and asking for remedies Talking about the weather Using appropriate language at a social function Expressing opinions and stating preferences Different professions and sports Naming months and seasons
Check your progress so far. Once you have completed the following exercises compare your answers with the correct ones, which can be found at the back of the book. Identify any areas that still need some work and go over them again so that you're completely satisfied. 1
Respond to the following situations in Greek. a What are the expressions used when congratulating someone for his wife I her husband I their child's name day? b What are the expressions used on Mondays I first day of the month I first day of the year? If someone else uses those expressions what will your answer be? c When do you use 'Xp6vLa no!J..a!'? If you are addressed with this expression, what will your reply be? d Ask about the weather: 'What's the weather like in Greece today?' or 'What was the weather like in Greece yesterday?' or 'What will the weather be like in Greece tomorrow?'.
230
e You are asked: 'PLXVEL ~poxtc; f) xaM~L OTTJV A9i)va;'. Give an appropriate answer. f You are asked 'Owe; dvm cruvi)9wc; o KaLp6c; OtTJV ME)'MTJ BpETav(a;' Give an appropriate answer. g A friend of yours does not look well, ask: 'Are you sick? You don't look very well. Shall I call a doctor?' h 'Long time no see! Where have you been? I've missed you George!' If George is a good but 'long-lost' friend, how will you say these phrases? You want to find out someone's profession, ask: 'What do you do for a living?' then tell him/her that you are a banker, painter, book-keeper, nurse, builder or teacher. Ask someone what kind of sports he or she likes. Then tell him or her that you like swimming, cycling, horse-riding, volleyball, running and soccer. 2
Someone has handed you the two business cards below. You look at them and you want to ask some questions. How would you say the following in Greek?
a 'Oh, you are a manager!' b 'What's the name of your hotel in Greek?' c 'Rhodes is an island, isn't it?' d 'Do you have both restaurants and apartments?' e 'Where's Fiscardo?' f 'Please give me your telephone number.'
ESPEROS PALACE HOTEL faliraki p.o. box 202-85100 rhodes (0241) 85751-4 telex: 292601 espp GR-fax: (0241) 85744
Unit 15
Revision test)
231
ii
Food and Lodging
FISCARDO 28084 KEF ALONIA GREECE TEL 0674 91205
3 The advertisement below offers some good deals to majo European cities. Look at it and answer the following questions: a n6cro UKPLB~ ELVUL 11 Tinl<JTJ yLa AovSivo;
b H Tinl<JTJ yLa TO Dublin dvm q>TTJVOTEP11 ~ aKpLBoTEP11 arr6 TTJV Tinl<JTJ yLa TO Edinburg;
c OOLa dvm 11 mo aKpLB6TEP11 rr-nl<JTJ crTTJv Eupwrr11; d Ta EL<JTJnlPLU Eivm JlOVO va rrw; ~ JlE EmcrTpo
e
nw~
f
OOLE~
ELVUL 11 KwvjTIOA11 (KwvcrTaVTLVOUTIOA11) crT'ayyALKa; ELVQL Ol LTaALKE~ TIOAEL~;
TRAVEL PLAN! €380 • AMLTEPNTAM OAPILI €350 • ~OYBAINO P.!1MH €325 • MMPITH
• • • • • •
AON~INO
€400 €500 €350 €325 €365 €200 €350
4 The map below shows the temperatures in most major European cities. See if you can answer the following questions.
232
a
nw<; dvaL 0 KalpO<; OTO AovcS(vo;
b nou EXEL TT]V U\jiTJAOTE:pT) 8Epj.10Kpao(a;
c nou EXEL TT]V XUilTJAOTEPTJ 8Epj.10Kpao(a;
d TL OT)j.lULVEL ATAANTIKOl: flKEANOl: oTJ\yy.ALKa; e TL OT)j.lULVEL MELOfEIOl: 0AAAl:l:A oT'ayy.ALKa; f nw<; AEVE OTU EAAT)VLKa: Prague, Black Sea, Lisbon, Berlin KUL
Brussels? g nou EXELj.lOVO AlUKacSa;
5 Below is a list of many emergency telephone numbers in Greece.
Study the list, and answer the questions below: What are the telephone numbers for the following?
a Police b Port Authority c Ambulance d Fire Squad
e Fight against Drugs
f Fire g Chemists in Athens h Chemists in the Suburbs First Aid/Red Cross j Tourist Police
Unit 15
Revision test 3
2 33
..
XPHl:IMA TH/\EONA
nPOTEI ANArKEI A!J£C1TJ l1p6C1Tj AOTUVOiJ(O<; .................................................................. 100 /\tiJ&vapxelo ......................................................................•................ 1oa Aae&vcxp6po ...................................................................................... 166 nupoo(3t:OTlKI't ................................................................................... 199 lli~ll NapKWTlKWV ............................................................................. 109 AVTliJE:TWnlC1TJ nupKaylWV ................................................................... 191 t.tntJ&peuovta & lltavuKTE:peuovta ~aptJaK&Ia AE!r)vwv ................ 9-1 07 flllliJ&p&UOVTO & lltOVUKTE:p&UOVTQ ~apiJOK&ia npoaOTiWV .......... 9-102 npwtt<; Bol')9ete<; (Epu9p6c; Itaup6c;) ..........................................9-150 EcpntJepeuovte<; rtmpoi Aenvwv-netpatlil<; ...................................9-1 05 EXPRESS SERVICE ...................................................................... 11300 EAnA O~lKTJ Bol')9&ta .................................................................... 11311 HELLAS SERVICE ......................................................................... 11322 TouptattKI'tAOTUVOtJia ...................................................................9-171 ll&ATioKatpou ................................................................................9-148
6 Being able to decipher information about cultural events from the
Greek press is handy when visiting Greece. Overleaf are advertisements for two different cultural events. Read the information and answer the following questions. a When do they both take place?
b What kind of events are they? c How long (how many days) is each event? d Does the first event start in the morning or in the evening? e How would you translate ArrAIKO HTIBAA MnAX? f Do you know the name rt.nPrOY NTAAAPA? g Which one of the two events is less expensive and why?
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7 Write out the names in Greek of the months which have a 30, and
b 31 days. Then c write the names of the days of the week. Use the definite articles (o, TJ, TO) if you can remember them. 3 Can you match the pictures of the following office items with the
list of items?
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9 Listen to the last dialogue of Unit 14 again and fill in the missing
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235
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rt'l P66o nr\yate; Ox• aK6j.la. AXJ..a txoull£ a _ _ t6oa noMa v•'autr'Jv. El~ j 6>.anpavllatl b _ _ ; I~ Na1 £(Vat. "EXEI t6aa noMa va c - - 'EXEI tllV naAu] n6A'1, ~ to MavtpaKI, to Evu6pelo, to Mouoelo, apxa•o>.oyiKouc:; ~ xwpou~ t'lV AKp6nOA'1 01"'1 f\lvoo . . . K1 an6j3pa61vr\ d _ _ ; l EK£1 OEV txEI va ('lAtiJI£1 tinota an6 t'lV j3paOIVI\ d _ _ onOiaoor'Jnot£ ~'lc; e _ _ n6A'lc;. f __ . -. , va1T KAalln,~ j j.lnOUclt, j.lnUpapiE~ j.lnOp, £atiOt6piO ... navtOU g _ _ , ~ navtOU KOOj.IOOUppor'J. '); ~ Kal nwc; naEI KQV£1c; £Kd; h --·ME to aeponMvo oe 45 AEnta KOIIlE to i _ _ o,~ 14 wp£c;. AXAa to j - - EninEOO £iv01 an6 ta mo OKpl~O ~1\i: o'6).'1 t'lv lliaoa. Elva• aKp1l36 va nac; EK£1, va llEiV£1c:; EKEi, J·j va k _ _ EK£1. AXA6 elva• wpala. ~ Mr'Jnwc; ' - - tvac; xp6voc; va ll'lV dvOI apKET6c; Ot'lV : EMMa! nprnEI m - - va ('ltr\OOUj.IE clAAOV tva xp6vo nap
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Congratulations on choosing Complete Greek in your efforts td learn this beautiful and rich language. Aristarhos Matsuka~ the author of this book, will be more than happy to hear youii comments. Your comments and/or suggestions will help us to improve future editions. You can contact the author directly at the following e-mail address: [email protected] or by writing c/o Teach Yourself, Hodder & Stoughton, 338 Euston Road, London NWl 3BH, England.
Even though you have reached the end of the book, you should not close it, but instead continue practising to improve your Greek. Set yourself goals, and speak the language whenever you are in the company of Greeks, so that you keep on learning. Good luck! Kal.Tj tUXJl!
236
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KeY to the exercises Introduction r, /!1, 8, A, 3, n, E, , \1', 11 2 ~. y, cS, 8, K, A., jl, ~.a, q>, \jl, w 3 [v], [i], Jrl. Jh] 4 a a, E, T), L, K, v, o, n, ajc;, T, u, w; b ~. cS, ~. 8, A.; c y, !J., p, q>, x. l(! s i y, ii cS, iii T), iv K, v A., vi 11, vii v, viii ~. ix ajc;, x T xi u, xii w 6 a iii, b iv, c i, d ii 7 11naaKET [basket] - TEvvtc; [tenis]; Kt8apa Jkirhira] - mavo [piano]; AyyMa [anglia]- EA.AO:cSa [elaTHa]; TPEVO 1rrcno] - aEponA.avo [ aeroplano] 7 a v, b iv, c i, d vi, e iii, f ii. 8 'kr[ti' was not on the recording. 1
Unit 1 a nwc; aac; AEVE; b fELa aou! TL KUVELC',; c fELa aac;! TL KUVETE; d KaATJ 11£pa, Ka'AT)an£pa, KaAT)vuxm. e t1uawxwc;, cSEv ~£pw EMT)vtKa; f Ml.AaTE AyyA.tKa; 2 a iii, b iv, c ii, d i. 3 c, a, d, b. 4 a ME A.EvE PcJf!ltEpT, b E(llm an6 TT)V AyyA.(a, c An6 TO AovcS(vo, d AyyA.tKa I YctAALKa, LTaALKa, EAAT)VLKa) 5 a x, b viii, c i, d ii, e iii, f iv, g vii, h v, i 1i, j ix. 6 a PojlnEpT, b EAEVT), c EMT)v(cSa, d AyyMa e f1Ev, f E(am: '>haded word = Ella6a (Greece). 7 a: a.A.Aa, va, an6, aac;. e: AEVE, vm, ~£pw, IlL 8 a dam, b ELjlm, c n6A.TJ, d illa, e 3£pELc;, f 116vo, g Ea£va, h flpa(a. 9 a)(, b./, c)(, d./. 10 a i, b i, c i, d ii. 1
Test yourself i YELa aac; [yasas], ii yELa [ya], iii KaAa [kala], iv an6 [ap6], v EcSw kTH6], vi nou [pu], viii vm [ne], viii OXL [6chi], ix llE [me], x KOVTa lkonda] 2 i nwc; (JE AEVE [pos se lene?], ii An6 nou daaL [ap6 pu l'>e?], iii An6 nOLa n6A.T) [ap6 pya p6li?], iv An6 TO Aovl>(vo, AyyMa lap6 to lonTHino anglia], v ME AEVE ... [me lene], vi ML.Aac; AyyA.tKa ln1ilas anglika]?, vii M£vw aTojaTT)v ... [meno sto/stin], viii M£vw o-To/CJTT)V ... [meno sto/stin], ix E(vat KOVTa [ine konda], x f1Ev ~Epw ITHen ksero] 3 i nwc; aac; AEVE [pos sas lene]?' ii Ano nou ELCJTE [ ap6 PU iste]?, iii nou IJ.EVETE [pu menete]?, iv Ml.AaTE AyyALKa, [milate anglika]?, v fELa aac; [yasas] 1
Key to the exercises
237
Unit2 a E(JlaL rroA.u KaA.cl. b EcrU; - md<;; c TL KaVETE; d ElflaL A.(y0 KOUpaovtvo<;/KoupaovtvT). e A! TO ~txaoa! f 'Exw (ELJlaL) OUO/TPEL~/ TtooEpL<; rrtvTE JltpE<; OTTJV A9~va. 2 a iv, b iii, c i, d ii. 3 c, a, b, d e. 4 a ME A.tvE William Jones, aMa 6A.OLJ1E
Test yourself
EuxapLoTw [efharist6], ii EMTJVLKa [elinika], iii Koupao11tvo~ [kurazmenos], iv EVTa~n [endaksi], v ~flEpa [sfmera], vi aAM [ala], vii ouyyvWflTJ [sighn6mi], viii ~£~aLa [vevea], ix JlOVO [m6no1, x 11illov [malon] 2 i TL KUVEL<;; [ti kanis?], ii E(JlaL KoupaoJ1£vo<; [f _, kurazmenos], iii TL Kave:Te:; [ti kanete?], iv To ~txaoa [to ksehas , v Elvm A.cl9o<;; [fne lathos], vi f.Ev To mouuw [THen to pistev vii E(Jlm rroA.U KaA.a [fme polf kala], viii .1£ euJlaJlm [THe thimam ix MLo6 A.e:m6 [mis6 lept6], x oe: A.lyo [se lfgho] 3 i TL Kavn<;; . kanis 1?, ii nw<; dam; [pas fse 1?' iii rna oou [yasu 1, iv E(oaL KaAa; [I . kala]? v Eow JlEVEL<;; [eTH6 menis]? 1 i
Unit 3
ou~o (ou~aKL)
iJ
Arra(OL~
a 'Eva Kal Jlla TTOLKLALa. b 8aUJ1UOLO! c Mou apton TTOAU- foE JlOU apton. d OKETO -JlE rrayo. e TOV KaTaAOY. rrapaKaA.w! f 'Eva TOaL flE yaA.a, rrapaKaA.w. 2 a iii, b i, c iv, d · . 3 e, b, d, c, a, f. 4 a Ma<; i b Nm, tva ~ b MAPMEAAf.A, c ~KETO, d NE~, e n.n~, f ~INEMA, shaded word = AME~11~. 6 a vii, b vi, c viii, d ix, e ii, f iv, g x, h i, i v, j iii. 7 a ETOLflOL, b tpTE, j \jlwJ1L 8 a .X, b .X, c .X, d .X. 9 a i, b i, c ii, d i. 1
238
rest yourself i vEp6 [nero], ii ETILCTTJ<; [epfsis], iii $WilL [psomf], iv yCU..a [ghala], [sinfthos], vi KaTCU..oyoc; [kataloghos], vii npwtv6 [proino], viii eau!lamo [thavmasio], ix ana(mo [apesio], x O!lop<po [omorfo] 1 i Oplcm: [orfste ], ii BCU..e !lOU A.(yo [vale mu ligho ], iii AuTo dvaL [afto fne I, iv TaVEL [ftani], V !J.Ev 8£Aw [THe theJo], Vi nlVETE OlJ~o; [pfnete uzo 1? vii TL dvaL "!lE~t<Sec;"; [ti ine mezeTHes]?, viii !J.ev KamA.a~a(vw ITHen katalaveno], ix Mou ap£aEL noA.u [mu aresi poli], x 'Exw !!La qJLAT] [eho mfa fili] 3 i TL ea napEL<;; [ti tha paris]? ii BCU..e !lOU vep6 [v~1le mu nero], iii nlVEL<; yCU..a; [pfnis ghala]? iv Mac;
"cruv~8wc;
Unit4 1 a KaA.~ 6pE~TJ! KaA.~ xwvE$TJ! b M~nwc; txne !!EALT~avoaaAaTa; TTOLKLA(a; lllKp~ TtOLKLA(a yLa TO ou~o; !!OUO"aKa; c Tov KaTCU..oyo rrapaKaAW- TO A.oyapLaO"!lO napaKaAw; d 8a TtLELTE Kan; e 'Eva !!LKp6 flTTOUKaAL OU~O MUTLA~VT]<;; f 'EA.a Twpa! g noao Kavouv; 2 a iv, b iii, ci,dii. 3 e,f,c,d,b,a. 4 aTovKaTCU..oyonapaKaAw.bNat(M~nwc;) EXETE !lOQ"Xap(aLE<; llTtPL~OAE<;; c EvTa~EL! M(a XOLpl~ llTtPL~OAa, tva llOUO"aKa Kal !!La craAam ETtO~<;. d 'Eva !llKpO !lTtOUKaAL OU~O. TL ou~o EXETE; e 'Eva !llKp6 !lTtOUKaAL MuTLA~VTJ<;. f TlnoTa illo yta TTJV (;)pa. 5 a iii, b iv, c v, d i, e ii; f vii, g x, h vi, i viii, j ix. 6 a EAIE~, b ETA, c NTOMATE~, d KPEMMY!J.IA, e nmEPIEL, f AffOYPIA, 9 ::::Y!J.I, h AA!J.I. 7 a ELTtaTE, b 8£AETE, C !!EO"a, d KaTaAa~a(vw, e VTO!laTa, f Kat. 8 a .f, bX, CX, d .f, e .f, f X.
Test yourself i mo~ [epoch!], ii !lTtOUKaAL [bukali], iii no~pL [potfri], iv naTaTec; [patates], v KPE!l!lUliL [kremiTHi], vi vTollam [domata], Vii KOT6nouA.o [kotopulo], viii MKa [THeka], ix ELKOO"L [fkosi], x Tptavm [trianda] 2 i KaA.~ 6pE~TJ! [kali oreksi], il E(vaL 6A.a am EIJ..TJVLKa! [fne ola sta elinika], iii E(vm 6A.a am AyyALKa! [ine ola 'ita anglika], iv ea napayydA.w eyw yta cr£va [tha parangilo egho ya 'iena], V 8£Aw mnept£<; YE!!LO"TE<; [theio piperies ghemistes], vi 'Eva ~.trrouKfU..L vep6 [ena bukali nero], vii 8£AEL<; pem(va; [thelis retsina]?, Viii 8EAW !!MAOV OlJ~O [theJo maJon uzoj, ix noao KaVOUV; [poso 1
Key to the exercises
2 39
kanun1?, x Eyw StAw va pwnicrw Kan [egh6 thelo na rotfso kati] 3 i 'Exw; E~U1tTJPEtTJ8EL; [echis eksipiretithf1?, ii !lEV txw [THen eho] iii TL drm;; [ti fpes 1? iv 8tAw; craA!lm; [the lis sa lata 1?, v 8a TILEL<; KatL~
[tha pyis kati1?
'
UnitS 1 a E(vaL untpoxoc;! E(vaL ana(crwc;! b Mou o(vETE Tov KaT!lAoyo napaKaAW. tpTE !..lOU TO AoyapLacrl..l6 napaKaAW. c tpTE !..lOU (Sa ~8EAaj8tAw) tva I..LETPLO, yAuK6, OKETO (EAAT]VLKO) Kaq>t. d 'Eva Tach I..LE yllAa. 'Eva maL I..LE AEI..LOVL napaKaAW. e The invitation was Come and have a glass of ouzo (with me). You could probably answer !lpa(a, nai..LE yLa tva ou~aKL or £uyyvWI..lTJ, ELI..lat Koupacrlltvoc;/ -TJ. f The invitation is to go to a fish taverna. g Mou q>tpvETE ALYE<; q>puyavttc;, ~ourupo Kat l..laPI..lEAaOa. h Ell..lat KOUpacrl..ltvoc; yLaT( OEV KOLI..lal..l«L Ka86AOU. i Shall we go to the cinema? fLaT( OXL; nai..LE! Or 'OXL ~l..lEpa! j He or she wants to know where you live. Mtvw OtTJV AS~va Twpa. Mtvw mo i\ovo(vo Twpa, and so on. 2 f, b, c, i, e, g, a, j, d, h. 3 a TO l..lTtOUKML, b oL yAwcrcrEc;, c oL XUI..LOL, d oL q>puyavLt<;, e o KaTaAoyoc;, f Ta OWI..laTLa, g T] (TJ)I..ltpa, h Ta ou~aKLa, i OL l..lE~tOE<; j T] TtOLKLALa, k OL OI..LEAETEC), I Ta ou~a, m TO l..lll8T]I..la, n 0 auvaOEAq>oc;. 4 o: novo<;, Kaq>tc;, KaTilAoyoc;, XUI..LOC), I..LE~tc;; 11: TtOAT], lltpa, VUXTa, m~tpva, rup6mm; TO: np6ypalll..la, A!l8oc;, ~EVOOOXELO, m~(c5t, l..lOUcrELo. 5 a Australia, b Austria, c Belgium, d France, e Germany, f Gibraltar, g Denmark, h Switzerland, i Estonia, j Ireland, k Spain, I Italy, m Cyprus, n Luxemburg, o Morocco, p Great Britain, q Norway, r South Africa, s Holland, t Hungary u Portugal, v Greece, w Sweden, x Thailand, y Turkey, z Finland. 6 Mou o(vETE tva crou~AilKL KaAal..laKL napaKaAw, ouo n(TEc; xwpLanKEc; I..LE y\Jpo, l..lLa l..lEp(oa l..lTILq>TtKL TtOALTLKO, l..lLa l..lEp(c5a crEq>TaALtc; KunpLaKtc; KaL l..l(a craAaTa xwpLaTLKT]. ETTLOT]C) l..lLa l..lLKp~ l..lTtUPa Kat ouo l..l£YMEC). (This is of course not the only possible order you could place for this exercise. It serves only as an example.) 7 The Athenian, open since 1932; its speciality is ouzo with appetizers. 8 1995: Tokyo (Japan), Sao Paolo (Brazil), New York (USA), Mexico City, Bombay (India), Shanghai (China), Los Angeles (USA), Peking (China), Calcutta (India), Seoul (South Korea); 2015: Lagos (Nigeria), Jakarta (Indonesia), Karatchi
240
(P•1 kistan), Dhaka (Ban~ladesh). ~ a B~siness Engl_ish, ~eginner's £ngiish, Advanced English, Arabic, Afnkaans, Begmner s French, Advanced French, Beginner's German, Advanced German, Danish; b Greek for foreigners, Hebrew, Japanese, Indonesian, Hindi, Irish, ]celandic, Spanish, Spanish (Central and South America), Italian, Chinese; c Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Serbo-Croat, Swedish, Thai, Finnish. 10 a E~U"rtT]pETTJ8EL, b n:anhec;, c ll£ve8oc;, d purn1aw, e KPEilllUcSt, f aaA.am, g !lEVa, h txowe.
Unit6 1 a ruyyvWilT] -Me OUYXWPELTE. b nou dvaL TO EevocSoxdo Arr6Mwv; c E[vat llaKpta; - dvat KOVTa; d right, straight, left, straight ahead, e trolley bus, bus, taxi, f fna aac; Kat euxapLO"TW (rroAU)! g ~lEV KamA.a~aLvw EMT]VLKa KaA.a. MtA.aTE ALyo mo atya; 2 a ii, b i, c iii, d iv. 3 e, d, a, f, b, c 4 a M£lvETE a'auT6v Tov cSp611o. b MeTa, cnp[4JTE aptaTepa aTo TPLTO auv6. c METa, auvexLaTE Lata (w8eLa). H n:A.auLa dvat am cSe~ta. d napaKaA.w. s a iii, b ix, c i, d vi, e ii, f viii, g iv, h x, i vii, j v. 6 a KaVOUilE, b M£lvETE, c dvat, d llTIOpELTE, e UVTEXW, f KaTE~a, g MtA.aTE. 7 a daocSoc;, b rravw, c TEAO<;, d ll<XKpta, e ~eST], f Koupaa11£vot, g daTe, h llTiop£lTe, i drraTe, j ii6vo, k wpaLa, I aVTEXW, m ~EO"TTJ. 8 a./, b X, c X, d./, e./.
Test yourself 1
i auyyvwlllJ [sighn6mi], ii llaKpta [makria], iii aptaTepa [aristera],
iv cSe~ta [THeksia], v ywvLa [ghonia], vi ecSw [eTH6], vii EKEL [eki], viii daocSoc; [isoTHos], ix rrA.aT£la [platia], x KEVTpo [kendro] 2 i Me
ta rr6cSta [me ta p6THia], ii ME (m) AEW<j>Opdo [me to leoforio], iii LTO <pavapt [sto fanari], iv ELvat KaA~ yullvamtld]! [ine kali ghimnastiki!], v l:Tphjne cSe~ta/aptaTEpa [stripste THeksia/aristera], Vi ME O"UYXWPELTE [me sinhorite], vii nou ELVaL TO/TJ/0 [pu ine o/i/to], Viii ~lev aVTEXW TTJV ~EO"TT]! [THen andeho tin zesti!], ix ELilaO"TE TIOAU KoupaallEVOL [imaste poli kurazmeni], x Kavet rroM ~EcrTTJ! [kani poli zesti!] 3 i 'EA.a ecSw! [ela eTH6!], ii Mdve EKEL! [mine eki!], iii ETpL4JE aptaTEpa! [stripse aristera!], iv n~ymve w8£la! [pighene efthia!] v EuvtxtaE Lata! [sinechise isia!]
Key to the exercises
2 41
Unit7 a YmxpxEL TTnlCTTJ Ka8E j.lEpa; b D6CTTJ wpa KaVEtT] TTnlCTTJ; c 06cro KavEL T] TTnlCTTJi d E(vat 116vo rr~yatvE ~ j.lET'mtcrTpoq>~c;; e Mnopoptwv, b j.lEcra, C unapxEL, d 6w, e q>EUyEt, f q>EUyOUj.lE g Ta~(6t, h 8£crELc;, i EntcrTpoq>~, j rr6TE, k rrptv, I TLTTOTa 8 a OKTW Kat TlTapTO, b Evvta Kat ELKocrt rrtvTE, c ErrTa rrapa 6tKa, d TpEt~j.ltcru, e t~t rrapa 6tKa, f llta, g EnTaj.ltcrlJ, h TpEtc; napa £lKom rrtvTE, i TtcrcrEptc;, j mTa Kat nEv~vTa 6uo, k TtcrcrEptc; Kat ELKocrt Tp(a, I Evvta Kat crapaVTa Evvta, m EnTa Kat 6w6EKa, n j.ltalltCTTJ, o j.l(a Kat crapaVTa Tp(a. 9 a ./, 1
bX, eX, dX, e./. Test yourself 1 i nEp(nou [peripu], ii nn1CTTJ [ptisi], iii ypaq>do [ghrafio], iv ni..J]poq>op(a/Ec; [pliroforia/es], v KTLpto [ktirio], vi 8ECTTJ [thesi], vii aEpo6p6j.lto [aeroTHromio], viii KLVTJCTTJ [kinisi], ix anocrKEUn/ tc; [aposkevi/es], x ptcrm [resta] 2 i 'Exouj.lE Katp6! [ehume kero!], ii Kpa-nl<JTE Ta ptcrm! [kratiste ta resta!], iii navm Ta j.lnEp6EUW [panda ta berTHevo], iv nou naTE; [pu pate]? v Tt wpa ELVat; [ti ora ine]? vi E(vatj.l(a (TJ wpa) [ine mia i ora], vii E(vatj.ltaj.ltCTTJ [ine miamisi], viii E(vat Mo napa TlTapTo [ine THio para tetarto], ix XlA.ta wxaptcrTw! [chilia efharisto!], x napaKal..w! [parakalo!] 3i DapaKaAW, Ka8tcrE! (parakaJo, kathise!], ii OapE TO!j0ap'TO (pare tO or parto], iii 8£/..Etc; Etm-nlpto; [thelis isitirio]?, iv Mnopdc; ... EtpEtc;;
[boris ... kseris]? v nou nac;; [pu pas]?
242
t..Jnit 8 a 'EX£n: 5WJlclTLa; b 8a iJe£A.a tva JlOV6KALVOj5(1!.HhLO); f 'EXW KclV£l KpclTTJO"TJ. g ~£ JlOU aptcr£L TO 5WJlclTLO. ~£V £[vat ~O"UXO KaL 5£V txn eta. 2 a iii, b ii, C i, d iv. 3 d, b, C, e, a, f. 4 a rna era~! M£ A.tv£ joanna Wilke. 'Exw KA£LO"£L tva 5wJlano ym l)uo llEP£~. b Op(crT£! Mrropw va txw tva crruA6 rrapaKaA.w; c ~£ Jl£ JTEipU~£l. ELJlaL TIOAU KOUpaO"JltVT] KaL ea rrpOTLJlOUO"a va KOLJlT]ew aflEGW~. d llou flVaL TO acravcrtp; 5 a v, b ix, C vii, d i, e x, f ii, g iii, h vi, i iv, j viii. 6 Horizontal: 8El:H, EXEI, :::ENO~OXEIO, ME PEL, 8A, !lPOTIMfl, NEPO(Y), l:KEllTONTAI, ANAMONH (waiting). Vertical: APELfl, SEA, 8A, ENTA:::EI, l:OY, nAnA (priest), ~flPA (presents) 0, MONO, EXETE, XEPI (hand), TO, IOl: (virus) 7 /af/ ypaq>w, auT6~, Kaq>£~, lefl £UKOAO, £uxapLO"TW, weda, lev/ aTIOO"KWTJ, Y£UJla, qm)yw. 8 a ~WJlcXTLo, b Mrravw, c KoupT(va, d Kavtva, e Kavw, f NEpa, gMT], h LT£YVWV£L. 9 1-821,2-825, 3-554,4-954,5-557, h-747, 7-421, 8-480, 9-780, 10-325. 10 a./, b./, c./, d./, e)(, fX, g./, h)(. 1
Test yourself i 5wJlanofa [THomatio/a], ii aumKLVTJTOja [aftokinito/a], iii Toup(ma~/£~ [turistas/es], iv ~aA.(maj£~ [valitsales], v KpcXTTJO"TJ/ Kpa~cr£L~ [kr:itisilkratfsis], vi 5L£ueuvO"T] [THiefthinsi], vii apLell6~ larithm6s], viii 5La~aTiJpLo [THiavatirio], ix O"TUA6~ [stil6s], X VTOU~ [duz] 2 i MTJ O"T£vaxwpLtO"T£! [mi stenahorieste!j, ii llpwm(~)/ oEI:>T£po( ~)/ Tp(m( ~) 6poq>o~ [pr6tos/THefteros/tritos 6rofos ], iii 'OXL, 5£ JlOU aptcrn! [6chi THe mu aresi!], iv T'6voJla JlOU dvaL ... lt'6noma mu ine ... ], AtyoJlaL ... [leghome ... ], M£ Atv£ ... [me l'ene ... ], v 'Exw Kav£L KpcXTTJO"TJ [eho kani kratisi], vi 'Eva 5wJ.!ano Yta arr6\jJ£/criJJl£pa (To ~pa5u), [ena THomatio ya ap6pse/simera t() vr:iTHi], vii 'EX£T£ 5wJlana yLa £VOLKtaO"T]; [ehete THomatia Ia enikiasi]? viii KaA.iJ &aj.!OVTJ! [kali THiamoni!], ix 8a TO rrapw ltha to paro], x MLcr6 A£TIT6 rrapaKaA.w! [mis6 lept6 parakal6!] ~ i 'Exn~ 5Wj.lclTLO; [echis THomatio 1?' ii LUJlTIATJPWO"£ £5w! [simblirose l' IH6!], iii Yrr6ypmjJ£ £K£l! [ip6ghrapse eki!], iv KaA.w~ 6pLcr£~! [kal6s l>rises or kalos6rises!j, v MTJ O"T£vaxw~ttcrm! [mi stenahoriese!] 1
Key to the exercises
243
Unit9 a etJ..w;napta; bXpELa~ollaL vaj nptneL vajetJ..wva---. Kavw llEPLI<(( ltJwvLa. c l:e nmov 6poq>o dvm To Tll~lla avcSpLKwvjyuvaLKEL<.uv; naLOLKwv; d 8a ~9EAa jlLa jlOVOXPWilTJ/OLXPWilTJ/TPLXPWilTJ/EilTIPLitt q>OUOTa. 8a ~9EAa tva jlOVOXPWilO/O(XPWilO/TPLXPWilO/EilnpLitt noUKCcjllOO. PLyt, Kap6 ~ noua. e ea npOTljlOUOa KUTL jllKpOTEpo, KaAUTEpo KaL q>9TJv6upo! 2 TEST 1: KOKKLvo, nopToKaA(, npaoLVo· TEST 2: aonpo, KOKKLVO, po~t; TEST 3: (probably optional!)' KLTpLvo, Kaq>t, jlnAE, KOKKLvo; TEST 4: KOKKLvo, nopTOKaA(, KLTpLVo, npaOLVO, yaAa~LO, jlnAt, jlW~. TEST 5: jlaupo, aonpo 3 a ea ~9EAa tva KLA6 nopTOKaALa KaL cSUo KLAa ll~Aa. b E(vaL v6on11a Ta Kapnou~La; c .1woTE 110u tva llLKp6, 6xL mo noM an6 ntvTE KLAa. d AuTa yLa TTJV wpa. n6oo Kavouv; e OpLOTE!, .1tKa EUpw f EuxapLoTw, fELa oa<;. 4 a viii, b v, c x, d ii, e ix, f iv, g i, h vi, i vii, j iii. 5 a YnOrEIO, b KITPINO, c fAAAZIO, d BYl:l:INO, e Il:OfEIO, f KOKKINO. 6 a q>ajlE, b EAATJv(cSa, c (c5Lo, d nap6jloLO, e navT<.uv, f VOLU~EL, g napEL<; h q>TTJVU, i napOUjlE, j ~tvou<;, k llEYaAUTEpa, I VOOTljlOTaTa, m .1woTE, n n6oo, 0 jlapoUALa, p xopTa, q cS(nAa. 7 a ./, b./, c X, d X, e./, f X, g./, h./, i ./, j ./, k ./, 1./. 1
Test yourself
i ltJwvLa [ps6nia], ii cp6pEjlajq>optllaTa [f6remalfon!mata], iii Kptlla [kn!ma], iv oUVTOila [slndoma], v ayopajt<; [aghoniles], vi ~tvo<;/TJ [ksenos/i], vii ll~Aoja [milo/a], viii nopTOKML/a 1
[portokali/a], ix aonpo [aspro], x jlaUpo [mavro] 2 i 8tAEL<; napta; [the lis parea]?, ii .1ev To txw lla~( 11ou [THen to eho mazl mu], iii 'EA.a va napOUjlE TO aoavotp [ela na parume to asanser], iv E(vm (JTOV TETapTO 6poq>o [lne ston tetarto 6rofo], v ea pw~ow TOV nwATJTll [tha rotlso ton politf], vi TL jlEyE9o<; q>opa<;; [ti meghethos foras]?, vii MTJ oe vma~EL! [mi se niazi], viii 'EXETE llfYaAUTEpajKaAUTEpa; [ehete meghallteralkalltera1?' ix 'EA.a EOW, cS(nA.a jlOU! [ela eTH6 THipla mu], x KupLa~ [kiriakf], .1ruTtpa [THeftera], Tp(TTJ [trfti], TeTapt'Tl [tetarti), ntllTITTJ [pemdi), napaOKEU~ [paraskevf], LCc~~aTO [savato) 3 I ea TEAELWOW ~jlEpa, [tha teli6so sfmera], II ea ow TTJAE6pacrtl [tha THo tile6rasi], iii 9a ~tpw EAATJVLKa (oUVTOila) [tha ksero elinika (sfndoma)], iv ea KUVW yujlVaOTL~ [tha kano ghimnastikf], v ea cpaW 11ouoaKa [tha fao musaka].
244
Unit 10 a nou dvaL 0 crra8jJ.6c;;- nou dvaL TJ nAaTda;- nou dvaL TO KEVTpo; b !l.£v KaTaA.a~a(vw EUTJVLKa KaAa. MlA.aT£ l(yo mo cnya; c Right on rhe first street, Right on the second corner, Right on the third block (side street), d n6cro KCtVOUV TCl !J.~Aa; - €1/kilo - Mou 8LV£T£ Tp(a KLACt IJ.~Aa crac; napaKaAW; e najJ.£ CJTO napKo; On foot or by car? f 'EX£T£ xapTE<;; n6cro KCtV£l (auT6c;) 0 xapTT)c;; g YnlipXEllt~CJT) YLCl 8ECJCJaAOVLKT) Ka8£ !J.Epa; n6crec; 1t~CJ£L<; unapxouv TT)V T)!J.Epa; KaL noTE; h Mou 8(vET£ TO np6ypa!J.IJ.a IJ.f. m 8po!J.ol6yLa an6 AS~va yLa 8mcraA.ov(KT); n6TE np£nEL va KA£(crw 8£CJT); i €25 E(vm 116vo ~ymv£ ~ fl£T'mLCJTpoq>~c;; j Do you like light or dark colours? One-coloured shirts or multiple colours? Mou aptcrouv T'avOLKTa XPWIJ.aTa KaL cruv~Swc; m !J.Ov6xpw!J.a. This is not the only possible answer. 2 a vi, b iv, c ix, d i, e x, f ii, g v, h iii, i viii, j vii. 3 a v, b i, c viii, d iii, e ii, f x, g iv, h ix, i vii, j xiii, k xiv, I xi, m vi, n xii. 4 a LTphjJT£ 8£~La CJTT) Mu8~1J.VT)c;. nT)ya(vnE Mo CJTEVCt. KaVTE 8E~La GTTJ ywv(a nou dvaL TO TEXACO. nT)ya(vnE jJ.6vo tva TETpaywvo KaL O"TTJ rnapTT)c; crTp(~£T£ nliAL 8E~La. H m~tpva m ApxoVT6crmTo dvm crT'apLCJT£pa crac; antvavn an6 m yKapa~ TT)c; SHELL. b nT)ya(vw wElda yLa Mo Tnpaywva. LTp(~w 8£~La O"TTJ rwKpamuc; KaL TJ AT8(8wv e(vaL TO 8EUTEpo CJTEv6. 0 apL81J.6c; 27 dvaL O"TTJ ywv(a AT8(8wv Kal LWKpaTouc;. c H nlan:(a - nou dvaL TJ nAaTda napaKaA.w;- nT)ya(v£T£ wElda. METa an6 Tp(a crn:va, crTphjJn 8£~La. H nlan(a dvaL O"TTJ IJ.EO"TJ Tou TETpaywvou 8E~La crac; = Letter A. To oxoldo - nou dvaL TO CJXOAELO napaKaAW; - LTphjJTE 8E~La CJTOV rrpwTO 8p61J.O. npoxwpdCJTE wElda yLa Mo TETpaywva KaL CJTpL\jJT£ apLmepa. Mna To rrpwTo m£v6 m crxoldo dvm crT'apLcrTEpa crac; rrpLV TO TEAoc; LOU T£Tpaywvou. = Letter B. 0 O"TaOJ.U)c;- nou dvaL 0 crTa81J.6c;napaKaA.w;- E(vm nolu £uKolo. !l.E~La e8w mo npwTo crnv6. Mna an6 Tp(a Tnpaywva crwhjJTE apLmEpa KaL dvaL aKpL~wc; O"TTJV ETI61J.EVTJ ywv(a crT'apLCJTEpa crac;. = Letter C s a !J.E TO aeponlavo, b !J.E TO no8~AaTO, C IJ.f. TOV TJAEKLpLK6jun6y£Lo, IJ.E TO IJ.ETp6, d IJ.E Ta n68La, e !J.E TO TpEVO, f !J.E TO AEW<j>Opdo, 9 IJ.E TO Kapa~L/ ltAOLO, h !J.E TO aumKLVTJTO, i !J.E TO Ta~(, j !J.E TO E~nptc; Tptvo, k TPEXOVTac;, I!J.E TO ltOUAIJ.aV. 6 a X, b .1, ex, d .1, ex, f x. g We don't know. It is not mentioned in the dialogue! h .I 7 a vii, b viii, c iv, d iii, e v, f vi, g ii, h i. 8 a OKTW, b E~l, c EVTEKa, d EltTcl, e 8w8EKa, f Tp£Lc;, g Suo, 1
Key to the exercises
24 5
h jl[a, i rrtvn:, j TECJCJEpu;. 9 a In<; Tpwni jlLCJU ... b In<; EVTEKUjlLCJU
... c In<; OEKa ... d ITTJ jl[a ... e In<; OEKa Kat TELapTo ... f ITt<; cSuojlLCJU ... ; c, e, b, d, f, a. 10 a rrouKajlLCJa, b Tll~lla, c acravcrtp, d CJKUAE<;, e
Unit 11 tva TomKo Kat tva urrEpaCJTLKO TTJAE
1 a Mrropw va Kavw
him/her! d Ka8[CJTE! napTE jlla KaptK.Aa! eTa XatPETLCJjlaTa jlOU CJTT) cr1J~uyo croujcra<;. f MTJV TO ~EXUCJEL<;! g (fLUVVTJ) Na crou yvwp[crwj cru~crw Tov K. Smith. h ftavVTJ, va crou yvwp[crwfcru~crw To ftwpyo. i Ka.Aw<; optcrE<;! Ka.Aw<; ~p8aTE! 2 a v, b iv, c i, d iii, e ii. 3 e, a, f, b, d, c, g. 4 a XpELa~ollaL To NtKo.Aa ytaT[ ~EpELrro.Au Ka.Aa EMTJvLKa. b !::.Ev llE vota~EL rroto<; dvat
Test yourself i TTJAE
1
246
" avmf1uKTLK6/a. :z i Mrropw va Kavwjmxpw tva tTJAE
Unit 12 a KaA.~ ~8o~a8a! or Err(CJT]~! b KaA.6 ~~va! c EuxapLCJTW, m(CJT]~! d LE XCtCJa~E! nou ~CJOUV; e nw~ rr£paCJE~ TO La~~aTOKUpLaKo; nou mlYE~; f 'Eva yLaTp6 a~ECJ<.U~! (yp~yopa!) g ELCJaL app<.UCJTO~; <Pa(vmm A.lyo xA.w~6~! 2 a iii, b v, c i, d iv, e ii. 3 a v, b i, c ii, d iii, e iv. 4 a vii, b v, c vi, d iv, e iii, f i, g ii. s a 'H~ouv m~(Bl <JTllV Kp~tTJ. b 'Hmv Ta~(Bl yLa SouA.n£~. c 'E~ELva TpEL~ ~EpE~. d n~ya ~6vo~ KaL T] <JU~uyo~ ~OU ~A8E tTJV £110~EVT] T]~Epa. e nEpaCJa~E wpa(a. ELBLKa T] <JU~uyo~ ~ou 8LOTL m1yaLVE YLa \jJWVLa Ka8£ ~epa. f AppwatTJ; TL tTJ~ auva(~£L; (TL ELX£) g AuTo 8Ev £Lvm wpa(o. nw~ ELVaL Twpa; (nw~ llCtEL TWpa) h EA.rr(~w va YLVEL KaAUTEpa auvw~a! 6 a nO~OI
Test yourself , i EX8E~/X8E~, ii appwCJTo~/T]/ o, iii yLaTp6~, iv <pap~aKELO, v <pap~aKO I Ia~~aTOKUplaKo, vii apKETCt, viii CJO~ap6~/~/6, ix ~rravLO/ KOAU~lll, X ~a8T]V :Z i XpELa~o~aL A.(yo Ka8ap6 a£pa!, ii nw~ ~TaV TO Ia~~awK\JpLaKo aou; iii 'Hmv tva~ Eq>LaAtTJ~! iv 'HTav 8au~a!, v Mou apECJ£l llOAU TO KOAU~m, vi XpELa~o~aL ALYTJ avarraUCJT], vii MT]V TO AE~!, viii E(vm KaA~ CJU~~OUA~!, ix ALCJ8avo~aL appwCJTo~ja8La8ETO~/ ~aATJ/vauT(a!, x 'Exw rrupET6/ rrovoK£<paA.ojrrov6A.aL~o. 3 i Aya1TT]CJa
xam, vi
TTJV EA.MSa. [aghapisa tin elaTHa], ii KoA.U~1TT]CJa rroA.u. [kolimbisa poll], iii 'H~Epa EAAT]VLKa [iksera elinika], iv 'EKava yu~vaCJTL~ [ekana ghimnastiki], v 'E<paya ~ouaaKa [efagha musaka] Key to the exercises
24 7
Unit 13 a TL Katp6 KavEL ta
apEcrEL 6Tav EXEL A.taKacSa Kat KavEL \jn)xpa. f P[XVEL xt6vt ~ xaA.a~t aya-ETpwya, h Eq>uya-Eq>wya. 7 A a KaAOKa[pt, b q>Stv6nwpo, c XELJlwva<;, d avoL~TJ. B a !J.EKEJl~pto<;, b Iavouapto<;, c E~pouapto<;, d MapTLo<;, e AnplA.w<;, f Maw<;, g Iouvw<;, h IouA.w<;, i AuyoucrTO<;, j ~EmEJl~pto<;, k OKTw~pto<;, I NOEJl~PLO<;. C Religious holidays: 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13. D a IouA.to<; - AuyoucrTo<;, b Iouvw<; - IouA.w<;, c OKTw~pw<; NoEJl~pw<;, d AnplA.w<;- Mato<;. s a a[vEcrat noM crTEvaxwpTJ JlEvo<;. Tt ayE<;; MLATJayaTE/JlLA~craTE). f 8a EXEL<; TTJV EUKatp[a va na<; n[crw naA.t (~ava). g Nat, ~E~ata! Tou xp6vou, TO mo vwp[<;! 9 Horizontal: Opl~OVTLa (in Greek!): 1\.IAKA!J.A, AOOP.Q (I wonder), 80PYBO~, BPOXH, IINEMA, Af.QNIA (agony), OAr.GNIA (frost). Vertical: KaSETa (in Greek): 1\.A80I, BIA (violence), KPYO, XM (Hm! When thinking!), !J.YO, AI~O~ (ace). 10 a anoq>acr[crEL, b napaxp6vou, c Koha, d ~PE~EL, e napoJlOLD<;, f OLKLO, g OpOXTE<;, h EltlKLVOUVOL, i EASEL, j Kpuo, k ~ALO, I cr'Ew~crEL, ii AKouymat/q>a[vmat ... , iii 'E~PEXE <JUVEXELa/H ~po~ c5Ev maJlaTTJ
248
KapeKAonOcSapa!, v8a£xen:TI]V£UKaLp(avamhen(crw~ava, vi (.1ev) 'EX£L<; cS(KLO, vii E(vm T] KaAUTEPT] moX11 OTIJV AS~va, viii .1Ev dvaL X£L!lc;>Va<; Twpa, ELVUL avoL~T] !, ix nw<; ELVUL 0 KaLp6<;; X E(vaL aLepLO<;/ aaTaTO<;/<JXT]J.l0<;/8aUJ.laOLO<;. 3 i O~ya ra~(c5L [pfgha taksfTHi], ii PwTI]cra crT'AyyA.LKa [r6tisa st'anglika], iii 'Eqmya vwp(<;. [efigha norfs], iv O~pa TI]AE<j)WVO [pfra ti!efono], V 'EKaVE ~EOTI] [ekane zcsti]
Unit 14 a nw<; TO AETE crra EMT]VLKa; b fLOpTa~EL<;; c Na crou ~~crEL! Na aou ~~crEL! Na cra<; ~~crEL! d EuxapLmwj-oUJ.lE, 6, n Em8UJ.lEL<;/ -ELTE. e Xp6vLa (croujcra<;) noMa En(<Jl]<;! f nou ~YE<;/~yaTE; TL EKUVE<;/ KaVaTE; g nou aMou ~YE<;/~yaTE; TL elMo EKUVE<;/KavaTE; 2 a iv, b i, c v, d ii, e iii. 3 d, f, e, b, a, c, g. 4 a E(vaL mo mo ~6pELO 11£po<; TIJ<; KEq:>aA.ovLa<;. b OEpacraJ.lE KaA.a. LTaJ.la~craJ.lE EKE( 6A.o TO I:a~~aToKUpLaKo. c Y~PXE £va naVT]yUpL KaL ELXUJ.lE TI]V EUKatp(a va c50UJ.lE TOltlKOU<; xopou<; KaL v'aKOUOOUJ.lE TOm~ napacSoma~ ~LoucrL~. d 'Hmv noA.u cruvapnacrTLK6. ELc5LKa yLa £vav ~£vo. e umKa vm. .1Ev Sa J.lE ndpa~E va ~avacSw oncS~noTE dvm wpa(o. 5 a viii, b v, c iv, d i, e ix, f ii, g iii, h iv, i x, j vii. 6 a 'Eq:>Tacra, b yvwpLcrE<;, c ELXE<; q>aEL, d crTaJ.laToucra, e £leSE<;, f all three! 7 a noTE, b n6cro, C nou8Eva, d J.lETU~U, e KOVTa, f TOUAaXLOTOV, 9 yUpW, h UJ.lEOW<;, i miA.L, j 11a~L 8 Horizontal: OOTE, TOTE, OLA/LAN/AN, TO, KONTA, META3Y; Vertical: rTO, noro, OTAN, TENTA (tent), ETA, no,\Y 9 a naVT]yUpl, b napacSoma~, C EVc5Laq>£pov, d unO<JXE8EL, e cruvapnacrnK6, f yvwmo(, g TPOJ.lEp6, h J.lUOTLKa, i xwpa, j napanavw, k xa(poJ.laL, I EVrunw<Jl]. 10 a ./, b X, c./, d X, e./, f X, g./, h X, i ./, j ./. 1
Test yourself 1 i (E)q>ETO<;, ii <j)LAO<;/T], q>LAOL/E<;, iii ~w~, iv LOTLOq>Opoja, V ljlapL, Vi cSacrKaAO<;/a, cSacrKaAOL, cSacrKaAE<;, vii Vl]OL, VT]OLa, Viii J.lOUOL~, b( ~E~aLa, q>UcrLKa, X J.lOUOELoja 2 i Oou ~YE<; yLa Oacrxa nEpaL;, ii To £LxaJ.lE aKoucrELnpLv, iii ayaJ.lE noA.u ljlapL, iv fL6pm~E<;;/EtXE<; Tl]v yLop~ crou; v Xp6vLa noMa! vi Na ~~crETE! vii 'O,n Em8UJ.lELTE!, Viii E(XE ~eST] J.lLA~crEL crE J.lEPLKOU<; q>LA.ou<;, ix .1EV J.la<; EXEL<;nEL aK6J.la ... , l< 'Hmv noA.u EVc5Laq>£pov 3 i Oou ~yaTE; [pu pfghate]?, ii 'Hmv
Key to the exercises
24 9
cruvapnacrnKo. [ftan sinarpastik6], iii E(xa TTJV e:vruTTWCJll. [iha tin endfposi], jy To ~a~o ETTECJE. [to vazo epese], y nwc; mlYE<;; [pos pfghes]?
Unit 15 1 a Na crou ~~CJEL- Na crou ~~CJEL- Na crac; ~~CJEL. b KaA.~ ~OOJlaLVECJaL (KaL) TTOAU KaAa. Na q>wva~w tva YLaTpo; h 'Exw TTOAU KalpO va CJE ow. nou ~crouv; :E'txacra fLwpyo. i TL oouA.na Kavnc;; - Eyw ELJlaL Tpane:~(TTJ<;/~wypaq>oc;JA.oyLcr~c;/ vocroKOJlO<;/KTLCJTTJ<;/oacrKaA.oc;. For men only. If you are a woman you could say: Eyw ELJlaL Tpane:~LTTJ<;/~wypaq>oc;/A.oy(crTpLa/ vocroKOJla/KTLCJTpLajoacrKaA.a. j TL crnop crou apf:crouv; - E11£va JlOU apf:crouv TO KOAuJlnL/T] TTOOT]A.acr(a/TJ mnacr(ajTo ~6Ae:D/TO TPOXcXOT]V/To nooocrq>mpo. 2 a Aa! E(crm JlcXVaT~Ep (6Le:u8uv~c;)! b nwc; AEVE TO ~Evoooxdo crac; CJTa EAAT]VLKa; c H Poooc; ElVaL VT]CJl. 'ETCJL OEV dvm; d 'EXETE KaL ECJTLUTOpLa KaL OLUJlEplGJlUTa; e nou dvaL To c:J>LcrKapoo; f Mou o(vETE Tov apL81l6 TTJAEq>wvou cra<;. napaKaA.w; 3 a €380. b H TT~CJT] mu .1ou~A.(vou e:(vm aKpL~OTEPTJ· c H Tt~CJT] TOU .1ou~A.(vou- €500. d E(vm JlE e:mcrTpoq>~. e Istanbul. f PWJlT], c:J>A.wpe:VT(a, Be:vET(a, MLA.avo. (Rome, Florence, Venice, Milan) 4 a 'Exn KaA.o Kmpo llE A.LaKaoa KaL llEPLKE<; cruvve:q>LE<;. b :ETTl Maop(TT) KaL TTJ .1aJlUGKOJlE 37 ~a8JlOU<;. c LTO 'OcrA.o JlE 20 ~a8JlOU<;. d Atlantic Ocean. e Mediterranean Sea. f npaya, MauplJ 8aA.acrcra, ALcrcra~wva, Be:poA.(vo, Bpu~£Me:c;. g KoVTa GTTJ Maop(TTJ, Bapcro~(a KaL.1UJlUCJKO. 5 a 100, b 108, C 166, d 199, e 109, f 191, g 9-107, h 9-102, i 9-150, j 9-171. 6 a Tov Auyoucrm, b Theatrical play - 8e:aTpLKO f:pyo/Concert - KOVTCJEpTo or cruvauA.(a, c .1uo T]JlEpE<;
250
d To Bpa.Su- 9:00 ~qt. e ENGLISH BACH FESTIVAL, f Probably rhe most popular Greek singer. By 2010 he had been singing many kinds of Greek and international music for over 40 years. g To 8WTPLKO tpyo, yLaT( EXEL ELOLTTJTE<; (students) yLa rm-rt~~pwc;, Not~~pLoc;. b Iavouapwc;, Mapnoc;, Mawc;, IouA.Loc;, AuyouOLoc;, OK-rw~pwc;, LlEKE~~pwc;. c TJ KupLaKil, TJ llEUTEpa, TJ TpLTTJ, TJ TnapTT), TJ nt~TITTJ, TJ napacrKEU~, TO 1:a~~aTO. 8 a ii, b V, C iii, d vii, e i, f vi, g iv, h viii. 9 a aKOUOEL. b aA.~8ELa, C n:pocrcpEpEL, d ~w~, e KOO~OTIOALTLKTJ<;, f 6LOK08~KE<;, g Kocr~oc;, h EuKoA.a, n:A.o(o, j ~LonKo, k cSLacrKE.SacrELc;, I TEALKa,
€5. 7 a ArrplA.Loc;, louvwc;,
m ~illov, n tUXTJ.
Key to the .-cilft
251
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Glossary of grammatical terms The following explains, the most important grammatical terms, in a brief and simple way. Further explanations and examples in Greek are given in the Grammar summary section that follows. The Index of grammatical terms and thematic vocabulary includes the corresponding units in which these grammatical terms or thematic vocabulary are introduced. adjective Adjectives are words which describe people or things. They give more information about the noun they describe, e.g. a big car (big = adjective/car = noun). See also comparative and superlative, Grammar summary, section 3 and Unit 3. adverb Adverbs are words which usually give more information about the verbs they describe, e.g. move quickly (move= verb/quickly =adverb). See also Grammar summary, section 4 and Units 12 and 14. article There are two types of article: definite and indefinite. In English, 'the' is the definite article and 'a, an' are the indefinite articles. These words come before the noun they describe, e.g. a book/the book. In Greek, there are more than three words for these articles. See also Grammar summary, section 1 and Units 1 and 2. case This describes the different forms (inflections) taken by nouns, pronouns, and adjectives depending on their function in a sentence. English has four inflections and most words have no more than two forms. The following nouns and pronouns can show this: book! books and lime, he/him. Greek, as a much more inflected language, uses usually three out of five existing cases especially nominative, genitive, and accusative, e.g. who, whose, and whom. See also article, inflection, gender and noun in this section and Unit 4 .
.
comparative We need the comparative form of the adjective when we make comparisons. In English this usually means adding '-er' to the adjective or putting the word 'more' before it. For example, 'cheap--. cheaper' or 'expensive--. more expensive'. Comparative works similarly in Greek. See also adjective and superlative and Unit 9.
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demonstrative or demonstrative pronouns Words like 'this', 'that', ·rhese' and 'those' are called demonstratives. See also Grammar summary, section 5 and Unit 13. gender Gender is one of the categories into which nouns are divided and this may or may not correspond with sex. In Greek, nouns are divided in masculine, feminine, and neuter categories, e.g. 'the man' o av8pa~ [o anTHras] is of masculine gender, 'the woman' TJ yuva(Ka [i ghim!ka] is of feminine gender, and 'the child' TO naL8( [to peTHf] is of neuter gender. See also article, case, inflection, and noun in this section, Grammar summary, section 1 and Units 1 and 3. imperative The imperative is the form of the verb used to give directions, instructions, orders, or commands, e.g. 'come here', 'go there', or 'get up'. See also Grammar summary, section 7 and Unit 6. infinitive The infinitive is the basic form of the verb. This is the form that you will find entered in a dictionary. In Greek, infinitives usually end in -w [o], -awj-w [ao/o], -l.laL [me], and -EL [i]. See also verb. inflection or inflexion This is an ending or other element in a word that shows its grammatical function (whether singular or plural, masculine, feminine, or neuter, subject or object, and so on). For example the 's' in 'books' or 'he walks'. Greek uses many more inflections compared to English. See also case. interjections Interjections are words that give flavour or emphasis in a statement or question, e.g. 'aha' for understanding, or 'hm' for uncertainty. noun and proper noun (or proper name) A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. Words like 'john', 'Mary', 'England', 'Greece', or 'table' and 'house' are all nouns. The names of persons or places are called proper nouns and are spelled with an initial capital letter. In English, most nouns can be with an article, except the proper nouns, whereas in Greek all nouns, including proper names, will take an article. For example, England TJ Ayyl..(a [i anglfa] is literally 'the England'! See also gender, inflection, case, and article and Grammar summary, section 2. object
See word order for further explanation.
Glossary of grammatical terms
2 53
personal pronoun As their name suggests, personal pronouns refer to persons, e.g. 'I, you, she, we, they'. In English, these pronouns are necessary to make a distinction between 'I speak' and 'we speak' whereas in Greek the verb ending will make that distinction. In Greek, personal pronouns are mostly used with a verb only for emphasis. See also pronouns, Grammar summary, section 5 and Units 2 and 7. plural
See singular for further explanation and Unit 3.
possessive Words like 'my, his, our, their' are called possessives, as are words such as 'mine, yours, ours', etc. See also pronoun, Grammar summary, section 5 and Unit 8. preposition Words like 'on, in, to' etc. are called prepositions. They usually show the position of something and normally precede a noun or pronoun. See also Grammar summary, section 6 and Unit 7. pronoun Important and frequent words like '1/he', 'me/him', 'my/ his', or 'mine/his' are pronouns. They often stand in the place of nouns which have already been mentioned. Pronouns are grouped in several sub-categories including personal, reflexive, demonstrative, and possessive. proper name See noun. reflexive pronoun Words like 'myself, yourself, ourselves' are called reflexive pronouns. See also pronoun and Grammar summary, section 5. reflexive verb A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object of that verb are one and the same, e.g. 'I shaved myself' instead of 'the barber shaved me'. Not all reflexive verbs in English happen to be reflexive in Greek. There are also some reflexive verbs in Greek, e.g. Ka8ojlaL [kathome] (to sit) or KOLjlcljlaL [kimame] (to sleep) which are not reflexive in English. See also verb and Unit 8. singular The terms singular and plural are used to make the contrast between 'one' and 'more than one thing' in nouns, e.g. 'book/books'. subject The term 'subject' expresses a relationship often between a noun or pronoun and the verb. See also verb and word order. subjunctive or subjunctive mood The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English today. In the example 'I insist that he come', 'he
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come' (not 'he comes') is in the subjunctive form of the verb. Greek uses the subjunctive much more frequently than English. See also verb and Unit 11. superlative The superlative is used for the most extreme version of a comparison. This usually means adding '-est' to the adjective or putting the word 'most' before it. For example, 'cheap --+ cheapest' or 'expensive --+ most expensive'. See also adjective and comparative ,wd Summary in Unit 9. tense Most languages use change in the verb form to indicate an aspect of time. These changes in the verb are traditionally referred to as tense and the tenses may be past, present or future. This principle is carried out also in Greek verb forms expressing time in past, present, or future. See Units 12 and 14 for the simple past (I went), Unit 13 for the past continuous (I was going) and present perfect (I have gone), and Unit 14 for the past perfect (I had gone). See Units 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 for the simple present (I go) and the present progressive (I am going). For the future tense, see Unit 9 (I will go). See also imperative, reflexive verb, subjunctive and verb. verb A verb denotes action, being, feeling, or sensation, e.g. 'I go, she is, we think, they exist'. The verb is always preceded by a single word or group of words usually either a noun or a pronoun, e.g. 'my mother cares' or 'she cares', which is often called the subject of the sentence. In this example for instance, the subject shows 'who' cares. English verbs cannot stand meaningfully without a subject, whereas Greek can do so more flexibly by changing the endings in the verb form. For example, mxw [pao] 'I go', ELVaL [fne] 'she is' or voux~ETaL [niazete] 'she cares'. See also subject and tense and Grammar summary, section 7. word order This refers to the correct sequence of words in a sentence. For example, in the sentence 'the book belongs to my father' there are two important points to note: first is the minimal word-units, which show which words belong together, in this case, 'the book', 'belongs' and 'to my father'; and second their inflexible sequence or rigid order in English, in this case the subject (the book) before the verb (belongs) and the verb before the object (to my father). In Greek, there is a similar notion about minimal word-units,
Glossary of grammatical terms
2 55
but not about inflexible order of subject-verb-object sequence. The above example can be rendered in six different ways in Greek- the speaker places the part of the sentence that he/she would most like to emphasize at the beginning of the sentence. See also subject, tense and verb and Summary in Unit 4.
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Grammar summary This grammar summary is intended mainly to act as a reference guide ro the language used in the course. It is by no means a complete grammar, although some elements in this section do not appear in rhe course and are included for learners who wish to progress a little further. You can skim through this section before you start Unit 1 and you can always refer back whenever you meet a new grammatical point in a unit and compare it with the notes here. Grammatical explanations in the Grammar section in the course are somewhat short and to the point, with some examples for practical application. Here the approach is different and more organized and systematic in terms of grouping grammatical points together. The most important grammatical groups outlined in this section are: Articles, Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, Pronouns, Prepositions and Verbs. In most instances you will find tables to which the different groups belong, along with a few examples and direct references back to units.
1 Articles The words a, an and the are called articles in English. A and an are called indefinite articles and the is called the definite article. All articles come before a noun. Greek articles have a lot more than three forms! This is because the nouns they define are divided into three genders: masculine (m), feminine (f) and neuter (n). The Greek words for a, an and the are therefore different for each gender. This is one of the reasons that all nouns in the course are given with their gender, i.e. (m), (f) or (n). In addition, each noun group has further forms in the singular and plural, so the articles have to agree with these, too. Greek also has different endings for nouns and their articles (and adjectives- see below) when nouns are used in different ways within
Grammarsummary
257
a sentence - for example, if they are the subject or the object of the sentence. These different forms of nouns are called cases. There are three main cases: nominative (nom) - the subject of the sentence·, genitive (gen) - this shows possession, that something belongs to someone; and accusative (ace) -the object of the sentence. English grammar has virtually lost all examples of case. The English word 'who' is perhaps the only one that can actually illustrate this idea. It is 'who' in the nominative case, 'whose' in the genitive case and 'whom' in the accusative case. The following tables show the different forms of Greek articles.
Indefinite article alan
(nom) (gen) (ace)
Masculine
Feminine
Evac; [enas] Ev6c; [enos] Evav [enan]
~ia
[mfa] [mfas]
~lac;
~ia[mfa]
Neuter Eva [enal Ev6c; [enos] Eva [ena]
Definite article the Singular
Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter (nom) o[o] TO [to] 'l [i] TOU [tU] (gen) TOU [tu] Tile; [tis] TO(V) [to(n)] T'l(V) [ti(n)] TO [to] (ace)
01 [i] TWV [ton] Touc; [tus]
01 [i] TWV [ton] nc; [tis]
ta [tal TWV[ton] ta [tal
Articles are often used with the preposition at: [se] at, to, in, on, creating compound definite articles in the genitive and accusative cases only. The words in the singular are: O'TOU [stu], aTTJc; [stis], O'TO(v) [sto(n)], aTTJ(V) [sti(n)], and in plural: O'TWV [ston], O"Touc; [stus], aTLc; [stis], O"Ta [sta]. These compound words cannot stand as two separate words, e.g. at:+ TOU [se] + [tu].
2 Nouns The names of people and things are called nouns. As stated above, Greek nouns are divided into three genders, and each gender has a
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singular and plural form, and changes according to the role it plays in rhe sentence (its case)- nominative, genitive, accusative. When you look up nouns in a dictionary you will find them in the nominative singular form. You can usually tell their gender by their endings. :vlost masculine nouns end in -ac; [-as], ·l}c; [-is] and -oc; [-os], most feminine nouns in -a [-a] and ·l} [-i], and most neuter nouns in -L [-i], -o [-o] and ·Jl« [-rna]. The course has introduced most nouns in the nominative case either in singular or plural. Some genitive ~wd accusative forms have appeared in a few dialogues without any special mention. As a rule of thumb, remember that nouns in the nominative case come before the verb and indicate the subject of the sentence, nouns in the accusative case come after the verb and indicate the object. The genitive case is used to show possession. The different forms are set out below: Masculine nouns
(nom) (gen) (ace)
Singular
Plural
o cpiXoc; [o filos] Tou cpiXou [tu fflu] TOV q>iAO [ton fflo]
01 q>iAOI [i fili] Twv cpiXwv [ton fflon] Touc; cpiXouc; [tus filus]
Feminine nouns
(nom) (gen) (ace)
Singular
Plural
11 Kou~iva [i kuzfna]
ot Kou~ivEc; [i kuzfnes] TWV KOU~IVWV (ton kuzin6n] nc; Kou~fvEc; [tis kuzfnes]
TI'J<; KOu~ivac; [tis kuzfnas] TI'JV KOu~iva [tin kuzfna]
Neuter nouns
(nom) (gen) (ace)
Singular
Plural
TO ~~~XIo [to vivlfo] TOU ~~~Aiou [tu vivlfu] TO ~~~Xio [to vivlfo]
Ta ~~~Ala [ta vivlfa] TWV ~~~Xiwv [ton vivlfon] TO ~~~XIa [ta vivlfa]
Grammar summary
25 9
3 Adjectives Adjectives are words which describe people or things. They give more information about the noun they describe. Note: a car (noun), a big car (adjective-noun), a big red car (adjective-adjective-noun). The endings of adjectives change according to the noun they describe, i.e. masculine, feminine or neuter endings, singular or plural, nominative, genitive, accusative. Most adjectives have the same endings as the word ~c:Uoc; [meghalos] big below: Singular
Masculine (nom) I-IEyaXoc; [meg halos] (gen) I-IEVOAOU [meghalu] (ace) . I-IEVOAO [meghalo]
Feminine
Neuter
1-lEVOAil [meghali] 1-lEVOAilc; [meghalis] 1-lEVOAil [meghali]
I-IEVOAO [meghalo] I-IEVOAOU [meghalu] I-IEVOAO [meghalo]
Plural
Masculine (nom) 1-lEVOAOl [meghali] (gen) I-IEVOAWV [meghalon] (ace) 1-lEVOAouc; [meghalus]
Feminine
Neuter
1-lEVOAEc; [meg hales] I-IEVOAWV [meg halon] 1-lEVOAEc; [meg hales]
1-lEVOAa [meghala] 1-lEVOAWv [meghalon] 1-lEVOAa [meghala]
li Adverbs Adverbs are words which usually describe the way things happen. Unlike adjectives, which give more information about the nouns they describe, adverbs give more information about the verbs they describe. Many Greek adverbs end in -a [-a] or -we; [-os], something similar to the English ending -ly for many English adverbs. Some examples include: yp'llyopa [ghrighora] quickly, Kal.a [kala] well, nicely, pt(Jala [vevea] of course/surely. Many Greek adverbs are formed from their corresponding adjective. Notice the changes below: yp~yopoc; [ghrighoros] fast, quick __. yp'llyopa [ghrighora] quickly, KaA.oc; [kal6s] good, nice __. Kal.a [kala] nicely, P£PaLoc; [veveos] certain, sure ---+ (Jt(Jala [vevea]
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surely. Unlike adjectives, adverbs have only one form. There is a small exception to this remark regarding a few adjectives which have rwo almost similar forms which are interchangeable in use. Some examples are ~£~aLa [vevea] and ~E~a(wc; [veveos] of course, surely ~111d crmxvLa [spania] and crn:av(wc; [spanfos] rarely .
.\dverbs are often 'doubled up' for the purpose of emphasis, e.g. ypfJyopa - ypfJyopa [ghrfghora - ghrfghora] very quickly or crn:avLa- O"JtciVLa [spania- spania] very rarely.
5 Pronouns Important and frequent words like I, you, he or my, your, his or myself, yourself, himself or me, you, him etc. are pronouns. Pronouns are grouped in several sub-categories: personal, reflexive, demonstrative, possessive, relative, interrogative and indefinite pronouns. Personal pronouns r Nominative Genitive Accusative r ----+-~~~--+---~~----+-----------~ strong weak strong weak strong weak EytiJ [egh6]
-
EIJEVO [emena] IJOU [moo] EIJEVO [emena] IJE [me]
you I he
Eou [esi]
-
Eotvo [esena]
: she
i
I
I
OUT6~ (aft6s] TO~ (tOS] OUTOU (aftu]
oou [soo]
Eotvo [esena]
oE [se]
TOU (tu]
OUT6V (aft6n]
TOV (ton)
Tl)~
OUTI)(v) (aftf(n)] TI)(V) (ti(n)]
OUTI) (afti]
Tl) (ti]
OUTI)~
it
ouT6 [aft6]
TO [to]
oumu [aftu]
TOU (tu]
OUT6 (aft6]
we
EIJEi~ [em is]
-
EIJO~ [emas]
110~ [mas]
EIJO~ [emas]
IJO~ [mas]
you(pl)
EOEi~ [esfs]
Eoa~ [esas]
oo~
Eoa~
oo~
they
OUTOf (afti]
OUTWV (aft6n]
TOU~ (tus]
(aftfs]
(tis]
I
I
TOI (ti]
[sas]
[esas]
OUTOU~ (aftus]
TO (tO] [sas]
TOU~ (tus]
ouTt~ [aftes] TE~ [tes]
ouTt~ [aftes]
m;/TE~ [tis/tes]
OUTO (afta]
OUTO (afta]
TO (ta]
To [tal
1
The personal pronouns have both a strong and a weak form in the genitive and accustative cases. Most Greek verbs like qw [eho] I have take the nominative form of the personal pronoun, which is not absolutely necessary as it is in English, because the ending of the verb itself shows who is the
Grammarsummary
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subject. Some verbs like 1.10u aptat:L [mu aresi] I like or 1.1£ Atvt: [rne lene] I am called take the accusative form of the personal pronoun. All strong forms are used for the purpose of emphasis in Greek. Actually it is possible to use both the strong and weak form for extra emphasis. E.g. El.ltva 1.10u aptat:L TO pa6Lo [emena mu aresi to raTHio] I {I) like the radio or El.ltva 1.1£ Ai.vt: 41ll.lTtTP1l [emena me lene THimftri] I (I) am called Dimitri. Reflexive pronouns
Words like myself, yourself, etc. are reflexive pronouns. They are not as common in Greek as in English and they usually appear only in the accusative form with prepositions, e.g. 1.1£ TOV £auTO !lOU [me ton eaft6 mu] with myself, yLa TOV £auTO Tl]c; [ya ton eaft6 tis] {Qz herself, a-rov (a£+ -rov) £auTO -roue; [ston eaft6 tus] to themselves. Demonstrative pronouns
this these that those such a such +pi so much so many
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
aut6c; [att6s] autoi [attn EKEivoc; [ekinos] EKEiVOl [ekini] t€mtoc; [tetiosl t£Totot [tetyil t6ooc; [t6sos] t6oot [t6si]
autri [attn aut€<; [attes] EKEiV'l [ekini] EKEiVE<; [ekines] t€Tota [tetia] t€totE<; [teties] t6o11 [t6si] t6oEc; [t6ses]
aut6 [att6] OUTQ [afta] EKEivo [ekino] EKEiva [ekina] TETOlO [tetio] t€Tota [tetial t6oo [t6so] t6oa [t6sa]
• The different forms in the singular and plural for au-roc;, t:Kdvoc; and -roaoc; are identical with the adjective l.l£YcXAOc;, -11, -o as shown in the previous paragraph in this section. • The demonstrative pronouns au-roc; and t:Kdvoc; need the corresponding article for the noun in use, e.g. auTo<; o avTpa<; [aft6s 0 andras] this man, EKELVTJ 11 yuva[Ka [ekfni i ghineka] that woman, auTa -ra nauSta [afta ta peTHia] these children. Possessive pronouns
my your (sing/infrnl)
his her
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110u [mu] uou [su] TOU (tuj '01<; [tis]
[tu]
its
t"ou
our
lla<; [mas]
ow; [sas) [tus)
your (pUfml)
their
TOU<;
Possessive pronouns have only one form in Greek. They always come after the noun they modify, whereas in English they come before the noun. In Greek, the noun is accompanied by its corresponding article, e.g. TO (J"J(lTLilO\J [to spiti mu] my house, Ta (J"J(lTLa ll«c; [ta spitia mas] our houses, o cpU.oc; TTJc; [o filos tis] her friend, OL cpU.ot -roue; [i ft1i tus] their friends. These words are called possessive pronouns in Greek grammar and possessive adjectives in English grammar! Relative pronouns
The words below are the most common relative pronouns in Greek. who which that whatever
1tOU
[pu)
1tOU
[pu)
1tOU
[pu)
6,t"l [6ti)
Interrogative pronouns
Question words like what? who? how? where? are interrogative pronouns. Some have only one form, some more than one for m/f/n use. what? where? how? why? when?
who? which? how much? which ones? how many?
n; [ti)? nou; [pu)? nw<;; [pos)? ytat"(; [yiati)?
non:; [p6te )? Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
notoc;; [pios]? n6ooc;; [p6sos)? 1TOIOI; [pii)? 1TOOOL; [p6si)?
nota; [pia)? n6ol"); [p6si)? 1TOIE<;; [pies)? n6oEc;; [p6ses)?
1TOLO; [pio)? n6oo; [p6so)? nota; [pia)? n6oa; [p6sa)?
Grammarsummary
263
Indefinite pronouns
Words like each one, everyone, someone, no-one, etc. are indefinite pronouns. Some have only one form, some more than one for m/f/n use. 6A.a [61a] +plural
all, everything something, anything? nothing, anything? every, each
KQ''Cl
(kati)
TlltoTE
(tfpote)
Ka9E [kathe]
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
everyone (m/f/n)
Ka9tva<; [kathenas) Ka9Et.lla [kathemfa) K09EVO (kath ena)
everybody (m/f/n) +(pi)
6?.ot[61i)
6?-E<; [61es)
6?-a [61a)
some(pl)
IJEplKOi (merikij Kcmoto<; [kapios)
IJEptKE<; [merikes)
IJEptKa [merika)
Kcmota [kapial
Kanoto [kapiol
one, one (person) (m/f/n)
KavEI<; [kanfs)
KOIJia [kamfa)
KOVEVO (kanena)
no-one, nothing (m/f/n)
Kavtva<; [kanenas)
KOIJiO [kamfa)
KOVEVO (kanena)
someone, something (m/f/n)
6 Prepositions Prepositions in English are such words as between, from, in, by, for, with, etc. All corresponding Greek prepositions have only one form. The word following Greek prepositions will sometimes be followed by a noun in the genitive or more often in the accusative case. Some frequent prepositions are: Genitive
£vav·dov Jl.na~u
untp
[enandion] [metaksi] [iper]
against between in favour, for
[ap6] [ya]
from for, to, over
Accusative am)
yLa
264
f.l£ xwp(c; f.l£'ta J.lExPl TrplV npoc; (J£ a'tlc;
[me] [boris] [meta] [mehri] [prin] [pros] [se] [stis]
with, by without after until before towards to, in, on, at {place) at (time)
There are also some two-word prepositions. All of them are followed by nouns in the accusative.
Accusative navw an:o Ka'tW «TrO J.lTrpOa'ta «TrO n(aw ano KOV'ta (J£ 5(nl.a at: yt)pw an:o J.ltaa at: t~w ano
[pano apo] [kato apo] [brosta apo] [piso ap6] [konda se] [THipla se] [ghiro ap6] [mesa se] [ekso apo]
over, above underneath, below in front of behind close to next to around from inside outside, out of
7 Verbs Words that indicate action, being, or feeling are called verbs. Kavw [kino] I do, J.lLAaw [milao] I speak or J.ltvw [meno] I live are three examples from the several verbs this course includes. Remember that a dictionary will list these three verbs, and all others, using the I form of the verb in the present tense. This is the main form used for reference to Greek verbs (as the infinitive form in English- to do, to speak, to live, etc.- does not exist in Greek). Verb tenses refer to different points in time, such as the present, the future and the past. This course relies mostly on present tense, touches on the future and past tenses, and introduces some verb forms after the word va [na] to and imperatives.
Grammar summary
265
Also, remember that personal pronouns, words like I, he, they, etc. in English, are not necessary in Greek because of the change in the verb ending. So, Kavw can be seen as Kav- (the verb stern which remains unchanged) and -w (the verb ending which tells you whether I, he, they, etc. is performing the action). There are principally two verb endings in Greek for the I form: -w [-o] and JlaL [-me], e.g. TIEPL!!EVW [perimeno] I wait and Ka8oJJ.at [kathome] I sit. The course introduces you to the main verb groups (or conjugations - there are two main conjugations) in both the active voice (verbs ending in -w) and the passive voice (verbs ending in -OJJ.aLi-aJJ.at). The present tense for the main verb groups found in the course are set out below. Once you memorize the different endings, you will be confident enough to use them in context. Remember that the majority of Greek verbs fall into the first conjugation.
Present tense Active voice 1
Conjugation
1··t~~·[,h~i··················;·;;~~~················aa~·[th'i;i···················;·~~~r················1
1 tx11c; [ehis] 1 ipt [ehll 1 txoufl£ [ehume] 1 ipt£ [ehete]
you have he/she/it has we have you have
8tA£tc; [thelis] 8tA£t [theli] 8tAou11£ [thelume] 8tA£n [thelete]
you want 1 he/she/it wants 1 we want 1 you want 1
~--~~-~~~~-~~ ............ ~~-~-~~~~ ..........!~~-~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~-~----~~~r..~~~~.......... ~ 2
Conjugation
~-c;~~~·'A·······················································Ci~~~;·a············································~
1n£1YGC1Jhr£tvcil
I am hungry
~
[pln.6o/pln6] l n11vGc; [pln.6s] you are hungry m:IYG(t:t) [pln.6(1)] he/she/It is hungry nt:IYGflt: [pln.6me] we are hungry n£tvlru [pln.6te] n£tvOw(e)
you are hungry they are hungry
flnopciJ [bor6]
~ ~ you can ~ he/she/it can ~
I can
fiROpdc; [boris] fiROpt:i [borO llftopot)fl£ we can [bonime] llftoplfu [borfte] you can llftopow(e) they can
1
:..... ~~·.~~~~~~~.....................................................~~.~~~~~~ ....................................:
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Hoth groups in the second conjugation include verbs always stressed the last syllable in their main form.
011
passive voice
::g:; . ~;~=~~····=:l::i····;::·. [herete] : xaap6pacnE we are glad [her6maste] : xaipECJTE you are glad [hereste] they are glad : xaipoVTaa [heronde]
Aun6pacnE [llp6maste] AunaCJTE [lipaste]
it is sorry we are sorry you are sorry
AunoUV'taa [llpunde] they are sorry
...................................................................................................................................
:\II verbs in the passive voice end in -Jt«L [-me].
Future tense The future tense in Greek is formed with the particle 9a [tha] (equivalent to will in English) and the verb. Some verbs do not change their form in the future tense, but most do. Below you see a list of verbs belonging to both groups: Verbs without any different form in the future
8a dJtaL [tha ime] I will be, Oa £x.w [tha eho] I will have, 9a ~tpw [tha ksero] I will know and 8a mxw [tha pao] I will go. Verbs with a different form in the future
Most verbs belong to this sub-group. Some are:
owaw
o[vw ---+ 8a 8£.Aw ---+ 8a 8EA~O"W jlEVW ---+ 8a jlELVW na[pvw ---+ 8a mxpw O"TEAVW ---+ 8a O"TELAW Euyw ---+ Sa
[tha [tha [tha [tha [tha [tha [tha
TH6so] thelfso] mino] parol stilo] fero] figho]
I will give I will want I will stay I will take I will send I will bring I will/eave Grammar summary
2 67
Verbs with an irregular form in the future
Some verbs have a completely new form in the future. Some are: ~A.Enw ---+ Sa Sw f:pxollat ---+ Sa f:pSw ~w ---+ Sa ~~aw Tpww ---+ Sa <paw xa(pollat ---+ Sa xapw
[tha [tha [tha [tha [tha
THo] ertho] ziso] faa] har6]
I will see I will come I will live I will eat I will be glad
The different endings for I, he/she/it, you, etc. are the same as those in the present tense. Below are two verbs i:xw and (f'(i:.Avw with their full forms in the future: 1""h·tJ~·······················;·;iiif,~~~····················ik.·;;~ii~···············j·;;;iii~~~d···········!
~ [tha 'ho] 1 8a qe1c;
you will have
1
[tha 6chls] ~ 8a txe• 1 [tha 6chl] 8a txoull£ 1 [tha 'hume] 8a txne 1 [tha 'hete]
he/she it will have
!
we will have
!
you will have
1 8a qouv
they will have
[tha stflo] 8a auiA&Ic; [tha stills] 8a cn&IA£1 [tha still] 8a cneiAoull£ [tha stflume] 8a aTEIAn£ [tha stflete] 8a cneiAouv
you will send he/she/it will send we will send
~ 1 ~
! ~
!
you will send they will send
~ ~ ~
!
1...... ~~~.~~~~.~ ....................................................~~~~-~~~~...................................J Here again is the future tense for d11at [ime], the verb to be: 8ad11at 8ad.aat 8advat 8ad1J.aO"T£ 8a daa(f'(t:/d(f'(£ 8advat
[tha ime] [tha ise] [tha ine] [tha imaste] [tha isaste]/[iste] [tha ine]
I will be you will be he/she/it will be we will be you will be they will be
Past tense Unit 12 presented many aspects of the past tense in Greek. Here you are provided with the full conjugation of two frequent verbs in the
268
past tense: KtlVW- tKava (kano- ekana] (to do) and [ksero- fksera] (to know). !''i-i~
!
....................................
:::n•l,, . ·.
,J;iC~{::'=r•l
• 0 ...........
~ ~-. •"~~'' ~ .~ ~ ••
••••••
~~
.....
~
••• •
~
......
......,..i;;;;··..............,] foil,
·;)':J;ki)
i ! -.;~i~~•••• ~•• ~ ••••• ........ ~......................................~ ••-•••••••••~-~•.......;. ••..:
i KcMIJII~l wed/( .. i Kcivdl~ •· .·• dld. i aavcittkanitti · ' ,~Cttf'> :
~(~"·:.··
~tpw- ~~Epa
~· ·
!
The imperative form The imperative is a form of the verb you can use to request, tell or order someone to do something, e.g. 'Come here!', 'Stop!', 'Don't speak!', 'Turn left!', 'Go now!'. This form is very frequent and important in everyday language. Remember that since Greek has two 'you' forms (informal-singular and formal-plural) as many other languages including German, French or Spanish, you need to learn two individual words for the imperatives. (singlinfml) m'Jyatv£ [pighene]! aTphjt£ [stripse]! pyEc; [vghes]! auvql(J£ [sinechise]! aTai.U1LTTJOE [stamatise]! nEpnaTTJoE [perpatise]! o6~YTJOE [oTHighise]!
(pllfml) TITJYalvET£ [pighenete]! aTphjiT£ [stripste]! pydT£ [vghite]! auvqlaT£ [sinechiste]! O"Tal'a~O"T£ [stamatiste]! nEpna~aT£ [perpatiste]! o6TJnaT£ [oTHighiste1!
Go! Turn! Get off! Get out. Continue! Stop! Walk! Drive!
~_,
269
Index of grammatical terms and thematic vocabulary Please note that Grammar 3/3, for example, refers to part 3 of the Grammar section, Unit 3. adjective Grammar 3/3 adverb Language Notes 12, Grammar 3/14 alphabet, Pronunciation guide/ Introduction article definite article Grammar 3/1 indefinite article Grammar 2/2 banking A little extra! /11 colours Language Notes /9 comparisons Grammar 2/9 countries A little extra! 11 days of the week Language Notes /9 directions Language Notes /6 fruit Language Notes /9 gender Grammar 2/2, Grammar 2/3 greetings Language Notes /1 health Language Notes /12 holidays Practice 7/13 hotel expressions Language Notes /8 means of transport Language Notes /6 months Language Notes /13 music Culture section /14
270
negative Grammar 1/1 negative expressions Grammar 2/13 noun (see also gender) masculine, feminine, neuter Grammar 2//4 plural Grammar 1/3 diminutive endings Culture section /4 proper name Language Notes /2, Language Notes /11 numbers Language Notes /2, Language Notes /4, Language Notes /6, Language Notes 17 possession Grammar 1/8 preposition Grammar 3/7 pronoun demonstrative Grammar 1/13 personal Grammar 1/2 possessive Grammar 1/8 seasons Language Notes /13 spelling Grammar 2/7 sports Language Notes /12 stores Language Notes /6 subjunctive Grammar 3/7
tag-questions Language Notes /13 tense/mood conditional Grammar 1/11 future Grammar 1/9, Grammar 1/11 imperative Grammar 1/6 past Grammar 1/12 perfect Grammar 3/13 present Grammar 1/1, Grammar 3/2 reflexive Grammar 3/8 time Language Notes 17 verbs be Grammar 1/1 be named Grammar 2/8 do Grammar 3/2 eat Grammar 4/13
go Grammar 2/14 have Grammar 1/4 know Grammar 2/1 like Grammar 2/8 live Grammar 2/1 mind Grammar 2/8 remember Grammar 3/8 speak Grammar 2/6 stay Grammar 2/1 telephone Grammar 3/13 think Grammar 3/8 worry Grammar 3/8 vegetables Language Notes /9 weather expressions Language Notes /13 wishes Language Notes /12, Language Notes /14 word order Grammar 3/4
Index of g111mmatlcal terms and thematic VOCIIbulary
2 71
Greek history timeline
272
Timeline
Events
3200 BC-2200 BC
Bronze Age in Cyclades and Crete
2000 BC -1700 BC
First Greek speakers; Golden Age and palaces in Crete
1600 BC-1200 BC
The beginning and Mycenaean culture
776 BC
First Olympic Games
500 BC-400 BC
Parthenon was built; Golden Age under Pericles; drama flourishes with Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripedes
400 BC-300 BC
Plato's Academy was founded; time of Alexander the Great
200 BC-AD 300
The Roman Empire
AD300-1200
Constantinople was built; Crusaders
1453-1821
Ottoman Empire; Greek independence
1912-1913
Balkan Wars; Territory from Turks
1923-1944
World Wars I and II
1945-1949
Civil War; Communists/Promonarchy
1967-1974
Military junta in power
1974-present
Democracy returns to Greece
1982
Greece becomes a member of the European Union
2004
Olympic Games in Athens
end
of
the
Greek language timeline Timeline
Events
2000 BC
Ancient Greek. Greek belongs to the large family of Indo-European or IndoHittite languages. It developed across the Balkan peninsula around 2000 sc. The language has undergone enormous phonological, morphological, lexical, and syntactical changes coming into contact with neighbouring and faraway nations and people speaking many different languages. The Greek alphabet is believed to have derived from the Semitic alphabet, specifically that of Phoenicians.
1100 BC
Archaic Greek. The Phoenician alphabet which was introduced to Greece around 1100 sc contained 22 separate signs for the consonants but none for the vowels. The Greeks innovated the letters, a, E, 1, o, u, with the value of vowels as known today. Texts were written in syllabic script.
800 BC-500 BC
Classical Greek. The alphabet, which started replacing the syllabic script, continued to undergo many reforms and changes. The most notable change was the changing of the direction of writing from left to right instead of from right to left. City states had many different language variations at the time but the four main groups or dialects were the following: Arcado-Cyprlot, Doric, Aeollc, and Ionic-
Attic.
274
4008(
Hellenistic Greek. The Ionic form of the alphabet was adopted by most city states, thus making a uniformed alphabet throughout the Greek world. During Hellenistic times the Greek alphabet has served as a model for the Latin and Cyrillic alphabet. The Attic dialect, actually an offspring of the Ionic, finally dominated the other dialects in the first century when philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates made Athens the centre of the Greek civilization.
100 BC-AD 337
In this period and especially close to AD 337, a new form of the Attic dialect appeared with simpler syntax and morphology, a stress accent, and loan words from Latin and Semitic origins. This was the Koine (the common) dialect also called the Hellenistic Koine or the Alexandrian Koine. Hellenistic Greek is the form also known as New Testament Greek (in which the Gospel and other books of the New Testament ofthe Bible were first written).
AD 337-1453
Byzantine Greek. This was both an imperial and an ecclesiastical language. It is still the ecclesiastical language of the Greek Orthodox church today.
1453 to present
Modern Greek. The majority of the foreign words in the Greek language are of Turkish origin because of the occupation from 14531821. After 1821, the language was principally divided into the general vernacular (Demotic Greek), and the language of education and literature (Katharevousa), which existed in parallel development for
twenty centuries and competed for acceptance and establishment for about 150 years after the Turkish occupation. Demotic Greek prevailed as the everday spoken language whereas Katharevousa continued in government and scientific books. Demotic Greek was proclaimed the official language of Greece in 19n and the use of one stress mark instead of five took place in 1982. Classical Greek word forms continue to have a great influence in the world's scientific and technical vocabulary, and make up a large part of the technical vocabulary of English.
Gr-..k ......... llmellne
2 75
Taking it further This section gives you many suggestions of sources to help you develop your interest in Greek language and culture. It also provides you with a number of email addresses and Internet sites which can give a different dimension to your search. Some of the sites listed are bilingual but others are only in Greek. Good luck! Books
If you are in Athens, check out Eleftheroudakis bookshop at 16 Panepistimiou St. for the largest selection of books in English about Greek or Greece. (Their website is www.books.gr and their email address is [email protected].) The National Book Centre of Greece issues a bi-monthly magazine promoting Greek books in translation abroad. They can be found at 76 Emmanuil Benaki St. Stoa tou Bibliou, Pesmazoglou 5 or at http://www.book.culture.gr wwwl.ekebi.gr. The free Travelling in Greece brochure is very informative and available from any GNTO office in Greece or abroad. Their address is 2 Amerikis St. and their Internet address is below under the Travel heading. Check out www.toubis.gr for the largest selection of maps or travel books in English on Greece. Cultural heritage
www.greece.org is a sophisticated online magazine about Greece. www.culture.gr is the website of the Ministry of Culture and hosts many of the country's museums. www.reconstructions.org has fabulous 3-D models of the Parthenon. www.fhr.gr is the website of the Foundation of the Hellenic World. www.pbs.org/empires/ thegreeks brings Ancient Greece alive. www.sae.gr is the site for the World Council of Hellenes Abroad. Transport
www.gtp.gr gives ferry timetables. www.ose.gr offers train information. www.ktel.org gives bus timetables and routes. www.aia.gr is the website for the new Athens airport. www.olympicair.com, www.aegean.com,
276
and www.airtickets.gr http://www.ainnanos.gr, http://www.cronus.gr, or http://www.airgreece.gr offer flight information. http://www.elit.gr gives information about cruise ships. Travel
www.greekholidays.com/cities_and_islands.html is a website about travel and holidays in Greece. The Greek National Tourism Organization can be found under www.gnto.gr. You can also access www.travelling.gr or www.greekislands.gr for travel agencies, tourist offices and tourist attractions. www.ntua.gr/weather offers frequently updated information on the weather. The site www. allhotels.gr offers hotel accommodation all over Greece. www. travelplan.gr is the largest travel agency in Greece. Greek language
Information about online Greek language courses can be obtained from www.polyglot24.com. If you are interested in Greek poetry in English, send an e-mail to [email protected]. The site www. greeklanguage.gr will connect you to the Greek Language Centre of the Ministry of Education which can offer valuable information about Greek classes or language examinations. An interesting site is also from the University of Thessaloniki at www.smg.web.auth.gr. www.cyathens.org is a study-abroad-programme of the College Year in Athens. Miscellaneous
www.greekcuisine.com offers an extensive array of Greek recipes. www.greekwine.gr lists several Greek wines from all over Greece. www.athensnews.gr is a daily newspaper in English. http://www. in.gr is the largest Greek portal on the web for Greek speakers. www.athens.olympic.org is an important site for everyone interested in the Olympic Games in Athens in 2004. Some sites for Greek music are: www.e-radio.gr, www.babylon.gr, http://www.avpolis.gr or www.mad.gr. Online auctions can be found at www.fleamarket.gr. Greek comics can be purchased at www.arkas.gr.
T•klng It further
2 77
English-Greek glossary (Note: m =masculine, f =feminine, n =neuter) a.m. alan/one about/approximately across/opposite adventure story/thriller afterwards, later again agree airplane airport almost along/together always America and angry another, more anything anything? apartment building apartment/flat appetizer, starter April architect area armchair around, about arrive as Athens August Australia autumn/fall
278
[pi-mi] [enas], [mfa], [ena] [perfpu] [apenandi] [peripetia] [meta] [pali] [ksana] [simfon6] [aeroplano] [aeroTHr6mio] [sheTH6n] [mazij [panda] [amerikf] [ke] [thimomenos, -i, -o] [alos, -i, -o] [otiTHfpote] [tfpota]? [polikatikfa] [THiamerizma] [orektik6] [aprflios] [architektonas] [h6ros] [polithr6na] [ghlro] [fthano] [6pos] [san] [athina] [avghustos] [afstralia] [fthin6poro]
lt.ll. tvac;, 11la, tva m:p{nou antvavn 1tEpmiTELa (f) llETcl mUL/~ava
CJUilq>WVW aEOltAclvO (n) aEpo6p611LO (n) OXE66v 11«~{
naVTa AllEP LKI\ (f) KaL 9u~twl!ivoc;, -TJ -o cilloc;, -TJ, -o O'tl6tllt0TE TlltOTa; ltOAUKaTOLK[a (f) 6La~ttpL<JI1« (n) OpEKTLK6 (n) AnplALO«; (m) apxLTtKTovac; (rnlf) xwpoc;(m) 1tOAU9p6va (f) y\Jpw q>9civw 6nwc;jaav A9l]va (f) Auyou<JTo«; (m) Au<JTpaA.[a (f) q>9Lv6nwpo (n)
availability baby baby boy baby girl balcony/porch banana bank basement basketball bass (fish) bathroom, bathtub bathroom, toilet be be able be glad be happy be interested be pleased beach bean beautiful, nice bed bedroom bedroom beef beefsteak beer behind beige bell between beverage, drink big, large bill black block/square blue blues (music) boat book
[THiathesim6tita] [mor6] [bebis] [beba] [balk6ni] [banana] [trapeza] [ip6ghion] [basket] [lavraki] [banio] [tualeta] [!me] [bor6] [herome] [herome] [enTHiaferome] [herome] [plaz][paraHa] [fas6li] [oreos/ -a/ -0] [krevati] [krevatokamara] [ipnoTHomatio] [mosharlsios/ -a/ -o] [biftekiJ [blra] [plso] [bez] [kuTHuni] [metaksl] [pot6] [meghalos/ -i/-o] [loghariazm6s] [mavros/ -i/-o] [tetraghono] [ble] [bluz] [varka] [vivHo]
<'ha9EO"LJ.l6LTJTa (f) J.lWp6 (n) J.llttJ.lltTJI) (m) J.llttJ.lrra (f) J.lltaAK6VL (n) J.lrravava (f) TparrE~a (f) urr6yELOV (n) J.lltUO'KET (n) A.a~paKL (n) J.lltUVLO (n) TOUaA£Ta (f) dJ.taL J.lrropw xa(pOJ.laL xa(pW/OJ.laL EV6Laq>£pOJ.laL xa(pOJ.laL rrA.a~ rrapaA.(a (f) cpao6A.L (n) wpa(o«;/ -a/ -o KpE~an
(n)
KpE~aTOKUJ.lapa (f)
urrvo6wJ.laTLo (n) J.looxap(Olo«;/ -a/ -o q>LAETO ~o6Lv6 (n) J.lrrUpa (f) ltlO'W J.lltE~
KOU60UVL (n) J.lETa~u
rroT6 (n) J.l£YaAOI)/ -TJ/ -o A.oyapLaO"J.l6«; (m) J.laupo«;/ -TJ/ -o TETpaywvo (n) J.lltAE J.lltAOU~ (n) ~apKa (f) ~L~A.(o (n)
English-Greek glossary
2 79
bookshop booklet bottle bottled (mineral) water bouzouki (instrument) boy bravo bread breakfast bridge brother brown bus bus station
[vivliopolio] [filaTHio] [bukali] [emfialomeno nero] [buzuki] [agh6ri] [bravo] [psomi] [proin6] [ghefira] [aTHelf6s] [kafe] [leoforio] [stathm6s leoforion]
bus stop
[stasi leoforion]
busy but but butter
[a pasholimenos/ -if -o] [ala] [rna] [vutiro]
cafe can can/tin car car park card carrot cash desk celery central centre century cereal chair changing room cheap check
[kafeteria] [bor6] [kuti] [aftokinito] [parkin] [karta] [kar6to] [tamio] [selino] [kendrik6s/ -i/ -6] [kendro] [e6nas] [THimitriaka] [karekla] [THokimastirio] [fthin6s/ -i/ -6] [eksetazo]
280
~L~ALOllWAELO (n) cpUAAac5Lo (n) l!llOUKaAL (n) EllcpLLXAw~o vEp6 (n) l!llOU~OUKL (n) ay6pL (n)
l!llpa~o
\jiWI!L (n) npwLV6 (n) y£cpupa (f) acS£Acp61) (m) Kacp£ AEwcpopdo (n) crra81!61) AEwcpopdwv (m) CTrclaTJ AEwcpopdwv (f) ana(J)(OATJ !!EVOI)/ -TJ/ -o
aMa I!a
~ourupo(n)
KacpETEpla (f) l!llOpw KOUTL (n) aUTOKLVTJTO (n) llclpKLV (n) KclpTa (f) Kap6-ro(n) Tai!ELO (n) O"EALVO (n) KEVTpLK61)/ -~/ -6 KEVTpo (n) aLwval) (m) cSTJI!TJTPLaKa (n/pl) Kap£KAa (f) cSoKLI!a~pLo (n) cp8T)V61)/ -~/ -6 E~ETQ~W
checked cheque child church cigarette cinema close to closed closet/wardrobe coca cola coffee coffee house coffee (medium sweet) coffee (sweet) coffee (without sugar) comedy company computer conservatory contrast, antithesis cook cooked foods corner counter courgette, zucchini cousin cousin credit card creme caramel croissant cucumber cup currency customs cutlet
[kar6] [epitaghi] [peTHij [eklisia] [tsigharo] [sinema] [konda] [klist6sl -if -6] [dulapa] [k6ka kola] [kafes] [kafenio] [metrios] [ghlik6s] [sketos] [komoTHia] [eteria] [kompiuter] [tzamaria] [antithesi] [maghirevo] [maghirefta] [ghonia] [pangos] [kolokithaki] [(e)ksaTHelfi] [(e)ksaTHelfos] [pistotiki karta] [krem karamele] [kruasan] [anguri] [flitzani] [n6mizma] [telonio] [briz6la]
Kapw (m/f/n) £ltlT<XYll (f) naL6i (n) £KKATJO"La (f) TO"Lyapo (n) O"LV£11a (n) KOVTQ KA£Lar6r;/ -~/ -6 VTOUAaTta (f) K6Ka K6A.a (f) Kaq>tr; (m) Kaq>t:vdo (n) llETpLO(, (m) yA.uK6r:, (m) OKETO(, (m) KW!!W6(a (f) £TaLp£ia (f) KO!!ltlOUT£p (n) T~allap(a (f) avr(9£0"T] (f) 11ayt:Lpruw llayt:Lprura (n/pl) ywv(a (f) TtQyKO(, (m) KOAOKU9tXKL (n) (£)~a6tAq>TJ (f) (t:)~a6£Aq>or; (m) marwn~ Kapra (f) KP£11 Kapa11£At (n) Kpouaaav (n) ayyoupL (n) q>AUT~QVL (n) VOI!LO"Ila (n) nA.wvdo (n) 111tPL~6A.a (f)
dance(verb,noun) dark date daughter
[horevo] [hor6s] [skuros/ -a/ -o] [imerominia] [k6ri]
xopt:uw, xop6r; (m) O"KOUpor:,/ -a/ -0 TJI1£POI1TJV(a (f) KOPTJ (f)
English-Greek glossary
2 81
(TJ)~tpa
day December deposit, down payment dessert dialogue difficult dill dining room dinner disagree discotheque dislike doctor door dorado or gilthead double room down dress dress myself drink
[(i)mera] [THekemvrios] [prokatavoli] [ghlik6] [THialoghos] [THiskolos/ -if -o] [anithos] [trapezaria] [vraTHin6] [THiafon6] [THiskothiki] [antipath6] [yatr6s] [porta] [tsipura] [THiklino] [kato] [f6rema] [dinome] [pino]
~pa6Lv6 (n) &acpwvw 6LcrKo8iJKTJ (f) avnnaew yLaTp6c; (m/f) n6pm (f) Tcrmoupa (f) 6(KALVO (n) KQTW cp6pE~a (n) VT\Jvo11aL n(vw
early easy eat eight eight hundred
[noris] [efkolos/ -if -o] [tr6-o] [okt6 ]/[oht6] [oktak6sia ]/ [ohtak6sia] [THekaokt6] [oghTH6nda] [endeka] [anglia] [anglika] [isoTHos] [fakelos] [evr6] [vraTHi] [pote] [kathe] [6la] [pandu]
vwp(c; ruKoAoc;/ -TJ/ -o Tpww OKTW/OXTW OKTaK6crLaj OXTaK6aLa 6EKaOKTW oyMVTa MEKa AyyA(a (f) ayyALKa (n/pl) dcro6oc; (f) q>aKEAOC) (m) rupw ~pa6u (n) TtOTE Ka8E 6Aa TtaVTOU
eighteen eighty eleven England English (language) entrance envelope euro evening ever every everything/all everywhere
282
(f)
.1EKE~~pLOC)
(m) (f) yAuK6, EmMpmo (n) 6u1A.oyoc; (m) McrKoAoc;/ -TJ/ -o QVL8oc; (m) npoKam~oAi)
TpanE~ap(a
[akriv6s] exactly [sighn6mi] excuse me excuse me/pardon me [me sinhorite]
aKpl~W~
cruyvWIJ.TJ IJ.E
exit
[eksoTHos]
£~oc'io~ (f)
fall family father February ferry fifteen fifth fifty film (movie) film (camera) finally finish first fish fish restaurant five five hundred flat, apartment flight floor flying dolphin, hydrofoil football for fork fortnight forty four four hundred fourteen
[pefto] [ikoghenia] [pateras] [fevruarios] [feribot] [THekapende] [pemptos/ -if -o] [peninda] [ergho] [film] [telika] [teli6no] [pr6tos/ -if -o] [psari] [psarotaverna] [pende] [pendak6sia] [THiamerizma] [ptisi] [6rofos] [iptameno]
lTEq>TW OLKOYEvELa (f) rraTEpa«; (m) e~pouapLo«; (m) q>EpUIJ.lTOT (n) c'iEKalTME 1TEIJ.1TTOI)/ -TJ/ -o lTEvtJVTa £pyo (n) q>LAIJ. (n) TEALKa TEAELWVW rrpwTo«;/ -TJ/ -o .papL (n) .papoTa~£pva (f) 1TME rrEVTaK6ma c'iLaiJ.EpLOIJ.a (n)
[poTH6sfero] [ya] [pinini] [THekapenthimero] [saranda] [teseris/ -is/ -a] [tetrak6sia] [THekateseris/ -is/ -a] [tetartos/ -if -o] [ghalia] [eleftheros/ -if -o]
rroMoq>aLpo (n) yLa mpouvL (n) c'iEKa1TEV9Jl1J.EpO (n) oapaVTa TEooEpL«;/ -L«;/ -a TETpaK60"La c'iEKaTEOOpll)/ -LI)/ -a TtTapTo«;/ -TJ/ -o fall(a (f) EA.EU9epo«;/ -TJ/ -o
fourth France free
rrnlOTJ (f) 6poq>o«; (m) L1TTUIJ.EVO (n)
English-Greek glossary
283
French (language) friend from front fruit fruit and vegetable market
[ghalika] [fflos] [ffli] [ap6] [brosta] [fruto] [laiki aghora]
faAALKa (n/pl)
garage garlic German (language) Germany getup girl glass go go fora walk good evening good morning goodnight grandchild granddaughter grandfather grandmother grandson grape Greece Greek (language) [Greek blues] [Greek coffee] [Greek pastry] [Greek pastry] [Greek restaurant/ taverna] green grilled foods ground floor
[garaz] [sk6rTHo] [ghermanika] [ghermania] [sik6nome] [koritsi] [poti'ri] [pao ]/[pigheno] [pao volta] [kalispera] [kalimera] [kalinihta] [eng6ni] [engoni] [papus] [yaya] [engon6s] [staffli] [elaTHa] [elinika] [rebetika] [elinik6s kafes] [baklavas] [kataifi] [taverna]
yKapa~
KaATJvUXTa qyovL (n) EYYOVJl (f) na1tltOUI) (m) yLayLa (f) qyov61) (m) OLaEI) (m) ~tnai
[prasinos/ -i/-o] [psita] [is6ghio]
1tpaOLVOI)/ -TJ/ -0 $TJTa (nlpl) La6yELo (n)
half hallway
[mis6s/ -II -6] [hoi]
I!L061)/ -i)f -6 XWA (n)
284
(n) aK6pcSo(n) fEp~taVLKa (n/pl) fEp~tav(a (f)
OTJKWVO~taL
KOp[TOL (n) non')pL (n) nawfltT)ya(vw naw ~6A.Ta KaATJOltEpa KaATJ~tEpa
[niptiras] [eftihizmenos/ -il -o] [eho] [aft6s] [thermansi] [herete] [yasas] [yasu]
hand basin happy have he heating hello/goodbye (pVfml) hello/goodbye (pVfml) hello/see you (sing/infml) her herb here here you are! h., t. his hobby homemade hospital hotel house/home how/what hungry husband/wife, spouse
[tis] [aromatik6 fit6] [eTH6] [oriste] [yasu] [tu] [h6bi] [spitik6s/ -i/ -6] [nosokomio] [ksenoTHohio] [spiti] [pos] [pinazmenos/ -il -o] [sizighos]
I I'm sorry/excuse me
[egh6] [sighn6mi]
iced coffee/frappe [frapes] idea [iTHea] immediately [amesos] m [se] information (piece of) [pliroforia] instant coffee [nes kafes] interesting [enTHiaferon] introduce [sistino] Ireland [irlanTHia] island music [nisi6tika] it [aft6] Italian (language) [italika] Italy [italia]
vLrro1pac; (m) EUnlXLO!ltvO<;/ -TJ/ -o
Ex.w auT6<; 9Ep!1aVO"T) (f) xalpETE yELa oac; yELaoou TT)<; apw11anK6
El>w opLOTE yELa oou TOU x611Tru (n) 0"1lLTLK6<;/ -i)/ -6 VOO"OKO!!ELO (n) ~EVOl>OXELO
(n)
0"1lLTL (n) nwc; llELVaO"!lEVO<;/ -TJ/ -0 O"U~uyoc; (m/f)
EYW auyvw11TJ/ auyyvw11TJ Ea (f) allEOW<; O"E llATJpo<pop(a (f) VE<; KaLa(a (f) VTJO"LWTLKa (n/pl) auT6 ITaALKa (n/pl) ITaA.(a (f)
English-Greek glossary
285
its January jazz music job/work juice July June
[tu] [ianuarios] [tzaz] [THulia] [chimos] [iulios] [iunios]
kilo kiosk kitchen knife know
[kilo] [periptero] [kuzina] [maheri] [ksero]
KLA.6 (n) ltEphtTEpO (n) KOU~(va (f) ~taxa(pL (n)
lamb late later /awn/grass learn leave left lemonade letter lettuce lift/elevator light (colour), open light light bulb (1) like like (as if) likely, probable likely, probably little live living room London love lucky luggage lunch
[arnaki] [argha] [arghotera] [ghrasiTHi] [matheno] [fevgho] [aristera] [lemonaTHa] [ghrama] [maruli] [asanser] [aniktos/-i/ -6] [fos] [ghlombos] [maresi] [san]/[opos] [pithanos/ -i/ -6] [pithanos] [lighos/-i/ -o] [meno] [saloni] [lonTHino] [aghapi] [tiheros/ -i/ -6] [aposkevi] [mesimeriano]
apvaKL (n) apya apy6npa ypao(6L (n)
286
TOU IavouapLo~
(m)
T~a~ (f)
6ouAt:La (f) xu~t6~ (m) louA.Lo~ louvw~
(m) (m)
~tpw
~ta9a(vw
<pruyw apLOTEpa At:~tova6a (f) ypa1111a (n) 11apouA.L (n) aoavotp (n) avOLKT6~/
-i)/ -6
(n)
yA6~tno~ ~t'aptot:L
(m)
aavf6nw~ m9av6~/ -i)/ -6 (adj) m9avw~
A.(yo~/
(adv)
-'11/ -o
llEvW oaA.6vL (f) Aov6(vo (n) avaltll (f) TUXt:p6~/ -i)/ -6 anooKEUi) (f) 11EO'f111£PLav6 (n)
lyre main mainly man/husband map March market marmalade/jam married (I'm .. .) May may/is possible to me (after a preposition) me (after a verb) medium, middle melon mezzanine (floor) midday/afternoon middle milk mine minute mirror Miss mixed Greek salad moment month more more
[lira] [kirios/ -a/ -o] [kirios] [andras ]/[sizighos] [hartis] [martios] [aghora] [marmelaTHa] [pandremenos/-i] [maios] [bori na]/[isos na] [(e)mena] [mu] [meseos/ -a/ -o] [pep6ni] [imi6rofos] [mesimeri] [mesi] [ghala] [THik6 mu] [lept6] [ka threftis] [THespiniTHa] [horiatiki salata] [stighmi] [minas] [pyo] [peris6teros/ -if -o]
morning mother motorcycle mountain Mr/Sir Mrs/Madam much/very museum mushroom music musician
[proi] [mitera] [motosikleta] [vun6] [kirios] [kiria] [polis, poll, poll] [musio] [manitari] [musiki] [musik6s]
A.Upa (f) tcUpLO<;/ -a/ -o KUp(wc; av<'ipa<;/mJ~uyo<; (m) xaptTJ<; (m) Mapnoc; (m) ayopa (f) 11ap1.u:M<'ia (f) naVTPE11EvO<;/ -TI MaLo<; (m) 1111op£l vaj(crwc; va (E)11tva 110\J 11Ecra(o<;/ -a/ -o nm6vL (n) TII1L6pocpoc; (m) 11£C1T111tP L(n) 11tC1TI (f) ytUa (n) 6LK6110\J A.tm6 (n) Ka9ptq>tTJ<; (m) <'iEC11TOLV(<'ia XWPLCtTLKTJ CJaAaTa (f) CJTLYI1tl (f) 11iJvac; (m) mo 1YEplC1C16Ttpo<;/ -Til -o npw( (n) 11TITtpa (f) 110TOC1UKAtTa (f) ~ouv6 (n) tcUpLo<; (m) KUp(a (f) noA.uc;,noA.AiJ,noA.u 110\JCJELO (n) 11aVLTclpl (n) 110\JCJLKTJ (f) I10\JC1LK6<; (rnff)
Engllsh-Gr"k glossary
287
must/have to my
[prepi na] [mu]
rrp£rrEL va !lOU
name name (first) name (last) national naturally naught/zero near, close to need neighbourhood never newspaper next to nice, beautiful nice, beautiful nine nine hundred nineteen ninety no not not (Do not. . .) nothing novel novel November now number, size (of clothes) nurse nurse
[6noma] [mikr6 6noma] [epitheto] [ethnik6s/ -i/-6] [fisika] [miTHen] [konda] [hriazome] [ghitonia] [pote] [efimeriTHa] [THipla] [oreos/ -a/ -o] [6morfos/ -if -o] [enea ]/[ enia] [eniak6sia] [THekaenia] [eneninda] [6chi] [THen] [min]/[mi] [tipota] [nuvela] [mithist6rima] [noemvrios] [t6ra] [numero]
6vo11a (n) llLKp6 6vo11a ETr(9ETO E9VLK6<;/ -~/ -6 q>U
(f) 1.1U9urr6pTJila (n) Notll~PLO<; (m) Twpa VOU!lEPO (n)
[nosok6ma] [nosok6mos]
VOO"OK61.1a (f) VOO"OK61.10<; (m)
October of course, naturally often oh O.K., all right one
[okt6vrios] [vevea] [sihna] [ah] [kala], [endaksi] [enas], [mia], [ena]
OKTw~pLo<;
288
xpeLa~ollaL
YELTOVLa (f) TrOTE ETJilEp(cSa (f) cS(rrA.a wpa(o<;/ -a/ -o 61.1op<po<;/ -TJ/ -o ewtafevvLa EVLaK6
6XL cSev llTJV/IlTJ T(rroTa VOU~EAa
(m)
~£~aLa
auxva ax KaAa, EVTa~EL tva<;, 1.1£a, tva
one hundred one thousand
[ekat6] [hllji],[hilies],[hilia]
one-family house orange (colour) orange (fruit) orangeade our out, outside ouzo oven over
[monokatikia] [portokali] [portokali] [portokalaTHa] [mas] [ekso] [uzo] [furnos] [pera]/[pano ap6]
p.m. pair parsley passport pear penthouse petrol/gas petrol/gas station
[mi-mi] [zevghari] [maidan6s] [THiavatirio] [ahlaTHi] [retire] [venzini] [pratirio venzinis]
pharmacy pianist
[farmakio] [o pianistas] [i pianistria] pineapple [ananas] pink [roz] plate [piato] play [pezo] play (theatre) [ergho] please/you're welcome [parakal6] police [astinomia] pop music [laika] pork [chirin6] portion [meriTHa] post office [tachiTHromio] potato [patata] pound (sterling) [lira] pound (kilo) [kilo] practical [praktik6s/ -if -6]
£KaT6 XLALOL (m),XLAL£1) (f),XLALa (n) llOVOKaTOLKLa (f) llOpTOKaA( llOpTOKclAl (n) llOpTOKaAtlSa (f) 11as t~w m}~o (n) cpoupvos (m) ntpajmxvw an6
ll·ll·
~ruyapL
(n) 11a'Lvmv6s (m) c5La~an1pLo (n) axMcSL (n) penpt (n) ~EV~LVTJ (f) npan1pw ~EV~LVTJI) (n) q>apllaKE[o (n) o mav(crras (m), T] mav[crrpLa (f) avaval) (m) po~
lllCtTO (n) na[~w
tpyo napaKaA.w aCJTUvo IlLa (f) .Aa'LKa (n/pl) xoLpLv6 (n) llEP (c5a (f) TaxucSpo11do (n) naTam (f) .A(pa (f) KLA6 1tpaKTLK61)/ -iJ/ -6
English-Greek glossliry
2 89
1tp0Tlj.U~
prefer prepare price private problem prospectus purple
[protim6] [etimazo] [timi] [iTHiotik6s]/ [-i]/ [-6] [pr6vlima] [prospektus] [mov]
question
[er6tisi]
EPWTIJOTJ (f)
radio rain rarely read realize, see
[raTHi6fono] [vrochi] [spania] [THiavazo] [vlepo] [katalaveno]
pacSL6cpwvo (n) ~poxft (f) (JltUVLa
reception red red mullet reservation residence restaurant restaurant serving grilled meat restaurant serving fish return return/round trip right (direction) right (you're right) river rock rock music room
unocSoxft (f) K6KKLVOC)/ -TJ/ -0 f.l1tapf.l1tOUVL (n) KpaTIJ OTJ (f) KaTOLK(a (f) £crna-r6pLo (n) l!n1ampLa (f)/
round (in shape) run running
[ipoTHochi] [k6kinos]/ [-i]/ [-o] [barbuni] [kratisi] [katikia] [estiat6rio] [psistaria ]/ [hasa pota verna] [psarotaverna] [epistrefo] [me epistrofi] [THeksia] [THikio] [ehis] [potam6s] [vrahos] [rok] [kamara]/ [THomatio] [strongil6s/ -i/ -6] [treho] [trohaTHin]
poK (n) Kaf.lapa (f)/cSWf.lUTLO (n) O"TpoyyuA.6c;/-ft/-6 -rp£xw -rpoxacSTJv(n)
sad salad
[lipimenos/ -if -o] [salata]
AUltTJf.lEvoc;/ -TJ/ -o aaA.am (f)
ETOL!.Ul~W
Tlf.ltl (f) Lc5LWTLK6c;/ -ft/ -6 np6~A.:rwa (n) 1tp0<JT[EKTOUC) (n) f.lW~
cSLa~a~w ~Atnwf KamA.a~a(vw
290
xaaanom~tpva \jlapom~tpva (f)
(f)
E1tLO"Tptcpw f.l£ E1tLO"Tpocpft (f) cSE~La
cS(KLO (n) (ExELC)/-ET£) noTaf.l6c; (m) ~paxoc;
sale/discount same Saturday saucer school science Scotland sea season seat (to sit on) seat (class) second second (with time) second (Just a ... ) see see again sell September seven seven hundred seventeen seventy shampoo she ship shirt shoe shoe lace shop window shower side single (I'm .. .) single room sister sit sitting room SIX
six hundred sixteen
[ekptosi] [ITHios/ -al-o] [savato] [piataki] [sholio] [epistimi] [skotia] [thalasa] [epochi] [kathizma] [thesi] [THefteros/ -i/ -o] [THefter6lepto] [ena lept6] [vlepo] [ksanavlepo] [pul6] [septemvrios] [epta ]/[efta1 [eptak6sia ]/ [eftak6sia] [THekaefta] [evTHominda] [sambuan] [afti] [plio] [karavi] [pukamiso] [paputsi] [korTH6ni] [vitrina] [duz] [plevra] [eleftheros/-i] [mon6klino] [aTHelfi] [kathome] [kathistik6] [eksi] [eksak6sia] [THekaeksi]
EKliTWOll (f) (6wc;f -af -o l:a~~aTo (n) maTaKL (n) oxoA.do (n) ElrUTTJl ~TJ
l:KwT(a (f) aaA.aaaa (f) moxiJ (f) Ka9La~a (n) 9£011 (f) 6dm:poc;/ -TJ/ -o 6t:UTt:p6At:TtTO (n) tvaA.t:m6 ~Atnw ~ava~A.tnw
nouAw l:t:mt~~pLOc;
(m) t:maf t:qna t:TtTaK6ma/ £q>TaK6ma 6t:Kat:q>n1 t:~6o~t1VTa
aa~nouav (n) auTi) 11Ao(o (n)/Kapa~L (n) llOUKll~ll10 (n) naltOUTGL (n) KopMvL (n) ~LTp(va
(f)
VTouc;(n) nA.rupa (f) £Aru9t:poc;/-TJ (m/f) ~OVOKALVO (n) a6£Aq>i) (f) Ka9o~aL
Ka9LaTLKO (n) t~L t:~aK6ma 6t:KaE~L
Engllsh-GrHk glossary
291
sixty size sky sky blue sleep slip-ons (loafers) slipper small small bouzouki small dishes/starters smoke smoking so (therefore) so (to such an extent) soap soda water sofa soft soft drink son sorry soup soup spoon space, area Spain Spanish (language) speak sport spring stamp stay (verb) stay stay sterling still/yet stool story/history straight straight ahead
292
[eksinda] [meghethos] [uran6s] [ghalazios/ -a/ -o] [kimame] [pandofle] [pand6fla] [mikr6s/ -i/ -6] [baghlamaTHaki] [mezeTHes] [kapnizo] [kapnizma] [etsi] [t6sos/-i/ -o] [sapuni] [s6THa] [kana pes] [malak6s/-i/6] [elafrolaika] [yos] [sighn6mi] [supa] [kutali] [h6ros] [ispania] [ispanika] [milao] [spor] [aniksi] [ghramat6simo] [kathome]/ [THiameno] [THiamoni] [paramoni] [sterlina] [ak6ma] [skamb6] [istoria] [efthia] [efthia brosta]
£~i)vra
j.lty£9of)(n) oupavof) (m) yaJ..lJ.~LOf)/ -af -o KOlj.lclj.laL TtaVTOq>At (n) navrocp.Aa (f) j.lLKpOf)/ -i)/ -6 j.lTtay.Aaj.laMKL (n) ll£~tcS£f) (mfpl) Kanv(~w
KclTtVLOj.la (n) t'taL -roaof)/ -TJ/ -o aaTtOUVL (n) aMa (f) Kavantf) (m) j.laAaKOf)/ -i)/-6 £Aacppo.Aa'LKa (n/pl) YLOI) (m) auyvWilTJ (m) aouna KOU'tclAL (n) xwpof) (m) IOTtav(a (f) LOTtavLKcl (n/pl) jlLAaW
OTtop (n) clvOL~TJ (f) ypaj.lj.laTOOTJilO (n) Kc19oj.laL/ cSLaj.ltvw cSLaj.lovi) (f) napaj.lovi) (f) OT£p.A(va aKolla OKaj.1Tt6 (n) LOTop(a (f) ru9da ru9da j.lTtpOOTcl
straight ahead strawberry striped studiolbedsit study study stuffed peppers/ tomatoes suitcase summer Sunday supermarket sure! surprised sweet swim swimming Sydney table table tennis take taverna/Greek restaurant taxi tea teaspoon teacher telephone booth television ten tennis thanks (lit. I thank you) thanks (lit. we thank you) that/who (in statements)
[fsia] [fraula] [righe] [garsoniera] [THiavazo] [matheno] [ghemista]
(cna
[valitsa] [kalokeri] [kiriaki] [supermarket] [arne]! [vevea]! [ekpliktos/ -il -o] [ghlik6s/ -ia/ -6] [kolimb6] [banio] [siTHnei]
j3a.A(ma (f) KaAOKa(pL (n) KupLaKJ\ (f) O"OlllTEpJ.lapKET (n) a11t! j3tj3aLa! EKltATJKTO()/ -TJ/ -o y.AuK6()/ -La/ -6 KOAUJ.lRW JlRUvlO l:(cSv£0 (n)
[trapezi] [ping pong] [perno] [taverna]
Tpant~L (n) n(vK novK (n) na(pvw Taj3tpva (f)
[taksi] [tsai] [kutalaki] [THaskalos] [THaskala] [tilefonik6s thalamos] [tile6rasi] [THeka1 [tenis1 [efharist61
Ta~( (n) ToaL (n) KOUTaAUKl (n) MoKaAO() (m), cSaOKa.Aa (f) TTJAE<j)WVLK6() 9a.AaJ.lO() (m) TTJAE6paO"TJ (f) cStKa TEvL() (n) EUXapLO"TW
[efharistume1
EUXapLO"TOUJ.lE
[pu1
nou
6Laj3a~w
J.1a9aivw YEJ.lLO"Ta (n/pl)
Engllllt-GNek gloluly
293
the theatre (n) their theirs then, afterwards then/after that/later there Thessaloniki they (f) they (m or m+f) they (n) think third thirsty
tired
[o], [i], [to] [theatro] [tus] [THik6 tus] [meta] [epita] [ekf] [thesaloniki] [aftes] [afti] [afta] [nomizo] [tritos/ -i/-o] [THipsazmenos/ -if -0] [THekatris/ -is/ -fa] [trianda] [6mos]/[molon6ti] [skepsi] [tris, tris, tria] [triak6sia] [thriler] [isitirio] [ora] [hr6nos] [pinakas THromologhion] [kurazmenos/ -i/-o]
tiring
[kurastik6s/ -i/ -6]
to (used with verbs) to/in/at the to, until today toilet tomato toothbrush toothpaste
[na] [ston], [stin], [sto] [mehri] [simera] [tualeta] [domata] [oTHond6vurtsa] [oTHond6pasta]
thirteen thirty though, although thought three three hundred thriller/horror (film) ticket time (what ... ) time (much ... ) timetable
294
o, TJ, TO (m/f/n) 9EaTpo(n) TOU<; c'iLK6 TOU<; 11eTa ETt£LTa £Kd 9£0"0"aAOVLKTJ (f) aUTE<; aUTOL auTa VOjll~W
Tp(TO<;/ -TJ/ -0 6ujlaajltvoc;f -TJ/ -o c'it:KaTpEL<;/ -d<;/ -(a TpLaVTa 6jlW<;/IlOAOV6TL aKt\jJTJ (f) Tp£L<;, Tp£L<;, Tp(a TpLaK6ma 9plA.Ep (n) ELO"LTIJpLO (n) wpa (f) xp6voc; (m) n(vaKa<; c'ipOjlOAoy(wv (m) KOUpaO"jlEvO<;/ -TJ/ -o KOUpaO"TLK6<;/ -i)/ -6 va O"TOV,O"TTJV,O"TO llEXPL aTJjlEpa (n) TOUaAfTa (f) VTOjlaTa (f) oc'ioVT6f3oupTaa (f) oc'ioVT6naaTa (f)
[petseta] [p6li] [treno] [stathm6s trenon] [taksiTHiotik6 ghraffo] [taksiTHi] [triklino] [pestrofa] [alithia] [TH6THeka] [ikosi] [THio] [THiak6sia] [tzatziki]
Tt£TOtTa (f) Tt6ATJ (f) Tptvo (n) OTa9j.16c; Tptvwv (m) Ta~LcSLWTLK6 ypa
underground
[metro]/[ilektrik6s]
understand, see, realize understand (language) unfortunately until until up upset up to usually
[vlepo]
j.l£Tp6 (n)/ TJAEKTpLK6c; (m) f3At1tw
[katalaveno] [THistih6s] [mehri] [6spu] [pano] [taraghmenos/ -i/-o] [mehri] [sinithos]
vegetable view (opinion) view (sight) volleyball
[lahanik6] [apopsi] [thea] [v6lei]
).axavLK6 (n) rmottsTJ (f) ata (f) f36A£0 (n)
we
[vese]
wait waiter
[perimeno] [servit6ros]
WC (no Greek script) (n) 1t£p Lj.ltvW 0Epj3LT6poc;
towel town/city train train station travel agency trip triple room trout truth twelve twenty two two hundred tzatziki (yoghurt garlic dip)
KaTaAaj3a(vw cSu(J'[Uxwc; lltxpl WOTtOU
mivw Tapayj.ltvoc;/-TJ/-o lltxPL au~9wc;
Engllsh-CifHk glosAry
29 5
[servitora] [ksipnao] [uaHa] [perpatao/-o] [volta] [thelo] [vlepo] [nero] [emis] [keros] [evTHomaTHa] [savatokiriako] [parakalo] [kalosorises/-sate]! [kala] [lipon] [ti] [pote] [otan]
CJEpprr6pa
waitress wake up Wales walk walk, stroll, car ride want watch water we weather week weekend welcome (you're) welcome! well (e.g. I'm well) well (e.g. well, what?) what when (in questions) when (within a sentence) where white white wine why window wine winter woman/wife work work (noun) world write writer
[pu] [aspros/ -i/-o] [aspro krasl] [yatl] [parathiro] [krasl] [chimonas] [ghineka ]/[slzighos] [THulevo] [THulia] [kozmos] [ghrafo] [sighrafeas]
nou aCJltpoc;/ -TJ/ -o aCJltpo Kpaa( (n) yLaT( napa9upo (n) Kpaa[ (n) XEL!!Wvac; (m)
yard year yellow yellow peach yes
[avH] [hronos] [kltrinos/ -i/ -o] [yiarmas] [ne]
auft.i) (f) xp6voc; (m) K(TpLvoc;/ -TJ/ -o yLap11ac; (m) vaL
296
~UltVCtW
OuaA.[a (f) nEpna-raw1-w P6ha (f) 9tft.w pft.tnw VEp6(n) E!!E£<; KaLp6c; (m) EP6o11a6a (f) I:appa-rmrupLaKo (n) napaKaA.w KaAWCJ6pLCJE«;/ -CJaTE! KaACt ft.om6v Tl n6TE 6-rav
yuva(Ka/a\J~uyoc; (f)
6ouAE\Jw 6ouft.Eui (f) K6CJ!10«; (m) ypa
Yes, sure! Of course! you (pVfml) you (pVfml) (to you) you (sing/infml) you (sing/infml) your (pVfml) your (sing/infml) yours
[malista] [esis] [sas] [esena] [est] [sas] [su] [THik6 su/sas]
llaAL
5LK6 croufcrac;
Engllsh-GI'Hk giOSAry
2 97
Greek-English glossary This glossary includes all vocabulary found at the end of each dialogue. Additional vocabulary can be found in the Language notes and Grammar sections.
Aa Aha (Oh, I get it!) ayan:aw I love AyyA.(a England (f) AyyA.LKa English (language) ayyoupaKL small cucumber (n) ayopa market (f) ayponK6c; 1-~ 1-6
agricultural
expensively aKpL~6c; 1-~ 1-6 expensive AAE~avcSpa Alexandra (f) aA.~8ELa truth (f) aA.~8ELa! really!, that's true
298
aMa
but
aAAEPYLK6c; 1-~ 1-6 allergic aAA.Lwc; otherwise illoc; 1-TJ 1-o other, another a11tawc; at once a11110ucSLa sand (f) av if avaKaLVLCJ!!EVOC) 1-TJ 1-o
renovated avavac; pineapple (m) avan:auo11at I rest avan:aUCJTJ rest (f) AvamaCJTJ Resurrection (f) avamA.LK6c; 1-~ 1-6 eastern avmjmKTLK6 refreshment (n) avcSpLK6c; 1-~ 1-6 male avE~a(vw
I go up
aVE!!OC) wind (m) aVTJ
corresponding sight (n)
a~Lo8ta-ro
anaun60o~oc; /-TJ
f-o
pessimist ana(crwc; awful anA6c; /-i) /-6 simple allA.a simply an6 from anoppTJ~ttvoc; /-TJ j-o confused «1lO(JIC£UTJ luggage, suitcase (f) anocpacr(~w I decide AnpO..Loc;/AnpO..T)c; April (m) apa then apaKac; pea (m) apL9~t6c; number (m) apurrEpa left apKETa enough apKn6c; /-i) /-6 several apvaKL lamb (n) appwaToc; ill (m) apXLTEKTovac; architect (m, f) acravcrtp lift (n) acr9EVi)c; /-i)c; j-tc; weak acr9~ta asthma (n) a(Jf(pO white aO"TUVOI!LK6c; policeman (m) aTOI!O person (n) AuyouaToc; August (m) au~avw I increase aU~TJ(JT) increase (f) a\Jpw tomo"ow (n) «UTOKLVT)TO car (n) auT6c; /iJ /-6 this, he, she, it ~a6T)v
walking, jogging (n) deep, dark ~aA.{Tcra suitcase (f) ~apLt~taL I am bored ~a9i)c; /-La /-u
~apKa
boat (f) I take off, pull out ~L~.A(o book (n) ~LOTLK6c; /-i) /-6 standard (of living) ~Atnw I see ~oTJ9aw (-w) I help ~6.Aru volleyball (n) f3opELoavaTOALK6c; /-i) /-6 north-eastern j3opEL06UTLK6<; /-TJ /6 north-western f36pELoc; /-a / -o northern f3opLac; north wind f3ouTUpo buuer(n) j3pE untranslated emphatic particle f3PEYI!tvoc; /-TJ /-o wet j3p(aKw I find f3poxi) rain (f) f3ucraLvi)c; /-i) /-( burgundy f3ucrcrLvo morel ~ya~w
milk (n) sky blue, indigo fall{a France (f) fall(6a French woman (f) ya~toc; wedding (m) yavn glove (n) YEYOv6c; even~fact(n) YEvVTJCTTJ birth (f) fEp~tav(6a German woman (f) yru11a meal (n) yru(JT) taste (f) yLap~tac; (kind of) peach (m) yLaTl because yLaTl why? ya.Aa
yaA.a~Lo
doctor (m, f) I celebrate YLOPnl holiday (f), celebration YLW't yacht (n) yKapa~ car park, garage (n) yKOq>ptra waffle (chocolate) (f) yLa'tp6c;
yLop'ta~w
yKp(~oc;
/-a f-o grey
yKpLVLa~w
I complain, I moan yKpOUil porter (m) yA.uK6 sweet (n), cake yA.waaa language (f) yvwa't6c; /·iJ /-6 acquaintance, known ypapa'ta tie (f) ypa1111a't6mwo stamp (n) ypa1111iJ line (f) ypaq>do office (n) ypaq>w I write ypiJyopa fast yphrrrTJ influenza (f) VUilVaa'tLKTJ exercise (f) (gymnastics) yuva(Ka woman (f) y\Jpoc; gyros (m) y\Jpw round ywv(a corner (f) cSciaKaA.oc; teacher (m) 6£Lxvw I show ~EKillPPLoc;/~EKEilPPTJc; December (m) 6Ev'tpo tree (n) 6E~Lcl
right Monday (f) 6£xo11aL I accept
~ru'ttpa
300
6TJA.a6iJ in other words, that is to say 6TJATJ'tTJpLaOTJ poisoning (f) 6LaPan\pLo passport (n) 6LaKontc; vacation 6Lci6po11oc; corridor (m) 6LaVUK'tEpEUOTJ (staying) overnight (f) 6Lappma diarrhoea (f) 6LaaKEcSci~w I entertain (reflexive) 6Lru9uVOTJ address (f) 6LKLO right (n) 6(KA.Lvo double room (n) 6(vw I give 6mA6c; /·iJ /-6 double 6LaKo9iJKTJ disco, discotheque (f) 6(aKoc; record (m) 660TJ installment (f) 6ouAELa work, job, employment (f) 6ouA.E\Jw I work 6polloA.6yLO timetable (n) 6p611oc; street (m) 6poaEp6c; /·iJ /-6 cool 6uawxwc; unfortunately, I am sorry but ... 6unK6c; /·iJ j-6 western 6w11ano room (n) 6wpEav free 6wpo present (n) £YKEq>aALK6c; /·TJ
/·6 of the brain cerebral (adj.) EYW I E6w here E9VLK6c; /·iJ f-6 national
EL<5LKa especially EL6LK6<; /-i) /-6 specialist (m, f) ELK6va picture (f) di.J.aL I am doo6o<; entrance (f) EKE(
EmJ
there
EKdvo<; /-ll
f-o that man,
woman, thing EKTtA.i)o6w I surprise EKTtTWTLK6<; /-TJ /-6
discount(ed) Greek (language) EA.n(~w I hope Ellf1VLKa
EI.J.1tOpLK6<; I -i) I -6
commercial OK, all right EV6La
Epyao(a job, work (f) EpyaTf1<; employee, worker (m) tpxoi.J.aL I come E<Jd<; you (pl., pol.) Eotva you
you (sing. and fam.)
E<Jwpouxo underwear (n) E<JWTEpLK6<; /-TJ /-6 inner,
inside ETaLp(a company (f) ETTJOLO<; f-a f-o annual ETOLI.J.O<; /-ll f-o ready ET<JL so, like that EUKaLp(a chance (f) EUKoA.a easily EUKoA.o<; /-ll f-o easy Eupw1tf1 Europe (f) ruxapL<JTw (I) thank you ruxt\ wish (f) ruxoi.J.aL I wish/I hope E
£xw
I have
~aA.ll dizziness (f) ~a11n6v ham (n) ~axaponA.aoTE(o
pastry shop (n) ~f1AEUW I become/am jealous ~wypa<po<; painter (m, f) ~wi) life (f) l1 the (f) i) or i)6f1 already
Greek-English glossary
30 1
TJALO<; sun (m) 'lJ.lLKpav(a migraine (f) TJP£J.lO<; /-'1 f-o tranquil,
quiet iJcruxo<; I -'1 I -o
quiet
eaA.aJ.l'lY6<; yacht (f) eaA.aaaa sea (f) eaA.aaafJ<; /-ti /-( sea blue (f) eavaTO<; death (m) eaUJ.lCcO"LO<; j-a j-o marvellous eta goddess (f) eta view (f) etA.w I want/like 8£6<; God (m) etpanda treatment (f) etp£Tpo resort(n) etpJ.!OKpaa(a temperature (f) 8tpJ.!OmJAE<; an archeological site, Thermopiles etpJ.16T£po<; /-'1 f-o warmer 8taaaA.ov(K'l Thessalonikil Salonica (f) etO"'l class, seat (f) euilla storm, hurricane (f) euJ.!CcJ.laL I remember (f) uSLWTLK6<; /-fJ /-6 private Iavouapw<;/ftvap'l<; January (m) (cSLo<; f-a f-o similar LcS(w<; especially lovLK6<; /-iJ /-6 Ionian louA.w<; /IOUA'l<; July (m) louvLo<; /loUV'l<; June (m) mnaa(a riding (f) La6y£LO ground floor (n)
302
LO"TLOTtAo·(a sailing (f) LO"TLO
ouzo (n) KapcSLaK6<; /-ti /-6
cardiac
KapEKAon6cSapo chair leg (n) KapK(voc; cancer (m) Kap6 chequered Kap6To carrot(n) KapnmJ~L watermelon (n) Kapm card (f) KapucSa coconut (f) Kacrrpo castle (n) KaTaLy(cSa (thunder) storm (f) KaTaA.a~a(vw
I understand menu (m), catalogue, list KclTOLKO<; inhabitant, resident (m, f) KaTOLKclKl kid, goat (n) KaTw down, under KaEc; coffee (m) Ka
KAELO"TO<po~(a
claustrophobia (f) KALilaTL~611£Voc; 1-TJ
air-conditioned K6~w I cut KOtAlcl belly (f)
1-o
KotA6Ttovoc; stomach-ache (m) K6KKLVO red KoA.oK\JSL squash (n) KoA6vLa perfume (f) KOAUI!TtW I swim KOAUI!Ttl swimming (n) KoA.wvaKL neighbourhood
in central Athens KOVTa near/close to KOVTLVEVTaA continental K6TtW
cosmopolitan K60"!10<; people, crowd (m) KOO"I!Oauppoi) crowd, throng (f) K6T(T)Epo cutter (n) Kouvoun(c5L cauliflower (n) KOUpaO"IlEVO<; 1-TJ 1-o tired KOUpT(va curtain (f) KOUCJTOU!!l suit (n) KpaTaw(w) I keep KpcXTTJ
GI'Hk-Engllsh glossary
30 3
KUn:apLO'mll) liJ 1-(
cypress
green KUn:ap(oO"L cypress (n) KUp Mr KupLaKJl Sunday (f) 1CUpLE Mr KUplWI) mainly KWTnlAao(a rowing (f)
Atw I say .Aa9ol) mistake (n), false .Aa'iKOI) 1-i) 1-6 popular .AaLJ.lOI) throat (m) AaJ.ln:a lamp (f) .Aaxavi)l) 1-i) 1-( cabbage
green .AaxavLKO vegetable (n) .Aaxavo cabbage(n) .AtyoJ.laL my name is AEJ.lOvacSa lemonade (f) AEJ.lOVL lemon (n) AETtTO minute (n) AEOXTJ club (f) AruKwo(a Nicosia (Cyprus) (f) .AEcpTa money (pl.) .ALaKacSa sunshine (f) A(~Epn:ou.A Liverpool (n) .A(yo some, little ALJ.lEval) port (m) A(vcSol) Lindos, a village 54 km south of Rhodes City .AoyLO"Ti)l) book keeper (m) .Aom6v then, well AOJ.ln:u lobby (n) AovcS(vo London (n) .Aou.AouMTo flowery, floral
304
AuKa~TJTIOI)
a hill in the centre of Athens (m)
cook (m) together, with J.la9a(vw I learn J.la9TJTiJ'> student (m) J.laiVTaVOI) parsley (m) MaLOI)IMaTJ'> May (m) J.laKapL I wish, would that, if only, may J.laKpLa far J.laAAOV rather, probably J.laVaT~Ep manager (m, f) MaVTpaKL the harbor for yachts, sailing and fishing boats in Rhodes (n) J.lapJ.lE.AacSa marmalade/jam (f) J.lapou.AL lettuce (n) MapTLOI)IMQpTT'JI) March (m) J.lal) our J.laTwvw I bleed 11a\Jpo black J.laxaLpwvw I knife, stab J.lE with Mt:yaATJ (E) ~cSo!lacSa Holy Week (f) J.lt:)'aAOI) I -TJ I -o large J.lt:)'aAUTEpOI) 1-TJ 1-o larger Mtyapo MoUO"LKJll) Music Hall (n) J.lEyE90I) size (n) J.lE~EcSon:w.Ado tavern with a selection of appetizers (n) J.lE~EI) appetizer, snacks (m) J.lE9aupLo the day after tomorrow J.lELwvw I reduce J.lQyELpal) 11a~(
!!EA.rr~ava
aubergine, eggplant (f) llEAlT~avoaaA.aTa aubergine, eggplant dip (f) llfvW I live, I stay llEPlKa some llEPAl(v) extremely sweet 11tpoc; place (n) lltaa in, inside 11Eaa(oc; I -a I -o medium llETa~aOTJ going (f) llETaKLVTJOTJ transport (f) llETa~u between llETPO metre (n) 11ETp6 metro (n) llExPl until 11iJA.o apple (n) llTJXaviJ machine (f) llLalllla one, a 11lKp6 small 11lKp6c;l-iJ 1-6 small MlA.avo Milan (n) 11lA.aw( -w) I speak 11LVl-111tap mini-bar (n) lllVl6v minion 11·11· = !lETa !!EOT)Il~P(ac; p.m.= post meridiem 116A.lc; just llOAU~l pencil (n) 116vo only llOV6KAlVO one bed, single room (f) llov6xpw11o single colour !lOU my llOuaaKac; moussaka (m) !10UO"Tap6a mustard (f) 110UO"Tap6i)c; 1-i) 1-( mustard yellow
1111al wow! (surprise) 111TaAK6vl balcony (n) 1111avava banana (f) 1111avltpa bathtub (f) 111TlXVlO swimming (n)lbath 1111ap bar, pub (n) 111lllP111lEKlOU barbecue (n) 111TlXO"KET basketball (n) 111TEp6Euw I mix up 1111At blue 1111opw I can 111TOUIXT night club (with Greek music) (f) 111TOUKaAl bottle (n) 111TOUq>tc; buffet (m) 111lPOOTa in front llnUpa beer (f) llTIUPap(a pub (f) !1UO"TlK6 secret (n) 1100~ violet llWA.oc; pier (m) VOlKOKUpa housewife (f) va to (verb participle) val there! vall hello (on the phone), yes valT KA.a1111 night club (n) VlXTOl here it is! (also vaTol) vauTTJc; sailor (m) vauT(a sea-sickness, nausea (f) vt:p6 water (n) VEq>EAW6TJc; I -TJc; I -Ec; cloudy, overcast vtq>oc; cloud, smog (n) VTJO"L island (n)
GrHk-Engllsh glossary
305
Not!J.~pLoi)INotll~PTJI)
November VOIJ.L~w I think vop!J.aA normally voooK61J.a nurse (f) VOO"OKO!J.£lO hospital (n) voooK61J.OI) nurse (m, f) v60LLIJ.Of) 1-TJ 1-o delicious VOOLL!J.6'taTOI) 1-TJ 1-o most delicious VO\J!J.Epo number, size (n) VTOA!J.aMKLa dolmadakia VTO!J.
again
~ava~Atnw
I see again I start ~Evo6oxdo hotel (n) ~tvol) 1-TJ 1-o foreign ~tpw I know ~EXVW I forget ~TJpa ashore (f) ~upaoK(a fencing (f) ~upa
o the (m) o6TJy61) driver (m, f) o6ov-royLa-rp61) dentist (m, f) OLKLO"!J.61) settlement (m) 0KTw~plOI)I0KTw~pTJI)
October (m) 6AOL everyone [people] 6AOI) 1-TJ 1-o everything, whole OIJ.EAE'ta omelette (f) OIJ.OL6TTJTa resemblance (f)
306
OIJ.OLWIJ.a
model (n), image,
figure 61J.op<pol) 1-TJ 1-o beautiful O!J.TtptAa umbrella (f) 61J.WI) but, though ovo!J.a~o!J.aL
my name is
6nwl) as, like OTtWO"litlTtOTE definitely op(mE! Here you are! Here
you go! 6po<pol) floor (m) Ol:E OpyavLO"!J.61) l:L6TJpo6p61J.WV E>.A
Greek Railway Organization (Greek Interail) 6oo as much as 6, TL whatever, that ou~Ep( ouzeri (n) ou(oKL whisky (n) oupavr11) 1-r1 1-[ sky blue oupav61) sky (m) OtrrE •.. OtrrE •.•
neither . . . nor ou
nah6 coat (n) nava8t1vaLa a name of a
park in Athens naVT)yUpl (religious) fair (n) mivra always navrou everywhere mivw on the top/on/over napaSocnaK6c; /--.1 /6
traditional please/you're welcome nap<XA[a beach (f) napaJ.lov-.1 stay (f) napamivw more than napaOKEUtl Friday (f) napaOLaOTJ performace (f) napaxp6vou the year after next napta company (f) nap[cn Paris (n) napKO park (n) nap6J.LOLOC) f-a f-o similar na-ra-ra potato (f) nanva~ ice-skating (n) naw I go nEJ.LTrnJ Thursday (f) napaKaAW
n£Vtlvra 50 llEVLKLAALVTJ penicillin (f) 11M£
five
nm6vL melon (n) nt:paOLLK6c; passer-by (m) nt:pwSLKa periodically nt:pl06LK6 magazine (n) nt:p(nou about,
approximately nt:p(mt:po kiosk, news stand (n) nt:pvw I spend
nt:pna-raw (-w) I walk n£pcn last year nt:-raw (-w) I fly, I throw nt
ante meridiem llVEUJ.lOVLa pneumonia (f) noSTJAao[a cycling (f) noM<paLpo soccer (n) llOLKLALa selection (f) nowc; f-a f-o who, which nOL6TTJTa quality (f) n6ATJ town (f) noA.u much, very llOAUKaTUOTTJJ.la department store (n) novaw I hurt novoKt
G._k-Engllsh glos111ry
3 Q7
nopTOKaAt1c;l -t1 I-[ orange nop-roKaAL orange (n) n6ao; how much? TtOTE never tt6n:; when? TtOU that nm); where? noua spotted, dotted nou8tva nowhere,
anywhere shirt (n) sweater (n) npayj.1an indeed npaaLvo green ttpLv before np6ypa111la schedule (n) ttp6tttp<JL the year before last npoc; to, towards npo<JTta8w I try npoaq>tpw I offer npoaq>opa offer (f) ttp6awno face (n) npoxetc; the day before yesterday npwLV6 breakfast (n) npw-roc; 1-TJ 1-o first mtlOTJ flight (f) TtTWOTJ decrease (f) nw! ttw! Wow! nwc;! of course! nwc;; how?/what? TtOUKaj.UCJO nouA.6~tp
radio (n) appointment (n) ptat\jn6v reception desk (f) pacSLo
pav-rt~ou
pt<J£$LOV[CJTa«; receptionist (m)
308
retsina (Greek wine) (f) pLyt striped poMKLVO peach (n) poA6L watch, clock (n) P6j.1tttpT Robert (m) pw-raw (-w) I ask pt-ra[va
OTTJV into, to the Saturday (n)
ra~~aTO
l:a~~aTOKUplaKO
weekend (n)
aav as, like aavmui'-rc;
sandwich (n)
aac; your CJ£LCJ!l6c; earthquake (m) CJEALVO celery (n) CJtllLvapLo seminar (n) l:tmEil~PLo~l:tmEil~PTJ«;
September (m) waiter (m, f) atp~Lc; 6wj.1aT[ou room service (n) atllltpa today aLya slowly a[youpoc; 1-TJ 1-o sure CJLEA sky blue CJLVtlla the cinema (n) aKoc; motor boat (n) aKtmoj.1aL I think, I plan aKt-ro straight CJKL skiing (n) aKov-raq>-rw I trip over aKoupoc; I -a I -o dark ao~ap6c; l-t1 1-6 serious CJOKOAaTa chocolate (f) atp~LT6poc;
ooKoA.an1~
f-i) /-( chocolate brown oou to you/you (sing.) oou your oourlAc:lKL souvlaki (n) oou(m suite (f) 00\JT~O\JKUKLa spicy meatballs in tomato sauce
prescription (f) retired person
auVTayi)
auVTa~Lm'.Jxo~
(m, f) aUVTO!la shortly, soon mJOTTI!l« system (n) auxva often, frequently ocpaLporloA.(a shot put (f) axecSLa~w
I plan
axecS6v almost axecS6v noTE hardly ever Tarltpva
taverna (f)
mpay11tvo~ /-TJ
f-o rough
egg-fish salad, taramosalata (f) TEAELwvw I complete, I end, I run out TEALKa at the end, finally TEAO~ end (n) TEOOEPL~ four TETUPTll Wednesday (f) TETOLO~ f-a f-o such (a), of such a kind TETpUKALVO four beds (n) T~aT~LKL yoghurt, cucumber, and garlic dip (n) T~OUVTO judo (n) Tll(v) the TllAEcpWVflnl~ telephone operator (m) TllAEcpwvo telephone (n) TllV her TTl~ her TL what, how TL!li) price (f) TLllOTa not at all, don't mention it! wi) 11« section (n) Tapa11ooaA.aTa
G.... k-Engllsh glossary
3 09
-ro the (n) T6vl.(l Tonia, Antonia (f. name) mmK6c; /-~ /-6 local -r6aoc; /-TJ f-o so, so much,
so big, so many T6TE then -rou his (m), its (n) TOUaAELa toilet (f) -rouA.aXLO"Lo(v) at least -roup-roupi~w I am shaking Touc; their -rpam:~a bank (f) -rpan:E~LK6c; /-~ /-6 banking TPEilW I shiver -rp£xw I run -rpLav-raqmM~c; /-La/-( pink -rpLav-raqmMo rose (n) -rpL~IlEPO long weekend -rp(KA.Lvo three beds (n) -rpLKUil(a storm, tempest (f) Tp(n:oA.TJ Tripolis (Greek town) (f) Tp(Lfl Tuesday (f) TPOI!Ep6! awesome/lawful! Tpoll£P6c; /-~ /-6 awful, terrible Tp0q>LK6c; /-~ /6 food -rpoxaSTJv running (n) -rpox6c; wheel (m) -rpww I eat -roaL tea (n) mma bag (f) -ro(KA.a chewing gum (f) rup( cheese (n) -rwpa now
un:illTJA.oc; un:o5o~c; receptionist (m, f) un:apXEL there is uyda health (f) uypaa(a humidity (f) un:t:paO"LLK6c; /-~ /-6
distance un:t:pK6TtWO"TJ
cpa(vollaL /look cpaKEA.oc; envelope (m) cpavapL traffic lights (n) cpav-raO"LLK6! fantastic! cpap5uc; /-La /-U wide cpapllaKE(o chemist's (n) cpapllaKo medicine (n) cpapllaKon:oL6c; chemist (m, f) TJI!LO!!Evoc; /-TJ /-o famous cp8Lv6n:wpo fall, autumn (n) q>LALK6upoc; /-TJ f-o
friendlier cpopaw( -w) I wear cp6pt:lla dress (n) cpouayL£ foyer (n) cpouO"La skirt (f) c~»nA
officer, clerk, employee (m, f)
un:illTJA.oc;
310
over-
exhaustion (f) un:tpoxoc; /-TJ f-o excellent un:6yt:LO cellar (n) un:6A.omoc; /-TJ f-o rest UO"Lt:pa later on, after, afterwards u\jtTJA6c; /-~ /-6 high
VAT
cppaouA.a strawberry (f) cppou-ro fruit (n)
q>puyavux rusk (f) q>TTJV6() /-i) /-6 cheap q>uA.aoo6jlEVO() /-TJ f-o
guarded q>UOLKa of course, naturally, physically q>wva~w I call q>WTOypaq>LKTJ llTJxaviJ camera (f) xa(pETE hello (formal) XaLpETLOjlaTa greetings,
regards I am glad xaM~L hail (n) xapTOq>UAaKa() briefcase (m) xaA.aojlEVO() /-TJ f-o out of order X
Xlll
hm!
xopruw I dance x6pTa greens xouplla'> date (m) XPEUX~OjlaL
I need XPUOaq>LKa jewellery XPTJOLjlOTTOLW I use xp6vo() year(m) xpwjla colour (n) XTE() yesterday XU!l6() juice (m) xwpa country (f) xwpo() site (m), space, area (m) tfiapa() fisherman (m) tJiapL fish (n) tf1ap6~apKa
fishing boat (f) fish taverna (f) tJiaxvw I look for tfiLx<XAa drizzle (f) tfiuydo refrigerator (n) WWilL bread (n) tfiwvLa shopping (pl.) tfiapoTa~tpva
wpa(a nice, wonderful wpa(o() f-af-o beautiful
Greek-English glossary
311
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