Renewables Information 2004

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prepaRenew2004

29/06/04

I E A

12:13

Page 1

S T A T I S T I C S I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N E R G Y A G E N C Y

RENEWABLES INFORMATION

2004

bdc 20x27

21/06/04

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RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... v PART I

RENEWABLES IN GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY

Development of Renewable and Waste Sources in the World An IEA Fact Sheet..........................................................................................................................................................3 Selected Renewables Indicators by Country for 2002 ...................................................................................................6

Development of Renewable and Waste Sources in OECD Countries Primary Energy Supply ..................................................................................................................................................9 Electricity Production ...................................................................................................................................................11 Installed Generating Capacity ......................................................................................................................................15

Technology Survey: Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective ........................................17

PART II OECD RENEWABLES AND WASTE GRAPHS AND DATA Principles and Definitions I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

General Notes .....................................................................................................................................................27 Structure of the Book ...........................................................................................................................................28 Notes on Energy Sources....................................................................................................................................28 Country Notes......................................................................................................................................................31 Geographical Coverage.......................................................................................................................................34 Conversions.........................................................................................................................................................36

OECD Renewables and Waste Graphs and Data Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources to TPES, by Country...............................................................................38 Share of Electricity Production from Renewable Sources, by Country ........................................................................39 Share of Electricity Production from Renewable Sources Excluding Hydro, by Country .............................................40 Primary Energy Supply from Different Renewable Sources in 2002, by Country ........................................................41 Graphs - Electricity Production by Renewable Energy Source (GWh) ........................................................................42 OECD Total..................................................................................................................................................................48 OECD North America...................................................................................................................................................52 OECD/IEA Pacific ........................................................................................................................................................56 OECD Europe ..............................................................................................................................................................60 IEA Total ......................................................................................................................................................................64 IEA North America .......................................................................................................................................................68 IEA Europe...................................................................................................................................................................72 European Union - 15 ....................................................................................................................................................76 Australia .......................................................................................................................................................................80 Austria..........................................................................................................................................................................83 Belgium ........................................................................................................................................................................87 Canada ........................................................................................................................................................................91 Czech Republic ............................................................................................................................................................94 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................................................98 Finland .......................................................................................................................................................................102 France........................................................................................................................................................................106 Germany ....................................................................................................................................................................110 Greece .......................................................................................................................................................................114 Hungary......................................................................................................................................................................117 Iceland .......................................................................................................................................................................121

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iv - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Ireland ........................................................................................................................................................................125 Italy ...........................................................................................................................................................................128 Japan .........................................................................................................................................................................131 Korea .........................................................................................................................................................................135 Luxembourg ...............................................................................................................................................................139 Mexico........................................................................................................................................................................143 Netherlands................................................................................................................................................................146 New Zealand ..............................................................................................................................................................150 Norway .......................................................................................................................................................................153 Poland........................................................................................................................................................................157 Portugal......................................................................................................................................................................161 Slovak Republic .........................................................................................................................................................164 Spain..........................................................................................................................................................................168 Sweden ......................................................................................................................................................................172 Switzerland.................................................................................................................................................................176 Turkey ........................................................................................................................................................................180 United Kingdom .........................................................................................................................................................183 United States .............................................................................................................................................................187

Units and Technical Abbreviations Mega Giga

: :

= M = 106 = G = 109

Tera

:

= T = 1012

Peta

:

= P = 1015

GW

:

Gigawatt

GWh

:

Gigawatt hour

1 GWh :

= 3.6 Terajoules

MW

:

Megawatt (electric)

MWh

:

Megawatt hour

kW

:

kilowatt

kWh

:

kilowatt hour

t

:

metric ton = tonne

..

:

not available

e

:

estimated data

c

:

confidential data

x

:

not applicable

RES

:

Renewable Energy Sources

1 toe

:

tonne of oil equivalent = 41.868 GJ = 107 kCal

TJ

:

Terajoule (1012 joules)

TPES

:

Total Primary Energy Supply

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - v

INTRODUCTION The IEA Renewables Information 2004 is the third edition of a new publication that is produced annually to provide reliable statistics on renewable energy. It follows the inaugural publication in winter 2002. It is a comprehensive volume of basic statistics compiled by the IEA on electricity and heat production, supply and final consumption, and installed capacity of renewables and waste sources. The third edition of Renewables Information contains, in addition to OECD data, selected statistical information on non-OECD countries. It also includes the executive summary taken from Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective, a report published recently by the IEA. Another addition for OECD countries is the inclusion of estimates for 2003 that are the latest Renewables data available. National and international bodies use a variety of definitions for renewable energy. The Renewable Energy Working Party (REWP) of the International Energy Agency set down the following broad definition: “Renewable Energy is energy that is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly or indirectly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is energy generated from solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydropower and ocean resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.” However, other agencies suggest different definitions, and may include or exclude specific renewables technologies, based on their particular situation. For example, large hydro, geothermal and municipal or industrial wastes are sometimes not included in the definition of renewables, while peat is sometimes included. At the same time, some studies do not include non-commercial biomass in develop-

ing countries, while others do. For the purposes of this study, the statistics collected include large (and small) hydro and geothermal, but not peat. Noncommercial biomass is included in our definition, but data are not always complete, thus introducing potential inaccuracy. Municipal solid waste is included only if it is biodegradable, or renewable, while both non-renewable municipal solid waste and industrial waste are excluded. The OECD data shown in this publication are primarily based on information provided to IEA’s Energy Statistics Division (ESD) in the Annual Renewables and Waste Questionnaire. This questionnaire is completed by the national administrations of the OECD member countries and provides statistics for electricity and heat production, primary supply, transformation sector, end-use consumption and installed capacity for electricity generation from renewable sources. The Annual Renewables and Waste Questionnaire was implemented in August 2000 and is a joint questionnaire between the IEA, Eurostat, the statistical body of the EU, and the Statistical Division of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations. The non-OECD data were collected by the nonmember section of ESD, which receives their data either from the Annual Renewable and Waste Questionnaire for some countries and from secondary sources for the other countries. The collection of the data presents national governments with some unique challenges. Renewable energy systems tend to be smaller than conventional systems, and harder to track. Operators tend to be more diverse and a much larger population. Many systems are connected to the grid at the distribution level, rather than the transmission level, and so do

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vi - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

not require interconnection permits. National governments are now seeking to improve data collection methods to reflect the particular nature of renewable energies. In general, the dispersion of renewables and waste production, specifically that of the offgrid production (such as domestic solar collectors and/or small wind turbines), creates transparency and measurement problems. Thus, the nature and structure of the renewable energy market impedes data quality and reliability when compared to that of the traditional fossil fuels, which are mainly produced in grid-connected plants. In order to improve the quality of renewables and waste statistics and to ensure data compatibility, the IEA initiated a project in 2002 to compare and harmonise historical IEA data with those of national administrations and/or Eurostat, where applicable. Due to the unavailability or inaccuracy of renewables and waste statistics before 1990, emphasis was put on the reconciliation of data after 1990. Thus, 1990 is the first year reported in this publication. However, minor discrepancies between the different data-collecting bodies remain in the early years of our analysis because renewable energy classification systems were not well established and co-ordination between the member countries was poorly developed. Where possible, these discrepancies have been resolved and the following pages incorporate the results of the reconciliation process. Differences from national or Eurostat statistics are retained where different definitions of renewable energy are applied or where IEA data are more accurate. Country notes and individual country data should be consulted when using regional aggregates. IEA analysis suggests that data are more accurate for electricity and heat production, and electricity generation capacity, than for supply and final consumption of renewable and waste energy. This publication includes data for the Slovak Republic, which joined the OECD on 14 December 2000. There may be some breaks in the series until the national administration has reviewed and finalised the time series currently in the IEA databases. The OECD currently has 30 Member countries. Energy data for all Member countries are presented in

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

this publication and included in all OECD totals or regional aggregates. The IEA has 26 member countries; Iceland, Mexico, Poland and the Slovak Republic are members of the OECD but not of the IEA. Footnotes on individual tables and the notes in Principles and Definitions provide more information on Secretariat estimates and IEA statistical methods and procedures. All units are metric, unless specified. Further information on reporting methodologies is also available on the IEA web site. Energy data on the OECD are collected by the team in the Energy Statistics Division (ESD) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by Mr. Jean-Yves Garnier. OECD renewables and waste statistics in ESD are the responsibility of Mr. Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue. Mr. Lawrence Metzroth has overall editorial responsibility for this publication. Secretarial support from Mrs. Sharon Burghgraeve and Mrs. Susan Stolarow is also gratefully acknowledged. Also in the IEA Secretariat, thanks are due to Mr Lew Fulton and Mr. Tom Howes (IEA Energy Efficiency, Technology and R&D Office) for their contribution to Part I of the publication. Thanks are also due to Mr. Nikolas Roubanis, in Eurostat, for his contribution to the data on European Union member countries. The IEA Energy Statistics Division recognises this third edition still as an ongoing effort to refine sometimes inconsistent and preliminary data, and evolving definitions and methodology into the same world standard statistics reports that are issued by the division on other energy forms. In that spirit, enquiries, comments and suggestions are welcome and should be addressed to: Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue Energy Statistics Division International Energy Agency 9, rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Tel: (33 1) 40 57 66 27 Fax: (33 1) 40 57 66 49 E-mail: [email protected]

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 1

PART I RENEWABLES IN GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY

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RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 3

DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE SOURCES IN THE WORLD An IEA Fact Sheet In 2002, world Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) was 10 231 Mtoe, of which 13.4%, or 1 376 Mtoe, was produced from renewable energy sources. This compares to a share of 34.9% for oil, 23.5% for coal, 21.2% for natural gas and 6.8% for nuclear energy. By IEA definition, renewable energy sources include combustible renewables and waste (solid biomass, charcoal, renewable municipal solid waste, gas from biomass and liquid biomass), hydro, solar, wind and tide energy. Non-renewable waste sources (non-renewable industrial waste or non-renewable municipal solid waste) are not included in renewables. Figure 1: 2002 Fuel Shares in World Total Primary Energy Supply

Figure 2: 2002 Products’ Shares in World Renewable Energy Supply

Hydro 16.3%

Geothermal 3.0% Nuclear 6.8%

Renew ables 13.4%

Liquid Biomass 0.8%

Wind 0.3%

Solar, Tide 0.3%

Natural Gas 21.2%

Oil 34.9%

second largest source is hydropower, which provides 2.2% of world TPES, or 16.3% of renewables. Geothermal is the third largest renewables source and is much smaller, representing 0.4% of world TPES, or 3.0% of renewables supply in the world. The contribution of “new” renewables (solar, wind and tide) to energy supply is still very marginal, representing less than 0.1% of world TPES, or 0.6% of renewables supply.

Combustible Renew ables and Waste 80.1%

Solid Biomass/ Charcoal 77.5%

Renew able Municipal Solid Waste 1.1%

Gas f rom Biomass 0.7%

Hydro 2.2% Combustible Renew ables and Waste 10.8%

Coal 23.5%

Other Renew ables* 0.5%

*Other Renewables: Geothermal, Wind, Solar, Tide. Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

Due to its frequent non-commercial use in developing countries, solid biomass is by far the largest renewable energy source, representing 10.4% of world TPES, or 77.5% of global renewables supply. The

Since 1990, renewable energy sources have grown at an average annual rate of 1.7%, which is slightly higher than the growth rate of world TPES of 1.4% per annum. Growth has been especially high for windpower, which grew at an average annual rate of 23.9%. However, due to its very low base in 1990, production remains small. OECD accounts for most of the production and growth of solar and wind energy. The growth of solid biomass, which represents the largest contributor of renewable energy in the world, has experienced the slowest growth among the renewable energy sources. Its growth rate of 1.6% per annum was roughly equal to that of world TPES. Solid biomass experienced similar growth

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4 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

rates of 1.6% in OECD and non-OECD regions, though non-OECD regions produce the bulk of solid biomass. The second highest growth rate was experienced by non-solid biomass combustible renewables and waste, such as renewable municipal solid waste, biogas and liquid biomass. This segment grew on average at 7.4% annually since 1990. Hydro, the second largest renewable energy source in the world, has been growing at 1.6% per annum. Most of the growth in hydropower has taken place in the non-OECD regions, where a growth rate of 2.8% annually between 1990 and 2002 was achieved. This compares to an average annual growth rate of only 0.4% in OECD. Growth in absolute terms was especially strong in Asian countries, such as China and Vietnam, and in Latin American countries, such as Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Figure 3: Annual Growth Rates of World Renewables Supply from 1990 to 2002 30% 23.9%

25% 20% 15% 10% 5%

7.4%

1.4%

1.7%

1.6%

1.8%

6.4%

future as developing countries slowly shift from traditional biomass to modern forms of energy. Figure 4: 2002 Regional Shares in Renewables Supply Biomass Former USSR China 0.8% 20.3%

NonOECD Europe 0.5%

Asia* 34.0%

Hydro Middle East Former 0.1% USSR OECD China 8.7% 12.9% 11.1% Af rica 24.5% A sia* 6.3% Latin Latin America America 7.0% 20.1%

NonOECD Europe 1.8%

A frica 3.3%

Middle East 0.8%

OECD 47.3%

*Asia excludes China

Because of their heavy non-commercial biomass use, non-OECD regions emerge as the main renewables users, accounting for 77.9% of world total renewables supply. OECD, on the other hand, supplies only 22.1% of world renewables, while consuming 52.3% of world TPES. Consequently, OECD has a renewable share of only 5.7%. This share is 21.9% for non-OECD regions, and as high as 49.8% for regions like Africa. However, when looking at “new” renewables, OECD accounts for most of the production, producing 86.3% of wind, solar and tide energy in 2002.

1.6%

0% TPES Renew ables Solid Geothermal Hydro Renew . Solar Biomass MSW/Biogas/Liquid Biomass

Wind

Figure 5: 2002 Renewables Supply Shares in the World Regions 60% 49.8%

At present, OECD and non-OECD regions produce roughly equal amounts of hydro electricity (see chart below). However, while many pending projects suggest that hydropower will increase in non-OECD regions, little growth is expected in OECD, where most hydro potential was realised in past decades. With the completion of the Three Gorges Dam, China, by itself, will add some 18 200 MW of capacity by 2009, which represents a 1-2% increase of world hydropower production. The bulk of solid biomass (87.1%) is produced and consumed in non-OECD regions, where developing countries, situated mainly in South Asia and subSaharan Africa, use non-commercial biomass for residential cooking and heating. Africa, which consumed about 5.3% of world TPES in 2002, produced 23.9% of the world’s solid biomass supply. However, the share of non-OECD regions in solid biomass consumption is expected to decrease in the

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50% 40%

33.0% 28.4%

30%

19.5%

20% 10%

9.2% 5.7%

3.0%

0.8%

0% OECD Total

Af rica

Latin A merica

A sia

China

Former USSR

NonOECD Europe

Middle East

While in OECD countries, more than half of the renewable primary energy supply is used in the transformation sector to generate electricity, on a global level, the bulk of renewables is consumed in the residential, commercial and public services sectors. Again, this is a consequence of the wide-spread biomass use in the residential sector of developing countries. In fact, only 21.3% of renewables are used for electricity production worldwide, while 58.5% are used in the residential, commercial and public sectors.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 5

Figure 6: 2002 World Sectorial Consumption of Renewables Other Sectors 2.9%

Nuclear 16.6%

Gas 19.1%

Electricity Plants 21.3%

Other Transf ormation and Energy Sectors 5.9% Residential/ Commercial and Public Sectors 58.5%

Figure 7: Fuel Shares in World Electricity Production in 2002

Oil 7.2%

Renew ables 17.9%

Hydro 16.2%

Combustible Renew ables and Waste 1.1%

Industry Sector 11.4%

Coal 39.0%

Despite this fact, renewables are the third largest contributor to global electricity production. They accounted for 17.9% of world generation in 2002, after coal (39.0%) and only slightly behind gas (19.0%), but ahead of nuclear (16.6%) and oil (7.3%). In the transformation sector, hydro supplies the vast majority of renewable energy, generating 16.2% of world electricity, and 90.4% of total renewable electricity. Combustible renewables and waste, including solid biomass, play a minor role in electricity generation, supplying 1.1% of world electricity. Although growing rapidly, geothermal, solar and wind still accounted for only 0.7% of world electricity production in 2002. Renewable electricity generation grew on average 1.8% per annum worldwide, which was slower than total electricity generation, at 2.6%. While in 1990, 19.5% of global electricity was produced from renewable sources, this share fell to 17.9% in 2002. This decrease is mainly the result of slow growth of renewables, and in particular of hydro, in OECD

Other Renew ables* 0.7%

*Other Renewables: Geothermal, Wind, Solar, Tide.

countries, which produce approximately half of global renewable electricity (50.7%). Renewable electricity grew at only 0.8% in OECD, while it grew at 3.0% in non-OECD regions. While in nonOECD regions, renewable electricity has been growing at a slightly lower rate than its total electricity generation (3.0% vs. 3.4%), in OECD, growth of renewables was much lower than total electricity generation growth (0.8% vs. 2.1%). Electricity growth tends to be higher in non-OECD regions because they include the developing economies in Africa and Asia. Population growth is much higher in developing countries than in OECD countries, and as income increases, people switch from fuelwood and charcoal to kerosene and LPG for cooking; and have better access to electricity through electrification programmes. As a consequence, future electricity growth, as well as renewable electricity growth, is expected to be higher in non-OECD countries than in OECD countries.

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6 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Table 1: Selected Renewables Indicators by Country for 2002 TPES

Of which Renewables

Share of Renewables in TPES

Mtoe

Mtoe

(%)

Africa Latin America Asia China Non-OECD Europe Former USSR Middle East OECD World Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Chile People’s Rep. of China Chinese Taipei Colombia Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia

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539.8 454.8 1183.9 1245 99.7 930.5 431.3 5345.7 10230.7 1.9 30.8 8.8 56.3 1.9 112.7 30.4 11.7 6.9 21 24.8 56.9 2.2 4.3 4.3 190.7 2.2 19 6.6 250 24.7 1228.6 93.6 27.4 0.9 15.4 3.6 6.6 8.2 14.2 2.5 41.7 19.7 8.2 9 52.4 4.3 0.8 4.5

268.7 129.2 390.9 242.3 9.1 27.7 3.5 304.2 1375.5 0.4 0.1 6.1 6.1 0.1 8.3 6.7 0.2 0 8 1 0.6 1.5 0.9 0.6 70.8 0 0.8 5.5 41.5 6.3 242.2 0.6 7.9 0.7 14.9 1.8 4.5 0.8 2.4 0 0.8 2.4 1.5 1.4 2.6 2.4 0.5 0.5

49.8 28.4 33 19.5 9.2 3 0.8 5.7 13.4 22.6 0.3 68.9 10.8 7.4 7.4 21.9 1.5 0 37.9 3.9 1.1 69.3 21.2 14.7 37.1 0.9 4.4 83.3 16.6 25.4 19.7 0.6 28.7 71 96.8 49.4 68.2 9.2 17.2 1.8 1.9 12 18.5 15.2 4.9 55.2 71.3 11.6

Share of the Main Fuel Categories in Total Renewables (%) Geothermal, Combustible Hydro Solar, Wind, Renewables Tide and Waste 2.7 35.9 3.6 10.2 44.2 70.3 49.2 34.8 16.3 68.7 6 1.6 50.9 99.3 16.4 51.6 97.5 0 1.2 0.3 5.1 0 20.9 71.3 34.6 0 22.8 5 72.6 31.7 10.2 97.7 37.2 5.2 3.4 29 3.3 60.9 0.4 0 27.1 0.1 5 47 46.7 4.1 0 0.1

0.1 1.6 3.7 0 0.7 0.6 20.8 10.6 3.6 0.5 0 0 0.2 0 1.6 1.7 0 0 0 0 1.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 78.7 0 18.3 0 0 0.7 36 0 0

97.2 62.5 92.7 89.8 55 29.1 30 54.6 80.1 30.8 94 98.4 48.9 0.7 82 46.7 2.5 0 98.8 99.7 93.7 100 79.1 28.7 65.4 100 77.2 95 27.3 68.3 89.8 2.3 62.8 94.8 96.6 15.1 96.7 39.1 99.6 21.3 72.9 81.6 95 53 52.6 59.9 100 99.9

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 7

Table 1: Selected Renewables Indicators by Country for 2002 (cont.)

Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong (China) Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea DPR of Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Luxembourg FYR of Macedonia Malaysia Malta Mexico Rep. of Moldova Morocco Mozambique (incl. exports) Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles

TPES

Of which Renewables

Share of Renewables in TPES

Mtoe

Mtoe

(%)

19.9 35.6 265.9 1.6 2.6 346.4 8.3 0.2 29 7.4 2.1 3.4 16.4 25.4 3.4 538.3 156.1 134 29 15.3 21 172.7 3.9 516.9 5.4 46.5 15.3 203.5 19.5 22.2 2.5 4.3 5.4 18.7 8.6 4 2.5 51.8 0.9 157.3 3 10.8 8 12.6 1.2 8.5 77.9 1.5

18.4 7.8 16.6 1.1 1.2 10.8 6 0 1.4 4 1.5 1.6 0.1 0.5 2.5 213.8 49 1.5 0.1 0.3 0.7 9.2 0.5 18 0.1 0.8 12.9 0.9 1.9 0 0.9 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 2.9 0 15 0.1 0.5 8 9.8 0.3 7.6 1.2 0

92.5 21.9 6.2 66.9 48.3 3.1 71.6 0 4.8 54.8 72.8 47.2 0.3 2 72.3 39.7 31.4 1.1 0.3 1.9 3.2 5.3 11.8 3.5 1.4 1.8 84 0.4 9.9 0 36.7 35.1 3.6 0.8 8.1 1.4 8.8 5.7 0 9.5 2.3 5 99.6 78.2 25.3 89.4 1.5 0

Share of the Main Fuel Categories in Total Renewables (%) Hydro Geothermal, Combustible Solar, Wind, Renewables Tide and Waste 0.9 0 99.1 11.9 0.1 88.1 31.4 1.3 67.3 7.5 0 92.5 47 0.8 52.2 18.5 15.6 65.9 7.2 0 92.8 0 0 0 17.3 11.4 71.3 3.6 0 96.4 1.7 0 98.3 13 0 87 0 0 100 3.3 17.5 79.2 24.4 75.6 0.1 2.6 0.1 97.3 1.7 10.9 87.3 46.9 0 53.1 66.7 0 33.3 27.2 11.7 61 0.3 98.4 1.3 36.8 39 24.2 1.7 0 98.3 39.4 21.7 39 6.2 89.3 4.5 91.3 0 8.7 2.1 2.6 95.3 31.2 4.1 64.7 47.4 0 52.6 0 0 0 99.6 0 0.4 14.2 0.1 85.8 30.2 4.3 65.5 0 0 100 4.4 1.4 94.3 17.2 4 78.7 28.9 5.8 65.3 15.5 0 84.5 0 0 0 14.3 31.4 54.2 15 0 85 13.5 3.1 83.4 13.6 0 86.4 2 0 98 40.2 0 59.8 2.4 0 97.6 0.9 7.9 91.2 0 0 0

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8 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Table 1: Selected Renewables Indicators by Country for 2002 (cont.) TPES

Of which Renewables

Share of Renewables in TPES

Mtoe

Mtoe

(%)

New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay (incl. exports) Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan United Rep. of Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Former Yugoslavia Zambia Zimbabwe

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18 2.9 95.7 26.5 10.8 65.8 3 3.9 12 42 89.2 26.4 12.2 37 617.8 126.4 3.2 16.2 25.3 18.5 7 113.5 131.6 8.2 15.9 51 27.1 18.1 3.2 14.3 83.3 1.5 9.3 8.3 75.4 16.6 130.7 36.1 226.5 2290.4 2.5 51.7 54 42.6 4.1 38.2 6.5 9.8

5 1.7 76.3 12.6 0 26.5 0.7 6.3 3.9 19.4 4.1 3.6 0 3.7 17.7 0 1.8 1.7 0 0.7 0.8 13 7.1 4.6 12.8 14.1 4.2 0.9 1.3 13.2 14.3 1.1 0 1.3 10.1 0 1.1 0 2.6 95.7 1.2 0.5 5.5 24.8 0.1 4.1 6.1 6.1

27.7 57 79.7 47.4 0 40.3 24.4 161.1 32.2 46.3 4.6 13.8 0 10.1 2.9 0 56.6 10.5 0 3.9 10.9 11.4 5.4 55.8 80.5 27.6 15.3 5.1 39.4 92.3 17.2 70.2 0.3 15.4 13.4 0 0.8 0 1.2 4.2 49.4 1.1 10.2 58.1 1.9 10.7 93.2 62.4

Share of the Main Fuel Categories in Total Renewables (%) Hydro Geothermal, Combustible Solar, Wind, Renewables Tide and Waste 42.1 40.6 17.3 1.6 10.9 87.5 0.8 0 99.2 88.5 0 11.4 0 0 0 7.2 0 92.8 39.7 0 60.3 65.9 0 34.1 40.1 1.4 58.5 3.1 45.3 51.6 4.7 0.3 95 18.4 3.7 77.9 0 0 100 36.8 0.5 62.7 78.9 0.8 20.3 0 0 100 0 0 100 52.8 0 47.2 0 0 0 63 1.3 35.7 38.7 0 61.3 1.9 0 98.1 28 11.3 60.7 5.1 0 94.9 0.9 0 99.1 40.7 0.5 58.8 72.8 3.2 24 99.4 0 0.6 100 0 0 1.8 0 98.2 4.5 0 95.5 0 0 100 0 0 100 0.5 0.2 99.3 28.7 11.3 59.9 100 0 0 76.2 0.2 23.7 0 0 100 15.6 4.7 79.7 21 11 68 66.2 0 33.8 100 0 0 90.2 0 9.8 6.3 0 93.7 0 0 100 53.3 0.3 46.4 12.8 0 87.2 5.4 0 94.6

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 9

DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE SOURCES IN OECD COUNTRIES Primary Energy Supply Summary In OECD countries, primary energy supply from renewable sources increased from 266.9 Mtoe to 304.2 Mtoe between 1990 and 2002, yielding an average annual growth of 1.1%. In 2002, renewables contributed 5.7% of total primary energy supply (TPES) in the OECD. This share has decreased from 5.9% in 1990. However, the majority of this decline can be attributed to a low hydro electricity generation due to low precipitation in 2002.

The largest proportion of renewable primary energy supply in the OECD comes from combustible renewables and waste. They represent 54.6% of renewables supply. Solid biomass, including wood, wood wastes and other solid wastes, represents the largest contributor to renewables supply, with a 45.2% share. The second largest renewable source is hydropower, providing 34.8% of renewable primary energy. With an 8.2% share, geothermal energy is the third largest renewable source. Figure 2: 2002 Products’ Shares in OECD Renewable Energy Supply Wind 1.3%

Figure 1: 2002 Fuel Shares in OECD Total Primary Energy Supply

Liquid Biomass 1.6% Hydro 34.8%

Natural Gas 21.9%

Combustible Renew ables and Waste 54.6%

Nuclear 11.1%

Solid Biomass/ Charcoal 45.2%

Renew able Municipal Solid Waste 4.9%

Hydro 2.0%

Oil 40.6%

Renew ables Combustible Renew ables 5.7% and Waste 3.1% Other* 0.6% Coal 20.4%

*Other: Geothermal, Wind, Solar, Tide. Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

While limited by short term factors in 2002, the growth of renewable energy production has kept up with the growth of TPES and conventional energy sources in the OECD, since the renewables share in TPES in 1990 and 2000 are both equal to 5.9%.

Solar, Tide 1.1%

Gas f rom Biomass 2.9% Geothermal 8.2%

While solid biomass, hydro and geothermal combined represent around 90% of total primary renewable energy supply in the OECD, growth rates have been lowest for these products in the last decade. Solid biomass, hydro (excluding pumped storage) and geothermal energy grew at only 1.6%, 0.4% and -0.7% per annum, respectively. This compares to an average annual growth rate of 1.4% for TPES over the same time period. The growth rate of solid biomass is mainly due to the fact that its end-use consumption by industry and households increased over

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10 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Figure 3: Annual Growth Rates of OECD Renewables Supply from 1990 to 2002 30% 23.3%

25% 20% 15% 9.8% 10% 6.5% 5% 1.4%

1.1%

1.6%

0.4%

0% -0.7% -5% TPES

Renewables

Solid Geothermal Biomass

Hydro Renew. Solar MSW/Biogas/Liquid Biomass

W ind

However, despite their high growth rates, the contribution of these renewable products to total energy supply is still very minor. Indeed, wind, solar, tide, gas from biomass, renewable municipal solid waste and liquid biomass combined made up less than 1% of total primary energy supply and only around 10% of renewable primary energy supply in 2002. Never-

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theless, it should be noted that this share increased from approximately 4% of total renewables in 1990. The largest producer of solid biomass is the United States, providing 36.1% of the total solid biomass supply in the OECD in 2002. This share declined from over 45% in the early 1990s. Other major solid biomass producers include Canada, France, Mexico and Sweden. The largest hydropower producer is Canada, followed by the United States and Norway. Figure 4: OECD Renewable Primary Energy Supply, by Product 350

Renew . MSW, Biogas, Liquid Biomass

Solar/Tide/Wind

300 Geothermal 250

Mtoe

the past decade. Most notable is the slow growth of hydropower, where the growth rate is significantly below the growth rate of TPES for the long term. Because hydroelectric capacity is mature in most OECD member states, it is increasingly difficult to locate suitable, environmentally acceptable sites to expand this energy form. Little new growth is projected for this sector in the future. The negative growth rate for geothermal energy production is mainly due to the increased efficiency of geothermal electricity plants in the United States, which is the biggest producer of geothermal electricity. Even though electricity and heat generation from geothermal energy went up, the increased efficiency of geothermal electricity plants after 2000 caused United States geothermal production (geothermal energy inputs) to go down. However, with the US omitted, the average annual growth rate is 2%. Combustible renewables and waste excluding solid biomass (renewable municipal solid waste, gas from biomass and liquid biomass) have been growing much more rapidly than solid biomass, with an average annual growth rate of 9.8%. Solar energy (solar thermal and solar photovoltaics) grew at an average annual rate of 6.5%. The highest growth in the renewable energy segment is for liquid biomass, solar photovoltaics and wind, which have been growing at 78.6%, 28.6% and 23.3% per annum respectively since 1990. Growth for these products was especially high in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

200

Hydro

150 100 50

Solid Biomass/ Charcoal

0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

These three countries combined supply more than 50% of total hydropower in the OECD. The main producer of geothermal energy is the United States, with a share of 33.4% in 2002. Other big producers are Mexico, Italy, Japan and New Zealand. Over one half (52%) of renewable municipal solid waste is produced in the United States, with other big suppliers being France, Germany and Denmark. The United States is also the main producer of liquid biomass (83.3%) and gas from biomass (40.8% of OECD production). Other substantial producers of biogas are Japan and Germany. Along with the United States, Germany and France produce liquid biomass on a large scale. Solar thermal energy is mainly concentrated in the United States, Japan and Turkey while solar photovoltaic production takes place predominantly in Germany, Spain, Mexico and Canada. Large windpower producing countries are Germany, the United States, Spain and Denmark. The largest OECD producer of renewable energy is the United States, contributing 31.5% of renewable energy supply. The United States is followed by Canada, which provides 13.6% of renewable production in the OECD. The two countries are also the largest producers of energy from hydro and solid biomass. The United States and Canada produce

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 11

4.2% and 16.5% respectively of their total primary energy supply from renewable sources. This compares to an OECD-wide share of 5.7%. Countries with the highest share of renewables in their total energy supply in 2002 were Iceland (72.3%), Norway (45.9%), Sweden (27.8%) and New Zealand (27.8%). Among the different OECD regions, OECD Europe has the highest share of primary energy supply from renewable sources, with 6.7%. It is also the only OECD area that has experienced an increase (from 5.7%) of its renewables share since 1990. Both OECD North America and OECD Pacific experienced a decline of the share of renewable primary energy supply from 6.5% to 5.6% and from 4.2% to 3.8%, respectively. The increase of the renewables share in OECD Europe is the result of the implementation of strong supporting policies for renewable energy in the late 1990s and early 2000s, especially in the European Union - 15. Figure 5: OECD Regional Shares in Renewable Energy Supply

Figure 6: OECD Sectorial Consumption of Renewables 1990 Resid., Comm. & Public 15.6%

Industry 13.6%

2002 Resid., Comm. & Public 17.8%

Other 6.2%

Other Trans./ Energy 9.4%

Electr. Plants 55.2%

Industry 19.3%

Other 1.7%

Other Trans./ Energy 10.9%

Electr. Plants 50.3%

Electricity Production Summary Between 1990 and 2002, OECD gross electricity production from renewable products increased from 1 321 TWh to 1 460 TWh. In 2002, 15.0% of total electricity was generated from renewable sources, most of which comes from hydro plants.

8 Share of Renewable Energy

7

Figure 7: Renewables Shares in OECD Electricity Production in 2002

6 5 4 3 2

Nuclear 23.4%

Gas 17.5%

1 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 OECD Total OECD/IEA Pacific

OECD North America OECD Europe

Although renewable primary energy supply as such has been able to keep pace with the growth of traditional fuels, the share of renewable energy in the electricity transformation sector has not. In 1990, 55.2% of renewable energy was used for electricity generation, but this share had decreased to 50.3% in 2002 - although total electricity generation in the OECD grew at a rate of 2.1% annually. The majority of the growth of renewable energy has taken place in the final consumption sectors, such as the residential, commercial and industry sectors. In 2002, almost half of renewable primary energy was used for purposes other than generating electricity. This trend is underpinned by the strong presence of solid biomass, which is traditionally used in the final consumption sector, as well as the lacklustre growth of hydropower, which is used for electricity generation.

Renew ables 15.0%

Oil 5.7%

Coal 38.4%

Hydro 12.6%

Combustible Renew ables and Waste 1.5% Other Renew ables 0.8%

Since 1990, renewable electricity generation has been growing at an average annual rate of 0.8%, which is significantly lower than the rate of 2.1% for total electricity generation. To some extent, the low growth rate of renewable electricity is affected by the plunge of hydropower output in 2001 and 2002 due to abnormally low precipitation in some OECD countries. Nevertheless, over time renewable electricity production has not been able to keep pace with the growth of total electricity production. In 1990, 17.4% of total electricity was produced from renewable sources, but this share had decreased to 15.0% in 2002 (or 14.9% in 2001). Most of this

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12 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

decrease is due to the stagnant growth in the hydropower segment. While hydro electricity generated 15.5% of total OECD electricity in 1990, this share decreased to 12.6% in 2002 (or 12.8% in 2001). Hydropower has reached its capacity limit in most OECD countries. As a result, hydroelectric capacity expansion has been more or less stagnant for the past decade. Also, hydropower is dependent on climatic conditions, and lower precipitation levels in some major hydropower producing countries, like the United States and Japan, has caused a decline of the total OECD hydroelectric production in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Figure 8: OECD Electricity Production from 1990 to 2002, by Product 4000 3500 3000 TWh

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

498 GWh to 2794 GWh, hence the big decrease of the Renewables share from 44.0% to 7.2%; in Portugal, hydro electricity generation went down due to low precipitations, which reduced the share of renewable electricity. Although very small, the share of renewable electricity (excluding hydropower) grew from 1.7% in 1990 to 2.4% in 2002. The increase is mainly due to OECD Europe, where implementation of strong renewables stimulation policies by the European Union member countries encouraged the growth of non-hydro renewable production. Policy initiatives like feed-in tariffs and tax incentives make electricity generation with renewable sources marketable in many countries today. Thus, OECD Europe has been the only region experiencing a positive growth of its renewable electricity contribution to total electricity supply. It managed to increase its share from 17.5% to 18.0% between 1990 and 2002, with a peak at 19.1% in 2000. Meanwhile, OECD North America and OECD Pacific, as well as total OECD, experienced decreases in their renewables share between 1990 and 2002.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Oil Hydro

Gas Other Renewables

Decline of the share of renewable electricity was especially pronounced in the emerging economies of the OECD, such as Korea, Mexico and Turkey. These countries have experienced extremely high consumption growth in the past decade, and generation has sometimes more than doubled since 1990. Due to high capacity installation costs and resource unavailability (e.g. hydro), rising demand is generally met by increasing electricity production from traditional fossil fuels rather than renewable sources. For example, Turkey, which has always had a high share of renewable energy because of its large hydropower production, increased its total electricity generation from 57.5 TWh to 129.4 TWh between 1990 and 2002. Over the same time period, renewable electricity production increased from 23.2 TWh to 34.0 TWh, causing the share of renewables in total electricity to fall from 40.4% to 26.2%. The decline of the share of renewable electricity is also important in two countries of the European Union: in Luxembourg, the opening of a gas-fired plant in 2002 caused the electricity generation to jump from

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Figure 9: OECD Regional Shares in Renewable Electricity Production from 1990 to 2002

Share of Renewable Electricity

Coal Nuclear

20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 OECD Total

OECD North America

OECD Pacific

OECD Europe

As a consequence of its high growth rate, OECD Europe supplied 40.2% of total OECD renewable electricity production in 2002, up from 34.7% in 1990. On the other hand, both OECD North America and OECD Pacific decreased their share from 53.6% to 48.7% and from 11.7% to 11.1% of OECD production, respectively. A more detailed analysis of the individual renewable and waste products and their development in the electricity market follows.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 13

Hydro1 As mentioned above, hydropower has reached its potential capacity limit in most OECD countries. Between 1990 and 2002, electricity generated from hydro plants (excluding generation from pumped storage plants) increased from 1 169.7 TWh to 1 230.5 TWh in the OECD, yielding an average annual increase of 0.4%. However, while in 1990 89.9% of electricity produced from renewable sources came from hydro plants, this share decreased to 84.3% in 2002 due to the rapid growth of electricity generation from other renewable sources. In 2002, the largest hydropower generating countries were Canada (350.3 TWh), the United States (233.6 TWh) and Norway (129.2 TWh). Other big hydropower producers are Japan, Sweden and France.

cline of production in the United States, which is the largest producer, providing 45.4% of the OECD total in 2002. In the United States, production was 14.9 TWh in 2002 (down from 16.0 TWh in 1990). The second largest producer is Mexico, reporting 5.4 TWh in 2002. With an output of 4.7 TWh, Italy represents the third largest producer in the OECD and the largest producer in OECD Europe. Other major producers are Japan and New Zealand. The highest growth rate of geothermal electricity generation was achieved in Portugal, where production increased by 30.3% annually from 0.004 TWh to 0.1 TWh between 1990 and 2002. For the OECD as a whole, lacklustre growth is projected for the next few years because there are few development schemes in countries with geothermal potential.

Solid Biomass1

Wind1

Electricity generation from solid biomass grew from 77.2 TWh to 92.3 TWh between 1990 and 2002, yielding a 1.5% average annual growth. As the second largest renewable electricity source after hydropower, solid biomass accounted for 6.0% of renewable electricity generation in 2002. This share is up from 5.7% in 1990. 43.6% of electricity from solid biomass is generated in the United States (40.2 TWh), where it makes up 12.5% of the country’s renewable electricity production. The second largest producer of electricity from solid biomass is Japan (15.3 TWh), where it represents 13.7% of renewable electricity supply. Other big producers are Finland and Canada. Solid biomass electricity is produced in most OECD Member countries.

In 2002, wind mills produced 3.3% of renewable electricity in the OECD. For the first time in 2001, more electricity was generated from wind than from renewable municipal solid waste or geothermal, making windpower the fourth largest renewable electricity source in the OECD. Between 1990 and 2002, windpower increased from 3.8 TWh to 47.6 TWh, achieving an average annual growth rate of 23.3%. This represents the second largest growth rate after solar photovoltaics. Most of the growth occurred in the European Union, where wind energy is heavily subsidised by the national governments. As a consequence, wind grew at 37.5% per annum in the European Union. The highest growth rate is in Italy, with 72.7% per year between 1990 and 2002, from 0.002 TWh to 1.4 TWh. Growth in absolute terms was highest in Germany, the United States and Spain. They now produce 15.9 TWh, 10.5 TWh and 8.7 TWh respectively.

Similar to hydropower, geothermal electricity production has not experienced significant growth between 1990 and 2002. It grew at an average annual rate of 1.1%, increasing from 28.7 TWh to 32.9 TWh. Geothermal electricity is the third largest contributor to renewable electricity production. Although OECD North America remains the largest geothermal electricity producer, with a 61.8% share in 2002, generation declined by 0.3% per annum in this region. The decrease of geothermal electricity generation in OECD North America is due to a de1. Please note that hydro, solid biomass, geothermal and wind electricity generation is expressed in TWh due to its magnitude. The unit used for electricity generation from all other renewable products is GWh.

Figure 10: Wind Electricity Production in Four Main Producing OECD Countries

TWh

Geothermal1

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1990

1992 Denmark

1994

1996

Germany

1998 Spain

2000

2002 USA

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Renewable Municipal Solid Waste Renewable municipal solid waste represented 2.2% of renewable electricity generation in 2002. However, it should be noted at this point that data on non-renewable and renewable municipal solid waste have been collected as distinct products only since 1999. Before this, all municipal solid waste is classified as renewable (unless revisions were submitted by individual countries). After 1999, data are often estimates rather than observations because the energy classification systems of many countries do not permit the exact separation of renewable and non-renewable municipal solid waste. IEA analysis suggests that a major part of the production reported under renewable municipal solid waste in fact belongs in non-renewable municipal solid waste. In 2002, 32 732 GWh of electricity were produced from renewable solid waste in the OECD. By far the largest producer of electricity from renewable municipal solid waste is the United States, generating 16 505 GWh, or 50.4% of OECD production. The second largest producer is Japan, with a production of 3 349 GWh. With 2 900 GWh, France represents the third largest producer. The remaining electricity production from renewable municipal solid waste is spread among smaller producers in OECD Europe. Denmark and Italy experienced the highest growth rates, increasing their production from 47 GWh to 1 077 GWh (at 29.8% per annum) and from 73 GWh to 1 428 GWh (at 28.1% per annum) respectively between 1990 and 2002.

Gas from Biomass2 Please note that complete biogas statistics are not available until 1992. Electricity production from biogas grew from an estimated 7 000 GWh in 1990 to 22 915 GWh in 2002. While in the early 1990’s, 80.5% of biogas electricity was produced in the United States and Japan, this share decreased to 54.0% by 2002 as a large proportion of the production moved to the European Union (41.3% in 2002). The largest producers in the European Union are Germany, which provided 3 247 GWh of biogas electricity in 2002, and the United Kingdom, which provided 3 047 GWh of biogas electricity in 2002. 2. Due to unavailability of data, all growth rates in this paragraph were calculated taking 1992 as the base year instead of 1990.

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While Japan, with 6 755 GWh, remains the largest individual producer, its growth of 4.1% per annum since 1992 has been much slower than that of many European Union countries. Germany has an average annual growth rate of 26.3%, the United Kingdom of 15.8% and Italy of 19.8% (1 010 GWh) since 1992. Most of the growth in the biogas segment has taken place in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and continued strong growth is expected for the near future.

Solar Photovoltaics Solar photovoltaics output is very difficult to capture due to its frequent off-grid use. For that reason, solar photovoltaics output statistics should be considered incomplete. Information on solar collectors’ surface provides more reliable statistics on this product, especially for the European Union countries (see Table 2 “Net Generating Capacity of Renewable and Waste Products” in Part II for regional OECD aggregates or specific countries). Among all renewable products, solar photovoltaics experienced the highest growth rate. While being small in absolute terms, it increased from 17 GWh in 1990 to 361 GWh in 2002, achieving a 29.0% annual growth rate. Growth was strongest in the European Union countries. Germany, with its high feed-in tariffs for solar photovoltaic electricity generation, achieved 54.7%, the highest average annual growth rate (increasing production from 1 GWh in 1990 to 188 GWh in 2002).

Solar Thermal Solar thermal electricity production decreased from 663 GWh in 1990 to 569 GWh in 2002. However, the decrease of production is due to a misclassification in the US data, which included electricity production from natural gas that took place at solar plants for many years. Revised time series are expected in the next edition. Production takes place exclusively in the United States.

Tide/Wave/Ocean 847 GWh of electricity were generated from tide, wave or ocean motion in 2002. The main producer of electricity production from water motion is France, generating 536 GWh in 2002 (with a plant capturing electricity from tidal movements). The second contributor is Canada, producing 311 GWh.

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Non-Renewable Municipal Solid Waste and Industrial Waste Industrial waste and non-renewable municipal solid waste represent a controversial issue in the renewable energy context. While some of the OECD member countries accept these products as renewable energy sources and include them in their national statistics, many countries exclude them on the grounds that they are not biodegradable. Based on IEA (and European Union) methodology, industrial waste and non-renewable municipal solid waste are excluded from the definition of renewable energy sources. However, these data are collected from OECD member countries and included in this publication in order to account for the full range of statistics collected in the Annual Renewables and Waste Questionnaire. As mentioned under Renewable Municipal Solid Waste, a division into renewable and non-renewable municipal solid waste exists only from 1999 and is often based on estimates. Similarly, in some countries, industrial waste statistics are not the same quality as those for other products, because renewables and waste data collection systems were not in place in many countries in the early 1990’s. The data strongly suggest that both industrial waste and non-renewable solid waste have experienced an increase between 1990 and 2002. In 2002, industrial waste and non-renewable municipal solid waste generated 1.4% of the OECD renewable electricity (for this calculation, production from non-renewable waste is exceptionally included in the definition of renewable electricity). Most of the 16 259 GWh of industrial waste electricity production takes place in two countries. The largest provider is the United States with 8 106 GWh (49.9% of total), followed by Germany with 5 260 GWh (32.4% of total). In 2002, 5 148 GWh of electricity were generated from non-renewable municipal solid waste. The largest producers are Germany and the Netherlands, supplying 1 949 GWh and 1 273 GWh, respectively. Other larger producers are Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Belgium. It should be noted that this information might be distorted because many countries (including the largest municipal solid waste producers, the United States and Japan) do not report renewable and non-renewable municipal solid wastes separately.

Installed Generating Capacity In 2002, OECD countries reported 398.1 GW of installed capacity fuelled by renewable sources (excluding hydro pumped storage and industrial waste, but including non-renewable municipal solid waste capacity). Approximately 18% of total OECD capacity was based on renewable energy sources. Figure 11: OECD Generating Capacity 2002* Natural Gas 28.8% Oil 8.9% Renew ables 18.2%

Coal 29.6%

Nuclear 14.5%

Hydro 15.6%

Combustible Renew ables and Waste 1.0%

Other Renew ables** 1.6%

*IEA estimates where 2002 detailed data capacity not available. **Other Renewables: Geothermal, Wind, Solar, Tide.

340.1 GW of plants were hydroelectric (excluding pumped storage), 28.1 GW wind, 12.5 GW solid biomass, 6.7 GW municipal solid waste, 4.9 GW geothermal, 2.7 GW gas from biomass, 1.4 GW solar photovoltaics, 0.4 GW solar thermal, and 0.2 GW tide, wave, and ocean power. 0.4 GW of capacity was reported as non-specified combustible renewables and wastes. 0.9 GW of plants are fired by industrial waste. Pumped storage capacity represented 84.0 GW. As the developments of production for the different renewable energy sources in Electricity Production suggest, growth of capacity has been strongest in the wind and solar power sectors. Moreover, these two markets are extremely concentrated since more than 84% of the solar photovoltaics capacity is located in Japan, Germany and the United States, with Japan representing almost half of the total capacity installed in the OECD. As for wind, nearly 86% of the wind capacity is located in Germany, Spain, Denmark and the United States, Germany having more than 40% of the total capacity installed in the OECD.

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Figure 12: OECD Solar Photovoltaics Capacity 2002

Figure 13: OECD Wind Capacity 2002 Other 14.2%

Other 15.3%

Denmark 10.3%

Germany 42.7%

Japan 47.2%

Germany 19.3%

Spain 17.1%

United States 18.2%

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United States 15.7%

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BIOFUELS FOR TRANSPORT: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE The following text is from Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective. The executive summary of the publication is provided here to acquaint the readers of Renewables Information with other renewables-related policy work ongoing at the IEA.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Biofuels for transport, including ethanol, biodiesel, and several other liquid and gaseous fuels, have the potential to displace a substantial amount of petroleum around the world over the next few decades, and a clear trend in that direction has begun. This book looks both at recent trends and at the outlook for the future, in terms of potential biofuels production. It also examines the benefits and costs of biofuels use to displace petroleum fuels. It takes an international perspective, assessing regional similarities and differences and recent activities around the world. Compared to petroleum, the use of biofuels for transport is still quite low in nearly every country. By far the largest production and use is of ethanol in the United States and Brazil, where similar volumes are used – many times higher than in any other country. But even in the United States, ethanol represents less than 2% of transport fuel (while in Brazil it accounts for about 30% of gasoline demand). However, many IEA countries, including the US, Canada, several European countries (and the European Union), Australia and Japan, are considering or have already adopted policies that could result in much higher biofuels use over the next decade. Many non-IEA countries are also adopting policies to promote the use of biofuels.

Biofuels Benefits and Costs A principal finding is that, while biofuels production costs are fairly easy to measure, the benefits are difficult to quantify. But this does not necessarily mean that the benefits are not substantial. Increasing the use of biofuels can improve energy security, reduce greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions, improve vehicle performance, enhance rural economic development and, under the right circumstances, protect ecosystems and soils. Because these benefits are difficult to quantify, the market price of biofuels does not adequately reflect them. This disadvantages biofuels relative to petroleum fuels. In IEA countries, liquid biofuels production costs currently are high – up to three times the cost of petroleum fuels. But concluding that biofuels are “expensive” ignores the substantial non-market benefits, and the fact that these benefits are increasing as new, more environment-friendly production techniques are developed. In some countries, such as Brazil, biofuels (namely ethanol) production costs are much lower than in IEA countries and are very near the cost of producing petroleum fuel. This will also likely occur in coming years in other countries, as production costs continue to decline. One important reason why the benefit-cost picture for biofuels is likely to improve in IEA countries in the future is the development of advanced processes to produce biofuels with very low net greenhouse gas emissions. New conversion technologies are under development that make use of lignocellulosic feedstock, either from waste materials or grown as dedicated energy crops on a wide variety of land types. Most current processes rely on just the sugar, starch, or oil-seed parts of few types of crops and rely on fossil energy to convert these to biofuels. As

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a result, these processes provide “well-to-wheels”3 greenhouse gas reductions on the order of 20% to 50% compared with petroleum fuels. But new processes under development can convert much more of the plant – including much of the “green”, cellulosic parts – to biofuels with very low, possibly zero, net greenhouse gas emissions. The first large-scale cellulose-to-ethanol conversion facility is expected to be built in 2006, most likely in Canada (EESI, 2003). If the cost targets for cellulosic ethanol production techniques over the next decade are met, a new supply of relatively low-cost, high net-benefit biofuels will open, with large resource availability around the world. In most countries embarking on biofuels initiatives, the recognition of non-market benefits is often the driving force behind efforts to increase their use. These benefits include: x Reductions in oil demand. Biofuels can replace petroleum fuels in today’s vehicles. Ethanol is easily blended up to at least 10% with modern conventional gasoline vehicles, and to much higher levels in vehicles that have been modified to accommodate it. Biodiesel can be blended with petroleum diesel fuel in any ratio up to 100% for operation in conventional diesel engines (small amounts of ethanol can also be blended with diesel under certain conditions). Reductions are not, however, 1:1 on a volume basis since biofuels have a lower energy content. Some petroleum is also used to produce biofuels. Our review of “well-to-wheels” studies indicates that it typically takes 0.15 to 0.20 litres of petroleum fuel to produce 1 litre of biofuel (with petroleum used to make fertilisers, to power farm equipment, to transport feedstock and to produce final fuels). The use of crops with low fertiliser requirements (such as some grasses and trees) can improve this ratio. x Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Ethanol and biodiesel provide significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline and diesel fuel on a “well-to-wheels” basis. While a range of estimates exists, Figure 14 shows that most studies reviewed find significant net reductions in CO2-equivalent emissions for both types of biofuels. More recent studies tend 3. “Well-to-wheels” refers to the complete chain of fuel production and use, including feedstock production, transport to the refinery, conversion to final fuel, transport to refuelling stations, and final vehicle tailpipe emissions.

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to make estimates towards the higher reduction end of the range, reflecting efficiency improvements over time in both crop production and ethanol conversion. Especially large reductions are estimated for ethanol from sugar cane and from cellulosic feedstocks. Estimates for sugar cane ethanol are based on only two studies, both for Brazil, resulting in the narrow range of estimates. Figure 14: Range of Estimated Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Biofuels 0% -20% -40% -60% -80% -100% -120% Ethanol from Ethanol from Ethanol from Ethanol from grain, US/EU sugar beet, sugar cane, cellulosic EU Brazil feedstock, IEA

Biodiesel from rapeseed, EU

Note: This figure shows reductions in well-to-wheels CO2equivalent GHG emissions per kilometre from various biofuel/feedstock combinations, compared to conventional-fuelled vehicles. Ethanol is compared to gasoline vehicles and biodiesel vehicles. Blends provide proportional reductions; e.g. a 10% ethanol blend would provide reductions one-tenth those shown here. Vertical black lines indicate range of estimates; see Chapter 3 of Biofuels for Transport for discussion.

x Air quality benefits and waste reduction. Biofuels can provide air quality benefits when used either as pure, unblended fuels or, more commonly, when blended with petroleum fuels. Benefits from ethanol and biodiesel blending into petroleum fuels include lower emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (particularly when emissions control systems are poor, such as in some developing countries). Biofuels are generally less toxic than conventional petroleum fuels and in some cases they can reduce wastes through recycling – in particular agricultural wastes from cropland and waste oils and grease that can be converted to biodiesel. However, the use of biofuels can also lead to increases in some categories of emissions, such as evaporative hydrocarbon emissions and aldehyde emissions from the use of ethanol. x Vehicle performance benefits. Ethanol has a very high octane number and can be used to increase the octane of gasoline. It has not traditionally been the first choice for octane enhancement due to its relatively high cost, but with other options increasingly out of favour (leaded fuel is

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In contrast to these difficult-to-quantify benefits, the cost of producing biofuels is easier to measure. In IEA countries, the production cost of ethanol and biodiesel is up to three times that of gasoline and diesel. Production costs have dropped somewhat over the past decade and probably will continue to drop, albeit slowly, in the future. But it does not appear likely that biofuels produced from grain and oil-seed feedstock using conventional conversion processes will compete with gasoline and diesel, unless world oil prices rise considerably. Technologies are relatively mature and cost reductions are ultimately limited by the fairly high feedstock (crop) costs. However, the use of lower-cost cellulosic feedstock with advanced conversion technologies could eventually lead to the production of much lower-cost ethanol around the IEA. The cost story differs in developing countries with sunny, warm climates. In Brazil, feedstock yields of sugar cane per hectare are relatively high; efficient co-generation facilities producing both ethanol and electricity have been developed; and labour costs are relatively low. Thus, the cost of producing ethanol from sugar cane is now very close to the (Brazilian) cost of gasoline on a volumetric basis and is becom-

ing close on an energy basis. The economics in other developing countries, such as India, are also becoming increasingly favourable. As production costs continue to drop with each new conversion facility, the long-term outlook for production of cane ethanol in the developing world appears promising. Keeping in mind that many benefits of biofuels are not adequately captured in benefit/cost analysis, it is nonetheless important to assess the costeffectiveness of biofuels for greenhouse gas reduction. Figure 15 compares the cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from several types of ethanol. Taking into account just well-to-wheels GHG reductions and incremental costs per litre, in a standard analysis, one can see that ethanol from grain in IEA countries currently costs US$ 250 or more per tonne of CO2- equivalent GHG emissions. In contrast, if large-scale plants using advanced conversion processes were constructed today, ethanol from cellulosic feedstocks would cost more per litre, but would provide GHG reductions at a lower cost per tonne (around $200). Over the next decade the costs of producing cellulosic ethanol may drop considerably, bringing cost per tonne down to $100 or even $50. Ethanol produced today in Brazil, with an incremental cost of $0.03 to $0.13 per gasolineequivalent litre (i.e. adjusting for the lower energy content of ethanol) and very high well-to-wheels GHG reductions per litre, already provides reductions at a cost of $20 to $60 per tonne, by far the lowest-cost biofuels option. Figure 15: Range of Estimated Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Biofuels $0.00 Cane ethanol, current, Brazil

$0.10 Incremental cost per litre (gasoline-equivalent)

now banned in most countries and methyltertiary-butyl-ether [MTBE] is being discouraged or banned in an increasing number of countries), demand for ethanol for this purpose and as an oxygenate is on the rise, e.g. in California. In Europe, ethanol is typically converted to ethyltertiary-butyl-ether (ETBE) before being blended with gasoline. ETBE provides high octane with lower volatility than ethanol, though typically is only about half renewably derived. Biodiesel can improve diesel lubricity and raise the cetane number, aiding fuel performance. x Agricultural benefits. Production of biofuels from crops such as corn and wheat (for ethanol) and soy and rape (for biodiesel) provides an additional product market for farmers and brings economic benefits to rural communities. But production of biofuels can also draw crops away from other uses (such as food production) and can increase their price. This may translate into higher prices for consumers. The trade-off is complicated by extensive farm subsidies in many countries. These subsidies may in some cases be shifted towards biofuels production, and away from other purposes, as biofuels production rises. In such cases, the net level of subsidy to biofuels production may be much lower than is often assumed.

$0.20 Cellulosic ethanol, post-2010

Grain ethanol, current, IEA

$0.30

Cellulosic ethanol, current IEA

$0.40

$0.50 10%

30%

50%

70%

90%

Percentage reduction in GHG (well-to-wheel) $/tonne GHG reduction

$25

$50

$100

$200

$500

Note: Approximate range of cost per tonne of CO2-equivalent reduction in well-to-wheels GHG emissions, taking into account ethanol incremental cost per litre and GHG reduction per litre. Source: IEA estimates – see Chapter 4 of Biofuels for Transport.

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Thus, another key finding of this book is that, at least in the near term, the costs of producing biofuels are much lower in tropical and subtropical countries – especially developing countries with low land and labour costs – than in developed, temperate countries (e.g. most IEA countries). However, there is a mismatch between those countries where biofuels can be produced at lowest cost and those where demand for biofuels is rising most rapidly. If biofuels needs and requirements of IEA countries over the next decade were met in part with a feedstock base expanded beyond their borders, then the costs of biofuels could drop substantially, and their potential for oil displacement (on a global basis) could increase substantially.

Global Potential for Biofuels Production Chapter 6 of Biofuels for Transport assesses land requirements and land availability for producing biofuels. Scenarios developed for the United States and the European Union indicate that near-term targets of up to 6% displacement of petroleum fuels with biofuels appear feasible using conventional biofuels, given available cropland. A 5% displacement of gasoline in the EU requires about 5% of available cropland to produce ethanol, while in the US 8% is required. A 5% displacement of diesel requires 13% of US cropland, 15% in the EU. Land requirements for biodiesel are greater primarily because average yields (litres of final fuel per hectare of cropland) are considerably lower than for ethanol. Land requirements to achieve 5% displacement of both gasoline and diesel would require the combined land total, or 21% in the US and 20% in the EU. These estimates could be lower if, for example, vehicles experience an efficiency boost running on low-level biofuels blends and thus require less biofuel per kilometre of travel.4 At some point, probably above the 5% displacement level of gasoline and diesel fuel, biofuels production using current technologies and crop types may begin to draw substantial amounts of land away from other purposes, such as production of crops for food, animal feed and fibre. This could raise the price of 4. As discussed in Chapter 5 of Biofuels for Transport, there is no consensus in the literature on biofuels impacts on vehicle efficiency. In this book, equal energy efficiency of vehicles running on petroleum fuels and on biofuels-blends is assumed unless otherwise noted.

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other commodities, but it could also benefit farmers and rural communities. Chapter 4 of Biofuels for Transport reviews several recent analyses of the impact of biofuels production on crop prices. The impacts can be significant at even fairly low levels of biofuels production. More work in this area is clearly needed to establish a better understanding of the effects of biofuels production on other markets. The potential for biofuels production in IEA countries is much greater if new types of feedstocks (e.g. cellulosic crops, crop residues, and other types of biomass) are also considered, using new conversion technologies. The potential global production of biofuels for transport is not yet well quantified. Our review of recent studies reveals a wide range of long-term estimates of bioenergy production potential for all purposes – including household energy use, electricity generation and transportation. Even using the more conservative estimates, it appears that a third or more of road transportation fuels worldwide could be displaced by biofuels in the 2050-2100 time frame. However, most studies have focused on technical rather than economic potential, so the cost of displacing petroleum fuel associated with most estimates is very uncertain. Further, use of biomass for transport fuels will compete with other uses, such as for heat and electricity generation, and it is not yet clear what the most cost-effective allocations of biomass are likely to be. One recent study focuses on the near-term potential for economically competitive cane ethanol production worldwide through 2020. The study estimates that enough low-cost cane-derived ethanol could be produced over this time frame to displace about 10% of gasoline and 3% of diesel fuel worldwide. However, this ethanol would mostly be produced in developing countries, while demand would be mainly in developed countries (where transport fuel consumption is much higher). Thus, in order to achieve such a global displacement, a substantial international trade in ethanol would need to arise. While this is just one study, focusing on one type of feedstock, it suggests that much more attention should be paid to the global picture, and to the potential role of biofuels trade. Currently many IEA countries have import tariffs on liquid biofuels. To date, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has not looked into issues related to opening up international trade of biofuels.

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The Importance of Developing Advanced Biomass-to-Biofuels Conversion Technologies One potential source of increased biofuels supply in all countries is dedicated energy crops, i.e. cellulosic energy crops and crop residues (often called “biomass”), as well as other waste products high in cellulose, such as forestry wastes and municipal wastes. A large volume of crops and waste products could be made available in many countries without reducing the production of food crops, because much land that is not suitable for food crop production could be used to produce grasses and trees. Cellulosic feedstocks could be used to produce ethanol with very low “well-to-wheels” greenhouse gases, since they can be converted to ethanol using lignin (i.e. the non-cellulose part of the plant) and excess cellulose instead of fossil fuels as the main process fuel. This new approach would nearly eliminate the need for fossil energy inputs into the conversion process. But advanced conversion technologies are needed to efficiently convert cellulose to alcohol and other fuels such as synthetic diesel, natural gas or even hydrogen in a cost-effective manner. Two key areas of research are under way in IEA countries: x Conversion of cellulose to sugars. A number of countries, and particularly the United States, have ongoing research programmes to improve technologies to convert cellulose to sugars (in order to then be fermented into alcohol). However, to date the targeted cost reductions for cellulosic ethanol have not been realised, and it appears that, although the first large-scale facilities are to be constructed in the next few years, the cost of this ethanol will still be well above the long-term targeted level. It is unclear to what extent this is due to underfunding of research, to simply needing more time for development, or to inherent limitations in technology, though constructing large-scale, semi-commercial facilities will be an important step. Emphasis in the US biofuels research programme has shifted somewhat since 2000. Recent work has focused on developing test facilities that produce a variety of outputs in addition to biofuels, such as cogenerated electricity, chemicals, and possibly food and/or fibre products. These “biorefineries” use cellulose (and lignin) as the primary inputs and process fuel the way current refineries use petroleum. Biorefineries are expected to improve overall conversion efficiencies and the variety

and value of outputs for a given input. Greater emphasis is also being placed on developing new strains of crops, including genetically modified crops, as well as new conversion enzymes that can provide higher yields and better conversion efficiency. x Conversion of biomass to transport fuels through gasification and thermo-chemical routes. A different vein of research is being pursued in a number of IEA countries (in part under the framework provided by the IEA’s Bioenergy Implementing Agreement). This approach focuses on technologies to, for example, gasify biomass and use the resulting gases to produce a number of different fuels – including methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether (DME – an LPG-like fuel suitable for diesel engines), and synthetic diesel and gasoline fuels. It is also possible to use gaseous fuel directly in vehicles. Both methane and hydrogen can be produced through biomass gasification, though these fuels would not be compatible with today’s vehicles and would need major modifications to existing fuel infrastructure systems. There are also some approaches not involving gasification – for example creating “biocrude” through high-temperature/pressure and chemical breakdown of biomass into liquids, using hydrothermal upgrading (HTU) or pyrolysis. The suite of different pathways for producing these “BTLs” (biomass-to-liquids) generally can achieve very high conversion efficiencies, but they are currently expensive and technically immature. It is unclear whether the gasification or other approaches under investigation can achieve cost reductions sufficient to be competitive with other transport fuels over the next 10 to 15 years.

Policy-related Conclusions and Recommendations The following points summarise this book’s major policy-related conclusions and recommendations: x Biofuels may be easier to commercialise than other alternative fuels, considering performance, infrastructure and other factors. Biofuels have the potential to leapfrog traditional barriers to entry because they are liquid fuels largely compatible with current vehicles and blendable with current fuels. In fact, low-percentage ethanol blends, such as E10 (10% ethanol by volume), are already dispensed in many service

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stations worldwide, with almost no incompatibility with materials and equipment. Thus, biofuels could be used in today’s vehicles to reduce global petroleum consumption by 10% or more. x Biofuels can play a significant role in climate change policy and in measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels have become particularly intriguing because of their potential to greatly reduce CO2 emissions throughout their fuel cycle. Virtually all of the CO2 emitted by vehicles during combustion of biofuels does not contribute to new emissions, because the CO2 is already part of the fixed carbon cycle (absorbed by plants during growth and released during combustion). Moreover, some combinations of biofuel feedstock and conversion processes, such as enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to produce ethanol, which uses biomass as the process fuel, can reduce well-to-wheels CO2equivalent GHG emissions to near zero. x Biofuels use in IEA countries and around the world is increasing rapidly, driven largely by government policies. Given the current high cost of biofuels compared to petroleum fuels, it is unlikely that widespread use of biofuels will occur without strong policy intervention. However, given the existing high gasoline and diesel taxes around Europe and in many other countries, and lower taxes for biofuels in many countries (with direct subsidies in North America), only relatively minor “tweaks” in policy may be needed to spur the market for biofuels to higher levels. For example, in the United States, the existing subsidy (of about $0.14 per litre) is sufficient to encourage substantial production and sales of corn-derived ethanol as a fuel. An adjustment to this subsidy to vary payments according to the net oil displacement or GHG reduction of the production process could provide a strong incentive for changes in production practices and development of new technologies and feedstocks that would lower well-to-wheels GHGs, and perhaps reduce the costs of these fuels, considerably. x Biofuels policies in many countries are largely agriculture-driven. Current policies related to biofuels in many IEA countries, and particularly in the EU, appear to be driven largely by agricultural concerns, perhaps more than by energy concerns. Agricultural policy in many countries is complex and serves multiple policy

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objectives. Major producer support schemes are in place around the IEA. Although the OECD does not support the use of agricultural subsidies, it is nonetheless likely that support schemes will continue to play an important role in the future, including for crop feedstocks for biofuels. Some studies have shown that the cost of subsidising increased biofuels production will be at least partly offset by resulting reductions in other agricultural subsidies (for example, set-aside land payments might be reduced if these lands are used to produce biofuels). As promoting biofuels rises on political agendas, agricultural policies will need to be more closely reconciled with energy, environmental, trade and overall economic policies and priorities. This area deserves more analysis than it has received so far. x A better understanding of how biofuels production affects crop and food markets is needed. As mentioned above, while the impact of increased biofuels production on farm income is expected to be mainly positive (due to increases in crop sales and possibly crop prices), the net market impact on all groups is less clear. For example, the impact on consumers could be negative if crop (and food) prices rise due to lower availability of non-biofuels crops (although many IEA countries are currently experiencing crop surpluses). Several recent economic studies indicate that increased production of biofuels could lead to price increases not only of crops used for biofuels, but also of other crops – as land is shifted towards greater production of crops for biofuels production. However, the commercialisation of cellulosic-based ethanol could alleviate price pressures while giving farmers new sources of income, since it would open up new land (like low-value grazing lands) to crop production, and also allow greater productivity from existing cropland (e.g. through use of crop residues for biofuels production). x The development of international markets for biofuels could increase benefits and lower costs. Nearly all analysis and policy initiatives to date in IEA countries have focused on domestic production and use of conventional biofuels. However, there are fairly wide ranges of feedstock availability and production costs among countries and regions. In particular, production costs of sugar cane ethanol in Brazil are much

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lower than grain ethanol in IEA countries. This cost difference is likely to persist as ethanol production facilities are built in other warm, developing countries, such as India. These cost differences create opportunities for biofuels trade that would substantially lower their cost and increase their supply in IEA countries, and would encourage development of a new export industry in developing countries. Further, since both greenhouse gas emissions and oil import dependence are essentially global problems, it makes sense to look at these problems from an international perspective. For example, IEA countries could invest in biofuels production in countries that can produce them more cheaply, if the benefits in terms of oil use and greenhouse gas emissions reductions are superior to what could be achieved domestically. In a carbon-trading framework such as that being developed with the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, biofuels production in developing countries could be a promising source of emissions reduction credits. x The global potential for biofuels production and displacement of petroleum appears substantial. The global potential of biofuels supply is just beginning to be carefully studied, under various assumptions regarding land availability and other factors. Studies reviewed in Chapter 6

of Biofuels for Transport indicate that, after satisfying global food requirements, enough land could be available to produce anywhere from a modest fraction to all of projected global demand for transport fuels over the next 50 years. Relatively low-cost sugar-cane-to-ethanol processes might be able to displace on the order of 10% of world gasoline use in the near term (e.g. through 2020); if cellulose-to-ethanol processes can meet cost targets, a far higher percentage of petroleum transport fuels could cost-effectively be replaced with biofuels. Ultimately, advanced biomass-toliquids processes might provide the most efficient (and therefore least land-intensive) approach to producing biofuels, but costs will need to come down substantially for this to occur. x Many questions remain. Throughout the book, a number of areas have been identified where further research is needed. Some of the most important are: better quantifying biofuels’ various benefits and costs; developing energy and agricultural policy that maximises biofuels-related benefits at minimum government (subsidy) and societal cost; gaining a better and more detailed understanding of global biofuels production potential, cost, and environmental impacts; and applying greater levels of support for research, development, and commercialisation of advanced biofuels production technologies.

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PART II OECD RENEWABLES AND WASTE GRAPHS AND DATA

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PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS I. General Notes This publication is the third edition of Renewables Information. The inaugural edition was published in December 2002. Even though data quality has improved since the last edition due to the IEA’s continuous efforts to increase quality of renewables statistics, it is important to highlight once again that the published time series often have breaks due to lack of information (especially in the early years of the series). Difficulties remain in the collection process of renewables statistics from some OECD member countries. For example, one of the problems continues to be the breakdown between renewable municipal solid waste and non-renewable municipal solid waste, which is available for most countries only since 1999. Before 1999, the IEA did not ask for this distinction and thus data were rarely collected separately. The breakdown into the two sub-products is nonetheless important because most countries include the renewable (biodegradable) part of municipal solid waste in their renewables definition, while they exclude the other part. Furthermore, the nonrenewable component is counted when calculating CO2-emissions. Increased attention to the separate renewable and non-renewable collection of municipal solid waste and to recycling also makes it difficult to estimate the breakdown throughout the time series since the relative percentage can vary significantly from one year to the next. Another problem remains the data collection from off-grid systems that work independently or are connected to a local distribution system. These systems are frequently omitted in national statistics due to difficulties in capturing these data. This plays a

major role in the solar energy sector, where production and capacity are likely to be much higher than indicated in this publication. Special attention should also be given to the percentage of renewables over TPES in countries where net exports of electricity are large, and in particular if they represent a significant percentage of TPES (for example, see Paraguay in Table 1 of “Development of Renewables and Waste Sources in the World”, Part I). In these cases, the high net exports of electricity can heavily influence the percentage of renewables TPES, especially if the electricity exported has been produced mostly from renewable sources (e.g. from hydro). According to IEA definitions, the renewable products are: hydro (with no differentiation of large, medium or small), geothermal, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, tide, wave, ocean, wind, solid biomass, gases from biomass, liquid biofuels and renewable municipal solid waste. Total renewables does not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste, non-specified combustible renewables and waste, waste heat, net heat ‘created’ due to heat pumps, and the amount of electricity generated with hydro pumped storage. Electricity from fuel cells using hydrogen from renewable sources as well as non-renewables fuel cells is not included in this publication due to lack of reliable information. The lack of reliability of statistics prevents forming a complete picture of renewable energy consumption in the different sectors (i.e. industry, transport, commercial/public and residential sectors). The evolution of new technologies exploiting renewable sources is also not covered here. These will be some of the important features for future improvements of IEA’s renewables publications.

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II. Structure of the Book Renewables Information 2004 contains detailed statistical information on renewable and waste products for the 30 member countries of the OECD and for regional aggregates (OECD Total, IEA Total, OECD North America, IEA North America, OECD Europe, IEA Europe, OECD/IEA Pacific and European Union). Additionally, it contains selected statistical information on Non-OECD countries. The tables of regional aggregates are presented before the country tables, which are set out in alphabetical order. The book consists of: Part I x an analysis of renewables and waste development in the world and in OECD countries (including selected graphs and a table with renewables indicators by country) Part II

Table 5: Primary Energy Supply, Transformation and Final Consumption of Renewable Products Table 1 provides a full set of main indicators for each OECD aggregate and Member country such as TPES, percentage of renewables, GDP, population, electricity generation and the share of electricity produced from renewables products. Table 2 shows a comprehensive status of net electrical capacity by type of fuel, as well as solar collectors’ surface. Table 3 and Table 4 present respectively gross electricity and heat production from each of the renewable and waste sources as well as the breakdown according to the type of plant (electricity only, CHP or heat only plants).

x a set of graphs showing the electricity production by type of renewable source for each OECD country,

In Table 5, a short balance for different products is shown. These products are: geothermal, solar thermal, industrial waste, renewable and non-renewable municipal solid waste, solid biomass, gas from biomass and liquid biofuels. Due to the lack of reliable statistics for some of the sub-sectors, the balance consists only of the following five flows: production, net imports, miscellaneous to balance, transformation sector and final energy consumption. In the case of geothermal, if transformation inputs are not submitted by the national administrations, they are estimated based on a 10%-efficiency for electricity generation and a 50%-efficiency for heat generation. Solar PV and thermal transformation inputs into electricity and heat production are estimated at a 100%-efficiency (based on the IEA methodology that the first energy form downstream in the production energy is considered the primary supply).

x a set of five tables for each OECD member country and for each of the eight regional aggregates.

III. Notes on Energy Sources

x three summary tables showing percentage of renewables TPES and in electricity generation for all OECD countries (both including and excluding hydro from the total renewables), x one summary table showing the respective contribution of the different renewables products to total renewables supply for all OECD countries for the year 2002,

The list of the five tables is described below. It should be noted that Table 4, Gross Heat Production, is not available for all countries.

A. Capacity

Table 1: Energy Supply, GDP and Population

Net Maximum Capacity at Peak Period

Table 2: Net Generating Capacity of Renewables and Waste Products

The IEA has adopted UNIPEDE definitions 2.1.3.5 and 2.2.5.1 for Net Maximum Capacity at Peak Period.

Table 3: Gross Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources Table 4: Gross Heat Production from Renewable Sources

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Net maximum capacity is defined as the sum of net maximum capacities of all stations taken individually at a given period of operation. It is the maximum power assumed to be solely active power that

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can be supplied, continuously, with all plants running, at the point of outlet to the network. It is assumed that all equipment is in full working order, that the power produced can be disposed of without any restrictions and that optimum conditions prevail as regards primary sources (i.e. flow and head in the case of hydro plants; grades and quantity of fuel in hand and water supply, temperature and purity, in the case of combustible fuel-fired plants and assuming that the output and method of production in CHP plants are those which lend to maximum electricity production). The period of operation assumed for present purposes is continuous running: in practice 15 hours or more per day. The capacity is net in the sense that it is the output capacity measured at the station busbars, i.e. after deducting the power consumed by station auxiliaries and losses in station transformers.

B. Electricity and Heat Gross Electricity Production Gross electricity production is measured at the terminals of all alternator sets in a station; it therefore includes the energy taken by station auxiliaries and losses in transformers that are considered integral parts of the station. Hydro stations’ production includes production from pumped storage plants unless stated differently. Fuel consumption in combustible fuel-fired power plants are split into three types of plants (electricity, CHP and heat). These are defined as follows:

Types of Plants Electricity Plants refers to plants, which are designed to produce electricity only. Combined Heat and Power Plants (CHP) refers to plants, which are designed to produce both heat and electricity simultaneously. UNIPEDE refers to these as co-generation power stations. Where possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are reported on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis. Heat Plants refers to plants, which are designed to produce heat only. Heat delivered from CHP or Heat plants may be used for process or space heating purposes in any sector of economic activity including the residential sector.

It should be noted that the reporting of data on fuel use and electricity and heat production according to plant type is normally conducted at the level of the plant, assuming that if a plant comprises at least one CHP unit then the entire plant is considered a CHP plant.

Gross Heat Production Data collected on heat has been expanded to obtain more disaggregated data on inputs and outputs of ‘combined heat and power plants’ and on ‘heat only plants’. Data on heat become available in different years for different countries and thus aggregated country data should be used with caution.

C. Supply, Transformation and Consumption Primary Production Production is the production of primary energy, i.e. combustible renewables and wastes, geothermal or solar thermal. Production is calculated after removal of impurities.

Net Imports Net imports are the sum of total imports minus total exports.

Miscellaneous to Balance Miscellaneous to balance includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses.

Transformation Sector The transformation sector comprises the conversion of primary forms of energy to secondary forms as well as further transformation processes.

Final Energy Consumption Total final consumption (TFC) is the sum of consumption by the different end-use sectors (industry, transport and other).

D. Products Hydro Hydro refers to potential and kinetic energy of water converted into electricity in hydroelectric plants. Hydro includes output from pumped storage plants.

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Geothermal

Industrial Waste

Energy available as heat emitted from within the earth’s crust, usually in the form of hot water or steam. It is used for electricity generation, heat production for sale to third parties or directly as heat in its primary form.

Industrial waste consists of solid, liquid or gaseous products (e.g. tyres) combusted directly, usually in specialised plants, to produce heat and/or power and that are not reported in the category solid biomass.

Electricity Output: For electricity generation, unless the actual efficiency of the geothermal process is known, the quantity of geothermal energy input for electricity generation is inferred from the electricity production at geothermal plants assuming an average thermal efficiency of 10%. Heat Sold: For heat produced and sold to a third party, unless the actual efficiency of the geothermal process is known, the quantity of geothermal energy input for heat production is inferred from the heat production at geothermal plants assuming an average thermal efficiency of 50%. Final Energy Consumption: Directly used as heat for district heating, agriculture or greenhouses.

Solar Photovoltaics (PV) Solar radiation exploited for electricity generation by photovoltaic cells. Note: Passive solar energy for direct heating, cooling or lighting of dwellings or other buildings is not included.

Solar Thermal Solar radiation exploited for hot water production and/or electricity generation by flat plate collectors or solar thermal-electric plants.

Renewable Municipal Waste Renewable municipal solid waste consists of the biodegradable part of municipal waste products that are combusted directly to produce heat and/or power and comprises waste produced by the residential, commercial and public services sectors that are collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location. Hospital waste is included in this category.

Non-Renewable Municipal Waste Non-renewable municipal solid waste consists of the non-biodegradable part of municipal waste products that are combusted directly to produce heat and/or power and comprises waste produced by the residential, commercial and public services sectors that are collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location. Hospital waste is included in this category.

Solid Biomass Biomass is defined as any plant matter used directly as fuel or converted into other forms before combustion. Included are wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste and crops used for energy production), animal materials/wastes, sulphite lyes, also known as "black liquor" (an alkaline spent liquor from the digesters in the production of sulphate or soda pulp during the manufacture of paper where the energy content derives from the lignin removed from the wood pulp) and other solid biomass.

Mechanical energy derived from tidal movement or wave motion and exploited for electricity generation.

Charcoal produced is also included here. Since charcoal is a secondary product, its treatment is slightly different than that of the other primary biomass. Production of charcoal (an output in the transformation process) is offset by the inputs of primary biomass into the charcoal production process. The losses from this process are included in the transformation sector. Other supply (e.g. trade and stock changes) as well as consumption are aggregated directly with the primary biomass. In some countries, only primary biomass is reported.

Wind

Gas from Biomass

Kinetic energy of wind exploited for electricity generation in wind turbines.

Biogas is derived principally from the anaerobic fermentation of biomass and solid wastes and combusted

Note: Passive solar energy for direct heating, cooling or lighting of dwellings or other buildings is not included.

Tide

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to produce heat and/or power. Included in this category are landfill gas and sludge gas (sewage gas and gas from animal slurries) and other biogas.

Liquid Biomass Liquid biomass includes bio-additives such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biomethanol, biodimethyl-ether and biooil.

Canada Only gross maximum electrical capacity is available. Inputs of combustible renewables and waste to autoproducer plants generating electricity are estimated by the Canadian Administration.

Czech Republic

Non-Specified Combustible Renewables and Waste

Data from 1993 onwards have been officially submitted by the Czech Administration. This may lead to breaks in series between 1992 and 1993.

Non-specified combustible renewables and waste is associated with one or more of the following four products: industrial waste, municipal waste, solid biomass or biogas.

In 1999 and 2000, the Czech electricity market was restructured and various big enterprises were divided, sold and merged. This causes breaks in series for these years.

Energy sources are reported as non-specified when national administrations are not able to break down the data into the different products (especially in earlier years of the time series), or when data are confidential.

Data for municipal solid waste and liquid biomass become available in 1999.

IV.

Combustible renewables data are available as of 1992.

Country Notes

Data for all countries and years shown in this publication have been subject to revisions during a reconciliation process of IEA data with Eurostat and/or national publications in 2002 and 2003.

Australia Data refer to the fiscal year, July 2001 to June 2002 for 2002. Biogas production at sewage treatment plants is unavailable.

Solid biomass inputs to public electricity plants and to public CHP plants include industrial waste and biogas for 1995 and 1996.

Denmark In the 2004 edition, data have been revised by the Danish Administration for all years shown in the publication. Fish oil used in heat plants is included with solid biomass.

Finland

Inputs of solid biomass to CHP plants are estimated by the Secretariat until 1999.

A new survey system and a reclassification of the data lead to breaks in series for most products and sectors between 1999 and 2000.

Prior to 1995, electricity production from biogas existed but was not reported.

Data for biogas and industrial waste are available from 1996.

Austria

Heat output form autoproducer CHP plants become available in 1996.

Only gross maximum electrical capacity is available.

No electricity production from solar is reported.

Prior to 1992, outputs from the use of combustible renewables and waste to generate electricity and/or heat were included in coal and cannot be reported individually here.

Some electricity production from CHP plants is included in electricity plants.

Before 1993, all wood electricity production is allocated to CHP plants.

Belgium

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

32 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

France

Iceland

In the 2004 edition, data have been revised by the French Administration for all years shown in the publication.

In 1998, 60 MW of generating capacity was installed in the geothermal CHP plant at Nesjavellier. Since the plant was inoperable for four months, production of geothermal heat decreased compared to 1997. The extra electricity capacity caused electricity production from geothermal to almost double over the same period.

Germany The German Administration submitted an incomplete annual questionnaire on renewables and waste for the years 2001 and 2002. As a consequence, the Secretariat estimated the missing data based on statistics published by the Federal Environment Ministry and data submitted in the Electricity Questionnaire. Where estimation was impossible due to lack of information, the data from the previous year was used. Electricity production in electricity plants includes production from CHP plants. All heat production has been included in CHP plants. Electricity generating capacity data for unified Germany is not available prior to 1991. This leads to a break in series between 1991 and 1992. The GDP figures prior to 1991 have been based on conversions made by the German Institute for Economic Research (Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung) and the former Statistical Office of the GDR (Statistisches Amt der DDR). These conversions are calculations which are highly dependant on specific hypotheses and do not necessarily reflect economic realities.

Heat production from municipal wastes is available from 1993. Electricity production from geothermal sources in CHP plants is available from 1992.

Ireland Although heat pumps are installed in Ireland, no heat production or consumption data are officially submitted to the IEA. From 1993 to 1995, end-use consumption of gas from biomass is included in the transformation sector. Data on solid biomass and biogas are available from 1990.

Italy Data on solid biomass capacity include industrial wastes capacity. The Italian Administration reported a large increase in geothermal production and electricity generation for 2003.

The German Administration started reporting near the surface geothermal energy in 1995, which leads to a break in time series with 1994, where only deep geothermal energy is reported

Japan

Greece

For 2003 preliminary data, solid biomass does not include fuel wood and charcoal.

No heat production of solar heat is reported although it exists.

In the 2004 edition, data have been revised by the Japanese Administration for all years shown in the publication.

In some instances, data refer to the fiscal year (2001 refers to the period April 2001 to March 2001).

New information on solid biomass end-use is available from 1996 and leads to breaks in series between 1995 and 1996.

CHP electricity production is included in electricity only plants.

Data on industrial waste are available from 1992.

Production of electricity from solar PV is heavily understated due to data unavailability.

Hungary Solar thermal direct use is available from 2001. Data on industrial waste becomes available in 2001. Geothermal direct use is available from 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Heat production from geothermal and solar thermal sources in Japan is not reported by the Japanese Administration. Direct use of geothermal and solar thermal becomes available in 1990.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 33

Korea Most data on renewable energy sources have been estimated by the Secretariat using information provided by the Korean Administration. Heat data are available starting in 1991. Pumped storage in electricity plants is available from 1991.

Luxembourg Most of the hydro production shown for Luxembourg is from the Vianden pumped storage plant and is exported directly to Germany.

Before 2000, industrial wastes were used interchangeably with light fuel oil in some plants, which might result in breaks in the time series. Some changes in the data collection process lead to breaks in series between 1996 and 1997. The Polish Administration adopted new methodologies to estimate the production of heat sold in heat plants (1993) and in CHP plants (1995). This causes breaks in series between 1992 and 1993 and 1994 and 1995 for heat production and fuel inputs in these plants Due to changes in data availability, there is a large increase in solid biomass between 1992 and 1993.

Data on solid biomass are available from 1992.

Portugal Mexico Data on electricity production from solid biomass and gas from biomass are available from 1998. Direct use of solar thermal and electricity production from solar PV is available from 1998. Starting in 1998, CRE (Comisión Reguladora de Energia) has published new data for electricity generation by autoproducers. This may lead to breaks in the time series between 1997 and 1998.

Netherlands All electricity produced from combustible renewables and waste is included in CHP plants. A new survey leads to breaks in series in the end-use consumption for solid biomass and biogas between 1998 and 1999.

New Zealand Prior to 1994, data refer to fiscal year (April to March).

Poland Because the Polish energy classification system is not yet well established, high statistical variations occur in certain consumption sectors. Data for gases from biomass refer only to the gas from fermentation of biomass. Data on direct use of geothermal and data on liquid biofuels become available in 2000 and 2001, respectively.

Data on municipal wastes are available from 1999.

Slovak Republic Industrial waste, municipal solid waste, biogas and liquid biofuels data become available in 2001. Before 2001, industrial waste and municipal solid waste inputs are included in the transformation sector of solid biomass. Solid biomass supply and consumption data for 2000 are estimated by the Secretariat. Until 2000, electricity statistics have been estimated by the Secretariat. From 1993, IEA estimates are based on direct submissions from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic and the Power Research Institute (EGU) of Bratislava. This may lead to breaks in series between 1992 and 1993.

Spain Data on direct use of solar and geothermal heat are available from 1994.

Sweden Heat production from solid biomass in auto CHP plants includes waste heat. Transformation data for industrial waste are not available prior to 1998. Data for biogas begin in 1992. Before, it is included with solid biomass. Heat produced for sale in heat pumps is reported from 1992.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

34 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Switzerland Geothermal direct use is overstated as it refers to heat production by geothermal heat pumps, which include inputs from electricity and/or gas in the transformation process.

specified electricity production is shown in this publication). Heat production from solid biomass becomes available in 1991.

Before 1998, only net imports are reported for solid biomass.

V. Geographical Coverage

Electricity production from pumped storage by autoproducers is available from 1996.

Denmark excludes Greenland and the Danish Faroes, except prior to 1990, where data on oil for Greenland were included with the Danish statistics. The Administration is planning to revise the series back to 1974 to exclude these amounts.

Turkey The Turkish Administration surveys renewables and wastes used for power and heat intermittently. Due to this fact, some breaks may appear in the combustible renewables and waste series. Data for the transformation sector are estimated for industrial waste, municipal solid waste and biogas for the years 1998 to 2002.

France includes Monaco and excludes overseas departments (Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Polynesia and Réunion). Germany includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970 onwards. Italy includes San Marino and the Vatican.

In 1995, the Turkish Administration reclassified autoproducer plants by type and source to be consistent with IEA definitions. This causes breaks between 1994 and 1995 for electricity production.

Japan includes Okinawa.

United Kingdom

Spain includes the Canary Islands.

Heat output is available from 1999.

United States includes Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands and the Hawaiian Free Trade Zone.

United States The US introduced a new methodology for data from 1999. From 1999, independent power producers are included in public producers, leading to breaks in series between 1998 and 1999. Additionally, because the US administration cannot distinguish between heat sold by autoproducers and heat used in the final consumption sector, all heat produced by autoproducers is included in final consumption from 1999 on. Revisions for the year 1998 are expected for the next edition. Solar thermal electricity production was overstated for the years prior to 1999 because it included electricity production from natural gas occurring in solar thermal power plants. Data on liquid biomass become available in 1993. Data on industrial waste and gas from biomass is available as of 1992. Before, they are included in non-specified renewables and waste (only non-

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

The Netherlands excludes Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles. Portugal includes the Azores and Madeira.

The European Union - 15 (EU-15) includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The International Energy Agency (IEA) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 35

OECD North America includes Canada, Mexico, and the United States. OECD Pacific includes Australia, Japan, Korea and New Zealand. OECD Europe includes Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,

Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. IEA and IEA regional totals include only IEA Member countries; non-IEA Members are shown in italics above.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

36 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

VI. Conversions

General Conversion Factors for Energy

To: From:

TJ

Gcal

Mtoe

MBtu

GWh

238.8

2.388 x 10

947.8

0.2778

-3

1

10

3.968

1.163 x 10

4

10

1

3.968 x 10

11630

-3

1

2.931 x 10

3412

1

multiply by: 1

TJ

-5

-7

Gcal

4.1868 x 10

Mtoe

4.1868 x 10

MBtu

1.0551 x 10

0.252

2.52 x 10

GWh

3.6

860

8.6 x 10

7

-3

7

-8

-5

-4

Conversion Factors for Mass

To:

T

lt

1

0.001

9.84 x 10

1.102 x 10

2.2046

tonne (t)

1000

1

0.984

1.1023

2204.6

long ton (lt)

1016

1.016

1

1.120

2240.0

short ton (st)

907.2

0.9072

0.893

1

2000.0

pound (lb)

0.454

4.54 x 10

From:

kg

st

lb

multiply by:

kilogramme (kg)

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

-4

-4

-4

4.46 x 10

-3

-4

5.0 x 10

1

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2003 Edition) - 37

Conversion Factors for Volume

To: From:

gal U.S.

gal U.K.

bbl

ft

3

l

m

3

multiply by:

U.S. gallon (gal)

1

0.8327

0.02381

0.1337

3.785

0.0038

U.K. gallon (gal)

1.201

1

0.02859

0.1605

4.546

0.0045

Barrel (bbl)

42.0

34.97

1

5.615

159.0

0.159

7.48

6.229

0.1781

1

28.3

0.0283

0.2642

0.220

0.0063

0.0353

1

0.001

264.2

220.0

6.289

35.3147

1000.0

1

3

Cubic foot (ft ) Litre (l) 3

Cubic metre (m )

Decimal Prefixes 101

deca (da)

10-1

10

hecto (h)

10

-2

103

kilo (k)

10-3

2

6

10

9

mega (M)

micro (µ) nano (n)

10

1012

tera (T)

10-12

peta (P)

10

-15

exa (E)

10-18

1018

milli (m)

-9

10

giga (G)

10

centi (c)

-6

10

15

deci (d)

pico (p) femto (f) atto (a)

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

38 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

CONTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES TO TPES* (%), BY COUNTRY Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

90-02

OECD Total

5.9

6.1

6.0

6.0

5.9

5.5

5.7

-0.3

OECD North America

6.5

6.6

6.3

6.2

6.1

5.4

5.6

-1.2

OECD/IEA Pacific

4.2

3.8

3.9

3.8

3.6

3.6

3.8

-0.9

OECD Europe

5.7

6.3

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.7

6.7

1.3

IEA Total

5.8

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.8

5.4

5.6

-0.4

IEA North America

6.3

6.3

6.1

6.0

5.8

5.1

5.4

-1.2

IEA Europe

5.9

6.4

6.6

6.7

6.8

6.7

6.7

1.0

European Union - 15

4.8

5.2

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.7

1.3

Australia Austria

5.8

5.9

6.0

5.9

5.8

6.0

7.4

2.1

19.8

21.3

20.3

21.8

22.0

21.3

21.9

0.9 -1.7

Belgium

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.0

1.0

1.1

Canada

16.1

16.5

16.1

16.6

16.6

15.7

16.5

0.2

0.3

1.5

1.6

1.8

1.3

1.5

1.9

17.8

Czech Republic

6.5

7.1

8.1

9.0

10.2

10.7

11.9

5.1

Finland

19.5

21.2

22.2

22.4

24.4

22.9

22.6

1.2

France

6.8

7.2

6.7

7.0

6.6

6.8

6.1

-1.0

Germany

1.5

1.8

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.7

3.1

6.3

Greece

5.0

5.5

5.1

5.3

5.0

4.6

4.9

-0.2

Denmark

Hungary

1.7

2.5

1.9

1.9

2.1

1.9

2.0

1.2

Iceland

64.5

67.2

67.2

70.9

71.1

72.9

72.3

1.0

Ireland

1.6

2.0

2.0

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.9

1.5

Italy

4.3

4.9

5.6

6.0

5.4

5.7

5.5

2.0

Japan

3.7

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

-0.5

Korea

0.6

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

-2.4

Luxembourg

1.0

1.6

1.8

1.5

1.8

1.8

1.5

3.9

11.1

11.4

10.3

10.5

10.6

10.2

9.5

-1.3

Mexico Netherlands

1.0

1.0

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.5

3.6

New Zealand

34.7

32.6

30.6

31.3

28.1

25.8

27.8

-1.8

Norway

50.1

47.4

44.4

44.3

48.5

44.7

45.9

-0.7

Poland

1.6

3.9

4.0

4.0

4.2

4.5

4.6

9.3 -2.4

18.5

16.1

16.0

13.4

15.2

16.1

13.9

Slovak Republic

1.6

2.8

2.6

2.6

2.8

3.9

3.8

7.7

Spain

6.8

5.4

6.1

5.2

5.7

6.5

5.4

-1.9

Sweden

25.1

26.2

27.7

27.8

32.4

28.6

27.8

0.9

Switzerland

13.1

15.6

14.5

16.2

15.6

16.2

15.1

1.2

Turkey

18.2

17.4

16.0

15.1

13.2

13.2

13.4

-2.5

United Kingdom

0.5

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.2

7.5

United States

5.2

5.2

5.0

4.8

4.6

3.9

4.2

-1.8

Portugal

*Renewable sources include hydro, geothermal, solar thermal, solar PV, tide, wind, renewable municipal solid waste, solid biomass and biogas Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 39

SHARE OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES* (%), BY COUNTRY Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

90-02

OECD Total

17.4

17.1

16.2

16.0

15.8

14.9

15.0

-1.3

OECD North America

18.6

17.9

16.3

16.2

15.4

13.9

14.8

-1.9

OECD/IEA Pacific

13.5

11.3

11.2

10.5

10.3

9.9

9.7

-2.8

OECD Europe

17.4

18.6

18.4

18.4

19.0

18.8

17.9

0.2

IEA Total

17.6

17.2

16.3

16.1

15.8

15.0

15.1

-1.3

IEA North America

18.5

17.8

16.3

16.0

15.2

13.8

14.8

-1.8

IEA Europe

18.3

19.4

19.1

19.0

19.7

19.5

18.5

0.1

European Union - 15

12.8

13.9

14.2

14.2

14.9

15.5

13.8

0.7

Australia Austria

9.6

9.6

8.6

8.7

8.6

8.3

8.4

-1.1

66.2

70.5

69.4

71.6

72.5

69.3

69.0

0.3

Belgium

1.1

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.2

1.4

1.4

2.2

Canada

62.4

61.0

60.3

61.1

60.5

57.9

59.7

-0.4

2.3

4.0

3.1

3.7

3.1

3.5

3.9

4.5 15.6

Czech Republic

3.2

5.4

10.1

12.0

16.3

16.4

18.2

Finland

20.0

30.9

34.8

30.5

33.3

29.1

27.6

2.7

France

13.3

15.4

12.9

14.7

13.4

14.5

11.9

-0.9

Germany

3.5

4.9

4.5

5.2

6.3

6.5

7.9

7.1

Greece

5.1

8.6

8.2

9.6

7.8

5.5

6.6

2.2

Denmark

Hungary

0.7

0.8

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

-0.2

Iceland

99.9

99.8

99.9

99.9

99.9

100.0

99.9

0.0

Ireland

4.9

4.1

5.6

5.2

5.0

4.2

5.6

1.1

Italy

16.4

17.5

18.4

19.9

18.9

20.1

17.4

0.5

Japan

12.6

10.7

11.4

10.7

10.5

10.5

10.3

-1.7

6.0

1.7

2.2

1.9

1.7

1.6

1.2

-12.4

Luxembourg

16.7

29.0

46.7

43.0

46.9

44.0

7.2

-6.8

Mexico

23.3

21.8

16.8

20.3

19.3

16.5

14.3

-4.0

Netherlands

1.1

1.6

2.5

2.7

3.2

3.5

4.0

11.1

New Zealand

80.5

84.2

75.5

70.0

71.4

63.0

69.3

-1.2

Norway

99.8

99.7

99.6

99.6

99.7

99.6

99.6

-0.0

Poland

1.1

1.4

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.9

1.9

4.9

34.7

28.3

36.4

20.3

30.3

34.6

21.9

-3.8

8.0

18.8

17.0

16.3

15.2

15.9

16.8

6.4

Spain

17.2

14.9

19.3

13.5

16.3

21.3

14.9

-1.2

Sweden

51.0

47.6

49.2

48.3

57.3

51.6

48.7

-0.4

Switzerland

55.2

57.4

55.3

59.6

57.2

59.8

55.6

0.1

Turkey

40.4

41.6

38.3

30.0

24.9

19.8

26.2

-3.5

Korea

Portugal Slovak Republic

United Kingdom United States

1.8

2.1

2.4

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.8

3.7

11.8

11.0

9.8

9.3

8.4

7.0

8.1

-3.2

*Renewable sources include hydro, geothermal, solar thermal, solar PV, tide, wind, renewable municipal solid waste, solid biomass and biogas Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

40 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

SHARE OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES, EXCLUDING HYDRO* (%), BY COUNTRY Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

OECD Total

2.0

1.7

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.4

1.4

OECD North America

3.0

2.1

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.1

-2.8

OECD/IEA Pacific

1.9

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.2

1.2

OECD Europe

0.6

1.1

1.6

1.8

2.1

2.3

2.8

13.9

IEA Total

2.0

1.7

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.4

1.4

IEA North America

3.0

2.0

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.1

-2.8

IEA Europe

0.6

1.2

1.7

1.8

2.2

2.4

2.9

13.9

European Union - 15

0.7

1.3

1.9

2.1

2.5

2.7

3.3

14.2

Australia

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.7

1.3

10.3

Austria

2.3

3.3

2.9

3.2

2.9

3.2

2.9

1.9

Belgium

0.7

0.8

0.8

1.0

0.7

0.8

1.0

2.6

Canada

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.5

5.3

-

0.7

0.9

1.1

0.7

0.7

0.7

15.9

Czech Republic

90-02

3.1

5.4

10.0

11.9

16.3

16.3

18.1

Finland

-

10.5

13.3

12.1

12.3

11.4

13.2

-

France

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

5.2

Germany

0.3

0.8

1.4

1.6

2.4

2.6

3.8

23.5

Greece

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.8

1.6

1.4

58.5

Hungary

0.1

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

4.0

Iceland

6.7

5.8

10.4

15.8

17.2

18.1

17.0

8.1

Ireland

-

0.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.7

1.9

-

Italy

1.6

1.6

2.2

2.4

2.5

2.9

3.1

6.0

Japan

2.1

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.4

2.6

2.7

1.9

Denmark

-

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.2

-

Luxembourg

5.4

10.9

15.3

19.3

19.2

17.3

3.1

-4.6

Mexico

4.2

3.7

3.3

3.2

3.1

2.9

2.7

-3.4

Netherlands

1.0

1.5

2.3

2.6

3.0

3.3

3.9

11.9

New Zealand

8.1

7.6

8.2

8.6

9.3

8.5

8.6

0.5

Norway

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.3

3.1

Poland

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.3

19.4

Portugal

2.5

3.2

3.0

3.4

4.2

4.2

4.8

5.8

-

-

-

-

-

0.5

0.5

-

Spain

0.4

0.9

1.7

2.4

3.0

3.8

5.5

23.7

Sweden

1.3

1.7

2.0

2.0

3.2

2.7

3.1

7.7

Switzerland

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.2

1.3

6.0

Turkey

0.1

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

3.8

United Kingdom

0.2

0.6

1.0

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.6

19.4

United States

3.3

2.2

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.2

-3.3

Korea

Slovak Republic

*Renewable sources include hydro, geothermal, solar thermal, solar PV, tide, wind, renewable municipal solid waste, solid biomass and biogas Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 41

PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY FROM DIFFERENT RENEWABLE SOURCES IN 2002, BY COUNTRY (toe)

Hydro

Wind

105821.7 e

4095.1

OECD North America

52356.7

935.9

OECD/IEA Pacific

10829.1 e

OECD Europe

OECD Total

Geothermal

Ren. CRW1

3244.5 e

24797.6

166222.9 e

12186.7 e

1466.4

12913.9

Solar/ Tide

Non-Ren. CRW2

Total* 304181.8 e

84530.0

3794.7

81.2

880.7 e

5146.1

15289.0 e

2990.1 e

32226.1 e

42635.9

3078.0

897.4 e

6737.6

66403.8 e

5402.0 e

119752.7 e

102426.9 e

4088.5

3184.4 e

18281.3

153920.9 e

11633.7 e

IEA North America

50210.9

934.6

8273.4

76418.4

3794.7

137243.6

IEA Europe

41386.8

3072.8

897.4 e

4861.8

62213.4 e

4849.0 e

112432.2 e

European Union - 15

24115.2

3064.6

554.8 e

3846.2

52765.2

147.6

84346.0 e

IEA Total

1406.3

152203.0

281902.0 e

Australia

1363.4

31.0

105.7

-

6836.6

147.6

8336.7

Austria

3434.1

17.5

69.7

28.6

3111.4

265.5

6661.2

Belgium

31.0

4.9

1.6

1.1

570.2

348.1

608.8

Canada

30123.7

35.1

28.7

-

11317.0

-

41504.4

214.3

0.2

-

-

576.1

240.8

790.6 2363.3

Czech Republic

2.8

419.4

8.5

4.1

1928.6

154.0

Finland

926.7

5.5

0.2

-

6874.0

215.5

7806.5

France

5208.8

23.1

64.7

128.0

11171.5

-

16596.1

Germany

1988.7

1363.6

184.2

127.5

240.8

56.0

101.7

1.3

995.8

37.1 e

Hungary

16.7

0.1

1.7

86.0

398.2

11.4

502.6

Iceland

600.0

-

-

1860.3

1.7

-

2461.9

Denmark

Greece

78.4

33.4

0.2

Italy

3398.7

120.7

12.6 e

Japan

7084.5

35.7

Ireland

Korea Luxembourg Mexico

739.7

0.2

7091.4 e

175.7

2070.4 e

-

3463.4

2238.2 e

275.9 e

3128.5

7010.8

142.7

0.1

577.1 e

2328.9 e

10755.4 e 1395.6

287.9 9233.7 e 17999.3

278.0 e

1.3

35.3 e

9.7

2.2

0.1

-

44.4

-

891.8 e 56.4

2145.8

1.4

60.1

4640.6

8111.6

-

14959.4

10.7

78.3

13.5

-

1061.4 e

299.9

1163.9 e

2103.2

13.2

-

2017.5

864.5

370.9

4998.4

Norway

11115.4

3.4

-

-

1436.5

18.3

12555.3

Poland

196.0

5.2

-

6.3

3931.6

500.8

4139.1

Portugal

670.8

31.1

19.8

83.5

2837.3

-

3642.6

Slovak Republic

453.0

-

-

9.2

257.1

52.2

Spain

1981.2

748.5

42.7

7.7

4295.5 e

Sweden

5721.4

52.4

18.7

-

Switzerland

3028.4

0.4

23.1

109.2

1000.0 e

Turkey

2896.8

4.1

317.9

820.4

6037.4 e

Netherlands New Zealand

United Kingdom United States

8266.9

.. 26.5 665.1 12.6 e

719.4 7075.6 e 14059.3 4161.2 e 10076.6 e

411.5

108.0

16.5

0.8

2102.9

207.9

2639.8

20087.3

899.5

1377.6

8273.4

65101.5

3794.7

95739.2

1

Renewable combustible renewables and waste (CRW) include solid biomass, liquid biomass, renewable municipal waste and biogas.

2

Non-Renewable combustible renewables and waste (CRW) include industrial waste and non-renewable municipal solid waste.

* Total does not include non-renewable biomass . Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

42 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Electricity Production by Renewable Energy Source (GWh) OECD Total

1800000

1000000

1600000

900000

1400000

800000

OECD North America

700000

1200000

600000 1000000 500000 800000 400000 600000

300000

400000

200000

200000

100000

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

OECD Pacific

200000

700000

OECD Europe

180000 600000 160000 500000

140000 120000

400000

100000 300000

80000 60000

200000

40000 100000 20000 0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

IEA Total

1800000

500000

European Union - 15

450000

1600000

400000

1400000

350000

1200000

300000 1000000 250000 800000 200000 600000

150000

400000

100000

200000

50000

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Hydro

Solid Biomass/Gas from Biomass/Renew. Municipal Solid Waste

Source: IEA/OECD Renewables Statistics.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Geothermal

Wind/Solar/Tide Industrial Waste/Non-Renew. Municipal Solid Waste/Non-Spec. Combustible Renew. & Waste

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 43

Electricity Production by Renewable Energy Source (GWh) Australia

20000

50000

Austria

18000

45000

16000

40000

14000

35000

12000

30000

10000

25000

8000

20000

6000

15000

4000

10000

2000

5000

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Belgium

3500

400000

Canada

350000

3000

300000

2500

250000 2000 200000 1500 150000 1000

100000

500

50000

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Czech Republic

4000

8000

Denmark

3500

7000

3000

6000

2500

5000

2000

4000

1500

3000

1000

2000

500

1000

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Hydro

Solid Biomass/Gas from Biomass/Renew. Municipal Solid Waste

Geothermal

Wind/Solar/Tide Industrial Waste/Non-Renew. Municipal Solid Waste/Non-Spec. Combustible Renew. & Waste

Source: IEA/OECD Renewables Statistics.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

44 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Electricity Production by Renewable Energy Source (GWh) Finland

30000

90000

France

80000 25000 70000 60000

20000

50000 15000 40000 10000

30000 20000

5000 10000 0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Germany

60000

6000

Greece

50000

5000

40000

4000

30000

3000

20000

2000

10000

1000

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Hungary

350

9000

Iceland

8000

300

7000 250 6000 200

5000

150

4000 3000

100 2000 50

1000

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Hydro

Solid Biomass/Gas from Biomass/Renew. Municipal Solid Waste

Source: IEA/OECD Renewables Statistics.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Geothermal

Wind/Solar/Tide Industrial Waste/Non-Renew. Municipal Solid Waste/Non-Spec. Combustible Renew. & Waste

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 45

Electricity Production by Renewable Energy Source (GWh) Ireland

2000

70000

Italy

1800 60000 1600 50000

1400 1200

40000

1000 30000

800 600

20000

400 10000 200 0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Japan

140000

7000

Korea

120000

6000

100000

5000

80000

4000

60000

3000

40000

2000

20000

1000

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Luxembourg

1200

45000

Mexico

40000 1000 35000 800

30000 25000

600 20000 400

15000 10000

200 5000 0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Hydro

Solid Biomass/Gas from Biomass/Renew. Municipal Solid Waste

Geothermal

Wind/Solar/Tide Industrial Waste/Non-Renew. Municipal Solid Waste/Non-Spec. Combustible Renew. & Waste

Source: IEA/OECD Renewables Statistics.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

46 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Electricity Production by Renewable Energy Source (GWh) Netherlands*

6000

35000

New Zealand

30000

5000

25000 4000 20000 3000 15000 2000 10000 1000

5000

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Norway

160000

6000

Poland

140000 5000 120000 4000

100000 80000

3000

60000 2000 40000 1000

20000 0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Portugal

18000

6000

Slovak Republic

16000 5000 14000 12000

4000

10000 3000 8000 6000

2000

4000 1000 2000 0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Hydro

Geothermal

Solid Biomass/Gas from Biomass/Renew. Municipal Solid Waste

Source: IEA/OECD Renewables Statistics. *Data on industrial waste are unavailable for Netherlands for 2001 and 2002.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Wind/Solar/Tide Industrial Waste/Non-Renew. Municipal Solid Waste/NonSpec. Combustible Renew. & Waste

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 47

Electricity Production by Renewable Energy Source (GWh) Spain

60000

90000

Sweden

80000 50000 70000 60000

40000

50000 30000 40000 20000

30000 20000

10000 10000 0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Switzerland

50000

45000

45000

40000

40000

35000

35000

Turkey

30000

30000 25000 25000 20000 20000 15000

15000 10000

10000

5000

5000

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

United Kingdom

16000

500000

United States

450000

14000

400000 12000 350000 10000

300000 250000

8000

200000

6000

150000 4000 100000 2000

50000

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Hydro

Solid Biomass/Gas from Biomass/Renew. Municipal Solid Waste

Geothermal

Wind/Solar/Tide Industrial Waste/Non-Renew. Municipal Solid Waste/Non-Spec. Combustible Renew. & Waste

Source: IEA/OECD Renewables Statistics.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

48 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

OECD Total 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

4527.13 266.89 e

4889.80 295.93 e

5210.18 310.31 e

5313.10 313.18 e

5296.28 293.50 e

5345.72 304.18 e

5390.77 307.85 e

5.9

6.1

6.0

5.9

5.5

5.7

5.7

23934.49

26756.15

27738.22

27996.54

28435.02

28999.80

2.3

0.21

0.20

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.19

-0.8

66

-0.8

TPES/GDP(2)

74

72

69

68

67

67

1043.61

1089.94

1123.40

1130.50

1137.80

1145.06

1150.26 e

4.34

4.49

4.64

4.70

4.65

4.67

4.69 e

7579.6

8484.1

9269.7

9621.9

9495.4

9757.1

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3) Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

1.4 1.1

21753.26

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

90-02

9821.6

1321.42 e 1450.45 e 1483.18 e 1516.31 e 1416.58 e 1460.74 e 1455.03 e 17.4

17.1

16.0

15.8

14.9

15.0

14.8

-0.3

0.8 0.6 2.1

0.8 -1.3

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

390995

433750 e

456261 e

463118 e

471101 e

483043 e

..

1.8

Hydro

369128

404952

415252 e

416889 e

420442

424672

..

1.2

..

81227

86685 e

84899 e

85541

84022 e

..

..

4463

5049

5281

5393

4778

4946

..

0.9

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

..

..

554

760

1033

1350

..

..

339

333

385

382

388

388

..

1.1

Solar Photovoltaic Solar Thermal

260

260

260 e

261 e

2390

4215

11518 e

15417 e

Industrial Waste

..

..

1062

899

Municipal Solid Waste

..

..

5666 e

6639 e

Solid Biomass

..

..

11989 e

11523 e

Gas from Biomass

..

..

1582

2223

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

..

..

2712 e

2732 e

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

..

..

Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind

..

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

..

261 e

..

0.0

28088

..

22.8

640

927

..

..

6555

6717

..

..

12245

12545

..

..

2523

2720

..

..

429

..

..

..

..

..

21695

541 e ..

261 e

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 49

OECD Total 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990 ..

Total Electricity Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

1995

1999

1212968

1361583

43280

58631

64041 e

28699

29809

33286

17

2000

2001

2002

2003E

1521370 e 1564093 e 1604382 e 1504612 e 1552507 e 1545444 e 1386618

..

1283541

1300846 e

1286367 e

0.6

68533 e

68775

70361 e

68978 e

4.1

32975

32236

32889

32000 e

1.1

136 e

182 e

262 e

361 e

506 e

29.0

Solar Thermal

663

824

527

526

565

569

575 e

-1.3

Tide, Wave, Ocean

597

601

819

867

862

847

847

3.0

3844

7349 e

19348 e

28544

34633

47618

56816 e

23.3

Solar Photovoltaics

Wind

56 e

1365465

90-02

Industrial Waste

..

9290

12269 e

14453

14322

16259

16058 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

21899 e

28927 e

30071 e

31124 e

32732 e

31252 e

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

77162 e ..

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

20494 e

3000

4606

5090

4935

5148

5378 e

..

75676 e

82405 e

86320 e

81452 e

92323 e

92261 e

1.5

11283 e

16305

18736

20680

22915

23384 e

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: 1463261 e 1493900 e 1530960 e 1435526 e 1474708 e

1212968

..

1361583

43280

58631

64041 e

28699

29648

32596

Electricity Only Plants Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

17

Solar Photovoltaics

56 e

1365465

..

..

1283541

1300846 e

..

0.6

68533 e

68775

70361 e

..

4.1

32085

31252

31871

..

0.9

1386618

136 e

182 e

262 e

361 e

..

29.0 -1.3

Solar Thermal

663

824

527

526

565

569

..

Tide, Wave, Ocean

597

601

819

867

862

847

..

3.0

3844

7349 e

19348 e

28544

34633

47618

..

23.3 ..

Wind Industrial Waste

..

4914

5969

7487

9095

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

17383

21314

22385

22960

23735

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

1760

2291

2669

2780

2873

..

..

32759 e

35161 e

33195 e

37342 e

..

3.1

Gas from Biomass

..

9821

14164

15954

17989

19551

..

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solid Biomass

25784 e

29322

4481 e

CHP Plants Geothermal

..

58109 e

70193 e

73422 e

69086 e

77799 e

..

-

161

690

890

984

1018

..

-

Industrial Waste

..

4376

7788 e

8484

6835

7164

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

4516 e

7613 e

7686 e

8164 e

8997 e

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

1240

2315

2421

2155

2275

..

..

46354 e

49646 e

51159

48257

54981 e

..

0.6

1462 e

2141

2782

2691

3364

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

51378 e ..

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

20494 e

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

50 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

OECD Total 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Heat

1990 ..

262043 e

365412 e

366688 e

383842 e

406132 e

Geothermal

..

7500

8272

7805

7842

10507

Solar Thermal

..

6

23

24

27

37

Industrial Waste

..

28111

29653

9865 e

17785 e

22818 e

2003E 429890 e 10582 e 37 30030 e

90-02 .. .. .. ..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

84151 e

100116 e

101387 e

95190 e

97921 e

103643 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

37801 e

67368 e

71952 e

76934 e

88247 e

88547 e

..

Solid Biomass

..

143600 e

132462 e

145203 e

152122

169035 e

..

Gas from Biomass

..

11469

10571 e

8090

9610 e

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

15983

18407

18771

19964

19555

18406 e

..

CHP Plants

..

154427 e

211838 e

203368 e

202351 e

219520 e

Geothermal

..

7103

7556

6967

6829

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

..

4356

6678 e

5865

100489 6248 e

9841 e

of which:

..

..

9395

..

..

-

-

-

6930

8035

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

62337 e

79595 e

81218 e

76741 e

79881 e

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

18397 e

26565

24076

24116 e

25085 e

..

..

Solid Biomass

..

56470

82879

75407

79636

90024

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

3284 e

5530

6513

5347

3557

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

2480

3035

3322

2752

3543

..

..

Heat Only Plants

..

107616 e

153574 e

163320 e

181490 e

186611 e

..

..

Geothermal

..

397

716

838

1013

1112

..

..

Solar Thermal

..

6

23

24

27

37

..

..

Industrial Waste

..

11107 e

16953 e

21181

21618

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

21814

20521 e

20169

18449

18040

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

19404 e

40803 e

47876 e

52818 e

63162 e

..

..

Solid Biomass

..

44019

60721 e

57055 e

65567 e

62098

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

4311 e

4956

5224 e

4533

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

16011

..

..

5509 e

2964 e 13503

15372

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

15449

17211

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 51

OECD Total 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02*

1197493 -8863 1084088 104542

1325947 -9135 1197770 119042

1230829 -9387 1100207 121235

1014266 -7834 878583 127849

1038426 -7695 899972 130759

1102093 e -7700 961924 e 132469 e

.. .. .. .. ..

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

1131166 e -7726 1036709 86731

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

62059 2393 59666

66472 2973 63499

129752 e 1921 127831 e

131626 e -1 1918 129707 e

130215 2061 128154

131507 1 2087 129421

129542 e 2107 e 127435 e

.. .. .. .. ..

252372 e -2690 185245 e 64437 e

304494 e -270 146985 e 157239 e

341477 e -257 172487 e 168733 e

330970 e -7 -297 180922 e 149744 e

343256 e 23 -621 199647 e 143011 e

344333 e 10 .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

465829 e -2937 454243 e 8649 e

572742 e -9754 499657 e 63331 e

611218 e -2 508626 e 102590 e

579291 e 532233 e 47058 e

626895 e -1 579729 e 47165 e

636255 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

75261 e -2 74343 e 916

125418 e -9 124737 e 672

141273 e -4 139489 e 1780

150724 e -2 147653 e 3069

166785 e -1 163899 e 2885

172327 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

e e

5657849 e 14814 -821 1693912 e 3977930 e

5788957 e 20152 525 1037442 e 4772192 e

5827421 e 26528 -794 1047159 e 4805996 e

5533056 e 30060 -122 1060202 e 4502792

5723890 e 35046 -47 1309263 e 4449626

5780850 e 40009 -10 .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

68517 e -491 53526 e 14500

147165 e -60 129393 e 17712

265375 e -102 178356 e 86917 e

289486 e -97 205882 e 83507

331445 e -71 234842 e 96532

373540 e -81 255021 e 118438

381220 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

4312 49 -1106 3255

4837 6 -1728 3115

5304 9 -1923 3390

6206 -8 -2168 4030

7483 -89 -3318 4076

8511 e -138 ..

.. .. .. .. ..

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

87935 e -5222 32666 e 50047 e

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

320922 e -68 319242 e 1612

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

40295 e -2 39528 e 765

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

4742054 5293 8624 1176904 3579067

e e

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

7 7

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage. *Growth rates have not been calculated for aggregates due to unavailability of data for some countries which causes breaks in series.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

52 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

OECD North America 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

1990 TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

2260.78 147.59 e

1999

2000

2001

2002

2452.98 161.87

2636.58 163.92

2704.10 163.91

2654.13 142.53

2697.75 152.20

2003E 2705.63 152.74 e

90-02 1.5 0.3

6.5

6.6

6.2

6.1

5.4

5.6

5.6

7320.15

8206.23

9656.66

10041.42

10077.06

10322.77

10609.70

2.9

0.31

0.30

0.27

0.27

0.26

0.26

0.26

-1.4

58

-1.4

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

1995

TPES/GDP(2)

-1.2

71

69

63

62

60

60

358.93

385.85

407.16

410.30

415.04

419.31

423.52 e

6.30

6.36

6.48

6.59

6.39

6.43

6.39 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

3807.4

4270.8

4644.6

4835.5

4637.9

4809.3

4789.9

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

708.45 e

766.42

751.81

744.25

644.39

711.91

696.91 e

0.0

17.9

16.2

15.4

13.9

14.8

14.5

-1.9

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

18.6

1.3 0.2 2.0

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990 Total Capacity Hydro

..

1999

2000

2001

2002

90-02

191320 e

196280 e

194437 e

193138 e

197498 e

..

..

174139

177547 e

175922 e

175275

178568

..

0.9

..

21564

21577 e

19699 e

19096

20373

..

..

3369

3721

3596

3648

3054

3095

..

-0.7

..

..

170

192

231

272

..

..

339

333

385

382

388

388

..

1.1

Solar Photovoltaic Solar Thermal

20

20

20 e

20 e

1912

1755

2332 e

2472 e

Industrial Waste

..

..

941

638

Municipal Solid Waste

..

..

2461

2627

Solid Biomass

..

..

7065

6421

Gas from Biomass

..

..

625

888

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

..

..

1138 e

1227 e

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

..

..

Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind

2003E

159621

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

1995

..

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

..

20 e

..

0.0

4581

..

7.6

378

673

..

..

2497

2492

..

..

6404

6443

..

..

893

966

..

..

-

-

-

..

..

..

..

..

3998

20 e

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 53

OECD North America 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

..

794536

781572

778314

677083

744916

730419 e

..

609286

701418

680242

671477

576373

633703

624797 e

0.3

15919

23851

23991

26893

26587

24904

26070 e

3.8

21136

20610

21340

20522

19813

20337

19383 e

-0.3

Total Electricity Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

..

8

44

48

53

57

57 e

..

824

527

526

565

569

575 e

-1.3

26

33

239

294

319

311

308

23.0

3066

3261

4977

5927

7161

10883

11923 e

11.1

..

4268

5767

7170

6108

8106

7435 e

..

14773

16566

16727

16204

16505

15140 e

3.7

Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

10613 e -

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

59084 e ..

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

90-02

663

Solar Photovoltaics Solar Thermal

2003E

20494 e

-

-

-

-

-

46052

47523

50384

45064

48836

45665 e

-

-1.6

-

3289

4347

5239

5423

5609

5136 e

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: ..

757456

741183

736466

639021

703268

..

..

609286

701418

680242

671477

576373

633703

..

0.3

15919

23851

23991

26893

26587

24904

..

3.8

21136

20610

21340

20522

19813

20337

..

-0.3

..

8

44

48

53

57

..

..

663

824

527

526

565

569

..

-1.3

26

33

239

294

319

311

..

23.0

3066

3261

4977

5927

7161

10883

..

11.1

..

440

426

923

680

2322

..

..

13432

14024

14525

14350

14336

..

3.3

Electricity Only Plants Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaics Solar Thermal Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

9693 e -

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

13560 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

14352

15709

18310

15440

16519

..

1.7

Gas from Biomass

..

3078

3655

3914

4267

4231

..

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

..

37080

40389

41848

38062

41648

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

..

3828

5341

6247

5428

5784

..

..

920 e

1341

2542

2202

1854

2169

..

7.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

31700

31814

32074

29624

32317

..

-2.8

211

692

1325

1156

1378

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

45524 e ..

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

20494 e

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

54 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

OECD North America 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Heat

..

28539

30267

27118

16059

17344

2003E

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Industrial Waste

..

1993

950

187

782

1749

1749 e

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

7270

15709

15251

6213

6950

6950 e

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

..

19276

12419

9489

8268

8236

8236 e

..

Gas from Biomass

..

-

1189

2191

796

409

409 e

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

CHP Plants

..

28539

30267

27118

16059

17344

..

..

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Industrial Waste

..

1993

950

187

782

1749

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

7270

15709

15251

6213

6950

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solid Biomass

..

19276

12419

9489

8268

8236

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

-

1189

2191

796

409

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Heat Only Plants

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Industrial Waste

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solid Biomass

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Gas from Biomass

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

17344 e

-

90-02 ..

.. .. ..

of which:

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 55

OECD North America 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02*

774965 760896 14069

758960 741960 17000

788603 768240 20363

760527 738792 21735

528961 505117 23844

540784 515673 25111

561583 e 536472 e 25111 e

.. .. .. .. ..

2387 2387 -

2967 2967 -

66633 1898 64735

63997 1894 62103

61888 2034 59854

60079 2049 58030

60244 e 2070 e 58174 e

.. .. .. .. ..

-

128432 125190 3242

148659 57207 91452

172192 69406 102786

144568 62971 81597

158905 78842 80063

145000 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

270237 270237 -

314098 260372 53726

342979 257429 85550

290066 265079 24987

325873 305334 20539

305000 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

173829 e 173829 e -

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

.. .. .. .. ..

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

2472625 e 915072 e 1557553

3137287 1334085 e 1803202

3076336 602436 e 2473900

3105854 606982 e 2498872

2800447 603805 e 2196642

2893448 733195 e 2160253

2922831 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

-

42788 42788 -

118837 53020 65817

124223 63579 60644

137601 74324 63277

152790 73468 79322

155378 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

-

4063 49 -1106 3006

4321 -1730 2591

4498 -1923 2575

5229 -2132 3097

6160 -3315 2845

7000 e ..

.. .. .. .. ..

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage. *Growth rates have not been calculated for aggregates due to unavailability of data for some countries which causes breaks in series.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

56 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

OECD/IEA Pacific 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

640.02 26.87

758.13 28.50 e

820.30 30.77 e

840.23 30.56 e

837.37 29.82 e

851.15 32.23 e

857.11 33.08 e

2.4 1.5

4.2

3.8

3.8

3.6

3.6

3.8

3.9

-0.9

6226.60

6605.98

6823.49

6886.29

6951.06

7135.30

1.8

0.11

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.6

81

87

89

88

87

88

86

187.00

192.57

196.20

197.08

198.05

198.80

TPES/GDP(2) TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions)

90-02

5636.31

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

2003E

TPES/population(3)

199.50 e

3.42

3.94

4.18

4.26

4.23

4.28

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

1142.7

1370.5

1534.1

1592.2

1603.9

1677.0

1689.3

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

154.51

154.44 e

161.81 e

164.01 e

159.07 e

162.23 e

186.21 e

0.4

11.3

10.5

10.3

11.0

-2.8

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

13.5

9.9

4.30 e

0.6 0.5

9.7

1.9 3.2

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

52703

61244

65031 e

66236

67782 e

67946

..

2.1

Hydro

52170

59394

62007

62335

63253

63150

..

1.6

18005

24385

27395

27395

28525

28496 e

..

3.9

531

779

896

951

950

951

..

5.0

Solar Photovoltaic

2

58

238

363

492

681

..

62.6

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

3

84 e

160

299

432

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

99

99

99

99

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

491

850

1322

1501

1530

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

412

414

540

543

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

23

113

112

131

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

..

519

422

479

536 e

429

..

..

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

210240

..

-

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

-

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 57

OECD/IEA Pacific 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

166608 e

173307 e

175665 e

171029 e

174019 e

197916 e

..

140416

140192

142133

143950

138085

137598 e

161515 e

-0.2

..

12170

11428

11524

11897

11678 e

11601 e

..

3957

5345

6246

6269

6270

6253

5692 e

3.9

11

..

Total Electricity Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

90-02

Solar Photovoltaics

..

3 e

7 e

9 e

11 e

..

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

10 e

121 e

302

610

944

1357 e

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

70

136

64

107

109 e

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

2763 e

2843 e

3223 e

3831 e

3874 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

Solid Biomass

..

14038 e

Gas from Biomass

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

1616 e -

-

10 e

2003E

-

-

-

-

15064 e

15304

15254

17474 e

17647 e

..

5404

6903

6852

7513

7801

7711 e

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: 165240 e

171813 e

174031 e

169676 e

171206 e

..

..

140416

..

140192

142133

143950

138085

137598 e

..

-0.2

..

12170

11428

11524

11897

11678 e

..

..

3957

5291

6190

6228

6216

6205

..

3.8

11

..

..

Electricity Only Plants Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaics

..

3 e

7 e

9 e

10 e

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

10 e

121 e

302

610

944

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

70

136

64

107

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

1366

2381

2447

2881

3349

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

..

13032

14053

14141

14332

15505

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

5346

6858

6818

7478

7487

..

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

1368 e

1494 e

1634 e

1353 e

2813 e

..

..

-

54

56

41

54

48

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

250 e

382 e

396 e

342 e

482 e

..

..

CHP Plants Geothermal

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

Solid Biomass

..

1006 e

-

1011 e

-

-

-

-

-

1163

922

1969 e

Gas from Biomass

..

58

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

..

..

45

34

35

314

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

58 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

OECD/IEA Pacific 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

24719 e

55838 e

66772 e

75828 e

86250 e

2003E

..

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Industrial Waste

..

15546

16139

4488 e

9974 e

11901 e

87347 e

90-02

Total Heat

16150 e

.. ..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

936 e

1702 e

2906 e

3882 e

5709 e

5709 e

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

16862 e

38755 e

45732 e

50135 e

60584 e

60584 e

Solid Biomass

..

1955 e

2210 e

2075 e

-

Gas from Biomass

..

3452 e

4023

4190 e

3818

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

2433 e -

-

-

-

-

..

4904 e

.. .. ..

-

..

..

..

of which: CHP Plants

..

936 e

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Industrial Waste

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

936 e

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

..

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

..

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

..

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

Solid Biomass

..

Gas from Biomass

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

23783 e

4488 e 16862 e 2433 e -

1702 e

1702 e

54136 e

9974 e -

2906 e

63866 e

11901 e -

3882 e

3882 e

5709 e

..

..

-

-

..

-

-

-

..

-

-

-

..

-

-

-

..

..

..

-

..

-

-

..

15546

16139

..

..

-

-

-

..

..

.. ..

71946 e

5709 e

80541 e

38755 e

45732 e

50135 e

1955 e

2210 e

2075 e

-

-

3452 e

4023

4190 e

3818

..

..

-

-

..

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2906 e

-

-

60584 e

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 59

OECD/IEA Pacific 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

158634 -6000 137947 14687

216231 -6000 187994 22237

249167 -6000 219144 24023

215747 -6000 186671 23076

216335 -6000 187801 22534

215498 -6000 186645 22853

201437 -6000 172104 23333

.. .. .. .. ..

52414 52414

46445 46445

37750 37750

39550 39550

37250 37250

36841 36841

32469 32469

.. .. .. .. ..

11117 e 80 11037

17672 e 5809 e 11863

40436 e -23 13118 e 27295

44915 1 15957 28959

46028 193 18618 27603

46508 103 19821 e 26790

51296 .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

14510 e 14510 e -

24409 e 24409 e -

26973 e 26973 e -

31338 e 31338 e -

39767 e 39767 e -

44443 e .. -

.. .. .. .. ..

22078 e 22078 e -

49864 e 49864 e -

58158 e 58158 e -

63559 e 63559 e -

78704 e 78704 e -

82836 .. -

.. .. .. .. ..

389621 -10 129842 e 259769 e

405675 e 18 135796 e 269897 e

443394 e -7 143085 e 300302 e

457204 e -22 144016 313166 e

439722 24 141194 298552

530123 -13 224352 e 305758

500307 .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

37362 -491 36829 42

49336 e -34 49261 e 41

62621 e -34 62447 e 140

62320 e -28 62142 e 150

67605 -30 67395 180

70326 -30 70106 e 190

61790 .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

2 ..

.. .. .. .. ..

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

7442 7442 -

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

-

-

-

1 1

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage. *Growth rates have not been calculated for aggregates due to unavailability of data for some countries which causes breaks in series.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

60 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

OECD Europe 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

1626.33 92.43 e

1678.69 105.57 e

1753.31 115.61 e

1768.77 118.70 e

1804.79 121.15 e

1796.81 119.75 e

1828.03 122.03 e

0.8 2.2

5.7

6.3

6.6

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.7

8796.79

9501.66

10493.51

10873.31

11033.19

11161.19

11254.80

2.0

0.18

0.18

0.17

0.16

0.16

0.16

0.16

-1.1

69

-1.1

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

90-02

TPES/GDP(2)

1.3

78

75

71

69

69

68

497.68

511.53

520.04

523.12

524.70

526.95

527.24 e

3.27

3.28

3.37

3.38

3.44

3.41

3.47 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

2629.4

2842.8

3091.1

3194.1

3253.6

3270.9

3342.4

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

458.45 e

529.59 e

569.55 e

608.05 e

613.12

586.60

571.91 e

2.1

17.4

18.6

18.4

19.0

18.8

17.9

17.1

0.2

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

0.5 0.4 1.8

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

163292

181186 e

194950 e

202445 e

210181

217599

..

2.4

Hydro

157337

171419

175698 e

178632 e

181914

182954

..

1.3

25906

35278

37713 e

37805 e

37920

35153

..

2.6

563

549

789

794

774

900

..

4.0

12

62

146

205

310

397

..

33.9

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

240

240

240

241

241

241

..

0.0

Wind

478

2457

9102

12785

17398

23075

..

38.1

-

1

22

162

163

155

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste

1017

1671

2355 e

2690 e

2557

2695

..

8.5

Solid Biomass

Solar Thermal

Industrial Waste

2928

3479 e

4512 e

4688 e

5301

5559

..

5.5

Gas from Biomass

383

466

934

1222

1518

1623

..

12.8

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

334

842

1152

1026

5

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

4058

7568

10467 e

11759 e

13521

14284

..

11.1

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 61

OECD Europe 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

560226 e

609214 e

650403

656500

633572

617109 e

..

463266

519973

543090

571191

569083

529545

500055 e

1.1

20099

22610

28622 e

30116 e

30291

33779

31307 e

4.4

3606

3854

5700

6184

6153

6299

6925

4.8

13

45

85 e

125 e

199 e

293 e

438 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

571

568

580

573

543

536

539

-0.5

Wind

14250

22315

26862

35791

43536 e

37.6

7147

8150

8046

8514 e

..

..

Total Electricity Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaics Solar Thermal

2003E

90-02

29.6

778

4078

Industrial Waste

..

5022

6432 e

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

5510

9598

10501

11697

12396

12238 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

3000

4606

5090

4935

5148

5378 e

..

5770 e

15586

19818 e

20632 e

21134 e

26013 e

28949 e

13.4

5055

6645

7744

9505

10537 e

..

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

2590 e -

-

of which: 540565 e

580904 e

620463

626829

600234

..

..

463266

..

519973

543090

571191

569083

529545

..

1.1

20099

22610

28622 e

30116 e

30291

33779

..

4.4

3606

3747

5066

5335

5223

5329

..

3.3

13

45

..

29.6

Electricity Only Plants Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaics

85 e

125 e

199 e

293 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

571

568

580

573

543

536

..

-0.5

Wind

14250

Solar Thermal

778

4078

22315

26862

35791

..

37.6

Industrial Waste

..

4474

3985 e

4910

6743

6666

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

2585

4909

5413

5729

6050

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

1760

2291

2669

2780

2873

..

..

846 e

1938

2997 e

2710 e

3423 e

5318 e

..

16.6

Gas from Biomass

..

1397

3651

5222

6244

7833

..

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solid Biomass

CHP Plants Geothermal

..

19661 e

28310 e

29940

29671

33338

..

-

107

634

849

930

970

..

-

Industrial Waste

..

548

2447 e

2237

1407

1380

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

2925

4689

5088

5968

6346

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

1240

2315

2421

2155

2275

..

..

13648

16821 e

17922

17711

20695

..

12.7

1404

1423

1500

1672

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

4924 e

Gas from Biomass

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

1193 e -

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

62 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

OECD Europe 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1995

1999

Total Heat

1990 ..

208785 e

279307 e

Geothermal

..

7500

8272

Solar Thermal

..

6

23

Industrial Waste

..

3384

2000

2001

2002

291955 e

302538 e

7805

7842

10507

24

27

37

6861 e

10730

11783

11765

12131 e

..

272798

2003E 325199 e 10582 e 37

90-02 .. .. ..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

75945 e

82705 e

83230

85095 e

85262 e

90984 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

20939 e

28613

26220

26799 e

27663 e

27963 e

..

Solid Biomass

..

81213

129226

120763

134860

143886

160799 e

..

Gas from Biomass

..

5200

5255

5585

3863

4297 e

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

15983

18407

18771

19964

19555

18406 e

..

CHP Plants

..

124952 e

179869 e

182410 e

196467 e

Geothermal

..

7103

7556

6967

6829

9395

..

..

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Industrial Waste

..

2363

5678

6148

6286

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

54131 e

62184

63061

66646 e

67222 e

..

.. ..

3815 e

of which:

5728 e

173344

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

18397 e

26565

24076

24116 e

25085 e

..

Solid Biomass

..

37194

70460

65918

71368

81788

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

3284 e

4341

4322

4551

3148

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

2480

3035

3322

2752

3543

..

..

Heat Only Plants

..

83833 e

99438 e

99454

109544

106070

..

..

Geothermal

..

397

716

838

1013

1112

..

..

Solar Thermal

..

6

23

24

27

37

..

..

Industrial Waste

..

1021

1133 e

5052

5635

5479

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

21814

20521 e

20169

18449

18040

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

2542

2048

2144

2683

2578

..

..

Solid Biomass

..

44019

58766

54845

63492

62098

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

859

933

1034

715

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

15372

15449

17211

16011

..

..

531 e 13503

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 63

OECD Europe 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02*

197567 e -1726 137866 57975

222302 -2863 154134 65305

288177 -3135 210386 74656

254555 -3387 174744 76424

268970 -1834 185665 81471

282144 -1695 197654 82795

339073 e -1700 253348 e 84025 e

.. .. .. .. ..

7258 6 7252

17060 6 17054

25369 e 23 25346 e

28079 e -1 24 28054 e

31077 27 31050

34587 1 38 34550

36829 e 37 36792 e

.. .. .. .. ..

76818 e -5222 32586 e 39010 e

106268 e -2690 54246 e 49332 e

115399 e -247 76660 e 38492 e

124370 e -258 87124 e 36988 e

140374 e -7 -490 99333 e 40544 e

137843 e 23 -724 100984 e 36158 e

148037 e 10 .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

181082 e -2937 169496 e 8649 e

234235 e -9754 214876 e 9605 e

241266 e -2 224224 e 17040 e

257887 e 235816 e 22071 e

261255 e -1 234628 e 26626 e

286812 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

53183 e -2 52265 e 916

75554 e -9 74873 e 672

83115 e -4 81331 e 1780

87165 e -2 84094 e 3069

88081 e -1 85195 e 2885

89491 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

e e

2114887 e 14814 -839 224031 e 1904831 e

2269227 e 20152 532 291921 e 1997990 e

2264363 e 26528 -772 296161 e 1993958 e

2292887 e 30060 -146 315203 e 2007598

2300319 e 35046 -34 351716 e 1983615

2357712 e 40009 -10 .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

31155 e 16697 e 14458

55041 e -26 37344 e 17671

83917 e -68 62889 e 20960 e

102943 e -69 80161 e 22713

126239 e -41 93123 e 33075

150424 e -51 111447 e 38926

164052 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

249 249

516 6 2 524

1509 e -138 ..

.. .. .. .. ..

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

139651 e -68 137971 e 1612

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

40295 e -2 39528 e 765

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

1879808 5293 8634 131990 1761745

e e

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

7 7

806 9 815

977 -8 -36 933

1322 -89 -3 1230

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage. *Growth rates have not been calculated for aggregates due to unavailability of data for some countries which causes breaks in series.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

64 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

IEA Total 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

4279.63 249.81 e

4637.14 274.88 e

4946.68 288.17 e

5052.27 290.62 e

5032.38 270.81 e

5077.27 281.90 e

5110.75 285.55 e

5.8

5.9

5.8

5.8

5.4

5.6

5.6

23489.74

26211.91

27163.61

27419.76

27851.49

28403.60

2.2

0.20

0.20

0.19

0.19

0.18

0.18

0.18

-0.8

65

-0.8

TPES/GDP(2)

73

72

69

68

67

66

918.69

955.56

981.48

988.79

994.36

1000.74

1005.03 e

4.66

4.85

5.04

5.11

5.06

5.07

5.09 e

7294.5

8163.5

8902.8

9236.4

9102.1

9358.8

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3) Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

1.4 1.0

21341.19

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

90-02

9410.2

1284.96 e 1405.44 e 1430.21 e 1462.16 e 1366.07 e 1413.28 e 1414.24 e 17.6

17.2

16.1

15.8

15.0

15.1

15.0

-0.4

0.7 0.7 2.1

0.8 -1.3

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

379636

418415 e

439776 e

446457 e

454221 e

466121 e

..

1.7

Hydro

358515

390432

400005 e

401588 e

404961

409170

..

1.1

42892

79126

84584 e

82798 e

83259

81737 e

..

5.5

3717

4245

4359

4366

3738

3901

..

0.4

..

..

541

746

1018

1334

..

..

339

333

385

382

388

388

..

1.1

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaic Solar Thermal

260

260

260 e

261 e

2390

4213

11512 e

15410 e

Industrial Waste

..

..

1060

896

Municipal Solid Waste

..

..

5666 e

6639 e

Solid Biomass

..

..

11709 e

11231 e

Gas from Biomass

..

..

1567

2206

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

..

..

2712 e

2732 e

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

..

..

Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind

..

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

..

261 e

..

0.0

28053

..

22.8

636

920

..

..

6555

6717

..

..

11953

12252

..

..

2502

2696

..

..

429

..

..

..

..

..

21673

536 e ..

261 e

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 65

IEA Total 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990 ..

Total Electricity Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

1995

1999

1179458

1320296

40749

56321

61612 e

23275

23850

26527

17

2000

2001

2002

2003E

1473756 e 1508390 e 1547537 e 1451687 e 1502731 e 1502330 e 1338038

..

1239124

1259529 e

1252453 e

0.5

66163 e

66690

68519 e

67164 e

4.4

25751

25218

26058

24654 e

0.9

108 e

153 e

231 e

329 e

474 e

28.0

Solar Thermal

663

824

527

526

565

569

575 e

-1.3

Tide, Wave, Ocean

597

601

819

867

862

847

847

3.0

3844

7342 e

19333 e

28526

34601

47541

56678 e

23.3

Solar Photovoltaics

Wind

56 e

1317578

90-02

Industrial Waste

..

8996

11958 e

14122

13994

15789

15551 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

21899 e

28927 e

30071 e

31124 e

32732 e

31252 e

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

77107 e ..

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

20494 e

3000

4606

5090

4935

5148

5378 e

..

75622 e

81736 e

85697 e

80405 e

91336 e

91176 e

1.4

11270 e

16271

18696

20628

22853

23292 e

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: 1416102 e 1439311 e 1475485 e 1384414 e 1426901 e

1179458

..

1320296

40749

56321

61612 e

23275

23796

26471

Electricity Only Plants Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

17

Solar Photovoltaics

56 e

1317578

..

..

1239124

1259529 e

..

0.5

66163 e

66690

68519 e

..

4.4

25710

25164

26010

..

0.9

1338038

108 e

153 e

231 e

329 e

..

28.0 -1.3

Solar Thermal

663

824

527

526

565

569

..

Tide, Wave, Ocean

597

601

819

867

862

847

..

3.0

3844

7342 e

19333 e

28526

34601

47541

..

23.3 ..

Wind Industrial Waste

..

4914

5969

7487

9095

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

17383

21314

22385

22960

23735

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

1760

2291

2669

2780

2873

..

..

32259 e

34728 e

32703 e

36884 e

..

3.0

Gas from Biomass

..

9808

14130

15914

17937

19489

..

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

..

Solid Biomass

25784 e

29322

4481 e

CHP Plants Geothermal

.. -

54

Industrial Waste

..

4082

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

Solid Biomass

51323 e ..

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

20494 e

57654 e

69079 e

72052 e

67273 e

75830 e

41

54

48

..

-

7477 e

8153

6507

6694

..

..

4516 e

7613 e

7686 e

8164 e

8997 e

..

..

1240

2315

2421

2155

2275

..

..

46300 e

49477 e

50969

47702

54452 e

..

0.5

1462 e

2141

2782

2691

3364

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

56

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

66 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

IEA Total 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

252507 e

354869 e

356647 e

371735 e

390990 e

2003E

..

Geothermal

..

79

398

436

449

474

507

..

Solar Thermal

..

6

23

24

27

37

37

..

Industrial Waste

..

27064

28027

8539 e

17048 e

22030 e

414392 e

90-02

Total Heat

28289 e

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

84115 e

100080 e

101342 e

95145 e

97865 e

103587 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

37801 e

67368 e

71952 e

76568 e

88093 e

88378 e

..

Solid Biomass

..

99742

141743 e

130660 e

143030 e

149746

166563 e

..

Gas from Biomass

..

11432

10547 e

8082

9601 e

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

15983

18407

18771

18905

18666

CHP Plants

..

145696 e

202407 e

194300 e

193115 e

207516 e

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

..

3162

6215 e

5111

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

62337 e

79595 e

6242 e

9802 e

17430

..

..

..

-

-

..

-

-

..

5952

6835

..

..

81218 e

76741 e

79881 e

..

.. ..

of which:

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

18397 e

26565

24076

24116 e

25085 e

..

Solid Biomass

..

56036

81467

74060

78207

88615

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

3284 e

5530

6513

5347

3557

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

2480

3035

3322

2752

3543

..

..

Heat Only Plants

..

106811 e

152462 e

162347 e

178620 e

183474 e

..

..

Geothermal

..

79

398

436

449

474

..

..

Solar Thermal

..

6

23

24

27

37

..

..

Industrial Waste

..

10833 e

16919 e

21112

21192

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

21778

20485 e

20124

18404

17984

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

19404 e

40803 e

47876 e

52452 e

63008 e

..

..

Solid Biomass

..

43706

60276 e

56600 e

64823 e

61131

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

4272 e

4919

5200 e

4525

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

15123

..

..

5377 e

2958 e 13503

15372

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

15449

16153

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 67

IEA Total 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02*

903209 e -6000 833481 63728

944769 -6000 854355 84414

1053607 -6000 950055 97552

944669 -6000 840499 98170

734468 -6000 624816 103652

765548 -6000 652226 107322

809422 e -6000 694434 e 108988 e

.. .. .. .. ..

62059 2393 59666

66472 2973 63499

128330 e 1921 126409 e

129825 e -1 1918 127906 e

128059 2061 125998

129107 1 2087 127021

126998 e 2107 e 124891 e

.. .. .. .. ..

217263 e 181367 e 35896 e

287222 e -23 143895 e 143304 e

322711 e 1 169208 e 153504 e

309928 e 193 177316 e 132805 e

320563 e 103 193875 e 126791 e

322024 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

465784 e -2937 454198 e 8649 e

572697 e -9754 499612 e 63331 e

611162 e -2 508570 e 102590 e

579235 e 532177 e 47058 e

626825 e -1 579659 e 47165 e

636185 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

75261 e -2 74343 e 916

125406 e -9 124737 e 660

141209 e -4 139489 e 1716

149674 e -1 147064 e 2609

166612 e -1 163726 e 2885

172119 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

e e

5169829 e 14814 -822 1689497 e 3494324 e

5300661 e 20152 782 995005 e 4326590 e

5338362 e 26528 -150 1006004 e 4358736 e

5020772 e 30091 -100 1018545 e 4032218

5210708 e 35050 -143 1267914 e 3977701

5261429 e 40014 .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

68124 e -491 53512 e 14121

146614 e -59 129268 e 17287

264097 e -80 177783 e 86234 e

288018 e -70 205182 e 82766

329496 e -59 234015 e 95422

371836 e -62 254165 e 117609

379135 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

4312 49 -1106 3255

4837 6 -1728 3115

5304 9 -1923 3390

6168 -15 -2132 4021

7480 -89 -3315 4076

8477 e -137 ..

.. .. .. .. ..

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

55624 e 27401 e 28223 e

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

320922 e -68 319242 e 1612

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

40295 e -2 39528 e 765

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

4366911 5293 8630 1162333 3218501

e e

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

7 7

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage. *Growth rates have not been calculated for aggregates due to unavailability of data for some countries which causes breaks in series.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

68 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

IEA North America 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

1990 TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

2136.73 133.83 e

1999

2000

2001

2002

2320.26 146.80

2486.71 148.18

2553.53 147.95

2502.07 127.09

2540.44 137.24

2003E 2539.53 137.64 e

90-02 1.5 0.2

6.3

6.3

6.0

5.8

5.1

5.4

5.4

7054.89

7920.07

9306.98

9668.81

9705.10

9947.44

10228.60

2.9

0.30

0.29

0.27

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.25

-1.4

57

-1.4

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

1995

TPES/GDP(2)

-1.2

69

67

61

60

59

58

277.68

295.68

309.57

312.92

315.93

318.87

321.73 e

7.69

7.85

8.03

8.16

7.92

7.97

7.89 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

3684.8

4118.2

4452.3

4631.2

4428.3

4594.1

4568.5

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

679.85 e

733.21

712.86

704.73

609.77

681.04

670.50 e

0.0

17.8

16.0

15.2

13.8

14.8

14.7

-1.8

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

18.5

1.2 0.3 1.9

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

166420

181227 e

185593 e

183631 e

182346 e

186701 e

..

1.0

Hydro

151741

164810

167914 e

166288 e

165639

168933

..

0.9

186

21564

21577 e

19699 e

19096

20373

..

47.9

2669

2968

2846

2793

2216

2252

..

-1.4

..

..

157

178

216

256

..

..

339

333

385

382

388

388

..

1.1

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaic Solar Thermal

20

20

20 e

20 e

1912

1753

2329 e

2469 e

Industrial Waste

..

..

941

638

Municipal Solid Waste

..

..

2461

2627

Solid Biomass

..

..

6785

6129

Gas from Biomass

..

..

617

880

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

..

..

1138 e

1227 e

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

..

..

Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind

..

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

..

20 e

..

-

4578

..

7.5

378

673

..

..

2497

2492

..

..

6112

6151

..

..

885

958

..

..

-

-

-

..

..

..

..

..

3995

20 e

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 69

IEA North America 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

..

761333

742617

738796

642464

714049

704002 e

..

585808

673890

647460

638344

547871

608752

604931 e

0.3

15919

23851

23991

26893

26587

24904

26070 e

3.8

16012

14941

15717

14621

14246

14939

13443 e

-0.6 19.3

Total Electricity Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

3

8

16

19

22

25

25 e

824

527

526

565

569

575 e

-1.3

26

33

239

294

319

311

308

23.0 11.1

Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind

3066

3255

4966

5914

7143

10867

11909 e

..

4268

5767

7170

6108

8106

7435 e

..

14773

16566

16727

16204

16505

15140 e

3.7

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

10613 e -

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

59084 e ..

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

90-02

663

Solar Photovoltaics Solar Thermal

2003E

20494 e

-

-

-

-

-

46052

47023

49951

44572

48378

45134 e

-

-1.7

-

3289

4336

5230

5414

5597

5102 e

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: ..

724253

702228

696948

604402

672401

..

..

585808

673890

647460

638344

547871

608752

..

0.3

15919

23851

23991

26893

26587

24904

..

3.8

16012

14941

15717

14621

14246

14939

..

-0.6

3

8

16

19

22

25

..

19.3

663

824

527

526

565

569

..

-1.3

26

33

239

294

319

311

..

23.0

3066

3255

4966

5914

7143

10867

..

11.1

..

440

426

923

680

2322

..

..

13432

14024

14525

14350

14336

..

3.3

Electricity Only Plants Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaics Solar Thermal Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

9693 e -

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

13560 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

14352

15209

17877

14948

16061

..

1.4

Gas from Biomass

..

3078

3644

3905

4258

4219

..

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

..

37080

40389

41848

38062

41648

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

..

3828

5341

6247

5428

5784

..

..

920 e

1341

2542

2202

1854

2169

..

7.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

31700

31814

32074

29624

32317

..

-2.8

211

692

1325

1156

1378

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

45524 e ..

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

20494 e

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

70 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

IEA North America 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Heat

..

28539

30267

27118

16059

17344

2003E

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Industrial Waste

..

1993

950

187

782

1749

1749 e

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

7270

15709

15251

6213

6950

6950 e

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

..

19276

12419

9489

8268

8236

8236 e

..

Gas from Biomass

..

-

1189

2191

796

409

409 e

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

CHP Plants

..

28539

30267

27118

16059

17344

..

..

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Industrial Waste

..

1993

950

187

782

1749

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

7270

15709

15251

6213

6950

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solid Biomass

..

19276

12419

9489

8268

8236

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

-

1189

2191

796

409

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Heat Only Plants

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Industrial Waste

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solid Biomass

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Gas from Biomass

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

17344 e

-

90-02 ..

.. .. ..

of which:

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 71

IEA North America 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02*

590501 576432 14069

554876 537876 17000

586175 565812 20363

548091 526356 21735

328549 304705 23844

346456 321345 25111

347743 e 322632 e 25111 e

.. .. .. .. ..

2387 2387 -

2967 2967 -

65211 1898 63313

62196 1894 60302

59732 2034 57698

57679 2049 55630

57700 e 2070 e 55630 e

.. .. .. .. ..

-

128432 125190 3242

148659 57207 91452

172192 69406 102786

144568 62971 81597

158905 78842 80063

145000 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

270237 270237 -

314098 260372 53726

342979 257429 85550

290066 265079 24987

325873 305334 20539

305000 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

173829 e 173829 e -

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

.. .. .. .. ..

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

2165090 e 915072 e 1250018

2809406 1334085 e 1475321

2739560 566270 e 2173290

2771449 573085 e 2198364

2459754 568374 e 1891380

2554068 698416 e 1855652

2579210 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

-

42788 42788 -

118613 52796 65817

123966 63322 60644

137350 74073 63277

152489 73167 79322

155000 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

-

4063 49 -1106 3006

4321 -1730 2591

4498 -1923 2575

5229 -2132 3097

6160 -3315 2845

7000 e ..

.. .. .. .. ..

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage. *Growth rates have not been calculated for aggregates due to unavailability of data for some countries which causes breaks in series.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

72 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

IEA Europe 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

1502.89 89.12 e

1558.75 99.58 e

1639.67 109.22 e

1658.51 112.11 e

1692.94 113.90 e

1685.68 112.43 e

1714.11 114.83 e

1.0 2.0

5.9

6.4

6.7

6.8

6.7

6.7

6.7

8649.98

9343.08

10298.94

10671.31

10828.38

10952.99

11039.70

2.0

0.17

0.17

0.16

0.16

0.16

0.15

0.16

-1.0

70

-1.0

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

90-02

TPES/GDP(2)

1.0

78

75

71

70

70

69

454.01

467.31

475.71

478.79

480.37

483.07

483.80 e

3.31

3.34

3.45

3.46

3.52

3.49

3.54 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

2467.0

2674.8

2916.4

3013.0

3070.0

3087.8

3152.4

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

450.60 e

517.79 e

555.55 e

593.42 e

597.23

570.00

557.53 e

2.0

18.3

19.4

19.0

19.7

19.5

18.5

17.7

0.1

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

0.5 0.4 1.9

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

160513

175944 e

189152 e

196590 e

204093

211474

..

2.3

Hydro

154604

166228

170084 e

172965 e

176069

177087

..

1.1

24701

33177

35612 e

35704 e

35638

32868

..

2.4

517

498

617

622

572

698

..

2.5

12

62

146

205

310

397

..

33.9

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

240

240

240

241

241

241

..

0.0

Wind

478

2457

9099

12781

17379

23043

..

38.1

-

1

20

159

159

148

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste

1017

1671

2355 e

2690 e

2557

2695

..

8.5

Solid Biomass

Solar Thermal

Industrial Waste

2928

3479 e

4512 e

4688 e

5301

5558

..

5.5

Gas from Biomass

383

466

927

1213

1505

1607

..

12.7

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

334

842

1152

1026

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

4058

7568

10467 e

11759 e

13521

14284

..

11.1

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 73

IEA Europe 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

545815 e

592466 e

633076

638194

614663

600412 e

..

453234

506214

527985

555744

553168

513179

486007 e

1.0

17568

20300

26193 e

27746 e

28206

31937

29493 e

5.1

3306

3564

4564

4861

4702

4866

5519

3.3

13

45

85 e

125 e

199 e

293 e

438 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

571

568

580

573

543

536

539

-0.5

Wind

14246

22310

26848

35730

43412 e

37.6

6816

7822

7576

8007 e

..

..

Total Electricity Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaics Solar Thermal

2003E

90-02

29.6

778

4077

Industrial Waste

..

4728

6121 e

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

5510

9598

10501

11697

12396

12238 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

3000

4606

5090

4935

5148

5378 e

..

5715 e

15532

19649 e

20442 e

20579 e

25484 e

28395 e

13.3

5032

6614

7701

9455

10479 e

..

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

2577 e -

-

of which: 526609 e

565270 e

604506

610336

583294

..

..

453234

..

506214

527985

555744

553168

513179

..

1.0

17568

20300

26193 e

27746 e

28206

31937

..

5.1

3306

3564

4564

4861

4702

4866

..

3.3

13

45

..

29.6

Electricity Only Plants Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaics

85 e

125 e

199 e

293 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

571

568

580

573

543

536

..

-0.5

Wind

14246

Solar Thermal

778

4077

22310

26848

35730

..

37.6

Industrial Waste

..

4474

3985 e

4910

6743

6666

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

2585

4909

5413

5729

6050

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

1760

2291

2669

2780

2873

..

..

846 e

1938

2997 e

2710 e

3423 e

5318 e

..

16.6

Gas from Biomass

..

1384

3628

5191

6201

7783

..

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

28570

27858

31369

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

2136 e

1906

1079

910

..

.. ..

Solid Biomass

CHP Plants Geothermal

.. -

-

Industrial Waste

..

254

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

2925

4689

5088

5968

6346

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

1240

2315

2421

2155

2275

..

..

13594

16652 e

17732

17156

20166

..

12.6

1404

1423

1500

1672

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

4869 e

Gas from Biomass

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

19206 e

1193 e -

27196 e -

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

74 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

IEA Europe 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

199249 e

268764 e

2000 262757

2001

2002

279848 e

287396 e

2003E 309701 e

90-02

Total Heat

..

Geothermal

..

79

398

436

449

474

507

.. ..

Solar Thermal

..

6

23

24

27

37

37

..

Industrial Waste

..

2058

6124 e

9942

10736

10139

10390 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

75909 e

82669 e

83185

85050 e

85206 e

90928 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

20939 e

28613

26220

26433 e

27509 e

27794 e

..

Solid Biomass

..

80466

127369

118961

132687

141510

Gas from Biomass

..

5161

5218

5561

3855

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

15983

18407

18771

18905

18666

CHP Plants

..

116221 e

170438 e

173174 e

184463 e

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

..

1169

4924

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

54131 e

62184

3809 e

158327 4288 e

.. ..

17430

..

..

..

-

-

..

-

-

..

5170

5086

..

..

63061

66646 e

67222 e

..

.. ..

of which:

5265 e

164276

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

18397 e

26565

24076

24116 e

25085 e

..

Solid Biomass

..

36760

69048

64571

69939

80379

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

3284 e

4341

4322

4551

3148

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

2480

3035

3322

2752

3543

..

..

Heat Only Plants

..

83028 e

98326 e

98481

106674

102933

..

..

Geothermal

..

79

398

436

449

474

..

..

Solar Thermal

..

6

23

24

27

37

..

..

Industrial Waste

..

889

859 e

5018

5566

5053

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

21778

20485 e

20124

18404

17984

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

2542

2048

2144

2317

2424

..

..

Solid Biomass

..

43706

58321

54390

62748

61131

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

820

896

1010

707

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

15372

15449

16153

15123

..

..

525 e 13503

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 75

IEA Europe 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02*

154074 e 119102 34972

173662 128485 45177

218265 165099 53166

180831 127472 53359

189584 132310 57274

203594 144236 59358

260242 e 199698 60544 e

.. .. .. .. ..

7258 6 7252

17060 6 17054

25369 e 23 25346 e

28079 e -1 24 28054 e

31077 27 31050

34587 1 38 34550

36829 e 37 36792 e

.. .. .. .. ..

71159 e 50368 e 20791 e

98127 e 73570 e 24557 e

105604 e 83845 e 21759 e

119332 e 95727 e 23605 e

115150 e 95212 e 19938 e

125728 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

181037 e -2937 169451 e 8649 e

234190 e -9754 214831 e 9605 e

241210 e -2 224168 e 17040 e

257831 e 235760 e 22071 e

261185 e -1 234558 e 26626 e

286742 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

53183 e -2 52265 e 916

75542 e -9 74873 e 660

83051 e -4 81331 e 1716

86115 e -1 83505 e 2609

87908 e -1 85022 e 2885

89283 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

e e

1954748 e 14814 -840 219616 e 1749106 e

2117707 e 20152 789 285650 e 1852998 e

2109709 e 26528 -128 288903 e 1847206 e

2121296 e 30091 -124 308977 e 1842286

2126517 e 35050 -130 345146 e 1816291

2181912 e 40014 .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

30762 e 16683 e 14079

54490 e -25 37219 e 17246

82863 e -46 62540 e 20277 e

101732 e -42 79718 e 21972

124541 e -29 92547 e 31965

149021 e -32 110892 e 38097

162345 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

249 249

516 6 2 524

1475 e -137 ..

.. .. .. .. ..

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

44507 e 27321 e 17186 e

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

139651 e -68 137971 e 1612

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

40295 e -2 39528 e 765

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

1812200 5293 8640 117419 1708714

e e

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

7 7

806 9 815

939 -15 924

1319 -89 1230

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage. *Growth rates have not been calculated for aggregates due to unavailability of data for some countries which causes breaks in series.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

76 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

European Union - 15 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

1327.35 64.11 e

1381.07 71.99 e

1451.59 80.93 e

1463.36 83.37 e

1499.90 86.99 e

1489.43 84.35 e

1513.11 89.10 e

1.0 2.3

4.8

5.2

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.7

5.9

7969.51

8621.82

9504.74

9843.20

10005.60

10109.86

10182.30

2.0

0.17

0.16

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

-1.0

68

-1.0

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

90-02

TPES/GDP(2)

1.3

76

73

70

68

69

67

366.12

373.61

377.77

379.18

379.61

381.21

381.37 e

3.63

3.70

3.84

3.86

3.95

3.91

3.97 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

2142.3

2309.6

2507.2

2574.4

2646.9

2651.1

2723.1

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

274.17 e

321.85 e

355.33 e

382.74 e

409.26

367.08

377.94 e

2.5

12.8

13.9

14.2

14.9

15.5

13.8

13.9

0.7

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

0.3 0.6 1.8

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

114885

124265 e

135632 e

141302 e

146723

153480

..

2.4

Hydro

109238

114976

117163 e

118290 e

119212

119619

..

0.8

22179

30558

32179 e

31574 e

31508

28738

..

2.2

499

480

599

604

554

680

..

2.6

10

50

127

184

286

371

..

35.1

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

240

240

240

241

241

241

..

0.0

Wind

478

2454

9072

12745

17340

22999

..

38.1

-

-

-

139

139

128

..

-

845

1429

2071 e

2404 e

2271

2409

..

9.1

Solar Thermal

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste

2928

3474 e

4405 e

4576 e

5189

5446

..

5.3

Gas from Biomass

380

457

914

1199

1491

1587

..

12.7

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

267

705

1041

920

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

3455

6568

12170

12958

..

11.6

Solid Biomass

9214 e

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

10456 e

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 77

European Union - 15 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

347393 e

389378 e

418994

446949

408256

416678 e

..

276099

309983

328002

344760

364969

309805

305809 e

1.0

16144

18287

24207 e

25324 e

25864

29396

26436 e

5.1

3226

3478

4483

4785

4612

4761

5430

3.3

12

40

76 e

114 e

187 e

279 e

421 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

571

568

580

573

543

536

539

-0.5

Wind

14197

..

Total Electricity Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaics Solar Thermal

2003E

90-02

30.0

778

4067

22243

26754

35635

43118 e

37.5

Industrial Waste

..

4712

5917 e

6561

7562

7308

7751 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

4914

8750

9614

10803

11539

11207 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

2547

3922

4368

4265

4469

4551 e

..

5525 e

14734

18729 e

19672 e

19875 e

24780 e

27728 e

13.3

4722

6304

7379

9144

10124 e

..

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

2350 e -

-

of which: 329974 e

364689 e

392926

421445

379190

..

..

276099

..

309983

328002

344760

364969

309805

..

1.0

16144

18287

24207 e

25324 e

25864

29396

..

5.1

3226

3478

4483

4785

4612

4761

..

3.3

12

40

..

30.0

Electricity Only Plants Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaics

76 e

114 e

187 e

279 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

571

568

580

573

543

536

..

-0.5

Wind

14197

Solar Thermal

778

4067

22243

26754

35635

..

37.5

Industrial Waste

..

4474

3931 e

4859

6677

6589

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

2585

4909

5413

5671

5994

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

1760

2291

2669

2780

2873

..

..

662 e

1646

2626 e

2346 e

3082 e

4967 e

..

18.3

Gas from Biomass

..

1373

3594

5164

6170

7751

..

..

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

26068

25504

29066

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

1986 e

1702

885

719

..

.. ..

Solid Biomass

CHP Plants Geothermal

.. -

-

Industrial Waste

..

238

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

2329

3841

4201

5132

5545

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

787

1631

1699

1485

1596

..

..

16103 e

17326

16793

19813

..

12.4

1128

1140

1209

1393

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

4863 e

17419 e

13088

Gas from Biomass

..

977 e

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

24689 e -

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

78 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

European Union - 15 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

179887 e

238967 e

2000 236750

2001

2002

252127 e

258974 e

2003E 280732 e

90-02

Total Heat

..

Geothermal

..

79

398

436

449

474

507

.. ..

Solar Thermal

..

6

23

24

27

37

37

..

Industrial Waste

..

980

1962 e

7002

7584

7129

7344 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

65814 e

71652 e

72666

74060 e

73909 e

79301 e

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

15430

20271

18732

18433 e

19213 e

19439 e

..

Solid Biomass

..

79160

122759

115510

128755

137344

Gas from Biomass

..

3671

3788

4087

2423

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

15914

18231

18592

18732

18445

CHP Plants

..

100218 e

143977

141801

149511 e

160122 e

Geothermal

..

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

..

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

..

966

1562

2632

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

46074 e

53335

2504 e

154090 2841 e

.. ..

17173

..

..

..

-

-

..

-

-

..

2755

2702

..

..

54644

57865 e

57991 e

..

.. ..

of which:

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

12888

18223

16588

16116 e

16789 e

..

Solid Biomass

..

35821

64916

61637

66865

77304

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

1989 e

2906

2978

3158

1793

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

2480

3035

3322

2752

3543

..

..

Heat Only Plants

..

79669 e

94991 e

94949

102616

98852

..

..

Geothermal

..

79

398

436

449

474

..

..

Solar Thermal

..

6

23

24

27

37

..

..

Industrial Waste

..

14

400 e

4370

4829

4427

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

19740

18317 e

18022

16195

15918

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

2542

2048

2144

2317

2424

..

..

Solid Biomass

..

43339

57843

53873

61890

60040

..

..

Gas from Biomass

..

765

810

929

630

..

..

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

15197

15270

15980

14902

..

..

515 e 13434

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 79

European Union - 15 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

129784 e 116222 13562

145427 125389 20038

182034 162183 19851

144800 124736 20064

149478 129070 20408

161065 140456 20609

217442 e 196494 20948 e

.. .. .. .. ..

5770 6 5764

10428 6 10422

14569 e 23 14546 e

16132 e -1 24 16107 e

17965 27 17938

20291 1 38 20254

22317 e 37 22280 e

.. .. .. .. ..

61397 e 49056 e 12341 e

80730 e 66228 e 14502 e

87611 e 77625 e 9986 e

100652 e 89294 e 11358 e

96660 e 88815 e 7845 e

106186 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

160956 e -2937 149370 e 8649 e

211128 e -9754 192508 e 8866 e

217698 e -2 200854 e 16842 e

232781 e 210818 e 21963 e

236311 e -1 210424 e 25886 e

263039 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

32050 e -2 31283 e 765

40076 e -2 39158 e 916

57585 e 56929 e 656

63447 e -2 62731 e 714

64854 e -1 64037 e 816

66693 e -1 65697 e 995

68093 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

1437447 e 5895 9301 115711 e 1336932 e

1558531 e 14434 704 201471 e 1372198 e

1723528 e 19628 270343 e 1472813 e

1736533 e 26321 -128 274796 e 1487930 e

1750454 e 29519 -124 294185 e 1485664

1764117 e 34182 -130 330897 e 1467272

1834679 e 37847 .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

50229 e -25 33609 e 16595

77380 e -46 58217 e 19117 e

96300 e -42 75432 e 20826

119039 e -29 88111 e 30899

143495 e -32 106549 e 36914

156761 e .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

237 237

485 6 491

739 6 745

1355 e -97 ..

.. .. .. .. ..

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

37797 e 27321 e 10476 e

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

125903 e -68 124223 e 1612

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

29095 15016 14079

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

7 7

868 -15 853

1215 -58 1157

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

80 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Australia 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

87.54 5.07

94.38 5.53 e

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

107.50 6.32 e

109.78 6.40 e

108.35 6.48

112.71 8.34

115.82 8.53

2.1 4.2

2.1

5.8

5.9

5.9

5.8

6.0

7.4

7.4

317.76

372.73

442.55

450.31

468.04

480.85

492.40

3.5

0.28

0.25

0.24

0.24

0.23

0.23

0.24

-1.3

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

1999

TPES/GDP(2)

94

87

83

83

79

80

80

-1.3

17.18

18.20

19.05

19.27

19.51

19.75

19.94 e

1.2

5.10

5.19

5.64

5.70

5.55

5.71

5.81 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

154.3

173.0

203.0

207.4

216.8

222.0

228.6

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

14.75

16.59 e

17.76 e

17.90

17.99

18.65

18.95

2.0

9.6

8.7

8.6

8.3

8.4

8.3

-1.1

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

9.6

0.9 3.1

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

Total Capacity

7381

7982

Hydro

7381

7586

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

7976 e

8153

8378

8353

..

1.0

7609

7669

7693

7626

..

0.3 -

-

500

1490

1490

1490

1490

..

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

13

25

29

34

39

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

2

10 e

33

76

106

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

332

332

483

483

..

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

90

92

99

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

..

381

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 81

Australia 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

15480

16939 e

18118 e

18260

18359

18830

19123

1.6

Hydro

14880

16239

17036

17137

16786

16030

16248

0.6

732

354

360

360

370

177

177

-11.2

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

2

3

4

5

5

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

7

27 e

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

-

56

207

361

699

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

8.4

674 e

685

633

1580

1508

Gas from Biomass

-

23

379

379

729

854

663

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

14880

16269

17444 e

17575

17726

17169

..

1.2

Hydro

14880

16239

17036

17137

16786

16030

..

0.6

732

354

360

360

370

177

..

-11.2

Solid Biomass

600

670 e

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

2

3

4

5

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

7

27 e

56

207

361

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

200

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

23

379

379

729

573

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

685

633

1661

..

8.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

670 e

674 e

685

633

1380

..

7.2

CHP Plants Geothermal

Solid Biomass

600

600

670 e

674 e

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

281

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

82 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Australia 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3405 3405

3408 3408

3880 3880

3982 3982

4407 4407

4408 4408

4410 4410

2.2 2.2

7767 7767

7823 7823

7490 7490

7490 7490

5881 5881

6179 6179

6232 ..

-1.9 -1.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

-

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

-

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

158108 29683 e 128425 e

170313 e 24120 e 146193 e

194762 e 24264 e 170498 e

197572 e 23310 174262 e

197754 23597 174157

275272 98553 176719

277603 .. ..

4.7 10.5 2.7

5780 e 5780 e -

5780 e 5780 e -

9331 9331 -

11016 11016 -

14900 .. -

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

676 676 -

-

-

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 83

Austria 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

25.26 5.00

27.15 5.84

28.94 6.33

28.83 6.37

30.86 6.57

30.44 6.66

31.82 6.20

1.6 2.4

0.9

19.8

21.3

21.8

22.0

21.3

21.9

19.8

212.47

235.16

259.98

268.87

270.89

274.58

276.60

2.2

0.12

0.12

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.12

-0.6

76

74

71

68

73

71

73

-0.6

Population (millions)

7.73

7.95

7.99

8.01

8.03

8.05

8.07 e

0.3

TPES/population(3)

3.27

3.42

3.62

3.60

3.84

3.78

3.94 e

1.2

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

49.3

55.2

59.3

60.2

60.8

60.4

57.5

1.7

32.64

38.90

42.42

43.59

42.14

41.66

35.30

2.1

66.2

70.5

71.6

72.5

69.3

69.0

61.4

0.3

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

11353

11856

12486 e

12398

12404

12626

..

0.9

Hydro

10947

11304

11648

11547

11550

11698

..

0.6

-

2975

3568

3568

3568

3568

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

1

4

5

7

9

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

1

35

54

69

141

..

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

6

6

12 e

12

12

12

..

5.9

787 e

400

544

780

766

766

..

5.6

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

434

1241

2100

2200

2400

..

15.3

Solid Biomass

2000 e

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

84 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Austria 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

33688

40384

43823

45419

44019

44092

38137

2.3

Hydro

32507

38477

41727

43498

41837

42004

35550

2.2

998

1410

1234

1658

1650

2073

2413

6.3

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

3

3

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

1

2

3

4

4

10

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

1

51

67

172

203

349

-

38

48

128

117

183

310

367

19.1

of which: Pumped Storage

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

..

14

25

32

29

30

36

..

17

25

42

52

48

49

58

9.2 1.9

1116

1766

1764

1548

1552

1401

1660

Gas from Biomass

-

52

84

102

194

88

104

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

33023

39215

42902

44245

42783

42835

..

2.2

Hydro

32507

38477

41727

43498

41837

42004

..

2.2

998

1410

1234

1658

1650

2073

..

6.3

Solid Biomass

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

3

..

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

1

2

3

4

4

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

1

51

67

172

203

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

86

89

30

192

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

..

-

12

14

14

16

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

19

23

23

26

..

-

516

711

963

491

555

347

..

-3.3

Gas from Biomass

-

25

42

60

148

40

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

665

1169

921

1174

1236

1257

..

5.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

38

48

42

28

153

118

..

9.9

Solid Biomass

CHP Plants Geothermal Industrial Waste

..

14

13

18

15

14

..

..

17

25

23

29

25

23

..

2.6

600

1055

801

1057

997

1054

..

4.8

Gas from Biomass

-

27

42

42

46

48

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 85

Austria 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Heat

3877

7801

9936

10888

12905

14118

15326

11.4

Geothermal

-

32

344

378

378

389

422

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

749

966

644

642

614

767

833

0.2 5.7

Industrial Waste

620

1099

993

1032

1069

1208

1311

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

1104

1862

1680

1747

1744

1972

2141

5.0

Solid Biomass

1404

3645

6070

6873

8874

9545

10362

17.3

Gas from Biomass

-

197

205

216

226

237

257

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

2094

3041

2959

2866

2974

3370

..

4.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

749

966

644

642

579

767

..

0.2

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

484

626

596

606

605

633

..

2.3

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

861

1022

973

989

986

1034

..

1.5

Solid Biomass

-

230

541

413

578

699

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

197

205

216

226

237

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

16.1

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

of which:

1783

4760

6977

8022

9931

10748

..

Geothermal

-

32

344

378

378

389

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

-

-

-

-

35

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

136

473

397

426

464

575

..

12.8

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

243

840

707

758

758

938

..

11.9

Industrial Waste

1404

3415

5529

6460

8296

8846

..

16.6

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

86 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Austria 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

60 60

146 64 82

861 688 173

947 756 191

947 756 191

1196 886 310

1289 952 337

28.3 14.7

621 621

1493 1493

2430 2430

2661 2661

2785 2785

2903 2903

3026 3026

13.7 13.7

5811 2542 3269

5532 1929 3603

7880 3614 4266

7088 1966 5122

8327 1901 6426

8070 5082 2988

7821 .. ..

2.8 5.9 -0.7

1486 1486 -

1717 1717 -

1718 1718 -

1751 1751 -

1868 1868 -

1993 .. -

6.1 6.1 -

1497 1497 -

2425 2425 -

2802 2802 -

2802 2802 -

2858 2858 -

3047 3047 -

3248 .. -

6.1 6.1 -

92606 2052 -545 7710 86403

105477 928 189 18131 88463

114249 -2044 21413 90792

110691 -2067 20341 88283

123601 -2260 21046 100295

126928 -658 26630 99640

129517 917 .. ..

2.7 x x 10.9 1.2

-

849 800 49

1397 1365 32

1479 1428 51

2491 2336 155

1583 1292 291

1742 .. ..

-

7 7

11 11

18 18

20 20

22 22

21 21

21 ..

9.6 9.6

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

917 917 -

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 87

Belgium 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

48.69 0.65

52.63 0.68

58.71 0.74

59.31 0.56 e

59.00 0.61 e

56.89 0.61

58.33 0.67

1.3 -0.5

-1.7

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.2

255.67

276.65

304.89

316.60

318.61

320.84

324.40

1.9

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.18

0.18

-0.6

72

72

72

71

70

67

68

-0.6

Population (millions)

9.97

10.14

10.22

10.25

10.28

10.33

10.29 e

0.3

TPES/population(3)

4.88

5.19

5.74

5.79

5.74

5.51

5.67 e

1.0

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

70.3

73.5

83.4

82.8

78.6

80.9

83.3

1.2

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

0.77

0.95

1.18

1.03

1.08

1.14

1.04

3.4

1.1

1.3

1.4

1.2

1.4

1.4

1.2

2.2

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

1485

1569

1539

1749

1777

1805

..

1.6

Hydro

1401

1403

1410

1413

1421

1421

..

0.1

1307

1307

1307

1310

1310

1310

..

0.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

1

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

5

5

10

14

26

31

..

16.4

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

139

139

128

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

72

97

101

134

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

38

47

62

57

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

9

39

28

33

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

79

161

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

34

36

38

41

44

50

..

3.3

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

88 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Belgium 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

1627

2281

2703

3040

3264

3209

3064

5.8

897

1230

1489

1699

1644

1490

1312

4.3

631

892

1148

1239

1203

1130

1069

5.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

7

9

13

16

37

57

69

19.1

Industrial Waste

231

441

373

385

527

493

504

6.5

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

350

467

554

306

297

313

318

-0.9

Total Electricity Hydro of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

383

459

448

456

-

135

121

199

153

173

271

265

6.0

Gas from Biomass

7

13

75

98

127

137

140

28.1

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1492

2160

2504

2832

2996

2972

..

5.9

897

1230

1489

1699

1644

1490

..

4.3

631

892

1148

1239

1203

1130

..

5.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

7

9

13

16

37

57

..

19.1

Industrial Waste

231

441

373

376

470

486

..

6.4

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

350

467

554

290

281

298

..

-1.3

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

of which: Electricity Only Plants Hydro of which: Pumped Storage

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

367

443

433

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

17

95

..

-

Gas from Biomass

7

13

75

84

104

113

..

26.1

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

135

121

199

208

268

237

..

4.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

9

57

7

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

16

16

15

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

16

16

15

..

-

135

121

199

153

156

176

..

2.2

Gas from Biomass

-

-

..

14

23

24

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 89

Belgium 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

Total Heat

368

188

Geothermal

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

68

14

19 e

Industrial Waste

1999

2000

2001

2002

832

1644

1279

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

97

361

21

388 e

2003E 1279 e

90-02 10.9 -

21 e

-9.3 6.2

300

174

321 e

347

619

616

616 e

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

347

619

616

616 e

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

15

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

48

41

30

26

26 e

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

-

-

48

389

874

571

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

78

314

21

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

135

265

262

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

135

265

262

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

48

41

30

26

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

of which:

368

188

443

770

708

..

5.6

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

68

14

19 e

19

47

-

-

-

300

174

321 e

212

354

354

..

1.4

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

212

354

354

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

15

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

340 e

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

90 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Belgium 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

43 43

53 53

54 54

53 53

60 60

48 48

48 48

0.9 0.9

35 35

39 39

40 40

43 43

56 56

67 67

100 100

5.6 5.6

3314 e 3314 e -

5365 e 5365 e -

5595 e 5595 e -

5705 e 5705 e -

7186 e 7186 e -

6488 6488 -

6113 .. -

5.8 5.8 -

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

11764 11764 -

13544 13544 -

12738 12738 -

5896 e 5896 e -

5987 e 5987 e -

5664 5664 -

6084 .. -

-5.9 -5.9 -

-

-

7633 e 7633 e -

8871 e 8871 e -

8090 8090 -

8489 .. -

-

9719 3575 600 12694

11122 4550 821 14851

10197 4373 766 13804

11456 4233 822 14867

10621 5684 1681 14624

12433 6490 .. ..

-2.3 8.8 0.7

269 146 123

461 173 288

1139 925 214

1207 1080 127

1862 1441 421

1909 1508 401

1921 .. ..

17.7 21.5 10.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

-

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

14064 608 e 13456 e

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 91

Canada 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2) TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3) Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

209.09 33.66

231.74 38.64

244.38 40.91

250.91 42.03

248.17 39.16

250.03 41.50

2003E

90-02

248.34 40.39 e

1.5 1.8

0.2

16.1

16.5

16.6

16.6

15.7

16.5

16.2

534.39

581.67

677.88

713.71

727.30

751.04

764.70

2.9

0.39

0.40

0.36

0.35

0.34

0.33

0.32

-1.3

79

80

73

71

69

67

65

-1.3

27.70

29.35

30.51

30.79

31.11

31.41

31.63 e

1.1

7.55

7.89

8.01

8.15

7.98

7.96

7.85 e

481.9

559.9

578.8

605.5

589.6

601.4

300.59

341.48

353.43

366.19

341.46

359.19

62.4

61.0

61.1

60.5

57.9

59.7

583.7

0.4 1.9

344.80 e

1.5

59.1

-0.4

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

60316

65785

68363 e

68753 e

67219 e

Hydro

59381

64750

67121 e

67407 e

67059

69397 e

..

1.2

69206

..

1.3 -

186

177

177 e

177 e

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

2

6

7

9

10

..

-

of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

20

20

20 e

20 e

20 e

20 e

..

-

Wind

1

22

78 e

92 e

131

161

..

52.7

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

914

991

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal Tide, Wave, Ocean

1138 e -

1227 e -

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

92 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Canada 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Electricity

300703

341595

353538

366297

341569

359296

344914 e

1.5

Hydro

296848

336034

345667

358358

333143

350386

335929

1.4

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

4

13

16

19

22

22

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

23.0

of which: Pumped Storage

2003E

90-02

26

33

239

294

319

311

308

Wind

-

59

164

264

337

408

404

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3829

5465

7455

7365

7751

8169

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

300703

341595

353538

366297

341569

359296

..

1.5

Hydro

296848

336034

345667

358358

333143

350386

..

1.4

111

111

111

111

111

111

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

4

13

16

19

22

..

-

Solid Biomass

8251 e

6.5

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

26

33

239

294

319

311

..

23.0

Wind

-

59

164

264

337

408

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal Tide, Wave, Ocean

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3829

5465

7455

7365

7751

8169

..

6.5

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 93

Canada 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

340703 36758 e 303945

408164 52464 e 355700

467048 71568 e 395480

467640 70704 e 396936

438020 74410 e 363610

473910 78422 e 395488

479210 e .. ..

2.8 6.5 2.2

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

94 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Czech Republic 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

47.38 0.12

41.02 0.60 e

38.24 0.68

40.38 0.55

41.40 0.63

41.72 0.79

43.70 0.68

-1.1 16.7

17.8

0.3

1.5

1.8

1.3

1.5

1.9

1.5

54.61

52.04

53.54

55.28

56.99

58.11

59.80

0.5

0.87

0.79

0.71

0.73

0.73

0.72

0.73

-1.6

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2)

77

70

64

65

65

64

65

-1.6

10.36

10.33

10.29

10.27

10.22

10.21

10.19 e

-0.1

TPES/population(3)

4.57

3.97

3.72

3.93

4.05

4.09

4.29 e

-0.9

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

62.6

60.6

64.2

72.9

74.2

76.0

82.8

1.6

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

1.45

2.41

2.36

2.28

2.57

2.99

1.90

6.2

2.3

4.0

3.7

3.1

3.5

3.9

2.3

4.5

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

..

1399

2154

2098

2146

2151

..

..

Hydro

..

1399

2153

2097

2145

2145

..

..

..

491

1145

1145

1145

1145

..

..

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

1

1

1

6

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 95

Czech Republic 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

1445

2695

3048

3036

3180

3536

2516

7.7

Hydro

1445

2274

2216

2313

2467

2845

1794

5.8

-

272

535

555

413

353

408

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

-

-

-

2

4

-

Industrial Waste

-

16

149

201

195

191

206

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

7

5

4

4

5

-

Solid Biomass

-

302

528

382

381

367

378

-

Gas from Biomass

-

103

148

135

133

127

129

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

1445

2312

2382

2488

2652

3027

..

6.4

Hydro

1445

2274

2216

2313

2467

2845

..

5.8

-

272

535

555

413

353

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

-

-

-

2

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

9

13

14

13

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

27

125

135

141

138

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

11

32

27

30

29

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

383

666

548

528

509

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

16

140

188

181

178

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

7

5

4

4

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

275

403

247

240

229

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

92

116

108

103

98

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

96 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Czech Republic 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

Total Heat

-

2415

Geothermal

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

928

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

7740

8091

8042

8072

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2473

2606

2568

2578

-

10766 e

3750 e

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

2150

1664

1726

1727

1730

-

Solid Biomass

-

1090

4391

3219

3362

3361

3375

-

Gas from Biomass

-

397

475

384

397

386

389

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

-

1539

7200

7541

7501

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

203

2292

2415

2384

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which:

10424 e

3703 e

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

2150

1664

1726

1727

..

Solid Biomass

-

939

4132

2934

3074

3075

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

397

439

310

326

315

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

-

876

342

540

550

541

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

725

47

181

191

184

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

151

259

285

288

286

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

36

74

71

71

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 97

Czech Republic 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

6325 6270 55

5528 5105 423

5592 5135 457

5567 5101 466

6100 .. ..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3142 -9 3129 4

3704 -2 2700 1002

4415 2622 1793

4515 2625 1890

4600 .. ..

x -

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

1162 e 1162 -

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

16009 e 3506 12503 e

19767 -87 9459 10221 e

13372 7974 5398

15391 7971 7420

20634 7873 12761

19500 .. ..

x -

-

1417 e 1417 -

1733 1629 104

1509 1427 82

1557 1441 116

1505 1409 96

1609 .. ..

-

-

12 12

31 2 33

67 3 70

71 71

104 -31 73

120 -40 ..

x -

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

98 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Denmark 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

17.58 1.11

20.05 1.43

20.00 1.81

19.41 1.97

20.01 2.14

19.75 2.36

20.49 2.54

1.0 6.5

5.1

6.5

7.1

9.0

10.2

10.7

11.9

12.0

163.49

180.24

200.10

205.89

208.83

213.14

214.00

2.2

0.11

0.11

0.10

0.09

0.10

0.09

0.10

-1.2

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2)

70

72

65

61

62

60

62

-1.2

Population (millions)

5.14

5.23

5.32

5.34

5.36

5.38

5.39 e

0.4

TPES/population(3)

3.42

3.83

3.76

3.64

3.74

3.67

3.80 e

0.6

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

26.0

36.7

38.9

36.0

37.7

39.2

46.0

3.5

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

0.83 e

2.00 e

4.65

5.89

6.19

7.15

8.13

19.6

3.2

5.4

12.0

16.3

16.4

18.2

17.7

15.6

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

412

864

2131

2787

2992

3411

..

19.3

9

10

11

10

11

11

..

1.7

Total Capacity Hydro

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

1

1

2

2

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

343

616

1771

2417

2556

2886

..

19.4

Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

153

198

233

242

263

..

-

Solid Biomass

40

60

110

86

134

197

..

14.2

Gas from Biomass

20

25

40

40

47

52

..

8.3

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

57

144

246

271

282

..

14.3

246 e

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 99

Denmark 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

4860

6126

6444

7405

8382

19.8

30

31

30

28

32

21

1.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

610

1177

3029

4241

4306

4877

5561

18.9

Total Electricity

2116 e

28

Hydro of which: Pumped Storage

Wind Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

47

475

867

1000

1066

1077

1046

29.8 26.7

15

119

206

238

254

257

250

108

208

531

409

571

930

1261

19.7

40 e

107 e

196

208

219

232

243

15.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

1995

848 e

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

of which: 3062

4274

4337

4910

..

18.5

28

30

31

30

28

32

..

1.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

610

1177

3029

4241

4306

4877

..

18.9

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

8

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

2

3

3

1

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

638

Hydro of which: Pumped Storage

Wind

CHP Plants Geothermal

210 e

1798

1852

2107

2495

..

22.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

47

475

867

1000

1066

1077

..

29.8

15

119

206

238

254

257

..

26.7

108

200

531

409

571

930

..

19.7

40 e

107 e

194

205

216

231

..

15.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

1215 e

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

901 e

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

100 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Denmark 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change Total Heat

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

19518 e

27782 e

32915

34362

36498

38368

40176

5.8

48

47

54

58

71

85

85

4.9

Solar Thermal

6

6

23

24

27

37

37

16.4

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

9040

11994

14612

15521

16596

16781

16830

5.3

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

2924

3006

3477

3693

3948

3993

4005

2.6

Solid Biomass

7373

9639

10615

10541

11478

13405

14985

5.1

838

902

966

875

1031

17.4

3296

3623

3412

3192

3203

-

14351

16655

18164

20580

..

30.0

Geothermal

127 e

Gas from Biomass

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

466 e 2624

of which:

882 e

CHP Plants

8565 e

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

348

5203

8975

10587

11531

12022

..

34.3

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

112

1304

2136

2519

2743

2861

..

31.0

Solid Biomass

319

1718

2578

2859

3152

4962

..

25.7

Gas from Biomass

103 e

340 e

662

690

738

735

..

17.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-0.4

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

Heat Only Plants

18636

Geothermal Solar Thermal

18564

17707

18334

17788

..

48

19217 e 47

54

58

71

85

..

4.9

6

6

23

24

27

37

..

16.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

8692

6791

5637

4934

5065

4759

..

-4.9

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

2812

1702

1341

1174

1205

1132

..

-7.3

Solid Biomass

7054

7921

8037

7682

8326

8443

..

1.5

176

212

228

140

..

15.8

3296

3623

3412

3192

..

-

Industrial Waste

Gas from Biomass Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

24 -

126 e 2624

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 101

Denmark 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

96 96 -

94 94 -

108 108 -

116 116 -

142 142 -

170 170 -

255 170 85

4.9 4.9 -

100 6 94

212 6 206

317 23 294

331 -1 24 306

341 27 314

355 1 38 318

402 37 365

11.1 x 16.6 10.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

11711 10999 712

18316 17274 1042

23538 22320 1218

24639 -2 23366 1271

26141 24659 1482

27095 -1 25146 1948

27903 .. ..

7.2 x 7.1 8.7

3788 -2 3557 229

4591 -2 4329 260

5600 5310 290

5862 -2 5559 301

6220 -1 5867 352

6447 -1 5983 463

6570 .. ..

4.5 x 4.4 6.0

31472 -1 9033 22438

34952 238 -3 12065 23122

36587 1510 15621 22476

36551 2466 -2 14586 24429

40579 3871 2 17025 27427

46097 4209 -4 21886 28416

49731 4209 .. ..

3.2 x 7.7 2.0

752 528 224

1754 -6 1451 297

2656 -46 2256 354

2912 -42 2436 434

3047 -29 2542 476

3362 -32 2717 613

3762 .. ..

13.3 x 14.6 8.8

-

-

-

-

25 -25 -

40 -40 -

45 -45 -

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

102 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Finland 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

29.17 5.50

29.63 6.13

33.35 7.26

32.99 7.80 e

33.86 7.57

35.62 7.81

37.11 7.76

1.7 3.0

1.2

19.5

21.2

22.4

24.4

22.9

22.6

21.2

135.66

129.71

155.42

163.37

165.33

168.96

172.00

1.8

0.22

0.23

0.21

0.20

0.20

0.21

0.22

-0.2

TPES/GDP(2)

83

88

83

78

79

82

84

-0.2

Population (millions)

4.99

5.11

5.17

5.18

5.19

5.20

5.22 e

0.4

TPES/population(3)

5.85

5.80

6.46

6.37

6.53

6.85

7.12 e

1.3

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

54.4

63.2

69.5

70.0

74.5

74.9

83.8

2.7

10.86

19.54

21.19

23.30

21.69

20.68

19.79

5.5

20.0

30.9

30.5

33.3

29.1

27.6

23.6

2.7

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

3604

3930 e

4121

4223

4437

4510

..

1.9

Hydro

2621

2777

2881

2882

2895

2964

..

1.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

1

2

3

3

3

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

6

38

38

39

43

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1200

1300

1500

1500

..

3.6

of which: Pumped Storage

Solid Biomass

983

1146 e

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

8

8 e

8

8

..

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 103

Finland 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

Total Electricity

10859

19544

21525

23619

21962

20970

20081

5.6

Hydro

10859

12925

12780

14660

13205

10776

9432

-0.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

11

49

78

70

64

94

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

333

324

276

289

295

-

of which: Pumped Storage

90-02

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

59

200

215

220

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

6608

8341

8476

8189

9596

10000

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

22

22

22

30

40

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

10859

13057

12881

15203

14200

11896

..

0.8

Hydro

10859

12925

12780

14660

13205

10776

..

-0.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

11

49

78

70

64

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

2

50

53

54

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

2

42

47

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

121

50

413

830

954

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

1

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

6487

8644

8416

7762

9074

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

331

274

223

235

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

57

158

168

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

6487

8291

8063

7359

8642

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

22

22

22

29

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

104 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Finland 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Heat

-

6593

25878

22555

24111

28140

31523

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

792

5755

6054

5771

5770

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

475

552

903

1251

1088

1080

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

6118

24471

15731

16642

21107

24485

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

62

165

149

159

165

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

1

1

15

15

23

-

CHP Plants

-

2836

18281

14390

14746

19358

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

442

1423

1307

1371

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

319

831

916

..

-

of which:

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

2836

17807

12628

12583

17036

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

32

20

25

35

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

-

3757

7597

8165

9365

8782

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

350

4332

4747

4400

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

475

552

584

420

172

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

3282

6664

3103

4059

4071

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

30

145

124

124

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

1

1

15

15

..

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 105

Finland 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

6 6

9 9

9 e 9 e

9 9

9 9

9 9

-

-

-

784 784 -

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

5478 e 2714 2764 e

8660 7868 792

8944 8084 860

9024 8243 781

8990 .. ..

-

487 487 -

613 613 -

1895 1340 555

3223 2623 600

3105 2525 580

3130 .. ..

12.2 x 10.2 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

180437 9847 42843 147441

209171 519 44581 165109

256443 66521 189922

270997 63138 207859

265364 64678 200686

284038 77525 206513

286878 .. ..

3.9 x 5.1 2.8

-

-

764 168 596

751 293 458

719 282 437

713 333 380

735 .. ..

x -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

106 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

France 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

227.28 15.82

240.78 17.87 e

255.11 18.14

257.57 17.32

266.37 18.47

265.88 16.60

90-02

270.26 17.31 e

1.3 0.4

-1.0

6.8

7.2

7.0

6.6

6.8

6.1

6.3

1473.22

1553.13

1707.76

1772.53

1809.68

1831.52

1834.00

1.8

0.15

0.16

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

-0.5

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

2003E

TPES/GDP(2)

80

81

78

76

77

76

77

-0.5

58.17

59.43

60.29

60.59

60.91

61.23

61.29 e

0.4

3.91

4.05

4.23

4.25

4.37

4.34

4.41 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

416.7

490.9

519.3

536.0

546.4

554.8

563.3

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

55.56

75.76

76.16

71.56

79.31

65.99

63.56 e

1.4

13.3

15.4

14.7

13.4

14.5

11.9

11.3

-0.9

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

0.9 2.4

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

24987

25489

25661 e

25628 e

25608

25764

..

0.3

Hydro

24747

24987

25115

25050

25272

25376

..

0.2 0.0

4293

4292

4302

4302

4302

4302

..

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

3

9

11

14

17

..

-

of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

240

240

240

240

240

240

..

0.0

Wind

-

4

25

55

82

131

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

255

272 e

272 e

..

..

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

320

389

475

431

542

536

..

4.4

Solar Thermal Tide, Wave, Ocean

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 107

France 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Electricity

59560

78716

80827

76240

83435

71313

68732 e

1.5

Hydro

57331

75922

77021

71825

78705

65887

64338

1.2

4002

2961

4672

4680

4124

5320

5174

2.4

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

1

3

5

5

6

8

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-0.5

of which: Pumped Storage

2003E

90-02

571

568

580

573

543

536

539

Wind

-

5

37

77

131

269

332

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

443

741

1642

2041

2390

2900

-

-

-

-

-

-

1116

1368

1401

1398

1312

1324

1324 e

1.4

99

111

143

321

349

391

406 e

12.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

58348

76601

78463

73624

80687

68210

..

1.3

Hydro

57331

75922

77021

71825

78705

65887

..

1.2

4002

2961

4672

4680

4124

5320

..

2.4

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

1

3

5

5

6

..

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

1785 e -

16.9 -

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

571

568

580

573

543

536

..

-0.5

Wind

-

5

37

77

131

269

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal Tide, Wave, Ocean

443

91

775

919

1050

1217

..

8.8

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

3

14

47

225

253

295

..

46.6

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1212

2115

2364

2616

2748

3103

..

8.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

650

867

1122

1340

1683

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1116

1368

1401

1398

1312

1324

..

1.4

96

97

96

96

96

96

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

CHP Plants Geothermal

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

108 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

France 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Heat

19997

24879

22335

23994

22644

23685

2003E

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

23685 e

1.4

19997

24879

22335

23994

22644

23685

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

-

17527

15610

17816

18054

18335

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

17527

15610

17816

18054

18335

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

23685 e

90-02

1.4

of which:

19997

7352

6725

6178

4590

5350

..

-10.4

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

19997

7352

6725

6178

4590

5350

..

-10.4

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 109

France 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

4624 4624

5523 5523

5192 5192

5275 5275

5359 5359

5359 5359

5400 5400

1.2 1.2

894 894

912 912

806 806

778 778

765 765

757 757

801 801

-1.4 -1.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

89665 .. ..

4.9 3.1 -

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

47982 47982 -

60368 e 53512 e 6856 e

74081 67004 e 7077 e

77774 70347 e 7427 e

80886 67774 e 13112 e

85551 68964 e 16587 e

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

410175 12022 398153

406496 13760 392736

400796 13898 386898

375590 13764 361826

393083 13229 379854

358994 13362 345632

388586 .. ..

-1.1 0.9 -1.2

4535 1188 3347

5045 1332 3713

6434 1716 4718

10757 3852 6905

11396 4188 7208

12411 4692 7719

13485 .. ..

8.8 12.1 7.2

-

191 191

337 6 343

389 6 395

391 10 401

417 -18 399

452 -52 ..

-

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

110 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Germany 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

356.22 5.32 e

342.39 6.09 e

341.71 8.04 e

343.55 9.03 e

353.37 9.66 e

346.35 10.76 e

345.06 11.52 e

-0.2 6.0

6.3

1.5

1.8

2.4

2.6

2.7

3.1

3.3

2458.28

2613.18

2687.83

2710.62

2715.40

2712.70

1.7

0.16

0.14

0.13

0.13

0.13

0.13

0.13

-1.9

57

-1.9

TPES/GDP(2)

72

62

59

57

58

57

79.36

81.66

82.09

82.19

82.34

82.48

81.99 e

0.3

4.49

4.19

4.16

4.18

4.29

4.20

4.21 e

-0.6

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions)

90-02

2221.56

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

2003E

TPES/population(3) Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

547.7

532.8

550.3

567.1

581.8

566.9

590.5

0.3

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

19.09

25.93

28.72 e

35.48 e

37.88

44.91

46.85 e

7.4

3.5

4.9

5.2

6.3

6.5

7.9

7.9

7.1

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

7815

11342

15023 e

17135 e

19677

23125

..

9.5

Hydro

6851

8876

8853 e

8982 e

9393

9414

..

2.7

5469 e

4654 e

-

-

4528

4562

4562

..

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

2

18

70

114

195

260

..

50.0

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

48

1137

4138

6095

8754

12001

..

58.4

of which: Pumped Storage

Wind

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

550

509

555

585

585

585

..

0.5

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste

-

79

127

129

190

285

..

-

Gas from Biomass

229

229

287

345

560

580

..

8.1

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

135

494

993

885

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

350

1426

2418

2890

4207

4754

..

24.3

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 111

Germany 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Electricity

25049

35665

37211

45495

50251

56856

56605 e

Hydro

19791

26250

23402

25962

27253

27864

23554 e

2.9

2365

4470

4520

4740

2550 e

6.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

1

7

30

60

116

188

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

71

1712

5528

9352

10456

15856

18500 e

56.9

Industrial Waste

2373

3915

3000

3946

5992

5260

5260 e

6.9

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

1219

1348

1740

1844

1859

1949

1949 e

4.0

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

1218

1348

1739

1844

1859

1949

1949 e

4.0

Solid Biomass

129

496

823

804

639

543

1700 e

12.7

Gas from Biomass

247

589

949

1683

2077

3247

3370 e

23.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

25049

35665

37211

45495

50251

56856

..

7.1

Hydro

19791

26250

23402

25962

27253

27864

..

2.9

2365

4470

4520

4740

..

6.0

of which: Pumped Storage

Wind

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

3755 e

4230 e

2003E

323 e

90-02 7.1

54.7 -

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

3755 e

4230 e

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

1

7

30

60

116

188

..

54.7

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

71

1712

5528

9352

10456

15856

..

56.9

Industrial Waste

2373

3915

3000

3946

5992

5260

..

6.9

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

1219

1348

1740

1844

1859

1949

..

4.0

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

1218

1348

1739

1844

1859

1949

..

4.0

Solid Biomass

129

496

823

804

639

543

..

12.7

Gas from Biomass

247

589

949

1683

2077

3247

..

23.9

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

112 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Germany 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Heat

19771

21224 e

24345

19368

19368 e

19368 e

2003E

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

19368 e

90-02 -0.2

10874

11460 e

13390

10652

10652 e

10652 e

10652 e

-0.2

8897

9376

10955

8716

8716 e

8716 e

8716 e

-0.2

Solid Biomass

-

388

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

24345

19368

..

-0.2

Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

of which: CHP Plants

19771

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

21224 e

19368 e

19368 e

10874

11460 e

13390

10652

10652 e

10652 e

..

-0.2

8716 e

8716 e

..

-0.2

8897

9376

10955

8716

Solid Biomass

-

388

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 113

Germany 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

292 e 292

5130 5130

5144 5144

5159 5159

5209 5209

5339 5339

5510 5510

27.4 27.4

466 466

1584 1584

3734 3734

4603 4603

5854 5854

7038 7038

8978 8978

25.4 25.4

20526 e 20526 e -

37719 e 37719 e -

32727 e 32727 e -

43047 e 43047 e -

65367 e 65367 e -

57382 e 57382 e -

59063 .. -

8.9 8.9 -

24622 e 24622 e -

31654 e 31654 e -

29674 e 29674 e -

31310 e 31310 e -

31936 e 31936 e -

31936 e .. -

2.6 2.6 -

21323 e 21323 e -

22428 e 22428 e -

28789 e 28789 e -

27344 e 27344 e -

28693 e 28693 e -

29319 e 29319 e -

29319 e .. -

2.7 2.7 -

123259 e 4644 e 118615 e

124000 e 16172 e 107828

186577 15679 e 170898

196434 13805 e 182629 e

197202 11502 e 185700

196874 9774 e 187100

218800 e .. ..

4.0 6.4 3.9

12231 6360 5871

13946 10656 3290

15186 e 10353 e 4833

23341 e 18360 e 4981

35278 e 22658 e 12620

53180 e 35422 e 17758

55864 e .. ..

13.0 15.4 9.7

-

35 35

130 130

250 250

350 350

550 550

650 ..

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

23512 e 23512 e -

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

114 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Greece 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

22.18 1.10

23.48 1.29

26.62 1.42

27.82 1.40

28.70 1.32

29.02 1.40

29.91 1.57

2.3 2.0

-0.2

5.0

5.5

5.3

5.0

4.6

4.9

5.3

110.50

117.56

133.32

139.25

144.88

150.33

157.50

2.6

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.19

0.19

-0.3

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2)

137

137

137

137

136

132

130

-0.3

10.34

10.64

10.88

10.92

10.94

10.95

10.96 e

0.5

TPES/population(3)

2.15

2.21

2.45

2.55

2.62

2.65

2.73 e

1.8

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

34.8

41.3

49.4

53.4

53.1

53.9

57.8

3.7

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

1.77

3.56

4.76

4.14

2.93

3.58

5.90

6.0

5.1

8.6

9.6

7.8

5.5

6.6

10.2

2.2

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

2458

2600

3116

3334

3369

3388

..

2.7

Hydro

2408

2523

2959

3072

3076

3078

..

2.1 6.9

315

315

615

699

699

699

..

Geothermal

2

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

1

1

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

1

27

109

226

270

287

..

60.3

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

1

22

22

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

47

48

48

35

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

1448

2101

2440

2941

2992

3050

..

6.4

of which: Pumped Storage

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 115

Greece 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

1999

3920

5187

4725

3663

4348

6579

6.7

Hydro

1997

3782

4829

4111

2725

3463

5322

4.7

228

253

237

418

628

663

564

9.3

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

2

34

162

451

756

651

1040

61.9

Industrial Waste

-

103

195

163

103

108

112

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

1

-

79

126

105

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

1999

3817

4991

4562

3553

4205

..

6.4

Hydro

1997

3782

4829

4111

2725

3463

..

4.7

228

253

237

418

628

663

..

9.3

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

2

34

162

451

756

651

..

61.9

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

72

91

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

103

196

163

110

143

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

103

195

163

103

108

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

1

-

7

35

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

116 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Greece 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

108 108

115 115

88 88

67 67

95 95

56 56

50 50

-5.3 -5.3

2363 2363

3442 3442

4045 4045

4138 4138

4201 4201

4260 4260

4380 4380

5.0 5.0

-

1560 1560 -

2665 2665 -

2662 2662 -

1611 1611 -

1555 e 1555 e -

1613 e .. -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

37384 37384

37556 24 37532

38127 38127

39547 39547

39257 39257

39670 39670

38821 ..

0.5 0.5

19 19

30 30

53 19 34

52 52

1371 1300 71

2029 1948 81

1445 .. ..

47.6 12.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 117

Hungary 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

28.55 0.48

25.67 0.63

25.33 0.49

25.01 0.52

25.58 0.49

25.45 0.50

26.09 0.49

-1.0 0.4

1.2

1.7

2.5

1.9

2.1

1.9

2.0

1.9

50.35

44.67

51.71

54.39

56.49

58.44

60.20

1.3

0.57

0.57

0.49

0.46

0.45

0.44

0.43

-2.2

93

95

81

76

75

72

71

-2.2

10.37

10.33

10.24

10.21

10.19

10.16

10.15 e

-0.2

TPES/population(3)

2.75

2.49

2.47

2.45

2.51

2.51

2.57 e

-0.8

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

28.4

34.0

37.8

35.2

36.4

36.2

34.1

2.0

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

0.21

0.26

0.30

0.29

0.31

0.26

0.26

1.8

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

-0.2

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

72

78

78

79

80

81

..

1.0

Hydro

48

48

48

48

48

48

..

0.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

-

-

1

1

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

1

1

1

1

1

..

-

24

24

24

24

24

24

..

0.0

Solid Biomass

-

5

5

5

5

5

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

1

1

2

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Municipal Solid Waste

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

118 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Hungary 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

212

258

295

291

309

263

255

1.8

Hydro

178

163

181

178

186

194

171

0.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

-

-

1

1

4

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

34

95

111

110

112

59

67

4.7

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

3

3

3

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

7

9

13

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

178

163

184

181

190

195

..

0.8

Hydro

178

163

181

178

186

194

..

0.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

-

-

1

1

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

3

3

3

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

34

95

111

110

119

68

..

5.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

34

95

111

110

112

59

..

4.7

CHP Plants Geothermal Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

7

9

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 119

Hungary 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Heat

558

830

884

887

884

756

810

2.6

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

318

672

816

815

798

616

650

5.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

240

158

68

72

59

113

130

-6.1

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

27

27

30

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

318

672

816

815

825

643

..

6.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

318

672

816

815

798

616

..

5.7

Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

of which:

Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

27

27

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

240

158

68

72

59

113

..

-6.1

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

240

158

68

72

59

113

..

-6.1

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

120 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Hungary 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

3600 3600

3600 3600

3600 3600

3600 3600

3600 3600

3600 3600

3600 3600

0.0 0.0

-

-

-

-

60 60

70 70

73 73

-

-

-

-

-

440 440

477 477

338 ..

-

988 988 -

2170 2170 -

2466 2466 -

2436 2436 -

2597 2597 -

1995 1995 -

1507 .. -

6.0 6.0 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

16665 -1158 -661 636 14210

19859 -2 223 19634

13608 108 13500

14925 133 14792

13539 139 13400

14592 220 14372

14800 .. ..

-1.1 x -8.5 0.1

-

-

-

-

86 86 -

89 89 -

98 .. -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 121

Iceland 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

2.17 1.40

2.33 1.57

3.09 2.19

3.24 2.31

3.36 2.45

3.40 2.46

3.37 2.48 e

3.8 4.8

Renewables/TPES(%)

TPES (Mtoe)

2003E

90-02

64.5

67.2

70.9

71.1

72.9

72.3

73.4

1.0

GDP (1995 bil. US$)

6.73

6.85

8.28

8.75

9.00

8.94

9.10

2.4

TPES/GDP(2)

0.32

0.34

0.37

0.37

0.37

0.38

0.37

1.4

93

98

107

106

107

109

106

1.4

Population (millions)

0.26

0.27

0.28

0.28

0.29

0.29

0.29 e

1.0

TPES/population(3)

8.52

8.72

11.15

11.54

11.80

11.82

11.68 e

2.8

4.5

5.0

7.2

7.7

8.0

8.4

8.5

5.3

4.50

4.97

7.18

7.68

8.03

8.41

8.49

5.3

99.9

99.8

99.9

99.9

100.0

99.9

99.9

0.0

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

802

935

1188

1236

1311

1357

..

4.5

Hydro

756

884

1016

1064

1109

1155

..

3.6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

46

51

172

172

202

202

..

13.1

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

122 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Iceland 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

4504

4972

7183

7679

8029

8410

8490

5.3

Hydro

4204

4682

6047

6356

6578

6977

7084

4.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

300

290

1136

1323

1451

1433

1406

13.9

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

4504

4865

6549

6830

7099

7440

..

4.3

Hydro

4204

4682

6047

6356

6578

6977

..

4.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

300

183

502

474

521

463

..

3.7

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

107

634

849

930

970

..

-

-

107

634

849

930

970

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 123

Iceland 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Heat

4819

7457

7910

7414

7276

9930

9956

6.2

Geothermal

4819

7421

7874

7369

7231

9874

9900

6.2

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

36

36

45

45

56

56

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

4247

7103

7556

6967

6829

9395

..

6.8

Geothermal

of which: 4247

7103

7556

6967

6829

9395

..

6.8

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

572

354

354

447

447

535

..

-0.6

Geothermal

572

318

318

402

402

479

..

-1.5

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

36

36

45

45

56

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

124 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Iceland 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

43493 -1726 18764 23003

48640 -2863 25649 20128

69912 -3135 45287 21490

73600 -3387 47272 22941

78900 -1834 53031 24035

77900 -1695 53100 23105

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

45 45 -

45 45 -

56 56 -

56 56 -

70 70 -

70 .. -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

78100 e -1700 53300 e 23100 e

5.0 x 9.1 0.0

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 125

Ireland 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

10.57 0.17

11.36 0.22

13.95 0.26

14.33 0.26

15.14 0.26

15.30 0.29

14.65 0.27

3.1 4.6

1.5

1.6

2.0

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.9

1.8

52.88

66.47

96.48

106.21

112.78

120.58

122.70

7.1

0.20

0.17

0.14

0.13

0.13

0.13

0.12

-3.7

75

64

54

51

50

48

45

-3.7

Population (millions)

3.51

3.60

3.75

3.80

3.85

3.91

3.95 e

0.9

TPES/population(3)

3.02

3.15

3.71

3.77

3.93

3.91

3.70 e

2.2

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

14.2

17.6

21.8

23.7

24.6

24.8

24.9

4.8

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

0.70

0.73 e

1.12

1.19

1.03

1.38

1.13

5.9

4.9

4.1

5.2

5.0

4.2

5.6

4.6

1.1

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

513

523

610

659

678

687

..

2.5

Hydro

513

517

528

528

528

530

..

0.3

290

290

292

292

292

292

..

0.1

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

6

67

116

135

138

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

15

15

15

19

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

2

2

4

4

4

5

..

7.9

of which: Pumped Storage

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

126 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Ireland 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

1990 983

984 e

1368

1489

1351

1734

1491

4.8

Hydro

983

968

1090

1150

920

1264

956

2.1

286

255

244

304

324

352

358

1.7

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

16

187

244

334

388

465

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

1995

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

91

95

97

82

70

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4.8

of which: Electricity Only Plants

983

984 e

1368

1489

1351

1733

..

Hydro

983

968

1090

1150

920

1264

..

2.1

286

255

244

304

324

352

..

1.7

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

16

187

244

334

388

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

91

95

97

81

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

1

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

1

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 127

Ireland 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

2 2

2 2

7 7

7 7

7 7

10 10

22 22

14.4 14.4

2 2

4 4

5 5

5 5

5 5

7 7

9 9

11.0 11.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4416 4416

6629 6629

5478 5478

5695 5695

6365 6365

6365 6365

6365 ..

3.1 3.1

95 95

119 119

1534 1348 186

1168 988 180

1185 1005 180

991 811 180

875 .. ..

21.6 5.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

128 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Italy 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

152.55 6.48 e

160.88 7.78 e

170.54 9.96 e

171.73 9.07 e

172.60 9.61 e

172.72 9.23 e

90-02

180.68 10.73 e

1.0 3.0

2.0

4.3

4.9

6.0

5.4

5.7

5.5

6.1

1030.05

1097.21

1171.15

1207.92

1229.74

1234.31

1237.50

1.5

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.15

-0.5

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

2003E

TPES/GDP(2)

74

74

73

71

70

70

73

-0.5

56.72

57.30

57.65

57.76

57.93

58.03

58.09 e

0.2

2.69

2.81

2.96

2.97

2.98

2.98

3.11 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

213.1

237.4

259.3

269.9

271.9

277.5

285.3

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

34.94

41.54

51.64 e

51.08

54.73

48.25

46.71

2.7

16.4

17.5

19.9

18.9

20.1

17.4

16.4

0.5

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

0.8 2.2

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

19364

20520

21785

22003 e

22396

22874

..

1.4

Hydro

18770

19844

20443

20346

20433

20514

..

0.7

6188

6880

7027

6957

6957

6957

..

1.0

496

470

585

590

540

666

..

2.5

Solar Photovoltaic

4

16

18

19

20

22

..

15.3

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

3

22

232

363

664

780

..

58.9

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

46

79

165

287

320

378

..

19.2

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste

4

68

198

218 e

221

290

..

42.9

41

21

144

180

198

224

..

15.2

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

10

180

240

240

240

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 129

Italy 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

38410

45754

58423 e

58094

62217

56772

55376

3.3

Hydro

35079

41907

51777

50900

53926

47262

44214

2.5

3453

4125

6412

6695

7115

7742

7523

7.0

3222

3436

4403

4705

4507

4662

5337

3.1

Solar Photovoltaics

4

13

17 e

18 e

19 e

21 e

10 e

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

2

9

403

563

1179

1404

1415

72.7

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

14.8 -

Industrial Waste

16

87

370 e

316

372

776

1140

38.2

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

73

169

653

804

1258

1428

1850

28.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

12

30

217 e

221 e

272 e

276 e

400

29.9

Gas from Biomass

2

103

583

567

684

943

1010

67.0

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

38378

45569

57595 e

57120

60691

55242

..

3.1

Hydro

35079

41907

51777

50900

53926

47262

..

2.5

3453

4125

6412

6695

7115

7742

..

7.0

3222

3436

4403

4705

4507

4662

..

3.1

Solar Photovoltaics

4

13

Solar Thermal

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

Wind

2

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

17 e

18 e

19 e

21 e

..

14.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

9

403

563

1179

1404

..

72.7

-

-

191 e

124

132

597

..

-

71

155

235

267

313

423

..

16.0

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

14

Gas from Biomass

-

35

541

524

595

784

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

32

185

974

1526

1530

..

38.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

16

87

179 e

192

240

179

..

22.3

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

2

14

418

537

945

1005

..

67.9

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

12

16

189 e

202

252

187

..

25.7

Gas from Biomass

2

68

42

43

89

159

..

44.0

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

28 e

19 e

20 e

89 e

..

-

828 e -

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

130 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Italy 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

124392 115992 8400

132612 123696 8916

167424 158508 8916

129901 120985 8916

133484 124393 9091

145035 135944 9091

201232 192132 9100

1.3 1.3 0.7

200 200

300 300

350 350

450 450

450 450

450 450

475 475

7.0 7.0

6408 e 586 5822 e

4187 e 712 3475 e

6682 e 4082 e 2600 e

6008 e 3408 e 2600 e

6584 e 3984 e 2600 e

11555 e 8955 e 2600 e

20000 .. ..

5.0 25.5 -6.5

15672 -9754 5918 e -

13984 e 7184 e 6800

16634 10750 5884

17845 12095 5750

30000 .. ..

27.8 x 23.7 -

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

939 e 939 e -

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

5200 -2839 2361 -

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

-

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

28163 e 3843 1681 e 30325 e

40950 e 9693 -1 2827 e 47815 e

46866 e 15612 5193 e 57285 e

47154 21549 5333 e 63370

48894 23675 6016 e 66553

41891 24947 4998 e 61840

45000 26231 .. ..

3.4 16.9 x 9.5 6.1

947 e 947 e -

6218 e 6218 e -

5480 e 5480 e -

6581 e 6581 e -

9045 e 9045 e -

9130 .. -

56.5 x 56.5 -

-

-

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

42 42 -

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

-

-

-

-

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 131

Japan 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2) TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3) Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

445.92 16.42

500.06 17.32

516.40 18.16

521.63 18.37

517.01 17.87

516.93 18.00

2003E

90-02

514.49 18.38 e

1.2 0.8

-0.5

3.7

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.6

4924.77

5303.79

5528.60

5683.62

5707.03

5715.29

5867.30

1.2

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

-0.0

71

-0.0

73

76

75

74

73

73

123.54

125.57

126.69

126.93

127.29

127.44

127.58 e

3.61

3.98

4.08

4.11

4.06

4.06

4.03 e

850.7

980.8

1057.0

1081.9

1066.2

1087.7

1074.3

107.44

104.86

112.74

113.66

111.74

111.60

134.37 e

0.3

12.6

10.7

10.7

10.5

10.5

10.3

12.5

-1.7

0.3 1.0 2.1

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

38101

44495

47487

48593

49049

49338

..

2.2

Hydro

37830

43456

45860

46324

46386

46403

..

1.7

17005

22285

24305

24305

24735

24706

..

3.2

270

504

533

533

533

520

..

5.6

Solar Photovoltaic

1

43

209

330

453

637

..

71.3

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

1

35

84

176

277

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

491

850

1322

1501

1501

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

132 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Japan 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change Total Electricity Hydro

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

113967

113958

121972

123360

121511

121126

143906 e

0.5

95835

91216

95577

96817

93872

91801

114595 e

-0.4

6530

9098

9161

9564

9706

9423

9423 e

3.1

1741

3173

3451

3348

3432

3374

2958 e

5.7

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

2003E

90-02

Solar Photovoltaics

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

1

38

109

252

415

488 e

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

70

136

64

107

109 e

-

870

1366

2381

2447

2881

3349

3392 e

11.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

11378

13032

14053

14141

14332

15305

15502 e

2.5

4142

5170

6402

6362

6678

6775

6862 e

4.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

113967

113958

121972

123360

121511

121126

..

0.5

95835

91216

95577

96817

93872

91801

..

-0.4

6530

9098

9161

9564

9706

9423

..

3.1

1741

3173

3451

3348

3432

3374

..

5.7

Solar Photovoltaics

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

1

38

109

252

415

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

70

136

64

107

..

-

870

1366

2381

2447

2881

3349

..

11.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

11378

13032

14053

14141

14332

15305

..

2.5

Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

of which: Electricity Only Plants Hydro of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

4142

5170

6402

6362

6678

6775

..

4.2

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 133

Japan 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Heat

730

1851

2632

2850

2976

2818

3915

11.9

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

46

81

83

125

140

139

150

9.7

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

684

1770

2549

2725

2836

2679

3765

12.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

of which:

730

1851

2632

2850

2976

2818

..

11.9

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

46

81

83

125

140

139

..

9.7

Heat Only Plants

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

684

1770

2549

2725

2836

2679

..

12.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Waste Heat and Heat Pumps Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003).

Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

134 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Japan 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

65986 62679 3307

122928 114221 8707

133925 124214 9711

129777 120526 9251

132953 123534 9419

131009 121465 9544

116325 106488 9837

5.9 5.7 9.2

48893 48893

42112 42112

32107 32107

33823 33823

31287 31287

30977 30977

26681 26681

-3.7 -3.7

80 80 -

123 123 -

6364 -23 676 5665

7630 1 1237 6394

6494 193 685 6002

5976 103 998 5081

6116 .. ..

43.3 x 23.4 -

7442 7442 -

11524 11524 -

19425 19425 -

19863 19863 -

22977 22977 -

26477 26477 -

27000 e .. -

11.2 11.2 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

207274 -10 96998 110266

207721 18 108515 99224

209321 -7 112370 96944

217335 -22 112033 105280

201943 24 111241 90726

211917 -13 117675 94229

177009 .. ..

0.2 x 1.6 -1.3

36415 -491 35924 -

45194 -34 45160 -

54357 -34 54323 -

53661 -28 53633 -

55206 -30 55176 -

55192 -30 55162 -

41988 .. -

3.5 x 3.6 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 135

Korea 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2) TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3) Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

92.65 0.55

147.65 0.42 e

178.50 0.70 e

190.89 0.77 e

193.92 0.81 e

203.50 0.89 e

2003E

90-02

208.71 1.16 e

6.8 4.1

0.6

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.6

-2.4

341.55

489.26

567.52

620.45

639.70

680.29

698.90

5.9

0.27

0.30

0.31

0.31

0.30

0.30

0.30

0.8

117

130

135

133

131

129

129

0.8

42.87

45.09

46.62

47.01

47.34

47.64

47.94 e

0.9

2.16

3.27

3.83

4.06

4.10

4.27

4.35 e

105.4

181.1

235.9

263.7

281.4

326.9

345.3

5.8 9.9

6.36

3.01 e

4.56 e

4.43 e

4.51 e

4.05 e

5.69 e

-3.7

6.0

1.7

1.9

1.7

1.6

1.2

1.6

-12.4

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

Total Capacity

2341

3095

3577

3639

Hydro

2340

3093

3148

3149

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

4466 e

4364

..

5.3

3914

3876

..

4.3

2300 e

..

7.2

1000

1600

1600

1600

2300

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

1

2

4

4

5

5

..

14.4

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

3

7

11

13

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

29

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

12

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

422

479

536 e

429

..

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

210240

..

-

of which: Pumped Storage

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

136 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Korea 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

6361

5732 e

6470 e

6029 e

6334 e

6124 e

7691 e

-0.3

Hydro

6361

5478

6066

5610

5972

5311 e

6887

-1.5

-

2718

1907

1600

1821

2078 e

2001

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

3 e

5 e

6 e

6 e

6

6 e

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

Wind

-

1 e

Industrial Waste

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

-

-

17

14

15

23

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

250 e

382 e

396 e

342 e

482 e

482 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

239 e

239 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

71

54

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

17 e

of which: Electricity Only Plants

6361

5482 e

6088 e

5633 e

5992 e

5403 e

..

-1.4

Hydro

6361

5478

6066

5610

5972

5311 e

..

-1.5

-

2718

1907

1600

1821

2078 e

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

3 e

5 e

6 e

6 e

6

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

1 e

17

14

15

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

17 e -

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

71

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

250 e

382 e

396 e

342 e

482 e

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

239 e

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

250 e

382 e

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

396 e

342 e

721 e

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 137

Korea 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

22868 e

53206 e

63922 e

72852 e

83432 e

2003E

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

15406

16000

4407 e

9891 e

11776 e

83432 e

90-02

Total Heat

16000 e

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

936 e

1702 e

2906 e

3882 e

5709 e

5709 e

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

16862 e

38755 e

45732 e

50135 e

60584 e

60584 e

Solid Biomass

-

-

1955 e

2210 e

2075 e

-

Gas from Biomass

-

663 e

903 e

1298

1354 e

1139

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1139 e

-

-

-

..

-

of which: CHP Plants

-

936 e

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

936 e

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

Solid Biomass

-

Gas from Biomass

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

21932 e

4407 e 16862 e

1702 e

1702 e

51504 e

9891 e -

2906 e

2906 e

61016 e

11776 e -

3882 e

3882 e

5709 e

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

15406

16000

..

-

-

-

-

-

..

-

68970 e

5709 e

77723 e

38755 e

45732 e

50135 e

-

1955 e

2210 e

2075 e

-

-

663 e

903 e

1298

1354 e

1139

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

60584 e

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

138 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Korea 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

-

-

-

-

-

5 5

16 16

-

116 116

925 925

1763 1763

1745 1745

1556 1556

1456 1456

1378 1378

23.5 23.5

-

5686 e 5686 e -

12442 e 12442 e -

14720 14720 -

17933 17933 -

18823 18823 e -

22898 .. -

-

-

2986 e 2986 e -

4984 e 4984 e -

7110 e 7110 e -

8361 e 8361 e -

13290 e 13290 e -

17443 .. -

-

-

22078 e 22078 e -

49864 e 49864 e -

58158 e 58158 e -

63559 e 63559 e -

78704 e 78704 e -

82836 .. -

-

-

2933 e 2933 e

6419 e 2459 e 3960 e

7224 2763 4461

7133 2594 4539

7988 3588 e 4400

8335 .. ..

-

-

856 e 856 e -

1136 e 1136 e -

1622 1622 -

1693 1693 -

2861 2861 e -

3603 .. -

-

-

-

-

-

2 ..

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

1 1

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 139

Luxembourg 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

3.57 0.03

3.38 0.05

3.49 0.04

3.68 0.06

3.83 0.06

4.04 0.06

2003E

90-02

4.24 0.05 e

1.0 5.2

3.9

1.0

1.6

1.5

1.8

1.8

1.5

1.4

14.90

18.08

23.33

25.46

25.77

26.10

26.40

4.8

0.24

0.19

0.15

0.14

0.15

0.15

0.16

-3.6

30

-3.6

45

35

28

27

28

29

Population (millions)

0.38

0.41

0.43

0.44

0.44

0.45

0.45 e

1.3

TPES/population(3)

9.35

8.23

8.06

8.39

8.67

9.06

9.40 e

-0.3 13.3

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.5

2.8

3.0

0.10

0.14

0.15

0.20

0.22

0.20

0.16

5.6

16.7

29.0

43.0

46.9

44.0

7.2

5.5

-6.8

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

1138

1139

1162

1162

1163

1165

..

0.2

Hydro

1132

1133

1138

1138

1139

1139

..

0.1

1100

1100

1100

1100

1100

1100

..

0.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

1

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

15

15

15

16

..

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

6

6

9

9

9

9

..

3.4

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

2

2

2

2

..

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

140 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Luxembourg 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

857

884

816

945

963

1081

1016

2.0

Hydro

823

831

747

862

877

994

924

1.6

753

743

662

742

744

881

852

1.3

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

1

1

1

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

18

27

26

25

26

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

34

53

50

52

51

52

48

3.6

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

1

4

8

9

17

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

857

884

815

941

955

1072

..

1.9

Hydro

823

831

747

862

877

994

..

1.6

753

743

662

742

744

881

..

1.3

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

1

1

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

18

27

26

25

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

34

53

50

52

51

52

..

3.6

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

-

1

4

8

9

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

1

4

8

9

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 141

Luxembourg 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Heat

-

-

6

6

42

48

78

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

6

6

42

48

78

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

-

-

6

6

42

48

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

6

6

42

48

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which:

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

142 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Luxembourg 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2 2

2 2

2 2

2 2

2 e 2 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1036 1036 -

971 971 -

841 841 -

1151 1151 -

1178 1178 -

1119 1119 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

645 645

645 645

668 668

668 668

-

19 -19 -

12 12 -

23 23 -

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

1080 e .. -

0.6 0.6 -

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

645 645

645 e ..

-

84 84 -

96 96 -

166 e .. -

x -

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 143

Mexico 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

124.06 13.77

132.72 15.07

149.87 15.74

150.57 15.96

152.05 15.43

157.31 14.96

166.10 15.09

2.0 0.7

-1.3

11.1

11.4

10.5

10.6

10.2

9.5

9.1

265.26

286.17

349.68

372.61

371.97

375.33

381.10

2.9

0.47

0.46

0.43

0.40

0.41

0.42

0.44

-0.9

126

125

116

109

110

113

117

-0.9

81.25

90.16

97.59

97.38

99.11

100.44

101.80 e

1.8

1.53

1.47

1.54

1.55

1.53

1.57

1.63 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

122.7

152.5

192.3

204.4

209.6

215.2

221.3

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

28.60

33.20

38.96

39.52

34.62

30.87

26.42

0.6

23.3

21.8

20.3

19.3

16.5

14.3

11.9

-4.0

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

0.2 4.8

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

8580

10093

10687

10806

10792

10797

..

1.9

Hydro

7880

9329

9633

9634

9636

9635

..

1.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

700

753

750

855

838

843

..

1.6

Solar Photovoltaic

-

9

13

14

15

16

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

2

3

3

3

3

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

280

292

292

292

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

8

8

8

8

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

328

373

448

498

..

-

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

144 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Mexico 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

28602

33203

38955

39518

34619

30867

26417

0.6

Hydro

23478

27528

32782

33133

28502

24951

19866

0.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5124

5669

5623

5901

5567

5398

5940

0.4

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

28

29

31

32

32

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

6

11

13

18

16

14

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

500

433

492

458

531

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

11

9

9

12

34

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

28602

33203

38955

39518

34619

30867

..

0.6

Hydro

23478

27528

32782

33133

28502

24951

..

0.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5124

5669

5623

5901

5567

5398

..

0.4

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

28

29

31

32

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

6

11

13

18

16

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

500

433

492

458

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

11

9

9

12

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 145

Mexico 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

184464 184464 -

204084 204084 -

202428 202428 -

212436 212436 -

200412 200412 -

194328 194328 -

213840 213840 -

0.4 0.4 -

-

-

1422 1422

1801 1801

2156 2156

2400 2400

2544 2544

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

307535 307535

327881 327881

336776 36166 300610

334405 33897 300508

340693 35431 305262

339380 34779 304601

343621 .. ..

0.8 -0.1

-

-

224 224 -

257 257 -

251 251 -

301 301 -

378 .. -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

146 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Netherlands 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

66.49 0.65

72.15 0.70 e

73.51 0.96

75.48 1.03

77.28 1.06 e

77.92 1.16 e

90-02

80.12 1.13 e

1.3 5.0

3.6

1.0

1.0

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.4

374.14

414.80

481.62

498.32

504.37

505.60

503.10

2.5

0.18

0.17

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.16

-1.2

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

2003E

TPES/GDP(2)

72

70

62

61

62

62

65

-1.2

14.95

15.46

15.81

15.92

16.04

16.15

16.14 e

0.6

TPES/population(3)

4.45

4.67

4.65

4.74

4.82

4.83

4.96 e

0.7

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

71.9

81.0

86.9

89.6

93.7

96.0

96.7

2.4

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

0.82

1.31

2.36

2.83

3.25

3.86

3.93

13.8

1.1

1.6

2.7

3.2

3.5

4.0

4.1

11.1

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

243

485

850

917

959

1156

..

13.9

36

37

37

38

38

38

..

0.5 -

Total Capacity Hydro

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

1

2

9

13

21

26

..

31.2

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

57

257

409

442

486

678

..

22.9

of which: Pumped Storage

Wind

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

149

189

395

424

414

414

..

8.9

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

74

141

268

309

358

406

..

15.2

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 147

Netherlands 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

1167

1948

4873

5165

4414

5136

5255

13.1

95

88

90

142

117

124

72

2.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

2

5

8

14

18

28

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Total Electricity Hydro of which: Pumped Storage

Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

56

317

645

829

825

910

1302

26.2

-

-

1132

935

..

..

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

588

669

1158

1176

1321

1248

1301

6.5

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

345

643

1377

1398

1166

1273

1328

11.5

-

4

203

378

670

1260

929

-

83

225

263

299

301

303

295

11.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

151

407

740

979

956

1052

..

17.6

95

88

90

142

117

124

..

2.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

2

5

8

14

18

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

56

317

645

829

825

910

..

26.2

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1016

1541

4133

4186

3458

4084

..

12.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1132

935

..

..

-

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

588

669

1158

1176

1321

1248

..

6.5

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

345

643

1377

1398

1166

1273

..

11.5

Industrial Waste

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

of which: Electricity Only Plants Hydro of which: Pumped Storage

Wind

CHP Plants Geothermal Industrial Waste

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

4

203

378

670

1260

..

-

83

225

263

299

301

303

..

11.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

148 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Netherlands 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Heat

9650

9552

15959

16053

15679

14930

14961

3.7

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

1956

1235

3600

3558

3857

3838

3883

5.8

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

1168

1186

4159

4229

3406

3916

3961

10.6

Solid Biomass

6060

6060

6750

6850

6900

7026

7021

1.2

466

1071

1450

1416

1516

150

96

-9.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

3590

3492

9209

9203

8779

7904

..

6.8

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

1956

1235

3600

3558

3857

3838

..

5.8

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

1168

1186

4159

4229

3406

3916

..

10.6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

466

1071

1450

1416

1516

150

..

-9.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

of which:

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

6060

6060

6750

6850

6900

7026

..

1.2

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

6060

6060

6750

6850

6900

7026

..

1.2

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 149

Netherlands 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

70 70

159 159

292 292

347 347

400 400

500 500

554 554

17.8 17.8

-

-

10635 10635 -

8774 8774 -

.. .. -

.. .. -

.. .. -

.. .. -

6292 6292 -

5898 5898 -

11662 11662 -

11661 11661 -

13107 13107 -

12310 12310 -

12839 .. -

5.8 5.8 -

3695 3695 -

5666 5666 -

13690 13690 -

13856 13856 -

11577 11577 -

12559 12559 -

13099 .. -

10.7 10.7 -

17733 6733 e 11000

17013 e 6773 e 10240

20507 9327 e 11180

21864 11192 e 10672

21112 e 13578 e 7534

26550 e 19152 7398

23573 e .. ..

3.4 9.1 -3.3

2505 1130 1375

4938 2881 2057

5229 3633 1596

5536 4085 1451

6280 4195 2085

5588 3395 2193

5189 .. ..

6.9 9.6 4.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

150 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

New Zealand 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

13.91 4.82

16.04 5.22

17.89 5.59

17.93 5.03 e

18.09 4.67

18.01 5.00

18.10 5.01

2.2 0.3

-1.8

34.7

32.6

31.3

28.1

25.8

27.8

27.7

52.23

60.82

67.32

69.12

71.52

74.63

76.70

3.0

0.27

0.26

0.27

0.26

0.25

0.24

0.24

-0.8 -0.8

TPES/GDP(2)

138

137

138

134

131

125

122

Population (millions)

3.41

3.71

3.85

3.87

3.91

3.98

4.04 e

1.3

TPES/population(3)

4.08

4.33

4.65

4.63

4.62

4.53

4.48 e

0.9

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

32.3

35.6

38.2

39.2

39.4

40.3

41.0

1.9

25.97

29.98

26.75

28.02

24.83

27.94

27.20

0.6

80.5

84.2

70.0

71.4

63.0

69.3

66.3

-1.2

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

4880

5672

5991

5851

5889

5891

..

1.6

Hydro

4619

5259

5390

5193

5260

5245

..

1.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

261

275

363

418

417

431

..

4.3

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

36

36

36

36

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

99

99

99

99

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

80

82

57

60

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

23

23

20

20

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

138

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 151

New Zealand 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

25966

29979

26747

28016

24825

27939

27196

0.6

Hydro

23340

27259

23454

24386

21455

24456

23785

0.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2216

2172

2795

2921

2838

2879

2734

2.2

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

1

39

120

137

153

147

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

330

336

337

478

289

350

398

0.5

80

211

122

111

106

101

132

2.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

25636

29531

26309

27463

24447

27508

..

0.6

Hydro

23340

27259

23454

24386

21455

24456

..

0.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2216

2118

2739

2880

2784

2831

..

2.1

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

1

39

120

137

153

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

80

153

77

77

71

68

..

-1.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

330

448

438

553

378

431

..

2.3

-

54

56

41

54

48

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

330

336

337

478

289

350

..

0.5

Gas from Biomass

-

58

45

34

35

33

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

CHP Plants Geothermal

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

152 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

New Zealand 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

92648 -6000 75268 11380

93303 -6000 73773 13530

115242 -6000 94930 14312

85970 -6000 66145 13825

83382 -6000 64267 13115

84484 -6000 65180 13304

85096 -6000 65616 13480

-0.8 x -1.2 1.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

14140 14140

15075 15075

15720 15720

15530 15530

16050 ..

13.9 13.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

3270 e 3270

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

4040 e 4040

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

-

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

-

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

24239 3161 21078 e

24708 3161 21547 e

32892 3992 28900

35073 e 5910 29163

32892 3762 29130

34946 4536 30410

37360 .. ..

3.1 3.1 3.1

947 905 42

2610 2569 41

1348 1208 140

1257 1107 150

1375 1195 180

1257 1067 190

1299 .. ..

2.4 1.4 13.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 153

Norway 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

21.49 11.45

23.86 11.57

26.84 11.95

25.79 13.30

26.45 11.68

26.52 12.56

23.83 10.49

1.8 0.8

-0.7

50.1

47.4

44.3

48.5

44.7

45.9

45.3

122.52

147.98

171.73

176.60

180.00

181.71

182.30

3.3

0.18

0.16

0.16

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.13

-1.5

81

74

72

67

68

67

60

-1.5

Population (millions)

4.24

4.36

4.46

4.49

4.51

4.54

4.57 e

0.6

TPES/population(3)

5.07

5.48

6.02

5.74

5.86

5.84

5.22 e

121.6

122.1

122.3

139.6

119.2

130.1

106.7

121.39

121.67

121.78

139.23

118.64

129.62

106.10

0.5

99.8

99.7

99.6

99.7

99.6

99.6

99.5

-0.0

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

1.2 0.6

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

26951

28183

28364

28286

28180

28180

..

0.4

Hydro

26884

28052

28203

28126

28126

28126

..

0.4

1067

673

663

1360

1360

1360

..

2.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

5

6

6

6

6

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

3

14

13

13

13

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

30

35

35

35

..

-

of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

67

123

111

106

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

154 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Norway 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

121624

122622

122214

139703

119222

130133

106734

0.6

Hydro

121382

122299

121887

139386

118863

129727

106100

0.6

237

956

433

471

564

478

595

6.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

10

25

31

27

39

220

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

19

32

37

-

58

48

59

60

116

122

140

6.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

184

265

243

226

197

213

237

1.2

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

121566

122574

122155

139643

119164

130067

..

0.6

Hydro

121382

122299

121887

139386

118863

129727

..

0.6

237

956

433

471

564

478

..

6.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

10

25

31

27

39

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

19

32

..

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

58

56

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

184

265

243

226

197

213

..

1.2

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

58

48

59

60

58

66

..

1.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

58

48

59

60

58

66

..

1.1

Solid Biomass

CHP Plants Geothermal Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 155

Norway 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990 Total Heat

3700 e

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

4201

4767

4697

5158

5473

5814

3.3

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

150

412

467

546

442

468

-

3596

3914

4010

3879

3918

4112

4351

1.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

73 e

58

151

160

511

692

732

20.6

Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

-

10

19

12

10

6

6

-

31

69

175

179

173

221

257

17.9

CHP Plants

1421

1876

1842

1777

1709

2046

..

3.1

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1421

1876

1842

1777

1709

2046

..

3.1

Gas from Biomass Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

of which:

Municipal Solid Waste Renew. Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2325

2925

2920

3449

3427

..

3.5

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

150

412

467

546

442

..

-

2175

2038

2168

2102

2209

2066

..

-0.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

73 e

58

151

160

511

692

..

20.6

-

10

19

12

10

6

..

-

31

69

175

179

173

221

..

17.9

Heat Only Plants

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

2279 e

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Waste Heat and Heat Pumps Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003).

Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

156 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Norway 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

150 150 -

412 412 -

467 467 -

746 746 -

768 768 -

768 .. -

-

4515 4515 -

4803 4803 -

5781 5042 739

5176 4978 198

5607 5499 108

6179 5439 740

5606 .. ..

2.6 1.6 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

42043 90 1442 40691

55805 434 1497 54742

50008 207 1459 48756

55985 532 2057 54460

52104 778 2198 50684

49714 2187 .. ..

2.5 6.2 2.5

-

663 12 651

1078 22 1056

1078 14 1064

961 11 950

1094 7 1087

1094 .. ..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

-

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

38669 1072 e 37597

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 157

Poland 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2) TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3) Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

99.85 1.58

99.87 3.92

93.19 3.75

89.55 3.80

90.04 4.08

89.19 4.14

92.36 4.17

-0.9 8.4

9.3

1.6

3.9

4.0

4.2

4.5

4.6

4.5

118.83

132.32

163.50

170.01

171.69

174.08

179.80

3.2

0.84

0.75

0.57

0.53

0.52

0.51

0.51

-4.0

57

-4.0

93

84

63

59

58

57

38.12

38.59

38.65

38.65

38.64

38.22

37.79 e

0.0

2.62

2.59

2.41

2.32

2.33

2.33

2.44 e

-1.0

134.4

137.0

140.0

143.2

143.7

142.5

150.2

0.5

1.47

1.96

2.35

2.33

2.78

2.77

2.24

5.4

1.1

1.4

1.7

1.6

1.9

1.9

1.5

4.9

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

1977

2047

2191

2199

2269

2260

..

1.1

Hydro

1977

2047

2179

2183

2234

2207

..

0.9

1205

1366

1366

1366

1366

1366

..

1.1

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

3

4

19

32

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

2

3

4

7

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

7

9

12

14

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

158 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Poland 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

3570

4213

4789

4673

5000

4858

4358

2.6

Hydro

3313

3851

4282

4116

4220

3906

3293

1.4

1896

1964

2127

2010

1895

1627

1622

-1.3

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

1

4

5

14

61

124

-

202

294

311

331

322

464

500

7.2

of which: Pumped Storage

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

17.5

55

54

169

190

402

379

385

Gas from Biomass

-

13

23

31

42

48

56

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

3313

3865

4309

4152

4276

4015

..

1.6

Hydro

3313

3851

4282

4116

4220

3906

..

1.4

1896

1964

2127

2010

1895

1627

..

-1.3

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

1

4

5

14

61

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

13

23

31

42

48

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

257

348

480

521

724

843

..

10.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

202

294

311

331

322

464

..

7.2

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

55

54

169

190

402

379

..

17.5

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 159

Poland 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Heat

13926

2079

2633

2627

2737

2878

2980

-12.3

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2958

1326

737

788

922

1000

1054

-8.6

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

10958

747

1857

1802

1791

1873

1920

-13.7

10

6

39

37

24

5

6

-5.6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

10986

1628

1875

2101

2111

2159

..

-12.7

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2895

1194

463

754

897

988

..

-8.6

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

of which:

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

8091

434

1412

1347

1214

1171

..

-14.9

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

2940

451

758

526

626

719

..

-11.1

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

63

132

274

34

25

12

..

-12.9

Heat Only Plants

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2867

313

445

455

577

702

..

-11.1

10

6

39

37

24

5

..

-5.6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

160 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Poland 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

-

-

-

124 124

120 120

263 263

311 311

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

32311 -5222 5265 21824

35109 -2690 3878 28541

17272 -247 3090 13935

18766 -258 3279 15229

19632 -283 3375 15974

20651 -392 4633 15626

20259 .. ..

-3.7 x -1.1 -2.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

12 12

64 64

22 -1 21

-

28 -

x -

60643 -6 14571 46066

156943 -52 1322 155569

148470 -185 3398 144887

150485 -298 3461 146726

160406 -39 4886 155481

163308 37 4809 158536

165300 .. ..

8.6 x -8.8 10.8

393 14 379

551 -1 125 425

1054 -22 349 683

1211 -27 443 741

1477 -12 563 902

1267 -18 529 720

1575 .. ..

10.2 x 35.3 5.5

-

-

-

-

9 9

-

32 -

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

-

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 161

Portugal 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

17.75 3.28

20.71 3.32 e

25.06 3.37

25.33 3.85

25.43 4.10

26.39 3.64

25.70 4.30

3.4 0.9

18.5

16.1

13.4

15.2

16.1

13.9

16.9

-2.4

98.55

107.24

125.31

129.93

132.07

132.64

131.60

2.5

0.18

0.19

0.20

0.19

0.19

0.20

0.20

0.8

144

154

160

156

154

159

156

0.8

Population (millions)

9.90

10.03

10.17

10.23

10.30

10.37

10.39 e

0.4

TPES/population(3)

1.79

2.07

2.46

2.48

2.47

2.54

2.47 e

3.0

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

28.4

33.2

42.9

43.4

46.2

45.7

46.3

4.0

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

9.85

9.39

8.73

13.13

16.00

9.99

18.06

0.1

34.7

28.3

20.3

30.3

34.6

21.9

39.0

-3.8

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2) TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

3538

4632

4897

4908

4979

5098

..

3.1

Hydro

3344

4409

4527

4526

4560

4587

..

2.7

561

561

597

597

597

597

..

0.5

Geothermal

1

8

14

14

14

14

..

24.6

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

1

1

1

2

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

1

8

57

83

125

190

..

54.8

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

64

64

64

71

..

-

186

205

233

219

214

233

..

1.9

Gas from Biomass

-

-

1

1

1

1

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

6

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

150

200

230

238

246

254

..

4.5

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

162 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Portugal 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

Total Electricity

9998

9501

9073

13517

16337

10451

18394

0.4

Hydro

9303

8454

7631

11715

14375

8257

16030

-1.0

146

111

345

392

341

457

331

10.0

Geothermal

4

42

80

80

105

96

90

30.3

Solar Photovoltaics

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

5.9

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

1

16

123

168

256

362

496

63.4

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

157

514

511

523

551

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4.8

of which: Pumped Storage

90-02

689

987

1080

1037

1086

1208

1222

Gas from Biomass

-

1

1

2

3

3

3

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

9309

8513

7995

12485

15269

9282

..

-0.0

Hydro

9303

8454

7631

11715

14375

8257

..

-1.0

146

111

345

392

341

457

..

10.0

Geothermal

4

42

80

80

105

96

..

30.3

Solar Photovoltaics

1

1

1

1

1

2

..

5.9

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

1

16

123

168

256

362

..

63.4

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

157

514

511

523

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

3

7

21

42

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

689

988

1078

1032

1068

1169

..

4.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

689

987

1077

1030

1065

1166

..

4.5

Gas from Biomass

-

1

1

2

3

3

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

CHP Plants Geothermal

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 163

Portugal 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

134 134 -

1577 1535 42

2921 2879 42

2921 2879 42

3821 3779 42

3498 3456 42

3282 3240 42

31.2 31.1 -

458 458

617 617

749 749

770 770

796 796

822 822

850 850

5.0 5.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2384 2384 -

7295 7295 -

7308 7308 -

7632 7632 -

7925 .. -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

103699 6253 97446

106632 6155 100477

108330 7719 100611

108637 7551 101086

108116 7419 100697

111145 7998 103147

109538 .. ..

0.6 2.1 0.5

38 38 -

48 48 -

37 37 -

39 39 -

33 .. -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

21 e 21 e -

-

-

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

164 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Slovak Republic 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

21.43 0.33

17.74 0.50

17.36 0.46

17.47 0.49

18.45 0.73

18.55 0.72

90-02

18.19 0.56 e

-1.2 6.8

7.7

1.6

2.8

2.6

2.8

3.9

3.8

3.1

21.26

19.40

22.78

23.25

24.13

25.19

26.20

1.4

1.01

0.91

0.76

0.75

0.76

0.74

0.69

-2.6

69

-2.6

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

2003E

TPES/GDP(2)

101

91

76

75

76

74

Population (millions)

5.30

5.36

5.40

5.40

5.40

5.38

5.36 e

0.1

TPES/population(3)

4.04

3.31

3.22

3.23

3.41

3.45

3.40 e

-1.3

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

23.4

26.0

27.4

30.3

31.9

32.2

31.4

2.7

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

1.88

4.88

4.47

4.62

5.08

5.42

3.65 e

9.2

8.0

18.8

16.3

15.2

15.9

16.8

11.6

6.4

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

..

2260

2419

2420

2508

2508

..

..

Hydro

..

2260

2419

2420

2502

2505

..

..

..

735

735 e

735 e

916

919

..

..

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

1

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

1

2

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

5

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 165

Slovak Republic 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Electricity

2515

5226

4776

4975

5277

5641

3849 e

Hydro

2515

5226

4776

4975

5117

5483

3671

6.7

635

346

302

360

190

215

192

-8.6

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

6

6

7 e

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

2003E

90-02 7.0

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

153

150

169 e

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

1

2

2 e

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

2515

5226

4776

4975

5118

5485

..

6.7

Hydro

2515

5226

4776

4975

5117

5483

..

6.7

635

346

302

360

190

215

..

-8.6

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

1

2

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

-

-

-

159

156

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

6

6

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

153

150

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

166 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Slovak Republic 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Heat

-

-

-

-

2093

2333

2003E 2562 e

90-02

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

162

159

175 e

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

125

626

687 e

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

- e

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

366

154

169 e

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

382

503

552 e

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

3

3 e

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

1058

888

976 e

-

CHP Plants

-

-

-

-

296

450

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

81

212

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which:

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

215

238

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

-

-

-

-

1797

1883

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

162

159

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

44

414

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

366

154

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

167

265

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

3

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

1058

888

..

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 167

Slovak Republic 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

-

-

-

-

366 324 42

387 318 69

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

6965 6965

2003E

90-02

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

420 e 350 e 70 e

-

-

-

-

1410 -7 -207 231 965

2042 23 -332 1139 594

2050 10 .. ..

x -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1028 589 439

173 173 -

180 .. -

-

3196 53 3093 156

3050 -72 2873 105

4169 -346 3797 26

11185 -31 17 1340 9831

10494 -4 59 1761 8788

10500 -5 -10 .. ..

3.5 x 2.0

-

-

-

-

221 13 208

136 -1 26 109

132 .. ..

x -

-

-

-

-

38 -2 -36 -

3 -3 -

2 -1 -

x -

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

168 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Spain 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

1990 TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1)

91.21 6.23 e

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

103.30 5.60 e

118.43 6.13 e

124.67 7.03 e

127.84 8.29 e

131.56 7.08 e

2003E

90-02

135.21 9.06 e

3.1 1.1

6.8

5.4

5.2

5.7

6.5

5.4

6.7

-1.9

542.10

584.19

677.01

705.52

725.58

740.40

758.40

2.6

0.17

0.18

0.17

0.18

0.18

0.18

0.18

0.5

111

117

116

117

117

118

118

0.5

38.85

39.22

39.63

39.93

40.27

40.55

40.77 e

0.4

2.35

2.63

2.99

3.12

3.17

3.24

3.32 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

151.2

165.6

205.9

222.2

233.2

242.7

260.1

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

26.06 e

24.60

27.81

36.14

49.77

36.28

58.09 e

2.8

17.2

14.9

13.5

16.3

21.3

14.9

22.3

-1.2

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2) TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

2.7 4.0

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

16378

17084

18751

20472

21757

23329

..

3.0

Hydro

16231

16784

16897

17960

18032

18068

..

0.9 -5.4

4911

5095

5095

5288

5288

2518

..

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

3

7

9

12

16

20

..

17.1

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

2

98

1613

2206

3397

4798

..

91.3

of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

27

69

94

94

94

94

..

11.0

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste

115

126

138

150

167

282

..

7.8

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

50

51

67

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

281

319

362

403

462

515

..

5.2

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 169

Spain 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Electricity

26876 e

26178

30660

38650

52611

39625

60930 e

Hydro

26184

24569

25437

31807

43864

26387

43808

0.1

770

1457

2574

2237

2837

3350

2843

13.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

6

15

17

18

24

35

35

15.8

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

14

270

2744

4727

6759

8704

11538

70.9

of which: Pumped Storage

Wind

90-02 3.3

50 e

118

279

274

..

..

..

..

160 e

391

918

667

667

566

647

11.1

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

2003E

-

-

-

-

-

462 e

-

668

1074

841

969

3483

4341 e

Gas from Biomass

-

147

191

316

328

450

561 e

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3.2

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

-

18.3

of which: Electricity Only Plants

26271 e

25203

29490

37971

51852

38138

..

Hydro

26184

24569

25437

31807

43864

26387

..

0.1

770

1457

2574

2237

2837

3350

..

13.0

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

6

15

17

18

24

35

..

15.8

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

14

270

2744

4727

6759

8704

..

70.9

Industrial Waste

50 e

..

118

279

274

..

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

570

667

667

566

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

48.9

17 e

96

299

176

224

2027

..

Gas from Biomass

-

135

144

302

314

419

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

CHP Plants Geothermal

605 e

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

975

1170

679

759

1487

..

7.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

391

348

..

..

..

-

..

160 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

445 e

-

572

775

665

745

1456

..

10.4

Gas from Biomass

-

12

47

14

14

31

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

170 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Spain 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

160

576

..

..

..

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

Total Heat

84 e

Geothermal

160

490

..

..

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

84 e -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

86

..

..

..

..

..

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

160

576

..

..

..

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

of which: CHP Plants

84 e

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

160

490

..

..

..

..

..

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

84 e

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

86

..

..

..

..

..

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 171

Spain 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

-

142 142

202 202

321 321

321 321

321 321

321 e 321 e

-

-

1032 1032

1171 1171

1303 1303

1493 1493

1660 1660

1850 e 1850 e

-

5041 e 1771 e 3270 e

6538 e 3138 3400 e

3134 e 3134 e ..

.. .. ..

.. .. ..

.. .. ..

-

7846 -98 7748 -

8325 e 8325 -

9605 9605 -

11667 11667 -

8160 8160 -

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

853 e 353 e 500 e

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

3393 -68 3325 -

9317 e .. -

7.6 x 7.8 -

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

165624 e 2345 e 163279

138183 e 3912 e 134271

150957 e 8872 142085

151702 e -126 11882 e 139694

153703 e -126 13354 e 140223

5492 4442 1050

5624 4573 1051

80 80

80 80

159588 -126 17931 141531

165000 e .. ..

-0.3 x 18.5 -1.2

7041 e 5866 1175

8572 e .. ..

26.4 8.8

187 187

187 e ..

-

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

425 425

3155 2265 890

-

-

3765 2845 e 920 e

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

172 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Sweden 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

46.66 11.74

50.00 13.15

50.42 14.20 e

47.50 15.28

51.19 14.84

51.03 14.06

50.04 12.96

0.7 1.5

0.9

25.1

26.2

27.8

32.4

28.6

27.8

26.5

239.25

248.17

279.11

291.18

293.87

299.51

304.90

1.9

0.20

0.20

0.18

0.16

0.17

0.17

0.16

-1.1

TPES/GDP(2)

84

87

78

71

75

74

71

-1.1

Population (millions)

8.56

8.83

8.86

8.87

8.90

8.93

8.96 e

0.3

TPES/population(3)

5.45

5.66

5.69

5.35

5.75

5.72

5.59 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

146.0

148.3

154.8

145.2

161.6

146.0

132.5

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

74.37 e

70.63

74.82

83.28

83.46

71.09

57.74

-0.4

51.0

47.6

48.3

57.3

51.6

48.7

43.6

-0.4

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

0.4 0.0

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

17569

17497

18232

18319

18833

18624

..

0.5

Hydro

16331

16152

16451

16525

16568

16416

..

0.0

427

427

19

19

45

45

..

-17.1

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

2

3

3

3

3

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

8

67

196

209

295

345

..

36.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

30

76

74

74

170

170

..

15.6 2.8

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste

1200

1200

1490

1490

1778

1670

..

Gas from Biomass

-

-

18

18

19

20

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

..

..

-

-

-

-

-

..

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

90

135

185

207

229

250

..

8.9

Solid Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 173

Sweden 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

74900 e

70683

74953

83419

83586

71200

57833

-0.4

Hydro

73033

68160

71713

78619

79082

66564

52976

-0.8

530

58

22

35

22

36

25

-20.1

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

1

1

1

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

6

99

358

457

482

609

631

47.0

-

107

101

109

72

73

-

116

130

239

225

280

466

8.7

-

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

103 e -

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

1758 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2278

2636

3971

3666

3618

3626

6.2

Gas from Biomass

-

30

9

32

21

56

60

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

73039

68259

72071

79076

79565

67174

..

-0.7

Hydro

73033

68160

71713

78619

79082

66564

..

-0.8

530

58

22

35

22

36

..

-20.1

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

1

1

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

6

99

358

457

482

609

..

47.0

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

1861 e

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

2882

4343

4021

4026

..

6.6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

107

101

109

72

..

-

116

130

239

225

280

..

8.7

103 e -

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

2424

-

1758 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2278

2636

3971

3666

3618

..

6.2

Gas from Biomass

-

30

9

32

21

56

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

174 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Sweden 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change Total Heat

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

24434 e

81708

103478

105506

117031

116676

131976

13.9

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

507

508

555

570

720

-

14338

15359

16659

17372

16041

21244

2.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

53310

71616

72330

82640

83899

94877

17.6

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

12448 e -

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

11986 e

Gas from Biomass

-

770

1062

1042

1158

928

1188

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

13290

14934

14967

15306

15238

13947

..

43373

58592

61108

66510

70588

..

19.3

of which: CHP Plants

8518 e

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

476

489

555

543

..

-

9863

10674

10971

12070

11333

..

7.7

4673 e

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

3845 e

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

30649

43904

45737

50552

54607

..

24.7

Gas from Biomass

-

381

503

589

581

562

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

2480

3035

3322

2752

3543

..

..

38335

44886

44398

50521

46088

..

9.3

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

31

19

-

27

..

-

4475

4685

5688

5302

4708

..

-4.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

11.3

Heat Only Plants

15916 e

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

7775 e -

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

22661

27712

26593

32088

29292

..

Gas from Biomass

-

389

559

453

577

366

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

..

10810

11899

11645

12554

11695

..

..

Solid Biomass

8141 e

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 175

Sweden 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

133 133

200 200

223 223

247 247

779 779

199 199

15.9 15.9

209 209

84 84

1058 1058 -

1061 1061 -

1161 1161 -

1110 1110 -

1110 .. -

14.9 -

14640 14640 -

16536 16536 -

17621 17621 -

20869 20869 -

20725 20725 -

20001 20001 -

26879 .. -

2.6 2.6 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

313098 94138 218960

329971 101281 228690

308570 112710 195860

321214 116182 205032

317168 .. ..

3.4 14.9 0.5

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

200 e 200 e

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

215730 21839 193891

284018 71786 e 212232

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

4140 1066 3074

4279 1208 3071

4142 1342 2800

5242 1421 3821

4968 1370 3598

5400 .. ..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

176 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Switzerland 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

25.11 3.30 e

25.27 4.03

26.69 4.46

26.48 4.23

28.02 4.68 e

27.14 4.16 e

2003E

90-02

27.04 4.13

0.7 1.9

1.2

13.1

15.6

16.2

15.6

16.2

15.1

15.1

308.43

307.26

325.84

336.36

339.22

340.00

338.40

0.8

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.08

-0.2 -0.2

TPES/GDP(2)

102

103

102

98

103

100

100

Population (millions)

6.71

7.04

7.14

7.18

7.23

7.29

7.32 e

0.7

TPES/population(3)

3.74

3.59

3.74

3.69

3.87

3.72

3.70 e

-0.0

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

54.6

62.3

68.5

66.0

70.5

64.9

65.3

1.5

30.16

35.76

40.85

37.73

42.16

36.08

35.81 e

1.5

55.2

57.4

59.6

57.2

59.8

55.6

54.9

0.1

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

11823

12124

12265

13518

15159

15204

..

2.1

Hydro

11670

11890

11980

13229

14865

14908

..

2.1 0.9

1455

1455

1625

1625

1625

1625

..

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

2

7

13

15

18

20

..

21.2

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

3

3

5

5

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4.9

of which: Pumped Storage

148

218

259

262

262

262

..

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

3

9

10

9

9

9

..

9.6

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

603

1000

1253

1303

1351

1326

..

6.8

Municipal Solid Waste

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 177

Switzerland 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Electricity

31620

36998

42548

39846

44193

38464

38685 e

Hydro

30982

35954

41022

38230

42673

36924

36809

1.5

1187

785

1018

1396

1365

1710

2054

3.1

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

1

5

9

11

12

14

17

24.6

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

3

3

4

5

5

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

2003E

90-02 1.6

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

276

453

678

717

666

676

824 e

7.8

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

275

453

677

717

666

675

822 e

7.8

6

9

13

14

14

21

26 e

11.0

80

124

146

154

158

149

182 e

5.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

30983

35959

41034

38244

42689

36943

..

1.5

Hydro

30982

35954

41022

38230

42673

36924

..

1.5

1187

785

1018

1396

1365

1710

..

3.1

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

1

5

9

11

12

14

..

24.6

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

3

3

4

5

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

637

1039

1514

1602

1504

1521

..

7.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

276

453

678

717

666

676

..

7.8

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

275

453

677

717

666

675

..

7.8

6

9

13

14

14

21

..

11.0

80

124

146

154

158

149

..

5.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal Industrial Waste

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003).

Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

178 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Switzerland 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990 Total Heat

9194 e

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

11916 e

13379

12683

13588

14151

2003E 14273 e

90-02 3.7

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

4229 e

5509 e

6191

5825

6274

6569

6626 e

3.7

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

4229 e

5509 e

6192

5824

6274

6569

6625 e

3.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

736

898

996

1034

1040

1013

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

13379

12683

13588

14151

..

3.7

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

1022 e

2.7

of which: CHP Plants

9194 e

11916 e

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

4229 e

5509 e

6191

5825

6274

6569

..

3.7

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

4229 e

5509 e

3.7

6192

5824

6274

6569

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

736

898

996

1034

1040

1013

..

2.7

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 179

Switzerland 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

2553 2553

3251 3251

3828 3828

3808 3808

4499 4499

4574 4574

4978 4978

5.0 5.0

316 316

646 646

921 921

980 980

1038 1038

915 915

960 960

9.3 9.3

6710 6710

8450 8450

10000 10000

11350 11350

11350 11350

11150 11150

12180 ..

4.3 4.3

13108 13108 -

14815 14815 -

15900 15900 -

16846 16846 -

16700 16700 -

16590 .. -

6.1 6.1 -

13107 13107 -

14815 14815 -

15900 15900 -

16846 16846 -

16700 16700 -

16590 .. -

6.1 6.1 -

17697 e 556 e 18253 e

22443 290 -1542 1349 e 19842

20560 90 876 936 e 20590

21023 983 20040

22293 e 40 983 e 21350

22526 e 90 1486 e 21130

22596 -20 .. ..

2.0 -14.1 x 1.2

1667 e 1667 e -

2181 2181 -

2504 2504 e -

2629 2629 -

2641 2641 -

2561 e 2561 e -

2464 .. -

3.6 3.6 -

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

8245 8245 -

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

8245 8245 -

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

-

-

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

180 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Turkey 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

53.00 9.66

61.86 10.78

70.98 10.70 e

77.49 10.15 e

71.59 9.42 e

75.42 10.08 e

2003E 80.34 9.94 e

90-02 3.0 0.4

18.2

17.4

15.1

13.2

13.2

13.4

12.4

-2.5

144.57

169.32

191.39

205.47

190.07

204.87

216.70

2.9

0.37

0.37

0.37

0.38

0.38

0.37

0.37

0.0

103

103

104

106

106

103

104

0.0 1.8

TPES/GDP(2) TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

56.20

61.65

65.82

67.46

68.61

69.67

70.21 e

TPES/population(3)

0.94

1.00

1.08

1.15

1.04

1.08

1.14 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

57.5

86.2

116.4

124.9

122.7

129.4

140.3

23.23

35.85

34.93

31.15

24.30

33.97

35.53

3.2

40.4

41.6

30.0

24.9

19.8

26.2

25.3

-3.5

Population (millions)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

1.2 7.0

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

6782

9895

10659

11307

11805

12378

..

5.1

Hydro

6764

9863

10537

11175

11673

12241

..

5.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

18

18

18

18

18

18

..

0.0

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

9

19

19

19

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

19

19

19

19

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

72

72

72

72

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

3

4

4

9

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

14

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 181

Turkey 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

23228

35849

34983

31206

24341

34011

35544

3.2

Hydro

23148

35541

34677

30877

24010

33684

35324

3.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

80

86

81

76

90

105

89

2.3

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

21

33

62

48

61

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

55

54

46

45

13

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

222

133

145

109

103

26

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

16

21

24

26

31

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

23228

35627

34826

31024

24196

33872

..

3.2

Hydro

23148

35541

34677

30877

24010

33684

..

3.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

80

86

81

76

90

105

..

2.3

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

-

-

21

33

62

48

..

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

45

38

33

32

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

2

-

1

3

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

-

222

157

182

145

139

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

10

16

13

13

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

222

133

145

109

103

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

14

21

23

23

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

182 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

Turkey 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

18137 2880 15257

21384 3096 18288

28803 2916 25887

28623 2736 25887

32007 3240 28767

34355 3780 30575

34222 3204 31018

5.5 2.3 6.0

1172 1172

5986 5986

9879 9879

10967 10967

12014 12014

13311 13311

13479 13479

22.4 22.4

-

-

660 e 660 e -

648 e 648 e -

552 e 552 e -

528 e 528 e -

156 e .. -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

301722 301722

295863 11625 284238

284439 3307 281132

273848 3558 270290

263634 3642 259992

240623 .. ..

-1.5 -1.6

-

-

168 e 168 e -

216 e 216 e -

257 e 257 e -

277 e 277 e -

319 e .. -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

252544 2472 e 250072

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 183

United Kingdom 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2) TPES/GDP (1973 = 100) Population (millions) TPES/population(3) Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4) Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

212.18 1.03

223.18 1.84

231.75 2.28

231.13 2.35

234.41 2.43

226.51 2.64

229.49 3.04

0.5 8.2

7.5

0.5

0.8

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.2

1.3

1045.06

1134.94

1276.11

1324.32

1352.58

1375.93

1406.50

2.3

0.20

0.20

0.18

0.17

0.17

0.16

0.16

-1.7

69

67

62

59

59

56

56

-1.7

57.57

58.61

59.50

59.76

58.84

59.21

59.43 e

0.2

3.69

3.81

3.89

3.87

3.98

3.83

3.86 e

317.8

332.5

365.3

374.4

382.3

384.5

392.2

1.6

5.81

6.87

9.62

9.90

9.60

10.92

11.56

5.4

1.8

2.1

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.8

2.9

3.7

0.3

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Capacity

4028

4735

5268

5608

5694

5918

..

3.3

Hydro

3897

4220

4265

4273

4296

4365

..

0.9

2787

2788

2788

2788

2788

2788

..

0.0

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaic

-

-

1

2

3

4

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

1

1

1

..

-

10

200

357

412

427

534

..

39.3

Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

31

87

161

253

260

279

..

20.1

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste

-

46

84

157

157

166

..

-

90

182

400

510

550

569

..

16.6

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

205

254

298

396

365

446

..

6.7

Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

184 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

United Kingdom 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Electricity

7876

8835

13076

13051

12432

14064

14803

5.0

Hydro

7189

6390

8238

7780

6411

7437

7300

0.3

1982

1552

2902

2694

2356

2652

2734

2.5

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

1

1

2

3

3

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which: Pumped Storage

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

9

391

850

946

965

1256

1300

50.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

140

471

856

880

929

958

990

17.4 16.0

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

83

412

558

453

479

493

510

-

199

460

436

776

870

1000

-

455

972

2113

2555

2870

3047

3700

17.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

7560

8425

12601

12630

11999

13613

..

5.0

Hydro

7189

6390

8238

7780

6411

7437

..

0.3

1982

1552

2902

2694

2356

2652

..

2.5

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Photovoltaics

-

-

1

1

2

3

..

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tide, Wave, Ocean

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wind

9

391

850

946

965

1256

..

50.9

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

140

471

816

844

883

903

..

16.8 15.4

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

83

412

533

435

455

465

..

-

199

460

436

776

870

..

-

139

562

1703

2188

2507

2679

..

28.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

316

410

475

421

433

451

..

3.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

40

36

46

55

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

25

18

24

28

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

316

410

410

367

363

368

..

1.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

CHP Plants Geothermal

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 185

United Kingdom 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

Total Heat

-

-

3151

3185

2206

2362

2360

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

3151

3185

2206

2362

2360

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

-

-

3151

3185

2206

2362

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

3151

3185

2206

2362

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

of which:

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

186 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

United Kingdom 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

33 33

33 33

33 33

33 33

33 33

33 33

33 33

0.0 0.0

428 428

428 428

419 419

469 469

561 561

682 682

682 682

4.0 4.0

1909 1909 e

1472 1472

1472 1472

1472 1472

1476 1476

1476 ..

6.7 6.7

5682 4931 751

10282 9711 571

11537 10748 789

12864 11979 885

14025 13004 1021

14288 .. ..

13.9 16.7 1.1

1747 1211 536

4966 4310 656

6704 6338 366

5950 5537 413

6635 6171 464

7231 6699 532

7368 .. ..

12.6 15.3 -0.1

12685 12685

37090 4685 32405

33746 11141 22605

30835 11157 19678

32484 12806 19678

33497 13778 19719

42624 .. ..

8.4 3.7

8222 5622 2600

14805 12017 2788

28676 26113 2563

33912 31575 2337

37842 35468 2374

40540 38015 2525

48442 .. ..

14.2 17.3 -0.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

676 676 e

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

2933 2033 900

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 187

United States 1. ENERGY SUPPLY, GDP AND POPULATION Average annual percent change

1990 TPES (Mtoe)

of which: Renewables (Mtoe) (1) Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (1995 bil. US$) TPES/GDP(2)

1927.64 100.17 e

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2088.52 108.15

2242.32 107.28

2302.62 105.92

2253.90 87.93

2290.41 95.74

2003E 2291.18 97.26 e

5.2

5.2

4.8

4.6

3.9

4.2

4.3

7338.40

8629.10

8955.10

8977.80

9196.40

9463.90

2.9

0.30

0.28

0.26

0.26

0.25

0.25

0.24

-1.4

56

-1.4

68

66

60

59

58

57

266.33

279.06

282.13

284.82

287.46

290.10 e

7.71

7.84

8.04

8.16

7.91

7.97

7.90 e

Electricity Generation (TWh)(4)

3202.8

3558.4

3873.5

4025.7

3838.6

3992.7

3984.9

of which: Renewables (TWh) (1)(4)

379.26 e

391.73

359.43

338.55

268.31

321.85

325.69 e

11.0

9.3

8.4

7.0

8.1

Population (millions) TPES/population(3)

Renew./Total Elec.(%) (1)(5)

1.4 -0.4

6520.50

249.98

TPES/GDP (1973 = 100)

90-02

11.8

8.2

-1.8

1.2 0.3 1.9

-1.4 -3.2

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003), IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and OECD Main Economic Indicators . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal solid waste and pumped storage production. In units of toe/1995 thousand US$. In units of toe per capita. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production.

2. NET GENERATING CAPACITY OF RENEWABLE AND WASTE PRODUCTS (MW) Average annual percent change

1990 Total Capacity Hydro

106104

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

117230

114878

115127

117304

..

0.8

100060

100793

98881

98580

99727

..

0.6

..

21387

21400

19522

19096

20373

..

..

2669

2968

2846

2793

2216

2252

..

-1.4

339

67 e 333

151

171

207

246

..

-

385

382

388

388

..

1.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1911

1731

2251

2377

3864

4417

..

7.2

Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind

2000

115442 e

Solar Photovoltaic Solar Thermal

1999

92360

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

1995

Industrial Waste

-

-

941

638

378

673

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste

-

-

2461

2627

2497

2492

..

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

6785

6129

6112

6151

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

617

880

885

958

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

8825

10283

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Collectors Surface (1000 m2)

-

-

66813

63635

60888

58705

..

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

188 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

United States 3. GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (GWh) Average annual percent change

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Electricity

395066 e

1990

419738

389079

372499

300895

354753

359088 e

-0.9

Hydro

288960

337856

301793

279986

214728

258366

269002 e

-0.9

15808

23740

23880

26782

26476

24793

25959 e

3.8

16012

14941

15717

14621

14246

14939

13443 e

-0.6

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal

3

4

3

3

3

3

3 e

0.0

824

527

526

565

569

575 e

-1.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

3066

3196

4802

5650

6806

10459

Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind

-

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

10613 e -

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

90-02

663

Solar Photovoltaics Solar Thermal

2003E

55255 e -

11505 e

10.8

4268

5767

7170

6108

8106

7435 e

-

14773

16566

16727

16204

16505

15140 e

3.7

-

-

-

-

-

40587

39568

42586

36821

40209

36883 e

5102 e

-2.6

3289

4336

5230

5414

5597

20494 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Electricity Only Plants

328128 e

382658

348690

330651

262833

313105

..

-0.4

Hydro

288960

337856

301793

279986

214728

258366

..

-0.9

15808

23740

23880

26782

26476

24793

..

3.8

16012

14941

15717

14621

14246

14939

..

-0.6

3

4

3

3

3

3

..

0.0

663

824

527

526

565

569

..

-1.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3066

3196

4802

5650

6806

10459

..

10.8

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

of which:

of which: Pumped Storage Geothermal Solar Photovoltaics Solar Thermal Tide, Wave, Ocean Wind

-

Industrial Waste

9693 e

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

9731 e

Solid Biomass

440

426

923

680

2322

..

-

13432

14024

14525

14350

14336

..

3.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

8887

7754

10512

7197

7892

..

-1.7

Gas from Biomass

-

3078

3644

3905

4258

4219

..

-

Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants Geothermal

66938 e

37080

40389

41848

38062

41648

..

-3.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3828

5341

6247

5428

5784

..

-

920 e

1341

2542

2202

1854

2169

..

7.4

Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew. Solid Biomass

45524 e -

Gas from Biomass Comb. Renewables Non-Specified

20494 e

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

31700

31814

32074

29624

32317

..

-2.8

211

692

1325

1156

1378

..

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition) - 189

United States 4. GROSS HEAT PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total Heat

-

28539

30267

27118

16059

17344

2003E

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

1993

950

187

782

1749

1749 e

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

7270

15709

15251

6213

6950

6950 e

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

19276

12419

9489

8268

8236

8236 e

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

1189

2191

796

409

409 e

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CHP Plants

-

28539

30267

27118

16059

17344

..

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

1993

950

187

782

1749

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

7270

15709

15251

6213

6950

..

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

19276

12419

9489

8268

8236

..

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

1189

2191

796

409

..

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat Only Plants

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geothermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solar Thermal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Industrial Waste

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Municipal Solid Waste Non-Renew.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Solid Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gas from Biomass

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Waste Heat and Heat Pumps

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

17344 e

-

90-02 -

-

of which:

Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

190 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2004 Edition)

United States 5. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY, TRANSFORMATION AND FINAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLE PRODUCTS (TJ) Average annual percent change

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003E

90-02

590501 576432 14069

554876 537876 17000

586175 565812 20363

548091 526356 21735

328549 304705 23844

346456 321345 25111

347743 e 322632 e 25111 e

-4.3 -4.8 4.9

2387 2387 -

2967 2967 -

65211 1898 63313

62196 1894 60302

59732 2034 57698

57679 2049 55630

57700 e 2070 e 55630 e

30.4 -1.3 -

-

128432 125190 3242

148659 57207 91452

172192 69406 102786

144568 62971 81597

158905 78842 80063

145000 e .. ..

x -

270237 270237 -

314098 260372 53726

342979 257429 85550

290066 265079 24987

325873 305334 20539

305000 e .. ..

5.4 4.8 -

-

-

-

-

-

2401242 1281621 1119621

2272512 494702 1777810

2303809 502381 1801428

2021734 493964 1527770

2080158 619994 1460164

2100000 e .. ..

1.1 x -2.9 3.7

-

42788 42788 -

118613 52796 65817

123966 63322 60644

137350 74073 63277

152489 73167 79322

155000 e .. ..

-

-

4063 49 -1106 3006

4321 -1730 2591

4498 -1923 2575

5229 -2132 3097

6160 -3315 2845

7000 e ..

x -

Geothermal Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Solar Thermal Indigenous Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Industrial Waste Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Municipal Solid Waste - Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

173829 e 173829 e -

Municipal Solid Waste - Non-Renewables Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2)

-

Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

-

-

Solid Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

1824387 e 878314 e 946073

Gas from Biomass Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

Liquid Biofuels (1000 tonnes) Production Net Imports (1) Miscellaneous to Balance (2) Transformation Sector Final Energy Consumption

(1) Net imports = total imports - total exports. (2) Includes statistical difference, stock changes, energy consumed in the energy sector and distribution losses. Source: IEA Country Submissions (2003). Notes: Please refer to notes in Principles and Definitions for data coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY ENERGY STATISTICS DIVISION POSSIBLE STAFF VACANCIES The Division is responsible for statistical support and advice to the policy and operational Divisions of the International Energy Agency. It also produces a wide range of annual and quarterly publications complemented by CD-ROMs and on-line data services. For these purposes, the Division maintains extensive international databases covering most aspects of energy supply and use. Vacancies for statisticians occur from time to time. Typically their work includes: • Gathering and vetting data from questionnaires and publications, discussions on data issues with respondents to questionnaires in national administrations and fuel companies. • Managing energy databases in order to maintain accuracy and timeliness of output. • Creating and maintaining computer procedures for the production of tables, reports and analyses.

• Preparing studies on an ad-hoc basis as required by other Divisions of the International Energy Agency. Nationals of any OECD Member country are eligible for appointment. Basic salaries range from 2 670 to 3 550 Euros per month, depending on qualifications. The possibilities for advancement are good for candidates with appropriate qualifications and experience. Tentative enquiries about future vacancies are welcomed from men and women with relevant qualifications and experience. Applications in French or English, accompanied by a curriculum vitae, should be sent to: Ms. Beth Hunter Head of Administrative Unit IEA, 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE [email protected]

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On-Line Data Ser vices Users can now instantly access not only all the data published in this book, but also all the time series used for preparing this publication and all the other statistics publications of the IEA. The data are available on-line, either through annual subscription or pay-per-view access. More information on this new service can be found on our Web site: http://data.iea.org

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Energy Statistics of OECD Countries No other publication offers such in-depth statistical coverage. It is intended for anyone involved in analytical or policy work related to energy issues. It contains data on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, natural gas, combustible renewables/wastes and products derived from these primary fuels, as well as for electricity and heat. Data are presented for the two most recent years available in detailed supply and consumption tables. Historical tables summarise data on production, trade and final consumption. Each issue includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data. Published July 2004 - Price €110

Energy Balances of OECD Countries A companion volume to Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, this publication presents standardised energy balances expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent. Energy supply and consumption data are divided by main fuel: coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydro, geothermal/solar, combustible renewables/wastes, electricity and heat. This allows for easy comparison of the contributions each fuel makes to the economy and their interrelationships through the conversion of one fuel to another. All of this is essential for estimating total energy supply, forecasting, energy conservation, and analysing the potential for interfuel substitution. Complete energy balances are presented for the two most recent years available. Historical tables summarise key energy and economic indicators as well as data on production, trade and final consumption. Each issue includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data as well as conversion factors from original units to tonnes of oil equivalent. Published July 2004 - Price €110

Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries This publication offers the same in-depth statistical coverage as the homonymous publication covering OECD countries. It includes data in original units for more than 100 individual countries and nine main regions. The consistency of OECD and non-OECD countries' detailed statistics provides an accurate picture of the global energy situation. For a description of the content, please see Energy Statistics of OECD Countries above. Published August 2004 - Price €110

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Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries A companion volume to the publication Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, this publication presents energy balances in million tonnes of oil equivalent and key economic and energy indicators for more than 100 individual countries and nine main regions. It offers the same statistical coverage as the homonymous publication covering OECD countries, and thus provides an accurate picture of the global energy situation. For a description of the content, please see Energy Balances of OECD Countries above. Published August 2004 - Price €110

Electricity Information This publication brings together in one volume the IEA’s data on electricity and heat supply and demand in the OECD. The report presents a comprehensive picture of electricity capacity and production, consumption, trade and prices for the OECD regions and individual countries in over 20 separate tables for each OECD country. Detailed data on the fuels used for electricity and heat production are also presented. Published August 2004 - Price €130

Coal Information This publication provides information on current world coal markets. It contains current countryspecific statistics for OECD Member countries and selected non-OECD countries on coal prices, demand, trade and production. It also contains similar statistics for selected historic years. This publication is a key reference tool for all sectors of the coal industry as well as for OECD Member country governments. Published July 2004 - Price €150

Natural Gas Information A detailed reference work on gas supply and demand, covering not only the OECD countries but also the rest of the world. Contains essential information on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves, storage capacity and prices. The main part of the book, however, concentrates on OECD countries, showing a detailed gas supply and demand balance for each individual country and for the three OECD regions: North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, as well as a breakdown of gas consumption by end-user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination. Published August 2004 - Price €150

Oil Information A comprehensive reference book on current developments in oil supply and demand. The first part of this publication contains key data on world production, trade, prices and consumption of major oil product groups, with time series back to the early 1970s. The second part gives a more detailed and comprehensive picture of oil supply, demand, trade, production and consumption by enduser for each OECD country individually and for the OECD regions. Trade data are reported extensively by origin and destination. Published August 2004 - Price €150

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Renewables Information This annual publication of comprehensive information on the use of renewables and waste in the OECD region was first published in 2002. The report addresses a need for development of reliable statistics on this energy form. Support for increasing renewable energy’s role in the energy sector has never been greater, and this publication seeks to increase understanding of the current market and trends over recent years. The report contains analysis of renewables and waste energy supply, electricity production and installed electricity generating capacity in OECD countries. The analysis is supported by detailed statistical tables for eight regional aggregates and for each of the thirty OECD countries. Published September 2004 - Price €80

CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion In order for nations to tackle the problem of climate change, they need accurate greenhouse gas emissions data. This publication provides a basis for comparative analysis of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, a major source of anthropogenic emissions. The data in this book are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of these emissions from 1971 to 2002 on a country, regional and worldwide basis. They should help in the preparation and the follow-up to the Tenth Conference of the Parties (COP-10) meeting under the U.N. Climate Convention in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 6 to 17 December 2004. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emissions factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Published November 2004 - Price €150

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Oil, Gas, Coal and Electricity, Quarterly Statistics This publication provides up-to-date, detailed quarterly statistics on oil, coal, natural gas and electricity for the OECD countries. Oil statistics cover production, trade, refinery intake and output, stock changes and consumption for crude oil, NGL and nine selected oil product groups. Statistics for electricity, natural gas and coal show supply and trade. Import and export data are reported by origin and destination. Moreover, oil and hard coal production are reported on a worldwide basis. Published Quarterly - Price €110, annual subscription €350

Energy Prices and Taxes This publication responds to the needs of the energy industry and OECD governments for up-to-date information on prices and taxes in national and international energy markets. It contains prices at all market levels for OECD countries and certain non-OECD countries: import prices, industry prices and consumer prices. The statistics cover the main petroleum products, gas, coal and electricity, giving for imported products an average price both for importing country and country of origin. Every issue includes full notes on sources and methods and a description of price mechanisms in each country. Published Quarterly - Price €110, annual subscription €350

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CD-ROMs and Online Data Services To complement its publications, the Energy Statistics Division produces CD-ROMs containing the complete databases which are used for preparing the statistics publications. State-of-the-art software allows you to access and manipulate all these data in a very user-friendly manner and includes graphic facilities. These databases are also available on the internet from our online data service. Annual CD-ROMS / Online Databases

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Energy Energy Energy Energy

Statistics of OECD Countries, 1960-2002 Balances of OECD Countries, 1960-2002 Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, 1971-2002 Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 1971-2002

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Electricity Information 2004 Coal Information 2004 Natural Gas Information 2004 Oil Information 2004 Renewables Information 2004 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 1971-2002

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The Monthly Gas Data Service The Monthly Gas Data Service provides for OECD countries historical and current data on natural gas supply and demand, as well as detailed information on trade origins and destinations. The packages include:

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