Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy in Shakespeare's England (Literary and Scientific Cultures of Early Modernity)

Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy in Shakespeare’s England

Kaara L. Peterson

POPULAR MEDICINE, HYSTERICAL DISEASE, AND SOCIAL CONTROVERSY IN SHAKESPEARE’S ENGLAND

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&DOEL0DXUL]LR, Q &DOODJKDQ'\PSQDQ FDORULFLQVXI¿FLHQF\±, , Q,  &DUGDQR*LURODPRQ FDVHERRNV FDVHKLVWRULHV,  FDWHJRUL]DWLRQ &DWKROLFLVP, , Q &DYHOO6WDQOH\Q &KDPEHUOD\QH7KRPDVThe Compleat Midwife’s Practice, , ±, Q,  &KDPSLRQ/DUU\6, Q, , Q &KDSPDQ*HRUJHBussy D’Ambois, , , , ±, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, , , , Q &KDUFRW-HDQ0DULH, ±,  &KDUQH\0DXULFHQ, Q,  FKLOGELUWK, , , , ,  chlorosis,  FKRNLQJ±, ±QQ &KXUFKRI(QJODQG, , Q FODVVQ FODVVLFDOPHGLFLQH, , , , , , See also VSHFL¿FZULWHUV &OHULFR7HUULQ &ROH$EGLDKQ &ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV±Q &ROOLHU-3D\QH FRQVHQW FRXUWFDVHV,  &UDLJ+DUGLQ±Q &UDLJ:-, Q, Q &UDZIRUG-XOLH, Q, , , Q &URRNH+HONLDKMikrokosmographia, Q, , ±, Q, , , , , Q, , , , , ±, 111, Q &XOSHSHU1LFKRODVDirectory for Midwives, , , Q, Q, 17–19, Q, ±, 27–8, Q, , , ±, Q, Q, , Q, , , , ± 'DUUHOO-RKQ 'DZVRQ/HVHOQ, Q

death, ± See alsoPRUELGLW\ UHYLYL¿FDWLRQ 'HNNHU7KRPDVThe Honest Whore, Part I, ±Q, Q, ±, Q, Q,  'HO9HFFKLR'RUHHQ±QQ, Q, Q, Q 'HQKDPSRVVHVVLRQFDVHV±, Q, Q, ± GHVLUHIHPDOHSeeVH[XDOLW\IHPDOH deus ex machina, ± Diana, ±, Q 'LHPHUEURHFN,VEUDQGGHThe Anatomy of Human Bodies, ,  'L*DQJL0DULRQ Diseases of Women, Q Diseases of Young Virgins,  GLVVHFWLRQ 'L[RQ/DXULQGD6±, Q, , Q, Q, , , Q 'L[RQ5RJHUConsultum sanitatis,  'RODQ)UDQFHVQ 'RYHU:LOVRQ-RKQ,  'UD\WRQ0LFKDHOQ 'X/DXUHQV$QGUp, ±, Q 'XWKLH*HRUJH,DQ,  HGLWRULDOWUDQVPLVVLRQ (J\SWLDQPHGLFLQH±Q (OLRW*HRUJHDaniel Deronda, ±, Q, ±, Q, Q (OOLFH7KRPDV, Q (PSHGRFOHV HPSLULFV±QSee alsoOD\ SUDFWLWLRQHUVPLGZLYHV enactment, ±, Q See also SHUIRUPDQFHWKHDWULFDOLW\ (QWHUOLQH/\QQQ HWKLFVPHGLFDO, Q,  HWLRORJ\, ,  (YDQV0DXULFHQ H[RUFLVP±, Q, Q, ±, , ±, ± See alsoSRVVHVVLRQ IDNHU\±, , Q, ±, ±, Q, Q,  ³IDQFLIXOJHRJUDSK\´, Q )DZFHWW0DU\/DXJKOLQ )HOSHULQ+RZDUGQ

Index IHPDOHVXEMHFWV,  IHPLQLQLW\±Q IHPLQLVWUHDGLQJV±, Q )HUEHU6DUDK, Q )HUUDQG-DFTXHVErotomania, , ±, Q ¿FWLRQWUXWKDQG± See alsoDUWL¿FH PLPHVLV )LVVHOO0DU\(±, Q, Q, , Q, Q, Q, , ,  )OHWFKHU-RKQThe Maid’s Tragedy, , , , ±, Q )OR\G:LOVRQ0DU\, , Q ÀXLGV±, Q See also VSHFL¿FÀXLGV )RDNHV5$Q, Q, ±,  IRONORUH, , ,  )RQWDLQH1LFKRODV)RQWDQXV The Womans Doctour or, An exact and distinct explanation of all such Diseases as are peculiar to that Sex, , Q±Q, , ±, ,  )RUG-RKQ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore, , , , Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q Forman, Simon, , , , , Q, , Q )RXFDXOW0LFKHO±, Q The History of Sexuality, ±Q Q Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, ±QQ IUDXGXOHQFHSeeIDNHU\ )UHQFK5.The Medical Renaissance of the Sixteenth Century±Q )UHXG6LJPXQG, Q,  IXPLJDWLRQWKHUDS\, Q *DOHQ, , ±, Q, , Q, , , , ±See also*DOHQLFWKHRU\ *DOHQLFWKHRU\, Q, , , , ± , , Q, , Q, , , Q, , , , Q *DOODJKHU/RZHOOQ JHQGHUHVVHQWLDOLVPQ Gesta Romanorum, Q *ORYHU0DU\, Q, ±, ±, Q, Q, Q±Q



*RVVHWW6XVDQQH, , Q, Q *RZHU-RKQ, ,  Confessio Amantis, ±, Q *UHHNPHGLFLQHSee also VSHFL¿F authorities *UHHQ'RXJODV Green, Monica, Q, Q *UHHQEODWW6WHSKHQ±QQ, ±, , Q, Q, Q, Q *UHHQH5REHUWPandosto, , ±, Q, , Q, Q JUHHQVLFNQHVV, Q *XLOOHPHDX-DFTXHVChilde-Birth, or The Happy Deliverie of Women, Q, Q,  *XUU$QGUHZ, Q J\QHFRORJLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQ J\QHFRORJLFDOWH[WVQ, , , ± See also VSHFL¿FDXWKRUVDQGWLWOHV J\QHFRORJ\±, Q, Q +DOO-RKQSelect Observations on English Bodies, , , , ±, , ±, Q +DOSHUQ5LFKDUG±Q Hammond, Antony, ±±QQ, Q, Q, Q +DUULVRQ*%±Q +DUVQHWW6DPXHODeclaration of Egregious Popish Impostures, , , Q, ±, Q, Q, Q, ±, Q, Q, Q, Q, , , Q, , Q, ±, Q +DUWZHO$EUDKDPQ +DUYH\:LOOLDP±QQ +DVOHP/RUL6FKURHGHU, Q, Q +DVOHU-|UJ, Q Henri IV,  Henry VIII, ±Q +HUDFOLGHV +HURSKLOXVQ +LEEHUW


Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

+LSSRFUDWLFRDWK +LSSRFUDWLFWKHRU\Q, Q, , Q, , ±Q KLVWRULFLVWDSSURDFKHV, ± +REE\(ODLQHQ +RHQLJHU)'DYLG, Q, , Q +RUVPDQ($Q +RZDUG)UDQFHV +RZDUG-HDQQ +XHW0DULH, Q KXPRUDOLVP, , ±, , Q, ±, , ±, , , , , , Q +XQW/\QQQ K\PHQWKHSee alsoYLUJLQLW\ K\SQRVLV± K\SRFKRQGULD±, Q K\VWHULD, , Q, , , , Q See also hysterica passio VSHFL¿FDXWKRUVDQGZRUNV DIWHU± FDWHJRUL]DWLRQRIQ FRQVWUXFWVRI± *ORYHUFDVHDQG, ±Q KLEHUQDWLRQDQG± hysterica passio and, ± PRUELGLW\DQG, ±, ,  ³WKHPRWKHU´see also³PRWKHUWKH´ QHXURORJLFDOPRGHOVRI± WKHDWULFDOLW\RI, ± XVHRIWKHWHUP±Q hysterica,  K\VWHULFDOWKH, Q,  K\VWHULFDOSDWKRORJ\± hysterica passio, ±, , ±Q Q, Q, Q, Q, , , , , , Q, ±QSee alsoK\VWHULD VSHFL¿FDXWKRUVDQGZRUNV GLDJQRVWLFGLI¿FXOWLHVRI HDUO\PRGHUQEHOLHIVDERXW± HFRORJ\RI± HWLRORJ\RI,  LQ*DOHQQ *ORYHUFDVH± K\VWHULDDQG± hysterica passioPRUDOLW\SOD\V hysterica passioQDUUDWLYHV DVLQHYLWDEOH±

LQ-RUGHQQ PDOHFDVHVRI±, ±, Q, Q, ± PHGLFDOFRQWURYHUV\DQG± PHGLFDOSURIHVVLRQ¶VDQ[LHWLHVDERXW PHGLFDOZULWLQJDERXW ³WKHPRWKHU´± see also ³PRWKHUWKH´ QDUUDWLYHVDERXW± SK\VLFLDQVDQG UHYLYL¿FDWLRQDQG± see also UHYLYL¿FDWLRQQDUUDWLYHV WKHDWULFDOLW\RI, ± hysterike pnix, ,  hysterikos,  K\VWHUL]DWLRQ±, ±Q LPDJLQDWLRQ±, ,  LPSULQWLQJ, Q, , ±, Q,  LQWHUFRXUVH ³LQWHUFRXUVH´FXUH, ± LVRPRUSKLVP± -DFNVRQ(OL]DEHWK -DFNVRQ6WDQOH\: -DFREHDQWUDJHG\± -DQNRZVNL7KHRGRUD$±Q -LQQHU6DUDK -RKQVWRQXV-RKDQQHV, , Q, ,  -RUGHQ(GZDUGA Briefe Discourse of a Disease Called the Suffocation of the Mother, Q, Q, , , , ±, Q, , ±, Q, ±±QQ, , Q, Q, , , ±, , Q, Q, , ±, Q, ±, Q, Q, Q, Q, ±, Q, Q, Q, Q±QQ, Q, Q, frontispiece ii .DKQ&RSSpOLD± .DVVHOO/DXUHQ, Q .HOO\*DGRO-RDQ .HUZLQ:LOOLDP, Q, Q, Q .LHIHU)UHGHULFNQ, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q

Index .LQJ+HOHQQ, Q, Q, Q, , ±, Q, Q, ±Q .LWWUHGJH*HRUJH/\PDQQ, ±, Q .OHLQ-RDQQ .\G7KRPDVThe Spanish Tragedy, , , ±, Q, , Q /DPE0DU\(OOHQQ, Q /DTXHXU7KRPDV, Q Latin medicine, ,  OD\SUDFWLWLRQHUV±Q,  /H%Rs)UDQVGHNew Idea of the Practice of Physic, Q /HH6LGQH\±Q /HPQLXV/HYLQXV, , , ,  /HYLQ-RDQQDQ, Q±Q , Q, Q /HYLWLFXV /LFHWL)RUWXQLLQ /LpEDXW, Q /LP:DOWHU6+Q /LQDFUH7KRPDV±Q OLWHUDU\UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV, ± /LWWOH$UWKXU/Q,  /LYLQJVWRQ0DU\, Q /RPD[0DULRQQ /RQLH,0±Q /RXJKOLQ0DULH+ ORYHVLFNQHVV±, Q /XSWRQ-XOLD5HLQKDUW, Q O\FDQWKURS\±, Q 0DF'RQDOG0LFKDHOQ, ±, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q±Q 0DFOHDQ,DQ±Q PDJLF±, Q, ±, Q See alsoVRUFHU\ Mainy, Richard, ±, Q, Q, Q, ±, Q, Q, Q, ±, , , Q PDOHSDWKRORJLHV±, ±, Q, ± See alsoPHODQFKRO\ 0DORQH(GPXQG 0DUHVFRW0LFKHODiscours veritable sur le fait de Marthe Brossier de Romorantin, pretendue demoniaque, , Q



0DULDQLPDJHU\Q 0DUORZH&KULVWRSKHUDr. Faustus, , ±, Q, Q, , Q ³PDUULDJH´FXUH, , ± PDWUL[WKHSeeZRPEWKH 0DXV.DWKDULQH(LVDPDQ, Q PHGLFDOFDQRQ±, ±,  PHGLFDOFRQWUDFWVQ PHGLFDOFXUHV PHGLFDOHWKLFVSeeHWKLFVPHGLFDO PHGLFDOSUDFWLFH±,  PHGLFDOSUDFWLWLRQHUV±Q, , ±, Q, , QSee also VSHFL¿FNLQGVRISUDFWLWLRQHUV PHGLFDOUHFRUGVSee alsoFDVH KLVWRULHV PHGLFDOZULWLQJ±, Q, , ±, ±, , , , ± See also VSHFL¿FDXWKRUVDQGZRUNV 0HGLWHUUDQHDQDXWKRULWLHV PHODQFKRO\, ±, Q±Q Q, ±, Q, Q, Q, ±, Q, Q, , ±QQ, Q menarche, ± PHQVHV±Q PHQVWUXDWLRQ±Q, , Q, Q PHQVWUXXP±Q, Q 0HVPHU)UDQ]$QWRQ± 0HVPHULVP± PHWDWKHDWULFDOLW\, , , , ± 0LFDOH0DUN6Q, Q, Q, ,  PLFURFRVP 0LGGOHWRQ7KRPDV The Changeling,  The Honest Whore, Part I±Q Q, ±, Q, Q,  The Revenger’s Tragedy, , , , , ±, Q The Second Maiden’s Tragedy, ±Q, Q 0LGHOIRUW+&(ULN, Q PLGZLIHU\ERRNVQ PLGZLYHV±Q, , Q,  0LOGPD\*UDFHQ



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

REVWHWULFDOPDQXDOV RQHVH[PRGHO, Q, ,  2UJHO6WHSKHQ±Q 2YLGMetamorphoses, ±Q

SHUIRUPDQFH±, Q, , Q, ±, Q, ± See also WKHDWULFDOLW\ 3HUVHSKRQH 3HWWLJUHZ7RGG+-±QQ SK\VLFLDQV±Q, , Q,  SK\VLRORJ\WKHRULHVRI 3ODWRTimaeus, ± SOD\V± See also VSHFL¿FSOD\V 3OLQ\WKH(OGHU, ,  3RH(GJDU$OODQ±Q ³7KH3UHPDWXUH%XULDO´± 3ROODUG7DQ\D SRSXODUFXOWXUH SRVVHVVLRQ±, ±, Q, Q, ±, ± 'HQKDPSRVVHVVLRQFDVHV±, Q, Q, ± *ORYHUFDVHDQG±, ±, Q, Q SUHFHSWV SUHJQDQF\ SURFUHDWLRQ SV\FKRDQDO\VLV±Q, Q, , Q SXEOLVKLQJQ, ± 3XULWDQV, Q, ±, ,  3XUNLVV'LDQHQ 3\JPDOLRQ

3DIIRUG-+3, , Q SDPSKOHWV,  3DQHN-HQQLIHUQ, Q 3DSLVWV± 3DUDFHOVLDQWKHRU\Q±Q 3DUDFHOVXV, Q The Diseases that Deprive Man of His Reason±Q 3DUp$PEURLVH, , Q, ,  Des monstres et prodiges, ± Workes, , , 74, ±, Q, 108,  3DUN.DWKDULQHQ SDUWKHQRJHQHVLV 3DVWHU*DLO.HUQ, Q, , , , , Q, , Q, Q 3HFKH\-RKQ, ,  3HOOLQJ0DUJDUHW±Q, Q 3HUF\7KRPDV±, Q

race, ±, Q, , ± UDSH, ,  UDSHODZV, Q 5D\QDOG7KRPDVThe Birth of Man-kind; Otherwise named The Womans Booke, , Q UHFLSHERRNV, Q Reformation, Q UHOLJLRXVLQVWLWXWLRQV UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ±, Q See alsoDUWL¿FH PLPHVLV UHSURGXFWLRQ±, Q, Q, Q, , See also PRQVWURXVELUWKV UHYHQJHWUDJHG\Q, ± See also EORRGOHWWHUVVSHFL¿FSOD\V UHYLYL¿FDWLRQ, ±, ±±QQ, Q, Q, , ±,  IDNH±, , Q, ±, 

PLPHVLV±See alsoDUWL¿FH PRQVWURXVELUWKV, , ±, Q, Q PRQVWURXVSDWKRORJ\± PRUDOLW\SOD\V PRUELGLW\, ±, , ,  ³PRWKHUWKH´, , Q, Q, ±, Q, Q, Q, ±, , , , Q, , , Q, , Q, Q, ± 0RZDW%DUEDUD$ 0XHOOHU0DUWLQQ 0XLU.HQQHWKQ, Q PXVLFDOWKHUDS\, Q, Q, Q P\WKFODVVLFDO±Q P\WKV, , ±, Q QDUUDWLYHPHGLFLQHDQGSeePHGLFDO ZULWLQJ 1HHO\&DURO7KRPDV, , Q, , , Q, , Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, , Q 1HLOO0LFKDHOQ, Q 1RY\0DULDQQHQ, 

Index in The Honest Whore, ± hysterica passio and, ± LQ-DFREHDQWUDJHG\± LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VAll’s Well That Ends Well, , ±, ± LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VKing Lear,  LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VMuch Ado about Nothing, , ± LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VOthello, , ± LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VPericles, ±,  LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VRomeo and Juliet, ±, Q LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VThe Winter’s Tale, ±, Q, , ±, Q, Q, , ±, ±, , , , Q WHVWVIRUOLIH± WKHDWULFDOLW\RI± 5LYLqUH/D]DUHThe Practice of Physick, , Q, , ±, , , Q, , Q, ±, , , ,  5RXVVHDX*6, , Q, Q 5RZH.DWKHULQHQ, Q 5RZOH\:LOOLDPThe Changeling,  5RZVH$/Q 5R\VWHU)UDQFHVFDQ 6DGOHU-RKQThe Sick Womans Private Looking-glasse, , , , ±, , ±, , , , frontispiece i 6DZGD\-RQDWKDQ, , , ±, Q, Q VFHQWWKHUDS\ 6FKLHVDUL-XOLDQD 6FKOHLQHU:LQIULHG, Q, Q,  6FKRHQIHOGW0LFKDHO& VFLHQFH±, Q 6FRW5HJLQDOGDiscovery of Witchcraft, , , , Q, , ±, Q, ± VHHG, , , , , , , ,  6HQQHUW'DQLHOQ VH[XDOLW\IHPDOH, , Q, , Q, , , Q, ,  in Ford, ± LQ-DFREHDQWUDJHG\± UHSUHVVHG, Q LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VOthello, ±, 



LQ6KDNHVSHDUH¶VTitus Andronicus, ±, Q, ±, Q, Q YLUJLQLW\DQG± LQ:HEVWHU±±Q± 6KDNHVSHDUH:LOOLDP, ±, , Q, Q, ±±Q±Q Q, Q, Q See also 6KDNHVSHDUH:LOOLDPZRUNVRI +DUVQHWWDQG±, Q, Q, , , Q UHYLYL¿FDWLRQLQ±±Q±, Q see also VSHFL¿FSOD\V VRXUFHPDWHULDOIRU, , Q see also7ZLQHDQG*RZHU 6KDNHVSHDUH:LOOLDPZRUNVRI All’s Well That Ends Well, , , , ±, ±, Q, Q, Q,  Cymbeline±QQ,  Hamlet±Q Julius Caesar, Q King Lear, ±±Q±Q , Q, ±, Q, Q, Q±Q±, , , , Q Macbeth, , Q, ±, Q, ,  The Merchant of Venice,  Much Ado about Nothing, ±Q ±, , Q Othello, , , , , Q, ±, Q, Q, Q, ,  Pericles, , ±Q, , ±, Q, Q±QQ, , , , ±, Q, Q, , Q, , Q, , , Q Richard III±Q Romeo and Juliet, , ±, Q The Taming of the Shrew, Q The Tempest±Q Titus Andronicus, , , ±, Q, ±, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, ± The Two Noble Kinsmen, ,  The Winter’s Tale, ±±Q, ±, , Q±Q, ±, Q±QQ, Q±QQ, Q,



Popular Medicine, Hysterical Disease, and Social Controversy

Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, ±, Q, Q, Q, Q, ±, , , , , ±, Q, ±, Q, Q 6KDUS-DQHThe Midwives Book. Or the Whole Art of Midwifry Discovered, Q, , ±, , ±, , Q, Q, Q, ±, , , ,  6KDUSH-DPHVQ, Q 6KRZDOWHU(ODLQHQ,  6LHJHO5XGROSK( 6LHPRQ-DPHV(±Q 6LUDLVL1DQF\ Smith, Anne, ,  VRPDWLFH[SHULHQFH Soranic medicine,  6RUDQXV, , , ± Gynaecology,  VRUFHU\Q, ±, ±, Q, Q, Q, Q 6SHQVHU(GPXQGThe Faerie Queene, Q, ,  6SLOOHU(OL]DEHWKQ, , ,  6WDOO\EUDVV3HWHU 6WHHYHQV*HRUJH 6WRWW$QGUHZQ A Strange and wonderfull relation of the burying alive of Joan Bridges of Rochester, Q VWUDQJXODWLRQ, Q, ±, , ±, Q,  VXIIRFDWLRQ, Q, ±±Q Q, , ±, , , , , Q, ±, ±, ,  6\GHQKDP7KRPDV±Q±,  6\PH+ROJHU6FKRWWQ V\PSDWK\±, ±, ±, , , 

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XWHULQHPRYHPHQWSee underZRPEWKH XWHULQHSDWKRORJLHV±, , , Q, , , , Q, ±, ±QQ See also K\VWHULDhysterica passioVSHFL¿F authors and works LQDGROHVFHQWV± JUHHQVLFNQHVV±, Q KXPRUDOLVPDQG± DVLQHYLWDEOH± ³WKHPRWKHU´± LQSRSXODUFXOWXUH LQYLUJLQV±,  XWHUXVSeeZRPEWKH YDQ)RUHHVW3LHWHU YDSRUV±Q,  9HLWK,O]D±QQ±Q Q, Q 9HULW\$:Q YHUQDFXODUWH[WV vertiginem capitis,  YHUWLJR, , Q, , ±, Q 9HVDOLXV, ±, , Q,  De humani corporis fabrica,  Tabulae anatomicae sex,  Victorian era, , Q,  YLUJLQLW\, , ±, Q, , Q,  virgo intacta,  YRFDEXODU\ 9UHWWRV$WKHQDQ

Index :HOOFRPH,QVWLWXWH±Q :HUVWLQH3DXO :H\HU-RKDQQHV,  :KLWH)UDQFLV±Q :LJJLQV0DUWLQQ,  :LOOLDPV6DUD, Q :LOOLV7KRPDV±Q±,  ZLWFKFUDIWSeeVRUFHU\ ZRPEWKHQ, Q, Q, ±, , Q, , , , Q, , ±, QSee alsoXWHULQH SDWKRORJLHVVSHFL¿FDXWKRUVDQG works DQDWRPLVWVDQG± DQLPDOOLNHRUGHIRUPHG EORRGDQG LQFODVVLFDOWH[WV±, Q FRQWURORIWKH LOOXVWUDWLRQVRI± LVRPRUSKLVPRI± PHWRQ\PLFIXQFWLRQRI,  DVPLFURFRVPLF



LQ3ODWR¶VTimaeus, ± UROHRIWKH, ±,  DVVHPLDXWRQRPRXV XWHULQHVHQVRU\FDSDELOLW\± XWHULQHVXSHUÀXLW\ DVZDQGHULQJ, ±, , , , ± ZRPEOHVVQHVV ZRPHQSee alsoERGLHVIHPDOH DV³DQLPDO´± FODVVDQGQ death and, ± RGGEHKDYLRUVDVWKHDWULFDO SHUIRUPDQFH± SRUWUD\DOVRI VXVFHSWLELOLW\WRXWHULQHSDWKRORJLHV ± :\QQH'DYLHV0DULRQ, ±, Q, Q =HX[LV±