*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVH LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
Edited by Kathleen P. Long
GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE I...
25 downloads
412 Views
23MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVH LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
Edited by Kathleen P. Long
GENDER AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE IN EARLY MODERN CULTURE
/LWHUDU\DQG6FLHQWL¿F&XOWXUHV RI(DUO\0RGHUQLW\ Series editors: 0DU\7KRPDV&UDQH'HSDUWPHQWRI(QJOLVK%RVWRQ&ROOHJH86$ +HQU\7XUQHU'HSDUWPHQWRI(QJOLVK5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\86$ 7KLVVHULHVSURYLGHVDIRUXPIRUJURXQGEUHDNLQJZRUNRQWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQ OLWHUDU\DQGVFLHQWL¿FGLVFRXUVHVLQ(XURSHGXULQJDSHULRGZKHQERWK¿HOGVZHUH LQDFUXFLDOPRPHQWRIKLVWRULFDOIRUPDWLRQ:HZHOFRPHSURSRVDOVIRUERRNVWKDW DGGUHVVWKHPDQ\RYHUODSVEHWZHHQPRGHVRILPDJLQDWLYHZULWLQJW\SLFDORIWKH VL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXULHV±SRHWLFVUKHWRULFSURVHQDUUDWLYHGUDPDWLF SURGXFWLRQXWRSLD±DQGWKHYRFDEXODULHVFRQFHSWXDOPRGHOVDQGLQWHOOHFWXDO PHWKRGV RI QHZO\ HPHUJHQW ³VFLHQWL¿F´ ¿HOGV VXFK DV PHGLFLQH DVWURQRP\ DVWURORJ\ DOFKHP\ SV\FKRORJ\ PDSSLQJ PDWKHPDWLFV RU QDWXUDO KLVWRU\ ,Q RUGHUWRUHÀHFWWKHQDWXUHRILQWHOOHFWXDOLQTXLU\GXULQJWKHSHULRGWKHVHULHVLV LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ LQ RULHQWDWLRQ DQG SXEOLVKHV PRQRJUDSKV HGLWHG FROOHFWLRQV DQGVHOHFWHGFULWLFDOHGLWLRQVRISULPDU\WH[WVUHOHYDQWWRDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH PXWXDOLPSOLFDWLRQRIOLWHUDU\DQGVFLHQWL¿FHSLVWHPRORJLHV
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVH LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
(GLWHGE\ .$7+/((13/21* Cornell University, USA
7KHHGLWRUDQGFRQWULEXWRUV $OO ULJKWV UHVHUYHG 1R SDUW RI WKLV SXEOLFDWLRQ PD\ EH UHSURGXFHG VWRUHG LQ D UHWULHYDO V\VWHPRUWUDQVPLWWHGLQDQ\IRUPRUE\DQ\PHDQVHOHFWURQLFPHFKDQLFDOSKRWRFRS\LQJ UHFRUGLQJRURWKHUZLVHZLWKRXWWKHSULRUSHUPLVVLRQRIWKHSXEOLVKHU .DWKOHHQ3/RQJKDVDVVHUWHGKHUULJKWXQGHUWKH&RS\ULJKW'HVLJQVDQG3DWHQWV$FW WREHLGHQWL¿HGDVWKHHGLWRURIWKLVZRUN 3XEOLVKHGE\ $VKJDWH3XEOLVKLQJ/LPLWHG :H\&RXUW(DVW 8QLRQ5RDG )DUQKDP 6XUUH\*837 (QJODQG
$VKJDWH3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\ 6XLWH &KHUU\6WUHHW %XUOLQJWRQ 97 86$
ZZZDVKJDWHFRP %ULWLVK/LEUDU\&DWDORJXLQJLQ3XEOLFDWLRQ'DWD *HQGHUDQGVFLHQWL¿FGLVFRXUVHLQHDUO\PRGHUQFXOWXUH±/LWHUDU\DQGVFLHQWL¿FFXOWXUHV RIHDUO\PRGHUQLW\ :RPHQ LQ VFLHQFH ± (XURSH ± +LVWRU\ :RPHQ LQ VFLHQFH ± (XURSH ± +LVWRU\ ± 6RXUFHV:RPHQLQPHGLFLQH±(XURSH±+LVWRU\:RPHQLQPHGLFLQH±(XURSH ±+LVWRU\±6RXUFHV$OFKHP\±(XURSH±+LVWRU\$OFKHP\±(XURSH±+LVWRU\ ±6RXUFHV0LGZLIHU\±(XURSH±+LVWRU\0LGZLIHU\±(XURSH±+LVWRU\±6RXUFHV 0HGLFDOOLWHUDWXUH±(XURSH±+LVWRU\/LWHUDWXUHDQGVFLHQFH±(XURSH±+LVWRU\ ,6HULHV,,/RQJ.DWKOHHQ3± ¶¶GF /LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV&DWDORJLQJLQ3XEOLFDWLRQ'DWD *HQGHU DQG VFLHQWL¿F GLVFRXUVH LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ (XURSHDQ FXOWXUH HGLWHG E\ .DWKOHHQ 3HUU\/RQJ SFP²/LWHUDU\DQGVFLHQWL¿FFXOWXUHVRIHDUO\PRGHUQLW\ ,QFOXGHVELEOLRJUDSKLFDOUHIHUHQFHV ,6%1KDUGEDFNDONSDSHU ²,6%1(ERRN :RPHQ LQ VFLHQFH²(XURSH²+LVWRU\ :RPHQ LQ PHGLFLQH²(XURSH²+LVWRU\ $OFKHP\²(XURSH²+LVWRU\ 0LGZLIHU\²(XURSH²+LVWRU\ , /RQJ .DWKOHHQ 3 ± 4* ¶²GF ,6%1KEN ,6%1HEN II
&RQWHQWV List of Illustrations List of Contributors Acknowledgments ,QWURGXFWLRQ*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH Kathleen P. Long 3LFR3DUDFHOVXVDQG'HH7KH0DJLFDO0HDVXUHRI+XPDQ 3HUIHFWLELOLW\ Elliott M. Simon *XLOODXPH3RVWHOWKH6KHFKLQDKDQGWKH)HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOH Alain Ekorong
vii xi xv
2GG%RGLHV5HYLHZLQJ&RUSRUHDO'LIIHUHQFHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ $OFKHP\ Kathleen P. Long
³3XW2XWRI+HU&RXUVH´,PDJHVRIWKH0RQVWURXVLQGH%U\¶V ,OOXVWUDWLRQVRIAtalanta fugiens and the America Sean Teuton
7KH$QLPDO:LWKLQ&KLYDOU\0RQVWURVLW\DQG*HQGHULQ 5HQDLVVDQFH6SDLQ Simone Pinet
([SHULPHQWVZLWK$OFKHP\&DWHULQD6IRU]DLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ 6FLHQWL¿F&XOWXUH Meredith K. Ray
0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOH4XHUFLWDQ¶V'DXJKWHUDQGWKH 3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQH0DQXVFULSW5HSUHVHQWDWLRQVRI:RPHQ $OFKHPLVWV Penny Bayer :RPHQDQG&K\PLVWU\LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ(QJODQG7KH0DQXVFULSW 5HFHLSW%RRNF RI6DUDK:LJJHV Jayne Elisabeth Archer &DWVRQD:LQGRZVLOO$Q$OFKHPLFDO6WXG\RI0DULHGH*RXUQD\ Dorothea Heitsch
YL
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
:KLWKHU&KLOGEHDULQJ*HQGHU6WDWXVDQGWKH3URIHVVLRQDOL]DWLRQRI 0HGLFLQHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ)UDQFH Bridgette Sheridan
7RXFKLQJDQG7HOOLQJ*HQGHUHG9DULDWLRQVRQD*\QHFRORJLFDO 7KHPH Kirk D. Read
Bibliography Index
279 305
/LVWRI,OOXVWUDWLRQV
7KHsephirots
7KH6NHOHWDO6\VWHP$Q,PDJHIURPD)LYH)LJXUH6HULHV IURP0DQVXULEQ,O\DVTasrih-I badan-I insan Anatomy of the Human Body $YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZQOPQLKJRY H[KLELWLRQKLVWRULFDODQDWRPLHV,PDJHVBSL[HOV SEMSJ&RXUWHV\RIWKH1DWLRQDO/LEUDU\RI0HGLFLQH
Apollo Belvedere+HQGULN*ROW]LXVFRS\E\+HUPDQ$GROI] from Antique Statues in RomeFDGDWHG&RXUWHV\ RIWKH%U\Q0DZU&ROOHJH&ROOHFWLRQV
7KH)OD\HG0DQIURP-XDQ9DOYHUGHGH$PXVFRAnatomia del corpo humano5RPH6DODPDQFDDQG/DIUHU\ SODWHYROKWWSZZZQOPQLKJRYH[KLELWLRQ KLVWRULFDODQDWRPLHV,PDJHVBSL[HOVYDOYHUGHBSMSJ &RXUWHV\RIWKH1DWLRQDO/LEUDU\RI0HGLFLQH
³7KH0XVFOH0DQ´³7HUWLDPXVFXORUXPWDEXOD´ IURP $QGUHDV9HVDOLXVDe corporis humani fabrica %DVHO ,2SRULQL &RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG 0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
³7KH:LQG&DUULHVLWLQ+LV%HOO\´(PEOHPIURP 0LFKDHO0DLHUAtalanta fugiens 2SSHQKHLP*DOOHU\ UHSULQWHG)UDQNIXUW &RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI 5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
³7KH(DUWKLVLWV1XUVH´(PEOHPIURP0LFKDHO0DLHU Atalanta fugiens&RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG 0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
7KH+HUPDSKURGLWHLQWKH6WDJHRI3XWUHIDFWLRQRU'LVVROXWLRQ (PEOHPRIWKHAtalanta fugiens0LFKDHO0DLHU&RXUWHV\ RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO 8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
YLLL
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
7KH7DVNVRI+HUPDSKURGLWHVIURP7KHRGRUGH%U\America, Brevis narratio eorum quae in Florida Americae provincia Gallis acciderunt… )UDQNIXUW'H%U\ &RXUWHV\RIWKH 'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO 8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
7KH+\GURSLF0DQ(PEOHPRIWKHAtalanta fugiens 0LFKDHO0DLHU)UDQNIXUW'H%U\WKLVLOOXVWUDWLRQIURP DODWHUHGLWLRQ)UDQNIXUW &RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI 5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
&XULQJWKH6LFNIURP7KHRGRUGH%U\America, Brevis narratio eorum quae in Florida Americae provincia Gallis acciderunt… )UDQNIXUW'H%U\ &RXUWHV\RIWKH 'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO 8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
&RRNLQJ)LVKIURPGH%U\$PHULFD%UHYLVHW¿GDQDUUDWLR Virginiae)UDQNIXUW'H%U\ &RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI 5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
&DQQLEDOV&RRNLQJ+XPDQVIURPGH%U\America tertia pars, Historia navigationis in Brasiliam)UDQNIXUWGH%U\ &RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV &RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
$9LUJLQLDQ5XOHUIURPGH%U\$PHULFD%UHYLVHW¿GDQDUUDWLR Virginiae&RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
&DQQLEDOV&RRNLQJDQG(DWLQJ+XPDQVIURPGH%U\America tertia pars&RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
³+HUHLVWKH'UDJRQ(DWLQJLWVRZQ7DLO´7KH(XURERURV (PEOHPIURP0LFKDHO0DLHUAtalanta fugiens&RXUWHV\ RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO 8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
7KH'UDJRQDQGWKH:RPDQ,QWHUWZLQHG(PEOHPIURP 0LFKDHO0DLHUAtalanta fugiens&RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI 5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
³&XWWLQJ8SWKH&URFRGLOHV´IURPGH%U\America, Brevis narratio…&RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
List of Illustrations
L[
$OFKHPLFDOYHVVHOVIURPI secreti de la Signora Isabella Cortese, ne’ quali si contengono cose minerali, medicinali, DUWH¿FLRVH DOFKLPLFKH PROWHGHO¶DUWHSURIXPDWRULD appartenenti a ogni gran signora : con altri bellissimi secreti aggiunti9HQLFH%DULOHWWR &RXUWHV\RIWKH(GJDU )DKV6PLWK&ROOHFWLRQ5DUH%RRNDQG0DQXVFULSW/LEUDU\ 8QLYHUVLW\RI3HQQV\OYDQLD
3RUWUDLWRI&DWHULQD6IRU]D*LRUJLR9DVDUL&RXUWHV\RI$UW 5HVRXUFH
7KHWLWOHSDJHRI6DUDK:LJJHV¶V5HFHLSW%RRN/RQGRQ 5R\DO&ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV06&RXUWHV\RIWKH5R\DO &ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV
7KH¿UVWSDJHRI6DUDK:LJJHV¶V5HFHLSW%RRN/RQGRQ5R\DO &ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV06&RXUWHV\RIWKH5R\DO &ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV
3DJHRI6DUDK:LJJHV¶V5HFHLSW%RRN/RQGRQ5R\DO &ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV06&RXUWHV\RIWKH5R\DO &ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV
This page has been left blank intentionally
/LVWRI&RQWULEXWRUV -D\QH(OLVDEHWK$UFKHU3K'LV/HFWXUHULQ0HGLHYDODQG5HQDLVVDQFH/LWHUDWXUH LQ WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI (QJOLVK DQG &UHDWLYH :ULWLQJ DW$EHU\VWZ\WK 8QLYHUVLW\ 6KH LV DQ $VVRFLDWH )HOORZ RI WKH &HQWUH IRU WKH 6WXG\ RI WKH 5HQDLVVDQFH 8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUZLFN6KHLV*HQHUDO(GLWRURIJohn Nichols’s The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I: A New Edition of the Early Modern SourcesYROV2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\PUHVVIRUWKFRPLQJ DQGFRHGLWRURIWZRHVVD\ FROOHFWLRQVThe Progresses, Pageants, and Entertainments of Queen Elizabeth I 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\PUHVV DQGThe Intellectual and Cultural World of the Early Modern Inns of Court0DQFKHVWHU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVIRUWKFRPLQJ . 6KHLV FXUUHQWO\HGLWLQJVolume 3: The Verse TreatisesIRUWKH2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV Works of Fulke Greville. 6KHKDVSXEOLVKHGDUWLFOHVRQ(OL]DEHWKDQDQG-DFREHDQ PDVTXHV HDUO\ PRGHUQ ZRPHQ¶V UHFHLSW ERRNV DQG DOFKHP\ LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ OLWHUDWXUH DQG LV FXUUHQWO\ ZRUNLQJ RQ D ERRNOHQJWK VWXG\ RI WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQKRXVHZLIHU\DQGQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\LQHDUO\PRGHUQ(QJODQG 3HQQ\%D\HUKDVD3K'IURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUZLFN(QJODQGIRUDWKHVLVRQ ³:RPHQ¶VDOFKHPLFDOOLWHUDWXUHLQ,WDO\)UDQFHWKH6ZLVV&DQWRQVDQG(QJODQG ± DQG LWV GLIIXVLRQ WR ´ 6KH LV DXWKRU RI YDULRXV DUWLFOHV DQG HVVD\VEDVHGRQWKLVUHVHDUFK³-HDQQHGX3RUWDOFKHPLVWGDXJKWHURI-RVHSKGX &KHVQH´ Rosenholmeren: Notiitser og Meddelelser fra Renaessancestudier ved Aarhus Universitet ³$OFKHP\ DQG IHPDOH FXOWXUH ±´ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH *UDGXDWH &RQIHUHQFH &HQWUH IRU %ULWLVK DQG &RPSDUDWLYH &XOWXUDO 6WXGLHV 8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUZLFN³/DG\0DUJDUHW&OLIIRUG¶V$OFKHPLFDO5HFHLSW%RRN DQGWKH-RKQ'HH&LUFOH´Ambix1RYHPEHUDQG³)URPNLWFKHQKHDUWKWR OHDUQHG 3DUDFHOVLDQLVP ZRPHQ DQG DOFKHP\ LQ WKH 5HQDLVVDQFH´ LQ “Mystical Metal of Gold”: Essays on Alchemy and Renaissance Culture $ODLQ (NRURQJ REWDLQHG ERWK KLV 0DVWHU¶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ractising Reform in Montaigne’s (VVDLV DQG RI DUWLFOHV RQ 0RQWDLJQH 0DULH GH *RXUQD\ $QWRLQHGHOD6DOH/pRQO¶+pEUHXDQG+pOLVHQQHGH&UHQQH6KHKDVFRDXWKRUHG ZLWK-HDQ)UDQoRLV9DOOpHPrinted Voices: The Renaissance Culture of Dialogue DQGVKHLV¿QLVKLQJDERRNPDQXVFULSWRQOLWHUDWXUHDQGPHGLFLQH
[LL
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
.DWKOHHQ 3 /RQJ 3K' LV 3URIHVVRU RI )UHQFK DW &RUQHOO 8QLYHUVLW\ 6KH KDV SXEOLVKHG VHYHUDO ERRNV LQFOXGLQJ Hermaphrodites in Renaissance Europe $VKJDWH DQGVHYHUDOHGLWHGYROXPHVLQFOXGLQJReligious Differences in France7UXPDQ6WDWH3UHVV DVZHOODVDQXPEHURIDUWLFOHVRQVH[XDOLW\DQG JHQGHULQHDUO\PRGHUQ)UDQFH+HUFXUUHQWSURMHFWLVDVWXG\RIWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RIKXPDQERGLHVLQDOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHV 6LPRQH3LQHW3K'LV$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRURI6SDQLVKDQG0HGLHYDO6WXGLHVDW &RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\6KHWHDFKHVXQGHUJUDGXDWHDQGJUDGXDWHFRXUVHVLQPHGLHYDO DQG5HQDLVVDQFH6SDQLVKOLWHUDWXUHDQGFXOWXUHWKHDSSURDFKLQWKHVHFRXUVHVWHQGV WREHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DGGUHVVLQJOLWHUDU\FXOWXUHVWKHRULHVRIVSDFHSRHWLFVERRNV RIFKLYDOU\DQGSURVH¿FWLRQLQJHQHUDOWKHRULHVRI¿FWLRQFDUWRJUDSK\DQGFULWLFDO WKHRU\+HUERRNVLQFOXGHEl baladro del sabio Merlín: Notas para la historia y caracterización del personaje en España 0p[LFR -*+ %LEOLRWKHFD /LWWHUDUXP +XPDQLRUXP .ULQHLQ QR Archipelagoes: Insularity and Fiction in Medieval and Early Modern Spain8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD3UHVV The Task of the Cleric: Three Studies on the ‘Libro de Alexandre’ LQSURJUHVV DQG Courting the Alhambra: Cross-Disciplinary Approaches to the Hall of Justice, FRHGLWHG ZLWK &\QWKLD 5RELQVRQ %ULOO /HLGHQ 6KH KDV DOVR SXEOLVKHG QXPHURXVDUWLFOHVRQPHGLHYDODQG*ROGHQ$JH6SDQLVKOLWHUDWXUHDQGFXOWXUH 0HUHGLWK . 5D\ 3K' LV$VVRFLDWH 3URIHVVRU RI ,WDOLDQ DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 'HODZDUH DQG WKH DXWKRU RI Writing Gender in Women’s Letter Collections of the Italian Renaissance 8QLYHUVLW\ RI7RURQWR 3UHVV 6KH KDV SXEOLVKHG DUWLFOHVRQJHQGHUDQGHSLVWRODU\ZULWLQJFRQYHQWFXOWXUHLQHDUO\PRGHUQ9HQLFH DQG WKH 5HQDLVVDQFH querelle des femmes 6KH FRHGLWHG WKH Lettere familiari of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¶DFFRXQWVRIELUWKLQJDVFRPSDUHGZLWKO\ULFSRSXODU DQGVDWLULFDOUHQGHULQJVLQZULWHUVVXFKDV&DWKHULQHGHV5RFKHV3LHUUH%RDLVWXDX $QGUp7KHYHWDQG$JULSSDG¶$XELJQp+LVFXUUHQWERRNOHQJWKSURMHFWBirthing Bodies: Inscribing Reproduction in Early Modern FranceH[SORUHVWKHFXUUHQF\RI WKHELUWKLQJERG\DFURVVWKHVHJHQUHVDQGGLVFLSOLQHVLQHDUO\PRGHUQ)UDQFH.LUN 5HDG WHDFKHV D UDQJH RI FRXUVHV LQ ERWK ODQJXDJH DQG OLWHUDWXUH UDQJLQJ IURP ZRPHQZULWHUVRIWKHWKFHQWXU\WRWKHOLWHUDWXUHDQG¿OPRIIUDQFRSKRQH1RUWK $IULFDWRDFRXUVHRQ7LQWLQDQGbande dessiné
List of Contributors
[LLL
%ULGJHWWH6KHULGDQ3K'LV$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRURI+LVWRU\DW)UDPLQJKDP6WDWH &ROOHJH 6KH ZDV WKH JXHVW HGLWRU DQG FRQWULEXWRU IRU New England Journal of History: Special Issue on Gender, )DOO . 6KH KDV DOVR SXEOLVKHG QXPHURXV DUWLFOHVDQGJHQGHUVH[XDOLW\DQGFKLOGELUWKLQFOXGLQJ³)URPD0DQO\.QRZOHGJH WRD0DQ¶V+HOSPHHW&KDQJLQJ&RQFHSWLRQVRI0LGZLYHV¶5ROHVLQ6HYHQWHHQWK &HQWXU\)UDQFH´LQ DQHGLWHGFROOHFWLRQRIHVVD\VIURPCreating Women: Notions of Femininity from 1350 to 1700 Conference ³(OLWH DQG 9HUQDFXODU 0HGLFLQH 7KH3UDFWLFHVDQG(SLVWHPRORJLHVRI0LGZLYHVDQG0HGLFDO0HQ±´ ZLWK &\QWKLD .OHVWLQHF LQ Attending to Early Modern Women—and Men DQG ³0LGZLYHV DQG 3K\VLFLDQV´ LQThe Greenwood Encyclopedia of Love, Courtship, and Sexuality through History (OOLRWW06LPRQ3K'LV3URIHVVRURI(QJOLVKDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI+DLID+HLV DXWKRU RI The Myth of Sisyphus: Renaissance Theories of Human Perfectibility )DLUOHLJK 'LFNLQVRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV DQG The Problem Play in British Drama, 1890–1914 DV ZHOO DV HGLWRU RI D YROXPH RQ The Jewish Self-Portrait in European and American Literature +HKDVDOVRDXWKRUHGDQXPEHURI DUWLFOHVRQDZLGHUDQJHRIVXEMHFWVLQFOXGLQJ5HQDLVVDQFH1HRSODWRQLVP 6HDQ7HXWRQ3K'LV$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRURI(QJOLVKDQG$PHULFDQ,QGLDQ6WXGLHV DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI:LVFRQVLQ0DGLVRQ+LVSXEOLFDWLRQVLQFOXGHWKHERRNRed Land, Red Power: Grounding Knowledge in the American Indian Novel 'XNH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV DQG QXPHURXV DUWLFOHV RQ 1DWLYH $PHULFDQ OLWHUDWXUH DQGFXOWXUHDVZHOODVSHGDJRJLFDOLVVXHVUHODWLYHWR1DWLYH$PHULFDQ6WXGLHV IRUH[DPSOH³,Q2SHQ'DULQJ5LVNDQG9XOQHUDELOLW\LQWKH3RHWU\RI6LPRQ- 2UWL]´LQA Spring Wind: The Work of Simon J. OrtizDQG³7KH&DOORXW:ULWLQJ $PHULFDQ ,QGLDQ 3ROLWLFV´ Reasoning Together: Native Critics in Dialogue ³,QWHUQDWLRQDOLVP DQG WKH $PHULFDQ ,QGLDQ 6FKRODU 1DWLYH 6WXGLHV DQG WKH &KDOOHQJH RI 3DQ,QGLJHQLVP´ Identity Politics Reconsidered DQG ³3ODFLQJ WKH $QFHVWRUV 3RVWPRGHUQLVP µ5HDOLVP¶ DQG $PHULFDQ ,QGLDQ ,GHQWLW\ LQ -DPHV :HOFK¶V:LQWHULQWKH%ORRG´American Indian Quarterly +HLVDW ZRUNRQDVHFRQGERRNRQKXPDQULJKWVDQG1DWLYHGLSORPDF\HQWLWOHGCities of Refuge: American Indian Literary InternationalismDSURMHFWWKDWKDVUHFHLYHGWKH :RRGURZ:LOVRQ1DWLRQDO)HOORZVKLSDQGWKH.DWULQ+/DPRQ)HOORZVKLSIURP WKH6FKRRORI$PHULFDQ5HVHDUFK
This page has been left blank intentionally
$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV 7KHLGHDIRUWKLVFROOHFWLRQRIHVVD\VRQDOFKHP\DQGRWKHUIRUPVRIHDUO\PRGHUQ VFLHQFH EHJDQ ZLWK D VHPLQDU RQ ³$OFKHP\ DQG$EMHFWLRQ´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¿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¿QHP\XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIPHGLHYDODQGHDUO\PRGHUQ DOFKHP\VKHKDVEHHQDYDOXHGLQWHUORFXWRUGXULQJWKLVHQWLUHSURFHVV7KH5DUH %RRN DQG 0DQXVFULSW 'LYLVLRQ RI WKH &RUQHOO 8QLYHUVLW\ /LEUDU\ KDV SURYLGHG YDOXDEOHUHVRXUFHVIRUWKHUHVHDUFKWKDWZHQWLQWRWKLVSURMHFWPDQ\RIRXULPDJHV FRPHIURPWKLVFROOHFWLRQ,DPJUDWHIXOWRWKHHQWLUHVWDIIRIWKLVFROOHFWLRQIRUWKH KHOSWKH\H[WHQGHGWRPHDV,XQGHUWRRNUHVHDUFKRQWKLVWRSLF,WKDQN.DWKHULQH 5HDJDQLQSDUWLFXODUIRUWKHKHOSVKHJDYHLQQDYLJDWLQJWKHFROOHFWLRQ/DVWEXW QRWOHDVWP\WKDQNVJRWRP\HYHUSDWLHQWDQGKHOSIXOWHFKVXSSRUW'RXJODV/RQJ ZLWKRXWZKRPWKLVZRUNZRXOGQHYHUKDYHVHHQWKHOLJKWRIGD\
This page has been left blank intentionally
,QWURGXFWLRQ
Gender DQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ (DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH .DWKOHHQ3/RQJ
7KLVFROOHFWLRQSURSRVHVDQH[SORUDWLRQRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIZRPHQDQGTXHVWLRQV RI JHQGHU WR WKH VFLHQWL¿F GRPDLQ LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ (XURSH SDUWLFXODUO\ EXW QRW H[FOXVLYHO\FRQWLQHQWDO(XURSH7KHHVVD\VLQWKLVYROXPHSUHVHQWQHZYLHZVRIWKLV UHODWLRQVKLSE\VFUXWLQL]LQJWZRYHU\GLIIHUHQW¿HOGVDOFKHP\ZKHUHWKHH[LVWHQFH RIZRPHQSUDFWLWLRQHUVKDVJRQHODUJHO\XQDFNQRZOHGJHGXQWLOTXLWHUHFHQWO\DQG REVWHWULFVD¿HOGLQZKLFKZRPHQORVWFRQVLGHUDEOHJURXQGDVSUDFWLWLRQHUVRYHU WKHFRXUVHRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\$OFKHP\LQWKHZDNHRIWKHSLRQHHULQJZRUN RI$OOHQ'HEXVKDVEHHQDEO\UHKDELOLWDWHGDVDVFLHQWL¿FSXUVXLWE\DQXPEHURI VFKRODUVDPRQJWKHP%UXFH70RUDQ'LGLHU.DKQ:LOOLDP51HZPDQ Tara 1XPPHGDODQG/DZUHQFH3ULQFLSH7KHVRFLDOLPSRUWDQFHRILWVPRUHVSLULWXDO DQGSKLORVRSKLFDODVSHFWVKDV\HWWREHWKRURXJKO\H[SORUHGDOWKRXJKWKHYROXPH
6HHLQSDUWLFXODU/LDQQH0F7DYLVKChildbirth and the Display of Authority in Early Modern France$OGHUVKRW8.$VKJDWH EXWDOVR%DUEDUD(KUHQUHLFKDQG'HLUGUH (QJOLVK Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A History of Women Healers 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
HGLWHGE\3ULQFLSHPRYHVFRQYLQFLQJO\LQWKLVGLUHFWLRQWKLVFROOHFWLRQSURSRVHV VRPHIXUWKHUVWHSVLQWKLVGLUHFWLRQ 6LPLODUO\ WKH VRFLDO VLJQL¿FDQFH RI VXUJHRQV UHSODFLQJ PLGZLYHV LQ WKH ELUWKLQJURRPZLOOEHWKHIRFXVRI%ULGJHWWH6KHULGDQ¶VHVVD\RQ/RXLVH%RXUJHRLV %RXUVLHU DQGRQ.LUN5HDG¶VHVVD\RQ&DWKHULQHGHV5RFKHV(VVD\VRQFXOWXUDO PDQLIHVWDWLRQVRIVFLHQWL¿FQRWLRQVSDUWLFXODUO\LQWKHIRUPRIOLWHUDU\UHZRUNLQJV GHPRQVWUDWH WKH EURDGHU UHFHSWLRQ RI VFLHQWL¿F LQQRYDWLRQV DQG WUDGLWLRQV 7KH JXLGLQJ WKUHDG WKDW XQLWHV DOO RI WKH HVVD\V LQ WKLV FROOHFWLRQ LV D YHU\ GLIIHUHQW QRWLRQ RI JHQGHU UROHV WKDQ WKDW SUHVHQWHG LQ PDLQVWUHDP XQLYHUVLW\ VFLHQFH RI WKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRG$OFKHP\DQGPLGZLIHU\SURYLGHDQLQWHOOHFWXDOUHDOPLQ ZKLFKZRPHQFDQDFWDVSUDFWLWLRQHUVVFLHQWL¿FLQYHVWLJDWRUVLQWKHLURZQULJKW 1RWRQO\GLGDOFKHP\DQGPLGZLIHU\SURYLGHZRPHQZLWKDFRQWH[WLQZKLFK WKH\PLJKWJDWKHUNQRZOHGJHDQGSUDFWLFHWKHLUVNLOOVWKHVHSXUVXLWVDOVRVLQFH WKH\ ZHUH PDUJLQDOL]HG IURP WKH UHDOP RI PRUH FDUHIXOO\ RI¿FLDOO\ FRQWUROOHG GLVFLSOLQHV SURYLGHG WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FRQVWUXFW WKHRULHV DERXW WKH UROH RI WKH JHQGHUHGLQGLYLGXDOLQWKHZRUOGDWODUJHWKHRULHVWKDWGLGQRWQHFHVVDULO\FRQIRUP WR RI¿FLDO WKHRORJLFDO DQG SROLWLFDO GLVFRXUVHV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH SURSHU UROHV RI PHQDQGZRPHQLQVRFLHW\$V0HUHGLWK5D\SRLQWVRXWLQKHUHVVD\RQ&DWHULQD 6IRU]D¶VUHFLSHRUUHFHLSWERRNExperimentiDQGDV-D\QH$UFKHUSRLQWVRXWLQKHU HVVD\RQ6DUDK:LJJHV¶UHFHLSWERRNDOFKHPLFDOSUDFWLFHVFUHDWHFRPPXQLWLHVRI NQRZOHGJHLQZKLFKZRPHQFDQFRPPXQLFDWHDQGFRQ¿UPWKHLURZQGLVFRYHULHV DQGLGHDV,QDSHULRGLQZKLFKZRPHQDUHODUJHO\H[FOXGHGIURPRI¿FLDOGRPDLQV RIVFLHQWL¿FLQTXLU\WKHVHGLVFLSOLQHVRIIHUDPHDQVRIH[FKDQJLQJNQRZOHGJHZLWK RWKHUZRPHQDQGZLWKPHQ$VLQWKHFDVHRIOLWHUDU\VDORQVZRPHQFUHDWHWKHLU RZQLQWHOOHFWXDOFRPPXQLWLHV %XWWKHVHGRPDLQVQRGRXEWDWOHDVWLQSDUWEHFDXVHRIWKHLUVHSDUDWLRQIURP ]RQHV RI SRZHU DQG DXWKRULW\ H[FHSW LQ WKH FDVH RI UR\DO ELUWKV DOVR SUHVHQW YHU\GLIIHUHQWQRWLRQVRIJHQGHUDQGRIWKHIHPLQLQHWKDQGRRI¿FLDOO\VDQFWLRQHG GLVFRXUVHV )RU H[DPSOH ZKLOH WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 3DULV FRQWLQXHV WR SURPRWH $ULVWRWHOLDQQRWLRQVRIJHQGHUDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKWKHPDOHDORQHLVWKHSHUIHFWHG IRUPRIKXPDQLW\PDQ\DOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHVSRUWUD\WKHFRQMXQFWLRQRIPDOHDQG IHPDOH DV QHFHVVDU\ WR WKH SURFHVV RI SHUIHFWLQJ WKH LQGLYLGXDO DQG QDWXUH WKLV FRQMXQFWLRQLVPRVWIUHTXHQWO\SRUWUD\HGLQWKHIRUPRIWKHDOFKHPLFDOrebisRU GRXEOH EHLQJ 7KH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI JHQGHU VLPLODULW\ RU LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV GLIIHUHQFHFRQIRXQGVWKHVLPSOHKLHUDUFK\SURPRWHGE\$ULVWRWHOLDQV0LGZLIHU\ DV WKH H[DPSOH RI /RXLVH %RXUJHRLV GHPRQVWUDWHV DOORZV ZRPHQ WR WDNH RQ DXWKRULW\YLVjYLVWKHORUGVRIVWDWH*UDQWHGWKLVDXWKRULW\ZDVHYLGHQWO\VHHQDV WKUHDWHQLQJWRWKHDVVXPSWLRQRIPDOHVXSHULRULW\DQGWKXVZDVDOPRVWFRQVWDQWO\ XQGHU DWWDFN %XW ERWK PLGZLYHV¶ PDQXDOV DQG DOFKHPLFDO WUHDWLVHV SURYLGH DOWHUQDWLYHYLHZVRIJHQGHUUROHVRYHUDVLJQL¿FDQWSHULRGRIWLPH7KHVHYLHZV VHHSLQWRRWKHUDVSHFWVRIFXOWXUHWKXVH[WHQGLQJWKHLUUHDFK )URPWKHJURXQGEUHDNLQJZRUNRI'HEXVDOFKHP\KDVEHHQOLQNHGWRWKHHDUO\ GHYHORSPHQWRIPRGHUQVFLHQFH0RUDQDQG1HZPDQUHVWDWHWKLVOLQNHORTXHQWO\ GHPRQVWUDWLQJKRZDOFKHPLFDOSXUVXLWVDVTXHVWLRQDEOHDVWKHLUREMHFWVPLJKWKDYH EHHQZHUHFUXFLDOWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIIRUPVRIH[SHULPHQWDWLRQDQGLQIRUPHG
Introduction
DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVQDWXUHSUHVHQWIRUEHWWHURUZRUVH LQPXFKRIPRGHUQVFLHQFH 7KLVFROOHFWLRQZLOOIRFXVRQKRZWKHSHULRGEHIRUHDQGGXULQJWKHVKLIWWRZDUGV HPSLULFDOVFLHQFHFUHDWHGWKHVHLQWHOOHFWXDOVSDFHVZKHUHQHZLGHDVFRXOGEHWULHG RXWROGLGHDVJLYHQQHZWZLVWVDQGZRPHQFRXOGSDUWLFLSDWH7KHHVVD\VLQWKLV FROOHFWLRQZLOODOVRH[SORUHKRZWKLVÀXLGLW\EHFRPHVKDUGHQHGQRWLRQVRIJHQGHU EHFRPHPRUHKLHUDUFKLFDODQGZRPHQDUHH[FOXGHGDVPDOHSUDFWLWLRQHUVVWULYH WRPDNHVFLHQFHPRUH³UHVSHFWDEOH´ 7KH XELTXLW\ RI DOFKHP\ WKURXJKRXW HDUO\ PRGHUQ FXOWXUH IURP KRXVHKROG UHFLSHERRNVWRWUHDWLVHVRQVHFUHWVRFLHWLHVDQGRQWRDUFDQHSRHWU\SURGXFHGDW FRXUWDQGHOVHZKHUHVXJJHVWVWKDWDOFKHP\LVPXFKPRUHWKDQDQHDUO\IRUPRI FKHPLVWU\,WLVWKLVZLGHUSXUSRVHRIDOFKHP\WKDWOLQNVLWWRVXFKFRQFHSWVDVWKDW RIDVWUDOPDJLFGLVFXVVHGE\SKLORVRSKHUVDQGDOFKHPLVWVDVDPHDQVRISHUIHFWLQJ QDWXUHSDUWLFXODUO\WKHKXPDQVSLULWDV(OOLRWW6LPRQGHPRQVWUDWHVLQKLVHVVD\ RQ 3LFR 3DUDFHOVXV DQG 'HH $V /\QQ 7KRUQGLNH DQG )UDQFHV
6HHIRUH[DPSOH1HZPDQ¶VFKDSWHURQ³7KH$UW1DWXUH'HEDWHDQGWKH,VVXHRI ([SHULPHQW´LQPromethean AmbitionsSS– /\QQ 7KRUQGLNH A History of Magic and Experimental Science 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
DQG³VLGHUHDO´VSLULWVPDOHDQGIHPDOH7KHWKHRU\RIJHQGHUSUHVHQWHGE\3LFR 3DUDFHOVXV DQG 'HH LV QRW KLHUDUFKLFDO RU$ULVWRWHOLDQ EXW RQH WKDW UHFRJQL]HV ERWKGLIIHUHQFHDQGUHVHPEODQFHEHWZHHQWKHVH[HV7KHPDOHIHPDOHELQDU\LV QRWHIIDFHGEXWFRPSOLFDWHGE\WKHQRWLRQWKDWSHUIHFWLRQFDQRQO\EHDFKLHYHGE\ XQLWLQJWKHVHWZRDVSHFWV7KHRSSRVLWLRQRIPDOHDQGIHPDOHWKHIUDJPHQWDWLRQRI KXPDQLGHQWLW\LQWRWKHVHWZRUROHVLVDWWKHURRWRIKXPDQLPSHUIHFWLRQDQGWKH SUDFWLWLRQHURIDVWUDOPDJLFPXVWLPDJLQHDUHXQL¿FDWLRQRIIUDJPHQWVDUHVROXWLRQ RIWKHELQDULHVLQRUGHUWRVHHWKHZD\WRKXPDQSHUIHFWLRQ $ODLQ (NRURQJ LQ KLV HVVD\ RQ ³*XLOODXPH 3RVWHO WKH 6KHFKLQDK DQG WKH )HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOH´HPSKDVL]HVWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\QDWXUHRIWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKH P\VWLFDOSUDFWLFHVRI.DEEDODKLQWRWKHDOFKHPLFDOVFLHQWL¿FDUHQD,QSDUWLFXODU KHOLQNVWKHShechinahFRQVLGHUHGDIHPLQLQHSULQFLSOHWRWKHIHPLQLVWGLVFRXUVHV RI*XLOODXPH3RVWHODQRWHGWUDQVODWRUDQGHGLWRURI$UDEDVWURQRPLFDOWUHDWLVHVDV ZHOODVRIDQ$UDELFYHUVLRQRI(XFOLG¶VElementsWKXVSODFLQJVFLHQWL¿FSUDFWLFHV LQDZLGHUFXOWXUDOFRQWH[W3RVWHOFOHDUO\VDZWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIZRUOGKDUPRQ\ DVDFKLHYDEOHRQO\WKURXJKWKHFRQMXQFWLRQRIPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHSULQFLSOHV DQG HYHQ IDYRUHG WKH IHPLQLQH DQG ZRPHQ DV VXSHULRU YHKLFOHV IRU P\VWLFDO DQGLQWHOOHFWXDOLOOXPLQDWLRQLQVSLWHRIWKHLULQIHULRUVWDWXVLQ(XURSHDQVRFLHW\ +HDOVRTXHVWLRQVWKHIDFWLWLRXVGLYLVLRQEHWZHHQPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHLQKLV ZRUNVVXJJHVWLQJWKDWERWKPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHSULQFLSOHVDUHSUHVHQWLQDOO RIKXPDQNLQG 3RVWHO¶V ZRUN UDLVHV DQRWKHU LVVXH YLVjYLV HDUO\ PRGHUQ DOFKHP\ DQG P\VWLFLVPRQHWKDWKDVEHHQGLVFXVVHGE\/HDK'H9XQLQKHUVWXG\RI-RKQRI 5XSHVFLVVDEXWWKDWPHULWVIXUWKHUH[SORUDWLRQDOFKHP\FDQEHUHDGDVDUHVSRQVH WRDQGDZD\RIGHDOLQJZLWKFULVLV$V(NRURQJVXJJHVWV3RVWHOYHU\SUHVFLHQWO\ VDZWKHGLYLVLRQVEHWZHHQUHOLJLRQVLQWKHSRVW5HIRUPDWLRQHUDDVGHVWUXFWLYHKH LQFOXGHG-XGDLVPDQG,VODPDVZHOODVWKHQHZO\GLYLGHG&KULVWLDQLW\DVFDQGLGDWHV IRUVRPHIRUPRIUHXQL¿FDWLRQLQDPRYHUHPLQLVFHQWRI3LFR¶V900 Theses7KH DOFKHPLFDOrebisEHFRPHVLQWKLVFRQWH[WDYHU\GLIIHUHQWPRGHOIRUWKHXQLRQRI RSSRVLWHVVXJJHVWLQJWKDWLQGLYLGXDOVDQGJURXSVZLWKVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVFDQ FRH[LVWSHDFHIXOO\ZLWKRXWUHOLQTXLVKLQJWKHLUGLVWLQFWLGHQWLWLHV 7KLVLVWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDW0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQHVHHPVWREHGUDZLQJDVZHOO LQKLVYHU\DOFKHPLFDOUHDGLQJ³2ID0RQVWURXV&KLOG´ZKLFK,DQDO\]HDWWKHHQG RIP\HVVD\RQ³2GG%RGLHV5HYLHZLQJ&RUSRUHDO'LIIHUHQFHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ $OFKHP\´&RPSDULQJWKHLPDJHVLQ0LFKDHO0DLHU¶VAtalanta fugiensWRWKRVH SUHGRPLQDWLQJ LQ DQDWRPLFDO WUHDWLVHV RI WKH VL[WHHQWK DQG HDUO\ VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXULHV , VXJJHVW WKDW DOFKHP\ DSSURSULDWHV WKH FOHDUO\ JHQGHUHG JHQHUDOO\ PDVFXOLQH LPDJHVRIWKHVHWUHDWLVHVLQRUGHUWRWXUQWKHPWRPRUHDPELJXRXVHQGV $OFKHPLFDO¿JXUHVPLPLFWKHFODVVLFDOO\LQVSLUHG9HVDOLDQ0DQEXWZLWKDWZLVW DQGDOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHVRIIHUDYHU\GLIIHUHQWYLVLRQRIWKHKXPDQERG\WKDQWKDW RIWKHFODVVLFDOPRGHOVRIHDUO\PRGHUQDQDWRPLFDOLPDJHU\0RQWDLJQHJLYHVD /HDK'HYXQProphecy, Alchemy, and the End of Time: John of Rupescissa in the Late Middle Ages 1HZ
Introduction
VLPLODUO\GRXEOHGERG\DYHU\SROLWLFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQKLQWLQJDWDEURDGHUFRQWH[W IRUWKHDOFKHPLFDOLPDJHV)RUZKLOHWKHVHLPDJHVDUHFRGHGDVV\PEROVRIVWDJHVRI WKHDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVVWKH\DOVRUHVRQDWHZLWKRWKHUIRUPVRINQRZOHGJHIDPLOLDU WRWKHLUHDUO\PRGHUQDXGLHQFHQRWRQO\DQDWRP\EXWDOVRUHOLJLRQDQGSROLWLFDO WKHRU\&KULVWLQDOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHVGRHVUHSUHVHQWDVWDJHRISHUIHFWLRQEXWKH LVDOVR&KULVWDQGHDUO\PRGHUQDXGLHQFHVZRXOGUHFRJQL]HWKHUHOLJLRXVDVSHFW RIPDQ\DOFKHPLFDOLPDJHVDVZHOODVWKHLUDOFKHPLFDOSXUSRVH7KXVWKHrebis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¿FDWLRQRIFRQTXHVWDQGWKHGLVFUHGLWLQJRILPSHULDOULYDOV The America VHULHV D FROOHFWLRQ RI DFFRXQWV RI WKH GLVFRYHU\ H[SORUDWLRQ DQG FRQTXHVW RI WKH ZHVWHUQ KHPLVSKHUH E\ (XURSHDQV JDWKHUHG DQG YROXPLQRXVO\ LOOXVWUDWHGE\7KHRGRUGH%U\KLVVRQDQGVRQLQODZSUHVHQWWKHFXOWXUDORWKHU DV PRQVWURXV RIWHQ UHVHPEOLQJ WKH VWUDQJH IRUPV RI KXPDQLW\ WKDW DSSHDU LQ DOFKHPLFDOHPEOHPERRNV0LFKDHO0DLHU¶VAtalanta fugiensSUREDEO\LOOXVWUDWHG E\0DWWKlXV0HULDQDVRQLQODZRI7KHRGRUGH%U\LVDVXSHUEH[DPSOHRIVXFK DQHPEOHPERRNGLVSOD\LQJJHQGHUDPELJXLW\DQGRWKHUIRUPVRIGLIIHUHQFHDV REMHFWVRIFRQWHPSODWLRQ%RWKWKHAmericaEDVHGDVLWLVRQLPDJLQDWLYHUHFUHDWLRQV RIVFHQHVIURPWKHVRFDOOHG³1HZ:RUOG´DQGWKHAtalantaVHHPWRH[SUHVVEDVLF IHDUVDQGGHVLUHVOXUNLQJLQWKH(XURSHDQLPDJLQDWLRQIHDUVRIEHLQJVZDOORZHG XS RU RI VZDOORZLQJ RQHVHOI IHDUV RI DQG GHVLUHV IRU UHYHUVDO RI VRFLDO UROHV IHDUVRIWKHHVVHQWLDODPELJXLW\RILQGLYLGXDOLGHQWLW\7KHAtlanta fugiensRIIHUVD VHULHVRILPDJHVWKDWUHVROYHWKHRWKHULQWRWKHVDPHLQIDFWDVLQWKHZRUNRI3LFR SHUIHFWLRQLVDWWDLQHGE\XQLWLQJVHHPLQJRSSRVLWHVLQWRDKDUPRQLRXVZKROH6XFK DVVLPLODWLRQVHHPVRQO\WRZRUNLQRQHGLUHFWLRQPRQVWURXVLPDJHVLQWKHAmerica RI7XSLQDPEDFDQQLEDOVHDWLQJ(XURSHDQVVXJJHVWVWKDWDEVRUSWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ VDPHE\WKH$PHULFDQRWKHULVWRRSURIRXQGO\GLVWXUELQJ7KXVZKLOHDOFKHPLFDO ZRUNVFDQEHVHHQDVLQFXOFDWLQJDPRUHQXDQFHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIGLIIHUHQFHWKH\ FDQDOVREHUHDGDVDMXVWL¿FDWLRQRIWKHEUXWDODVVLPLODWLRQRIWKHRWKHUE\PHDQVRI FRQTXHVW7KHFRQIXVLRQRIJHQGHUWKDWDULVHVZLWKVRPHIUHTXHQF\LQWKHAmerica¶V GHSLFWLRQRIWKHLQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHRIWKHZHVWHUQKHPLVSKHUHPHUHO\FRQ¿UPVWKH PRQVWURVLW\RIWKHFXOWXUDORWKHUZLWKLWVHIIHPLQDWHPHQHYHQKHUPDSKURGLWHV DQGYLROHQWDQGXJO\ZRPHQ7KLVVHHPLQJFRQIXVLRQRIJHQGHUUROHVLVVHFRQGHG E\WKHEOXUULQJRIOLQHVEHWZHHQVSHFLHVDVVRPHQDWLYH$PHULFDQVDUHGHSLFWHG DV KDLU\ DQG DQLPDOLVWLF7KLV DVVRFLDWLRQ RI EOXUULQJ RI JHQGHU GLIIHUHQFH ZLWK DQLPDO DSSHDUDQFH DQG HYHQ PRQVWURVLW\ LV HFKRHG LQ OLWHUDU\ ZRUNV LQYRNLQJ WKH³1HZ:RUOG´DV6LPRQH3LQHW¶VHVVD\VXJJHVWV7KHAmerica and Atalanta
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
HQJUDYLQJVZKHQFRPSDUHGUHYHDOVRPHRIWKHSRVVLEOHSROLWLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQVRI DOFKHPLFDOWKHRULHVRIJHQGHUDQGGLIIHUHQFHDQGWKHVHLPSOLFDWLRQVFDQEHUHDG DVERWKUHYROXWLRQDU\DQGSURIRXQGO\FRQVHUYDWLYHLQWKHVHQVHRISUHVHUYDWLRQRI WUDGLWLRQDOJHQGHUDQGSRZHUKLHUDUFKLHV 3LQHWLQKHUHVVD\RQ³7KH$QLPDO:LWKLQ´DOVRWUDFHVWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQEHWZHHQ WKHOLWHUDU\DQGVFLHQWL¿FGRPDLQVWKLVWLPHLQWKHFRQWH[WRIPHGLHYDODQGHDUO\ PRGHUQ6SDLQ(DUO\PRGHUQ6SDQLVKFKLYDOULFURPDQFHFRPELQHVWKHLPDJLQHG PRQVWHUVRIWKH1HZ:RUOGZLWKPRUHW\SLFDOO\PHGLHYDO(XURSHDQPRQVWHUVLW VKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWDQXPEHURISODFHQDPHVLQWKH:HVWHUQ+HPLVSKHUHFRPH IURPWKHQDPHVRIPRQVWHUVLQ6SDQLVKOLWHUDWXUH±3DWDJRQLDDQG&DOLIRUQLDEHLQJ VWULNLQJ H[DPSOHV 7KLV VKRXOG VHUYH DV D UHPLQGHU WKDW HDUO\ PRGHUQ VFLHQFH ZDVVWLOOHQWDQJOHGLQLWVPHGLHYDOURRWV+HUIRFXVRQPRQVWHUVDVWKHUHVXOWRI GHYLDQW GHVLUH LQ WKH Amadis UHÀHFWV DWWLWXGHV LQ D QXPEHU RI PHGLFDO WUHDWLVHV RIWKHSHULRGEXWDOVRVSHDNVYROXPHVDERXWWKHSROLWLFVRIHDUO\PRGHUQ6SDLQ 3LQHWSRLQWVRXWWKDWPRQVWHUVUHYHDOQRWRQO\WKHSUREOHPDWLFERXQGDU\EHWZHHQ DQLPDODQGKXPDQEXWDOVREHWZHHQPDOHDQGIHPDOH,QWKHPrimaléonKRZHYHU IHPLQLQHEHDXW\DQGVZHHWUKHWRULFDOVRDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHIHPLQLQH EHFRPH PHDQVIRUUHVROYLQJWKHGLYLGHEHWZHHQPRQVWURXVDQGKXPDQWKXVXQGHUVFRULQJ ERWK WKH SRWHQWLDO RI WKH FLYLOL]LQJ SURFHVV WR UHQGHU WKH DQLPDO RU PRQVWURXV KXPDQ EXW DOVR FRQYHUVHO\ UHYHDOLQJ WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU PRQVWURVLW\ RU VRPH IRUPRIUDGLFDODOWHULW\LQDOOKXPDQV7KHPrimaléonYHU\SRVVLEO\DXWKRUHGE\ D ZRPDQ GLVWDQFHV WKH PRQVWURXV IURP JHVWDWLRQ DQG ELUWK WKXV UHYHUVLQJ WKH WUHQG DSSDUHQW LQ PRVW PHGLFDO WUHDWLVHV RI WKH SHULRG :RPHQ EHFRPH SDUW RI WKHHQQREOLQJSURFHVVKHOSLQJWRUHVWRUHRUGHUWRGLVRUGHUO\1DWXUHUDWKHUWKDQ EHLQJNH\FRQWULEXWRUVWRGLVRUGHU,QVKRUW3LQHWSUHVHQWVWKHFKLYDOULFQRYHOVRI WKHSHULRGRI,VDEHOODDVUHVSRQVHVWRWKHPLVRJ\Q\RIPHGLFDOWUHDWLVHVDUHYLVLRQ RIJHQGHUUROHVDQGWKHDVVRFLDWLRQRIWKHIHPLQLQHZLWKWKHPRQVWURXVWRZDUGVD FRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQRIZRPHQ¶VUROHLQFRQVWUXFWLQJVRFLDORUGHUDQGSRZHU :KLOHWKHPRQVWURXVSDWUROVWKHERXQGDULHVRIJHQGHUUROHVERWKLQPHGLFDO WUHDWLVHVIRFXVLQJRQWHUDWRORJ\DQGLQOLWHUDU\ZRUNVWKDWIHDWXUHPRQVWURXVIRUPV HYHQLIWKRVHZRUNVDOVRVHHPWRFDOOWKRVHERXQGDULHVLQWRTXHVWLRQDOFKHPLFDO ERGLHV RIIHU VWULNLQJ DOWHUQDWLYHV WR WKH ORQJVWDQGLQJ JHQGHU KLHUDUFK\ ,Q WKH KHUPHWLFZRUNVRIWKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRGJHQGHUDPELJXLW\EHFRPHVFU\VWDOOL]HG LQ RQH ¿JXUH WKDW RI WKH DOFKHPLFDO KHUPDSKURGLWH RU rebis RU GRXEOH EHLQJ ZKLFKSOD\VDFHQWUDOUROHLQPRVWUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHSURFHVV0RVWIUHTXHQWO\ SRUWUD\HG DV PDOH RQ RQH VLGH DQG IHPDOH RQ WKH RWKHU ZLWK WZR KHDGV RQH FOHDUO\GHVLJQDWHGDVPDVFXOLQHE\PHDQVRIVKRUWKDLUDQGWKHRWKHUIHPLQLQH ZLWK ORQJ KDLU WKH rebis V\PEROL]HV WKH VWDJH RI FRQMXQFWLRQ LQ WKH DOFKHPLFDO SURFHVV&RQMXQFWLRQLWVHOILVUHSUHVHQWHGDVWKHXQLRQRIRSSRVLWHVLQZKLFKWKH SURSHUWLHVRIWKRVHRSSRVLWHVDUHXQLWHGWRFUHDWHDSHUIHFWHGEHLQJ7KLVEHLQJLV WKHQGHVWUR\HGE\FDOFLQDWLRQHHULO\SRUWUD\HGE\0HULDQDVDIRUPRIGHDWKE\ ³VORZ¿UH´DQ,QTXLVLWLRQDOWRUWXUHLQWKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRGRUE\SXWUHIDFWLRQ 'LVWLOODWLRQPLJKWEHXVHGWRIXUWKHUSXULI\WKHFRPSRXQGWKHHVVHQFHGLVWLOOHG IURPLWLVWKHQXVHGWRUHYLYHWKHPDWHULDOLQVRPHZD\7KLVSURFHVVLVDOZD\V
Introduction
SRUWUD\HGLQDJHQGHUHGZD\ZLWKWKHPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHSULQFLSOHVMRLQLQJ LQDVH[XDOXQLRQ7KHrebisWKXVIRUPHGGRHVQRWVXEVXPHRQHSULQFLSOHLQWRWKH RWKHUUDWKHUERWKDUHMRLQHGDQG\HWPDLQWDLQWKHLUVHSDUDWHLGHQWLWLHVRUSURSHUWLHV DVVXJJHVWHGE\WKHWZRKHDGVDQGWKHERG\GLYLGHGLQWRWZRVH[HV 7KLVLQVLVWHQWDQGXQFRQYHQWLRQDOJHQGHULQJRIWKHrebisGRHVPRUHWKDQVHUYH DV D FRGH IRU YDULRXV DOFKHPLFDO SURFHVVHV LW SURYLGHV D ODQJXDJH DQG D VHW RI LPDJHV WKDW SOD\ ZLWK HVWDEOLVKHG JHQGHU UROHV $PEURLVH 3DUp¶V GLVFXVVLRQ RI KHUPDSKURGLWHVLVIDLUO\W\SLFDORIWKHPHGLFDODQGOHJDOUHVSRQVHWRLQWHUVH[HG LQGLYLGXDOV LQ WKH HDUO\ PRGHUQ SHULRG +H GLYLGHV WKHP LQWR IRXU FDWHJRULHV PRVWO\PDOHPRVWO\IHPDOHQHXWHUDQGGRXEOHEXWWKHQLQVLVWVWKDWWKHGRXEOH KHUPDSKURGLWHVWKDWLVKDYLQJERWKPDOHDQGIHPDOHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQPRUHRU OHVVHTXDOPHDVXUHLQWKHVDPHERG\ PXVWFKRRVHZKLFKVH[WKH\ZLOOEH To SXW LW VLPSO\ WKH rebis QRW RQO\ HYDGHV WKDW FKRLFH EXW VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH LGHDO EHLQJWUDQVFHQGVVLPSOHJHQGHUGLYLVLRQV1RWRQO\LVWKHIHPLQLQHUHYDORUL]HG DVLWLVLQWKH.DEEDODKLQWKHIRUPRIWKHSchechinahEXWLWLVUHLQWHJUDWHGLQWR DODUJHUKXPDQZKROHWKDWLVQRWVRHDVLO\GHVLJQDWHGDVPDVFXOLQHRUIHPLQLQH EXWHQFRPSDVVHVERWKLGHQWLWLHVLQDÀXLGSURFHVVRIWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ7KHrebisLV DOUHDG\SUHVHQWHGLQDOFKHPLFDOLPDJHU\RIWKHODWH0LGGOH$JHVDQGLVSUHVHQWHG LQ VRPH DV ³0HUFXULDO´ DQG RWKHUV DV ³GLDEROLFDO´ 7KH PHGLHYDO DOFKHPLFDO KHUPDSKURGLWH LV D FRPSOH[ ¿JXUH DV /HDK 'H9XQ KDV GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW HQFRPSDVVHVDVHULHVRIRSSRVLQJTXDOLWLHVKXPDQDQGGLYLQHDVZHOODVPDOHDQG IHPDOH,WLVWKHSHUIHFWVROXWLRQWRDQXPEHURIFKDOOHQJHVIDFHGE\DOFKHPLVWV )RU DOFKHPLVWV SRQGHULQJ WKH SKLORVRSKHU¶V VWRQH WKH PHWDSKRU RI WKH KHUPDSKURGLWH ZDV DQ DWWUDFWLYH VROXWLRQ 2YLG¶V VWRULHV RI PHWDPRUSKRVLV PLUURUHGWKHDOFKHPLVWV¶JRDOLQPHWDOWUDQVPXWDWLRQ±WKHFKDQJHRIRQHWKLQJ LQWR DQRWKHU ± DQG WKH K\EULG QDWXUH RI WKH KHUPDSKURGLWH SURYLGHG D XVHIXO PRGHOIRUWKHK\EULGSKLORVRSKHUV¶VWRQH7KHPHWDPRUSKRVLVRIWZRLQGLYLGXDOV LQWRDVLQJOHFUHDWXUHRIELIRUPVH[ZDVSDUWLFXODUO\XVHIXOWRFKDUDFWHUL]HWKH VH[HGHOHPHQWDOTXDOLWLHVZLWKZKLFKDOFKHPLVWVEHOLHYHGWKH\ZRUNHGDVZHOO DVWKHELIRUPTXDOLW\RIWKHDOFKHPLFDOSURGXFW7KHKHUPDSKURGLWHDOVRVDWLV¿HG WKHQHHGWRVROYHWKHOLQJXLVWLFSX]]OHRIWKH³UHELV´RU³WZRWKLQJ´0RUHRYHU WKHLPDJH¿WUHDGLO\ZLWKLQWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOYRFDEXODU\RIVH[XDOUHSURGXFWLRQ XVHGLQVFKRODVWLFQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\
0HGLHYDODOFKHP\VDZWKHKHUPDSKURGLWHDVDXVHIXOPHWDSKRUIRUWKHDOFKHPLFDO SURFHVVLQWUXHVFKRODVWLFPDQQHUWKLVPHWDSKRUFRXOGEHUHDGin bono or in malo HLWKHUDVDV\PERORIWKHGLYLQHRURIWKHGLDEROLFDO
$PEURLVH3DUpDes Monstres et prodiges-HDQ&pDUGHG*HQHYD'UR] SS– 6HH%DUEDUD2EULVWLes Débuts de l’imagerie alchimique (XIVe–XVe siècles)3DULV /H6\FRPRUH SS– /HDK'H9XQ³7KH-HVXV+HUPDSKURGLWH6FLHQFHDQG6H['LIIHUHQFHLQ3UHPRGHUQ (XURSH´Journal of the History of Ideas$SULO –
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
:KDW FKDQJHV EHWZHHQ WKH 0LGGOH $JHV DQG WKH HDUO\ PRGHUQ SHULRG LV WKH UHGLVFRYHU\ DQG UHYDORUL]DWLRQ RI WKH Corpus Hermeticum WUDQVODWHG DQG FRPPHQWHGXSRQE\)LFLQR The CorpusSULYLOHJHVDGRXEOHJHQGHUHGGHLW\DV WKHVRXUFHRIDOOFUHDWLRQ$IWHUWKLVUHYLYDORI+HUPHV7ULVPHJLVWXVLQWKHODWH ¿IWHHQWK FHQWXU\ WKH GLDEROLFDO DVSHFW RI WKH KHUPDSKURGLWLF rebis VHHPV WR EH HIIDFHGIURPWKHDOFKHPLFDOFRUSXVDQGLWVSODFHDVDPHDQVWRSHUIHFWLRQLQWKH DOFKHPLFDOSURFHVVVHHPVDVVXUHG )URPWKHVHPRUHWKHRUHWLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIJHQGHUUHODWLYHWRDOFKHPLFDO WUHDWLVHV DQG KLVWRULFDO QDUUDWLYH WKH FROOHFWLRQ PRYHV RQ WR D PRUH SUHFLVH TXHVWLRQ ZKDW LV DW VWDNH ZKHQ ZRPHQ SDUWLFLSDWH LQ VFLHQWL¿F HQWHUSULVHV DQG GLVFRXUVHV",QZKDWFRQWH[WVGRZRPHQHQJDJHLQVFLHQWL¿FLQTXLU\KRZPLJKW WKDW HQJDJHPHQW EH OLPLWHG DQG KRZ GR ZRPHQ E\SDVV RU RYHUFRPH WKHVH OLPLWDWLRQV"7KUHH DUWLFOHV LQ WKLV FROOHFWLRQ SUHVHQW DQ RYHUYLHZ RI FRQWLQHQWDO (XURSHDQ ZRPHQ HQJDJHG LQ DOFKHPLFDO SUDFWLFHV 7KLV FROOHFWLRQ QHJOHFWV *HUPDQ\VLQFHWKHZRUNRI7DUD1XPPHGDORQ$QQD0DULD=LHJOHULQDVZHOO DVKHUERRNRQAlchemy and Authority in the Holy Roman EmpireFLWHGDERYH DOUHDG\ SURYLGH D IDLU DPRXQW RI LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKDW UHJLRQ 0HUHGLWK 5D\¶V HVVD\RQWKHDOFKHPLFDOUHFHLSWRUUHFLSHERRNRI&DWHULQD6IRU]DVKRZVKRZWKLV SXUVXLWSOD\HGDVLJQL¿FDQWUROHLQWKHOLIHRIWKLVSRZHUIXOZRPDQDQGKRZLW ZDV LQWULFDWHO\ ZRYHQ LQWR KHU HIIRUWV WR PDLQWDLQ RU UHJDLQ KHU SRZHU$W WKH VDPH WLPH H[FKDQJHV RI OHWWHUV EHWZHHQ 6IRU]D DQG RWKHUV VKRZ KRZ DOFKHP\ ZDVSUDFWLFHGWKURXJKQHWZRUNVRIPHQDQGZRPHQVKDULQJLQIRUPDWLRQ:RPHQ DUHQRWPHUHO\WKHDXGLHQFHIRUDQXPEHURIDOFKHPLFDOZRUNVSDUWLFXODUO\WKH UHFHLSWERRNV EXWWKH\DUHDFWLYHO\SURGXFLQJWKHP±DQGVFKRODUVDUHEHFRPLQJ LQFUHDVLQJO\DZDUHRIKRZZLGHVSUHDGWKHVHSUDFWLFHVZHUHDPRQJHOLWHZRPHQ $V5D\SRLQWVRXWSRSXODUPHGLFLQHIUHTXHQWO\SUDFWLFHGE\ZRPHQLQYROYHG HDUO\IRUPVRIRUJDQLFFKHPLVWU\SDUWLFXODUO\GLVWLOODWLRQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIHOL[LUV DQG WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI FRPSRXQGV 6IRU]D DOVR VHHPV WR KDYH EHHQ LQYROYHG LQ VWXG\LQJPHWDOOXUJ\LQKHUUROHDVUHJHQWUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKH¿QDQFLDOZHOOEHLQJ RIKHUVWDWH,WLVFOHDUIURPKHUERRNRIExperimentiDQGIURPKHUFRUUHVSRQGHQFH WKDWVKHZDVDFWLYHO\HQJDJHGLQH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ7KHSUDFWLFDOLW\RIKHUSXUVXLWV LVQRWXQXVXDOIRUZRPHQRIKHUSHULRG%XWZKDWLVPRVWVWULNLQJLVWKDWDZRPDQ RIWKLVVWDWXUHZRXOGEHHQJDJHGLQWKHVHSXUVXLWVZKLFKWKXVEHFRPHPRUHWKDQ DQ DUWLVDQ¶V ZD\ RI PDNLQJ D OLYLQJ ,QWHOOHFWXDO DQG VFLHQWL¿F FXULRVLW\ FOHDUO\ SURYLGHVRWKHUPRWLYDWLRQVIRUHOLWHZRPHQLQWKLVSHULRG 3HQQ\%D\HUSUHVHQWVDQXPEHURIDOFKHPLFDOPDQXVFULSWVIURP)UDQFHDQGWKH 6ZLVVFDQWRQVDVFULEHGWRRUSURPLQHQWO\UHIHUHQFLQJZRPHQDOFKHPLVWV7KHVH PDQXVFULSWVGRUDLVHWKHTXHVWLRQRIDXWKRULDOLGHQWLW\DVWKHWHUP³SKLORVRSKHU¶V GDXJKWHU´ZDVXVHGWRGHVLJQDWHWKHVRXOEXWPD\DOVRKDYHEHHQXVHGDVFRGH
Introduction
IRUWKHLGHQWLW\RIDZRPDQDOFKHPLVW&HUWDLQO\WKHIUHTXHQWXVHRISVHXGRQ\PV EOXUV DXWKRULDO LGHQWLW\ IRU PDQ\ DOFKHPLFDO WUHDWLVHV WKLV SUDFWLFH PLJKW ZHOO KDYH SHUPLWWHG ZRPHQ WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ DOFKHPLFDO LQTXLU\ XQGLVWXUEHG EXW FRXOG DOVR KDYH VHUYHG WR PDUJLQDOL]H WKHP IURP WKH PRVW DFWLYH DQG SXEOLF GLVFXVVLRQVRIWKLVDUW,QIDFWUHFHQWUHVHDUFKLQFOXGLQJ-D\QH$UFKHU¶VHVVD\LQ WKLVYROXPHVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIZRPHQLQDOFKHPLFDOSUDFWLFHVZDV PRUH ZLGHVSUHDG WKDQ SUHYLRXVO\ UHFRJQL]HG LQ SDUW EHFDXVH WKLV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ ZDV ODUJHO\ D SULYDWH XQSXEOLVKHG DFWLYLW\ QRQHWKHOHVV FUHDWLQJ VLJQL¿FDQW QHWZRUNVDPRQJZRPHQDVZHOODVDPRQJZRPHQDQGPHQDVWKH\VKDUHGUHFLSHV IRU SHUIXPHV DQG PHGLFLQHV LGHDV DERXW VSLULWXDO SHUIHFWLRQ DQG UHIHUHQFHV WR XVHIXORUSDUWLFXODUO\HQOLJKWHQLQJERRNV7KDWWKLVDFWLYLW\KDGDVSLULWXDODVZHOO DV SUDFWLFDO GLPHQVLRQ VXJJHVWV WKDW RI¿FLDOO\ VDQFWLRQHG WKHRORJLFDO YHUVLRQV RI VSLULWXDOLW\ PLJKW QRW KDYH EHHQ DV VDWLVI\LQJ WR ZRPHQ DV PRUH SULYDWHO\ HODERUDWHGIRUPV$OVRH[FOXGHGIURPXQLYHUVLWLHVZRPHQGHYHORSHGWKHLURZQ ZD\VRIDFTXLULQJDQGVKDULQJNQRZOHGJH2EMHFWVRILQTXLU\DQGGRFWULQHLQWKHVH SXEOLFGRPDLQVZRPHQEHFRPHVXEMHFWVRILQTXLU\LQWKHFRQWH[WRIDOFKHPLFDO SUDFWLFHV$ 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH LV WUHDWHG DV D UHVSHFWHG SUDFWLWLRQHU RI WKH DUW E\7KpRGRUH GH 0D\HQQH D PHPEHU RI -RVHSK GX &KHVQH¶V FLUFOH ± GX &KHVQHKLPVHOIEHLQJRQHRIWKHIRUHPRVW)UHQFK3DUDFHOVLDQVRIKLVWLPH7KHVH )UHQFK ZRPHQ DOFKHPLVWV LQ GX &KHVQH¶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¶VGDXJKWHULVHYHQPRUH OHDUQHGKDYLQJUHDG$ULVWRWOHWKHTurba philosophorumDQGWKHBook of Morienus :KLOH PDQ\ PDOH DOFKHPLVWV VRXJKW WR DSSURSULDWH WKH IHPDOH SURFUHDWLYH UROH IURP 3DUDFHOVXV RQ VKH VHHNV WR FODLP ERWK WKH PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH UROHV LQFUHDWLQJDUHVXUUHFWHGDOFKHPLFDOERG\7KHPDQXVFULSWVZULWWHQE\0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH DQG 4XHUFLWDQ¶V 'DXJKWHU DUH GLIIHUHQW HQRXJK LQ VW\OH DQG WHUPLQRORJ\WKDWWKH\PRVWOLNHO\DUHWKHZRUNRIWZRGLIIHUHQWDXWKRUV0DGDPH GHOD0DUWLQYLOOH¶VODQJXDJHXVHVDIXOOUDQJHRIV\PEROLFLPDJHU\4XHUFLWDQ¶V 'DXJKWHUXVHVDPRUHOLPLWHGUDQJHRIV\PEROVIRFXVLQJPRUHRQH[SHULPHQWV ,QVHUWLRQVDQGDQQRWDWLRQVLQVHYHUDORIWKHPDQXVFULSWVLQGLFDWHDVWURQJUHVLVWDQFH WRWKHQRWLRQRIZRPHQSUDFWLWLRQHUVDUHVLVWDQFHWKDWSHUVLVWVWRGD\LQWKDWZRPHQ SUDFWLWLRQHUVDUHQRWPHQWLRQHGLQJHQHUDOKLVWRULHVRIDOFKHP\ -D\QH $UFKHU¶V HVVD\ RQ WKH UHFHLSW ERRN RI 6DUDK :LJJHV VXJJHVWV KRZ DOFKHPLFDOWKRXJKWPD\KDYH¿OWHUHGLQWRDEURDGHUVHFWLRQRIZRPHQ¶VFXOWXUH DQG EHFRPH D SDUW RI WKHLU HYHU\GD\ OLIH ZLWK WKH 3KLORVRSKHU¶V 6WRQH VKDULQJ
'HEXVFrench ParacelsiansSS–
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
VSDFHZLWKPHGLFDOUHFLSHVDQGVXJDUFUDIW7KLVUHFHLSWERRNVXJJHVWVQRWRQO\ WKDWZRPHQPD\KDYHSUDFWLFHGDOFKHP\LQJUHDWHUQXPEHUVWKDQVFKRODUVKDYH SUHYLRXVO\VXVSHFWHGEXWDOVRWKDWDOFKHP\ZDVDPXFKPRUHZLGHVSUHDGDQGRSHQ SUDFWLFHQRWPHUHO\DPDUJLQDORFFXOWGLVFRXUVHEXWDSDUWRIHYHU\GD\OLIHIRUD QXPEHURISHRSOHSHUKDSVHYHQRUGLQDU\LQVRPHUHVSHFWV6RPHHDUO\PRGHUQ WH[WVVXJJHVWWKDWWKHFRQMXQFWLRQRIKRXVHNHHSLQJDQGDOFKHP\±RU³FK\PLVWU\´ DV3ULQFLSHSUHIHUVWRFDOOLWWRPLWLJDWHWKHFRQWUDVWEHWZHHQDOFKHP\DQGPRGHUQ FKHPLVWU\±ZDVIDLUO\FRPPRQ$UJXPHQWVDUHPDGHLQVXSSRUWRIWKHYLHZRI DOFKHP\ DV ³ZRPHQ¶V ZRUN´ D FRPPRQ PHWDSKRU IRU WKH DOFKHPLFDO SURFHVV SDUWLFXODUO\WKHVWDJHRIsolutionRUGLVVROXWLRQFRPSDUHGWRZDVKLQJ$WUDGLWLRQ RI ERRNV RQ KRXVHNHHSLQJ LQFOXGHV GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI PHGLFDO NQRZOHGJH IRU ZRPHQ SDUWLFXODUO\ NQRZOHGJH RI KRZ WR PDNH DQG GLVSHQVH PHGLFLQHV5HFHLSWERRNVGHPRQVWUDWHDZLGHUDQJHRIVNLOOVUHTXLUHGRIZRPHQ DQGRIWHQUHYHDODFRQVLGHUDEOHDPRXQWRIHUXGLWLRQ6DUDK:LJJHV¶PDQXVFULSW UHYHDOVDVKDULQJRIWKLVNQRZOHGJHDPRQJZRPHQZLWKUHFLSHVSDVVHGGRZQIURP KHUPRWKHULQODZDPRQJRWKHUV7KLVPDQXVFULSWDQGRWKHUVUHYHDOWKDWZRPHQ DOVR UHFHLYHG DGYLFH IURP PHQ WKH\ NQHZ DQG IURP PDOH DXWKRUV LQ WKLV FDVH $QGUHDV /LEDYLXV %RHWKLXV 1LFKRODV &XOSHSHU DQG 3DUDFHOVXV DPRQJ RWKHUV :RPHQ¶V H[SHULHQFH LQ GLVWLOOLQJ HVVHQFHV DQG PDNLQJ FRPSRXQGV PDGH WKHP VNLOOHGSUDFWLWLRQHUVRI³FKHPLFDOPHGLFLQH´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¿QH KHUVHOI DVDZRPDQZULWHURQHZKRXVHVPL[HGJHQGHULGHQWLWLHVWRFRQVWUXFWDQHZHU WUDQVPXWHG VHOI IUHHG IURP WKH FRQVWUDLQWV RI D PLVRJ\QLVW VRFLHW\ :KLOH FOHDU UHIHUHQFHVWRKHURZQSUDFWLFDOH[SHULPHQWVDUHHYLGHQWLQKHUZRUNVVXJJHVWLQJ WKDWVKHZDVFRQWLQXDOO\LQYROYHGLQWKLVSUDFWLFHPHWDSKRULFDOUHIHUHQFHVIRXQG WKURXJKRXWKHUZRUNVVXJJHVWWKDWDOFKHP\RIIHUHGKHUDQLQWHOOHFWXDOIUDPHZRUN WKDWVXSSRUWHGKHUXQFRQYHQWLRQDODSSURDFKERWKWRZULWLQJDQGWRWKHVWDWXVRI ZRPHQ:KDW*RXUQD\¶VZRUNVXJJHVWVDQGWKLVLVWUXHIRUWKHDOFKHPLFDOSXUVXLWV RI D QXPEHU RI ZRPHQ LV WKDW DOFKHP\ VHUYHG ERWK DV D VRXUFH IRU SUDFWLFDO H[SHULPHQWVWRHQKDQFHSK\VLFDOZHOOEHLQJDQGDSKLORVRSKLFDOIUDPHZRUNZLWKLQ ZKLFK RQH FRXOG UHLPDJLQHDQGUHLQYHQWRQHVHOIDQG WKHZRUOG7KLV UHWXUQV XV WR WKH DVVRFLDWLRQ WKDW ERWK
Introduction
3ULYDWH DOFKHPLFDO SXUVXLWV PLJKW KDYH SURYLGHG D VSDFH IRU WKH IUHHSOD\ RI ZRPHQ¶VLQWHOOHFWXDOLQWHUHVWVEXWZKHUHZRPHQSUDFWLFHGDSURIHVVLRQRSHQO\ WKHLU VWDWXV ZDV VXEMHFW WR LQFUHDVLQJO\ VWULQJHQW OLPLWDWLRQV E\ PDOH DXWKRULW\ ¿JXUHV 6R DV DOFKHP\ LV RSHQLQJ XS QHZ DYHQXHV IRU ZRPHQ PLGZLIHU\ LV EHLQJ VKXW RII DV D SURIHVVLRQ DQG WKH SRZHU RYHU FKLOGELUWK EHLQJ WUDQVIHUUHG WR PHQ ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W %ULGJHWWH 6KHULGDQ WUDFHV WKH LQFUHDVHG PDUJLQDOL]DWLRQ RI PLGZLYHV LQ WKH VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ :KHUHDV EHIRUH WKLV SHULRG ELUWK ZDV DOPRVWH[FOXVLYHO\DIHPDOHGRPDLQE\WKHODWHVL[WHHQWKDQGHDUO\VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXULHVPDOHSUDFWLWLRQHUVERWKSK\VLFLDQVDQGVXUJHRQVLQFUHDVLQJO\FODLPHG DXWKRULW\RYHUSUHJQDQF\DQGELUWK¿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¶VZRUN-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDXZDV DQDSSUHQWLFHRI$PEURLVH3DUpWKXVDOUHDG\DWD\RXQJDJHLQDQHOHYDWHGVWDWXV LQKLVSURIHVVLRQ%XWKHHQKDQFHGWKHVWDWXVRIWKLVSURIHVVLRQHYHQPRUHE\KLV OHDUQLQJ KH KDG VWXGLHG ZLWK SK\VLFLDQV DQG FRXOG UHDG DQG ZULWH /DWLQ$V D ZRPDQ/RXLVH%RXUJHRLVZDVH[FOXGHGIURPPRVWRIWKHVHDYHQXHVWRVXFFHVV XQLYHUVLW\ HGXFDWLRQ DSSUHQWLFHVKLS DQG WUDLQLQJ ZLWK H[SHUWV OLQNHG WR DQG SURWHFWHGE\SROLWLFDODXWKRULWLHV:KLOHVKHGLGQRWKDYHDQ\RIWKHVHLQLWLDODLGV WRVXFFHVV%RXUJHRLVGLGULVHWRSUHHPLQHQFHLQKHU¿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qUHDQG%RXUJHRLVSXEOLVKHGWKHLUPDQXDOVLQDQG QHLWKHUZRUNH[SUHVVHGDZLGHO\GLYHUJHQWYLHZ$FFRUGLQJWRERWKPLGZLYHVKDG DORQJVWDQGLQJUROHLQWKHELUWKLQJSURFHVVDQGVXUJHRQVRUSK\VLFLDQVZHUHWREH FDOOHGLQDWDQ\VLJQRIWURXEOH 7KH DPELWLRXV *XLOOHPHDX ¿OV ZDV D GLIIHUHQW PDWWHU GHVLULQJ WR LPSRVH KLPVHOI DV WKH H[SHUW LQ DOO PDWWHUV PHGLFDO 7KH GHDWK RI 0DULH GH %RXUERQ 0RQWSHQVLHU VLVWHULQODZ RI /RXLV ;,,, D ZHHN DIWHU FKLOGELUWK IXHOHG WKH FRQIURQWDWLRQ EHWZHHQ &KDUOHV *XLOOHPHDX DQG %RXUJHRLV 7KH DXWRSV\ UHSRUW SUHSDUHGE\¿YHSK\VLFLDQVDQG¿YHVXUJHRQVLPSOLHGWKDW%RXUJHRLVKDGIDLOHG
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
LQ KHU GXWLHV 6KH SXEOLVKHG D GHIHQVH RI KHUVHOI EXW LQ WKH HQG *XLOOHPHDX¶V DWWDFNVRQKHUFRPSHWHQFHHQGHGKHUFDUHHUDWFRXUW7KLVHIIDFHPHQWRIZRPHQ¶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¿UVW¿YHHVVD\VRIWKLVFROOHFWLRQDOORZOLWHUDU\DXWKRUVWRUHGH¿QH RUUHLPDJLQHZRPHQ¶VUROHVLQVRFLHW\DQGWKHLUSODFHLQWKHZRUOG $V .LUN 5HDG SRLQWV RXW LQ KLV HVVD\ RQ ³7RXFKLQJ DQG 7HOOLQJ *HQGHUHG 9DULDWLRQVRQD*\QHFRORJLFDO7KHPH´QRZKHUHLVJHQGHUDQGWKHGLYLGHEHWZHHQ PHQ¶VDQGZRPHQ¶VSHUVSHFWLYHVRQDVXEMHFWPRUHHYLGHQWWKDQLQWKHSUDFWLFH RIREVWHWULFVLQWKHHDUO\PRGHUQZRUOGIRUREYLRXVUHDVRQV7KHDSSURSULDWLRQ RIREVWHWULFVDQGFKLOGELUWKIURPPLGZLYHVE\PDOHVXUJHRQVRYHUWKHFRXUVHRI WKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\XQGHUVFRUHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQPHQ¶VDQGZRPHQ¶V DSSURDFKHVWRVFLHQWL¿FNQRZOHGJH)RUH[DPSOHWKHSRHW&DWKHULQHGHV5RFKHV UHWHOOV WKH VWRU\ RI $JQRGLFH WKH ¿UVW ZRPDQ GRFWRU DFFRUGLQJ WR DQ DFFRXQW E\+\JLQXVDVDUHFUHDWLRQRILQWHOOHFWXDOFRPPXQLW\E\RIDQGIRUZRPHQD FRPPXQLW\GHVWUR\HGE\SDWULDUFK\¶VUHIXVDOWRJUDQWZRPHQDFFHVVWRLQWHOOHFWXDO SXUVXLWVLQDQ\RI¿FLDOO\VDQFWLRQHGPDQQHU7KHMR\DQGSULGHZRPHQH[SHULHQFH LQWKHFRPPXQLW\WKH\KDYHFUHDWHGZLWK$JQRGLFH¶VJXLGDQFHFRQWUDVWVVKDUSO\ ZLWK-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDX¶VDFFRXQWRIWKHPDOHVXUJHRQJURSLQJSUHJQDQWZRPHQ¶V ERGLHVVKDPHIXOO\DQGLQWKHGDUN:KHUHPHQGDUHQRWORRNZRPHQPD\LQWHUYHQH ZLWKRXWVKDPH7KLVFRQWUDVWUHQGHUVWKHLQVLVWHQFHXSRQPDOHVXUJHRQV¶FRQWURORI WKHELUWKLQJSURFHVVE\SUDFWLWLRQHUVVXFKDV*XLOOHPHDXDEVXUG7KHSURFODPDWLRQ E\&DWKHULQHGHV5RFKHVRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRILQWHOOHFWXDOFRPPXQLWLHVRIZRPHQ LVHFKRHGE\WKHVHQVHRIFRPPXQLW\HYRNHGE\ZRPHQ¶VUHFHLSWERRNVLQZKLFK RWKHUZRPHQ¶VLGHDVDUHFLWHGRSHQO\DQGWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQDOFKHPLFDOWKRXJKW GHOLQHDWHGE\-D\QH$UFKHUDQG3HQQ\%D\HULQWKHLUHVVD\V ,QGHHGZKDWWKLVFROOHFWLRQSURSRVHVWRLWVUHDGHUVLVWKHSLFWXUHRIDQHDUO\ PRGHUQ VFLHQWL¿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
&KDSWHU
3LFR3DUDFHOVXVDQG'HH 7KH0DJLFDO0HDVXUHRI +XPDQ3HUIHFWLELOLW\ (OOLRWW06LPRQ
$VWUDO PDJLF PD\ EH FRQVLGHUHG RQH RI WKH PRVW SRLJQDQW FUHDWLYH PRGHV RI WKHLPDJLQDWLRQWKURXJKZKLFKKXPDQH[FHOOHQFHLVFRQFHLYHGDVDQDWWULEXWHRI FHOHVWLDOSRZHUVEHOLHYHGWRDQLPDWHWKHZRUOG3HUFHLYHGDVSODQHWDU\LQÀXHQFHV DVWUDOPDJLFDVLWUHODWHVWR5HQDLVVDQFHWKHRULHVRIKXPDQSHUIHFWLELOLW\SRVLWLRQV WKH VWXG\ RI KXPDQ QDWXUH HSLVWHPRORJLFDOO\ DQG RQWRORJLFDOO\ DV DQ HWHUQDO SURFHVV RI EHFRPLQJ 7KURXJK DVWUDO PDJLF ZKDW LV EHOLHYHG WR EH WUXH DV DQ LQWHOOHFWXDOO\ FRQVWUXFWHG WKHRU\ RI FDXVDOLW\ LV PRUH LPSRUWDQW WKDQ ZKDW PD\ EHNQRZQWKURXJKDFWXDOSK\VLFDOH[SHULHQFH$OWKRXJKWKHPHWKRGVRIWKHDVWUDO PDJLFLDQLQDOFKHP\DQGDVWURORJ\PD\DSSHDUHPSLULFDOO\IDXOW\WKHLPDJLQDWLRQ YDOLGDWHVWKHPDJLFLDQ¶VIDLWKWKDWDOOPDWHULDOEHLQJFRXOGSRWHQWLDOO\DVVXPHLWV SHUIHFWHGFRQGLWLRQ(YHQWKHPLUDFXORXVFDQEHH[SODLQHGLQWHUPVRIP\VWHULHV LQKHUHQWLQQDWXUDOFDXVHVWKDWDUHEHOLHYHGWRHPDQDWHIURPWKHGLYLQHLQDSURFHVV RIFUHDWLQJDSHUIHFWHGRUGHURIEHLQJ 7KLVSHUIHFWHGRUGHUDVSLUHVWRHOLPLQDWHDOOFRQYHQWLRQDOGXDOLWLHVRIDEVWUDFW LGHDOLVPDQGFRQFUHWHDFWXDOLW\FHOHVWLDODQGHDUWKO\IRUPVFXOWXUDODQGQDWXUDO FRQGLWLRQVPHQWDODQGSK\VLFDOSRZHUVDQGPDOHDQGIHPDOHJHQGHURSSRVLWLRQV In Asclepius +HUPHV7ULVPHJLVWXVDVVHUWVWKDW³6SLULWVXSSOLHVDQGLQYLJRUDWHV DOOWKLQJVLQWKHZRUOGOLNHDQLQVWUXPHQWRUDPHFKDQLVPLWLVVXEMHFWWRWKHZLOORIWKH VXSUHPH JRG´ LQ WKH Hermetica WUDQV %ULDQ 3 &RSHQKDYHU &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S2QWKHvia imaginativaSUHVHQWLQDVWUDOPDJLFDVDVXEMHFWLYH DQGWUDQVLWLYHH[SHULHQFHVHH'DQLHO3:DONHUSpiritual and Demonic Magic, from Ficino to Campanella8QLYHUVLW\3DUN3HQQV\OYDQLD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVUHSULQWZLWK LQWURGXFWLRQE\%ULDQ3&RSHQKDYHU SS± ,QFRQWHPSRUDU\IHPLQLVWVWHUPVWKLVHVVHQWLDOXQLRQRI³WKHWZR´LQWR³WKHRQH´LV IRXQGLQ1DQF\&0+DUWVRFN¶VDQGRWKHUV¶ IHPDOHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHVHOI³7KHIHPDOH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH VHOI LQ UHODWLRQ WR RWKHUV OHDGV WRZDUG RSSRVLWLRQ WR GXDOLVPV RI DQ\VRUWYDOXDWLRQRIFRQFUHWHHYHU\GD\OLIH>D@VHQVHRIDYDULHW\RIFRQQHFWHGQHVVDQG FRQWLQXLWLHVERWKZLWKRWKHUSHUVRQVDQGZLWKWKHQDWXUDOZRUOG,IPDWHULDOOLIHVWUXFWXUHV FRQVFLRXVQHVV ZRPHQ¶V UHODWLRQDOO\ GH¿QHG H[LVWHQFH ERGLO\ H[SHULHQFH RI ERXQGDU\ FKDOOHQJHVDQGDFWLYLWLHVRIWUDQVIRUPLQJERWKSK\VLFDOREMHFWVDQGKXPDQEHLQJVPXVWEH H[SHFWHGWRUHVXOWLQDZRUOGYLHZWRZKLFKGLFKRWRPLHVDUHIRUHLJQ´1DQF\&0+DUWVRFN ³7KH )HPLQLVW 6WDQGSRLQW 'HYHORSLQJ WKH *URXQG IRU D 6SHFL¿FDOO\ )HPLQLVW +LVWRULFDO
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
6XFK D XQLRQ RU V\QWKHVLV RI ELQDU\ RSSRVLWLRQV LV HVVHQWLDO WR WKH TXHVW IRU D SHUIHFWHGSV\FKRORJLFDODQGVRFLDOZKROHQHVV7KLVTXHVWIRUZKROHQHVVLVIRXQG LQ 5HQDLVVDQFH KXPDQLVW V\QFUHWLVP LQ SKLORVRSK\ DQG WKHRORJ\ EDVHG RQ WKH XQLW\ RI DOO EHLQJ LQ *RG DQG IDLWK LQ WKH H[LVWHQFH RI D VLQJXODU DQG XQLYHUVDO 7UXWKZLWKLQDOOVSHFXODWLYHWKRXJKW,WLVDOVRSUHGLFDWHGRQWKHELEOLFDODVVHUWLRQ WKDWWKHKXPDQEHLQJ²ERWKWKH+HUPDSKURGLWH$GDP*HQHVLV± DQGWKH GLYLQHO\XQGLIIHUHQWLDWHG$GDPDQG(YHEHIRUHWKH)DOO*HQHVLV± ²ZDV RULJLQDOO\FUHDWHGLQWKH³LPDJHDQGOLNHQHVV´RI*RG6XFKDSHUIHFWHGanthropos DV WKH ERGLO\ DQG VSLULWXDOO\ XQLWHG PDOH DQG IHPDOH V\PEROL]HV WKH JUHDW H[SHFWDWLRQVWKDW*RGZDVSUHVXPHGWRKDYHIRU+LVKXPDQFUHDWLRQWRZKRP+H JDYHGRPLQLRQRYHUWKHHDUWK,Q3ODWR¶VYHUVLRQRIWKH³0\WKRIWKH$QGURJ\QH´ KHUPDSKURGLWH WKHFRQÀLFWRIKHDYHQO\DQGHDUWKO\GRPLQLRQZDVVROYHGE\=HXV ZKRGLYLGHGWKLVKDOIPDOHKDOIIHPDOHFUHDWXUHLQWRVHSDUDWHEHLQJVWRZHDNHQLWV SRZHUV+RZHYHUWKHJRGVWRRNSLW\RQWKHVHGLIIHUHQWLDWHGLQDGHTXDWHFUHDWXUHV DQGRIIHUHGWKHPWKHSRWHQWLDOUHVWRUDWLRQRIWKHLURULJLQDOFRQGLWLRQDVDUHXQLRQ ZLWKWKHLUSDUWLFXODURWKHUKDOIWKURXJKWKH³DOFKHP\´RIORYH )RU*LRYDQQL3LFRGHOOD0LUDQGROD± WKHSRVLWLYHDVSHFWVRIDVWUDO PDJLF DUH UHIDVKLRQHG LQ KLV V\QFUHWLF VWXG\ RI 1HRSODWRQLVP DQG .DEEDODK FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHSHUIHFWLELOLW\RIKXPDQQDWXUHDQGWKHPRGDOLWLHVRILQWHOOHFWXDO HQOLJKWHQPHQW)RU3KLOLSSXV$XUHROXV7KHRSKUDVWXV%RPEDVWXVYRQ+RKHQKHLP FDOOHG3DUDFHOVXV± DVWUDOPDJLFLVHVVHQWLDOLQKLVPHGLFDOSUDFWLFH LQZKLFKWKHELQDU\RSSRVLWLRQVZLWKLQKXPDQQDWXUHDUHXQLWHGLQWRDQHVVHQWLDO ZKROHWKDWLQVXUHVWKHSK\VLFDODQGVSLULWXDOZHOOEHLQJRIWKHLQGLYLGXDO)RU-RKQ 'HH ± DVWUDO PDJLF DQG PDWKHPDWLFV DUH ERWK VFLHQWL¿F DQG DUWLVWLF PRGHV XVHG WR SHUIHFW RQH¶V XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI QDWXUDO SKLORVRSK\ DQG LWV RFFXOW VLJQL¿FDWLRQ,QWKHLUWKHRULHVRIKXPDQSHUIHFWLELOLW\DQGWKHYDORUL]DWLRQRIWKH 0DWHULDOLVP´ LQ The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political ControversiesHG6DQGUD+DUGLQJ1HZVLQJXODU@LQRXULPDJHDIWHURXUOLNHQHVVDQGOHWWKHP>SOXUDO@ KDYH GRPLQLRQ $QG *RG FUHDWHG PDQ LQ +LV >VLQJXODU@ RZQ LPDJH LQ WKH LPDJH RI *RG FUHDWHG +H KLP >VLQJXODU@ PDOH DQG IHPDOH FUHDWHG +H WKHP >SOXUDO@´ $OWKRXJK 0RVHV 0DLPRQLGHV ± DQG RWKHU ELEOLFDO H[HJHWHV DUJXH WKDW WKHUH FDQ EH QR ³LPDJH´RI*RGVLQFH*RGKDVQRLPDJLQDEOHIRUPWKH¿JXUHRIWKHKHUPDSKURGLWH$GDP in Midrash Rabbah-Genesis9,,,ZDVLQWHUSUHWHGV\PEROLFDOO\DVDXQLW\RI2QHZKRVH SV\FKRORJLFDODQGUHSURGXFWLYHSRWHQWLDOLWLHVMRLQHGWRJHWKHUPDOHDQGIHPDOHWRDFKLHYH D XQLRQ RI WKH WZR VHSDUDWH VSLULWV ,Q WKH &KULVWLDQ *QRVWLF¶V Nag Hamadi Text ³7KH $SRFDO\SVH RI$GDP´ WKH$GDP DQG (YH DQGURJ\QH PDOH DQG IHPDOH ZDV D FUHDWXUH ZKRVHGLYLQHSRZHUVDQGSHUIHFWNQRZOHGJHZHUHJUHDWHUWKDQWKHHWHUQDODQJHOVDSHUIHFW anthropos DOVR FDOOHG Adamas 2XW RI MHDORXV\ WKH DQJHO 6DPD¶HO VHSDUDWHG$GDP DQG (YHDQGWKDWVXSHULRUNQRZOHGJHDQGSRZHUZDVORVW )RU3ODWR¶V³P\WKRIWKHDQGURJ\QH´WUDQVODWHGDVKHUPDSKURGLWHDQGWKHRULJLQRI ORYHVHHSymposiumG±GLQThe Collected Dialogues of PlatoHG(GLWK+DPLOWRQ DQG +XQWLQJWRQ &DLUQV %ROOLQJHQ 6HULHV /;;, 1HZ
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
LPDJLQDWLRQ LQWXLWLRQ UHDVRQ VXEMHFWLYLW\ DQG HPSLULFDO REMHFWLYLW\ PXVW EH UHFRQFLOHGZLWKLQWKHDVWUDOPDJLFLDQ¶VFUHDWLYHSURFHVVWRXQLWHWKHLQIHULRUKXPDQ VSLULWZLWKVXSHULRUFHOHVWLDOVSLULWV ,QWKHSHULRGIURP)UDQFHVFR3HWUDUFK± WR7RPPDVR&DPSDQHOOD ± WKHSULYLOHJHGVWDWXVRIWKHLPDJLQDWLRQDVDUDWLRQDOIDFXOW\RIWKH PLQGPHGLDWLQJEHWZHHQWKHHDUWKO\DQGFHOHVWLDOZRUOGVLVDFRQWURYHUVLDOLVVXH LQERWKPRUDODQGQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\)RU3HWUDUFKLQDe Ignorantia WKH LPDJLQDWLRQPXVWEHJRYHUQHGE\SLHW\GH¿QHGDVREHGLHQFHWRWKHPRUDODXWKRULW\ RI +RO\ 6FULSWXUH +RZHYHU LQ RUGHU WR PDQLIHVW WKH LQWHOOHFWXDO WHQHWV RI ³WKH *RRG´WKHLPDJLQDWLRQPXVWDOVREHRSHQWRWKHHUXGLWLRQRIFODVVLFDOSKLORVRSK\ PHWDSK\VLFVDQGSRHWLFHORTXHQFH7KURXJKWKHLPDJLQDWLRQWKHPRUDOGLVFLSOLQH RI6FULSWXUHDQGWKHLQWHOOHFWXDODSSOLFDWLRQRISKLORVRSKLFDOSULQFLSOHVDUHHQGRZHG ZLWK DHVWKHWLF TXDOLWLHV WKDW VXEMHFWLYHO\ XQLWH WKH *RRG DQG WKH %HDXWLIXO ,Q Secretum )UDQFHVFD¶V LPDJLQDU\ GLDORJXH ZLWK 6W $XJXVWLQH WKH LQWHOOHFWXDO ULJRUVRIGRFWULQDOSLHW\PXVWEHUHFRQFLOHGZLWKWKHVXEMHFWLYHHPRWLRQDOGHVLUHV IRUHDUWKO\ORYH In Il Canzoniere3HWUDUFKLPDJLQHVWKDWKLVORYHIRU/DXUDWKH IHPDOH HPERGLPHQW RI YLUWXRXV EHDXW\ LV LQ FRQÀLFW ZLWK WKH SRHWORYHU¶V PDOH cupiditas7KHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVRIKLVFRQÀLFWHGVHOISURMHFWLRQVRIORYHXSRQ/DXUD UHDFKWKHLUDSRWKHRVLVLQKLVLPDJLQDWLRQZKLFKXQLWHVKLVORYHIRUWKHEHDXWLIXO ODG\ZLWKKLVDGRUDWLRQRIWKHVergine BellaWKH9LUJLQ0DU\ZLWKLQWKHFRQWH[W RI KLV SRHWU\ 2QO\ WKURXJK KLV LPDJLQDWLRQ FDQ 3HWUDUFK DSSUR[LPDWH D VHQVH RISRWHQWLDOH[FHOOHQFHDQGUHGHPSWLYHZKROHQHVVIRUKLPVHOIDVKHUHVROYHVKLV DPELJXRXVPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHSHUFHSWLRQVRIORYHE\HOHYDWLQJWKHPWRWKH DQJHOLFEHDXW\RIKLVEHORYHGDQGWKHFHOHVWLDOEHDXW\RIWKH9LUJLQ &ROXFFLR 6DOXWDWL ± LQ De laboribus Herculis The Labors of Hercules DUJXHVWKDWKXPDQSHUIHFWLELOLW\WKURXJKWKHDFTXLVLWLRQRI³HQOLJKWHQHG NQRZOHGJH´LVGHSHQGHQWRQXQLWLQJRQH¶VVHOIZLWKWKHSULPDU\IHPLQLQHFUHDWLYH SRZHU RI DOO QLQH 0XVHV QRW WKURXJK WKH DJHQF\ RI UHDVRQ EXW WKURXJK WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ &OLR VHUYHV WKH GHVLUH IRU IDPH (XWHUSH IDFLOLWDWHV WKH HQMR\PHQW ³,I7KRXGRVWQRWZLVKWRJUDQWPHPRUHOHWLWEHP\SRUWLRQDWOHDVWWREHDJRRGPDQ «:KHQHYHU,KDYHPDGHDVREHUXVHRIOHDUQLQJ,KDYHVRXJKWLQLWQRWKLQJEXWWREHFRPH JRRG«,GHVLUHWREHERWK,FRQIHVVVLQFHKXPDQORQJLQJLVERXQGOHVVDQGLQVDWLDEOHXQWLO LWFRPHVWRUHVWLQ7KHHDERYH:KRPWKHUHLVQRSODFHWRZKLFKLWFRXOGVWLOOULVH,GHVLUHWR EHERWKJRRGDQGOHDUQHG´)UDQFHVFR3HWUDUFKDe ignorantia>On his own ignorance and that of many others@WUDQV+DQV1DFKRGLQThe Renaissance Philosophy of ManHG(UQVW &DVVLUHU3DXO2.ULVWHOOHUDQG-RKQ+5DQGDOO-U&KLFDJR7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR 3UHVV3KRHQL[%RRNV SS± )UDQFHVFR3HWUDUFKSecretumWUDQV'DY\&DUR]]DDQG+-DPHV6KH\1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
RIRQH¶VVWXGLHVZKLFKDUHLQVSLUHGE\0HOSRPHQH.QRZOHGJHEDVHGRQVHQVH SHUFHSWLRQLVLGHQWL¿HGZLWKWKHSRZHURI7KDOLDDQGWKHFUXFLDOSUHVHUYDWLRQRI DOOWKDWLVSHUFHLYHGIDOOVLQWRWKHGRPDLQRI3RO\K\PQLD:KHUHDVPRVWKXPDQLVWV EDVHWKHLUTXHVWIRUNQRZOHGJHXSRQWKHXVHRIUHDVRQ6DOXWDWLHPSKDVL]HVWKH LPSRUWDQFH RI ³¿QGLQJ VLPLODULWLHV´ similitudines WKURXJK WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ DV DQ ³LQJHQLRXV´ ingenium FRJQLWLYH SRZHU DWWULEXWHG WR (UDWR 6LPLOLWXGH UHYHDOV KLWKHUWR XQDSSUHFLDWHG UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW DVSHFWV RI QDWXUH DQG LOOXPLQDWHVWKHLUVLJQL¿FDQFH6DOXWDWL¶VFRQFHSWRIingenium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n De immortalitate animae 3LHWUR3RPSRQD]]L±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¶VIDLWK LQ WKRVH PDQLIHVWDWLRQV FDQ EH FRQ¿JXUHG E\ WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ DV WKH LQÀXHQFHV RI FHOHVWLDO ERGLHV RQ WKH SK\VLFDO ZRUOG 7KH SUREOHP IRU 3RPSRQD]]L LV WKDW ZKHUHDVWKHHPDQDWLRQVRI*RGFRQVWLWXWHJRRGDVWUDOPDJLFKXPDQVXSHUVWLWLRQV DQGSHUYHUVHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIFHOHVWLDOLQÀXHQFHVPD\SURGXFHDGHPRQLFPDJLF LQZKLFKWKHWUXHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIDVWUDOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQVLVORVW7KHUHIRUHWKHSULPDU\ WDVNRIWKHDVWUDOPDJLFLDQPXVWEHWRDVVHUWWKHSLRXVLQWHQWLRQVWRZKLFKKLVKHU LPDJLQDWLRQLVGLUHFWHGDVDSUHOXGHWRDMXVWL¿FDWLRQRIFHOHVWLDOVSHFXODWLRQV (UDWRWKH0XVHRIO\ULFSRHWU\DQGPLPHIURPWKH*UHHN(UDWǀErosRUerasthai WR ORYH ZRUNV VLPLODUO\ WR 0RVHV GH /HRQ¶V FRQFHSWLRQ RI Binah WKH FHOHVWLDO siferah RI GLYLQH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ LQ ZKRVH ZRPE WKH VHHGV RI GLYLQH ZLVGRP DUH LPSODQWHG E\ HokhmahGLYLQHZLVGRPDQGIURPZKRPWKHUHVWRIWKH.DEEDOLVW¶VsiferotDUHFUHDWHG 6HH 0RVHV GH /HRQ The Zohar 3ULW]NHU (GLWLRQ 9RO D±E WUDQV 'DQLHO & 0DWW 6WDQIRUG6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS± %DVHG RQ $ULVWRWOH¶V De anima >, D ±@ 3RPSRQD]]L DUJXHV WKDW ³.QRZLQJ LV HLWKHU LPDJLQDWLRQ RU QRW ZLWKRXW LPDJLQDWLRQ´ DQG ³WKHUH LV QR NQRZLQJ ZLWKRXW VRPH SKDQWDVP²ZKLFK H[SHULHQFH DOVR SURYHV´ 3LHWUR 3RPSRQD]]L De immortalitate animae,9WUDQV:LOOLDP++D\,,UHY-RKQ+5DQGDOO-ULQThe Renaissance Philosophy of Man &KLFDJR 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &KLFDJR 3UHVV 3KRHQL[ %RRNV SS±3RPSRQD]]LRI0DQWXDWDXJKWDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI3DGXD2QWKH VLJQL¿FDQFHRIQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\WDXJKWLQQRUWKHUQ,WDOLDQXQLYHUVLWLHVVHH6-7HVWHU A History of Western Astrology 6XIIRON 8. 7KH %R\GHOO 3UHVV UHSULQW SS±
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
)RUWKHSURJQRVWLFDWRU*LURODPR&DUGDQR± WKHSLRXVDVWURORJHU NQRZVWKDWWKHVWDUVDUHRSHQWRYDULRXVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVDERXWWKHQDWXUDOFDXVHV WKDWDQLPDWHOLIH ZH ZKR FXOWLYDWH WUXH SLHW\ REVHUYH QRWKLQJ VXSHUVWLWLRXV LQ WKH VWDUV EXW QDWXUDOFDXVHV$OOPHQDOLNHDUHWRUPHQWHGE\KHDWFROGDQGSDLQ6LPLODUO\ ZHFDQQRWGHQ\WKDWWKHERGLHVDQGPLQGVRISULQFHVDUHEHQWWRJRRGDQGHYLO HIIHFWYLROHQWO\RUJHQWO\>E\WKHVWDUV@
7KH RFFXOW SKLORVRSKHU +HQU\ &RUQHOLXV$JULSSD ± EHOLHYHV WKDW WKHPDJLFLDQFRXOGSXULI\KLVHQOLJKWHQHGLPDJLQDWLRQWKURXJKIDLWKWRFRQFHLYH DPRUHSHUIHFWXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI*RG¶VFUHDWLRQ7KURXJKDVWUDOPDJLFYLYL¿HGE\ WKHLPDJLQDWLRQWKH³UHOLJLRXVmagus´KDGWKHSRZHUWRSHUIRUPPLUDFOHV7DNLQJ WKLVLGHDOL]DWLRQRILPDJLQDWLYHVSHFXODWLRQWRDJUHDWHUH[WUHPHWKH+HUPHWLFLVW *LRUGDQR%UXQR± DVVHUWVWKDWE\FUHDWLQJFRUUHVSRQGHQFHVEHWZHHQ FHOHVWLDO DQG HDUWKO\ ERGLHV KLV PDJLFLDQ KHUR 1RODQ FRXOG HPSRZHU KXPDQ EHLQJV WR DVSLUH WR WKHLU PRUDO DQG LQWHOOHFWXDO SHUIHFWLELOLW\ WUDQVFHQGLQJ WKHLU QDWXUDODQGUDWLRQDODELOLWLHV WKH PDQ >1RODQ@ ZKR KDV VXUPRXQWHG WKH DLU SHQHWUDWHG WKH VN\ ZDQGHUHG DPRQJWKHVWDUVSDVVHGEH\RQGWKHERUGHUVRIWKHZRUOG>ZKRKDV@HIIDFHGWKH LPDJLQDU\ZDOOVRIWKH¿UVW>HDUWKO\HOHPHQWV@HLJKWK>LGHQWL¿HGZLWK6DWXUQDQG WKH LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG UHDVRQ RI WKH JROGHQ DJH@ QLQWK >ZLVGRP ODZ DQG SXUH LQWHOOHFW@ WHQWK >LGHQWL¿HG ZLWK WKH Primum Mobile@ VSKHUHV DQG PDQ\ PRUH \RXFRXOGDGGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHWDWWOLQJVRIHPSW\PDWKHPDWLFLDQVDQGWKHEOLQG YLVLRQVRIYXOJDUSKLORVRSKHUV7KXVE\WKHOLJKWRIKLVVHQVHVDQGUHDVRQ>DQG LPDJLQDWLRQ@KHRSHQHGWKRVHFORLVWHUVRIWUXWKZKLFKLWLVSRVVLEOHIRUXVWRRSHQ ZLWK WKH NH\ RI PRVW GLOLJHQW LQTXLU\ KH ODLG EDUH FRYHUHG DQG YHLOHG QDWXUH JDYHH\HVWRPROHVDQGOLJKWWRWKHEOLQGZKRFRXOGQRW¿[WKHLUJD]HDQGVHH WKHLULPDJHUHÀHFWHGLQWKHPDQ\PLUURUVZKLFKVXUURXQGWKHPRQHYHU\VLGH
7KH'RPLQLFDQ7RPPDVR&DPSDQHOOD± FUHDWHGHohKLV¿FWLRQDO HPERGLPHQWRIPHWDSK\VLFVDVWKHSKLORVRSKHUNLQJVWDQGLQJDWWKHVXPPLWRIKLV HGXFDWLRQDOO\GHVLJQHGCity of the Sun HohXVHVLWVLQWHOOHFWDQGLPDJLQDWLYH SRZHUVRIPDJLFWRHQYLVLRQWKHVXEOLPHHSLSKDQ\RI³natura spirituale´DQG³natura
*LURODPR &DUGDQR Libelli duo FLWHG LQ $QWKRQ\ *UDIWRQ Cardano’s Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S +HQU\&RUQHOLXV$JULSSDDe occulta philosophia,,,±LQThree Books of Occult PhilosophyWUDQV->DPHV@)>UHQFK@/RQGRQ SS±±DQG±$OVR VHH&KDUOHV*1DXHUW-UAgrippa and the Crisis of the Renaissance8UEDQD8QLYHUVLW\ RI,OOLQRLV3UHVV *LRUGDQR%UXQRLe Cena De Le Ceneri>The Ash Wednesday Supper@HG DQG WUDQV (GZDUG$ *RVVHOLQ DQG /DZUHQFH 6 /HUQHU 7RURQWR %XIIDOR DQG /RQGRQ 8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR3UHVV5HQDLVVDQFH6RFLHW\RI$PHULFD5HSULQW7H[WVUHSULQW S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
corporale´XQLWHGLQDSHUIHFW³concordia harmonica´$VWUDOPDJLFLQThe City of the SunIROORZVWRDODUJHH[WHQW0DUVLOLR)LFLQR¶VDe vita coelitùs comparanda DQGWKHZHOONQRZQV\QFUHWLVPRIPDJLFPXVLFVSLULWWKHRU\SKLORVRSK\WKHRORJ\ DQGRFFXOWVFLHQFHVLQPicatrixLQZKLFKWKHLPDJLQDWLRQFRQ¿JXUHVDOOHDUWKO\DQG FHOHVWLDODQDORJLFDOUHODWLRQVKLSV&DPSDQHOODDUJXHVWKDWLIWKHPicatrixSURYLGHVD UHYHODWLRQRIDQFLHQWVHFUHWVLWLVLQWHQGHGRQO\IRUWKHZLVHSHUVRQWRXVHRQO\IRU WKHJRRG In Astrologicorum Libri VI6L[ Books on Astrological Matters &DPSDQHOODDUJXHVWKDWDVWUDOPDJLFFDQQHLWKHURYHUWKURZGLYLQHSURYLGHQFHQRU FRPSOHWHO\LPSDFWXSRQKXPDQIUHHZLOO1HYHUWKHOHVVKHEHOLHYHVWKDW³ZKHQ *RGZLVKHVWRPDNHDSHUIHFW+RO\0DQ+HPD\XVHWKHVWDUVDQGHOHPHQWVIRU WHPSHULQJ WKH ERG\ ULJKWO\ IRU WKH UHFHSWLRQ RI WKH VRXO DQG WKXV PDNH DQLPDO VSLULWVVXEWOHDQGSXUH´&DPSDQHOODDQG*LRUGDQR%UXQRJRWLQWRVHULRXVWURXEOH ZLWK WKH &DWKROLF &KXUFK ZKHQ WKH\ DWWULEXWHG WKLV PDJLFDOFUHDWLYH SURFHVV WR WKHLU DVWUDO PDJLFLDQV HYHQ ZKHQ H[SUHVVHG DV WKHRUHWLFDO SRWHQWLDOLWLHV RI WKH LPDJLQDWLRQWRLQVSLUHWKHPRUDOUHIDVKLRQLQJRIKXPDQQDWXUH In De vita coelitùs comparanda 0DUVLOLR )LFLQR ± DUJXHV 1RZLQWKHVRXOZHORFDWHWKHLPDJLQDWLRQWKHUHDVRQDQGWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJ 2XULPDJLQDWLRQLVDEOHWREHVRGLVSRVHGFRPSRVHGDQGFRQIRUPHGHVSHFLDOO\ WR0DUVRUWRWKH6XQHLWKHURQDFFRXQWRIWKHTXDOLW\DQGPRWLRQRIRXUVSLULW RUWKURXJKHOHFWLRQRUWKURXJKERWK WKDWLWPLJKWLQVWDQWO\EHDSURSHUUHFHSWDFOH IRU 0DUWLDO RU 3KRHEHDQ LQÀXHQFH 6LPLODUO\ RXU UHDVRQ HLWKHU WKURXJK WKH LPDJLQDWLRQDQGWKHVSLULWWRJHWKHURUWKURXJKGHOLEHUDWLRQRUWKURXJKERWK E\ LPLWDWLRQLVVRDEOHWRDGDSWLWVHOIWR-XSLWHURQDFFRXQWRILWVGLJQLW\DQGQHDUQHVV WRKLPWKDWLWFDQUHFHLYH-XSLWHUDQGWKHUHZDUGVRI-XSLWHUPXFKPRUHWKDQWKH LPDJLQDWLRQRUVSLULWFRXOGMXVWDVRQWKLVVDPHSULQFLSOHWKHLPDJLQDWLRQDQG WKHVSLULWFDQFDSWXUHFHOHVWLDOWKLQJVPXFKPRUHUHDGLO\WKDQGRLQIHULRUWKLQJV DQGPDWHULDOV
7RPPDVR&DPSDQHOOD The City of the SunLQ Ideal CommonwealthsHG +HQU\ 0RUOH\ 1HZSix Books of Astrological matters, in which Astrology, purged of all superstitions of the Arabs and Jews, is treated physiologically, in accordance with the Holy Scriptures and the doctrine of St. ThomasAquinas and Albert Albertus Magnus DQGWKHJUHDWHVWWKHRORJLDQVVRWKDWWKH\PD\ZLWKRXWVXVSLFLRQRIHYLO EHUHDGLQWKH&KXUFKRI*RGZLWKXVHIXOEHQH¿W/\RQV@S De vita coelitùs comparanda±LQThree Books on LifeHGDQGWUDQV&DURO 9.DVNHDQG-RKQ5&ODUN7HPSH$=0HGLHYDO 5HQDLVVDQFH7H[WV 6WXGLHV7KH 5HQDLVVDQFH6RFLHW\RI$PHULFD S
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
)LFLQR ZDV VNHSWLFDO DERXW WKH YHUDFLW\ RI MXGLFLDO DVWURORJ\ DV DQ LQÀXHQFH RQ KXPDQ IUHH ZLOO H[FHSW DV SK\VLFDO LQGLFDWRU RI RQH¶V SUHGLVSRVLWLRQ WR UHFHLYH FHOHVWLDOLQÀXHQFHV+HEHOLHYHGWKDWprovidentiaWKHPLQGVXEMHFWWRSURYLGHQFH fatum WKH VRXO LPDJLQDWLRQ DQG VHQVLELOLW\ VXEMHFW WR IDWH DQG natura WKH SDUWLFXODUERG\VXEMHFWWRWKHJHQHUDOODZVRIQDWXUH FRQVWLWXWHGWKHWKUHHIROGRUGHU RIH[LVWHQFH7KHKXPDQEHLQJ¶VLQWHQWLRQWRNQRZ*RGDQGKLPVHOIWR³REWDLQ OLIH IURP WKH KHDYHQV´ HPSRZHUHG WKH LQGLYLGXDO WR DVSLUH WR KLJKHU IRUPV RI WUXWKDQGUHDOLW\EH\RQGVHQVXDOSHUFHSWLRQ7KURXJKWKHLQWHUDFWLRQRISKDQWDVP DQGIHHOLQJWKHPLQGFRXOGDVFHQGWRDJUHDWHUFRQVFLRXVQHVVRIDKLJKHUVWDWHRI EHLQJ In De vita coelitùs comparanda±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
,Q)LFLQR¶VYHUVLRQRID3ODWRQLF1HRSODWRQLFXQLYHUVHLQZKLFKLPSHUIHFWIRUPV DUH UHFUHDWHG RU PDGH FDSDEOH RI DSSUHKHQGLQJ WKHPVHOYHV DV SHUIHFWHG LGHDV UHÀHFWLRQVRI*RG¶VLQHIIDEOHPRGHORI&UHDWLRQ DVWUDOPDJLFPXVWHOLPLQDWHDOO ELQDU\RSSRVLWLRQVRISXUHDQGLPSXUHVXEVWDQFHJRRGDQGHYLOTXDOLWLHVDQGPDOH DQGIHPDOHIRUPVWRDFKLHYHWKLVKLJKHUVWDWHRIEHLQJ
)LFLQR LGHQWL¿HV KLV GHIHQVH RI DVWURORJLFDO LPDJHV ZLWK KLV FRPPHQWDULHV RQ 3ORWLQXV¶EnneadDQG±+RZHYHUKLVUHMHFWLRQRIWKHGHWHUPLQLVWLFSURSHUWLHV RIMXGLFLDODVWURORJ\LQIDYRURIWKHVHSDUDWLRQRIGLYLQHSURYLGHQFHDQGKXPDQIUHHZLOO VHHPWRIROORZ$OEHUWXV0DJQXV¶WKHVLVLQ'H6SLULWX 5HVSLUDWLRQHLQOpera Omnia;, HG%RUJQHW3DULV/RXLV9LYqV S$OVRVHH6W7KRPDV$TXLQDV¶DUJXPHQWLQ Contra Gentiles,,,FLY±FYLDQG/RUHQ]R9DOOD¶VDialogue on Free WillWUDQV&KDUOHV( 7ULQNDXV-ULQRenaissance Philosophy of ManSSDQG 2Q )LFLQR¶V WKHRU\ RI providentia fatum DQG natura VHH (UQVW &DVVLUHU The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance PhilosophyWUDQV0DULR'RPDQGL0LQHROD 1<'RYHU3XEOLFDWLRQV S2Q)LFLQR¶VGLVWLQFWLRQVEHWZHHQintentionesWKH LPDJLQDWLRQ DQG SKDQWDV\ GHULYHG IURP VHQVHLPSUHVVLRQV VHH 3DXO 2 .ULVWHOOHU The Philosophy of Marsilio Ficino WUDQV 9LUJLQLD &RQDQW 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
*LRYDQQL 3LFR GHOOD 0LUDQGROD EHOLHYHG WKDW WKH GLYLQH VSLULW RSHUDWHG LQ WKH QDWXUDO ZRUOG DV WKH XQLYHUVDO FDXVH RI DOO PRWLRQ DQG OLIH ZKLFK MXVWL¿HG WKH KXPDQ DVSLUDWLRQ IRU SHUIHFWLELOLW\ WKURXJK WKH DJHQF\ RI WKH spiritus mundi PDGHDFFHVVLEOHWKURXJKWKHLPDJLQDWLRQ%RWK)LFLQRDQG3LFRDVSLUHWRHOHYDWH WKHKXPDQLQWHOOHFWIURPWKHLPSHUIHFWZRUOGRIWKHVHQVHVWRDSXUHO\VSLULWXDO DOEHLW SKLORVRSKLFDO gnosis +RZHYHU LQ Disputationes Adversus Astrologiam Divinatricem 3LFR TXHVWLRQV ZKHWKHU KXPDQ EHLQJV FRXOG OHJLWLPDWHO\ GLVFRYHUWKHGLYLQHSURFHVVHVRISHUIHFWLELOLW\ZLWKLQQDWXUDOHOHPHQWVDQGFHOHVWLDO ERGLHV DQG WKHQ FRPELQH WKHP LQWR D EHDWL¿F YLVLRQ RI ³WKH JRRG OLIH´ +RZ FRXOG WKH ³)LFLQLDQ LPDJLQDWLRQ´ HQKDQFH WKH SRZHU RI UHDVRQ WR DFFHVV WKHVH KLJKHUSRZHUVDQGKRZFRXOGDVWUDOPDJLFDVD³phantasticDUW´SHUIHFWWKHQDWXUH RI KXPDQ EHLQJV" &RXOG EHDXWLIXO ZRUGV DQG VRQJV DWWUDFW WKH LQÀ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
Disputationes Adversus Astrologiam Divinatricem±¿UVWHGLWLRQ ,,, LYHG(XJHQH*DULQ)ORUHQFH9DOOHFKL SSDQG3LFRDWWHPSWHGWR FODULI\KLVFRQFHSWLRQRIWKHULJKWIXOSODFHRIWKHIDOOHQKXPDQEHLQJLQWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOG ZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHDUJXLQJWKDWWKHH[FHOOHQFHRIKXPDQLQWHOOLJHQFHFRXOGPDNHKLPD FUHDWLYHSDUWQHUZLWK*RG6HH'DQLHO3:DONHUSS± 7KHDVWURORJHU¶VLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIVLJQVZDVLQDGHTXDWHEHFDXVHKHFRXOGQRWPDNH WUXO\ DFFXUDWH PHDVXUHPHQWV ZKLFK 3LFR FRQVLGHUHG LPSRVVLEOH ,,, +H REVHUYHV Ex hac autem tam varia tamque multiplici opinionum varietate quam incerta reddatur astrologia divinatrix facile est perspicere.>)URPWKLVYDULHW\RIRSLQLRQVLWFDQEHHDVLO\ SHUFHLYHG KRZ XQFHUWDLQ GLYLQDWRU\ DVWURORJ\ PXVW EHFRPH@ Disputationes Adversus Astrologiam Divinatricem9,,, ,Q³%RRN,;´KHDWWDFNVWKHDFFXUDF\RIDVWURORJLFDO WDEOHVZKLFKDUHXQVXSSRUWHGE\REVHUYDWLRQV,Q³%RRNV;DQG;,´KHDWWHPSWVWRSURYH that the rationesRIWKHDVWURORJHUDUHQRWWUXHIRUQHLWKHUKHQRUKLVFRQWHPSRUDULHVKDYHDQ\ LGHDEDVHGRQexperimentumH[SHULHQFH RIZKDWLVDFWXDOO\XSLQWKHFHOHVWLDOVSKHUHV 3LFR¶VFULWLFLVPRIWKHDVWURORJHU¶VLQDGHTXDWHREVHUYDWLRQVRIFHOHVWLDOERGLHVDQG FRQÀLFWHG VLJQL¿FDQFH RI FHOHVWLDO LQÀXHQFHV RQ KXPDQV DQWLFLSDWHV WKH PRUH SURIRXQG DVVDXOW RQ DVWURORJ\ DQG DVWUDO PDJLF PDGH E\ WKH IROORZHUV RI 1LFRODXV &RSHUQLFXV¶ ± WKHRU\RIKHOLRFHQWULFLW\$V7KRPDV'LJJHVG QRWHGLQKLVUHYLVHG Prognosticon WKH¿QLWHJHRFHQWULFXQLYHUVHFKDQJHVUDGLFDOO\LQWHUPVRISODQHWDU\ DOLJQPHQWVSUR[LPLW\DQGWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIFHOHVWLDOUD\VLQWKH&RSHUQLFDQYLVLRQRI DKHOLRFHQWULFRUJDQL]DWLRQRIWKHSODQHWVLQDQLQ¿QLWHXQLYHUVH6HH)UDQFLV5-RKQVRQ $VWURQRPLFDO7KRXJKWLQ5HQDLVVDQFH(QJODQG$6WXG\RI(QJOLVK6FLHQWL¿F:ULWLQJVIURP 1500±1645 %DOWLPRUH -RKQV +RSNLQV 3UHVV SS II &KDUOHV :HEVWHU From Paracelsus to Newton: Magic and the Making of Modern Science&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
In the Oration: on the Dignity of Man3LFRDUJXHVWKDW*RGFUHDWHGKXPDQ EHLQJV ZLWK DQ LQGHWHUPLQDWH QDWXUH FDSDEOH RI DVSLULQJ WR DQ DQJHOLF LGHQWLW\ RU GHJHQHUDWLQJ LQWR EHVWLDOLW\ +H LPDJLQHV WKDW *RG WROG $GDP DERXW KLV ³LQGHWHUPLQDWHQDWXUH´ :HKDYHPDGHWKHHQHLWKHURIKHDYHQQRURIHDUWKQHLWKHUPRUWDOQRULPPRUWDO VRWKDWZLWKIUHHGRPRIFKRLFHDQGZLWKKRQRUDVWKRXJKWKHPDNHUDQGPROGHU RIWK\VHOIWKRXPD\VWIDVKLRQWK\VHOILQZKDWHYHUVKDSHWKRXVKDOWSUHIHU7KRX VKDOWKDYHWKHSRZHUWRGHJHQHUDWHLQWRWKHORZHUIRUPVRIOLIHZKLFKDUHEUXWLVK 7KRX VKDOW KDYH WKH SRZHU RXW RI WK\ VRXO¶V MXGJPHQW WR EH UHERUQ LQWR WKH KLJKHUIRUPVZKLFKDUHGLYLQH
,Q 3LFR¶V YLVLRQ WKH +HUPDSKURGLWH$GDP ZDV QRW FUHDWHG DV D KDOIPDOH KDOI IHPDOH FUHDWXUH EXW DV RQH SRVVHVVLQJ WKH ELQDU\ RSSRVLWLRQ RI ³DQJHOLF´ DQG ³EHVWLDO´²UHIHUULQJWRDQJHOVDQGEHDVWVRIWKH¿HOGWKDWKDGDOUHDG\EHHQFUHDWHG *HQHVLV ± :KHUHDV WKH DQJHOLF HPERGLHG LQ ¿[HG VWDUV DQG SODQHWV KDV QR QHHG IRU IUHH ZLOO DQG WKH EHVWLDO LV ¿[DWHG E\ LWV LQVWLQFWXDO QDWXUH WKH KXPDQLVGLIIHUHQWLDWHGIURPWKHPE\LWVIUHHZLOO$OWKRXJKFHOHVWLDOVSLULWVFRXOG LQVSLUHWKHLQWHOOHFWLQIRUPVDSSHDOLQJWRDQLQWXLWLYHFRQVFLRXVQHVVRIDQDQJHOLF H[FHOOHQFHWKHKXPDQEHLQJ¶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spiritusRU³FKDQQHOVRILQÀXHQFHV´WKDWSDVVHGIURPKHDYHQWR HDUWKPDQLIHVWLQJWKHGLYLQHVLJQL¿FDWLRQRIDOOQDWXUDOEHLQJV3LFRFRQVLGHUHG DVWUDOPDJLFFORVHO\UHODWHGWR-HZLVK.DEEDODK*QRVWLFP\VWLFLVPDQG2USKLF LQFDQWDWLRQVDVLPDJLQDWLYHPRGHVRILQWHUSUHWLQJWKHKLGGHQTXDOLWLHVRIWKHGLYLQH SUHVHQFHLQQDWXUH,Q&RQFOXVLRQHV2USKLF KHDVVHUWVWKDW³,QQDWXUDOPDJLF
Oration: On the Dignity of ManWUDQV(OL]DEHWK/)RUEHVLQThe Renaissance Philosophy of Man &KLFDJR7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &KLFDJR 3UHVV 3KRHQL[ %RRNV SS± Disputationes Adversus Astrologiam Divinatricem,,,LYS 6LPLODUWR0DUVLOLR)LFLQR¶VVWXG\DQGWUDQVODWLRQRIWKHCorpus Hermeticum3LFR¶V V\QFUHWLVPRI3ODWRQLVP1HRSODWRQLVP3\WKDJRUHDQLVP-HZLVK.DEEDODK3HUVLDQPDJLF &KDOGHDQDVWURORJ\DQG*UHHN5RPDQDQG(J\SWLDQRFFXOWLVPHYLGHQFHGKLVDWWHPSWWR UHJDLQDQDUFKHW\SDOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRIZLVGRPWRUHFRQQHFWWKHKXPDQEHLQJZLWKKLVGLYLQH HVVHQFH7KHHVVHQWLDOVSLULWVdaemons DUHSODQHWDU\HOHPHQWVDQG$ULHOERGLHVWKDWKDYH VRXOVDQGWUDQVPLWFHOHVWLDOLQÀXHQFHVWRWKHKXPDQVSLULW%RWK)LFLQRDQG3LFRDUJXHGWKDW the hierarchy of daemonsPLJKWEHDQDORJRXVWRWKH&KULVWLDQKLHUDUFK\RIDQJHOV
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
QRWKLQJLVPRUHHIIHFWXDOWKDQWKH+\PQVRI2USKHXVLIWKHUHEHDSSOLHGWRWKHP WKHVXLWDEOHPXVLFDQGGLVSRVLWLRQRIWKHVRXODQGWKHRWKHUFLUFXPVWDQFHVNQRZQ WRWKHZLVH´)RU3LFR³VXLWDEOHPXVLF´VLJQL¿HVWKHLQÀXHQFHRIharmonia on WKH DVVRFLDWLYH SRZHUV RI WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ WR ¿QG RU HYHQ FUHDWH WKH XQLI\LQJ DI¿QLWLHVRIDOOEHLQJLQQDWXUH+LVLQWHUHVWLQDVWUDOPDJLFDVD³QRQPHFKDQLFDO VFLHQFH´ IRFXVHV RQ WKH 1HRSODWRQLF DVFHQW RI WKH VRXO DV D SKLORVRSKLFDO DQG UHOLJLRXV H[SHULHQFH WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR D P\VWLFDO H[SHULHQFH7KURXJK KLV VWXG\ RINDEEDOLVWLFOLWHUDWXUH3LFRIRXQGFRUUHVSRQGHQFHVEHWZHHQ3WROHP\¶VSODQHWDU\ VSKHUHV ZLWK WKHLU P\WKLFPDJLFDO LGHQWLWLHV DQG DI¿QLWLHV DQG WKH .DEEDOLVWV¶ FRQFHSWLRQ RI VH¿URW UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH GLYLQH DWWULEXWHV RI *RG LQ WKH FRVPRV WR ZKLFK WKH KXPDQ VRXO PXVW DVSLUH +H ZDV SDUWLFXODUO\ DWWUDFWHG WR 0RVHV GH /HRQ¶V G Sefer ha-Zohar Book of Splendour ±" ZLWK LWV VSHFXODWLRQVRQWKHVHFUHWPHDQLQJVRIHYHU\ZRUGLQWKHTorahZKLFKFUHDWHGD G\QDPLFSURFHVVRIWUDQVIRUPLQJWKH³ZRUG´LQWRDP\VWLFDOFRPPXQLRQZLWK*RG +HZDVDOVRLQÀXHQFHGE\50HQDKHP5HFDQWL¶VCommentary on the Pentateuch FD ±FD DQG E\ WKH ZRUNV RI 5$EUDKDP$EXOD¿D ±" 5HFDQWL¶VVSHFXODWLRQVRQWKHV\PEROLVPRIWKHVH¿URWDQG$EXOD¿D¶VDQDO\VLVRI 'LYLQH1DPHVWKHRU\RIODQJXDJHDQGgemateriaSURYLGHG3LFRZLWKDFRPSOH[ KHUPHQHXWLF V\VWHP IRU LQWHUSUHWLQJ GLYLQH ZLVGRP HPERGLHG LQ WKH IHPLQLQH form of the ShekhinahDQG³KHU´LQÀXHQFHRQKXPDQSHUIHFWLELOLW\ ,QWKHHDUO\Sefer ha-Bahir and Sefer YetzirahIROORZLQJWKH*QRVWLFW\SRORJ\ OLQNLQJ*RGWKH)DWKHU+XVEDQGZLWKWKHShekhinahWKH'DXJKWHU%ULGH.DEEDOLVWV DUJXHWKDWWKH'LYLQH3UHVHQFHRU+RO\6SLULWLVHPERGLHGLQWKHShekhinahDVD PDQLIHVWDWLRQRIGLYLQHZLVGRP In Sefer Yetzirah± WKHOHWWHUValefmem
Opera Omnia%DVHO ,S 3LFREHJDQKLVVWXG\RI.DEEDODKZLWK(OLD'HO0HGLJRLQ3DGXDLQEXWPRVW RI KLV NQRZOHGJH FDPH IURP KLV +HEUHZ WHDFKHU DQG WUDQVODWRU RI QXPHURXV NDEEDOLVWLF WH[WV 6DPXHO EHQ 1LVVLP$EXOIDUDM ZKR FRQYHUWHG WR &KULVWLDQLW\ DQG WRRN WKH QDPH *XJOLHOPR5DVPRQGR0RQFDGDDOVRNQRZQDV)ODYLXV0LWKULGDWHV3LFRZDVQRWLQWHUHVWHG LQ.DEEDODKDVD-HZLVKLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH%LEOHEXWLQ&KULVWLDQL]LQJNDEEDOLVWLFLGHDV DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ Heptaplus WR ¿QG QHZ ZD\V RI FHUWLI\LQJ &KULVWLDQ EHOLHI 6HH %ULDQ3&RSHQKDYHUDQG&KDUOHV%6FKPLWWRenaissance Philosophy$+LVWRU\RI:HVWHUQ 3KLORVRSK\1HZ
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
and shinDUHLGHQWL¿HGDVWKH³7KUHH0RWKHU/HWWHUV´RIWKH)RXQGDWLRQ/HWWHUV RIWKH+HEUHZDOSKDEHWWKURXJKZKLFK*RGFUHDWHGWKHZRUOG,QWHUPVRIWKHLU SODFHPHQWZLWKLQWKHKLHUDUFK\RIWKHVH¿URWWKHOHWWHUshinV\PEROL]LQJ¿UHOLJKW LVSODFHGLQWKH¿UVWWULDGEHWZHHQHokhmahGLYLQHZLVGRP DQGBinahGLYLQH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH OHWWHU alef V\PEROL]LQJ EUHDWKOLIH LV SODFHG LQ WKH VHFRQG WULDG EHWZHHQ Hesed GLYLQH ORYH DQG Gevurah GLYLQH MXGJPHQW DQG mem ZDWHUJHQHUDWLRQ LVSODFHGLQWKHIRXUWKWULDGEHWZHHQNetzahHQGXUDQFH DQG HodVSOHQGRU FRQVWLWXWLQJWKH¿JXUHRIWKHSupernal Human,QWKH.DEEDOLVWV¶ FRVPRORJLFDOV\VWHPHDFKRIWKHWHQVH¿URWKDVDQLPSRUWDQWV\PEROLFLGHQWLW\ DQGWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWRIWKHVHV\PEROVDUHWKHKnesset YisraelWKHFRPPXQLW\RI ,VUDHO DQGWKHShekhinahOLQNHGWRWKHHLJKWKVH¿UDKBinah and the ninth VH¿UDK Hokhmah 7KH LPDJLQDWLRQ RSHQ WR WKH FHOHVWLDO LQÀXHQFH RI WKH IHPLQLQH ShekhinahZLOOJXLGHKXPDQEHLQJVWRWKHLUXOWLPDWHVSKHUHRISHUIHFWLELOLW\LQ the domain of YesodULJKWHRXVQHVV DQGTiferetEHDXW\DQGFRPSDVVLRQ ,QWKH NDEEDOLVWLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH³IDOORI$GDP´DVDSURSKHWLFSDUDGLJPWKH+HEUHZ OHWWHUVRI$GDP¶VQDPHalefdaletDQGmemV\PEROL]HAGDPDVWKH³¿UVWXQLWDU\ KXPDQEHLQJ´ZKRVHGLVREHGLHQFHDQGH[LOHIURP(GHQQHFHVVLWDWHVWKHULVHRIWKH +RXVHRIDDYLGWKDWZLOOUHEXLOGWKH7HPSOHDQGUHVWRUHWKHShekhinahWR,VUDHO 7KHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH7HPSOHQHFHVVLWDWHVWKHFRPLQJRIWKHMHVVLDKZKRZLOO UHXQLWHWKHKRO\VSLULWZLWKKXPDQLW\ZKLFKWKH-HZVDQWLFLSDWHEXWZKLFK6W3DXO LGHQWL¿HVZLWK-HVXVDV³WKHODVWPDQ´5RPDQV )RU3LFR.DEEDODKQRW RQO\SURYHVWKDW-HVXVLVWKH0HVVLDKEXWWKDWWKH7ULQLWDULDQ*RG6RQ+RO\6SLULW SURYLGHVWKHLGHDOSDUDGLJPIRUKXPDQSHUIHFWLELOLW\WKURXJKWKHKXPDQEHLQJ¶V FRPPXQLRQZLWK*RGWKURXJKWKHGLYLQHDJHQF\RIWKHShekhinah 7KH NDEEDOLVWLF LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI ³$GDP¶V IDOO´ DOVR MXVWL¿HV WKH GRFWULQH RI the 'XSDU]X¿PZKLFK50RVHVGH/HRQLQKLVERRNHa-nefesh Ha-hakhamah The Wise [Rational] Soul XVHV WR LOOXPLQDWH WKH GRXEOHIDFHWHG QDWXUH RI WKH SULPRUGLDOKXPDQEHLQJ7KHELQDU\*RGPDOHDQG'LYLQH6SLULWIHPDOHUHIHUULQJ
Sefer Yetzirah: The Book of Creation in Theory and PracticeUHYLVHGHGLWLRQHG $U\HK.DSODQ6DQ)UDQFLVFR:HLVHU%RRNV SS± 7KH HDUO\ .DEEDOLVWV DOVR LGHQWL¿HG WKH Shekhinah ZLWK Knesset Yisrael DV D SDUDGLJP RI *RG¶V UHODWLRQ ZLWK +LV ³FKRVHQ SHRSOH´ DQG WKHLU DGKHUHQFH WR WKH GLYLQH HWKLFDODWWULEXWHVUHYHDOHGLQWKHTorah³7KH.LQJGRPRI+HDYHQZKLFKLVUHDOL]HGLQWLPH LQWKHKLVWRULFDOKnesset YisraelUHSUHVHQWVWKHUHIRUHWKHODWWHU¶VPHWDKLVWRULFDODVSHFWDV ZHOO7KHVXSHUQDOKnesset YisraelLVWKHPRWKHUmatrona WKHEULGHDQGDOVRWKHGDXJKWHU RIWKH³NLQJ´DQGWKH\DSSHDULQQXPHURXVPLGUDVKLFSDUDEOHVRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ *RGDQGWKH-HZLVKSHRSOH´*HUVKRP6FKROHP SS± ³)RULIE\RQHPDQ¶VRIIHQFHGHDWKUHLJQHGE\RQHPXFKPRUHWKH\ZKLFKUHFHLYH DEXQGDQFHRIJUDFHDQGRIWKHJLIWRIULJKWHRXVQHVVVKDOOUHLJQLQOLIHE\RQH-HVXV&KULVW´ $OVRVHHRomans±2QWKHH[LOHRIWKHShekhinahLQUHODWLRQVWR$GDP¶V³IDOO´VHH *HUVKRP6FKROHP SS±±DQG0RVKH,GHO S )RUDGHWDLOHGH[SOLFDWLRQRIWKHGXSDU]X¿PVHH*HUVKRP6FKROHP SS±DQG0RVKH,GHO SS±)RU0RVHVGH/HRQ¶VWKHRU\RIWKHduSDU]X¿P DQG KLV FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH Zohar VHH *HUVKRP 6FKROHP Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
WRVSLULWXDOQDWXUHRITiferet and ShekhinahDUHHPERGLHGLQWKHGLYLQHLPDJHRI WKH +HUPDSKURGLWH$GDP7KH GLYLVLRQ RI WKH +HUPDSKURGLWH$GDP LV MXVWL¿HG E\WKH*RG¶VMXGJPHQW³DVLI´+HLVPDNLQJDNDEEDOLVWLFtikkunUHSDLU RIKLV RZQZRUN³,WLVQRWJRRGWKDWWKHPDQVKRXOGEHDORQH,ZLOOPDNHKLPDKHOS PHHW>PDWH@IRUKLP´*HQHVLV 7KH\DUHVHSDUDWHGLQWR$GDPDQG(YHDW &UHDWLRQDQGGLIIHUHQWLDWHGIURPWKHGLYLQHLPDJHDVSK\VLFDOIRUPVZLWKWKH)DOO 6XFKELQDU\UHODWLRQVKLSVDUHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWR)LFLQR¶VXSSHUDQGORZHUIDFXOWLHV RIWKHVRXOWKHRSSRVLWLRQRIWKHVRXOPDOH WRWKHERG\IHPDOH LQQHJDWLYHWHUPV UHVXOWVIURP$GDPDQG(YH¶VDFWRIGLVREHGLHQFH,QWKHZoharWKHJUHDWQHVVRI WKH PDOH LV QRW DQ LQKHUHQW TXDOLW\ EXW LV DFTXLUHG WKURXJK KLV XQLRQ ZLWK WKH IHPDOHSDUWQHU *UHDWLVWKH/RUGDQGKLJKO\WREHSUDLVHGLQWKHFLW\RIRXU*RGLQWKHPRXQWDLQ RIKLVKROLQHVV:KHQLVWKH/RUGFDOOHG³JUHDW´":KHQKnesset YisraelLVWREH IRXQGZLWKKLPDVLWLVZULWWHQµ,QWKHFLW\RIRXU*RGLVKHJUHDW¶µ,QWKHFLW\RI RXU*RG¶PHDQVµZLWKWKHFLW\RIRXU*RG¶DQGZHOHDUQWKDWDNLQJZLWKRXW DTXHHQLVQRWD>UHDO@NLQJDQGLVQHLWKHUJUHDWQRUSUDLVHG7KXVVRORQJDVWKH PDOHLVZLWKRXWDIHPDOHDOOKLVH[FHOOHQF\LVUHPRYHGIURPKLPDQGKLVLVQRWLQ WKHFDWHJRU\RI$GDPDQGPRUHRYHUKHLVQRWZRUWK\RIEHLQJEOHVVHG
7KHNDEEDOLVWLFJHQGHUV\PEROLVPIRUWKHIHPLQLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHKXPDQVRXO DVSLULQJWRDUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKHPDVFXOLQHLQWHOOHFWRI*RGFDQEHLQYHUWHGVXFK WKDWWKHPDVFXOLQHZaddikWKHULJKWHRXVKXPDQEHLQJ DVSLUHVWRDXQLRQZLWKWKH GLYLQHSRWHQF\RIWKHShekhinahLQWKHIHPLQLQHUROH 5(]UDRI*HURQD± DUJXHVWKDWWKHP\VWLFDOXQLRQRIWKHKXPDQ VRXO ZLWK WKH Shekhineh LQ WKH HLJKWK VH¿UDK BinahXQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG QLQWK VH¿UDKHokhmahGLYLQHZLVGRP FRQVWLWXWHVDSURFHVVRIHFVWDWLFHSLVWHPRORJLFDO HQOLJKWHQPHQWVLPLODUWR3ORWLQXV¶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ymposiumF &LWHG LQ 0RVKH ,GHO S 2Q WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ 3ORWLQXV DQG 5 (]UDRI*HURQDVHH(5'RGGVPagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV SS ± DQG 0HQDKHP 6WHUQ Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and JudaismLQWZRYROXPHV-HUXVDOHP,VUDHO$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHVDQG +XPDQLWLHV ,,SS±
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
6LPLODUO\LQKLVCommentary on Pentateuch50HQDKHP5HFDQWLZURWH :KHQWKHSLRXVDQGPHQRIGHHGV>HQJDJHGLQDVWDWHRIPHQWDO@FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQGZHUHLQYROYHGLQVXSHUQDOP\VWHULHVWKH\LPDJLQHGE\WKHSRZHURIWKHLU WKRXJKWDVLIWKHVHWKLQJVZHUHHQJUDYHGEHIRUHWKHP>EHIRUHWKHLUH\HV@DQG ZKHQWKH\OLQNHGWKHLUVRXOVWRWKHVXSHUQDOVRXO>1HRSODWRQLFXQLYHUVDOVRXO@ WKHVHWKLQJVLQFUHDVHGDQGH[SDQGHGDQGUHYHDOHGWKHPVHOYHVDVZKHQKH FOHDYHGKLVVRXOWRWKHVXSHUQDOVRXOWKHVHDZHVRPHWKLQJVZHUHHQJUDYHGLQ KLVKHDUW
,QERWKWKHXUJLFRSHUDWLRQVWKHIUHHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHLPDJLQDWLRQWRVDFUHGWH[WV LVHVVHQWLDOWRNDEEDOLVWLFKHUPHQHXWLFV)RU3LFRWKHLPDJLQDWLRQKDVWKHSRZHUWR ¿QGFRUUHVSRQGHQFHVEHWZHHQ3ORWLQXV¶1HRSODWRQLFFRQFHSWRIWKH2QHWKH'LYLQH ,QWHOOHFWDQGWKH:RUOG6RXODQGWKHP\WKLFDODWWULEXWHVRI8UDQXV³HYHU\WKLQJ H[FHOOHQW DERYH DOO RWKHU WKLQJV´ 6DWXUQ ³LQWHOOHFWXDO QDWXUH ZKLFK DORQH LV FDSDEOH RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG FRQWHPSODWLRQ´ DQG -XSLWHU WKH ³DFWLYH OLIH´ 7KURXJKWKHLPDJLQDWLRQERWKWKHSKLORVRSKLFDO,GHDDQGWKHDVWUDOP\WKRORJLFDO LGHQWL¿FDWLRQV FDQ EH UHIDVKLRQHG LQ WHUPV RI WKH &KULVWLDQ *RG WKH $QJHOLF 0LQGDQGWKH5DWLRQDO6RXODQGWKHNDEEDOLVWLFFRQFHSWLRQRI*RGWKH'LYLQH $WWULEXWHVRI6H¿URWSDUWLFXODUO\KeterHokhmahDQGBinah DQGWKHShekhinah )RU3LFRWKHShekhinahIXQFWLRQVLQWKHIHPLQLQHUROHRIWKHFUHDWLYHLPDJLQDWLRQ ZLWK SRZHUV DNLQ WR WKRVH *RG¶V ³0RWKHU /HWWHUV´ RI WKH DOSKDEHW FUHDWLQJ LWV RZQHQOLJKWHQHGgnosisWRDFFHVVWKH$QJHOLF0LQG:RUNLQJRQWKHLQWHOOHFWLYH DQGVHQVLWLYHIDFXOWLHVRIWKHVRXOWKURXJKWKHLPDJLQDWLRQWKHShekhinahLQVSLUHV WKHKXPDQDVSLUDQWWRUHIDVKLRQDSDUWLFXODUSK\VLFDOH[SHULHQFHWRPDNHLWPRUH XQLYHUVDODQGVSLULWXDODVDSHUIHFWHGSHUFHSWLRQRI'LYLQH:LVGRP ,QDGGLWLRQWRXVLQJ.DEEDODKDVDKHUPHQHXWLFV\VWHPLQYROYLQJWKHIUHHSOD\ RIWKHLPDJLQDWLRQ3LFRZDVDOVRLQWHUHVWHGLQ5$EUDKDP$EXOD¿D¶VWKHRU\RI ODQJXDJHDQGKLVPHWKRGRIUHFLWLQJDQGUHIDVKLRQLQJ'LYLQH1DPHVLQFRPELQDWLRQV RIWKHOHWWHUVRIWKH+HEUHZDOSKDEHWZLWKWKHLUQXPHULFDOYDOXH7KHXOWLPDWH P\VWLFDOPHDQLQJRIOHWWHUVDQGZRUGVLVEDVHGRQDIUHHDVVRFLDWLYHFRPELQDWLRQ RI OHWWHUV HDFK FRQVLGHUHG D GLYLQH QDPH LWVHOI WKDW HQDEOHV D QHZ V\PEROLF ODQJXDJH WR HPHUJH +LV SURFHVV RI HQFRGLQJ DQG GHFRGLQJ OHWWHUV IROORZLQJ 50HQDFKHP5HFDQWLCommentary on the PentateuchIROEFLWHGLQ0RVKH ,GHO S 6HH*LRYDQQL3LFRGHOOD0LUDQGROD Commentary on a Poem of Platonic Love>E\*LURODPR%HQLYLHQL@³&KDSWHU(LJKW´WUDQV'RXJODV&DUPLFKDHO1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO UXOHV RI gematria DQG KLV JHRPHWULF V\PEROV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH FLUFOH HQDEOHVWKH.DEEDOLVWWRXVHKLVLPDJLQDWLRQWRUHFRQVWUXFWKLVSHUFHSWLRQV RI SK\VLFDO DQG LQWHOOHFWXDO UHDOLWLHV LQWR D PRUH SURIRXQG VSLULWXDO UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK *RG $EXOD¿D XVHV KLV IRUPXODWLRQV RI ZRUGV DQG QXPEHUV WR LOOXPLQDWH WKH SV\FKRORJLFDO UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH LQWHOOHFW DQG WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ LQ KLV P\VWLFDOH[HJHVLVRIWKH³KLGGHQZLVGRP´RIWKHTorah)RUWKHXQLQIRUPHGWKH ELEOLFDOWH[WPDLQWDLQVLWVKLVWRU\DQGGLYLQHFRPPDQGPHQWVDVDVDFUHGUHYHODWLRQ +RZHYHUIRUWKRVHZKRIROORZHG$EXOD¿D¶VPDJLFDOP\VWLFDOWKHRU\RIODQJXDJH DVXSHULRUZLVGRPEDVHGRQWKHLQQHUORJLFRIWKHZRUGDQGLWVVXSHUQDODOOHJRULFDO VSLULWXDOLVWLF LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ SURYLGHV DQ LOOXPLQDWLRQ RI WKH SHUIHFWLELOLW\ RI WKH KXPDQEHLQJ¶VERG\DQGVRXO 3LFRXVHGWKH.DEEDOLVWV¶EHOLHIWKDW+HEUHZLVD³VDFUHGODQJXDJH´WKDWFRXOG LQYRNH WKH GLYLQH VSLULW EXW LQ KLV DWWHPSW WR &KULVWLDQL]H NDEEDOLVWLF SUDFWLFH KH XQLWHG +HEUHZ DQG RWKHU DQFLHQW ODQJXDJHV WR LQWHUSUHW D PRUH XQLYHUVDO VLJQL¿FDQFHIRUGLYLQHDQGSKLORVRSKLFDOLGHDVWKURXJKWKHV\PEROLVPRIZRUG LPDJHV7KHJUHDWHUUHDOLW\RIKXPDQSHUIHFWLELOLW\WRZKLFKKHDVSLUHGZDVQRW D PXWDEOH PDWHULDO IRUP EXW D FUHDWLRQ RI WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ 3LFR VHHPV WR EH IROORZLQJ$ULVWRWOH¶VREVHUYDWLRQWKDW 1RZIRUWKHWKLQNLQJVRXOLPDJHVWDNHWKHSODFHRIGLUHFWSHUFHSWLRQDQGZKHQLW DVVHUWVRUGHQLHVWKDWWKH\DUHJRRGRUEDGLWDYRLGVRUSXUVXHVWKHP+HQFHWKH VRXOQHYHUWKLQNVZLWKRXWDPHQWDOLPDJHDe Anima,,,D
7KURXJK WKH DVVRFLDWLYH SRZHUV RI WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ ZRUGV ³LPDJHG´ WKH WUDQVFHQGHQWHVVHQFHRIWKHWKLQJVWKH\V\PEROL]HGDQGUHYHDOHGDKLGGHQZLVGRP WKDW ZDV QRW HYLGHQW LQ FRQYHQWLRQDO GHQRWDWLRQV 3LFR DUJXHV WKDW ZKHUHDV NDEEDOLVWLF LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI 6FULSWXUH FRQ¿UP &KULVWLDQ UHYHODWLRQ NDEEDOLVWLF SUDFWLFHFRXOGUHYHDORWKHUIRUPVRIWUXWKDERXWWKHQDWXUHRIH[LVWHQFHVHHPLQJO\ KLGGHQIURPUDWLRQDOLQTXLU\+RZHYHUWKHVXFFHVVRINDEEDOLVWLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLV DOVRGHSHQGHQWXSRQWKHPRUDOLQWHQWLRQRILWVSUDFWLWLRQHUWRXVHKLVUHYHODWLRQWR affect the tikkun olamWKHKXPDQEHLQJ¶VSULPDU\WDVNWRVWULYHIRUWKHSHUIHFWLRQ RIWKHLPSHUIHFWZRUOG$V0RVKH,GHOREVHUYHG )ROORZLQJ WKH /XULDQLFSDWWHUQ µ7KH VRXO RIWKH.LQJ0HVVLDKFOHDYHVWR WKHWUHHRIOLIH>DQG@KHLVWKHPDVWHURIDOOWKHWUHDVXUHVRIKLV)DWKHUDQGKH SHUIRUPV UHVWRUDWLRQV >tikkunim@ LQ DOO DVSHFWV >RI WKH GLYLQH SRZHUV@ DQG >DOO OHYHOVRI@H[LVWHQFHE\YLUWXHRIKLVDGKHUHQFHWRWKHWUHHRIOLIHHYHU\WKLQJKH *LRYDQQL3LFRGHOOD0LUDQGRODOpera Omnia,S³Nulla potest esse operatio 0DJLFDDOLFXLXVHI¿FDFLDHQLVLDQQH[XPKDEHDWRSXV&DEDODHH[SOLFLWXPYHOLPSOLFLWXP´ *HUVKRP 6FKROHP LGHQWL¿HV WKH FRQFHSW RI Tikkun DV KDYLQJ VHYHUDO PHDQLQJV³WKHUHVWRUDWLRQRIWKHFRVPLFKDUPRQ\´SSDQG ³WKHVWULYLQJ IRUSHUIHFWLRQ´SS ³UHVWRULQJWKHVFDWWHUHGOLJKWVRI*RGWRWKHLUULJKWIXOSODFH´ SS ± ³D V\VWHP RI SUDFWLFDO WKHRVRSK\´ SS ± D SURFHVV RI ³UHVWRUDWLRQ´ IURPHYLOWRJRRGS WR³HOLPLQDWHWKHVWLJPDRIVLQ´S WRVDOYDJHKROLQHVVS DQGWRDLGLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDPHVVLDQLFZRUOGS
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
GRHVLVDUHVWRUDWLRQ¶&OHDYLQJDQGDGKHULQJDUHVWULNLQJO\SUHVHQWHGDVHQDEOLQJ WKH0HVVLDKWRSOD\DUHVWRUDWLYHUROHRQDOOOHYHOVRIUHDOLW\WKHWKHXUJLFDOJRDO EHLQJDFKLHYHGRQO\DIWHUWKHDFFRPSOLVKPHQWRIWKHP\VWLFDOH[SHULHQFH
7KLV UHPDUNDEOH DQWKURSRPRUSKLF FRQFHSWLRQ RI WKH KXPDQ EHLQJ UHVWRULQJ WKH SHUIHFWLRQ RI *RG LQ WKH ZRUOG DQG RI *RG¶V &UHDWLRQ QHHGLQJ VXFK UHVWLWXWLRQ ERUGHUV RQ &KULVWLDQ KHUHV\ )RU 3LFR WKLV UROH EHORQJV WR -HVXV &KULVW EXW WKH LPSOLFDWLRQRINDEEDOLVWLFWKHRULHVRItikkunLQGLFDWHWKDWHYHU\HQOLJKWHQHGDVWUDO PDJLFLDQP\VWLFRUSKLORVRSKHUDVDQDQWLFLSDWLRQRULPLWDWLRQRIWKH0HVVLDKLV DSDUWLFLSDQWLQWKLVJUHDWSURFHVVRIZRUOGO\SHUIHFWLELOLW\3LFREHOLHYHGZLWKLQ WKH OLPLWDWLRQV RI &KULVWLDQ GRFWULQH WKDW WKH P\VWLFDO OLQN EHWZHHQ WKH KXPDQ EHLQJWKHIHPLQLQHShekhinahDQGWKHXQLW\RI*RGLOOXPLQDWHGE\WKH.DEEDODK UHSUHVHQWVWKHWUXHDVWUDOPDJLFE\ZKLFKFHOHVWLDOKHDYHQO\ SRZHUVLQYHVWDUHDO ³GLJQLW\´LQKXPDQEHLQJV 3DUDFHOVXV DOVR EHOLHYHG LQ WKH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ DVWUDO PDJLF .DEEDODK DQGWKHLGHDOLVWLFSUDFWLFHRIPHGLFLQH ,I ZH ZRXOG NQRZ WKH LQQHU QDWXUH RI PDQ E\ KLV RXWHU QDWXUH LI ZH ZRXOG XQGHUVWDQGKLVLQQHUKHDYHQE\KLVRXWZDUGDVSHFWLIZHZRXOGNQRZWKHLQQHU QDWXUHRIWUHHVKHUEVURRWVVWRQHVE\WKHLURXWZDUGDVSHFWZHPXVWSXUVXHRXU H[SORUDWLRQRIQDWXUHRQWKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHFDEDOD)RUWKHFDEDODRSHQVXS
0RVKH,GHO S7KH³WUHHRIOLIH´UHIHUVERWKWRWKHWUHHRILPPRUWDOLW\LQ WKH*DUGHQRI(GHQXQWRXFKHGE\$GDPGenesis± DQGWRWKHTorahProverbs ³6KHLVWKHWUHHRIOLIHWRWKHPWKDWOD\KROGXSRQKHU$QGKDSS\LVHYHU\RQHWKDW KROGHWKKHUIDVW´ ,VDDF/XULD± EHOLHYHGLQWKHXQL¿FDWLRQRIWKH6H¿URW and LQ PHQWDO H[HUFLVHV FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ FHUWDLQ GLYLQH QDPHV DQG WKHLU FRPELQDWLRQ DQG HVSHFLDOO\E\PHDQVRIkavvanahWKHP\VWLFDOUHÀHFWLRQRUPHGLWDWLRQRQWKHDFWRISUD\HU DQG WKH IXO¿OOPHQW RI UHOLJLRXV SUHFHSWV +H ZDV D UHPDUNDEOH LQQRYDWRU LQ NDEEDOLVWLF WHDFKLQJV+LVSLRXVOLIHJDYHWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDWKHZDVWUXO\SRVVHVVHGE\WKH+RO\6SLULW OLQNLQJWKHLGHDORIWKHULJKWHRXVPDQZaddik WRWKHLGHDRIWKH0HVVLDK6HH*HUVKRP 6FKROHP SS± 8VLQJWKHNDEEDOLVW¶VSUDFWLFHRIOHWWHUVXEVWLWXWLRQVDQGZRUGUHIRUPXODWLRQV3LFR FRXOGSODFHWKHShinRIWKHWKUHH³PRWKHUOHWWHUV´LQWKHPLGGOHRIWKH7HWUDJUDPPDWRQyod hehvavheh DQGFUHDWHDQHZZRUGYodhehshinvavhehYehehshu’eh -HVXVDVWKH UHYHDOHGQDPHRI*RG 3LFR¶VNDEEDOLVWLFVWXGLHVZHUHSDUWLFXODUO\LQÀXHQWLDORQ-RKDQQ5HXFKOLQ± DQG +HQU\ &RUQHOLXV $JULSSD )RU -RKDQQ 5HXFKOLQ¶V LQWHUHVW LQ 3LFR DQG KLV GHIHQVHRI-HZLVK.DEEDODKDQGhumanistaDJDLQVW-RKDQQ3IHIIHUNRUQDQGWKHVFKRODVWLF WKHRORJLDQVRI&RORJQHVHH(ULND5XPPHOThe Case Against Johann Reuchlin: Religious and Social Controversy in Sixteenth-Century Germany7RURQWRDQG/RQGRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI 7RURQWR3UHVV ,QDe arte cabalistica>2QWKH$UWRIWKH.DEEDODK@+DJXH 5HXFKOLQLVSDUWLFXODUO\LQWHUHVWHGLQVKRZLQJWKHDI¿QLW\EHWZHHQKLVNDEEDOLVWLFWH[WVDQG 3\WKDJRUHDQSKLORVRSK\
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ DFFHVVWRWKHRFFXOWWRWKHP\VWHULHVLWHQDEOHVXVWRUHDGVHDOHGHSLVWOHVDQG ERRNVDQGOLNHZLVHWKHLQQHUQDWXUHRIPHQ
3DUDFHOVXV EHOLHYHG WKDW VXFK ³VKDGRZ\ VLPLOLWXGH´ ³PLUURU LPDJHV´ DQG ³HQLJPDV´RIDVWUDOVLJQVDQGV\PEROVDQGNDEEDOLVWLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVUHYHDOHGWKH P\VWHULRXVKDQGRI*RGLQWHUYHQLQJLQKXPDQDIIDLUV$Q\VHULRXVZRUNGHDOLQJ ZLWKPDJLFDOFKHP\DVWURORJ\DQGUHOLJLRQPXVWLQYROYHWKH³YHLOLQJ´RI7UXWK WKDWPLJKWLPSDFWDGYHUVHO\RQRQH¶VGHHSO\IHOWEHOLHIV\VWHPV&HOHVWLDOSRZHUV LQWHUSUHWHG WKURXJK NDEEDOLVWLF PHWKRGV FRQVWLWXWH D V\PEROLF FRGH[ RI KXPDQ SHUIHFWLELOLW\EDVHGRQIDLWKDSSUHKHQGHGE\LQWXLWLRQDQGUHQGHUHGLQWRIRUPV E\ WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ WKDW EHFRPH DFFHVVLEOH WR WKH DVWUDO PDJLFLDQ DVSLULQJ WR D VSLULWXDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI QDWXUH UDWKHU WKDQ D PHUH SK\VLFDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI PDWWHU)RU3DUDFHOVXVWKHLPDJLQDWLRQDQGLQWXLWLRQHOHYDWHLQWHOOHFWXDOLQTXLU\ UHJDUGLQJWKHP\VWHULHVRIGLYLQHSURFHVVHVLQWRDUHYHODWLRQRIQDWXUH¶VXQVHHQ DQGSHUKDSVRWKHUZLVHLQHIIDEOHGLPHQVLRQVWKDWDUHLQDFFHVVLEOHWRUHDVRQ )URPWKHµLPDJLQDWLRQ¶DQGLWVREMHFWVWKHFKLOGUHFHLYHVLWVUHDVRQ$QGMXVWDV KHDYHQLQIXVHVWKHFKLOGZLWKLWVPRWLRQLWVJRRGDQGHYLOTXDOLWLHVVRPHWLPHV VWURQJO\VRPHWLPHVZHDNO\VRWKHLPDJLQDWLRQRIPDQ²OLNHWKHVWDUV²KDVD FRXUVHDQGPDNHVWKHFKLOG¶VUHDVRQWXUQWRKLJKHURUORZHUWKLQJV
3DUDFHOVXVSelected WritingsHG-RODQGH-DFREL%ROOLQJHQ6HULHV;;,,3ULQFHWRQ 3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S3DUDFHOVXVZDUQVWKDWRQO\LIWKHSUDFWLWLRQHU ³VHHNV WKH NLQJGRP RI *RG´ ZLOO WKH UHYHODWLRQV RI .DEEDODK DQG DVWUDO PDJLF EH WUXO\ PDQLIHVW³7KHDUWRIWKHFDEDODLVEHKROGHQWR*RGLWLVLQDOOLDQFHZLWK+LPDQGLWLV IRXQGHGRQWKHZRUGVRI&KULVW%XWLI\RXGRQRWIROORZWKHWUXHGRFWULQHRIWKHFDEDODEXW VOLSLQWRJHRPDQF\\RXZLOOEHOHGE\WKDWVSLULWZKLFKWHOOV\RXQRWKLQJEXWOLHVS ´ %RWK3LFRDQG3DUDFHOVXVLQWHUSUHWHGWKH+HEUHZDQG&KULVWLDQ.DEEDODKDVDQDORJLHVWR WKH(OHXVLQLDQ2USKLF'LRQ\VLDQDQG+HUPHWLFP\VWHULHV -RKDQQ 5HXFKOLQ DOVR DVVXPHG WKDW WKH PDJLFLDQ FRXOG XVH QDWXUDO DQG VSLULWXDO PDJLF WR SHUIHFW KLV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI GLYLQLW\ ZLWKLQ WKH LQIHULRU HDUWKO\ H[LVWHQFH7KH VSLULWXDO PDJLFLDQ PXVW ¿UVW WUDQVIRUP KLV EDVHU KXPDQ LQVWLQFWV LQWR PRUH HGLI\LQJ DWWULEXWHVDQDORJRXVWRWKHDVWURORJHU¶VSURJUHVVLRQIURPHDUWKO\HOHPHQWVZLWKLQWKHOXQDU VSKHUHWKURXJKWKHSODQHWDU\VSKHUHV0HUFXU\9HQXV6RO0DUV-XSLWHUDQG6DWXUQ WR WKHDQJHOLFVSKHUHDQG¿QDOO\WRWKHPrimum Mobile7KHGLVFRYHU\RIWKHGLYLQHZLWKLQ WKHKXPDQVHUYHVDVDQLQWXLWLYHDSSUHKHQVLRQRIWKHJRRGOLIHDQGLWVVSLULWXDOSHUIHFWLRQ In De arte cabalistica5HXFKOLQDUJXHVWKDWQDWXUDOPDJLFLQLWVFUXGHUSK\VLFDORSHUDWLRQ DQGNDEEDOLVWLFPDJLFLQLWVPRUHFRQWHPSODWLYHPDQLIHVWDWLRQOHDGWRWKHSXUHUIRUPVRI VSLULWXDOPDJLFDNLQWRWKHZLVGRPRIWKHDQJHOV ³7KHLPDJLQDWLRQRIDSUHJQDQWZRPDQLVVRVWURQJWKDWLWFDQLQÀXHQFHWKHVHHG >WKHFKLOGLQWKHZRPE@DQGFKDQJHWKHIUXLWVRWKDWLWVQDWXUHLVWKHUHE\GHHSO\DQGVROLGO\ VKDSHGDQGIRUJHG«7KHFKLOGUHTXLUHVQRVWDUVRUSODQHWVLWVPRWKHULVLWVVWDUVDQGLWV SODQHWV´ 3DUDFHOVXV Selected Writings S +XPDQ GHVLUHV DUH DOVR DWWULEXWHG WR WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ³*RGOHIWPDQIUHHWRSURSDJDWHKLVNLQG«SODQWHGWKHVHHGLQDOOLWVUHDOLW\ DQGVSHFL¿FLW\GHHSLQWKHLPDJLQDWLRQRIPDQ«,IDPDQKDVWKHZLOOWKHGHVLUHDULVHVLQ KLVLPDJLQDWLRQDQGWKHGHVLUHJHQHUDWHVWKHVHHG´S
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
In De Vita Longa3DUDFHOVXVGH¿QHGDVWUDOPDJLFDVDQ³DUWIXODQGLQGLVSHQVDEOH VFLHQFH´WKDW³UHYHDOVLWVKLJKHVWSRZHUVWKURXJKIDLWK´:KHUHDVDOFKHP\LVDQ DUW WKDW FDUULHV VRPHWKLQJ WKDW KDV QRW EHHQ FRPSOHWHG WR LWV HQG E\ PDNLQJ LWV LPSXULWLHVDQGLPSHUIHFWLRQVSXUHDQGSHUIHFWWKURXJK¿UHDVWUDOPDJLFZRUNVLQ KDUPRQ\ZLWKWKHSV\FKLFSRZHUVRIWKHLPDJLQDWLRQWRHOHYDWHKXPDQQDWXUHWR DWUDQVFHQGHQWVWDWHRIFRPSOHWLRQ³0DJLFKDVSRZHUWRH[SHULHQFHDQGIDWKRP WKLQJVZKLFKDUHLQDFFHVVLEOHWRKXPDQUHDVRQ)RUPDJLFLVDJUHDWVHFUHWZLVGRP MXVWDVUHDVRQLVDJUHDWSXEOLFIROO\´$VWUDOPDJLFSURYLGHVDFRPSUHKHQVLEOH H[SODQDWLRQRIWKHG\QDPLFVRIDOOHJHGGLYLQHLQVSLUDWLRQXQGHUO\LQJDOOIRUPVRI FUHDWLYLW\DQGLQJHQLRXVLQYHQWLRQVWKDWGHQRWHGKXPDQH[FHOOHQFH ,QWKHVWDUVDOOVNLOOVDUHDUWVDOOFUDIWVDUHKLGGHQDQGDOVRDOOZLVGRPDOOUHDVRQ DVZHOODVIRROLVKQHVVDQGZKDWEHORQJVWRLWIRUWKHUHLVQRWKLQJLQPDQWKDW GRHVQRWÀRZLQWRKLPIURPWKHOLJKWRIQDWXUH,IWKHUHKDGEHHQQR9HQXV PXVLFZRXOGQHYHUKDYHEHHQLQYHQWHGDQGLIQR0DUVQHLWKHUZRXOGWKHFUDIWV HYHUKDYHEHHQLQYHQWHG7KXVWKHVWDUVWHDFKXVDOOWKHDUWVWKDWH[LVWRQHDUWK DQGLIWKHVWDUVZHUHQRWDFWLYHLQXVDQGLIZHKDGEHHQFRPSHOOHGWRGLVFRYHU HYHU\WKLQJLQRXUVHOYHVQRDUWZRXOGHYHUKDYHFRPHLQWREHLQJ
%HFDXVH DOO KXPDQ VNLOOV DQG DUWV FRPH IURP *RG WKH WUXH DVWUDO PDJLFLDQ LV KRO\LQWKDWKHEHOLHYHVWKDW*RGUDWKHUWKDQGHPRQLFVSLULWVLQVSLUHGKLVPDJLFDO DUWV3DUDFHOVXV¶PDJLFLDQSRVVHVVHVDQLPDJLQDWLYHSRZHUWKDWWUDQVFHQGVKXPDQ UHDVRQEXWQRWKLVQDWXUDOKXPDQLW\+HEHOLHYHVLQGLYLQHLPPDQHQFHDQGVWULYHV WRXVHKLVDVWUDOPDJLFWRLOOXPLQDWHWKDW³*RGO\OLJKWLQQDWXUH´ )RU3DUDFHOVXVDVWUDOPDJLFLVDQDUWWKURXJKZKLFKWKHSK\VLFLDQDVSLUHVWR KHDOWKHERG\WKURXJKWKHLQYRFDWLRQRIFHOHVWLDOLQÀXHQFHVDQGUHVWRUHDQHVVHQWLDO
3DUDFHOVXVSelected WritingsS$OVRVHHSS±³7KHJUHDWYLUWXHV WKDW OLH KLGGHQ LQ QDWXUH ZRXOG QHYHU KDYH EHHQ UHYHDOHG LI DOFKHP\ KDG QRW XQFRYHUHG WKHPDQGPDGHWKHPYLVLEOH´S 2QO\WKHXOWLPDWHVHFUHWVUHJDUGLQJZK\QDWXUHZDV FUHDWHGFRQVWLWXWHVGLYLQHP\VWHU\DQGLVIRUELGGHQWRPDQ¶VDUWV 3DUDFHOVXVSelected WritingsSS±7KURXJKDOFKHP\DQGDVWURORJ\RQHFDQ GLVFRYHUWKHVHFUHWVRIWKHLQQDWHGLVSRVLWLRQRIDOOEHLQJLQWHUPVRIWKHVWDUVDQGKXPDQ QDWXUH 3DUDFHOVXV¶ FRQQHFWLRQV EHWZHHQ FODVVLFDO JRGV SODQHWV DQG WKH LQYHQWLRQV RI VLJQL¿FDQWFUDIWVDUHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKQXPHURXV0HGLHYDODQG5HQDLVVDQFHZULWHUVZKRVH GHP\VWL¿HG YHUVLRQV RI ³DQFLHQW JRGV´ WUDQVIRUPHG WKHP LQWR V\PEROV RI WKH FUHDWLYH LQVSLUDWLRQQHFHVVDU\IRUDOOLPSRUWDQWKXPDQLQYHQWLRQV 3DUDFHOVXV LGHQWL¿HV WKH ³ZLVH PHQ RI WKH (DVW´ 0DWWKHZ DV magi DVWUDO PDJLFLDQV ZKR IROORZ WKH ³VWDU´ WKDW DQQRXQFHV WKH ELUWK RI D VDYLRU DOVR LGHQWL¿HG DV VKHSKHUGVZKRDUHOHGE\DQ³DQJHO´WRZRUVKLSWKHEDE\-HVXV7KHELEOLFDOVWDULQIXVHG ZLWKWKHGLYLQHVSLULWVLPLODUWRDOOQDWXUDOIRUPVWKDWSRVVHVVDGLYLQHHVVHQFHLVDQDORJRXV WR DQ DQJHOLF EHLQJ7KH ZLVH PHQ DV VKHSKHUGV RU PDJLFLDQV DUH WKRVH ZKRVH LQWXLWLYH ZLVGRPPDNHWKHPUHFHSWLYHWRVXFKDGLYLQHUHYHODWLRQDQGZRUWK\WREHSUHVHQWDWWKH GLYLQHFRQYRFDWLRQRIWKH1DWLYLW\
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
SK\VLFDODQGVSLULWXDOZKROHQHVVWRKXPDQEHLQJV+HEHOLHYHGWKDWDW&UHDWLRQWKH KXPDQEHLQJZDVFUHDWHGIURPSULPRUGLDOPDWWHUZKLFKKHLGHQWL¿HGDVlimbus +H ZKR NQRZV WKH QDWXUH RI WKH limbus NQRZV DOVR ZKDW PDQ LV +RZ limbusLVKHDYHQDQGHDUWKWKHXSSHUDQGORZHUVSKHUHRIWKHFRVPRVWKHIRXU HOHPHQWVDQGHYHU\WKLQJWKH\FRPSULVHWKHUHIRUHLWLVMXVWWRLGHQWLI\LWZLWKWKH PLFURFRVPIRULWWRRLVWKHZKROHZRUOG&RQVLGHUKRZJUHDWDQGQREOHPDQ ZDVFUHDWHGDQGZKDWJUHDWQHVVPXVWEHDWWULEXWHGWRKLVVWUXFWXUH1REUDLQFDQ IXOO\HQFRPSDVVWKHVWUXFWXUHRIPDQ¶VERG\DQGWKHH[WHQWRIKLVYLUWXHVKHFDQ EHXQGHUVWRRGRQO\DVDQLPDJHRIWKHPDFURFRVPRIWKH*UHDW&UHDWXUH
The compositio humana RI QDWXUDO HOHPHQWV KXPRUV DQG FHOHVWLDO ERGLHV FRQWULEXWHV WR 3DUDFHOVXV¶ LPDJH RI WKH +HUPDSKURGLWH $GDP DV WKH 9LWUXYLDQ 0DQ QRW WKH JHQGHU EXW WKH VSHFLHV V\PEROL]LQJ WKH SULPDU\ XQLW\ RI ³GLYLQH 2QHQHVVIRUPHGRIDJUHDWGLYHUVLW\´ -XVW DV LQ KHDYHQ WKHUH LV D 6DWXUQ RI ¿HU\ QDWXUH VR RQ HDUWK WKHUH LV RQH RI HDUWKO\QDWXUHDQGMXVWDVWKHUHLVDVXQLQWKHZDWHUVRLVWKHUHRQHLQKHDYHQ :KDWLVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHVXQPRRQ0HUFXU\6DWXUQDQG-XSLWHULQ KHDYHQDQGWKHVDPHSODQHWVLQPDQ"7KHGLIIHUHQFHLVRQO\RQHRIIRUP
$VVXPLQJWKDWDOOSK\VLFDOPDWWHUSRVVHVVHVVSLULWXDOSURSHUWLHVDQGSRWHQWLDOLWLHV DVWUDO PDJLF LV WKH UHFUHDWLYH DUW WKDW DWWHPSWV WR UHYHDO WKH P\VWHULRXV FRUUHVSRQGHQFHVEHWZHHQGLYLQLW\DQGQDWXUH$VWKHKXPDQEHLQJ³HPHUJHGIURP
%RWKDVWURORJ\DQGPHGLFLQHDUHDUWVLQZKLFKWKHREVHUYDWLRQRIQDWXUDOSKHQRPHQD UHTXLUHVK\SRWKHVHVWRH[SODLQDQGLQWHUSUHWWKRVHSKHQRPHQD:KHUHDVPHGLFDOK\SRWKHVHV FDQEHSK\VLFDOO\YHUL¿HGWKURXJKH[SHULPHQWVRQWKHERG\SV\FKRORJLFDOK\SRWKHVHVDUH PRUHFRPSOH[DQGVSHFXODWLYHDQGVSLULWXDOK\SRWKHVHVFDQRQO\EHYHUL¿HGWKURXJKWKH LPDJLQDWLRQUDWKHUWKDQWKURXJKPHFKDQLFDOSURFHVVHV2QWKHFKDOOHQJHRIDVWURORJ\WRWKH HPSLULFLVPDQGPHFKDQLFVRIQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\VHH&KDUOHV:HEVWHUFrom Paracelsus to Newton: Magic and the Making of Modern ScienceS6LPLODUWR3DUDFHOVXV1HZWRQ DGYRFDWHG WKH UHFRYHU\ RI DQFLHQW (J\SWLDQ &KDOGHDQ DQG HVRWHULF SUDFWLFHV RI RFFXOW VFLHQFHVWRDLGLQKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQVDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHQDWXUDOXQLYHUVH 3DUDFHOVXVSelected WritingsS7KHIRXUHOHPHQWVRIFUHDWLRQ²HDUWKDLU¿UH DQGZDWHU²WKH³WULQLW\´RIPHUFXU\VXOIXUDQGVDOW²WKH³FHOHVWLDOVSLULWVRIWKHVXQPRRQ VWDUVDQGSODQHWV´DQGWKHKXPDQEHLQJ¶VIRXUKXPRUV²FKROHULFPHODQFKRO\SKOHJPDQG VDQJXLQHZHUHDOOXQLWHGSS± %DVHGRQ-RKQDQGDQG*HQHVLV± 3DUDFHOVXVEHOLHYHGWKDW*RGFUHDWHGKXPDQEHLQJVLQRUGHUWRJLYH+LVVSLULWDGZHOOLQJ SODFHLQWKHÀHVKDQGWKDW*RGFUHDWHGWKHQDWXUDOZRUOGDVDPDQLIHVWDWLRQRI+LVRZQ HVVHQFH+XPDQQDWXUHLVGLIIHUHQWLDWHGIURPDQLPDOQDWXUHLQWKDWLWLVHQGRZHGZLWKWKH VSLULWRIWKHGLYLQHZLVGRPDQGDUW³)RUWKHOLJKWRIQDWXUHLVLQXVDQGWKLVOLJKWLV*RG´ Selected WritingsSS± 3DUDFHOVXVVHHPVWREHSDUDSKUDVLQJ-RKQ± ³$OOWKLQJVZHUHPDGHE\KLPDQGZLWKRXWKLPZDVQRWDQ\WKLQJPDGHWKDWZDVPDGH,Q KLPZDVOLIHDQGWKHOLIHZDVWKHOLJKWRIPHQ´ 3DUDFHOVXVSelected WritingsSS6LPLODUO\³,QWKHVWDUVWKHUHGZHOOUHDVRQ ZLVGRPUXVHVWULIHZHDSRQVMXVWDVWKH\GRLQXVPHQ´S
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
WKH ¿UVW PDWUL[ WKH PDWHUQDO ZRPE RI WKH *UHDW :RUG´ LW DFTXLUHG LWV KXPDQ LGHQWLW\DVERWKDQ³DQLPDOERG\´FRPSRVHGRIWKHHOHPHQWVRIHDUWKDQGZDWHU DQGD³VLGHUHDOERG\´FRPSRVHGRIVSLULWDQGPRWLRQ¿UHDQGDLU )RU3DUDFHOVXVWKHELQDU\RSSRVLWLRQVRI³DQLPDOERG\´DQG³VLGHUHDOERG\´ ERG\DQGVRXOIHPDOHDQGPDOHPXVWEHUHVROYHGE\WKHDVWUDOPDJLFLDQSK\VLFLDQ SHUIRUPLQJWKDWNDEEDOLVWLFtikkunRIUHSDLULQJWKHGDPDJHRIVXFKVHSDUDWLRQVWR DFKLHYHDSHUIHFWHGZKROHQHVV$OWKRXJK*RGZLOOVPDQWREHPDQDQGZRPDQ WREHZRPDQ+HDOVRZLOOVWKDWERWKVKRXOGEHRQHHVVHQWLDOKXPDQNLQG³7KHUH PD\EHWZRRIWKHPDQG\HWRQO\RQHWZRNLQGVRIÀHVKDQG\HWRQO\RQH´0DQ RULJLQDWHVLQWKH³*UHDW:RUOG´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¿QGV VXFKDUHPHG\KHLVFRPSOHWH
7KHVHHGVRIWKHPDQDQGWKHZRPDQ³HDFKDFFRUGLQJWRLWVQDWXUH´IRUPWKHFKLOG LQWKHZRPE7KHFKLOGDVKRPXQFXOXVHPERG\LQJWKHDWWULEXWHVRIERWKSDUHQWV GHYHORSVDOODVSHFWVRIWKHFRPSOHWHKXPDQEHLQJHQGRZHGE\*RG¶VJUDFH³ZLWK VSLULWUHDVRQXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGDOODWWULEXWHVRIWKHVRXO´+RZHYHUHYHQZKLOH LQWKHZRPELWLV³EXUGHQHGZLWKWKHSRWHQWLDOLWLHVRIHYHU\GLVHDVH´EHFDXVH³DOO >SK\VLFDODQGVSLULWXDO@GLVHDVHVDUHLQKHUHQWLQLWVQDWXUH´EXWLW³FRXOGQRWEH ERUQDOLYHDQGKHDOWK\LIDQLQQHUSK\VLFLDQZHUHQRWKLGGHQLQLW´$OWKRXJKRQH PD\VD\WKDWWKHIHPDOHERG\LVPRUHSURQHWRGLVHDVHWKDQWKHPDOHERG\VXFK
3DUDFHOVXV Selected Writings S :KHUHDV WKH DQLPDO ERG\ LV OLQNHG WR WKH P\VWHULHVRIHDUWKO\OLIHWKHVLGHUHDOERG\LVOLQNHGWRWKHP\VWHULHVRIWKH*UHDW:RUOG 7KH¿UVWPDWUL[LVZDWHURQZKLFKWKHVSLULWRI*RGZDVERUQHLWLVWKHPDWHUQDOZRPELQ ZKLFKKHDYHQDQGHDUWKZHUHFUHDWHG7KHVHFRQGPDWUL[LVKHDYHQDQGHDUWKLQZKLFKWKH ¿UVWKXPDQEHLQJZDVIRUPHGE\WKHKDQGRI*RG:RPDQZDVFUHDWHGE\WKDWVDPH+DQG RXWRIPDQVKHEHFDPHWKHPDWHUQDOZRPERIDOOKXPDQEHLQJV$OWKRXJKPDQDQGZRPDQ DUHGLIIHUHQW³ERWKVXIIHUDVFUHDWXUHVEHORYHGE\*RG´SS± 3DUDFHOVXV Selected Writings SS DQG ± 3DUDGR[LFDOO\ 3DUDFHOVXV LGHQWL¿HVZRPDQZLWKWKHHDUWKDQGWKHHOHPHQWVEXWVKHLVDOVRWKH³WUHHRIOLIH´ZKLFKLV VXSHULRUWRPDQE\YLUWXHRILWVIUXLWVS ³+HZKRFRQWHPSODWHVZRPDQVKRXOGVHHLQ KHUWKHPDWHUQDOZRPERIPDQ>KXPDQLW\@+RZFDQRQHEHDQHQHP\RIZRPDQ²ZKDWHYHU VKHPD\EH"7KLVZRUOGLVSHRSOHGZLWKKHUIUXLWVDQGWKDWLVZK\*RGOHWVKHUOLYHVRORQJ KRZHYHUORDWKVRPHVKHPD\EH´S ³$JRRGWUHHSURGXFHVJRRGIUXLWEXWWKRVHIUXLWV PD\SURGXFHEDGVHHGVLQIHFWHGE\WKHGHYLORUJRRGVHHGVVHQWE\*RG´S 3DUDFHOVXVSelected WritingsSSDQG
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
VH[XDO GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ LV XOWLPDWHO\ LUUHOHYDQW WR DQ\ FRQFHSW RI SHUIHFWLELOLW\ LQ ZKLFKWKHKXPDQEHLQJDVSLUHVWRDQLQWHJUDOZKROH/LIHFDQQRWH[LVWZLWKRXWERWK WKHPDOHDQGIHPDOHDVSURJHQLWRUVDQGQHLWKHUPDVFXOLQHQRUIHPLQLQHTXDOLWLHV RIEHLQJKXPDQFDQEHHOLPLQDWHGLQWKLVTXHVWIRUZKROHQHVV7KHDVWUDOPDJLFLDQ SK\VLFLDQ FDQQRW JLYH SUHIHUPHQW WR WKH PDOH RU WKH IHPDOH ZLWKRXW ORVLQJ WKDW HVVHQWLDOTXDOLW\RIZKROHQHVVRIDOOELQDU\DWWULEXWHVRIKXPDQLGHQWLW\LQFOXGLQJ WKHWUDQVFHQGHQWanimusZLWKWKHanimaLQWKHXQLW\RIWKH6HOI 6LPLODUO\KHFDQQRWHOLPLQDWHGLVHDVHKHFDQRQO\XQLWHLWZLWKLWVUHPHG\DV ³ZLIHDQGKXVEDQG´WRFUHDWHDJUHDWHUSK\VLFDODQGVSLULWXDOKDUPRQ\3DUDFHOVXV DUJXHVWKDWPRVWRIQDWXUH¶VVHFUHWVDUHEH\RQGWKHVFRSHRIHPSLULFDOUHDVRQDQG QDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\7KHUHDOL]DWLRQRIWKDWVXEOLPHKDUPRQ\DOEHLWLQWKHGRPDLQ RIWKHGLYLQHLVDWUDQVFHQGHQWVWDWHWRZKLFKWKHDVWUDOPDJLFLDQSK\VLFLDQDVSLUHV E\XVLQJKLVLPDJLQDWLRQWRPDNHWKRVHLQYLVLEOHSURSHUWLHVDQGSRWHQWLDOLWLHVLQWR DPRUHYLVLEOHHIIHFW7RGHIHQGRQH¶VVHOIDJDLQVWGHDWKOLWHUDOO\DVWKHGHVLUHWR OLYHDKHDOWK\OLIHDQG¿JXUDWLYHO\DVDGHVLUHIRUKXPDQSHUIHFWLELOLW\RQHPXVW FRQWURO ERWK WKH SK\VLFDO DQG VSLULWXDO HI¿FDF\ RI WKH FXUDWLYH PHGLFLQH 7KXV WKHDVWUDOPDJLFLDQSK\VLFLDQPXVWDVSLUHWRD³SV\FKRVRPDWLF´SHUIHFWLELOLW\RI RQH¶VSK\VLFDODQGVSLULWXDOKHDOWKDVDPDQLIHVWDWLRQRIKLVGLYLQHZRUNWRUHVWRUH WKHHVVHQWLDOZKROHQHVVWRKXPDQQDWXUHWKURXJKWKHV\PEROLFIRUPVRIFHOHVWLDO SRZHUVLQWHUSUHWHGE\WKHLPDJLQDWLRQ 3DUDFHOVXVDUJXHVWKDWWKHDVWUDOPDJLFLDQLVMXVWL¿HGWRSXUVXHWKRVHDVSLUDWLRQV $VWUDO PDJLF LV D FUHDWLYH SURFHVV GHVLJQHG WR RSHQ WKH PLQG WR LWV RXWHUPRVW OLPLWVDQGLQWHUSUHWWKHGLYLQHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKRVHLQHIIDEOHSRZHUVWKDWDQLPDWHG QDWXUH¶VPXWDEOHIRUPV7KLVLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQQDWXUDODQGRFFXOWSKLORVRSK\ DOVR LQVSLUHG +HQU\ &RUQHOLXV $JULSSD WR DUJXH WKDW WKH PRGDOLWLHV RI KXPDQ SHUIHFWLELOLW\FRXOGEHUHYHDOHGWKURXJKWKHLQWHUSUHWLYHSRZHUVDWWULEXWHGWRDVWUDO PDJLF$JULSSD¶V ³GLJQL¿HG magus´ H[SUHVVHV D KLJKHU GHJUHH RI SHUIHFWLELOLW\
,Q PRGHUQ SV\FKRORJLFDO WKHRULHV WKH DUFKHW\SDO KXPDQ LV QRW GLIIHUHQWLDWHG E\ JHQGHUWKHDXWKHQWLF6HOILVDXQL¿HGZKROHRIWKHIHPDOHanimaDQGPDOHanimus7KLV SRLQW LV IUHTXHQWO\ UHSHDWHG E\ &DUO * -XQJ DQG *HUKDUG$GOHU LQ The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious YRO RI The Complete Works of C.G. Jung WUDQV 5)& +XOO %ROOLQJHQ )RXQGDWLRQ 3ULQFHWRQ 3ULQFHWRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV Psychology and AlchemyYRORIThe Complete Works The Structure and Dynamics of the PsycheYROLQThe Complete Works DQGSymbols of TransformationYRORIThe Complete Works ³,WLVQRW*RG¶VZLOOWKDW+LVVHFUHWVVKRXOGEHYLVLEOHLWLV+LVZLOOWKDWWKH\EHFRPH PDQLIHVWDQGNQRZDEOHWKURXJKWKHZRUNVRIPDQZKRKDVEHHQFUHDWHGLQRUGHUWRPDNH WKHPYLVLEOH´Selected WritingsS 3DUDFHOVXVVHHPVWRDQWLFLSDWHWKHLGHDLQWZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ ³DOWHUQDWLYH PHGLFLQH´ WKDW WKH FRQVFLRXV PLQG FDQ ³FRQMXUH´ WKURXJK ³JXLGHG IDQWDVLHV´LWVRZQXQFRQVFLRXVSV\FKLFSRZHUVDFWLQJWKURXJKLWV³DXWRLPPXQHV\VWHP´ WRFXUHWKHELRORJLFDODQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJPHQWDOLOOQHVVHVRIWKHERG\ZKHQFRQYHQWLRQDO PHGLFDOVFLHQFHVIDLO6HH2&DUO6LPRQWRQ6WHSKDQLH0DWWKHZV6LPRQWRQDQG-DPHV/ &UHLJKWRQGetting Well Again1HZ
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
WKURXJKDFRQWLQXDOSURFHVVRIVHHPLQJO\PLUDFXORXVVSLULWXDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVLQ DUWLVWLFDSSUR[LPDWLRQVWKDWKDGEHHQFRQVLGHUHGLQH[SUHVVLEOHLQSXUHO\UDWLRQDO WHUPV+RZHYHUQHLWKHUWKHPRUDOSHUIHFWLRQRIWKHmagusQRUWKHWHFKQRORJLFDO SHUIHFWLRQRIDVWUDOPDJLFLVSRVVLEOHLQDEVROXWHWHUPV+XPDQSHUIHFWLELOLW\LVD QHYHUHQGLQJSURFHVVRILPDJLQDWLYHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVQRWD¿QLWHVWDWHRIEHLQJ $OWKRXJK DOO QDWXUDO EHLQJV SRVVHVV WKH SRWHQWLDOLW\ IRU WKHLU SHUIHFWLELOLW\ WKH\ DUHDOVRVXEMHFWWRWLPHDQGWKHLURZQGLVVROXWLRQ$VWUDOLQÀXHQFHVPD\EHWKH SURMHFWHGFDXVHIRUDQLPSURYHPHQWLQKXPDQQDWXUHEXWWKH\DUHLQIHULRUWRWKH &KULVWLDQFRQFHSWLRQRIVDOYDWLRQWKURXJK*RG¶VJUDFH $V3DUDFHOVXVSURJUHVVHGIURPKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIWKHQDWXUDOZRUOGLQWRWKH VSLULWXDOGRPDLQRIWKHVDFUHGKHZDVOHVVFHUWDLQWKDWKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIDVWUDO )UDQFLV %DFRQ ± DQG ODWHU 5HQp 'HVFDUWHV ± DUJXHG WKDW HPSLULFDO PHWKRGRORJ\ DQG PDWKHPDWLFV FRXOG REMHFWLI\ WKH VXEMHFWLYH IRUPXODWLRQV RI WKHDOFKHPLFDOPDJLFLDQEXWWKH\WRRFRXOGRQO\DSSUR[LPDWHWKHWHOHRORJLFDOSHUIHFWLRQ RI WKH QDWXUDO ZRUOG %DFRQ DGPLWWHG WKDW KLV JUDQG LQYHVWLJDWLRQ FRXOG QHYHU UHDFK DQ XOWLPDWHFORVXUHEHFDXVHQHZNQRZOHGJHDQGLQYHQWLRQVFRQWLQXDOO\UHRSHQHGWKRVHD[LRPV IRUIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQW³)RU,FRXOGQRWEHWUXHDQGFRQVWDQWWRWKHDUJXPHQW,KDQGOH LI , ZHUH QRW ZLOOLQJ WR JR EH\RQG RWKHUV EXW \HW QRW PRUH ZLOOLQJ WKDQ WR KDYH RWKHUV JREH\RQGPHDJDLQ´)UDQFLV%DFRQThe Advancement of Learning;;9HG*: .LWFKLQ /RQGRQ -0 'HQW 6RQV /WG 7RWRZD 1- 5RZPDQ DQG /LWWOH¿HOG S,QWKHDiscourse: On the Method 'HVFDUWHVOLQNHGREMHFWLYHPHWKRG ZLWK KXPDQ PRUDO SHUIHFWLELOLW\ SDUW ,9 ± +RZHYHU KH DGPLWWHG WKDW DOWKRXJK UHDVRQPD\SHUVXDGHRQHDERXWWKHWUXWKRIDQLGHDUHIHUULQJWR*DOLOHR¶VSHUVHFXWLRQE\WKH ,QTXLVLWLRQ RWKHUEHOLHIV\VWHPVVXFKDVUHOLJLRXVGRFWULQH PD\GLVWRUWWKDWZKLFKUHDVRQ GLVFRYHUVSDUW9, )XUWKHUPRUHNQRZOHGJHOLNHGHVLUHFDQQRWEHXOWLPDWHO\VDWLV¿HG SDUW9, ³,DPTXLWHZLOOLQJLWVKRXOGEHNQRZQWKDWWKHOLWWOH,KDYHKLWKHUWROHDUQHG LVDOPRVWQRWKLQJLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKDWRIZKLFK,DPLJQRUDQWDQGWRWKDWNQRZOHGJHRI ZKLFK,GRQRWGHVSDLURIEHLQJDEOHWRDWWDLQ´SDUW9, $OWKRXJKKHKDGIDLWKLQKLV DELOLW\WRGLVFRYHUWUXWKLQREMHFWLYHVFLHQFHSDUW9, KHDGPLWWHGWKDWWKHVXEMHFWLYH LPDJLQDWLRQRIRQHPDQPD\QRWEHHTXDOWRWKHWDVNRIUHDOL]LQJWKDWWUXWKSDUW9, DQGWKDWKLVIXWXUHUHDGHUVZLOOGLVWRUWKLVDFFRPSOLVKPHQWVSDUW9, Discourse: On the Method of Rightly Conducting Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences >Discours de la Méthode pour bien conduire le raison et chercher la Verité dans les sciences@ WUDQV -RKQ 9HLWFK The Method, Meditations, and Philosophy of Descartes 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
V\PEROLVPFRXOGOHDGWRKXPDQSHUIHFWLELOLW\+HZDVVNHSWLFDODERXWWKHDGHTXDF\ RIKLVLPDJLQDWLYHDUWVDQGVFLHQFHVWRSURYLGHWKHWUXHVLJQL¿FDWLRQRIFHOHVWLDO LQÀXHQFHHVSHFLDOO\EHFDXVHERWKWKHVXEMHFWLYHLPDJLQDWLRQDQGWKHFRQFHSWLRQRI IUHHZLOOHPSRZHUHGE\PDJLFDOSURFHVVHVZHUHFORVHO\LGHQWL¿HGZLWKWKHKXPDQ GLVSRVLWLRQWRGRHYLO7KXVKHZDUQVKLVZRXOGEHPDJLFLDQWR¿UVWVWUXJJOHZLWKWKH FRQWUDU\QDWXUHRIKLV³URFNOLNHKHDUW´WKDWDVFHQGHGZLWKJRRGQHVVDQGGHVFHQGHG ZLWKHYLORILWVRZQIUHHZLOOEHIRUHKHFRXOGDSSUR[LPDWHWKHODZVRIQDWXUHLQVR FDOOHGWUDQVFHQGHQWDQGPDJLFDOIRUPV7KLVPRUDOpsychomachiaZDVDFUXFLDO LPSHGLPHQWWRKLVVXFFHVVDVDPDJLFLDQ,QWKHZRUGVRI.RKHOHWK³,JDYHP\ KHDUWWRNQRZZLVGRPDQGWRNQRZPDGQHVVDQGIROO\,SHUFHLYHGWKDWWKLVDOVR LVDYH[DWLRQRIVSLULW)RULQPXFKZLVGRPLVPXFKJULHIDQGKHWKDWLQFUHDVHWK NQRZOHGJH LQFUHDVHWK VRUURZ´ (FFOHVLDVWHV ± ,I WKH SUDFWLFH RI DVWUDO PDJLFFRXOGRQO\DSSUR[LPDWHWKHHQLJPDWLFSURSHUWLHVRIPHWDSK\VLFDOFDXVDOLW\ ZKLFKWKHLPDJLQDWLRQFRQFHLYHGDVDWUDQVFHQGHQWIRUPRINQRZOHGJHWKHQWKRVH DSSUR[LPDWLRQVLQYROYHDFLUFOLQJSURFHVVRIVHOISHUSHWXDWLQJUHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVWR UHDFKDQLQGH¿QLWHFHQWHUWKDWDSSHDUVIRUHYHUHOXVLYH -RKQ 'HH DOVR EDVHG KLV WKHRU\ RI KXPDQ SHUIHFWLELOLW\ RQ D SURFHVV RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ QDWXUH WKURXJK DVWUDO PDJLF WKDW DVSLUHG WR H[WHQG WKH KXPDQ EHLQJ¶VLQWHOOHFWXDOH[FHOOHQFHWRLWVXWPRVW+HDVVXPHGWKDW*RG¶V³GLJQLWLHV´ ³+RZFDQDPDQVD\µ,DPFHUWDLQ¶ZKHQKHLVVRIDUIURPFHUWDLQW\´3DUDFHOVXV Selected WritingsS$OVRVHH+HQU\&RUQHOLXV$JULSSDOf vanitie and uncertaintie of Arts and SciencesWUDQV-DPHV6DQIRUG/RQGRQ-RKQ'D\H DQG&KDUOHV*1DXHUW -U 7KLVSUREOHPRIOLQJXDOG\VIXQFWLRQLVQRWFDXVHGE\WKHUHÀHFWHGYLVLRQEXWE\ WKHLQWHUPHGLDULHVRIDQLQIHULRULQWHOOHFWVHHLQJDQGFRPSUHKHQGLQJZKLFKDUHLPSRVHG EHWZHHQHVVHQFHDQGREMHFW6HH3ODWRRepublicE²GLQThe Collected Dialogues of PlatoSS± %HFDXVHWKHKXPDQKHDUWZDVGLYLGHGE\WKHFRQWUDU\DWWUDFWLRQVRIJRRGDQGHYLO WKH GLYLQH ³PDJLF´ RI -HVXV¶ PLQLVWU\ UHYHODWLRQ DQG SDVVLRQ ZHUH QHFHVVDU\ WR HIIHFW WKHVXSHUQDWXUDOSHUIHFWLRQRIQDWXUHDQGWKHUHGHPSWLRQRIWKHKXPDQEHLQJ3DUDFHOVXV Selected Writings SS ± ,Q WKH *UHHN P\WK RI WKH ÀRRG ³LQQRFHQW DQG ZRUVKLSIXO´ 'HXFDOLRQ DQG 3\UUKD DUH FRPPDQGHG WR UHSRSXODWH WKH ZRUOG E\ WKURZLQJ ³\RXUPRWKHU¶VERQHVEHKLQG\RX´'HXFDOLRQLQWHUSUHWVWKLVLPSLRXVRUGHUDVFDVWLQJVWRQHV WKH³ERQHVRIPRWKHUHDUWK´EHKLQGWKHP³7KHVWRQHVWKHPDQKDGWKURZQWXUQHGLQWRPHQ 7KHVWRQHVWKHZRPDQWKUHZWXUQHGLQWRZRPHQ6XFKEHLQJWKHZLOORI*RG+HQFHZH GHULYH7KHKDUGQHVVWKDWZHKDYHDQGRXUHQGXUDQFH*LYHVSURRIRIZKDWZHKDYHFRPH IURP´2YLGMetamorphoses,±WUDQV5ROIH+XPSKULHV%ORRPLQJWRQ,QGLDQD 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS± ³.QRZWKHUHIRUHWKDWWKHURFNXSRQZKLFKWKHVKHHSIROGLVEXLOWFDQQRWKDYHEHHQ HVWDEOLVKHGE\PDQDQGWKDWQRPDQKDVHYHUXQGHUWDNHQWRFUHDWHDURFN%XWZKHWKHUWKH\ ZHUHJRRGRUEDGWKH\DOZD\VSODFHGWKHEXUGHQRQWKHURFNZKLFK*RGKDGJLYHQWKHP « DQG KHUH WKH\ KDYH DOZD\V OHW WKH PDWWHU UHVW HQWUXVWLQJ WKHPVHOYHV WR WKH URFN DQG EHOLHYLQJLQ+LPZKRP*RGVHQW´3DUDFHOVXVSelected WritingsS In Acts and Monuments /RQGRQ -RKQ )R[H EUDQGHG 'HH DV D ³JUHDW FRQMXUHU´IRUKLVVHHPLQJFRQIXVLRQRIDVWUDOPDJLFDQGVFLHQFH'UDZLQJRQWKHZRUNVRI )LFLQR3LFR$JULSSD3DUDFHOVXVDQG5DPRQ/XOO'HHLQVLVWHGWKDWKLVHVRWHULFSUDFWLFH
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
JRRGQHVV ZLVGRP SRZHU DQG LPPRUWDOLW\ ZHUH PRGHV RI GLYLQH FUHDWLYLW\ WKURXJK D KLHUDUFK\ RI FHOHVWLDO DQG HDUWKO\ VSLULWV %\ LQWHUSUHWLQJ WKH RFFXOW V\PSDWKLHV RI WKRVH VSLULWV DV D IRUP RI ³WHOHSDWKLF FRPPXQLFDWLRQ´ KLV DVWUDO PDJLFLDQFRXOGDVFHQGDERYHPDWWHUWKURXJKWKHFHOHVWLDOVSKHUHVWRKLVDSRWKHRVLV LQ *RG In the Mathematicall Preface 'HH DUJXHV WKDW KXPDQ EHLQJV SDUWLFLSDWH ZLWK VSLULWV DQG DQJHOV LQ WKH TXHVW IRU SHUIHFWLELOLW\ EHFDXVH ³WKH\ ZHUH DOO FUHDWHG LQ WKH LPDJH RI *RG´ $OWKRXJK WKH ³RULJLQDO LPDJH´ ZDV ORVWLQWKH)DOO'HH¶VH[SHULPHQWVLQDVWUDOPDJLFDVSLUHWRUHGLVFRYHUWKH³VWDU GHPRQ´ZLWKLQKLVQDWXUHLQRUGHUWREHFRPH³OLNH*RG´DJDLQ The magusFRXOG DFFHVVWKLV³VHFUHWZLVGRP´WKURXJKDOFKHPLFDOH[SHULPHQWDWLRQDQGDVWURORJLFDO REVHUYDWLRQVZLWKRXWWUHVSDVVLQJRQWKHVDFUHGGRPDLQRIWKH'LYLQH:LOOZLWKRXW DVVHUWLQJ WKH 3URWHVWDQW KHUHV\ RI VHOILQFOXVLRQ LQ GLYLQH HOHFWLRQ DQG ZLWKRXW FODLPLQJWKHPLUDFXORXVSRZHUVRID&DWKROLFVDLQW%\VWXG\LQJWKHV\PSDWKLHV DQG DQWLSDWKLHV RI DOO QDWXUDO REMHFWV WKH PDJLFLDQ FRXOG SHUIRUP WKURXJK KLV RZQ DUWL¿FLDO PHWKRGV ³PLUDFXORXV´ GLVFRYHULHV RI WKH XQLI\LQJ SULQFLSOHV RINDEEDOLVWLFPDJLFGHDOWZLWKDQJHOLFKLHUDUFKLHVDQGQRWZLWKFRQMXULQJGHPRQLFVSLULWV 4XHHQ (OL]DEHWK FRQVLGHUHG 'HH WR EH D SLRXV SK\VLFLDQ DQG DVWURORJHUPDJLFLDQ DQG GHIHQGHGKLVUHSXWDWLRQ)RUDVWXG\RI'HH¶VVWDWXUHLQ(OL]DEHWK¶VFRXUWDQGLQODWHUSHULRGV VHH3HWHU)UHQFKJohn Dee: The World of an Elizabethan Magus1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
ZLWKLQDOOEHLQJLQWKHXQLYHUVH+HFRXOGUHFRQFLOHWKHFRQWUDU\TXDOLWLHVRIDOO PDWHULDOREMHFWVWKURXJKWKHLULQKHUHQWDI¿QLWLHVDQGUHYHDOWKHLUSRWHQWLDOLWLHVIRU SXUL¿FDWLRQ+HDUJXHVWKDWKLVPDJLFDORSHUDWLRQVDUH³QRWP\WKLFDO´PHDQLQJ IDQWDVWLFDO EXW P\VWLFDO DQG EDVHG RQ ³WKH logos RI WKH FUHDWLYH ZRUG *RG¶V ZRUG >WKDW@ ZRUNV E\ UXOHV VR WKDW >KXPDQ EHLQJV@ JRGO\PLQGHG DQG ERUQ RI *RGPD\OHDUQE\VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGZRUNDQGE\WKHRORJLFDODQGP\VWLFDOODQJXDJH >UHDVRQHGVSHHFK@´0DWKHPDWLFDOIRUPXODHOLNHWKH.DEEDOLVW¶VLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI OHWWHUVDQGZRUGVSRVVHVVDWUDQVFHQGHQWVLJQL¿FDWLRQWKDWFDQEHXVHGWRLQWHUSUHW WKHPXWDEOHIRUPVRIQDWXUH 'HH¶V FRPSOH[ PDJLFDO IRUPXODWLRQV LQ Monas Hieroglyphia DUH LQWHQGHGWRHOHYDWHWKHKXPDQFRQVFLRXVQHVVRIWKHGLYLQHLQWKHQDWXUDOZRUOG +HEHOLHYHGWKDWKLVQDWXUDOPDJLFGLGQRWYLRODWHWKHVRFDOOHG³ODZVRIQDWXUH´ EXWFRXOGWUDQVFHQGQDWXUHE\LOOXPLQDWLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQFHOHVWLDODQG HDUWKO\ERGLHV+HDVVHUWVWKDWWKHFUHDWLYHSRZHURIWKHGLYLQHZRUGLVHQFRGHGLQ WKHV\PEROLF³KLHURJO\SK´ZKLFKVLPLODUWRNDEEDOLVWLFgematriaFRXOGEHXVHG WRLQWHUSUHWWKH³GLYLQH2QHQHVV´RIWKHVXSHUFHOHVWLDOZRUOG,QKLVFRPSOH[ PDWKHPDWLFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIWKHKLHURJO\SK'HHXVHVKLVVHHPLQJO\DUELWUDU\ PDWKHPDWLFDO GHVLJQDWLRQV RI ZRUGLPDJH DQG V\PERO DV D IRUP RI VXEOLPH gnosisWKDWLVP\VWLFDODQGUHOLJLRXV1LFRODXV&XVDQXV± 3LFRDQG $JULSSDDOVRDVVHUWWKDWQRLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIQDWXUDODQGFHOHVWLDOFDXVDOLW\FRXOG EHPDGHZLWKRXWPDWKHPDWLFV7KURXJKWKLVVRFDOOHG³P\VWLFDOPDWKHPDWLFDO
-RKQ'HHMonas HieroglyphiaWUDQV&+-RVWHQJournal of the Society for the Study of Alchemy and Early Chemistry ± Monas Hieroglyphia7KHLGHDORIWKHKXPDQEHLQJ¶VVSLULWXDOUHJHQHUDWLRQ WKURXJKKLVDELOLW\WRFRPPXQHZLWKWKHGLYLQH³2QHQHVV´RIWKHXQLYHUVHEDVHGRQWKH ZRUNVRI3ODWR,DPEOLFKXV2USKHXVDQGZRUNVDWWULEXWHGWR+HUPHV7ULVPHJLVWXVLQWKH Corpus Hermeticum ZDV WKH FHQWUDO LVVXH LQ 'HH¶V Monas Hieroglyphia ,W ZDV DOVR D PDLQLVVXHLQKLVVWXG\RI3DUDFHOVXV¶V\QWKHVLVRIDOFKHP\DQGNDEEDODKDQGDWWHPSWWR LPSOHPHQW$JULSSD¶VDe occulta philosophia,,LLL $OVRVHH3HWHU)UHQFK SS Monas Hieroglyphia $OVR VHH )UDQFHV$ZKR@GRSURIHVVLW ZLWKRXWWKHPDUHTXLWHRXWRIWKHZD\DQGODERULQYDLQDQGVKDOOLQQRZLVHREWDLQWKHLU GHVLUHGHIIHFW´De Occulta PhilosophiaThree Books of Occult Philosophy9RO,,S &LWLQJ%RHWKLXV¶WKHVLVWKDWNQRZOHGJHRIGLYLQHWKLQJVLVLPSRVVLEOHZLWKRXWPDWKHPDWLFV 1LFRODXV&XVDQXVLQKLVDe mathematica perfectioneDUJXHVWKDW³Nihil certi habemus in nostra scientia nisi nostram mathematicam´>1RWKLQJFDQEHNQRZIRUFHUWDLQE\WKHKXPDQ PLQG ZKHUH PDWKHPDWLFV IDLOV@ &XVDQXV DUJXHV WKDW PDWKHPDWLFV HQKDQFHV WKH VWXG\ RI SKLORVRSK\ZLWKDWUXHNQRZOHGJHDQGSHUIHFWHGSUHFLVLRQIRUPXODWLRQ RIWKHXQLYHUVH Opera 3DULV USW )UDQNIXUW S $OVR VHH (UQVW &DVVLUHU SS±
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
ODQJXDJH´ 'HH EHOLHYHV WKDW KH FRXOG GLVFRYHU WKH SRWHQWLDOLW\ RI DOO EHLQJ WR UHDOL]HLWVSHUIHFWLELOLW\¿UVWLQWKRXJKWWKHQLQZRUGDQG¿QDOO\LQDVXLWDEOH PDWKHPDWLFDOIRUP In the Mathematicall Preface 'HH DUJXHV WKDW PDWKHPDWLFDO UHDVRQLQJ GLVFLSOLQHV WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ WR FUHDWH D ³SHUIHFW GHPRQVWUDWLRQ RI WUXWKV´ DQG SURYLGHVDVXEOLPHNQRZOHGJHRIWKHRSHUDWLRQRIQDWXUH *RG WKURXJK 1XPEU\LQJ SURGXFHG RUGHUO\ DQG GLVWLQFWO\ DOO WKLQJHV )RU KLV 1XPEU\QJWKHQZDVKLVFUHDW\QJRIDOOWKLQJHV$QGKLV&RQWLQXDOO1XPEU\QJ RIDOOWKLQJHVLVWKH&RQVHUYDWLRQRIWKHPLQEHLQJ«7KHPDWKHPDWLFDOOPLQGH >FDQ@GHDOH6SHFXODWLYHO\LQKLVRZQ$UWHDQGE\JRRGPHDQHV0RXQWDERXHWKH FORXGHVDQGVWHUUHV$QGWKLUGO\KHFDQE\2UGHU'HVFHQGWRIUDPH1DWXUDOO WKLQJHVWRZRQGHUIXOOXVHVDQGZKHQKHOLVWUHWLUHKRPHLQWRKLVRZQFHQWUH DQGWKHUHSUHSDUHPRUH0HDQHVWR$VFHQGDQG'HVFHQGE\DQGDOOWRWKHJORU\ RI*RGDQGRXUKRQHVWGHOHFWDWLRQLQHDUWK
7KURXJK PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWDWLRQV WKH KDUPRQLF RUGHU DQG RFFXOW V\PSDWKLHV EHWZHHQ HOHPHQWDO PDWWHU DQG LWV DQLPDWLQJ VSLULW FRXOG EH UHYHDOHG 7KH PDWKHPDWLFLDQFRXOGH[SHULHQFH³WKHVSLULWZLWKLQQDWXUH´DVDPDJLFDOIRUPRI WHOHSDWK\EHWZHHQWKHLQKHUHQWH[FHOOHQFHRIWKHQDWXUDOREMHFWDQGWKHLQWXLWLYH VSLULWRIWKHPDWKHPDWLFDOO\HQOLJKWHQHGLPDJLQDWLRQ $OWKRXJK)UDQFLV%DFRQ± FULWLFL]HG'HH¶V³P\VWLFDOPDWKHPDWLFDO ODQJXDJH´DVDVXSHUVWLWLRXVDQGVSHFXODWLYHSKLORVRSK\XQYHUL¿DEOHE\VHQVXDO PHDVXUHPHQWERWK%DFRQDQG'HHVKDUHGDSURIRXQGEHOLHIWKDWQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\ FRXOG KDYH PDMRU LQÀXHQFH RQ WKH SHUIHFWLELOLW\ RI KXPDQ EHLQJV In the New Atlantis WKHSUDFWLWLRQHUVRI%DFRQ¶V³VFLHQWL¿FPHWKRG´DVSLUHWRUHYHDO WKH³VHFUHWZLVGRP´RIQDWXUH³IRUWKHORYHRI*RGDQGPHQ´7KH(OGHURIWKH +RXVH RI 6DORPRQ GHFODUHV WKDW ³7KH (QG RI RXU )RXQGDWLRQ LV WKH NQRZOHGJH RI &DXVHV DQG WKH VHFUHW PRWLRQ RI WKLQJV DQG WKH HQODUJLQJ RI WKH ERXQGV RI +XPDQ(PSLUHWRWKHHIIHFWLQJRIDOOWKLQJVSRVVLEOH´0DQ\RIWKHH[SHULPHQWV FRQGXFWHGE\%DFRQ¶VVFLHQWLVWVFRQFHUQKHDOWK PHGLFLQH DQGKHDW OLJKW DQG RSWLFV DQG LQYROYH WKH LPDJLQHG LQWHUDFWLRQ RI SK\VLFDO PDWWHU DQGFHOHVWLDOLQÀXHQFHV)RU%DFRQWKHSHUIHFWLRQRIWKH³DUWVRIVFLHQFH´LQKLV V\VWHPDWLFPHWKRGRIREVHUYDWLRQVDQGH[SHULPHQWDWLRQFRXOGOHDGWRWKHFUHDWLRQ
-RKQ'HH³0DWKHPDWLFDOO3UHIDFH´VLJ&LLL±Y In The Advancement of Learning %DFRQFULWLFL]HVDVWUDOPDJLFIRU³EHLQJ IUDXJKWZLWKPXFKIDEXORXVPDWWHUDJUHDWSDUWQRWRQO\XQWULHGEXWQRWRULRXVO\XQWUXHWR WKHJUHDWGHURJDWLRQRIWKHFUHGLWRIQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\ZLWKWKHJUDYHDQGVREHUNLQGRI ZLW´,9 %DFRQ¶VFULWLFLVPIRFXVHVRQDVWURORJLFDOVLJQVGUHDPVRPHQVDQGUHWULEXWLYH MXGJPHQWV ZKLFK KH FKDUDFWHUL]HV DV IDOVH VRSKLVWLF DQG VXSHUVWLWLRXV )UDQFLV %DFRQ The Advancement of Learning ,9± SS ±$OVR VHH )UDQFLV %DFRQ Novum Organum ,[OYL LQ Selected Writings of Francis Bacon LQWURGXFWLRQ E\ +XJK * 'LFN 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6LPRQ
RI YHUL¿DEOH D[LRPV RI WUXH QDWXUDO SURFHVVHV )RU 'HH KRZHYHU WKRVH ZKR EHOLHYHGWKDWHPSLULFLVPZDVVXI¿FLHQWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHWUXHQDWXUHRIDOOEHLQJ GHFHLYHWKHPVHOYHV In Propaedeumata Aphoristica 'HH DUJXHV WKDW WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ LV WKHSULPDU\PHQWDOIDFXOW\WKURXJKZKLFKWKHVSLULWXDOLOOXPLQDWLRQVRIFHOHVWLDO SRZHUV FRDOHVFHG DV LQ D PLUURU WR UHYHDO WKHLU ZRQGHUV 7KH LPDJLQDWLRQ IXQFWLRQHGOLNHWKH³VHDORI+HUPHV´LQWKHMonas HieroglyphiaDVWKHXOWLPDWH FUHDWLYH SRZHU XQLWLQJ WKH VXEMHFWLYH V\PERO ZLWK REMHFWLYH PDWWHU WKHUHE\ FUHDWLQJ LWV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV +RZHYHU 'HH¶V WKHRU\ RI WKH PDJLFDO SRZHUV RI WKHLPDJLQDWLRQUDLVHVVHULRXVTXHVWLRQV&RXOGWKHLPDJLQDWLRQDFWXDOO\WUDQVIRUP QDWXUDOREMHFWVLQWRWKHLUSHUIHFWHGIRUPLQWKHZRUOGRUGLGLWRSHUDWHRQO\ZLWKLQ WKH³HQOLJKWHQHGFRQVFLRXVQHVV´RIWKHDVWUDOPDJLFLDQDVDVXEMHFWLYHDVVHUWLRQRI WKHREMHFWV¶SRWHQWLDOSHUIHFWLELOLW\")XUWKHUPRUHLIWKHLPDJLQDWLRQZDVFDSDEOHRI PDQLSXODWLQJ³FHOHVWLDOVSLULWV´WRSHUIHFWQDWXUHFRXOGLWDOVRPDQLSXODWH³FKWKRQLF VSLULWV´WKDWZRXOGGHVWUR\WKHQDWXUDORUGHUDQGFRQGHPQWKHDVWUDOPDJLFLDQWR SHUGLWLRQ"'HHEHOLHYHGWKDWFKWKRQLFVSLULWVZHUHLQIHULRUWRFHOHVWLDOVSLULWVDQG DOWKRXJKFKWKRQLFVSLULWVFRXOGLQÀXHQFHKXPDQEHKDYLRULQWKHZRUOGWKH\KDGQR UHDODELOLW\WRWUDQVIRUPKXPDQQDWXUH,QRWKHUZRUGVDVWUDOPDJLFKDGQRSRWHQF\ LIXVHGIRULPSLRXVLQWHQWLRQVZKLFKZRXOGUHQGHUWKHLGHDRIKXPDQSHUIHFWLELOLW\ DQG WKH SXUL¿FDWLRQ RI PDWWHU WKURXJK WKHLU DJHQF\ PHDQLQJOHVV $OWKRXJK KLV PDWKHPDWLFDODOFKHPLFDODQGDVWUDOPDJLFDOH[SHULPHQWVZHUHFRQVLGHUHGKHOSIXO KXPDQLQYHQWLRQVSDUWLFXODUO\LQWKH¿HOGRIPHGLFLQHKLVFRQFHUQIRUWKHPRUDO DQGVSLULWXDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVRIKXPDQEHLQJVWROLYHDEHWWHUDQGPRUHLQIRUPHG OLIHGLGQRWDFKLHYHWKHSUDFWLFDOUHVXOWVKHVRXJKW'HH¶VGHVFULSWLRQRI$UFKLPHGHV¶ ³PDWKHPDWLFDO PDJLF´ PLJKW ZHOO EH XVHG WR GHVFULEH KLV LGHDOL]DWLRQ RI DVWUDO PDJLFDVDQHWHUQDOSURFHVVRIDSSUR[LPDWLRQV³,QJUHDWPDWWHUVLWLVHQRXJKWR KDYH KDG WKH LQWHQWLRQ´ $OWKRXJK KLV H[SHULPHQWV LQ DOFKHP\ WUDQVIRUPLQJ LPSXUH PDWWHU LQWR LWV SHUIHFWHG IRUP DQG LQWHUSUHWLQJ DVWURORJLFDO LQÀXHQFHV RI VXSHULRU EHLQJV XSRQ LQIHULRU EHLQJV ZHUH LQGHWHUPLQDWH 'HH PDLQWDLQHG KLV WKHRU\ WKDW KXPDQ SHUIHFWLELOLW\ FRXOG EH DIIHFWHG E\ DVWUDO LQÀXHQFHV ZRUNLQJ WKURXJKWKHPDJLFLDQ¶VLPDJLQDWLRQ'HHPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGDJRRGPDWKHPDWLFLDQ DQGDQLQDGHTXDWHVFLHQWLVWEXWDERYHDOOKHZDVFRQVLGHUHGDZLVHPDQ 6HHJohn Dee on Astronomy: Propaedeumata Aphoristica (1558±1568) Latin and EnglishVLJV,LLU±YHGDQGWU:D\QH6KXPDNHU%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV ³WXPOXPHQWXPVLQHOXPLQHQRQDGYLVXPVROXPVHGDGDOLRVLQWHUGXPVHQVXV SUDHFHSXHLQ6SLULWXQRVWURLPDJLQDOLWDQTXDP6SHFXORTXRGDPFRDOHVFXQWVHVHTXHQRELV RVWHQGXQW LQQRVPLUDELOLDDJXQW´'HH¶VWKDSKRULVPSUHVHQWDGHWDLOHGH[SODQDWLRQ RIKLVWKHRULHVDERXWKRZWKHSK\VLFDOXQLYHUVHIXQFWLRQVDFFRUGLQJWRPDJLFDOSULQFLSOHV $OVRVHH6-7HVWHU )RU)LFLQRDQG'HHWKHLPDJLQDWLRQLVWKHPHQWDOIDFXOW\WKURXJKZKLFKWKHPDJLFLDQ PHUJHG V\PERO DQG UHDOLW\ )RU H[DPSOH )LFLQR EHOLHYHG WKDW WKH WDOLVPDQ SRVVHVVHG D SRZHUWRDWWUDFWFHOHVWLDOLQÀXHQFHVDQG'HHEHOLHYHGWKDWWKH+HUPHWLFVHDOFRXOGHPDQDWH FHOHVWLDOLQÀXHQFHV%RWKWKHWDOLVPDQDQGWKHVHDOWRRNRQWKHUHDOLW\RIWKDWZKLFKWKH\ V\PEROL]HG6HH3HWHU)UHQFK John DeeSS± &LWHGLQ3HWHU)UHQFK John DeeS
Pico, Paracelsus, and Dee
,Q WKHLU ZRUNV RQ DVWUDO PDJLF 3LFR 3DUDFHOVXV DQG 'HH LQWHUSUHW KXPDQ QDWXUH VXEMHFWLYHO\ DV WKH GLYLQHO\ FUHDWHG ³LPDJH RI *RG´ DVSLULQJ WR UHFRYHU WKH³FUHDWLYHVSLULWRI*RG´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³PHFKDQLFDO VFLHQFH´ 7KH\EHOLHYHGWKDWLWHIIHFWVDKLJKHUOHYHORIKXPDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJLQWKHGRPDLQ of the phantasticZKLFKEDVHGRQSRWHQWLDOLW\DQGSRVVLELOLW\UHYHDOVTXDOLWLHVLQ WKHQDWXUDOZRUOGWKDWDUHWUXO\EHWWHUWKDQDFWXDOH[LVWHQFH$VDQDUWDVWUDOPDJLF LVEDVHGRQWKH1HRSODWRQLFSKLORVRSKLFDODVFHQWRIWKHVRXOWKHP\VWLF¶VHFVWDWLF VXEMHFWLYH YLVLRQ DQG NDEEDOLVWLF YDORUL]DWLRQ RI ODQJXDJH DQG PDWKHPDWLFV DV ZHOO DV RFFXOW KLHURJO\SKLFV $OO RI WKHVH V\VWHPV GHSHQG RQ WKH HQOLJKWHQHG LPDJLQDWLRQWRQDYLJDWHEHWZHHQLGHDVDQGIRUPVWRFRQFHLYHRIUHDOLWLHVEH\RQG WKH VFRSH RI UHDVRQ DQG HPSLULFDO H[SHULHQFH DQG WR LGHQWLI\ WKH SRWHQWLDOLWLHV ZLWKLQDOOEHLQJWRUHDOL]HLWVKLJKHURUGHURIH[FHOOHQFH ,Q UHQDLVVDQFH WKHRULHV RI KXPDQ SHUIHFWLELOLW\ WKH SULQFLSDO JRDO LV WR DIIHFW D XQLRQ ZLWK WKH GLYLQH EDVHG RQ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ RI IDLWK DQG JUDFH DQG UHIDVKLRQPRUDOEHKDYLRUWRLPSURYHWKHHWKLFDOVRFLDORUGHUDVDQLQWHJUDOZKROH 7KH HVVHQWLDO LPSHUIHFWLRQV RI WKH ZRUOG DUH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH KXPDQ EHLQJ¶V IUDJPHQWDWLRQ LQ WHUPV RI RSSRVLWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH VRXO DQG WKH ERG\ VRFLDO RSSRVLWLRQVEHWZHHQPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHLGHQWLWLHVDQGTXDOLWLHVDQGSROLWLFDO DQGUHOLJLRXVRSSRVLWLRQVZLWKLQWKHVRFLDORUGHU$VWUDOPDJLFDVSLUHVWRUHFRQQHFW WKH³GRWV´VRWRVSHDNDQGSXWWKHIUDJPHQWVRIWKHGLYLQHDQGWKHKXPDQWKH PDOHDQGWKHIHPDOHWKHVRXODQGWKHERG\DQGWKHLPSHUIHFWTXDOLWLHVRIDQLPDWH DQGLQDQLPDWHQDWXUHEDFNWRJHWKHULQWKHLUSHUIHFWHGDQDORJLFDOUHODWLRQVKLSV)RU 3LFR3DUDFHOVXVDQG'HHWKHWUXHDVWUDOPDJLFLDQVFRXOGDVVXPHWKHUROHRI³D JUHDWHUKXPDQEHLQJ´ZKRVHLQWHOOHFWXDOLQWXLWLYHDQGLPDJLQDWLYHSRZHUVUHYHDO KRZ WKH DQLPDWLQJ ³VSLULW RI GLYLQH SUHVHQFH´ ZLWKLQ DOO EHLQJ HOHYDWHV HDUWKO\ H[LVWHQFHWRDFHOHVWLDOOHYHORISUHVXPHGH[FHOOHQFH,WLVHDV\WRVHHWKDWVXFK D YLVLRQ RI KXPDQ SHUIHFWLELOLW\ DSSHDUV PDJLFDO IRU RQO\ E\ LQYRNLQJ VXSHULRU FHOHVWLDOSRZHUVFRXOGRQHDVSLUHWKURXJKRQH¶VRZQYROLWLRQWRDXQLRQZLWK*RG DQGDFKLHYHDQHVVHQWLDOZKROHQHVVZLWKLQWKHVHOIZKHUHLQDOOELQDU\RSSRVLWLRQV DUH HOLPLQDWHG $VWUDO PDJLF DVSLUHV WR WKLV FRQGLWLRQ RI XQLYHUVDO ZKROHQHVV LQ ZKLFK *RG KXPDQLW\ WKH HDUWK DQG VWDUV VRXOV DQG ERGLHV PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQHTXDOLWLHVDQGDOOPDWWHU¿QGWKHLUSURSHUDI¿QLWLHVWKURXJKWKHDJHQF\ RIWKHLPDJLQDWLRQ
This page has been left blank intentionally
&KDSWHU
*XLOODXPH3RVWHOWKH6KHFKLQDK DQGWKH)HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOH $ODLQ(NRURQJ
%RUQQHDU%DUHQWRQDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\*XLOODXPH3RVWHOZDV QRWRQO\DQRULJLQDOWKLQNHUEXWDOVRDYHU\SXEOLF¿JXUH$IWHUKHVWXGLHGRULHQWDO ODQJXDJHVKHZDVFRPPLVVLRQHGE\.LQJ)UDQoRLVWREX\PDQXVFULSWVLQWKH1HDU (DVW1RWDEO\3RVWHOPDVWHUHG$UDELF+HEUHZ6\ULDFDQGPDQ\RWKHU6HPLWLF ODQJXDJHV ,Q VHHNLQJ DQ DOOLDQFH ZLWK WKH 2WWRPDQ 7XUNV .LQJ )UDQFLV ,QDPHGKLPRI¿FLDOLQWHUSUHWHUWR6XOHLPDQWKH0DJQL¿FHQWLQ&RQVWDQWLQRSOH 7KLVHQDEOHGKLPWRSXEOLVKLQDe originibus seu de hebraicae linguae et gentis antiquitateWKH¿UVWRIVHYHUDOSXEOLFDWLRQVLQ)UHQFK/DWLQDQG+HEUHZ RQ WKH DIIDLUV RI WKH 0LGGOH (DVW ,Q WKH HDUO\ V KH IRUPXODWHG KLV WKHRU\ GUDZQ IURP KLV NQRZOHGJH RI WKH7XUNV WKDW SHDFH ZLOO EH DFKLHYHG WKURXJK D XQLYHUVDOUHOLJLRQ,QWKLVXQLYHUVDOUHOLJLRQ-HZV0XVOLPVDQGKHDWKHQVFRXOG EHFRQYHUWHGWR&KULVWLDQLW\WKURXJKFDUHIXOUHDVRQLQJDQGORJLFDQGQRWZDUE\ GHPRQVWUDWLQJ WR DOO FRPPRQ IRXQGDWLRQV LQ DOO UHOLJLRQV DQG WKDW &KULVWLDQLW\ EHVWUHSUHVHQWHGWKHVHVLPLODULWLHV7KLVZLOOEHGHYHORSHGLQKLVPDMRUZRUNDe orbis terrae Concordia± $IWHUEULHÀ\FRQWHPSODWLQJEHFRPLQJD-HVXLW KHWUDYHOOHGDURXQGWKH0LGGOH(DVW,WDO\DQG(DVWHUQ(XURSH+HZDVLQWHUURJDWHG E\WKH,QTXLVLWLRQLQIRUKLVUHOLJLRXVYLHZVWKHQMXGJHGWREHLQVDQHDQGVHQW WRSULVRQIRU\HDUVLQ5RPH3RVWHOZDVDOVRSUROL¿FLQKLVWUDQVODWLRQRIVHYHUDO *UHHN+HEUHZDQG$UDELFWH[WV0RVWQRWDEO\DPRQJWKHPZRUNVRQDVWURQRP\ E\DO7XVLDQGRWKHU$UDELFDVWURQRPHUVDQGKLV/DWLQWUDQVODWLRQVRIWKHZohar the Sefer YetzirahDQGWKHSefer BahirWKHWKUHHPRVWIXQGDPHQWDOWH[WVRIWKH -HZLVK.DEEDODK)URPWKLVPRPHQWRQ3RVWHOZLOOEHFRPHDVWDXQFKDGYRFDWHRI WKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIPDJLFDQG.DEEDODKLQWKHTXHVWIRUZRUOGSHDFHDQGKDUPRQ\ $V RQH RI WKH PRVW LQÀXHQWLDO &KULVWLDQ NDEEDOLVWV RI KLV WLPH *XLOODXPH 3RVWHO KDV EHHQ ODUJHO\ LJQRUHG E\ VFKRODUV ZKR RIWHQ GLVFDUG KLV ZRUN DV WRR REVFXUHWREHVHULRXVO\DQDO\]HG,WZDVRQO\DWWKHVWDUWRIWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\ WKDWFRPSUHKHQVLYHUHVHDUFKRQKLVZRUNZDVODXQFKHGQRWDEO\XQGHUWKHHIIRUWV RI )UHQFK VFKRODU )UDQoRLV 6HFUHW 5HFHQWO\ ZRUNV E\ :LOOLDP %RXZVPD
)UDQoRLV6HFUHWKDVSXEOLVKHGDQLPSRUWDQWERG\RIZRUNRQ3RVWHOWKDWLQFOXGHV WLWOHVVXFKDV³/H={KDUFKH]OHVNDEEDOLVWHVFKUpWLHQVGHODUHQDLVVDQFH´LQMémoires de la société des études juives,,,3DULV/LEUDLULH'XUODFKHU Les kabbalistes chrétiens de la Renaissance3DULV'XQRG Guillaume Postel (1510±1581) et son interprétation du candélabre de Moyse1LHXZNRRS%'H*UDDI Le thrésor des prophéties de
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH(NRURQJ
0DULRQ.XQW]DQG
$V 'XSHEH VKRZV WKH WZR ERRNV WKDW ODQG 3RVWHO LQ WURXEOHG ZDWHUV DUH Les très merveilleuses victoires des femmes du nouveau monde and La doctrine du siecle doré7KHDSSDUHQWVFDQGDOVWHPVIURP3RVWHO¶VRULJLQDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI WKH UROH RI ZRPHQ LQ KLV TXHVW IRU Harmonia mundi RU :RUOG 3HDFH 3RVWHO¶V l’universDPDQXVFULSWSXEOLVKHGZLWKKLVLQWURGXFWLRQDQGQRWHV$UFKLYHV,QWHUQDWLRQDOHV G¶+LVWRLUH GHV ,GpHV 1R /D +D\H 0DUWLQXV 1LMKRII Bibliographie des manuscrits de Guillaume Postel*HQqYH'UR] 6HHLPSRUWDQWZRUNVE\:LOOLDP-%RXZVPDConcordia Mundi: The career and thought of Guillaume Postel (1510–1581) &DPEULGJH 0$ +DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 0DULRQ/.XQW]Guillaume Postel: Prophet of the Restitution of all Things, His Life and Thought/RQGRQ0DUWLQXV1LMKRII DQG
Guillaume Postel, the Shechinah, and the Feminine Principle
PRVWFRQWURYHUVLDOYLHZOLHVLQKLVWKHRU\RIWKH)HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOH%RUURZLQJ SULPDULO\IURPNDEEDOLVWLFWKHRULHVDQGDOFKHP\3RVWHOEHOLHYHGWKDW:RUOG3HDFH FRXOGRQO\EHUHDFKHGWKURXJKWKH6KHFKLQDKRUWKHIndwelling PresenceRI*RG ,W LV WKLV JHQGHUHG TXHVW WRZDUG XQLYHUVDO KDUPRQ\ WKDW WKLV HVVD\ LQWHQGV WR H[SORUH,ZLOOLQYHVWLJDWH3RVWHO¶VXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHFRQFHSWRIWKH6KHFKLQDK LWVIXQFWLRQDQGLWVXVHLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKLVKDUPRQLRXVZRUOG,QWKLVHVVD\ , FRQWHQG WKDW EH\RQG 3RVWHO¶V ³IROLH´ RU HFFHQWULFLW\ KLV GHVLUH WR HOHYDWH WKH )HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOHLQDJHQXLQHDWWHPSWWR¿QG:RUOG3HDFHRUHarmonia Mundi LV XQLTXH ZLWKLQ WKH )UHQFK 5HQDLVVDQFH, ZLVK WR GHSDUW IURP«@KRZHYHUKHWUDQVIRUPHGLWLQWRDQHQWLUHO\XQLTXHDQGSHUVRQDO WKHRORJ\´ ,I LW LV WUXH WKDW 3RVWHO LQ KLV TXHVW IRU ZRUOG KDUPRQ\ DQG XQLW\ ERUURZVVRPHRILWVIRXQGDWLRQIURP1HRSODWRQLVPLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUOLQHWKH NDEEDOLVWLFQDWXUHRIKLVGLVFRXUVHRQZRPHQLQLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmes du Nouveau Monde0DULRQ.XQW]:LOOLDP%RXZVPDDQG
6HHKHUHDQH[FHOOHQWDUWLFOHE\3HWHU$5HGSDWK³7KHQDWXUHRIZRPDQDQGKHU UROHLQUHOLJLRQDFFRUGLQJWR*XLOODXPH3RVWHO´SXEOLVKHGLQDVSHFLDOYROXPHRIActes du Colloque International d’Avranches (Guillaume Postel, 1581±1981)± 6HH
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH(NRURQJ
,Q P\ YLHZ EHFDXVH 3RVWHO¶V YLHZV RQ ZRPHQ HYROYHG ZLWK WLPH LW LV FRXQWHUSURGXFWLYH DW OHDVW IURP D SKLORVRSKLFDO VWDQGSRLQW WR DWWHPSW WR XQGHUVWDQGKLVSRVLWLRQVDVDPDOHIHPDOHGLFKRWRP\6XFKDUHDGLQJZRXOGGR VRPH GLVVHUYLFH WR WKH DXWKRU¶V VWUXJJOHV WR WUDQVODWH VRPH LPSRUWDQW LQKHUHQW DQGIXQGDPHQWDOFRQWUDGLFWLRQVLQWRDSRZHUIXOGLVFRXUVHRQHTXDOLW\DQGSHDFH 7KLV LV ZKDW 3HWHU 5HGSDWK DWWHPSWV WR GHPRQVWUDWH ³(FFHQWULF HOHPHQWV LQ WKHWKLQNLQJRI3RVWHODUHHDV\WRGLVFRYHUVLQFHWKH\VHHPWRDSSHDURQDOPRVW HYHU\SDJHKHZULWHV:KDWLVGLI¿FXOWWRGLVFRYHUDERXW3RVWHOKRZHYHULVZKDW KH LV DFWXDOO\ VD\LQJ EHKLQG DOO KLV V\PEROLVP DQG HQLJPDWLF ODQJXDJH´ For 5HGSDWKEHFDXVH³WKHYLFWRULHV>RIZRPHQ@DUHSULPDULO\VSLULWXDORQHV>LQLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmes du nouveau monde@´LWPDNHVPRUHVHQVH WRDQDO\]H3RVWHO¶VWKRXJKWZLWKLQD³PHGLWDWLYHDQGPHWDSK\VLFDO´IUDPHZRUN +RZHYHU 5HGSDWK¶V DQDO\VLV RI 3RVWHO¶V YLHZV RI ZRPHQ QHYHU JRHV EH\RQG D WUDGLWLRQDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIPDOHIHPDOHGLFKRWRP\7KLVWUDGLWLRQDOYLHZWHQGVWR FUHDWHDFOHDUVHSDUDWLRQEHWZHHQPDQDQGZRPDQEDVHGRQHLWKHUPDOHRUIHPDOH JHQGHUHYHQWKRXJK3RVWHODVZHZLOOVKRZODWHUFOHDUO\WUDQVFHQGVWKLVDSSDUHQW GLYLVLRQ7KLVPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJLVHYLGHQWZKHQWKH5HGSDWKGLVFXVVHV3RVWHO¶V GLVFRXUVHRQWKH$QLPXVDQGWKH$QLPD$OWKRXJKKHLVDEOHWRFDSWXUH3RVWHO¶V VXEVHTXHQW VXEGLYLVLRQV RI WKH $QLPXV DQG WKH $QLPD KH IDLOV WR EULQJ WKH NDEEDOLVWLFGLPHQVLRQRIWKLVGLVFRXUVHHYLGHQWLQWKH¿JXUHRI0RWKHU-RKDQQD WKHLQÀXHQWLDO9HQHWLDQZRPDQ3RVWHOPHWZKLOHLQ,WDO\0RUHRYHUKLVFRQFOXVLRQ RQWKH³QDWXUHDQGUROH´RIZRPHQLVUDWKHUGLVDSSRLQWLQJ *UDQWHG 3RVWHO PD\ KDYH PHQWDO SUREOHPV VWLOO , WKLQN WKH PHWDSK\VLFDO DQG VSLULWXDO EDFNJURXQG RI 3RVWHO DFFRXQWV IRU PXFK RI KLV SHFXOLDU ZD\ RI H[SUHVVLQJ KLPVHOI 2Q WKH PHWDSK\VLFDO VLGH LW LV QRW XQFRPPRQ IRU QHR 3ODWRQLFDQG$XJXVWLQLDQWKLQNHUVWRDWWHPSWWRGULYHWKHLUUHDGHUVLQWRDQDSRULD 5DWKHU LW VHHPV D SHGDJRJLFDO QHFHVVLW\ ,I 3RVWHO GRHV QRW PDNH VHQVH RQH UHDVRQIRUWKLVLVWKDW3RVWHOGRHVQRWZDQWWRPDNHVHQVH
%XW,ZRXOGDUJXHWKDW3RVWHOFRXOGPDNHVHQVHDQGLIKHGRHVQRWsucceed in PDNLQJVHQVHLWLVSUHFLVHO\EHFDXVHKLVFRQWHPSRUDULHVandPRGHUQUHVHDUFKHUV JHQHUDOO\ GR QRW LQWHJUDWH NDEEDOLVWLF GRFWULQHV LQWR WKLV GLVFRXUVH 6LPLODUO\ ZKHQVFKRODUVGRWDNHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKH.DEEDODKDV3HWU\GRHVLWLVSXVKHG LQWR WKH EDFNJURXQG ,Q DQ DWWHPSW WR IXOO\ LQWHJUDWH 3RVWHO¶V RZQ NDEEDOLVWLF WKHRULHV LQ KLV GLVFRXUVH P\ HVVD\ ZLOO PRVWO\ IRFXV RQ Les très merveilleuses victoires des femmesEHFDXVHWKLVWH[WFRQVWLWXWHVRQHRIWKHUDUHLQVWDQFHVZKHUH
5HGSDWKS 5HGSDWKS 5HGSDWKSS± 5HGSDWKS 3HWU\¶VERRNLVTXLWHLQWHUHVWLQJLQWKLVUHJDUG$OWKRXJKVKHUHIHUVWRWKHNDEEDOLVWLF FRQWH[W TXLWH VXFFHVVIXOO\ DQ DQDO\VLV RI LPSRUWDQW NDEEDOLVWLF FRQFHSWV VXFK DV WKH Shechinah)YDOXHGE\3RVWHOLVQRQH[LVWHQW
Guillaume Postel, the Shechinah, and the Feminine Principle
WKH³HFFHQWULF´DXWKRUFOHDUO\SXUSRUWVWRXVHWKHVHDQFLHQW-HZLVKSKLORVRSKLHVWR GHPRQVWUDWHUDWLRQDOO\WKHFHQWUDOLW\RIWKH)HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOHLQWKH5HVWLWXWLRQ RIDOOWKLQJV7KLVLQQHUPRYHPHQWFOHDUO\ERUURZVIURP/XULDQLF.DEEDODKLWV WKUHHIROGHYROXWLRQRIWKHXQLYHUVH7]LPW]XPRU&RQWUDFWLRQRI*RGWKDWIRUPHG DPHWDSK\VLFDOYRLG 7KH6KHYLUDWKD.HOLPRUWKH%UHDNLQJRIWKH9HVVHOVWKDW FUHDWHGDVHSDUDWLRQRIWKHRSSRVLWHVLQSDUWLFXODUDVSOLWEHWZHHQWKHPDVFXOLQH DQGWKHIHPLQLQHDVSHFWVRIERWK*RGDQGWKH3ULPRUGLDO0DQ DQGWKH7LNNXQKD 2ODPRUWKH5HVWRUDWLRQRIWKH:RUOGRYHUFRPLQJFKDRVDQGHYLOJLYLQJPHDQLQJ WR WKDW ZKLFK LV VHQVHOHVV DQG FRQFUHWL]LQJ DEVWUDFW YDOXHV WKXV DVVXULQJ WKH FRPSOHWLRQRIEin-sofRUWKH,Q¿QLWH*RG 7KHLGHDRI5HVWLWXWLRQWKHQVKRXOG EHIXOO\FRPSUHKHQGHGWKURXJKWKHVHNDEEDOLVWLFOHQVHV )URP WKH RXWVHW RI WKH ERRN 3RVWHO VHWV WKH IUDPHZRUN RI KLV GLVFRXUVH RQ ZRPHQ$TXLFNORRNDWWKHFKDSWHUWLWOHVUHÀHFWVWKLVSUHGLVSRVLWLRQ7LWOHVVXFK DV ³'HV DGPLUDEOHV H[FHOOHQFHV IDLFW] GX VH[H IpPLQLQ FRPPHQW LO IDXW TX¶LOGRPLQHOHPRQGH´³6DWLVIDFWLRQGHODFRPPXQHTXHUHOOHGRQWO¶RQFKDUJH j WRUW OH VH[H IHPLQLQ´ ³'HV VRXYHUDLQV ELHQV TXL VRQ YHQXV DX PRQGH SDU OHV IHPPHV´³'HVIHPPHVG¶HVSULW HQWHQGHPHQWVLQJXOLHU ODFDXVHSRXUTXRL´ ³3DUWLFXOLHUHVKLVWRLUHVGHVVDJHVIHPPHV´³+LVWRLUHVGHVSUXGHQWHV VDYDQWHV IHPPHV´ DUH SHUIHFW H[DPSOHV RI 3RVWHO¶V DWWHPSW WR GHOYH LQWR WKH GHEDWH RQ ZRPHQIURPDQRULJLQDODQJOHDWOHDVWZLWKLQWKLVKLVWRULFDOFRQWH[W+LVLQWHQWLRQ LVWRWUDQVIRUPWKHVRFDOOHGLQIHULRULW\RIZRPHQLQWRDSRZHUIXOFDVHIRUWKHLU FHQWUDOLW\RUHYHQWKHLUVXSHULRULW\,Q3RVWHO¶VYLHZSRVLWLRQLQJZRPHQLQKLJKHU GLPHQVLRQVRUUHDOPVLVLPSRUWDQWLQWKHRestitutionRIDOOWKLQJV$V
3RVWHO¶ VWDQFH RQ ZRPHQ LV FRPSOH[ DQG KLV GLVFRXUVH JRHV IDU EH\RQG PHUH UKHWRULF7KHIRXQGDWLRQRIKLVSRVLWLRQVOLHVZLWKWKHHQLJPDWLF¿JXUHRI0DGUH ,VDDF/XULD± DOVRNQRZQDVWKH³$UL=DDO´RU³'LYLQH5DEEL,VDDF´ GHYHORSHGDFRPSOH[GRFWULQHFDOOHGWKH6KHYLUDWKD.HOLPRUWKH%UHDNLQJRIWKH9HVVHOVLQ ZKLFKWKHPDLQLGHDUHYROYHVDURXQGDWKUHHSKDVHGHYROXWLRQRIWKHZRUOG FRQWUDFWLRQ VKDWWHULQJVLPLODUWRWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\%LJ%DQJWKHRU\ DQG UHSDLU7KLVGRFWULQHKDV JUHDWO\LQÀXHQFHGVXEVHTXHQWNDEEDOLVWLFWKHRULHV 6HHKHUH*HUVKRP*HUKDUG6FKROHPOn the Kabbalah and Its Symbolism1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH(NRURQJ
=XDQD>-RDQQD@$V-HZLVK@LQWHUSUHWHUV´,WLVKHUHWKDWDQ\LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI 3RVWHO¶V WKHRU\ RI ZRPHQ PXVW EH ODXQFKHG %RXZVPD VKRZV KRZ 3RVWHO GHYHORSHG DQ H[WUDRUGLQDU\ VWRU\ FRQFHUQLQJ WKH 9HQHWLDQ ZRPDQ NQRZQ DV 0DGUH =XDQD -RDQQD $FFRUGLQJ WR %RXZVPD 3RVWHO WKRXJKW 0DGUH =XDQD ZDVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHGLYLQHJUDFHEHOLHYHGWRKDYHGHVFHQGHGXSRQ9HQLFHD FLW\LQZKLFKVKHZDVZRUNLQJIRUWKHSRRU)RU3RVWHOWKDQNVWR0RWKHU-RDQQD¶V P\VWLFLVP9HQLFHKDGEHHQFKRVHQE\*RGWREHWKH1HZ-HUXVDOHP+HZHQWVR IDUDVWRFDOO0RWKHU-RDQQDWKH9LUJLQRI9HQLFH,QIDFWWKURXJKRXWKLVZRUN 3RVWHOFRQVWDQWO\JORUL¿HVWKHFLW\DVDVDQFWXDU\IRUWKLVQHZ9LUJLQXSRQZKLFK WKH6SLULWRI*RGKDVGHVFHQGHGDQGLQZKLFKWKHOLYLQJ&KULVWLVVXSSRVHGWRKDYH IRXQGKLVSDODFH7KLVSURFHVVRIWHQFDOOHGLPPXWDWLRQLVEHOLHYHGWRKDYHRFFXUUHG LQ9HQLFHLQLQDVPDOOKRVSLWDOQDPHGE\3RVWHOXenodochiusEHFDXVHLWZDV XVHGE\WKH9HQHWLDQ9LUJLQ0RWKHU-RDQQD WR³UHFHLYHIRUHLJQHUV´+HUHIHUVWR KHUDV³WKHPRRQWKDWUHÀHFWVUD\VRIWKHVXQ´)RU3RVWHO³>«@LOIDXWTX¶DWRXV -HVXVVRLW3HUHPHQWDOHW-HKDQQHPHUHVSLULWXHOOH$GDPQRXYHDXHW(YHQRXYHOOH GHX[HQXQHVSLULWXHOOHFKDLU´³,WLVLPSRUWDQWWKDW-HVXVEHWKHVSLULWXDOIDWKHUDQG -RKDQQDWKHVSLULWXDOPRWKHUWKHQHZ$GDPDQGWKH1HZ(YHWZRLQRQHVSLULWXDO ÀHVK´ 7KLVGHVFULSWLRQRIWKH9HQHWLDQ9LUJLQLQRUGHUWREHUDWLRQDOO\OLQNHG WRWKH&KULVWDQGWRWKH¿JXUHRI(YHXVHVWKHNDEEDOLVWLFWKHRU\RIWKH6KHFKLQDK WRJURXQG3RVWHO¶VDUJXPHQWDWLRQ7KLVWHFKQLTXHLVERUURZHGIURP*LRYDQQL3LFR GHOOD0LUDQGRODDQGVXEVHTXHQW&KULVWLDQ.DEEDOLVWVZKREHOLHYHGWKDW&KULVWLDQ GRJPDVFRXOGEHEHWWHUDQGUDWLRQDOO\H[SODLQHGWKURXJKPDJLFDQGNDEEDODK3LFR LVFUHGLWHGZLWKKDYLQJLQLWLDWHGWKLVVWUDQGRI&KULVWLDQ&DEDODLQ5HQDLVVDQFH )ORUHQFH +LV LQWHQWLRQV ZHUH WR KDUPRQL]H &KULVWLDQ EHOLHIV ZLWK PDJLF DQG
$FFRUGLQJWR3RVWHOZKLOHLQ9HQLFHKHUHFHLYHGJXLGDQFHIURPDQLOOLWHUDWHZRPDQ FDOOHG0DGUH=XDQDRU0RWKHU-RDQQDWKH³9HQHWLDQ9LUJLQ´+HIUHTXHQWO\UHIHUVWRKHUDV WKHPRWKHURIWKHZRUOGWKH6KHFKLQDKDQGWKHVHFRQG0HVVLDK 3HWU\S .XQW]S 6HH%RXZVPDConcordia Mundi *XLOODXPH 3RVWHO De Orbis terrae Concordia: libri quatuor…%DVHO 2SRULQXV S De OrbisS De OrbisS :KHQUHIHUULQJWRWKH&KULVWLDQUHFXSHUDWLRQRIWKH-HZLVK.DEEDODKFULWLFVXVXDOO\ ZULWH&DEDOD:HXVHWKLVIRUPKHUHRQO\
Guillaume Postel, the Shechinah, and the Feminine Principle
NDEEDODKZKLFKKHVDZDVWKHPRVWSULPDOIRUPRI-HZLVKWKHRVRSK\VWDUWHGVLQFH 0RVHVDQGIRUHVKDGRZLQJLQKLVRSLQLRQWKHWHDFKLQJVRI-HVXV 7KLV FRQQHFWLRQ LV FOHDUO\ PDGH E\ 3RVWHO KLPVHOI LQ FKDSWHU RI Les très merveilleuses victoires des femmes$WWKHHQGRIWKLVFKDSWHU3RVWHOH[SODLQVLQ JUHDWGHWDLOWKHRULJLQDOSRVLWLRQKHOGE\ZRPHQLQKLVWKHRU\RIUHVWLWXWLRQRIDOO WKLQJV 9UD\HVWTXHGHGDQVOHVOLYUHVGHVDXGLWHXUVGH0R\VHHQOLHX[LQQXPHUDEOHVHVW de ladicte Mere du monde parlé. Mais tres-clairement se voit tel mystere caché par le Sainct Esprit dedans Jeremie, 23:33 où il repète les mesmes sentences du Messie soubz masculin genre HQDSUHVsoubz le femininGLVDQW9RLF\OHVMRXUV YLHQQHQWGLFWOH6HLJQHXU'LHX MHVXVFLWHUD\SRXU'DYLGOH*HUPH/H-XVWH OH*HUPH/D-XVWH UHJqUD5R\ IHUDHVWUHVDJH IHUDMXJHPHQW MXVWLFH HQODWHUUH«3DUFHF\VHYRLWTXHOD1DWXUHIHPLQLQHDXeFKDSLWUH OD1DWXUH PDVFXOLQHDXeGRLWUHJQHU0DLVLO\KDLQ¿QLPHQWSOXVG¶H[FHOOHQFHGHUHJQH GHGDQV DYHFOHUHJQHIHPLQLQTXHDYHFOHPDVFXOLQFDU'LHXSDUPRLQGUHIRUFH VHPRQVWUH VHYHXOWSRXUDFFURLVWUHVDJORLUHPDQLIHVWHUSOXVH[FHOOHQWTXH SDUODSOXVJUDQGH(WSDUDLQVLDGMRLQWODPHVPHGLIIHUHQFHPDVFXOLQH IHPLQLQH GLVDQW F¶HVWLF\OH1RPTX¶LOVDSSHOHURQW/8<DXeF TX¶LOVDSSHOHURQW (//(DXeF -HKRYDKRXOH6HLJQHXUTetragrammatonHVWQRVWUH-XVWLFH« L’arbre des Noms divinsOHZoharHWOHRacanatiDYHFles commentaires de Ruth HWOHOLYUHBahirHQVHLJQHURQWOHUHVWH ,W LV WUXH WKDW LQ WKH ERRNV FRPSLOHG E\ WKH LQWHUSUHWHUV RI 0RVHV the name of the Mother of the World LV PHQWLRQHG LQ VHYHUDO SODFHV 2QH FDQ FOHDUO\ VHHVXFKDP\VWHU\KLGGHQE\WKH+RO\6SLULWLQ-HUHPLDKLQZKLFKWKH VDPH VHQWHQFHV DUH UHSHDWHG XVLQJ WKH PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH JHQGHU LQ WKLV PDQQHU+HUHFRPHVWKHGD\VVDLGWKH/RUG,ZLOOLQVWLOOLQ'DYLGthe Germ of the Masculine Just and the Germ of the Feminine JustZLOOFUHDWHDZLVHEHLQJ ZLOOSURYLGHMXGJPHQWDQGMXVWLFHRQHDUWK«7KURXJKWKLVRQHREVHUYHVWKDWLQ FKDSWHUWKH)HPLQLQHDQGLQFKDSWHUWKH0DVFXOLQHPXVWUHLJQ%XWthere is LQ¿QLWHO\PRUHH[FHOOHQFHZLWKLQWKH)HPLQLQHUHLJQWKDQWKHUHLVLQWKH0DVFXOLQH reign EHFDXVH *RG LQ RUGHU WR LQFUHDVH KLV JORU\ PRUH HDVLO\ PDQLIHVWV KLV H[FHOOHQFH LQ WKH ELJJHU UHLJQ 7KXV KH DWWULEXWHV WKH VDPH PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQHGLIIHUHQFHE\VD\LQJKHUHLVWKH1DPHWKH\ZLOOFDOO+,0F DQG WKH RQH WKH\ ZLOO FDOO +(5 FK -HKRYDK RU WKH Tetragrammaton /RUG LV RXU-XVWLFH«7KHtree of The Divines NamesWKHZohar and the RecanatiZLWK commentaries of Ruth and the Book of the BahirZLOOWHDFKWKHUHVW 3LFR ZLOO GHYHORS LQ KLV 900 Theses D FRPSUHKHQVLYH XVH RI PDJLF DQG WKH NDEEDODK ZLWK WKH JRDO RI UDWLRQDOO\ SURYLQJ WKH GLYLQH DQG PHVVLDQLF HVVHQFH RI -HVXV )RUPRUHRQ3LFR¶VWKHVHVDVZHOODVDQH[FHOOHQW(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQVHH6WHSKHQ$ODQ )DUPHUSyncretism in the West: Pico’s 900 Theses (1486): The Evolution of Traditional, Religious, and Philosophical Systems, with Text, Translation, and Commentary 7HPSH $=0HGLHYDODQG5HQDLVVDQFH7H[WVDQG6WXGLHV 0\HPSKDVLV 3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesSS±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH(NRURQJ
7KUHH PDLQ HOHPHQWV FDQ EH GUDZQ IURP WKLV H[FHUSW )LUVW WKH )HPLQLQH LV HVVHQWLDOO\HTXDOWRWKH0DVFXOLQH7KHUHIRUHLWLVSRVVLEOHWRUHSHDWDVZDVWKHFDVH LQ-HUHPLDKWKH³VDPHVHQWHQFHV´XQGHUERWKWKHPDVFXOLQHDQGWKHIHPLQLQH $WWKLVSRLQWRQHPXVWUHFRJQL]H3RVWHO¶VEHOLHIWKDWERWKWKH0DVFXOLQHDQGWKH )HPLQLQHFDUU\WKH³VDPHGLIIHUHQFH´+HUHWKHFRQFHSWRI³VDPHGLIIHUHQFH´FDQ EHXQGHUVWRRGDVDK\SKHQtrait d’union EHWZHHQUDGLFDODOWHULW\DQGVDPHQHVV DK\SKHQLQZKLFKGLIIHUHQFHZRXOGEHORFDWHGZLWKLQWKH3RWHQWLDODQGQRWLQWKH GLVWDQFHDQGWKHWUDFH7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHK\SKHQOLHVLQLWVGXDODQGVRPHZKDW SDUDGR[LFDO IXQFWLRQ LW ERWK GLIIHUHQWLDWHV DQG FRQQHFWV DW WKH VDPH WLPH WKXV FDUU\LQJ ZLWK LWV HVVHQFH WKH QRWLRQ RI SRWHQWLDOLW\$V D FRQQHFWRU WKH K\SKHQ KHUHWKH³VDPHGLIIHUHQFH´ HVWDEOLVKHVDSRWHQWLDOXQLRQZKHUHDVDVDVHSDUDWRU LWFUHDWHVDGLIIHUHQFHLQZKLFKVRPHWKLQJLVZDLWLQJWRhappenDSRWHQWLDORUD SRVVLELOLW\RUUHXQLRQ,Q)UHQFKLW¶VPXFKHDVLHUWRYLVXDOL]HWKLVGLFKRWRP\LQ WKHSKUDVHtrait d’unionWKH³WUDLW´DVLQWKHH[SUHVVLRQ³WLUHUXQWUDLW´WR³GUDZ DOLQH´FRQVWLWXWHVVHSDUDWLRQDQG³XQLRQ´UHXQLWHV 3RVWHO¶V³VDPHGLIIHUHQFH´ LV WKHUHIRUH QRW VLPSO\ D UHSHDWLQJ RI GLIIHUHQFH EXW UDWKHU D VRUW RI GHUULGHDQ differance D GLIIHUHQFH YRLG RI FRQFHSW SUHFLVHO\ EHFDXVH *RG¶V LQ¿QLWH QDWXUH WUDQVFHQGVKXPDQQDUUDWLRQ3XWGLIIHUHQWO\DQGERUURZLQJIURP-RKQ&DSXWR¶V DQDO\VLVLQThe Prayers and Tears of Jacques DerridaLWVHHPVWKDWZKDW3RVWHO DUJXHVIRUKHUHLVWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIWKH3RWHQWLDOQRWDVD³WUDQVFHQGHQWDOXOWHULRULW\´ EHFDXVHLWLV³GHIHUUHG´EXWUHDOO\D³TXDVLWUDQVFHQGHQWDODQWHULRULW\´VLQFHWKH GLYLQHSUHVHQFHKDVDOUHDG\¿OOHGWKHIHPLQLQH6HFRQGVLQFHWKHGLYLQHSUHVHQFH GZHOOV LQ WKH IHPLQLQH WKH 6KHFKLQDK WKH 3RWHQWLDO FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG DV WKH LPPDQHQWIRUFHRUHQHUJ\FDSDEOHRIUHFUHDWLQJWKHGLYLQHXQLRQ7KLV3RWHQWLDO LV VLPLODU WR WKH VDS WKDW ÀRZV WKURXJK WKH VHSKLURWLF WUHH RI OLIH 3RVWHO DOVR VWDWHV WKDW WKH )HPLQLQH 3RWHQWLDO LV ¿OOHG ZLWK PXFK PRUH H[FHOOHQFH WKDQ WKH 0DVFXOLQH RQH ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH SRWHQWLDO GLIIHUHQFH RI WKH )HPLQLQH DOORZV IDUPRUHHIIHFWLYHO\WKH'LYLQH5HLJQ7KLUGLQUHDGLQJWKLVH[FHUSWRQHVHQVHV WKDW 3RVWHO SUHSDUHV WKH UHDGHU ZKDW KH ZLOO DUJXH ODWHU ERWK WKH )HPLQLQH DQG WKH 0DVFXOLQH DUH HVVHQWLDO SULQFLSOHV WKDW FDQ EH IRXQG LQ ERWK WKH 0DOH DQG WKH )HPDOH EHFDXVH DV WKH /RUG SURPLVHV ³MH VXVFLWHUD\ SRXU 'DYLG OH *HUPH /H-XVWH OH*HUPH/D-XVWH´+HUH3RVWHOLVVXEWO\DVVHUWLQJWKHQRWLRQWKDW )HPLQLQHDQG0DVFXOLQHTXDOLWLHVWUDQVFHQGJHQGHUGLFKRWRPLHV,QRWKHUZRUGV WKHVHSDUDWLRQRIWKHPDVFXOLQHDQGWKHIHPLQLQHGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\WUDQVODWHLQWR DPDOHIHPDOHGLFKRWRP\ $WWKLVSRLQWDUHDGLQJRIWKHZohar RU%RRNRI6SOHQGRU³ZLGHO\UHYHUHGDV DVDFUHGWH[WRIXQTXHVWLRQDEOHYDOXH´DQGLWVDI¿UPDWLRQRIWKLVWUDQVFHQGHQFH LVXVHIXO -RKQ &DSXWR The Prayers and Tears of Jacques Derrida %ORRPLQJWRQ ,QGLDQD 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S 7KHVHSKLURWLFWUHHRIOLIHLVSUHVHQWHGODWHULQWKLVHVVD\ 3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesS 6FKROHPOn the Kabbalah and Its SymbolismS
Guillaume Postel, the Shechinah, and the Feminine Principle
$QG \RX PD\ DVN LI WKH VRMRXUQHU LV QRW ERWK male and female, will the Shechinah then leave him? Come and behold: He who goes on a journey should pray to the Holy One, blessed be He, BEFORE HE LEAVES, so as to draw upon himself his Master’s Shechinah, when still at home and still both male and female. And when he prayed and praised, and the Shechinah rests upon him, then he can go on his way. Now that the Shechinah is with him, he can be male and female in the FLW\ 7+$7 ,6$7 +20( DQG LQ WKH ¿HOG 21 +,6 -2851(< %(&$86( 7+(6+(&+,1$+,6-2,1('72+,0LWLVZULWWHQ³5LJKWHRXVQHVVVKDOOJR EHIRUHKLP´ZLWK5,*+7(2861(665(35(6(17,1*7+(6+(&+,1$+ ³DQGWKHQKHVKDOOSODFHKLVIRRWVWHSVRQWKHZD\´
The Zohar VHHPV WR UHIHU WR WKH PHWDPRUSKLFDO VWDWXUH RI WKH 6KHFKLQDK KHU DELOLW\WRHPERG\DQGWUDQVIRUPWKHOLYLQJVSLULWLQWRDSRWHQWLDOO\GXDOJHQGHU,W LVWKLVFDSDFLW\RIWKH6KHFKLQDKWRLQIXVHERWKJHQGHUVZLWKWKHVDSRIWKH+RO\ 2QHWKDWDWWUDFWV3RVWHO,QWKLVUHJDUGHYHQWKRXJKKLVSROLWLFDOSRVWXUHVHHPHGDW WLPHVK\SRFULWLFDOKLVSKLORVRSKLFDOGLVFRXUVHRQZRPHQHVSHFLDOO\LQLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmes SXUSRUWV WR DGRSW D YHUWLFDO PRYHPHQW WKDW IROORZVWKHP\VWLFDOSDWKRIWKH6KHFKLQDKGHVFULEHGLQWKHZohar7KLVVRUWRI DQDO\VLVLVMXVWL¿HGE\3RVWHOKLPVHOIZKRLQWKHH[FHUSWSUHYLRXVO\TXRWHGVHHNV WKHDXWKRULW\WRYDOLGDWHVXFKDGLVFRXUVH+HLQYRNHVIRXUIRXQGDWLRQDONDEEDOLVWLF WH[WVThe Tree of the Divine NamesWKHZohar, and the RecanatiZLWKFRPPHQWDULHV RI5XWKDQGWKHBook of the Bahir2QFHDJDLQ3LFRGHOOD0LUDQGRODKDGDJUHDW LQÀXHQFH RQ 3RVWHO KHUH $V *HUVKRP 6FKROHP DVVHUWV LQ KLV ERRN Kabbalah ³3LFREHJDQKLVNDEEDOLVWLFVWXGLHVLQDQGZKHQKHGLVSOD\HGKLVIDPRXV WKHVHVIRUSXEOLFGHEDWHLQ5RPHKHLQFOXGHGDPRQJWKHPSURSRVLWLRQVWDNHQ GLUHFWO\IURPNDEEDOLVWLFVRXUFHVWKHPDMRULW\IURPWKH5HFDQDWL¶VFRPPHQWDU\RQ WKH7RUDKDQGPRUHSURSRVLWLRQVWKDWUHSUHVHQWHGKLVRZQFRQFOXVLRQVIURPKLV NDEEDOLVWLFUHVHDUFK´7KXVHYHQWKRXJKWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKLVHVVD\LVQRWYDVW HQRXJKWRDFFRPPRGDWHWKHW\SHRILQYHVWLJDWLRQ3RVWHOSURSRVHVLWLVYLWDOWRDW WKHYHU\OHDVWXQGHUVWDQGWKHVXEVWDQFHDQGWKHQDWXUHRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVWKDWOLQN WKH'LYLQH1DPHVLQWKHWUHHRIOLIH $FFRUGLQJWRNDEEDOLVWLFWKHRULHVWKHsephirotsRU³HQXPHUDWLRQV´6HSKLURWK 6H¿URWK VLQJXODU 6HSKLUDK LQ +HEUHZ DUH WKH WHQ DWWULEXWHV WKDW*RGZKR LV UHIHUUHG WR DV Ein Sof ³/LPLWOHVV /LJKW /LJKW :LWKRXW (QG´ FUHDWHG DQG WKURXJK ZKLFK KH FDQ PDQLIHVW KLPVHOI QRW RQO\ LQ WKH SK\VLFDO EXW DOVR LQ WKH PHWDSK\VLFDOXQLYHUVH7KHWUHHLVGLYLGHGLQ8SSHU6HSKLURWV.HWHU³6XSUHPH FURZQ´ +RNKPDK ³:LVGRP´ %LQDK ³,QWHOOLJHQFH´ 0LGGOH 6HSKLURWV
$OOLWDOLFL]HGH[FHUSWVLQTXRWHVDUHP\HPSKDVLV Zohar%HUHVKHHW%$OOFLWDWLRQVIURPWKHZoharDUHGUDZQIURPKWWSZZZ NDEEDODKFRPNLQGH[SKSS ]RKDU Zohar7HKLOLP *HUVKRP6FKROHPKabbalah1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH(NRURQJ
*HGXOODK RU +HVHG ³*UHDWQHVV´ *HYXUDK RU 'LQ ³3RZHU´ 7LIHUHW RU 5DKDPLP ³%HDXW\´ DQG /RZHU 6HSKLURWV 1H]DK ³/DVWLQJ (QGXUDQFH´ +RG ³0DMHVW\´
Guillaume Postel, the Shechinah, and the Feminine Principle
)LJ
7KHsephirots
WKHKXPDQVRXO´7KHUHIRUHRQHSRVVLEOHH[SODQDWLRQRILQWHUQDOFRQWUDGLFWLRQV ZLWKLQ 3RVWHO¶V GLVFRXUVH RQ ZRPHQ LV WKLV LQZDUGRXWZDUG HVVHQFH RI WKH 6KHFKLQDK,QIDFWRQHKDVWRXQGHUVWDQG3RVWHO¶VGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQIHPLQLQH DQGPDVFXOLQHDVSUHKXPDQVLQFHWKH6KHFKLQDKLVLQGHHGWKHOLQNEHWZHHQWKH KLJKHUDQGWKHORZHUZRUOGV7KLVLVWKHUHDVRQZK\DV*UHHQQRWHV³WKHNDEEDOLVW
*UHHQS
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH(NRURQJ
VHHVKLPVHOIDVDGHYRWHHRIWKH6KHFKLQDKDVSLULWXDONQLJKWRIWKH0DWURQLWD´ 7KLVGHYRWLRQPLJKWZHOOH[SODLQWKHIDFWWKDW3RVWHODFWXDOO\FODLPHGWKDW0RWKHU -RDQQDGHVFHQGHGXSRQKLPDQGWRRNSRVVHVVLRQRIKLVERG\7RNDEEDOLVWVWKLV SRVVHVVLRQ RI WKH ERG\ E\ WKH 0RWKHU V\PEROL]HV WKH QRUPDO RXWFRPH RI WKH P\VWLFYR\DJHRIWKHVDS 7KHVH'LYLQH1DPHVVRXJKWE\*XLOODXPH3RVWHODUHQRQHRWKHUWKDQWKHTXHVW for the Harmonia MundiRU:RUOG3HDFH7KHLPSHULRXVSUHVHQFHRIWKH6KHFKLQDK RUWKH)HPLQLQH LQWKH:RUOGLVDYLWDOSDUWRIWKLVTXHVWDV3RVWHOHPSKDVL]HV LQFKDSWHU $X VXUSOXV M¶D\ DX SUHFHGHQW FKDSLWUH PRQVWUp FRPPH PHVPH LQWHOOLJHQFH HVSULWDQJHRXYHUWXTXLSUHVLGRLWHQ6DLLQFW«FRPELHQTX¶LO\KDVL[FHQVDQV TXHjWUHVJUDQGUHJUHWladicte Sechinah, ou esprit feminin ne trouve sur qui aller «PDLVSULQFLSDOHPHQWGHSXLVO¶HOHFWLRQ«OH3DSH3DXOHpassant par la mere du monde … est venue en Elie Pandochien …Car le pere Jesus conduit Jehan Cain la mere Johanna conduit Jehan Abel 0RUHRYHU,KDYHVKRZQLQWKHSUHYLRXVFKDSWHUKRZHYHQLQWHOOLJHQFHVSLULW DQJHODQGYLUWXHSUHVLGHGRYHUWKHOLIHRI6DLQW-RKQWKH¿UVWDQQXQFLDWRURIWKH /RUG7KXVLWLVZLWKJUHDWUHJUHWWKDWIRUVL[KXQGUHG\HDUVWKH6KHFKLQDKor the feminine principle has been in exile+RZHYHUVLQFHWKHHOHFWLRQRI3RSH 3DXOthrough the Mother of the worldKHUVSLULWdescendedXSRQKHUVRQ(OLDV 3DQGRFKLDQ )URP WKLV PRPHQW 0RWKHU -RKDQQD GLUHFWV -RKQ $EHO WKH ZD\ )DWKHU-HVXVGLUHFWV&DLQ
7KHLWDOLFL]HGVHJPHQWVHYLGHQWO\VKRZWKHFHQWUDOLW\RIWKH6KHFKLQDKLQWKHSURFHVV RI5HVWLWXWLRQRIDOO7KLQJV7KHLGHDLVWKDWDFFRUGLQJWR3RVWHOWKH)HPLQLQH 6SLULWGHVFHQGVDVDQLQGZHOOLQJSUHVHQFH XSRQWKH:RUOGLQRUGHUWRH[WHQGWR KXPDQVWKH³VDS´RIWKH*RRG$VZHVXJJHVWHGSUHYLRXVO\LQWKLVH[FHUSW3RVWHO ³UHFHLYHV´ D SURSKHWLF PLVVLRQ DQG LV ¿OOHG ZLWK WKH VDPH GLYLQH SUHVHQFH WKDW OLHVZLWKWKH6KHFKLQDK)RU3RVWHOLI-HVXVLQVWUXFWVDQGGLUHFWV&DLQVLPLODUO\ 0RWKHU-RKDQQDLQVWUXFWVDQGGLUHFWV$EHO7KHUHLVDQREYLRXVGHVLUHE\3RVWHO WRWUDQVIRUPDVWRU\RIIUDWULFLGHLQWRDPRUHKDUPRQLRXVUHODWLRQVKLS%XWDERYH DOOKHZDQWVWRHPSKDVL]HWKHSRZHURIWKH6KHFKLQDDQGKHUDELOLW\WR³SDVV´KHU GLYLQHQDWXUHRQWRWKHZRUOG7KLVH[FHUSWLVDOPRVWDSDUDSKUDVHRIWKH=RKDU ZKLFKFRQVWDQWO\UHIHUVWRWKHH[LOHRIWKH6KHFKLQDKDQGWKHLPSHULRXVQHFHVVLW\ IRU KHU WR ¿QG D ERG\ 3RVWHO¶V QRWLRQ RI LPPXWDWLRQ WKXV ¿QGV LWV MXVWL¿FDWLRQ ZLWKLQWKLVVDFUHGNDEEDOLVWLFWH[W 7KH SDUDGR[LFDO SRVLWLRQ VXJJHVWHG E\ 3HWU\ LV WKHUHIRUH D QHFHVVDU\ RQH DQG SHUWDLQV WR WKH SRVLWLRQDOLW\ RI WKH 6KHFKLQDK0DONKXW ZLWKLQ WKH UHODWLRQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI WKH 'LYLQH 1DPHV RI WKH 7UHH 2QH PXVW UHPHPEHU WKDW LQ WKH PLGUDVKLFWUDGLWLRQ0DONKXWDOVRFDOOHGWKH&URZQWKH)DFHRI,VUDsORU³.QHVVHW
*UHHQS 3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesSS± 6FKROHPKabbalahS
Guillaume Postel, the Shechinah, and the Feminine Principle
WKHXQLRQRIWKH6RQVDQG'DXJKWHUVRI,VUDsOZLWK*RGDQGDWHQVLRQWRZDUGV KDUPRQ\,QWKLVFRQWH[WWKH6KHFKLQDKDOVRUHSUHVHQWVWKH(WHUQDO*RG6KHLVQRW RQO\DQLPDJHRI*RGEXWKLV/RYH,I3RVWHOVRPHWLPHVUHSUHVHQWVWKH6KHFKLQDK DV LQIHULRU LW LV SUHFLVHO\ EHFDXVH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH Zohar WKHUH DUH LQ IDFW WZR 6KHFKLQDKVZKRDUHLQH[LOHZLWKWKHFKLOGUHQRI,VUDHO +()857+(5(;3/$,1('&RPHDQGEHKROG7KHUHLVWKH6KHFKLQDKEHORZ DQGDERYH7+(&+(672)=(,5$13,17KH6KHFKLQDKDERYHDELGHVLQWKH WZHOYH ERUGHUV RI WKH KRO\ &KDULRWV DQG WKH WZHOYH VXSHUQDO OLYLQJ FUHDWXUHV 7KH6KHFKLQDKEHORZDELGHVLQWKHWZHOYHKRO\WULEHV7KH6KHFKLQDKLQFOXGHV RI DERYH DQG EHORZ DQG WKH\ DOO VKLQH VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ $1' 7+(1 ³7+( :+2/(($57+,6)8//2)+,6*/25<´<(6+$<$+ $1'7+( 6+(&+,1$+,65(9($/('%(/2:,17+,6:25/':KHQWKHFKLOGUHQ RI
7KH 6HUYDQW6KHFKLQDK FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH ODVW 6HSKLUD IHPLQLQH IRU 6HSKLURW FDOOHG 0DONKXW RU WKH &URZQ RI ,VUDHO 6KH LV ERWK LQIHULRU H[WHUQDO DQG LPPDQHQWLQWHUQDO 7KLVGXDOLVPLVKLJKO\LPSRUWDQWLQ3RVWHO¶VXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI WKH)HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOH$VWKH.LQJ¶V'DXJKWHUEXWDOVRKLV,QQHUSDUW0DONKXW XQGHUVWRRGWKURXJKWKHPHGLXPRIWKHWKLUG6HSKLUD%LQDK,QWHOOLJHQFH UHSUHVHQWV WKH7UDQVFHQGHQW)DFHArich Anpin ZLWKLQWKHVHSKLURWLFKLHUDUFK\,QNDEEDOLVWLF ODQJXDJH WR VHH WKH ,QQHU 6KHFKLQDK LV VLPLODU WR VHHLQJ WKH Panim RU )DFHV WKDWDUHFRQVWDQWO\KLGGHQIURPWKH/RZHU:RUOGVRUIURP+XPDQ,QWHOOLJHQFH DQGWRVHHWKH2XWHU6KHFKLQDKLVVLPLODUWRVHHLQJWKHAshorimRU%DFNVLGHVWKDW UHSUHVHQWWKHRUGLQDU\KXPDQYLVLRQ7KXVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ3RVWHO¶VGLVFRXUVHRQ ZRPHQUHTXLUHVDFRPSOH[DVVRFLDWLRQRIHOHPHQWVGUDZQIURPWKHZoharDQG FHQWHUHG DURXQG WKH 6KHFKLQDK ,I 3RVWHO LV DEOH WR OLQN 0RWKHU -RDQQD WR (YH LW¶V SUHFLVHO\ EHFDXVH WKH ]RKDULF FRQFHSW RI WKH 6KHFKLQDK DOVR FDUULHV ZLWK LW TXDOLWLHV JHQHUDOO\ DWWULEXWHG WR WKH9LUJLQ 0DU\ )HPLQLQLW\ &DQGRU +XPLOLW\ DQG&KDULW\/LNHWKH9LUJLQ0DU\WKH6KHFKLQDKLVWKHSHUIHFWPHGLXPEHFDXVH VKHUHSUHVHQWV*RG¶VGHVLUHWRFRPPXQLFDWHZLWK,VUDHO 3RVWHO LQ KLV TXHVW IRU ³ZRUOG XQLW\´ KDV YLVLRQV RI WKH 6KHFKLQDK YLVLRQV VLPLODUWRWKRVH(]HNLHOKDVLQKLVGUHDPV7KHUHIRUHRQHVKRXOGQRWXQGHUHVWLPDWH ERWKWKHSRZHUDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHVHYLVLRQV$VWKHZoharDVVHUWV &RPH DQG EHKROG ,W LV VDLG RI ,VDLDK ³DQG , VDZ +DVKHP´
Zohar9D\HW]H 6FKROHPKabbalahS Zohar
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH(NRURQJ
,QIDFWKHUHWKH6KHFKLQDKKDVDPHVVLDQLFPLVVLRQ6KHLVFKDUJHGZLWKWKHWDVN RIEULQJLQJ*RG¶VORYHWR,VUDHODQGWKHUHIRUHVDYLQJWKHPIURPWKHLUVLQV,WLVIRU WKLVUHDVRQWKDW3RVWHOVHHNVLQ0RWKHU-RDQQDDIRUPRIUHGHPSWLRQ)RU³ODPHUH -RKDQQDFRQGXLW-HKDQ$EHO´³0RWKHU-RDQQDGLUHFWV-RKQ$EHO´FLWHGDERYH &KDSWHULVIRUWKLVPDWWHUDQHYLGHQWLQWHUWH[WRIWKHZohar &¶HVW GRQF OH PR\HQ SDU OHTXHO ladicte Dame espouse de l’Aigneau DXUD YLFWRLUH GH WRXW OH PRQGH LQIpULHXUH FRUUXSWLEOH &¶HVW SRXUTXR\ 'LHX KD YRXOX TXH OHV DUPHV OHWWUHV LPSULPHULHV IHXVVHQW HQ VRXYHUDLQH H[FHOOHQFH SUpSDUpHVDYDQWTXHOHVdeux enfantzUHVVXVFLWDVVHQWO¶XQSRXUO¶DXWKRULWpVDFUpH RX3DSDOHO¶DXWUHSRXUODWHPSRUHOOH 5R\DOHDI¿QTXHSDUGHWHO]PR\HQV SHXVVHQWFRQWUDLQGUHWRXWOHPRQGHjO¶REpGLHQFHGHO¶HWHUQHOOHOR\ DXYUD\ XVDJHGHODUDLVRQ« 7KXV LW LV WKH PHGLXP WKURXJK ZKLFK WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG /DG\ DQG 6SRXVH RIWKH/DPEZLOOFRQTXHUWKHLQIHULRUDQGFRUUXSWLEOHZRUOG7KLVLVZK\*RG ZDQWHGDUPVOHWWHUVDQGSULQWLQJKRXVHVWREHSHUIHFWO\SUHSDUHGEHIRUHWKHWZR FKLOGUHQFRXOGEHUHVXVFLWDWHGRQHIRUWKHVDFUHGRU3DSDODXWKRULW\WKHRWKHUIRU WKHWHPSRUDODQG5R\DODXWKRULW\VRWKDWWKURXJKWKLVPHGLXPHYHU\RQHFRXOG EHIRUFHGWRREH\WKHHWHUQDOODZDQGFRQVWUDLQHGWRWKHWUXHXVHRIUHDVRQ
,Q WKLV H[FHUSW WKH DVVRFLDWLRQ RI ³ODGLFWH 'DPH´ DQG ³HVSRXVH GH O¶$LJQHDX´ ERUURZV IURP WKH =RKDU WKH QHFHVVDU\ XQLRQ RI WKH KXPDQ ZRUOG ³PRQGH LQIpULHXUH FRUUXSWLEOH´ ZLWKWKHVSLULWRI*RGLQGZHOOHGLQWRWKH6KHFKLQDKIRU D¿QDOYLFWRU\7KH6KHFKLQDKLVWKH³LOOXPLQDWLQJPLUURU´UHIHUUHGWRLQWKH=RKDU WKURXJK ZKLFK WKH KXPDQ ZRUOG ZLOO EH DJDLQ UHXQLWHG ZLWK WKH GLYLQH ZRUOG 7KH6KHFKLQDKLVQRWRQO\DSURSKHWDQGDSRSHVKHLVWKHVHFRQG0HVVLDK$QG VLQFH 3RVWHO DOVR VHHV 0RWKHU -RDQQD DV WKH 6KHFKLQDK KH KLPVHOI EHFRPHV D SURSKHWEHFDXVHLQKLVPLQGVKHKDVGHVFHQGHGXSRQKLPLQDSURFHVVZHKDYH FDOOHGLPPXWDWLRQ)RU.XQW]³-RDQQD¶VSURSKHF\FRQ¿UPHGKLVRZQSUHYLRXVO\ IRUPXODWHGEHOLHIVDERXWZRUOGSHDFHODWHUDIWHUKLVVSLULWXDOLPPXWDWLRQLQ KHEHFDPHDSURSKHWZLWKDFOHDUO\GH¿QHG>JRDOWKDW@KDG-RDQQDDWLWVFHQWUH´ ,Q3RVWHO¶VYLHZ¶³/DGLFWH'DPH HVSRXVHGHO¶$LJQHDX´LVLQIDFW-RDQQDDQG WKXVD¿JXUHRIWKH6KHFKLQDKDQGKHUPHVVLDQLFPLVVLRQLVFOHDUO\UHYHDOHG6KH LVLQGHHGFKDUJHGZLWKWKHWDVNRIVDYLQJWKH³PRQGHLQIpULHXUH FRUUXSWLEOH´WKH ORZHUDQGFRUUXSWLEOHZRUOG 7KHWZR³HQIDQWV´µLQIDQWV¶ DUHRIFRXUVH$EHODQG &DLQZKRUHSUHVHQWEH\RQGWKHP\WKRI*RRGDQG(YLO3RVWHO¶VDWWHPSWWRUHDFK DSHDFHIXOHQGWRDWUDJLFUHODWLRQVKLS 7KXVIRU3RVWHO³FRQWUDLQGUHWRXWOHPRQGHjO¶REpGLHQFHGHO¶HWHUQHOOHOR\´ ³WRIRUFHHYHU\RQHWRUHVSHFWWKHHWHUQDOODZ´ LVWRDVVHUWWKDWWKH6KHFKLQDKLV OLQNHGWRDPHVVLDQLFYLVLRQLQDVSHFLDOZD\EHFDXVHVKHLVWKHSDWKWRUHGHPSWLRQ DQGVDOYDWLRQ$VRQHUHDGVLQWKH=RKDU
3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesS 6HH.XQW]S
Guillaume Postel, the Shechinah, and the Feminine Principle
:HKDYHOHDUQHGWKDW
7KHPRPHQW³
3RVWHOLVHYLGHQWO\VWUXJJOLQJWRLQFRUSRUDWHWKLVSRZHUIXOFRQFHSWRIWKH6KHFKLQDK LQWRKLVSHUKDSVQDWLRQDOLVWLFDQGLPSHULDOLVWLF DWWHPSWWRDFKLHYHZRUOGSHDFH ,EHOLHYHWKDWRQHFDQ¿QGIDXOWLQWKLVQDWLRQDOLVWLFHQGHDYRUEHFDXVHDIWHUDOODV 3HWU\DQGRWKHUVKDYHULJKWO\DVVHUWHG3RVWHO¶VYLVLRQLVIXQGDPHQWDOO\EDVHGRQKLV EHOLHIWKDWWKH)UHQFKKHOGDFHUWDLQVXSUHPDF\RYHUWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOG³3RVWHO DUJXHG IRU )UHQFK VXSUHPDF\ RQ WKH EDVLV RI LQKHULWDQFH DQG SULPRJHQLWXUH´ +RZHYHU RQH VKRXOG QRW LJQRUH ZK\ VRPH RI KLV YLHZV ZHUH VR FRQWURYHUVLDO 2QHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKLVFRQWURYHUV\OLHVZLWKWKHSRZHULQYHVWHGLQWKH6KHFKLQDK QRWDEO\KHUDSSDUHQWGXDOLVPWKDWDOORZVKHUWRWUDQVFHQGJHQGHUGLFKRWRPLHV)RU 3RVWHOWKHQLQLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesWKLVWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ PDOHDQGIHPDOHLVHVVHQWLDOO\WUDQVLWRU\EHFDXVHLWOD\VGRZQWKHIRXQGDWLRQIRU XQLW\7KXVZKHQLQIHULRULW\LVLQYRNHGLWLVQRW,EHOLHYHDKLHUDUFKLFDOGLIIHUHQFH EXWUDWKHUDQHFHVVDU\LQWHUQDODUUDQJHPHQWZLWKLQWKHWUHHRIOLIH 2QFHWKLVIXQGDPHQWDODQGHVVHQWLDOSRVLWLRQRIWKH6KHFKLQDKLVHVWDEOLVKHG 3RVWHOFDQWKHQMXVWLI\KLVDUJXPHQWE\LQYRNLQJIHDWVDFFRPSOLVKHGE\LPSRUWDQW ZRPHQLQWKHKLVWRU\RI(XURSH3RVWHOPDNHVKLVSRVLWLRQFOHDU &¶HVWXQHFRPPXQHTXHUHOOHTX¶RQKDFRQWUHOHGLWVH[HGHGLUH HFULUHTXHOHV )HPPHVRQWSHUGX JDVWpOHPRQGHFHTXHQ¶D\DQWHVWpIDLFWHQQXOOHVRUWHTX¶LO Q¶\D\HHXSOXVG¶KRPPHVRXSRXUOHPRLQVDXWDQWGHFRQVHQWDQW]jODPDOLFH FRPPHGH)HPPHVLOIDXOWDFFXVHUOHVSOXV QRQOHVPRLQVFRXOSDEOHV&HODHVW SRXUFHUWDLQTXHOjRHOOHVVRQWOHSOXVDFFXVpHVHVWHQFHTX¶HOOHVRQWVHGXLFW
Zohar$FKDUHL0RW =RKDU.L7HW]H 3HWU\S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH(NRURQJ
OHVKRPPHV SDUHXO[DLQVLVHGXLFWVIDLFWRXIDLFWIDLUHGHJUDQGHVUXLQHV DOWHUDWLRQV DX GLFW PRQGH 0DLV RQ GHEYURLW j PRQ WUHVFHUWDLQ MXJHPHQW HQ EHDXFRXSSOXVDFFXVHUOHVKRPPHVTXLRQWHVWpVLORXUGDXW]HWPDOXVDQW]GHOD SOXVJUDQGHH[FHOOHQFHTXH'LHXOHXUKDEDLOOpH>«@ ,WLVDFRPPRQDFFXVDWLRQSHRSOHKDYHDJDLQVWWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGJHQGHUWR VD\DQGZULWHWKDW:RPHQKDYHFDXVHGWKH)DOODQGSHUYHUWHGWKHZRUOG«EXW VLQFHWKHUHDUHDVPDQ\FRQVHQWLQJJXLOW\PHQWRWKLVVXSSRVHGPDOLFHZHPXVW EODPHWKHODWWHUPRUHDQGQRWOHVV,WLVFHUWDLQWKDWEHFDXVHWKH\VHGXFHGPHQ DQGFRQVHTXHQWO\FDXVHGWKURXJKWKHPJUHDWUXLQVDQGDOWHUDWLRQVRIWKHZRUOG RQHPXVWLQP\RSLQLRQEODPHPHQPRUHEHFDXVHRIWKHLUOD]LQHVVDQGPLVXVH RIWKHJUHDWHVWH[FHOOHQFHJLYHQWRWKHPE\*RG
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aporia LQ 3RVWHO¶V SRVLWLRQ LW LV D GLDOHFWLFDO DWWHPSW WR WUDQVFHQG D FRQWUDGLFWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR UHDFK KLV harmonia mundi. In RWKHUZRUGV3RVWHOVHHPVWRVXJJHVWWKDWRQHPXVWWUDQVFHQGWKHGLFKRWRP\WKDW RFFXUUHG GXULQJ WKH )DOO LQ RUGHU WR UHVWRUH XQLW\ )RU PHQ PXVW ¿UVW UHFRJQL]H WKHLUHVVHQWLDOÀDZE\UHJDLQLQJWKH6KHFKLQDK¶VLQQHUIDLWK3XWGLIIHUHQWO\WKLV ³H[FHOOHQFH´WKDWZDVJUDQWHGE\WKH+RO\2QHZDVQRQHRWKHUWKDQWKH6KHFKLQDK WKH)DFHRI*RG2QFHDJDLQ3RVWHOLQVLVWVRQWKHIDFWWKDWWKLV)HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOH FDQEHIRXQGLQERWKPDOHDQGIHPDOHDQGWKDWLWWUDQVFHQGVJHQGHU ,O HVW SRXU FHUWDLQ TXH O¶KRPPH RX PDVOH HVW FRPPH OH PRQGH VXSHULHXU LQIHULHXUOHWRXWUHGXLFWHQXQVRXYHUDLQDEUHJpWRXWHIR\VO¶DEUHJpGXPRQGH LQIHULHXU\HVWPRLQVSXLVVDQWTXHOHVXSHULHXU DXFRQWUDLUHHVWOD)HPPHHQ ODTXHOOHGRPLQHOHPRQGHLQIHULHXU&HODHVWDXVVLWRXWFHUWDLQTXHO¶XQ O¶DXWUH tant l’homme comme la FemmeKDIRUPHOOHSDUWLHGLYLVpHHQGHX[SDUWLHVO¶XQH ODUDLVRQQDEOHRXVXSpULHXUHO¶DXWUHODVHQVXHOOHRXLQIHULHXUH ,WLVFHUWDLQWKDWWKHPDQRUPDOHLVFRPSRVHGRIERWKWKHKLJKHUDQGWKHORZHU ZRUOGVWKHZKROHUHGXFHGWRDQDEULGJHGRPQLSRWHQW\HWWKHDEULGJHGYHUVLRQ RIWKHORZHUZRUOGLVQRWDVSRZHUIXODVWKHKLJKHUZRUOGFRQWUDU\WRWKH:RPDQ LQZKLFKWKHORZHUZRUOGGRPLQDWHV,WLVDOVRWUXHWKDWLQERWKthe Man and the WomanWKHIRUPDODVSHFWRIWKHLUEHLQJLVGLYLGHGLQWZRSDUWVRQHUHDVRQDEOH RUKLJKHUWKHRWKHUVHQVXDORUORZHU
3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesS 3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesS
Guillaume Postel, the Shechinah, and the Feminine Principle
7KXVERWKPDQDQGZRPDQFDUU\ZLWKLQWKHPERWKWKHKLJKHUDQGWKHORZHU ZRUOGV$VZHKDYHGHPRQVWUDWHGWKLVLVFOHDUO\ERUURZHGIURPWKHZohar3RVWHO¶V LGHDRIVDOYDWLRQWKURXJKWKH)HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOHKDVVRPHRILWVURRWVLQ³PHGLHYDO QRWLRQVRIVH[XDOLW\´VLQFHKHFOHDUO\JORUL¿HVYLUJLQLW\+RZHYHU3RVWHODWOHDVW LQWKHFRQWH[WRILes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesDOVRGHSDUWVIURP ZKDW3HWU\FDOOVDGHVLUHWRHOHYDWH³YLUJLQLW\DVWKHKLJKHVWIHPDOHYLUWXH´ He FOHDUO\UHIXWHVWKLVE\LQVLVWLQJRQZRPHQ¶VLQWHOOHFWXDODQGP\VWLFDODWWULEXWHV :KLOHGLVFXVVLQJ0RWKHU-RDQQD¶VXQLTXHDELOLWLHV3RVWHOZULWHV (W TXDQW j SDUOHU GX sçavoir feminin VL tres-grand et eminent HVWRLW HQ HOOH 4XDQWDX[FKRVHVGLYLQHVDYHFWRXWHVOHVGRFWULQHVVHFUHWHV GHSXLVSOXVGH WURLVPLOOHDQVFDFKpHV SURSUHVGHV72 auditeurs de MoyseCDWRXVOHV/DWLQV « LFHOOH TXL Q¶DSSULQW RQFTXHV ODWLQ QH *UHF Q¶+HEUHX QH DXWUH ODQJXH RX OHFWXUHPHVFDYRLWWHOOHPHQWRXYULU GHFODUHUTXDQGMHWRXUQR\VOHZoharOLYUH WUHVGLI¿FLOHHWFRQWHQDQWO¶DQFLHQQH'RFWULQH(YDQJHOLTXHHQODWLQ>«@HOOHQH P¶HXVWclairement exposé 5HJDUGLQJ feminine knowledge LW ZDV great and eminent LQ KHU >0RWKHU -RDQQD@ $V IRU GLYLQH PDWWHUV DOO WKH GRFWULQHV VSHFL¿F WR WKH 72 auditors of MosesDQGKLGGHQIRUPRUHWKDQWKUHHWKRXVDQG\HDUVNHSWVHFUHWIURPWKH 5RPDQV«DZRPDQZKRKDGQHYHUVWXGLHG/DWLQ*UHHN+HEUHZRUDQ\RWKHU ODQJXDJHZDVQRWRQO\DEOHWRRSHQDQGUHDGLQ/DWLQWKHZoharWRPHDYHU\ KHUPHWLF ERRN FRQWDLQLQJ WKH DQFLHQW (YDQJHOLF 'RFWULQH EXW DOVR clearly expound upon it
7KHUH DUH WZR KLJKO\ LPSRUWDQW HOHPHQWV LQ WKLV H[FHUSW )LUVW 3RVWHO YLHZV ³IHPLQLQH NQRZOHGJH´ DV ³JUHDW´ DQG ³HPLQHQW´ )XUWKHUPRUH WKLV KLJK NQRZOHGJH LV DFWXDOO\ SDUW RI KHU HVVHQFH QRWH WKH LPSHUIHFW ³HVWRLW´ ZKLFK VXJJHVWVDQRQWRORJLFDOSUHVHQFH 6HFRQGKHPHQWLRQV0RWKHU-RDQQD¶VDELOLW\WR H[SODLQWKHPRVWGLI¿FXOWRIDOOERRNVWKHZohar7KLVLVQRWLQQRFHQW$FFRUGLQJ WRNDEEDOLVWVDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHZoharSODFHVLWVUHDGHULQWKHKLJKHVWVSKHUHV RINQRZOHGJH7KHYLHZWKDWZRPHQDOVRSRVVHVV5HDVRQ,QWHOOLJHQFHLVFOHDUO\ VWDWHGDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHERRNZKHQ3RVWHODWWHPSWVWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKDWERWK PHQ DQG ZRPHQ DUH LQIXVHG ZLWK WKLV ³VXSHULRU LQWHOOHFW´ ³/D 0HQWH GRQF KD GHX[GHJUH]O¶XQSRXUO¶KRPPHO¶DXWUHSRXUOD)HPPH O¶(VSULWVHPEODEOHPHQW´ ³7KH0LQGKDVWZROHYHOVRQHIRUWKHPDQDQGWKHRWKHUIRUWKHZRPDQDQGWKH VSLULWVLPLODUO\´ $ELWIXUWKHULQWKHERRNKHOLQNVWKLV³VXSHULRULQWHOOHFW´WRWKH GHEDWHRQ$QLPDDQG$QLPXV /¶$PH DQLPD GHVSHQG GX FRUSV HVW FRQVWLWXpH GHGDQV OH VDQJ O¶$QLPH $QLPXV HVWLPPRUWHOGLYLQHPHQWFUpH uni en une nature avec l’AmeFRPPH
3HWU\S 3HWU\S 3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesS 3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesS
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH(NRURQJ
O¶HOHPHQW GH OD WHUUH DYHF O¶HDX OD 0HQWH RX9HUWX 6XSpULHXUH RX O¶,QWHOOHFW $JHQWUHVSRQGDXIHX VHFRQMRLQFWDYHFO¶$QLPHO¶(VSULWUHVSRQGDQWjO¶DLU VHFRQMRLQFWjO¶$PHFRPPHDYHFODWHUUH 7KH6RXODQLPD GHSHQGVRQWKHERG\DQGLVIRUPHGLQWKHEORRGWKH6SLULW $QLPXV LVLPPRUWDODQGGLYLQHO\FUHDWHGDQGunited in one nature with the Soul WKHVDPHZD\HDUWKLVXQLWHGZLWKZDWHU0LQGRU6XSHULRU9LUWXHRU,QWHOOHFW $JHQWLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK¿UHDQGXQLWHVLWVHOIZLWKWKH6RXOWKH6SLULWDVVRFLDWHG ZLWKDLUXQLWHVLWVHOIZLWKWKH6RXOWKHVDPHZD\HDUWKXQLWHVZLWKZDWHU
(YHQWKRXJK3RVWHOZDVQRWDOZD\VFRQVLVWHQWLQKLVHQWLUHZRUNZLWKKLVXVHRIWKH $QLPDDQGWKH$QLPXVRQHPXVWUHFRJQL]HWKHRULJLQDOLW\RIWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRI ³0HQWKHRX9HUWX6XSpULHXUH´LQKLVGLVFXVVLRQ,ZRXOGOLNHWRVXJJHVWWKDWWKLV FRQFHSWLVGLUHFWO\OLQNHGWRKLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHZoharHVSHFLDOO\WRWKHLGHD WKDWWKH³HVVHQFH´RU³VDS´RI*RGLVEHOLHYHGWRFLUFXODWHWKURXJKWKHWUHHRIOLIH ,FRQWHQGWKDWWKLV³PHQWKH´LVQRQHRWKHUWKDQWKH6KHFKLQDKWKHQHFHVVDU\DQG PLVVLQJLQJUHGLHQWLQKLVTXHVWIRUXQLW\DQGSHDFHDWOHDVWDVKHHQYLVLRQVLW)DU IURPVHSDUDWLQJWKH$QLPXVIURPWKH$QLPD3RVWHOLQVLVWVRQWKHLUXQLW\³XQLHQ XQHQDWXUHDYHFO¶$PH´ +HDOVRERUURZVIURPDOFKHP\LWVOH[LFRQLQRUGHUWR DWWDLQWKLVHVVHQWLDOXQLW\DLUZDWHUHDUWKDQG¿UHDUHDOOSDUWRIWKHDOFKHPLVW¶V TXHVW IRU WKH *UHDW :RUN 2QH FRXOG DUJXH WKDW WKH ³PHQWKH´ DQDO\]HG ZLWKLQ WKLVTXHVWFRQVWLWXWHVWKH¿IWKDQGYLWDOHOHPHQWUHTXLUHGWR¿QGWKH3KLORVRSKLFDO 6WRQH+RZHYHUWKLVZRXOGQRWEHLQFRQWUDGLFWLRQZLWKWKHzoharicQDWXUHRIKLV ZRUN,QIDFW3RVWHODOZD\VFODLPHGDIWHUKLV³LPPXWDWLRQ´ZLWK0RWKHU-RDQQD WREHDmagus7KLVZDVWKHSXUSRVHRIQDPLQJKLPVHOI5RULVSHUJLXVRU³6RYHUHLJQ $VWURORJXH´ $VVXFKKHZRXOGSHUIRUPWKHPDJLFRIFDOOLQJDOOKXPDQVWR¿QG WKH7UXWKRU*RG¶V,PDJH 7KLVH[SODLQVZK\KHVDZWKHZoharDV³DOFKHPLFDO PDQXVFULSW´,QKLVYLHZKLVZRUNZDVVLPLODUWRWKDWRIDQDOFKHPLVWLQKLVODE $V.XQW]SXWVLW³LQ3RVWHO¶VWHUPLQRORJ\WKHPDJLFLDQLVKHZKRGLVFRYHUWKHSXUH JROGRIQDWXUHWKHODERUDWRU\ZKLFK*RGKDVSURYLGHGIRUPDQ´:HQRZNQRZ WKDWWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIZKDWLVXVXDOO\UHIHUUHGWRDV&KULVWLDQ.DEEDODKZDVDOVR LQÀXHQFHGE\YDULRXVKHUPHWLFWUDGLWLRQVLQFOXGLQJDOFKHP\DQGQHRSODWRQLVP &KULVWLDQNDEEDOLVWV³EHOLHYHGWKDWWKH\KDGGLVFRYHUHGLQWKH.DEEDODKDQRULJLQDO GLYLQHUHYHODWLRQWRPDQNLQGWKDWKDGEHHQORVWDQGZRXOGQRZEHUHVWRUHGDQG ZLWK WKH DLG RI ZKLFK LW ZDV SRVVLEOH QRW RQO\ WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH WHDFKLQJV RI 3\WKDJRUDV3ODWRDQGWKH2USKLFV>«@EXWDOVRWKHVHFUHWRIWKH&DWKROLFIDLWK´ ,WLVHYLGHQWWKDWKHLVJUHDWO\LQÀXHQFHGE\WKHFRQFHSWRIWKHWZR6KHFKLQDKSXW IRUWKE\WKHZohar7KHUHLVLQLes très merveilleuses victoiresDFRQVFLRXVHIIRUW WRFRQVWDQWO\H[SORUHDQGUHSUHVHQWWKHVHWZROHYHOV
3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesS 3HWU\S .XQW]S .XQW]3 6FKROHPKabbalahS
Guillaume Postel, the Shechinah, and the Feminine Principle
'RQF LO IDXW \ D\H GHX[ GHJUpV GH UDLVRQQDELOHWp GHX[ GH VHQVXDOLWH 3RXU SDUOHU FRUUHFW ELHQ GLVWLQFWHPHQW M¶DSSHOOH OD VXSHULHXUH SDUWLH$QLPXV RX O¶$QLPH O¶LQIHULHXUH$QLPD RX O¶$PH FRPPH IHLUHQW OHV DQFLHQV ,WDOLHQV 'RQFLO\KDHQO¶XQ>O¶KRPPH@ O¶DXWUH>ODIHPPH@WURLVSDUWLHV/¶DQLPHO¶DPH OHFRUSVOHTXHOFRUSVHVWDXVVLGLYLVpHQGHX[SDUWLHVO¶XQHLQVHQVLEOHFRPPH OHVKXPHXUVOHVRVODPRHOOHODVHPHQFHOHVFKHYHX[ SRLO]DYHFVXEVWDQFH GXFHUYHDX O¶DXWUHVHQVLEOHFRPPHOHVQHUIVYHLQHVDUWHUHVPXVFOHVSHDX WRXWHHVSHFHGHFKDLU«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ÀHVK«
)RU3RVWHOWKHUHDUHLQERWKPDQDQGZRPDQWKUHHSDUWVWKH$QLPXVWKH$QLPD DQGWKH%RG\7KHODWWHULVLQWXUQGLYLGHGLQWZRSDUWVLQVHQVLWLYHDQGVHQVLWLYH $OWKRXJKRQHFRXOGGLVSXWHWKLVDUELWUDU\VHSDUDWLRQZKDWLVFRQVWDQWLVKLVGHVLUH WRUHSUHVHQWDVLPLODULW\EHWZHHQERWKJHQGHUV,QWUXWK3RVWHO¶VTXHVWIRUZRUOG KDUPRQ\LVGHHSO\HQWUHQFKHGLQDVRUWRIDOFKHPLFDOTXHVWIRUWKH$QGURJ\QRXV 0DQ RU 5HELV +LV DOOXVLRQ WR WKH )RXU (OHPHQWV KLV EULGJLQJ RI RSSRVLWHV WKURXJKWKHFRQFHSWRIWKH3RWHQWLDOFRXSOHGZLWKWKHTXLQWHVVHQWLDOUHXQLRQZLWK WKH'LYLQHSUHVHQFHLQWKH6KHFKLQDKDOOSRLQWWRWKHDOFKHPLFDOQDWXUHRIKLVHQWLUH ZRUN )RU3RVWHOZRPHQ¶VDWWULEXWHVWUDQVFHQGPDWHUQDOTXDOLWLHVDQGKHLQWHQGVWR GHPRQVWUDWHWKHLUGLYLQHQDWXUHE\UHFRXQWLQJWKHLUIHDWV -¶D\PLV>«@OH&KDSLWUHSUpFpGHQW>«@SRXUOHVVDJHV)HPPHVF¶HVWjVoDYRLU TXL VHV VRQW DGRQQpHV DX VoDYRLU G¶LPPRUWDOLWp SRXU OHV GLVWLQJXHU GH FHOOHV TXL QRQVHXOHPHQW DX[ GLYLQHV OHWWUHV PDLV DXVVL DX[ KXPDLQHV RQW pWp WUqV H[FHOOHQWHVRXHQFRUHGHSUpVHQWVRQW , GHGLFDWHG WKH SUHYLRXV FKDSWHU WR LQWHOOLJHQW :RPHQ WKRVH ZKR GHYRWHG WKHPVHOYHVWRWKHNQRZOHGJHRILPPRUWDOLW\VRDVWRGLVWLQJXLVKWKHPIURPWKRVH ZKR KDYH H[FHOOHG RU FRQWLQXH WR H[FHO QRW RQO\ LQ GLYLQH OHWWHUV EXW DOVR LQ KXPDQRQHVDVZHOO
:RPHQDFFRUGLQJWRKLPKDYHH[FHOOHGLQPDQ\DUHDVDQGKHZDQWVWRFHOHEUDWH WKHP $ TXLFN ORRN DW WKH OLVW RI ZRPHQ KH PHQWLRQV FRQ¿UPV WKLV GHVLUH WR FHOHEUDWHZRPHQ¶VLQWHOOHFWXDODWWULEXWHV)LUVWKHWHOOVWKHVWRU\RI/XLJLD6LJHD
3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesS 3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesS
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH(NRURQJ
/DTXHOOH O¶DQ GH VRQ DDJH O¶DQ SDU H[SpULHQFH PRQVWUD HVFULSYDQW DX3DSH3DXOHGHUHVSRQGUHHQ$UDELF HQ&KDOGHjODTXHOOHIXVSDUOHGLFW 3DSH SULHU HQ /DWLQ HQ *UHF HQ +HEUHX HQ &KDOGH HQ $UDELF SDU WRXW GRFWLVVLPHPHQWFRPELHQLO\KDHQHOOHGHVoDYRLU&DURXOWUHODFRQJQRLVDQFH GHVGLWHVODQJXHVHOOHDYHXWRXVOHVFRXUVGHVGLVFLSOLQHV VDFUpHV KXPDLQHV FKRVHTXLPRQWUHTXHjOD)HPPHQ¶HVWULHQLPSRVVLEOH :KLFK IURP WKH DJH RI LQ WKH \HDU VKRZHG E\ H[SHULHQFH DQG E\ ZULWLQJ WR 3RSH 3DXO LQ /DWLQ *UHHN +HEUHZ &KDOGHDQ DQG $UDELF ZLWK VXFK OHDUQLQJ ZKDW NQRZOHGJH VKH KDG )RU RWKHU WKDQ WKH NQRZOHGJH RI WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHGODQJXDJHVVKHZDVH[SRVHGWRDOOVRUWVRIVXEMHFWVERWKVDFUHG DQGSURIDQHSURRIWKDWWR:RPDQQRWKLQJLVLPSRVVLEOH
+HUH3RVWHOUHIHUVWR/XLVD6LJHDDUHQRZQHG6SDQLVKSRHWHVVZKRVSHQWPRVWRI KHUOLIHVHUYLQJ0DULDGH3RUWXJDO± 6KHZDVNQRZQIRUKHUSUHFRFLRXV DQGOLEHUWLQHLQWHOOLJHQFH$VDKXPDQLVWVKHLVEHOLHYHGWRKDYHUHSUHVHQWHGDFDVH RIDQH[FHSWLRQDOO\OHDUQHGZRPDQRIWKH6SDQLVK5HQDLVVDQFHVHHNLQJWRSHUIRUP LQ D QRQUHOLJLRXV PLOLHX )RU H[DPSOH 6LJHD¶V YHUQDFXODU SRHPV VXFK DV ³8Q ¿QXQDHVSHUDQ]DXQFRPRXQFXDQGR´DQG³3DVDGRVWHQJRKDVWDDKRUD´FDQ EHYLHZHGDVDQDWWHPSWWRUHYLVLWDQGWRFKDOOHQJHWKHWUDGLWLRQDOSRHWLFIHPDOH VXEMHFWRIWHQXVHGLQ3HWUDUFKDQSRHWU\+HUHDV0DU0DUWLQH]*RQJRUDVWDWHV ³VKH UHYLVHV WKH WUDGLWLRQDO WUDMHFWRU\ RI WKH 3HWUDUFKDQ SRHWLF VXEMHFW LQ RUGHU WRUHSODFHWKHHOXVLYHZRPDQYLHZHGDVDSDVVLYHREMHFWRIWKHPDOHJD]HDQG XOWLPDWHO\ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU KLV VSLULWXDO SHUIHFWLRQ LQWR D IHPDOH VXEMHFW DEOH WR DUWLFXODWHKHURZQSRHWLFYRLFHDYRLFHLPSUHJQDWHGE\PHODQFKRO\DQGVRUURZ´ 6LJHDUHIXWHVWKH$ULVWRWHOLDQFRQFHSWRIPHODQFKRO\DVDQH[FOXVLYHPDOHDUWLVWLF JHQLXVE\FRQVWUXFWLQJDIHPDOHVXEMHFWWKDWZRXOGHPERG\VSHFLDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV VKHYLHZHGDVSRZHUIXODQGXQLTXH$FFRUGLQJWR*yQJRUD³KLVXVHRIPHODQFKRO\ FRLQFLGHVZLWKKHUSHUVRQDOIUXVWUDWLRQZLWKWKHODFNRISURIHVVLRQDORSSRUWXQLWLHV RSHQWRDIHPDOHKXPDQLVWLQWKH6SDQLVKFRXUWVRIWKH5HQDLVVDQFH´ 2QHQRWHV WKHLQVLVWHQFHRQWKHNQRZOHGJH³FRQJQRLVDQFH´ RIPDQ\ODQJXDJHVDFOHDUVLJQ RILQWHOOHFWXDODELOLW\0RVWVWULNLQJWKRXJKLVWKH¿UPDVVHUWLRQWKDW³jOD)HPPH Q¶HVWULHQLPSRVVLEOH´WRDZRPDQQRWKLQJLVLPSRVVLEOH 7KLVOLPLWOHVVDQGLQ¿QLWHSRVVLELOLW\LVREYLRXVO\ERUURZHGIURPWKH=RKDU VLQFHDVZHKDYHVKRZQWKH6KHFKLQDKLVVDLGWRKDYHLQKHULWHGIURPWKH(LQ6RI KLVLQ¿QLWHQDWXUH2QHFRXOGHYHQDUJXHWKDWKHUHRQHVHQVHVWKDW3RVWHOZDQWV WR SRVLW KLPVHOI DV DQ DGYRFDWH IRU ZRPHQ IRU WKH UHFRJQLWLRQ RI WKHLU DELOLW\ 7KLVLVSHUKDSVWKHUHDVRQKHLQYRNHVWKHQH[WZRPDQ³VLJQRUD,VDEHOOD5RVHUD JHQWLOIHPPH (VSDJQROH´ ,W LV VDLG WKDW ,VDEHOOD 5RVHUD GHYRWHG KHUVHOI WR WKH FRQYHUVLRQ RI WKH -HZV GD]]OHG PXOWLWXGHV ZLWK KHU HORTXHQFH LQ WKH FDWKHGUDO
3RVWHOLes très merveilleuses victoires des femmesS 0DU 0DUWLQH] *yQJRUD ³3RHVtD 0HODQFROtD \ 6XEMHWLYLGDG )HPHQLQD /D +XPDQLVWD/XLVD6LJHD´Neophilologus ± *yQJRUDS
Guillaume Postel, the Shechinah, and the Feminine Principle
LQ %DUFHORQD DQG H[SRXQGHG WKH VXEWOHWLHV RI 'XQV 6FRWXV EHIRUH SUHODWHV DQG FDUGLQDOVDW5RPH3RVWHOWKHQFRQFOXGHVZLWKDSRZHUIXOZRPDQ0DUJXHULWHRI )UDQFH³0DLVTXLFRQJQRLVWUD0DGDPH0DUJXHULWHGH)UDQFHODSRXUUDYUD\HPHQW HVWLPHUOH3DUDQJRQGHVOHWWUHV KHULWLHUHGHO¶H[FHOOHQWVLHFOH«´³
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH(NRURQJ
PRQDUFK\LWLVVDIHWRDVVXPHWKDWSROLWLFDODXWKRULWLHVDOVRIHDUHGWKHFHQWUDOLW\ RIZRPHQLQVXFKDVWUXFWXUH3RVWHOZLWKKLVGLSORPDWLFGXWLHVDQGKLVNQRZOHGJH RI7XUNLVKFXOWXUHZDVDPRQJWKH¿UVWVWRUDLVHWKHFRQFHSWRID(XURSHDQ8QLRQ ,QKLVRepublique des Turcs3RVWHOPDNHVDYHU\PRGHUQDUJXPHQWRQWKHW\SH RIUHODWLRQVKLSWKDWFRXOGEHSRVVLEOHZLWKWKH7XUNV:LWKUHJDUGVWRVFLHQFH 3RVWHO¶V TXHVW IRU NQRZOHGJH ZDV UHPDUNDEOH EHFDXVH LW ZDV GULYHQ E\ WKLV YLHZRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHIHPLQLQH+LVDWWUDFWLRQWRRULHQWDOODQJXDJHVDQG SKLORVRSKLHVZDVFHUWDLQO\EDVHGRQKLVGHVLUHWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI WKH UHVWLWXWLRQ RI DOO WKLQJV PRVW QRWDEO\ +HEUHZ DV D GLYLQH ODQJXDJH DQG WKH IHPLQLQHSULQFLSOH,WLVQRVXUSULVHWKDW3RVWHOKDVQRZEHHQDFNQRZOHGJHGDV³WKH ¿UVW2ULHQWDOLVWDQGWKH¿UVWFRPSDUDWLYHOLQJXLVW´&RQVLGHULQJWKHFRQWH[WRIWKH 5HQDLVVDQFH3RVWHOFDQTXLWHHDVLO\EHFDOOHGD³IHPLQLVW´EHFDXVHRIWKHZD\KH LQYHUWVVXEYHUWVRUHYHQWUDQVFHQGVJHQGHUUROHV,QP\YLHZWKHNDEEDOLVWLFDQG DOVRDOFKHPLFDO QDWXUHRIKLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHXQLYHUVHDQGKLVDWWUDFWLRQWR WKHFRQFHSWRIWKH6KHFKLQDKVHWWKLVERRNDSDUW,ZRXOGDUJXHWKDWSHUKDSVKLV LGHDRI5HVWLWXWLRERUURZHGIURPOXULDQLFNDEEDODKDQGLWVFRQFHSWRIWKH7LNNXQ 5HVWRUDWLRQ FRQVWLWXWHWKHVRUWRIWULXPSKDQWHVRWHULFLVPWKDWPDNHV3RVWHOERWK FRQWURYHUVLDODQGDSSHDOLQJ
.XQW]S *XLOODXPH 3RVWHO De la Republique des Turcs, et là ou l’occasion s’offrira, des meurs et loy de tous Muhamedistes…Histoire et considération de l’origine, loy et coustume des Tartares, Persiens, Arabes, Turcs«3RLWLHUV&KH](GH0DUQHI .XQW]S
&KDSWHU
2GG%RGLHV 5HYLHZLQJ&RUSRUHDO'LIIHUHQFHLQ (DUO\0RGHUQ$OFKHP\ .DWKOHHQ3/RQJ
$UWDQDWRP\DQGDUFKHRORJ\FRPHWRJHWKHULQWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\WRFUHDWHD FRQFHSWLRQ RI WKH KXPDQ ERG\ WKDW LV UDGLFDOO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKDW SUHVHQWHG LQ PHGLHYDOPHGLFDOZRUNV7KLVFRQFHSWLRQRIWKHKXPDQERG\LVLGHDOL]LQJEDVHGDV LWLVRQFODVVLFDOVFXOSWXUDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHJRGVDQGLWZLOOFRPHWRGRPLQDWH HDUO\PRGHUQDQGDUJXDEO\PRGHUQPHGLFDOQRWLRQVRIWKHQRUPDOKHDOWK\ERG\ 7KXV ZHOO EHIRUH WKH PRGHUQ HUD WKH VWDJH LV VHW IRU D QDUURZO\ QRUPDOL]LQJ YLHZ RI KRZ WKH KXPDQ ERG\ VKRXOG ORRN7KLV QRUPDOL]LQJ YLHZ DOVR IRFXVHV SULPDULO\RQDQLGHDOL]HGPDVFXOLQHERG\ZLWKWKHIHPLQLQHYHUVLRQSUHVHQWHGDV DQDIWHUWKRXJKW)RUH[DPSOHLQ$QGUHDV9HVDOLXV¶VDe humani corporis fabrica libri septem%DVHO WKHIHPDOHERG\LVRQO\UHSUHVHQWHGLQDGLVFXVVLRQRI UHSURGXFWLYHRUJDQVZLWKRQO\DWRUVRYLHZRIWKDWERG\5HODWLYHWRDOORWKHUSDUWV RIWKHERG\WKHPDVFXOLQHIRUPLVWKHQRUP7KLVZD\RIFRQFHSWXDOL]LQJPHGLFLQH KDVLQIDFWSUHGRPLQDWHGWRWKHSUHVHQWGD\LWLVRQO\UHFHQWO\WKDWPHGLFDOVWXGLHV KDYH IRFXVHG RQ ZRPHQ¶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¶V DOFKHPLFDO HPEOHP ERRN WKH Atalanta fugiensEHFDXVHRIWKHVWULNLQJQDWXUHRILWVYLVXDOLPDJHVDQGWKHLUUHODWLRQWRWKH ZRUNRI9HVDOLXVZLOOVHUYHDVDQH[DPSOHRIWKHDOFKHPLFDOFRUSXV7KLVFRUSXV RIIHUVDQDOWHUQDWLYHWRWKHSUHGRPLQDQWO\QRUPDOL]LQJDQGPDVFXOLQL]LQJLPDJHV RIWKHKXPDQERG\IRXQGLQWKHPRVWZLGHO\GLVVHPLQDWHGWUHDWLVHVRQDQDWRP\ /DZUHQFH03ULQFLSHDQG:LOOLDP51HZPDQRSHQHGDGHEDWHLQWKHLUDUWLFOH ³6RPH 3UREOHPV ZLWK WKH +LVWRULRJUDSK\ RI$OFKHP\´ FRQFHUQLQJ WKH /DZUHQFH 0 3ULQFLSH DQG :LOOLDP 5 1HZPDQ ³6RPH 3UREOHPV ZLWK WKH +LVWRULRJUDSK\RI$OFKHP\´LQSecrets of Nature: Astrology and Alchemy in Early Modern
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
YDOLGLW\RIUHDGLQJDOFKHPLFDOV\PEROLVPDVDQ\WKLQJRWKHUWKDQDVWUDLJKWIRUZDUG FRGHIRUWKHPDWHULDOVDQGWKHSURFHVVHVRIDOFKHPLFDOSUDFWLFH7KLVLQVLVWHQFHRQ WKH³FKHPLFDO´PHDQLQJRIDOFKHPLFDOLPDJHU\DQGODQJXDJHZDVDFRUUHFWLYHWR DQDFKURQLVWLFSV\FKRDQDO\WLFUHDGLQJVRIDOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHVEXWLQVRPHVHQVH 3ULQFLSH DQG 1HZPDQ PD\ KDYH RYHUFRUUHFWHG +HUHZDUG7LOWRQ WDNHV RQ WKHLU DUJXPHQWVLQKLVERRNRQ0LFKDHO0DLHUFRQWHQGLQJWKDWWKHODUJHUFXOWXUDOFRQWH[W LQZKLFKWKHVHZRUNVZHUHFUHDWHGVKRXOGDOVRHQWHULQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ,ZRXOG DJUHHZLWK7LOWRQWKDWDOFKHPLFDOV\PEROLVPFDQEHUHDGLQDQXPEHURIZD\VDQG DVKDYLQJDQXPEHURIPHDQLQJVVRPHLQKHUHQWO\DSDUWRIYDULRXVDVSHFWVRIWKH DOFKHPLFDOSURFHVVDQGVRPH³DFFLGHQWDO´WKDWLVWRVD\FOHDUO\QRWUHIHUULQJWR WKHDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVVLWVHOI ,ZLOOEHUHDGLQJWKHAtalantaLQDZLGHUFRQWH[W SDUWO\ EHFDXVH DOFKHPLFDO V\PEROLVP ZDV HFKRHG LQ WKH ZLGHU FRQWH[W RI FRXUW SRHWU\DQGSROLWLFDOSROHPLFDQGSDUWO\EHFDXVHWKLVV\PEROLVPZDVLWVHOIGUDZQ IURPWKDWZLGHUFRQWH[W:KLOHLWLVKDUGWRNQRZZKHWKHUDOFKHPLFDOLPDJHU\ GHOLEHUDWHO\SURYLGHGDFULWLTXHRIRWKHUFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQVVXFKDVDQDWRPLFDO WUHDWLVHV RU ZKHWKHU WKH UHXVH RI WKHVH SURGXFWLRQV ZDV PHUHO\ IRUWXLWRXV WKH WUXWKLVWKDWDOFKHP\SURYLGHVDUHSRVLWRU\RILPDJHVDQGLGHDVWKDWRIWHQVHUYH DV DOWHUQDWLYHV WR WKRVH DULVLQJ IURP PRUH RI¿FLDOO\ VDQFWLRQHG PLOLHXV WKH 8QLYHUVLW\LQWKHFDVHRIDQDWRPLFDOWUHDWLVHVDVZHOODVUHOLJLRXVDQGSROLWLFDO QRWLRQVRIDFFHSWDEOHJHQGHUUROHV ,QWKLVUHDGLQJRIWKHAtalanta,GLYHUJHIURPVRPHSUHYLRXVUHDGLQJVRIWKH ZRUNPRVWSDUWLFXODUO\WKDWRI6DOO\*$OOHQDQG-RDQQD+XEEVZKRUHDG0DLHU¶V LPDJHVDQGFRPPHQWDU\DQGE\H[WHQVLRQDOODOFKHPLFDOZRUNVDVUHOHQWOHVVO\ PDVFXOLQLVW $OFKHPLFDO V\PEROLVP ULFK LQ ERWK P\WKRORJLFDO DQG ELRORJLFDO DOOXVLRQ SUHVHQWVWKHLPDJHRIWKHRSXVDVWKHZUHVWLQJRIDQHPEU\RIURPWKHZRPERI WKHHDUWKHPERGLHGLQZRPHQDELUWKIURPDPDQPDGHDOHPELF7KLVUHFXUUHQW V\PEROLVPLQDOFKHPLFDOZRUNVVXJJHVWVDQREVHVVLRQZLWKUHYHUVLQJRUSHUKDSV HYHQDUUHVWLQJWKHIHPLQLQHKHJHPRQ\RYHUWKHSURFHVVRIELRORJLFDOFUHDWLRQ
,KDYHDOVRSRLQWHGRXWWKHIUHTXHQWHIIDFHPHQWRIWKHIHPLQLQHLQVRPHDOFKHPLFDO ZRUNV SDUWLFXODUO\ WKRVH RI 3DUDFHOVXV %XW , ZRXOG DOVR VWURQJO\ DJUHH ZLWK 'LGLHU.DKQZKRSUHVHQWVDOFKHP\DVDFRPSOH[ZHERISUDFWLFHVWKDWFKDQJH Europe :LOOLDP 5 1HZPDQ DQG$QWKRQ\ *UDIWRQ HGV &DPEULGJH 0$ 0,7 3UHVV SS± +HUHZDUG7LOWRQThe Quest for the Phoenix: Spiritual Alchemy and Rosicrucianism in the Work of Count Michael Maier (1569±1622) &KULVWRSK 0DUNVFKLHV DQG *HUKDUG 0XHOOHUHGV$UEHLWHQ]XU.LUFKHVJHVFKLFKWH%HUOLQ:DOWHUGH*UX\WHU S .DWKOHHQ 3 /RQJ ³/\ULF +HUPDSKURGLWHV´ LQ Hermaphrodites in Renaissance Europe$OGHUVKRW8.$VKJDWH3XEOLVKLQJ S 6DOO\ * $OOHQ DQG -RDQQD +XEEV ³2XWUXQQLQJ $WDODQWD )HPLQLQH 'HVWLQ\ LQ $OFKHPLFDO7UDQVPXWDWLRQ´Signs /RQJHermaphroditesSS±
Odd Bodies
RYHUWLPHDQGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHYDULHGFRQWH[WVLQZKLFKWKH\DULVH7KHFHQWUDOUROH JLYHQWRWKH¿JXUHRIWKHrebisRUDOFKHPLFDOKHUPDSKURGLWHDWOHDVWIROORZLQJWKH SXEOLFDWLRQRIWKHRosarium philosophorum RQLIQRWIURPPXFKHDUOLHU FDQRQO\UHQGHUWKHQRWLRQRIDQDOOHQFRPSDVVLQJPDVFXOLQLVWLGHRORJ\LQDOFKHP\ SUREOHPDWLF DW EHVW 3DUWLFXODUO\ VLJQL¿FDQW LV WKH IDFW WKDW WKH KHUPDSKURGLWH ZKLFKUHSUHVHQWVWKHVWDJHRIFRQMXQFWLRQRI6RODQG/XQDPHUFXU\DQGVXOSKXU RIWKHPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHSULQFLSOHVRUHOHPHQWVUHWDLQVWZRGLVWLQFWJHQGHU LGHQWLWLHVLQRQHERG\ ,ZRXOGIXUWKHUDUJXHWKDWZKLOHWKHYDULRXVLPDJHVRIIHPLQL]HGPDVFXOLQLW\ RIWKHXQLRQRIWKHVH[HVDQGWKHH[KRUWDWLRQVWRWKHVXSSRVHGO\PDOH DOFKHPLVWWR GR³ZRPHQ¶VZRUN´FDQEHUHDGDVDSSURSULDWLRQVRIZRPHQ¶VUROHLQSURFUHDWLRQ WKH\DUHDOVRTXHHULQWKHVHQVHRIFRQVWDQWO\VKLIWLQJJHQGHUUROHVDQGHIIDFLQJ JHQGHUERXQGDULHV$SUHJQDQWPDQLVQRWDVLPSOHPDVFXOLQLVWHIIDFHPHQWRIWKH IHPLQLQH$QGLQIDFWWKHUHSUHVVHGIHPLQLQHUHWXUQVFRQVWDQWO\LQWKHAtalanta QRWRQO\DVWKH(DUWKQXUVLQJWKH3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQHRUDVDZRPDQZRUNLQJEXW DVWKHVLVWHURIWKHFRQMXQFWLRQDV/XQDZKR¿JKWVWKHGUDJRQDORQJVLGH6RODV $SKURGLWHMRLQLQJZLWK+HUPHVWRFUHDWHWKHUHELV,QHPEOHPWKHDOFKHPLFDO SKLORVRSKHUIROORZV1DWXUHUHSUHVHQWHGDVDZRPDQ UDWKHUWKDQPDVWHULQJKHU 7KHIDFWLVWKDWDOFKHP\ZDVVXFKDYDVWUDQJHRISUDFWLFHVERWKLQJHRJUDSKLFDO DQGZKDWZHZRXOGFDOOWRGD\³GLVFLSOLQDU\´VFRSHWKDWLWVLPDJHVDQGFRPPHQWDULHV ZHUHRIWHQLQÀHFWHGWRVXLWSDUWLFXODUFRQWH[WV6RZKLOHWKHSHQXOWLPDWHLPDJH of the Rosarium philosophorumLVWKH)DWKHU6RQDQG+RO\0RWKHUSUHVXPDEO\ WKH9LUJLQ0DU\ LQNHHSLQJZLWKWKHHPSKDVLVRQWKHFRQMXQFWLRQRIPDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH WKDW SHUYDGHV WKH WUHDWLVH WKH LQVLVWHQWO\ PDVFXOLQH De Lapide Philosophico LibellusHQGVZLWKWKH)DWKHU6RQDQGWKHPDOH*XLGHSUHVHQWHGDV DVRUWRIDQJHORU+RO\6SLULW 7KHUHLVQRIHPLQLQH¿JXUHLQ/DPEVSULQFN¶VZRUN ZKLOHWKHIHPLQLQHLVDFRQVWDQWSUHVHQFHLQWKHRosariumWKLVFRQWUDVWLVPHUHO\ DVDPSOHRIWKHYDVWUDQJHRIDOFKHPLFDOLPDJHU\ )XUWKHUPRUHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIDOFKHPLFDOZRUNVLQWKHFRQWH[WRIRWKHUVFLHQWL¿F LPDJHVDQGGLVFRXUVHVUHYHDOVVRPHSURQRXQFHGGLIIHUHQFHVLQHPSKDVLV$TXLFN VXUYH\RIVRPHRIWKHEHVWNQRZQPHGLFDOWUHDWLVHVRIWKHSHULRGUHYHDOVWKDWWKH IHPDOHERG\LVUHSUHVHQWHGRQO\ZKHQWKHUHSURGXFWLYHRUJDQVDUHLQTXHVWLRQIRU 'LGLHU .DKQ Alchimie et paracelsisme en France (1567±1625) *HQHYD 'UR] S³'p¿QLUO¶DOFKLPLHQ¶HVWSDVFKRVHDLVpH&HWWHGLVFLSOLQHPRXYDQWHDWRXMRXUV VXV¶DGDSWHUjWRXVOHVFRQWH[WHVVHIRQGUHGDQVOHPLOLHXDPELDQWVHPrOHUDX[GRFWULQHVRX DX[VFLHQFHVOHVSOXVSURFKHV,OHVWHQ¿QGHFRPSWHSOXVIDFLOHGHGLUHFHTX¶HOOHQ¶HVWSDV´ ³,WLVQRWDQHDV\WKLQJWRGH¿QHDOFKHP\7KLVPXWDEOHGLVFLSOLQHKDVDOZD\VNQRZQKRZ WRDGDSWLWVHOIWRHYHU\FRQWH[WWRPHOWLQWRWKHVXUURXQGLQJHQYLURQPHQWWRPL[ZLWKWKH GRFWULQHVDQGIRUPVRINQRZOHGJHFORVHVWWRLW,WLV¿QDOO\HDVLHUWRVD\ZKDWLWLVQRW´ -RDFKLP7HOOHHGRosarium Philosophorum: Ein Alchemisches Florilegium des Spätmittelalters, Faksimile des illustrierten Erstausgabe Frankfurt 1550:HLQKHLP9&+ 9HUODJVJHVHOOVFKDIW =YSLQWKHIDFVLPLOHHGLWLRQRIWKH5RVDULXP /DPEVSULQFN De Lapide Philosophico Libellis )UDQNIXUW /XFD -HQQLV HPEOHP
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
WKHUHVWRIWKHERG\WKHPDOHVHUYHVDVWKHH[DPSOHIRUERWKVH[HV,WLVLQWULJXLQJ WKDWZKLOHLPDJHVRIWKHPDOHERG\FRPHWRGRPLQDWHDQDWRPLFDOZRUNVLQWKH VHFRQGKDOIRIWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\DQGWKH¿UVWKDOIRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKLPDJHV RI WKH IHPDOH ERG\ DQG WKH IHPLQL]HG PDOH ERG\ LQYDGH WKH DOFKHPLFDO UHDOP 7KHVHERGLHVDUHSUHVHQWHGDORQJVLGHRWKHUVWKDWDUHVWULNLQJO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKH 9HVDOLDQPDOHQRUPWKHK\GURSLFPDQWKH¿JXUHRI6DWXUQDVDQDPSXWHHIURP 0DLHU¶VSymbola Aureae MensaeWKHGRXEOHKHDGHGKHUPDSKURGLWLFUHELV7KH DOFKHPLFDOFRUSXVEHFRPHVDVLJQL¿FDQWUHSRVLWRU\IRULPDJHVRIYDULRXVERGLO\ GLIIHUHQFHVDQGDPHDQVRIFRQWHPSODWLQJWKHYDULRXVSRWHQWLDOVLJQL¿FDQFHVRI WKRVHGLIIHUHQFHV %\PHDQVRIVFUXWLQ\RIVRPHRIWKHVHLPDJHV,KRSHWRQXDQFHVRPHFXUUHQW DUJXPHQWVFRQFHUQLQJWKHDGYHQWRIDQLGHDOL]LQJIRUPRIQRUPDOF\IRUZKLFK, GLVFHUQURRWVLQHDUO\PRGHUQPHGLFDOPDQXDOV%\WKHODWHHLJKWHHQWKDQGHDUO\ QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXULHVWKHQHZVFLHQFHRIVWDWLVWLFVLVSXWWRXVHGH¿QLQJWKHQRUPDO KXPDQ ERG\ DQG HYHQWXDOO\ HQIRUFLQJ DQ LGHDOL]LQJ QRUP $W WKH VDPH WLPH DOFKHP\IDOOVE\WKHZD\VLGHFRQVLGHUHGDQRXWGDWHGPRGHRIVFLHQWL¿FLQTXLU\ ,QUHFHQWFULWLFLVPWKHFULWLTXHRIHQIRUFHPHQWRILGHDOL]LQJQRUPVUHODWLYHWRWKH KXPDQERG\KDVEHHQIRFXVHGSULPDULO\RQPRGHUQSUDFWLFHV$V/HQQDUG'DYLV SRLQWV RXW LQ KLV HVVD\ RQ ³&RQVWUXFWLQJ 1RUPDOF\´ WKH PRGHUQ QRWLRQ RI WKH ³DYHUDJHPDQ´±DQRWLRQWKDWERWKIXHOHGDQGZDVIXHOHGE\WKHPDQLDIRUVWDWLVWLFV ±HYROYHGLQWRDQLGHDOL]LQJQRWLRQRIQRUPDOF\7KHHXJHQLFLVW6LU)UDQFLV*DOWRQ ± WUDQVIRUPHG WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI VWDWLVWLFV IURP SHUFHLYLQJ WKH DYHUDJHDVQRUPDOWRSURPRWLQJDERYHDYHUDJHWUDLWVDVQRUPDO ,QDQ³HUURUFXUYH´WKHH[WUHPHVRIWKHFXUYHDUHWKHPRVWPLVWDNHQLQDFFXUDF\ %XWLIRQHLVORRNLQJDWKXPDQWUDLWVWKHQWKHH[WUHPHVSDUWLFXODUO\ZKDW*DOWRQ VDZDVSRVLWLYHH[WUHPHV±WDOOQHVVKLJKLQWHOOLJHQFHDPELWLRXVQHVVVWUHQJWK IHUWLOLW\±ZRXOGKDYHWREHVHHQDVHUURUV5DWKHUWKDQ³HUURUV´*DOWRQZDQWHG WRWKLQNRIWKHH[WUHPHVDVGLVWULEXWLRQVRIDWUDLW
'DYLVGHVFULEHVUHYLVLRQV*DOWRQPDGHWRKLVV\VWHPLQRUGHUWRSULYLOHJHWKHVH WUDLWV KHLJKW LQWHOOLJHQFH DPELWLRXVQHVV VWUHQJWK IHUWLOLW\ ZKLFK KH GHHPHG VXSHULRU+HJRHVRQWRGLVFXVVWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHVHUHYLVLRQV :KDWWKHVHUHYLVLRQVE\*DOWRQVLJQLI\LVDQDWWHPSWWRUHGH¿QHWKHFRQFHSWRI WKH³LGHDO´LQUHODWLRQWRWKHJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQ)LUVWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHLGHD RIDQRUPWRWKHKXPDQERG\FUHDWHVWKHLGHDRIGHYLDQFHRUD³GHYLDQW´ERG\
7KLV LV WUXH IRU -DFRSR %HUHQJDULR GD &DUSL¶V Isagogae breves, perlucidae ac uberrimae in anatomiam humani corporis%RORJQD%HQHGLFWXV+HFWRU IRU&KDUOHV (VWLHQQH¶VDe dissection partium corporis humani libri tres3DULV6LPRQ&ROLQDHXV IRU-XDQ9DOYHUGHGH$PXVFR¶VAnatomia de corpo humano5RPH$QW6DODPDQFDDQG $QWRQLR/DIUHU\ DQGIRU$QGUHDV9HVDOLXV¶VRZQDe humani corporis fabrica libri septem%DVHO-RDQQHV2SRULQXV 7KHLPDJHVIURPDOORIWKHVHWUHDWLVHVDUHHDVLO\ DYDLODEOHIRUVFUXWLQ\DWWKH1DWLRQDO/LEUDU\RI0HGLFLQHZHEVLWHHistorical Anatomies OnlineKWWSZZZQOPQLKJRYH[KLELWLRQKLVWRULFDODQDWRPLHVEURZVHKWPO Symbola Aureae Mensae Duodecim Nationum)UDQNIXUW/XFD-HQQLV
Odd Bodies
6HFRQGWKHLGHDRIDQRUPSXVKHVWKHQRUPDOYDULDWLRQRIWKHERG\WKURXJKD VWULFWHUWHPSODWHJXLGLQJWKHZD\WKHERG\³VKRXOG´EH7KLUGWKHUHYLVLRQRI WKH ³QRUPDO FXUYH RI GLVWULEXWLRQ´ LQWR TXDUWLOHV UDQNHG LQ RUGHU DQG VR RQ FUHDWHVDQHZNLQGRI³LGHDO´7KLVVWDWLVWLFDOLGHDOLVXQOLNHWKHFODVVLFDOLGHDO ZKLFKFRQWDLQVQRLPSHUDWLYHWREHWKHLGHDO7KHQHZLGHDORIUDQNHGRUGHULV SRZHUHGE\WKHLPSHUDWLYHRIWKHQRUPDQGWKHQLVVXSSOHPHQWHGE\WKHQRWLRQ RISURJUHVVKXPDQSHUIHFWLELOLW\DQGWKHHOLPLQDWLRQRIGHYLDQFHWRFUHDWHD GRPLQDWLQJKHJHPRQLFYLVLRQRIZKDWWKHKXPDQERG\VKRXOGEH
7KLVYLVLRQLVSXWLQWRDFWLRQ¿UVWE\WKHHXJHQLFLVWVZKRZLVK¿UVWWRHOLPLQDWH WKRVH ZKR GHYLDWH IURP WKH QRUP ERWK WKH ³IHHEOH ERGLHG´ DQG WKH ³IHHEOH PLQGHG´E\PHDQVRIVWHULOL]DWLRQLQFDUFHUDWLRQDQGHYHQE\PHDQVRIZKDWWKH\ FDOO HXWKDQDVLD SUDFWLFHG PDVVLYHO\ E\ WKH 1D]LV LQ WKH ¶V DJDLQVW WKH ¿UVW YLFWLPVRIWKH+RORFDXVWWKHGLVDEOHG :KLOH'DYLVLVFRUUHFWLQREVHUYLQJSDUWLFXODUPRGHUQPHDQVRIPDUJLQDOL]LQJ SK\VLFDOGLIIHUHQFHKLVLGHDOL]DWLRQRIWKHSDVWGRHVQRWKROGXSXQGHUVFUXWLQ\RI WKDWSDVW(DUO\PRGHUQDQDWRPLFDOWUHDWLVHVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGSRVVLEOHSUHFXUVRUV IRURXURZQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHQRUPDQGVRPHDOFKHPLFDOZRUNVFDQEHVHHQ DVDOWHUQDWLYHVWRQRUPDOL]LQJGHSLFWLRQVRIWKHKXPDQERG\$V'DYLVVXJJHVWV WKHUHDUHSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOLPSOLFDWLRQVWRRXU(QOLJKWHQPHQWDQFHVWRUV¶FKRLFH RIVWDWLVWLFGULYHQZD\VRIUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHERG\RYHURWKHUSRVVLELOLWLHV,QWKLV UHJDUG WKH DUJXPHQW LQ WKLV HVVD\ GLIIHUV IURP WKDW RI:LOOLDP 5 1HZPDQ LQ KLVERRNPromethean Ambitions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¿IWHHQWKFHQWXU\WKHDQQXDOGLVVHFWLRQZDVDUHJXODUSUDFWLFHLQPHGLFDOIDFXOWLHV DQGWKHUHLVVRPHHYLGHQFHWKDWLWEHFDPHTXLWHZLGHVSUHDG/HRQDUGRGD9LQFL EHJDQSHUIRUPLQJDQXPEHURIGLVVHFWLRQVDQGPDNLQJDQDWRPLFDOGUDZLQJVEDVHG RQWKHPDURXQG+LVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVZKLOHRIWHQPHFKDQLVWLFDUHUHODWLYHO\ UHDOLVWLF%XWWKHVHLPDJHVZHUHQRWZLGHO\DYDLODEOH
/HQQDUG 'DYLV ³&RQVWUXFWLQJ 1RUPDOF\ 7KH %HOO &XUYH WKH 1RYHO DQG WKH ,QYHQWLRQRIWKH'LVDEOHG%RG\LQWKH1LQHWHHQWK&HQWXU\´The Disability Studies Reader 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
%HIRUHWKHDGYHQWRIZKDWZHZRXOGFRQVLGHUWREHUHODWLYHO\DFFXUDWHDQDWRPLFDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVPHGLHYDOPHGLFLQHZDVGRPLQDWHGE\VFKHPDWLFGUDZLQJVRIWKH LQWHUQDOZRUNLQJVRIWKHERG\NQRZQDVWKH³)LYH)LJXUH´VHULHVEHFDXVHWKH\ FRQVLVWHGRI¿YH¿JXUHVUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHPXVFOHVWKHVNHOHWDOV\VWHPWKHYHLQV WKHDUWHULHVDQGWKHQHUYRXVV\VWHP 7KHVH¿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¶VWUHDWLVHDe humani corporis fabrica7KHVHLPDJHVGRPLQDWHGHDUO\PRGHUQPHGLFDOWUHDWLVHVIRUDW OHDVWDFHQWXU\UHSXEOLVKHGDQGLPLWDWHGLQRWKHUZRUNVVXFKDV&DVSDU%DXKLQ¶V WUHDWLVH RQ KXPDQ DQDWRP\ FOHYHUO\ WLWOHG De corporis humani fabrica WKXV DYRLGLQJDFFXVDWLRQVRIRYHUWSODJLDULVPZKLOHFDSLWDOL]LQJRQWKHSRSXODULW\RI 9HVDOLXV¶VZRUN%DXKLQ¶VYHUVLRQZDVSXEOLVKHGLQLQPXFKVPDOOHUIRUPDW DQGRQFKHDSHUSDSHUDQGWKXVZDVVXLWDEOHIRUXVHE\PHGLFDOVWXGHQWV9HVDOLXV¶V RULJLQDOHGLWLRQZDVDSURKLELWLYHO\H[SHQVLYHERRNPRUHLQWHQGHGIRUULFKSDWURQV WKDQ IRU PHGLFDO VWXGHQWV DQG WKXV QRW DV ZLGHO\ DYDLODEOH DV WKH ZRUNV RI KLV LPLWDWRUV%DXKLQ¶VZRUNLWVHOIZDVDQWKRORJL]HGZLWKWUHDWLVHVE\RWKHUDXWKRUV DQGVRZDVGLVVHPLQDWHGWKURXJKRXW(XURSHDQGKLVZRUNLVRQO\RQHH[DPSOH RIWKHPDQ\PHGLFDOWUHDWLVHVDSSURSULDWLQJWKHLPDJHVLQ9HVDOLXV¶VZRUN$VZH VKDOOVHHWKHVHLPDJHVZHUHDOVRGLVVHPLQDWHGDQGLPLWDWHGLQDIDUZLGHUUDQJHRI WH[WVWKDQPHUHO\PHGLFDOWUHDWLVHV
6LUDLVLSS± 6LUDLVLS &DVSDU %DXKLQ De corporis humani fabrica…%DVHO 6HEDVWLDQXP +HQULFSHWUL 7KLV DQG ODWHU YHUVLRQV RI %DXKLQ¶V DQDWRPLFDO WUHDWLVH ZHUH LOOXVWUDWHG ZLWK LPLWDWLRQVRI9HVDOLXV¶VZRUNGRQHE\7KHRGRUGH%U\ )RUH[DPSOHLQWKHMikrokosmographia: a description of the body of man: together ZLWKWKHFRQWURYHUVLHVDQG¿JXUHVWKHUHWREHORQJLQJFROOHFWHGDQGWUDQVODWHGRXWRIDOO WKHEHVWDXWKRUVRIDQDWRP\HVSHFLDOO\RXWRI*DVSDU%DXKLQXVDQG$QGUH̗DV/DXUHQWLXV +HONLDK&URRNHHG/RQGRQSULQWHGE\5&DQGDUHWREHVROGE\,RKQ&ODUNH )RUDEULHIRYHUYLHZRIDQDWRPLFDOWUHDWLVHVLQWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\VHH$QGUHZ :HDU³(DUO\0RGHUQ(XURSH±´LQThe Western Medical Tradition, 800 BC to AD 1800&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS±)RUDQRWKHUWDNH RQ 5HQDLVVDQFH DQDWRP\ VHH -RQDWKDQ 6DZGD\ ³7KH 5HQDLVVDQFH %RG\´ LQ The Body Emblazoned: Dissection and the Human Body in Renaissance Culture/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH SS±6HHDOVR.DWKDULQH3DUNSecrets of Women: Gender, Generation, and the Origins of Human Dissection1HZ
Odd Bodies
)LJ
7KH 6NHOHWDO 6\VWHP$Q ,PDJH IURP D )LYH)LJXUH 6HULHV IURP 0DQVXULEQ,O\DV Tasrih-I badan-I insan Anatomy of the Human Body &RXUWHV\RIWKH1DWLRQDO/LEUDU\RI0HGLFLQH
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
%XW ZKHUH GLG WKHVH LPDJHV FRPH IURP" ,Q DQ DWWHPSW WR PDUNHW KLV ZRUN 9HVDOLXV KLUHG DUWLVWV WR FUHDWH WKH LPDJHV DPRQJ WKHP -RKDQQHV 6WHSKDQXV RI &DOFDUDVWXGHQWRI7LWLDQ¶V6WHSKDQXVLPLWDWHGFODVVLFDOVFXOSWXUHVXFKDVWKH %HOYHGHUH7RUVR LQ KLV GHSLFWLRQ RI WKH KXPDQ ERG\7KH$SROOR %HOYHGHUH D +HOOHQLVWLFRU5RPDQFRS\RIDIRXUWKFHQWXU\%&(EURQ]HVFXOSWXUHUHGLVFRYHUHG LQWKHODWH¿IWHHQWKFHQWXU\ZDVDOVRDSRSXODUPRGHOIRUDQDWRPLFDOLOOXVWUDWLRQV DV WKH ³)OD\HG 0DQ´ IURP -XDQ 9DOYHUGH GH $PXVFR¶V Anatomia del corpo humanoLWVHOILPLWDWHGLQRWKHUWUHDWLVHVGHPRQVWUDWHV7KH$SROOR%HOYHGHUH¶V SRVWXUHDQGPXVFXODWXUHDUHDOVRHFKRHGLQWKHIDPRXV9HVDOLXV6WHSKDQXVLPDJH RIWKH³0XVFOH0DQ´9DOYHUGHGH$PXVFR¶VZRUNDOVRDSSURSULDWHGWKLVDQGRWKHU 9HVDOLDQLPDJHV 7KH9HVDOLDQ³0XVFOH0DQ´LVLQIDFWHFKRHGIDLUO\ZLGHO\LQWKHODWHVL[WHHQWK DQG HDUO\ VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXULHV 7KHRGRU GH %U\ XVHG LW H[WHQVLYHO\ LQ KLV AmericaVHULHVDQLOOXVWUDWHGHGLWLRQRIHYHU\VLQJOHDFFRXQWKHFRXOGJDWKHURI WKHGLVFRYHU\H[SORUDWLRQDQGFRQTXHVWRIWKH:HVWHUQ+HPLVSKHUHE\:HVWHUQ (XURSHDQV+LVLGHDOL]LQJSRUWUDLWRID9LUJLQLDQWKDWLV1DWLYH$PHULFDQ NLQJ HFKRHVWKHSURSRUWLRQVDQGWKHSRVWXUHRIWKH³0XVFOH0DQ´ZKLOHDGGLQJVRPH PRUHPDQQHULVWVW\OHPXVFXODWXUHVHH¿JXUHLQ6HDQ7HXWRQ¶VHVVD\ 7KLVLPDJH LVIURPWKH¿UVWSDUWRIWKHVHULHVSXEOLVKHGLQDOVRNQRZQDVWKHAdmiranda narratio DQG EDVHG RQ 7KRPDV +DULRW¶V DFFRXQWV RI WKH (QJOLVK HQFRXQWHUV ZLWKWKHQDWLYHVRI9LUJLQLD7KHIDFWWKDWGH%U\LQWHQGHGWRSUHVHQWWKHPRUH ZHOFRPLQJ9LUJLQLDQVDVLGHDOLQERG\DVZHOODVEHKDYLRUSDUWLFXODUO\FRPSDUHG WRWKHLUFDQQLEDOLVWLF%UD]LOLDQFRXQWHUSDUWVZKRDUHSRUWUD\HGDVKDYLQJVKRUWHU OLPEVDQGORQJHUWRUVRVDVZHOODVURXQGHUKHDGVLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKLVFODVVLFL]LQJ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHERG\ZDVVHHQDVDQLGHDOVHH7HXWRQ¿JXUH ,QVRPH RWKHUVLPLODULPDJHVWKH9LUJLQLDQVDUHHYHQRYHUWO\FRPSDUHGWRSUHGHFHVVRUVRI $UHFHQWDUWLFOHE\3DWULFLD6LPRQVDQG0RQLTXH.RUQHOO³$QQLEDO&DUR¶V$IWHU 'LQQHU 6SHHFK DQG WKH 4XHVWLRQ RI7LWLDQ DV9HVDOLXV¶V ,OOXVWUDWRU´ Renaissance Quarterly, ±VXPPDUL]HVPXFKRIWKHVFKRODUVKLSRQWKHVXEMHFWDV ZHOO DV SXWWLQJ WR UHVW WKH TXHVWLRQ RI 7LWLDQ¶V LQYROYHPHQW LQ WKH SURMHFW 7KH IDFW WKDW 7LWLDQ¶VQDPHKDVHYHQEHHQLQYRNHGUHODWLYHWRWKHDe humani corporis«XQGHUVFRUHVWKH V\PELRWLFQDWXUHRIDUWDQGDQDWRP\LQWKLVSHULRG 5REHUWR:HLVVThe Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity2[IRUG2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S -XDQ 9DOYHUGH GH $PXVFR Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano… 5RPH6DODPDQFDDQG/DIUHU\ 5HSXEOLVKHGDVAnatomia del corpo humano5RPH 6DODPDQFDDQG/DIUHU\ ,PDJHVIURPWKLVWH[WDUHDYDLODEOHRQWKHZHEVLWHUXQE\ WKH1DWLRQDO/LEUDU\RI0HGLFLQHKWWSZZZQOPQLKJRYH[KLELWLRQKLVWRULFDODQDWRPLHV YDOYHUGHBELRKWPO 7KHRGRU GH %U\ HG DQG LOOXV $GPLUDQGD QDUUDWLRQ ¿GD WDPHQ GH FRPPRGLV et incolarum ritibus Virginiae…Anglico scripta sermone à Thoma Hariot…)UDQNIXUW- :HFKHO 7KHRGRU GH %U\ HG DQG LOOXV America tertia pars memorabilem provinciae Brasiliae historiam continens…)UDQNIXUW0%HFNHU
Odd Bodies
)LJ
Apollo Belvedere+HQGULN*ROW]LXVFRS\E\+HUPDQ$GROI]IURP Antique Statues in Rome FD GDWHG &RXUWHV\ RI WKH %U\Q0DZU&ROOHJH&ROOHFWLRQV
)LJ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
7KH )OD\HG 0DQ IURP -XDQ 9DOYHUGH GH $PXVFR Anatomia del corpo humano5RPH6DODPDQFDDQG/DIUHU\ SODWHYRO &RXUWHV\RIWKH1DWLRQDO/LEUDU\RI0HGLFLQH
Odd Bodies
)LJ
³7KH 0XVFOH 0DQ´ ³7HUWLD PXVFXORUXP WDEXOD´ IURP $QGUHDV 9HVDOLXV De corporis humani fabrica %DVHO , 2SRULQL &RXUWHV\ RI WKH 'LYLVLRQ RI 5DUH DQG 0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQV &RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
WKHHDUO\PRGHUQ(XURSHDQVSDUWLFXODUO\WKH3LFWVZKRWDWWRRHGWKHPVHOYHVPXFK DVVRPH1DWLYH$PHULFDQVGLG 1RWVXUSULVLQJO\JLYHQWKDWWKHGH%U\IDPLO\LPLWDWHG9HVDOLXVERWKLQWKHLU PHGLFDOLOOXVWUDWLRQVIRU%DXKLQ¶VDQDWRPLFDOWUHDWLVHVDQGLQWKHLUAmericaSURMHFW WKH\ DOVR LPLWDWHG WKH De humani corporis fabrica LQ DOFKHPLFDO LOOXVWUDWLRQV 3UREDEO\WKHEHVWNQRZQH[DPSOHRIDQLOOXVWUDWHGDOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHLV0LFKDHO 0DLHU¶VAtalanta fugiensFleeing Atalanta ¿UVWSXEOLVKHGDW2SSHQKHLPLQ E\WKHGH%U\IDPLO\DQGLOOXVWUDWHGE\HQJUDYLQJVGRQHE\DGH%U\VRQLQODZ 0DWWKlXV0HULDQ0DLHUKLPVHOIERUQLQZDVQRPDUJLQDO¿JXUHEXWZDV WKH FRXUW SK\VLFLDQ WR WKH +RO\ 5RPDQ (PSHURU 5XGROSK ,, D QRWHG SDWURQ RI DOFKHP\ DQG RI WKH DUWV 7KH IDFW WKDW 0DLHU ZDV FRXUW SK\VLFLDQ UHFDOOV WKDW DOFKHP\ ZDV PRUH WKDQ WKH VHDUFK IRU ZD\V WR WXUQ OHDG LQWR JROG ,W ZDV DOVR NQRZQ DV ³FKHPLFDO PHGLFLQH´ DQG WKLV EUDQFK RI WKH DUW FRQVLVWHG RI VHHNLQJ RXW PHGLFLQHV PDGH RXW RI FKHPLFDO FRPSRXQGV KHUEV DQG RWKHU LQJUHGLHQWV WRUHVWRUHWKHERG\¶VHTXLOLEULXPDQGWKXVLWVKHDOWK)RU0DLHUDOFKHP\DOVRKDG D VSLULWXDO VLJQL¿FDQFH EDVHG RQ WKH EHOLHI WKDW FRQWHPSODWLRQ RI FHUWDLQ LGHDV RULPDJHVZRXOGLPSURYHWKHLQGLYLGXDO¶VXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHXQLYHUVHDQGRI KLVRUKHUSODFHLQLW7KLVDOFKHPLFDOUHJLPHSOD\LQJDVLWGRHVZLWKJHQGHUDQG RWKHUFRUSRUHDOQRUPVRIWHQVHHPVWRSUHVHQWDQDOWHUQDWLYHWRWKHSUHGRPLQDQW UHJLPHVRUJDQL]HGE\&KXUFKDQG6WDWHPRVWSDUWLFXODUO\WKHWKHRORJLFDODVZHOO DVOHJDOSULYLOHJLQJRIWKHPDVFXOLQHRYHUWKHIHPLQLQH7KHVHWKUHHEUDQFKHVRI DOFKHP\WKHVHDUFKWRFUHDWHKLJKHUIRUPVRIPDWHULDOVIURPORZHURQHVWR¿QG PHGLFLQHVWRFXUHWKHERG\RILOOQHVVDQGWRLPSURYHRQH¶VXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKURXJK FRQWHPSODWLRQRIFRPSOH[LGHDVDQGLPDJHVZHUHLQWHUWZLQHGLQPDQ\DOFKHPLFDO ZRUNVRIWKHODWHVL[WHHQWKDQGHDUO\VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXULHVDOWKRXJKWKHAtalanta fugiensVHHPVWRSULYLOHJHWKHSKLORVRSKLFDO The AtalantaLVDQRGGZRUNIRUPRGHUQUHDGHUVXQIDPLOLDUZLWKDOFKHPLFDO HPEOHPERRNV FRQVLVWLQJ RI D VHULHV RI HPEOHPV UHSUHVHQWLQJ VWDJHV RI WKH DOFKHPLFDO SURFHVV DV V\PEROLF ¿JXUHV ZLWK D PRWWR DQ HSLJUDP DQG D ORQJ H[SODQDWRU\GLVFXVVLRQDOOLQ/DWLQEXWDOVRWUDQVODWHGLQWR*HUPDQ7KHIXUWKHU FRPSOLFDWLRQRIWKLVZRUNLVWKDWDOOHSLJUDPVDUHVHWWRPXVLFIXJXHVWREH SUHFLVHLQNHHSLQJZLWKWKHWLWOHRIWKHZRUN 7KHUHDGHUZDVDSSDUHQWO\H[SHFWHG WRVLQJWKHHSLJUDPZKLOHFRQWHPSODWLQJWKHHPEOHPWKLVPHDQVWKDWWKHYLHZLQJ RIWKHHPEOHPZDVVXSSRVHGWREHPRUHWKDQDFDVXDOJODQFH7KLVPHWKRGRORJ\ UHVHPEOHV VRPH HDUO\ PRGHUQ PHGLWDWLYH SUDFWLFHV PRUH WKDQ LW GRHV PRGHUQ VFLHQWL¿FPHWKRGVRIH[SHULPHQWDWLRQWKXVVXJJHVWLQJWKHSRVVLELOLW\QRWRQO\RI WUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIPDWHULDOVH[WHUQDOWRWKHSUDFWLWLRQHUEXWDOVRWKHLQGXFLQJRID VWDWHRIPLQGZLWKLQWKHSUDFWLWLRQHU7KDWEHLQJVDLG,ZRXOGQRWZDQWWRIROORZ D-XQJLDQDSSURDFKWRWKHWH[WVUDWKHU,ZRXOGKRSHWRUHLQVWDWHWKHVHZRUNVLQ WKHLU RULJLQDO FRQWH[W WKDW LV WR VD\ D SHULRG ZKHQ PHGLWDWLRQ ZDV EHFRPLQJ D )RU PRUH EDFNJURXQG RQ 0DLHU VHH +HUHZDUG 7LOWRQ FLWHG DERYH DQG %UXFH 7 0RUDQ The alchemical world of the German court: occult philosophy and chemical medicine in the circle of Moritz of Hessen (1572±1632)6WXWWJDUW)6WHLQHU
Odd Bodies
VLJQL¿FDQWSDUWRIUHOLJLRXVSUDFWLFHRQHQHHGRQO\WKLQNRIWKHSpiritual Exercises RI6DLQW,JQDWLXVRI/R\ROD $VVWUDQJHDVDOOWKLVLVWKLVZRUNZDVSRSXODUHQRXJK WREHSXEOLVKHGLQDQGDJDLQLQDQG\HWDJDLQLQDQG,QWKLV UHDGLQJRI0DLHU,GHSDUWIURP$OOHQDQG+XEEVE\SODFLQJ0DLHULQWKHFRQWH[W RIWKHVFLHQWL¿FDQGWKHRORJLFDOGLVFRXUVHVRIKLVWLPH%\PHDQVRIKLVUHSHDWHG LQYRFDWLRQRIWKHIRXUHOHPHQWVZKLFKDUHRPQLSUHVHQWLQWKHAtalantaDVZHOO DV WKH SUHFLVH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK WKLV LQYRFDWLRQ LV SUHVHQWHG 0DLHU GHPRQVWUDWHV D FRQQHFWLRQ WR +LSSRFUDWLF DV ZHOO DV$ULVWRWHOLDQ WUDGLWLRQV LQ ZKLFK ¿UH DLU ZDWHUHDUWKFRUUHVSRQGWRKRWGU\ZHWDQGFROGDVZHOODVWKHKXPRUVRI\HOORZ ELOH EORRG SKOHJP DQG EODFN ELOH ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W WKH EDODQFH RI WKH IRXU HOHPHQWV ZLWK DLU DQG ¿UH UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH PDVFXOLQH DQG HDUWK DQG ZDWHU WKH IHPLQLQHLVFUXFLDOUDWKHUWKDQWKHPDVWHU\DQGHIIDFHPHQWRIVRPHHOHPHQWVE\ RWKHUV7KHFRQVWDQWUHEDODQFLQJRIWKHHOHPHQWVWKURXJKRXWWKHSURFHVVH[SODLQV WKHUHSHWLWLYHQDWXUHRIWKHLPDJHU\LQPDQ\DOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHV)RUH[DPSOHLQ the AtalantaWKHVWDJHRIFRQMXQFWLRQLVHYRNHGUHSHDWHGO\LQWKHLPDJHVRIWKH PDUULDJHRIEURWKHUDQGVLVWHUHPEOHP,9 RI6RODQG/XQDHPEOHP;;;,9 RI 0HUFXU\DQG9HQXVHPEOHP;;;9,,, DVZHOODVLQWKHLPDJHRIWKHDOFKHPLFDO UHELVHPEOHPV;;;,,,DQG;;;9,,, ,WVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHGWKDWWKHHOHPHQWV DUHRIWHQSUHVHQWHGDVDPELJXRXVRUPL[HGLQQDWXUHWKXVWKHPDVFXOLQH:LQGLV SUHVHQWHGDVDSUHJQDQW0DQWKHIHPLQLQH:DWHULVSUHVHQWHGDVDK\GURSLFPDQ UDWKHUWKDQDZRPDQDQGWKHUHELVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK)LUHLVKHUPDSKURGLWLF 7KHERGLHVWKHPVHOYHVDOVRFDOOIRUVRPHFRQWHPSODWLRQGLVUXSWLQJDVWKH\GR DQGGLGLQWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\RXUH[SHFWDWLRQVRIERGLO\QRUPDOF\DVHYRNHGE\ WKHLPDJHVLQ9HVDOLXV¶VWUHDWLVH,QWKLVZHFDQVHHWKHLGHDOL]HGERG\UHSUHVHQWHG LQPXFKRIZKDW5HQDLVVDQFHDUWLVWVNQHZRIFODVVLFDOVFXOSWXUHEHFRPLQJWKHQRUP WKDW/HQQDUG'DYLVGLVFHUQVLQPRGHUQFXOWXUH%XWDOFKHP\UHSUHVHQWVERGLHVWKDW DUHVRPHKRZVWUDQJHDQGLWFRXOGEHDUJXHGWKDWDOFKHPLFDOLOOXVWUDWLRQVQRUPDOL]H VWUDQJHQHVVE\RIIHULQJLWIRUFRQWHPSODWLRQDVSDUWRIWKHDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVV6R 9HVDOLXV¶V0XVFOH0DQEHFRPHVWKH:LQGWKH¿UVWHPEOHPLQWKHAtalanta +LV KDLUDQGKLVKDQGVGHVLJQDWHKLPDVWKHDLU\HOHPHQWHYHQDVKHVHHPVWRGLVVROYH LQWRWKDWHOHPHQWDQGWKHFKLOGLQKLVEHOO\LQGLFDWHVKLVFHQWUDOLW\WRWKHJHQHUDWLYH SURFHVV7KHSRVLWLRQLQJRIKLVIHHWWKHDVSHFWRIWKLV¿JXUHWKDWPRVWUHVHPEOHV WKH$SROOR%HOYHGHUHVXJJHVWVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIÀLJKWRUOLJKWQHVVDVWKHKHHOVRI ERWKIHHWDUHOLIWHGVOLJKWO\RIIRIWKHJURXQG7KHDUPVDOVRHFKRLQJWKHSODFHPHQW RIWKHDUPVLQWKH$SROOR%HOYHGHUHHQGLQJXVWVRIZLQGUHSUHVHQWHGE\VSLUDOLQJ FORXGV 7KH FODVVLFDO VFXOSWXUH ZLWK LWV HPSKDVLV RQ OLJKWQHVV DQG PRYHPHQW
6HH+0(GH-RQJMichael Maier’s Atalanta fugiens: Sources of an Alchemical Book of Emblems
)LJ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
³7KH:LQG&DUULHVLWLQ+LV%HOO\´(PEOHPIURP0LFKDHO0DLHU Atalanta fugiens2SSHQKHLP*DOOHU\UHSULQWHG)UDQNIXUW &RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV &RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
Odd Bodies
VHUYHVDVWKHSHUIHFWPRGHOIRUDQLPDJHRIWKH:LQGDVDVHPLGLYLQHHOHPHQWDO IRUFHLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIWKH3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQH 7KH PRWWR WKDW DFFRPSDQLHV WKH HPEOHP ³7KH ZLQG FDUULHG LW LQ LWV EHOO\´ LV D OLQH IURP WKH HDUOLHVW H[WDQW DOFKHPLFDO WUHDWLVH WKH Emerald Table RU Tabula Smaragdina SUREDEO\ GDWLQJ IURP DURXQG WKH IRXUWK FHQWXU\$' 7KLV ZRUN GHVFULEHV WKH 3KLORVRSKHU¶V 6WRQH WKH JRDO RI HYHU\ DOFKHPLFDO SURFHVV DVWKHFKLOGRIWKH6XQDQGWKH0RRQERUQHE\WKH:LQGDQGQRXULVKHGE\WKH (DUWK$OO DVSHFWV RI QDWXUH DUH QHFHVVDU\ WR WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI WKH VWRQH MXVW DVDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHYDULRXVPDWKHPDWLFDOGLVFLSOLQHV±DULWKPHWLFPXVLF FRQVLGHUHG D PDWKHPDWLFDO GLVFLSOLQH LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ (XURSH JHRPHWU\ DQG DVWURQRP\±SHUIHFWVWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHZRUOG$WDQ\UDWH WKLVLVWKHOHVVRQ0DLHURIIHUVLQKLVFRPPHQWDU\RQWKHLPDJH ,Q KLV GHSLFWLRQ RI WKH :LQG 0DWWKlXV 0HULDQ KDV RQO\ GHSDUWHG VOLJKWO\ IURP WKH FODVVLFDO LGHDO EXW WKH SUHJQDQW PDQ D SRSXODU FRQFHSW LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQFXOWXUHWZLVWVWKH9HVDOLDQPRGHOLQDQHZGLUHFWLRQ7KH:LQGOHDGV ORJLFDOO\WRWKHQXUWXULQJ(DUWKDVWKHAtalantaHYRNHVWKH$ULVWRWHOLDQHOHPHQWDO IRXQGDWLRQVRIWKHDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVVHDUWKDLUZDWHUDQG¿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¿UH ZLWK WKH¿UHDQGVPRNHVZHHSLQJXSZDUGVDQGHFKRLQJWKH:LQGLQWKH¿UVWHPEOHP ZLWK LWV ELOORZLQJ FORXGV ZKLOH WKH ZDWHU SRXUV GRZQZDUGV WKXV HFKRLQJ WKH PRYHPHQWLQ WKHVHFRQG HPEOHP:KLOHE\ WKHWLPHRI WKH5HQDLVVDQFHHDUWK DQGZDWHUFDPHWREHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHIHPLQLQHDQG¿UHZLWKWKHPDVFXOLQH DOORIWKHVHHOHPHQWVQHHGHGWREHLQEDODQFHDFFRUGLQJWR+LSSRFUDWLFPHGLFLQH QHZO\UHYLYHGLQWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\,WLVVLJQL¿FDQWWKDWDOORIWKHHOHPHQWV LQFOXGLQJ(DUWKDUHFUXFLDOWRWKHDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVVZKLFKGRHVQRWFRQVLVWRID VKHGGLQJRIWKHORZHUHOHPHQWVHDUWKDQGZDWHUWKHPVHOYHVOLQNHGWRWKHIHPLQLQH LQPRVWRWKHUSKLORVRSKLFDOGLVFXVVLRQVRIWKHWLPH7KHVHHPEOHPVDOVRVXJJHVW WKDWWKH3KLORVRSKHU¶VZRUNVKRXOGUHÀHFWWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIQDWXUHQRWGRPLQDWH RUHOLPLQDWHLW
'H-RQJS 6HHIRUH[DPSOH6KHUU\9HODVFRMale Delivery: Reproduction, Effeminacy, and Pregnant Men in Early Modern Spain1DVKYLOOH719DQGHUELOW8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 7KHUHYLYDORI+LSSRFUDWHVLVOLQNHGWRUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIJHQGHUE\/RUUDLQH'DVWRQ DQG.DWKDULQH3DUNLQWKHLUDUWLFOH³7KH+HUPDSKURGLWHDQGWKH2UGHUVRI1DWXUH6H[XDO $PELJXLW\LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ)UDQFH´Gay and Lesbian Quarterly ±
)LJ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
³7KH(DUWKLVLWV1XUVH´(PEOHPIURP0LFKDHO0DLHUAtalanta fugiens&RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV &RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
Odd Bodies
7KHHPEOHPVRIWKHAtalantaDOVRUHÀHFWDSOD\ZLWKFDWHJRULHVRUERXQGDULHV SDUWLFXODUO\WKRVHLQYROYLQJWKHKXPDQERG\:KLOHWKH¿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talantaWRV\PEROL]H6RODQG/XQD$SROORDQG'LDQDJROG DQGVLOYHUDQGPRWKHUVRQLQWKHRosarium philosophorum DQGRIHIIHPLQDF\ DV LQ WKH FDVH RI WKH K\GURSLF PDQ HPEOHP;,,, VHH7HXWRQ ¿JXUH ZKRVH EORDWHG ERG\ UHVHPEOHV WKDW RI D SUHJQDQW ZRPDQ 7KLV HPEOHP DOVR DGGV WKH HOHPHQWRIZDWHUWRWKHDLUHDUWKPL[DVWKHK\GURSLFPDQLVERWKZDVKHG±WKDW LVEDWKHGLQZDWHURUGLVVROYHGLQLWMXVWDVDFKHPLFDOVXEVWDQFHZRXOGEH±DQG SXUJHGRIKLVRZQGLVHDVHUHSUHVHQWHGE\H[FHVVÀXLG7KLVVRUWRISDUDGR[RI DGGLQJDQGUHPRYDORIHOHPHQWVLVQRWXQFRPPRQLQWKHDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVV7KH HOHPHQWVHDUWKZDWHUDLUDQG¿UHDOOGRPLQDWHWKHHPEOHPVDQGDUHUHSUHVHQWHG DVWKHYHU\EDVHVRIH[LVWHQFHDVZHOODVWKHFDWDO\VWVQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHDOFKHPLFDO SURFHVV7KHHOHPHQWVWKHPVHOYHVDUHVWLOOJHQGHUHGZLWKWKHHDUWKUHSUHVHQWHGDV IHPDOHHPEOHP,, ZDWHUUHSUHVHQWHGE\DQHIIHPLQDWHPDQHPEOHP;,,, DLU DVPDVFXOLQHHPEOHP, DQG¿UHPRVWFORVHO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHKHUPDSKURGLWLF UHELVHPEOHP;;;,,, 7KXVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHHIIDFHPHQWDQGUHGUDZLQJRI ERXQGDULHVLQWKLVWUHDWLVHRIWHQLQYROYHDQLQWHUSOD\EHWZHHQWKHPDVFXOLQHDQG WKHIHPLQLQH 0RVWVWULNLQJDPRQJWKHVHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHKXPDQERG\LVWKHUHELVD FHQWUDO¿JXUHLQWKHDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVVUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHVWDJHRIFRQMXQFWLRQRI VXOSKXU9HQXV DQGPHUFXU\FRQVLGHUHGRSSRVLQJHOHPHQWVEXWDOVRWKHEDVHVRI H[LVWHQFHLQDOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHVRIWKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRG 7KLVFRQMXQFWLRQRI RSSRVLWHVOHDGVWRWKHSURGXFWLRQRIWKH3KLORVRSKHU¶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
2YLG3XEOLXV2YLGLXV1DVR MetamorphosesHG:LOOLDP6$QGHUVRQ/HLS]LJ 7HXEQHU ENO
)LJ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
7KH +HUPDSKURGLWH LQ WKH 6WDJH RI 3XWUHIDFWLRQ RU 'LVVROXWLRQ (PEOHPRIWKHAtalanta fugiens0LFKDHO0DLHU&RXUWHV\RIWKH 'LYLVLRQ RI 5DUH DQG 0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQV &RUQHOO 8QLYHUVLW\ /LEUDU\
Odd Bodies
2YLG¶VYHUVLRQLVLQOLQHZLWKWKH$ULVWRWHOLDQQRWLRQVRIJHQGHUZKLFKSUHVHQWWKH IHPDOHDVDGHIHFWLYHRUODFNLQJPDOH 7KHDOFKHPLFDOUHELVGH¿HVWKLVYLVLRQRIJHQGHUE\RIIHULQJWZRGLVWLQFWIRUPV LQRQHERG\,IWKHIHPLQLQHDVSHFWZHUHPHUHO\DGHIHFWLYHRUODFNLQJYHUVLRQRI WKH PDVFXOLQH DVSHFW LW ZRXOG GLVDSSHDU LQWR WKH PDVFXOLQH IRUP DV 6DOPDFLV GRHVLQWR+HUPDSKURGLWXV7KHIDFWWKDWWKHIHPLQLQHDVSHFWUHPDLQVHYLGHQWLQ WKHUHELVXQGHUVFRUHGERWKE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIIHPDOHJHQLWDOLDDQGRQHIHPDOH EUHDVWDVZHOODVE\ORQJKDLUVXJJHVWVWKDWWKLV¿JXUHLVWKHXQLRQRIWZRWUXO\ GLVWLQFW IRUPV ZKLFK UHWDLQ WKDW GLVWLQFWLRQ HYHQ ZKHQ MRLQHG ,Q WKLV LQWHUSOD\ EHWZHHQGLVWLQFWLRQDQGHIIDFHPHQWRIGLIIHUHQFHPRVWIUHTXHQWO\UHVXOWLQJLQD XQLRQRIRSSRVLWHVWKDWQRQHWKHOHVVDOORZVWKRVHRSSRVLWHVWRUHWDLQWKHLUGLVWLQFW LGHQWLWLHV 0DLHU H[WHQGV WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI JHQGHU UROHV WR D EURDGHU DUUD\ RI TXHVWLRQV VXJJHVWHG E\ WKH LPDJHU\ RI WKH Atalanta VXFK DV FRGHSHQGHQFH RIVSHFLHVHPEOHP,, DQGWKHSUREOHPDWLFSRZHUDQGYXOQHUDELOLW\RIWKHNLQJ HPEOHPV ;;,9 ;;9,,, ;;;, DQG ;/9,,, 7KH V\PEROLF VLJQL¿FDQFH RI WKHKHUPDSKURGLWLFUHELVEHFRPHVTXLWHFDSDFLRXVDVWKHDPELJXLW\RIWKH¿JXUH UHTXLUHV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ ,Q DOFKHPLFDO WUDGLWLRQ WKLV KHUPDSKURGLWLF ERG\ LV WKH LGHDOIRUP7KH3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQHLVRIWHQGHVFULEHGDVDKHUPDSKURGLWHDVLV WKHRULJLQDO*RGWKDWFUHDWHGWKHXQLYHUVH ,ZRXOGOLNHWRDUJXHWKDWWKLVDQRPDORXVERG\RIIHUVDSRWHQWSROLWLFDOPHVVDJH RQHHFKRHGE\0RQWDLJQHLQDVRPHZKDWGLIIHUHQWFRQWH[WKLVEULHIHVVD\³2QD 0RQVWURXV&KLOG´WKHWKLUWLHWKHVVD\LQWKHVHFRQGYROXPH$IWHUGHVFULELQJKRZ WKLVFKLOGZLWKDSDUDVLWLFWZLQFRPSOHWHH[FHSWIRULWVKHDGMRLQHGWRKLPDWWKH DEGRPHQLVVKRZQE\UHODWLYHVWRDQ\RQHZKRZLOOSD\KHJLYHVDQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ ³7KLVGRXEOHERG\DQGLWVGLIIHUHQWSDUWVMRLQHGZLWKRQHVLQJOHKHDGFRXOGZHOO SURYLGHDIDYRUDEOHSURJQRVWLFDWLRQWRWKH.LQJWKDWKHPLJKWPDLQWDLQXQGHUWKH XQLRQFUHDWHGE\KLVODZVWKHVHGLYHUVHSDUWVDQGSLHFHVRIRXUVWDWH´0RQWDLJQH LVQRWRYHUO\RSWLPLVWLFDERXWWKLVSRVVLELOLW\EXWKLVYLVLRQRIWKHXQLRQRIGLVSDUDWH SDUWVLVQRWVRGLVWDQWIURPWKHDOFKHPLFDOQRWLRQRIFRQMXQFWLRQZKHUHGLIIHUHQFH LV MRLQHG WRJHWKHU EXW QRW DVVLPLODWHG LQWR D XQLIRUP ZKROH +H DOVR DUJXHV HFKRLQJ6W$XJXVWLQH¶VGLVFXVVLRQRIPRQVWHUVLQThe City of God³7KDWZKLFK ZHFDOOPRQVWHUVDUHQRWVXFKWR*RGZKRVHHVLQWKHLPPHQVLW\RIKLVFUHDWLRQWKH LQ¿QLW\RIIRUPVWKDWKHKDVLQFOXGHG´:KLOH0RQWDLJQH¶V³0RQVWURXV&KLOG´LV
$ULVWRWOH Generation of Animals LQ The Complete Works of Aristotle -RQDWKDQ %DUQHV HG 3ULQFHWRQ 1- 3ULQFHWRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV %ROOLQJHQ 6HULHV YRO SE 0LFKHO GH 0RQWDLJQH Essais 3LHUUH9LOOH\ HG 3DULV 3UHVVHV 8QLYHUVLWDLUHV GH )UDQFH YROS³&HGRXEOHFRUSVHWFHVPHPEUHVGLYHUVVHUDSSRUWDQVjXQH VHXOH WHVWH SRXUURLHQW ELHQ IRXUQLU GH IDYRUDEOH SURJQRVWLTXH DX 5R\ GH PDLQWHQLU VRXV O¶XQLRQGHVHVORL[FHVSDUVHWSLHFHVGLYHUVHVGHQRVWUHHVWDW´ ³&HTXHQRXVDSSHOORQVPRQVWUHVQHOHVRQWSDVj'LHXTXLYRLWHQO¶LPPHQVLWpGH VRQRXYUDJHO¶LQ¿QLWpGHVIRUPHVTX¶LO\DFRPSULQVHV´
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
WKHSK\VLFDOUHYHUVHRIWKHDOFKHPLFDOUHELVEHLQJWZRERGLHVZLWKRQHKHDGWKH OHVVRQVHYRNHGE\WKHWZREHDUVRPHUHVHPEODQFH :KDW 0RQWDLJQH¶V WH[W PDNHV FOHDU LV WKDW ZHOO EHIRUH +REEHV WKH ERG\ DV PHWDSKRU IRU WKH ERG\ SROLWLF LV QRW RQO\ FXUUHQW EXW DOUHDG\ EHLQJ WXUQHG LQ GLIIHUHQW GLUHFWLRQV E\ WKH XVH RI XQXVXDO GLVDEOHG RU GLVHDVHG ERGLHV DV PHWDSKRUVIRUG\VIXQFWLRQDOVWDWHV7KLVSUREOHPDWLFYLHZRIWKHERG\LVHYRNHG E\7KpRGRUH$JULSSDG¶$XELJQpLQKLVHSLFRQWKH:DUVRI5HOLJLRQLQ)UDQFH Les Tragiques+HFRPSDUHVD)UDQFHWRUQE\FLYLOZDUWRDJLDQWERG\DIÀLFWHG E\ KXPRUDO LPEDODQFHV DQG K\GURSV\ :KLOH G¶$XELJQp PRUH FRQYHQWLRQDOO\ FRPSDUHV WKH G\VIXQFWLRQDO VWDWH WR D GLVHDVHG ERG\ 0RQWDLJQH VXJJHVWV WKDW WKHXQXVXDOERG\RIWKH³PRQVWURXVFKLOG´VHQGVDGLIIHUHQWPHVVDJHWKDWRIWKH SRWHQWLDOKDUPRQ\RIWKHGLVSDUDWHIDFWLRQVLQ)UDQFHDWWKHHQGRIWKHVL[WHHQWK FHQWXU\,QWKLVFRQWH[WWKHKHUPDSKURGLWLFUHELVVXJJHVWVDODUJHUSROLWLFDODUHQD IRUDOFKHPLFDOPRGHVRIWKLQNLQJ 7KHOHVVRQVRI0RQWDLJQH¶VPRQVWURXVFKLOGDQGRIWKHDOFKHPLFDOUHELVDOVR EHDU VRPH UHVHPEODQFH WR WKRVH RIIHUHG E\$OLFH 'UHJHU UHODWLYH WR FRQMRLQHG WZLQV:HVWHUQEHOLHILQWKHRYHUULGLQJLPSRUWDQFHRILQGLYLGXDOLW\PD\VHHPWR GULYHWKHXUJHWRVXUJLFDOO\VHSDUDWHFRQMRLQHGWZLQVDV'UHJHUDUJXHVEXWWKLV XUJHDOVRDULVHVIURPWKHVRFLDOLPSRUWDQFHRIFRQIRUPLQJWRLGHDOL]LQJQRUPVRI FRUSRUHDOLW\IURPDGULYHWRHIIDFHLQGLYLGXDOVZKRDUHWRRGLIIHUHQWWRRLQGLYLGXDO DV'DYLVKDVVXJJHVWHGLQKLVHVVD\RQ³&RQVWUXFWLQJ1RUPDOF\´FLWHGDERYH7KLV GULYHWRFUHDWHDQLQGLYLGXDOZKRFRQIRUPVWRRXUYLHZRIERGLO\QRUPVFDXVHV VXUJHRQVWRLPSRVHRIWHQGDQJHURXVSURFHGXUHVRQWKHLUFRQMRLQHGWZLQSDWLHQWV DVZHOODVRQRWKHULQGLYLGXDOVZLWK³H[WUDRUGLQDU\ERGLHV´7RGD\DVLQWKHHDUO\ PRGHUQSHULRGZHVWLOOKDYHGLI¿FXOW\DFFHSWLQJFHUWDLQIRUPVRIGLIIHUHQFH
)RU D FULWLTXH RI +REEHV¶V FRUSRUHDO PHWDSKRUV VHH 0RLUD *DWHQV Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power, and Corporeality/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH SS± ³&HYLHLOFRUSVWRXWLQIHFWSOHLQGHVDGLVFUDVLH+\GURSLTXH«´³7KLVROGERG\ FRPSOHWHO\LQIHFWHGDQGIXOORIKXPRUDOLPEDODQFHVK\GURSLF«´ OO±IURP³0LVqUHV´ in Les TragiquesIURPWKHOeuvres+:HEHUHG3DULV*DOOLPDUG S $OLFH'UHJHUOne of Us: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal&DPEULGJH 0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS±
Odd Bodies
WZR FRQVFLRXV KHDGV´ 7KH LPSOLFDWLRQV RI WKLV GXDO LGHQWLW\ LQ RQH ERG\ ¿UVW VXJJHVWHG E\ 0RQWDLJQH DUH VLJQL¿FDQW LQ WKH UHODWLRQV ZH IRUP DQG WKDW DUH QHFHVVDU\ WR RXU H[LVWHQFH SK\VLFDO IDPLOLDO VRFLDO RU SROLWLFDO LW LV SRVVLEOH WRIXQFWLRQDVDXQLWZLWKRXWVDFUL¿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¶VHPEOHPRIDUHELVEHLQJFDOFLQDWHGE\PHDQVRI³PRUWjSHWLW IHX´RUGHDWKE\VORZ¿UHDIRUPRIWRUWXUHXVHGERWKRQKHUHWLFVDQGUHFDOFLWUDQW QDWLYHVRIWKH:HVWHUQKHPLVSKHUHLQWKHVL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXULHV $OFKHP\QRZUHKDELOLWDWHGDVDSURWRFKHPLVWU\DGLVFLSOLQHZLWKRXWZKLFK FKHPLVWU\PLJKWQHYHUKDYHH[LVWHGE\VFKRODUVVXFKDV$OOHQ'HEXV:LOOLDP 1HZPDQDQG/DZUHQFH3ULQFLSHZDVPRFNHGDQGGLVFUHGLWHGE\(QOLJKWHQPHQW DQG SRVW(QOLJKWHQPHQW WKLQNHUV SDUWLFXODUO\ DFDGHPLFV DQG SDUWLFXODUO\ WKRVH LQ WKH GLVFLSOLQH RI PHGLFLQH 2QH QHHG RQO\ UHDG WKH RSHQLQJ SDJHV RI 0DU\ 6KHOOH\¶VFrankensteinWRVHHKRZIDULWKDGIDOOHQRXWRIJUDFHHYHQLQWKHUHDOPRI SRSXODUFXOWXUHE\WKHHDUO\QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\9LFWRU)UDQNHQVWHLQOHDUQVIURPKLV SURIHVVRUVWKDWKLVVWXG\RI&RUQHOLXV$JULSSD$OEHUWXV0DJQXVDQG3DUDFHOVXV WKHJUHDWHVWRIDOFKHPLVWVKDVEHHQDQXWWHUZDVWHRIWLPH³(YHU\PLQXWH«HYHU\ LQVWDQWWKDW\RXKDYHZDVWHGRQWKRVHERRNVLVXWWHUO\DQGHQWLUHO\ORVW´$OFKHP\ ZDVUHJDUGHGDVDPRQVWURXVSUDFWLFH
$OOHQ 'HEXV The Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH/RQJ
IURPPLGZLIHU\)URPWKHVFKRODUVKLSRI-D\QH$UFKHUDQG3HQQ\%D\HUDVZHOO DV PDQ\ RWKHUV ZH NQRZ WKDW TXLWH D IHZ ZRPHQ SUDFWLFHG DOFKHP\ ERWK DV D VFLHQFHSHUIRUPLQJHDUO\YHUVLRQVRIFKHPLVWU\H[SHULPHQWVDQGDVDSKLORVRSK\ GLVFXVVLQJ ZKDW LW PHDQW IRU WKHLU SODFH LQ WKH ZRUOG7KXV DOFKHP\ EHFDPH D VSDFH IRU GLIIHUHQFH LQ D QXPEHU RI ZD\V 5HODWLYH WR ZRPHQ SUDFWLWLRQHUV LW JUDQWVWKHPD¿HOGLQZKLFKWRSXUVXHVFLHQWL¿FDQGSKLORVRSKLFDOLQTXLULHVDWD WLPHZKHQWKH\UHPDLQVKXWRXWRIRI¿FLDODFDGHPLFDQGVFKRODUO\FLUFOHVDQGDV WKH\DUHEHLQJH[FOXGHGIURPGRPDLQVRILQTXLU\DQGSUDFWLFHIRUPHUO\SHUPLWWHG WRWKHPVXFKDVPDQDJHPHQWRIFKLOGELUWKDQGRWKHUUHSURGXFWLYHLVVXHV $V KDV EHHQ PHQWLRQHG DERYH DOFKHP\ KDG EHHQ IRU PDQ\ FHQWXULHV FRQVLGHUHGERWKDVFLHQFHDQGDSKLORVRSK\RIOLIHDSURFHVVRISHUIHFWLQJQDWXUH DQGWKHVHOI:KLOHVRPHDOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHVJLYHSUHFLVH³UHFLSHV´WRIROORZIRU YDULRXV FKHPLFDO H[SHULPHQWV PDQ\ 0LFKDHO 0DLHU¶V Atalanta fugiens DPRQJ WKHP ZHUH PRUH OLNH PHGLWDWLYH H[HUFLVHV OLQNHG WR WKH DOFKHPLFDO V\PEROLVP XVHGLQPRUHSUDFWLFDOPDQXDOV:KDWWKHQZHUHLQGLYLGXDOVPHGLWDWLQJRQ"2QH RI WKH IXQGDPHQWDO SULQFLSOHV RI DOFKHP\ LV WKDW ERWK PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH HOHPHQWVDUHQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHSHUIHFWLRQRIDQ\DVSHFWRIQDWXUHRUPDQDQRWKHU WKDW SHUIHFWLRQ DULVHV RXW RI LPSHUIHFWLRQ DQG LUUHGXFLEOH GLIIHUHQFH QRW RXW RI HOLPLQDWLRQRIWKDWLPSHUIHFWLRQRUWKDWGLIIHUHQFH7KHFRQVWDQWUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI RGGERGLHVLQDOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHV±DQG0LFKDHO0DLHU¶VRWKHUWUHDWLVHVDVZHOO DV WKH ZRUNV RI RWKHU DOFKHPLVWV IRUHJURXQG FRUSRUHDO GLIIHUHQFH UHSHDWHGO\ ± JRHVDJDLQVWWKHJUDLQRILGHDOL]LQJDQGPDVFXOLQL]LQJUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHERG\ LQPHGLFDOZRUNV,WVKRXOGEHUHFRJQL]HGWKDWWKLVSULYLOHJLQJRIUDGLFDOERGLO\ GLIIHUHQFHLQFOXGLQJPRQVWURVLW\LQWKHVHQVHRIFURVVVSHFLHVK\EULGV GLVDELOLW\ LQWKHVHQVHRIERGLHVWKDWGHSDUWIURPDQLGHDOL]LQJQRUP DQGWUDQVJHQGHULVP DOODVVRFLDWHWKHIHPLQLQHZLWKWKH³PRQVWURXV´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
6HHWKHHVVD\VLQWKLVYROXPHDVZHOODV3HQQ\%D\HU¶VHVVD\V³-HDQQHGX3RUW DOFKHPLVW GDXJKWHU RI -RVHSK GX &KHVQH´ Rosenholmeren: Notiitser og Meddelelser fra Renaessancestudier ved Aarhus Universitet 2FWREHU ± ³/DG\ 0DUJDUHW &OLIIRUG¶V$OFKHPLFDO5HFHLSW%RRNDQGWKH-RKQ'HH&LUFOH´Ambix1RYHPEHU ± DQG ³)URP .LWFKHQ +HDUWK WR /HDUQHG 3DUDFHOVLDQLVP :RPHQ¶V $OFKHPLFDO $FWLYLWLHV LQ WKH 5HQDLVVDQFH´ LQ “Mystical Metal of Gold”: Essays on Alchemy and Renaissance Culture 6WDQWRQ - /LQGHQ HG %URRNO\Q 1<$06 3UHVV DPRQJ RWKHU SLHFHV 6HH DOVR -D\QH$UFKHU ³:RPHQ DQG$OFKHP\ LQ (DUO\ 0RGHUQ (QJODQG´ XQSXEOLVKHG3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI&DPEULGJH
Odd Bodies
WKLQJVPLJKWKDYHWXUQHGRXWLIDOFKHP\PRUHLPDJLQDWLYHYLVXDODQGFUHDWLYHWKDQ PDQ\RIWKHVFLHQWL¿FGLVFLSOLQHVGHYLVHGE\WKH(QOLJKWHQPHQWPRUHLQFOXVLYHRI ZRPHQ DV SUDFWLWLRQHUV DQG PRUH RSHQ WR GLYHUVH ERGLO\ IRUPV KDG QRW EHHQ GLVFUHGLWHGE\WKHPRGHUQV7KHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\VDZWKH¿UVWFOHDUHODERUDWLRQV RI WKH FRQFHSW RI KXPDQ ULJKWV LQ (XURSH EXW WKH HYROXWLRQ RI WKLV FRQFHSW LQ WKH:HVWKDVRIWHQOHGWRWKHH[FOXVLRQIURPWKHVHULJKWVRIJURXSVZKRGRQ¶W¿W LQWR DQ LGHDOL]HG QRUP ZRPHQ RSHQO\ JD\ OHVELDQ ELVH[XDO RU WUDQVJHQGHUHG LQGLYLGXDOVPLQRULWLHVDQGWKHGLVDEOHG$QXPEHURIPRGHUQPHGLFDOSUDFWLFHV VXFKDVHXJHQLFVIRUFHGVWHULOL]DWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]DWLRQVHOHFWLYHDERUWLRQDQG DHVWKHWLFVXUJHU\VHHPWRKDYHIDYRUHGXQLIRUPLW\DQGHOLPLQDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQFHV WKH\JRKDQGLQKDQGZLWKSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOV\VWHPVWKDWKDYHSULYLOHJHGUHODWLYHO\ QDUURZVXEJURXSVRISHRSOHZKR¿WDSDUWLFXODUDHVWKHWLFLGHDO±RQHLQVSLUHGDW OHDVWLQSDUWE\FODVVLFDOVWDWXDU\VXFKDVWKH$SROOR%HOYHGHUH$OFKHP\RIIHUHG WKHSRVVLELOLW\RIDQH[HUFLVHLQIDPLOLDUL]LQJWKHVWUDQJHRIHPEUDFLQJUDWKHUWKDQ HOLPLQDWLQJGLIIHUHQFH/HWXVHPEUDFHWKLVDVSHFWRIDOFKHPLFDOWKRXJKWDVZH IDFHQHZFKDOOHQJHVDQGDQLQFUHDVLQJO\JOREDOFXOWXUH
This page has been left blank intentionally
&KDSWHU
³3XW2XWRI+HU&RXUVH´1 ,PDJHVRIWKH0RQVWURXVLQGH%U\¶V ,OOXVWUDWLRQVRIAtalanta fugiens and the America 6HDQ7HXWRQ
,Q KLV LQWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH America -RKDQQ 7KHRGRU GH %U\ FORVHV ZLWK WKH FDYHDW ,DVNPRVWHDUQHVWO\WKDWLIDQ\RQHHOVHVKRXOGEHIRXQGDWWHPSWLQJWRSLUDWHWKLV ERRNRIPLQHIRUQRZDGD\VWKHUHDUHPDQ\GLVKRQHVWSHRSOHZKRWU\WRJHWWKH EHQH¿WRIDQRWKHU¶VZRUN WKDWQRFUHGLWVKRXOGEHJLYHQWRWKHFRXQWHUIHLWFRS\ IRU,KDYHSXWVHFUHWPDUNVLQP\GUDZLQJVZKLFKZLOOFHUWDLQO\FDXVHFRQIXVLRQ LIWKH\DUHRPLWWHG
$VHQJUDYHUDQGSXEOLVKHURIWKHPRQXPHQWDOYROXPHGHVFULELQJIRUWKHSHRSOH RI(XURSHWKHODQGFDOOHG$PHULFDGH%U\RIIHUVWKHDERYHZDUQLQJWRSURWHFWQRW RQO\KLVLQYHVWPHQWEXWDOVRKLVUHSXWDWLRQ6XUHO\KLV³VHFUHWPDUNV´ZLOODOHUW KLPWRSLUDWHVEXWKRZDUHKLVUHDGHUVWRNQRZWKH\DUHLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHUHDO WH[W"+RZDUHWKH\WRLGHQWLI\WKHVHFUHWPDUNV"2IFRXUVHLIWKHHQJUDYHUUHYHDOHG WKHPDUNVWRKLVDXGLHQFHWKH\ZRXOGQRORQJHUEHVHFUHW1RZFRQVLGHUWKLVRGG SDUDGR[RIWH[WXDOVHFUHF\LQWKHZDUQLQJWRWKHDQRQ\PRXVO\DXWKRUHGDOFKHPLFDO WUHDWLVHRosarium philosophorum 1HLWKHU VKDOO DQ\ PDQ MXVWO\ XVH VODQGHURXV DQG EODVSKHPRXV ZRUGV DJDLQVW PH IRU VHHLQJ WKDW WKH $QFLHQW 3KLORVRSKHUV KDYH ZULWWHQ VR REVFXUHO\ DQG
)UDQFLV%DFRQLQKLVWUHDWLVHDe dignitate et Augmentis scientiarumJUDSSOHVZLWK WKHFDWHJRUL]DWLRQRIPRQVWHUVDQGGHWHUPLQHVWKDWWKHPRQVWURXVLVQDWXUH³SXWRXWRIKHU FRXUVH´ 6WHIDQ /RUDQW HG The New World: The First Pictures of America 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ FRQIXVHGO\WKDWWKH\DUHQRWXQGHUVWRRGQRUVHHPQRWWRDJUHHWRJHWKHUEHFDXVH GLYHUVHPHQVHDUFKLQJDIWHUWKLVPRVWSUHFLRXV$UWKDYHHLWKHUEHHQGHFHLYHGRU WHUUL¿HGIURPWKHLUSXUSRVH«
7KRXJKXQGRXEWHGO\QRWDXWKRUHGE\GH%U\WKHRosariumOLNHWKHAmericaLV SUHGLFDWHGRQDKHUPHQHXWLFVRIVHFUHF\WKDWVWUDWHJLFDOO\XQGHUZULWHVDXWKRUVKLS ZKLOHORFDWLQJHUURULQWKHUHDGHU%RWKGLVFRXUVHV±1HZ:RUOGWUDYHODFFRXQWV DQG DOFKHP\ ± VKDUH D VLPLODU WRQH RI VHFUHF\ DOFKHP\ KDV DOZD\V GHPDQGHG UHDGLQJDVDULWXDOL]HGGHFRGLQJRILPDJHVGLG1HZ:RUOGWUDYHORJXHVERUURZ WKLVWKHRU\RIUHDGLQJ"$QGERWKIRUPVHOLFLWDQDWWHQGDQWSULYDF\:LWKWKHUHFHQW DGYHQWRISULQWLQHDUO\PRGHUQ(XURSHOLWHUDF\LIQRW³YLVXDO´OLWHUDF\DOORZHG UHDGLQJ WR EH D SULYDWH LQGLYLGXDO HYHQ XQLTXH DFW:RUNLQJ GXULQJ WKLV WLPH GH%U\SXUVXHVDXQLTXHDXWKRUVKLSE\VWURNLQJKLVVLJQDWXUHLQWRHDFKGHSLFWLRQ VHTXHVWHULQJ LW VRPHZKHUH LQ WKH LQWULFDWH HQJUDYLQJV %XW WKH SXEOLF VSKHUH FKDOOHQJHG WKH VHFUHF\ DQG SULYDF\ RI WKHVH GLVFRXUVHV VR WKDW DOWKRXJK LW ZDV RIWHQGHFODUHG³KHUHWLFDO´DOFKHP\ZDVDIDPLOLDUDQGDQFLHQWVFLHQFHSUHGDWLQJ &KULVWLDQLW\ DQG GLVFXVVLRQV RI WUDYHO WR WKH $PHULFDV ¿OOHG WKH FROOHFWLYH PLQGVRIFLWL]HQVHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQDQH[SORUHUVHWVDLOIRU³WKH&URZQ´6RLWLV LURQLF WKDW LQ WKH PLGVW RI WKHLU GHFODUDWLRQ RI ERXQGDULHV EHWZHHQ VHFUHF\ DQG UHYHODWLRQDOFKHP\DQGH[SORUDWLRQDOVRDQQRXQFHWKHDUELWUDU\QDWXUHRIVRFLDOO\ GHVLJQDWHGERXQGDULHVDQGFDWHJRULHVDQGHYHQHQFRXUDJHWKHLUWUDQVFHQGHQFH,Q WKHIROORZLQJSDJHV,RIIHUDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHVKDUHGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVHWZR V\VWHPVRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ±1HZ:RUOGWUDYHOZULWLQJDQGDOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHV±DV RUJDQL]HGDQGDXWKRUL]HGE\7KHRGRUGH%U\DQGKLVVRQ-RKDQQ7KHRGRUGH%U\ LQRUGHUWRH[SODLQKRZHDUO\PRGHUQ(XURSHPDLQWDLQHGDFRUSXVRINQRZOHGJHLQ WKHIDFHRIUDGLFDOGLIIHUHQFH ,QDQDJHWKDWZDVRSHQLQJXSWRPDQ\QHZZRUOGV(XURSHDQVLQWKHVL[WHHQWK DQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXULHVIRXQGWKHPVHOYHVVWDJJHULQJEHIRUHPXOWLSOHSUREOHPV RIGLIIHUHQFHLQVFLHQWL¿FFODVVL¿FDWLRQLQUHOLJLRXVEHOLHIVLQKXPDQIRUPDQG EHKDYLRU:KLOHWKH\H[SORUHGDQGFHOHEUDWHGWKHLGHDRIGLIIHUHQFHLQDOFKHP\ WKH\FRQIURQWHGUHDOGLIIHUHQFHLQWKH1HZ:RUOG6LQFHDQWLTXLW\DOFKHP\KDG SURYLGHGDVDIHIRUPLQZKLFKWRH[SORUHD³WKHRU\´RIGLIIHUHQFHQRZWKDWWKHRU\ ZRXOGEHFKDOOHQJHGZLWKWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIODQGVDQGOLIHPRUHUDGLFDOO\2WKHU WKDQ (XURSHDQV KDG HYHU NQRZQ 7]YHWDQ 7RGRURY DJUHHV ³>7@KH GLVFRYHU\ RI $PHULFD RU RI WKH $PHULFDQV LV FHUWDLQO\ WKH PRVW DVWRQLVKLQJ HQFRXQWHU RI RXU KLVWRU\´ $V (XURSHDQV EURDGHQHG WKHLU H[SHULHQFH JHRJUDSKLFDOO\ DQG KHQFH FXOWXUDOO\ WKURXJK WUDGH DQG FRQTXHVW WKH\ ZHUH FRQVWDQWO\ IRUFHG WR UHGH¿QH WKHLU ZRUOG SUHYLRXV GH¿QLWLRQV RI KXPDQV DQLPDOV ZRPHQ RU PHQ DQGWKHLU³QRUPDO´EHKDYLRUVZHUHEHLQJFDOOHGLQWRTXHVWLRQDQGVRGH¿QLWLRQV KDGWREHZULWWHQFDWHJRULHVLQYHQWHGQHZERXQGDULHVGUDZQ%XWWKHWURXEOLQJ GLVLQWHJUDWLRQRIERXQGDULHVGHVLJQHGWRFODULI\IRU(XURSHWKHLGHDRIFLYLOL]HG 7]YHWDQ 7RGRURY The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other WUDQV 5LFKDUG+RZDUG1HZ
“Put Out of Her Course”
KXPDQFXOWXUHZDVQRWRQO\WKUHDWHQLQJLWZDVDOVROLEHUDWLQJ6WHSKHQ*UHHQEODWW in Marvelous PossessionsXQGHUVWDQGVWKDW(XURSHDQVUHVSRQGHGWRHQFRXQWHUV ZLWK WKH 1HZ :RUOG ZLWK ³ZRQGHU´ ± DQ DPELJXRXV ERGLO\ UHVSRQVH WR WKH XQIDPLOLDUWKDWEULQJVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\IHDUDQGDWWUDFWLRQ,QWHUHVWLQJO\DOWKRXJK LWKDGSURYLGHGWKLVH[SHULHQFHRIZRQGHUORQJEHIRUHYR\DJHUV³GLVFRYHUHG´WKH $PHULFDVDOFKHP\LQYRNHVWKHVDPHUHDFWLRQ &RQWDFWZLWKWKH1HZ:RUOGJUHDWO\LQWHQVL¿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³QHXWUDO´WH[WVWKDWDOORZHGIRUHSLVWHPLFVWUXJJOHVWREHSOD\HGRXW%RWKDOFKHP\ DQGH[SORUDWLRQFRQVLVWHGRIVXFKWH[WVIXQFWLRQLQJDV³SXUH´VLWHVRIVLJQL¿FDWLRQ LQ ZKLFK (XURSHDQV VRXJKW IUHHGRP IURP WKH UHVWUDLQWV RI D FXOWXUH LQ D WLPH ERXQGE\ULJLGGH¿QLWLRQVRIWKHZRUOG5HDGHUVGUDZQWROLEHUDWLQJPDQLSXODWLRQ LQDOFKHP\ZRXOGEHDEOHWRFRQ¿UPLWVSULQFLSOHVLQ1HZ:RUOGWUDYHOZULWLQJ ZKLFKDOVRLQYLWHGWKHIUHHSOD\RIVLJQV 2I FRXUVH ZKHQ ZH VSHDN RI D XQLIRUP DQG KLVWRULFDOO\ ORFDWHG (XURSHDQ FXOWXUH VXFK DV ³HDUO\ PRGHUQ (XURSH´ ZH ULVN VLPSOLI\LQJ D FRPSOH[ UHJLRQ DQGHUDZLWKGLYHUVHFXOWXUDOUHOLJLRXVDQGHFRQRPLFGLIIHUHQFHVWKDWQRGRXEW LQÀXHQFHG DOFKHPLFDO WKRXJKW DV ZHOO DV WKH DFFRXQWV RI WKH $PHULFDV )RU H[DPSOH UHOLJLRXV GLIIHUHQFHV RIWHQ GHWHUPLQHG WKH DOFKHPLFDO SURFHVV RI SXULI\LQJEDVHUVXEVWDQFHVLQWRWKH3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQH$FFRUGLQJWR&DUO-XQJ WKH&DWKROLF0DVVFOHDUO\SDUDOOHOVWKLVH[SHULPHQWWKHSULHVWUHGHHPVWKHEUHDG DQG ZLQH VR WKDW WKH\ PD\ EH WDNHQ LQ SHUIHFWLRQ %XW -XQJ D 3URWHVWDQW DIWHU UHDGLQJWKH2IIHUWRU\VXGGHQO\GHFODUHV³>W@KHUHLVQRVLJQRIWKDWXQZRUWK\VLQIXO PDQ ZKRP 3URWHVWDQWLVP KDV VR RIWHQ VODQGHUHG LQ WKH SDVW «´ The different UHOLJLRXVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIDOFKHP\DUHIXUWKHUFRPSOLFDWHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWWKH DOFKHPLFDO SURFHVV SUHGDWHV &KULVWLDQLW\ Atalanta fugiens WKH DOFKHPLFDO WH[W ZKLFKZDVSUREDEO\LOOXVWUDWHGE\0DWWKlXV0HULDQDVRQLQODZRIWKHHOGHUGH
6WHSKHQ *UHHQEODWW Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World &KLFDJR&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S± &* -XQJ Psychology and Alchemy WUDQV 5)& +XOO 3ULQFHWRQ 3ULQFHWRQ 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S 0LFKDHO0DLHUAtalanta fugiensWUDQVDQGHG-RVFHO\Q*RGZLQ*UDQG5DSLGV 3KDQHV $OOVXEVHTXHQWUHIHUHQFHVWRWKLVERRNZLOODSSHDUSDUHQWKHWLFDOO\LQWKHWH[W 7KHIXOOWH[WLVDYDLODEOHRQO\LQ/DWLQLQDIDFVLPLOHYHUVLRQSXEOLVKHGLQ.DVVHO %lUHQUHLWHU9HUODJ 7KHPRVWFRPSOHWHFRPPHQWDU\RQWKHZRUNLVVWLOO+0(GH-RQJ¶V Michael Maier’s Atalanta Fugiens: Sources of an Alchemical Book of Emblems/HLGHQ( -%ULOO
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
%U\LVODUJHO\URRWHGLQ*UDHFR(J\SWLDQOHJHQGVRIDOFKHPLFDONQRZOHGJHEXWLV DOVREXIIHUHGZLWKPHGLHYDOYHUVLRQVRIWKHDQFLHQWDUW$FFRXQWVRIWKH1HZ:RUOG $PHULFDQVUHYHDOWKHVDPHWURXEOLQJGLIIHUHQFHRI(XURSHDQUHOLJLRXVLQÀXHQFH $FFRUGLQJWR)UDQN/HVWULQJDQW&DWKROLFDFFRXQWVRIWKHYR\DJHVWR%UD]LOZHUH IUXVWUDWHGZLWKWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIFDQQLEDOLVPWRWKHWDNLQJRIWKH(XFKDULVWZKLOH 3URWHVWDQWDFFRXQWVRIWHQGHPRQL]HG&DWKROLFVDQG1DWLYHSHRSOHDOLNHIRUDWOHDVW VKDULQJWKHLGHDRIWKLVSUDFWLFH%XWE\DQ\VDPSOLQJRIDFFRXQWVWKHFRQTXHURUV RI$PHULFDZHUHHTXDOO\FRQ¿GHQWDQGEUXWDOLQWKHLUHQWHUSULVH +RZHYHU LI HDUO\ PRGHUQ (XURSHDQ UHDGHUVKLS FRQVWLWXWHV VRPHWKLQJ OLNH D PDVVDXGLHQFHGHPDQGLQJWH[WVWKDWSXEOLVKHUVSURYLGHGWKHQSHUKDSVWKHGLYHUVH JURXSV RI (XURSH VKDUHG PXFK PRUH WKDQ D FRQWLQHQW 7KLV DXGLHQFH UHYHDOV D VKDUHG V\VWHP RI UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ DQG D YLHZ RI NQRZOHGJH DQG D FROOHFWLRQ RI YDOXHV WKDW GH %U\¶V Atalanta fugiens and the America ERWK GHPRQVWUDWH$IWHU DOOWKHHQJUDYHUZDVQRWWKHVROHDXWKRURIKLVSXEOLFDWLRQVLQVWHDGFDSLWDOL]LQJ RQWKHQHHGVDQGVHQVLELOLWLHVRID(XURSHDQUHDGHUVKLSKHZDVLQVWUXPHQWDOLQ FRPSLOLQJPXOWLSOHDFFRXQWVRILQGLYLGXDOVUHSHDWLQJDVLPLODUQDUUDWLYHAtalanta ZDVDIDPRXVERRN¿UVWSXEOLVKHGLQ/DWLQLQDQGUHLVVXHGZLWKFRUUHFWLRQV RQO\D\HDUODWHU$FFRUGLQJWR*RUGRQ6D\UHWKHAmericaVHULHVHQMR\HGDZLGH SRSXODU DXGLHQFH DQG ZDV WUDQVODWHG LQWR PXOWLSOH (XURSHDQ ODQJXDJHV %RWK WH[WVZHUHHVSHFLDOO\NQRZQIRUWKHLUIDQWDVWLFSLFWXUHVWKDWDOVRJXDUDQWHHGDEURDG DXGLHQFHE\FDSWXULQJWKHLQWHUHVWRI(XURSH¶VOHVVOLWHUDWHVHFWRU6WLOOHYHQZLWK WKHVHFRQVLGHUDWLRQVLQPLQG,KDYHWULHGWRUHFRJQL]HUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOGLIIHUHQFHV ZKHUHWKH\PLJKWDSSHDU 7KHZRUNRI7KHRGRUDQG-RKDQQ7KHRGRUGH%U\IRUPVWKHQH[XVEHWZHHQ LPDJHVRI$PHULFDQSHRSOHVDQGWKRVHLQDOFKHPLFDOIRUPXODH$VWKHHQLJPDWLF )OHPLVKJROGVPLWKERRNVHOOHUDQGHQJUDYHURIPLGVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\(XURSHD SHUVHFXWHG +XJXHQRW ZKR KDG WR ÀHH KLV KRPHODQG WKH HOGHU GH %U\ RFFXSLHV DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ SRVLWLRQ DV LOOXVWUDWRU RI WH[WV ERWK LOOXPLQDWLQJ DQG KHUHWLFDO +HDQGKLVVRQVHDUFKHGZLGHO\IRUPDWHULDOIRUWKHAmericaYROXPHVDQGWRRN WUHPHQGRXV SRHWLF OLFHQVH LQ WKHLU HFOHFWLF UHQGLWLRQV RI WKH ODQG DQG SHRSOH RI WKH 1HZ:RUOG D ZRUOG WKH\ QHYHU YLVLWHG$V VWDWHG DERYH DQRWKHU PHPEHU RIWKHGH%U\IDPLO\DPHPEHURIWKHLUZRUNVKRSDVZHOODOVRPRVWOLNHO\WRRN SDUW LQ WKH HQJUDYLQJ RI WKH IDPRXV DOFKHPLFDO WUHDWLVH Atalanta fugiens E\ WKH
)UDQN/HVWULQJDQWCannibals: The Discovery and Representation of the Cannibal from Columbus to Jules VerneWUDQV5RVHPDU\0RUULV%HUNHOH\&DOLIRUQLD8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV S *RGZLQSUHIDFHWRWKHAtalanta fugiensS *RUGRQ06D\UHLes Sauvages Americains: Representations of Native Americans in French and English Colonial Literature&KDSHO+LOO1RUWK&DUROLQD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS± %HUQDGHWWH%XFKHUIcon and Conquest: A Structural Analysis of the Illustrations of de Bry’s Great VoyagesWUDQV%DVLD0LOOHU*XODWL&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV SS±
“Put Out of Her Course”
HUXGLWH0LFKDHO0DLHUZRUNVWKDWEHDUXQPLVWDNDEOHUHVHPEODQFHVWRWKHLPDJHV of the America7KLVHVVD\ZLOOH[SORUHWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKHVHWZRWH[WVVKDUH DQGZKDWWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKHVHUHVHPEODQFHVPLJKWEH+RZGRHVDOFKHPLFDO WKLQNLQJ LQÀXHQFH WKH ³GLVFRYHULHV´ DQG GHSLFWLRQ RI (XURSH¶V terra incognita" $QG KRZ GRHV WKH (XURSHDQ HQFRXQWHU ZLWK SHRSOH RI GLIIHUHQW FXOWXUHV ZLWK RIWHQUDGLFDOO\DOLHQZRUOGYLHZVFKDOOHQJHDOFKHPLFDOWKRXJKW" ,QPDQ\ZD\VGH%U\¶VAmericaKHOSHGWRLQVFULEHWKHPRQVWURXVYLHZRIWKH FXOWXUDO2WKHU(XURSHDQVVKDSHGE\SUHYDLOLQJLGHRORJLHVRIWKHSHULRGKRSHG WRFRQ¿UPLQWKH$PHULFDVWKHLUVXVSLFLRQRIWKLQJVDQGOLIHRXWVLGHWKHLUVSKHUH RIXQGHUVWDQGLQJ7KH\ZHUHERWKFRPSHOOHGDQGUHSXOVHGE\WKDWZKLFKHYDGHG IDPLOLDU QRPHQFODWXUH 6R DOWKRXJK VRPH (XURSHDQ WKLQNHUV LQ WKH VNHSWLFDO WUDGLWLRQOLNH0RQWDLJQH TXHVWLRQHGWKHLUULJLGHSLVWHPRORJ\VXFK1HZ:RUOG SKHQRPHQD ZHUH RIWHQ VLPSO\ GH¿QHG DV ³PRQVWURXV´ -HIIUH\ -HURPH &RKHQ LQ KLV LQWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI HVVD\V RQ Monster Theory LGHQWL¿HV WKHFXOWXUDORULJLQRIWKHPRQVWHUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIZKLFKKH¿QGVWREHSDUW RI D UHFXUULQJ FXOWXUDO HSLVWHPLF SUDFWLFH LQ WKH IDLOXUH RI ELQDU\ WKLQNLQJ WKH PRQVWHU GH¿HV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ ³7KH PRQVWHU DOZD\V HVFDSHV EHFDXVH LW UHIXVHV HDV\ FDWHJRUL]DWLRQ´ $QG WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH PRQVWURXV LV QRW DOZD\V SUHFRQVFLRXVDVLPSOHUHÀH[UHVSRQVHWRWKHLQVFUXWDEOHWKRXJKLWPD\EHJLQDV VXFK&RKHQLQVWHDGDUJXHVWKDWFXOWXUDODQGUDFLDODOWHULW\DUHRIWHQGHOLEHUDWHO\ FDWHJRUL]HGDVPRQVWURXVIRUUHDVRQVRISRZHU³,QWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV$PHULFDQ ,QGLDQV ZHUH SUHVHQWHG DV XQUHGHHPDEOH VDYDJHV VR WKDW WKH SRZHUIXO SROLWLFDO PDFKLQHRI0DQLIHVW'HVWLQ\FRXOGSXVKZHVWZDUGZLWKGLVUHJDUG´&RKHQS 7KHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\)UHQFKFRVPRJUDSKHU$QGUp7KHYHWZKRVHQDUUDWLYHVGH %U\LOOXVWUDWHVVROYHVWKHSUREOHPRIPRQVWHUVE\GHYLVLQJDFXULRXVWD[RQRP\RI ³VLQJXODULW\´LQZKLFKHDFKDQRPDO\LVDVVLJQHGDFDWHJRU\RILWVRZQ/HVWULQJDQW GHVFULEHV7KHYHW¶VPDQQHURILQWHUSUHWLQJWKHPRQVWURXVEHKDYLRURIWKHLQGLJHQRXV SHRSOHRI%UD]LO³7KHPRVWYLROHQWFRQGHPQDWLRQV«WREHIRXQGRQHYHU\SDJH DUHQHDUO\DOZD\VQHXWUDOL]HGDOLQHRUWZRODWHUE\HXORJLHV«´,QKLVVKLIWLQJ EHWZHHQ(XURSHDQGH¿QLWLRQVRIKXPDQDQGQRQKXPDQEHKDYLRU7KHYHWVWUXJJOHV WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH ZD\V RI WKH $PHULFDQ 2WKHUV DQG OLNH KLV FRQWHPSRUDULHV KH RIWHQ IDLOV 7KH GLVWRUWLQJ OHQV RI FRQTXHVW LQ LWV GHPDQG WR OHJLWLPDWH WKH GHVWUXFWLRQRIOLIHFRUUXSWHGFXOWXUDODFFRXQWVUHGXFLQJWKHPWRIDEXODWLRQ
6HH*RGZLQS %XFKHUS 6HH0RQWDLJQH¶VIDPRXVHVVD\³'HV&DQQLEDOHV´IRUDFKDOOHQJHWR5HQDLVVDQFH SRVLWLYLVWWKLQNLQJ -HIIUH\ -HURPH &RKHQ ³0RQVWHU &XOWXUH 6HYHQ 7KHVHV ´ Monster Theory HG -HIIUH\-HURPH&RKHQ0LQQHDSROLV0LQQHVRWD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S )UDQN/HVWULQJDQWMapping the Renaissance World: The Geographical Imagination in the Age of Discovery'DYLG)DXVHWWWUDQV%HUNHOH\&DOLIRUQLD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
6DWLVI\LQJ KLV DXGLHQFH QRW DOZD\V IXOO\ OLWHUDWH GH %U\ RIWHQ GD]]OHG KLV (XURSHDQUHDGHUVZLWKWKHDERPLQDEOHEXWKDYLQJQHYHUWUDYHOHGWR$PHULFDWKH HQJUDYHU REWDLQHG DOO RI KLV LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP VHFRQGKDQG IUHTXHQWO\ GXELRXV VRXUFHVVRWKHLPDJHVRIWKHPRQVWURXVWKDWDERXQGLQWKHAmericaVSHDNODUJHO\ WRDSHUYDVLYHIHDURIDQGIDVFLQDWLRQZLWKWKHOLPLQDO$OWKRXJKDOFKHP\VHUYHG WRFRQWDLQFRQFHUQVDERXWWKHPRQVWURXVWKHAmerica¶VDQQRXQFHPHQWRIOLIHLQ WKH 1HZ:RUOG PRUH WKDQ OLNHO\ UHNLQGOHG WKH DQ[LHW\ RI2WKHUQHVV 2QH FRXOG VD\WKDWWKH(XURSHDQ¶VGLVFRYHU\RI$PHULFDWRRNSODFHDWD³IRUWXLWRXV´WLPHLQ WKH(XURSHDQLPDJLQDWLRQ(XURSHDQVZHUHVWLOOHQGXULQJWKH,QTXLVLWLRQDQGZHUH LQWKHPLGVWRIKDWHIXOVHFWDULDQULYDOULHV7KH1HZ:RUOGEHFDPHDQRSSRUWXQLW\ WRIRFXVRQZKDWZDVUHSUHVHQWHGDVDJUHDWHUHYLOZLWKRXWWKDQZLWKLQ(XURSHDQ ERUGHUV'H%U\¶VFROOHFWLRQRIDFFRXQWVRIWKHGLVFRYHU\DQGFRQTXHVWRIWKLVQHZ ODQGIRUFHG(XURSHDQVWRFRQIURQWDQGDFFRXQWIRUDZRUOGWKDWHYDGHGWKHFDUHIXO FODVVL¿FDWLRQV WKDW GH¿QHG QRUPDOF\ DQG VR WKH XQIDPLOLDU ZDV RIWHQ UHGXFHG WR WKH FDWHJRU\ RI PRQVWHU D FDWFKDOO IRU ZKDWHYHU HYDGHG DOUHDG\ HVWDEOLVKHG GH¿QLWLRQVRIUDFHJHQGHUQDWLRQDORULJLQRUVSHFLHV5HSUHVHQWHGLQWKHSDJHVZHUH 1DWLYHFXOWXUHVWKDWDSSHDUHGWRHURGHWKHVHDUELWUDU\ERXQGDULHV2QO\PRQVWHUV WUDQVJUHVVHG VXFK ERXQGDULHV %XW UHDGHUV ZRXOG EH SDFL¿HG E\ WKH NQRZOHGJH WKDWWKHPRQVWURXVQRQKXPDQDWWLPHVFRXOGDOVREHVDYHGE\WKHLUFRQYHUVLRQWR &KULVWLDQLW\ DQG VXERUGLQDWLRQ ZLWKLQ (XURSHDQ FRORQLDO KLHUDUFKLHV FRQWUROOLQJ WKHPDQGWKHUHE\PDNLQJWKHPOHVVPRQVWURXVOHVVWKUHDWHQLQJ/HWPHQRZRIIHU DQDQDO\VLVRIWZRGH%U\LOOXVWUDWLRQVRQHIURPWKHAmericaWKHRWKHUDOFKHPLFDO EXWERWKUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH(XURSHDQSUHRFFXSDWLRQZLWKWKHPRQVWURXV ,Q KLV LOOXVWUDWLRQV RI WKH 1HZ :RUOG LQ WKH America GH %U\ VKRZV ³+HUPDSKURGLWHVDV/DERUHUV´ZLWKDFDSWLRQPRVWOLNHO\RIKLVRZQFRPSRVLWLRQ DOWKRXJKWDNHQIURPWKHVRXUFH ,QWKHHQJUDYLQJPXVFXODUPDOHVZLWKIHPLQL]HG IDFHV DQG ORQJ ÀRZLQJ KDLU FDUU\ WKH ERGLHV RI GHDG RU LQMXUHG ZDUULRUV 'XH LQ SDUW WR WKHLU H[WUHPH SK\VLFDO VWUHQJWK WKH\ DUH FKRVHQ IRU WKLV WDVN $QG DOWKRXJK WKH\ DUH FRQVLGHUHG ³RGLRXV´ DQG DUH XVHG DV ³EHDVWV RI EXUGHQ´ WKH ³KHUPDSKURGLWHV´VHHPWRIXO¿OODVSLULWXDOKHDOLQJIXQFWLRQWKH\DWWHQGWKHGHDG WKH\³ORRNDIWHUWKRVHZKRKDYHFRQWDJLRXVGLVHDVHVWKH\WDNHWKHVLFNRQWKHLU VKRXOGHUVWRSODFHVVHOHFWHGIRUWKHSXUSRVHDQGIHHGDQGFDUHIRUWKHPXQWLOWKH\ DUH ZHOO DJDLQ´ /RUDQW S -XGLWK /RUEHU LQ KHU GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH 1DWLYH $PHULFDQ³EHUGDFKH´DPDQZKRGUHVVHVDQGEHKDYHVOLNHDZRPDQDQGKDVD PDOHSDUWQHUVD\VWKDWWKHEHUGDFKH¶V³VRFLDOVWDWXVLVGH¿QHGE\ZRUNDQGGUHVV DQGVRPHWLPHVDVDFUHGFDOOLQJ´+HUHWKHPDUJLQDOVWDWXVRIKHUPDSKURGLWHV UHDOO\ EHUGDFKHV RU ZKDW ZH ZRXOG QRZ FDOO WUDQVJHQGHUHG PDOHV LQVWLOOV LQ WKHPDVDFUHGSRZHUXQNQRZQWRWKRVHRIDVLQJOHJHQGHU7KHKHUPDSKURGLWHV
6WHIDQ /RUDQW ³1RWHV RQ /H 0R\QH /H &KDOOHX[ GH %U\´ The New World SS± /RUDQW S RULJLQDOO\ IURP 7KHRGRU GH %U\ America, Brevis narratio eorum quae in Florida Americae provincial Gallis acciderunt… )UDQNIXUW GH %U\ SODWH -XGLWK/RUEHUParadoxes of Gender1HZ+DYHQ
“Put Out of Her Course”
)LJ
7KH 7DVNV RI +HUPDSKURGLWHV IURP 7KHRGRU GH %U\ America, Brevis narratio eorum quae in Florida Americae provincial Gallis acciderunt… )UDQNIXUW'H%U\ &RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI 5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
EHUGDFKHVSDLQWHGWKHPVHOYHVDQGRIWHQZRUHIHDWKHUV³+RZHDV\LWPXVWKDYH EHHQIRU(XURSHDQVZKRFRQYHQWLRQDOO\DVVRFLDWHGVXFKFRVPHWLFVZLWKZRPHQ WRWKLQNWKDWDOO,QGLDQVZHUHVRGRPLWHV´5LFKDUG7UH[OHUUHPDUNV7KLVGLVSOD\ RIDSSDUHQWO\ÀXLGJHQGHUERXQGDULHVUHFHLYHVWKHGXDOUHVSRQVHRIGLVJXVWDQG UHYHUHQFH WKH NLQG RI DPELJXRXV UHDFWLRQ WKDW (XURSHDQV RIWHQ H[SHULHQFHG LQ WKHLUFRQWDFWZLWKWKH2WKHU +HUPDSKURGLWHVRUEHLQJVRIDPELJXRXVJHQGHUDUHUHSUHVHQWHGLQPXFKWKH VDPHZD\LQDOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHV6HHIRUH[DPSOH³(PEOHP7KH2UHRIWKH 3KLORVRSKHUVLVGURSVLFDODQGQHHGVWREHZDVKHGVHYHQWLPHVLQMXVWDVWKHOHSHU 1DDPDQLQWKH-RUGDQ´ZKLFKGHSLFWVDKXPDQRIDPELJXRXVVH[ZLWKDURXQGHG KDLUOHVVIHPLQLQHERG\DQGWKHEHDUGHGKHDGRIDPDQ 6KHLVWKHSXULI\LQJDJHQW 5LFKDUG7UH[OHU Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the Americas,WKDFD1<&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S AtalantaHPEOHPSLQWKH*RGZLQHGLWLRQ
)LJ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
7KH +\GURSLF 0DQ (PEOHP RI WKH Atalanta fugiens 0LFKDHO 0DLHU)UDQNIXUW'H%U\WKLVLOOXVWUDWLRQIURPDODWHUHGLWLRQ )UDQNIXUW &RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
“Put Out of Her Course”
RIWKH³2UHRIWKH3KLORVRSKHU´WKHDOFKHPLVW¶VJROG+DYLQJWKHOLPLQDOSRVLWLRQ RIERWKPDOHDQGIHPDOHRFFXS\LQJERWKV\PEROLFUROHVWKHKHUPDSKURGLWHZRXOG VHHPWREHWKHQDWXUDODJHQWIRUWKHFOHDQVLQJDQGSXUL¿FDWLRQRIWKH3KLORVRSKHU¶V 6WRQH(XURSHDQVXVHGWKLVDOFKHPLFDOYLHZRIJHQGHUWRH[SODLQWKHXQIDPLOLDU JHQGHUIRUPDWLRQVDPRQJWKHDXWRFKWKRQVRI³)ORULGD´,QWKHH\HVRI(XURSHDQ REVHUYHUVWKH$PHULFDQKHUPDSKURGLWHZRXOGEHWKHQDWXUDODJHQWWRHDVHWKRVH ZKR RFFXS\ D WHPSRUDULO\ OLPLQDO VWDWH LQWR D PRUH FRPIRUWDEOH SODFH IURP VLFNQHVVWRKHDOWKRUIURPOLIHWRGHDWK$QRWKHUVWULNLQJHQJUDYLQJLQAtalantaLV WKDWRIDKHUPDSKURGLWHLQ(PEOHP³7KH+HUPDSKURGLWHOLNHDFRUSVHO\LQJ LQWKHGDUNQHHGV¿UH´VHH/RQJ)LJXUH 0HULDQVHHPVWRKDYHWDNHQKLV NQRZOHGJHRIWKHGXWLHVRI³KHUPDSKURGLWHV´LQWKH1HZ:RUOGDQGJUDIWHGLWRQWR KLVDOFKHPLFDOLPDJH%HFDXVHWKHKHUPDSKURGLWHFDUHVIRUFRUSVHVKHLV³OLNHD FRUSVH´ RFFXS\LQJ WKDW VDPH VSDFH EHWZHHQ WKH OLYLQJ DQG WKH GHDG PHGLDWLQJ EHWZHHQWKHWZRUHDOPV9LEUDWLQJEHWZHHQWZRV\PEROLFUHDOPVWKDWRIWKHVXQ DQGWKDWRIWKHPRRQWKDWRIPDQDQGWKDWRIZRPDQKHWKULYHVLQDSHUSHWXDOGHDWK UHELUWKF\FOHIURPGDUNWROLJKWPRRQWRVXQ,QWKHHQJUDYLQJWKHKHUPDSKURGLWH OLHVRQDSODWIRUPUHVHPEOLQJWKHEHQFKRUFRWXVHGWRDLGLQWKHWUHDWPHQWRIWKH VLFNSODWHRIWKHBrevis narratio RUDFRRNLQJSODWIRUPPXFKOLNHWKDWRIWKH 1DWLYH$PHULFDQVFRRNLQJ¿VKLQGH%U\¶VHDUOLHUHQJUDYLQJV,QIDFWWKHSODWIRUP HFKRHV YHU\ FORVHO\ D JULOOLQJ SODWIRUP GHSLFWHG LQ RQH RI GH %U\¶V HQJUDYLQJV RIWKHFDQQLEDOVRI%UD]LOIURPSDUWWKUHHRIWKHAmerica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¿QHPHQWHQDFWHGWKURXJK WKHDUFDQHDQGVROLWDU\FRQWHPSODWLRQRIWKHDOFKHPLVW+HPXVWEHRIWKHSURSHU PLQG WKDW LV KLV VRXO PXVW EH DW SHDFH ZKLOH SHUIRUPLQJ WKH SURFHVV7LHG XS LQVHFUHF\DOFKHP\¶VWUXHIRUPXODHDUHVKDUHGRQO\EHWZHHQWKRVHZRUWK\RILWV VHFUHWV$OORIWKLVUHFDOOVWKHSDUDGR[LFDOZDUQLQJLQGH%U\¶VLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH
*RGZLQS 3ODWHLQWKH$GPLUDQGDQDUUDWLR¿GDWDPHQGHFRPPRGLVHWLQFRODUXPULWLEXV Virginiae … Anglico scripta sermone à Thomas Hariot)UDQNIXUWGH%U\ Americae tertia pars memorabilem provinciae Brasiliae historiam continens, Germanico primum sermone scriptam à Ioanne Stadio…)UDQNIXUW0DWWKLDV%HFNHU WKHQ QRSODWHQXPEHU .DWKOHHQ3HUU\/RQJ³6DORPRQ7ULVPRVLQDQG&ORYLV+HVWHDXGH1X\VHPHQW7KH 6H[XDO3ROLWLFVRI$OFKHP\LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ)UDQFH´L’Esprit Créateur6XPPHU
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
)LJ
&XULQJ WKH 6LFN IURP 7KHRGRU GH %U\ America, Brevis narratio eorum quae in Florida Americae provincial Gallis acciderunt… )UDQNIXUW 'H %U\ &RXUWHV\ RI WKH 'LYLVLRQ RI 5DUH DQG 0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
AmericaRQHRQO\NQRZVWKHVHFUHWLIRQHNQRZVWKHVHFUHW$OFKHP\LVUHSOHWH ZLWKVXFKVHHPLQJO\DEVXUGSDUDGR[HV,QKLVPsychology and Alchemy-XQJHYHQ GHFODUHVDOFKHP\WREH³QRQVHQVH´ 6XFKLVVXSHU¿FLDOO\DQGLQWKHURXJKHVWRXWOLQHWKHIUDPHZRUNRIDOFKHP\DV NQRZQWRXVDOO)URPWKLVSRLQWRIYLHZRIRXUPRGHUQNQRZOHGJHRIFKHPLVWU\ LW WHOOV XV OLWWOH RU QRWKLQJ DQG LI ZH WXUQ WR WKH WH[WV DQG WKH KXQGUHGV DQG KXQGUHGVRISURFHGXUHVDQGUHFLSHVOHIWEHKLQGE\WKH0LGGOH$JHVDQGDQWLTXLW\ ZHVKDOO¿QGUHODWLYHO\IHZDPRQJWKHPZLWKDQ\UHFRJQL]DEOHPHDQLQJIRUWKH FKHPLVW+HZRXOGSUREDEO\¿QGPRVWRIWKHPQRQVHQVLFDODQGIXUWKHUPRUHLWLV FHUWDLQEH\RQGDOOGRXEWWKDWQRUHDOWLQFWXUHRUDUWL¿FLDOJROGZDVHYHUSURGXFHG GXULQJWKHPDQ\FHQWXULHVRIHDUQHVWHQGHDYRU:KDWWKHQZHPD\IDLUO\DVN LQGXFHGWKHROGDOFKHPLVWVWRJRRQODERULQJ«LIWKHLUZKROHXQGHUWDNLQJZDV VRSRUWHQWRXVO\IXWLOH"
-XQJSS
)LJ
&RRNLQJ )LVK IURP GH %U\ $PHULFD %UHYLV HW ¿GD QDUUDWLR 9LUJLQLDH )UDQNIXUW'H%U\ &RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
)LJ
&DQQLEDOV &RRNLQJ +XPDQV IURP GH %U\ America tertia pars, Historia navigationis in Brasiliam )UDQNIXUW GH %U\ &RXUWHV\ RI WKH 'LYLVLRQ RI 5DUH DQG 0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQV &RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
-XQJDQVZHUVKLPVHOILWZDVWKH³VDWLVIDFWLRQERUQRIWKHHQWHUSULVHWKHH[FLWHPHQW RIWKHDGYHQWXUHRIWKHquaerereVHHNLQJ DQGWKHinvenire¿QGLQJ ´,Q-XQJ¶V GHVFULSWLRQ RI DOFKHP\ RQH FDQ SHUFHLYH WKH SURMHFW RI VHHNLQJ QHZ ZRUOGV DOFKHPLVWVDQGH[SORUHUVDOLNHSHUVLVWLQJLQWKHVHHPLQJO\IXWLOHSURFHHGLQJIRU WKHVDNHRISURFHVVFDXJKWXSLQWKH³H[FLWHPHQWRIWKHDGYHQWXUH´LQDJHQHUDOO\ YDLQKRSHRI³¿QGLQJ´$QGQRQVHQVHZDVZKDWERWKVHHNHUVRIWHQIRXQG'H%U\ VHHPVWRSURFHHGLQKLVGHSLFWLRQRIWKH1HZ:RUOGZLWKDQDOFKHPLFDODXWKRULW\ DQG FRQYLFWLRQ DV LI KH LV RIIHULQJ D JLIW RI GLYLQH VHFUHWV NQRZQ RQO\ WR WKH FKRVHQ:H¿QGRWKHUIRUPDOSHFXOLDULWLHVRIDOFKHP\LQGH%U\¶VSXEOLFDWLRQVRQ WKH$PHULFDV 3URFHVVLQWKHVHQVHRIRQH¶VGHOLEHUDWHDQGFDUHIXOO\VHTXHQFHGDFWLRQVJLYHV DOFKHP\LWVSHUIRUPDWLYHIRUP7REHVXFFHVVIXORQHPXVWDFWRXWWKHIRUPXODLF VHTXHQFHULWXDOO\FHUHPRQLDOO\$VPXFKDSDUWRIWKLQJVVDLGDUHWKLQJVVHHQ7KH
-XQJS
“Put Out of Her Course”
YLVXDODVSHFWRIDOFKHP\LVDOOLPSRUWDQWDIDFWWKDWH[SODLQVWKHH[SORVLYHJURZWK LQSXEOLFDWLRQRIDOFKHPLFDOHPEOHPERRNVWKURXJKRXWWKHVL[WHHQWKVHYHQWHHQWK DQG HLJKWHHQWK FHQWXULHV )RU WKH Atalanta DXUDO GLPHQVLRQV SOD\ DQ HTXDO SDUW LQWKHSURFHVV$QGVRDOFKHP\FDOOVIRUWKHDEVROXWHLQYROYHPHQWRIWKHVXEMHFW LQWKHUROHRIWKHRULJLQDODOFKHPLFDOSKLORVRSKHUUHSOLFDWLQJWKH³H[SHULPHQW´ 6XFKULWXDOLVWLFUHHQDFWPHQWUHFDOOVWKH&DWKROLFVDFUDPHQWRIWKHKRO\(XFKDULVW LQZKLFKRQHFHUHPRQLDOO\UHHQDFWVWKHRULJLQDOVDFUL¿FHRI&KULVWE\HDWLQJRIKLV ERG\DQGGULQNLQJKLVEORRG%XW-XQJFDXWLRQV³2QHPLJKWEHWHPSWHGWRH[SODLQ WKHV\PEROLVPRIDOFKHPLFDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDVDSDURG\RIWKH0DVVZHUHLWQRW SDJDQLQRULJLQDQGPXFKROGHUWKDQWKHODWWHU´ Atalanta fugiensLVDXQLTXHDOFKHPLFDOWH[WEHFDXVHLWVXFFHHGVLQRUFKHVWUDWLQJ GLVSDUDWH H[SUHVVLYH IRUPV HPEOHPV HSLJUDPV DQG IXJXHV LQWR RQH SRZHUIXO XQLW 2QH PXVW VXUURXQG RQHVHOI ZLWK LWV YLVXDO YHUEDO DQG DXUDO V\PEROLF LPDJHU\WRSHUIRUPLWLWPXVWEHSHUIRUPHGLQRUGHUWRKDYHLWVSXUSRVHIXO¿OOHG &HOHEUDWLQJWKHDQFLHQWDQGGLYLQHPL[LQJDQGXQLWLQJRIRSSRVLWHIRUFHVAtalanta LVDVRUWRISUD\HUDEOLVVIXODQGUHMRLFLQJRQHIRUWKHPRVWSDUWHYHQLIWKHWUHDWLVH LV UHSOHWH ZLWK LPDJHV RI VDFUL¿FH DQG ORVV ,WV FROOHFWLRQ RI PXVLFDO ³IXJXHV´ LV WKUHHYRLFHG WR FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH WKUHH QHFHVVDU\ UDZ HOHPHQWV RI DOFKHP\ PHUFXU\ VXOIXU DQG VDOW )XUWKHUPRUH WKH IXJXHV DOLJQ WKHPVHOYHV ZLWK WKH UHSHDWHGUHMRLFLQJRIFRPELQHGHQHUJLHVRI³RSSRVLWHV´VXFKDVPDQDQGZRPDQ E\DQDORJ\7KHZRUG³IXJXH´PHDQV³WKHKXQWRUWKHÀLJKWRIYRLFHVIURPHDFK RWKHU´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merica HQFRXUDJHV WKH VDPH DFWLYH UROH LQ LWV UHDGHUV LW VHHPV WR EXLOG LQH[RUDEO\ YROXPH E\ YROXPH EXW DFFUHWLQJ LQWR DQ XOWLPDWH GHSLFWLRQ RI D GHJHQHUDWH DQG PRQVWURXV HYHQ GHPRQLF 1HZ :RUOG (DFK LPDJH FRUUHVSRQGV WR FDSWLRQV RI IDQWDVWLF GHVFULSWLRQ7KH WH[W EXLOGLQJ LPDJH XSRQ LPDJH OHDGV LWV UHDGHU WRZDUG WKH PL[LQJ DQG XQLWLQJ RI GLVSDUDWH IRUFHV )RU H[DPSOH WKH LPDJH RI FDQQLEDOLVP XQGRXEWHGO\ RQH RI WKH PRVW WUDQVJUHVVLYHDQGWDERRRIKXPDQSUDFWLFHV±DQGDV\PERORIWKHWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ WKHIRUFHVRIGHDWKDQGOLIH±EXLOGVDWWKHHQGRIWKHAmericaVHULHVZKHQWKH VHFXULW\ RI LPSRVHG ERXQGDULHV RI (XURSHDQ VRFLHW\ ZHUH OLNHO\ WR EH DW WKHLU QDGLUDQGZKHQZDUVRIUHOLJLRQGRPLQDWHGWKHVRFLDOVFHQH(URGLQJHDUO\PRGHUQ (XURSHDQV\VWHPVRIFODVVL¿FDWLRQDQGRIIHULQJPRUHÀXLGPRGHOVERWKWKUHDWHQHG
-XQJS +LOGHPDULH6WUHLFKLQWURGXFWLRQAtalanta fugiensHG-RVFHO\Q*RGZLQSS± ±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
DQGUHQHZHGWKHFRQWUROOLQJPLQGVHWRIWKHDJH%RWKAtalanta and the America ÀLUW KHUHWLFDOO\ ZLWK WKHRORJLFDO SROLWLFDO DQG VRFLRORJLFDO V\VWHPV E\ FDOOLQJ LQWR TXHVWLRQ WKH RIWHQ DUELWUDU\ GLYLVLRQV WKDW ¿JKW WR LQVWLOO LGHQWL¿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pU\WKH )UHQFK3URWHVWDQWPLVVLRQDU\DQGWUDYHOZULWHURIHistory of a Voyage to the Land of BrazilZLWQHVVHGEDUEDULWLHVLQKLVRZQODQGDVVHYHUHDVDQ\HQFRXQWHUHGLQ WKH$PHULFDV3HUVHFXWHGDQGEHVLHJHGGXULQJWKH:DUVRI5HOLJLRQ±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¿HG DJJUHVVLRQ DJDLQVW WKH GLYLQH D GH¿FLHQF\ RU DEVHQFH RI IHDWXUHV DQQRXQFHGWKHVXEKXPDQRUWKHGHFUHSLW7KLVZDVDWLPHZKHQWKHKDOIKXPDQ KDOIDQLPDO ³ZLOG PDQ´ ZDV EHOLHYHG WR VWDON WKH IRUHVWV RI (XURSH ZDQGHULQJ VRPHZKHUHRXWVLGHRIFLYLOL]DWLRQ3UHGLFWDEO\(XURSH³GLVFRYHUHG´WKLVVDYDJH EHDVWERWKWKHGLYLQHSUHGHFHVVRUDQGWKHHYLODEHUUDWLRQRIKXPDQLW\LQWKH1HZ :RUOG WKH VRFDOOHG ,QGLDQ $ORQJ ZLWK WKH ZLOG PDQ EHKHPRWKLF PRQVWHUV ZHUHWKRXJKWWRKXQWWKHVHDDQGVWDONWKHODQGRIWKH1HZ:RUOG7UDYHOZULWHUV WHOORIPRQVWURXVVHDGRJVWKDWDUHSDUW¿VKSDUWELUGSDUWPDPPDODPSKLELRXV FUHDWXUHVWKDWFKDVHDIWHUVDLORUVXQWLOWKH\DUHFOXEEHGWRGHDWK7KHGHSLFWLRQ RIWKHVHIDQWDVWLFFUHDWXUHVLQWKHAmericaPDUNVD(XURSHDQDPELYDOHQFHWRZDUG DZRUOGWKDWRIIHUHGIUHHGRPIURPWKHERXQGDULHVLPSRVHGE\WKHLURZQFXOWXUH 7KHGLVVROXWLRQRIWKRVHERXQGDULHVHYRNHGERWKKRUURUDQGGHVLUH$V$-DPHV $UQROGVXJJHVWVWKDWLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRFDWHJRUL]HWKHPRQVWURXVZKHQFHGHULYHVLWV -DQHW:KDWOH\LQWURGXFWLRQHistory of a Voyage to the Land of BrazilHG-DQHW :KDWOH\%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV S[YLLL :KDWOH\S[[LL 6HH +R[LH 1HDOH )DLUFKLOG The Noble Savage: A Study in Romantic Naturalism 1HZ
“Put Out of Her Course”
PRQVWURVLW\(YHQ1HZ:RUOGFDUWRJUDSK\JLYHVHYLGHQFHRIDIHDURIPDUJLQDOLW\ ³0RQVWHUVOXUNHGLQWKHVHDVDWWKHHGJHVOLPLQDOVLWHV RIWKHNQRZQZRUOGDV FDUWRJUDSKHUVFRQFHLYHGWKHP0RUHRYHUWKHVHPRQVWHUVZHUHORJLFDOSURMHFWLRQV RI2WKHUQHVVZLWKLQWKHGLVFRXUVHRI(XURSHDQVXSHULRULW\:KHQDFWXDOPRQVWHUV ZHUHQRWHQFRXQWHUHGE\WKHH[SORUHUVPRQVWURXVWUDLWVZHUHDWWULEXWHGWRZKDWHYHU 1DWLYHVZHUHDWKDQGLQRUGHUWRMXVWLI\EUDQGLQJWKHPHQHPLHVRI*RG´/LNH FDUWRJUDSK\DOFKHP\DOVRXVHVDVSDWLDO³PDS´LQGHVFULELQJLWVSURFHVVLQLPDJHV 7KHVHLPDJHVRIWHQKDYHWKHLUPRVWUHYHDOLQJFRQ¿JXUDWLRQVLQWKHLUPDUJLQVDW WKHLUERUGHUVRQHPLJKWQRWHIRULQVWDQFHWKHUXLQVLQWKHEDFNJURXQGRIDQXPEHU RIHPEOHPVRIWKHAtalanta WKHREHOLVNDQGFXULRXVGRXEOHREHOLVN IRUPVDOVRHFKRHGE\FKXUFKVWHHSOHV LVODQGVVKLSVFXEHVPRRQVDOOV\PEROL]LQJVWDJHVRIWKHSURFHVV,QDQFLHQWDQG PRGHUQFLW\SODQQLQJREHOLVNVZHUHXVHGWRPDUNVLJQL¿FDQWKLVWRULFDOHYHQWVEXW DOVRVLJQL¿FDQWORFDWLRQVDQGPRQXPHQWVDOFKHPLFDOHPEOHPVLQWKHAtlantaE\ SXVKLQJWKHVHREMHFWVLQWRWKHEDFNJURXQGHYHQWKRXJKWKHLUVLJQL¿FDQFHPLJKWEH FHQWUDOWRWKHSURFHVVFUHDWHDPRYHPHQWRIDWWHQWLRQEHWZHHQWKHFHQWUDO¿JXUHV DQGWKHPDUJLQVRUWKHEDFNJURXQG6LPLODUO\WKHAtalantaH[SORUHVWKHERXQGDULHV EHWZHHQPDOHDQGIHPDOHKXPDQDQGDQLPDO%RWKWKHAmerica and the Atalanta VLJQDODVXSSUHVVHGFXULRVLW\IRUWKHPDQLSXODWLRQDQGUHFRQ¿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³DERYHRQH¶VVWDWLRQ´«WKXVZHUH LPSRUWDQWV\PEROLFVXEYHUWHUVRIVRFLDOKLHUDUFKLHVDWDWLPHRIFKDQJLQJPRGHV RISURGXFWLRQDQGDULVLQJPLGGOHFODVV
7KRVH ZKR ZHUH ELRORJLFDOO\ RI D PL[HG VH[ KHUPDSKURGLWHV RU WKRVH ZKR GLVSOD\HGVRFLDOEHKDYLRUVFRQVLGHUHGDWYDULDQFHZLWKWKHLUVH[QRWWRPHQWLRQ $-DPHV$UQROG³,QWURGXFWLRQ´LQMonsters, Tricksters, and Sacred Cows: Animal Tales and American IdentitiesHG$-DPHV$UQROG&KDUORWWHVYLOOH8QLYHUVLW\RI9LUJLQLD 3UHVV SS± /RUEHUS
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
WKRVHZKRHQJDJHGLQVDPHVH[FRXSOLQJZHUHJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHGDERPLQDWLRQV -XOLD .ULVWHYD H[SODLQV WKH DERYH SKHQRPHQRQ LQ WHUPV RI ZKDW VKH KDV FDOOHG WKHDEMHFWWKDWZKLFKLVUHMHFWHGDQGGLVWDQFHGIURPWKHVHOIWRIRUPWKHVXEMHFW %HFDXVH WKH DEMHFW LV ERWK SDUW RI WKH VHOI DQG RI WKH RWKHU WKH VXEMHFW IRUHYHU SXUVXHV DQG DEKRUV WKH DEMHFW .ULVWHYD ¿QGV ERXQGDULHV ERWK SV\FKRORJLFDOO\ FRQVWUXFWHG DQG SHUPHDEOH WKH VXEMHFW VWDQGV EHIRUH WKH DEMHFW LQ WHUURU DQG DZH 7KLV SURGXFWLRQ RI 2WKHUQHVV VKHGV VRPH OLJKW RQ (XURSHDQV¶ UHDFWLRQV WRWKHLQGLJHQRXVLQKDELWDQWVRIWKH1HZ:RUOGDVZHOODVLWVRQJRLQJREVHVVLRQ ZLWK DOFKHP\ %RWK H[SHULHQFHV IXO¿OO WKH DPELJXRXV QHHG IRU WKH FODUL¿FDWLRQ RIWKHVHOIDQGWKHH[SORUDWLRQRIWKHERXQGDU\EHWZHHQWKHVHOIDQGWKHRWKHU2I FRXUVHZRPHQKDYHEHHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHPRQVWURXVVLQFHWKHDQFLHQW*UHHNV DVVXJJHVWHGE\$ULVWRWOHLQIRXUWKERRNRIWKHGeneration of Animals 7KH ¿UVW GHSDUWXUH LQGHHG LV WKDW WKH RIIVSULQJ VKRXOG EHFRPH IHPDOH LQVWHDG RIPDOHWKLVKRZHYHULVDQDWXUDOQHFHVVLW\)RUWKHFODVVRIDQLPDOVGLYLGHG LQWRVH[HVPXVWEHSUHVHUYHGDQGDVLWLVSRVVLEOHIRUWKHPDOHVRPHWLPHVQRWWR SUHYDLORYHUWKHIHPDOHHLWKHUWKURXJK\RXWKRUDJHRUVRPHRWKHUVXFKFDXVH LWLVQHFHVVDU\WKDWDQLPDOVVKRXOGSURGXFHIHPDOH\RXQJ $QGWKHPRQVWURVLW\ WKRXJK QRW QHFHVVDU\ LQ UHJDUG RI D ¿QDO FDXVH DQG DQ HQG \HW LV QHFHVVDU\ DFFLGHQWDOO\
1RWRQO\GLGHDUO\PRGHUQ(XURSHDQVFOLQJWRWKLVDVVXPSWLRQWKH\HQWUHQFKHG LW LQ &KULVWLDQLW\¶V 0DQLFKHDQ GXDOLVP WKDW DVVLJQHG ZRPHQ WR WKH LQIHULRU FRUSRUHDO$QGVRSXWVLPSO\WRIHPLQL]HWKHPDVFXOLQHZDVWRGHQLJUDWHLWWR FRQWDPLQDWHWKHSXUHUZLWKWKHEDVHUJHQGHU:HVHHLQ1HZ:RUOGFRVPRJUDSK\ WKHDVFULELQJRIIHPDOHJHQGHUTXDOLWLHVWKDWLVFXOWXUDOPDUNHUVRIWKHIHPLQLQH VXFKDVGUHVVDQGWDVNVWR1DWLYHPHQLQRUGHUWRDVVLJQWKHPWRDQLQIHULRUVWDWXV ,QDOFKHPLFDOLPDJHVZHDOVR¿QGWKLVVDPH³GHJUDGLQJ´RIJHQGHUEXWKHUHWKH GLVVROYLQJRIJHQGHUGLVWLQFWLRQVVHHPVWREHHPSRZHULQJ6LPLODUO\WKHLPDJH RIWKH$PD]RQDWKLUGVXEYHUVLYHDQGHPSRZHUHGJHQGHUKDVEHHQWKHREMHFWRI ERWKSHUVHFXWLRQDQGUHYHUHQFH7KHDPELYDOHQFHRIKHJHPRQLFVRFLHW\WRZDUG WKRVHZKRHYDGHFODVVL¿FDWLRQZKHWKHUPDQRUZRPDQRUDWKLUGJHQGHURUIURP DGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUHRIWHQUHVXOWVLQHLWKHUUDELGSHUVHFXWLRQRIZKDWLVGHHPHGWREH PRQVWURXVRUURPDQWLFOLRQL]DWLRQ:RPHQLQVL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ (XURSHZHUHHYHQEODPHGIRUWKHELUWKRIPRQVWHUVLQWKHWUDGLWLRQRI$ULVWRWOH 3DXO*DEULHO%RXFHWHOOVRIDSRSXODUPLGZLIHU\PDQXDOWKDWH[SODLQVWKHFDXVHRI WKHELUWKRIPRQVWURXVGHIRUPLW\
-XOLD.ULVWHYDPowers of Horror: An Essay on AbjectionWUDQV/HRQ65RXGLH] 1HZ
“Put Out of Her Course”
7KHFDXVHLVERWKH[WHUQDODQGLQWHUQDO7KHH[WHUQDORQHLVWKHRXWVLGHREMHFW RQZKLFKWKHZRPDQKDVFDVWKHUH\HVWKHLQWHUQDORQHLVWKHVWUHQJWKRIWKH LPDJLQDWLRQ ZKLFK DIWHU UHFHLYLQJ WKH LPSUHVVLRQ RI WKH RXWVLGH REMHFW FRPPXQLFDWHVLWWRWKHLQIRUPLQJIDFXOW\ZKLFKWKHQLPSULQWVLWRQWKHVHHG
,Q³$:HURDQVRU&KLHIWDLQRI9LUJLQLD´Admiranda narratioSODWH HQJUDYHG IURP WKH SDLQWLQJ RI WKH FRORQLDO DUWLVW -RKQ :KLWH RQH FDQQRW PLVWDNH WKH FODVVLFDOLQÀXHQFHXSRQWKH¿JXUHRIWKH³:HURDQ´+HVWDQGVOLNHDODWHPHGLHYDO VWDWXHRIWKH9LUJLQ0DU\RUWKH7KUHH*UDFHVRQHKDQGRQKLSRQHOHJVSOD\HG RXWKHDSSHDUVWRFDUU\KLPVHOIDVGRHVD(XURSHDQIHPDOHHYHQLIWKLVVWDQFHLV DQ LPLWDWLRQ RI WKDW RI WKH$SROOR %HOYHGHUH WKH H[DJJHUDWHG EHQG LQ WKH ERG\ IHPLQL]HV WKH ¿JXUH 6R DOWKRXJK KH LV DUPHG DQG GLVSOD\V VXSHULRU SK\VLFDO FRQGLWLRQ DQG PXVFXODULW\ KH LV WDPHG DQG IHPLQL]HG E\ KLV FODVVLF VWDQFH OLWHUDOO\SXWRQGLVSOD\LQWKHZD\LQZKLFKIHPDOHEHDXWLHVRUFXULRVLWLHVZRXOG EH$OWKRXJKWKLVPRGHRIGHSLFWLRQZDVXVHGSULPDULO\WRUHSUHVHQWWKHIHPDOH ERG\9HVDOLXVDQGODWHUDQDWRPLVWVXVHGWKLVSRVHIRUPDOH¿JXUHVDVZHOOVHH /RQJ)LJXUH 7KLVPRGHRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHERG\LVDOVRDSSDUHQWLQ WKH¿UVWHPEOHPRIWKHAtalantaZKLFKGLVSOD\VDSUHJQDQWPDQVHH/RQJ)LJXUH 7KHFKLHIWDLQDSSHDUVDQLPDOOLNHLQKLVWD[RQRPLFDOO\GLVSOD\HGDQWHULRUDQG SRVWHULRUYLHZV±DQREMHFWRISK\VLFDOVWXG\UDWKHUWKDQDVXEMHFWLQKLVRZQULJKW $WDLOVXSSRVHGO\WKDWRIDVODXJKWHUHGDQLPDOKDQJVEHWZHHQKLVOHJVDQGVKRZV KLV DQLPDOLW\ LQ QRW RQO\ KLV LPSOLHG SUHKHQVLOH DELOLWLHV EXW DOVR LQ KLV VH[XDO SURZHVVRUHYHQH[FHVV+LVIHDWKHUVORRNOLNHKRUQVIHDWXUHVZKLFKVXJJHVWWKH EHVWLDORUGLDEROLFDODUHFXUUHQWWKHPHLQWKHAmerica KLVWDWWRRVUHVHPEOHDQLPDO PDUNLQJV5HPDUNDEO\KLVFRXQWHQDQFHKDVDOOWKHVKDSHRIWKDWRID(XURSHDQ ZKLFKUHYHDOVWKH(XURSHDQQHHGWRUHFRUGGLIIHUHQFHEXWQRWWRRPXFK$WWKLV SRLQWLQ(XURSHDQFRQWDFWZLWKWKH1HZ:RUOGODQJXDJHDQGEHKDYLRUDUHHQRXJK WRHVWDEOLVK2WKHUQHVVEXWDVGLIIHUHQFHEHJDQWRHURGHFRQIURQWLQJ(XURSHDQV ZLWKWKHDEMHFWPLUURURIWKHLURZQH[FHVVHVWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRI1DWLYHSHRSOHV JUHZ PRUH GHPRQLF ,Q 7KRPDV +DULRW¶V UHSRUW RI 9LUJLQLD IURP ZKLFK WKLV LOOXVWUDWLRQZDVWDNHQKHVWDWHV $OZD\VUHDG\WRGHIHQGWKHPVHOYHVWKH\FDUU\DTXLYHUPDGHRIUXVKHVDQGLQ RQHKDQGKROGDERZLQWKHRWKHUDQDUURZ6RDWWLUHGWKH\JRWRZDURUDWWHQG WKHLUVROHPQIHDVWV7KH\ORYHWRKXQW«:KHQWKHFKLHIVJRWREDWWOHWKH\SDLQW WKHLUERGLHVLQWKHPRVWKLGHRXVZD\VWKH\FDQWKLQNRIS
3DXO*DEULHO%RXFH³,PDJLQDWLRQ3UHJQDQW:RPHQDQG0RQVWHUVLQ(LJKWHHQWK &HQWXU\ (QJODQG DQG )UDQFH´ Sexual Underworlds of the Enlightenment HGV *6 5RXVVHDXDQG5R\3RUWHU&KDSHO+LOO1RUWK&DUROLQD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S 6HH -RQDWKDQ 6DZGD\ ³7KH 5HDOP RI Anatomia´ IURP The Body Emblazoned: Dissection and the Human Body in Renaissance Culture/RQGRQDQG1HZ
)LJ
$9LUJLQLDQ5XOHUIURPGH%U\$PHULFD%UHYLVHW¿GDQDUUDWLR9LUJLQLDH &RXUWHV\ RI WKH 'LYLVLRQ RI 5DUH DQG 0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQV &RUQHOO 8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
“Put Out of Her Course”
7KH :HURDQ OLNH DQ DQLPDO LV DOZD\V UHDG\ WR ¿JKW +LV ODFN RI FORWKLQJ DQG KLVXVHRIWKHVDPHDWWLUHIRUERWKZDUDQGSHDFHPDUNKLPDVDPDUJLQDODQLPDO OLNHEHLQJ&RORQLVWVHYHQZHQWVRIDUDVWRVD\WKDW$PHULFDQ,QGLDQVKDGOLNH DQLPDOVDNHHQVHQVHRIVPHOO³7KH\IROORZHGWKHLUHQHPLHVE\VFHQWDVGRJV IROORZZLOGEHDVWV´S 7KHDERYHSDVVDJHMX[WDSRVHVWKHKXQWLQJRIDQLPDOV IRU IRRG ZLWK WKH ³KXQWLQJ´ RI KXPDQV IRU VSRUW ± ZDU DQG IHDVWV DSSHDU WR EH V\QRQ\PRXVWKH1DWLYH¶VKXQWLQJDQGIHDVWLQJE\VPHOOSURYLGHVDFRQIXVHGDQG UHSHOOHQWLPDJHRIFDQQLEDOLVP$OVREHFDXVH(XURSHDQVKDGORQJDJRWDNHQXS DJUDULDQOLIHZD\VDVKDGWKH1DWLYH$PHULFDQVEXWWKLVDVSHFWRIWKHLUH[LVWHQFH GRHVQRWVHHPWRKDYHEHHQUHFRJQL]HGRUDWOHDVWIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHGE\HDUO\ H[SORUHUV DQGKXQWHGRQO\IRUVSRUW1DWLYHWUDGLWLRQVRIKXQWLQJVHHPHGFOHDUO\ XQFLYLOL]HGDQGHYHQEHVWLDO ,Q 0HULDQ¶V HQJUDYLQJV RI WKH DOFKHPLFDO WH[W Atalanta fugiens ZH VHH WKH PRQVWURXV FRPPLQJOLQJ RI KXPDQ DQG DQLPDO WUDLWV DV ZHOO$V SDUW RI DQ DOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHWKHLPDJHVRIAtalanta are meant to affect the reader on an DOPRVWSUHFRQVFLRXVOHYHO7KH\DUHWREHPHGLWDWHGXSRQDVV\PEROLFHPERGLPHQWV RIQDWXUDOIRUFHVLQWKHXQLYHUVHWKDWFDQEHWDSSHGDQGPDQLSXODWHGKDUQHVVHGDQG SXW WR UHVW 2QH VXFK LPDJH FHOHEUDWHV WKH FRPPLQJOLQJ RI DQLPDO DQG KXPDQ IRUFHV0DLHU¶VVHFRQGHPEOHP³,WVQXUVHLVWKHHDUWK´VHH/RQJ)LJXUH SUREDEO\ DOVR HQJUDYHG E\ 0HULDQ D VRQLQODZ RI GH %U\$V LQ WKH SUHYLRXV LOOXVWUDWLRQZRPHQDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDQLPDOVRFFXS\LQJDSDUDGR[LFDOSRVLWLRQ RIJUHDWSRZHUDVSURGXFHUQXUWXUHUDQGRIXQKDUQHVVHGEUXWDOLW\DVKXQWHUDYHQJHU +HUHKXPDQVDUHQXUVHGQRWRQO\E\WKHLURZQNLQGEXWDOVRE\DQLPDOV±ERWK E\JUD]HUVZLWKFORYHQKRRYHVDQGE\SUHGDWRUVZLWKFODZVDQGVKDUSWHHWK7KH DOFKHPLVW DWWHPSWV WR KDUQHVV WKH OLIHJLYLQJ SRZHU RI WKH OLYLQJ HDUWK ZLWK QR UHJDUGWRDVVLJQHGGLIIHUHQFHV7KHHDUWKDQGLWVDQLPDOVRYHUÀRZZLWKOLIHJLYLQJ VSLULWLQWKLVHFRQRP\RUVXUSOXVRUHYHQH[FHVVERXQGDULHVGLVVLSDWHIRUWKH\DUH XQQHFHVVDU\7KRVHZKRRFFXS\DQGQXUVHIURPERWKDQLPDODQGKXPDQUHDOPV KDYHDFFHGHGWRDKLJKHUUHDOPRIEHLQJEH\RQGGLIIHUHQFH $ODVWDQGVXEWOHUWUDQVJUHVVLRQRIERXQGDULHVWKDWZRXOGZDUUDQWHDUO\PRGHUQ (XURSHDQV¶FRQGHPQDWLRQRIWKHPRQVWURXVKDVWRGRZLWKKXPDQEHKDYLRULWVHOI DQGLWVWDERRV&RPSOH[EHKDYLRUDOFRGHVEHFRPHFOHDUZKHQZHYLHZRXU³VLQV´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¶V America VD\V FDQQLEDOLVP³DSSHDUHGDVDVRUWRIDQWLPDWWHUDSKHQRPHQRQOHDGLQJLQHOXFWDEO\
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
E\DVORZJUDGDWLRQRIVPDOOGLIIHUHQFHVWRZDUGDGLVVROXWLRQRIFRVPLFDQGVRFLDO ZRUOG´%XW³GLVVROXWLRQ´LVDNH\VWHSLQDOFKHP\7KURXJKWKHFDUHIXOGLVVROYLQJ RIVHSDUDWHHOHPHQWVLQWRRQHÀXLGDQGG\QDPLFV\VWHPRQHLVDEOHWREULQJDERXW DQHYHQKLJKHURUGHU&OHDUO\DQFLHQWFRVPRORJLHVURRWHGLQDOFKHP\DUHDZDUHRI DGHHSHUNQRZOHGJHWKDW-XGHR&KULVWLDQLW\KDVSHUKDSVIRUJRWWHQ$IWHUDOOZKDW DUHZHWRPDNHRI&KULVW¶VQDNHGQHVVDQGWKHULWXDOHDWLQJRIKLVERG\DQGGULQNLQJ RIKLVEORRG"'H%U\¶VLOOXVWUDWLRQVRIKHUPDSKURGLWHVERWKLQWKHAtalanta and in the AmericaLQYRNHDVLPLODUQXGLW\DQGFDQQLEDOLVP5HFDOOWKDWWKHSLFWXUHV LQFOXGHDVSLWDEXULDOVFDIIROGDQGDJXUQH\±DOOXVHGWRSUHSDUHKXPDQERGLHVIRU WUDQVIRUPDWLRQDOORZLQJIRUWKHUHYLYDORIOLIHWKURXJKGHDWKDQGOLIHLQGHDWK7KH ¿UVWDQGODVWVWHSVRIWKHDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVVDUHWKRVHRInigredo and rubedoWKH EODFNHQLQJDQGWKHUHGGHQLQJWKHNLOOLQJDQGWKHUHVXUUHFWLRQSKDVHVWKDWGHPDQG WKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHWKLQJEHIRUHLWFDQEHPRYHGWRDKLJKHUVWDWH ,Q YLHZLQJ WKH LOOXVWUDWLRQV RI GH %U\ ZH PXVW V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ XQWDQJOH WKH OLNHQHVVHV EHWZHHQ KLV 1HZ :RUOG GHSLFWLRQV DQG KLV DOFKHPLFDO LPDJHV +LV LOOXVWUDWLRQVDUHFRPSOLFDWHGIRUVHYHUDOUHDVRQV+HKDGQHYHUEHHQWR$PHULFDDQG VRGH%U\FRPSLOHGKLVAmericaIURPWKRVHZKRKDGE\LQWHUYLHZLQJWKHPUHDGLQJ DQGHGLWLQJWKHLUDFFRXQWVRUREWDLQLQJWKHLUSDLQWLQJVDQGVNHWFKHVIURPZKLFK KHPDGHKLVHQJUDYLQJV0DQ\RIKLVVRXUFHVH[DJJHUDWHGWKHLUH[SHULHQFHVWR VD\WKHOHDVWVRPHHPEHOOLVKLQJWRVXFKDGHJUHHWKDWRWKHUFRVPRJUDSKHUVHQWHUHG LQWRRQJRLQJEDWWOHVIRUWKHWUXHDFFRXQWRIWKH1HZ:RUOG6WHSKHQ*UHHQEODWW GHFODUHV ³7KH DXWKRUV RI WKH DQHFGRWHV ZLWK ZKLFK >Marvellous Possessions@ FRQFHUQVLWVHOIZHUHOLDUV±IHZRIWKHPVWHDG\OLDUVDVLWZHUHOLNH0DQGHYLOOH EXWIUHTXHQWDQGFXQQLQJOLDUVQRQHWKHOHVVZKRVHSRVLWLRQYLUWXDOO\UHTXLUHGWKH VWUDWHJLFPDQLSXODWLRQDQGGLVWRUWLRQDQGRXWULJKWVXSSUHVVLRQRIWKHWUXWK´ For H[DPSOH/HU\D3URWHVWDQWPLVVLRQDU\FRQVLGHUHGKLVDFFRXQWYHULWDEOHDQGFRUUHFW GRZQWRWKHXWPRVWGHWDLODQGZDVDUFKO\RSSRVHGWRWKHRXWUDJHRXVDFFRXQWRI 7KHYHWD&DWKROLFPLVVLRQDU\JLYHQWKHWLWOHRI³5R\DO&RVPRJUDSKHU´3ROLWLFDO DQG UHOLJLRXV WHQVLRQV LQWHUIHUHG YLROHQWO\ ZLWK ³REMHFWLYH´ DFFRXQWV &DWKROLFV FODLPHGWKH\KDGWKH3RSH¶VFRQVHQWWRFRORQL]H$PHULFDDQGWKDWDOO3URWHVWDQWV VHHQLQ$PHULFDVKRXOGEHZLSHGRXWZKLOH3URWHVWDQWVVRXJKWUHIXJHLQ$PHULFD
%XFKHUS -XQJSS± 6HH%XFKHUSS±DQG/RUDQWSS±%RWKVRXUFHVFODLPWKDWWKHUHLVYHU\ OLWWOHNQRZQDERXWGH%U\DQGKLVZRUN$OWKRXJKDJROGVPLWKE\WUDGHKHDQGKLVIDPLO\ ZHUH WR ZLQ IDPH IRU KLV LOOXVWUDWHG VHULHV America WKH ¿UVW FRSSHUSODWHHQJUDYHG 1HZ :RUOGFRVPRJUDSK\SXEOLVKHGLQ/DWLQ*HUPDQ(QJOLVKDQG)UHQFK'H%U\VRXJKWRXW WKRVHZKRKDGEHHQWRWKH$PHULFDVRUZKRNQHZRIZULWWHQDFFRXQWRULOOXVWUDWLRQV+H ZRUNHGZLWKWKHIDPRXV5LFKDUG+DNOX\WDPRQJRWKHUVDQGREWDLQHGIURPWKHZLGRZRI -RKQ:KLWHWKH¿UVW(QJOLVKSDLQWHURI$PHULFDPDQ\RIWKHVNHWFKHVWKDWZHUHWREHFRPH KLVHQJUDYLQJVRIWKH*UHDW9R\DJHV$QGLWLVEHOLHYHGWKDWKHDWOHDVWLQSDUWLOOXVWUDWHG DOFKHPLFDOWUHDWLVHVVXFKDVWKHAtalanta fugiensRIWHQXVLQJWKHVDPH¿JXUHV *UHHQEODWWMarvelous PossessionsS /HU\ [OY±O[LL 6HH 5RJHU 6FKOHVLQJHU DQG$UWKXU 3 6WDEOHU HGV André Thevet’s North America0RQWUHDO0F*LOO4XHHQ¶V8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
“Put Out of Her Course”
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mericaDVZHOODVLQVRUWLQJRXWWKHAtalanta VLQFHFRUUXSWLRQLVDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIWKHDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVV $VZHNQRZWKDW GH%U\FRPSLOHGDQGHQJUDYHGWKHAmericaEHIRUHSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKHSURMHFWRI the AtalantaZHFRXOGVSHFXODWHWKDWWKHIRUPHULQIRUPHGWKHODWWHULQDQXPEHU RIZD\V,QIDFWPDQ\RIWKHLPDJHVLQWKHAtalantaDUHREYLRXVUHYLVLRQVRIWKH 1HZ:RUOGLPDJHVDVZHKDYHVHHQ:DVDOFKHP\WRDI¿UPWKHREVHUYDWLRQVRI WKH1HZ:RUOGRUWRYDOLGDWHLQWKHQHZODQGWKDWZKLFKLWKDGFHOHEUDWHG"2UGLG DOFKHP\VHHNRXWDQGSURMHFWXSRQ$PHULFDDOOWKDWLWKRSHGWR¿QG":HFRXOG GLVPLVVGH%U\DVDTXDFNJROGVPLWKZKRZDQWHGWRVHHPRQVWHUVLQERWKKLVWH[WV LILWZHUHQRWWKDWWKHAmericaGUDZVRQDZLGHUDQJHRIVRXUFHVDQGGHPRQVWUDWHV DQDZDUHQHVVRIWKHGLYHUVHDQGGLVSDUDWHIRUPVRINQRZOHGJHRIWKHWLPHV6R SHUKDSVWKHPRQVWURXVLPDJHVGH%U\ERWKVRXJKWRXWDQGUHQGHUHGUHSXOVLYHUHYHDO DJUHDWHU(XURSHDQFRQVFLRXVQHVVRIWKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRGDVHOIFRQWUDGLFWRU\ PHQWDOLW\WKDWLVKDUGO\DVVLPSOLVWLFDVLWPLJKWVHHPDW¿UVWJODQFH (QWZLQHG LQ GH %U\¶V ODWHU YROXPHV RI WKH America DUH WKH UHDVRQV IRU KLV LQFUHDVLQJO\KRUUL¿FGHSLFWLRQRIWKHLQGLJHQRXVSHRSOH$WWLPHV,QGLDQVDSSHDUWR EHGHFD\LQJWKHLUEUHDVWVVDJJLQJWKHLUMDZVJDSLQJ,QRQHHQJUDYLQJ%UD]LOLDQV DUHVKRZQJQDZLQJRQWKHPVHOYHV+RZFRXOGVXFKDQ(GHQLFLPDJHVKLIWWRRQHRI FRUUXSWLRQDQGDE\VPDOGDPQDWLRQ"3HUKDSVWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKH1HZ:RUOG EHFDPHLQFUHDVLQJO\PRUHGHSUDYHGDVSROLWLFDODQGUHOLJLRXVWHQVLRQVPRXQWHG LQ (XURSH 'H %U\ D 3URWHVWDQW RI )OHPLVK RULJLQ WDNHV LQFUHGLEOH OLEHUWLHV LQ VSUHDGLQJWKH³%ODFN/HJHQG´,QWKLV1HZ:RUOGP\WKWKH6SDQLVKFRQTXHVWLV GHPRQL]HGSXUHO\DVDFUXHODQGXQUHOHQWLQJVHDUFKIRUJROGZLWKZKLFKWRJORULI\ (XURSHDQ SDUWLFXODUO\ &DWKROLF FXOWXUH LQ WKH QDPH RI &KULVW %XW ZKLOH WKH FRQTXLVWDGRUVZHUHSUREDEO\PRUHFUXHOWR$PHULFDQ,QGLDQVWKDQRWKHUH[SORUHUV WKH)UHQFKZHUHRIWHQDVH[SORLWDWLYH$QGWKH)UHQFKZHUHLQGHHGLQVHDUFKRI JROGDQGZHUHZLOOLQJWRGHVWUR\1DWLYHSRSXODWLRQVWRREWDLQLW7KH)UHQFKLQ
%XFKHUS 6HH/H0R\QH¶VDFFRXQWRIWKH)UHQFKH[SHGLWLRQWR)ORULGDLQLQ/RUDQW¶VThe New WorldS³/D5RFKH)HUULHUHUHWXUQHGWRWKHIRUWDQGUHSRUWHGWKDWDOOWKHJROGDQG VLOYHUKHREWDLQHGIRUXVKDGFRPHIURPWKH$SDODFW\0RXQWDLQVDQGWKDWWKH,QGLDQVIURP ZKRPKHKDGUHFHLYHGWKHVHPHWDOVNQHZRIQRRWKHUSODFHZKHUHWKH\FRXOGEHIRXQG´,Q /DXGRQQLHUH¶VQDUUDWLYHLQWKHVDPHERRNS³'H*URXWDXWZDVDQ[LRXVWKDW,VKRXOG DOO\ P\VHOI WR WKLV FKLHI LQ WKH EHOLHI WKDW EHWZHHQ XV ZH FRXOG FRQTXHU DOO WKH DGMDFHQW WULEHVDQGFOHDUWKHZD\WRWKH$SDODFW\0RXQWDLQVZKLFKZHZDQWHGWRUHDFK7KHFKLHI KLPVHOIVHQWPHDÀDWSLHFHRIEUDVVGXJRXWRIWKHPRXQWDLQVIURPWKHLUEDVHULVHVDVWUHDP ULFKLQJROGWKRXJKWKH,QGLDQVEHOLHYHLWWREHEUDVV´
)LJ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
&DQQLEDOV&RRNLQJDQG(DWLQJ+XPDQVIURPGH%U\ America tertia pars&RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQRI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV &RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
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³(GHQLF,PDJHVRIWKH:HVWHUQ:RUOG$5HDSSUDLVDO´South Atlantic Quarterly$XWXPQ
“Put Out of Her Course”
DPELJXLW\IRVWHUHGWKHODEHOLQJRI1DWLYHSHRSOHDVPRQVWHUVGXDOEHLQJVZKRVH DSSHDUDQFH DQG EHKDYLRU ZHUH GHFHSWLYH RU XQVWDEOH 7KH SRUWUD\DO RI QDWLYH SHRSOHDVDQWKURSRSKDJRXVFRQFUHWL]HGWKLVGHSLFWLRQRIWKHPDVPRQVWHUV .ULVWHYD ZRXOG FRQVLGHU WKH LPDJH RI FDQQLEDOLVP WR EH WKH XOWLPDWH DEMHFW FRQIURQWDWLRQLWFRPELQHVERWKXQEHDUDEOHH[SHULHQFHVRI³IRRGORDWKLQJ´DQGWKH YLHZLQJRIDFRUSVH1RWRQO\GRHVRQHFRQYXOVHEHIRUHWKHERUGHUOHVVFDGDYHUEXW RQHPXVWHDWRILWDVLILWZHUHVKLWIRUERWKDUHWKHUHIXVHWKDWWKHOLPLWHGVHOIKDV FDVWRIIWRSUHVHUYHLWVHOI³7KHUH,DPDWWKHERUGHURIP\FRQGLWLRQDVDOLYLQJ EHLQJ 0\ ERG\ H[WULFDWHV LWVHOI DV EHLQJ DOLYH IURP WKDW ERUGHU 6XFK ZDVWH GURSV WKDW , PLJKW OLYH«´$ YLROHQW UHDFWLRQ WR PRQVWURXV EHKDYLRU FDWDO\]HV WKHREMHFWL¿FDWLRQ±LQGHHGWKHDEMHFWL¿FDWLRQ±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³LI WKH $PHULFDQV LQWHQGHG WR HVWDEOLVK DQ HPSLUH DQG WR OHJLWLPL]H WKH PRYHPHQW DFURVV WKH FRQWLQHQW E\ ZKLFK WKDW HPSLUH FRXOG EH DFKLHYHG WKH\ZRXOGKDYHWRUHLQYRNHDOOWKH(XURSHDQDVVXPSWLRQVRI,QGLDQRWKHUQHVV DQG VDYDJHU\ WKHLU LQIHULRULW\ DQG GH¿FLHQFLHV ZKLFK KDG HDUOLHU EHHQ XVHG WR MXVWLI\FRORQL]DWLRQ´,QWKHVHWWOHULPDJLQDWLRQ$PHULFDQ,QGLDQVEHFDPHPRUH LQKXPDQPRUHPRQVWURXV ,IZHVWXG\WKHODWHUHQJUDYLQJVRIWKHAmericaWKDWDFFRPSDQ\WKHDFFRXQWV RI )UHQFK PLVVLRQDULHV LQ WKH ODQG QDPHG ³%UD]LO´ ZH VHH WKH (XURSHDQ IHDU RIWKHORVVRIERXQGDU\EHWZHHQVHOIDQGRWKHU±LQWKHH[WUHPH)RUKHUHWKH 7XSLQDPED GHYRXU WKDW YHU\ ERXQGDU\ :H VHH LFRQRJUDSKLFDOO\ WKH SHUYHUVH DQ[LHW\ FRQFHUQLQJ (XURSH¶V IDWH VKRXOG LW DSSURDFK WRR FORVHO\ WKH FXOWXUH RI WKH 2WKHU±LWZLOOVLPSO\EHVZDOORZHGXS,Q)LJXUHVDQGZHVHHWKH WHUUL¿HG)UHQFKPDQZLWKEHDUGDQGORQJKDLUZKRVHHPVWREHSOHDGLQJZLWKWKH ,QGLDQVWRVSDUHKLVOLIH$FKLOGSOD\VZLWKDVHYHUHGKHDGLQ)LJXUHWKXVWKH DUWLVWSRUWUD\VWKH1DWLYHVDVFUXHOE\QDWXUHIURPELUWK,QWKHVDPHHQJUDYLQJ WKH FKLOGUHQ IDQ WKH ÀDPHV D ZRPDQ LQ WKH XSSHU OHIW FRUQHU RI WKH HQJUDYLQJ
.ULVWHYDS %XFKHUSS± +HOHQ &DUU Inventing the American Primitive: Politics, Gender and the Representation of Native American Literary Traditions, 1789±19361HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
LVGULYHQLQDIUHQ]\WRJQDZKHURZQÀHVKKHUH\HVVTXLQWLQJLQDPRQVWURXV JULPDFH$QGZKRLVWKHKLUVXWHPDQZLHOGLQJDFOXE"$OWKRXJKGH%U\KDGDFFHVV WRDFFRXQWVWKDWGLVSHOOHGWKHP\WKRIWKHKDLUFRYHUHGVDYDJHORQJD¿JXUHRQ WKH(XURSHDQP\WKLFDOVFHQHDGGLQJWKLV¿JXUHWRWKHGHSLFWLRQRIWKHFDQQLEDOV LQFUHDVHVWKHDQWKURSRSKDJRXVPD\KHP/pU\VWDWHVLQKLVDFFRXQWRIWKHODQGRI %UD]LOWKDW³«FRQWUDU\WRZKDWVRPHSHRSOHPD\WKLQNDQGZKDWRWKHUVZRXOG KDYHRQHEHOLHYHWKH\DUHE\QRPHDQVFRYHUHGZLWKKDLULQIDFWWKH\DUHQRWE\ QDWXUHDQ\KDLULHUWKDQZHDUHRYHUKHUHLQWKLVFRXQWU\´)RUGXULQJWKLVWLPH RXWODQGLVKGHVFULSWLRQVFLUFXODWHGGHSLFWLQJ1DWLYHSHRSOHWREHFRYHUHGLQKDLUOLNH WKH6DYDJH0DQRU:LOG0DQRI(XURSHDQORUH,QFRPSDULVRQWRGH%U\¶VHDUOLHU LOOXVWUDWLRQVWKHVHDUHE\IDUPRUHGHFDGHQWDOVRLQ¿JXUHVDQGWKHIDFHVRI WKHIHPDOH,QGLDQVDUHZULQNOHGDVLIWKH\ZHUHDJHGRUURWWLQJ7KHZRPDQWRWKH OHIWRIWKHFLUFOHDSSHDUVHQJDJHGLQDQDXWRHURWLFDQGHYHQDXWRSKDJRXVIHWLVK WKHDFWLRQVOLQNLQJWKHVLQVRIPXUGHUOXVWDQGJOXWWRQ\7KLVHQJUDYLQJZLWKLWV ERG\SDUWVVXJJHVWVWKH(XURSHDQPDOH¶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talantaSUREOHPDWL]HVWKRVH of the America EHFDXVH LQ WKH Atalanta LW EHFRPHV DQ LPDJH RI UHQHZDO DQG DEXQGDQFH3HUKDSVWKHPRVWIUHTXHQWDQGSRZHUIXOLPDJHLQDOFKHP\LVWKDWRI WKHHXURERURVWKDWRIWKHVQDNHHDWLQJLWVRZQWDLODV\PERORIHWHUQLW\EXWDOVR RIWKHVHOIGHVWUXFWLYHQDWXUHRIWKHZRUOG,QWKLVHFRQRP\FDQQLEDOLVPEHFRPHV WKH VDFUHG SUDFWLFH RI EULQJLQJ UHQHZDO WKURXJK FRQVXPSWLRQ RU FRUUXSWLRQ LQJHVWLQJ WKH FRPSRQHQW VHOI WR EULQJ XQLW\ DQG KDUPRQ\ ³7LPH DQG DJDLQ WKH DOFKHPLVWV UHLWHUDWH WKDW WKH opus SURFHHGV IURP WKH RQH DQG OHDGV EDFN WR WKH RQH WKDW LV LW LV D VRUW RI FLUFOH OLNH D GUDJRQ ELWLQJ LWV RZQ WDLO´ +RZ FRXOG WKHGHSLFWLRQRIFDQQLEDOLVPLQWKH1HZ:RUOGZKLFKSUHVHQWVWKHQHZODQGDV D FRUUXSW IDOOHQ SODFH ZKHUH OLIH IHHGV RQ LWVHOI LQWR FKDRV EH DW VXFK YDULDQFH ZLWKWKHDOFKHPLFDOUHJHQHUDWLYHHXURERURV(PEOHP "7KHFLUFXODUIRUPRI WKHGUDJRQVXJJHVWVWKHHQGOHVVF\FOHRIOLIHQDWXUHE\GHVWUR\LQJLWVHOIZLOOEH UHERUQ7KHFDSWLRQUHDGV³7KHIDPLVKHG3RO\SVJQDZHGDWWKHLURZQOHJV$QG KXQJHUWRRWDXJKWPHQWRIHDVWRQPHQ´S 'RHVIDPLQHUHGXFHKXPDQV WRWKHLUWUXHQDWXUHDQGWHDFKWKHPWKHVHFUHWZD\RIWKHDOFKHPLVWWKHZD\WRWKH SULPDPDWHULDO"7KLVLPSOLFDWLRQZRXOG¿WZHOOZLWKWKHEHOLHIRIWKHSHULRGWKDW WKH$PHULFDQ,QGLDQVZHUHFORVHUWRWKHRULJLQRIKXPDQLW\/LNHWKH$PHULFDQV WKHHXURERURVQHHGVWKHVDPHWUHDWPHQW³6XEGXHLWE\KXQJHUSULVRQLURQXQWLO
/HU\S -XQJS
“Put Out of Her Course”
)LJ
³+HUHLVWKH'UDJRQ(DWLQJLWVRZQ7DLO´7KH(XURERURV (PEOHP IURP0LFKDHO0DLHU Atalanta fugiens&RXUWHV\RIWKH'LYLVLRQ RI5DUHDQG0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
)LJ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
7KH'UDJRQDQGWKH:RPDQ,QWHUWZLQHG(PEOHPIURP0LFKDHO 0DLHU Atalanta fugiens &RXUWHV\ RI WKH 'LYLVLRQ RI 5DUH DQG 0DQXVFULSW&ROOHFWLRQV&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
“Put Out of Her Course”
)LJ
³&XWWLQJ8SWKH&URFRGLOHV´IURPGH%U\ America, Brevis narratio… &RXUWHV\ RI WKH 'LYLVLRQ RI 5DUH DQG 0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQV &RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\
,WHDWVLWVHOIYRPLWVGLHVDQGLVERUQ´S +HUHDJDLQWKHPRQVWURXVLVERWK KRUULEOHDQGKRO\EHFDXVHLWGDUHVWRWUDQVJUHVVWKHFRQVWUXFWHGERXQGDU\QRWRQO\ EHWZHHQVHOIDQGRWKHUEXWDOVREHWZHHQOLIHDQGGHDWKLWVHOI(PEOHP 7KLV ¿JXUHRIHWHUQDOGHDWKDQGUHQHZDOHFKRHVZLWKLWVULGJHRIVSLNHVUXQQLQJGRZQ LWVVSLQHWKHPRQVWURXV1HZ:RUOGDOOLJDWRUVSODWHLQWKHBrevis narratio 'LG LPDJHVRIWKLV³1HZ:RUOG´LQVSLUHDOFKHPLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHPRQVWURXV RU ZHUH WKH\ WKHPVHOYHV JXLGHG E\ FXOWXUDO DWWLWXGHV DQG ORQJVWDQGLQJ LPDJHV WKDWKDG¿OWHUHGGRZQWKURXJKDOFKHPLFDOORUH"7KHJLYHDQGWDNHRIWKHVHWZR VRXUFHV LV XQPLVWDNDEOH 7KH :HVWHUQ ZRUOG DPELJXRXVO\ IDVFLQDWHG ZLWK WKH $PHULFDVIRXQGLQWKHPWKHFRQ¿UPDWLRQRILWVVXSSUHVVHGEHOLHIVLQWKHVROXELOLW\ RIGLIIHUHQFHDFRQFHSWWKDWZDVWRÀRXULVKVRPHZKDWSURWHFWHGLQDOFKHP\ ,QDWLPHULIHZLWKDIHDURIWKHDQRPDO\DWLPHREVHVVHGZLWKWKHVFLHQWL¿F FDWHJRUL]DWLRQ RI DOO WKLQJV WKH 1HZ :RUOG DQG DOFKHP\ RIIHUHG D UHYLYLQJ LI PHQDFLQJ UHWUHDW 7KH HQFRXQWHU ZLWK WKH $PHULFDV ZDV WR URFN WKH VRFLDO UHOLJLRXVDQGSROLWLFDODVVXPSWLRQVRIWKH(XURSHDQVDQGIRUFHWKHFRQWLQHQWWR UHFRQVLGHUWKHDUELWUDU\GLVWLQFWLRQVPDGHEHWZHHQPDQDQGDQLPDOZRPDQDQG
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH7HXWRQ
PDQ (XURSHDQ DQG $PHULFDQ QRUPDO DQG DEQRUPDO ERGLHV DQG EHKDYLRU $V ZDOOVEHWZHHQDFWXDODQGDVVXPHGZRUOGVEHJDQWRIDOO(XURSHDQVVWUXJJOHGWR XSKROGWKHERXQGDULHVWKH\KDGHVWDEOLVKHGEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVRILGHQWLW\ E\FRQVWUXFWLQJWKHP\WKRIWKHVDYDJHDP\WKWKDWERWKZRUVKLSVDQGFRQGHPQV WKHFXOWXUDO2WKHU)UHHGRPIURPVXFKLPSRVHGGLIIHUHQFHZRXOGUHVXUIDFHWLPH DQG DJDLQ LQ WKH KHUHWLFDO WH[WV RI DOFKHP\ %XW D ³QHZ ZRUOG´ ZRXOG SURYLGH IRU-RKDQQ7KHRGRUGH%U\KLVIDPLO\DQGKLVKRSHIXODXGLHQFHDSXUHUHDOPLQ ZKLFKWRH[DPLQHPDQLSXODWHDQGHYHQVROYHWKHSUREOHPVRIGLIIHUHQFHZLWKWKH LGHDVLQKHUHQWLQDOFKHP\$QGVRERWKWKHAtalanta fugiens and the America are LPEXHGZLWKWKHWRUWXUHGLPSUHVVLRQVRI³VWUDQJHUVLQDVWUDQJHODQG´DVVWXGHQWV RIDOFKHP\VWUXJJOHVZLWKERXQGDULHVWKDWDUHQRWWKHUHWU\LQJOLNHWKHKXQJU\ HXURERURVWRPDNHXVQHZDJDLQ
&KDSWHU
7KH$QLPDO:LWKLQ &KLYDOU\0RQVWURVLW\DQG *HQGHULQ5HQDLVVDQFH6SDLQ Simone Pinet
0iVKHPRVDSUHQGLGRDYLYLUGHORVDQLPDOHVTXHGHORVKRPEUHVPiVGHORV U~VWLFRV TXH GH ORV GRFWRV /DV DUWHV GH UHLQDU TXH LQYHQWy OD HVSHFXODFLyQ KLFLHURQWLUDQRV\DQWHVGHUULEDURQTXHOHYDQWDURQLPSHULRV ²'LHJRGH6DDYHGUD)DMDUGRCorona góticaSURORJXHWRWKHUHDGHU
6RPH \HDUV DJR 3DXO -XOLDQ 6PLWK RSHQHG KLV GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH ERG\ LQ +LVSDQLF OLWHUDWXUH WKURXJK WKH DQDO\VLV RI WZR HPEOHPV LQ &RYDUUXELDV¶ Emblemas moralesRQHRIDVLUHQWKHRWKHURIDEHDUGHGODG\$IWHUSRLQWLQJRXW WKH REYLRXV PRQVWURVLW\ WKDW WKH VH[LQJ DQGRU GHVH[LQJ RI WKH ¿JXUHV HQWDLOV 6PLWKUHÀHFWVRQWKHOHVVREYLRXVGLVFXUVLYHHIIHFWVRIWKHVHLPDJHV,QWKHVHFRQG HPEOHPLQSDUWLFXODUWKHYHUVHVEHVSHDNWKHERG\¶VPHDQLQJLWVHOIUHQGHULQJWKH DUWLFXODWLRQRIWKHFRUSRUHDODQGWKHUKHWRULFDOHYLGHQW³6R\KLFHWKDHFHWKRF
$OOWUDQVODWLRQVDUHPLQHXQOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHG,ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQN.DWKOHHQ3 /RQJIRUKHUVXJJHVWLRQVDQGFDUHIXOUHDGLQJ 6PLWKS
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW
DQGERWK´DVWKHPRWWRGHFODUHVLQDEDQQHUDERYHWKH¿JXUHRIWKHODG\PLJKW FRQVLGHUWKDWVDPHDPELJXLW\ZLWKLQKLPRUKHUVHOI $V WKH 0LGGOH $JHV ZRUH RXW WKH RQFH FOHDU GLVWLQFWLRQV EHWZHHQ VSHFLHV LQFUHDVLQJO\ GH¿QLQJ KXPDQLW\ WKURXJK DFWLRQ DQG QRW WKURXJK HVVHQFH WKHUH DURVH D QHHG WR HVWDEOLVK D OLPLW EHWZHHQ WKH KXPDQ DQG WKH QRQKXPDQ EDVHG RQGLIIHUHQWSDUDPHWHUV/DQJXDJHLWVHOIEHFDPHRQHRIWKHGLVWLQFWLYHWUDLWVWKDW PDUNHGRIIWKLVGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHVSHFL¿FVHQVHWKDWLWPDGHLWSRVVLEOHIRUKXPDQV DQGIRUKXPDQVDORQHWRGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQJRRGDQGHYLO7KHUHQHZHGHPSKDVLV RQ WKH OLQJXLVWLF VFLHQFHV H[HUFLVHG E\ KXPDQLVWV VXFK DV$QWRQLR GH 1HEULMD WKRXJKIROORZLQJDORQJPHGLHYDOWUDGLWLRQLQLWLDWHGE\,VLGRUHRI6HYLOOHLQKLV EtymologiaeLVPXOWLSOLHGLQWKHSHULRGLQGLFWLRQDULHVYRFDEXODULHVJORVVDULHV $WWKHWXUQRIWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\1HEULMDDQGRWKHU¿JXUHVVXFKDV$ORQVRGH 3DOHQFLDDQG)HUQiQGH]GH6DQWDHOODFRQVWUXFWDQHODERUDWHWD[RQRP\RIODQJXDJH ZKLFKERWKEURXJKWODQJXDJHLQWRVFLHQWL¿FGLVFRXUVHVRIWKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRG DQGXQDEDVKHGO\LQ¿OWUDWHGWKHVFLHQFHVZLWKUKHWRULFZKLFKE\WKHPLGVL[WHHQWK FHQWXU\EHFDPHFHQWUDOWR6SDQLVKFXOWXUHFXOWLYDWHGE\¿JXUHVVXFKDV-XDQ/XLV 9LYHV %HQLWR$ULDV 0RQWDQR )UDQFLVFR 6iQFKH] GH ODV %UR]DV +XDUWH GH 6DQ -XDQ)UD\/XLVGH*UDQDGDDQGRWKHUV,QWULQVLFWRWKLVHPSKDVLVRQUKHWRULFZDV D ODQJXDJH¶V FDSDFLW\ IRU DPELJXLW\ H[SORLWHG SURGXFWLYHO\ EXW DOVR VHHQ ZLWK VXVSLFLRQ(W\PRORJ\LQ1HEULMDIRULQVWDQFHVHUYHVERWKDVWKHGH¿QLWLRQRIWKH K\EULGRUWKHPRQVWHUE\FXWWLQJWKHZRUGLWVHOILQSDUWVDQGH[SODLQLQJWKHPDQG YLDIDOVHHW\PRORJ\DVSURFUHDWRURIQHZPRQVWHUV,QOLWHUDWXUHWKLVDPELYDOHQFH LV¿JXUHGHDUO\RQLQ)HUQDQGRGH5RMDV¶La Celestina ZKHUH&HOHVWLQD¶V LQEHWZHHQQHVVGH¿QHVQRWRQO\KHUSURIHVVLRQRUWKHPXOWLSOHOD\HUVRIFXOWXUHV WKDWVKDSHKHUFKDUDFWHUEXWDOVRKHUODQJXDJH$VDFKDUDFWHUL]LQJWUDLW&HOHVWLQD¶V ODQJXDJHLVERWKDSDUWRIKHUKXPDQLW\DWLWVPRVWEDVLFDQGDSDUWRIKHUPRUH VXVSLFLRXV TXDOL¿FDWLRQV DV SURFXUHVV VRUFHUHVV PRQVWHU RU ZLWFK +HU VSHHFK DQGLWVQXDQFHVWRQHVOHYHOVDQGIXQFWLRQVOLQNKHUDQGKHUDFWLRQVWRDOFKHP\ )RU DQ DQDO\VLV WKDW ORRNV DW PHGLFDO GLVFRXUVHV WR GLVFHUQ OLWHUDU\ W\SHV LQ WKLV FDVH&HUYDQWHV¶³PXMHUYDURQLO´ VHH6KHUU\9HODVFR³0DULPDFKRVKRPEUXQDVEDUEXGDV 7KH 0DVFXOLQH :RPDQ LQ &HUYDQWHV´ Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America ± -XDQ&DVDV5LJDOOJRHVRQWRH[SODLQWKDW³WKLVSKLORORJLFDOFRPSHWHQFHZLOODOORZ 1HEULMDWRDYRLGRQHRIWKHPRVWFXULRXVFDXVHVRIGHIRUPDWLRQDQGHYHQWKHJHQHVLVRI PHGLHYDOPRQVWHUVIDOVHHW\PRORJ\´³/DVUD]DVPRQVWUXRVDVVHJ~Q1HEULMD´LQFantasía y literatura en la Edad Media y los Siglos de OroHG1LFDVLR6DOYDGRU0LJXHO6DQWLDJR /ySH] 5tRV DQG (VWKHU %RUUHJR *XWLpUUH] 0DGULG ,EHURDPHULFDQD9HUYXHUW S )RUPRUHRQ1HEULMD¶VHQJDJHPHQWVZLWKODQJXDJHVHH-DPHV00XUSK\³$QWRQLR GH 1HEULMD LQ WKH (XURSHDQ 5KHWRULFDO 7UDGLWLRQ´ in Antonio de Nebrija: Edad Media y Rencimiento, HG &DUPHQ &RGRxHU DQG -XDQ DQWRQLR *RQ]iOH] ,JOHVLDV 6DODPDQFD 8QLYHUVLGDGGH6DODPDQFD SS±)RUDJHQHUDOGLVFXVVLRQRQWKHUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQPRQVWURVLW\ODQJXDJHDQGLPDJHVHHFKDSWHULQ&ODXGH&ODLUH.DSSOHU¶VFODVVLF VWXG\0RQVWUHVGpPRQVHWPHUYHLOOHVjOD¿QGX0R\HQ$JH3DULV3D\RW>@ SS±
The Animal Within
DQGPHGLFLQHWRSURVWLWXWLRQDQGWKHPDUNHWRIWKHÀHVKWRDGH[WHULW\RIZRUGV WKDW LV ERWK PDVWHUIXO DQG PRQVWURXV DQ DPELJXRXV QDWXUH ZLWKLQ ODQJXDJH DV WKH GH¿QLQJ WUDLW RI WKH KXPDQ$W WKH HQG RI WKH ¿IWHHQWK FHQWXU\ &HOHVWLQD¶V ODQJXDJHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHLQWHULRUL]DWLRQRIGLYLVLRQVRQHSHUFHLYHGRXWVLGHWKHOLPLWV RIWKHERG\ %\ WKH ODWH 0LGGOH $JHV WKH DQLPDO WKDW SURZOV ZLWKLQ HDFK RI XV EHFDPH LQFUHDVLQJO\HYLGHQW7KLQNHUVPRYHGPRUHFORVHO\WRWKH*UHFR5RPDQYLHZ WKDWVDZKXPDQVDORQJDFRQWLQXXPZLWKDQLPDOVZLWKWKHSRWHQWLDORIORZHULQJ WKHPVHOYHV WR WKH EHVWLDO OHYHO E\ WKHLU DFWLRQV 7KLV YLHZ WKDW ZH FDQ VHH HPHUJLQJLQWKHWZHOIWKFHQWXU\GRPLQDWHG5HQDLVVDQFHWKRXJKW
,Q WHUPV RI SRHWLFV RI OLWHUDWXUH RU DUW LQ JHQHUDO KXPDQLW\ LV SURJUHVVLYHO\ FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKH DELOLW\ WR GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ OLHV DQG WUXWK EHWZHHQ WKH IDNHDQGWKHUHDODQGPRUHRYHUE\WKHFDSDFLW\RI¿FWLRQ±ZKLFKSURYHVLWVHOI WKURXJK WKH VHFRQGGHJUHH DELOLW\ WR IDNH WKDW RQH LV IDNLQJ 7KDW LV KXPDQLW\ LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ LWV FDSDFLW\ IRU VHWWLQJ XS DUWL¿FHV IRU WKH ¿FWLRQDOL]DWLRQ RI¿FWLRQ,WLVWKLVFDSDFLW\IRUFRQVWUXFWLQJDUWL¿FHVWKDWZLOOXQLWHSROLWLFVDQG SRHWLFVWKURXJKWKH¿JXUHVRIPRQVWURVLW\LQVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\6SDLQLQDWLPHDQG SODFHWKDWVLWERWKDWWKHRULJLQRIWKHDEVROXWLVW6WDWHLQ(XURSHDQGWKXVDWWKH EHJLQQLQJRIPRGHUQHPSLUHVDQGDWWKHFHQWHURIDQDUWLVWLFSURGXFWLRQNQRZQDV WKH*ROGHQ$JHZLWKHIIHFWVWKDWFDQVWLOOEHSHUFHLYHGWRGD\ -DPHV)%XUNHUHDGVWKHSORWLWVHOIRICelestinaDVPLUURULQJDOFKHP\¶VSULQFLSOH RI MRLQLQJ RSSRVLWHV &DOLVWR DQG 0HOLEHD WKURXJK D PHGLDWLQJ TXLQWHVVHQFH &HOHVWLQD KHUVHOI$V KH SRLQWV RXW WKH UHVXOW LV GHVWUXFWLRQ QRW FUHDWLRQ %XUNH ¿UVW LQVLJKWIXOO\ VXUYH\V FULWLFDO ZRUN RQ FKDQJH DQG PHWDPRUSKRVLV DV HVVHQWLDO WR &HOHVWLQD¶V SORW SS ± ZKLOH GHYRWLQJ WKH VHFRQG SDUW RI WKH DUWLFOH WR GHWDLOLQJ DOFKHPLFDO DOOXVLRQV LQ WKH ZRUN VSHFL¿FDOO\ UHIHUULQJ WR WKH SURFHVV QRWHG LQ WKH SURORJXH DQG WR &DOLVWR¶V WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ ³0HWDPRUSKRVLV DQG WKH ,PDJHU\ RI$OFKHP\ LQ la Celestina,´ Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos ±:KLOH%XUNHDUJXHVWKDWLWLVD FHUWDLQSRSXODULW\RIV\PEROVDQGLPDJHU\RIDOFKHP\WKDW¿QGWKHLUZD\LQWR5RMDV¶ZRUN WKHLQWHUPL[WXUHRIVFLHQFHKHUPHWLFWKRXJKWDQGPHGLFDOGLVFRXUVHZDVSUHVHQWLQOLWHUDU\ WH[WVSUHFHGLQJCelestina$OFKHP\ZLOOSURJUHVVLYHO\DQGUDSLGO\ORVHOHJLWLPDF\WRWKH SRLQWWKDWLQDon QuijoteLWLVXVHGDVDQXQJHQGHUHGV\QRQ\PIRUWULFNRUIUDXGEXWLQ CelestinaLWVHOILWLVFXULRXVWKDWLQLWVDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKHFKDUDFWHURI&HOHVWLQDDOFKHP\LV JHQGHUHGDQGDOUHDG\SRUWUD\HGDVGHFHLW³XQDEXUOD´6HHDOVR(ULFD0RUJDQ³5KHWRULFDO 7HFKQLTXH LQ WKH 3HUVXDVLRQ RI 0HOLEHD´ Celestinesca ± 0DOFROP . 5HDG³7KH5KHWRULFRI6RFLDO(QFRXQWHULa CelestinaDQGWKH5HQDLVVDQFH3KLORVRSK\RI /DQJXDJH´LQThe Birth and Death of Language: Spanish Literature and Linguistics. 1300± 17003RWRPDF6WXGLD+XPDQLWDWLV SS±DQGWKHPRUHJHQHUDODQGLQÀXHQWDO )UDQFLVFR 5LFR ³%UXMHUtD \ OLWHUDWXWUD´ LQ Brujología: Ponencias y comunicaciones del primer congreso español de brujología celebrado en San Sebastián, septiembre de 1972 0DGULG6HPLQDULRV SS± -R\FH ( 6DOLVEXU\ The Beast Within: Animals in the Middle Ages 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW
)RULIWKH0LGGOH$JHVEXLOWDURXQGWKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQKXPDQDQGDQLPDO WKH SRVVLELOLW\ IRU NQRZOHGJH DV WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHFDPH LQWHUQDOL]HG DQG VHOI NQRZOHGJHEHFDPHWKHJRDOWRWKHHIIHFWWKDWKXPDQVEHJDQWRSHUFHLYHWKHLURZQ DQLPDOKRRGWKHQWKHGLVWLQFWLRQLQFUHDVLQJO\KDGWRUHO\XSRQSROLWLFV,QRWKHU ZRUGVZLWKWKHQRWLRQRIKXPDQHQWDLOLQJLWVSDUWRIEHVWLDOLW\WKHIXQGDPHQWDO GLVWLQFWLRQQRZEHFDPHWKDWEHWZHHQWKHpoliticalDQLPDODQGWKHDQLPDOSHUVHLQ DSDUWLDOUHWXUQWR$ULVWRWOH¶VPolitics7KLVLVRIFRXUVHDTXHVWLRQDWWKHFRUHRI DQ\SROLWLFDOJHVWXUHWRWKLVGD\DV*LRUJLR$JDPEHQUHPLQGVXVLQThe Open: On Man and Animal.6XFKDGHOLPLWDWLRQLQWKHFHQWXULHVIROORZLQJWKHDUWLFXODWLRQRI DQDWLRQ6WDWHLQ6SDLQEHFDPHNH\WRWKHLQWHUURJDWLRQRIWKHQDWXUHRISROLWLFDO SRZHUDQGWKHOHJLWLPL]DWLRQRIVRYHUHLJQW\DFURVV:HVWHUQ(XURSHLQFOXGLQJLWV UHODWLRQ WR LWV WUDQVDWODQWLF WHUULWRULDO FODLPV 2QFH LW ZDV QR ORQJHU SRVVLEOH WR ¿QGDVRXUFHIRUSRZHURULWVOHJLWLPL]DWLRQWKURXJKWKHGLYLQHSRZHUZDVPDGH WRUHO\XSRQDKXPDQFRYHQDQW7KHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQZKDWLVKXPDQDQGZKDW LVQRWZDVWKXVGLVSODFHGWRDQLPDJLQHGIURQWLHUEHWZHHQWKHVWDWHRIQDWXUHDQG FLYLOVRFLHW\ZKLFKLVVLPLODUEXWQRWLGHQWLFDOWRWKHGLYLVLRQEHWZHHQQDWXUHDQG FXOWXUH ,Q WKRVH GHEDWHV DERXW VRYHUHLJQW\ LQ SROLWLFDO WH[WV ZH WKXV ¿QG WKDW PRQVWURVLW\DWWKHKHDUWRISRZHUVWDQGVDVDV\PEROLIQRWDOVRDVDV\PSWRP %RRNV RI FKLYDOU\ DV RQH RI WKH NH\ ¿FWLRQDO JHQUHV RI SROLWLFDO LGHRORJ\ SURGXFHGLQWKHQDVFHQW6SDQLVKHPSLUHLOOXPLQDWHDSLYRWDOVWDJHLQPRQVWHUV¶ LWLQHUDU\WRZDUGVWKHLUFHQWUDOSODFHLQ7KRPDV+REEHVZKHUHWKH\DUHSUHVHQWHG DVVRYHUHLJQW\LWVHOI5HSOHWHZLWKEHDVWVFRPLQJIURPGLYHUVHPHGLHYDOOLWHUDU\ DQGDUWLVWLFWUDGLWLRQVFKLYDOULFOLWHUDWXUHPDGHRIPRQVWHUVDtoposSXWLQSODFHWR VLJQLI\WKHLQVWDELOLW\RIWKHSRZHURINLQJVDQGHPSHURUV,QWKHPDQ\NLQJGRPV WKDWNQLJKWVHUUDQWVHHRQWKHLUWUDYHOVPRQVWHUVDSSHDUDVWKHLPPLQHQWGDQJHU DVWKHWKUHDWRIFKDRVRUHYHQDVWKHLPSDVVHWKDWPXVWEHRYHUFRPHLQRUGHUIRU PRQDUFK\ WR EH DEOH WR HVWDEOLVK LWVHOI ,Q WKLV ZD\ WKH\ PDNH WKH SUHVHQFH RI VRPHWKLQJ RU VRPHRQH RWKHU WKDQ WKH ¿JXUH RI WKH DEVROXWLVW NLQJ ± VRPHWKLQJ WKDWLVWREHSXVKHGbeyondWKHOLPLWVRIVWDWHKRRG±DQHVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWIRUWKH FRKHVLYHQHVV RI WKH 6WDWH LWVHOI 0RQVWHUV DUH WKHUH WR EH GHIHDWHG QHJDWLYHO\ PLUURULQJWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHNQLJKWDQGFRXQWHUEDODQFLQJPRQDUFKLFSRZHU LQWKHSURFHVVPRQVWHUVKRZHYHUDUHSUHFLVHO\ZKDWEULQJWRJHWKHUDQGVHSDUDWH ZKDW OLH DFURVV DQG ZLWKLQ WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH SROLWLFDO DQLPDO DQG WKH DQLPDO DV VXFK7H[WV VXFK DV WKH FKLYDOULF ZKLFK LQ WKLV VHQVH FDQ EH UHDG DV SDUWRIWKHGHEDWHVRQPRQDUFK\LQFOXGHPRQVWHUVDVWKHUHWXUQRIWKHUHSUHVVHG
0DUtD&DUPHQ0DUtQ3LQDLQ³/RVPRQVWUXRVKtEULGRVHQORVOLEURVGHFDEDOOHUtDV HVSDxROHV´RIIHUVDQH[WHQVLYHFDWDORJXHRIPRQVWURXV¿JXUHVLQWKHJHQUH7KHGLVFXVVLRQ FHQWHUVRQ³K\EULGPRQVWHUV´VXFKDVWKH(QGULDJRDQG3DWDJyQFRQVLGHUHGODWHULQWKLV DUWLFOHRQWKHLUJHQHVLVWKHLUIRUPDQGWKHFRPEDWZLWKWKHKHUR%HLQJDEULHIJHQHUDO RYHUYLHZ LI JHQHURXVO\ GRFXPHQWHG WKH DUWLFOH GRHV QRW FRQVLGHU VSHFL¿F LQWHUSUHWLYH SRVVLELOLWLHV
The Animal Within
DUHPLQGHUWKDWZHWRRDUHDQLPDOVRUDOWHUQDWLYHO\WKDWLWLVRQO\WKHNQLJKWZKR FDQRYHUFRPHWKHDQLPDOZLWKLQ 7KHGLVFRXUVHRQPRQVWURVLW\LQWKHERRNRIFKLYDOU\LVWKXVQHJRWLDWLQJWKH PRYHIURPDSROLWLFDORUGHUDVGH¿QHGWKURXJKGLYLQHSRZHUWRDSROLWLFDORUGHU DV GH¿QHG E\ FRYHQDQW ZKHWKHU EHWZHHQ NQLJKWKRRG DQG PRQDUFK\ RU DPRQJ WKHLQFUHDVLQJO\GLIIHUHQWLDWHGQREOHFODVVHV:KDWLVDPELJXRXVLQWKHERRNRI FKLYDOU\ LV WKH OHJLWLPL]DWLRQ RI WKLV VRYHUHLJQW\ ZKLFK WHVWV WKH ERXQGDULHV RI SROLWLFDORUGHUWKURXJKEDWWOHVWKDWWDNHSODFHSUHFLVHO\RQLWVOLPLWVULJKWDWWKH RULJLQRIWKHDEVROXWH6WDWH7KHGHEDWHRYHUWKHVWDWXVRI¿FWLRQLQWKHPDQLIROG FRQWHPSRUDU\ GLVFXVVLRQV RQ SRHWLFV SDUWLFXODUO\ IRU WKHLU LQWHUHVW LQ ERRNV RI FKLYDOU\DQGWKHLU³IDQWDVWLF´SUHVHQWDWLRQRIPRQVWHUVFDQWKXVDOVREHUHDGDVD GHEDWHZLWKLQSROLWLFDOGLVFRXUVH 6SDLQ¶V VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ GLVFRXUVH RQ PRQVWURVLW\ IDOOV ZLWKLQ WZR PDMRU FDWHJRULHV7KH ¿UVW LQ FRQVRQDQFH ZLWK WKH VFLHQWL¿F GHYHORSPHQWV LQ WKH UHVW RI:HVWHUQ(XURSHFRPHVIURPPHGLFDOWUHDWLVHVLQVSLUHGE\$ULVWRWOHDQG*DOHQ DQGWKHVHFRQGIURPDYDULHW\RIOLWHUDU\JHQUHVIURPURPDQFHWROLWHUDWXUHRI WUDYHOGLGDFWLFOLWHUDWXUHDQGEHVWLDULHV7KHVHODWWHUZRUNVDUHHPEHGGHGLQWKH FKLYDOULF JHQUH LQ 6SDLQ ZKLFK VSHFL¿FDOO\ UHZRUNHG D PHGLHYDO WUDGLWLRQ WKDW LPEULFDWHGURPDQFH¶VLQWHUHVWLQWKHPDUYHORXVZLWKWKHHUD¶VUHQHZHGLQWHUHVWLQ WKHPRQVWURXVUDFHVDQGWKHPRQVWURXVLQJHQHUDOLQDQHZVFLHQWL¿FSHUVSHFWLYH )ROORZLQJ WKH SXEOLFDWLRQ RI +DUWPDQQ 6FKHGHO¶V Liber chronicarum LQ ZKLFK LQFOXGHG QXPHURXV LOOXVWUDWLRQV RI VWUDQJH EHLQJV ± DPRQJ WKHP WR WKH OHIWDQGRQWKHYHUVRRIDPDSSDPXQGLZRRGFXWWKHPRQVWURXVUDFHVEHOLHYHGWR LQKDELWWKHPDUJLQVRIWKHZRUOG±WKHUHZDVDJHQHUDOVFLHQWL¿FLQWHUHVWLQWKHVH SKHQRPHQD WKDW FXOPLQDWHG LQ WKH ZRUN RI QDWXUDO SKLORVRSKHUV VXFK DV +XDUWH GH6DQ-XDQZKROLQNHGSK\VLRORJ\SV\FKRORJ\DQGHXJHQLFVLQKLVExamen de ingenios para las ciencias DQG$PEURLVH3DUp¶VWUHDWLVHRQVXUJHU\¿UVW SXEOLVKHGLQZKLFKLQFOXGHGWKHZRUNNQRZQDVDes monstres et prodiges )RUWKHFKLYDOULFDVZLWKLQGHEDWHVRQPRQDUFK\La caballería castellana. Textos y contextosHG&DUORV+HXVFKDQG-HV~V5RGUtJXH]9HODVFR0RQWSHOOLHU(TXLSHG¶pWXGHV LEpULTXHVODWLQRDPpULFDLQHVHWGXPRQGHOXVRSKRQH8QLYHUVLWpGH0RQWSHOOLHU,,, DQGDOVR5RGUtJXH]9HODVFR³7HRUtDGHODIiEXODFDEDOOHUHVFD´LQLibros de caballerías (de “Amadís” al “Quijote”)6DODPDQFD6(0<5 SS±ZKHUHKHDQDO\]HVWKH LGHDVRIQRELOLW\LQKHUHQWWRFKLYDOU\DQGWRPRQDUFK\WKURXJKZKDWKHWHUPVWKHchivalric fabula ,UHIHUKHUHWROLPLQDOLW\QRWRQO\LQDPHWDSKRULFVHQVHEXWWRWKHDFWXDOIURQWLHUV RIPHGLHYDOVRYHUHLJQW\DQGLWVWHUULWRULDOELQGV,IKLVWRULFDOO\WKHVHOLPLWVZHUHTXHVWLRQHG WKURXJKWKHFRQWLQXHGH[SORUDWLRQRIWKH$IULFDQFRDVWOLQHVDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\WKURXJKWKH HQFRXQWHUZLWKWKH1HZ:RUOGVHH35XVVHOO³(OGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHODVFDQDULDV\HOGHEDWH PHGLHYDODFHUFDGHORVGHUHFKRVGHORVSUtQFLSHV\SXHEORVSDJDQRV´Revista de Historia Canaria ± OLWHUDWXUH DOVR UHSUHVHQWHG WKHVH SROLWLFDO H[SORUDWLRQV DW WKHPDUJLQVRIOHJLWLPDWHSRZHUWKURXJKHQFRXQWHUVRIWHQVSDWLDOL]HGXSRQLVODQGVWREH GRPLQDWHGRUJLYHQDVUR\DOJLIWVVHH63LQHWArchipelagoes0LQQHDSROLV8QLYHUVLW\RI 0LQQHVRWD3UHVV
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW
OLQNLQJPRQVWURVLW\DQGUHSURGXFWLRQ7KHERRNRIFKLYDOU\WKXVHPHUJHVLQWKH WUDQVLWLRQEHWZHHQWKHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHPRQVWHUDVPDUYHODQGWKHQDWXUDOLVWLF DSSURDFKWRWKHRULJLQRIPRQVWURVLW\ 7KHVFLHQWL¿FWH[WVPRVWSURQHWRUHIHUWRPRQVWURVLW\DUHWUHDWLVHVRQZRPHQ DQGJHVWDWLRQDQGRUELUWKDQGWKH\GLVSOD\WKHJHQHUDOWUDLWVWKDW0DULH+pOqQH +XHWKDVSRLQWHGRXWIRUWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQJHQGHUDQGVFLHQWL¿FGLVFRXUVHLQ WKH ¿UVW SDUW RI KHU ERRN Monstrous Imagination$V (OHQD GHO 5tR 3DUUD KDV DPSO\GRFXPHQWHGDQGVWXGLHGWKHWUDQVLWLRQRIWKHVL[WHHQWKWRWKHVHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ LV LQKDELWHG ERWK E\ WUDQVODWLRQV RI ROG PDQXDOV DQG WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI QHZ PDWHULDOV WKDW LQFOXGH WUHDWLVHV RQ VXUJHU\ PHGLFDO RU QDWXUDO SKLORVRSK\ SXEOLFDWLRQV HYHQ HVVD\V RQ DHVWKHWLFV RU HQWHUWDLQPHQW OLWHUDWXUH WKDW GR QRW FRKHUHLQWRDJHQUHDVWKH\GLGLQRWKHU(XURSHDQFRXQWULHV6SDLQ¶VGLVFRXUVH RQ PRQVWURVLW\ GRHV QRW VXEVWLWXWH D QHZ DSSURDFK RU H[SODQDWLRQ IRU WKH ROG PRGHOV EXW SURFHHGV E\ DFFXPXODWLRQ HYHQ ZKHQ FRQWUDGLFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKHVH GLIIHUHQW SRVLWLRQV LV REYLRXV 'HO 5tR 3DUUD LGHQWL¿HV WKUHH PDLQ WKHRULHV WKDW FLUFXODWHRQDSDUE\WKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\$¿UVW$ULVWRWHOLDQDWWLWXGHLGHQWL¿HV PRQVWHUVDVDERPLQDEOHHUURUVRUJDPHVRIQDWXUHWKDWDUHRXWVLGHQDWXUHIRUHLJQ WRWKHXQLYHUVDOSURMHFWWKH\DUHWKXVPRUDOO\VXVSHFW$VHFRQGDWWLWXGHSHUFHLYHV PRQVWHUVDVDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHUXOHEXWZLWKLQQDWXUHDQGDWKLUGRQHVHHVWKHP DV D UDUH WKLQJ RU D ³VLQJXODULW\´ 6SDQLVK GLVFRXUVH RQ PRQVWURVLW\ ZULWHV GHO 5tR 3DUUD LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG QRW E\ D PXFK KDLOHG DQG VXVSHFW VFLHQWL¿F XQGHUGHYHORSPHQWLQWKH,EHULDQ3HQLQVXODRUDSDUWLFXODUHPSKDVLVRQUHOLJLRVLW\ EXW E\ WKH FRH[LVWHQFH RI PDQ\ DSSURDFKHV WR PRQVWURVLW\ ,I 0LFKHO )RXFDXOW DUJXHGWKDWWKHFODVVL¿FDWRU\GULYHRIWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\UHYHDOHGWKHDQDO\WLFDO HQOLJKWHQHGQHHGWRFDWDORJXHNQRZOHGJHWKHQ³LQWKH6SDQLVKVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ WKLVFDWDORJXLQJLVQRWGXHWRGLIIHUHQWLDWHGGLVFLSOLQHVODZUHOLJLRQPHGLFLQH VXUJHU\ EXWWRDÀXLGLW\EHWZHHQWKHDUHDVRINQRZOHGJHWKDWWXUQVWKHREMHFWRI VWXG\LQDFXPXODWLYHDQGSOXULIRUPWDOHWKHPRQVWHULVQRWWKHGLVWLQFWREMHFWRI HYHU\GLVFLSOLQHEXWDVXPRIZKDWLVNQRZQLQFOXGLQJWKHVSHFXODWLRQRQZKDW LV VWLOO XQNQRZQ´ S %ULGJLQJ WKH VFLHQWL¿F DQG WKH OLWHUDU\ WKH QXPHURXV ³SHULRGLFDOV´WKDWDFFRXQWIRUUHDODQGLPDJLQHGPRQVWURXVEHLQJVEHDUZLWQHVV WRWKLVPDQLIROGGLVFRXUVHHQFRPSDVVLQJWKHLUWUDGLWLRQDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQDVRPHQV
&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV Una era de monstruos. Representaciones de lo deforme en el Siglo de Oro español 0DGULG ,EHURDPHULFDQD9HUYXHUW SS ± 6HH D OLVW RI WKH PDLQ H[DPSOHV RI WUDQVODWHG ZRUNV LQ QRWH WR SDJH LQ GHO 5tR 3DUUD DQG QRWH IRU OHVV NQRZQ UHIHUHQFHV'HO5tR3DUUDIRFXVHVRQIRXUWH[WVLQKHU¿UVWFKDSWHUWKHWUDQVODWLRQRI %RDLVWXDX¶VHistorias prodigiosas y maravillosasZLWKLWVFRQWLQXDWLRQV-5LYLOOD%RQHW \3XH\R¶VDesvíos de la naturaleza. O tratado del origen de los monstruosRI-( 1LHUHPEHUJ¶V&XULRVD¿ORVRItDRIDQGLWVFRQWLQXDWLRQDQG$GH)XHQWHODSHxD¶VEl ente dilucidado± WKHODWWHUWZREHLQJWKHPRVWLQÀXHQWLDOWH[WVRIWKHSHULRG 'HO5tR3DUUDSSDQGpassim
The Animal Within
LQFUHDVLQJO\WLHGXSZLWKSROLWLFDOGLVFRXUVH%XWSHUKDSVZKDWLVPRVWSURGXFWLYH IRUWKHWKRXJKWRQWKHPRQVWURXVLQOLWHUDU\GLVFRXUVHDUHLWVOLQNVWRRUHYHQLWV LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ ZLWK UKHWRULF WKURXJK PHWDSKRU DV WKH GH¿QLWLRQ RI WKH PLPHWLF SURFHVVFHQWUDOWRWKHSHULRG )LQDOO\WKHFKDQJLQJDUWLFXODWLRQRIDQLOO¿WWLQJFODVVRINQLJKWVLQFKLYDOULF OLWHUDWXUH IURP D PHULWEDVHG VRFLHW\ WR WKH ¿JXUH RI WKH NQLJKW DV GLSORPDW WDNHVXVWRWKHJHQUH¶VIXQFWLRQDVDPDQXDORIFRXUWHV\±RIVHOIIDVKLRQLQJ±DV RFFXUUHGZLWK+HUEHUD\GHV(VVDUWV¶VWUDQVODWLRQRIWKHAmadísLQWR)UHQFK The FKLYDOULFLVEDVHGRQWKHELQRPHORYHZDUDQGPXFKKDVEHHQVDLGDERXWWKHUROH RIZRPHQDQGWKHFRXUWVLQWKHDUWLFXODWLRQRIWKHORYHFRPSRQHQWLQWKLVWHQVLRQ +RZHYHUIRUWKH¿HOGRIPLOLWDU\H[SORLWVWKHUROHRIZRPHQDSSHDUVWREHOHVV YLVLEOHGXHOVWRXUQDPHQWVDQGZDUVDUHZDJHGDPRQJPHQHYHQLIWKHVSRUDGLF $PD]RQPDNHVDQDSSHDUDQFHDQGGDPVHOVVHUYHDVZLWQHVVHVRUSUHWH[WV Here
See Les 5HODFLRQHVGHVXFHVRV (canards) en Espagne (1500±1750). Actes du premier colloque international (Alcalá de Henares, 8, 9 et 10 juin 1995)$OFDOi8QLYHUVLGDGGH $OFDOi GH +HQDUHV3XEOLFDWLRQV GH OD 6RUERQQH HVSHFLDOO\ 9LFWRULD &DPSR ³/D KLVWRULD\ODSROtWLFDDWUDYpVGHODVUHODFLRQHVHQYHUVRHQSOLHJRVVXHOWRV´±0HUFHGHV )HUQiQGH]9DOODGDUHV³+LVWRULD\SROtWLFDHQODVUHODFLRQHVJyWLFDVGHOD&ROHFFLyQ0HGLQDFHOL 'HVFULSFLRQHVVHJXQGDSDUWH ´SS±-XDQ&DUORV,]TXLHUGR³(O/XWHUDQLVPRHQODV UHODFLRQHVGHVXFHVRVGHOVLJOR;9,´SS±DQG$XJXVWLQ5HGRQGR³/RVSURGLJLRVHQ ODVUHODFLRQHVGHVXFHVRVGHORVVLJORV;9,\;9,,´SS± 6HH6HYHUR6DUGX\Ensayos generales sobre el Barroco0p[LFR)RQGRGH&XOWXUD (FRQyPLFD IRUPHWDSKRUDQGUKHWRULFLQWKH%DURTXH'HO5tR3DUUDDOVRUHIHUHQFHV 6DUGX\5RODQG%DUWKHV¶VLe Degré zero de l’écriture 3DULV6HXLO IRUWKHVXJJHVWLRQ RIWKHPRQVWURXVDVWKHHVVHQWLDOO\SRHWLFDQG5:/HH¶VUt Pictura Poesis: the Humanist Theory of Painting 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW
PRQVWHUVDUHWKHH[WUHPHYHUVLRQRIERWKHYLODQGWKHSRZHURIKXPDQFDSDFLW\DV WKHVXSHUQDWXUDO¿QDOO\VXFFXPEVWRWKHYLUWXRVLW\DQGYDORURIWKHNQLJKW ,QWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHVHPRQVWHUVRIFKLYDOU\VFLHQWL¿FGLVFRXUVHRIWHQFRPHVLQWR SOD\WKHJHQUH¶VDI¿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¿IWHHQWKFHQWXU\DQGZKLFKDFKLHYHFRQ¿UPDWLRQWKURXJK VFLHQFHLQWKHVKDSHRIPHGLFDOWUHDWLVHVLQWKHIROORZLQJGHFDGHV,QWKLVZD\ FKLYDOULFPRQVWHUVFDSWXUHIRUWKHHGXFDWLRQRIDFODVVDVLGHZD\VJODQFHWRWKH IHPLQLQHZDU\RIWKHGDQJHUVRIWKHIHPDOHERG\DQGGHVLUHDQGDUWLFXODWHGDVD SROLWLFVIRUWKHHPHUJHQWVWDWHWKDWSDUDGR[LFDOO\ZLOOKDYHEHHQengendered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
7KHH[WHQVLYHOLWHUDWXUHDGGUHVVLQJWKHEHKDYLRURIZRPHQUDQJHVIURPWKHSRSXODU DQG FXOWLYDWHG WH[WV FLUFXODWLQJ LQ WKH PHGLHYDO SHULRG VDSLHQWLDO DQG H[HPSODU\ WH[WV WUDQVODWLRQVDQGGLVFRXUVHVHPEHGGHGRULQKHUHQWWRGLIIHUHQWJHQUHVVXFKDVVHQWLPHQWDO ¿FWLRQDQGFRXUWO\URPDQFHLQJHQHUDOWRODWHUZRUNVVXFKDVWKH¿IWHHQWKFHQWXU\Castigos y doctrinas que un sabio daba a sus hijas¿IWHHQWKFHQWXU\ DQG-XDQ/XLV9LYHV¶VZHOO NQRZQInstrucción de la mujer cristiana)RUWKHPHGLFDOWH[WVFRQVLGHU)UDQFLVFR1~xH] Libro intitulado del parto humano 'DPLiQ&DUEyQLibro del arte de las comadres o madrinas y del regimiento de las preñadas y paridas DQGWKHDQRQ\PRXVTraducción del Compendio de la humana salud de Johannes de Ketham (c. 1400±1500),DOOHGLWHGE\ 0DUtD7HUHVD+HUUHUDDQG0DUtD(VWHOD*RQ]iOH]GH)DXYH0DGLVRQ+LVSDQLF6HPLQDU\ RI0HGLHYDO6WXGLHV )RUOLWHUDU\DQGSROLWLFDOJHQGHUUHODWLRQVLQ,VDEHO¶VFRXUWVHH%DUEDUD:HLVVEHUJHU Isabel Rules. Constructing Queenship, Wielding Power 0LQQHDSROLV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0LQQHVRWD3UHVV )RUDVXFFLQFWVXPPDU\RIIHPDOHVRYHUHLJQW\LQ,EHULDDQGLWVGLVWLQFWOHJDOFRQWH[W VHH6KDURQ/-DQVHQThe Monstrous Regiment of Women. Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe 1HZ
The Animal Within
$PHULFDVZKLFKLQPDQ\FDVHVEULQJEDFNWKHQDPHVIRUWKHVH³PRQVWHUV´IURP ERRNV RI FKLYDOU\ ZLWK 3DWDJRQLD DQG &DOLIRUQLD DV ZHOONQRZQ H[DPSOHV )XUWKHUPRUHRQHRIWKHIXQGDPHQWDOH[FOXVLRQVZLOOVHUYHDVDUHPLQGHURIWKH IDFWWKDWDOOSROLWLFDORUGHULVEDVHGRQWKHRUGHURIDQDWXUHWKDWKDVEHHQHUDVHG ±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¶VKHURLVP They DUHWKHUHVLPSO\DVDQLQÀDWHGKXPDQLW\±LQLWVLQFOXVLRQRIDQLPDOKRRG±DVD VRUWRIRYHUÀRZLQJKXPDQQHVVWKDWVHUYHVDVUHPLQGHUIRUWKHGHVLUHRIOLPLWVRI SURSULHW\RIFRQWDLQPHQW$VVXFKWKHJLDQWLVWKHRSSRVLWHRIWKHHSLFKHURDV SHUVRQL¿HGLQWKH&LG¶VFKDUDFWHULVWLFWUDLWmesuraZKLFKFRQQRWHVWHPSHUDQFH
$JHQHUDODFFRXQWRIERRNVRIFKLYDOU\DQGWKH$PHULFDVFDQEHFRQVXOWHGLQ-DYLHU 5REHUWR*RQ]iOH]³/LEURVGHFDEDOOHUiVHQ$PpULFD´LQAmadís de Gaula 1508: Quinientos años de libros de caballerías0DGULG%LEOLRWHFD1DFLRQDOGH(VSDxD6RFLHGDGHVWDWDOGH FRQPHPRUDFLRQHVFXOWXUDOHVSS± )RUH[WHQVLYHDFFRXQWVRQ3DWDJRQLDVHH -DYLHU5REHUWR*RQ]iOH]¶VPatagonia-patagones: orígenes novelescos del nombre5DZVRQ $UJHQWLQD6XEVHFUHWDUtDGHFXOWXUDGHOD3URYLQFLDGHO&KXEXW IRU&DOLIRUQLDDOO UHOHYDQWWH[WVDQGPDSVDUHWREHIRXQGLQ0LJXHO/HyQ3RUWLOODCartografía y crónicas de la antigua California0H[LFR&LW\8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR 0HGLHYDOW\SRORJLHVRIPRQVWURVLW\URXJKO\IROORZHGWKRVHHVWDEOLVKHGE\,VLGRUH RI6HYLOOH¶V K\SHUWURSK\ DWURSK\ H[FUHVFHQFHRIERGLO\SDUWV VXSHUÀXLW\RI ERGLO\ SDUWV GHSULYDWLRQ RI SDUWV K\EULG DQLPDO ELUWKV E\ KXPDQ ZRPHQ PLVORFDWLRQRIRUJDQVRUSDUWV GLVWXUEHGJURZWKEHLQJERUQROG FRPSRVLWHEHLQJV KHUPDSKURGLWHV PRQVWURXVUDFHV´6HH'DYLG:LOOLDPVDeformed Discourse: the Functions of the Monster in Medieval Thought and Literature0RQWUHDO0F*LOO4XHHQ¶V 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S -HIIUH\ -HURPH &RKHQ¶V VWXG\ RI JLDQWV LQ PHGLHYDO (QJOLVK URPDQFH RIIHUV D VWULNLQJDQDO\VLVRIWKHUROHRIJHQGHULQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIQDWLRQKRRGHVSHFLDOO\WKURXJK SV\FKRDQDO\VLV 2QH ZRXOG EH KDUG SUHVVHG WR PDNH XVH RI KLV LQVLJKWV IRU WKH 6SDQLVK FRQWH[WDVWKHRYHUWIRFXVRIWKHERRNLV(QJOLVKOLWHUDWXUHDQGLWVWLHVWR)UHQFKPDWHULDOV 7KHRQO\PHQWLRQRID6SDQLVKFKDUDFWHULVFXULRXVO\WKH3DWDJRQHVZKLFK&RKHQPDNHV SDUWRIWKHJLDQW¶VSURJHQ\LQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQZLWKZKLFKKRZHYHUQHLWKHUWKH3DWDJyQ QRU LWV DQFHVWRUV KDYH DQ\ UHODWLRQ 6HH Of Giants. Sex, Monsters and the Middle Ages 0LQQHDSROLV8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD3UHVV
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW
FRQWDLQPHQWEDODQFHDQGSURSULHW\,WLVFXULRXVWKDW6SDQLVKHSLFGRHVQRWSUHVHQW JLDQWVDVSRWHQWLDOFRQWHQGHUVIRULWVKHURHVDVWKH)UHQFKchanson de geste often GRHVIURPWKHIHURFLRXV/RTXLIHUWR)HUUDJXVWRWKHFRQWURYHUVLDO5DLQRXDUW$VLV ZHOONQRZQ$UWKXULDQURPDQFHWRRNWKHFKDUDFWHUIURPHSLFLQWR&KUpWLHQ¶VYvain ZKHUHKHDSSHDUVDVWKHHYLO+DUSLQGHOD0RQWDJQHDQGIURPWKHQRQZDUGVWKH JLDQWERWKLQLWVIRXQGDWLRQDODQGLQLWVIRONORULFWUDLWVZRXOGEHFRPHDW\SLFDO SUHVHQFHLQFKLYDOULF¿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ËQVXODGHO'LDEORZLWKDQH[FXUVXVRQ$QGDQGRQD ERWK LQ WKH Amadís de Gaula DQG WKDW RI WKH 3DWDJyQ WKH QRWDEOH PRQVWHU RI the PrimaleónDIWHUZKLFK,ZLOOUHWXUQWRWKHSROLWLFVRIJHQGHUWKHUKHWRULFRI PRQVWURVLW\DQGDGLVFXVVLRQRQWKHQDWXUHRISRZHUWKURXJKWKHPRQVWURXV Love of Family (or Narcissism 1) 7KHHQFRXQWHUZLWKDQDEVROXWH2WKHULQWKHAmadísWDNHVSODFHXSRQDQLVODQG UXOHGRYHUE\DPRQVWURXVEHDVWWKH(QGULDJR7KHDUULYDOXSRQWKLVLVODQGLV P\VWHULRXV IUDPHG E\ D VXGGHQ FKDQJH RI ZLQG D ¿HUFH VHD FRQWUDU\ WR ERWK VKLSDQGWKHNQRZOHGJHRIVDLORUVDGHQVHUDLQDQGRQHURXVVNLHVWKDWODQGWKHP URXJKO\DIWHUORQJGD\V8SRQUHFRJQL]LQJWKHLUZKHUHDERXWVWKHVDLORUVWXUQ GHVSHUDWH DQG ZLVK IRU WKH VKLS WR EH WKURZQ EDFN LQWR WKH VHD 7KH VDLORUV¶ UHOLHILVWXUQHGXSRQDUULYDOLQWRSUHPRQLWLRQVRIGHDWK7KHUHDOPRIWKHPRQVWHU ZKRVH QDPH LV (QGULDJR LV LGHQWL¿HG DQG IHDU RI LW VXSHUVHGHV DQ\WKLQJ WKH VDLORUVKDYHMXVWJRQHWKURXJK7KHLVODQGLVGHVFULEHGDVXQLQKDELWHGDQGVRPH SDUDJUDSKV ODWHU (OLVDEDG WKH FKDUDFWHU LQ FKDUJH RI FKURQLFOLQJ WKH HYHQWV WHOOVWKHVWRU\RIWKHSODFH:HDUHWROGWKDWWKHLVODQGRQFHEHORQJHGWRDWHUULEOH JLDQWFDOOHG%DQGDJXLGRZKRUXOHGRYHURWKHUJLDQWVZLWKWHUULWRULHVDURXQGKLV
7KHSRVVLELOLW\RIFRQYHUVLRQLQWKHJLDQWLVRIFRXUVHDPRVWUHOHYDQWGLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQLWDQGWKHPRQVWHUIRUZKLFKFRQYHUVLRQLVXQWKLQNDEOH )RUDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHHSLVRGHDVRQHRIWKHPRVWJUDWXLWRXVDQGIDQWDVWLFRIDOOWKH URPDQFHVHH&DFKR%OHFXDAmadís: heroísmo heroísmo mítico cortesano0DGULG&XSVD (GLWRULDO SDQGVV)RUDQRSSRVLWHDUJXPHQWLQWHUPVRILWVFRQFHSWLRQDVD NH\HSLVRGHLQ0RQWDOYR¶VUHFDQWDWLRQVHH-XDQ0DQXHO$YDOOH$UFHAmadís de Gaula: El primitivo y el de Montalvo 0H[LFR&LW\)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD FKDSWHU HVSHFLDOO\SS± *DUFL5RGUtJXH]GH0RQWDOYRAmadís de Gaula-XDQ0DQXHO&DFKR%OHFXDHG 0DGULG&iWHGUD± SS±
The Animal Within
UHDOP%DQGDJXLGRPDUULHGDJLDQWHVVJHQWOHDQGNLQGZKRVHSLW\EDODQFHGKHU KXVEDQG¶VFUXHOW\WR&KULVWLDQV7KHLUGDXJKWHU%DQGDJXLGDWXUQVRXWWREHDPRVW EHDXWLIXO JLDQWHVV LQ IDFW PRUH EHDXWLIXO WKDQ DQ\ RI KHU EORRG DQG VL]H ³PDV FRPRODJUDQKHUPRVXUDVHDOXHJRMXQWDFRQODYDQDJORULD\ODYDQDJORULDFRQHO SHFDGRYLpQGRVHHVWDGRQ]HOODWDQJUDFLRVD\ORoDQD\WDQDSXHVWD\GLJQDGHVHU DPDGDGHWRGRV\QLQJXQRSRUODEUDYH]DGHOSDGUHQRODRVDUDHPSUHQGHUWRPy UHPHGLRSRVWULPHURDPDUGHDPRUIHR\PX\GHVOHDODVXSDGUH´³EXWDVJUHDW EHDXW\ LV WR EH DFFRPSDQLHG E\ YDQLW\ DQG YDQLW\ ZLWK VLQ WKH GDPVHO VHHLQJ KHUVHOIVRJUDFHIXODQGH[XEHUDQWDQGVRKDQGVRPHDQGZRUWK\RIEHLQJORYHG E\DOODQGE\QRQHIRUQRRQHZRXOGGDUHEHFDXVHRIWKH¿HUFHQHVVRIWKHIDWKHU WRRNDVDUHPHG\WRORYHKHUIDWKHUZLWKDQXJO\DQGPRVWXQOR\DOORYH´ERRN,,, FK± ,QFHVWE\ZD\RIH[FHVVLYHEHDXW\WKDWLQDFRQFDWHQDWLRQRIVLQVOHDGV WRYDQLW\DQGDVHQVHRIHQWLWOHPHQWWKDWLVFRXSOHGZLWKVH[XDOQHHGLVLQWURGXFHG DVDSUHOXGHWRWKHVWRU\RIWKHPRQVWHULWVHOI,WLVDOVRWKHUHVXOWRIDcrescendo RI RWKHU VPDOOHU VLQV WKH FUXHOW\ RI WKH IDWKHU DJDLQVW &KULVWLDQV HPSKDVL]LQJ UHOLJLRXVGLIIHUHQFHDQGWKXVWKHPDUJLQDOLW\RIWKHVHJLDQWVDQGWKHLUNLQJGRPV WKHYDQLW\RIWKHGDXJKWHULQDFDXVDOUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKKHUEHDXW\DQGWKHVROXWLRQ WKHGDXJKWHU%DQGDJXLGDPXVW¿QGEHFDXVHDQ\SRVVLELOLW\RIDVXLWRULVWUXPSHG E\WKH¿HUFHQHVVRIKHUIDWKHU%DQGDJXLGDLVLQDZD\DYLFWLPRIERWKKHUEHDXW\ DQGKHUIDWKHU¶V]HDORXVDQG³HIIHFWLYH´SURWHFWLRQRIKHU$V5DIDHO0pULGDKDV QRWHG 0RQWDOYR KHUH FRXOG KDYH PDGH XVH RI WKH HSLVRGH WR FRQGHPQ IHPDOH YDQLW\DOO\LQJKLPVHOIZLWKWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\FOHULFDOPLVRJ\QLVWGLVFRXUVHDQG ¿IWHHQWKFHQWXU\GHEDWHVRQIHPDOHYLUWXRVLW\,QVWHDG0RQWDOYRLQVHUWVDPRUDO H[FXUVXVZKHUHKHPDNHVFOHDUWKDWJXLOWOLHVLQWKHIDWKHU±RULQIDWKHUVDQGPHQ LQJHQHUDO±IRUPHQVKRXOGWDNHFDUHWRGLVWDQFHWKHPVHOYHVIURPWKHSRVVLELOLW\ RI WKLV VRUW RI GHYLDQW GHVLUH %HIRUH WKH (QGULDJR FDQ FRPH LQWR EHLQJ ± WKH PRQVWHUIRUWKHVHJLDQWVDUHQRW\HWPRQVWURXV±DQRWKHUVLQLVDFFXPXODWHGXSRQ LQFHVWWKDWRIKRPLFLGHDVIDWKHUDQGGDXJKWHUGHYLVHWRPXUGHUWKHNLQGJLDQWHVV ZLIHDQGPRWKHU$IWHUWKHGHHGLVGRQHDQGWKHPRWKHUOLHVGHHSLQVLGHDZHOOWKH JLDQWWDNHVKLVGDXJKWHUDVKLVZLIH7KLVKRZHYHULVQRWWKH¿UVWWLPHWKDWZH KDYHVWXPEOHGXSRQYDLQJLDQWVLQWKHQDUUDWLYH -XVW HLJKW FKDSWHUV EHIRUH ,,, DQG DV D JUDQG RSHQLQJ IRU %RRN ,,, DV$PDGtV VDLOV IURP KLV ËQVXOD )LUPH WRZDUGV *DXOD DQG DIWHU MXVW GD\V RI DOWHUQDWLQJ JRRG DQG EDG ZHDWKHU WKH\ ¿QG WKHPVHOYHV QHDU DQ DSSDUHQWO\ EHDXWLIXO LVODQG FRYHUHG ZLWK WUHHV %UXQHR GH %RQDPDU DQG$PDGtV GHFLGH WR GLVHPEDUN LQ VHDUFK IRU DGYHQWXUHV EXW D PDVWHU ZDUQV WKHP DJDLQVW LW WHOOLQJ WKHP WKDW WKH SODFH LQ TXHVWLRQ LV WKH ËQVXOD 7ULVWH WKH NLQJGRP RI 0DGDUTXH PRVWFUXHORIJLDQWV7KLVLVFHUWDLQO\QRWWKH¿UVWRUWKHODVWHQFRXQWHUZLWKJLDQWV
5DIDHO0pULGD³7UHVJLJDQWDVVLQSLHGDG*URPDGDoD$QGDQGRQD\%DQGDJXLGD´ in Literatura de caballerías y orígenes de la novela5DIDHO%HOWUiQHG9DOHQFLD8QLYHUVLWDW GH9DOqQFLD SS±SS± )RU WKH &DVWLOLDQ Tristan DV D VRXUFH IRU WKH ËQVXOD7ULVWH VHH 0DUWLQ GH 5LTXHU ³$JRUDORYHUHGHVGL[R$JUDMHV´Estudios sobre el Amadís de Gaula%DUFHORQD6LUPLR
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW
RU WKHLU UHODWLYHV DV WKH\ DUH YHU\ SRSXODU LQ RXU URPDQFH )URP *DQGDOD] WR )DPRQJRPDGiQJLDQWRIWKH/DJR)HUYLHQWHDQGWKHËQVXODGH0RQJDoD DQGKLV ZLIH*URPDGDoD0DGDQIDEXOJLDQWRIWKHËQVXODGHOD7RUUH%HUPHMD &DUWDGDTXH GH OD 0RQWDxD 'HIHQGLGD$OEDGDQoRU *DGDQFXULHO$UGiQ &DQLOHR HO 'XGDGR %DOiQ%UDYRU%DVDJDQWH'DQGDVLGR0DGDUTXHJLDQWRIWKHËQVXOD7ULVWH DQG KLVVLVWHU$QGDQGRQD&XDGUDJDQWH/LQGRUDTXH$QGDJXHO0DGDVLPDZKRLVRI JLDQWOLQHDJHEXWZKRUHWDLQVQRQHRIWKHWUDLWVHLWKHUSK\VLFDORUSRVVLEO\PRUDO %DUVLQiQORUGRI6DQVXHx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±WKHLU PRUDO QDWXUH ±ZLOOEHUHYHDOHGFRQWH[WXDOO\:KHQWKHjayánWKHFRPPRQDSSHOODWLYHIRUJLDQW ZKR NLGQDSV *DODRU LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV ³GHVVHPHMDGR´ ZKDW SURYRNHV IHDU LQ WKHVSHFWDWRUVRIWKHVFHQHEXWDOVRLQWKHUHDGHU LVQRWSUHFLVHO\KLVDSSHDUDQFH FRQWUDU\WRZKDWPDQ\FULWLFVDVVXPHEXWWKHIDFWWKDWWKHSDUHQWVRIWKH\RXQJ SULQFHFDQQRWGRDQ\WKLQJWRKHOSWKHLUFKLOG$IWHUZDUGVZHVHHKRZ*DQGDOD] WKHJLDQWUDLVHV*DODRUDSSURSULDWHO\DQGOHDYLQJKLPZLWKDKHUPLWVHHVWRKLV NQLJKWO\DSSUHQWLFHVKLSWKURXJKERRNV 5HWXUQLQJWRRXUKHURHVDSSURDFKLQJWKHJLDQW0DGDUTXH¶VNLQJGRPLWLVQRW ZLWKRXWIHDUWKDW%UXQHRDQG$PDGtVWDNHXSWKHFKDOOHQJHWRJRLQVHDUFKRIWKH JLDQW6XGGHQO\WKH\VHH$PDGtV¶VGZDUI$UGLiQFRPHUXQQLQJWRZDUGVWKHP XUJLQJWKHPWRVDYH*DODRUDQGNLQJ&LOGDGiQZKRDUH¿JKWLQJDJLDQW¶VPHQ 7KHUHIROORZVDEULHIGLJUHVVLRQRQSULGHEXLOWXSRQWKH%DEHOHSLVRGHDQGWKH PHQWLRQRI1HPEURWWKHSURXGJLDQWEXLOGHURIWKH7RZHU7KHGHIHDWRISULGH SS±6HHDOVR5DIDHO5DPRV³(OAmadísGH-XDQGH'XHxDVµ/DtQVRODGHO 3ORUR¶´LQActas del III Congreso de la Asociación Hispánica de Literatura MedievalHG 0DUtD,VDEHO7RUR3DVFXD6DOPDQFD%LEOLRWHFD(VSDxRODGHOVLJOR;9'HSDUWDPHQWRGH /LWHUDWXUD(VSDxRODH+LVSDQRDPHULFDQDYRO,,SS± ZKRDUJXHVWKDWWKH ËQVXOD)LUPH³PD\KDYHKDGDWVRPHSRLQWRILWVFRPSOH[WH[WXDOOLIHWKHQDPHRIínsola del Ploro´EDVHGRQWKHDQDO\VLVRI-XDQGH'XHxDV¶VYHUVHVS )RU PRUH RQ JLDQWV DQG WKH 7RZHU RI %DEHO LQ WKH 6SDQLVK WUDGLWLRQ VHH &DFKR %OHFXD³,QWURGXFFLyQDOHVWXGLRGHORVPRWLYRVHQORVOLEURVGHFDEDOOHUtDVODPHPRULD GH 5RPiQ 5DPtUH]´ Libros de caballerías (de “Amadís” al “Quijote),” 6DODPDQFD 6(0<5 SS±HVSHFLDOO\SS±DQG6LPRQH3LQHW³³%DEHOKLVWRULDGDXQ HSLVRGLRGHOLibro de Alexandre´LQLiteratura y conocimiento medieval. Actas de las VIII Jornadas MedievalesHG/LOOLDQYRQGHU:DOGH&RQFHSFLyQ&RPSDQ\$XUHOLR*RQ]iOH] 0H[LFR &LW\ 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO $XWyQRPD GH 0p[LFR 8QLYHUVLGDG $XWyQRPD 0HWURSROLWDQD(O&ROHJLRGH0p[LFR SS±)RUPRUHRQSULGHLQERRNVRI FKLYDOU\VHH:LQVWRQ$5H\QROGV³/RVFDEDOOHURVVREHUELRVRVGHO$PDGtV´LQCuadernos Hispanoamericanos ±
The Animal Within
ZKHWKHU HPERGLHG E\ PHQ RU WKHLU K\SHUEROLF PLUURU ¿JXUHV VXFK DV JLDQWV RU GZDUIVPDOHRUIHPDOHLVDtoposRIWKHNQLJKW¶VFRPEDWVLQFKLYDOULFOLWHUDWXUH DVPXFKDVDUHFXUUHQWPRWLILQPHGLHYDO&DVWLOLDQOLWHUDWXUHZKLFKÀRZVLQWRWKH HDUO\PRGHUQSHULRGDQGDVVXFKLVSDUWRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQQRWRQO\RIJLJDQWLVP EXWRIPRQVWURVLW\LQJHQHUDO$OOIRXUNQLJKWVWKHQPDUYHORXVO\GHIHDWPHQDQG JLDQW EXW WKH JLDQW¶V OLIH LV SDUGRQHG EHFDXVH KH LV WKH IDWKHU RI *DVTXLOiQ .LQJRI6XHVDZKRP&LOGDGiQORYHVGHDUO\DQG EHFDXVH$PDGtVPDNHVKLP SURPLVHKHZLOOEHFRPH&KULVWLDQDQGEXLOGFKXUFKHVDQGPRQDVWHULHVLQDGRXEO\ ERXQGPRWLIDVLWLVDtoposRI$UWKXULDQURPDQFHWRKDYHWKHNQLJKW¿JKWDJDLQVW ³PDXYDLVHVFRXWXPHV´DQGDVWKHPRWLIRIFRQYHUVLRQZLOOEHFRPHSUHYDOHQWLQ SRVWHULRUERRNVRIFKLYDOU\PLUURULQJWKHFRORQLDOSROLWLFVRIWKH6SDQLVKHPSLUH $VWKHNQLJKWVSUHSDUHWROHDYHWKH\VWRSE\WRVHHKRZWKHJLDQWLVUHFRYHULQJ IURPKLVZRXQGV+HLVEHLQJORRNHGDIWHUE\$QGDQGRQDKLVROGHUVLVWHUE\ \HDUV ZKR SUHVHQWV D SHFXOLDU SK\VLRJQRP\ VKH LV FRYHUHG ZLWK ZKLWH URXJK KDLUZKLFKFDQQRWEHEUXVKHGKHUIDFHXJO\WRWKHSRLQWVKHUHVHPEOHVDGHYLO 6KHFDUULHVERZDQGDUURZVLVGUHVVHGZLWKWKHVNLQRIDQLPDOVVKHNLOOVDQGLV D ¿HUFH HQHP\ RI &KULVWLDQV 6KH SUHVHQWV SDUDGR[LFDO TXDOLWLHV VXFK DV EHLQJ H[WUHPHO\ODUJHEXWDOVRH[WUHPHO\OLJKWZKLOHVKHDOVRKDVWKHDELOLW\RIWDPLQJ DOODQLPDOVDQGEHLQJDEOHWRPRXQWDOOKRUVHVQRPDWWHUKRZVDYDJHWKH\DUH UHLQIRUFLQJKHUFORVHQHVVWRDQLPDOKRRGEXWDOVRDFRQQHFWLRQWRQDWXUHLWVHOI 6KHLVRQPDQ\RFFDVLRQVFRQIXVHGZLWKRUFDOOHGWKHGHYLO7KUHHFKDSWHUVODWHU VKHHQFRXQWHUVGHDWKLQWKHKDQGVRI*DQGDOtQ7U\LQJWRNLOO$PDGtVVKHIDLOV ÀHHVZLWK*DQGDOtQDIWHUKHULQKHUKXUU\VKHPDNHVKHUKRUVHULVHDQGVKHIDOOV XQGHULW*DQGDOtQLQWXUQUXQVKHURYHUDQGGHFDSLWDWHVKHU $QGDQGRQDWKXVEHDUVGLIIHUHQWWUDLWVWKDWDSSUR[LPDWHKHUWRWKHPRQVWURXV ZKLFKZHGRQRWUHDOO\HQFRXQWHUXQWLOZHKDYHUHDGWKHIROORZLQJGHVFULSWLRQRI WKH(QGULDJR 7HQtDHOFXHUSR\HOURVWURFXELHUWRGHSHOR\HQFLPDKDYtDFRQFKDVVREUHSXHVWDV XQDVVREUHRWUDVWDQIXHUWHVTXHQLQJXQDDUPDODVSRGtDSDVVDU\ODVSLHUQDV\ SLHVHUDQPX\JUXHVVRV\UH]LRV\HQFLPDGHORVRPEURVKDYtDDODVWDQJUDQGHV
)RUZLOGEHLQJVVHH5LFKDUG%HUQKHLPHU¶VFODVVLFWild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology 1HZ @ )RU DQ H[KDXVWLYH 6SDQLVK FRQWH[W IRU WKH ¿JXUH VHH 6DQWLDJR /ySH]5tRV Salvajes y razas monstruosas en la literatura castellana medieval0DGULG)XQGDFLyQ8QLYHUVLWDULD (VSDxROD DOVR$'H\HUPRQG³(OKRPEUHVDOYDMHHQODQRYHODVHQWLPHQWDO´Actas del Segundo Congreso Internacional de Hispanistas1LMPHLJHQ8QLYHUVLW\RI1LMPHLJHQ SS± &DFKR%OHFXDLQAmadís: heroísmo³/DJpQHVLVGHOPRQVWUXR´SS±)UDQoRLV 'HOSHFK ³)UDJPHQWV KLVSDQLTXHV G¶XQ GLVFRXUV LQFHVWXHX[´ Autour des parentés en Espagne au XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Histoire, mythe et littérature HG$ 5HGRQGR 3DULV 3XEOLFDWLRQV GH OD 6RUERQQH SS ± DQG *UDFLD ³/D EHVWLD ODGUDGRUD´ SXW WKH(QGULDJRLQUHODWLRQWRWKH$UWKXULDQPRWLIRIWKH%DUNLQJ%HDVWWKHBeste Glattissant from the Suite du MerlinWRWKH&DVWLOLDQBaladro del sabio MerlínDQGWKH&DVWLOLDQDQG 3RUWXJXHVHDemandas
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW TXHIDVWDORVSLHVOHFXEUtDQ\QRGHSpQGRODVPDVGHXQFXHURQHJURFRPROD SH]OX]LHQWHYHOORVRWDQIXHUWHTXHQLQJXQDDUPDODVSRGtDHPSHoHUFRQODV FXDOHVVHFXEUtDFRPROR¿]LHVVHXQKRPEUHFRQXQHVFXGR<GHED[RGHOODVOH VDOtDQEUDoRVPX\IXHUWHVDVVtFRPRGHOHyQWRGRVFXELHUWRVGHFRQFKDVPiV PHQXGDVTXHODVGHOFXHUSR\ODVPDQRVKDYtDGHIHFKXUDGHiJXLODFRQFLQFR GHGRV\ODVXxDVWDQIXHUWHV\WDQJUDQGHVTXHHQHOPXQGRSRGtDVHUFRVDWDQ IXHUWHTXHHQWUHHOODVHQWUDVVHTXHOXHJRQRIXHVVHGHVIHFKD'LHQWHVWHQtDGRV HQFDGDXQDGHODVTXL[DGDVWDQIXHUWHV\WDQODUJRVTXHGHODERFDXQFRGROH VDOtDQ\ORVRMRVJUDQGHV\UHGRQGRVPX\EHUPHMRVFRPREUDVDVDVVtTXHGH PX\OXHxHVLHQGRGHQRFKHHUDQYLVWRV\WRGDVODVJHQWHVKXtDQGpO6DOWDYD \ FRUUtD WDQ OLJHUR TXH QR KDYtD YHQDGR TXH SRU SLHV VH OH SXGLHVVH HVFDSDU FRPtD\EHYtDSRFDVYH]HV\DOJXQRVWLHPSRVQLQJXQDVTXHQRVHQWtDHQHOOR SHQDQLQJXQD7RGDVXKROJDQoDHUDPDWDUKRPEUHV\ODVRWUDVDQLPDOLDVELYDV \FXDQGRIDOODYDOHRQHV\RVVRVTXHDOJRVHOHGHIHQGtDQWRUQDYDPX\VDxXGR \HFKDYDSRUVXVQDUL]HVXQKXPRWDQVSDQWDEOHTXHVHPHMDYDOODPDVGHKXHJR \GDYDXQDVER]HVURQFDVHVSDQWRVDVGHRtUDVVtTXHWRGDVODVFRVDVELYDVKXtDQ DQW¶pOFRPRDQWHODPXHUWH2OtDWDQPDOTXHQRKDYtDFRVDTXHQRHPSRQoRxDVVH HUDWDQHVSDQWRVRFXDQGRVDFXGtDODVFRQFKDVXQDVFRQRWUDV\KD]tDFUX[LUORV GLHQWHV\ODVDODVTXHQRSDUHotDVLQRTXHODWLHUUDID]tDHVWUHPHoHU7DOHVHVWD DQLPDOLD(QGULDJROODPDGRFRPRYRVGLJRSS± ,WVERG\DQGIDFHZHUHFRYHUHGE\KDLUDQGRQLWVKHOOVRYHUODLGRQHXSRQWKH RWKHU VR VWURQJ WKDW QR ZHDSRQ FRXOG SLHUFH WKHP DQG LWV OHJV DQG IHHW ZHUH WKLFNDQGVWURQJDQGXSRQLWVVKRXOGHUVLWKDGZLQJVVRODUJHWKDWFRYHUHGLWWR WKHWRHVDQGQRWRIIHDWKHUVEXWRIDOHDWKHUSLWFKEODFNOXVWURXVKDLU\VRVWURQJ WKDQQRZHDSRQFRXOGKXUWWKHPZLWKZKLFKLWFRYHUHGLWVHOIDVDPDQZLWKKLV VKLHOG$QGXQGHUWKHPYHU\VWURQJDUPVFDPHIRUWKOLNHDOLRQ¶VDOOFRYHUHG ZLWKVKHOOVVPDOOHUWKDQWKRVHRIWKHERG\DQGKDQGVLWKDGOLNHDQHDJOHZLWK ¿YH¿QJHUVDQGQDLOVVRVWURQJDQGELJWKDWLQWKHZRUOGWKHUHZDVQRWDWKLQJVR VWURQJDVWRFRPHEHWZHHQWKHPZLWKRXWEHFRPLQJWRUQ7HHWKLWKDGWZRLQHDFK MDZERQHVRVWURQJDQGORQJWKDWIURPWKHPRXWKOLNHDQDUPWKH\SURWUXGHGDQG WKHH\HVELJDQGURXQGYHU\UHGOLNHKRWFRDOVVRWKDWIURPDIDUDWQLJKWWKH\ ZHUHVHHQDQGDOOSHRSOHÀHG,WMXPSHGDQGUDQVROLJKWO\WKDWWKHUHZDVQRGHHU WKDWFRXOGHVFDSHLWLWDWHDQGGUDQNIHZWLPHVDQGVRPHWLPHVQRWDWDOOIHHOLQJ QRQHHGWR$OOLWVSOHDVXUHZDVWRNLOOPHQDQGRWKHUOLYHDQLPDOVDQGZKHQLW IRXQGOLRQVDQGEHDUVZKRUHVLVWHGLWVRPHLWEHFDPHYHU\DQJU\DQG\HOOHGLQ GHHSVFUHDPVKRUULEOHWRKHDUVRWKDWDOOOLYHWKLQJVÀHGKLPDVGHDWK,WVPHOOHG VREDGWKHUHZDVQRWKLQJLWGLGQRWSRLVRQLWZDVVRKRUULEOHZKHQLWVKRRNLWV VKHOOVRQHDJDLQVWWKHRWKHUDQGFUXVKHGLWVWHHWKDQGZLQJVWKDWLWVHHPHGWR PDNHWKHHDUWKWUHPEOH6XFKLVWKLVDQLPDOFDOOHG(QGULDJRDV,WHOO\RX
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
The Animal Within
,WVOLJKWQHVVLWVPHDQQHVVDOOLWVSK\VLFDOSRZHUDQGPRVWRIDOOLWVLQGLIIHUHQFH WRODFNRIIRRGRUZDWHURUUHVWPDNHLWDSSDUHQWO\LQYLQFLEOH7KDWLVXQWLOLWIDFHV WKHKHURLFNQLJKW $PDGtV¶V YLFWRU\ LV QRW RQO\ D YLFWRU\ RYHU XJOLQHVV IROORZLQJ 8OULFK RI 6WUDVVEXUJ¶V GLFWXP LQ KLV Summo Bono WKDW XJOLQHVV LV WKH WULXPSK RI FKDRV RYHURUGHUDYLFWRU\WKDWZRXOGEHWKHUHVWRUDWLRQRIRUGHULQWKHZRUOGSHUIHFWO\ FRKHUHQWZLWKDOO RWKHUDFWLYLW\RIRXUKHUR,WLVDOVRDWULXPSKRYHUVLQ)RU DV WKH WH[W FDUHIXOO\ LQIRUPV WKH UHDGHU WKH (QGULDJR LV WKH UHVXOW QRW RQO\ RI LQFHVWDQGKRPLFLGHEXWDVDERRNNHSWE\WKHHPSHURURI&RQVWDQWLQRSOHWHOOV WKH(QGULDJR¶VWUDLWVDUHDOVRWKHUHVXOWRIDFXOWRILGROVRQHLQWKHVKDSHRIPDQ ZKRJLYHVWKH(QGULDJRUHDVRQ³\ROHGLGHPLVHPHMDQoDHQKD]HUFRQIRUPHDO DOYHGUtRGHORVKRPEUHVGHTXHWRGDVODVEHVWLDVFDUHoHQ´S³,JDYHKLP WKHDELOLW\WRGRDVPHQ¶VIUHHZLOODOORZVWKHPZKLFKDOOEHDVWVODFN´ ZKLFK HPSKDVL]HVWKHLQWHULRULW\RIPRQVWURVLW\ZLWKLQWKHKXPDQDQRWKHULQWKHVKDSH RIDOLRQZKRJLYHVWKH%HDVWFRXUDJHDQGIRUWLWXGHZKLOHWKHWKLUGLQWKHVKDSH RI D JULI¿Q JLYHV LW ZLQJV DQG QDLOV DQG OLJKWQHVV 7KH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI GHYLOV LQWKHFRQFHSWLRQRIWKH(QGULDJRLVH[SOLFLW³DTXHOODPDODYHQWXUDGDQRFKHIXH HQJHQGUDGRXQDDQLPDOLDSRURUGHQDQoDGHORVGLDEORVHQTXLHQHOOD\VXSDGUH \PDULGRFUHtDQ´S³WKDWXQIRUWXQDWHQLJKWDQDQLPDOZDVHQJHQGHUHGE\ RUGHU RI GHYLOV LQ ZKLFK VKH DQG KHU IDWKHU DQG KXVEDQG EHOLHYHG´ 7KH IRXU ZRPHQZKRDUHWKHUHWRUDLVHWKHPRQVWHUXSRQLWVELUWKDUHNLOOHGE\WKH(QGULDJR DOOH[FHSWIRUWKHIRXUWKZKRGRHVQRWRIIHUWKHEHDVWKHUEUHDVWEXWIHHGVLWFRZ PLONIRUD\HDU:KHQPRWKHUDQGIDWKHURIWKH(QGULDJRFRPHWRVHHLWIRUWKH¿UVW WLPHWKHEHDVWNLOOVLWVPRWKHUDQG%DQGDJXLGRDFFLGHQWDOO\NLOOVKLPVHOIZKLOH WKH(QGULDJRÀHHVRXWWKHGRRU³DQGQRWDORQJWLPHZHQWE\WKDWVRPHZHUHNLOOHG E\LWDQGWKRVHZKRKDGVKLSVDQGERDWVÀHGWKURXJKWKHVHDVRWKDWWKHLVODQGZDV XQLQKDELWHGDQGLWKDVEHHQVRIRURYHUIRUW\\HDUV´ 8OWLPDWHO\WKHDVVRFLDWLRQRIXJOLQHVVDQGGHSUDYLW\RUVLQZDVDFRPPRQSODFH DV+DUULHW*ROGEHUJUHPDUNVDQGWDNHVLWVDXWKRULW\IURPWKH%LEOH/HYLWLFXV ±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ibro del AnticristoLQWKHVDPH\HDUV 4XRWHGLQ+DUULHW*ROGEHUJ³7KH6HYHUDO)DFHVRI8JOLQHVVLQ0HGLHYDO&DVWLOLDQ /LWHUDWXUH´ La Corónica, )RU DQ DQDO\VLV LQ RSSRVLWH NH\ VHH 6\OYLD 5RXEDXG%pQLFKRX³&RUSVHQEHDXWpFRUSVjO¶pSUHXYHOHKpURVGXURPDQGHFKHYDOHULH´ in Le Corps dans la societé espagnole des XVIè et XVIIè siècles$5HGRQGRHG3DULV 3XEOLFDWLRQVGHOD6RUERQQH SS± ,ELG S *UDFLD ³(O µ3DODFLR 7RUQDQWH¶\ HO EL]DQWLQLVPR GHO Amadís de Gaula,´S 4XRWHGLQ*UDFLD³(O3DODFLR´S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW
0RQWDOYRFRPSRVHGKLVAmadísZKLFKWDNHVWKHLQFHVWPRWLIWRWKHFRQFHSWLRQ RI WKH %HDVW LWVHOI WKH$QWLFKULVW GXH WR WKH VH[XDO HQFRXQWHUV RI D IDWKHU ZLWK KLVGDXJKWHUDQGWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIGHYLOVLQWKHFRQFHSWLRQRIWKH%HDVW³7KH (QGULDJR OLNH WKH$QWLFKULVW REYLDWHV WKH PLVIRUWXQHV WKDW LOOLFLW GHVLUHV HQWDLO DQGZKLFKDUHDVVRFLDWHGJHQHUDOO\ZLWKWKHLGHDWKDWVLQVUHSURGXFHWKHPVHOYHV LQWRQHZFULPHV´ZULWHV3DORPD*UDFLD³IRULQJHQHUDOVH[XDOSDVVLRQVDPRQJ IDPLO\PHPEHUVOHDGWRWKHKRPLFLGHRIGLUHFWUHODWLYHVLQWKLVZD\WKH(QGULDJR of AmadísLVDPRGHODVWKH$QWLFKULVWKLPVHOILVQRWRQO\EHFDXVHLWVFRQFHSWLRQ WDNHVSODFHDIWHUWKHSDUULFLGHFRPPLWWHGE\LWVPRWKHUEXWEHFDXVHLQLWVHOI±LWV FRQGLWLRQRULWVDSSHDUDQFH±LWLVDSHUIHFWH[DPSOHRIERWKEHDVWDQGGHYLO´7KXV LWVDSSHDUDQFHLVWKDWRIabsoluteXJOLQHVVDFFRUGLQJWR*ROGEHUJ¶VFODVVL¿FDWLRQ DQGWKLVLVZKDWGLVWDQFHVWKH(QGULDJRIURPDOORWKHUEHDVWV³DQLPDOLDV´RIHYLO EHLQJVLQWKHURPDQFH7KHPRVWFRPPRQIRUPRIXJOLQHVVLQPHGLHYDOWH[WVLV H[DJJHUDWLRQ ± VXFK DV EHLQJ D JLDQW RU D GZDUI D TXHVWLRQ RI VL]H ± EXW LW LV DOVRGLVWRUWLRQRUGHIRUPLW\³9HU\ÀDWQRVHVRUORQJKRRNHGRQHVZHUHXJO\DV ZHUHVXQNHQGHHSVHWH\HVHLWKHUODUJHRUVPDOO)UHTXHQWO\XJO\IHDWXUHVZHUH SUHVHQWHG LQ DQLPDO WHUPV ± KRUVHWHHWK UDW¶V H\HV GRQNH\¶V HDUV GRJ¶V VQRXW VRWKDWDORQJZLWKGHIRUPLW\ZHFDQDGGWKHHOHPHQWRILQDSSURSULDWHQHVV±WKH MX[WDSRVLWLRQRIWKHKXPDQDQGWKHEHVWLDO´7KHOLQNZLWKWKHEHVWLDODOVREURXJKW ZLWKLWWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRUWUDLWVFRPPRQO\DVVLJQHGWRWKHDQLPDOLQEHVWLDULHV SURYLGLQJDPRUDOGLPHQVLRQWRWKHSK\VLFDO,QAmadísWKHH[DPSOHRI$UGLiQ &DQLOHRDJLDQWZKRSUHVHQWVWKHLGHDOO\XJO\SRUWUDLWWKLFNQHFNÀDWZLGHQRVH VQRXWOLNHDGRJ¶V±ZKLFKJLYHVKLPKLVQDPH±UHGGLVKIUHFNOHGVNLQWKLFNOLSV DQGKDLUDQGEHDUGVRFXUO\KHFRXOGQ¶WFRPELWKHDY\DQGERQ\ LVDQH[FHOOHQW H[DPSOHRIWKLVRYHUODSZKLFKFRXOGDOUHDG\EHVHHQLQ$QGDQGRQD *ROGEHUJDUJXHVWKDWDORQJZLWKWKHH[SHFWHGVHQVDWLRQRIIULJKWWKHVHGHVFULSWLRQV SURGXFHGLQWKHUHDGHUVKHRUKHH[SHULPHQWHGDOVRD“frissonRIGHOLJKW´SURYRNHG E\DUHOLHIDQGIHHOLQJRISULGHIURPVXUYLYLQJYLFDULRXVO\DSHULORXVHQFRXQWHU ZKLFKZLWKWKHLQWHQVLW\RIWKHXJOLQHVVSURGXFHVDWWKHVDPHWLPHEHDXW\7KH SRSXODUPRWLIRIWKHFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQEHDXW\DQGEHDVW±LQWKHHSLVRGHRIWKH (QGULDJRDOOXGHGWRRQO\E\$PDGtV¶VLQYRNLQJRI2ULDQD±LVDFRPPRQVLWXDWLRQ LQZKLFKRQH¿QGVWKHXJO\SURYLGLQJXVZLWKDQRWKHULQWHUHVWLQJVFHQDULR³7KH QDWXUHRIWKHVH[XDOIDQWDV\LQKHUHQWLQWKHHQFRXQWHURILQQRFHQWYXOQHUDEOHEHDXW\ ZLWKDQXJO\ODVFLYLRXVXQUHVWUDLQHGFUHDWXUHLVHYLGHQW´*ROGEHUJSRLQWVRXW
,ELGS0DUtD,VDEHO7RUR3DVFXDQRWHVWKDWWKHFRQFHSWLRQRIWKH$QWLFKULVWDV WKHUHVXOWRIDQLQFHVWXRXVUHODWLRQKDGDOUHDG\EHHQSUHVHQWHGLQWKHSHQLQVXODE\)UDQFHVF (L[LPHQLVLQKLVVida de JesucristDQGZRXOGFRQWLQXHWR¿JXUHDVHVVHQWDOWRWKH $QWLFKULVWRULJLQVWKURXJKRXWWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\DVLQ1LFROiV'tD]¶VTratado del Juicio FinalRUWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\El AnticristoE\-XDQ5XL]GH$ODUFyQ³Amadís de Gaula\ODWUDGLFLyQDSRFDOtSWLFDPHGLHYDO´LQAmadís de Gaula: quinientos años después. Estudios en homenaje a Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua$OFDOiGH+HQDUHV&HQWURGHHVWXGLRV FHUYDQWLQRVSS± ,ELGS *ROGEHUJS *ROGEHUJS
The Animal Within
DQGWKHVHVLWXDWLRQVXVXDOO\SURYLGHWZRVROXWLRQVRQHWKURXJKPRUDOL]LQJDQRWKHU RQHWKURXJKKXPRUDVZHVDZLQWKHFDVHRI$QGDQGRQD 7KHUHLV¿QDOO\WKHOLQNZLWKWKHGHPRQLDFDODVWKH(QGULDJRLVVDLGWRFRQWDLQ ZLWKLQKLPVHOIHYHQVXJJHVWLQJDGRXEOHHQJHQGHULQJWKHGHYLOLWVHOI,WLVGXHWR WKHIRUFHRILQFHVWWKDWWKHGHYLOHQWHUHGLQZKLFKH[LWVWKHPRQVWHU¶VPRXWKEHIRUH WKHVRXOGRHVDIWHULWLVNLOOHGE\WKHKHUR³EHIRUHWKHVRXOFDPHRXWRILWWKHGHYLO FDPH RXW RI LWV PRXWK DQG WKHUH ZDV D JUHDW WKXQGHU LQ WKH DLU´ 7KH GHIHDW RI WKH(QGULDJRLVGXO\ODEHOHGQRWRQO\PDUYHORXVEXWPLUDFXORXVVWUHQJWKHQLQJWKH HSLVRGH¶VOLQNVZLWKKDJLRJUDSK\³&HUWDLQO\VLUWKLVLVDPLUDFXORXVWKLQJIRU, QHYHUKHDUGRIDPRUWDOSHUVRQ¿JKWLQJWKHGHYLOLILWZHUHQRWIRUWKRVHVDLQWVZLWK WKHLUVSLULWXDOZHDSRQV´DQGDVLVFRPPRQLQWKHAmadísWKHHYHQWLVLQVFULEHGLQWR WKHODQGVFDSHLQWKHIRUPRIDUFKLWHFWXUHLQWKLVFDVHVWDWXHVDQGDPRQDVWHU\WKDW WKHHPSHURURI&RQVWDQWLQRSOHRUGHUVWREHHUHFWHGDORQJZLWKWKHGXWLIXOZULWLQJ GRZQRIWKHEDWWOHRQDERRN±WKHERRNIURPZKLFK(OLVDEDGWHOOVXVWKHVWRU\ 7KHHSLVRGHLVVWUXFWXUDOWRWKHURPDQFH,WLVWKHPRVWVSLULWXDORI$PDGtV¶V DGYHQWXUHVDQGWKHPRVWGLI¿FXOWIRUKLPWRDFKLHYH,QEHWZHHQWKHHPSLUHVRI &RQVWDQWLQRSOHDQGWKHNLQJGRPRI/LVXDUWHGH*UHFLDLQ%ULWDLQ$PDGtVGHIHDW RIWKHPRQVWHULVDFRQ¿UPDWLRQRIPRQDUFK\+HDFWVLQWKHQDPHRI/LVXDUWH EXWGRHVVRE\OLEHUDWLQJDWHUULWRU\EHORQJLQJWRWKHHPSHURURI&RQVWDQWLQRSOH VXPPDUL]LQJWKHPLOLWDU\DQGGLSORPDWLFQHHGVFKLYDOU\DVDFODVVIXO¿OOVIRUWKH QDVFHQW6WDWH%XW$PDGtV¶VDFWLRQVDOVRSODFHWKHKHURDQGKLVFODLPVIRUDFODVVLQ DSUHFDULRXVERUGHUOLQHERWKDI¿UPLQJPRQDUFK\DQGGHQ\LQJLWDEVROXWHSRZHU PDNLQJLWVLPXOWDQHRXVO\XQLYHUVDODQGUHOLDQWXSRQWKLVPRWLYDWHGLQGHSHQGHQW DQGDWWLPHVHYHQVWDWHOHVVFODVV'HFLGHGO\DPELJXRXVLQWKHSRZHUKHKROGVWKH KHUR¶VVXEMHFWLRQWRDVWULFWPRUDOFRGHLVWKHVROHJXDUDQWHHRIWKHNQLJKW¶VDFWLRQ LQWKHQDPHRIKLVNLQJ,WLVSUHFLVHO\WKLVDPELJXLW\WKDWEULQJVWRJHWKHUPRQVWHU DQGKHURDWWKHOLPLWVRIVWDWHKRRGWKURXJKD¿JXUHRIPRUDOLW\WKDWLVXOWLPDWHO\D UHÀHFWLRQRQSRZHULIPRQVWHUDQGKHURDUHEXWWZRVLGHVRIWKHVDPHJHVWXUHWKH NH\WRWKHNQLJKW¶VSRVLWLYHVLJQLVVLPSO\WKDWRI¿GHOLW\ Love of Animals (or Narcissism 2) 7KHFDVHRIWKH3DWDJyQSUHVHQWVLQWHUHVWLQJGLIIHUHQFHVZKLFKPD\EHDWWULEXWHG WRWKHERRN¶VLQKDELWLQJGLIIHUHQWSROLWLFDOLPDJLQDULHVRQHWHQGLQJWRZDUGVWKH PHGLHYDOWKHRWKHUWRDIXOOÀHGJHG5HQDLVVDQFH,QFKDSWHURIWKHPrimaleón 6DODPDQFD ± WKH VHFRQG ERRN LQ WKH Palmerín F\FOH ZH DUH WROG WKDW 3ULPDOHyQRUGHUVKLVPHQWROHDYHWKHLVODQGRI&tQWDUDZKHUHWKHDGYHQWXUHZLWK 7KHKDJLRJUDSKLFOLQNVRIWKHHSLVRGHZHUH¿UVWSRLQWHGRXWE\-RKQ.:DOVK³7KH FKLYDOULFGUDJRQKDJLRJUDSKLFSDUDOOHOVLQHDUO\6SDQLVKURPDQFHV´Bulletin of Hispanic Studies ± 7RUR 3DVFXD FLWHG DERYH UHDGV WKH HSLVRGH DV EULQJLQJ WRJHWKHU IRONORULF DQG DSRFDO\SWLFPDWHULDOV,QOLJKWRIWKHDSRFDO\SWLFWUDGLWLRQHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHODVWSDJHVRI DQ LQVLJKWIXO DUWLFOH VKH OLQNV WKH HSLVRGH WR WKH PHVVLDQLF DWPRVSKHUH WKDW VXUURXQGHG )HUGLQDQG¶V ¿JXUH WKXV DOORZLQJ IRU D KLVWRULFDOO\ JURXQGHG SROLWLFDO UHDGLQJ RI WKH (QGULDJRHSLVRGHVHHHVSSS±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW
WKHJLDQW*DWDU~KDVEHHQ¿QLVKHGE\GRQ'XDUGRV7KH\KDYHQRSURYLVLRQVWR VWRFN WKH ÀHHW EXW 3ULPDOHyQ ZLVKHV WR GHSDUW LPPHGLDWHO\ ZLWKRXW DVNLQJ IRU KHOSDQGDIWHUGD\VWKH\DUULYHDWDPXFKODUJHULVODQGZLWKDSRSXODWLRQVSUHDG RXWLQFLWLHVDQGYLOODJHVDORQJWKHFRDVWV5HFHLYHGE\WKHORUGRIWKHLVODQGDQG ORRNHGDIWHUE\KLVVRQV3ULPDOHyQLQTXLUHVDERXWWKHVL]HDQGSRSXODWLRQRIWKH LVODQG3DODQWtQRQHRIWKHVRQVH[SODLQVWKDWWKHSRSXODWLRQLVFRQFHQWUDWHGDORQJ WKHFRDVWOLQHEHFDXVHWKHFHQWUDOSDUWRIWKHLVODQGLVRIGLI¿FXOWDFFHVVGXHWRLWV KLJKPRXQWDLQV,QWKHVHPRXQWDLQRXVDUHDVLQUHFHQW\HDUVDVWUDQJHSHRSOHKDYH FRPHWROLYH7KH\ZLVKQRFRQWDFWZLWKRWKHUSHRSOHDQGOLYHOLNHDQLPDOVZLOG DQGVROLWDU\DQGHDWLQJZKDWWKH\KXQWUDZ7KHLUGUHVVXQVHHPO\LVPDGHRIWKH VNLQVRIWKRVHDQLPDOVWKH\KXQWEXWQRQHRIWKLVFRPSDUHVWRDPDQDPRQJWKHP FDOOHG3DWDJyQ³0DVWRGRHVQDGDFRQXQKRPEUHTXHDJRUDD\HQWU¶HOORVTXHVH OODPD3DWDJyQ´³%XWLWLVQRWKLQJFRPSDUHGWRDPDQQRZDPRQJWKHPFDOOHG 3DWDJyQ´ (QJHQGHUHGE\DQRWKHUPRXQWDLQDQLPDORQHRIWKHPRVWKRUULEOHLQ WKHZRUOGH[FHSWIRULWVH[FHSWLRQDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGIULHQGOLQHVVRUDWWUDFWLRQ WRZDUGVZRPHQWKH3DWDJyQLVWKHUHVXOWRI]RRSKLOLDFRPPLWWHGE\RQHRIWKH VDYDJH ZRPHQ FDOOHG ³SDWDJRQHV´ EHFDXVH RI WKHLU ZLOGQHVV ZLWK WKH DQLPDO LQTXHVWLRQDPRQVWURVLW\DQWLFLSDWHGE\3OLQ\ ,WLVRQO\)HUQDQGR%HUQDOWKH DXWKRURIFloriseo9DOHQFLD ZKRWHOOVXVWKDWWKHSDWDJRQHVDVDUDFHKDYH WKHLURULJLQLQHYHQDQRWKHUSUHYLRXVFDVHRI]RRSKLOLDWKLVWLPHEHWZHHQDPDQ DQGDQDQLPDOIURPZKRPD¿JXUHRIPDQZLWKDQLPDOVNLQUHVXOWHGZKRWKHQ ZRXOGKDYHKDGRIIVSULQJE\VRPHZRPDQWKXVHQJHQGHULQJWKHSDWDJRQHVDVD UDFH7KHVLQWKHPRUDOdesmesuraLVKHUHDJDLQ]RRSKLOLD'XSOLFDWHGKDYLQJ LWV ¿UVW RFFXUUHQFH DV FRPLQJ IURP D PDQ QRW D PRQVWHU QRW HYHQ D JLDQW RU GZDUIRUDVWKHUHVXOWRIPDOH¿FHQFKDQWPHQWWKHVHFRQGWLPHDVWKHHQDFWPHQW RIOXVWRIDKRUULEOHEXWLQWHOOLJHQWDQGIULHQGO\ DQLPDORQWKHERG\RIRQHRI WKHVH ZLOG ZRPHQ 3DWDJyQ¶V FRPSRVLWH ERG\ UHQGHUV YLVLEOH WKH GXSOLFDWH VLQ DWLWVFRQFHSWLRQDQGLVLQIDFWSURRIRILW³\TXHDTXHODQLPDOHQJHQGUyHQHOOD DTXHO ¿MR \ HVWR WLpQHQOR SRU PX\ FLHUWR VHJ~Q VDOLy GHVHPHMDGR TXH WLHQH OD FDEHoDFRPRGHFDQ\ODVRUHMDVWDQJUDQGHVTXHOHOOHJDQIDVWDORVKRPEURV\ORV GLHQWHVPX\DJXGRV\JUDQGHVTXHOHVDOHQIXHUDGHODERFDUHWXHUWRV\ORVSLHVGH PDQHUDGHFLHUYR\FRUUHWDQOLJHURTXHQRD\TXLHQORSXHGDDOFDQoDU´³DQGWKDW DQLPDOHQJHQGHUHGLQKHUWKDWVRQDQGWKLVLVFHUWDLQEHFDXVHRIKRZXQVHHPO\ LWLVKDYLQJDGRJ¶VKHDGDQGHDUVVRODUJHWKDWWKH\UHDFKLWVVKRXOGHUVDQGWHHWK VRSRLQWHGDQGORQJWKH\FRPHRXWRILWVPRXWKDQGGHHU¶VIHHWDQGLWFDQUXQVR OLJKWO\WKDWQRRQHFDQFDWFKLW´S 7KH3DWDJyQRQO\NLOOVPHQWKDWDUHQRW IURPLWVUHJLRQWKHPRXQWDLQVDQGHYHQZKHQWKHPHQKDYHMRLQWO\DWWHPSWHGWR NLOOLWWKH\KDYHEHHQXQDEOHWRKXUWLW7KH\KDYHFHDVHGWRDWWHPSW¿JKWLQJLWRU WKHUDFHRISDWDJRQHVWKDWFRPHWRLWVDLGZKHQWKH3DWDJyQVRXQGVLWVKRUQ7KH PHQKDYHOHIWLWXSWR*RGWRUHPRYHWKH3DWDJyQIURPWKHZRUOGDQGWKXVVDWLVI\ DQHHGWKDWWKH\DUHXQDEOHWRIXO¿OOIRUWKHPVHOYHV³IRULWVGHDWKLVYHU\QHFHVVDU\ WRXV´S 3ULPDOHyQZLOOEHWKHRQHRIFRXUVHZKRXQGHUWKHVXUQDPHRI 0DUtD&DUPHQ0DUtQ3LQDHGPrimaleón$OFDOi&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV&HUYDQWLQRV S
The Animal Within
.QLJKW RI WKH %URNHQ 5RFN ZLOO DFKLHYH WKLV ³2K .QLJKW RI WKH %URNHQ 5RFN ±VDLG3DODQWtQ±ZKDWJUDFHKDV*RGJLYHQPHWKDW,QHYHUWKRXJKW,ZRXOGVHHVR JRRGDNQLJKW1RWDOORIWKRVHRQWKLVLVODQGFRXOGGRZKDW\RXE\\RXUVHOIKDYH GRQH´S 7KH3DWDJyQUHVHPEOHV$QGDQGRQDLQHDWLQJKDELWVLQDFWLYLW\KXQWLQJZLWK WKHKHOSRIWZROLRQV DQGLQGUHVVVNLQVRIKXQWHGDQLPDOV DVZHOODVLQWKH OLJKWQHVVWKDWHQDEOHVLWWRÀHHRURXWUXQDQ\RQHDORQJZLWKDFHUWDLQLQWLPDF\ RUXQGHUVWDQGLQJZLWKDQLPDOV3DWDJyQKDVWZRWUDLQHGOLRQVZLWKKLP +HDOVR FDUULHVWKHVDPHZHDSRQVWKHERZDQGDUURZVKHLVDOVRVHHQODWHUXVLQJDNQLIH 7KHUHVHPEODQFHZLWKWKH(QGULDJRRQWKHRWKHUKDQGLVPRVWO\GXHWRDVLQIXO JHQHDORJ\ PDGH YLVLEOH WKURXJK SK\VLFDO GHIRUPLW\ IRU HYHQ LI WKH (QGULDJR LV DOVRFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\OLJKWQHVVWKHPRQVWHURIAmadísGRHVQRWQHHGGUHVVGRHV QRWKXQWZLWKDUPVEXWNLOOVZLWKLWVRZQWHHWKDQGFODZV/LNHWKH(QGULDJRWKH 3DWDJyQNLOOVPHQDQGLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUDFHUWDLQGHSRSXODWLRQZKLOHDOVREHLQJ FKDUDFWHUL]HGDVDVRUWRIGHYLO³LWLVEHWWHUWRVHHWKHGHYLOWKDQWRVHHLW´S ³ZHZLOOWDNHWKLVGHYLOSULVRQHU´SDQGLQ*ULGRQLD¶VZRUGVRQS³7KLV LVWKHGHYLORULWVGRLQJ´,WDOVRVKDUHVZLWK$QGDQGRQDWKHJLIWRIODQJXDJHHYHQ LILWLVRQHWKDWRWKHUV±QRQSDWDJRQHV±FDQQRWXQGHUVWDQG /LQJXLVWLFDELOLW\DQGGH¿FLHQF\DUHSDUWLFXODUO\LQWHUHVWLQJIHDWXUHVDQGWKH\ WXUQXSRQWZRRFFDVLRQV)LUVWZKHQWKH3DWDJyQWHUULEO\ZRXQGHGE\3ULPDOHyQ DQGFKDLQHG±IRUWKHKHUR¿QGLQJLWVXFKDVWUDQJHWKLQJWRORRNDWWDNHVLWSULVRQHU VR*ULGRQLDPD\VHHLW±EHOORZVVR¿HUFHO\WKDWWZRSDWDJRQHVFRPHWRLWVDLG 8SRQ VHHLQJ 3DWDJyQ WKH\ VHHP IULJKWHQHG DQG H[FKDQJH PDQ\ ZRUGV ³HOORV FXDQGRWDOYLHURQD3DWDJyQIXHURQPX\HVSDQWDGRV\PXFKDVFRVDVGH]tDQPDV 3ULPDOHyQQRODVHQWHQGtD´³ZKHQWKH\VDZ3DWDJyQLQWKLVZD\WKH\ZHUHYHU\ IULJKWHQHGDQGVDLGPDQ\WKLQJVEXW3ULPDHOyQFRXOGQRWXQGHUVWDQGWKHP´S 3ULPDOHyQNLOOVWKHHQHPLHVDQGKLVPHQWDNHWKHPRQVWHUEDFNWREHKHDOHG VRWKDWLWFDQVXUYLYHWKHWULSWREHH[KLELWHGLQIURQWRI*ULGRQLD3DWDJyQZLVKLQJ GHDWK XSRQ LWVHOI GRHV QRW DOORZ WKH ZLVH PHQ QHDU LW $W WKLV SRLQW DQRWKHU HOHPHQWZKLFKZDVDOUHDG\SUHVHQWLIPLQLPDOO\LQWKH(QGULDJRHSLVRGHPDNHV LWVZD\LQWRWKHQDUUDWLYHLQDQLQQRYDWLYHDQGDVZHZLOOVHHWUDQVIRUPDWLYHZD\ 6HOYLGDWKHRQO\GDXJKWHURIWKHORUGRIWKHLVODQGFRPHVWRVHHWKHPRQVWHURXW RIVKHHUFXULRVLW\6KHLVIULJKWHQHGDWWKHVLJKWRIWKH3DWDJyQEXWWKHPRQVWHU UHDFWV E\ EHFRPLQJ WDPH WKH UHVXOW RI D QDWXUDO WHQGHQF\ LQKHULWHG IURP LWV EHDVWO\IDWKHUWREHSOHDVHGE\ZRPHQ±HVSHFLDOO\WKRVHDVEHDXWLIXODV6HOYLGD $VHYHU\ERG\EHFRPHVDZDUHRI3DWDJyQ¶VZHDNQHVVLQIURQWRIZRPHQ6HOYLGD EHFRPHVLQVWUXPHQWDOLQLWVKHDOLQJDQGLQDZD\LQWKHPRQVWHU¶VIRUIHLWLQJLWV
³<VDEHGTXHpODYtDDTXHOODFRQGLFLyQDQVtFRPRHODQLPDOTXHORHQJHQGUyGH VHUPX\OHGRFRQWUDODVPXJHUHV\DQVtORIXH3DWDJyQFRQWUD6HOYLGDTXHQRSXGRQHJDUVX QDWXUDOHVSHFLDOPHQWHFRQDTXHOODTXHOHSDUHFtRHVWUDxDPHQWHIHUPRVDFRPRHOODORHUD´ ³$QGNQRZWKDWKHZDVRIWKHVDPHQDWXUHDVZDVWKHDQLPDOZKRHQJHQGHUHGKLPRIEHLQJ YHU\DWWUDFWHGWRZRPHQDQGVRZDV3DWDJyQDWWUDFWHGWR6HOYLGDWKDWKHFRXOGQRWGHQ\KLV QDWXUHHVSHFLDOO\ZLWKRQHZKRVHHPHGWRKLPDVVWUDQJHO\EHDXWLIXODVVKHGLG´S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW
GHDWKZLVK6KHSHUVXDGHV3DWDJyQWKURXJKODQJXDJHPRUHVSHFL¿FDOO\WKURXJK ÀDWWHU\ ³FRPHQoyOR GH IDODJDU FRQ GXOFHV SDODEUDV \ URJiYDOH TXH VH GH[DVH FXUDU\pOORHQWHQGLyELHQPDVQRORTXLVRID]HUSRUTXHpOPHVPRVHHQWHQGtDGH FXUDU<VDFyODOHQJXDPX\JUDQGH\EHUPHMD\FRPHQoyGHODPEHUODVIHULGDV\ GH]tDOHTXHDTXHOOROHEDVWDUtDPDVHOVXOHQJXDMHHOODQLRWURQRSRGtDQHQWHQGHU´ ³VKHEHJDQWRÀDWWHULWZLWKVZHHWZRUGVDQGVKHEHJJHGLWWRDOORZWKHPHQWR KHDOLWDQGKHXQGHUVWRRGLWZHOOEXWGLGQRWZLVKWRIRULWFRXOGKHDOLWVHOI$QGLW VWXFNRXWDODUJHUHGWRQJXHDQGEHJDQWROLFNLWVZRXQGVDQGLWWROGKHUWKDWZRXOG EHHQRXJKEXWLWVODQJXDJHQHLWKHUKHUQRUDQ\RWKHUFRXOGXQGHUVWDQG´S )URPWKHOLSVRIWKLVZRPDQVXUJHIRUWKPXOWLSOHSHUVSHFWLYHVRQODQJXDJH¿UVW WKHUHLVÀDWWHU\FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHVZHHWQHVVRIWKHZRUGVZKLFKRIWHQLVWKH DGMHFWLYHXVHGWRUHIHUWRUKHWRULFLWVHOIKHUHLQWHQGHGDVWRQHRIYRLFHEXWWUHVVHG E\WKHSOHDGLQJFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQWKDWIROORZV7KLVÀDWWHU\LVLQWHQGHGWRSHUVXDGH WKH3DWDJyQWRDOORZWKHPWRORRNDWLWVZRXQGV7KH3DWDJyQunderstandsWKLV FRPSOH[ UKHWRULFDO JDPH EXW GRHV QRW FRQFHGH EHFDXVH LW knows KRZ WR KHDO LWVHOI 7KH ZRUG understand entender KHUH UHQGHUV ERWK FRPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG NQRZOHGJHXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHODQJXDJHRI6HOYLGDDQGNQRZLQJKRZWRKHDOLWVHOI DUHUHQGHUHGWKURXJKWKHVDPHYHUE0RUHRYHUWKHLQVWUXPHQWWKH3DWDJyQXVHV WRKHDOLWVZRXQGLVLWVWRQJXHWKHVDPHWRQJXHLWXVHVWRWHOO6HOYLGDLWZLOOEH ¿QHLQDODQJXDJHKRZHYHUWKDWQHLWKHU6HOYLGDQRUDQ\RWKHUZLOOFRPSUHKHQG 3DWDJyQLVFDSDEOHRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHZRUGV6HOYLGDVD\VWRLWEXWitsZRUGV QRERG\XQGHUVWDQGV6RPHFKDSWHUVODWHURQS3ULPDOHyQEULQJVWKH3DWDJyQ IRU *ULGRQLD WR VHH DQG WKH frisson of delight WKDW WKH KHUR KDG H[SHULHQFHG LQ DQWLFLSDWLRQRIWKHHQFRXQWHURIWKHPRQVWHULVKHUHUHLWHUDWHG³3ULPDOHyQRYR HVWUDxRSOD]HUHQYHUDVXVHxRUDFRQWDQWRPLHGRTXHORWHQtDDEUDoDGR\QROR GH[DYD\G¶HVWRIROJypOPXFKR\Gt[ROH0LVHxRUDQRD\iLVPLHGRTXHHVWHTXH DTXtYHLVHVKRPEUHXPDQR\IDUiYXHVWURPDQGDGR<StGRYRVSRUPHUFHGTXH YRVOOHJXpLVDpO\ORIDODJXpLV\YHUpLVFXiQPDQVRWRUQDTXHORSRGUHPRVVDFDU GHDTXt\YHOORKDQWRGRV´³3ULPDOHyQIHOWDVWUDQJHSOHDVXUHLQVHHLQJKLVODG\ VRDIUDLGWKDWVKHKHOGRQWRKLPDQGZRXOGQRWOHWKLPJRZKLFKKHHQMR\HGYHU\ PXFKDQGVDLGWRKHU±0\ODG\GRQRWEHDIUDLGIRUWKLV\RXKHUHVHHLVDKXPDQ PDQDQGZLOOGRZKDW\RXZDQW$QG,DVN\RXWKDW\RXJRWRKLPDQGÀDWWHULW DQG\RXZLOOVHHLWZLOOEHFRPHVRWDPHZHZLOOEHDEOHWRJHWLWRXWRIKHUHDQGDOO VKDOOVHH´S 3ULPDOHyQGHVFULEHVWKH3DWDJyQLQLWVhumanityHPSKDVL]LQJ LWDVWKDWZKLFKWKHODG\¶VÀDWWHULQJZRUGVZLOOWDPHDQGFODLPIRUREHGLHQFH/DWHU RQZKLOH3DWDJyQLVEHLQJH[KLELWHGLQWKHSDODFH*ULGRQLD¶VOLRQKHUSHUVRQDO JXDUG DWWDFNV LW ULSSLQJ RII LWV H[WDQW KDQG DQG EDGO\ ZRXQGLQJ LW 3ULPDOHyQ WKUHDWHQV WKH OLRQ DQG LW EDFNV GRZQ DOORZLQJ WKH KHUR WR WDNH LWV OHDVK DQG WR OHDGKLPEDFNWR*ULGRQLD¶VFKDPEHU7KH3DWDJyQLVWKXVIXOO\WUDQVIRUPHGWKLV
³3ULPDOHyQKRYRPX\JUDQVDERUGHUHtU\GLRWDQWDSULHVVDTXHOXHJRVHDUPDURQ \ELHQYHLQWHFDYDOOHURVIXHURQDFDoD«´³3ULPDOHyQUHDOO\ZDQWHGWRODXJKDQGKXUULHG WKHPDOOVRPXFKWKDWWKH\ZHUHDUPHGIDVWDQGDVPDQ\DVWZHQW\NQLJKWVZHQWRXWRQWKH KXQW´S
The Animal Within
WLPH WKURXJK JUDWHIXOQHVV DW WKH NLQGQHVV DQG FRXUDJH RI 3ULPDOHyQ ³< GHVGH DTXHOODRUD3DWDJyQFRQRFLyHOELHQTXH3ULPDOHyQOH¿]R\GHVGHDOOtDGHODQWHpO OHIXHPX\PDQGDGR\pOPHVPRVHFXUyODVOODJDVFRPR¿]RODVTXH3ULPDOHyQOH ¿]R´³$QGIURPWKDWPRPHQW3DWDJyQNQHZWKHJRRGWKDW3ULPDOHyQKDGGRQH IRUKLPDQGIURPWKHQRQZDUGLWZDVREHGLHQWDQGKHDOHGLWVZRXQGVLWKDGGRQH ZLWKWKRVHWKDW3ULPDOHyQKDGJLYHQLW´S %\QRZXQDEOHWRDWWDFN3DWDJyQ LVXQFKDLQHGE\3ULPDOHyQDQGDVVLPLODWHVLQWRWKHFRPPXQLW\GHYRWLQJVSHFLDO DWWHQWLRQWR=pU¿UD±\HWDQRWKHUEHDXWLIXOODG\ 7KHUH DUH WKUHH FDSWLYDWLQJ HOHPHQWV WR WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKLV QDUUDWLRQ ODQJXDJH WKH EHDXW\ DQG WKH EHDVW PRWLI DQG WKH HPSKDVLV RQ WKH PRQVWHU¶V KXPDQLW\DOOLQWHUUHODWHG)RUEHDXW\¶VKXPDQL]LQJSRZHUVDUHDtoposWKDWLQWKLV SDUWLFXODUFRQWH[WDQWLFLSDWHZKDWSUREDEO\LV*ROGHQ$JHWKHDWHU¶VPRVWIDPRXV FKDUDFWHUWKDWRI&DOGHUyQ¶V6HJLVPXQGRDQGWKHVXUUHQGHURILWVEHVWLDOLW\ZKHQ IDFHGZLWK5RVDXUD¶VEHDXW\,QHYLWDEO\OLQNHGWRIHPDOHKRRGEHDXW\LVIRUWKH 3DWDJyQ DQ LQGLVSHQVDEOH FRQGLWLRQ IRU LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH FRPPXQLW\ IRU WKH KXPDQ LQ WKH PRQVWHU WR FRPH RXW ,W LV LQ IDFW DOPRVW OXUHG RXW DV ODQJXDJH EHFRPHV NH\ LQ WKH SURFHVV RI WUDQVIRUPLQJ PRQVWURVLW\ WKURXJK WKRVH VZHHW ÀDWWHULQJZRUGVWKDWSDFLI\WKHEHDVW%XWODQJXDJHLVDOVRSDUWRIWKHPRQVWHULWLV QRWVRPHWKLQJWKDWSHUWDLQVVROHO\WRWKHKXPDQDQGWKHLGHDRIDPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ RULJQRUDQFHRQWKHSDUWRIZKDWLVQRWPRQVWURXVLVFRQWHPSODWHG,QIDFWODQJXDJH VHHPVWREHSUHVHQWLQWKHPRQVWHULQDPXFKZLGHUVSHFWUXPWKDQLQWKHRWKHU FKDUDFWHUV IRU LW FDQ XQGHUVWDQG WKH RWKHUV EXW WKH RWKHUV FDQQRW XQGHUVWDQG LW 3ULPDOHyQ¶V FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI WKH 3DWDJyQ DV KXPDQ H[SOLFLWO\ IRUPXODWHV PRQVWURVLW\DVDQLQKDELWDQWRIWKHVHOIDVDSRVVLELOLW\ZLWKLQDOORIXVDVWKHVLJQ RI VRPHWKLQJ WKDW UHTXLUHV GRPLQDWLRQ FRQWURO VXSSUHVVLRQ VRPHWLPHV WKRXJK KHUHPHUHO\PHULWLQJSHUVXDVLRQ+RZHYHUWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHPRQVWHUZLWKLQ WKHFRPPXQLW\GRHVQRWHQWDLO±QRUUHTXLUH±LWVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ7KHRYHUFRPLQJ RIWKHPRQVWURXVLQWKHPrimaleónSDVVDJHLVWKXVTXLWHDQLQWHUHVWLQJYDULDWLRQ on Amadís’sDFFRXQWRIPRQVWURVLW\ZKLOHWKHUHWKHNQLJKW¶VSROLWLFDOQHFHVVLW\ LVPDGHFOHDULQWKHFRQIURQWDWLRQZLWKWKHPRQVWURXV3ULPDOHyQGRHVQRWQHHG WRDQQLKLODWHWKHPRQVWHUVLQFHLWVHHPVPRUHIUXLWIXOWRWXUQWKLVYLFWRU\LQWRD VSHFWDFOHWKHVSHFWDFOHRIFKLYDOULFSRZHUEDVHGRQYLUWXHZKLFKLQWHUVHFWVZLWK WKH RQJRLQJ GLVFXVVLRQ RQ WKH QDWXUH RI QRELOLW\ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LQ WHUPV RIJHQGHUWKLVHSLVRGHDOVREHFRPHVTXLWHPRUHLQWHUHVWLQJZLWKWKHORFDWLRQRI NQLJKWKRRGLQWKHWKHDWHURISROLWLFDOSRZHUDVIHPDOHEHDXW\EHFRPHVFUXFLDOIRU WKHVSHFWDFOHRIFKLYDOU\DQGWKXVIRUWKHYLFWRU\RYHUWKHPRQVWURXVWREHWUXO\
-HV~V 5RGUtJXH] 9HODVFR DUJXHV WKDW WKH GLVFXVVLRQ RQ QRELOLW\ LV DW WKH FRUH RI ZKDW KH FDOOV WKH ³FKLYDOULF IDEOH´ DQG EULQJV WRJHWKHU FRQWHPSRUDU\ SROLWLFRMXULGLFDO GLVFXVVLRQVVXFKDV'DQWH¶VDQG6DVRIIHUDWR¶VWRVKRZKRZOLWHUDWXUHHQDFWVDWKHRU\RQ NQLJKWKRRGWKDWZLOOKDYHFRQVHTXHQFHVLQSUDFWLFDOKLVWRULFDOWHUPV³7HRUtDGHODIiEXOD FDEDOOHUHVFD´
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW
IXQFWLRQDO,WLVZRPDQDVEHDXW\WKDWPXVW¿UVWSHUVXDGHWKHEHDVWIRULWWRVXUYLYH WRWKHQFRQYLQFHLWWRRYHUFRPHLWVEHVWLDOLW\WRHQWHUWKHFRPPXQLW\,QDZD\WKLV LVDVWUDWHJ\RIFRQYHUVLRQRIHQFDSVXODWLRQERWKGRPLQDWLRQDQGUHSUHVVLRQRI WKHRWKHUZLWKRXWUHTXLULQJXQGHUVWDQGLQJZKHUHWKHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHRIJHQGHU IXQFWLRQVLVYLWDOIRUWKHVXFFHVVRIWKHSROLWLFDOHQWHUSULVHEHLQJVXJJHVWHG ,Q WKH FDVH RI Primaleón JHQGHU EHFRPHV D FHQWUDO LVVXH DJDLQ RXWVLGH RI WKHWH[W7KHYHUVHVGHGLFDWHGWRWKHUHDGHUDWWKHHQGRIERWKWKH¿UVWDQGWKLV WKHVHFRQGERRNRIWKHF\FOHLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHDXWKRURIERWKERRNVLVDZRPDQ LGHQWL¿HG ZLWK WKH SVHXGRQ\P RI$XJXVWREULFD WKH /DWLQ WRSRQ\P IRU &LXGDG 5RGULJR 7KH DXWKRUVKLS RI WKH Primaleón ZKLFK UHPDLQV FRQIXVLQJ WR WKLV GD\ LI DWWULEXWHG WR D ZRPDQ VXFK DV %HDWUL] *DOLQGR -XDQD &RQWUHUDV 0DUtD GH 3DFKHFR ,VDEHO GH 9HUJDUD /XFtD GH 0HGUDQR RU DQ\RQH LQ WKLV JURXS RI FXOWLYDWHGZRPHQDFWLYHLQ,VDEHOOD¶VFRXUWZRXOGEH³DQHDUO\H[DPSOHRIIHPDOH DXWKRUVKLSLQ6SDLQ¶V*ROGHQ$JHOLWHUDWXUHSUHGDWLQJ%HDWUL]%HUQDO)HOLFLDQD (QUtTXH]GH *X]PiQRU 0DUtDGH=D\DV´ %H\RQGWKHDWWULEXWLRQ0DUtQ 3LQD DUJXHVWKDWIURP±IHPDOHDXWKRUVKLSZDVXVHGDVDPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJ\ DQGFLWHV)UDQFLVFR'HOLFDGR¶VSURORJXHWRWKH9HQHWLDQHGLWLRQRIPrimaleón DV H[DPSOH ³QRWH WKDW ZKDW IROORZV LV more delectable because LW ZDV FRPSRVHG E\DZRPDQ´:KHWKHURUQRWZHFRQVLGHUDZRPDQDVLWVDXWKRUWKHTXHVWLRQ RI ERRNV RI FKLYDOU\ DV D JHQUH SDUWLFXODUO\ RULHQWHG WR WKH H[SOLFDWLRQ DQG UHIXQFWLRQDOL]DWLRQ RI D FODVV LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH ELUWK RI WKH DEVROXWLVW 6WDWH LQWKH¿JXUHVRI,VDEHOODDQG)HUQDQGR¿QGVLQPrimaleónDJHQGHUFRPSRQHQW LQWLPDWHO\UHODWHGWRWKHPRQVWURXVWKDWLVUDGLFDOO\GLIIHUHQWIURPZKDWPHGLFDO WUHDWLVHVDQGVFLHQWL¿FGLVFRXUVHLQJHQHUDOSUHVHQWHG 7KHLQÀXHQFHRIWKH$ULVWRWHOLDQPRGHOERWKLQWKHGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRIVSHFLHV DQGRIFDXVDOLW\LVFHQWUDOQRWRQO\WRWKHZRUNRIVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\SKLORVRSKHUV VXFK DV )UD\ /XLV GH *UDQDGD )UDQFLVFR 6iQFKH] -XDQ +XDUWH GH 6DQ -XDQ DQG-XDQ*LQpVGH6HS~OYHGDEXWDOVRWRKXPDQLVWVVXFKDV$QWRQLRGH1HEULMD KLPVHOIRU$QWRQLRGH7RUTXHPDGD±DVLVWREHH[SHFWHGWKRXJKWKH)RXFDXOGLDQ DVVHUWLRQWKDWRQHFDQVHHERWKHOHPHQWVGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQDQGFDXVDOLW\ RQO\IURP
:KLOHLQPRVWDGYHQWXUHV$PDGtV¶UHPHPEUDQFHRIKLVODG\2ULDQDZLOOVWUHQJWKHQ KLPDQGWKXVJXDUDQWHHKLVYLFWRU\RYHUKLVHQHPLHVLQWKH(QGULDJRHSLVRGHWKHPRPHQW ZKHQKHUHPHPEHUVKLVODG\EHIRUHWKHFRPEDWZLWKWKHPRQVWHULVTXDOL¿HGDVDZHDNQHVV DGHELOLW\QRWLFHGE\WKHPRQVWHUZKRWDNHVDGYDQWDJHRILW/RYHDQGZRPDQLQWKHHSLVRGH WKXVWDNHRQZHOONQRZQWUDLWVDVGHELOLWDWLQJIRUFHV ³(Q HVWH H[PDOWDGR \ PX\ ULFR GHFKDGR YDQ HVFXOSLGDV PX\ EHOODV ODYRUHV GH SD]\GHJXHUUD\GHFDVWRVDPRUHVpor mano de dueña prudente labradoHVSRUH[HPSOR GHWRGRVQRWDGRTXHORYHULVtPLOYHDPRVHQÀRUHVGH$XJXVWREULFDDTXHVWDODYRUTXH HQ6DODPDQFDVHKDDJRUDHVWDPSDGR´³by the hand of a prudent lady workedLWLVIRU H[DPSOHRIDOOQRWHGWKDWWKHYHULVLPLODUZHPXVWVHHLQEORRPIURP$XJXVWREULFDLVWKLV ZRUNWKDWLQ6DODPDQFDKDVEHHQQRZSULQWHG´Primaleón,S 0DUtQ3LQDL[±[ &LWHGLQ0DUtQ3LQD[P\HPSKDVLV
The Animal Within
WKH VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ RQZDUG DV 6WURVHW]NL UHPDUNV LV FRXQWHUHG E\ WKHVH 6SDQLVKHDUO\VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\¿JXUHV Primaleón LWVHOI VHWV WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ LWV GLVFRXUVH RQ PRQVWURVLW\ DQG WKRVHRIPHGLFDODQGJHVWDWLRQELUWKWUHDWLVHVRUPDQXDOV7KHERRN¶VDQRQ\PRXV GHGLFDWLRQWR/XLVGH&yUGREDEXWDWWULEXWHGWR$XJXUGH7UDVPLHUDDXWKRURI WKH/DWLQYHUVHVWKDWHQGWKHPalmerín de OliviaZKRDOVRDWWULEXWHVWKHZRUNWR D ZRPDQ ³)HPLQD FRPSRVXLW JHQHURVRV DWTXH ODERUHV¿OLXV DOWLVRQDQV VFULSVLW HW DUPD OLEUR´ EHJLQV ZLWK D UHIHUHQFH WR 1DWXUH¶V PLVWDNHV ZKLFK UHVXOW LQ PRQVWHUVVRPHRIZKLFKFDQEHVHHQ±DFOHDUUHIHUHQFHWRDPRQVWUXRXVELUWK FRQWHPSRUDU\WRWKHZULWLQJRIWKHSURORJXH³%HFDXVHLI1DWXUHRQFHHQJHQGHUHG DPDQZLWKWZRKHDGVRUDKDQGZLWKVL[¿QJHUVRUZKDWZHKDYHVHHQLQSDVWGD\V DKHDGZLWKWZRERGLHVWKLVZDVFRQWUDU\WRLWVLQWHQWLRQDQGZLWKRXWWKLQNLQJ´ DQGLQVLVWVVRPHOLQHVODWHUWKDW³,IDWWLPHVEUXWHDQLPDOVDQGSODQWVGHJHQHUDWH DQG GR QRW UHVSRQG WR WKHLU VSHFLHV LW LV VR DJDLQVW QDWXUH LQ WKH VDPH PDQQHU WKDWDPDQERUQZLWKWZRKHDGVRUIRUDFDOIWREHERUQWRDZRPDQRUDODPEWRD FRZ)RUWKHLQWHQWLRQRIQDWXUHLVWRNHHSLWVQRUPDQGLILWLVDEOHWRWRQRWPL[ FDVWHV´S )URPPRQVWURXVELUWKVDVDIUHDNRIQDWXUH¶VRUGHUHGKDELWVWKHLGHD RISXULW\RIOLQHDJHLVXQGHUOLQHGDQGWKXVWKHGLVFXVVLRQRQQRELOLW\¶VHVVHQFHLV VWDNHGRXWIURPWKHVWDUW7KHGHGLFDWLRQJRHVRQWRDVNWKH\RXQJ&yUGRED±DQG LWVSRWHQWLDODXGLHQFH±WRUHDGWKLVZRUNLQKLVWRULFDONH\QRWDVD¿FWLRQDOL]HG DFFRXQWRIKLVWRULFDOHYHQWVDQGSHRSOHEXWDVWKHHQDFWPHQWRIDSROLWLFDOWKHRU\ DWZRUNDOUHDG\LIRQO\LQSDUWLQWKH&DWKROLF.LQJV¶WHUULWRULDOSROLF\RQG\QDVWLF ULJKWVWKHYLFWRU\RYHU*UDQDGDWKH¿JKWIRU$IULFDDQGWKHRQJRLQJSUREOHPV ZLWKmudéjaresDQG7XUNV 7KHLQWULFDWHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHFKLYDOULFJHQUHDQGKLVWRULFLW\KDYHEHHQ ZHOOGLVFXVVHGDQGQHHGQRWEHUHWROGKHUH$VDJHQUHWKDWDUWLFXODWHVDSROLWLFV ZKHUH D FODVV NQLJKWKRRG LV SUHVHQWHG DV D QHFHVVLW\ LQ D UROH WKDW PRYHV SURJUHVVLYHO\ IURP WKH PLOLWDU\ WR WKH FRXUWO\ WR WKH GLSORPDWLF D UROH WKDW LV UHSHDWHGO\HPSKDVL]HGLQWKHDQWDJRQLVPZLWKWKHPRQVWURXVPrimaleónZHDYHV LQWKHQHHGIRUZRPHQDVSDUWRIWKHSURFHVV:KHWKHURQHLVWRFRQVLGHUEHDXW\ DV WKH NH\ HOHPHQW WKDW LV DHVWKHWLFV DV D IHPDOH IXQFWLRQ LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK PDOH PLOLWDU\ ingenio ERWK SK\VLFDO SRZHU DQG VDYY\ RU ZLW RU RQH LQFOXGHV WKHODQJXDJHRISHUVXDVLRQRUUKHWRULFDVSDUWRIWKDWIHPDOHUROHWKHSURPLQHQW SROLWLFDO SRVLWLRQ WKDW ZRPHQ DUH JLYHQ LQ WKLV ERRN LV WR EH UHJDUGHG QRW RQO\ DVDIHDWRISROLWLFDOWKHRU\EXWDVDUDGLFDOO\GLIIHUHQWYLHZRIWKHWLHVEHWZHHQ ZRPHQDQGPRQVWURVLW\FRQWHPSRUDU\WRWKHPLVRJ\QLVWSUHVHQWDWLRQVFRPPRQWR VFLHQWL¿FGLVFRXUVH ,QWHUPVRISRHWLFVDVWKHFHQWXU\ZRUHRQDQGDVQXPHURXVFULWLFVXVHGWKH VDPH DUJXPHQWV DJDLQ DQG DJDLQ DJDLQVW ERRNV RI FKLYDOU\ FRPPRQSODFHV WKDW KDYH EHHQ FDWDORJXHG E\ (OLVDEHWWD 6DUPDWL RQH WKDW VWDQGV RXW ± EHFDXVH LW PRYHVVWUXFWXUHWRPHWDSKRUIURPWKHWKHRU\RIOLWHUDWXUHWRDSUDFWLFHGSRHWLFV
&LWHGLQ0DUtQ3LQDL[ )RUPRUHGHWDLOVVHH0DUtQ3LQDLQWURGXFWLRQ[L±[LL
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH3LQHW
in Don Quijote ±LVWKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHERRNRIFKLYDOU\DVPRQVWUXRXV ³1RKHYLVWRQLQJ~QOLEURGHFDEDOOHUtDVTXHKDJDXQFXHUSRGHIiEXODHQWHURFRQ WRGRVVXVPLHPEURVGHPDQHUDTXHHOPHGLRFRUUHVSRQGDDOSULQFLSLR\HO¿QDO SULQFLSLR\DOPHGLRVLQRTXHORVFRPSRQHQFRQWDQWRVPLHPEURVTXHPiVSDUHFH TXHOOHYDQLQWHQFLyQDIRUPDUXQDTXLPHUDRXQPRQVWUXRTXHDKDFHUXQD¿JXUD SURSRUFLRQDGD´³,KDYHQRWVHHQDERRNRIFKLYDOU\WKDWPDNHVDQHQWLUHERG\RI IDEOHZLWKDOOLWVPHPEHUVVRWKDWWKHPLGGOHFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHEHJLQQLQJDQG WKHHQGWRWKHEHJLQQLQJDQGWKHPLGGOHEXWWKDWWKH\FRPSRVHWKHPZLWKVRPDQ\ PHPEHUVWKDWLWVHHPVWKH\LQWHQGWRJLYHVKDSHWRDFKLPHUDRUDPRQVWHUWKDQ WRPDNHDSURSRUWLRQHG¿JXUH´ 7KLVDHVWKHWLFVZKLFKZLOOEHFRPHGRPLQDQW IRU WKH IROORZLQJ SHULRG KDV DW LWV FRUH D JHQGHUHG SROLWLFDO HOHPHQW WKDW FDQ EHVHHQZLWKLQWKHJHQUHRIFKLYDOU\LQ\HWDQRWKHUPLUURURIWKHKLVWRU\RIWKH SROLWLFDODVDWUDQVIRUPLQJSURFHVVIURPWKHLQYRFDWLRQRI2ULDQDLQAmadís and WKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI$QGDQGRQDWRWKHHPSODFHPHQWRIIHPDOHSROLWLFDODFWLYLW\ at the center of Primaleón
0LJXHO GH &HUYDQWHV Don Quijote de la Mancha )UDQFLVFR 5LFR HG 0DGULG &UtWLFD %RRN,,S
&KDSWHU
([SHULPHQWVZLWK$OFKHP\ &DWHULQD6IRU]DLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ 6FLHQWL¿F&XOWXUH 0HUHGLWK.5D\
,QWKHSUHIDFHWRDSRSXODUVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\FROOHFWLRQRIDOFKHPLFDOPHGLFLQDO DQGFRVPHWLFUHFLSHVHQWLWOHGWKHSecreti della Signora Isabella Cortese WKHDXWKRUDGPRQLVKHVDFRUUHVSRQGHQWQRWWRZDVWHKLVWLPHDQGPRQH\WU\LQJWR XQFRYHUWKHVHFUHWVSXWIRUWKE\WUDGLWLRQDODOFKHPLFDODXWKRULWLHVZKRZULWHLQ FRGHGLQWHQWLRQDOO\REVFXUHODQJXDJH VHYXRLVHJXLUO¶DUWHGHOOH$OFKLPLDHWLQTXHOODRSHUDUHQRQELVRJQD FKHSLVHJXLWLO¶RSHUHGL*HEHUQpGL5DLPRQGRQpGL$UQDOGRQpG¶DOWUL ¿ORVR¿SHUFKpQRQKDQQRGHWWRYHULWjDOFXQDLOLEULORURVHQRQFRQ¿JXUHHW HQJLPDWLFRQVLQFRSLLRKROHWWRHULOHWWRHQRQWURYRVHQRQIDYROHHFLDQFLH «,I \RX ZLVK WR OHDUQ DQG SUDFWLFH WKH DUW RI$OFKHP\ WKHUH LV QR QHHG WR IROORZWKHZRUNVRI*HEHUQRU5DPRQQRU$UQDXOWRUDQ\RWKHUSKLORVRSKHU DQ\ORQJHUIRUWKH\UHYHDOQRWUXWKVLQWKHLUERRNVH[FHSWWKURXJK¿JXUHVDQG HQLJPDVZLWKV\QFRSH,KDYHUHDGDQGUHUHDGWKHPDQGIRXQGQRWKLQJEXW WDOOWDOHVDQGUXPRUV
%HWWHUVKHLQVLVWVWRSODFHRQH¶VIDLWKLQSUDFWLFHDQGH[SHULPHQWDVVKHKDVGRQH KHUVHOI DQG DV VKH QRZ UHYHDOV WR KHU DXGLHQFH 7R EH D VXFFHVVIXO DOFKHPLVW &RUWHVH DGYLVHV IROORZLQJ D IHZ VLPSOH UXOHV OHDUQ WKH SURSHUWLHV RI DOO PHWDOV DQG PDWHULDOV XVH VWURQJ ZHOOPDGH HDUWKHQ RU JODVV YHVVHOV IRU ODERUDWRU\ H[SHULPHQWVNQRZKRZWRUHJXODWHWKHÀDPHDQGNHHSDEHOORZVDWWKHUHDG\
5HVHDUFK IRU WKLV HVVD\ ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ D ± IHOORZVKLS IURP WKH 3HQQ+XPDQLWLHV)RUXP0HOORQ5HVHDUFK6HPLQDUDQGD5HVHDUFK*UDQWIURPWKH 5HQDLVVDQFH6RFLHW\RI$PHULFD ,VDEHOOD &RUWHVH I secreti della Signora Isabella Cortese &KLFFD *DJOLDUGR HG 0LODQ/D9LWD)HOLFH S)LUVWSXEOLVKHGLQQRWDVLQFRUUHFWO\QRWHG E\*DJOLDUGR &RUWHVH¶VZRUNKDGVHYHQHGLWLRQVE\DQGZDVWUDQVODWHGLQWR*HUPDQ 2Q WKLV ZRUN DQG LWV SXEOLVKLQJ KLVWRU\ VHH:LOOLDP (DPRQ Science and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture 3ULQFHWRQ1-3ULQFHWRQ 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS±VHHDOVR&ODLUH/HVDJH³/DOLWWHUDWXUHGHVµVHFUHWV¶Hµ, VHFUHWLG¶,VDEHOOD&RUWHVH¶´LQChroniques italiennes ±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\
0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\¿QGDWUXVWZRUWK\DVVLVWDQWDQGNHHSKLPDOZD\VDW\RXUVLGH UHYHDOWKHZRUNWRQRRQHDQGJLYHWKDQNVWR*RG±DQGDOPVWRWKHSRRU±ZKHQ WKHZRUNLVFRPSOHWH 5HSOHWH ZLWK UHFLSHV QRW RQO\ IRU HIIHFWLQJ WKH WUDQVPXWDWLRQ RI PHWDOV EXW DOVRIRUWUHDWLQJDUDQJHRISK\VLFDODLOPHQWVDQGSURGXFLQJDKRVWRIFRVPHWLFV VRDSVDQGSHUIXPHV&RUWHVH¶VZRUNUDLVHVLPSRUWDQWTXHVWLRQVDERXWWKHSUDFWLFH RIDOFKHP\LQVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\,WDO\)LUVWKHULQVWUXFWLRQVVXJJHVW±DQGUHFHQW VFKRODUVKLSKDVGHPRQVWUDWHG±WKDWDOFKHP\ZDVQRWWKHDUFDQHSURYLQFHRIDQ pOLWHIHZWKRVHZLWKWKHWRROVWRDFFHVVWKHKHUPHWLFZRUNVRIDQFLHQWDXWKRULWLHV 5DWKHULWZDVDYLEUDQWDUHQDRIVFLHQWL¿FLQYHVWLJDWLRQDFFHVVLEOHWRWKHOD\SHUVRQ DVZHOODVWKHLQLWLDWHRQHEDVHGRQREVHUYDWLRQDQGWULDODQGDSSOLHGEURDGO\DQG SUR¿WDEO\WRDUDQJHRITXRWLGLDQSUREOHPV,QGHHG&RUWHVH¶VHPSKDVLVRQWKH WHVWHGQDWXUHRIKHUUHFLSHVVLWXDWHVKHUZRUN±DQGRWKHUVOLNHLW±VROLGO\ZLWKLQDQ HDUO\PRGHUQFXOWXUHRIHPSLULFLVPWKDWLQFUHDVLQJO\SULYLOHJHGSUD[LVRYHUWKHRU\ DV:LOOLDP(DPRQKDVQRWHG 6HFRQGDQGRISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWKHUH&RUWHVH¶VERRNRI³VHFUHWV´±WKHRQO\ VXFKFROOHFWLRQ WREHSXEOLVKHGXQGHUDZRPDQ¶VQDPHLQWKLVSHULRG±SURYLGHV DXVHIXOVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUWKLQNLQJDERXWWKHHQJDJHPHQWRIHDUO\PRGHUQZRPHQ ZLWKDOFKHP\ERWKDVUHDGHUVDQGSURGXFHUVRIDOFKHPLFDOWH[WVDQGDVSUDFWLWLRQHUV
&RUWHVHSecreti S 7KH OLWHUDWXUH RQ DOFKHP\ LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ (XURSH LV H[WHQVLYH $PRQJ UHFHQW VWXGLHV VHH /DZUHQFH 0 3ULQFLSH HG Chymists and Chymistry: Studies in the History of Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry 6DJDPRUH %HDFK 0$ 6FLHQFH +LVWRU\ 3XEOLFDWLRQV 7DUD1XPPHGDOAlchemy and Authority in the Holy Roman Empire &KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV .DWKOHHQ3HUU\/RQJHermaphrodites in Renaissance Europe $OGHUVKRW8.$VKJDWH FK$OOHQ'HEXVThe Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries UHYLVHG HGLWLRQ 0LQHROD 1< 'RYHU 3XEOLFDWLRQV :LOOLDP 5 1HZPDQ DQG $QWKRQ\*UDIWRQHGSecrets of Nature: Astrology and Alchemy in Early Modern Europe &DPEULGJH0$7KH0,73UHVV 3DPHOD2/RQJOpenness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge From Antiquity to the Renaissance %DOWLPRUH -RKQV+RSNLQV 3DPHOD+6PLWKThe Business of Alchemy: Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire 3ULQFHWRQ1-3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 3L\R5DWWDQVL DQG $QWRQLR &OHULFX]LR HG Alchemy and Chemistry in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 'RGUHFKW.OXZHU *DUHWK5REHUWVThe Mirror of Alchemy: Alchemical Ideas and Images in Manuscripts and Books From Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century /RQGRQ7KH%ULWLVK/LEUDU\ $OLVRQ&RXGHUWAlchemy: The Philosopher’s Stone %RXOGHU6KDPEKDOD (DPRQScience and the Secrets of NatureS0DQ\ERRNVRIVHFUHWVSULYLOHJH H[SHULHQWLDONQRZOHGJHLQWKLVZD\VHHIRUH[DPSOHWKHGHGLFDWLRQWR7LPRWHR5RVVHOOR Della summa de’ secreti 9HQLFH%DULOHWWRXQQXPEHUHG ZKLFKVKDUHVVLPLODULWLHVWR &RUWHVH¶VWH[WRQWKLVUHODWLRQVKLSVHH/HVDJHSS± VHHDOVRWKHZHOONQRZQSUHIDFH to the Secreti del reverendo donno Alessio Piemontese 9HQLFH 7KHUHLVVRPHGHEDWHRYHU&RUWHVH¶VIHPDOHLGHQWLW\EDVHGSULPDULO\RQDODFNRI ELRJUDSKLFDOGRFXPHQWDWLRQDERXWKHUWKHGHEDWHLVGHWDLOHGLQ/HVDJH
Experiments with Alchemy
RIWKH³JUHDWZRUN´LQWKHLUGDLO\OLYHV3DUWRIDZDYHRISULQWHGlibri di segreti or ³ERRNVRIVHFUHWV´WKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HGPXFKRIVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\SULQWSURGXFWLRQ &RUWHVH¶VYROXPHLVGHGLFDWHGWRDVSHFL¿FDOO\IHPDOHDXGLHQFH,WVUHFLSHVZKLFK LQFOXGH URXJHV ZDWHUV VRDSV DQG SHUIXPHV DORQJ ZLWK RWKHUV IRU FDOFLQDWHG PHUFXU\DQGSRWDEOHJROGDUHGHHPHGXVHIXOWR³HYHU\QREOHODG\´³RJQLJUDQ VLJQRUD´ DQGPHDQWWRUHÀHFWWKHUDQJHRIXVHVWKDW5HQDLVVDQFHZRPHQPDGHRI DOFKHP\:KLOHWKHUHLVQRGHDUWKRISULQWHGVRXUFHVDJDLQVWZKLFKWRFRPSDUH &RUWHVH¶VUHFLSHVZKHQFRQVLGHULQJWKHLUSURYHQDQFHLQGHHGWKHLQWHUWH[WXDOZHE FUHDWHGEHWZHHQERRNVRIVHFUHWVDOFKHPLFDOWH[WVPHGLFDOWUHDWLVHVKHUEDOVDQG RWKHUVXFKZRUNVZDVYDVWDQGFRPSOH[ PDQ\RIWKHUHFLSHVRIIHUHGE\&RUWHVH DOVRIRXQGWKHLULQVSLUDWLRQLQZRPHQ¶VLQFRUSRUDWLRQRIDOFKHPLFDOSUDFWLFHLQWR DVSHFWVRIWKHLUHYHU\GD\DFWLYLWLHV 5HFHQWVFKRODUVKLSKDVEHJXQWRVWUHVVWKHDFWLYHUROHRIZRPHQWKURXJKRXW HDUO\PRGHUQ(XURSHLQWKH³SDWURQDJHWKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFHRIDOFKHP\´SRLQWLQJ WRH[DPSOHVVXFKDV$QQD0DULD=LHJOHULQDQDOFKHPLVWLQHDUO\PRGHUQ*HUPDQ\ RU0DULH0HXUGUDFRI)UDQFHDXWKRURIDVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\FKHPLVWU\PDQXDO IRUZRPHQ1RWRQO\GLGZRPHQHQJDJHLQWKHTXHVWWRSURGXFHDOFKHPLFDOJROG EXW WKH\ DOVR LQFRUSRUDWHG DOFKHPLFDO SUDFWLFH LQWR WKHLU OLYHV PRVW HVSHFLDOO\ ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHKRXVHKROGDQGWKHFDUHRIWKHLURZQERGLHV DQGWKHLUIDPLO\PHPEHUV$VDQH[DPLQDWLRQRIPDQXVFULSWVDQGSULQWHGERRNV ± LQFOXGLQJ &RUWHVH¶V PDQXDO ± UHYHDOV DOFKHPLFDO LQJUHGLHQWV DQG SURFHVVHV FRPPRQO\XQGHUOD\LQVWUXFWLRQVIRUWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRIPHGLFLQHVDQGFRVPHWLFV DQGIRUWKHSUHVHUYDWLRQRIIRRGDQGZLQHDUHDVFORVHO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKZRPHQ¶V GXWLHVDQGDFWLYLWLHV:RPHQSUDFWLFHGVFLHQFHRQDGDLO\EDVLVDV/\QHWWH+XQWHU
7KH PRVW H[WHQVLYH VWXG\ RI HDUO\ PRGHUQ ERRNV RI VHFUHWV LV (DPRQ Science and the Secrets of NatureVHHDOVR$OOLVRQ.DYH\Books of Secrets: Natural Philosophy in England 1550±1600 8UEDQD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI ,OOLQRLV 3UHVV 1DQF\ 6LUDLVL QRWHV WKDW³)URPWKHHDUO\0LGGOH$JHVWRWKHKLJK5HQDLVVDQFHPHGLFLQDOUHFLSHV´±DPDMRU HOHPHQWRIWKHFRQWHQWRIERRNVRIVHFUHWV±³ZHUHWKHFRPPRQHVWIRUPRIPHGLFDOZULWLQJ´ Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine. An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice &KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV S $V 3HQQ\ %D\HU QRWHV ³$ SXEOLVKHG ERRN RI DOFKHPLFDO UHFHLSWV IRU D IHPDOH UHDGHUVKLSLVHYLGHQFHWKDWZRPHQPLJKWZLVKWRXQGHUWDNHRUVXSHUYLVHDOFKHPLFDOZRUN DSRLQWUHLQIRUFHGZKHQWKHDXWKRULVQDPHGDZRPDQ´³)URP.LWFKHQ+HDUWKWR/HDUQHG 3DUDFHOVLDQLVP :RPHQ DQG $OFKHP\ LQ WKH 5HQDLVVDQFH´ LQ Mystical Metal of Gold: Essays on Alchemy and Renaissance Culture HG6WDQWRQ-/LQGHQ>%URRNO\Q1<$06 3UHVV,QF@ S 2QWKHSRVVLEOHSULQWHGVRXUFHVIRU&RUWHVH¶VZRUNVHH/HVDJH6LUDLVLVSHDNLQJ RIPHGLFDOZULWLQJLQJHQHUDO VWDWHVWKDWUHFLSHFROOHFWLRQVDORQJZLWKRWKHUUHODWHGWH[WV ³PD\EHDEHWWHUJXLGHWKDQPRUHVRSKLVWLFDWHGPHGLFDOOLWHUDWXUHWRWKHNLQGVRIPHGLFLQHV PRVWIUHTXHQWO\SUHVFULEHG´Medieval and Early Renaissance MedicineS 7DUD 1XPPHGDO ³$OFKHPLFDO 5HSURGXFWLRQ DQG WKH &DUHHU RI $QQD 0DULD =LHJOHULQ´Ambix ± 2Q=LHJOHULQVHH1XPPHGDOLELGRQ0HXUGUDFVHH/XFLD7RVL³0DULH0HXUGUDF 3DUDFHOVLDQ&KHPLVWDQG)HPLQLVW´Ambix ±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\
QRWHVWKH³QRQIRUPDO´QDWXUHRIWKLVSUDFWLFHDQGLWVORFDWLRQZLWKLQWKHGRPHVWLF VSKHUH KDV WUDGLWLRQDOO\ OHG VFKRODUV WR XQGHUYDOXH RU LJQRUH LW EXW WKH NLQGV RIZRUNFDUULHGRXWLQWKHKRPH±FRRNLQJJDUGHQLQJWHQGLQJWKHLOO±LQYROYH DVSHFWV RI SK\VLFDO DQG RUJDQLF FKHPLVWU\ DV ZHOO DV ³DOO DVSHFWV RI SUHYHQWLYH PHGLFLQHDQGSKDUPDF\´%RRNVRIVHFUHWVLQFUHDVLQJO\UHÀHFWHGWKLVDFWLYLW\DV WKH\EHJDQWRWDUJHWDJURZLQJDXGLHQFHRIZRPHQ 7KLVHVVD\H[DPLQHVRQHPDQXVFULSWSUREDEO\EHJXQLQWKHODWH¿IWHHQWKFHQWXU\ EXWWUDQVFULEHGLQWKHHDUO\VL[WHHQWKWKDWRIIHUVFRPSHOOLQJHYLGHQFHRIWKHXVHVRI DOFKHP\E\HDUO\PRGHUQZRPHQDQGSUHVDJHVLQPDQ\UHVSHFWVWKHUDQJHRIUHFLSHV GHVFULEHGLQWKHSecreti di Isabella Cortese DVZHOODVWKDWZRUN¶VSUDJPDWLFDSSURDFK WR DOFKHP\ &RPSLOHG E\ &DWHULQD 6IRU]D ± WKLV ULFK FROOHFWLRQ RI UHFLSHVHQWLWOHGExperimenti Experiments LVDYLYLGUHFRUGRI6IRU]D¶VHQJDJHPHQW ZLWKVFLHQWL¿FFXOWXUH0RVWQRWHGIRUKHUUROHDVDSROLWLFDOOHDGHU6IRU]DDOVR KDGDGRFXPHQWHGLQWHUHVWLQPHGLFLQHDQGDOFKHP\RQHWKDWKDVUHFHLYHGIDUOHVV DWWHQWLRQIURPVFKRODUV7KURXJKRXWKHUOLIHVKHVRXJKWRXWDQGFLUFXODWHGUHFLSHV DQGUHPHGLHVPDLQWDLQLQJDFORVHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKKHURZQspezialeDSRWKHFDU\ LQ )RUOu DQG VHQGLQJ WR 0DQWXD DQG RWKHU FLWLHV IRU LQJUHGLHQWV DQG LQVWUXFWLRQV UHJDUGLQJPHGLFLQDODQGDOFKHPLFDOSUHSDUDWLRQV7KLVHVVD\H[SORUHVZKDW6IRU]D¶V Experimenti can WHOOXVDERXWJHQGHUDQGDOFKHP\LQHDUO\PRGHUQ,WDO\:KDWNLQGV RIUHFLSHVGLG6IRU]DFROOHFWDQGKRZGLGVKHREWDLQWKHP"+RZGLGKHUHIIRUWVWR FRPSLOHDQGWHVWWKHVHUHFLSHVHVWDEOLVKKHUZLWKLQDQHWZRUNRIRWKHUDOFKHPLFDO DGHSWVDQGZKDWUROHGLGJHQGHUSOD\LQWKHG\QDPLFVRIWKLVQHWZRUN"+RZGLG 6IRU]D¶V LQWHUHVW LQ DOFKHP\ UHODWH WR KHU SROLWLFDO SRVLWLRQ" )LQDOO\ KRZ GR WKH H[SHULPHQWVGHVFULEHGE\6IRU]DUHODWHWRODWHUSXEOLVKHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIVLPLODU UHFLSHVLQZRUNVVXFKDVWKDWRI,VDEHOOD&RUWHVH" 7RFRQWH[WXDOL]HP\GLVFXVVLRQRI6IRU]D¶VZRUN,ZLOOEHJLQE\FRQVLGHULQJ WKHUROHRIDOFKHP\LQWKHlibri di segretiWUDGLWLRQLQVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\,WDO\DORQJ ZLWKWKHSODFHRIJHQGHUZLWKLQVXFKWH[WV:KRZDVWKHDXGLHQFHIRUVXFKZRUNV DQGKRZGLGWKLVFRQGLWLRQWKHLUFRQWHQWDQGSUHVHQWDWLRQ",QWKHVHFRQGSDUWRIWKH HVVD\,ZLOOPRYHRQWRDGLVFXVVLRQRI6IRU]D¶VDOFKHPLFDODFWLYLW\DVUHÀHFWHG in her Experimenti DVZHOODVLQKHUHSLVWRODU\H[FKDQJHVZLWKPDOHDQGIHPDOH FRQWDFWVZKRDLGHGKHULQWKHVWDJLQJRIVXFKH[SHULPHQWV *** 2YHU WKH FRXUVH RI WKH VL[WHHQWK FHQWXU\ ,WDO\ VDZ D SUROLIHUDWLRQ RI SULQWHG YHUQDFXODU WH[WV GHYRWHG WR SRSXODU PHGLFLQH WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI FRVPHWLFV DQG SHUIXPHV DQG WKH GLVVHPLQDWLRQ RI ³VHFUHW´ UHFLSHV DQG UHPHGLHV DLPHG DW
&I/\QHWWH+XQWHUDQG6DUDK+XWWRQHGVWomen, Science and Medicine, 1500± 1700: Mothers and Sisters of the Royal Society 7KUXSS 6WURXG *ORXFHVWHUVKLUH 8. 6XWWRQ S DQG LQ WKH VDPH YROXPH +XQWHU ³:RPHQ DQG 'RPHVWLF 0HGLFLQH /DG\([SHULPHQWHUV±´S Experimenti de la Ex[ellentissi]ma S]igno]ra Caterina da Furlj Matre de lo inllux[trissi]mo S[ignor] Giovanni de MediciVHHQEHORZ
Experiments with Alchemy
HQKDQFLQJ SHUVRQDO KHDOWK IDFLOLWDWLQJ WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI WKH KRXVHKROG DQG HIIHFWLQJWKHWUDQVPXWDWLRQRIPHWDOV$V'HERUDK+DUNQHVVKDVDUJXHGUHFHLSW ERRNV ZLWK WKHLU H[KDXVWLYH DQG VRPHWLPHV FRQWUDVWLQJ UHPHGLHV PD\ EH VHHQ DVDSURGXFWRID³FXOWXUHRIWKHUDSHXWLFV´WKDWGHULYHGIURPDEURDGHUFXULRVLW\ DERXW WKH VHOI DQG WKH ERG\ FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WKH HDUO\ PRGHUQ SHULRG$ORQJ ZLWKDIRFXVRQWKHSK\VLFDOERG\ERRNVRIVHFUHWVDOVRGLVSOD\DJUHDWLQWHUHVWLQ XQFRYHULQJDQGUHSURGXFLQJWKHZRUNLQJVRIWKHQDWXUDOZRUOGWRJHWKHUZLWKDQ RSWLPLVPWKDWVXFKNQRZOHGJHPLJKWEHPDQLSXODWHGWREHWWHUWKHWLPHVSHQWLQWKLV OLIH7KHHDUOLHVWSULQWHG,WDOLDQZRUNRIWKLVNLQG(XVWDFKLR&HOHEULQR¶V'L¿FLR delle ricette New Work Entitled the House of Recipes IRU H[DPSOH ± D NLQGRI³JHQHUDOKRXVHKROGUHFLSHERRN´±FRPELQHVLQDQDFFHVVLEOHYHUQDFXODU IRUPDWPHGLFDODQGFKHPLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQRIYDULRXVNLQGV,QDGGLWLRQWRVHFWLRQV GHYRWHGWRKHDOWKDQGSHUVRQDOK\JLHQHWKH'L¿FLRGHOOHULFHWWHLQFOXGHVSHUIXPHV FXOLQDU\UHFLSHVDQGHYHQPDUYHORXVSDUORUWULFNVVXFKDVPDNLQJDFDQGOHEXUQ XQGHUZDWHURUZULWLQJRQSDSHUZLWKRXWLQN (PSKDVL]LQJWKHHPSLULFDOQDWXUH RIKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ&HOHEULQRLVFDUHIXOWRQRWHWKDWKLVDUH³WHVWHGUHFLSHVZKLFK
&I'HERUDK+DUNQHVV³1RVFHWHLSVXP&XULRVLW\WKHKXPRUDOERG\DQGWKHFXOWXUH RIWKHUDSHXWLFVLQODWHVL[WHHQWKDQGHDUO\VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\(QJODQG´S³5HFHLSW ERRNVUHSUHVHQWDQLPSRUWDQWDUWHIDFWRIWKHFXOWXUHRIWKHUDSHXWLFVLQZKLFKPDQ\GLIIHUHQW DFFRXQWV RI LOOQHVV DV ZHOO DV PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW WKHUDSHXWLF SUHVFULSWLRQV DQG UHJLPHV DUH RIWHQMX[WDSRVHGLQDVLQJOHWH[W´,QCuriosity and Wonder From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment 5-:(YDQVDQG$OH[DQGHU0DUUHGV$OGHUVKRW8.$VKJDWH SS±+DUNQHVV¶IRFXVLVRQWKHFRQWH[WRIHDUO\PRGHUQ(QJODQGZKLFKVKHVHHVDV GLVWLQFWIURPWKDWRI(XURSHEXWKHUFRPPHQWVKHUHDUHDSSOLFDEOHWRERRNVRIVHFUHWVPRUH ZLGHO\ &I/HVDJHS³OHVDXWHXUVGHV³6HFUHWL´RQWXQHYLVLRQSRVLWLYHGHODUpDOLWp XQLYHUV PRXYDQW SOHLQ GH P\VWqUHV PDLV TX¶RQ SHXW IDoRQQHU HW SHXWrWUH DSSULYRLVHU D¿QGHDPpOLRUHUOHSDVVDJHGHO¶rWUHKXPDLQVXUWHUUH´³«WKHDXWKRUVRIWKH³%RRNVRI 6HFUHWV´KDYHDSRVLWLYHYLVLRQRIUHDOLW\DOLYLQJXQLYHUVHIXOORIP\VWHULHVEXWRQHZKLFK FDQ EH VKDSHG DQG PD\EH WDPHG LQ RUGHU WKH HDVH WKH SDVVDJH RI WKH KXPDQ EHLQJ RQ HDUWK´ 0XFKZRUNKDVEHHQGRQHRQQDWXUHDQGWKHPDUYHORXVLQWKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRG VHHIRUH[DPSOH/RUUDLQH'DVWRQDQG.DWKHULQH3DUNWonders and the Order of Nature 1150±1750 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\
ZLOOWHDFK\RXDERXWPDQ\ZRQGHUIXOVHFUHWV´6LPLODUO\WKHLQÀXHQWLDOSecreti del reverendo donno Alessio Piemontese ZLWKPRUHWKDQHGLWLRQVDQG QXPHURXVWUDQVODWLRQVRIIHUV WUHDWPHQWVIRUDLOPHQWVUDQJLQJIURPVNLQUDVKHVDQG URWWLQJWHHWKWRLPSRWHQFHDQGLQIHUWLOLW\UHFLSHVIRUIDFHFUHDPVDQGURXJHVDQG PHWKRGVIRUSUHVHUYLQJIRRGDQGZLQHUHPRYLQJVWDLQVIURPOLQHQVDQGG\HLQJ IDEULFV:KLOHDV(DPRQQRWHV$OHVVLR¶VUHFLSHVDUHFOHDUO\DLPHGDWDQXSSHU FODVVUHDGHUPRVWOLNHO\WRPDNHXVHRIKLVVRDSVDQGSRPDQGHUVDVZHOODVKLV PHGLFLQDOUHFLSHVKLVSecreti FRQVWLWXWHDQ³DOWHUQDWLYHSKDUPDFHXWLFDOWUDGLWLRQ´ PDGHDFFHVVLEOHWRDEURDGDXGLHQFH±DQHZDSSURDFKWRVFLHQFHDQGPHGLFLQH JOHDQHGIURP³VXUJHRQVHPSLULFVJHQWOHPHQKRXVHZLYHVPRQNVDQGRUGLQDU\ SHDVDQWVDQ\RQHEXWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKHPHGLFDOHVWDEOLVKPHQW´ 7KH DXGLHQFH IRU HDUO\ PRGHUQ VHFUHWVERRNV LQFOXGHG QRW RQO\ DQ pOLWH KLJKO\HGXFDWHGSXEOLFEXWDOVRDZLGHUERXUJHRLVDXGLHQFHWKDWZDVEHFRPLQJ LQFUHDVLQJO\OLWHUDWHLQ,WDOLDQ7KLVUHDGLQJSXEOLFLQFOXGHGDJURZLQJQXPEHU RIZRPHQDVKLIWWKDWGLGQRWHVFDSHWKHDWWHQWLRQRIDXWKRUVDQGSXEOLVKHUV$V DQH[DPLQDWLRQRIVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\PHGLFDOPDQXDOVDQGVHFUHWVERRNVUHYHDOV PDQ\RIWKHVHZRUNVRYHUWO\WDUJHWHGWKLVSXEOLFRIIHPDOHUHDGHUV,QDQHIIRUW WRHDUQWKHLUDWWHQWLRQWKH\KRQHGLQRQLVVXHVVXFKDVIHPLQLQHEHDXW\GRPHVWLF PDQDJHPHQW DQG ZRPHQ¶V KHDOWK RIIHULQJ DPRQJ RWKHU WKLQJV QXPHURXV UHPHGLHVIRUSUREOHPVZLWKPHQVWUXDWLRQSUHJQDQF\FKLOGELUWKDQGODFWDWLRQ (VSHFLDOO\ ZLWK UHJDUG WR FRVPHWLFV VXFK FROOHFWLRQV RIIHUHG D SUDJPDWLF DQG QHXWUDO DOWHUQDWLYH WR WKH GHFLGHGO\ QHJDWLYH DSSURDFKHV WR IHPLQLQH DGRUQPHQW WKDWDERXQGHGLQSUHVFULSWLYHZRUNVVXFKDV/HRQ%DWWLVWD$OEHUWL¶VI libri della famiglia On the Family ZKHUHWKHXVHRIFRVPHWLFVLVOLQNHGWRPRUDODVZHOODV
³«YDULHVRUWHGLULFHWWHH[SHULPHQWDWHOHTXDOHWHLQVHJQDUDQQRGLPROWLEHOOLVVLPL VHFUHWL«´&HOHEULQR'L¿FLRGHULFHWWH DLL±U 6RPH FULWLFV VSHFXODWH WKDW WKH UHDO DXWKRU RI $OHVVLR¶V Secrets ZDV *LURODPR 5XVFHOOLDXWKRURIKLVRZQVXFKZRUNWKHSecreti nuovi 9HQLFH 2WKHUVWDNHDPRUH FLUFXPVSHFWSRVLWLRQVHH(DPRQScience and the Secrets of NatureSS±(DPRQ DQG)UDQoRLVH3HKHDX³7KH$FFDGHPLD6HJUHWDRI*LURODPR5XVFHOOL$6L[WHHQWK&HQWXU\ ,WDOLDQ6FLHQWL¿F6RFLHW\´LQIsis ±VHHDOVR/HVDJHSS± (DPRQScience and the Secrets of Nature S &DUOR 'LRQLVRWWL KDV DUJXHG WKDW WKH OLQJXLVWLF RSHQQHVV RI WKH SHULRG EHWZHHQ ± HQJHQGHUHG E\ WKH HPHUJLQJ SULPDF\ RI WKH YHUQDFXODU LQ ,WDO\ IRVWHUHG WKH HQWU\ LQWR WKH OLWHUDU\ DUHQD RI PDUJLQDOL]HG JURXSV ZLWK OLPLWHG DFFHVV WR IRUPDO HGXFDWLRQLQFOXGLQJZRPHQEXWVHH9LUJLQLD&R[Women’s Writing in Italy, 1400±1650 %DOWLPRUH-RKQV+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS[[±[[LDQGIRUDFULWLTXHRI 'LRQLVRWWL¶VSHULRGL]DWLRQ2QOLWHUDF\UDWHVLQWKLVSHULRGVHHDOVR3DXO*UHQGOHUSchooling in Renaissance Italy: Literacy and Learning, 1300±1600 %DOWLPRUH -RKQV +RSNLQV 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV (IIRUWVWRDSSHDOWRDIHPDOHUHDGHUVKLSH[WHQGHGDFURVVJHQUHVIRUH[DPSOHWROHWWHU FROOHFWLRQVZKLFKVRPHWLPHVLQFRUSRUDWHGDVSHFWVRIWKHlibri di segretiVHH5D\Writing Gender in Women’s Letter Collections of the Italian Renaissance 7RURQWR8QLYHUVLW\RI 7RURQWR3UHVV SS±±
Experiments with Alchemy
SK\VLFDOGHFD\ RULQDZHOONQRZQSDVVDJHIURP$ULRVWR¶VCassaria WKDWVLPLODUO\ GHULGHVZRPHQ¶VSXUVXLWRIEHDXW\. 0DQ\ERRNVRIVHFUHWVRYHUWO\DGGUHVVHGWKLV IHPDOHDXGLHQFHLQWKHLUWLWOHVRUGHGLFDWLRQVDVZHOODVWKHLUFRQWHQW,QDGGLWLRQ WR&RUWHVH¶VZRUNGLUHFWHGWR³HYHU\JUHDWODG\´7LPRWHR5RVVHOOR¶VSumma de’ Secreti VLQJOHGRXW³PHQDQGZRPHQRIJUHDWLQWHOOHFW´³KXRPLQLHGRQQH GLDOWRLQJHJQR´ ZKLOH&HOHEULQR¶VOpera nuova … per far bella ciaschuna donna New Work … For Making Every Woman Beautiful RSHQVZLWKDVRQQHW WKDW DGGUHVVHV IHPDOH UHDGHUV GLUHFWO\ Donne che desiate farve belle ³/DGLHV ZKR ZLVK WR PDNH \RXUVHOYHV EHDXWLIXO´ $QRWKHU VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ ZRUN WKH Notandissimi secreti dell’arte profumatoria DFROOHFWLRQRIUHFLSHVGHYRWHG VROHO\WRSHUIXPHVDQGFRVPHWLFVZDVLQWURGXFHGE\DOHWWHUDGGUHVVHGWR³WKRVH PRVW YLUWXRXV ODGLHV ZKR HQMR\ WKH DUW RI SHUIXPH´ ³OH YLUWXRVLVVLPH GRQQH OH TXDOLVLGLOHWWDQRGHO¶DUWHSURIXPDWRULD´ 0DQ\ RI WKH PHGLFLQDO UHFLSHV GHWDLOHG LQ YHUQDFXODU ERRNV RI VHFUHWV UHO\ RQ SURFHGXUHV DQG LQJUHGLHQWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK DOFKHP\ DQ DUHD RI VFLHQWL¿F H[SHULPHQWDWLRQWKDWZDVLQWULFDWHO\LQWHUWZLQHGZLWKWKHSUDFWLFHRIPHGLFLQHLQ WKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRGDQGLQFUHDVLQJO\DSSOLHGWRFRVPHWLFDQG³PDUYHORXV´ VHFUHWV DV ZHOO &HOHEULQR¶V VRQQHW FLWHG DERYH IRU H[DPSOH LQWHUZHDYHV DOFKHPLFDOSUDFWLFHZLWKWKHIHPLQLQHDUHQDRIFRVPHWLFHQKDQFHPHQWE\HYRNLQJ GLVWLOODWLRQ ± WKH ³SULPDU\ SURFHGXUH´ RI DOFKHP\ ± LQ WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ RI URXJHV DQG IDFH FUHDPV &HOHEULQR HODERUDWHV ³+HUH DUH FRORUV ZKLWH DQG UHG 'LYHUVHFRQFRFWLRQVRIZDWHUVGLVWLOOHG´³4XLYLEHOHWWLVRQEODQFKHHYHUPLJOL
$OEHUWLThe Family in Renaissance Florence HGDQGWUDQV5HQpH1HX:DWNLQV ,OOLQRLV:DYHODQG3UHVV %N,,,SS±*LDQQR]]R¶VFRPPHQWVWRKLVZLIHDERXW WKH FRUUXSWLQJ HIIHFWV RI FRVPHWLFV DUH EDVHG RQ WKH UHDO GDQJHUV SUHVHQWHG E\ DUVHQLF DQ LQJUHGLHQW FRPPRQO\ SUHVHQW LQ UHPHGLHV IRU WKH FRPSOH[LRQ EXW KH H[SOLFLWO\ OLQNV WKHPWRWKHPRUDOFKDUDFWHURIWKHXVHU$ULRVWR¶VCassaria 9,,,9HQLFH=RSSLQR GHVSDLUV RI ZRPHQ ³6SHQGRQR TXHVWH IHPLQH SXU DVVDL WHPSR LQ DGRUQDUVH PDL QRQ YHQJRQRDO¿QHKRUFROELDQFRKRUFROURVVRPHWWHQROHYDQRDFFRQFLDQRJXDVWDQR´ ³:RPHQVSHQGVRPXFKWLPHPDNLQJWKHPVHOYHVEHDXWLIXOWKH\DUHQHYHUGRQHQRZ ZLWKWKHZKLWHQRZZLWKWKHUHGWKH\DSSO\WKH\UHPRYHWKH\SUHSDUHWKH\UXLQ´>P\ WUDQVODWLRQ@ $ULRVWRDOVRFRPSRVHGDPRUHJHQHUDOVDWLUHHQWLWOHGWKHErbolario WKDWWDUJHWV QRWZRPHQVSHFL¿FDOO\EXWUDWKHUWKHFKDUODWDQVWKDWKDZNHGXVHOHVVUHPHGLHVFRVPHWLF DQGPHGLFLQDOWRPHQDQGZRPHQDOLNHSatire e rimenuovamente ordinate e corredate GLQRWHFRQLQ¿QH/¶HUERODULR/HOHWWHUH/HSRHVLHDWWULEXLWHDOO¶DXWRUHH,FDUPL latini 7ULHVWH6H]OHWWHUDULRDUWLVWLFDGHO/OR\GDXVWULDFR 0DQ\ VFKRODUV QRWH WKH OLQNHG QDWXUH RI DOFKHPLFDO DQG PHGLFDO SUDFWLFH LQ WKH HDUO\ PRGHUQ SHULRG VHH IRU H[DPSOH &KLDUD &ULVFLDQL ³)URP WKH /DERUDWRU\ WR WKH /LEUDU\$OFKHP\$FFRUGLQJWR*XJOLHOPR)DEUL´LQNatural Particulars: Nature and the Disciplines in Renaissance Europe $*UDIWRQDQG16LUDLVLHGV&DPEULGJH0$0,7 3UHVV SS±DQG.DWKHULQH3DUN³1DWXUDO3DUWLFXODUV0HGLFDO(SLVWHPRORJ\ 3UDFWLFHDQGWKH/LWHUDWXUHRIWKH+HDOLQJ6SULQJV´LQLELG± &I %UXFH 0RUDQ 'LVWLOOLQJ .QRZOHGJH $OFKHP\ &KHPLVWU\ DQG WKH 6FLHQWL¿F Revolution &DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\
9DULHFRPSRVLWLRQG¶DFTXHVWLOODWH´ $ZRUNVSXULRXVO\DWWULEXWHGWRWKH SK\VLFLDQ *DEULHOH )DOORSSLR WKH Secreti diversi et miracolosi Diverse and Miraculous Secrets GHVFULEHVYDULRXV³KHDOWKIXOZDWHUV´acque molto salutifere OLNHZLVHSURGXFHGWKURXJKGLVWLOODWLRQ$UHFLSHIRUZRPHQ¶VURXJH³URVVRSHU ODIDFFLD´ FDOOVIRUPL[LQJVHYHUDOLQJUHGLHQWVLQDFOHDQJODVVDOHPELFDFHQWUDO FRPSRQHQWRIWKHDOFKHPLFDOODERUDWRU\DQGDOORZLQJWKHPWRUHVWIRUWZRGD\V EHIRUHERLOLQJWKHPXQWLODOOWKHLQJUHGLHQWVKDYHGLVVROYHGDNLQGRIFRVPHWLF WUDQVPXWDWLRQ $ UHFLSH WR HQKDQFH WKH EHDXW\ RI ZRPHQ¶V KDLU a far belli li capelli DOVR FDOOV IRU WKH SURORQJHG GLVWLOODWLRQ RI LQJUHGLHQWV LQ DQ DOHPELF The Secreti RI ,VDEHOOD &RUWHVH ZKLFK SURIHVVHV LWVHOI D FRPSLODWLRQ RI ³WKLQJV PLQHUDOPHGLFLQDODOFKHPLFDODQGDUWL¿FLDO´DSSOLHVDOFKHPLFDOSURFHGXUHVWR WKHGRPHVWLFHFRQRP\WKDWZDVVRFHQWUDOWRZRPHQ¶VZRUOGODXQGHULQJFORWKLQJ PDQXIDFWXULQJSHUIXPHVSUHSDULQJDQGSUHVHUYLQJIRRGDQGZLQH DVZHOODVWR WXUQLQJEDVHPHWDOLQWRJROG,QDGGLWLRQPDQ\RIWKHUHFLSHVRIIHUHGE\ERRNV RI VHFUHWV UHO\ RQ WKH NLQGV RI LQJUHGLHQWV FRPPRQO\ SUHVHQW LQ DOFKHPLFDO H[SHULPHQWV IRU H[DPSOH PLQHUDOV VXFK DV DQWLPRQ\ VLOYHU DQG JROG RU WKH 3DUDFHOVLDQ tria prima RI VDOW VXOSKXU DQG PHUFXU\ &RUWHVH¶V LQVWUXFWLRQV IRU D VRDS FDSDEOH RI UHPRYLQJ DQ\ NLQG RI VWDLQ FDOOV IRU D PL[WXUH RI FDOFLQDWHG DOXPDQGSXOYHUL]HGWDUWDUSRXQGHGLQDEURQ]HPRUWDU±LQJUHGLHQWVSUHSDUDWLRQV DQGYHVVHOVIDPLOLDUWRWKHDOFKHPLVW8QGHUVFRULQJWKLVOLQNWRDOFKHP\ZRUNV LQFOXGLQJ&RUWHVH¶VSecreti DQG&HOHEULQR¶V'L¿FLRGHOOHULFHWWHDUHDFFRPSDQLHG E\ LOOXVWUDWLRQV GHSLFWLQJ D VHULHV RI LQWHUFRQQHFWHG YHVVHOV EHLQJ KHDWHG DW WKH KHDUWK±LPDJHVWKDWH[SOLFLWO\HYRNHWKHDOFKHPLFDOODERUDWRU\,QGHHGERRNVRI VHFUHWVRIWHQGHYRWHGHQWLUHVHFWLRQVWRDOFKHP\DVLQ%RRN,,RI&RUWHVH¶VSecreti RU$OHVVLR 3LHPRQWHVH¶V FKDSWHU RQ DOFKHP\ DQG PHWDOOXUJ\ LQ KLV Secreti that FRQWDLQV GHWDLOHG WHFKQLFDO GHVFULSWLRQV RI ZRUNLQJ ZLWK DOFKHPLFDO PDWHULDOV 7KXVDOFKHP\LVVHHQWRXQGHUOD\DUDQJHRIDFWLYLWLHVWKDWHQFRPSDVVWKHPHGLFDO DQGWKHFRVPHWLFDVZHOODVWKHSXUHO\DOFKHPLFDOWKHUHE\H[WHQGLQJLWVHOIWRWKH EURDGHUKRXVHKROGHFRQRP\LQZKLFKZRPHQZHUHFHQWUDOSOD\HUV
&HOHEULQROpera nuova…per far bella ciascuna donna XQQXPEHUHG 7KHHPSLULF/HRQDUGR)LRUDYDQWLDXWKRURIKLVRZQERRNRIVHFUHWV ZDVOLNHO\WKH UHDODXWKRUEHKLQGWKLVZRUNFI(DPRQScience S Secreti diversi e miracolosi. Raccolti dal Falloppio… 9HQLFH =DOWLHUL SS± &RUWHVHSecreti S &HOHEULQROpera nova SY $V (DPRQ SRLQWV RXW $OHVVLR LQFOXGHG VRPH SDUWLFXODUO\ YDOXDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ KHUHLQFOXGLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVIRUUH¿QLQJERUD[ZKLFKZDVLPSRUWHGWR(XURSHYLD9HQLFH ³WKXVYLRODWLQJDQLPSRUWDQWWUDGHVHFUHW´Science and the Secrets of Nature S
)LJ
$OFKHPLFDO YHVVHOV IURP I secreti de la Signora Isabella Cortese, ne’ quali si contengono cose PLQHUDOLPHGLFLQDOLDUWH¿FLRVH DOFKLPLFKH PROWHGHO¶DUWHSURIXPDWRULDDSSDUWHQHQWLDRJQL gran signora : con altri bellissimi secreti aggiunti9HQLFH%DULOHWWR &RXUWHV\RIWKH(GJDU )DKV6PLWK&ROOHFWLRQ5DUH%RRNDQG0DQXVFULSW/LEUDU\8QLYHUVLW\RI3HQQV\OYDQLD
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\
*** ,I VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ ERRNV RI VHFUHWV FDSLWDOL]HG RQ D JURZLQJ IHPDOH DXGLHQFH IRU WKHVH NLQGV RI UHFLSHV ZRPHQ KDG ORQJ EHHQ FROOHFWLQJ DQG H[SHULPHQWLQJ ZLWKVXFKLQIRUPDWLRQ:KHQ&DWHULQD6IRU]D±WKH³0DGRQQDRI)RUOu´DVVKH ZDVFDOOHGE\0DFKLDYHOOL±GLHGLQVKHOHIWDUHFRUGRIKHURZQSXUVXLW RI DOFKHPLFDO PHGLFLQDO DQG FRVPHWLF VHFUHWV LQ WKH IRUP RI D PDQXVFULSW FRPSLODWLRQRIExperimenti DVZHOODVLQKHUFRUUHVSRQGHQFH.6IRU]D¶VH[DPSOH RIIHUVLQVLJKWLQWRWKHZD\VLQZKLFKHDUO\PRGHUQZRPHQLQFRUSRUDWHGDOFKHPLFDO H[SHULPHQWLQWRWKHLUGDLO\OLYHV±DIUHTXHQWLIRIWHQXQUHPDUNHGFRPSDQLRQLQ WKHTXHVWIRUSK\VLFDOKHDOWKEHDXW\DQGLQ6IRU]D¶VFDVH WKHFUHDWLRQRIZHDOWK DQGWKHLQFUHDVHGSROLWLFDOVWDELOLW\WRZKLFKVXFKULFKHVPLJKWFRQWULEXWH6IRU]D¶V H[DPSOHDOVRVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHSXUVXLWRIVXFKNQRZOHGJHUHVXOWHGLQWKHFUHDWLRQ RIDNLQGRIDOFKHPLFDOQHWZRUNFRPSRVHGRIERWKPDOHDQGIHPDOHSUDFWLWLRQHUV ZKR H[FKDQJHG UHFLSHV ZLWK RQH DQRWKHU DQG NHSW HDFK RWKHU LQIRUPHG RI QHZ GLVFRYHULHVDVDWWHVWHGWRE\KHUFRUUHVSRQGHQFH 7KHGDXJKWHURI'XNH*DOHD]]R0DULD6IRU]DRI0LODQDQGKLVPLVWUHVV/XFUH]LD /DQGULDQL6IRU]DZDVUDLVHGDQGHGXFDWHGLQKHUIDWKHU¶VKRXVHKROG$WDJHVKH ZDVPDUULHGWR*LURODPR5LDULRDQHSKHZRI3RSH6L[WXV,9ZKRVHIRUWXQHVZHUH RQWKHULVH6IRU]DIROORZHG5LDULRWR5RPHDQGWKHQ5RPDJQDZKHUHWKHFRXSOH ZDVLQYHVWHGZLWKWKHFRQWURORIWKHWRZQVRI,PRODDQG)RUOu'HVWLQHGWREHFRPH RQHRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQZRPHQRIWKH5HQDLVVDQFH6IRU]DZDVUHJDUGHGE\ KHUFRQWHPSRUDULHVZLWKERWKDGPLUDWLRQDQGWUHSLGDWLRQIRUKHU¿HUFHRFFXSDWLRQ RIWKH&DVWHO6DQW¶$QJHORLQ5RPHLQIROORZLQJWKHGHDWKRI6L[WXV,9DV ZHOODVIRUKHUWHQDFLRXVJRYHUQDQFHRI,PRODDQG)RUOuDIWHU5LDULR¶VDVVDVVLQDWLRQ LQ(VSHFLDOO\OHJHQGDU\LVWKHVWRU\RI6IRU]D¶VGHIHQVHRIWKH5RFFDGL 5DYDOGLQR WKH PDLQ IRUWUHVV RI )RUOu LQ WKH ZDNH RI WKH FRXS DJDLQVW 5LDULR ZKHUHLQVKHVXFFHVVIXOO\RXWZLWWHGKHUHQHPLHVE\RYHUWXUQLQJWKHLUH[SHFWDWLRQV RIKHUDVDIHPDOHUXOHU0DFKLDYHOOLZKRKDGRFFDVLRQWRWUHDWZLWK6IRU]DRQ EHKDOI RI )ORUHQFH IDPRXVO\ UHODWHV WKH VWRU\ LQ KLV Discorsi GHVFULELQJ KRZ 6IRU]DLQUHVSRQVHWRKHUIRHV¶WKUHDWVWRNLOOKHUKRVWDJHFKLOGUHQOLIWHGKHUVNLUWV
6HH 1LFFROz 0DFKLDYHOOL Il principe HG /XLJL )LUSR 7XULQ (LQDXGL FKDS 7KH H[FKDQJH RI UHFLSHV ZDV FRPPRQ LQ PDQ\ 5HQDLVVDQFH FRXUWV IURP WKDW RI (OL]DEHWK,RI(QJODQGWRWKRVHRIWKH(PSUHVV0DULDRI6SDLQDQG&DWKHULQHGH0HGLFLRI )UDQFH6HH$OLVKD5DQNLQ³7KH3UDFWLFHRI3KDUPDFRORJ\DQG/D\ZRPHQ´LQEncyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England 'LDQD5RELQ$QQH5/DUVHQ DQG&DUROH/HYLQHGV6DQWD%DUEDUD&$$%&&/,2,QF S 7KHPDMRUELRJUDSKLHVRI&DWHULQD6IRU]DUHPDLQ3LHU'HVLGHULR3DVROLQL Caterina Sforza 5RPH/RHVFKHU DQG(UQVW%UHLVDFKCaterina Sforza: A Renaissance Virago &KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV 6HHDOVRWKHHVVD\VFROOHFWHGLQCaterina Sforza: Una donna del Cinquecento )ORUHQFH/D0DQGUDJRUD
Experiments with Alchemy
)LJ
3RUWUDLW RI &DWHULQD 6IRU]D *LRUJLR 9DVDUL &RXUWHV\ RI $UW 5HVRXUFH
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\
SRLQWHGWRKHUJHQLWDOLDDQGUHWRUWHGWKDWVKHFRXOGPDNHPRUH:KLOHDV-XOLD +DLUVWRQKDVGHPRQVWUDWHG0DFKLDYHOOL¶VDFFRXQWLVUDWKHUPRUHWKHDWULFDOWKDQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ FKURQLFOHUV RI WKH LQFLGHQW GHVFULEH KLV SRUWUDLW RI 6IRU]D VHUYHG WR FHPHQW WKH HQGXULQJ SXEOLF LPDJH RI KHU DV D 5HQDLVVDQFH YLUDJR ZKR KDG GH¿DQWO\SUHIHUUHGORVLQJKHUFKLOGUHQWRORVLQJKHUVWDWH :KLOH VHUYLQJ DV UHJHQW 6IRU]D FRQWLQXHG WR VROLGLI\ KHU SRZHU WKURXJK D FRPELQDWLRQRIIRUFHGLSORPDF\DQGWKHIRVWHULQJRISXEOLFZRUNVLQWKHWHUULWRULHV VKHFRQWUROOHG6KHKDGUHODWLRQVKLSVZLWKDQGSUREDEO\VHFUHWO\ZHG *LDFRPR )HRDQGDIWHU)HR¶VGHDWKDOVRE\DVVDVVLQDWLRQ *LRYDQQLGH¶0HGLFLRI)ORUHQFH ZLWKZKRPVKHKDGDVRQWKHUHQRZQHGFRQGRWWLHUH*LRYDQQLGHOOH%DQGH1HUH IDWKHUWR&RVLPR,WKH¿UVWJUDQGGXNHRI7XVFDQ\ %HVLHJHGE\&HVDUH%RUJLD ZKRKDGKLVH\HRQWKHFRQTXHVWRI,PRODDQG)RUOu6IRU]DZDVWDNHQDVDSULVRQHU WR 5RPH LQ ZKHUH VKH ZDV HYHQWXDOO\ FKDUJHG ZLWK KDYLQJ DWWHPSWHG WR SRLVRQ3RSH$OH[DQGHU9,&HVDUH¶VIDWKHU$IWHUD\HDURIVROLWDU\FRQ¿QHPHQWLQ WKHVDPH&DVWHO6DQW¶$QJHORVKHKDGRFFXSLHGVRGH¿DQWO\\HDUVHDUOLHU6IRU]D ZDVFRPSHOOHGWRUHQRXQFHKHUWLWOHVWR,PRODDQG)RUOu5HOHDVHGLQVKH PDGHKHUZD\WR)ORUHQFH7KHUHVKHUHPDLQHGXQWLOKHUGHDWKLQZKHQVKH ZDVEXULHGLQWKHFRQYHQWRI/H0XUDWHRIZKLFKVKHKDGEHHQDSDWURQ :KLOH6IRU]DLVZHOONQRZQIRUKHULPSRUWDQFHDVDSROLWLFDO¿JXUHKHULQWHUHVWLQ DOFKHP\DQGPHGLFLQHKDVUHFHLYHGOHVVVFUXWLQ\+RZHYHU6IRU]D¶VExperimenti D UHSRVLWRU\ RI UHFLSHV IRU HYHU\WKLQJ IURP G\LQJ GDUN KDLU EORQG DQG FUHDWLQJ
&I 0DFKLDYHOOL Discorsi ,,, PRGL¿HG LQ ,VWRULH ¿RUHQWLQH 9,,, S 0DFKLDYHOOLThe Prince FKDSWHUFLWHV6IRU]DDVDQHJDWLYH H[DPSOHZLWKUHIHUHQFHWR WKHXVHIXOQHVVRIIRUWUHVVHVWRUXOHUVXQGHUVHLJH 6SHFL¿FDOO\&DWHULQD¶VOLIWLQJRIKHUVNLUWVZRXOGDSSHDUWRKDYHRULJLQDWHGZLWK 0DFKLDYHOOL 6HH -XOLD +DLUVWRQ ³6NLUWLQJ WKH ,VVXH 0DFKLDYHOOL¶V &DWHULQD 6IRU]D´ Renaissance Quarterly ±2QWKHLQFLGHQWDWWKH5RFFDGL5DYDOGLQR DQG0DFKLDYHOOL¶VUHZRUNLQJRILWVHHDOVR-RKQ)UHFFHUR³0HGXVDDQGWKH0DGRQQDRI )RUOL3ROLWLFDO6H[XDOLW\LQ0DFKLDYHOOL´LQMachiavelli and the Discourse of Literature HG$OEHUW5XVVHOO$VFROLDQG9LFWRULD.DKQ,WKDFD&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS ± DQG )UDQFHVFR %DXVL ³0DFKLDYHOOL DQG &DWHULQD 6IRU]D´ LQ Archivio storico italiano GLVS,9SS± 2Q6IRU]D¶VSDWURQDJHRIWKLVDQGRWKHULQVWLWXWLRQVVHH-R\FH'H9ULHV³&DVWLQJ +HU :LGRZKRRG 7KH &RQWHPSRUDU\ DQG 3RVWKXPRXV 3RUWUDLWV RI &DWHULQD 6IRU]D´ LQ Widowhood and Visual Culture in Early Modern Europe HG$OOLVRQ/HY\$OGHUVKRW8. $VKJDWH SS± :LWKVRPHH[FHSWLRQVVHHLQDGGLWLRQWR3DVROLQLCaterina Sforza Y,,,8PEHUWR )RVFKLFantasia e superstizione delle ricette di Caterina Sforza…, Bollettino economico. 2UJDQRXI¿FLOHGHOOD&&,$$GL5DYHQQD ±1DWDOH*UD]LDQLDQG*DEULHOOD 9HQWXULQLCaterina Sforza 0LODQ'HOO¶2JOLR SS±0DULR7DEDQHOOL³5LFHWWH GLPHGLFLQDGDOOLEUR³'HJOLH[SHULPHQWL´GL&DWHULQD6IRU]D´La piê ± and Ricettario di bellezza. Introduzione di Luigi Pescasio &DVWLJOLRQHGHOOH6WLYLHUH 6HHDOVRWKHHVVD\VFRQWDLQHGLQWKHH[KLELWLRQFDWDORJXHCaterina Sforza: Una donna del Cinquecento1RQHRIWKHVHZRUNVKRZHYHUGHDOVLQDQ\JUHDWGHSWKZLWK6IRU]D¶VLQWHUHVW LQDOFKHP\
Experiments with Alchemy
EHDXW\ZDWHUVDQGFUHDPVWRFXULQJDLOPHQWVVXFKDVDVWKPDFDQFHUDQGVFLDWLFD DQGWXUQLQJEDVHPHWDOWRJROGFDQLQGHHGEHLQWHUSUHWHGDVD³IRXQGDWLRQDOWH[WLQ WKHKLVWRU\RISKDUPDFRORJ\´QRWWRPHQWLRQWKDWRIDOFKHP\6IRU]DZDVQRWWKH RQO\ZRPDQWRH[SHULPHQWZLWKUHPHGLHVDQGUHFLSHVLQWKLVZD\LQFRUSRUDWLQJ PHGLFDODQGDOFKHPLFDONQRZOHGJHWRPHHWWKHQHHGVRIGDLO\OLIH$FFRUGLQJWR 0RQLFD*UHHQWKH³FROOHFWLQJRIIDPLO\UHPHGLHV´ZDVE\WKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ DFRPPRQIHPLQLQHSDVWLPHFHUWDLQO\,WDOLDQDUFKLYHVDUH¿OOHGZLWKQXPHURXV VXFKFRPSLODWLRQV:KLOHPDQ\RIWKHVHDUHDQRQ\PRXVDQGWKHUHIRUHWKHLUIHPDOH DXWKRUVKLSFDQQRWEHHVWDEOLVKHGZLWKFHUWDLQW\WKHLUDWWHQWLRQWRZRPHQ¶VKHDOWK DQGEHDXW\VXJJHVWVDWWKHYHU\OHDVWDIHPDOHDXGLHQFH6IRU]D¶VRZQPDQXVFULSW DOVR SUHVHQWV VRPH SKLORORJLFDO SUREOHPV IRU WKH RULJLQDO PDQXVFULSW RI WKH Experimenti VDLGWRKDYHEHHQ SDVVHGGRZQE\6IRU]DWRKHUVRQ*LRYDQQLGHOOH %DQGH1HUHKDVEHHQORVW$FRQWHPSRUDU\WUDQVFULSWLRQRIWKHZRUNE\/XFDQWRQLR &XSSDQRDFRORQHOZKRVHUYHGXQGHU*LRYDQQLVXUYLYHVLQDSULYDWHFROOHFWLRQ LWZDVSXEOLVKHGLQWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\E\6IRU]D¶VELRJUDSKHU3LHU'HVLGHULR 3DVROLQLZKRWHUPHGLWWKH³PRVWFRPSOHWHDQGLPSRUWDQWNQRZQGRFXPHQWRQ PHGLFLQHDQGSHUIXPH´RIWKHHDUO\VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\&XSSDQR¶VSUHIDFHUHIHUV UHSHDWHGO\WR6IRU]DDVWKHZRUN¶VDXWKRUDQGWRKLPVHOIDVWKHWUDQVFULEHURIKHU RULJLQDOKDQGZULWWHQLQVWUXFWLRQV+HWDNHVFDUHWRXQGHUVFRUHWKDWKHZRUNVIURP DQDXWRJUDSKFRS\RI6IRU]D¶VPDQXVFULSWWKXVHPSKDVL]LQJKHUGLUHFWHQJDJHPHQW ZLWKWKHYROXPHDVERWKDXWKRUDQGPHGLFDODOFKHPLFDOSUDFWLWLRQHU
&I -XOLD +DLUVWRQ ³2XW RI WKH$UFKLYH )RXU 1HZO\,GHQWL¿HG )LJXUHV LQ7XOOLD G¶$UDJRQD¶VRime della Signora Tullia di Aragona et di diversi a lei ´LQMLN ± &I0RQLFD+*UHHQWomen’s Healthcare in the Medieval West $OGHUVKRW8. $VKJDWH S6HHDOVR7$GROSKXV7UROORSHA Decade of Italian Women Y ³7KHSUDFWLFHRIIRUPLQJDQGSUHVHUYLQJVXFKFROOHFWLRQVVHHPVWRKDYHEHHQDFRPPRQ RQHDPRQJWKHODGLHVRIWKDWWLPH´/RQGRQ&KDSPDQ +DOO $Ricettario galante GDWLQJWRWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\FRQWDLQVDOFKHPLFDOO\GHULYHGFRVPHWLFUHFLSHVDWWULEXWHGWR ,VDEHOOD'¶$UDJRQDZLIHRI*LDQ*DOHD]]R6IRU]D&DWHULQD¶VKDOIEURWKHU DQG(OLVDEHWWD *RQ]DJDZLIHRI*XLGREDOGRGD0RQWHIHOWURRI8UELQRRicettario galante. Del principio del secolo XVI HG 2OLQGR *XHUULQL %RORJQD *DHWDQR 5RPDJQROL VHH EHORZ 5DIIDHOH &LDVFD/¶DUWH GHL PHGLFL H VSH]LDOL QHOOD VWRULDH QHOFRPPHUFLR¿RUHQWLQRGDO secolo XII al XV )ORUHQFH 2OVFKNL FLWHV VHYHUDO VXFK PDQXVFULSW FRPSLODWLRQV DW WKH %LEOLRWHFD 1D]LRQDOH GL )LUHQ]H SS ± 5HFHQW VFKRODUVKLS DOVR VKRZV WKDW WKHQXQVRI,WDO\¶VPDQ\FRQYHQWVSURGXFHGDQGGLVSHQVHGSKDUPDFHXWLFDOVDQGUDQWKHLU RZQ DSRWKHFDULHV VHH 6KDURQ 6WURFFKLD Nuns and Nunneries in Renaissance Florence %DOWLPRUH-RKQV+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 3DVROLQLCaterina Sforza YS7KHPDQXVFULSWLVQRZLQDSULYDWHDUFKLYH $UFKLYLR3DVROLQL LQ5DYHQQD/XFD$QWRQLR&XSSDQRDSSHDUVDVDQLQWHUORFXWRULQWKH Rime RI7XOOLDG¶$UDJRQDVHH+DLUVWRQ³2XWRIWKH$UFKLYHV´S 2Q&XSSDQRVHH &DUOR&RSSLGD*RU]DQR³,O&RQWH/XFDQWRQLR&RSSLGHWWR&XSSDQRXOWLPRFRQGRWWLHUR GHOOH%DQGH1HUHHGLPHQWLFDWR*RYHUQDWRUH*HQHUDOHGL3LRPELQR± ´Rivisita araldica ±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\ ,Q QRPH GH 'LR LQ TXHVWR OLEUR VH QRWHUDQQR DOFXQL H[SHULPHQWL FDYDWL GD OR RULJLQDOH GH OD LOOX[PD PDGRQQD &DWHULQD GD )XUOL 0DWUH GH OR LOOX[PR 6UH MRDQQ GH PHGLFLPLR 6UH HW SDWURQH HW SHU HVVHUHORRULJLQDOHVFULSWRGHPDQ SURSULDGHGLFWDPDGRQQDQRQPHFXUDUzGXUDUHIDWLJDDUHVFULYHUOL ,QWKHQDPHRI*RGLQWKLVERRN\RXZLOO¿QGVRPHH[SHULPHQWVWDNHQIURPWKH RULJLQDOE\WKHPRVWLOOXVWULRXVPDGRQQD&DWHULQDRI)RUOLPRWKHURIWKHPRVW LOOXVWULRXVVLJQRU*LRYDQQLGH0HGLFLP\ORUGDQGSDWURQDQGVLQFHWKHRULJLQDO ZDVZULWWHQLQVDLGPDGRQQD¶VRZQKDQG,ZLOOQRWPLQGWKHIDWLJXH,XQGHUJR LQFRS\LQJWKHP
%HFDXVHWKHRULJLQDOPDQXVFULSWLVQRORQJHUH[WDQWZHFDQQRWFRPSDUHWKHKDQG LQZKLFKLWZDVFRPSRVHGWR6IRU]D¶VRZQ:HDUHIRUFHGWRUHO\RQ&XSSDQR¶V WHVWLPRQ\DVWRWKHZRUN¶VDXWKRUVKLSLQKLVSUHIDFHDQGDWVHYHUDOSRLQWVLQWKH ERG\RIWKHWH[WZKHUHWKHFRS\LVWDJDLQUHLWHUDWHV6IRU]D¶VRZQHUVKLSDQGPDVWHU\ RI WKHVH UHFLSHV IRU H[DPSOH UHPLQGLQJ WKH UHDGHU WKDW D UHFLSH IRU FDOFLQDWHG WDOF D PLQHUDO XVHG LQ PDQ\ DOFKHPLFDO DQG FRVPHWLF SUHSDUDWLRQV PXVW EH FDUHIXOO\IROORZHG³MXVWDV0DGDPHRI)XUOuXVHGWRGRLW´$VZHZLOOVHHEHORZ KRZHYHUOHWWHUVDWWHVWLQJWRWKHHQGXULQJEXVLQHVVUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ6IRU]DDQG KHUVSH]LDOHLQ)RUOuDORQJZLWKRWKHUVDGGUHVVHGWRKHUWKDWSURYLGHRUUHTXHVW DVVLVWDQFH ZLWK DOFKHPLFDO PHGLFLQDO DQG FRVPHWLF UHFLSHV RIIHU FRQYLQFLQJ HYLGHQFH WKDW VKH ZDV DFWLYHO\ LQYROYHG LQ WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI VXFK UHFLSHV DQG VXSSRUW WKH SURSRVLWLRQ WKDW VKH ZDV FRPSLOLQJ VXFK D ZRUN EHIRUH KHU GHDWK $ YDOXDEOH FXOWXUDO DUWLIDFW WKH Experimenti VXJJHVWV WKDW DOFKHP\ LQ LWV PDQ\ FRQ¿JXUDWLRQVPHGLFDOFKHPLFDOFRVPHWLF ZDVDFHQWUDODQGFRQWLQXLQJSXUVXLW IRU6IRU]DRQHWKDWRFFXSLHGKHUDWWHQWLRQHYHQDPLGVWKHUPRVWSUHVVLQJSROLWLFDO EDWWOHVDQGXSXQWLOWKHHQGRIKHUOLIH 6IRU]D¶V PDQXVFULSW EHDUV VWULNLQJ UHVHPEODQFHV WR WKH NLQGV RI SXEOLVKHG FROOHFWLRQV RI ³VHFUHWV´ GLVFXVVHG DERYH LQFOXGLQJ WKDW RI &RUWHVH VXJJHVWLQJ WKDWLQVRPHFDVHVVXFKZRUNVPD\KDYHIRXQGWKHLUPRGHOVLQTXRWLGLDQSUDFWLFH &HUWDLQO\ WKH Experimenti VKDUHV ZLWK WKHVH ODWHU SULQWHG ERRNV RI VHFUHWV DQ LQWHUHVWLQH[SHULPHQWDOPHWKRGRORJ\7KHEULHIIRUHZRUGDGGHGWRWKHExperimenti E\ &XSSDQR HPSKDVL]HV WKDW WKHVH DUH UHFLSHV WKDW 6IRU]D SHUVRQDOO\ WULHG DQG WHVWHGWKHUHIRUH³RQHPXVWDVVXPH>DOOWKHUHFLSHV@WREHHIIHFWLYHIRUWKH\KDYH EHHQSURYHQVRE\WKLVJUHDWODG\´/LNHPDQ\SULQWHGERRNVRIVHFUHWV6IRU]D¶V FRPSLODWLRQ LV SODLQ LQ VW\OH DQG GHYRLG RI QDUUDWLYH IUDPHZRUN RU ÀRXULVK ,WV 3DVROLQLCaterina Sforza YS³LOYHURPRGRGHFDOFLQDUORVLHTXHVWRFRPR XVDYDPDGDPDGD)XUOu´ 7UROORSH¶VVSHFXODWLRQWKDW&DWHULQDFRPSLOHGWKHZKROHRIKHUExperimenti RQO\ GXULQJ KHU ¿QDO \HDUV LQ )ORUHQFH VHHPV XQOLNHO\ DOWKRXJK VKH ZDV FHUWDLQO\ FROOHFWLQJ UHFLSHVXQWLOWKH\HDUEHIRUHKHUGHDWK3HVFDVLRVXUPLVHVWKDWWKHUHFLSHVZHUHFRPSLOHG RYHUFRXUVHRIKHUOLIHRicettario di Bellezza di Caterina SforzaS 3DVROLQLCaterina Sforza YS³VHGHYHH[WLPDUHWXFWLOLDOWULHVVHUHYHULSHU HVVHUHH[SHULPHQWDWLGDFXVLDOWDPDGRQQD´
Experiments with Alchemy
UHFLSHVDUHRIWHQJHQHUDOLQQDWXUHDVVXPLQJVRPHSULRUNQRZOHGJHRUIDPLOLDULW\ RQWKHSDUWRIWKHXVHU7KHUHFLSHVDUHSUHVHQWHGDVWRROVIRUQDYLJDWLQJGDLO\ OLIH DQG GDLO\ SUREOHPV VRPH RI WKH PRUH RYHUWO\ DOFKHPLFDO UHFLSHV VHHP WR GHULYH IURP 6IRU]D¶V SDUWLFXODU FRQFHUQV DV D UXOHU RI WZR WHUULWRULHV LQ QHHG RI ¿QDQFLDOEDFNLQJIRUH[DPSOHDOFKHPLFDOUHFLSHVIRUFRORULQJRUDGGLQJZHLJKW WRPHWDOVRWKDWLWDSSHDUVWREHJROG 2FFDVLRQDODVLGHVLQVHUWHGLQWRWKHUHFLSHV XQGHUVFRUH WKH FROOHFWLRQ¶V IXQFWLRQ DV D SUDFWLFDO PDQXDO 2QH VXFK QRWH IRU H[DPSOH ZKHWKHU &XSSDQR¶V RU 6IRU]D¶V RZQ LV XQFOHDU H[SODLQV WKDW H[WUD VSDFH KDV EHHQ OHIW LQ WKH PDQXVFULSW IROORZLQJ D UHFLSH IRU WDOF ZDWHU VR WKDW DQ\RQHZKRGLVFRYHUVDGGLWLRQDOXVHVIRUWKHPL[WXUHFDQZULWHWKHPLQIRUWKH EHQH¿W RI IXWXUH UHDGHUV ,QGHHG WKH QRWH HODERUDWHV LW ZRXOG EH ³D PRUWDO VLQWRNHHSVXFKWUHDVXUH>LHNQRZOHGJH@KLGGHQ´7KHWHQVLRQUHYHDOHGKHUH EHWZHHQWKHVHFUHF\DQGREVFXULW\WUDGLWLRQDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDOFKHP\DQGWKH SUDFWLFDOLPSHUDWLYHWRGLVFORVHDQGVKDUHLQIRUPDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\EXWQRWRQO\ ZKHQLWUHODWHVWRKHDOWKLVDOVRFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKHSULQWHGERRNVRIVHFUHWVWKDW 6IRU]D¶VFROOHFWLRQSUH¿JXUHV:RUNVVXFKDVWKHSecreti di Isabella Cortese PXVW FRQVWDQWO\QHJRWLDWHWKHFRQÀLFWEHWZHHQPDLQWDLQLQJWKHSULYLOHJHGQDWXUHRIWKH UHFLSHVHYHQDVWKH\UHYHDOWKHPWRWKHUHDGHUDQGHQVXUHWKHLUVWLOOZLGHUGLIIXVLRQ WKURXJK SULQW VHHNLQJ WR PDLQWDLQ WKLV DXUD RI VHFUHF\ &RUWHVH IRU H[DPSOH FDXWLRQVWKDWWRUHYHDODVHFUHWFDXVHVLWWRORVHLWVSRZHU )XUWKHUFRQWULEXWLQJWR DYHQHHURIVHFUHF\LVDKDQGIXORI6IRU]D¶VUHFLSHVWKDWDUHRIIHUHGLQ/DWLQUDWKHU WKDQ ,WDOLDQ7KHVH UHFLSHV DUH IRU WKH PRVW SDUW UHODWHG WR WKH WUDQVPXWDWLRQ RI PHWDOV±WKH/DWLQLQWHQGHGWRVLJQDOWKHLUSDUWLFXODUJUDYLW\DQGLPSRUWDQFHERWK ,QKHUVWXG\RIFRRNHU\DQG³KRXVHKROGSK\VLFN´ERRNVLQHDUO\PRGHUQ(QJODQG (OL]DEHWK 7HEHDX[ HPSKDVL]HV WKH UROH RI WHFKQLFDO ZULWLQJ DV D PHPRU\ DLG PHDQW WR VXSSOHPHQWZRPHQ¶VH[LVWLQJNQRZOHGJH³7KHIDFWWKDWWKHVHERRNVJDYHOHVVHPSKDVLV WR H[DFW TXDQWLWLHV WKDQ WR LQJUHGLHQWV DQG SODFHG OLWWOH HPSKDVLV RQ SUHFLVH LQVWUXFWLRQV IRUWKHPDNLQJDQGWKHQXVLQJ>RI@IRRGVDQGIRONPHGLFLQHVLPSOLHVWKDWZRPHQUHDGHUV KDGDEDVLFNQRZOHGJHRIFRRNLQJZKLFKWKH\OHDUQHGWKURXJKRUDOWUDQVPLVVLRQDQGIURP GHPRQVWUDWLRQ´ ³:RPHQ DQG 7HFKQLFDO :ULWLQJ ± 7HFKQRORJ\ /LWHUDF\ DQG 'HYHORSPHQWRID*HQUH´LQWomen, Science and Medicine S 3DVROLQLCaterina Sforza YS5HJDUGOHVVRIKRZPXFKEODQNVSDFHZDV DYDLODEOHUHDGHUVZHUHOLNHO\WRPDNHWKHLURZQQRWHVLQWKHPDUJLQUHJDUGLQJWKHVXFFHVV RIWKHUHFLSHRUDQ\DGMXVWPHQWVWKDWVKRXOGEHPDGHWRLW$HGLWLRQRIWKHTriumpho di ULFHWWH VHFUHWLEHOOLVVLPLFRPSRVWRSHU*LRYDQEDWWLVWD9HULQL)LRUHQWLQLDWWKH1HZEHUU\ /LEUDU\IRUH[DPSOHLVDQQRWDWHGWKURXJKRXWLQWKLVIDVKLRQ ,ELG³qPRUWDOHSHFFDWRWHQHUHDVFRVRWDQWRWHVRUR´+LJKOLJKWLQJERWKWKHVHFUHF\ DQGWKHXWLOLW\RI6IRU]D¶VVHFUHWV&XSSDQRDJDLQDGGVWKDWWKHUHFLSHVZHUH³ZULWWHQGRZQ LQ>6IRU]D¶V@RZQKDQGDQGVRDVQRWWRNHHSWKHVHPDUYHORXVVHFUHWVKLGGHQ,QRZOHDYHD UHFRUGRIWKHP,ELGS³H[SHULPHQWDWLGDFXVLDOWDPDGRQQDHVFULSWLGHVXDSURSULD PDQRHWSHUFKpTXHVWLPLUDELOLVHFUHWLQRQVLDQRDVFRVLSHUPHVHQHWLUDPHPRULD &RUWHVHS³LOUHYHODUHGHVHFUHWLIDSHUGHUHO¶HI¿FDFLD´2QWKHWUDGLWLRQVDQG VWUDWHJLHV RI VHFUHF\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK DOFKHPLFDO WH[WV VHH IRU H[DPSOH /RQJ Openness, Secrecy, Authorship.
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\
LQWHUPVRIWKHLUDOFKHPLFDOFRQWHQWDQGWKHLUSRVVLEOHVLJQL¿FDQFHDVDSROLWLFDO WRROIRUWKHFUHDWLRQRIFXUUHQF\RUSHUKDSVVLPSO\WRLQGLFDWHWKHLUSURYHQDQFH IURPDQRWKHUVRXUFH 6HYHUDORIWKHDOFKHPLFDOUHFLSHV±SDUWLFXODUO\WKRVHWKDW GHVFULEH WHFKQLTXHV UDWKHU WKDQ LQJUHGLHQWV RU XVHV ± DUH SDUWLDOO\ SUHVHQWHG LQ FRGHWKHNH\WRZKLFKLVSURYLGHGRQWKHPDQXVFULSW¶V¿UVWSDJH /LNH &RUWHVH¶V Secreti 6IRU]D¶V Experimenti HQFRPSDVV KHDOWK EHDXW\ DQG DOFKHP\2IWKHUHFLSHVVKHUHFRUGVWKHPDMRULW\DUHSULPDULO\PHGLFLQDOLQ QDWXUH ZKLOHWKHRWKHUVDUHGLYLGHGDPRQJFRVPHWLFDQGDOFKHPLFDOUHFLSHV +RZHYHULWLVGLI¿FXOWWRGUDZUHDOGLVWLQFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHW\SHVRIUHFLSHVIRU KHUH DV LQ WKH SULQWHG ERRNV RI VHFUHWV GLVFXVVHG DERYH FRVPHWLF DQG PHGLFDO UHFLSHV UHO\ KHDYLO\ RQ DOFKHPLFDO LQJUHGLHQWV DQG SURFHVVHV $PRQJ 6IRU]D¶V PHGLFLQDOUHFLSHVIRUH[DPSOHDUHDQXPEHURIGLVWLOOHGZDWHUVXQJXHQWVDQG HOL[LUVSURGXFHGWKURXJKDOFKHPLFDOSURFHGXUHVVXFKDVPXOWLSOLFDWLRQDNLQGRI SURJUHVVLYH GLVWLOODWLRQ ZKHUHE\ D VXEVWDQFH DVVXPHV JUHDWHU DQG PRUH GLYHUVH SRZHUV GXULQJ WKH FRXUVH RI SUHSDUDWLRQ $ ³PDUYHORXV VHFUHW XQJXHQW´ ³XQD XQWLRQH PLUDELOH VHJUHWD´ IRU JRXW VFLDWLFD DQG QHUYRXV WHQVLRQ IRU H[DPSOH LQYROYHVERLOLQJPHDWDQGVDODGOHDYHVLQZLQHIRUHLJKWKRXUVWKHQGUDLQLQJWKH PL[WXUHDQGDGGLQJDGGLWLRQDOLQJUHGLHQWVVXFKDVURVHPDU\DQGRWKHUKHUEVRYHU DQDGGLWLRQDOSHULRG7RPDNHDWUXO\PDUYHORXVXQJXHQW6IRU]DDGGVOHDYHWKH PL[WXUHRXWVLGHIRUDPRQWKVRWKDWLWPD\JDLQIRUFHIURPWKHKHDWRIWKHVXQ 0RUHJHQHUDOSDQDFHDVGHVFULEHGE\6IRU]DLQFOXGHDQelisir vitae DQHOL[LUFDSDEOH RIFRQIHUULQJSHUSHWXDOKHDOWKDQG\RXWK±DSULQFLSOHJRDORIWKHUDSHXWLFDOFKHP\ ³«LWFDXVHVDSHUVRQWRUHJDLQKLV\RXWKDQGEULQJVWKHGHDGEDFNWROLIHDQGLI VRPHRQHZHUHVRLOODVWRKDYHEHHQDEDQGRQHGE\KLVSK\VLFLDQVDVDQLQFXUDEOH FDVHLWZLOOUHVWRUHKLPWRKHDOWK´7RFUHDWHWKLVHOL[LU6IRU]DDGYLVHVPL[LQJ VSLFHVÀRZHUVKHUEVIUXLWDQGVXJDULQDSHVWOHWKHQGLVWLOOLQJWKHPL[WXUHZLWK ZDWHULQDWLJKWO\VHDOHGJODVVDOHPELF$IWHUWZRGD\VWKHPL[WXUHLVVWLUUHGRYHU VORZKHDWXQWLOWKHZDWHUFKDQJHVFRORUIURPFOHDUWRZKLWH7KHVHVWDJHVUHFDOOWKH SULQFLSOHVWDJHVRIWKHDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVVDVGHVFULEHGLQWKHRUHWLFDODOFKHPLFDO WH[WV LQ ZKLFK WKH SKDVHV RI WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ DUH PDUNHG E\ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ FKDQJHVLQFRORUUHQGHULQJWKHXVHRIDJODVVYHVVHORIFHQWUDOLPSRUWDQFHWRWKH DOFKHPLVW 6LPLODUO\DQ³DFTXDPLUDELOHHWGLYLQD´³DPLUDFXORXVDQGGLYLQH 7KHNH\UHDGVEIKS[IRU$(,28FI3DVROLQLS ,WZDVQRWXQXVXDOWR KLJKOLJKWWKHSDUWLFXODUYDOXHRIDUHFLSHE\SURYLGLQJLWZKROO\RUSDUWLDOO\LQFRGH &I)DEUL]LD)LXPLDQG*LRYDQQD7HPSHVWD³*OLµ([SHULPHQWL¶GL&DWHULQD6IRU]D´ in Caterina Sforza: Una donna del CinquecentoS 3DVROLQLCaterina Sforza Y S ,ELGS³«IDUHJLRYHQLUHODSHUVRQDHWGHPRUWRIDYLYRFLzHVLXQDSHUVRQD IXVVHWDQWRJUDYDWDGHLQIHUPLWDWHFKHOLPHGLFLODEDQGRQDVVLQRSHULQFXUDELOHHWPRUWDOD UHGXFHDVDQLWj´ ,ELG 6HHIRUH[DPSOH:LOOLDP1HZPDQ³7KH+RPXQFXOXVDQG+LV)RUEHDUV:RQGHUV RI$UWDQG1DWXUH´LQNatural Particulars S±
Experiments with Alchemy
ZDWHU´ SURGXFHGIURPDPL[WXUHRIVSLFHVÀRZHUVZLQHDQGRWKHULQJUHGLHQWV LPSURYHVPHPRU\WUHDWVWRRWKDFKHHDUDFKHDQGPHODQFKRO\DQGFDQHYHQFXUH OHSURV\ SDUDO\VLV DQG RWKHU JUDYH LOOQHVVHV 'LVWLOOHG RYHU D SHULRG RI VHYHUDO GD\VWKLVUHFLSHOLNHWKHHOL[LUDOVRUHVXOWVLQWKUHHVHSDUDWHVWDJHVRIOLTXLGHDFK PRUH SRZHUIXO WKDQ WKH ODVW KHUH WKH WKLUG VWDJH SURGXFHV WKH GHHS UHG FRORU SUL]HG E\ DOFKHPLVWV DQG FDSDEOH RI EULQJLQJ D SDWLHQW EDFN IURP WKH EULQN RI GHDWK³WKHVHFRQG>OLTXLG@LVEHWWHUWKDQWKH¿UVWEXWWKHWKLUGLVWKHFRORURI EORRGDQGEHWWHUWKDQDOOWKHUHVW´6IRU]DLQFOXGHVPDQ\RWKHUPHGLFLQDOUHFLSHV WRWUHDWHYHU\WKLQJIURPOLFHDQGFROLFWRZRXQGVSRLVRQFDQFHUDQGSODJXHDQG HYHQRQHIRUDSRZHUIXORSLXPEDVHGVXUJLFDODQHVWKHWLFWKDWSODFHVWKHSDWLHQW LQDGUXJLQGXFHGVOHHS$VEH¿WWLQJDUXOHULQD5HQDLVVDQFHFRXUW6IRU]DDOVR UHFRUGVUHFLSHVIRUSRLVRQVDQGWKHLUDQWLGRWHVDORQJZLWKRWKHUVIRULQYLVLEOHLQN DQGWKHOLNH 6IRU]D¶VUHFLSHVOLNHPRVWPHGLFLQDOSUHSDUDWLRQVRIWKHWLPHUHO\H[WHQVLYHO\ RQ IDPLOLDU KHUEV VSLFHV DQG IRRGVWXIIV DV ZHOO DV RQ PRUH H[RWLF LQJUHGLHQWV WKRXJKWWRFRQWDLQPDJLFDODQGFXUDWLYHSURSHUWLHVVXFKDVKHOLRWURSHDYDULHW\ RI TXDUW] 0DQ\ RI WKHP VXJJHVW WKDW VKH VXEVFULEHG WR WKH ODZ RI VLPLODUV DFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKDVXEVWDQFHLVWKRXJKWWRVKDUHDFRPPRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFZLWK WKHGLVHDVHLWLVXVHGWRWUHDWIRUH[DPSOHXVLQJJRDW¶VVSOHHQWRWUHDWWKHVSOHHQ RU DOWHUQDWLYHO\WRLPSDUWLWVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWRWKHSDWLHQWIRUH[DPSOHHJJZKLWHVWR ZKLWHQWKHFRPSOH[LRQ $IHZRI6IRU]D¶VUHFLSHVUHWDLQWKHPL[WXUHRISKDUPDF\
3DVROLQLCaterina Sforza Y S³ODVHFRQGDqPHJOLRFKHODSULPDPDOD WHU]DqGHFRORUGHVDQJXHHVRSUDWXWWH´ ,ELGS³$IDUGRUPLUHXQDSHUVRQDSHUWDOPRGRFKHSRUDLRSHUDUHLQFLUXUJLD TXHOFKHYRUDLHQRQVHQWLUjHVWSUREDWXP´)RU3DWUL]LD&DWHOODQLWKLVUHFLSHLV³«IRUVH OD SL FRQVLGHUHYROH GL WXWWR LO OLEUR´ KWWSFKLIDUXQLSYLWPXVHR&DWHOODQLFDW6IRU]D &DWHULQD6IKWP &ILQ3DVROLQLCaterina Sforza YVHYHUDOUHFLSHVIRUSRLVRQVDQGDQWLGRWHVWKDW WDNHVFRUSLRQDVDFHQWUDOLQJUHGLHQWRQHRIWKHVHLVDWWULEXWHGWR3RSH3DXO,,± SS 3RLVRQZDVFHUWDLQO\FRQVLGHUHGDUHDOWKUHDW6IRU]DKHUVHOIZDVDFFXVHG RIKDYLQJDWWHPSWHGWRSRLVRQ3RSH$OH[DQGHU,9E\VHQGLQJKLPOHWWHUVFRQWDPLQDWHGE\ SODJXH DOWKRXJKLWLVZLGHO\DJUHHGWKDWWKLVDFFXVDWLRQZDVDPHUHSUHWH[WRQ$OH[DQGHU¶V SDUWIRUFRQ¿QLQJKHUWR&DVWHO6DQW¶$QJHOR$OVRLQFOXGHGLQWKHExperimenti DUHUHFLSHV IRUFRQFHDOLQJDQGSURWHFWLQJZULWWHQGRFXPHQWVLQYDULRXVZD\VIRUH[DPSOHDQ³$FTXD GDFDQFHODUHOHOHWWHUHVFULWWH´>S@DQGDQRWKHU³$FTXDGDVFULYHUHFKHQRQVLYHGD´ >S@ERWKRIIHUHGLQ/DWLQ 6LPLODUUHFLSHVDSSHDULQ&RUWHVH¶V6HFUHWLVHH³&RQWUD SHVWHHWYHOHQR´S ³2OLRGLVFRUSLRQHFRQWUDSHVWHHWDOWULPDOL´S ³,QFKLRVWUR FKHLQTXDUDQWDGuVSDULVFHHQRQVLYHGH´S ³6FDQFHOODUOHWWHUHVHQ]DJXDVWDUFDUWD SHUJDPHQD´S 6HH6LUDLVLMedieval and Early Modern Medicine SS± VHHDOVR$QQD0DULD *XFFLQL³/¶DUWHGHL6HPSOLFL$OFKLPLHHPHGLFLQDQDWXUDOLVWLFDWUDFRQRVFHQ]DHFUHGHQ]D DOO¶HSRFDGL&DWHULQD´LQCaterina Sforza: Una donna del Cinquecento SS± ,QVRPHFDVHVWKHDI¿QLW\LVPHUHO\OLQJXLVWLFDVLQ³FRUDOOR´FRUDO WRWUHDWWKH ³FRUH´KHDUW &I3DVROLQLCaterina Sforza Y SS±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\
DQGDVWURORJ\WKDWDOVRFKDUDFWHUL]HVVRPHERRNVRIVHFUHWVDVLQKHULQVWUXFWLRQV IRUDSUHSDUDWLRQRIEOHVVHGWKLVWOH³FDUGR%HQHGHWWR´ WKDWFXUHVKHDGDFKHZKHQ HDWHQLQVDODGERG\DFKHVZKHQWDNHQZLWKUHGZLQHDQGZKHQGLVWLOOHGLQWRD OLTXLGGXULQJWKHPRQWKVRI0D\RU$XJXVWULGVWKHERG\RIDOO³FDWWLYLKXPRUL´ ³EDG KXPRUV´ :KHUH GLG 6IRU]D REWDLQ WKH KHUEV DQG RWKHU LQJUHGLHQWV IRU KHU PHGLFLQDO UHFLSHV" +HU FRUUHVSRQGHQFH LQGLFDWHV WKDW VKH GHSHQGHG RQ KHU VSH]LDOH/RGRYLFR$OEHUWLQLDQDSRWKHFDU\EDVHGLQ)RUOuWRVXSSO\KHUZLWKZKDW VKHUHTXLUHG:KHQ6IRU]DGLHGLQVKHRZHG$OEHUWLQLPRUHWKDQÀRULQV DGHEWDPDVVHGGXULQJKHU\HDUVLQWKDWFLW\6IRU]D¶VWKLUGKXVEDQG*LRYDQQLGH 0HGLFLDOVRGLHGRZLQJ$OEHUWLQLPRQH\VXJJHVWLQJWKDWKHSUREDEO\SDUWLFLSDWHG LQKLVZLIH¶VH[SHULPHQWVDVZHOO /LNHKHUPHGLFLQDOUHPHGLHV6IRU]D¶VFRVPHWLFUHFLSHVPDNHVLPLODUXVHRI KHUEV DQG SODQWV GLVWLOOHG LQ DOFKHPLFDO YHVVHOV DV ZHOO DV PLQHUDOV SUHFLRXV VWRQHV DQG PHWDOV 0DQ\ UHFLSHV IRFXV RQ VPRRWKLQJ DQG OLJKWHQLQJ WKH VNLQ D UHFLSH WR SURWHFW WKH FRPSOH[LRQ DJDLQVW XQVLJKWO\ VSRWV ³$ IDUH XQ DFTXD PLUDELOHDFRQVHUYDUHLOYLVRFRQWUDRJQLPDFXOD´ IRUH[DPSOHVXJJHVWVGLVWLOOLQJ DPL[WXUHRIIHQQHOEHWRQ\HQGLYHURVHVDQGZKLWHZLQH2YHUDSHULRGRIGD\V WKHUHFLSHZLOOSURGXFHLQWXUQ³URVHZDWHU´³VLOYHUZDWHU´DQG¿QDOO\³JROGHQ ZDWHU´RU³EDOVDP´±DSUHFLRXVSDQDFHDRIWHQQDPHGLQERRNVRIVHFUHWV Her LQVWUXFWLRQV UHFDOO VLPLODU UHFLSHV LQFOXGHG LQ ODWHU SULQWHG ERRNV RI VHFUHWV LQFOXGLQJDRicettario galante GDWLQJWRWKHHDUO\VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\WKDWOLNHZLVH RIIHUVDUHFLSHIRUDZDWHUGLVWLOOHGLQWKUHHVWDJHVKHUHWKH¿UVWZDWHUDFRVPHWLF UHPHG\UHPRYHVIUHFNOHVWKHVHFRQGFXUHV¿VWXODVWKHWKLUGWKHVWURQJHVWFXWV LURQ 6RPH RI 6IRU]D¶V FRVPHWLF UHFLSHV DUH VLPSOH DQG VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG IRU H[DPSOHUHO\LQJRQHJJZKLWHVRUIDYDÀRZHUVGLVWLOOHGZLWKZDWHUWRZKLWHQWKH VNLQ 0RUH FRPSOH[ UHFLSHV KRZHYHU UHYROYH DURXQG DOFKHPLFDO LQJUHGLHQWV DQG SURFHGXUHV WR SURGXFH PXOWLIDFHWHG UHPHGLHV DNLQ WR WKDW GHVFULEHG LQ WKH
,ELGS ,QDOHWWHUZULWWHQE\$OEHUWLQLWR)UDQFHVFR)RUWXQDWR6IRU]D¶VFRQIHVVRUVKRUWO\ DIWHU KHU GHDWK DQG VXJJHVWLQJ WKHLU FORVHQHVV GXULQJ KHU OLIH KH ZULWHV WKDW KH FRXOGQ¶W EULQJKLPVHOIWRPHQWLRQKHUGHEWZKHQKHYLVLWHG6IRU]DGXULQJKHU¿QDOLOOQHVV³QRQPL SDUVHFRQYHQLHQWHDQRWL¿FDUORQHTXLTXDPSDUODUQHPLHVVHUHYHURFUHGLWRUHGHODSUHIDWD ERQDPHPRULDGL0DGRQQDPLDLOOXVWULVVLPDGH¿RULQLHWXOWUDLQPDJLRUHVRPPDSHU UHVWRGHUREEHGDWHDSUHIDWHVXDOOXVWULVVLPD6LJQRULDLQ)RUOLFRPRDSSDUHXQRFODULVVLPR FRQWRSHUOLPHLOLEUL,WHPGHODERQDPHPRULDGHOPDJQL¿FR=LRYDQQGL0HGLFLSHUUREEH GHODPLDERWHJDGDWHDVXD0DJQL¿FHQWLD´$6)0HGD3ULQFXQQXPEHUHG 3DVROLQLCaterina Sforza Y S³IDVWLODUHXOWUDPRGRGHDFTXDURVDWDOD SULPDHTXDVLDUJHQWRODVHFRQGDRURODWHU]DHTXDVLEDOVLQR´ Ricettario galante S³/DSULPDDFTXDPDQGDYLOHQWLJJLQHGHOYROWRODVHFRQGD DFTXDVSHJQHOH¿VWROH/DWHU]DFK¶HSLXGLWXWWHIRUWHURGHLOIHUURUDXQDQGR LQVLHPHTXHVWHWUHDFTXHIDEHOORHWELRQGRLOFDSRFRPH¿ODG¶RURGDODPDWWLQDDODVHUD´ :KHQFRPELQHGWKHWKUHHZDWHUVFDXVHWKHKDLUWRWXUQDSHUPDQHQWJROGHQFRORUDUHVXOW DOVRSUL]HGLQ6IRU]D¶VWH[WZKLFKRIIHUVPRUHWKDQDGR]HQUHFLSHVIRUG\HLQJWKHKDLU 3DVROLQLCaterina SforzaYS³$GLGHP´³$GLGHP´
Experiments with Alchemy
Ricettario galante.2QHVXFKUHFLSHIRUUHPRYLQJPDUNVIURPWKHIDFHLVEDVHG RQSXOYHUL]HGVLOYHUOLWKDUJHGLVVROYHGLQYLQHJDUDSURFHVVWKDWLQYROYHVKHDWLQJ DQG GLVWLOOLQJ$Q ³DFTXD SHUIHWWLVVLPD SHU IDU EHOOD´ ³SHUIHFW EHDXW\ ZDWHU´ UHTXLUHV PL[LQJ ³DUJHQWR YLYR´ RU PHUFXU\ ± D FHQWUDO DOFKHPLFDO LQJUHGLHQW ± LQ D URXQGHG ÀDVN ZLWK VDJH DQG WKHQ SXOYHUL]LQJ LW LQ D VWRQH PRUWDU ZLWK D SHVWOH PDGH RI ZDOQXW IROORZHG E\ YDULRXV VWDJHV RI ERLOLQJ Some of the PRVW HODERUDWH EHDXW\ UHFLSHV VXFK DV RQH IRU ³DFTXD GL WDOFKR´ WDOF ZDWHU GHPRQVWUDWH KRZ WLJKWO\ LQWHUWZLQHG DUH FRVPHWLFV PHGLFLQH DQG DOFKHP\ IRU 6IRU]D&DOFLQDWHGDQGWKHQVORZO\KHDWHGWKLVZDWHUFDQPDNHDZRPDQRI DSSHDUWREHRQO\³VHXQDGRQQDIXVHGHVHVDQWDDQQLODIDUDSDUHUHGHYLQWL´ 7UXO\DQDOFKHPLVW¶VGUHDP³HOGLVLGHULRGHOLDOFKLPLVWL´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¶VEURDGHUVWUDWHJ\RIVHOIIDVKLRQLQJDQHIIRUWWKDWDOVRLQFOXGHG DFWLRQVIURPFKDULWDEOHZRUNVWRWKHFDVWLQJRISRUWUDLWPHGDOVLQKHULPDJH -XVW DVWKHVXUYLYLQJLQYHQWRULHVRI6IRU]D¶VOX[XULRXVZDUGUREHVXJJHVWKHUFRQFHUQ WRGUHVVWKHSDUWRISRZHUVRGRKHUFRVPHWLFUHFLSHVDWWHVWWRDFRUUHVSRQGLQJ LQWHUHVWLQDFKLHYLQJDQGPDLQWDLQLQJWKHLGHDORIIHPLQLQHEHDXW\ ,I 6IRU]D¶V PHGLFDO DQG FRVPHWLF UHFLSHV GUDZ RQ HOHPHQWV RI DOFKHPLFDO SUDFWLFH WKH Experimenti DOVR LQFOXGH UHFLSHV WKDW DUH RYHUWO\ DOFKHPLFDO LQ QDWXUHIRUH[DPSOHLQVWUXFWLRQVIRUFRORULQJPHWDOVGLVVROYLQJSUHFLRXVVWRQHV FDOFLI\LQJ PHUFXU\ RU FRQYHUWLQJ LW WR ZDWHU DQG SUHSDULQJ YDULRXV WLQFWXUHV RI JROG$UHFLSHIRUDZDWHUWKDWSURPLVHVWR³GLVVROYHLURQDQGDQ\RWKHUPHWDODQG FRQJHDO PHUFXU\´ DV ZHOO DV VHUYH D PHGLFLQDO XVH DV D VXEVWLWXWH IRU SUHFLRXV EDOVDPLVRIIHUHGHQWLUHO\LQ/DWLQDVDUHVHYHUDORWKHUVIRUWXUQLQJWLQWRVLOYHURU VLOYHUWRJROG2QHSDUWLFXODUO\YDOXDEOHUHFLSHDGGVDUHGGLVKWLQWWRDQ\PHWDO JLYLQJ LW WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI FDUDW JROG$V 3DVROLQL KDV QRWHG 6IRU]D¶V LV D
,ELG³$IDUHODIDFFLDELDQFKLVVLPDHWEHOODHWOXFHQWHHWFRORULWD´ ,ELG SS± ,ELGSS± ,ELGS³$FDYDUHO¶DFTXDGHOWDOFKR´ &I -R\FH 'H9ULHV ³&DWHULQD 6IRU]D¶V 3RUWUDLW 0HGDOV 3RZHU *HQGHU DQG 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ LQ WKH ,WDOLDQ 5HQDLVVDQFH &RXUW´Women’s Art Journal ± ,ELGS³4XHVWDHXQDDFTXDPLUDELOHFKHGHVVROYHHOIHUURHWWXWWLOLDOWULPHWDOOL HWFRQJHODHOPHUFXULRHWVLSRQHLQORFRGHEDOVDPR´VHHDOVRUHFLSHVRQSS± ,ELGS³$TXDUXEHD¿[DDGUXEHXPTXDWLQJLWRPQLDFRORULVDXULVVLF¿W NDUDWDUXP´
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\
SDUWLFXODUO\ SUDFWLFDO VRUW RI DOFKHPLFDO LQWHUHVW 5DWKHU WKDQ VHHNLQJ WR FUHDWH WUXH DOFKHPLFDO JROG 6IRU]D IRFXVHV ODUJHO\ RQ UHFLSHV IRU PDNLQJ PHWDOV DQG OHVVHUFRLQVDSSHDUWREHPRUHYDOXDEOHWKDQWKH\DUH$UHFLSHIRU³DGGLQJJUHDWHU ZHLJKWWRDVFXGRRUJROGHQGXFDW´³$GDUHJUDQSHVRDXQRVFXGRRGXFDWRGH RUR´ IRUH[DPSOHFDOOVIRUVDOWQLWUHGLVWLOOHGLQZDWHUZLWK³¿OLQJVRI6DWXUQ´ ³OLPDWXUDGH6DWXUQR´ WKHQFDOFLQDWHGDQGGLVWLOOHGDJDLQLQDQDOHPELF7RDGG ZHLJKW WR WKH FRLQ LW PXVW PHUHO\ EH GLSSHG LQ WKH PL[WXUH DQG ZHLJKHG DQG GLSSHGDJDLQXQWLOLWUHDFKHVWKHGHVLUHGZHLJKW,WLVZLWKDFXULRXVQRWHRIVHOI FRQVFLRXVQHVVWKDWWKLVUHFLSHLVVSHFL¿HGDVRQHWKDWDOORZVWKHXVHUWRFRPPLW WKLVIUDXGZLWKRXWSDQJVRIFRQVFLHQFH³VHQ]DFDULJRGHFRQVFLHQWLD´ 7KLVLVD VHHPLQJO\LPSRUWDQWGLVWLQFWLRQVXJJHVWLQJDQDZDUHQHVVQRWRQO\RIDQ\PRUDO LPSOLFDWLRQVRIVXFKDQDFWLRQEXWDOVRWKHSHQDOWLHVWKDWZHUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVXFK IUDXG2WKHUVLPLODUFKHPLFDOUHFLSHVLQFOXGHLQVWUXFWLRQVIRU³OHQGLQJFRORUWR GXFDWV´DQGFRORULQJFRSSHUDQGSHZWHU$OOUHO\RQWKHLQJUHGLHQWVDQGSURFHVVHV RIDOFKHP\GHPRQVWUDWLQJWKDW6IRU]DVDZWKHSRWHQWLDOIRUWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHVH WKHRUHWLFDOSUDFWLFHVWRWKHUHDOLWLHVRIKHURZQOLIHLQZKLFKWKHQHHGIRUPRQH\ ZDVSUHVXPDEO\DFRQVWDQWEXUGHQ 6IRU]D¶VSHUVRQDOFRUUHVSRQGHQFHFRUURERUDWHVWKDWVKHDFWLYHO\VRXJKWRXWDQG FLUFXODWHG UHFLSHV VXFK DV WKRVH LQFOXGHG LQ KHU Experimenti ,QGHHG VXUYLYLQJ OHWWHUVWRDQGE\6IRU]DVKRZWKDWWKHSXUVXLWRIDOFKHPLFDOFRVPHWLFDQGPHGLFDO VHFUHWVHVWDEOLVKHGKHUZLWKLQDQHWZRUNRIRWKHUVZRPHQDQGPHQZKRFDOOHG XSRQKHUIRUWKHVDPH$OHWWHUZULWWHQWR6IRU]DLQE\/XLJL&LRFKLIRU H[DPSOHPDNHVUHIHUHQFHWRDVHFUHWUHFLSHFRPSRXQGHGIURPHJJDQGVDIIURQ WKDW KHU FRUUHVSRQGHQW KDV JOHDQHG IURP WKH 0DQWXDQ FRXUW ± RQH WRR SUHFLRXV WRGHVFULEHLQDOHWWHUEXWZKLFK&LRFKLSURPLVHVWRUHYHDOWR6IRU]DLQSHUVRQ &LRFKL¶V OHWWHU GHPRQVWUDWHV QRW RQO\ WKDW KH ZDV DFFXVWRPHG WR VHHNLQJ RXW VXFKUHFLSHVIRU6IRU]D±RIWHQIURPWKHVDPHVRXUFHIRUH[DPSOHWKH³0DGRQD &RVWDQ]D´QDPHGKHUHIURPZKRPKHDOVRREWDLQVDQXQJXHQWIRUWKHIDFHDQG KDQGV±EXWDOVRWKDWKHKDGDQHVWDEOLVKHGLQWHUHVWLQSHUIRUPLQJH[SHULPHQWVZLWK 6IRU]D,QVLVWLQJWKDWKHZLVKHVWREHSUHVHQWZKHQ6IRU]DWHVWVWKHUHFLSH&LRFKL
,ELGS³4XDQGRYROLGDUHSHVRDOOLVFXGLSRQLOLGUHQWRHWODVVDOLVWDUHXQSRFR GHSRLFDYDOLHWYHGLVLqDOSHVRVHQRQPHWWLOLGLQRYRHWIDFXVt¿QFKpVHUjDOSHVR´ ,ELG S ³$ GDUH JUDQ SHVR D XQR VFXGR R 'XFDWR GH RUR VHQ]D FDULJR GH FRVFLHQWLD ´ 7KLV FRQVLGHUDWLRQ ZDV OLNHO\ UHQGHUHG PRUH VHULRXV E\ WKH IDFW WKDW DOFKHPLFDO IUDXG ZDV SXQLVKDEOH E\ ODZ RQ DOFKHPLFDO IUDXG VHH 1XPPHGDO Alchemy and Authority $V7UROORSHQRWHV6IRU]D¶VLQWHUHVWLQIUDXGXOHQWO\SURGXFLQJ³JROG´LVWKH PRUHFXULRXVJLYHQWKDW)RUOuZDVDXWKRUL]HGE\SDSDOEXOOWRFRLQPRQH\S &DWHULQD¶VFRUUHVSRQGHQFHDQGKXQGUHGVRIRWKHUOHWWHUVDQGGRFXPHQWVSHUWDLQLQJ WRKHUDUHUHFRUGHGDQGPDQ\WUDQVFULEHGLQ3DVROLQL¶VLQYDOXDEOHCaterina Sforza YRO ,,,)RUDQDVVHVVPHQWRI3DVROLQL¶VDUFKLYDO¿QGLQJVDQGVXJJHVWLRQVIRUIXUWKHUZRUNVHH &HFLO+&ORXJK¶VLPSRUWDQWFULWLTXHLQ³7KH6RXUFHVIRUWKH%LRJUDSK\RI&DWHULQD6IRU]D DQGIRUWKH+LVWRU\RI+HU6WDWH'XULQJ+HU5XOH:LWK6RPH+LWKHUWR8QSXEOLVKHG/HWWHUV ,OOXVWUDWLYHRI+HU&KDQFHU\$UFKLYHV´Atti e Memorie Deputazione di storia patria per le provincie di Romagna YY± ±
Experiments with Alchemy
GHVFULEHVKLPVHOIDVDQLQGLVSHQVDEOHDFFRPSOLFHSRVVHVVHGRIDOOWKHUHTXLVLWH TXDOLWLHVRIWKHDOFKHPLFDODGHSW 0D]XURD9RVWUD([HOOHQWLDGLSRUWDUYHODVHEHQGRYHVVHYHQLUHDSRVWDSHUFKqLR DQFKRUDPLYRJOLRWURYDUSUHVHQWHDWDQWRH[SHULPHQWRHWDXQDWDQWDVDWLVIDFWLRQH HW DQFKH 9RVWUD ([HOOHQWLD QRQ WURYDULD PDL KRPR VLPLOH D PL SHUFKp F¶p ELVRJQDDQLPRVLWj]RHQRQWHPHUHVSLULWLIHGH]RHFUHGXORVHFUHWR]RHQRQVH VFRSULUHFRQKRPRGHOPRQGRHWKDYHUOLLVWUXPHQWLQHFHVVDULLDWDQWDRSHUDFKH QpLQHOVWXGLRGL%RORJQDQpLQ)HUUDUDQpLQ3DULJLQpD5RPDQRQIXURQRPDL VLPLOLDOLPHL ,DVVXUH\RXU([FHOOHQF\WKDW,ZLOOEULQJ\RXWKHUHFLSHP\VHOIEHFDXVH,ZLVKWR EHSUHVHQWIRUVRJUHDWDQH[SHULPHQWDQGVRJUHDWDVDWLVIDFWLRQDQGEHVLGHV \RXU ([FHOOHQF\ ZRXOG QHYHU ¿QG DQRWKHU PDQ OLNH PH EHFDXVH FRXUDJH LV UHTXLUHGWKDWLVKHFDQ¶WIHDUVSLULWV IDLWKWKDWLVKHPXVWEHOLHYH VHFUHF\ WKDWLVKHFDQ¶WGLVFORVHDQ\WKLQJWRDQ\RQH DQG>KHPXVW@KDYHWKHLQVWUXPHQWV QHFHVVDU\IRUVXFKDJUHDWH[SHULPHQWDQGWKHUHDUHQRQHLQWKHODERUDWRULHVRI %RORJQDQRU)HUUDUDQRU3DULVQRU5RPHVLPLODUWRPLQH
7KHTXDOLWLHV&LRFKLSUDLVHVLQKLPVHOI±FRXUDJHIDLWKGLVFUHWLRQ±DUHDPRQJ WKRVH WUDGLWLRQDOO\ SUHVFULEHG IRU WKH DOFKHPLVW &RUWHVH¶V Secreti IRU H[DPSOH VWUHVVHV WKHVH YHU\ DWWULEXWHV ZKHQ GHVFULELQJ WKH LGHDO DOFKHPLFDO DVVLVWDQW LQ WKHSUHIDFHWR%RRN,,PHQWLRQHGDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKLVHVVD\³DVHUYDQWZKRLV IDLWKIXOGLVFUHHWDQGFRXUDJHRXVLQVSLULW´³XQVHUYLWRUIHGHOHHVHFUHWRHEXRQR G¶DQLPD´ $ VHFRQG OHWWHU IURP &LRFKL WR 6IRU]D VLPLODUO\ XQGHUVFRUHV KLV UROH DV D SURFXUHU RI UHFLSHV ± WKLV WLPH D SRWHQW PHGLFDO UHPHG\ ± DQG D SDUWLFLSDQW LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWV SHUIRUPHG E\ WKH /DG\ RI )RUOu /LNH WKH RWKHU WKLV OHWWHU WRR UHYHDOVWKHOLQNVIRUJHGE\6IRU]DZLWKRWKHUQREOHZRPHQWKURXJKKHUSXUVXLWRI PDUYHORXVVHFUHWVDV&LRFKLSDVVHVRQWKHVDPHPDGRQQD&RVWDQ]D¶VUHTXHVWIRU FHUWDLQSHUIXPHVDQG³SRZGHURIF\SUHVV´³SROYHUHGLFLSUL´ &LRFKLXUJHV6IRU]D WRFRPSO\VRWKDW&RVWDQ]DPD\ODWHUKDYHRFFDVLRQWRUHFLSURFDWHDVLQIDFWVKH GRHV DQGVLJQVKLPVHOI&DWHULQD¶V³VHUYDQWDQGIDLWKIXOSDUWQHULQXQGHUWDNLQJDOO WKHH[SHULPHQWVLQWKHZRUOG´ 6IRU]D¶VRWKHUFRUUHVSRQGHQWVOLNHZLVHSURYLGHKHUZLWKDYDULHW\RIFRVPHWLF DQG PHGLFLQDO UHPHGLHV $ FHUWDLQ ³$QQD +HEUHD´ $QQD WKH -HZHVV IRU H[DPSOHVHQGVDW6IRU]D¶VUHTXHVWDEODFNXQJXHQWIRUWKHFRPSOH[LRQFDSDEOH RIUHPRYLQJDJHVSRWVDQGVRIWHQLQJWKHVNLQ±MXVWWKHNLQGRIFRVPHWLFUHFLSHWKDW
/XLJL&LRFKDWR&DWHULQD6IRU]D0DUFK$6)0HGD3UIQ 3DVROLQLS ,KDYHPRGHUQL]HGDFFHQWVDQGSXQFWXDWLRQVKHUHEXWKDYHUHWDLQHGWKH RULJLQDORUWKRJUDSK\ &RUWHVHSecretiS /XLJL&LRFKDWR&DWHULQD6IRU]D0D\$6)3DVROLQLS ³LRODSUHJRD FRPSLDFHUODSHUFKqDQFKRUDOHKDGHOHJHQWLOH]HGHUHFDPELDUH9RVWUD6LJQRULD´³VHUYLWRUH HWSDUWLJLDQR¿GHOLVVLPRDIDUQHWXWWLOLHVSHULPHQWLGHOPRQGR´
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\
DSSHDUVZLWKJUHDWIUHTXHQF\LQ6IRU]D¶VRZQExperimenti DVZHOODVLQYLUWXDOO\ DQ\SULQWHGERRNRIVHFUHWV$QQDJLYHVGHWDLOHGLQVWUXFWLRQVRQKRZWKHFUHDP LVWREHDSSOLHGDWQLJKWDQGULQVHGRIILQWKHPRUQLQJ DORQJZLWKDSULFHOLVW IRUKHUYDULRXVSURGXFWVRIZKLFKVKHLVFHUWDLQ6IRU]DZLOORUGHUPRUH Frate %HUQDUGLQR GL *DULEROGL VHQGV 6IRU]D DQRWKHU UHPHG\ WKDW FRPPRQO\ DSSHDUV LQYDULRXVIRUPXODWLRQVLQSULQWHGERRNVRIVHFUHWVWKUHHVPDOOÀDVNVRI³DFTXD FHOHVWH´DOLTXLGFDSDEOHRIFXULQJDUDQJHRIPDODGLHV$V%HUQDUGLQRH[SODLQV WKH¿UVWÀDVNLVIRUWUHDWLQJKHDGDFKHDQGVWRPDFKDFKHWKHVHFRQGIRUWKHOLYHU DQGWKHWKLUGWRSURWHFWDJDLQVWSODJXH%HUQDUGLQRIXUWKHUSURPLVHVWRSURYLGHDQ RLOZKLFKKHKDVQRW\HW¿QLVKHGSURGXFLQJ5HPHGLHVIRUDOOWKHVHFRPSODLQWV DUHLQFOXGHGLQ6IRU]D¶VExperimenti RIWHQLQQXPHURXVIRUPVDOWKRXJKZKLFK RI WKHVH LI DQ\ FRUUHVSRQGV GLUHFWO\ WR WKH UHPHG\ IXUQLVKHG E\ %HUQDUGLQR LV LPSRVVLEOHWRWHOO 7ZR¿QDOH[DPSOHVGHPRQVWUDWHVWLOOPRUHFOHDUO\6IRU]D¶VUHDOLQWHUHVWVLQWKH SUDFWLFHRIDOFKHP\QRWRQO\IRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIPHGLFLQHVDQGFRVPHWLFVEXW IRUPDNLQJDOFKHPLFDOJROG$OHWWHUIURPDQXQLGHQWL¿HGFRUUHVSRQGHQWZKRVLJQV KLPVHOIRQO\³7KDWIDLWKIXOVHUYDQW´³4XHO¿GHOVHUYR´ DOOXGHVWRDQH[FKDQJH RIVHFUHWVWKHWZRSDUWLHVKDYHDJUHHGXSRQ)RUKLVSDUW6IRU]D¶VFRUUHVSRQGHQW VXSSOLHVDVSHFLDOFUHDPIRUWKHIDFH³TXHOOXVWURGHOYROWR´ WKDWKHKDVSURPLVHG KHUREWDLQHGWKURXJKDODG\RIWKH*RQ]DJDIDPLO\,QUHWXUQKHIUHWIXOO\DZDLWV 6IRU]D¶VUHFLSHIRUPDNLQJ³HLJKWHHQFDUDWJROG´³,EHJ
$QQD+HEUHDWR&DWHULQD6IRU]D0DUFK$6)0HGD3UIQ ³(OTXDOHXQJXHQWRORSRQLUHWHODVHUDHWWHQHWHOR¿QRDODPDWLQDHSRLYHODYHUHWHFRQO¶DFTXD SXUDGL¿XPH/RXQJXHQWRQHURYDOH&DUOLQLTXDWWURO¶RQFLD6H9RVWUD,OOXVWULVVLPD 6LJQRULDQHDGRSHUDUjLRPLUHQGRFHUWRFKHFRQWLQXRFHPDQGDUHWH´FI3DVROLQLS )UDWH%HUQDUGLQRGL*DULEROGLWR&DWHULQD6IRU]D-DQXDU\$6)0HGD 3UIQ3DVROLQLS ³PDQGRDODYRVWUD6LJQRULDWUH¿DVFKHWHGHDTXD FHOHVWHGHOHTXDOH¿DVFKHWHHWJHQHXQDSHULOPDOOHGHWHVWDHGHOVWRPDFR/¶DOWUDVLq SHUHO¿JDWR/¶DOWUDVLqFRQWUDSHVWHSLJOLDQGRQHXQRSRFHWRODPDWLQDSHUTXHOR]RUQR QRQSLDUDSHVWHHFRVtqVFULWRHOLJDWRXQREUHYHDOFROORSHUFDGXDQD¿DVFHWD'HOLROH\ QRQRSRWXWRODYRUDUHPDGLFXUWRODYRVWUD6LJQRULDOLKDYHUj´
Experiments with Alchemy
SHUFKqQRQLQWHQGHVVHTXHOORFKHVHODYRUDVVHFRPRGDOD6LJQRULD9RVWUD KHEEL LQ FRPPLVVLRQH SXUH D O¶XOWLPR OL GLVVH FKH QRQ HUD QXOOD LPPR QRQ FUHGHYDIXVVHSRVVLELOHPDFKHIDFHYDSHUGDUHDGLQWHQGHUHDOPDHVWURHOTXDOH HUDSHUWLQDFHFKHQRQVHSRWHVVHIDUHDU]HQWRQpIXVVHSRVVLELOHDIIDUQHSHUTXHVWD YLDDOFKLPLFDGRYHFKHPRQVWUDQGROLTXHVWRDUJHQWRFDOFLQDWRHWLQVXDSUHVHQWLD UHGXUORLQFRUSRFXPVDSRQHQHJURVDOQLWULRRYHURERUDFHFKHLQVLPLOHIRUPD SDUHFHQHUHFKHOXLUHPDQHUjVWXSHIDFWRDYHGHUHFKHTXHOODSROYHUHVLDUHGXFWD LQDU]HQWR ,ZDVFDUHIXOWKDWQRRQHVKRXOGNQRZZKDWZHZHUHGRLQJMXVWDV
/RUHQ]RSOHDGVZLWK6IRU]DWREHIUHHGDQGUHWXUQHGWRKHUVHUYLFHLQVLVWLQJKH FDUULHGRXWWKHSUDQNRQO\WRSOHDVHKHU/RUHQ]RVHHPVWRVXJJHVWWKDWLILQGHHG KHZHUHDVXFFHVVIXODOFKHPLVWKHZRXOGQRW¿QGKLPVHOILQWKHVHSUHVHQWVWUDLWV ³HWQRQVHULDTXDVLLQH[WUHPDQHFHVVLWjFRPRVRQQRVHKDYHVVHWDOHYHUW´ . At WKHVDPHWLPHKRZHYHUKHDOVRVHHPVWRUHIHUWRVRPHSULRUVXFFHVVLQWKLVDUHD PHQWLRQLQJDOLWWOHERRNWKDWQRZFRQVWLWXWHVWKHVXPWRWDORIKLVDFWLYLW\LQWKLV DUHDDQGSURPLVLQJWRXVHKLVNQRZOHGJHRIDOFKHP\RQO\LQ6IRU]D¶VVHUYLFH 4XDQGRDQFRUDOD6LJQRULD9RVWUDRYHURPHVVHU-DFRPR>)HR@YRUDQRFKHVH ID]D DOFXQD SURYD GH TXHOOH FRVH FKH LR KR TXDOH WHQJR SHU ERQH VH IDUj HW PD[LPHFLUFDTXDQWRVHFRQWLHQHLQTXHOOROLEUHWWRSHUFKpXOWUDGLTXHOOHPDL SLLQWHQGRVRSUDDG]LzDIIDWLFDUPL ,I)HR@VKRXOGZLVKIRUVRPHSURRIRI WKRVHWKLQJV,KDYHZKLFK,FRQVLGHUXVHIXO,ZLOOSURYLGHLWDQGHVSHFLDOO\ZLWK UHJDUGWRZKDWLVFRQWDLQHGLQWKDWOLWWOHERRNEHFDXVH,KDYHQRLQWHQWLRQRI HYHUWU\LQJDQ\WKLQJEH\RQGWKDWDJDLQ
:KLOH GLI¿FXOW WR LQWHUSUHW ZLWKRXW IXUWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW /RUHQ]R DQG KLV UHODWLRQVKLS WR 6IRU]D DQG KHU VHFRQG KXVEDQG *LDFRPR )HR PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH SDVVDJHWKHOHWWHUVXJJHVWVWKDW6IRU]DKDGDVWURQJLQWHUHVWLQH[SHULPHQWVEXW DOVRWKDWVKHSUL]HGVHFUHF\DQGGLVFUHWLRQLQWKHLUXQGHUWDNLQJ$VQRWHGDERYH VXFKH[SHULPHQWV±HVSHFLDOO\WKHWUDQVPXWDWLRQRIEDVHPHWDOLQWRJROGRUVLOYHU ± ZRXOG KDYH KHOG SDUWLFXODU DSSHDO IRU RQH LQ 6IRU]D¶V SRVLWLRQ DV ZHOO DV FRQVLGHUDEOHULVN,QGHHGWKHGDQJHUVRIDOFKHP\ZHUHQRWRQO\OHJDORUPRUDOEXW DOVRSK\VLFDODFHQWXU\ODWHUIRUH[DPSOHWKH-HZLVKZULWHU/HRQH0RGHQDZRXOG GHVFULEH KLV VRQ¶V GHDWK IURP WKH QR[LRXV IXPHV SURGXFHG E\ KLV HIIRUWV LQ WKH
&I3DVROLQLSQ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5D\
DOFKHPLFDOODERUDWRU\1RORQJHUSUDFWLFDORUGRPHVWLFDOFKHP\ZLWKWKLVNLQG RIH[SHULPHQW6IRU]DZDVXQGRXEWHGO\VHHNLQJ±QRPDWWHUWKHULVNV±WRROVWKDW ZRXOGKHOSWRVWUHQJWKHQKHUUXOH7KXVVKHVHHNVUHFLSHVWRFUHDWHSUHFLRXVPHWDOV RUDWOHDVWWRVLPXODWHWKHPZLWKRXWVXFFXPELQJDVVSHFL¿HGLQWKHExperimenti WRDQ\SDQJVRIFRQVFLHQFH *** 7KH H[DPSOH RI &DWHULQD 6IRU]D RIIHUV LPSRUWDQW HYLGHQFH UHJDUGLQJ WKH XVH RI DOFKHP\E\ZRPHQLQ5HQDLVVDQFH,WDO\DVZHOODVLWVXVHVLQD5HQDLVVDQFHFRXUW %RWK KHU FROOHFWLRQ RI Experimenti DQG KHU HSLVWRODU\ H[FKDQJHV RYHU WKH ODVW GHFDGHRIKHUOLIHGHPRQVWUDWHWKDWWKHSXUVXLWRIEHDXW\KHDOWKDQGZHDOWKWKURXJK DOFKHPLFDOPHDQVZDVDQRQJRLQJDQGFHQWUDOIRFXVIRU6IRU]DHYHQLQWKHPLGVWRI SROLWLFDODQGSHUVRQDOWXUPRLO7KHUHFLSHVFROOHFWHGE\6IRU]DRIIHUYDOXDEOHLQVLJKW LQWRWKHUROHRIVFLHQWL¿FLQTXLU\LQWKHOLYHVRIHDUO\PRGHUQZRPHQDQGSURYLGH LPSRUWDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ UHJDUGLQJ WKH VSHFL¿F LQJUHGLHQWV DQG SURFHVVHV XVHG LQ WUHDWLQJLOOQHVVRUSHUIRUPLQJH[SHULPHQWV7KH\DOVRVKHGOLJKWRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSV DQGQHWZRUNVHVWDEOLVKHGZKLOHGRLQJVRZKLFKLQ6IRU]D¶VFDVHLQYROYHGERWKPHQ DQGZRPHQIURPKHULPPHGLDWHFLUFOHDQGIDUWKHUD¿HOGIRUH[DPSOH0DQWXDDQG IURPWKHKLJKHVWHFKHORQVRIVRFLHW\DVZHOODVIURPPDUJLQDOL]HGFRPPXQLWLHVVXFK DVWKH-HZV7KHERQGVRIVFLHQWL¿FFRPPXQLW\±QRWWRPHQWLRQWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ ¿QDQFLDOREOLJDWLRQ±FRXOGUXQGHHS:KHQ6IRU]DVXFFXPEHGWRTXDUWDQIHYHULQ QRWRQO\GLGVKHOHDYHEHKLQGDVXEVWDQWLDOGHEWWR/RGRYLFR$OEHUWLQLIRUWKH PDWHULDOVVKHKDGXVHGLQKHUH[SHULPHQWVEXWVKHDOVROHIWKHUDSRWKHFDU\ZLWKD JUHDWVHQVHRIVDGQHVVIRUWKHSDUWQHUKHKDGORVW,QDOHWWHUGDWHG-XQH $OEHUWLQLVKDUHGKLVJULHIZLWKRQHRI6IRU]D¶V5LDULRUHODWLYHVZULWLQJ³QHYHU GLG , IHHO JUHDWHU VRUURZ DORQJ ZLWK %DVWLDQR DQG P\ ZKROH IDPLO\ DQG QHYHU DJDLQZLOO,EHFRQWHQWIRU,KDYHORVWP\VZHHWPLVWUHVVDQG,JULHYHDOOWKHPRUH EHFDXVH,ZDVQRWWKHUHDWWKHHQG´ 6IRU]D¶VH[DPSOHLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWLQFRQWH[WXDOL]LQJWKHZDYHRISULQWHGERRNV RIVHFUHWV WKDWÀRXULVKHGWKURXJKRXWWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\+HUExperimenti FRQ¿UP WKDWWKHWKHUDSHXWLFDQGFRVPHWLFVROXWLRQVRIIHUHGLQVXFKZRUNVGLGLQPDQ\FDVHV ,Q KLV Life of Judah /HRQH 0RGHQD UHFRXQWV KLV VRQ 0RUGHFDL¶V GHDWK DIWHU H[SHULPHQWLQJ ZLWK WUDQVIRUPLQJ OHDG LQWR VLOYHU VSHFXODWLQJ WKDW WKH YDSRUV DQG IXPHV RIWKH³DUVHQLFVDQGVDOWV´XVHGLQKLVHIIRUWVZHUHWREODPHVHHWKHAutobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modena’s Life of Judah HG 0DUN 5 &RKHQ 3ULQFHWRQ 1- 3ULQFHWRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 6HH DOVR 5DSKDHO 3DWDL The Jewish Alchemists 3ULQFHWRQ1-3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS± /RGRYLFR$OEHUWLQL-XQH$6)0HGD3ULQFIQFI3DVROLQL S ³PDLQRQ>KR@VHQWLWRHOPDJLRUGROORUHLQVHPRFRQ%DVWLDQRHWXWDODIDPLJOLD PLDHWPDLSLQRQYLYUzFRQWHQWRSHUFK¶LRKRSHUVRODPLDGROFHSDWURQDHSLPHGROOH FK¶LRQRQPHVR¶ULWURYDWRDOD¿QHDOLVHUYLWLH´%UHLVDFK¶VYLHZLVWKDW$OEHUWLQL¶VJULHI VWHPPHGPRVWO\IURPWKHORVVRI&DWHULQD¶V¿QDQFLDOSDWURQDJHCaterina Sforza S
Experiments with Alchemy
¿QG WKHLU PRGHOV LQ TXRWLGLDQ SUDFWLFH DQG WKDW HYHQ VRPH RI WKH PRUH VWULFWO\ FKHPLFDOUHFLSHVKDGURRWVLQZRPHQ¶VHYHU\GD\OLYHVDQGLQWKHKRXVHKROGHFRQRP\ DQG6IRU]D¶VSROLWLFDOSRVLWLRQFOHDUO\OHQGVVWLOODQRWKHUIDFHWRIVLJQL¿FDQFHWRKHU DOFKHPLFDOH[SHULPHQWV :KLOHWKHIHPDOHDXWKRUVKLSRIDZRUNVXFKDV,VDEHOOD &RUWHVH¶VSecreti PD\PDNHLWDQDQRPDO\DPRQJVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\PDOHDXWKRUHG libri di segreti LQGHHGVRPHKDYHVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKLVZDVMXVWDPDUNHWLQJSOR\WR GUDZLQFUHDVHGDWWHQWLRQ LWVGHGLFDWLRQWRDUHDGHUVKLSRIZRPHQGHHPHGOLNHO\ WR¿QGLWVUHFLSHVXVHIXODWWHVWVWRWKHUHDOHIIRUWLWPDGHWRUHDFK±DQGWRUHÀHFW±D VSHFL¿FDOO\IHPDOHDXGLHQFH7KHVLPLODULWLHVEHWZHHQWKHW\SHVRIUHFLSHVRIIHUHG E\&RUWHVHDQGWKRVHUHFRUGHGE\6IRU]DIXUWKHUXQGHUVFRUHWKHOLQNVEHWZHHQERRNV RIVHFUHWVDQGZRPHQSUDFWLWLRQHUVRIDOFKHP\DQGPHGLFLQH )URP 0DFKLDYHOOL¶V GD\ WR WKH SUHVHQW GD\ &DWHULQD 6IRU]D KDV VHUYHG DV D FHQWUDOFKDUDFWHULQHIIRUWVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHSROLWLFDOFRQWRXUVRIWKH5HQDLVVDQFH FRXUWDQGWKHUROHRIZRPHQLQUHODWLRQWRLW)URPKHUPLOLWDU\DQGGLSORPDWLF VWUDWHJLHVWRKHUVWUDWHJLHVRIVHOIIDVKLRQLQJDVDIHPDOHSULQFH6IRU]D¶VKLVWRU\ KDVEHHQSUR¿WDEO\H[DPLQHGIURPPDQ\DQJOHV+HUDOFKHPLFDODFWLYLW\KRZHYHU KDVUHPDLQHGODUJHO\LQWKHEDFNJURXQGDVXSSRUWLQJDFWRULQWKHODUJHUVWRU\RI KHU SROLWLFDO VLJQL¿FDQFH$V WKLV HVVD\ KDV VKRZQ 6IRU]D¶V H[SHULPHQWV LQ WKH ODERUDWRU\DUHQRWZKROO\VHSDUDWHIURPKHUSROLWLFDOLGHQWLW\EXWUDWKHUDWWHVWWR WKH LPSRUWDQW DQG RQJRLQJ UROH RI VFLHQWL¿F FXOWXUH LQ 6IRU]D¶V OLIH ,QGHHG DV 3DVROLQL SRLQWHG RXW HYHQ DV 6IRU]D ZDV SUHSDULQJ IRU VHLJH E\ &HVDUH %RUJLD ±DSLYRWDOPRPHQWLQKHUSROLWLFDOOLIH±VKHZDVWKLQNLQJRIKHUQH[WDOFKHPLFDO H[SHULPHQW$OHWWHUDGGUHVVHGWRKHUFRQIHVVRU)UDQFHVFR)RUWXQDWRDVNVKLPWR VHQGKHUDVHULHVRIJODVVYHVVHOVPDGHWRSDUWLFXODUVSHFL¿FDWLRQVDORQJZLWKRWKHU LQJUHGLHQWVNQRZQIRUWKHLUPHGLFLQDO±DQGSRWHQWLDOO\SRLVRQRXV±SURSHUWLHVDV VRRQDVSRVVLEOH7KHOHWWHULVGDWHG1RYHPEHU±RQO\DIHZZHHNVEHIRUH %RUJLD¶VFRQTXHVWRI,PROD 7R UHVWRUH 6IRU]D¶V DFWLYLW\ DV DQ DOFKHPLFDO SUDFWLWLRQHU DQG D FROOHFWRU RI DOFKHPLFDOPHGLFLQDODQGFRVPHWLFUHFLSHVWRWKHEURDGHUSLFWXUHRIKHUKLVWRULFDO LPSRUWDQFHDOORZVXVWRVHHKHULQDPRUHQXDQFHGZD\7KHUHVXOWLQJSLFWXUHLV RQHWKDWLQWHJUDWHV6IRU]D¶VSROLWLFDOVLJQL¿FDQFHZLWKKHULQYROYHPHQWZLWKHDUO\ PRGHUQVFLHQWL¿FFXOWXUH,WLVDOVRDV,KDYHVXJJHVWHGKHUHRQHWKDWFDQKHOSWR GHHSHQRXUEURDGHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIZRPHQDQGVFLHQFHLQHDUO\PRGHUQ,WDO\ 6HHIRUH[DPSOH5XGROSK%HOOHow to Do it: Guides to Good Living for Renaissance Italians &KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV S 2QWKHXVHPDGHRI6IRU]DE\0DFKLDYHOOLVHHQRWHVDQGDERYH$PRUH UHFHQWH[DPSOHLVLQ-RDQ.HOO\¶VLQÀXHQWLDOHVVD\³'LG:RPHQ+DYHD5HQDLVVDQFH"´ LQZKLFK6IRU]DVHUYHVDVDQH[FHSWLRQWR.HOO\¶VDUJXPHQWQRZSUREOHPDWL]HGE\PDQ\ VFKRODUV DERXW ZRPHQ¶V GLPLQLVKHG UROHV LQ WKH 5HQDLVVDQFH SHULRG LQ LGHP Women History, and Theory: The Essays of Joan Kelly &KLFDJR 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &KLFDJR 3UHVV SS± ,QDOHWWHUGDWHG1RYHPEHU6IRU]DUHTXHVWHGWKUHHJODVVEDOOVZLWKRSHQLQJV RIDFHUWDLQVL]HDORQJZLWKWZHOYHVHDRQLRQEXOEVRI¿FLQDOVTXLOO ´³0DQGDWLFHSDOOH WUHGHYHWURWRQGRKDELDQRLOEXFRSLFFRORHWFKHWHQJDQRGRLEXFDOLGHPHVXUDHW[LLFLSROOH PDULQHFKHVLFKLDPDQRVFKLOOH´$6)0HGD3UIQ3DVROLQLS
This page has been left blank intentionally
&KDSWHU
0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOH 4XHUFLWDQ¶V'DXJKWHUDQGWKH 3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQH 0DQXVFULSW5HSUHVHQWDWLRQVRI :RPHQ$OFKHPLVWV 3HQQ\%D\HU
,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KLVHVVD\LQWURGXFHVDVHULHVRIUHODWHGDOFKHPLFDOPDQXVFULSWVRULJLQDWLQJLQ)UDQFH RUWKH6ZLVV&DQWRQVZLWKYDULRXVDFWLYHIHPDOHVXEMHFWVQDPHGDV0DGDPHGH OD0DUWLQYLOOH4XHUFLWDQ¶V'DXJKWHU0UGH&KHQLV4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHUODGRFWH GDPRLVHOOHGH)UDQFHDQG1HSWLVVHH7DEOH 7KHVHPDQXVFULSWVDUHUDUHLQ GHSLFWLQJZRPDQDVDFWLYHDOFKHPLVWVDZDUHRI3DUDFHOVLDQDQGPHGLHYDOOLWHUDU\ VRXUFHV DQG ZRUNLQJ ZLWK DOOHJRULHV RI VH[XDO DQG VSLULWXDO JHQHUDWLYH SRZHU 7KH\UDLVHLVVXHVRIWKHZD\LQZKLFKIHPDOHDXWKRULDOLGHQWLW\DQGDXWKRULW\DUH H[SUHVVHGFRQFHDOHGHVWDEOLVKHGVXSSRUWHGRUXQGHUPLQHG$XWKRUVDUHDVFULEHG DSSDUHQWO\UHDOQDPHV0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOH QDPHVWKDWUHIHUHQFHDPDOH H[SHUW4XHUFLWDQWKHSVHXGRQ\PRIWKH3DUDFHOVLDQFKHPLVW-RVHSKGX&KHVQH " ± DQGYDJXHUGHVFULSWLRQVXQHGRFWHGDPRLVHOOHGH)UDQFH ,WLV FRQYHQWLRQDOZLWKLQWKHDOFKHPLFDOWUDGLWLRQIRUDXWKRULDOLGHQWLW\WREHREVFXUHG WKURXJKXVHRISVHXGRQ\PDQGDOLELZLWKLQDFRQWH[WRIFRGHFLSKHUPHWDSKRU DQGSDUDGR[%HFDXVHWKHUHDUHVRIHZUHIHUHQFHVWRSRVVLEOHZRPHQDOFKHPLVWV ZLWKLQWKHDOFKHPLFDOFDQRQWKHREVFXULQJRIWKHLULGHQWLW\KDVJUHDWHUVLJQL¿FDQFH WKDQIRUPDOHUHIHUHQFHVLQSRWHQWLDOO\UHPRYLQJDOOWUDFHVWKDWUHDOZRPHQZHUH DOFKHPLVWV,QDGGLWLRQV\PEROLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIWKHFRQFHSWRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶V GDXJKWHURUVRXOIXUWKHUGHWUDFWIURPHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDXWKRULDOLGHQWLW\ 7KHVH PDQXVFULSWV VXJJHVW D IDWKHUWHDFKHUGDXJKWHUVWXGHQW UHODWLRQVKLS IRU WKHSDVVLQJRQRIDOFKHPLFDOVHFUHWVWKDWKDVDI¿QLW\ZLWKWKDWRIWKHWUDGLWLRQDO DOFKHPLVWPDVWHUVRQ+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDIXQGDPHQWDOGLIIHUHQFHIRUWKHZRPDQ ZKR LV VLWXDWHG LQ UHODWLRQ WR D PDOH H[SHUW ¿JXUH UDWKHU WKDQ D PHQWRU RI KHU RZQVH[DVLVIRXQGLQHDUO\DOFKHPLFDOKLVWRU\ZLWKWKHVHPLKLVWRULFDO0DULD &OHRSDWUD DQG 7KHRVHEHLD 'UXLGLF UHIHUHQFHV LQ WKHVH PDQXVFULSWV LQWURGXFH SRVVLEOHIHPDOHUROHPRGHOVZLWKDI¿QLWLHVWRDOFKHPLFDOV\PEROLVP 7KHWH[WVXVHLPDJHU\RIVH[XDOJHQHUDWLYHSRZHUSUHJQDQF\DQGELUWKZKLFK SURYLGH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU UHDGLQJ ZRPHQ¶V LQYROYHPHQW DV VSLULWXDO PLGZLIHU\
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH%D\HU
SDUDOOHOLQJWKHUHDGLQJRIPDOHDOFKHPLVWVDVDIRUPRIOD\SULHVW ,QGLIIXVLRQ WKHVH[XDOPHWDSKRULVH[WHQGHGDQGGHYHORSHGLQWRPLVRJ\QLVWVOXUULQJLQDODWHU DWWHPSWWRGLVFUHGLWWKHLGHDRIIHPDOHDXWKRUVKLSRUDOFKHPLFDOSUDFWLVH7KLVLVD FRPSOLFDWLRQQRWIRXQGLQPDVWHUVRQWUHDWLVHVRURWKHUDOFKHPLFDOWH[WV 7KHDFWXDOLW\RIZRPHQDOFKHPLVWVLQWKHFLUFOHDURXQG-RVHSKGX&KHVQHZKR ZDV WKH PRVW VLJQL¿FDQW ¿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¶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¿HG DQG GHYHORSHG WKH ZRUN RI 3DUDFHOVXV WKH DGRSWHG QDPH RI 7KHRSKUDVWXV %RPEDVWXV YRQ +RKHQKHLP F± ,W KDG D ZLGHU VRFLDO DQG HGXFDWLRQ UHIRUPDJHQGDZKLFKLQYROYHGRSHQLQJXSDOFKHPLFDOLGHDVDQGVHFUHWVWRDZLGHU FURVV VHFWLRQ RI VRFLHW\ 3DUDFHOVXV YDOXHG WKH PHGLFDO NQRZOHGJH RI RUGLQDU\ SHRSOH LQFOXGLQJ ZRPHQ EHFDXVH LW ZDV WHVWHG DJDLQVW H[SHULHQFH QRW VLPSO\ OHDUQHGIURPERRNV3DUDFHOVLDQLVPLVLPSRUWDQWZLWKLQWKHKLVWRU\RIVFLHQFHIRU LWVH[SHULPHQWDOIRFXVRQOHDUQLQJIURPGLUHFWH[SHULHQFHRIWKH³ERRNRI1DWXUH´ DQGIRUWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIPLQHUDOEDVHGPHGLFDOSUHSDUDWLRQV7KH3DUDFHOVLDQ SKLORVRSK\LQWURGXFHGDWKLUGHOHPHQWVDOWWRWKHPHGLHYDOLGHDRIWKHFRXSOLQJ RIPHUFXU\DQGVXOSKXU $OFKHPLFDO WH[WV GHVFULEH D SURFHVV WKDW LV VDLG WR WUDQVIRUP D PHWDOOLF RU PLQHUDOSULPHPDWHULDOLQWRJROGRUVLOYHURUDKHDOLQJHOL[LURIOLIHWKURXJKVWDJHV LGHQWL¿HGZLWKGHDWKSXUL¿FDWLRQDQGUHELUWK6RPHWLPHVWKHSURFHVVRUPDWHULDOLV
6KHUZRRG7D\ORU)UDQNThe Alchemists, Founders of Modern Chemistry/RQGRQ :+HLQHPDQQ ³7KH2ULJLQVRI*UHHN$OFKHP\´Ambix ±6HHDOVR -DFN/LQGVD\The Origins of Alchemy in Graeco-Roman Egypt/RQGRQ)UHGHULFN0XOOHU :DOWHU3DJHOParacelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance/RQGRQ.DUJHU
Quercitan’s Daughter and the Philosopher’s Stone
QDPHGSKLORVRSKLFRUUHIHUVWRWKHPDNLQJRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VVWRQH7KHFKHPLFDO SURFHVVLVGHVFULEHGLQYLYLGPHWDSKRUV9DULRXVVHTXHQFHVDUHXVHG$IRXUFRORXU VHTXHQFHZDVGHVFULEHGIURP*UDHFR5RPDQWLPHVLQLWLDOFKDRVDQGEODFNQHVV NQRZQDVQLJUHGR SXUL¿FDWLRQDQGZDVKLQJRIWKHPDWWHULQWRZKLWHQHVVDOEHGR D \HOORZLQJ VWDJH FLWURQ DQG WKH ¿QDO VWDJH RI UHG RU SXUSOH UXEHGR ,Q WKH ¿IWHHQWKFHQWXU\*HRUJH5LSOH\GF VHWRXWVWDJHVLQThe Book of Twelve Gates FDOFLQDWLRQ VROXWLRQ VHSDUDWLRQ FRQMXQFWLRQ SXWUHIDFWLRQ FRQJHODWLRQ FLEDWLRQ VXEOLPDWLRQ IHUPHQWDWLRQ H[DOWDWLRQ PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ DQG SURMHFWLRQ 9DULDWLRQVWRWKHVHVWDJHVRFFXULQPDQXVFULSWVLQFOXGLQJWKRVHGLVFXVVHGLQWKLV HVVD\SUREDEO\UHÀHFWLQJSURFHVVHVLQVSHFL¿FH[SHULPHQWV 7KH ODQJXDJH RI WKH DOFKHPLVWV LQFOXGLQJ WKH 3DUDFHOVLDQV LV REVFXUH 0HWDSKRUV DUH XVHG ZLGHO\ LQ UHFHLSWV DQG WUHDWLVHV 0RGHUQ VFKRODUVKLS LV EHJLQQLQJWRDGGUHVVWKHFRPSOH[LVVXHVLQYROYHGLQLGHQWLI\LQJERWKFKHPLFDODQG SKLORVRSKLFDOPHDQLQJVLQWKHVHPHWDSKRUV7KHFDVHVWXGLHVEHORZLOOXVWUDWHWKH SUREOHPVRILGHQWLI\LQJVRXUFHVDQGLQWHUSUHWLQJV\PEROV)RUH[DPSOHSplendor SolisE\6RORPRQ7ULVPRVLQ>SVHXG@WHDFKHURI3DUDFHOVXVLQFOXGHVDVXPPDU\RI DQDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVVFDOOHGWKHUHGOLRQ$VWHOODUOLRQLVGHSLFWHGLQPhilosophia Reformata)UDQNIXUW E\-RKDQQ'DQLHO0\OLXVZKHUHLWLVGHVFULEHGDVWKH 8QLYHUVDO6ROYHQWWKH*UHHQ/LRQRI0HUFXU\RIWKH:LVH%RWKVRXUFHVRFFXULQ DGDSWHGIRUPLQRQHRIWKHPDQXVFULSWVGLVFXVVHGEHORZWhe Epistola Nobilissime. )UHQFKPDQXVFULSWWUDQVODWLRQVXQGHUWKHQDPHLa Toyson d’OrZHUHPDGHLQWKH VL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXULHVZKLFKFRXOGKDYHEHHQNQRZQWR0DGDPHGH OD0DUWLQYLOOHDQG4XHUFLWDQ¶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±-HDQQHGX3RUWWKHGDXJKWHU RI-RVHSKGX&KHVQHDQG0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOH
)RUDQLQWURGXFWLRQWRDOFKHPLFDOODQJXDJHFRORXUVHTXHQFHVDQGVWDJHVVHH*DUHWK 5REHUWVThe Mirror of Alchemy/RQGRQ7KH%ULWLVK/LEUDU\ SS± 6HH IRU H[DPSOH %HWW\ -R 7HHWHU 'REEV The Founding of Newton’s Alchemy or “The Hunting of the Green Lyon”&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV /RQGRQ.3DXO7UHQFK7UXEQHUDQG&R 5HSURGXFHGLQ6WDQLVODV.ORVVRZVNLGH5RODThe Golden Game/RQGRQ7KDPHV DQG+XGVRQ SS 6HH2[IRUG%RGOHLDQ/LEUDU\$VKPROH06
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH%D\HU
7KHH[LVWHQFHRI4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHUDVDQKLVWRULFDOSHUVRQZLWKDQLQWHUHVW LQDOFKHPLFDOOLWHUDWXUHLVWHQWDWLYHO\EDFNHGXSE\WKHDQQRWDWLRQ³0UGH&KHQLV 4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHU´RQDPDQXVFULSWRI(QJOLVKYHUVHVRIVRPHRIWKHLPSRUWDQW DOFKHPLFDO WH[W WKH Rosarium Philosophorum´ 7KH DVVRFLDWLRQ RI KHU QDPH ZLWK WKLV PDQXVFULSW LV SRWHQWLDOO\ VLJQL¿FDQW 7KH Rosarium Philosophorum ZDV ¿UVW SXEOLVKHG LQ /DWLQ ZLWK *HUPDQ YHUVHV DW )UDQNIXUW FLUFD No (QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQRIWKHRosariumZDVSXEOLVKHGWKHVWDQGDUG/DWLQWH[WZDV SXEOLVKHG LQ D *HUPDQ WUDQVODWLRQ DQG WKHUH GR QRW VHHP WR KDYH EHHQ PDQ\ (QJOLVKPDQXVFULSWWUDQVODWLRQV7KHUHLVRQH(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQLQPDQXVFULSWLQ WKH$VKPROHFROOHFWLRQLQ(GZDUG%DUORZ¶VFRPPRQSODFHERRNGDWHG-DQXDU\ 7KLVWUDQVODWLRQKDVWKHIXOOWH[WEXWQRQHRIWKHSRHPV)RU(OLDV$VKPROH LQWKHPLGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\WKHWUDQVODWHGYHUVHVPD\KDYHKHOSHGSOXJDJDS LQWKH(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQDYDLODEOHWRKLP7KHYHUVHVLQWKLVWH[WDUHWKRVHIRXQG DIWHU HDFK LOOXVWUDWLRQ RI WKH VWDJHV RI WKH ZRUN IURP FDOFLQDWLRQ WR SHUIHFWLRQ 7KHDVVRFLDWLRQRIDZRPDQZLWKWKLVWUDQVODWLRQRIWKHRosariumVXJJHVWVKHU NQRZOHGJHRIWKHHVRWHULFV\PEROLVPDQGODQJXDJHRIWKLVNH\DOFKHPLFDOWH[W DQGLIVKHZHUHWKHWUDQVODWRUÀXHQF\LQ*HUPDQ+LJK'XWFK DQG(QJOLVKDQG KLJKLQWHOOHFWXDOVWDQGDUGVZKLFKFDXVHKHUWRSURYLGHWZRWUDQVODWLRQV The inference of the annotated Rosarium PDQXVFULSW WKDW WKH GDXJKWHU RI -RVHSK GX &KHVQH KDG DQ HGXFDWHG LQWHUHVW LQ DOFKHP\ LV UHLQIRUFHG E\ WKH ELRJUDSK\ RI WKH GX &KHVQH IDPLO\ 7KLV VKRZV WKDW -RVHSK GX &KHVQH KDG D GDXJKWHU ZKRVH XSEULQJLQJ FRXOG ZHOO KDYH EHHQ FRQGXFLYH WR GHYHORSPHQW RI DOFKHPLFDO 3DUDFHOVLDQ DQG KHUPHWLF LQWHUHVWV DQG EHOLHIV -RVHSK GX &KHVQH ZDV WKH VLJQL¿FDQW KHUPHWLF GRFWRU DQG FKHPLVW ZKR DIWHU D SHULRG RI H[LOH LQ *HUPDQ\%DVOHDQG*HQHYDFDXVHGE\WKHSHUVHFXWLRQRI3URWHVWDQWVLQ)UDQFH EHFDPH FRXUW GRFWRU DQG DOFKHPLVW WR +HQU\ ,9 RI )UDQFH LQ 'X &KHVQH UHDFKHG WKH WRS RI WKH )UHQFK PHGLFDO SURIHVVLRQ EHFDPH NQRZQ IRU D OLWHUDU\ RXWSXW RI GUDPD DQG SRHWU\ DQG DOVR DFWHG IRU D SHULRG DV D VHFUHW DJHQW IRU
2[IRUG %RGOHLDQ /LEUDU\ $VKPROH 06 ,WHP ,,, II ± Rosarium PhilosophorumZLWKPDUJLQDODQQRWDWLRQDWHQG³0UGH&KHQLV4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHU´ )LUVW SXEOLVKHG De Alchimia opuscula complura veterum philosophorum […] Rosarium Philosophorum Secunda Pars)UDQNIXUW&\ULDF-DFRE ,QWKHODUJH$VKPROHFROOHFWLRQRIDOFKHPLFDOPDQXVFULSWVWKHUHLVRQO\RQHDWWHPSW DWDIXOO(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQ2[IRUG$VKPROH06LWHP,QF³+HUHEHJ\QQHWKH WKH ERRNH RI WKH 5RVDU\H RI 3KLORVRSKHUV´ LV DQQRWDWHG WKDW LW ZDV WKH ERRN RI (GZDUG %DUORZPDGH-DQXDU\LWVLOOXVWUDWLRQVZHUHSDVWHGRQDQGKDYHEHHQUHPRYHG 2WKHUZLVHWKHUHDUHRQO\VKRUWH[WUDFWV$QHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQKHOGDW WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI*ODVJRZIRUPHGWKHEDVLVRI$GDP0F/HDQ¶VUHFHQWHGLWLRQGXHWRWKH ODFNRIDQ\VXLWDEOHHDUOLHUYHUVLRQ 7KH WH[W LV YHU\ FORVH WR WKDW WUDQVFULEHG DQG HGLWHG E\$GDP 0F/HDQ IURP WKH HLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\ *ODVJRZ )HUJXVRQ 06 ZLWK WKH PDMRU RPLVVLRQ RI WKH SRHPV See The Rosary of the Philosophers HG E\$GDP 0F/HDQ (GLQEXUJK 0DJQXP 2SXV 6RXUFHZRUNV
Quercitan’s Daughter and the Philosopher’s Stone
+HQU\,9$OOHQ'HEXVUHJDUGVKLPDVRQHRIWKHLPSRUWDQW)UHQFK3DUDFHOVLDQV DQGKDVWUDFHGGX&KHVQH¶VLQÀXHQFHRQ(QJOLVK3DUDFHOVLDQV 'X &KHVQH PDUULHG $QQH 7U\H JUDQGGDXJKWHU RI WKH KXPDQLVW *XLOODXPH %XGp GXULQJ WKH SHULRG FLUFD V ZKHQ GX &KHVQH SUDFWLVHG PHGLFLQH DW /\RQV DV µGRFWHXU RUGLQDLUH¶ WR )UDQFRLV+HUFXOH 'XNH RI$QMRX +LV PHGLFDO SUDFWLFHLVSUHVXPHGDVXFFHVVVLQFHKLVEULGH$QQH7U\HFDPHIURPDZHDOWK\ EDFNJURXQG ZLWK D ULFK LQKHULWDQFH7KHLU GDXJKWHU -HDQQH SUREDEO\ UHFHLYHG D JRRGHGXFDWLRQJLYHQKHUVWDWXVDVRQO\FKLOGDQGWKHKXPDQLVWWUDGLWLRQLQKHU IHPDOH OLQH RI GHVFHQW$QQH 7U\H¶V FXOWXUDO IDPLO\ LQKHULWDQFH ZKLFK EURXJKW LQWHOOHFWXDOYLJRXULQDEOHQGRIKXPDQLVPDQG&DOYLQLVPZDVH[DFWO\WKHVRUWWR SURGXFHDQHGXFDWHGGDXJKWHU6LQFH(UDVPXV¶IDPRXVZLVKWKDWZRPHQVKRXOG UHDG WKH %LEOH LQ WKH YHUQDFXODU KXPDQLVWV KDG IDYRXUHG VRPH HGXFDWLRQ IRU ZRPHQ -HDQQH¶V JUDQGIDWKHU *XLOODXPH %XGp ZDV LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ NQRZQ DQG UHVSHFWHG DPRQJ IHOORZ KXPDQLVWV DQG KLPVHOI DFWHG DV D SULQFLSDO FRQGXLW IRU WKHUHFHSWLRQRIKXPDQLVWWKLQNLQJLQ)UDQFH1DQF\/5RHONHUZKRLGHQWL¿HV WKH VLJQL¿FDQW UROH RI )UHQFK QREOHZRPHQ LQ WKH YDQJXDUG RI WKH +XJXHQRW PRYHPHQW GHVFULEHV -HDQQH¶V JUDQGPRWKHU 5REHUWH OH /\HXU 0DGDPH %XGp G DVDFRUUHVSRQGHQWRI&DOYLQZKRZDVDFWLYHLQHYDQJHOLFDOUHIRUP $QQHPD\KDYHLQÀXHQFHGGX&KHVQHWRZDUGVDSDUWLFXODUEOHQGRIKXPDQLVPDQG &DOYLQLVP7KHLQFOXVLRQRI3DUDFHOVLDQDOFKHP\LQ-HDQQH¶VDUHDRILQWHUHVWLV VXSSRUWHGQRWRQO\E\KHUIDWKHU¶VH[SHUWLVHLQWKLVVXEMHFWEXWDOVRE\WKHWUHQG DZD\IURP(UDVPXV¶QHJDWLYHYLHZRIDOFKHP\DVGHFHLWIXOWRWKHDOLJQPHQWLQWKH ODWHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\RI3DUDFHOVLDQLVPZLWK)UHQFK&DOYLQLVP 7KH XVH RI WKH QDPH 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH QDPH LQ GLIIHUHQW VRUWV RI PDQXVFULSW DQG WH[WXDO VRXUFHV SURYLGHV WKH VWURQJ VXJJHVWLRQ WKDW VKH ZDV D UHDOZRPDQLQWKHFLUFOHRI-RVHSKGX&KHVQH7KHUHLVQRNQRZQELRJUDSKLFDO HYLGHQFHRIDZRPDQZLWKWKLVQDPHEXWWKHPDQXVFULSWVVKRZDQH[SHUWOHDUQHG DOFKHPLVW VFKRODU ZKR KDV ZRUNHG ZLWK DOFKHPLFDO H[SHULPHQWV RYHU VRPH Dictionnaire de Biographie Française HG E\ 5RPDQ G¶$PDW HW 5 /LPRX]LQ /DPRWKHWKYRO3DULV/LEUDLULH/HWRX]H\HW$QH SS± $OOHQ'HEXVThe French Paracelsians&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S 1RUPDQ'DYLHVEurope: A History 2[IRUG1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH%D\HU
\HDUV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR KHU SKLORVRSKLFDO DOFKHPLFDO GLVFRXUVHV ZKLFK UHIHUHQFH -RVHSK GX &KHVQH WKHUH LV D UHFRUG RI KHU H[SHUWLVH LQ PDNLQJ D PHGLFLQH IRU KLJKIHYHUUHPRYDORIYHUPLQEOHPLVKHVRQWKHIDFHODQJXLGDQGKHDY\OLPEV JRXWDQGVPDOOSR[$PL[WXUHRIPHUFXU\RIsolLVGLVVROYHG¿[HGFRUDODGGHG DQGERLOHGLQDQDWKDQRUXQWLODZKLWHVQRZOLNHVXEVWDQFHIRUPV7KHPL[WXUHLV GLVWLOOHGUHSHDWHGO\WRZDVKWKHHVVHQFH&KLOGUHQRIWR\HDUVDUHUHFRPPHQGHG DGRVHRIVL[JUDLQVGLVVROYHGLQZKLWHZLQHRULIWKH\UHIXVHLWLQIRRGRUV\UXS 7KHGRVHLQFUHDVHVZLWKDJHDGXOWVFDQWDNHHLJKWJUDLQVLQWKLVWOHZDWHURU JUDLQVLQDSLOORIWKHULDF 5HDO:RPHQDQG3XUSRVHIXO2EVFXULW\ :KLOVW0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHDQG-HDQQHGX3RUWDSSHDUWREHUHDOZRPHQ WKHUHLVODFNRIFODULW\RYHUWKHQDPHV4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHUODGRFWHGHPRLVHOOHGH )UDQFHDQG1HSWLV6RPHRIWKHFRQIXVLRQDULVLQJIURPWKHYDULHW\RIQDPHVPD\EH DFRQVHTXHQFHRISXUSRVHIXOREVFXULW\WKURXJKWKHXVHRISVHXGRQ\PVDQGDOLELV 7KLVYHLOLQJRILGHQWLW\UHÀHFWVWKHWUDGLWLRQRIDQRQ\PLW\DQGVHFUHF\LQDOFKHPLFDO OLWHUDWXUH WKH ODUJH QXPEHU RI DOFKHPLFDO WH[WV DQG PDQXVFULSWV RI DQRQ\PRXV DXWKRUVKLSLQFOXGLQJWKHPRVWIDPRXVVXFKDVWKHRosarium Philosophorum and the Turba PhilosophorumDVZHOODVSUREDEO\WKRXVDQGVRIXQFUHGLWHGPDQXVFULSWV RQDOFKHPLFDOWKHPHV(YHQZKHQQRWDQRQ\PRXVPDOHDQGIHPDOHDOFKHPLVWV VRPHWLPHVWDNHSVHXGRQ\PVRUXVHLQLWLDOV$QRQ\PLW\RUVHPLDQRQ\PLW\PD\ EHOLQNHGWRWKHWUDGLWLRQRIVHFUHF\E\ZKLFKIURPDQWLTXLW\DOFKHPLVWVXVHGFRGH FLSKHU ULGGOH SDUDGR[ DQG HQLJPD ZLWK LQWHQWLRQDO REVFXULW\ )URP WKH VWDUW RIDOFKHPLFDOP\WKRORJ\WH[WVDUHDWWULEXWHGWR³JUHDWQDPHV´RIWKHDOFKHPLFDO WUDGLWLRQZKHQ+HUPHV,VLVDQG'HPRFULWXVEHFDPHDXWKRULDOLGHQWL¿HUVRIWH[WV %\WKH5HQDLVVDQFHDODUJHcorpusRIZRUNKDGVSXULRXVQDPHV2QFHD³QDPH´ HQWHUHG WKH WUDGLWLRQ LW PLJKW EH DWWDFKHG WR RWKHU VLPLODU ZRUNV 7KH XVH RI ³DXWKRULWLHV´LQGLFDWHGWKHSODFHRIDWH[WLQDUHYHDOHGWUDGLWLRQWKHDQWLTXLW\RI DOFKHP\ZDVDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRILWVP\WKRORJ\7KHUHDUHQRGRXEWPDQ\RWKHU DOFKHPLFDOPDQXVFULSWVZKRVHDXWKRUVKLSKDVQRW\HWEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGDQGDZDLW FDUHIXOVWXG\WKHODFNRINQRZOHGJHDERXWPLQRUDOFKHPLVWVVFULEHVDQGZULWHUV SUREDEO\PDNHVWKHOLWHUDWXUHDSSHDUPRUHREVFXUHWKDQLWPLJKWRWKHUZLVHEH. 7KHWUDGLWLRQE\ZKLFKWKHVHFUHWVRIDOFKHP\ZHUHSDVVHGRUDOO\IURPPDVWHUWR VRQLVDOVRVLJQL¿FDQW7KH³)LOLXV6HQGLYRJLL´ZDVNQRZQXQGHUWKHPRQRJUDP ³-+)6´DQGKDVEHHQLGHQWL¿HGE\-RDFKLP7HOOHDV-RKDQQ+DUSUHFKW)RUWLWXGLR 6WDUFNH6HQGLYRJLXVDQG-RVHSKGX&KHVQHZHUHFRQWHPSRUDULHVLQWKHFLUFOHRI
IIY±Y *DUHWK5REHUWV The Mirror of AlchemyS 5REHUWVS 5REHUWVS -RDFKLP7HOOH³=XPµ)LOLXV6HQGLYRJLL¶-RKDQQ+DUSUHFKW´LQDie Alchemie in der europäischen Kultut- und WissenschaftsgeschichteHGE\&KULVWRSKHU0HLQHO:HLVEDQGHQ +DUUDVVRZLW]:ROIEWWHOHU)RUVFKXQJHQ%DQG SS±,DPJUDWHIXOWR-DQ %lFNOXQGIRUWKLVUHIHUHQFH
Quercitan’s Daughter and the Philosopher’s Stone
2VZDOG&UROOWKHVRQRI6HQGLYRJLXVLVFRQWHPSRUDU\ZLWK4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHU ,QERWKFDVHVWKHUHGXFWLRQLQLGHQWLW\RIWKH³VRQ´RU³GDXJKWHU´UHLQIRUFHVWKH VLJQL¿FDQFH RI WKH ³PDVWHU´ ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W LW LV RI QRWH WKDW HYHQ WKRXJK VKH DQG&UROOZHUHDERXWWKHVDPHDJHWKHSRHWHVV(OL]DEHWK-DQH:HVWRQXVHGWKH YRFDEXODU\RIDGPLULQJGDXJKWHUWRIDWKHU¿JXUHLQKHUSUHIDWRU\SRHPWR2VZDOG &UROO¶VBasilica ChymicaDFODVVLFZRUNRIKHUPHWLFLVPDQGDOFKHPLFDOPHGLFLQH ,QWKLVSRHPVKHFODLPVVSHFLDOVWDWXVE\H[SUHVVLQJKHUJUHDWDGPLUDWLRQIRU&UROO ³DHWHUQXP3KRHEXV$SROORPLKLHVW´,WVHHPVWKDWLQDIHZLQVWDQFHVDOFKHPLFDO ³PDVWHUV´WDXJKWRULQFOXGHGLQWKHLUFLUFOHZRPHQZKRWRRNRQWKHPDQWOHRID VSHFLDOVRUWRI³GDXJKWHU´ 7KHUHVRQDQFHRIWKHDOFKHPLFDOGDXJKWHUGLIIHUVVLJQL¿FDQWO\IURPWKDWRIWKH DOFKHPLFDOVRQ7KHDXWKRULW\RIWKHIHPDOHSXSLOLVOHVVHQHGE\KHUGHIHUHQFHWR DPDOHWHDFKHU4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHULVDQLGHQWLW\FRPSULVHGRIDPDOHDXWKRULW\ DQGIHPDOHGHSHQGDQW2QWKHRWKHUKDQGZKHUH0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHLVFLWHG DV DXWKRU ZLWKRXW UHIHUHQFH WR GX &KHVQH IRU H[DPSOH LQ VRPH UHFHLSWV VKH LV DFNQRZOHGJHGDVH[SHUW 7KHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHULWZDV4XHUFLWDQ¶VELRORJLFDOVSLULWXDORUV\PEROLF GDXJKWHUZKRZURWHWKHQuercitan’s Daughter’s LettersLVSURPSWHGE\WKHLPDJH RI WKH SKLORVRSKHU¶V GDXJKWHU IRXQG LQ WKH DOFKHPLFDO WUDGLWLRQ 7KH WUDQVODWHG HSLJUDPIURPWKHRosarium PhilosophorumRevivicatoZKLFKLVDQQRWDWHGZLWK WKHQDPHRI0UGH&KHQLV4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHUXVHVWKHLPDJHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶V GDXJKWHU +HHUHFRPHWKWKH6RXOHIURPKHDYHQIDLUH FOHHUH $QGUDLVHWKWKH3KLORVRSKHUVGDXJKWHUGHDUH
:KHWKHUVKHUHDGWUDQVODWHGRUFRSLHGWKHVHZRUGVDUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIKHURZQ LPDJHDVGDXJKWHURIDSKLORVRSKHUFDQEHLPDJLQHGDVVKHZURWH³WKH3KLORVRSKHUV GDXJKWHU GHDUH´$ ODWHU WUDQVODWLRQ SODFHV D VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQW DQG OHVV KXPDQ HPSKDVLV +HUHWKH6RXOGHVFHQGHWKJORULRXVO\IURPKHDYHQ $QGUDLVHWKXSWKH'DXJKWHURI3KLORVRSK\
7KHSKLORVRSKHU¶VGDXJKWHUSURYLGHVDQDQDORJ\IRUWKHUHYLYHGDQGURJ\QRXVERG\ RI WKH SKLORVRSKHUV¶ VWRQH ZKLFK LV QRZ UDLVHG WR WKH VSLULWXDO UHDOP Lyndy
$SROOR¶VGDXJKWHUVZHUHWKHPXVHV 7KH*HUPDQWH[WSULQWHGLQDe alchimia opusculaSUHDGV³K\HFRPSWGLH 6HHOHYRPKLPHOVFKRQXQGFODU8QGPDFKWDXVVHUVWHKHQGHUSKLORVRSKLGRFKWHUIXUZDU ´ 5XODQG S JLYHV 'DXJKWHU RI WKH *UDQG 6HFUHW DV D V\QRQ\P IRU WKH 3KLORVRSKHUV¶ VWRQH The Rosary of the PhilosophersHGE\0F/HDQS 7KHIHPDOHJHQGHUPD\UHIHUWRWKHSKLORVRSKLFERG\FUHDWHGIURPWKHPHUJLQJRI Sol and LunaZKRSHUKDSVUHSUHVHQWIDWKHUDQGPRWKHU
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH%D\HU
$EUDKDPGLVFXVVHVWKHZLGHVSUHDGXVHRIWKHV\PERORIWKHSKLORVRSKLFDOFKLOGDV WKHQHZERUQSKLORVRSKHU¶VVWRQH6KHVXJJHVWVWKDWLQVRPHFDVHVIRUH[DPSOH E\-RKDQQ9DOHQWLQ$QGUHDH± DQG-RKDQQ0\OLXVF±SRVW WKHLQIDQW6WRQHLVSHUVRQL¿HGDVDIHPDOHFKLOGUHSUHVHQWLQJ6RSKLDRUZLVGRP ,QWKLVVHQVHOHWWHUVIURPWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VGDXJKWHUPLJKWEHUHDGOLWHUDOO\DVWKH ZRUGVRIZLVGRP 7KH TXHVWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI ZRPHQ DUH UHDO RU V\PEROLF LVIXUWKHUFRPSOLFDWHGE\WKHZLGHVSUHDGXVHE\DOFKHPLFDOWH[WVRIVHULRXVDQG SOD\IXOODQJXDJHSVHXGRQ\PVDQGSXUSRVHIXOREVFXULW\,QWKHEpistola Neptis, Operation de Neptis au Druide communiquée par M. Landrivier Calend. Madame GHOD0DUWLQYLOOH¶VQDPHLVVXEVWLWXWHGZLWKWKHSVHXGRQ\PNeptis and the name 4XHUFLWDQXVLVSOD\IXOO\VXEVWLWXWHGZLWKWKH'UXLGDQREYLRXVLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRI 4XHUFLWDQXVEDVHGRQ'UXLGUHYHUHQFHIRUWKHRDNWUHH,QWKHIUHTXHQWPHQWLRQV LQWKH7KHRGRUHGH0D\HUQHSDSHUVRI1HSWLVDVDQDOFKHPLFDODXWKRULW\1HSWLV LVFOHDUO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWK4XHUFLWDQXVDQGKLVFLUFOHWKHUHIHUHQFHWR1HSWLVWKH 'UXLG DQG 'RQ 3KLOLSSRQ PLUURUV WKH WULR LQ Quercitan’s Daughter’s Letters of WKH DXWKRU 4XHUFLWDQXV DQG 0RQVLHXU 3KLOLSSRQ 6HYHUDO KDQGV ZULWH PDLQO\ LQ)UHQFKZLWKVRPH(QJOLVKDQG/DWLQ7KHVHSDSHUVVXJJHVWDFLUFOHRISHRSOH LQ )UDQFH*HQHYD ZKR WRRN RQ SVHXGRQ\PV DV SDUW RI WKHLU PXWXDO HQGHDYRXUV LQDOFKHP\DQGDPLQJOLQJDQGPHUJLQJRILGHQWLWLHVDQGQDPHVDQGSHUKDSVD SOD\IXOHQMR\PHQWRIP\WKRORJ\LQWKHWUDGLWLRQRIZKDW0LFKDHO0DLHUFDOOVWKH DOFKHPLFDOVHULRXVJDPH 7KH7KHRGRUHGH0D\HUQHSDSHUVVXJJHVWDODUJHUQHWZRUNDURXQG³WKH'UXLG´ DQG 1HSWLV VRPH RI ZKRP PDGH XVH RI SVHXGRQ\PV $ UHPLQGHU RI -HDQQH GX 3RUW¶V 6ZLVV XSEULQJLQJ LV 7KH 2OG *HQHYDQ RWKHU PDOH SDUWLFLSDQWV DUH %DWKRGLXV0DXULFH%HD>U"@DUGHDX3XUSXUPDQWHO%DVLOXDQG%DVLOLXVIY 7KHDSSDUHQWO\IHPLQLQHQDPHIRUPVRI'UXLGDDQG+DOLJUDSKLDVXJJHVWDGGLWLRQDO ZRPHQSDUWLFLSDQWVIY $OVRPHQWLRQHGLQUHODWLRQWR1HSWLVRUWKH'UXLG DUH³0RQVLHXU?4XDQp'0D3DULV´7URJQ\0GHOD9DOOpH0/DQGULYLHUDQG &DPLOOHV ,WLVSUREDEOHWKDWVRPHRIWKHVHQDPHVZHUHSVHXGRQ\PVZLWKUHVRQDQFHVZLWK the opus$IRRWQRWHWRD)UHQFKYHUVLRQRIWKH Epistola Nobilissime in the Theodore GH0D\HUQHSDSHUVPHQWLRQV³DXPDQXVFULSWGX'UXLGHMHWURXYH/H/LYUH-DOLEL
A Dictionary of Alchemical Imagery &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV SS± /RQGRQ%ULWLVK/LEUDU\6ORDQH06IUYU /RQGRQ %ULWLVK /LEUDU\ 6ORDQH 06 II Y±Y +XJK 7UHYRU5RSHU ³3DUDFHOVLDQLVP PDGH 3ROLWLFDO´ LQ *UHOO Paracelsus SS ± S VWDWHV WKDW 7KpRGRUHGH0D\HUQHGX&KHVQHDQG*XLOODXPHGH7URJQ\IRUPHGDVHFUHWJURXSLQ3DULV WRSHUIRUPDOFKHPLFDOZRUNEXWGRHVQRWGLVFXVVDQ\IHPDOHSDUWLFLSDQWV2QWKHVHULRXV JDPHVHH0LFKDHO0DLHULusus serius2SSHQKHLP/XFDV-HQQLV (OLDV$VKPROH GLVSOD\VWKHVDPHWHQGHQFLHVLQXVLQJDQDQDJUDPRIKLVQDPH-DPHV+DVROOHLQWKHVXEWLWOH RIKLVHGLWLRQRI$UWKXU'HH¶VFasciculus Chemicus IIU±UU±U
Quercitan’s Daughter and the Philosopher’s Stone
´IIU±U 7KHWZRLPSOLHGSVHXGRQ\PVRUDOLELVIRUGX&KHVQH³WKH 'UXLG´DQGQuercitanusRURDNWUHHDUHHW\PRORJLFDOO\UHODWHG³GUXLG´PD\PHDQ ³RDNNQRZHU´DQGUHIHUWRVHFUHWWUHHORUH,WLVDOVRUHOHYDQWWKDWWKH Discours PhilosophicalGUDZVRQ%HUQDUG7UHYLVDQ¶VDOOHJRU\RIWKHIRXQWDLQLQZKLFKWKH ROGRDNWUHHIURPZKLFKWKHIRXQWDLQÀRZVKDVFHQWUDOVLJQL¿FDQFH7KHVHLPDJHV RIDVSLULWXDOLW\RIUHELUWKDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHHDUWKKDUNEDFNWRSDJDQDQWLTXLW\ DQGWKHLGHDRIDSXUHUZLVGRPLQWKH&HOWLF'UXLGWUDGLWLRQDVZHOODVRWKHUSUH &KULVWLDQWUDGLWLRQVZKLFKLQVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\)UDQFHIRXQGDSRSXODUIRFXVLQ WKHFODLPRQD*DXOLVK'UXLGLFSDVW*X\OH)qYUHGHOD%URGHULHLQLa Galliàde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¶V GDXJKWHU 0U GH &KHQLV 4XHUFLWDQ¶V GDXJKWHU DQG 1HSWLVPHDQLQJIHPDOHGHVFHQGDQWRUJUDQGGDXJKWHU 7KHPDQXVFULSWGHVFHQW
*HRIIUH\$VKHMythology of the British Isles/RQGRQ0HWKXHQ S 'UXLGVKDYHEHHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKRDNWUHHVVLQFH3OLQ\ 'HVLUpH +LUVW Hidden Riches: Traditional Symbolism from the Renaissance to Blake /RQGRQ(\UHDQG6SRWWLVZRRGH S +LUVWS 0LUDQGD*UHHQCeltic Goddesses, Warriors, Virgins and Mothers/RQGRQ%ULWLVK 0XVHXP SS± 5DSKDHO3DWDLThe Jewish Alchemists: A History and Source Book 3ULQFHWRQ1- 3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S 0LUDQGD*UHHQThe Gods of the Celts*ORXFHVWHU$ODQ6XWWRQ S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH%D\HU
LV FRQIXVHG E\ WKH ZD\ WKHVH QDPHV DUH XVHG LQ GLIIHUHQW YHUVLRQV RI VLPLODU WH[WV LQFOXGLQJ DQ DGGLWLRQDODWWULEXWLRQWR D OHDUQHG ZRPDQ RI )UDQFH$OO WKH UHIHUHQFHV LQFOXGH RU LQIHU D UHODWLRQVKLS WR WKH 3DUDFHOVLDQ FKHPLVW -RVHSK GX &KHVQHF± ZKRVHSXEOLVKHGSVHXGRQ\PZDV4XHUFLWDQXV :LWKLQWKH¿UVWVHTXHQFHRIPDQXVFULSWVWKHHDUOLHVWGRFXPHQWLVSUREDEO\D SDJHOHWWHULQ/DWLQZLWKWKHWLWOHEpistola Nobilissime Matrone de Martinvilla ad Dom Quercitanum +1609 ZKLFKDFFRUGLQJWRDQQRWDWLRQVE\,VDDF+DUEUHFKW ZDV WUDQVODWHG IURP )UHQFK LQWR /DWLQ LQ LQ 6WXWWJDUW 7KLV WH[W VLWXDWHV 0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHDVDXWKRUDQGH[SHUWDOFKHPLVWZLWKRYHU\HDUVRI DOFKHPLFDO3DUDFHOVLDQH[SHULHQFH0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHUHFDOOVWKDWLQ 4XHUFLWDQXVJDYHKHUVHYHUDODOFKHPLFDOUHPHGLHV7ZHQW\\HDUVODWHULQWKH \HDURIGX&KHVQH¶VGHDWKVKHZULWHVWRKLPUHFRXQWLQJKHUH[SHULPHQWV,Q WKH\HDUDIWHU-RVHSKGX&KHVQH¶VGHDWK0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHZULWHVDSDJH Discours philosophicalWKHVHFRQGPDQXVFULSWLQWKHVHTXHQFH. /LNHWKH Epistola NobilissimeWKHDiscours philosophicalLVZULWWHQLQWKHPL[WXUHRIFKHPLVWU\DQG V\PEROLFODQJXDJHWKDWFKDUDFWHULVHV3DUDFHOVLDQDOFKHPLFDOZULWLQJV$GGLWLRQDO HYLGHQFHIRUDQH[SHUWZRPDQDOFKHPLVWLQWKH3DUDFHOVLDQWUDGLWLRQFDOOHG0DGDPH GHOD0DUWLQYLOOHLVSUHVHQWHGE\SDSHUVEHORQJLQJWR7KHRGRUH7XUTXHWGH0D\HUQH ± WKH\RXQJGRFWRUIULHQGDQGFROOHDJXHRI-RVHSKGX&KHVQHZKLFK UHIHUWRPHWKRGVIURPDQGDSSURYHGE\³00OOH´DQG³2EVHUYDWLRQHGH0GH 0OOH´ RQ D ³0HWKRGH SRU IDLUH O¶RSHUDWLRQ GXǻ GH YLH >6ROH@HD´ D PHWKRG IRU PDNLQJDZDWHURIOLIHIURPJROG 6LQFH7KHRGRUHGH0D\HUQHNQHZGX&KHVQH DQGKLV)UHQFKFLUFOHZHOOWKHHYLGHQFHRIKLVSDSHUVFDUULHVZHLJKW :LWKLQ WKH VHFRQG VHTXHQFH RI OHWWHUV DUH IRXU FRSLHV RI D GRFXPHQW WLWOHG Quercitan’s Daughter’s lettersWKUHHRIZKLFKDSSHDUWRGDWHIURPWKHVHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ Quercitan’s Daughters Letters: An Alchemical TreatiseKDVWZRSDUWVWKH 6HH 7DEOH 2QH , UHIHU WR KLP DV -RVHSK GX &KHVQH H[FHSW ZKHQ UHIHUULQJ WR PDQXVFULSWVXVLQJWKHQDPH4XHUFLWDQXV &RSHQKDJHQ7KH5R\DO/LEUDU\06II±7KHDXWKRULVUHIHUUHGWRDV 0DWURQHGH0DUWLQYLOODLQWKHWLWOHRIWKLV/DWLQGRFXPHQW,UHIHUWRKHULQKHUQDWLYH)UHQFK IRUPWKURXJKRXW0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOH ,VDDF+DEUHFKW± RZQHGRUZURWHDQXPEHURIPDQXVFULSWVLQWKH5R\DO /LEUDU\&RSHQKDJHQ 3DULV%LEOLRWKqTXH0D]DULQH06 QRII± /RQGRQ%ULWLVK/LEUDU\6ORDQH06IIUU±UY±UDQG$OOHQ 'HEXVThe French ParacelsiansSS ,QDGGLWLRQWR2[IRUG%RGOHLDQ/LEUDU\$VKPROH06DQG*ODVJRZ8QLYHUVLW\ RI*ODVJRZ)HUJXVRQ06ZKLFKKDYHEHHQXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\WKHUHDUHDWOHDVWWZR RWKHUVZKLFKKDYHQRWEHHQYLHZHG)URPWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\LV/RQGRQ%ULWLVK/LEUDU\ 6ORDQH06II±4XHUVLWDQ¶V'D>I@WHUVOHWWHUDQDOFKHPLFDOWUDFWWUDQVODWHGIURP WKH /DWLQ ZLWK WKH VHFRQG SDUW WLWOHG ³4XHUVLWDQ¶V 'D>I@WHUV OHWWHU´$SSDUHQWO\ IURP WKH HDUO\QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\LVThe Theory and Practice of the Philosophers Stone described by Quercitan’s Daughter. Copied from an antient manuscript3KLODGHOSKLDWKH0DQO\3DOPHU +DOOFROOHFWLRQ06FD6RXUFH$OFKHP\&'URP ,KDYHLQVHUWHGDQDSRVWURSKH into Daughter’sWKURXJKRXWWKLVVWXG\IRUHDVHRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
Quercitan’s Daughter and the Philosopher’s Stone
¿UVWWKHRUHWLFDOWKHVHFRQGSUDFWLFDODVGRPDQ\RWKHUDOFKHPLFDOZULWLQJV The ¿UVWLVDOHWWHUVLJQHGE\³\RXUPRVWKXPEOHDIIHFWLRQDWHKDQGPD\G´WKHVHFRQG FRQWDLQVWHFKQLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKSURYLGHVSUDFWLFDOGHWDLOVRIKHUDOFKHPLFDO SUDFWLFHV7KHEDVLFWH[WSUHVHQWV4XHUFLWDQ¶V'DXJKWHUZKRLVQRWJLYHQKHURZQ QDPH DVDGHIHUHQWLDOGLOLJHQWSUDFWLVLQJDOFKHPLVWZKRVHH[SHULPHQWKDVIDLOHG WKURXJKKHUWLUHGQHVV/DWHUYHUVLRQVLQFOXGHLQVHUWLRQVZKLFKVHHNWRGHQLJUDWH DQ\LGHDRIIHPDOHLGHQWLW\RUDXWKRULW\ $VLPLODUWH[WWLWOHGCopie d’une lettre escripte a Monsieur du Chesne d’une Docte damoiselle de franceGDWHVSUREDEO\IURPWKH¿UVWKDOIRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\7KLVWH[WVLWXDWHVWKHDXWKRUDVDZLVHZRPDQHYHQWKRXJKKHUH[SHULPHQW IDLOHG%\WKHPLGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\DQ(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVWH[WZLWK DODUJHDGGLWLRQDOSDVVDJH KDGEHHQUHQDPHGThe Copie of a Letter sent me by ye late Madam Martin Viel, wch was found after her death 0DGDP 0DUWLQ>H@ 9LHOLVPRVWOLNHO\DQ(QJOLVKSKRQHWLFWUDQVODWLRQRI0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOH 7KLVDVSHFWRIWKHPDQXVFULSWGHVFHQWUDLVHVWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHU0DGDPHGH OD0DUWLQYLOOHDQG4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHUZHUHWKHVDPHSHUVRQRUZKHWKHUWKHLU LGHQWLWLHV RU UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV EHFRPH FRQIXVHG RYHU WLPH DV D FRS\LVW VRXJKW WR LGHQWLI\ DQ DXWKRULDO LGHQWLW\ ZLWK 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH EHLQJ UHJDUGHG DW VRPHSRLQWDV4XHUFLWDQ¶VELRORJLFDORUVSLULWXDOGDXJKWHU $QRWKHUH[DPSOHRIWKHVLWXDWLRQRIDIHPDOHDOFKHPLVWLQUHODWLRQWRDPDOH H[SHUWLVWKURXJKUHIHUHQFHVWRDZRPDQNQRZQDV1HSWLVDSSDUHQWO\DQDOFKHPLVW JUDQGGDXJKWHURUIHPDOHGHVFHQGDQWRI4XHUFLWDQXV7KH7KHRGRUHGH0D\HUQH SDSHUVLQFOXGHEpistola Neptis, Operation de Neptis au Druide communiquée par M. Landrivier Calend. i687KHVHSDSHUVDUHSUREOHPDWLFWRGDWH7KHRGRUHGH 0D\HUQH GLHG LQ DQG WKH ZKROH PDQXVFULSW LQFOXGHV GDWHV IURP WR ,QWKLV)UHQFKYHUVLRQRIWKH Epistola NobilissimeWKHSVHXGRQ\P1HSWLV LV VXEVWLWXWHG IRU 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH¶V QDPH7KH VDPH VXEVWLWXWLRQ KDV WDNHQSODFHLQThe work of Neptis communicated to QuercitanusDODWHU(QJOLVK YHUVLRQ RI WKH Epistola Nobilis, FRSLHG LQWR D QRWHERRN GDWLQJ IURP WKH PLG VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ $PDQXVFULSWLQWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG$VKPROHFROOHFWLRQ³7KH(QJOLVK RI WKH 'XWFK DOVR LQ 5RVDULXP 3KLORVRSKRUXP´ LV DQQRWDWHG ³0U GH &KHQLV
6HH*DUHWK5REHUWVThe Mirror of AlchemyS± 'HQPDUN&RSHQKDJHQ5R\DO/LEUDU\06 6FRWODQG8QLYHUVLW\RI*ODVJRZ)HUJXVRQ06II± /RQGRQ7KH%ULWLVK/LEUDU\066ORDQHSDUWLFXODUO\IIU±U(SLVWROD 1HSWLV2SHUDWLRQGH1HSWLVDX'UXLGHFRPPXQLTXpHSDU0/DQGULYLHU&DOHQG>"@ IIYU IY IY LSRVVLEO\ DQG IU /RQGRQ%ULWLVK/LEUDU\6ORDQH06IIYUYYU *ODVJRZ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI )HUJXVRQ 06 II ± The worke of Neptis communicated to Quercitanus
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH%D\HU
4XHUFLWDQ¶V GDXJKWHU´ 7KLV VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH GDXJKWHU RI -RVHSK GX &KHVQH HLWKHUWUDQVODWHGWKHWZRYHUVHVRIWKHRosarium PhilosophorumLQWKLVPDQXVFULSW DV LQGLFDWHG E\ :LOOLDP %ODFN $VKPROH PDQXVFULSW FDWDORJXHU RU WKDW VKH WUDQVFULEHGRURZQHGLW 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQVRI:RPHQDV$FWLYH$OFKHPLVWV 7KHPDLQZULWLQJVRIWKHVH)UHQFKZRPHQDOFKHPLVWVDUH¿QHO\IRFXVHGRQDOFKHP\ DV WKH PDNLQJ RI JROG PHGLFLQH DQG VSLULWXDOSKLORVRSKLFDO ZRUN 7KHUH LV QR DVVRFLDWLRQZLWKUHODWHGKRXVHKROGPDQDJHPHQWDFWLYLWLHVVXFKDVWKHGLVWLOODWLRQ RISHUIXPHVZDWHUVWKHPDNLQJRIDUWSLJPHQWVRUPHWDOZRUNDVLVWKHFDVHLQ RWKHUH[DPSOHVRIZRPHQ¶VLQYROYHPHQWZLWKDOFKHP\VXFKDV,VDEHOOD&RUWHVH¶V ERRNRIVHFUHWVIRUQREOHZRPHQZKLFKLQFOXGHVDVHFWLRQRQDOFKHP\ The main WH[WV GLVFXVVHG LQGLFDWH LQWHOOHFWXDO 3DUDFHOVLDQ DOFKHP\ XVLQJ WKH LPDJLQDWLRQ DQG WH[WEDVHG OHDUQLQJ DV ZHOO DV SUDFWLFDO HTXLSPHQW D ZLGH UDQJH RI FRVWO\ PDWHULDOV DQG VHQVXDO WHVWLQJ RI H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV IRU H[DPSOH E\ ZDWFKLQJ FRORXUFKDQJHV The Writings of Madame de la Martinville In the Discours Philosophical 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH RXWOLQHV DOFKHPLFDO SUDFWLFH DV WKH SKLORVRSKHU¶V FUDIW LQ ZKLFK WKH NH\ WR WKH ZRUN WDNHV SODFH DV PDWWHUSDVVHVWKURXJKWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VKDQGVDTXDVLSULHVWO\TXDOLW\LVLQYROYHG LQSUHSDULQJWKHSKLORVRSKLFKRO\WLQFWXUHZKLFKFDQQRWEHVHSDUDWHGIURPSK\VLFDO DOFKHPLFDO DFWLYLW\ I U 6KH ZULWHV DV DQ H[SHUW DOFKHPLVW GUDZLQJ RQ WKH DXWKRULW\RIKHURZQSUDFWLVHDQGOHDUQLQJ6KHRXWOLQHVWKUHHZD\VRIREWDLQLQJ SKLORVRSKLFDO PHUFXU\$ ¿UVW PHWKRG DLPV WR VHSDUDWH PHUFXU\ IURP JROG DQG VLOYHUWKURXJKGLJHVWLRQLQDbain marieIRUWRGD\VXQWLOWKHPDWWHUEHFRPHV EODFNZKHQWKHPHUFXU\FDQEHFRROHGRIILQTXDQWLW\IU 7KLVLVEDVHGRQ WKHFRQFHSWWKDWWRDXJPHQWJROGRUVLOYHU WKHVHHGVSHUPRUPHUFXU\RIJROG RUVLOYHU LVUHTXLUHG7KLVFRQFHSWLVRQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQRIWKHDOFKHPLVWV¶EHOLHI WKDWPHUFXU\ZDVWKHWUDQVIRUPLQJDJHQWDQGLWVVHHGWKHSRWHQWDFWLYHSULQFLSOH $ VHFRQG PHWKRG H[WUDFWV PHUFXU\ IURP UHVXVFLWDWLQJ VDOWV IRXQG LQ VXEOLPDWHG ZDWHU6XEOLPDWLRQLVWKHFRQYHUVLRQRIVROLGWRYDSRXUIROORZHGE\FRQGHQVDWLRQ 2[IRUG %RGOHLDQ /LEUDU\ $VKPROH 06 ,WHP ,,, II ± 5RVDULXm 3KLORVRSKRUXPZLWKPDUJLQDODQQRWDWLRQDWHQG³0UGH&KHQLV4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHU´ %ODFN ,VDEHOOD&RUWHVHI Secreti de la Signora Isabella Cortese: Ne’quali si contengo cose PLQHUDOLPHGLFLQDOLDUWL¿FLRVHH$OFKLPLTXH PROWHGHO¶DUWHSURIXPDWRULDDSSDUWHQHQWL e ogni gran Signora 9HQLFH*LRYDQQL%DULOHWWR )RUDJHQHUDORYHUYLHZVHH3HQQ\ %D\HU ³)URP .LWFKHQ +HDUWK WR /HDUQHG 3DUDFHOVLDQLVP :RPHQ DQG $OFKHP\ LQ WKH 5HQDLVVDQFH´LQ“Mystical Metal of Gold”: Essays on Alchemy and Renaissance Culture 6WDQWRQ-/LQGHQHG%URRNO\Q1<$063UHVV
Quercitan’s Daughter and the Philosopher’s Stone
RIWKHYDSRXULQVROLGIRUPRQDFRROVXUIDFH$VHFRQGPHWKRGH[WUDFWVPHUFXU\ IURPUHVXVFLWDWLQJVDOWVIRXQGLQVXEOLPDWHGZDWHU7KHVHVDOWVDUHPHWDSKRULFDOO\ UHGXFHGWRGHDWKWKURXJKVXEOLPDWLRQUHYLYHGZLWKGLVWLOOHGYLQHJDURLORIWDUWDU and sal ammoniacZKHQPHUFXU\LVWKHQH[WUDFWHGWKURXJKVXEOLPDWLRQDQGPL[HG ZLWKFUXGHWDUWDUIRUIXUWKHUGLJHVWLRQIU 7KLUGO\DQWLPRQ\LVXVHGSUDLVHGDV WKHSUHPLHUPHWDOOLFVXEVWDQFHWKHOHDGRIWKHSKLORVRSKHUVPDGHRIDVXOSKXUDQG DOLYLQJVLOYHULHPHUFXU\IY 0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHWKHQGHVFULEHVKRZ WRVXEOLPHDUHGXFWLRQRIDQWLPRQ\ZLWKsal ammoniacDGGLQJUHGlunaVLOYHU DQG SXWWLQJWKHPL[WXUHLQWRZKDWVKHFDOOVSKLORVRSKLFDOGLVWLOOHGYLQHJDUDQGVXOSKXU XQWLOWKHlunaVWRSVUHDFWLQJDQGLVFHPHQWHG7KHSUHIDFHGZRUG³SKLORVRSKLFDO´ KHUHLVREVFXUHEXWSUREDEO\PHDQVWKDWWKHGLVWLOOHGYLQHJDUKDVEHHQWKURXJKD SURFHVVWKDWWKHDOFKHPLVWVFRQVLGHUHGSDUWRIWKHLUDUW6KHGHVFULEHVWKHUHVXOWRI IHUPHQWLQJPHUFXU\IURPWKHSXUHVXOSKXURIDQWLPRQ\ZLWKsolDVWKHIRXQWDLQ SHUKDSVDYLVXDOLPDJHRIWKHFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQWDNLQJSODFH$SRZGHURI³FLQQDEDU RIDQWLPRQ\´LVPL[HGZLWKVDOWSHWUHDQGVDOWVXEOLPDWHGDQGUHYLYHGRYHUDORZ KHDWZLWKEODFNWDUWDUOLPHDKDOIEXUQWFUXVWRIEUHDGDQGsal ammoniacZKLFK PL[WXUHVKHFODLPVSURYLGHVPHUFXU\IRUWKH³EHORHYUH´IU )LQDOO\VKHJLYHV DPHWKRGWRREWDLQPHUFXU\IURPWKHÀRZHUVRIDQWLPRQ\LQRUGHUWRWKHQPXOWLSO\ JROG7HQRXQFHVRIPHUFXU\DUHDPDOJDPDWHGZLWKFDOFLQHGJROGSXWLQDQDWKDQRU IRUWRGD\VXQWLOWKHEODFNQHVVLVUHPRYHGWKHVXEVWDQFHEHFRPHVZKLWH WKHQUHGDQGWKHVXEVWDQFHSURFHHGVWRPXOWLSO\WRWKHVDPHZHLJKWDVWKHPHUFXU\ IIU±Y 7KURXJKRXWVKHSURYLGHVVSHFL¿FZHLJKWVJXLGHOLQHVRQWKHDPRXQWRI KHDWDQGYLVXDOFOXHVWRPHDVXUHWKHVXFFHVVRIWKHH[SHULPHQW 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH¶V ZULWLQJV DUH H[SOLFLW H[DPSOHV RI LPPHUVLRQ LQ WKH OHDUQHG 3DUDFHOVLDQ WUDGLWLRQ ,Q WKH Discours Philosophical KHU FDUHIXO UHIHUHQFLQJWRWKHZRUNVRI3DUDFHOVXVZKRPVKHUHJDUGVDVWKHEHVWLQWHUSUHWHU RIWKHZLVGRPRIDQWLTXLW\WR$UQROGGH9LOODQRYDDQG%HUQDUG7UHYLVDQQRWRQO\ VXJJHVWVWKDWLWPD\KDYHEHHQLQWHQGHGIRUFLUFXODWLRQEXWDOVRGLVSOD\VKHURZQ H[SHUWLVH6KHGUDZVKHUDXWKRULW\IURPWKHDQFLHQWVVWDWLQJWKDWLQDQWLTXLW\WKH ³PHUFXU\RIVDWXUQ´ZDVXVHGIRULWVDELOLW\WRFRDJXODWHDQGGLVVROYHDOORWKHUVLQ WKHVHSDUDWLRQRIWKHJRRGIURPWKHHDUWK\IU :KLOVWXQVSHFL¿HGSKLORVRSKHUV EHOLHYHG6DWXUQWREHWKHLUKLGGHQVXQEHFDXVHLWSXUJHGDQGGLVVROYHGWKHERG\ RIFRPPRQJROGVKHSUHIHUV3DUDFHOVXV¶DSSURDFKXVLQJDQWLPRQ\DVVHUWLQJWKDW WKLVLVDOVRWKHFKRLFHRIPRVWWUXHSKLORVRSKHUVZKRKDYHDWWDLQHGWKHSHUIHFWLRQ RIWKH>SKLORVRSKHUV¶@VWRQHIY 6KHUHIHUVWR3DUDFHOVXV¶ERRNRQDQWLPRQ\ WRKLVArchidoxesDe Vita Longa,DQGKLVZULWLQJRQWKHensRIJROGLQUHODWLRQ WRWKHQDWXUHRIDQWLPRQ\DQGLWVSDUWVVXOSKXUPHUFXU\DQGVDOWFRQFOXGLQJWKDW QRWKLQJLVPRUHSUL]HGWKDQWKHPHUFXU\RIDQWLPRQ\$QWLPRQ\LVWKHGLVVROYHG
See The Discours Philosophical,IYUHArchidoxes and De Vita LongaIURQ 3DUDFHOVXV$UQDOGGH9LOODQRYDIYIRU7UHYLVDQ 3DUDFHOVXV Archidoxae .UDFRZ $UFKLGR[D 'H WLQFWXUD SK\VLFRUXP GH occulta philosophia6WUDVEXUJ DQGYHUVLRQVSXEOLVKHGDW0XQLFKLQ%DVHOLQ DQG6WUDVEXUJ$Q(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQRIParacelsus his Archidoxis:
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH%D\HU
VWRQH ZKLFK LQ WXUQ GLVVROYHV WKH ERG\ DQG ¿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¶ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI HDUOLHU DOFKHPLFDO SKLORVRSKHUV RU GLUHFWO\ IURP WKRVH DXWKRUV 3DUDFHOVXVVKHDVVHUWVIRXQGWKDWWKHDOOHJRULHVRIWKHDQFLHQWVUHIHUWRDQWLPRQ\WKH OHDGRIWKHSKLORVRSKHUVDVWKHGHYRXULQJOLRQEHFDXVHLWGLJHVWVDOORWKHUPHWDOOLF VXEVWDQFHVH[FHSWJROGDQGLWVVSHUPFRQWDLQVWKHOLYLQJPHUFXU\ZKLFKLWGLJHVWV DWWKHERWWRPRILWVVWRPDFKLQWKHUHGVWRQH6KHDUJXHVWKDWDFFRUGLQJWR$UQROG GH9LOODQRYD¶V Specule Oculto WKLV V\PERO KDV D UHODWLRQVKLS WR WKH VLJQ RI WKH PHUFXU\RIWKHSKLORVRSKHUV7KHLPDJHRIWKHIRXQWDLQLVLQWURGXFHGDWWKHSRLQW ZKHQPHUFXU\IURPWKHSXUHVXOSKXURIDQWLPRQ\LVIHUPHQWHGZLWKSol IY %\ VSHFL¿FDOO\PHQWLRQLQJWKDWWKLVLVWKHIRXQWDLQLQZKLFK7UHYLVDQSUDLVHGKLV.LQJ disclosing the genuine way of making quintessences […] tincture of the philosophers […] the philosophical medicinal stoneZDVPDGHE\-DPHV+RZHOO2[IRUGVKLUH ZLWK IXUWKHUYHUVLRQVLQDe Vita Longa ZDVLQFOXGHGLQArchidoxorum %DVHO EnsLV/DWLQIRU³HQWLW\´3DUDFHOVXVJDYHDQDFFRXQWRI¿YHHQWLWLHVens veneniSRLVRQ ens naturaleQDWXUDO ens astraleWKHDVWUDOHQWLW\ ens spiritualeVSLULWXDOHQWLW\ DQG ens dealeWKHGLYLQHRU*RGJLYHQHQWLW\ 6HH0DUN+DHIIQHUThe Dictionary of Alchemy /RQGRQ$TXDULDQ3UHVV S IU0DUWLQ5XODQGA Lexicon of Alchemy$(:DLWHWUDQV/RQGRQ:DWNLQV S H[SODLQV WKDW VXOSKXU LV WKH VHHG RI WKH VWRQH DQG LV RI WZR NLQGV RQH LV H[WHUQDOWKHRWKHULQWHUQDOERUQLQPHUFXU\7KHLQWHUQDOVXOSKXULVWKHSRZHUZKLFKPDNHV DQGSUHSDUHVWKHERG\DQGFDQQRWEHVHSDUDWHGIURPLWEHLQJLQLWVYHU\KHDUWDQGVXEVWDQFH ,WLVWKHVRXODQGIHUPHQWRIWKHVWRQHWKHKXVEDQGWKHEULGHJURRPNLQgDQGKXVEDQG. IU1HZPDQGehennical FireSS±DVVRFLDWHVUDZDQWLPRQ\RUHGUDZLQJ LQFHOHVWLDOLQÀXHQFHVZLWKWKHJUHHQOLRQGHYRXULQJWKHVXQDQGHPLWWLQJDYLYL¿HGPHUFXU\ V\PEROLVHGE\EORRG1HZWRQGHVFULEHV³VSLULWXDOVHPHQ´UHFHLYHGE\WKHSKLORVRSKLFJROG RUVWDUUHJXOXVRIDQWLPRQ\ I U7KLV FRPSOH[ LPDJH PD\ UHIHU SDUWO\ WR WKH SURSHUWLHV RI DQWLPRQ\ LQ WKH SXUL¿FDWLRQRIJROG7KHPRUHZHOONQRZQDVVRFLDWLRQLVRIWKHJUHHQOLRQGHYRXULQJWKHVXQ in the Rosarium PhilosophorumRIWHQDWWULEXWHGWR$UQDOGGH9LOODQRYDZKHUHWKHJUHHQ OLRQV\PEROLVHVPHUFXU\VHHThe Rosary of the PhilosophersHGE\0F/HDQS
Quercitan’s Daughter and the Philosopher’s Stone
0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHVLJQDOVWKDWDWOHDVWSDUWRIWKHZRUNLVRSHUDWLQJRQWKH YLVLRQDU\RUPHGLWDWLYHOHYHOZKLFKLVWKHEDVLVRI%HUQDUG7UHYLVDQ¶VThe Allegory of the Fountain7KHZKLWHHDJOHLVLQWURGXFHGDVDQLPDJHLQWKHH[WUDFWLRQRI the regulle or rebis GRXEOHWKLQJRUKHUPDSKURGLWH IURPDQWLPRQ\ The rebis FRQWDLQVDVXOSKXUDQGDPHUFXU\ZKLFKE\WKHKDQGVRIWKHDUWLVWDUHPDGHRQH PDWWHUDQGWKLVSURFHVVRIconjunctioLVGHVFULEHGE\TXRWLQJ3DUDFHOVXV¶HQLJPDWLF VWDWHPHQWWKDWWKHrebisLVWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRDZKLWHHDJOHE\WKHDLGRIQDWXUHDQG WKHVNLOORIWKHDUWLVWKLPVHOIVRWKDWSDUDGR[LFDOO\WZRDUHSURGXFHGRXWRIRQH $ODWHUUHIHUHQFHLQWKHVDPHVHQWHQFHOLQNVWKHZKLWHHDJOHWRVXEOLPHGPHUFXU\ :KLOVWWKHLPDJHU\KDVDWUDQVFHQGHQWDOTXDOLW\SUDFWLFDOLQVWUXFWLRQVIROORZZKLFK DSSHDUFORVHWRSUDFWLFDOFKHPLVWU\7KHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQWKHZKLWHHDJOHLVPDGH ZLWKWKHregulleRUFLQQDEDURIDQWLPRQ\LQDSRZGHUPL[HGZLWKVDOWSHWUHIURP +XQJDU\DQGDVDOWIU $VXEVWDQFHLVPDGHGHVFULEHGDVDEHDXWLIXOÀ\LQJ HDJOHLQWKHPRGHRIVXEOLPHGPHUFXU\7KLVLVVXEOLPHGDQGUHYLYL¿HGZLWKEODFN WDUWDUOLPHDKDOIEXUQWFUXVWRIEUHDGsal ammoniacDQGORZKHDW7KHPHUFXU\ LVFDSWXUHGLQDUHFHLYHUKDOIIXOORIFROGZDWHU7KLVPDNHVDQH[FHOOHQWHDJOHLH SUHSDUHGPHUFXU\ IRUIHUPHQWDWLRQZLWKWKHOLPHRIZKLFKHYHUPHWDOFKRVHQWR PDNHGHFRFWLRQVRIWKHbel oevre IU /DWHUHYHQPRUHLQVFUXWDEO\VKHDUJXHV WKDW*RGKDVJUDFHG3DUDFHOVXVZLWKDSDWKVKRUWHUDQGHDVLHUWKDQWKDWRIWKRVH ZKRPDGHORQJLPELELWLRQVLQWKHSHOLFDQZKLFKIHHGWKHrebisRUOLO\E\LWVRZQ EORRG$WUDQVIHULVLQGLFDWHGEHWZHHQWKHUHGOLRQLWVUHGEORRGDQGWKHÀ\LQJ ZKLWH HDJOH 7KH EORRG RI WKH UHG OLRQ SRVVLEO\ DQ H[WUDFW IURP DQWLPRQ\ LV
IY7KLVDOOHJRU\LVJLYHQLQIXOOLQ0DUWLQ5XODQGS IU+DHIIQHUS I U ³ +RF LG HVW UHELV SHU DX[LOLXm QDWXUHDV QHF QRn SHU DUWH DUWLVWDH LSVLXV VSiritXVLQDTXLODmDOEDPWUDQVPXWDULVLFXWH[GXR¿DQW´ 5XODQGSJLYHVWKHHDJOHDVV\PEROIRUsal ammoniacEHFDXVHRILWVOLJKWQHVV LQVXEOLPDWLRQEXWKHQRWHVWKDWLQPDQ\SODFHV3DUDFHOVXVXVHVLWIRUSUHFLSLWDWHGPHUFXU\ 6WDQWRQ/LQGHQDarke Hierogliphicks: Alchemy in English Literature from Chaucer to the Restoration/H[LQJWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI.HQWXFN\ SSURYLGHVDGLYHUVH LFRQRJUDSK\IRUWKHHDJOHLQFOXGLQJWKHPHUFXULDOVSLULW7KHYDULRXVPHDQLQJVRIWKHZRUG VXEOLPHIURPZKLFKVXEOLPDWLRQLVGHULYHG DUHVXJJHVWLYHZLWKLQDQDOFKHPLFDOFRQWH[W LWFDQPHDQWRVXEMHFWDVXEVWDQFHWRWKHDFWLRQRIKHDWWRFRQYHUWLWLQWRDYDSRXUZKLFK RQFRROLQJLVGHSRVLWHGLQVROLGIRUPWRH[DOWDSHUVRQWRUDLVHRUUH¿QHWRDKLJKGHJUHH RISXULW\RUH[FHOOHQFHDQGPDNHVSLULWXDOO\RUPRUDOO\VXEOLPHWRWUDQVPXWHDWKLQJLQWR VRPHWKLQJQREOHUKLJKHURUPRUHH[FHOOHQW Oxford English Dictionary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
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH%D\HU
DGGHGWRVXEOLPDWHGPHUFXU\FUHDWLQJDVXEOLPDWLRQRIWKHÀRZHUVRIDQWLPRQ\I Y $JDLQWKLVGHULYHVIURPWKHDXWKRULW\RI3DUDFHOVXVZKRPVKHTXRWHV7KH URVHFRORXUHGEORRGLVH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHOLRQDQGWKHJOXWHQIURPWKHHDJOHWDNLQJ PXFKWURXEOHWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHEORRGLVVHSDUDWHGRXWDQGQRÀHVKWDNHQIU 7KLVGRXEOHOHYHORIZRUNLQJVLPXOWDQHRXVO\V\PEROLFDQGFKHPLFDOLVDOVR VKRZQLQ0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOH¶VHDUOLHUZRUNWKH Epistola NobilissimeZKLFK LV OHVV VWUXFWXUHG WKDQ WKH Discours Philosophical DQG OHDGV WKH UHDGHU LQWR D ODE\ULQWKRIP\VWHULRXVVHFUHWVDQGRIWHQLQVFUXWDEOHV\PEROLFLPDJHU\VXJJHVWLQJ WKDWWKLVZDVDSULYDWHOHWWHULQWHQGHGIRU4XHUFLWDQXVDORQH1RQHWKHOHVVWKHWH[W VLWXDWHVKHUDVDQH[SHUWDOFKHPLVWDQGQDPHGDXWKRU,QWKHEpistola Nobilissime VKH ¿UVW DFFRXQWV IRU WKH PDWHULDOV VKH SXWV LQWR KHU YHVVHO DQG WKHQ DSSHDUV WR GHVFULEH DQ LQWHULRU SURFHVV UHÀHFWLQJ KHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH 3DUDFHOVLDQ FRVPRVIVHT 6KHGHVFULEHVPHWKRGVWRDQLPDWHPHUFXU\WRPDUU\DQLPDWHG PHUFXU\ZLWKWKHYLWULRORIFRSSHUDQGWRWUDQVPXWHXQUH¿QHGDQWLPRQ\ZKLFK LV DVVRFLDWHG E\ DQDORJ\ ZLWK WKH V\PERO RI WKH EODFN OLRQ LQWR YDULRXV VWDJHV RI SXUL¿FDWLRQ V\PEROLVHG E\ LPDJHV RI WKH UHG OLRQ WKH VWHOODU OLRQ DQG WKH D]XUHOLRQ DQGWKHXVHRIVXEOLPDWHGPHUFXU\V\PEROLVHGDVDÀ\LQJHDJOH 7KH GUDJRQ LV DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHVXOSKXURXV HDUWKDQG WKHEORRGRI WKHUHG OLRQLV XVHGWRPDNH$]RWKDQRWKHUQDPHIRUWKHPHUFXU\RIWKHSKLORVRSKHUVIIDQG :LWKLQWKHVHSURFHVVHVVKHZULWHVDERXWWKHWLQWLQJRIPHUFXU\DQGluna to DJROGHQFRORXUZKLFKVKHDVVRFLDWHVZLWKWKHFUHDWLRQRIFDUDWJROGDQGWKH HOL[LURIPHGLFLQDODOFKHP\II 7KHLPDJHVRIOLRQVDQGHDJOHV DUHQRWGLVHPERGLHGV\PEROVQRUFDQWKHSUDFWLFDOZRUNEHXQGHUVWRRGZLWKRXW UHIHUHQFHWRWKHVRXODQGVSLULWRIWKHPDWWHU0DQ\RIWKHV\PEROVVKHXVHVDSSHDU LQODWHUSXEOLVKHGWH[WVDVVSLULWXDOHPEOHPVDOWKRXJK,DPQRWDZDUHRIDVHTXHQFH PLUURULQJH[DFWO\WKHVHULHVRILPDJHVGHVFULEHGKHUH Quercitan’s Daughter’s Letters Quercitan’s Daughter’s LettersWHOOWKHVWRU\RIDZRPDQZLWKFRQVLGHUDEOHWLPH DQGPRQH\WRVSHQGRQDOFKHPLFDOH[SHULPHQWVSURYLGLQJDVWULNLQJLPDJHRID ZRPDQLQKHUODERUDWRU\$OWKRXJKWKHZD\VKHLVQDPHGLQUHODWLRQWR4XHUFLWDQ JLYHVKHUOHVVDXWKRULDOLGHQWLW\WKDQ0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHWKLVWH[WJLYHVD YLYLG DFFRXQW RI D ZRPDQ DOFKHPLVW FDUU\LQJ RXW H[SHULPHQWV VHHNLQJ WR JLYH ELUWKWRWUDQVIRUPHGPDWWHUDQGHYDOXDWLQJKHURZQZRUN6KHKDVPDQXVFULSWV RI UHFHLSWV IURP KHU WHDFKHUPHQWRU DQG IURP WKH Book of Morienus and the Turba Philosophorum 6KH UHFRUGV KHU H[SHULPHQWV DQG UHVXOWV WR VKDUH ZLWK
7KH VWDUU\ OLRQ ZKLFK LV PHQWLRQHG DW I LV VKRZQ LQ 0\OLXV¶ Philosophia Reformata S7KHTurbaS0RULHQXVDQGS³,KDYHLQWKHVHIHZZRUGV6irGHVFULEHG RSHQO\DFFRUGLQJWRP\,QVWUXFWLRQVUHFHDYHGIURP\RXURZQHVHOIH ´
Quercitan’s Daughter and the Philosopher’s Stone
KHU PHQWRU WDNLQJV D FULWLFDO YLHZ RI KHU PLVWDNHV +HU YHVVHOV DUH PDGH RI HDUWKJODVVDQGEUDVVDQGLQUHVSRQVHWRWKHIDLOXUHRIDQH[SHULPHQWVKHKDV DZLQGRZPDGHLQKHUDWKDQRUWRZDWFKWKHFRORXUVFKDQJHEODFNZKLWHFLWURQ FDUQDWLRQWRSXUSOH$IWHUPRQWKVSUHSDULQJWKHLQLWLDOLQJUHGLHQWVVKHZDWFKHV WKH H[SHULPHQW KHUVHOI RQO\ OHDYLQJ D VHUYDQW WR ZDWFK ZKHQ VKH GHYHORSV D VHYHUHKHDGDFKHSS +HUDFFRXQWVRIPHDVXUHPHQWVDQGDPRXQWVDUHYHU\ VSHFL¿FDQGGHVSLWHWKH3DUDFHOVLDQDOFKHPLFDOODQJXDJHLQPRGHUQWHUPLQRORJ\ VKH FDQ EH UHJDUGHG DV DQ H[SHULPHQWDO FKHPLVW 6KH ZDWFKHV ZKDW KDSSHQV UHFRUGVLWFDUHIXOO\DQDO\VHVZKDWVKHEHOLHYHVWRKDYHKDSSHQHGLQDFFRUGDQFH ZLWKWKHWKHRULHVVKHKDVEHHQWDXJKWDQGDPHQGVKHUDSSURDFKDVVKHVHHV¿W6KH GRHVQRWPHQWLRQWKDWVKHLVPDNLQJPHGLFLQHWKHPRVWGRFXPHQWHGDOFKHPLFDO DFWLYLW\ IRU ZRPHQ +HU DFFRXQW GHVFULEHV D IRFXVHG DOFKHPLVW RU P\VWLFDO FKHPLVWZKREHOLHYHVWKDWQRWRQO\LVLWSRVVLEOHWRPXOWLSO\VLOYHUDQGJROGEXW DOVRWKDWVKHKDVSHUIRUPHGWKHRSHUDWLRQFODLPLQJIRUH[DPSOHWKDWRXQFHRI KHU SRZGHU ZRXOG FRQYHUW RXQFHV RI VLOYHU LQWR JROG S +HU ODQJXDJH KRZHYHULVQRWWKDWRIWKHDOFKHPLFDO³SXIIHU´PDNLQJDORWRIQRLVHDERXWJROG PDNLQJIRUSUR¿W6KHLVHQJDJHGLQWKHDFWLYLW\RIWKHDOFKHPLFDOSULHVWLQYROYLQJ SUHSDUDWLRQRIWKH³/LTXRURI/LIH´DQGWKH3DUDFHOVLDQWULDGRIERG\FDO[RIJROG VRXOWKH³EOHVVHGOLTXRURIWKHVRXOH´ DQGVSLULWPHUFXU\S $QLPDWLRQRI DQWLPRQ\DQGTXLFNVLOYHUUHTXLUHVWKDWWKH\³KDYHSDVVHGWKURXJKWKHKDQGVRIWKH SKLORVRSKHUV´ZKRNQRZKRZWRJLYHWKHPWKHLUWUXHWHPSHUDWXUHWKHWHPSHUDWXUH RIJROGS 7KH DXWKRU RI Quercitan’s Daughter’s Letters SUHVHQWV KHUVHOI DV D OHDUQHG DOFKHPLVWVFKRODU6KHGLVSOD\VVRPHFRQWHPSRUDU\3DUDFHOVLDQWKHPHVEXWDOVR VKRZV KHU &KULVWLDQ KXPDQLVW EDFNJURXQG E\ GUDZLQJ PRUH VWURQJO\ RQ ROGHU VRXUFHV$ULVWRWOH¶V WKHRU\ RI WKH IRXU HOHPHQWV WKH Turba Philosophorum and the Book of Morienus6KHXVHVLPDJHU\RIVH[XDOJHQHUDWLYHSRZHUSUHJQDQF\ DQGELUWKEHJLQQLQJZLWKDFRQYHQWLRQDODOFKHPLFDOGLVFRXUVHRIWKHUHFUHDWLRQ RIWKHIRXUHOHPHQWVLQWRWKHIRUPRIPHWDOVDUJXLQJWKDWHYHU\WKLQJVKRXOGEH )RUH[DPSOHS³,ZDVQRWSHUIHFWO\VNLOOHGLQWKHSR\QWRIIHUPHQWDFLRQ´S ³,KDQGQRWDV\HWWOHDUQHGWKHDUWRIDQLPDWLQJ>«@PHUFXU\´S³,SHUFHLYHG\W WKHUHZVRQH(UURXUFRPPLWWHGLQWKHYHU\EHJLQQLQJLQWKDWZHGLGQRWSXWLQǻHQRXJK IRU\HEHWWHU$XJPHQWDFLRQ´S³,KDGID\OHGLQPLVWDNHLQJHWKH)LJXUHIRU´S ³ZKHWKHUWKURXJKP\VHUYDQWVQHJOLJHQFHLQDWWHQGLQJRIWKH)LUHRUZKHWKHU,KDGSXWWWRR PXFKPDWWHULQWRP\*ODVVHLWWEUHDNHLQSHHFHV´ 6HHSPLVODEHOOHG ³,SDVVHGWKURXJKDOOWKH&RORXUVXQWLOO,DUULYHGDWW\e SXUHSXUSXULQHZch,WRRNJUHDW-R\WRVHHIRU,KDGPDGHD:LQGRZLQP\$WKDQRU´ 6HH IRU H[DPSOH SS ZKHUH VKH FLWHV RQH RXQFH RI WKH ³UHG ZRUNH´ WR FRQYHUWRXQFHVRIVLOYHULQWRJROGWKHXVHRIRXQFHVRISRZGHURXQFHVVLOYHUDQG FDUDWV 6HH IRU H[DPSOH /LQGD 3ROORFN With Faith and Physic: The Life of a Tudor Gentlewoman Lady Grace Mildmay 1552±1620 /RQGRQ &ROOLQV DQG %URZQ RQ /DG\*UDFH¶VPHGLFLQDOSUDFWLFHZKLFKLQFOXGHGDOFKHPLFDOUHFHLSWV 3DJH³EH\LQJ\RXUXQZRUWK\6FKROOHU´
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH%D\HU
VRXJKWDQGIRXQGLQLWVRZQNLQGS (DFKPHWDOLV³HQJHQGHUHGIRUPHGDQG SURGXFHG´E\LWVRZQVSHUPRUVHHGSURSHUO\FDOOHGPHUFXU\S 7KLVVSHUP PHUFXU\³LQZhiFKZHRXJKWWRWUDYDLOHDQGEXLV\RXUVHOYHV´FRQWDLQVWKHPDWWHU RIWKHVWRQHDQGKDVVSHFLDOV\PSDWK\ZLWKVLOYHUDQGJROGS $OWKRXJKWKHWKHRU\LVPHGLHYDOLWLVSURYRFDWLYHWRUHDGWKHWH[WLQUHODWLRQVKLS WR D IHPDOH DOFKHPLVW 6HYHUDO WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ DXWKRUV KDYH DUJXHG WKDW PDOH DOFKHPLVWVVRXJKWWRDSSURSULDWHWKHSRZHUVRIWKHIHPLQLQHDQGUHFUHDWHZRPHQ¶V ELRORJLFDO DQG SV\FKLF VHFUHWV ,Q 6DOO\ * $OOHQ DQG -RDQQD +XEEV DUJXHG WKDW WKH PDVFXOLQLVW ELDV LQ 0LFKDHO 0DLHU¶V Atalanta Fugiens LQGLFDWHV WKDWWKHDOFKHPLVWVRXJKWWKHPDJLFRIPDWHUQLW\WREHFRQIHUUHGRQPHQZLWKD YHKHPHQW DEVRUSWLRQ DQG GHQLDO RI WKH IHPLQLQH E\ WKH PDVFXOLQH ZKLFK WKH\ VDZDVWKHSUHFXUVRURIWKHWHVWWXEHEDE\'DYLG1REOHDUJXHGLQWKDWWKH DOFKHPLVWVDLPHGDWDQDUURJDWLRQRIWKHSRZHUVRIWKHIHPLQLQHHVSHFLDOO\WKRVH RI SURFUHDWLRQ +RZHYHU LQ WKLV WH[W WKH UHYHUVH LV WUXH 4XHUFLWDQ¶V GDXJKWHU ZRUNV MXVW DV H[SOLFLWO\ ZLWK WKH V\PEROLF SRZHUV RI WKH ELRORJLFDO PDVFXOLQH LQ WKLV PDJLFDO WUDQVIRUPDWLYH VSHUP 6KH VHHNV WR FUHDWH WKH UHVXUUHFWHG ERG\ GUDZLQJRQWKH TurbaWRH[SODLQWKDWWKURXJKFRQMXQFWLRQWKHLPSHUIHFWDQGGHDG ERG\UHFHLYHVDQGLVFORWKHGLQSHUIHFWEULJKWQHVVE\WKHIHUPHQWRIKLVVRXOS 7KHUHVXUUHFWHGDFWRULVJHQGHUHGPDOHLQWKHWUDGLWLRQRI&KULVWLDQLW\DQG of the Turba Philosophorum ZKLFKVKHFLWHVDVDVRXUFHIRUFUHDWLRQRIDNLQJ IURP WKH SHUIHFW LQIDQW D PHWDSKRU XVHG WR H[SODLQ WKH FRORXU FKDQJHV WDNLQJ SODFHLQWKHYHVVHOIURPZKLWHWR³RULHQWDOOSXUSXUHDQUHG´7KLVUHGVXEVWDQFH HPERGLHVDQGV\PEROLVHVWKHXOWLPDWHSDWULDUFK³RXUNLQJZhiFKFRPHWKRXWRI WKH)LUHWU\XPSKLQJDQGFURZQHG´KDV³DOOSRZHUDQG$XWKRULW\JLYHQKLPRYHU KLVVXEMHFWV´S -RLQLQJRIERG\FRPPRQJROG DQGVSLULWPHUFXU\ E\WKH YHJHWDWLYHVRXOFUHDWLQJWKHUHVXUUHFWHGERG\LQDELUWKSURFHVV 7KHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHVHFUHWVRIQDWXUHDVDSUHJQDQF\SURFHVVKDVDORQJ WUDGLWLRQLQDOFKHP\$OWKRXJKLWV¿UVWSURSRQHQWPD\KDYHEHHQWKHVHPLP\WKLFDO $OH[DQGULDQZRPDQDOFKHPLVW&OHRSDWUDLWKDVPRVWRIWHQEHHQSURPXOJDWHGE\ PHQ:KHQWKHQDUUDWRULVDZRPDQWKHIHPDOHDOFKHPLVWWDNHVRQWKHPDQWOHRI WKHPLGZLIHSKLORVRSKHUZKRLVKHOSLQJJLYHELUWKWRQHZOLIHWKURXJKWKHPDWHULDO µ2XWUXQQLQJ$WDODQWD )HPLQLQH 'HVWLQ\ LQ$OFKHPLFDO 7UDQVPXWDWLRQ¶ Signs ± A World Without Women: The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science1HZ
Quercitan’s Daughter and the Philosopher’s Stone
DQG VSLULWXDOFKDQJHV WDNLQJSODFHLQ WKH DOFKHPLFDOYHVVHO7KHUHLV DQ DI¿QLW\ EHWZHHQ ZRPHQ¶V SUHVHQFH DW KXPDQ ELUWKV LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ (XURSH DQG WKH ELUWKLQJUROHZLWKLQWKHDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVV&HUWDLQO\/DG\0DUJDUHW&RXQWHVVRI &XPEHUODQGZKRLVDZHOOGRFXPHQWHGDOFKHPLVWLVDOVRUHFRUGHGDVKHOSLQJDW ELUWKV In Quercitan’s Daughter’s LettersWKLVELUWKSURFHVVWDNHVSODFHEHWZHHQ ERG\DQGVSLULW7RIROORZQDWXUH¶VVWHSVLVWRLQWURGXFHIRUPLQWRPDWWHUPHUFXU\ WR PDNH VLOYHU WKH IRUP LV VLOYHU IRU JROG WKH IRUP LV JROG7R MRLQ PDWWHU DQG IRUPRUERG\DQGVSLULWVRPHWKLQJFDOOHGWKHYHJHWDWLYHVRXOLVQHHGHG³ZiWKRXW ZhiFKQRWKLQJLVGRQH´S ,QWKHMRLQLQJRIVSLULWERG\DQGVRXODSXUL¿FDWLRQ WDNHVSODFH7KHSURFHVVEHFRPHVDVSLULWXDORQHDQGWKHWKUHHSDUWVEHFRPHRQH WKURXJKFRQMXQFWLRQ7KHYHJHWDWLYHVRXOLVVLJQL¿FDQWIRULWVDELOLW\WRTXLFNHQWKH ERG\ZLWKYLJRXUDQGYLUWXHDQGWRDOWHUFRPPRQVLOYHUDQGJROGLQWRWKHluna and sol RIWKHSKLORVRSKHUV7KHIHPDOHSKLORVRSKHUDFWVDVDFURVVEHWZHHQDSULHVW DQG D PLGZLIH LQ WKLV H[WUDRUGLQDU\ ELUWK SURFHVV WKH FKDQJH LQWR luna and sol KDSSHQVDVWKHPDWHULDOSDVVHVWKURXJKKHUSKLORVRSKHU¶VKDQGV6KHDFWVDOVRDV DQHPSLULFLVWZKRVHHNVWROHDUQE\H[SHULHQFHDQGUHFRUGHGH[SHULPHQWDOZRUN LQFOXGLQJ ZRUN ZLWKLQ WKH VRXO 6KH LV D VWXGHQW RI SKLORVRSK\ ZKRVH P\VWLFDO FKHPLVWU\LVSUHVHQWHGZLWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDFRQVLVWHQWQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\ 'LVWLQJXLVKLQJWKH5HSUHVHQWDWLRQVRI:RPHQ$OFKHPLVWV $ FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH WH[W RI Une docte damoiselle and Quercitan’s Daughter’s Letters ZLWK WKH HDUOLHU ZRUNV RI 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH VKRZV VRPH VLPLODULWLHVEHWZHHQWKHWH[WV$OOWKHPDQXVFULSWVGHVFULEHDQDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVV ERWK SKLORVRSKLFDO DQG FKHPLFDO VHSDUDWLQJ VSLULW IURP ERGLO\ GURVV 7KH\ DUH ERWK3DUDFHOVLDQDQGLQFOXGHWH[WXDOUHIHUHQFHV7KH\DJUHHWKDWWKHZRUNUHTXLUHV SKLORVRSKLFDO DQLPDWHG PHUFXU\ DQG DOO LQFOXGH VSHFL¿F WLPH IUDPHV IRU WKH H[SHULPHQWV$UHIHUHQFHWR³3KLOLSRQQXV´LQWKHEpistola NobilisLVPLUURUHGE\ RQHWR³3KLOLSRQQ\´DW0RQVLHXUGHOD)LQ¶VLQQuercitan’s Daughter’s Letters +RZHYHUWKHUHDUHVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQWRQHVW\OHDQGFRQWHQWQuercitan’s Daughter’s LettersLVFRQVLGHUDEO\ORQJHUZLWKDPRUHGHWDLOHGH[SHULPHQWDODQG WKHRUHWLFDO H[SODQDWLRQ DQG D FOHDU QDUUDWLYH 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH¶V WH[WV ODFNDVWRU\OLQHEXWGHVFULEHFKHPLFDOSURFHVVHVXVLQJDZLGHUDQJHRIPDWHULDOV DQG LPDJHV 7KH NH\ WKRXJKW SURFHVV LQ Quercitan’s Daughter’s Letters LV WKDW ERG\FRPPRQJROG DQGVSLULWPHUFXU\ FDQEHMRLQHGE\PHDQVRIDYHJHWDWLYH VRXO 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH VHHNV ZKDW VKH FDOOV LQWHULRU IXVLRQ RI sol and mercurius,QWKH Epistola NobilisVKHGHVFULEHVWKHIXVLRQLQWKHLQWHULRURIWKHsol RIDQWLPRQ\ZLWKPHUFXULXVLQWKH Discours PhilosophicalVKHGLVFXVVHVLQWHULRU JROG DQG LQWHULRU PHUFXU\ $OWKRXJK ERWK SURFHVVHV PD\ UHIHU WR WKH VWDQGDUG DOFKHPLFDO LGHD RI FRQMXQFWLRQ WUDGLWLRQDOO\ RI PHUFXU\ DQG VXOSKXU WKHUH LV 3HQQ\ %D\HU µ:RPHQ¶V $OFKHPLFDO /LWHUDWXUH ± LQ ,WDO\ )UDQFH WKH 6ZLVV&DQWRQVDQG(QJODQGDQGLWV'LIIXVLRQWR¶XQSXEOLVKHG3K'WKHVLV8QLYHUVLW\ RI:DUZLFN FKDSWHU
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH%D\HU
D FOHDU GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH ODQJXDJH RI LQWHULRU IXVLRQ RU PHGLDWLRQ RI WKH YHJHWDWLYHVRXOEHWZHHQERG\DQGVRXO :KLOVWQuercitan’s Daughter’s Letters HPSKDVLVHVUHFRUGLQJDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKHH[SHULPHQWXVLQJRQO\RQHV\PEROLFDQLPDODGRXEOHÀ\LQJHDJOH0DGDPH GHOD0DUWLQYLOOHPDNHVH[WHQVLYHXVHRIHPEOHPDWLFV\PEROLVP,QWKH Epistola NobilisVKHXVHVDVWHOODUOLRQÀ\LQJHDJOHZKLWHVWRQHPDUULDJHRImercuriusZLWK KLVORYHHWHUQDOsolGUDJRQDQGKHDYHQO\menstruumLQWKH Discours Philosophical VKHXVHVWKHPHWDSKRURIWKHVWRQHOLO\GHYRXULQJOLRQrebisDQGIRXQWDLQ 0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHXVHVDZLGHUUDQJHRIH[SHULPHQWDOPDWHULDOV,QWKH Epistola NobilisVKHZRUNVZLWKPHUFXU\sollunaaqua fortis&\SULDQYLWULRO WKHVSLULWRIVXOSKXUYLQHJDUGLVWLOOHGaqua vitaeWLQFWXUHRIWKHVXQDQGVSLULWRI ZLQH,QWKH Discours PhilosophicalKHULQJUHGLHQWVLQFOXGHPHUFXU\PHUFXU\RI VDWXUQUHVXVFLWDWLQJVDOWVGLVWLOOHGYLQHJDURLORIWDUWDUsal ammoniacDQWLPRQ\ WKH PDJQHVLXP RI WKH SKLORVRSKHUV D VXOSKXU DQG OLYLQJ VLOYHU WKH LQYLVLEOH VXOSKXU VXOSKXU DQG FLQQDEDU RI DQWLPRQ\ DQG GLVWLOOHG SKLORVRSKLFDO YLQHJDU Quercitan’s Daughter’s LettersRQWKHRWKHUKDQGXVHVRQO\SKLORVRSKLFPHUFXU\ solYHJHWDWLYHVRXOOHDGRUHFRSSHOOHGVLOYHUR\OHRIWDUWDUJROGDQGFLQQDEDU 9HU\VSHFL¿FHTXLSPHQWLVXVHGLQQuercitan’s Daughter’s Letters±DQHJJVKDSHG YHVVHODSHUSHWXDOODPSDQGDFRSSHUYHVVHOZLWKZLQGRZVVSHFLDOO\PDGHIRUWKH DXWKRU7KHVHGRQRWDSSHDULQ0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOH¶VWUHDWLVHVWKRXJKVKH UHIHUVWRDSHOLFDQDQGYDULRXVFUXFLEOHVUHFHLYHUVDQGFROOHFWRUV)LQDOO\ERWK the Discours Philosophical and Quercitan’s Daughter’s LettersDUHUHIHUHQFHGEXW ZLWK GLIIHUHQW VRXUFHV 7KH Discours Philosophical LV HPSKDWLFDOO\ 3DUDFHOVLDQ ZKLOVW Quercitan’s Daughter’s Letters GRHV QRW FLWH 3DUDFHOVXV DW DOO GUDZLQJ DXWKRULW\IURPWKHTurba Philosophorum7KHZRUNVRI0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOH DUHFOHDUO\GDWHGDWDQGDQGWKHHDUOLHVWDOVRUHIHUVWRDVSHFL¿FGDWHLQ ZKHQVKHVD\VGX&KHVQHJDYHKHUVRPHUHPHGLHVQuercitan’s Daughter’s Letters LQFOXGHV QR GDWHV DW DOO DQG FDQ EH GDWHG RQO\ RQ WKH HYLGHQFH RI WKH KDQGZULWLQJ 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH LV WKHUHIRUH QRW OLNHO\ WR KDYH EHHQ WKH DXWKRURI8QHGRFWHGDPRLVHOOH4XHUFLWDQ¶V'DXJKWHU¶V/HWWHUVDQGWKHUHDSSHDU WREHWZRGLIIHUHQWZRPHQ0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHDQG4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHU 'LIIXVLRQ 7KH GLIIXVLRQ RI WKHVH PDQXVFULSWV VKRZV DPELYDOHQFH WR WKH VWRULHV RI DFWLYH ZRPHQDOFKHPLVWV2QWKHRQHKDQGWKH\DUHSHUFHLYHGWRKDYHEHHQH[SHUWV)RU H[DPSOH WKH UHSXWDWLRQ RI 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH DV D ¿QH H[SHULPHQWHU LQ WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ )UHQFK DOFKHPLFDO WUDGLWLRQ LV VXJJHVWHG IURP WKH 7KHRGRUH GH 0D\HUQH SDSHUV ZKHUH VKH LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ZRUGV WR GR ZLWK WHVWLQJ DQG REVHUYDWLRQ$³EHOOHH[SHULHQFHHWFRQFRUGDQFHFK\PLTXH´LVVDLGWRKDYHEHHQ UHFHLYHGE\3DUDFHOVXVIURPKLVIDWKHUEXWLVDOVRYDOXHGDV³XQWUHVERQVHFUHW´ EHFDXVH LW LV VLPLODU WR RQH WHVWHG E\ ³0 0OOH´II U±U $QRWKHU UHFHLSW LVLQFOXGHG³GHODGLWH00OOHTX¶HOOHDHVSURXYp´IU +HU³PHWKRGHSRU IDLUHO¶RSHUDWLRQGXǻGHYLH>6RO@HD´LVKHDGHG³2EVHUYDWLRQHGH0GH0OOH´II Y±U
Quercitan’s Daughter and the Philosopher’s Stone
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHLUVWRULHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGXQEHOLHYDEOHDQGVOXUVFDVWXSRQ WKHP(YHQZKLOVWFRQWHPSRUDULHVNHSWDOLYHWKHZULWLQJVRI4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHU DQG0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHXQGHUGLIIHUHQWEXWVWLOOIHPDOHQDPHVWKHVHSDSHUV VKRZWKDWVRPHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\FROOHFWRUVRUFRS\LVWVTXHVWLRQHGRUDFWLYHO\ VRXJKW WR XQGHUPLQH ZRPHQ¶V FRQWULEXWLRQ 2QH DYHQXH IRU DWWDFN ZDV WKH XVH RIVH[XDOVWDWXV At the of end of une Docte damoiselle de FranceDQDGGLWLRQDO QRWHLQWKHVDPHKDQGZULWLQJDVWKHUHVWRIWKHPDQXVFULSWLQGLFDWHVDSRZHUIXO GLVOLNHRIWKHLGHDRIDZRPDQZRUNLQJLQWDQGHPZLWKDPDQRQDOFKHP\7KH IDLOHGH[SHULPHQWWKHYHVVHOH[SORGHG LVH[SODLQHGDVDWUDJLFRXWFRPHZKLFK LV*RG¶VSXQLVKPHQWIRUWKHDGXOWHUHVVZLWKWKHDGXOWHUHU7KHVWURQJODQJXDJH RIWKLVVH[XDOLQVXOWFRQYH\VWKHPHVVDJHWKDWLWLVDGXOWHURXVIRUDZRPDQRWKHU WKDQDPDQ¶VZLIHWRFRUUHVSRQGZLWKKLPDQGWREHSDUW\WRDUHODWLRQVKLSRIVRPH LQWLPDF\EDVHGRQDOFKHPLFDOH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ ,QWKHFDVHRIQuercitan’s Daughter’s LettersWH[WXDOLQVHUWLRQVVLJQL¿FDQWO\DOWHU WKHWRQHDQGREVFXUHWKHZRPDQDXWKRUVKLS$QHZYRLFHLQSDUWVRIQuercitan’s Daughter’s LettersQRWSUHVHQWLQune Docte damoiselle KDVVWURQJRSLQLRQVDQGD SHQFKDQWIRUGHIHQVLYHFULWLFLVP$QDWWDFNRQIDOVHDOFKHPLVWVLVLQWURGXFHGIRU WKH¿UVWWLPHLQDQ\RIWKHVHGRFXPHQWVWKHUHFLSLHQWRIWKHOHWWHULVDGYLVHGWR³QRW ZLOOIXOO\ZDQGHUIURPWKHEHDWHQSDWKRIWUXWKLQIROORZLQJ\eIDQFLHVDQGIROOLHV RI,JQRUDQWDQGIDOVHSUHWHQGHUVWR\e$UWHZKRHNQRZHQRZLQWHQGQRWKLQJHEXW WRGHFHDYHWKHFRYHWRXVDQG&UHGXORXV´S $UHIHUHQFHWRWKHSDUWVRIWKH DOFKHPLFDO ZRUN UHIHUUHG WR WUDGLWLRQDOO\ DV ³&KLOG¶V 3OD\ DQG:RPHQ¶V:RUN´ LVLQWURGXFHGDORQJZLWKDVOXURQZRPHQIRUGH¿OLQJPHQZLWKWKHLUVLQS :LWKLQ WKLV VHTXHQFH WKH WUDGLWLRQDO FRORXU VHTXHQFH ZKLFK DOFKHPLVWV VRXJKW ZLWKZRQGHUDQGGHOLJKWLVLQDSSURSULDWHO\LQWKHFRQWH[WRIDOFKHPLFDOWUDGLWLRQ UHIHUUHGWRDV³JDXG\FRORXUV´S ,QWHQVHO\VH[XDOLPDJHU\LVDOVRLQWURGXFHG ZLWKUHIHUHQFHVWRFRQMXQFWLRQLQWKHCubili NuptialiWKHThoro Hymento and the vase semanarioZLWK³\H0DOHRU0DVFXOLQHQDWXUHRSHUDWLQJDFWXDOO\XSRQWKH IHPDOHDQG\H)HPDOHVZHHWO\FODVSLQJDQGHPEUDFHLQJ\H0DVFXOLQH´S )LQDOO\ZLWKRXWWKHYHJHWDEOHZRUNWKHZKROHRSHUDWLRQLVUHJDUGHGDV³VHQVHOHV YDLQ´DQGWKHERG\LVVWDWHGWREH³JURVVHDQGVROLG´S 7KLVYRLFHFDUULHV XQGHUWRQHV RI VHOIDJJUDQGLVHPHQW DQG YHLOHG DJJUHVVLRQ DQG PD\ EHORQJ WR D FRS\LVWRUWUDQVODWRU
/DXUD *RZLQJ LQ Domestic Dangers: Women, Words, and Sex in Early Modern London2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ3UHVV H[SORUHVWKHSURPLQHQWXVHRIWKHVH[XDOLQVXOW LQGLVSXWHVEHWZHHQPHQDQGZRPHQDQGWKHSHUFHLYHGVLJQL¿FDQFHRIIHPDOHFKDVWLW\IRU QRWLRQVRIREHGLHQFHDQGKRXVHKROGRUGHU I³([LPXPHVWKXLXVKLVWRULDHELVWUDJLFHVSHFXOXP$OLHQHSHULFXORVDSLHQV VDSLW>«@$GXOWRUDPFXP$GXOWHURSXQLYLW'HXV´ 7KHLQVHUWLRQVDUHRQSDJHIURP³EXWZth*ROG(VSHFLDOO\´WRS³>«@RIDOO WKLQJV´DJDLQS³ QRWZLOOIXOO\ZDQGHU>«@GHFHDYHWKH&RYHWRXVDQG&UHGXRXV´DQG SS±³$OOLVUHDG\WREHHGRQH>«@)RULWWLVWKH\W¿UVWGH¿OHGXVZLWKV\Q´SS± ³VXFKDV8QLRQ>«@FRQYHUWWKHPLQWRWKHLURZQHQDWXUH´
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH%D\HU
$VHFRQGQHZYRLFHH[SUHVVHGWKURXJKDQDQQRWDWLQJKDQGFDQQRWEHOLHYHWKH DXWKRUWREHDZRPDQ:KHQ4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHUHQGVKHU¿UVWOHWWHUDV³\RXU XQZRUWK\ 6FKROOHU´ DQG ³KXPEO\EHJ\RXU$FFHSWDQFH IURP KHU «
7KH DQQRWDWLQJ KDQG XVHV WKLV LQVHUWLRQ WR FODLP WKDW WKH WH[W LV QRW ZULWWHQ E\DZRPDQXQGHUOLQLQJ³$QGZHOOWKH\RZHLWWWRRXU6H[´DQGDGGLQJLQWKH PDUJLQ ³(UJR WKLV ZDV QRW ZULWWHQ E\ 4XHUFLWDQ¶V GDXJKWHU QRU LQ \H SHUVRQ RI D ZRPDQ EXW RI D PDQ HOVH VKHH VKRXOG IRUJHW KHU VHOIH´ S 7KH RULJLQDO SKUDVHDERXWZRPHQ¶VZRUNLQWKHTurbaLV³1RZWKHUHIRUH,KDYHGHPRQVWUDWHG WKHGLVSRVLWLRQRIWKHZKLWHOHDGDOOZKLFKIROORZVEHLQJQRPRUHWKDQZRPHQ¶V ZRUN DQG FKLOG¶V SOD\´ IROORZHG ZLWK D VWDWHPHQW RI WKH YDOXH RI PDOH DQG IHPDOH LQ WKH DOFKHPLFDO ZRUN LQ ZKLFK ³WKH IHPDOH UHMRLFHV LQ UHFHLYLQJ WKH VWUHQJWKRIWKHPDOHEHFDXVHVKHLVDVVLVWHGE\WKHPDOH%XWWKHPDOHUHFHLYHV D WLQJHLQJ VSLULW´ 7KH FRPPHQWV WKDW ZRPHQ GH¿OHG PHQ ZLWK WKHLU VLQ DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\RZHGPHQDQGZHUHWREHSXQLVKHGE\NHHSLQJPHQFOHDQDPRQJD KRVWRIRWKHUMREVGRQRWRULJLQDWHIURPWKHTurba7KLVELEOLFDOJHQHUDOLVHGJORVV LVQRWDOFKHPLFDOSKLORVRSK\7KHYRLFHSURYLGHVQRH[SODQDWLRQRIZK\DPDQ ZRXOGODEHOKLVZRUNDV4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHUDQGVLJQKLPVHOI³\RXUPRVWKXPEOH $IIHFWLRQDWH +DQGPD\G´ (YHQ LQ D ZRUOG RI VHFUHW DJHQWV DQG SVHXGRQ\PV WKH XVH RI WKH QDPH RI WKH GDXJKWHU RI D IDPRXV FRXUW DOFKHPLVW ZRXOG KDUGO\ KDYHEHHQXQFRQWURYHUVLDO7KHVWURQJPLVRJ\QLVWWRQHRIWKLVSDUDJUDSKVWDQGV RXWIURPWKHUHVWRIWKHWH[WLQZKLFKUDWKHUWKDQFRQFHUQIRUVLQDQGGH¿OHPHQW WKHWRQHLVRQHRIZRQGHUDWZLWQHVVLQJZKDWLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHDSKLORVRSKLFDO SURFHVV DW ZRUN SOXV WHFKQLFDO VSHFL¿FLW\ RYHU H[SHULPHQWDO GHWDLOV ,W DSSHDUV WKDWWKH(QJOLVKYHUVLRQVRIQuercitan’s Daughter’s LettersZHUHDPHQGHGIURP WKHHDUOLHU)UHQFKRQHWRLQFOXGHPRUHFRQWHQWLRXVPDWHULDOWKDWVHWXSGLVVRQDQFH ZLWKWKHDWWULEXWLRQRIIHPDOHDXWKRUVKLS7KHDGGLWLRQRIPRUHVH[XDOO\H[SOLFLW PDWHULDOWRRNWKHWH[WIXUWKHUIURPWKHW\SHRIOLWHUDWXUHWKDWZRPHQZHUHH[SHFWHG WRZULWHDQGWKHSLHFHRQZRPHQ¶VVLQDQGGH¿OHPHQWFOHDUO\SODFHGZRPHQLQWR WKHFDWHJRU\RI³RWKHU´E\WKHXVHRIWKHWKLUGSHUVRQSOXUDO7KHDQQRWDWRURIWKH $VKPROHPDQXVFULSWWKHQXVHGWKHVHDPHQGPHQWVWRFRQFOXGHWKDWWKHWH[WFRXOG QRWKDYHEHHQZULWWHQE\DZRPDQDWDOO
The Turba PhilosophorumS :DLWHS
Quercitan’s Daughter and the Philosopher’s Stone
&RQFOXVLRQ 7KLVVHULHVRIPDQXVFULSWVSURYLGHVHYLGHQFHIRUDWOHDVWWZRZRPHQDOFKHPLVWV 0DGDPHGHOD0DUWLQYLOOHDQG4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHUZKRPD\EH-HDQQHGX3RUW WKH ELRORJLFDO GDXJKWHU RI -RVHSK GX &KHVQH )HPDOH LGHQWLW\ DQG DXWKRULW\ DV DXWKRU DQG DOFKHPLVW LV SUHVHQWHG YDULRXVO\ ,Q ERWK FDVHV WKH UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK WKHDOFKHPLFDOPDVWHULVDQDYHQXHWRIHPDOHDXWKRULW\7KHWH[WVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH VLWXDWH KHU DV QDPHG DXWKRU H[SHUW LQ WKH OHDUQHG 3DUDFHOVLDQDOFKHPLFDOWUDGLWLRQ7KHWH[WVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHU VKRZDZRPDQDOFKHPLVWDWZRUNZLWKLQWKH3DUDFHOVLDQWUDGLWLRQEXWZLWKOHVVHQHG DXWKRULDOLGHQWLW\7KHUHDGLQJRIWKHVHWH[WVSUHVHQWSDUWLFXODUSUREOHPVRYHUDQG DERYHWKRVHUHTXLUHGIRUDWH[WE\DPDOHDOFKHPLFDODXWKRU7KHXVHRISVHXGRQ\PV DQGDOLELVWRYHLODOFKHPLVWV¶LGHQWLW\LVFRPPRQWRERWKJHQGHUVEXWWKHLGHDRI WKH SKLORVRSKHU¶V GDXJKWHU ZKHWKHU ELRORJLFDO VSLULWXDO RU V\PEROLF UHVRQDWHV GLIIHUHQWO\ IURP WKDW RI PDVWHUVRQ VDPH JHQGHU DOFKHPLFDO DSSUHQWLFHVKLSV 7KHDXWKRU¶VXVHRIGHIHUHQFHDQGWKHIDLOXUHRIKHUUHSRUWHGH[SHULPHQWVLWXDWH 4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHUDVDQDSSUHQWLFHDOFKHPLVWOHDUQLQJIURPDPDOHPHQWRU %RWK 0DGDPH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH DQG 4XHUFLWDQ¶V GDXJKWHU FDQ EH UHDG DV PLGZLIHSKLORVRSKHUV JLYLQJ ELUWK WR WKH SKLORVRSKHU¶V VWRQH ZRUNLQJ ZLWK WKH PDVFXOLQH SULQFLSOH YLD WKH DOFKHPLVWV¶ WUDQVIRUPDWLYH VSHUP7KLV LV D UHDGLQJ WKDW FRPSOHPHQWV WZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\ VFKRODUO\ DUJXPHQWV WKDW PDOH DOFKHPLVWV VRXJKWWRDUURJDWHWKHSRZHUVRIWKHIHPLQLQH 7KHPDQXVFULSWGLIIXVLRQRI4XHUFLWDQ¶V'DXJKWHUVOHWWHUVLQGLFDWHVWKDWVRPH VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ FRS\LVWV DQG DQQRWDWRUV KDG GLI¿FXOW\ DFFHSWLQJ WKDW WKHUH KDGEHHQPRUHDOFKHPLFDODXWKRUVRUSUDFWLWLRQHUVDQGDFWLYHO\VRXJKWWRGLVFUHGLW WKH FRQFHSW 7KHLU DPHQGPHQWV VRXJKW WR UHPRYH WKH LGHQWLW\ RI ³4XHUFLWDQ¶V GDXJKWHU´DQGWRUHPRYHDQ\DXWKRULW\VKHPLJKWKDYHWKURXJKZKDWZHPLJKW LQWHUSUHWDVDIRUPRIFKDUDFWHUDVVDVVLQDWLRQ7KHDFWXDOLW\RIZRPHQDOFKHPLVWV DURXQG-RVHSKGX&KHVQHZKROLYHGLQ)UDQFHDQGWKH6ZLVV&DQWRQVLVVXSSRUWHG E\ZKDWLVNQRZQRIWKH&DOYLQLVW3DUDFHOVLDQFLUFOHKHOLYHGLQZKLFKLQFOXGHG HGXFDWHGZRPHQ
7DEOH
0DQXVFULSWVUHIHUULQJWRZRPHQLQWKHFLUFOHRI-RVHSKGX&KHVQH4XHUFLWDQXV
Name
3RVVLEOHGDWLQJ
$EEUHYLDWHGQDPH
&RSHQKDJHQ7KH5R\DO/LEUDU\06DVVXPHGII±IURPSKRWRFRSLHV 2ULJLQDO " WKLV WUDQVODWLRQ Epistola Nobilissime Epistola Nobilissime Matrone de Martinvilla ad Dom Quercitanum +1609 GDWHG 3DULV%LEOLRWKHTXH0D]DULQH06II±IURPSKRWRFRSLHV Discours philosophical de Mademoiselle de la Martinville
'DWHG
&RSHQKDJHQ7KH 5R\DO /LEUDU\ 06 II± IURP SKRWRFRSLHV Copie d’une lettre escripte a Monsieur du Chesne d’une Docte damoiselle de france
8QGDWHG KDQGZULWLQJ FRQVLVWHQW Une docte damoiselle ZLWK±
2[IRUG7KH%RGOHLDQ/LEUDU\$VKPROH06LWHPII±Quercitan’s Daughter’s Letters: An Alchemical Treatise
8QGDWHG KDQGZULWLQJ DQG RWKHU Quercitan’s LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK PLG Daughter’s Letters VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\
*ODVJRZ8QLYHUVLW\RI)HUJXVRQ06II±IURPSKRWRFRSLHV The Copie of a letter sent to me by ye late Madam Martin Viel wch was found after her death
8QGDWHGKDQGZULWLQJDQGRWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQFRQVLVWHQWZLWKPLG VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\
*ODVJRZ8QLYHUVLW\RI)HUJXVRQ06II±IURPSKRWRFRSLHV Quercitan’s Daughter’s Letters
8QGDWHGKDQGZULWLQJDQGRWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQFRQVLVWHQWZLWKPLG VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\
*ODVJRZ8QLYHUVLW\RI)HUJXVRQ06II±IURPSKRWRFRSLHV The worke of Neptis communicated to Quercitanus
8QGDWHG KDQGZULWLQJ DQG RWKHU The worke of Neptis LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK PLG VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\
2[IRUG7KH%RGOHDQ/LEUDU\$VKPROH06,WHP,,, II± Rosarium Philosophorum
&RSLHGDQGDQQRWDWHGPLG VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\
Discours philosophical
Madame Martin Viel’s copy
Name
3RVVLEOHGDWLQJ
/RQGRQ7KH%ULWLVK/LEUDU\066ORDQHSDUWLFXODUO\IIU±UEpistola Neptis. Operation de Neptis au Druide communiquée par M. Landrivier Calend. 16[0?]8
7H[WXDO UHIHUHQFHV WR GDWHV IURP The Theodore de ± Mayerne papers
DOVRUHIHUHQFHVWKURXJK06HJ IIYY2SHUDWLR$QDORJD3URFHVVXV1HSWLV7LQFWXUD9LWULROR IY1HSWLVLQ(SLVWRODLWDIHFLW2OHXP II±0HGXOODRSHUDWLRQ>«@'UXLGDH1HSWLV+HUPHWLV IIUU2HXYUHH[FHOOHQWH>«@([Ser00OOH IU$GYHUWLVHPHQWVXUOHIDLWGHPLQLHUHWLUpGX/;GHOD'LWH00OOH IIYU2EVHUYDWLRQHGH0GH0OOH
$EEUHYLDWHGQDPH
Epistola Neptis
This page has been left blank intentionally
&KDSWHU
:RPHQDQG&K\PLVWU\LQ (DUO\0RGHUQ(QJODQG 7KH0DQXVFULSW5HFHLSW%RRNc RI6DUDK:LJJHV -D\QH(OLVDEHWK$UFKHU
,QWURGXFWLRQ ,QWKH:HOOFRPH/LEUDU\RIWKH5R\DO&ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQVWKHUHLVDVHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ PDQXVFULSW UHFHLSW ERRN D VWRXW TXDUWR RI MXVW RYHU SDJHV The RZQHUFRPSLOHURIWKLVERRNLVLGHQWL¿HGRQWKHQLQWKOHDI³6DUDK:LJJHV´ ,QPDQ\ZD\V6DUDK:LJJHV¶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¿QDOKDQGZULWLQJGXULQJWKHVHFRQG KDOIRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\)URPLQWHUQDOHYLGHQFHWKDW,ZLOOGHWDLOODWHULQ WKLVHVVD\WKHUHVHHPWRKDYHEHHQWZRPDLQSHULRGVRIFRPSLODWLRQLQDQGDURXQG ZKLFKPD\FRUUHVSRQGWR6DUDK¶VPDUULDJHDQGWKHSHULRG±ZKHQ
(DUO\YHUVLRQVRIWKLVHVVD\ZHUHSUHVHQWHGDWWKH3HUGLWD3URMHFW&ROORTXLXPRQ ZRPHQ¶VPDQXVFULSWUHFHLSWERRNV8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUZLFN6HSWHPEHU DQGDWWKH &HQWUHIRU+HDOWK0HGLFLQHDQG6RFLHW\5HVHDUFK6HPLQDUDW2[IRUG%URRNHV8QLYHUVLW\ 0DUFK ,DPJUDWHIXOWR'U(OL]DEHWK&ODUNH'U-RQDWKDQ$QGUHZV3URIHVVRU6WHYHQ .LQJDQGWRWKRVHSUHVHQWDWWKH&ROORTXLXPDQG6HPLQDUIRUWKHLUKHOSIXOFRPPHQWVDQG VXJJHVWLRQV /RQGRQ5R\DO&ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV06
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
WKHERRNPD\KDYHEHHQSDVVHGRQWRRQHRI6DUDK¶VFKLOGUHQRUJUDQGFKLOGUHQRU DQRWKHUFORVHUHODWLYH %XWWKHUHLVVRPHWKLQJH[WUDRUGLQDU\DERXWWKLVERRN)RULWLVDOVR¿OOHGZLWK UHFLSHV IRU PDQXIDFWXULQJ WKH 3KLORVRSKHU¶V 6WRQH DQG IRU FRQFRFWLQJ WKH 6WDU 5HJXOXV RI$QWLPRQ\ D FU\VWDO EHOLHYHG E\ PDQ\ FK\PLVWV WR EH DQ LPSRUWDQW VWDJH LQ DWWDLQLQJ WKH 6WRQH 7KHUH DUH H[WUDFWV IURP ZRUNV RQ VSLULWXDO ± RU HVRWHULF±FK\PLVWU\LQZKLFKWKHFK\PLVWZKRZRUNVWRUH¿QHPHWDOVLQKLVRU KHUFUXFLEOHLVDOVRUHTXLUHGWRXQGHUJRDSDUDOOHOSURFHVVRIVSLULWXDOUH¿QHPHQW 2QWKH¿QDOOHDYHVRIWKLVERRNZULWWHQLQWKHVDPHQHDWLWDOLFKDQGDUHUHFLSHV IRU VXJDUFUDIW DQG IRU FRXQWHUIHLWLQJ SUHFLRXV VWRQHV$QG RQ WKH ¿QDO ELQGLQJ OHDIZKLFKGLVWLOVRUSHUKDSVIRUPVWKHTXLQWHVVHQFHRIWKLVOLWWOHERRNWKHUHLVD UHFLSHIRUSXIISDVWU\DQGDUHFLSHIRUPDNLQJGLDPRQGV ,Q WKLV HVVD\ , ZLOO DUJXH WKDW WKLV FRPLQJ WRJHWKHU RI HYHU\GD\ KRXVHKROG ZRUNDQGFK\PLVWU\LVLQIDFWTXLWHQDWXUDOHYHQLQHYLWDEOH)RUWKHHDUO\PRGHUQ KRXVHZLIH ZDV DQ LPSRUWDQW SURGXFHU DQG FRQVXPHU RI FK\PLFDO OLWHUDWXUH NQRZOHGJHDQGSUDFWLFHV,QWKH¿UVWSDUWRIWKLVHVVD\,ZLOOEULHÀ\H[SORUHWKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ FK\PLVWU\ DQG KRXVHZLIHU\ LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ (QJODQG ,Q WKH VHFRQG SDUW , ZLOO SURYLGH DQ RYHUYLHZ RI ZRPHQ¶V UHFHLSW ERRNV DQG LQ SDUWLFXODUPDQXVFULSWUHFHLSWERRNV&RQVLGHULQJWKHVHERRNVDVPDWHULDODUWHIDFWV ZLWKGLVWLQFWPHWKRGVRIFRPSLODWLRQDQGWUDQVPLVVLRQ,ZLOOVXUYH\DQGHYDOXDWH WKHHYLGHQFHWKH\DIIRUGIRUZRPHQ¶VNQRZOHGJHRIFK\PLFDOWKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFH ,QWKH¿QDOSDUW,ZLOORXWOLQHWZRLPSRUWDQWZD\VLQZKLFKFK\PLVWU\LQIRUPHGWKH ZRUNRI(QJOLVKZRPHQLQWKHLUUROHVDVKRXVHZLYHVDQGLQSDUWLFXODUKHDOWKFDUH SURYLGHUVGLVWLOOHGZDWHUVDQGRLOVDQGRSHUDWLRQVRQPHWDOVDQGPLQHUDOV %HIRUHSURFHHGLQJDEULHIZRUGRQWHUPLQRORJ\LVQHFHVVDU\)RUWKHSXUSRVHV RIWKLVHVVD\,ZLOOIROORZWKHH[DPSOHRI/DZUHQFH03ULQFLSHZKRKDVZULWWHQ RI³WKHLQDGHTXDF\RIWKHFRPPRQSUDFWLFHRIMX[WDSRVLQJDPRQROLWKLFµDOFKHP\¶ DVDIRLOWRHDUO\PRGHUQVFLHQFH´DQGVXJJHVWVWKDWZHXVHWKHODEHO³FK\PLVWU\´ WRGHQRWHWKLV¿HOGRILQTXLU\PHDQLQJ³WKHVXPRIWRWDORIDOFKHPLFDOFKHPLFDO topics as understood in the seventeenth century´7KLVHQWDLOVDUDQJHRISXUVXLWV QRWFRPPRQO\UHJDUGHGDVDOFKHP\FK\PLVWU\LQH[LVWLQJKLVWRULHVRIVFLHQFH)RU WRRSHQWKH¿HOGRILQTXLU\WRWDNHLQWKHYDULRXVGH¿QLWLRQVRIDOFKHP\FK\PLVWU\ DVRXWOLQHGIRUH[DPSOHE\(OLDV$VKPROHLQWKH3UROHJRPHQDWRKLVTheatrum Chemicum Britannicum PHDQVWKDWFK\PLVWU\FHDVHVWREHSXUHO\DERXW WKH WUDQVPXWDWLRQ RI EDVH PHWDOV LQWR JROG DQG WKH VHDUFK IRU DQ (OL[LU RI /LIH EXW H[SDQGV WR WDNH LQ WKH PDQXIDFWXUH RI SUHFLRXV VWRQHV GLVWLOOHG RLOV DQG TXLQWHVVHQFHV G\HV DQG WLQFWXUHV DLGV WR JDUGHQLQJ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLWK DVWUDOLQWHOOLJHQFHV
6HH-D\QH$UFKHU³:RPHQDQG$OFKHP\LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ(QJODQG´XQSXEOLVKHG 3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI&DPEULGJH /DZUHQFH03ULQFLSHThe Aspiring Adept: Robert Boyle and his Alchemical Quest 3ULQFHWRQ1-3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS (OLDV$VKPROH Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum /RQGRQ VLJ$Y±%r $VKPROHLGHQWL¿HVIRXUPDLQW\SHVRI6WRQHWKH³Minerall Stone,´ZKLFKZLOOWUDQVPXWH ³DQ\ Imperfect Earthly Matter LQWR LWV XWPRVW GHJUHH RI Perfection´ WKH ³Vegitable´
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
7KH2SXV0XOLHUXP7KH+RXVHZLIHDV$OFKHPLVW $UJXLQJ LQ IRU WKH QHHG IRU WKULIW LQ SURVSHFWLYH ZLYHV 5LFKDUG$OOHVWUHH GUDZVXSRQWKHSRSXODUQRWLRQWKDWZRPHQDUH³PRUHDSWWRZDVWHWKDQWRPDNH *ROG´&RQ¿UPLQJWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKHUHH[LVWVDVSHFL¿FUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ JHQGHU JROG DQG WKH WUDQVPXWDWLRQ RI PDWWHU LQWR VSLULW $OOHVWUHH ZDUQV WKDW WKH³YDQLW\´RIZRPHQZLOO³LQIHFW´WKH³YHU\ZDOOV´RIWKHOLPEHFNWKDWLVWKH PDWHULDOKRPHXQWLOLWLV³FRQVXPHG´LQWKH³YDULHW\DQGH[FHVV´RIDQHYHUHQGLQJ multiplicatio RIPDWHULDOJRRGV :RPHQDUHQRZVNLOOIXOO&K\PLVWVDQGFDQTXLFNO\WXUQWKHLUKXVEDQGVHDUWK LQWR*ROGEXWWKH\SXUVXHWKHH[SHULPHQWWRRIDUPDNHWKDW*ROGWRRYRODWLOH DQGOHWLWDOOYDSRUDZD\LQLQVLJQL¿FDQWWKRJDXG\ WULÀHV
)RU $OOHVWUHH ZRPHQ DUH HDJHU EXW XOWLPDWHO\ XQVXFFHVVIXO FK\PLVWV OLNH FK\PLVWVZRPHQDUHIRUHYHUWU\LQJWRFRQYHUWPDWHULDOVVXFKDVODQGJRRGVDQG IRRGVWXIIVLQWRVXSHULRUIRUPVVXFKDVPHGLFLQHVJROGSODWHVLONVDQGMHZHOOHU\ %XWWKH\ODFNWKHDELOLW\WR³¿[´WKHJROGWKDWWKH\SURMHFW±DIDPLOLDUFRPSODLQW RI PDQ\ XQVXFFHVVIXO FK\PLVWV ± DQG LW LV RYHUUH¿QHG VSLULWXDOLVHG DZD\ LQWR ³YDSRXU´ $OWKRXJK $OOHVWUHH XVHV WKLV PHWDSKRU LQ RUGHU WR UHLQIRUFH WKH VWHUHRW\SHRIZRPHQDVZDVWHIXODQGYDLQGHVWLQHGWRVXEOLPDWHWKHLUKXVEDQGV¶ ODQGVDZD\LQWRDLU\QRWKLQJQHVVKHZDVRQO\DEOHWRGRVREHFDXVHRIDORQJ VWDQGLQJFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQKRXVHZLYHVDQGFK\PLVWV :ULWLQJ IURP D YHU\ GLIIHUHQW SHUVSHFWLYH 7KRPDV 9DXJKDQ ± UHPDUNVXSRQZRPHQ¶VDSWLWXGHIRUFK\PLFDORSHUDWLRQVDQGLQSDUWLFXODUIRU³WKH ZRUN´WKHFK\PLFDORSXVWKHHQGSURGXFWRIZKLFKLVWKH3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQH $VIRUWKHZRUNLWVHOILWLVQRZD\WURXEOHVRPHa Lady may reade the Arcadia DQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHDWWHQGWKLVPhilosophieZLWKRXWGLVWXUELQJKHUfansie)RU P\SDUW,WKLQNwomenDUH¿WWHUIRULWWKDQPHQIRULQVXFKWKLQJVWKH\DUHPRUH neat and patient EHLQJ XVHG WR D VPDOO Chimistrie of Sack-possets DQG RWKHU ¿QLFDOOSugar-sops 6WRQHZKLFKZLOOHQFRXUDJHSODQWVWR³*URZ)ORXULVK EHDUH)UXLW´WKH³Magicall or Prospective Stone´ E\ ZKLFK ³LW LV SRVVLEOH WR GLVFRYHU DQ\ Person LQ ZKDW SDUW RI WKH WorldVRHYHU´DQG³WKHAngelicall Stone´ZKLFK³DIIRUGVWKHApparition of AngellsDQG JLYHVDSRZHURIFRQYHUVLQJZLWKWKHP´ 5LFKDUG$OOHVWUHHThe Ladies Calling/RQGRQ S,DPJUDWHIXOWR'U -XOLHW)OHPLQJIRUDOHUWLQJPHWRWKLVSDVVDJH (OVHZKHUHLQThe Ladies Calling $OOHVWUHHVDQFWLRQVZRPHQ¶VPHGLFDOZRUNLQWKH VWLOOURRPFRPPHQGLQJWKRVHJHQWOHZRPHQZKRRSHQXSWKHLU³GLVSHQVDWRULHV«SURYLGLQJ PHGLFLQHVIRUVXFKDVHLWKHUE\GLVHDVHRUFDVXDOW\ZDQWWKDWVRUWRIUHOLHI´S 7KRPDV9DXJKDQ Magia adamica or the antiquitie of magic /RQGRQ S 0DUJDUHW&DYHQGLVKDUJXHVWKDWWKHIHPLQLQHFUHDWLYHIDFXOW\³IDQF\´LVHVVHQWLDOWR DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI QDWXUDO IRUPV DQG SURFHVVHV VHH 6\OYLD %RZHUEDQN ³7KH 6SLGHU¶V 'HOLJKW0DUJDUHW&DYHQGLVKDQGWKHµ)HPDOH¶,PDJLQDWLRQ´English Literary Renaissance $XWXPQ ±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
9DXJKDQ GUDZV XSRQ WKH LGHD D FRPPRQSODFH LQ FK\PLFDO OLWHUDWXUH WKDW µWKH ZRUN¶ RU ODWWHU VWDJHV RI ³WKH ZRUN´ DUH GHFHSWLYHO\ VLPSOH VR VLPSOH WKDW DQ XQHGXFDWHGFKLOGPLJKWDFFRPSOLVKLWZKHUHDOHDUQHGPDQPLJKWIDLO9DXJKDQ¶V UHPDUN PLJKW VHHP WR GHPHDQ ZRPHQ¶V DELOLWLHV EXW WKLV LQVWLQFWXDO ZLVGRP DWWULEXWHGWRZRPHQERWKE\YLUWXHRIWKHLUVH[DQGWKHLUZRUNLQWKHKRXVHKROG ±DVNLOOWKDWLVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\LQQDWHDQGDFTXLUHG±FRXOGSRWHQWLDOO\SXWZRPHQ LQ D SULYLOHJHG SRVLWLRQ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR FK\PLFDO NQRZOHGJH ,QGHHG 7KRPDV 9DXJKDQ¶VFK\PLFDOZRUNERRNAqua Vitae, Non VitisZDVFRPSRVHGDORQJVLGH KLVZLIH5HEHFFDG ZKRVHLGHDVDQGLQVLJKWVLQWRFK\PLFDOWKHRU\DQG SUDFWLFHDUHDFFRUGHGDSULYLOHJHGVLJQL¿FDQFH 0DUJDUHW&DYHQGLVK"± GHYHORSVWKLVSHUFHLYHGSULYLOHJHWRHQDEOH KHU RZQ FULWLTXH RI WKH UROH RI HPSLULFLVP DQG H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ LQ WKH VWXG\ RI QDWXUDO SKLORVRSK\ ,Q WKH SUHIDWRU\ PDWHULDO WR KHU Philosophical and Physical Opinions &DYHQGLVKGUDZVDSOD\IXOEXWWHOOLQJGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQKHU HQGHDYRXUVDVDSXEOLVKHGZULWHURIQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\DQGKHUZRUNDVDKRXVHZLIH ³I cannot for my Life be so good a Huswife, as to quit Writing´VKHODPHQWV³the truth is, I have somewhat Err’d from good Huswifry, to write Nature’s Philosophy, where, had I been prudent, I should have translated Natural Philosophy into good Huswifry´&DYHQGLVKLQH[LOHDQGRQWKHPRYHIRUPXFKRIKHUDGXOWOLIH SUREDEO\GLGOLWWOHLIDQ\DFWXDOKRXVHZRUN%XWKHUQRWLRQRIWKHWUDQVODWDELOLW\ RIQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\LQWRKRXVHZLIHU\DQGEDFNDJDLQLVVWULNLQJDQGOHJLWLPDWHV KHUGLVFXVVLRQRIDUDQJHRIWRSLFVLQFOXGLQJFK\PLVWU\DVWURORJ\PHWHRURORJ\ DQGH[SHULPHQWDOVFLHQFH&DYHQGLVKH[SDQGVRQWKLVPRWLILQKHUObservations upon Experimental Philosophy LQZKLFKVKHFRPSDUHV1DWXUH³DZLVHDQG SURYLGHQW/DG\´WRDJRRGKRXVHZLIH1DWXUH&DYHQGLVKDVVHUWVVXFFHVVIXOO\
6HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHIRXUWHHQWKFHQWXU\³2SXV0XOLHUXPHW/XGDV3XHURUXP´LQ ZKLFKWKHVWDJHVRIWKHFK\PLFDORSXVDUHFRPSDUHGWR³ZRPHQ¶VZRUN´DQG³FKLOG¶VSOD\´ 7KH ³2SXV 0XOLHUXP´ ZDV ¿UVW SXEOLVKHG LQ De Alchimia Opuscula Complura Veterum Philosophorum )UDQNIXUW DQG ZDV UHSULQWHG LQ Artis Auriferae YRO %DVOH SS± 7KH PDQXVFULSW LV /RQGRQ %ULWLVK /LEUDU\ 6ORDQH 06 ,W KDV EHHQ HGLWHG DQGWUDQVODWHGE\'RQDOG5'LFNVRQDV$TXD9LW 1RQ9LWLV2U7KHUDGLFDO+XPLGLWLH of Nature: Mechanically, and Magically dissected By the Conduct of Fire, and Ferment 7HPSH$=$UL]RQD&HQWHUIRU0HGLHYDODQG5HQDLVVDQFH6WXGLHV 2Q5HEHFFD 9DXJKDQ VHH 'RQDOG 5 'LFNVRQ ³7KH $OFKHPLVWLFDO :LIH 7KH ,GHQWLW\ RI 7KRPDV 9DXJKDQ¶Vµ5HEHFFD¶´The Seventeenth Century ±DQG-HQQLIHU6SHDNH µ9DXJKDQ 7KRPDV ± ¶ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV KWWSZZZR[IRUGGQEFRPYLHZDUWLFOH! >DFFHVVHG $SULO@ 0DUJDUHW &DYHQGLVK Philosophical and Physical Opinions /RQGRQ ³7R KLV([FHOOHQFLHWKH/RUG0DUTXLVRI1HZFDVWOH´2QWKLVSRLQWVHH.DWH/LOOH\³%OD]LQJ :RUOGV6HYHQWHHQWK&HQWXU\:RPHQ¶V8WRSLDQ:ULWLQJ´LQ:RPHQ7H[WV +LVWRULHVHG &ODUH%UDQWDQG'LDQH3XUNLVV/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH SS±SS± 0DUJDUHW &DYHQGLVK Observations upon Experimental Philosophy /RQGRQ S
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
PDQDJHV KHU KRXVHKROG H[DPLQLQJ WKH JRRGV DW KHU GLVSRVDO DQG WUHDWV HDFK DFFRUGLQJWRLWVQHHGVLQDQHQGOHVVF\FOHRISUHVHUYLQJGLVWLOOLQJZDVKLQJDQG FRRNLQJ ,Q FRQWUDVW &DYHQGLVK ULGLFXOHV WKH DXWKRULW\ RI PDOH VFLHQWLVWV ZKR FODLPVROHULJKWWRµLQIRUPWKHZRUOG¶ZLWKWKHLUH[SHULPHQWVDQGWKHRULHV7KLV SOD\IXOMX[WDSRVLQJRIPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHPRGHVRINQRZLQJFXOPLQDWHVZLWK DFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIFK\PLVWU\ ,DPFRQ¿GHQW:RPHQZRXOGODERXUDVPXFKZLWK)LUHDQG)XUQDFHDV0HQ IRUWKH\¶OPDNHJRRG&RUGLDOVDQG6SLULWVEXWZKHWKHUWKH\ZRXOG¿QGRXWWKH 3KLORVRSKHUVVWRQH,GRXEWIRURXU6H[LVPRUHDSWWRZDVWHWKHQWRPDNH*ROG KRZHYHU , ZRXOG KDYH WKHP WU\ HVSHFLDOO\ WKRVH WKDW KDYH PHDQV WR VSHQG IRUZKRNQRZVEXW:RPHQPLJKWEHPRUHKDSS\LQ¿QGLQJLWRXWWKDQ0HQ S±
2IDOOWKHEUDQFKHVRIQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\LWLVFK\PLVWU\WKDW&DYHQGLVKEHOLHYHV LV PRVW HDVLO\ WUDQVODWDEOH LQWR KRXVHZLIHU\ DQG LW LV WKH GLOLJHQW FDUHIXO DQG PHWLFXORXVKRXVHZLIHZKRPDNHVWKHEHVWFK\PLVW :ULWLQJIURPYHU\GLIIHUHQWSHUVSHFWLYHV&DYHQGLVK$OOHVWUHHDQG9DXJKDQ DOO ZULWH ZLWKLQ D FXOWXUH LQ ZKLFK WKH FK\PLFDO ZRUN WKH magnum opus ZDV IUHTXHQWO\FDOOHGWKHopus mulierumRU³ZRPHQ¶VZRUN´,QFK\PLFDOOLWHUDWXUH ZRXOGEH FK\PLVWV DUH XUJHG WR PHGLWDWH XSRQ DQG LPLWDWH YDULRXV DVSHFWV RI ZRPHQ¶V ZRUN LQ WKH KRXVHKROG LQFOXGLQJ ZDVKLQJ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH FK\PLFDOSURFHVVRIGLVWLOODWLRQ DQGFRRNLQJZKLFKLVYDULRXVO\LGHQWL¿HGZLWK IHUPHQWDWLRQGLJHVWLRQDQGSXWUHIDFWLRQ 2IWKHPDQ\H[DPSOHVRIWKLVPRWLI WZR HPEOHPV IURP 0LFKDHO 0DLHU¶V Atalanta Fugiens 2SSHQKHLP DUH UHSUHVHQWDWLYH (PEOHP GHSLFWV D KRXVHZLIH SRXULQJ ZDWHU IURP D EXFNHW LQWRDFDXOGURQRIERLOLQJZDWHU,QWKHPRWWRWRWKLVHPEOHP³*RWRWKHZRPDQ
2Q WKLV SRLQW VHH IRU H[DPSOH (YH .HOOHU ³3URGXFLQJ 3HWW\ *RGV 0DUJDUHW &DYHQGLVK¶V&ULWLTXHRI([SHULPHQWDO6FLHQFH´English Literary History6XPPHU ± ,QKLVA Lexicon of Alchemy )UDQNIXUW 0DUWLQ5XODQGLGHQWL¿HVWKH³:RUN RIWKH:RPDQ´DVDV\QRQ\PIRU³7KH*UHDW:RUN´LHWKHDOFKHPLFDORSXV RQDFFRXQW RI³WKHIDFLOLW\ZLWKZKLFKWKH6WRQHPD\EHFRPSRVHGE\WKRVHZKRDUHLQVWUXFWHGLQWKH SURSHU PHWKRG RI RSHUDWLRQ´ 5XODQG A Lexicon of Alchemy or Alchemical Dictionary WUDQV$(:DLWH/RQGRQ-RKQ0:DWNLQV S $OO TXRWDWLRQV IURP Atalanta Fugiens DUH WDNHQ IURP Michael Maier’s Atalanta Fugiens: Sources of an Alchemical Book of EmblemsHGDQGWUDQV+0(GH-RQJ/HLGHQ (- %ULOO 2Q WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI KRXVHZLIHU\ LQ Atalanta Fugiens and other DOFKHPLFDOWH[WVVHH*LOOLDQ%HHU³Square RoundsDQG2WKHU$ZNZDUG)LWV&KHPLVWU\DV 7KHDWUH´Ambix0DUFK ±DQG0(:DUOLFN³7KH'RPHVWLF$OFKHPLVW :RPHQDV+RXVHZLYHVLQ$OFKHPLFDO(PEOHPV´Emblems and AlchemyHG$OLVRQ$GDPV DQG6WDQWRQ-/LQGHQ*ODVJRZ*ODVJRZ(PEOHP6WXGLHV SS±)RUDYHU\ GLIIHUHQWUHDGLQJRIJHQGHULQWKLVZRUNVHH6DOO\*$OOHQDQG-RDQQD+XEEV³2XWUXQQLQJ $WDODQWD )HPLQLQH 'HVWLQ\ LQ$OFKHPLFDO 7UDQVPXWDWLRQ´ Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society:LQWHU ±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
ZKRZDVKHVWKHVKHHWVDQGGRDVVKHGRHV´0DLHUGLUHFWVWKHFK\PLVWWRREVHUYH DQG OHDUQ IURP ZRPHQ¶V GDLO\ GRPHVWLF URXWLQHV 0DLHU HODERUDWHV XSRQ WKLV LQVWUXFWLRQLQDQHSLJUDP 'RQ¶W\RXVHHKRZDZRPDQLVDFFXVWRPHGWRFOHDQLQJGLUW\ODXQGU\ %\SRXULQJKRWZDWHURYHULW" )ROORZKHUH[DPSOHVRWKDW\RXZLOOQRWIDLOLQ\RXUDUW )RUWKHZDWHUZDVKHVWKHSUHFLSLWDWLRQRIWKHEODFNERG\DZD\
7KHWKRURXJKZDVKLQJRIVKHHWVFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHFK\PLVW¶VLQLWLDOZDVKLQJRIWKH prima materiaLQUHDGLQHVVIRUWKHVWDJHVLQWKHopusDQGDQWLFLSDWHVDODWHUVWDJH the solutioZKHQKDYLQJEHHQVXEMHFWHGWRLQWHQVHGU\KHDWWKHFKDUUHGmateria LVUHYLYL¿HGE\WKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIKHDOLQJZDWHUV 7KHOHVVRQVRIWKLVHPEOHPDUHGHYHORSHGLQ(PEOHPRIAtalanta Fugiens LQZKLFKDSUHJQDQWZRPDQVWDQGVEHIRUHDODUJHRSHQKHDUWK,QWKHPRWWRIRUWKLV HPEOHP0DLHUZULWHV³:KHQ\RXKDYHREWDLQHGWKHZKLWHOHDGWKHQGRZRPHQ¶V ZRUNWKDWLVWRVD\&22.´7KHDFFRPSDQ\LQJHSLJUDPUHDGV :KRVRHYHUZDQWVWRDFKLHYHPXFKZLWKOLWWOHWURXEOH 6KRXOGWKURZVQRZLQ6DWXUQ¶VEODFNIDFH $QGWKHZKLWHVWPDWHULDORIOHDGZLOOIDOOWR\RX $IWHUZKLFKRQO\ZRPHQ¶VZRUNUHPDLQV 7KHQ\RXVKRXOGFRRNOLNHDZRPDQZKRSXWVKHUSDQVRQWKH¿UH %XWWDNHFDUHWKDWWKH7UXWDGLVVROYHVLQLWVRZQÀXLG
/LNHDKRXVHZLIHFRRNLQJWURXWWKHFK\PLVWPXVWHQVXUHWKDWWKHOLGLVZHOOVHDOHG DW DOO WLPHV ,I WKHUH DUH DQ\ OHDNV WKH YHVVHO FRXOG HDVLO\ EUHDN ± D FRPPRQ FRPSODLQWLQFK\PLFDOQDUUDWLYHV±DQGWKHUHVXOWLQJORVVRIKHDWRUYDSRXUZRXOG SURYH GLVDVWURXV WR WKH ¿QDO UHVXOWV 7KH KRXVHZLIH LV YLVLEO\ SUHJQDQW LQ WKLV HPEOHP±DQLPDJHWKDWDJDLQUHLQIRUFHVWKHQHHGIRUWKHLQWHJULW\RIWKHZRPE OLNHYHVVHODQGSHUKDSVVXJJHVWVWKDWWKLVNQRZOHGJHDQGSUDFWLFHLVVRPHWKLQJ LQQDWH WR ZRPHQ KHOG ZLWKLQ WKHLU ERGLHV DQG UHLQIRUFHG E\ VRFLDO UROHV$V LI WR UHPLQG WKH FK\PLVW WKDW WKLV NQRZOHGJH DQG SUDFWLFH LV JHQGHUHG WKH YHVVHO VKRZQ LQ WKH HPEOHP LV D bain marie ± 0DU\¶V EDWK RQH RI WKH ¿UVW FK\PLFDO LQVWUXPHQWV SRSXODUO\ DWWULEXWHG WR D WKLUGFHQWXU\ &( $OH[DQGULDQ FK\PLVW ³0DU\WKH-HZHVV´DQGURXWLQHO\XVHGGXULQJWKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRG:KDW, ZDQWWRHPSKDVLVHKHUHLVWKHSRSXODUQRWLRQWKDWWKHKRXVHZLIHGLGLQGHHGPDNH DQLGHDOFK\PLVWWKDWVKHSRVVHVVHGE\YLUWXHDQGQRWLQVSLWH RIKHUVH[DXQLTXH
:KHWKHU RU QRW VKH FDQ EH LGHQWL¿HG ZLWK D VLQJOH KLVWRULFDO ¿JXUH ³0DU\ WKH -HZHVV´ DOVR NQRZQ DV 0DU\ WKH &RSW RU 0DU\ WKH (J\SWLDQ LV IUHTXHQWO\ FLWHG DV DQ DXWKRULW\ LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ FK\PLFDO ERRNV DQG WKH ZRUNV DWWULEXWHG WR KHU DUH FROOHFWHG LQ PDQXVFULSW DQG SULQWHG PLVFHOODQLHV 6HH IRU H[DPSOH ³7KH 3UDFWLFH RI 0DU\ WKH 3URSKHWHVV LQ WKH$OFK\PLFDOO$UW´ /RQGRQ %ULWLVK /LEUDU\ 6ORDQH 06 IROV ± ZKLFKZDVSULQWHGLQDQXPEHURISXEOLFDWLRQVLQFOXGLQJ$UQDOGGH9LOODQRYDOpus Aureum)UDQNIXUW 6HHDOVR5DSKDHO3DWDL³0DULDWKH-HZHVV±)RXQGLQJ0RWKHU RI$OFKHP\´Ambix ±
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
DQGSULYLOHJHGNQRZOHGJHRIWKHVHFUHWVRIWKHQDWXUDOZRUOGDQGWKDWHDFKGD\DV SDUWRIKHUURXWLQHKRXVHZRUNVKHFRXOGEHSHUFHLYHGWREH±DQGFRXOGSHUFHLYH KHUVHOIWREH±SHUIRUPLQJDVSHFWVRI³WKHZRUN´DQGDFKLHYLQJWDQJLEOHSUR¿WDEOH UHVXOWV :KHQ &DYHQGLVK ³DSRORJLVHG´ IRU KDYLQJ IDLOHG WR WUDQVODWH ³1DWXUDO 3KLORVRSK\ LQWR JRRG +XVZLIU\´ WKHUHIRUH VKH UHDVVHUWHG WKH IDFW WKDW LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ(QJODQGQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\DQGKRXVHZLIHU\ZHUHEHOLHYHGWREHUHODWHG DWDIXQGDPHQWDOOHYHO 2IFRXUVHZHFDQQRWDVVXPHWKDWLFRQRJUDSKLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVVXFKDV0DLHU¶V HPEOHPVWUDQVODWHGLQWROLYHGUHDOLW\%XWWKHUHLVHYLGHQFHWRVXJJHVWWKDWHDUO\ PRGHUQ(QJOLVKZRPHQGLGLQGHHGHQJDJHLQFK\PLFDOZRUN4XHHQ(OL]DEHWK ,± DQG0DU\6LGQH\&RXQWHVVRI3HPEURNH± ZHUHERWK UHSXWHGWRKDYHSUDFWLFHGFK\PLVWU\LQWKHLURZQSULYDWHODERUDWRULHV±WKHODWWHU LVDWWULEXWHGDXWKRUVKLSRIPHGLFLQDOUHFLSHVLQFRQWHPSRUDU\PDQXVFULSWV Anne &OLIIRUGUHFDOOVWKDWKHUPRWKHU0DUJDUHW5XVVHOO&RXQWHVVRI&XPEHUODQG± ³ZDVDORYHURIWKHVWXG\DQGSUDFWLFHRIDOFKLP\E\ZKLFKVKHIRXQGRXW H[FHOOHQWPHGLFLQHVWKDWGLGPXFKJRRGWRPDQ\´DQGDUHFHLSWERRNSRVVLEO\ RZQHGE\0DUJDUHWKDVUHFHQWO\EHHQGLVFRYHUHG:RPHQDOVRVHUYHGDVSDWURQV RI FK\PLFDO OLWHUDWXUH *HRUJH¶V %DNHU¶V A Newe Jewell of Health D ERRN RI FK\PLFDO PHGLFLQH EDVHG RQ D ZRUN E\ &RQUDG *HVQHU ZDV GHGLFDWHG WR $QQH GH 9HUH &RXQWHVV RI 2[IRUG ± -RKQ 7KRUQERURXJK¶V ³$ /HWWHURI&KHPLVWU\´ DZRUNRIHVRWHULFFK\PLVWU\LQFOXGLQJDFK\PLFDO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH3\WKDJRUHDQWHWUDFW\VRUGHFDG ZDVGHGLFDWHGWR(OL]DEHWK
)RUH[DPSOHVGUDZQIURP(QJODQGDQG&RQWLQHQWDO(XURSHVHH$UFKHU³:RPHQ DQG $OFKHP\ LQ (DUO\ 0RGHUQ (QJODQG´ DQG 3HQQ\ %D\HU ³:RPHQ¶V $OFKHPLFDO /LWHUDWXUH±LQ,WDO\)UDQFHWKH6ZLVV&DQWRQVDQG(QJODQGDQGLWV'LIIXVLRQWR ´3K'WKHVLV8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUZLFN 2Q 4XHHQ (OL]DEHWK , VHH $UFKHU ³:RPHQ DQG $OFKHP\ LQ (DUO\ 0RGHUQ (QJODQG´ FKDSWHU DQG µ³5XGHQHVVH LW 6HOIH 6KH 'RWK 5H¿QH´ 4XHHQ (OL]DEHWK , DV /DG\$OFK\PLD¶LQGoddesses and Queens: The Iconography of Elizabeth IHG$QQDOLHVH &RQQROO\DQG/LVD+RSNLQV0DQFKHVWHU0DQFKHVWHU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS± 2Q 0DU\ 6LGQH\ VHH 0DUJDUHW 3 +DQQD\ ³µ+RZ ,7KHVH 6WXGLHV 3UL]H¶7KH &RXQWHVV RI 3HPEURNH DQG (OL]DEHWKDQ 6FLHQFH´ LQ Women, Science and Medicine, 1500±1700 HG/\QHWWH+XQWHUDQG6DUDK+XWWRQ6WURXG6XWWRQ3XEOLVKLQJ SS±DQG $UFKHU³:RPHQDQG$OFKHP\LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ(QJODQG´FKDSWHU $QQH &OLIIRUG Lives of Lady Anne Clifford Countess of Dorset, Pembroke, and Montgomery (1590±1676) and of her parents summarized by herself HG -3 *LOVRQ /RQGRQ5R[EXUJKH&OXE S7KH06UHFHLSWERRN³$ONXPLVWHH[WUDFWLRQRI GLVWLOODWLRQVDQGH[FHOOHQWPHGLFLQHV´LVSRUWUD\HGLQ$QQH&OLIIRUG¶VWULSW\FKDW$SSOHE\ &DVWOH ,W LV GLVFXVVHG E\ 'DQLHO 6FRWW ³5HFHQW 'LVFRYHULHV LQ WKH 0XQLPHQW 5RRPV RI $SSOHE\&DVWOHDQG6NLSWRQ&DVWOH´Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society ± S DQG KDV EHHQ LGHQWL¿HG E\ 3HQQ\ %D\HU ³/DG\ 0DUJDUHW &OLIIRUG¶V$OFKHPLFDO 5HFHLSW %RRN DQG WKH -RKQ'HH&LUFOH´Ambix1RYHPEHU ±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
/DG\ .QRZOHV ± 3HUKDSV WKH EHVW HYLGHQFH IRU WKH SHUFHLYHG FRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQFK\PLVWU\DQGKRXVHZLIHU\LVWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIFK\PLFDO UHFLSHVDQGSURFHGXUHVLQUHFHLSWERRNVWDUJHWHGDWDIHPDOHDXGLHQFH%RRNRI +XJK3ODWW¶VJewell House of Art and Nature IRUH[DPSOHIHDWXUHVDVWHS E\VWHSJXLGHWRVWLOOURRPSUDFWLFHDQGThe Ladies Cabinet Enlarged and Opened ZKLFKGUDZVRQWKHZRUNRIWKH6FRWWLVKERUQFK\PLVW3DWULFN5XWKYHQ DQG WKH ,WDOLDQ FK\PLFDO SK\VLFLDQ /HRQDUGR )LRUDYDQWL LQFOXGHV VRSKLVWLFDWHG UHFLSHVIRUH[WUDFWLQJTXLQWHVVHQFHVEDOPVDQGRLOVIURPPHWDOVDQGPLQHUDOV. ,QGHHG RQ D FRXSOH RI RFFDVLRQV ZRPHQ ZHUH DVFULEHG DXWKRUVKLS RI SULQWHG UHFHLSW ERRNV ZLWK FK\PLFDO UHFLSHV A Choice Manuall DWWULEXWHG WR (OL]DEHWK*UH\&RXQWHVVRI.HQW± FRQWDLQVUHFLSHVIRUPLQHUDOEDVHG PHGLFLQHVLQFOXGLQJWKH&RXQWHVV¶VIDPRXV³3RZGHU´ZKLOHNatura Exenterata DWWULEXWHG WR *UH\¶V VLVWHU $OHWKHLD +RZDUG &RXQWHVV RI $UXQGHO G ERDVWVDZKROHVHFWLRQ³Chymicall Extractions´GHYRWHGWRRSHUDWLRQVRQ PHWDOVLQFOXGLQJUHFLSHVIRU³7KHTXLQWHVVHQFHRIDOOPDQQHURI+HUEVÀRZHUV URRWVÀHVKEORRGRU(JJV´DQG³Aurum Potabile´ (DUO\0RGHUQ:RPHQDQG7KHLU%RRNVRI&K\PLFDO5HFHLSWV )URP 4XHHQ (OL]DEHWK 4XHHQ $QQD DQG 4XHHQ +HQULHWWD 0DULD GRZQZDUGV HDUO\PRGHUQ(QJOLVKZRPHQZHUHUHTXLUHGWREH±DQGSHUKDSVPRVWLPSRUWDQWO\ VKRZ WKHPVHOYHV WR EH ± JRRG KRXVHZLYHV %HLQJ D JRRG KRXVHZLIH LQYROYHG DUDQJHRILQWHOOHFWXDODQGSUDFWLFDOVNLOOVWKDWZHUHLQWLPDWHO\OLQNHGWRDVHWRI PRUDO VSHFL¿FDOO\ &KULVWLDQ DQG ³IHPLQLQH´ TXDOLWLHV 7R KHOS ZRPHQ EHFRPH JRRGKRXVHZLYHVSULQWHGUHFHLSWERRNVWDUJHWHGDWDIHPDOHUHDGHUVKLSEHJDQWR DSSHDUIURPWKHVRQZDUG,QSXEOLFDWLRQVVXFKDV*HUYDVH0DUNKDP¶VThe English Huswife SURYLVLRQRIPHGLFDOFDUHLVVKRZQWREHDQLPSRUWDQWSDUW
/RQGRQ%ULWLVK/LEUDU\6ORDQH067KRUQERURXJKDOOXGHVWR/DG\.QRZOHV¶V LQWHUHVWLQFK\PLVWU\LQWKHRSHQLQJSDUDJUDSK³*RRGPDGDPHYQGHUVWDQGLQJWKDW\RZ KDXH D GHVLHU WR VSHQG \Rr KRZHUV IUHHG IURP JUHDWHU RFFDVLRQV LQ GLVWLOOLQJ ZDWHUV H[WUDFWLQJWLQFNWXUHV,WKRXJKWJRRGWRZULWHWR\RXU/DGLVKLSSH´IROr +XJK 3ODWW Jewell House of Art and Nature /RQGRQ %RRN ³'LYHUV &KLPLFDOO&RQFOXVLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKH$UWRI'LVWLOODWLRQ´ SS±The Ladies Cabinet Enlarged and Opened /RQGRQ SS± A choice manuall, or rare and select secrets in physick and chyrurgery collected, and practised by the Right Honourable, the Countesse of Kent, late deceased /RQGRQ Natura exenterata: or Nature unbowelled by the most exquisite anatomizers of her /RQGRQ SS ± 2Q WKHVH SXEOLFDWLRQV VHH +XQWHU ³:RPHQ DQG 'RPHVWLF 0HGLFLQH /DG\ ([SHULPHQWHUV ±´ LQ Women, Science and Medicine, 1500± 1700 SS± DQG Seventeenth-Century English Recipe Books: Cooking, Physic and Chirurgery in the Works of Elizabeth Talbot Grey and Aletheia Talbot HowardHG(OL]DEHWK 6SLOOHU$OGHUVKRW$VKJDWH 2QWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIKRXVHZLIHU\WRTXHHQVKLSVHH-D\QH$UFKHU³7KH4XHHQV¶ $UFDQXP$XWKRULW\DQG$XWKRUVKLSLQThe Queens Closet Opened ´Renaissance Journal-XQH SS±
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
RI WKH KRXVHKROG HFRQRP\ &KDUOHV (VWLHQQH ZKR DFNQRZOHGJHG WKH VFDUFLW\ RI OLFHQVHGSUDFWLWLRQHUVLQ UXUDODUHDVVWLSXODWHGWKDWWKH³KXVZLIH´VKRXOG UXQ KHU RZQ ³&RXQWULH 'LVSHQVDWRULH´ DQG WKDW VKH VKRXOG EH ³VNLOIXOO LQ QDWXUDOO 3K\VLFNH IRU WKH EHQH¿WH RI KHU RZQ IRONH DQG RWKHUV´ )RU 0DUNKDP DQG (VWLHQQH ZKR VLWXDWH WKHLU FRPPHQWV ZLWKLQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH ODUJHU GRPHVWLF HFRQRP\DOORZLQJWKHKRXVHZLIHWKLVPXFKVFRSHPDNHVVRXQGHFRQRPLFVHQVH DKRXVHZLIHZKRLV³VNLOIXOOLQQDWXUDOO3K\VLFNH´LV(VWLHQQHPDLQWDLQVJRRGIRU ³WKHSUR¿WRIWKHKRXVH´SS± $WDERXWWKHVDPHWLPHIURPWKHODWWHUKDOIRIWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ZRPHQ EHJDQWRFRPSLOHWKHLURZQPDQXVFULSWUHFHLSWERRNV5DQJLQJIURPIRXUSDJH ERRNOHWVORRVHO\ERXQGZLWKVWULQJWRODUJHOHDWKHUERXQGIROLRVZLWKJLOWVWDPSV WRROLQJDQGPHWDOFODVSVWKHVHERRNVZHUHRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWZD\VLQZKLFK ZRPHQDFFRPSOLVKHG&DYHQGLVK¶VLGHDOWUDQVODWLQJGRPHVWLFZRUN±KRXVHZLIHU\ ±LQWRQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\DQGWUDQVODWLQJERWKLQWRZULWLQJ(DUO\PRGHUQZRPHQ ZHUHHQFRXUDJHGWRFROOHFWFRPSRVHDQGGLVWULEXWHUHFLSHV6XFKDFWLYLWLHVZHUH VHHQWREHHVVHQWLDOWRWKHLUDELOLW\WRIXO¿OWKHLUUROHVDVKHDOWKFDUHSURYLGHUVLQWKH KRPHDQGQHLJKERXUKRRG,QKLVPHPRLURIKLVODWHZLIH(OL]DEHWK± $QWKRQ\:DONHURIIHUVDQDFFRXQWRIWKHFRPSLODWLRQRIVXFKDERRN 6KHFDXVHGKHUGDXJKWHUVWRWUDQVFULEHKHUEHVWUHFLSHVIRUWKLQJVZKLFKZHUH FXULRXVEXWHVSHFLDOO\IRU0HGLFLQHVZLWKGLUHFWLRQVKRZWRXVHWKHP«+HU ¿UVWDQGPDLQVWRFNVKHDFTXLUHGIURPD%URWKHULQ/DZDYHU\DEOH'RFWRURI the London&ROOHJHZKR0DUULHGKHU6LVWHUDQGZDVYHU\IUHHO\FRPPXQLFDWLYH ZKRZURWHKHUPDQ\5HFHLSWVDQGGLUHFWHGKHUZKDWPHWKRGVWRSURFHHGLQIRU PRVWFRPPRQ'LVHDVHV«DQGVKHZDVYHU\LQTXLVLWLYHRIRWKHU'RFWRUVDQG KDGPDQ\(QJOLVK%RRNVRiveriusCulpeperBonettus FZKLFKVKHUHDGQRW WRVD\VWXGLHG *HUYDVH 0DUNKDP The English Huswife LQ 0DUNKDP Countrey Contentments /RQGRQ SS± &KDUOHV(VWLHQQHMaison RustiqueWUDQV5LFKDUG6XUÀHW/RQGRQ SS± 2QWKLVSKHQRPHQRQVHH6DUD3HQQHOO³3HUIHFWLQJ3UDFWLFH":RPHQ0DQXVFULSW 5HFLSHVDQG.QRZOHGJHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ(QJODQG´LQEarly Modern Women’s Manuscript :ULWLQJ 6HOHFWHG 3DSHUV IURP WKH 7ULQLW\7UHQW &ROORTXLXP HG 9LFWRULD %XUNH DQG -RQDWKDQ*LEVRQ$OGHUVKRW8.$VKJDWH SS±DQG(ODLQH/HRQJDQG6DUD 3HQQHOO³5HFLSH&ROOHFWLRQVDQGWKH&XUUHQF\RI0HGLFDO.QRZOHGJHLQWKH(DUO\0RGHUQ µ0HGLFDO 0DUNHWSODFH¶´ LQ Medicine and the Marketplace in England and Its Colonies c. 1450-c. 1850, HG0DUN-HQQHUDQG3DWULFN:DOOLV%DVLQJVWRNH3DOJUDYH0DFPLOOLDQ SS± 7KH:HOOFRPH/LEUDU\IRUWKH+LVWRU\DQG8QGHUVWDQGLQJRI0HGLFLQHLQ/RQGRQ KROGVDSDUWLFXODUO\ODUJHDQGGLYHUVHFROOHFWLRQRIHDUO\PRGHUQZRPHQ¶VPDQXVFULSWUHFHLSW ERRNV6RPHRIWKHVHPDQXVFULSWVFDQQRZEHYLHZHGRQOLQHKWWSOLEUDU\ZHOOFRPHDFXN HWH[WVKWPO $QWKRQ\ :DONHU The Vertuous Wife: or, the Holy Life of Mrs Elizabeth Walker /RQGRQ SS±:DONHUREVHUYHVWKDWRQHRI(OL]DEHWK¶VSULQFLSDOGXWLHVZDV WRFDUHIRUWKHKHDOWKRIKHUQHLJKERXUVDQGWKDWVKHLPSDUWHGWRWKHLUGDXJKWHUV³ZKDWHYHU UHTXLUHGPRUH$UWRU&XULRVLW\IRUWKH&ORVHWRUWKH3DUORXUDV3UHVHUYLQJGUDZLQJ6SLULWV LQDQ$OHPELFNRUFROG6WLOO´S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
(OL]DEHWK:DONHUDFWLYHO\VRXJKWRXWUHFLSHVGUDZLQJXSRQWKHNQRZOHGJHDQG H[SHULHQFHRIKHUEURWKHULQODZZKRZDVDOLFHQVHGSK\VLFLDQEXWDOVRULÀLQJ WKURXJK SULQWHG UHFHLSW ERRNV DQG HPSOR\LQJ KHU GDXJKWHUV WR WUDQVFULEH KHU UHFLSHV :RPHQ¶VPDQXVFULSWUHFHLSWERRNVKDYHSULQFLSDOO\EHHQXVHGDVHYLGHQFHIRU ZRPHQDVKHDOWKFDUHSURYLGHUV%XWWKHVHERRNVDOVRWHVWLI\WRWKHZLGHUDQJH RIVNLOOVUHTXLUHGRIWKHKRXVHZLIHLQFOXGLQJGLVWLOODWLRQSUHVHUYDWLRQFRRNHU\ DFFRXQWLQJJDUGHQLQJDQGEDVLFDVWURORJLFDOORUH$OWKRXJKPHGLFDODQGFXOLQDU\ UHFLSHVSUHGRPLQDWHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRHPSKDVLVHWKHKHWHURJHQHRXVQDWXUHRIWKHVH ERRNV 7KH PDQXVFULSW UHFHLSW ERRN RI /DG\ $QQ )DQVKDZH ± IRU H[DPSOHFRQWDLQVDQHFOHFWLFRIWHQGL]]\LQJUDQJHRIPDWHULDO %HJXQLQ \HDUVDIWHU$QQ¶VPDUULDJHWR6LU5LFKDUG)DQVKDZHWKLVHOHJDQWIROLRHQWLWOHG ³0UV )DQVKDZHV %RRNH RI 5HFHLSWV RI 3K\VLFNHV 6DOYHV :DWHUV &RUGLDOOV 3UHVHUYHVDQG&RRNHU\´IROr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¶VUHFHLSWV%XWZLWK6DUDK:LJJHVZHDUHQRW VRIRUWXQDWHDQGKHUOLIHDSSHDUVWREHXQGRFXPHQWHG7KHUHDUHDIHZFOXHVWR 6DUDK¶VLGHQWLW\ZLWKLQWKHYROXPH³:LJJHV´ZRXOGDSSHDUWREH6DUDK¶VPDUULHG
$³0UV(OL]DEHWK:DONHU´LVQDPHGDVWKHVRXUFHIRUD³5HFHLSWIRUWKH(\HV´LQ DPDQXVFULSWUHFHLSWIRUPHUO\RZQHGE\WKH'XNHRI1RUIRON:RUWKLQJ&RXQW\0XVHXP 06S(OL]DEHWK:DONHUnée6DGOHUWKHGDXJKWHURIDSKDUPDFLVWZDVWKHZLIH RI$QWKRQ\:DONHUFKDSODLQWR0DU\5LFK&RXQWHVVRI:DUZLFNDQGDIWHUZDUGV5HFWRU RI )\¿HOG (OL]DEHWK PD\ KDYH FROODERUDWHG ZLWK 0DU\ DQG KHU VLVWHU .DWKHULQH /DG\ 5DQHODJKLQWKHVWLOOURRPDWWKH:DUZLFNV¶UHVLGHQFH/HLJKV3ULRU\LQ(VVH[$06UHFHLSW ERRN:HOOFRPH:HVWHUQ06 DVVRFLDWHGZLWK0DU\DQG.DWKHULQHPD\LQFRUSRUDWH UHFHLSWVFRQWULEXWHGRU³DSSURYHG´E\(OL]DEHWK 6HH IRU H[DPSOH /XFLQGD 0F&UD\ %HLHU ³7KH &KDUDFWHU RI D *RRG :RPDQ :RPHQ DQG ,OOQHVV´ LQ %HLHU Sufferers and Healers: The Experience of Illness in Seventeenth-Century England /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH DQG .HJDQ 3DXO SS ± -RKQ % %ODNH ³7KH &RPSOHWH +RXVHZLIH´ Bulletin of the History of Medicine ±'RUHHQ)1DJ\³:RPHQ¶V5ROHLQ6WXDUW0HGLFLQH´LQ1DJ\Popular Medicine in Seventeenth-Century England %RZOLQJ *UHHQ 2+ %RZOLQJ *UHHQ 6WDWH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS± :HOOFRPH:HVWHUQ06 /RQGRQ%ULWLVK/LEUDU\$GG06$QQ¶VPHPRLUKDVEHHQHGLWHGE\-RKQ /RIWLVLQThe Memoirs of Anne, Lady Halkett and Ann, Lady Fanshawe 2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ 3UHVV
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
QDPH IRU WKH QDPH RI KHU KXVEDQG ³5LFKDUG:LJJHV´ SS ± IHDWXUHV LQ RQHRIWKHUHFLSHVDFKDUPWRFXUHWRRWKDFKH6DUDK¶VPDLGHQQDPHPD\KDYH EHHQ ³6SHJKW´ IRU ³P\ RQH 0R 6SHJKW´ S LV PHQWLRQHG LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWKRQHPHGLFLQH³0\0RWKHU´LVLGHQWL¿HGDVWKHVRXUFHIRUWZRRWKHUUHFLSHV ³$ 6ZHHWH :DWHU´ DQG D PHWKRG ³7R GLVWLOO DQ H[FHOOHQW GDPDVNH URVH ZDWHU´ SS± 7KHUHLVRQO\RQHUHIHUHQFHWRSODFHLQWKHPDQXVFULSWDUHFLSH³7R SODQW/LFRUDV´LVDWWULEXWHGWR³RQHWKDWKDWKKDGGPXFKH[SHULHQFH0UV1HYHOOLQ
1RRQHRIWKHQDPH³5LFKDUG:LJJHV´LVUHFRUGHGDVKDYLQJHQWHUHGWKHXQLYHUVLWLHV RI2[IRUGDQG&DPEULGJHGXULQJWKHVL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXULHV )RU5DFKHO6SHJKW¶VOLIHDQGZRUNVVHH%DUEDUD.LHIHU/HZDOVNLHGThe Polemics and Poems of Rachel Speght2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS[L±[L[ Natura ExenterataS2Q0RXQGIRUG¶VFRQQHFWLRQWR$UEHOOD6WXDUWVHHThe Polemics and Poems of Rachel SpeghtS[LY
)LJ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
7KH WLWOH SDJH RI 6DUDK :LJJHV¶V 5HFHLSW %RRN /RQGRQ 5R\DO &ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV06&RXUWHV\RIWKH5R\DO&ROOHJHRI 3K\VLFLDQV
DUHVKRUWDQGVLPSOH$VZLWKWKHIROORZLQJSUHVFULSWLRQ³7RIHWFKVWD\QHVIURP /\QHQ´WKH\VHUYHQRWVRPXFKWRLQVWUXFWWKHUHDGHULQQHZNQRZOHGJHEXWDVD PHPRULDODLGFRQ¿UPLQJVRPHWKLQJWKDWWKHUHDGHUDOUHDG\NQRZVSHUKDSVIURP RUDOLQVWUXFWLRQ³%HIRUHWKHFORWKKDWKEHHQHSXWLQDQ\OLTXRUDIWHUWKHVWD\QLQJRI LW\RXPXVWZDVKWKHVWD\QHVSODFHLQQHZPHDGDQGXULQHSUREDWXP´IROr
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
)LJ
7KH ¿UVW SDJH RI 6DUDK :LJJHV¶V 5HFHLSW %RRN /RQGRQ 5R\DO &ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV06&RXUWHV\RIWKH5R\DO&ROOHJHRI 3K\VLFLDQV
)ROORZLQJ WKH QLQWK OHDI DQG 6DUDK¶V PDUN RI RZQHUVKLS WKH OHDYHV DUH SDJLQDWHGDQGWKHUHFLSHVEHJLQXQGHUWKHWLWOH³3K\VLFNHDQGFKLUXUU\H´S 7KHEXONRIWKHUHFLSHVDUHZULWWHQLQDFOHDUXSULJKWLWDOLFKDQGZLWKKHDGLQJVDQG PDUJLQVFOHDUO\OLQHG,WZRXOGVHHPWKDWDQDPDQXHQVLVZDVXVHGWRWUDQVFULEHWKHVH UHFLSHVIRU6DUDK¶VRZQKDQGDQHDWLWDOLFVFULSWZULWWHQLQDOLJKWHULQNDQQRWDWHV
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
WKHP RFFDVLRQDOO\ JLYLQJ DGGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DV ZKHQ VKH QRWHV DJDLQVW D UHFLSH³WRSUHVHUYHDSULFRWV´³WKLVZD\LVQRXJKW´RUSHUVRQDOHQGRUVHPHQWDV LQWKHFDVHRIDUHFLSH³)RUWKHJUHHQVLFNQHVV´ZKLFKVKHQRWHV³KDWKKHOSHG P\VHOI´SS 7KLVSKDVHRIZRUNRQWKHERRNFRQWLQXHGXQWLODWOHDVW DVRQHUHFLSHHQWHUHGLQWKHVDPHQHDWLWDOLFKDQGLVGDWHGDQGEHDUVWHVWLPRQ\LQ :LJJHV¶VDQQRWDWLQJKDQG³7KLVZDVWDXJKWE\D-HZZ>KL@LFKFDPHIURP-XUH\ \HDUHVDJRHLWZLOOKHOSHLIWKHSDUW\EHP\OHIURP\RXKDYLQJKLVQDPDQG KRZPDQ\WHHWKDNHWK´$QHDUOLHUDERUWHGDWWHPSWWRWUDQVFULEHWKLVFRPSOLFDWHG FKDUPLVDOVRDQQRWDWHGE\:LJJHVZKRQRWHVWKDWLW³KDWKKHOSHGDOOWK>D@WKDYH XVHGLW´DQGWKDWLWZDV³WDXJKW´SS± ³+XPDQ NQRZOHGJH´ /RQGD 6FKLHELQJHU KDV ZULWWHQ ³GHYHORSV WKURXJK FRQYHUVDWLRQV REVHUYDWLRQV DQG H[FKDQJHV´$ UHFHLSW DV WKH QDPH VXJJHVWV ZDVVRPHWKLQJJLYHQDQGUHFHLYHG:LJJHVLQWHUFHGHVWRDFNQRZOHGJHWKHVRXUFHV RI KHU LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ PDQ\ RFFDVLRQV DQG WKLV WHVWL¿HV WR WKH FLUFXODWLRQ RI PDQXVFULSWPDWHULDOVEHWZHHQHDUO\PRGHUQZRPHQ6XFKQHWZRUNV0DUJDUHW(]HOO KDVDUJXHGSURYLGHGDQLQIRUPDOPHDQVWRHGXFDWLRQIRUHDUO\PRGHUQZRPHQ SURYLGLQJWKHP³ZLWKRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRULQWHOOHFWXDOHQJDJHPHQWVDQGLQVLJKWVZKLFK WKHLUFLUFXPVWDQFHVH[FOXGHGIURPXQLYHUVLWLHVDQGOHDUQHGVRFLHWLHVPLJKWQRW LPPHGLDWHO\VXJJHVW´ 7KHDWWULEXWLRQRIFHUWDLQUHFLSHVWRVSHFL¿FLQGLYLGXDOVLV DFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIUHFHLSWERRNVDQGZRPHQ¶VUHFHLSWERRNVLQSDUWLFXODU5REHUW %R\OHFRQFHGHGWKDW³,QDOO$FWLRQVWKH$XWRULW\RIWKH3HUVRQJLXHV$XWRULW\WR WKH ([DPSOH´7KH DSSHDUDQFH RI QDPHG GRQRUV VHUYHV ERWK WR JLYH DXWKRULW\ WR D UHFLSH DQG SHUKDSV WR ORFDWH WKH FRPSLOHU ZLWKLQ D VSHFL¿F QHWZRUN RI DFTXDLQWDQFHVDSDUWLFXODULQWHOOHFWXDODQGVRFLDOZRUOG:LOOLDP(DPRQKDVQRWHG WKDWLQWKHODWWHUKDOIRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\DOONLQGVRIVHFUHWVDQGUHFHLSWV UHWDLQHGWKHLUYDOXHDVFRPPRGLWLHVDQGDUWLFOHVLQJLIWH[FKDQJHVVHFUHWVZHUH WRNHQVRIH[FOXVLYHQHVVDQGSULYLOHJHGLVWLQJXLVKLQJWKRVHZKRFRXOGEHHQWUXVWHG IURPWKRVHZKRFRXOGQRWFUHDWLQJERQGVRIPXWXDOREOLJDWLRQDQGWUXVWEHWZHHQ OLNHPLQGHGLQGLYLGXDOV7RUH¿QH%R\OH¶VFRPPHQWWKHUHIRUH³DXWKRULW\´ZDV FRQVWLWXWHGQRWLQWKHLQGLYLGXDOEXWLQRQJRLQJWUDQVDFWLRQVEHWZHHQLQGLYLGXDOV :LJJHV¶V³DXWKRULW\´DVDKRXVHZLIHDQGSUDFWLWLRQHUZDVSULQFLSDOO\FRQVWLWXWHG WKURXJK KHU LQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWK IHPDOH GRQRUV DQG SULQWHG ERRNV )HPDOH GRQRUV ± SDUWLFXODUO\ IHPDOH UHODWLYHV ± RIWHQ SUHGRPLQDWH LQ ZRPHQ¶V PDQXVFULSWV ,Q IDFWZRPHQ¶VPDQXVFULSWUHFHLSWERRNVZKLFKZHUHIUHTXHQWO\SDVVHGGRZQIURP PRWKHUWRGDXJKWHUWHVWLI\WRWKHVWUHQJWKRIWKHPRWKHUGDXJKWHUERQGLQHDUO\
/RQGD 6FKLHELQJHU Nature’s Body: Sexual Politics and the Making of Modern Science /RQGRQ3DQGRUD S 0DUJDUHW-0(]HOOThe Patriarch’s Wife: Literary Evidence and the History of the Family/RQGRQ7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWK&DUROLQD3UHVV S &LWHG LQ 6WHYHQ 6KDSLQ A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England&KLFDJR,/8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV S :LOOLDP(DPRQScience and the Secrets of Nature: Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture3ULQFHWRQ1-3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS±
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
PRGHUQ(QJODQG2QSUHSDULQJWROHDYHWKHSDUHQWDOKRXVHWRVHWXSDKRPHZLWK WKHLUQHZKXVEDQG\RXQJZRPHQRIWHQKDGWKHLUPRWKHU¶VRUSURVSHFWLYHPRWKHU LQODZ¶VUHFLSHVFRSLHGGRZQIRUWKHPLQWRDQHZPDQXVFULSWERRNDVDJXLGHWR EHLQJDKRXVHZLIHDQGPRWKHULQWKHLURZQULJKW6DUDK¶VERRNIROORZVWKLVSDWWHUQ ZLWKKHUSRVVLEOHPRWKHULQODZ³0R:LJJHV´WKHPRVWVLJQL¿FDQWVRXUFHEHLQJ FUHGLWHG ZLWK RYHU UHFLSHV$ FRXSOH RI OLFHQVHG SK\VLFLDQV DUH LGHQWL¿HG DV VRXUFHVLQFOXGLQJ³'U3UDWW´S DQG³'U$OORWW´S ZKRKDVVXSSOLHG DUHPHG\IRUDQDJXH $VLQWKHFDVHRI(OL]DEHWK:DONHUFLWHGHDUOLHUZRPHQDOVRJOHDQHGUHFLSHV IURPSULQWHGERRNV2IWHQWKHVRXUFHLVQRWFUHGLWHGDQGWKHUHFLSHLVDOWHUHGLQWKH DFWRIFRS\LQJVRWKDWLWEHFRPHVGLI¿FXOWWRWUDFHVSHFL¿FSULQWHGVRXUFHV:LJJHV¶V PDQXVFULSWLVXQXVXDOLQWKHQXPEHURIUHFLSHVDQGH[WUDFWVLGHQWL¿HGDVFRPLQJ IURPSDUWLFXODUDXWKRUVDQGSXEOLFDWLRQV7RZDUGVWKHFHQWUHRIWKHERRNIROORZLQJ WKH¿UVWEDWFKRIPHGLFDOUHFLSHVHQWHUHGE\WKHDPDQXHQVLVWKHUHDUHSDVVDJHV DQG QRWHV WUDQVFULEHG IURP RWKHU VRXUFHV DSSDUHQWO\ SULQWHG ERRNV LQFOXGLQJ -RKQ *HUDUG¶V Herball UHY HG 5HPEHUW 'RGRHQV¶V Herball HGQV± $QGUHDV/LEDYLXV¶VAlchymia $QGUHZ%RUGH¶VThe Breviarie of Health *LDPEDWWLVWD GHOOD 3RUWD¶V Natural Magick ZKLFK ZDV¿UVWSXEOLVKHGLQDQ(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQLQDQGVRPHZKDWFXULRXVO\ %RHWKLXV¶V Consolation of Philosophie (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQV ZHUH SXEOLVKHG LQ DQG 5HFLSHVDUHDOVRDWWULEXWHGWR1LFKRODV&XOSHSHUS 3DUDFHOVXVSS± DQG*DOHQS DOWKRXJKWKHSDUWLFXODUZRUNVDUH QRWVSHFL¿HG7KHODWWHUWZRDXWKRULWLHVFRXOGKDYHEHHQJOHDQHGIURPLQWHUPHGLDU\ VRXUFHV±LQGHHG&XOSHSHUZDVDWUDQVODWRURI3DUDFHOVLDQOLWHUDWXUH2IWKHVH VRXUFHV RQO\ 1LFKRODV &XOSHSHU ZURWH ZRUNV VSHFL¿FDOO\ WDUJHWHG DW D IHPDOH UHDGHUVKLSDVZHKDYHVHHQ$OH[DQGHU:DONHULGHQWL¿HG&XOSHSHUDVRQHRIWKH DXWKRUV IURP ZKRP KLV ZLIH (OL]DEHWK WRRN GRZQ KHU UHFLSHV$OWKRXJK WKHUH
³-DUUXWVHDUEDOO´S LH-RKQ*HUDUG¶VThe Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes/RQGRQ ZDVSXEOLVKHGLQDUHYLVHGHGLWLRQE\7KRPDV-RKQVRQLQ ³'RGRQHXV´ S LH 5HPEHUW 'RGRHQV¶V A Niewe Herball: Or, Historie of PlantesWUDQV+HQU\/\WHDSSHDUHGLQIRXUHGLWLRQVEHWZHHQDQG ³+LVWRU\RI$QGUHDV/LEDYLXV´S /LEDYLXV¶VAlchymiaLVFRPPRQO\FUHGLWHG DVWKH¿UVWFKHPLVWU\WH[WERRN)HDWXULQJLOOXVWUDWLRQVRIFK\PLFDOHTXLSPHQWDQGXWHQVLOV Alchymia DSSHDUHG LQ VHYHUDO /DWLQ HGLWLRQV SXEOLVKHG RQ WKH &RQWLQHQW GXULQJ WKH ¿UVW GHFDGHRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\,KDYHQRWEHHQDEOHWRWUDFHDQHDUO\PRGHUQSULQWHG HGLWLRQLQ(QJOLVKEXWPDWHULDOE\/LEDYLXVZDVDYDLODEOHLQ-RDQQHV-RQVWRQXV¶VAn History of the Wonderful Things of Nature /RQGRQ ³WKH EUHYLDU\ RI KHDOWK &RPSLOHG E\ $QGUHZ %RRUG GRFWRU LQ 3KLVLFN DQ (QJOLVKPDQ´S ³magia´RI³%DSWLVW3RUWD´S &XOSHSHUWUDQVODWHG6LPHRQ3DUWOLFLXV¶VA new method of physick: or, A short view of Paracelsus and Galen’s practice/RQGRQ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
DUHWHVWLPRQLDOVWRZRPHQUHDGLQJKHUEDOVLQHDUO\PRGHUQ(QJODQGWKLVOLVWRI VRXUFHV±SDUWLFXODUO\LQDQRQDULVWRFUDWLFZRPDQDQGHVSHFLDOO\LQWKH¿HOGRI QDWXUDO SKLORVRSK\ ± VXJJHVWV WKDW ZRPHQ¶V UHDGLQJ PDWWHU FRXOG EH ZLGHU DQG PRUHHFOHFWLFWKDQKDVRIWHQEHHQVXSSRVHG 7KHUHFLSHVDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRI:LJJHV¶V06FRYHUPRVWRIWKHW\SLFDOPHGLFDO FRPSODLQWV GHDOW ZLWK LQ VXFK ERRNV EHJLQQLQJ ZLWK D PHWKRG IRU PDNLQJ WKH ³VDOYH FDOOHG ÀRV YQJHZHQWXP´ S DQG D GHVFULSWLRQ RI LWV ³YHUWXHV´ 6RPH UXGLPHQWDU\DWWHPSWKDVEHHQPDGHWRJURXSWKHUHFLSHVDFFRUGLQJWRGLVHDVHZLWK VHFWLRQVGHYRWHGWRWKHFDQNHUJRXWEUXLVHVFRQVXPSWLRQWRRWKDFKHDQGEDFNDFKH 5HFLSHVIRUZRPHQ¶VLOOQHVVHVDUHZHOOUHSUHVHQWHGZLWKVHYHUDOUHPHGLHVIRUVRUH EUHDVWVSDLQIXOSHULRGVDQGRWKHUPHQVWUXDOLUUHJXODULWLHVWKHJUHHQVLFNQHVVIRU ZKLFK³$SXUJDWRULH´S LVUHFRPPHQGHG DQGIRUDOOVWDJHVLQSUHJQDQF\ DQG FKLOGELUWK LQFOXGLQJ EUHDVWIHHGLQJ 0RUH IUHTXHQWO\ KRZHYHU UHFLSHV DUH JURXSHGDFFRUGLQJWRW\SHRIPHGLFLQHYRPLWVSODVWHUVXQJXHQWVV\UXSVZDWHUV RLOVDQGSXUJHV7KHUHPHGLHVEHWUD\WKHVWURQJLQÀXHQFHRI*DOHQLFPHGLFLQH 7KHFKLHILQJUHGLHQWVDUHKHUEVÀRZHUVVHHGVDQGQXWV±DOOLWHPVWKDWDWKULIW\ KRXVHZLIH FRXOG FROOHFW IURP KHU RZQ JDUGHQ RU IURP KHU QHLJKERXUV$QLPDO SDUWVDOVRDSSHDUDPRQJWKHLQJUHGLHQWVWKHZDWHURIDGLVWLOOHGSLJLVHQGRUVHG DVDUHVWRUDWLYHS ZKLOHVZDOORZV¶RLOS DQG³3RZGHURIYLSHUV´S DUHUHFRPPHQGHGIRUWKHLUJHQHUDOKHDOWKJLYLQJSRZHUV)ROORZLQJRQIURPWKLV JHQHUDORYHUYLHZ,QRZZDQWWRWXUQWRFRQVLGHUWZRVSHFL¿FPHGLFDOLQWHUHVWV DVUHÀHFWHGLQ:LJJHV¶VPDQXVFULSWDQGWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHLQÀXHQFHRIFK\PLFDO WKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFHRQERWK &K\PLFDO0HGLFLQHLQWKH5HFHLSW%RRNRI6DUDK:LJJHV 5RJHU%DFRQc.±" GH¿QHG³Alchimy´DV³DVFLHQFHWHDFKLQJKRZWR PDNHDQGFRPSRXQGDFHUWDLQHPHGLFLQHZKLFKLVFDOOHGElixirWKHZKLFKZKHQ LWLVFDVWXSRQPHWWDOVRULPSHUIHFWERGLHVGRWKIXOO\SHUIHFWWKHPLQWKHLUYHULH SURMHFWLRQ´'XULQJWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\(XURSHDQFK\PLVWU\XQGHUZHQWDQ LPSRUWDQWWUDQVLWLRQDVFK\PLVWVLQFUHDVLQJO\WXUQHGDZD\IURPWKHWUDQVPXWDWLRQ RI EDVH PHWDOV DQG WKH QHYHUHQGLQJ VHDUFK IRU D VLQJOH (OL[LU RI /LIH DQG UHGLUHFWHGWKHLUHIIRUWVWRZDUGVWKHPDQXIDFWXUHRIPHGLFLQHVWKDWFRXOGEULQJ VSHFL¿F DQG WDQJLEOH UHVXOWV &HQWUDO WR WKLV WUDQVLWLRQ ZHUH WKH UHYROXWLRQDU\ LGHDVRI3DUDFHOVXV± ZKRLGHQWL¿HGFK\PLVWU\DVWKH³WKLUGSDUW RU SLOODU RI WUXH PHGLFLQH´ )RU 3DUDFHOVXV DQ\RQH ZKR ZLVKHV WR SUDFWLFH 6HHIRUH[DPSOH0DUJDUHW+RE\ Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby, 1599±1605HG 'RURWK\00HDGV/RQGRQ*HRUJH5RXWOHGJH 6RQV S 5RJHU%DFRQet alThe Mirror of Alchimy/RQGRQ VLJ$r 3DUDFHOVXVThe Hermetic and Alchemical WritingsHGDQGWUDQV$(:DLWHYRO RI/RQGRQ-(OOLRWW S2QWKHDVVLPLODWLRQRI3DUDFHOVLDQPHGLFLQHLQ (QJODQGVHH&KDUOHV:HEVWHU³$OFKHPLFDODQG3DUDFHOVLDQ0HGLFLQH´LQ:HEVWHUHealth, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS±
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
)LJ
3DJHRI6DUDK:LJJHV¶V5HFHLSW%RRN/RQGRQ5R\DO&ROOHJHRI 3K\VLFLDQV06&RXUWHV\RIWKH5R\DO&ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV
³WUXH PHGLFLQH´ LV DOVR E\ GH¿QLWLRQ ³DQ $OFKHPLVW´ D SK\VLFLDQ RU KHDOHU SDUWLFLSDWHVLQWKDWJHQHUDOGHVLUH±ZKLFKXQGHUOLHVWKHFK\PLFDOHQWHUSULVH±WR EULQJRUUDWKHUWRUHWXUQ DOOFUHDWHGWKLQJVWRWKHVWDWHRISUHODSVDULDQSHUIHFWLRQ ZKLFK *RG KDG LQWHQGHG$V 5REHUW 0XOWKDXI KDV DUJXHG WKH DVVLPLODWLRQ RI GLVWLOOHG ZDWHUV DQG RLOV LQWR WKH ZRUN RI FK\PLVWV FUHDWHG D QHZ FDWHJRU\ RI
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
FK\PLFDOSURGXFWV³DJURXSRILQWHUPHGLDU\GLVWLOODWLRQSURGXFWVEHWZHHQWKH UDZPDWHULDODQGWKHHOL[LU´ ,QHDUO\PRGHUQPHGLFLQHGLVWLOODWLRQZDVWKHVLQJOHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFK\PLFDO SURFHVV ³'LVWLOODWLRQ´ KRZHYHU ZDV D UDWKHU ÀXLG WHUP )RU VRPH ZULWHUV GLVWLOODWLRQEHFDPHV\QRQ\PRXVZLWKFK\PLVWU\LWVHOIIRURWKHUVLWZDVVLPSO\DQ LPSRUWDQWVWDJHZLWKLQWKHRSXV.RQUDG*HVQHUEHORQJHGWRWKHIRUPHUJURXSDQG SRLQWHGWR³3KLVLFNH´DVRQHRIWKHSULQFLSOHEHQH¿FLDULHV³7KH$UWRIGHVWLOODWLRQ ZKLFKHWKH\FDOOChymia« KDWKLQXHQWHGPDQ\SUR¿WDEOHWKLQJVIRUPDQVOLIH DQG LQ 3KLVLFNH DOVR FHUWDLQ PHUXHORXV WKLQJHV´$V ODWH DV -RKQ )UHQFK FDOOHGKLVFK\PLFDOUHFHLSWERRNThe Art of DistillationDUJXLQJWKDWWKHGLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQFK\PLVWU\DQGGLVWLOODWLRQLVRQHRIHPSKDVLVUDWKHUWKDQNLQG³WKHUHDUH GHJUHHV´LQ³WKLVVSDJ\ULFDODUW´)UHQFKZULWHV³WKHUHLVWKHDFFRPSOLVKLQJRIWKH (OL[LULWVHOIDQGWKHUHLVWKHGLVFRYHULQJRIPDQ\H[FHOOHQWHVVHQFHVPDJLVWHULHV DQG VSLULWV F « ZKLFK DEXQGDQWO\ UHFRPSHQFH WKH GLVFRYHUHUV WKHUHRI ZLWK SUR¿WKHDOWKDQGGHOLJKW´VLJDY $V KHDOWKFDUH SURYLGHUV IRU WKH KRXVHKROG DQG ZLGHU QHLJKERXUKRRG WKLV FKDQJH KDG LPSRUWDQW FRQVHTXHQFHV IRU ZRPHQ 5HÀHFWLQJ ZRPHQ¶V SDUWLFXODU VNLOO GLVWLOODWLRQ LV W\SLFDOO\ JHQGHUHG IHPLQLQH LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ QDUUDWLYHV $GGUHVVLQJ/DG\.QRZOHVLQ-RKQ7KRUQERURXJKZULWHV 7KLV/DG\H>LH/DG\$OFXP\@VSHDNHWKRXWRIDZLQGRZWR\RXU/DGLVKLSSIRU \HWVKHGDUHWKQRWRSHQKHUFKDPEHUGRUHV WKDWVKHKDWKRQHOLHWZRFKLOGUHQ 7K¶RQHDIDLUHGDXJKWHUQDPHGDistillationRQZKRPGRZDLWHPDQ\KDQGPD\GV DVExtrac[t]ions of Tinctures SaltesGUDZLQJR\OHVE\6HUSHQWLQHVIRUFLQJRI 6SHULWHVE\UHWRUWHVZLWKPDQ\RWKHURIWKDWNLQGH
:RPHQ ZKR KDG ORQJ H[FHOOHG LQ SURGXFLQJ VXEVWDQFHV RI LQWHUPHGLDWH VWDWXV VXFK DV ZDWHUV RI OLIH ± EDVHG RQ ZLQH DQG DOFRKRO ± EXW DOVR VLPSOH GLVWLOOHG ZDWHUVVXFKDVURVHZDWHUDQGFLQQDPRQZDWHUWKXVEHFDPHQRWMXVWSDUWLFLSDQWV EXW SRWHQWLDO H[SHUWV LQ DQ HQODUJHG FK\PLFDO ¿HOG %HWZHHQ WKH 3KLORVRSKHU¶V 6WRQHDQGURVHZDWHUWKHFK\PLVWDQGWKHDPDWHXUKHDOHUWKHUHUDQJHGDFRQWLQXXP RIEHOLHIVIURPZKLFKLQGLYLGXDOKHDOHUVDQGRUFK\PLVWVFRXOGGUDZDFFRUGLQJWR HDFKVSHFL¿FVLWXDWLRQ /LNHPDQ\RIKHUIHPDOHFRQWHPSRUDULHV:LJJHV¶VPHGLFLQHVDQGVHYHUDORI KHURWKHUUHFLSHVLQFOXGLQJSHUIXPHVFRVPHWLFVDQGIRRGVWXIIVZHUHODUJHO\EDVHG RQGLVWLOOHGZDWHUVDQGRLOV±HLWKHUWKHGLVWLOOHGH[WUDFWLRQVRIVLQJOHVXEVWDQFHV
5REHUW 0XOWKDXI ³7KH 6LJQL¿FDQFH RI 'LVWLOODWLRQ LQ 5HQDLVVDQFH 0HGLFDO &KHPLVWU\´ Bulletin of the History of Medicine ± SS ± ,Q DQ XQSXEOLVKHGSDSHU$QQH6WREDUWKDVLGHQWL¿HGDJUDGXDOGHFUHDVHLQWKHXVHRIGLVWLOODWLRQ DQG LQ WKH QXPEHU RI LQJUHGLHQWV XVHG LQ (QJOLVKZRPHQ¶V PHGLFLQH ZDWHUV GXULQJ WKH VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\³µ$XHU\JRRG&RUGLDOOZDWHUZLWKRXWWKHWURXEOHRID6WLOO¶&KDQJLQJ SUDFWLVHLQHDUO\PRGHUQGRPHVWLFPHGLFLQHLQ6RXWK:HVW(QJODQG´0HGLFLQDO5HFHLSWV &RQIHUHQFH2[IRUG:HOOFRPH+LVWRU\RI0HGLFLQH8QLW)HEUXDU\ ,DPJUDWHIXOWR 0V6WREDUWIRUDOORZLQJPHWRUHDGKHUSDSHU .RQUDG*HVQHUThe Treasure of Euonymus/RQGRQ VLJ$r /RQGRQ%ULWLVK/LEUDU\6ORDQH06IROY
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
³VLPSOHV´ RUFRPSRXQGZDWHUVXVLQJDVPDQ\DVWZHQW\LQJUHGLHQWV$PRQJWKH VLPSOHGLVWLOOHGZDWHUVDUHUHFLSHVIRUURVHZDWHUFLQQDPRQZDWHUDQGVZDOORZV¶ RLOHDFKKDYLQJTXLWHVSHFL¿FDQGOLPLWHGYLUWXHV$PRQJWKHFRPSRXQGZDWHUVDUH YHUVLRQVRIDQXPEHURISRSXODUSRO\FKUHVWVZLWKPRUHJHQHUDORIWHQPLUDFXORXV UHVWRUDWLYHSRZHUVLQFOXGLQJ³$TXD0LUDELOLV´S ³'RFWRU6WHYHQV:DWHU´ SS± ³$([FHOOHQWUHVWRUDWLYHFDOOHGWKH(OHFWXDU\RIOLIH´S DQGD ZDWHU³)RUDOO(YLOOLQWKHERGLHV´S 'LVWLOOHG ZDWHUV IRUPHG WKH EDVLV RI DOPRVW DOO DVSHFWV RI KRXVHZLIHU\ DQG WKHVWLOOURRPRU³GLVWLOODWRULH´ ZDVWKHFHQWUHRIWKHKRXVHZLIH¶VDFWLYLWLHV%XW ZKDWGLGZRPHQVXFKDV6DUDK:LJJHVWKLQNWKH\ZHUHGRLQJZKHQWKH\GLVWLOOHG DVXEVWDQFH"+RZGLGWKH\XQGHUVWDQGWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIVD\URVHSHWDOVLQWR URVHZDWHU" :H FDQ JDLQ VRPH LQVLJKW LQWR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV IURP WKH GH¿QLWLRQV SURYLGHGLQSULQWHGUHFHLSWERRNVDLPHGDWDIHPDOHUHDGHUVKLS-RKQ6KLUOH\RSHQV KLVSULQWHGERRNRIKRXVHKROGUHFHLSWVThe Accomplished Ladies Rich Closet of Rarities/RQGRQ ZLWKWKHIROORZLQJGH¿QLWLRQRI³Distilling´ $OLPEHFNLQJ DQG 'LVWLOOLQJ DUH KHOG E\ PDQ\ WR EH /HDUQHG RU WDNHQ E\ WKH $QFLHQWVIURPWKH2SHUDWLRQRIWKH6XQLQLWVHIIHFWXDOO\([KDOLQJWKH6XEOXQDU PRLVWXUH DQG 5DULI\LQJ WKH JURVV DQG LQGLJHVWHG 9DSRXUV LQ D PRUH VXEWLO 5HJLRQ DQG LQGHHG 'LVWLOODWLRQV SDUWLFLSDWH RI D 6RODU YHUWXH DV EHLQJ E\ WKHLU SHQHWUDWLQJ 4XDOLWLHV DQG LQVHQVLEOH 2SHUDWLRQV PRUH TXLFN VXEWLO DQG HQOLYHQLQJS
'LVWLOODWLRQSHUIHFWVDVXEVWDQFH7KHJHQWOHDSSOLFDWLRQRIKHDW6KLUOH\¶V³6RODU YHUWXH´ UHOHDVHV WKH VSLULW ± RU ³4XLQWHVVHQFH´ S ± RI D VXEVWDQFH EULHÀ\ UHOHDVLQJLWIURPLWVPDWHULDOVKHOOEHIRUHUH¿QLQJLWIXUWKHUDQGWKHQUHLQFRUSRUDWLQJ LW ZLWKLQ PDWWHU ZKLFK KDV LQ WXUQ XQGHUJRQH D SK\VLFDO PHWDPRUSKRVLV 7KH YDULRXVSURGXFWVRIWKHVWLOOURRP±ZKHWKHUWKH\ZHUHXVHGWRFRQFRFWSHUIXPHV FRVPHWLFV PHGLFLQHV RU LQ FRRNHU\ ± ZHUH IDVKLRQHG LQ WKH EHOLHI WKDW WKH SRZHUVRU³YLUWXHV´ RIDVXEVWDQFHZHUHPRUHSRZHUIXO³PRUHTXLFNVXEWLODQG HQOLYHQLQJ´ DIWHUKDYLQJEHHQVXEPLWWHGWRWKHDSSURSULDWHPHWKRGRIGLVWLOODWLRQ ZKLFKVHSDUDWHGWKHSRLVRQRXVRUJURVVSDUWRIWKHVXEVWDQFHIURPLWVPRUHVSLULWXDO DQGEHQH¿FLDOHVVHQFH8VXDOO\WKLVVHSDUDWLRQZDVEURXJKWDERXWE\LPPHUVLQJ WKHVXEVWDQFHLQDOLTXLGDQGDSSO\LQJKHDWWKHYDSRUL]HGHVVHQFHZRXOGWKHQULVH WRWKHWRSRIWKHDOHPELFZKHUHLWFRQGHQVHGDQGZDVFKDQQHOOHGLQWRDVHSDUDWH YHVVHOWKH³UHFHLYHU´ OHDYLQJWKHLPSXUHUHVLGXHWKH³¿OWUDWH´ DWWKHERWWRPRI WKHOLPEHFN *XLGHVWRGLVWLOODWLRQFRPELQLQJWKHRUHWLFDODQGSUDFWLFDONQRZOHGJHDSSHDUHG LQ QXPHURXV SULQWHG ERRNV LQFOXGLQJ -RKQ )LW]KHUEHUW¶V Fitzharberts Booke of Husbandrie &KDUOHV(VWLHQQH¶VMaison Rustique -RKQ3DUWULGJH¶V The Treasurie of Hidden Secrets DQG-RKQ)UHQFK¶VThe Art of Distillation 7KHERRNVE\(VWLHQQHDQG)UHQFKLQFOXGHLOOXVWUDWLRQVRIVWLOOVDQGVXFK -RKQ )LW]KHUEHUW Fitzharberts Booke of Husbandrie /RQGRQ SS ± &KDUOHV (VWLHQQH Maison Rustique %RRN FKDSWHUV ± -RKQ 3DUWULGJH The Treasurie of Hidden Secrets/RQGRQ VLJV'r±'Y-RKQ)UHQFKThe Art of
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
DQLOOXVWUDWLRQRIDIXUQDFHHTXLSSHGIRUEDVLFGLVWLOODWLRQDSSHDUVLQWKHFHQWUDO VHFWLRQRI:LJJHV¶VPDQXVFULSW,QVXFKJXLGHVWKHUHDGHULVUHTXLUHGWRWDLORU WKHLU HTXLSPHQW PHWKRG WLPLQJ DQG VRXUFH RI KHDW ¿UH GXQJ RU VXQ WR WKH LQJUHGLHQWV$JDLQWKHVHFRQFHUQVDUHUHÀHFWHGLQ:LJJHV¶VUHFLSHVLQZKLFKD UDQJHRIVWLOOVLVVSHFL¿HG±HDUWKHQJODVVFRSSHUDQGVLOYHUOLQHG:LJJHVLVDOVR FDUHIXOWRDFNQRZOHGJHWKDWGLIIHUHQWLQJUHGLHQWVRU³VLPSOHV´ UHTXLUHSUHFLVH KDQGOLQJDQGWUHDWPHQWFHUWDLQWLPHVRIKDUYHVWLQJDQGWKHXVHRIVSHFL¿FVROYHQWV +HUERRNWKXVIHDWXUHVDJXLGHWRGLVWLOOLQJRLOV³7RPDNHFHUWDLQH2\OHV´S DQGWRWKHYLUWXHVRIYDULRXVVLPSOHV³$GHFODUDWLRQRIFHUWDLQHTXDOLWLHVRIVHHGHV KHUEHVÀRZHUVURRWHVDQGZDWHUV´SS± 'HVSLWHWKH*DOHQLFHPSKDVLVLQWKHVHKHUEEDVHGZDWHUVPHWDOVDQGPLQHUDOV DOVRIHDWXUHLQ:LJJHV¶VERRN7ZRPHWKRGV³7RNLOOTXLFNHVLOYHU´DSSHDUDWWKH EHJLQQLQJRIWKHERRNDQGGHVFULEHWKHZD\VLQZKLFKPHUFXU\FDQEHSUHSDUHG IRUXVHLQRWKHUUHFLSHV7KH¿UVWPHWKRGUHTXLUHVWKHIROORZLQJRSHUDWLRQRQDQ XQVSHFL¿HGTXDQWLW\RI³TXLFNHVLOYHU´³PLQJOHZLWKLW\RXUIDVWLQJVSLWWHOOLQD SHHFHRIDEURNHQJODVVHRULQDQR\VWHUVKHOOVWLUULQJWKHPWRRJHDWKHUZLWK\RXU ¿QJHUXQWLOLWORRNHEODFNHDQGWKHQLWLVNLOOHG´S 7KHHTXLSPHQWVSHFL¿HGLQ WKLVUHFLSH±EURNHQJODVVRUDQR\VWHUVKHOO±GHPRQVWUDWHVWKHLPSURYLVDWRU\VNLOOV RIWKHKRXVHZLIH7KHVHFRQGPHWKRGDJDLQTXLWHVLPSOHUHTXLUHVWKHDGGLWLRQRI ZLQHYLQHJDUWRWKHPHUFXU\DQGWKHLUPLQJOLQJLQ³DYLDOJODVVH´S 7KH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI PHWDOV DQG PLQHUDOV LQWR PHGLFLQH ZDV DQRWKHU RI WKH OHJDFLHV RI 3DUDFHOVXV DQG KLV IROORZHUV $OWKRXJK DSSDUHQWO\ FRQWURYHUVLDO WKLVWUHQGZDVSLFNHGXSE\VRPHIHPDOHKHDOHUV0HGLFLQDOUHFLSHVLQYROYLQJ PHUFXU\JROGDQGRWKHUPHWDOVDSSHDULQSULQWHGUHFHLSWERRNVGLUHFWHGWRZDUGV DIHPDOHUHDGHUVKLSVXFKDVA Closet for Ladies and Gentlewomen DQG The Ladies Cabinet Opened EXWWKH\DOVRDSSHDULQZRPHQ¶VPDQXVFULSW UHFHLSWERRNV A Poore Mans Talentc. DPDQXVFULSWUHFHLSWERRNZULWWHQ Distillation/RQGRQ SS±±6HHDOVR3ODWWJewell House of Art and Nature %RRN,,,)LJXUHQRWHDERYH 7KH PDQXVFULSW UHFHLSW ERRN FRPSLOHG E\ /DG\ )UDQFHV &DWFKPD\ c. IHDWXUHVDVLPLODUKDQGGUDZQGLDJUDPDORQJVLGHDUHFLSH³)RUWRGUDZ&K\PLFDOO2\OHV RXWRIDQQ\KRWWKHUEH´:HOOFRPH:HVWHUQ06DIROY $VLPLODUJXLGH³+RZWRRUGHUHDFK+HUEHRU)ORZHUEHIRUHLWLVGLVWLOOHG´DSSHDUVLQ WKHPDQXVFULSWUHFHLSWERRNRI$QQ)DQVKDZH:HOOFRPH:HVWHUQ06IROVY±r 0DUJDUHW3HOOLQJKDVDUJXHGWKDW³WKHIHPDOHLUUHJXODUVLQ/RQGRQZHUH«IXOO\ LQYROYHGLQDSSO\LQJWKHGUDVWLFQRYHOUHPHGLHVEDVHGRQPHWDOVZKLFKZHUHEHLQJXVHG DJDLQVWXQSOHDVDQWQHZGLVHDVHV´³7KRURXJKO\5HVHQWHG"2OGHU:RPHQDQGWKH0HGLFDO 5ROHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ/RQGRQ´LQWomen, Science and Medicine, 1500±1700SS± S 6HHDOVR3HOOLQJ³'HIHQVLYH7DFWLFV1HWZRUNLQJE\)HPDOH0HGLFDO3UDFWLWLRQHUV LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ/RQGRQ´LQCommunities in Early Modern England: Networks, Places, RhetoricHG$OH[DQGUD6KHSKHUGDQG3KLO:LWKLQJWRQ0DQFKHVWHU0DQFKHVWHU8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV SS± A Closet for Ladies and Gentlewomen /RQGRQ SThe Ladies Cabinet Opened/RQGRQ S
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
E\7KRPDV/RGJHIRU$QQH+RZDUG'RZDJHU&RXQWHVVRI$UXQGHO± IHDWXUHV D QXPEHU RI UHFLSHV EDVHG RQ VLOYHU DQG PHUFXU\ /DG\ 7RUULQJWRQ¶V UHFLSHIRU³RUDQJHZDWHU´ZKLFKDSSHDUVLQWKHPDQXVFULSWUHFHLSWERRNRI'LDQD $VWU\2UOHEDUbap. d. UHTXLUHVWKHDGGLWLRQRI³OHDYHVRIJROG´DQG /DG\*UDFH0LOGPD\c.± FROOHFWHGDQXPEHURIUHFLSHVEDVHGRQJROG PHUFXU\DQGDQWLPRQ\WKHPRVWDPELWLRXVRIZKLFKLVKHU³WLQFWXUHRIJROG´ 6RPH RI WKH SULQWHG VRXUFHV FLWHG LQ 6DUDK :LJJHV¶V ERRN ± 3DUDFHOVXV DQG /LEDYLXV IRU H[DPSOH ± VXJJHVW D SDUWLFXODU LQWHUHVW LQ LDWURFK\PLVWU\ WKH PHGLFLQDOXVHRIPHWDOVDQGPLQHUDOV,QGHHGWKHFHQWUDOSRUWLRQRI:LJJHV¶VERRN LV WDNHQ XS ZLWK D VHW RI ORQJHU H[WUDFWV IURP SULQWHG ERRNV GLUHFWO\ DOOXGLQJ WR FK\PLFDO WKHRU\ DQG SURFHGXUHV 7KH ¿UVW H[WUDFW ZULWWHQ LQ WKH KDQG RI :LJJHV¶V RULJLQDO DPDQXHQVLV LV D VHW RI ³$QQRWDWLRQV DQG SUDFWLFDOO 5HFHLSWV DQG3URFHVVHV´S WDNHQIURPThe Triumphant Chariot of AntimonyE\WKH P\WKLFDOFK\PLVWDQG%HQHGLFWLQHPRQN%DVLO9DOHQWLQHFRPSOHWHZLWKFKDSWHU DQGSDJHUHIHUHQFHV,QThe Triumphant Chariot±RU³7ZHOYH.H\V´DVLWZDV SRSXODUO\ NQRZQ ± 9DOHQWLQH WHOOV KRZ DIWHU \HDUV RI WU\LQJ WR XVH SODQWV DQG KHUEV DV PHGLFLQHV KH GLVFRYHUHG WKH VXSHULRU SRZHUV RI PHWDOV DQG PLQHUDOV VSHFL¿FDOO\ DQWLPRQ\ The Triumphant Chariot ZDV SXEOLVKHG LQ WKUHH (QJOLVK HGLWLRQVEHWZHHQDQG7KHPHGLFLQDOXVHVRIDQWLPRQ\ZHUHGHEDWHG WKURXJKRXW WKH ¿UVW KDOI RI WKH VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ EXW WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKHVH QRWHVIURP9DOHQWLQHVXJJHVWVDSDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWLQWKHXVHRIDQWLPRQ\LQWKH SUHSDUDWLRQ RI WKH 3KLORVRSKHU¶V 6WRQH$OWKRXJK FKDQJHV KDYH EHHQ PDGH LQ WKHSURFHVVRIFRS\LQJDQGHUURUVLQWURGXFHGLWDSSHDUVWKDWWKHVFULEHZDVXVLQJ WKHHGLWLRQ±RUSHUKDSVDPDQXVFULSWFRS\RIWKLVHGLWLRQ(LWKHUZD\WKLV SXVKHVEDFNWKHGDWHRIFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKLVSDUWRI:LJJHV¶VERRNWRDWOHDVW
/RGJHHQGRUVHV³Lac virginis´³9LUJLQ¶V0LON´ DPL[WXUHRI³/LWKDUJRIVLOYHU´ ³ZKLWHZLQHYLQHJHU´VDOWDQG³UDLQHRUIRXQWDLQHZDWHU´DVDIDFLDOZDVKWKDWZLOOKHOS ³WRFOHDUHWKHFRXQWHQDQFHGULHXSYLUXOHQWSLPSOHVDQGWRGHVWUR\WKHIUHFNQHV>sic@´The Complete Works of Thomas LodgeHG(GPXQG*RVVHYRORI*ODVJRZ+XQWHULDQ &OXE S ³/DF YLUJLQLV´ RU ³9LUJLQ¶V 0LON´ ZDV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH QDPH IRU WKH 3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQHVHHIRUH[DPSOH%HQ-RQVRQThe AlchemistHG(OL]DEHWK&RRNQG HGQ/RQGRQ$ &%ODFN ³'LDQD$VWU\¶V5HFLSH%RRN´HG%HWWH6WLWWThe Publications of the Bedfordshire Historical Record Society ±S/LQGD3ROORFNWith Faith and Physic: The Life of a Tudor Gentlewoman, Lady Grace Mildmay 1552±1620/RQGRQ&ROOLQVDQG %URZQ SS±:KHQVHUYHGZLWKZLQH/DG\0LOGPD\QRWHVWKLVWLQFWXUHLV ³ZRQGHUIXOOJRRGWRVWD\DOOPDQQHURIEORRG\ÀX[DQGVXEWOHKXPRXUV´DQGZKHQ³WDNHQ ZLWKFRQVHUYH´LW³FRQIRUWHWKPXFKDZHDNVWRPDFK´S )RUDQDFFRXQWRIWKLVGHEDWHVHH/DXUHQ.DVVHOO³2I&DNRRUWKH0HGLFDO8VHV RI$QWLPRQ\´ LQ .DVVHOO Magic and Medicine in Elizabethan London: Simon Forman, Astrologer, Alchemist, and Physician2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
\HDUVDIWHULWVLQFHSWLRQLQDQGVXJJHVWVDGHYHORSPHQWLQWKHLQWHUHVWVRI :LJJHVDQGRUWKHVXEVHTXHQWRZQHUV RIKHUERRN 7KH RWKHU H[WUDFWV IURP WKLV FHQWUDO SRUWLRQ RI WKH ERRN DOVR GDWH IURP WKH ODWWHUKDOIRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\7KH\DUHZULWWHQLQDGLIIHUHQWKDQGDVLQJOH FXUVLYHLWDOLFKDQGZULWLQJLQSDOHEURZQLQN7KHKDQGLVPHVV\DQGKDVW\DQG HPSOR\VFK\PLFDOV\PEROVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV7KH¿UVWRIWKHVHH[WUDFWVLVHQWLWOHG ³$WUHWLVRIWKHPRVWJUHDW«3KLOR>VRSKHU@6W'XQVWDQ%LVKRSRI&DQWHUEXU\RI WKH>SKLORVR@SKRUVVWRQH´S ,WLVDQXQDFNQRZOHGJHGFRS\RIWKHWUDQVODWLRQ RI WKH OHJHQGDU\ ³%RRN RI 6W 'XQVWDQ´ ¿UVW SXEOLVKHG LQ /DQFHORW &RHOVRQ¶V FROOHFWLRQRIFK\PLFDOZRUNVPhilosophia Maturata 7KHH[WUDFWRSHQV ZLWKDEULHIDFFRXQWRI6W'XQVWDQ¶VOLIHDQGWKHWUHDWLVHSURSHUZLWKDGHVFULSWLRQ RIWKHDQFLHQWRULJLQVRIFK\PLVWU\,QWKLVWUHDWLVHFK\PLVWU\LVGHVFULEHGDVDQ HIIRUWWRUHFUHDWHDQGVSHHGXSWKHSURFHVVE\ZKLFKSUHFLRXVPHWDOVDUHGHYHORSHG GHHS XQGHUJURXQG 7KH PDLQ SULQFLSOH EHKLQG WKHVH HIIRUWV LV VKRZQ WR EH WKH H[WUDFWLRQDQGXQL¿FDWLRQRIWZRSULQFLSOHVZLWKLQPDWWHUYDULRXVO\FDOOHG³6RO DQG/XQD´UHGDQGZKLWHHDUWKDQG³WKHLUJROGDQGVLOYHU´S )ROORZLQJWKLVGH¿QLWLRQRIFK\PLVWU\LVDWUDQVODWLRQIURPDQXQQDPHGVRXUFH GDWHG7KLVSURIHVVHVWREHDQH\HZLWQHVVDFFRXQWRIDQXPEHURIRSHUDWLRQV RQWKH3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQH7KHDFFRXQWWKHDXWKRUFODLPVLVZULWWHQLQ³SODLQH ZRUGV´S VRWKDWD³IRRO«PD\XQGHUVWDQGLW´S ±LWZDVRIFRXUVH D FRPPRQ FRPSODLQW WKDW FK\PLFDO OLWHUDWXUH ZDV RIWHQ E\ GHVLJQ ZULWWHQ LQ REVFXUHULGGOLQJODQJXDJH7KRVHDXWKRUVZKRWULHGWRWDUJHWFK\PLFDOOLWHUDWXUH DW D IHPDOH UHDGHUVKLS ± WKH DQRQ\PRXV DXWKRU RI WKH ¿UVW (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ RI )ODPHO¶V Exposition IRU H[DPSOH ± RIWHQ FULWLFL]HG WKLV REVFXULW\
7KHUHDUHUHFLSHVXVLQJDQWLPRQ\±LQFOXGLQJRQHIRUWKHµEORRGRIRLORUDQWLPRQ\¶ ±LQ*UDFH0LOGPD\¶VPDQXVFULSWUHFLSHV/LQGD3ROORFNWith Faith and PhysicS 'RURWK\ +XGVRQ FROOHFWHG QRWHV RQ ³7KH YLUWXHV RI WKH$QWLPRQLDO &XSSH´ LQ KHU 06 ³%RRNHRIUHVD\WWVIIRUVDOIHVDQGPHGHVVHQV6HSWHPE>H@UWKH´2[IRUG%RGOHLDQ /LEUDU\065DZOFIROVY± Philosophia maturata an exact piece of philosophy containing the practick and operative part thereof in gaining the philosophers stone: with the wayes how to make the mineral stone and the calcinations of mettals: whereunto is added a work compiled by St. Dunstan concerning the philosophers stone: and the experiments of Rumelius and preparations of Angelo Sala, all most famous chymists in their time/RQGRQ 6W'XQVWDQd $UFKELVKRSRI&DQWHUEXU\DQGIRUPHU$EERWRI*ODVWRQEXU\ ZDVUHSXWHGWRKDYHEHHQLQSRVVHVVLRQRIWKHUHGDQGZKLWHSRZGHUVRIWUDQVPXWDWLRQDQG ZDVDWWULEXWHGDXWKRUVKLSRIDERRNGHVFULELQJRSHUDWLRQVXVLQJWKHVHSRZGHUV7KHOHJHQG RI'XQVWDQ¶VERRNDFTXLUHGUHQHZHGIDPHGXULQJWKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRGSDUWLFXODUO\ZKHQ (GZDUG.HOOH\DQG-RKQ'HHFODLPHGWRKDYHUHFRYHUHGWKHSRZGHUV$VKPROHTheatrum Chemicum BritannicumVLJV$Y±%US-RKQ'HHThe Private Diary of Dr. John Dee, and the Catalogue of his Library of Manuscripts, from the original manuscripts in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford and Trinity College Library, Cambridge/RQGRQ&DPGHQ 6RFLHW\ S
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
IDYRXULQJD³SODLQVW\OH´DQGWKHYHUQDFXODU7KHUHFLSHIRUPXOWLSO\LQJWKH6WRQH LV VLPLODUO\ SUDFWLFDO UHTXLULQJ WKH FK\PLVW WR ZHDU D FXULRXV VHW RI SURWHFWLYH ³$UPRXU´S PDGHRIFRWWRQZRRODQGSLJVNLQ7KLVUHFLSHIRUWKHPHGLFLQDO XVHVRIWKH6WRQHLVVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGDOPRVWPXQGDQHLQWRQH 7DNHWKHTXDQWLW\RIJUDLQHVDQGVROYHWKLVLQDSLQWRIZKLWHZLQHRUUHQLVK ZLQHEXWQRWLQDQ\KRWWZLQHDQGSXWLWLQWRDJUHDWFOHDUJODVVDQGLQVWDQWO\LW ZLOOFRORXUWKHZLQHDOPRVWDUHGDVLWVHOIHZDVZKLFKLVWKHEULJKWHVWUHGLQWKH ZRUOGOHWLWVWDQG«GD\V«WKHQDGGWRWKLVDSLQWPRUHRIZLQHE\GHJUHHV WLOOLWEHQRWVRUHGDQGVWLULWZLWKDFOHDQHVWLFNDQGVRFRQWLQHXHSRXUHLQJLQ WKHIUHVKZLQHXQWLOOLWFRPHVWRWKHFRORXURI6ROZKLFKLVDVKLQLQJ\HOORZ«LI LWVWDQGEXWKRZHUVTXLHWVRVRRQDV\RXVHHWKHZKLWH¿OPHOHWLWUXQWKURXJK DFOHDQHOLQLQJFORDWKRUSDSHUDQGWKHZKLWH¿OPHZLOOVWD\EHKLQGDQGORRN OLNH D SHDUOH LQ WKH SDSHU « RI WKLV JROGHQ ZDWHU OHWW WKH SDUW\ WDNH IRU ZKDW GHVHDVHVRHYHUDJRRGVSRRQIXOOHYHU\PRUURZDQGLWZLOOH[SHOWKHGHVHDVHE\ JHQWOHVZHDWIRULWQHLWKHUSXUJHWKQRUYRPLWVEXWVWUHQJWKHQDQGLIWKHGHVHDVH EHRIPDQ\\HDUVRUDFURQLFNLWZLOOWKHQQEHSHUKDSVGD\HVRWKHUZLVHEXW KRXUVHRURUGD\HVIRUDOOXOFHUVDQGRXWZDUGVRDUHVWKHSODFHPXVWEH DQQR\QWHGZLWKWKHR\OHVRIWKHVWRQHLWVHOIHSS±
7KHODWWHUSURFHGXUHZHDUHLQIRUPHGWDNHVGD\VWRDFFRPSOLVKLIDGRVHRIWKH RLOLVWDNHQ¿UVWWKLQJLQWKHPRUQLQJ³LWZLOOPDNH\HIHHODVLIRQHZRXOGÀ\´ S 7KH¿QDOH[FHUSWIURPWKLVFHQWUDOVHFWLRQLVKHDGHG³$SKLORVRSKLFDOOZRUNH´ SS± DQGLVDJDLQH[WUDFWHGIURP&RHOVRQ¶VPhilosophia Maturata ,W GHWDLOV VRPH RI WKH NH\ EHOLHIV ZKLFK XQGHUOLH WKH FK\PLFDO RSXV DQG LQ SDUWLFXODUWKH3DUDFHOVLDQFRQFHSWRIWKHtria prima±WKHWKUHHSULQFLSOHVSUHVHQW LQDOOPDWWHUQDPHO\6DOW6XOSKXUDQG0HUFXU\RUDVWKH\DUHFDOOHGLQWKLVZRUN ³SKLORVRSKLFDO1LWHU´³VXEWLOH6DOW´DQG³¿[HG6DOW´ 7KH HDUWK FRQWDLQHV LQ LW WKH VHHGV RI DOO WKLQJV DQG WKHLU RSHUDWLRQV ,W LV WKH FHQWHUIRXQGDWLRQDQG0RWKHURIDOOWKLQJV7KHUHLQDUHJUHDWVHFUHWVDQGWKH¿UVW EHJRWWHQKHDYHQO\VSLULWRI1DWXUHLVVHFUHWO\VKXWXSDQGKLGGHQWKHUHLQ$OVRLQ WKHFHQWHUWKHUHRIO\HVKLGGHQDYLUJLQ(DUWKFRQVLVWLQJLQWKHSULQFLSOHV,IWKRX NQRZHVWKRZWRVHSDUDWHWKHPRXWRILWDQGWRMR\QHWKHPDJDLQHSKLORVRSKLFDOO\ WKRXVKDOWKDYHWKHJUHDWHVWWUHDVXUHS
7KHH[FHUSWPRYHVRQWRLQVWUXFWWKHUHDGHULQWKHEHVWPHWKRGWRVHSDUDWHWKHVH SULQFLSOHVIURPHDUWKWKHprima materiaRU³¿UVWPDWWHU´IURPZKLFKWKHFK\PLFDO RSXVSURFHHGV:HDUHDGYLVHGWRWDNHDSRUWLRQRIIUHVKHDUWK³ZKLFKLVVXI¿FLHQWO\ LPSUHJQDWHG ZLWK WKH EHDPV RI WKH 6XQ DQG 0RRQH DQG RWKHU VWDUV´ S DQGWR³GLYLGHLWLQWRHDTXDOOSDUWVPHDVXUHG´S 7KHWKUHHSULQFLSOHVDUH WKHQH[WUDFWHGE\VXEMHFWLQJWKHprima materiaWRVLPSOHSURFHVVHVRI³ER\OHLQJ 1LFKRODV )ODPPHO KLV H[SRVLWLRQ RI WKH KLHURJO\SKLFDOO ¿JXUHV WUDQV (LUHQDHXV 2UDQGXV/RQGRQ VLJV$Y±$U
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
¿OWUDWLQJ HYDSRUDWLQJ FRQJHDOLQJ´ S UHFLSHV IRU HDFK RI ZKLFK DUH WKHQ JLYHQ7KH¿QDORXWFRPHRIWKLVZRUNLVWKH3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQHLWVHOIWKLVSDUWRI &RHOVRQ¶VERRNLVPLVVLQJIURP:LJJHV¶VPDQXVFULSW $OVREHORQJLQJWRWKLVFHQWUDOSRUWLRQRIWKHERRNDUHDJURXSVRIDFFRXQWV PDGHRXWLQDQLWDOLFKDQG(PSOR\LQJDQLGLRV\QFUDWLFV\VWHPRIDEEUHYLDWLRQV DQGV\PEROVWKHDFFRXQWVGHWDLOLQJUHGLHQWVDQGPHGLFLQHVVXSSOLHGWRQHLJKERXUV PRVWO\ZRPHQEXWRFFDVLRQDOO\PHQ7KHFRVWRIHDFKLWHPLVQRWHGDQGHYHU\ UHFHLSWLVGDWHGHDFKDFFRXQWEHJLQVRQDQHZSDJH7KHVHDFFRXQWVDUHIROORZHG E\ DQRWKHU JURXS RI UHFLSHV IRU FK\PLFDO FRPSRXQGV DQG PHGLFLQHV PRVW RI ZKLFKDUHLQ/DWLQ$VZLWKWKHDFFRXQWVWKHXVHRIV\PEROVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQVDQG WKHKDVW\VFUDZOLQZKLFKWKH\DUHZULWWHQZRXOGKDYHPDGHWKHVHHQWULHVDOOEXW LOOHJLEOHWRDQ\RQHEXWWKHSHUVRQUHVSRQVLEOHIRUZULWLQJWKHP 7RZDUGVWKHHQGRIWKHYROXPHZHUHWXUQWRJHQHUDOKRXVHKROGUHFHLSWVDQG WRWKHQHDWVHFUHWDU\KDQGZLWKZKLFKWKHERRNRSHQHG7KHVHUHFLSHVEHJLQZLWK DQ LQWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH SULQFLSOHV RI VXJDUFUDIW WKH ¿UVW FRXSOH RI UHFLSHV ± IRU FODULI\LQJDQGUH¿QLQJVXJDU±DUHDWWULEXWHGWR³0R:LJJHV´DQG³0UV9HUQRQ´ 7KHUHPDLQLQJUHFLSHVDUHJURXSHGLQEURDGEXWRYHUODSSLQJVHFWLRQVVZHHWPHDWV OR]HQJHV DQG FRP¿WV SUHVHUYHV DQG FRQVHUYHV VZHHW ZDWHUV SRZGHUV DQG SHUIXPHV7KH¿QDOSDJHVRI:LJJHV¶VERRNIHDWXUHDVHTXHQFHRIUHFLSHVIRUWKH PDQXIDFWXUH RI SUHFLRXV VWRQHV LQFOXGLQJ GLDPRQGV VDSSKLUHV UXELHV WRSD] ODSLVOD]XOLDQGHPHUDOG7KHVHUHFLSHVDUHZULWWHQXSVLGHGRZQIURPWKHEDFN RIWKHERRNLQZDUGV7KHKDQGLVWKHVDPHDVWKDWXVHGIRUWKHFK\PLFDOH[FHUSWV ZKLFK¿OOWKHPLGGOHSRUWLRQRIWKHERRN±DKXUULHG\HWFRQ¿GHQWLWDOLFXVLQJD SDOHEURZQLQN7KHVHUHFLSHVUHTXLUHWKHXVHRIPLQHUDOVDQGPLQHUDOFRPSRXQGV SUHSDUDWLRQVWKDWZRXOGKDYHEHHQSXUFKDVHGIURPYLVLWLQJWUDGHVPHQRUSHUKDSV LPSRUWHGIURPQHDUE\WRZQVDQGFLWLHV7KH\SRLQWWRDWHFKQLFDOVRSKLVWLFDWLRQ EH\RQGWKDWUHTXLUHGIRUVLPSOHGLVWLOOHGZDWHUV±DOWKRXJKWKH\FRXOGEHWULFN\ HQRXJK WR SUHSDUH ± DQG SHUKDSV FRQ¿UP WKH H[LVWHQFH RI D VPDOOVFDOH KRPH LQGXVWU\$JDLQLWLVTXLWHSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHVHUHFLSHVZHUHFROOHFWHGE\RUIRUD ZRPDQ VLPLODU UHFLSHV IRU SUHFLRXV VWRQHV IHDWXUH LQ ZRPHQ¶V SULQWHG UHFHLSW ERRNVLQFOXGLQJIRUH[DPSOH6KLUOH\¶VThe Accomplished Ladies Rich Closet of Rarities 6DUDK:LJJHV¶VERRNFRQFOXGHVZLWKDQHDWWDEOHRIFRQWHQWV DOSKDEHWLFDOO\ DUUDQJHG ZULWWHQ E\ WKH RULJLQDO DPDQXHQVLV SS ± )ROORZLQJWKHLQGH[IDFLQJRQHODVWUHFLSHIRUGLDPRQGVWKH¿QDOELQGLQJOHDI IHDWXUHVDQLQFRPSOHWHUHFLSHIRUSXIISDVWU\ZULWWHQXSVLGHGRZQ2QWKHYHUVRLV DUHSRUWGDWHGRQHIIRUWVWR¿QGJROGLQ6FRWODQG *LYHQ WKH FXULRXV ELQGLQJ DQG DUUDQJHPHQWRI WKLV ERRN LW LV LPSRVVLEOH WR GHWHUPLQHKRZPXFKRILWZDVFRPSLOHGXQGHUWKHJXLGDQFHRI:LJJHVKHUVHOI7KH ODWHVWKDQGLQWKHERRNGDWHVIURPWKHODWWHUKDOIRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\DQG
-RKQ6KLUOH\The Accomplished Ladies Rich Closet of RaritiesWKHGQ SS ±6HHDOVR*LURODPR5XVFHOOLThe secretes of the reuerend Maister Alexis of Piemont WUDQV:LOOLDP:DUGH/RQGRQ IROVY±DQGThe seconde part of the Secretes of Master Alexis of PiemontWUDQV:LOOLDP:DUGH/RQGRQ IROVUY
Women and Chymistry in Early Modern England
WKHH[WUDFWIURPWKHBook of St DunstanSUHVXPDEO\SRVWGDWHVWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRI Philosophia Maturata ,WLVWHPSWLQJWRDVVXPHWKDWWKHFK\PLFDOSRUWLRQV RIWKHERRNZULWWHQLQKDVWHDQGZLWKOLWWOHFRQFHVVLRQWRSRWHQWLDOUHDGHUVDUH WKH ZRUN RI VRPHRQH HOVH SRVVLEO\ D VRQ RI WKH :LJJHVHV %XW LI LV WKH GDWH ZKHQ 6DUDK :LJJHV EHJDQ WKLV ERRN WKHQ LW LV QRW LQFRQFHLYDEOH WKDW WKH ZKROH ERRN ZDV VORZO\ FRPSLOHGGXULQJ KHU PDUULDJHWR 5LFKDUG:LJJHV ZKR PD\KDYHWDNHQDQLQWHUHVWLQKLVZLIH¶VVWXGLHVDQGWKDWKHUFK\PLFDOZRUNZDV WKHEDVLVRIDKRPHLQGXVWU\LQZKLFK6DUDK:LJJHVVXSSOLHGPHGLFLQHVWRIULHQGV DQG QHLJKERXUV7KH ³FRQYHQWLRQDO´ UHFLSHV RI KRXVHZLIHU\ LQ WKLV ERRN ± SXII SDVWU\ UDW SRLVRQ URVH ZDWHU TXLQFH SUHVHUYH HWF ± DUH DUUDQJHG DURXQG WKH FK\PLFDOPDWHULDOVRWKDWLWLVLPSRVVLEOHWRWHOOZKLFKFDPH¿UVW)XUWKHUPRUH WKHHQWULHVIURP%DVLO9DOHQWLQHDUHPDGHLQ:LJJHV¶VRZQKDQGDQGWKHPHGLFDO UHFLSHVLQWKLVERRNLQFOXGHFDEEDOLVWLFWHFKQLTXHVDQGV\PSDWKHWLFPDJLFDVZHOO DVLDWURFK\PLVWU\'LG6DUDK:LJJHVGRQDQRXW¿WRISLJVNLQDQGFRWWRQZRRODQG VWDQGEHVLGHDIXUQDFHKRXUVDGD\LQLPLWDWLRQRIVRPHRIWKHUHFLSHVFRQWDLQHG LQKHUPDQXVFULSW"3UREDEO\QRW%XWLWLVQRWLQFRQFHLYDEOHWKDWVKHZDVLQWHUHVWHG LQWKHVHWRSLFVEHFDXVHRIKHUZRUNDVDKRXVHZLIHDQGKHDOHUHQWKXVLDVWLFWROHDUQ PRUHDERXWWKHSKLORVRSKLFDOSULQFLSOHVEHKLQGHYHU\GD\SURFHVVHVOLNHGLVWLOODWLRQ IHUPHQWDWLRQDQGVXEOLPDWLRQDQGHDJHUWRNQRZKRZHOVHWKH\PLJKWEHDSSOLHG $WWKHYHU\OHDVW,ZRXOGVXJJHVWWKHLQWHUHVWVRI6DUDK:LJJHVLQIRUPHGWKHZD\ LQZKLFKDQ\ODWHURZQHUVXVHG³KLU%RRN´±WKHUHDUHQRRWKHUPDUNVRIRZQHUVKLS ±DQGWKDWVKHHQFRXUDJHGDIUHHDQGWRKHUSUREDEO\TXLWHQDWXUDOFRQWLQXXP EHWZHHQWKHSKLORVRSKLHVRIKRXVHZLIHU\PHGLFLQHDQGFK\PLVWU\ &RQFOXVLRQ :ULWLQJ LQ -RKQ (YHO\Q ± UHFDOOV WKDW WKH ³5HFUHDWLRQV´ RI ZRPHQ³ZHUHLQWKH'LVWLOODWRU\WKHNQRZOHGJHRI3ODQWVDQGWKHLU9LUWXHVIRU WKHFRPIRUWRIWKHSRRU1HLJKERXUVDQG8VHRIWKH)DPLO\´7KHVWLOOURRPRU ³GLVWLOODWRULH´ DQGWKHPDQXVFULSWUHFHLSWERRNZHUHWZRRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW VLWHVRIIHPDOHFUHDWLYLW\LQHDUO\PRGHUQ(QJODQGDQG\HWWKH\KDYHEHHQODUJHO\ IRUJRWWHQWRKLVWRU\,QSDUWWKLVLVEHFDXVHWKH\DUHERWKHSKHPHUDOVLWHV3HUKDSV PRVW LPSRUWDQWO\ WKH\ KDYH EHHQ QHJOHFWHG EHFDXVH WKH\ ZHUH VLWHV LQ ZKLFK ZRPHQ³UHFUHDWHG´WKHPVHOYHVDQGWKHLUZRUOGVRQDGDLO\EDVLVUHFUHDWLQJWKHLU KRPHVWKRXJKWKHFRQWLQXLQJF\FOHRIIHHGLQJSUHVHUYLQJKHDOLQJDQGZDVKLQJ UHFUHDWLQJWKHLUQHLJKERXUVWKURXJKWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIIRRGVWXIIVDQGPHGLFLQHV -RKQ (YHO\Q DQG 0DU\ (YHO\Q Mundus muliebris: or, The ladies dressing-room unlock’d, and her toilette spread In burlesque. Together with the fop-dictionary, compiled for the use of the fair sexQGHGQ/RQGRQ VLJ$U6RPHRIWKHUHFLSHVRIKLVZLIH 0DU\%URZQHF± DUHFROOHFWHGLQ/RQGRQ%ULWLVK/LEUDU\(YHO\Q3DSHUV066 DQG2Q0DU\(YHO\QVHH)UDQFHV+DUULV³/LYLQJLQWKH1HLJKERXUKRRGRI 6FLHQFH0DU\(YHO\Q0DUJDUHW&DYHQGLVKDQGWKH*UHVKDPLWHV´LQWomen, Science and Medicine 1500–1700SS±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH$UFKHU
DQGWKHFLUFXODWLRQRIUHFHLSWVDQGUHFUHDWLQJWKHPVHOYHVDVJLYHUVUHFHLYHUVDQG SURGXFHUVRINQRZOHGJH 2I FRXUVH PXFK KRXVHZRUN ZDV VKHHU GUXGJHU\ ± LW ZDV KDUG SK\VLFDOO\ GHPDQGLQJ DQG UHSHWLWLYH ZRUN 1R ZRQGHU 9LUJLQLD :RROI ZULWLQJ QHDU WKH PLGGOH RI WKH WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ SRLQWHG WR KRXVHZLIHU\ DV D SRWHQWLDO REVWDFOH WRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHZRPDQZULWHUDQGWRWKH³LQQHUOLIH´RIHDUO\PRGHUQ ZRPHQ%XWKRXVHZLIHU\DV,KDYHDUJXHGLQWKLVHVVD\DOVRKDGWKHSRWHQWLDO WR EH LQWHOOHFWXDOO\ VRSKLVWLFDWHG WHFKQLFDOO\ LQWULFDWH DQG FKDOOHQJLQJ DQG LPDJLQDWLYHO\ SRZHUIXO +RXVHZLIHU\ FRXOG LQYROYH LGHDV WKDW ZHUH LQWHUHVWLQJ QRWVLPSO\LQSUDFWLFDOWHUPV±DVDPHDQVWRDQHQG±EXWIRUDFHUWDLQDHVWKHWLF YDOXHEHFDXVHDWDWKHRUHWLFDOOHYHOWKH\ZHUHEHDXWLIXODQGVWLPXODWLQJ )RUDORQJWLPHLWKDVEHHQDODUJHO\XQTXHVWLRQHGDVVXPSWLRQWKDWLQHDUO\ PRGHUQ(QJODQGZRPHQH[LVWHGDWWKHPDUJLQVRIFK\PLFDODQGHDUO\VFLHQWL¿F GLVFRXUVHVDQGSUDFWLFHV%XWLIZHSODFHZRPHQDWWKHFHQWUHUDWKHUWKDQDWWKH PDUJLQV RI WKH SURGXFWLRQ DQG FRQVXPSWLRQ RI FK\PLFDO NQRZOHGJH WKHQ WKH FDWHJRU\ RI FK\PLVWU\ LV UHFLSURFDOO\ WUDQVIRUPHG 1HZ WKHPHV DVVXPH JUHDWHU SURPLQHQFHDQGRWKHUVIDGHLQWRWKHEDFNJURXQG*ROGPDNLQJ±chrysopoeiaWKH WUDQVPXWDWLRQRIEDVHPHWDOVLQWRJROG±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
:RROIDGYDQFHGWKLVDUJXPHQWLQWKHGUDIWRIKHUXQ¿QLVKHG³&RPPRQ+LVWRU\´ VHH-XOLHW'XVLQEHUUHVirginia Woolf’s Renaissance: Woman Reader or Common Reader? %DVLQJVWRNH0DFPLOODQ SS[[[L[[[Y
&KDSWHU
&DWVRQD:LQGRZVLOO $Q$OFKHPLFDO6WXG\RI 0DULHGH*RXUQDy 'RURWKHD+HLWVFK
4X¶HVWFHTXLPLHXO[UHVVHPEOHFKDWHQIHQHVWUHV" í&¶HVWXQHFKDWWH
$OFKHP\DQG*HQGHU $OFKHP\DQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIWKHVFLHQFHVLQ(XURSHXQWLOZHOOLQWRWKHVHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ PD\ EH GH¿QHG DV WKH GUHDP RI WKH ³KRPR IDEHU´ ZKR E\ SHUIHFWLQJ PDWWHU XOWLPDWHO\ SHUIHFWV KLPVHOI ,Q WKH FRXUVH RI WKLV SURFHVV WKH DOFKHPLVW DVVXPHVWKHSODFHRIWLPHDQGKLVRYHQEHFRPHVWKHHDUWKO\PDWWHULQZKLFKKH EULQJV DERXW D UHWXUQ WR SULPRUGLDO FKDRV DQG WR FRVPRJRQ\7KH RFFXOW DUW RI WKHGLVVROXWLRQDQGWUDQVPXWDWLRQRIPHWDOVKDVVHYHUDOEUDQFKHV7KHIROORZHUV RISUDFWLFDODOFKHP\VHDUFKIRUWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VVWRQH%\OLTXHI\LQJWKHVWRQH WKH\LQWHQGWRREWDLQWKHSDQDFHDRUTXLQWHVVHQFHDXQLYHUVDOUHPHG\WKDWUHVWRUHV VWUHQJWKDQGKHDOWKWRWKHKXPDQERG\7KHVWRQHDOVRLVVDLGWRFRQYH\PDUYHORXV SRZHUV DPRQJ WKHP WKH JLIW RI LQYLVLELOLW\ 7KH SUDFWLWLRQHUV RI P\VWLFDO RU SKLORVRSKLFDODOFKHP\HQGHDYRUWRREWDLQVSLULWXDOJROGZLWKDYLHZWRSXULI\LQJ WKH VRXO LQ D WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH VSLULW 7KLV DVFHWLF TXHVW IURP OHDG WR JROG WKHRUHWLFDOO\OHDGVWRWKHGLVFRYHU\RIVSLULWXDOWUHDVXUHVLQWHOOLJHQFHOLJKWQHVV UH¿QHPHQW DQG LOOXPLQDWLRQ$V LQ SUDFWLFDO DOFKHP\ ZKHUH WKH SKLORVRSKHU¶V %UXQR 5R\ HG Devinettes françaises du moyen âge 0RQWUpDO %HOODUPLQ 3DULV9ULQ S³:KDWUHVHPEOHVDPDOHFDWLQDZLQGRZEHVW"±$IHPDOHFDW´ 7UDQVODWLRQVDUHP\RZQXQOHVVRWKHUZLVHLQGLFDWHG $FFRUGLQJ WR VRPH WKH ZRUG ³DOFKHP\´ PD\ FRPH IURP WKH $UDELF µHONLP\D¶ µNLP\k¶GHULYHVIURPµNKHP¶³WKHEODFNFRXQWU\´WKHQDPHGHVLJQDWLQJ(J\SWLQ$QWLTXLW\ $QRWKHUHW\PRORJ\WUDFHVWKHZRUGEDFNWRWKH*UHHNµFK\PD¶³WRIXVHRUFDVWPHWDO´6HH 6HUJH+XWLQL’Alchimie3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFH SDQG(ULF- +ROP\DUGAlchemy1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH+HLWVFK
VWRQHJRHVWKURXJKDSKDVHRIEODFNSXWUHIDFWLRQWKHLQGLYLGXDOKHUHJRHVWKURXJK DVSLULWXDOVWDWHRIEODFNQHVVDQHJDWLYHVWDWHGXULQJZKLFKVKHPHDVXUHVKLVKHU LQGLJQLW\EXWZKLFKLVQHFHVVDU\WRKLVKHUXOWLPDWHSURJUHVVLRQ7KLVVRFDOOHG ³DUV PDJQD´ OHDGV WR UHFRYHULQJ SULPRUGLDO GLJQLW\ WKH VSOHQGRU DQG SXULW\ RI SUHODSVDULDQOLIH ,W LV WKH JRG +HUPHV RU 0HUFXU\ ZKR LV VDLG WR KDYH UHYHDOHG WKH DUW RI DOFKHP\ &RQVHTXHQWO\ DOFKHP\ RIWHQ LV V\PEROL]HG E\ WKH ¿JXUH RI +HUPHV 7ULVPHJLVWXV ZKRVH VH[XDO GXDOLVP SURYLGHV D XVHIXO PHDQV WR GHVFULEH DQ $ULVWRWHOLDQFRPPRQSODFHDOORSSRVLWLRQVV\PSDWKLHVDQGDQWLSDWKLHVIRXQGLQ WKHZRUOGUHVXOWIURPWKHSRODULW\RIWZRFRPSOHPHQWDU\SULQFLSOHVRUXQLYHUVDO IRUFHVRQHDFWLYHDQGPDVFXOLQHWKHRWKHUSDVVLYHDQGIHPLQLQH7KLVLVUHÀHFWHG LQ QXPHURXV WDEOHV RI WKH HOHPHQWV VXFK DV PDOHIHPDOH VSHUPPHQVWUXDO EORRG DFWLYHSDVVLYH IRUPPDWWHU VRXOERG\ ¿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ompendium de la philosophie et de la
+XWLQL’AlchimieS +XWLQS7KHUHLVDOVRDUHOLJLRXVDVSHFW³/HVDOFKLPLVWHVRQWDERQGDPPHQW FRPPHQWpODSDUROHpYDQJpOLTXHsi le grain ne meurt, il ne pourra porter de fruitsTX¶LOV LQWHUSUqWHQWHQGLVDQWTXHGHPrPHTXHOHIURPHQWGRLWVHFRUURPSUHDXVHLQGHODWHUUHGH PrPHODPDWLqUHGHOD3LHUUHGRLWSDVVHUSDUXQHSKDVHGHSXWUpIDFWLRQ/¶DOFKLPLHV¶HVWDLQVL DQQH[pOHGRPDLQHUHOLJLHX[´³$OFKHPLVWVKDYHFRPPHQWHGDEXQGDQWO\RQWKHHYDQJHOLFDO ZRUGµLIWKHVHHGGRHVQRWGLHLWFDQQRWEHDUIUXLW¶ZKLFKWKH\LQWHUSUHWE\VD\LQJWKDWMXVW DVWKHJUDLQPXVWGHFRPSRVHLQWKHERVRPODSRIWKHHDUWKLQWKHVDPHPDQQHUWKHPDWHULDO RIWKH6WRQHPXVWJRWKURXJKDSKDVHRISXWUHIDFWLRQ7KXVDOFKHP\DSSURSULDWHGIRULWVHOI WKHUHOLJLRXVGRPDLQ´S +XWLQ S 7KH ODVW ELQDU\ UHIHUV WR WKH DOFKHPLFDO WKHRU\ WKDW \HDVW DFWV DV D IHUPHQWRQGRXJKDVGRHVWKHVXEVWDQFHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VVWRQHWKDWLVDGGHGWREDVHU PHWDOVVRDVWRLQGXFHWKHLUWUDQVPXWDWLRQLQWRJROG .DWKOHHQ 3HUU\ /RQJ ³6DORPRQ 7ULVPRVLQ DQG &ORYLV +HVWHDX GH 1X\VHPHQW 7KH6H[XDO3ROLWLFVRI$OFKHP\LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ)UDQFH´L’Esprit créateur;;;9 6XPPHU ± 7KHSUHVHQWDWLRQVE\+XJK7UHYRU5RSHU³7KH&RXUW3K\VLFLDQDQG3DUDFHOVLDQLVP´ Medicine at the Courts of Europe, 1500–1837´ HG 9LYLDQ 1XWWRQ 1HZ
Cats on a Windowsill
médecine paracelsienneDFFRPSDQLHGE\KLVFRPPHQWHGHGLWLRQRI3DUDFHOVXV¶ De vita longa3LHUUH+DVVDUGG¶$UPHQWLqUHVWUDQVODWHVLa grande, vraie et parfaite chirurgie LQ $W WKH VDPH WLPH WKHUH LV DQ LQFUHDVLQJ LQWHUHVW LQ DOFKHP\ DVDVSLULWXDORUSKLORVRSKLFDOZD\WRVHHWKHZRUOGDVDVHULHVRIFRQMXQFWLRQV D YHUVLRQ ZKLFK LV RIWHQ LQWURGXFHG DQG H[SRXQGHG XSRQ E\ FRXUW SK\VLFLDQV DORQJVLGHWKHLUPHGLFDOXVHVRIWKLVGLVFLSOLQH,QWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHVL[WHHQWK FHQWXU\WKLVEUDQFKEHFRPHVDQDOWHUQDWLYHWRH[WUHPLVW&DWKROLFLVPSDUWLFXODUO\ WKDWRIWKH/HDJXHDQGLVIDYRUHGE\3URWHVWDQWVDQGPRGHUDWH&DWKROLFV)RUDOO WKHVHUHDVRQVLWLVQRWVXUSULVLQJWKDW0DULHGH*RXUQD\± 0RQWDLJQH¶V HGLWRU ZRXOG KDYH KDG DQ LQWHUHVW LQ WKH DUW$V DQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ ZRPDQ ZKR GHVLUHVWRKDYHDFDUHHUDVDZULWHUVKHFDQUHIHUWRIHPDOHSUHFXUVRUVLQ(XURSH DV ZHOO DV WR FRQWHPSRUDU\ FROOHDJXHV OLNH$QQD 0DULD YDQ 6FKXUPDQ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH+HLWVFK
WU\LQJRXWQHZPL[HGLGHQWLWLHV+RZDOFKHPLFDOGLVFRXUVHDVVLVWVKHUZLWKWKLVDQG WKHQLVWUDQVIRUPHGLQWKHSURFHVVZLOOEHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHIROORZLQJSDJHV 0DULHGH*RXUQD\DQG$OFKHP\ 0DULH GH *RXUQD\ DGPLWV WR KDYLQJ EHHQ LQWHUHVWHG LQ DOFKHP\ DW WKH WLPH RI ZULWLQJKHUPincture de Moeurs /¶$OFKLPLHHVWFKH]PR\PDLVQRQVHVVXLWWHVIROOHV 7URPSHUGpSHQVHUJURVFURLUHO¶$UWVDQVGRXEWHU $WWHQGUHXQH0HUG¶RUVDQV¿QODWURPSHWHU $XFXQMHQ¶D\WURPSpM¶D\IDLFWSHXGHGHVSHQVH -¶DWWHQGSHXMHG\PRLQVM¶HVSHUHVDQVFUR\DQFH $OFKHP\ LV IRXQG DW P\ KRPH EXW QRW LWV IRROLVK FRQVHTXHQFHV &KHDWLQJ VSHQGLQJPXFKEHOLHYLQJWKH$UWZLWKRXWGRXEWLQJ$ZDLWLQJD6HDRIJROG ERDVWLQJRILWHQGOHVVO\,KDYHGHFHLYHGQRRQH,KDYHVSHQWOLWWOH,H[SHFW OLWWOH,VD\OHVV,KRSHZLWKRXWEHOLHYLQJ
7KLV LQWHUHVW LV QRW DVWRXQGLQJ DW D WLPH ZKHQ PDQ\ LQWHOOHFWXDOV GR PRUH WKDQ GDEEOH LQ WKH DUW 2QH RI WKHP LV DQ DFTXDLQWDQFH RI WKH DXWKRU:H NQRZ WKDW DIWHU WKH SXEOLFDWLRQ RI WKH Proumenoir DQG WKH HGLWLRQ RI WKH Essais 0DULHWUDYHOVWRWKHFDVWOHRI0RQWDLJQHLQWKHIDOORUZLQWHURI$FFRUGLQJ to the Pincture de MoeursVKHJRHVZLWK-HDQG¶(VSDJQHWWKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH %RUGHDX[ SDUOLDPHQW WR ZKRP VKH GHGLFDWHV WKLV SRHP DQG KLV ZLIH ³1RVWUH DERUGFRPPHQoDTXDQGMHIXVj0RQWDLJQH9RLUXQPRUWDXFHUFXHLOVD¿OOHHWVD FRPSDJQH9R\DJHDQWDYHFWR\TXLPHQRLVGHQRXYHDX7DIHPPHHQOHXU3DwVWRQ DQWLTXHEHUFHDX´³2XUUHODWLRQVKLSEHJDQZKHQ,ZDVDW0RQWDLJQH7RVHHDGHDG PDQLQKLVFRI¿QKLVGDXJKWHUDQGKLVZLIH7UDYHOLQJZLWK\RXZKRZHUHRQFH DJDLQ7DNLQJ\RXUZLIHWRWKHLUUHJLRQ\RXUYHQHUDEOHFUDGOH´ /LNHKLVIULHQG 0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQHHDUOLHU-HDQG¶(VSDJQHWZLOOUHWLUHIURPSXEOLFOLIHLQ DQGWKHQSXUVXHQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\DQGDOFKHP\0DULHGH*RXUQD\ZLOOLQFOXGHD WUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVDXWKRU¶V/DWLQYHUVHLQKHUZRUN %RUQ LQ SUREDEO\ DW 6DLQW(PLOLRQ -HDQ G¶(VSDJQHW LV VHQW E\ +HQUL ,9WR/DERXUGLQWKH%DVTXHFRXQWU\LQLQRUGHUWRUHSUHVVDQHSLGHPLFRI 6RPHSDVVDJHVE\)UDQoRLV6HFUHWVKRXOGEHPHQWLRQHGKHUH³0OOHGH*RXUQD\ DOFKLPLVWH´BHR;;;9 ±)6HFUHW¶VOLVWRITXRWHVIURP0DULHGH*RXUQD\ DQGVRPHELRJUDSKLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJ-HDQG¶(VSDJQHWSURYLGHDSRLQWRIGHSDUWXUH IRUP\UHDGLQJEHFDXVHZKHQ,ZURWHWKLVDUWLFOHKLVVKRUWQRWHZDVWKHPRVWFRPSOHWH DFFRXQWDYDLODEOH Oeuvres ComplètesS7KHIDVFLQDWLRQZLWKDOFKHP\ZLOOODWHUEHGLVDYRZHG E\WKHDXWKRUOeuvres ComplètesSQ Oeuvres ComplètesS ³7UDGXFWLRQG¶XQHLQVFULSWLRQSRXUODVWDWXHGX3RQWQHXI'X/DWLQGH0RQVLHXUOH 3UHVLGHQWG¶(VSDJQHW´ WKH/DWLQRULJLQDOLVDGGHGLQOeuvres ComplètesS
Cats on a Windowsill
ZLWFKFUDIWWKDW3LHUUHGH/DQFUHGHVFULEHVLQKLVERRNTableau de l’inconstance des mauvais anges +HGLUHFWVWKH³&KDPEUHGHO¶(GLW´DW1pUDFDWULEXQDO FRPSRVHGRI&DWKROLFVDQG3URWHVWDQWVWKDWGHDOVZLWKSUREOHPVEHWZHHQEHOLHYHUV IURP ERWK FRQIHVVLRQV +LV Enchiridion Physicae restitutae and Arcanum Hermeticae Philosophiae OpusDUHSXEOLVKHGDQRQ\PRXVO\LQDQGWUDQVODWHG LQWR)UHQFKE\-HDQ%DFKRXLQ,QWKHIRUPHUG¶(VSDJQHWH[SODLQVWKDWWKH ZRUOGLVOLNHDKHUPDSKURGLWLFDQLPDODQGRIGRXEOHQDWXUHIRULWLVRIRQHDQG WKHRWKHUVH[,WVVXSHULRUDQGFHOHVWLDOSDUWLVDFWLYHDQGPDVFXOLQHZKHUHDVLWV LQIHULRUDQGHOHPHQWDU\SDUWLVSDVVLYHDQGIHPLQLQH7KHVSKHUHRIWKHHDUWKLVLWV ZRPEZKHUHDUHUHFHLYHGDQGQRXULVKHGWKHIHUWLOHVHHGVRIKHDYHQIURPWKHPDOH FRPHVOLIHDQGYLJRUDQGIURPWKHIHPDOHFRUUXSWLRQDQGGHDWK-HDQG¶(VSDJQHW JLYHVDGH¿QLWLRQRIDOFKHP\WKDWLVLPSRUWDQWLQWKLVFRQWH[W /D VFLHQFH GH IDLUH OD SLHUUH SKLORVRSKDOH HVW XQH FRQQRLVVDQFH SDUIDLWH GHVRSHUDWLRQVGHODQDWXUH GHO¶DUWWRXFKDQWOHVPHWDX[GRQWODSUDFWLTXH FRQVLVWHjFKHUFKHUOHVSULQFLSHVGHVPHWDX[SDUUHVROXWLRQHWLFHX[SULQFLSHV HVWDQVUHQGXVEHDXFRXSSOXVSDUIDLWVTX¶LOVQ¶HVWRLHQWSDVDXSDUDYDQWOHVUDOOLHU GHUHFKHI D¿Q TX¶LO HQ UHVXOWH XQH PHGHFLQH XQLYHUVHOOH WUHVSURSUH WUHV HI¿FDFH SRXU SHUIHFWLRQQHU OHV PHWDX[ LPSDUIDLWV SRXU UHQGUH OD VDQWp DX FRUSVLQGLVSRVpGHTXHOTXHVRUWHGHPDODGLHTXHFHVRLW 7KH VFLHQFH RI PDNLQJ WKH SKLORVRSKHU¶V VWRQH LV D SHUIHFW NQRZOHGJH RI QDWXUH¶VRSHUDWLRQVDQGRIWKHDUWFRQFHUQLQJPHWDOVZKRVHSUDFWLFHFRQVLVWV LQ ORRNLQJ IRU WKH SULQFLSOHV RI PHWDOV E\ UHVROXWLRQ WKHVH SULQFLSOHV KDYLQJ EHHQ PDGH PXFK PRUH SHUIHFW WKDQ WKH\ ZHUH EHIRUH WKHQ DUH MRLQHG DJDLQ VR WKDW D XQLYHUVDO PHGLFLQH UHVXOWV IURP LW YHU\ SURSHU DQG YHU\ HI¿FLHQW WR SHUIHFWLPSHUIHFWPHWDOVDQGWRJLYHKHDOWKWRDERG\LQGLVSRVHGE\DQ\NLQG RILOOQHVV
)RUDFFRXQWVRI-HDQG¶(VSDJQHW¶VOLIHVHH'LGLHU.DKQAlchimie et paracelsisme en France (1567–1625) S DQG KLV DUWLFOH LQ /XF )RLVQHDX HG Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century French Philosophers /RQGRQ 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH+HLWVFK
+HSURFHHGVWRGHYHORSDUHFLSHIRUWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VVWRQHDQGLQVLVWVWKDWWKH DSSUHQWLFHDOFKHPLVWDSDUWIURPDFOHDUPLQGVROLGMXGJPHQWDQGLQFOLQDWLRQIRU WKHVWXG\RIQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\VKRXOGKDYHDSXUHKHDUWJRRGPDQQHUVDQGIHDU RI*RGDQGVKRXOGORRNIRUDFRPSDQLRQZLWKVLPLODULQFOLQDWLRQVLQRUGHUWRWKHQ HPEDUNFRQ¿GHQWO\RQWKHWDVN In her Apologie pour celle qui escrit0DULHGH *RXUQD\LVIDUOHVVRSWLPLVWLFLQVD\LQJWKDWQRRQHNQRZVWKHDUWDQGKRZWRWHDFK LWDQGWKDWERRNVGHVFULEHLWDWWKHYHU\PRVWLQDOOHJRULFDOWHUPV 2I FRXUVH DOFKHP\ FRVWV PRQH\ DQG GHWUDFWRUV DFFXVH 0DULH RI KDYLQJ GHSOHWHGKHULQKHULWDQFHLQRUGHUWRVSHQGLWRQH[SHQVLYHHTXLSPHQW6KHH[SODLQV ³$FHGHVFU\JHQHUDOGHVIHPPHVVWXGLHXVHVRQDGMRXVWHHQPRQIDLWXQSRLQFW SDUWLFXOLHU F¶HVW GH SUDWLTXHU O¶$OFKLPLH TX¶LOV FUR\HQW HQ VR\ IROLH SDUIDLFWH´ ³7RWKDWJHQHUDOFRQGHPQDWLRQRILQWHOOHFWXDOZRPHQDSDUWLFXODUSRLQWLVDGGHG LQ P\ FDVHWKDW LV P\ SUDFWLFH RI DOFKHP\ ZKLFK WKH\ GHHP DEVROXWH IROO\ LQ LWVHOI´ 7KLV LV DQ DFFXVDWLRQ WKDW VKH YHKHPHQWO\ GHQLHV VHYHUDO WLPHV LQ WKH Apologie6KHHYHQJRHVDVIDUDVWRGHWDLOWKHFRVWDQGWRLQGLFDWHWKDWVKHZDV JLYHQIUHHDFFHVVWRWKH¿UHRIDJODVVPDNHUFORVHWRKHUKRPH0RUHRYHUDVVKH GHIHQGVKHUVHOIE\DOOXGLQJWR5XGROSK,,RI+DEVEXUJPDQ\PRGHUQHPSHURUV DQG NLQJV KDYH SXUVXHG DOFKHP\ DV ZHOO DV WKH PRVW LOOXVWULRXV )UHQFKPHQ ,Q DGGLWLRQVKHSXUVXHVLWLVIRROLVKWRFDOOIRROLVKDQDUWWKDWLVRFFXOWZKRVHVHFUHWV ZHGRQRWNQRZDQGWKDWFDQQRWEHWDXJKW6KHDI¿UPVWKDWVKHLVQRWHYHQYHU\
L’Ouvrage secretSS± ³«OHVVRWWHVHVSHUDQFHVGHFHVPLOOLRQVGHPLOOLRQVGHTXR\O¶RQDWWULEXHIDXVVHPHQW OD SURPHVVH DX[ /LYUHV GH FpW $UW TXL QH OD SURSRVHQW TX¶DOOHJRULTXHPHQW HQ FHVWH PHVXUH«HWV¶DEVWLHQQHRXWUHSOXVGHO¶HVWXGLHUDXWUHSDUWTXHGDQVOHV/LYUHVSXLVTX¶LO HVWLQIDLOOLEOHTXHOHVKRPPHVKRUVGHOjQ¶RIIUHQWMDPDLVGHO¶HQVHLJQHUTXHSRXUFHTX¶LOV QH OD VoDYHQW SDV´ Oeuvres complètes S ³«WKRVH VWXSLG KRSHV RI WKH PLOOLRQV DQGPLOOLRQVWKDWDUHIDOVHO\FODLPHGWREHSURPLVHGLQWKHERRNVRIWKDWDUWZKLFKSUHVHQW WKH SURPLVH RQO\ DOOHJRULFDOO\ LQ WKHVH WHUPV « DQG UHIUDLQ LQ DGGLWLRQ IURP VWXG\LQJ DQ\ZKHUHHOVHEXWLQERRNV)RULWLVLQIDOOLEOHWKDWSHRSOHQHYHURIIHUWRWHDFKLWRXWVLGHRI ERRNVXQOHVVWKH\GRQRWNQRZLW´5LFKDUG+LOOPDQDQG&ROHWWH4XHVQHOApology for the Woman Writing&KLFDJRDQG/RQGRQ7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV S Oeuvres ComplètesS+LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOApologyS6HHVLPLODUO\ ³FHW DUWOj GXTXHO RQ P¶HVWLPH VL FRLIIpH«´ ³WKDW DUW ZKLFK WKH\ EHOLHYH VXLWV PH VR ZHOO´ LQ³%LHQYHQXHGH0RQVHLJQHXUOH'XFG¶$QMRX´Oeuvres ComplètesS )RU H[DPSOH ³-H GLUD\ GRQF TXLWWDQW FpW LQWHUPHGH SRXU UHQRXHU OH ¿O GH PD GHIIHQFHTXHPDPDXYDLVHIRUWXQHQHYLHQWSDVGHO¶$OFKLPLHQ\G¶DXWUHPLHQH[FqVHWOH SXLVSURXYHUSDUSOXVLHXUVERXFKHVHWSDSLHUVQRWDEOHVRXWUHTXHMHVXLVWUHVUHOLJLHXVHjQH PHQWLUSRLQWHWTXHMHWLHQVOHVPHQWHXUVSRXUDXVVLPDOVDJHVTX¶LOVVRQWLPSXUV´Oeuvres ComplètesS ³,ZLOOVD\WKHQOHDYLQJWKLVLQWHUOXGHWRWDNHXSWKHWKUHDGRIP\ GHIHQVHDJDLQWKDWP\LOOIRUWXQHGRHVQRWVWHPIURPDOFKHP\RUIURPDQ\RWKHUH[FHVVRI PLQHDQG,FDQSURYHWKLVE\WKHDXWKRULWDWLYHWHVWLPRQ\RIPDQ\RUDODQGZULWWHQEHVLGHV WKH IDFW WKDW , DP KLJKO\ VFUXSXORXV DERXW QHYHU O\LQJ DQG WKDW , FRQVLGHU OLDUV WR EH DV SRRUO\ZLVHDVWKH\DUHLPSXUH´+LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOApology Oeuvres ComplètesS+LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOApologySS± Oeuvres ComplètesS+LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOApologyS
Cats on a Windowsill
NQRZOHGJHDEOHLQDOFKHP\EXWLJQRUDQWRIWKHPRVWEDVLFWHUPV2QHUHDVRQIRU WKHGLVDSSURYDOWKDW0DULHGH*RXUQD\¶VLQWHUHVWLQFXUUHGPD\EHWKDWDWWKHWLPH 3DUDFHOVLDQ DOFKHPLFDO PHGLFLQH FRPSHWHV ZLWK PHGLFLQH LQ WKH +LSSRFUDWLF *DOHQLF WUDGLWLRQ WKH UDWLRQDO PHGLFLQH EDVHG RQ ORJLF WKDW LV GRPLQDWLQJ PRVW (XURSHDQXQLYHUVLWLHV3DUDFHOVLDQLVPWKRXJKLQIDVKLRQGRHVKDYHDUHSXWDWLRQ RI FKDUODWDQLVP RU ZLWFKFUDIW DQG LV HYHQ FRQVLGHUHG LQ VRPH FDVHV WR EH DW OHDVWDVUHYROXWLRQDU\DV/XWKHU¶VGRFWULQHV,QIRUH[DPSOH3DUDFHOVXV¶ WKHVHV DUH FRQGHPQHG E\ WKH 6RUERQQH \HDUV EHIRUH WKH\ DUH ¿UVW SXW RQ DQ ,QGH[,Q\HDUVEHIRUHWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRI0DULH¶VApologie pour celle qui escritWKH3DUOHPHQWRI3DULVFRQGHPQVDOFKHP\DQGLQ+HLQULFK.KXQUDWKV Amphitheatrum Sapientiae AeternaeLVFHQVRUHGE\WKH6RUERQQH ,IZHEHOLHYH0DULHGH*RXUQD\WKHSOHDVXUHRIDOFKHP\VLPSO\OLHVLQREVHUYLQJ WKHHIIHFWVRI¿UHRQPDWWHU7RWKRVHZKRGHULGHKHUHIIRUWVVKHH[SODLQV³SRXU YRLUVRXVOHVGHJUH]G¶XQHWUHVEHOOHGHFRFWLRQFHTXHGHYLHQGUDODPDWLHUHTXHMH WLHQVVXUOHIHXFHWWHFXULRVLWpQ¶HVWHOOHSDVQDWXUHOOHHWVDLQH"´³>6@RWKDW,PD\ VHHWKURXJKWKHVWDJHVRIDQREOHGHFRFWLRQZKDWWKHVXEVWDQFHZLOOEHFRPHWKDW ,KROGRYHUWKH¿UH,VQ¶WWKDWFXULRVLW\QDWXUDODQGKHDOWK\"´ /HWXVWKHUHIRUH HPSKDVL]HWKHDXWKRU¶VFXULRVLW\DQGGH¿QHDOFKHP\DVWKHVHDUFKIRUWKHPLVVLQJ FRPSRQHQW RU KDOI LQ DQ LGHDO IXVLRQ RU UHODWLRQVKLS 7KXV VKH LQGXOJHV LQ WKH P\WK RI WKH ³KRPR IDEHU´ ZKR LV SHUIHFWLQJ PDWWHU ZKLOH FRQ¿UPLQJ SHUVRQDO SHUIHFWLRQ 7KH H[SHULHQFH RI WRWDOLW\ DWWDLQHG LQ WKLV ZD\ UHSUHVHQWV XQLYHUVDO KDUPRQ\ ³FRLQFLGHQWLD RSSRVLWRUXP´ ,Q VXFK DQ RUJDQLF ZRUOG YLHZ ZKHUH HYHU\WKLQJLVGLVVROXEOHDQGHYHU\PHWDOLVDFRPSRXQG0DULHDVVXPHVWKHSODFH RIWLPHE\FKDQJLQJQDWXUH$FFRUGLQJO\KHUDOFKHPLVW¶VWRROVDUHWKHSODFHRID UHWXUQWRSULPRUGLDOFKDRVDQGVKHKHUVHOIEHFRPHVVLPLODUWRDGLYLQLW\ $OFKHP\DQG:ULWLQJ 2QHRI0DULHGH*RXUQD\¶VPDWWHUVRIFRQFHUQLVWKHHTXDOLW\RIPHQDQGZRPHQ 7KLVLVDQLVVXHWKDWVKHDGGUHVVHVLQWKHFRQWH[WRIKHUHDUO\QRYHOODRU³KLVWRLUH WUDJLTXH´ HQWLWOHG Proumenoir de Monsieur de Montaigne in the form of a
³«MH VXLV VL YLGH GH VRQ LQWHOOLJHQFH FRQGXLWH HW FDEDOH YXOJDLUH«´ Oeuvres ComplètesS³«,DPVRGHYRLGRIWKHVHFUHWLQIRUPDWLRQSURFHGXUHVDQGP\VWHULHV UHJDUGLQJLWVYXOJDUIRUP«´+LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOApologyS +7UHYRU5RSHU³7KH&RXUW3K\VLFLDQDQG3DUDFHOVLDQLVP´S 'LGLHU .DKQ ³&LQTXDQWHQHXI WKqVHV GH 3DUDFHOVH FHQVXUpHV SDU OD IDFXOWp GH WKpRORJLH GH 3DULV OH RFWREUH ´ Documents oubliés sur l’alchimie, la kabbale et Guillaume PostelHG6\OYDLQ0DWWRQ*HQHYD'UR] SS± $OOHQ'HEXVThe French ParacelsiansS'LGLHU.DKQAlchimie et Paracelsisme en France (1567–1625)S Oeuvres Complètes S +LOOPDQ DQG 4XHVQHO Apology S ,Q VKHUHWUDFWVKHURZQVWDWHPHQWE\LQGLFDWLQJWKDWVKHKDVJLYHQXSDOFKHP\IRUVRPHWLPH Oeuvres ComplètesSQ$
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH+HLWVFK
GLJUHVVLRQ,QVXEVHTXHQW\HDUVVKHZLOOUHPRYHWKHODWWHULQRUGHUWRGHYHORSLW LQWRDQLQGHSHQGHQWHVVD\RUPDQLIHVWREgalité des hommes et des femmes:LWK WKLVLQPLQGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRPDLQWDLQWKDWVRPHRIKHUDOOXVLRQVWRNLQVKLSZLWK 0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQHZKLFKDUHXVXDOO\GLVFXVVHGXQGHUYHU\GLIIHUHQWDVSHFWV PD\ KDYH DOFKHPLFDO FRQQRWDWLRQV DQG KHOS KHU FRQVWUXH KHUVHOI DV D ZULWHU LQ KHURZQULJKW,QWKH³3UpIDFH´WRWKHHGLWLRQRIWKHEssaisDQDFFRXQWRI KHU OLWHUDU\ KHULWDJH DQG SHUVRQDO UHVSRQVLELOLW\ VKH GHVFULEHV WKH FORVHQHVV RI KHU WLHV WR WKH ROGHU ZULWHU E\ PDLQWDLQLQJ ³IRU , DP QRW P\VHOI H[FHSW LQVRIDU DV,DPKLVGDXJKWHU´6KHUHFODLPVWKHIDWKHUGDXJKWHUUHODWLRQVKLSDQXPEHU RI WLPHV VWUHVVLQJ WKHLU VLPLODULW\ ³OD QDWXUH P¶D\DQW IDLFW WDQW G¶KRQQHXU TXH VDXIOHSOXVHWOHPRLQJVM¶HVWRLVWRXWHVHPEODEOHjPRQ3HUHMHQHSXLVIDLUHXQ SDVVRLWHVFULYDQWRXSDUODQWTXHMHQHPHWURXYHVXUVHVWUDFHV´³QDWXUHKDYLQJ GRQHPHVRPXFKKRQRUWKDWH[FHSWLQWKHJUHDWHVWDQGWKHOHDVWUHVSHFWV,ZDV ZKROO\OLNHP\)DWKHU,FDQQRWWDNHDVWHSZKHWKHULQZULWLQJRUVSHDNLQJZLWKRXW ¿QGLQJP\VHOILQKLVIRRWVWHSV´ 1RWRQO\KHUHEXWDOVRLQWKH³(SLVWUHVXUOH 3URXPHQRLUGH0RQVLHXUGH0RQWDLJQH´WKHDXWKRUDGGUHVVHV0RQWDLJQHDV³P\ IDWKHU´,QWKHODWWHUVKHDOOXGHVWRWKHLUFRQYHUVDWLRQGXULQJDZDONVKHDVNVIRU VXJJHVWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJKHUZULWLQJWKLQNVDERXWWKHQDWXUHRIWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLS DQGPHQWLRQV³WKHSRZHU\RXKDYHRYHUPH´7KLVWH[WFRQFHUQVWKHGHFLVLRQRI D\RXQJZRPDQWREHFRPHDZULWHUDQGWRDVNDQROGHUFROOHDJXHDQGPHQWRUIRU DGYLFHZLWKUHJDUGWRKHUFKRLFHRIFDUHHU /DWHU LQ OLIH VKH UHFDOOV KLV RIIHU RI ³DIIHFWLRQ HW DOOLDQFH´ LQ WKH Vie de la Demoiselle de Gournay,QGHHGWKHWLWOHWKDWVKHDOUHDG\DVVXPHVLQWKH edition of the Proumenoir, LQERWKWKHORQJDQGVKRUWSUHIDFHVWRWKHEssaisDQG WKDWLVRQDOOWKHHGLWLRQVRIWKHEssaisWKDWVKHRYHUVHHVLV³¿OOHG¶DOOLDQFH´DWLWOH
See Oeuvres ComplètesSS± ³>&@DUMHQHVXLVPR\PHVPHTXHSDURMHVXLVVD¿OOH´Oeuvres ComplètesS 5LFKDUG+LOOPDQDQG&ROHWWH4XHVQHO Preface to the Essays of Michel de Montaigne 7HPSH $= 0HGLHYDO 5HQDLVVDQFH 7H[WV 6WXGLHV 7KH 5HQDLVVDQFH 6RFLHW\ RI $PHULFD S Oeuvres ComplètesSPreface to the Essays of Michel de MontaigneS )RU SDVVDJHV LQ WKH ORQJ 3UHIDFH VHH IRU H[DPSOH Oeuvres Complètes S ³OHXU$XWKHXUPRQ3HUH´ DQGSS³PRQ3HUH´ +LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOPreface to the Essays of Michel de MontaigneSS)RUVRPHSDVVDJHVLQWKH(SLVWUHVHH Oeuvres ComplètesSS+LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHO ApologySS ³>/@¶(PSLUH TXH YRXV DYH] HQ PR\” ³7KH SRZHU \RX KDYH RYHU PH´ Oeuvres ComplètesS +LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOApologyS)RUDQDQDO\VLVRI0RQWDLJQH¶V ³HPSLUH´VHH&DWKOHHQ%DXVFKDW]³µ/HV3XLVVDQFHVGH9RVWUH(PSLUH¶&KDQJLQJ3RZHU 5HODWLRQVLQ0DULHGH*RXUQD\¶VLe Proumenoir de Monsieur de MontaigneIURPWR ´5HQDLVVDQFH:RPHQ:ULWHUV)UHQFK7H[WV$PHULFDQ&RQWH[WVHG$QQH5/DUVHQ DQG&ROHWWH:LQQ'HWURLW0,:D\QH6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS± Oeuvres ComplètesS
Cats on a Windowsill
WKDWLVDOVRJLYHQWRKHULQ0RQWDLJQH¶VEssais ,WKDVEHHQWUDQVODWHGDVDGRSWLYH GDXJKWHUFRYHQDQWGDXJKWHURUHOHFWLYHGDXJKWHUDQGVKRXOGFHUWDLQO\EHVHHQLQ WKHFRQWH[WRIWKHUKHWRULFRIIULHQGVKLSDQGWKHUKHWRULFRIUHSURGXFWLRQNHHSLQJLQ PLQG0RQWDLJQH¶VSUHIHUHQFHIRUVSLULWXDORYHUELRORJLFDORIIVSULQJ In addition WRPHQWLRQLQJWKDWVKHKDVQRRWKHUWLWOHWRJRE\0DULHGH*RXUQD\VSHDNVRI ³DPLWLppOHFWLYH´RQZKLFKWKLVDOOLDQFHLVEXLOW(W\PRORJLFDOO\³DOOLDQFH´FDQ PHDQXQLRQE\PXWXDODJUHHPHQWDUHOLJLRXVSROLWLFDORUOHJDODJUHHPHQWDQG D PDUULDJH OLQN EHWZHHQ WZR IDPLOLHV 7KH Dictionnaire de l’Académie OLVWV LQ DGGLWLRQ WKH XQLRQ RI GLVSDUDWH DSSDUHQWO\ LQFRPSDWLEOH HOHPHQWV D UKHWRULFDO ¿JXUHVXFKDV³VHKkWHUOHQWHPHQW´DQR[\PRURQ,WLVDV³¿OOHG¶DOOLDQFH´WKDW 0DULHSUHVHQWVKHUVHOILQKHUFRUUHVSRQGHQFHWR-XVWXV/LSVLXV7KHH[SUHVVLRQ VHHPVWREHDZD\LQOLWHUDU\FLUFOHVWRSURPRWHZRPHQZULWHUVDVGRHV)UDQoRLV /H3RXOFKUHVHLJQHXUGHOD0RWWH0HVVHPpIRU0DULH/H*HQGUH,QDOFKHPLFDO FLUFOHVDFFRUGLQJWR3HQQ\%D\HU¶VHVVD\LQWKLVFROOHFWLRQ-HDQQHGX3RUW0PH GH OD 0DUWLQYLOOH DQG 4XHUFLWDQ¶V GDXJKWHU DOO HQWHU WKHLU SURIHVVLRQ LQ VLPLODU IDVKLRQ DV GRHV (OL]DEHWK -DQH:HVWRQ ZKRVH DOOLDQFH ZLWK 2VZDOG &UROO FDQ DOVR EH UHDG DOOHJRULFDOO\ ,QGHHG /LSVLXV ZLOO VSHDN RI 0DULH GH *RXUQD\ DV 0RQWDLJQH¶V VRXO ³4XDH LVWD HVW YLGH FRJQRVFH ¿OLDP 0LFKDHOLV 0RQWDQL LWD VH DSSHOODW VHG DQLPR ¿OLDP LPR DQLPDP HMXV LSVDP´ ³7KLV LV VHH DQG XQGHUVWDQGWKHGDXJKWHURI0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQHWKDWLVKRZVKHFDOOVKHUVHOI
/H3URXPHQRLUGH0RQVLHXUGH0RQWDLJQH3DUVD¿OOHG¶DOOLDQFHIURP± Oeuvres ComplètesS ³3UpIDFHFRXUWH´ ³3UpIDFHORQJXH´ Oeuvres complètes SS ³-¶D\ SULV SODLVLU j SXEOLHU HQ SOXVLHXUV OLHX[ O¶HVSHUDQFH TXH M¶D\GH0DULHGH*RXUQD\OH-DUVPD¿OOHG¶DOOLDQFH«´0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQHOeuvres ComplètesHG$OEHUW7KLEDXGHWDQG0DXULFH5DW3DULV*DOOLPDUG ,,S FThe Essays of Michel de MontaigneWUDQVDQGHG0LFKDHO$6FUHHFK/RQGRQ$OOHQ /DQH S 6HH 0DUF 6FKDFKWHU¶V FKDSWHU ³)ULHQGO\ 8VXUSDWLRQV *RXUQD\ DQG 0RQWDLJQH´ in Voluntary Servitude and the Erotics of Friendship. From Classical Antiquity to Early Modern France$OGHUVKRW8.$VKJDWH SS±S ³>-@HPHSDUHGXEHDXWLWUHGHFHVWHDOOLDQFHSXLVTXHMHQ¶D\SRLQWG¶DXWUHRUQHPHQW´ Oeuvres complètesS )RU0DULH¶VWKRXJKWVFRQFHUQLQJHOHFWLYHDI¿QLWLHVVHHKHU ³(SLVWUHVXUOHSURXPHQRLUGH0RQVLHXUGH0RQWDLJQH´Oeuvres complètesSS± 6KH PHQWLRQV WR /LSVLXV ³XQ SHWLW WUDLWp VXU O¶DOOLDQFH GH PRQ SHUH HW GH PR\´ Oeuvres complètesS (YHO\QH%HUULRW6DOYDGRUH,³0DULH/H*HQGUHHW0DULHGH*RXUQD\$ODPDQLqUH GH«´LQLe Lecteur, l’auteur et l’écrivain: Montaigne 1492, 1592, 1992, Actes du colloque international de Haïfa, Avril-Mai 19923DULV&KDPSLRQ SS±S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH+HLWVFK
EXWGDXJKWHULQVSLULWRUUDWKHUKLVVRXOLWVHOI´ ,QWKLVZD\0DULH0RQWDLJQH¶V GDXJKWHUEHFRPHVWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VGDXJKWHUWKHDOFKHPLVW $OOWKHSDVVDJHVPHQWLRQHGVWUHVVWKHWKRXJKWHQJHQGHULQJSRZHURIDPHQWRU ERWKLQSHUVRQDOFLUFXPVWDQFHVDQGRQDOLWHUDU\OHYHOLQRUGHUWRWKHQDI¿UPDQG OHJLWLPL]H WKH DFWLYH UROH RI 0DULH WKH ZRPDQ ZULWHU LQ WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI LQKHULWHGPDWHULDO,QWKHIUDPHRIWKHQRYHOODProumenoirWKHDXWKRUPHQWLRQV D IUHHÀRZLQJ H[FKDQJH ZLWK 0RQWDLJQH FRQFHUQLQJ 3OXWDUFK¶V Moralia DFFRUGLQJWRKHUVKHWROGKLPWKHVWRU\EHIRUHVKHZURWHLWGRZQWKXVDOOXGLQJWR WKHSRVVLELOLW\RIKHUPHQWRU¶VKDYLQJSODQQHGDSRVVLEOHFRPSDQLRQSLHFH7KLVLV DVWUDWHJ\WKDW0DULHGH*RXUQD\IUHTXHQWO\HPSOR\VZHNQRZWKDWE\PRXUQLQJ LQSXEOLFDJHVWXUHWKDWKDVVROLFLWHGDYDULHW\RIUHVSRQVHVVKHZULWHVKHUVHOILQWR WKHIULHQGVKLSRI/D%RpWLHDQG0RQWDLJQH6KHGRHVWKLVE\SUHVHQWLQJDTXLWH SRVVLEO\¿FWLRQDOL]HGDFWRIJLIWJLYLQJDVKDVEHHQH[SODLQHGE\-HDQ&ODXGH $UQRXOG)RUKDG0DULHUHDOO\VHQWKHUQRYHOWRKHUPHQWRUVKHZRXOGQRWKDYH PHQWLRQHGWKLVQRWKDYLQJUHFHLYHGDQDQVZHUIURPKLPLIWKHJLIWLV¿FWLWLRXV 0RQWDLJQH¶VVLOHQFHPD\EHDVLPSOHJDSLQKHUVWUDWHJ\$FFRUGLQJO\0DULHGH *RXUQD\LVFRQVFLRXVRIEHLQJLQDUDWKHUSDUDGR[LFDOVLWXDWLRQ³KDYLQJEHFRPH GDXJKWHUE\VRFLDOFRYHQDQWDQGDVWKHUHVXOWRIPDJLFDOWKLQNLQJVKHRZHVPRUH WRWKHUKHWRULFDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDQDUWL¿FLDOO\FRQFHLYHGQDWXUH>«@WKDQVKHGRHV WRWKHZRUNLQJVRIELRORJLFDOUHODWLRQV6KHLVDVSHFLDOO\FKRVHQIULHQGLQDZRUOG ZKHUHIHPDOHIULHQGVKLSZLWKPHQDSSHDUVWREHVRPHWKLQJRIDVRFLDODQRPDO\´ 7KH PDJLFDO WKLQNLQJ DOOXGHG WR E\ .ULW]PDQ LV VXJJHVWLYH RI WKH DOFKHPLFDO SURFHVVLQZKLFKWKHVWDWHRIPLQGFDQDIIHFWWKHVWDWHRIPDWWHU +RZFRQVFLRXV0DULHLVRIKDYLQJWRRYHUFRPHWKHKXUGOHRIEHLQJDZRPDQ LV QRW RQO\ HYLGHQW IURP WKH SUDFWLFDO MRNHV WKDW ZHUH SOD\HG RQ KHU DQG WKDW ZHUHUHWROGZLWKJXVWREXWRQWKHWH[WXDOOHYHOIRUH[DPSOHLQWKHODWHUUHPRYHG GLJUHVVLRQWRWKHProumenoirZKHUHVKHVD\V³9RXVVXI¿VHGRQFSDXYUHVGDPHV 5RPDLQHVTXHVL6RFUDWHVHXVWHVWpIHPPHRQQ¶HQHXVWSDVELHQSDUOpQRQSOXV /HWWHU WR 5HPDOFXV 5REHUWXV $SULO FLWHG E\ *QWHU$EHO ³-XVWH /LSVH HW 0DULH GH *RXUQD\ DXWRXU GH O¶H[HPSODLUH G¶$QYHUV GHV (VVDLV GH 0RQWDLJQH´ BHR ;;;9 ± ,Q DGGLWLRQ 0DULH XVHV WKH ZRUG ³DOOLDJH´ ZKLFK LV HYHQ FORVHU WR DOFKHPLFDO YRFDEXODU\LQRUGHUWRGHVFULEHUHODWLRQVKLSVLQKHUWUHDWLVH³4XHSDUQHFHVVLWpOHVJUDQGV HVSULWVHWOHVJHQVGHELHQFKHUFKHQWOHXUVVHPEODEOHV´7KDW*UHDW0LQGVDQG*RRG3HRSOH QHFHVVDULO\ORRNIRUWKHLU(TXDOV´ Oeuvres complètesSS ³>7@UDJLTXHV DFFLGHQV GH O¶$PRXU UHFLWH] SDU 3OXWDUTXH´ Oeuvres Complètes S ³WKHYLFLVVLWXGHVRIORYHLQ3OXWDUFK´+LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOApologyS 3KLOLSSH 'HVDQ ³7KH %RRN WKH )ULHQG WKH :RPDQ 0RQWDLJQH¶V &LUFXODU ([FKDQJHV´LQContending KingdomsHG0DULH5RVH/RJDQDQG3HWHU5XGQ\WVN\'HWURLW 0,:D\QH6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS± 0DULHGH*RXUQD\Le Proumenoir de Monsieur de Montaigne3DULV&KDPSLRQ S /DZUHQFH .ULW]PDQ ³2I $VKHV %RUQ 0RQWDLJQH¶V 6XUURJDWH 'DXJKWHU´ The Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies)DOO ±
Cats on a Windowsill
TXHGHYRXV´³0D\LWVXI¿FH\RXSRRU5RPDQODGLHVWKDWLI6RFUDWHVKDGEHHQ DZRPDQKHZRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQVSRNHQZHOORIDQ\PRUHWKDQ\RX´ ,QGHHG KHUHDVLQWKHGrief des damesVKHUHLWHUDWHV³&¶HVWXQHIHPPHTXLSDUOH´³,W¶V DZRPDQVSHDNLQJ´ WKXVDI¿UPLQJKHULGHQWLW\DVDZRPDQZULWHU7KHODWWHU WH[WDGYRFDWHVWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIZRPHQLQFRQYHUVDWLRQWKDWLVLQVRFLDOOLIH DQGOHDUQLQJ$GURLWO\WKHDXWKRUWXUQVDURXQGDQGHQULFKHVZLWKH[DPSOHVDQ DQWLQRPLFDOVWDWHPHQWE\DPDOHOLWHUDU\SUHFXUVRU&KDUOHV(VWLHQQH7KHODWWHU FODLPV LQ KLV Paradoxes ³HW V¶LO HVW YUD\ FH TXH GLFW $ULVWRWH TXH OHV SHUVRQQHVFRPSRVpHVGHFKDLUSOXVQREOHHWGpOLFDWHVRQWGHPHLOOHXUHVSULWTXHOHV DXWUHVTXLIDLFWGRXWHTXHODFKDUQXUHGHODIHPPHQHVRLWSOXVWHQGUHHWPROOHWWH TXH FHOOH GH O¶KRPPH´ ³DQG LI ZKDW$ULVWRWOH VD\V LV WUXH WKDW SHRSOH PDGH RI PRUHQREOHDQGGHOLFDWHÀHVKKDYHDEHWWHUPLQGWKDQRWKHUVZKRFDQGRXEWWKDW ZRPHQ¶VÀHVKLVVRIWHUDQGPRUHWHQGHUWKDQPHQ¶V"´ 7KLVLVDQRWKHULQVWDQFHRI KHUVWUDWHJLFDOO\WUDQVIRUPLQJPDOHSUHFXUVRUV¶YRLFHVLQWRDUJXPHQWVVXSSRUWLQJ KHURZQFDXVH0RUHRYHU0DULH0HXUGUDFHQGRIWKHthFHQWXU\±EHIRUH D IHOORZ ZULWHU DQG LQLWLDWH LQ DOFKHP\ ZLOO LQ WKH SUHIDFH WR KHU Chymie FKDULWDEOH IDFLOH HQ IDYHXU GHV GDPHV QRW RQO\ DOOXGH WR WKH GLI¿FXOWLHV WKDW ZRPHQ IDFH ZKHQ WKH\ ZDQW WR SXEOLVK WKHLU WKRXJKWV DQG VNLOOV EXW ZLOO DOVR PDLQWDLQ³TXHOHV(VSULWVQ¶RQWSRLQWGHVH[HHWTXHVLFHX[GHVIHPPHVpWDLHQW FXOWLYpV FRPPH FHX[ GHV KRPPHV HW TXH O¶RQ HPSOR\kW DXWDQW GH WHPSV HW GH GpSHQVHVjOHVLQVWUXLUHLOVSRXUUDLHQWOHVpJDOHU´³WKDWPLQGVDUHQRWJHQGHUHG DQGLIWKRVHRIZRPHQZHUHFXOWLYDWHGOLNHWKRVHRIPHQDQGLIRQHXVHGDVPXFK WLPHDQGPRQH\WRLQVWUXFWWKHPWKH\FRXOGHTXDOWKHP´ In her Egalité des hommes et des femmes 0DULH GH *RXUQD\ FULWLFL]HV WKH SDWFK\HGXFDWLRQRIZRPHQVHHLQJLQLWDQH[FOXVLYHO\VRFLRORJLFDOFDXVHIRUWKH LQMXVWLFHEHWZHHQWKHVH[HV,QVWHDGRIGHIHQGLQJZRPHQDJDLQVWPDOHDUURJDQFH VKHSURSRVHVWRUDLVHWKHPWRDOHYHORIHTXDOLW\ZLWKPHQ7KDWKHUDUJXPHQWV DUH EDVHG RQ PDOH DXWKRUV VKRXOG EH LQWHUSUHWHG LQ KHU IDYRU VLQFH WKH\ SURYH WKDWZRPHQDUHFDSDEOHRIJUDVSLQJWKHVHZULWLQJVDQGRIDGDSWLQJWKHPWRWKHLU Oeuvres Complètes S +LOOPDQ DQG 4XHVQHO Apology S )RU WKH SUDFWLFDOMRNHV,¶OORQO\PHQWLRQWKH5DFDQHSLVRGHDQGFHUWDLQDGYHQWXUHVVXUURXQGLQJ WKHFRPSRVLWLRQRIVie de la Demoiselle de Gournay6HHIRUH[DPSOH0LFKqOH)RJHO Marie de Gournay. Itinéraires d’une femme savante3DULV)D\DUG SS±DQG SS± Oeuvres ComplètesSS±DQGS+LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOPreface to the Essays of Michel de MontaigneSDQGApologySS± , KDYH GLVFXVVHG WKLV HOVHZKHUH ³)URP 'LDORJXH WR &RQYHUVDWLRQ 7KH 3ODFH RI 0DULHGH*RXUQD\´LQPrinted Voices: The Renaissance Culture of DialogueHG'RURWKHD +HLWVFKDQG-HDQ)UDQoRLV9DOOpH7RURQWR8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR3UHVV SS± &KDUOHV (VWLHQQH Paradoxes HG 7UHYRU 3HDFK *HQHYD 'UR] S ³3RXUOHVIHPPHV´'HFODPDWLRQ;;,9³4XHO¶H[FHOOHQFHGHODIHPPHHVWSOXVJUDQGH TXHFHOOHGHO¶KRPPH´ 0DULH0HXUGUDFLa Chymie charitable et facile, en faveur des Dames HG -HDQ-DFTXHV3DULV&156(GLWLRQV S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH+HLWVFK
RZQ SXUSRVHV DV LQ WKH FDVH RI 3OXWDUFK¶V Mulierum Virtutes 0DULH GHFODUHV OLNH3ODWRDQG$JULSSDEHIRUHKHUWKDWVH[XDOGLIIHUHQFHVHUYHVSURFUHDWLRQRQO\ EHFDXVHDIWHUDOOVKHH[SODLQV³WKHUHLVQRWKLQJPRUHOLNHDFDWRQDZLQGRZVLOO WKDQDIHPDOHFDW´ $X VXUSOXV O¶$QLPDOKXPDLQ Q¶HVW KRPPH Q\ IHPPH j OH ELHQ SUHQGUH OHV VH[HVHVWDQWVIDLFWVQRQVLPSOHPHQWQ\SRXUFRQVWLWXHUXQHGLIIHUDQFHG¶HVSHFHV PDLVSRXUODVHXOHSURSDJDWLRQ/¶XQLTXHIRUPHHWGLIIHUHQFHGHFpW$QLPDOQH FRQVLVWHQWTX¶HQO¶DPHUDLVRQQDEOH(WV¶LOHVWSHUPLVGHULUHHQSDVVDQWFKHPLQ OHTXROLEHWQHVHUDSDVKRUVGHVDLVRQOHTXHOQRXVDSSUHQGTX¶LOQ¶HVWULHQSOXV VHPEODEOHDXFKDWVXUXQHIHQHVWUHTXHODFKDWWH/¶KRPPHHWODIHPPHVRQW WHOOHPHQW XQV TXH VL O¶KRPPH HVW SOXV TXH OD IHPPH OD IHPPH HVW SOXV TXH O¶KRPPH/¶KRPPHIXWFUHpPDVOHHWIHPHVOHFHGLWO¶(VFULWXUHQHFRPWDQWFHV GHX[TXHSRXUXQHW-HVXV&KULVWHVWDSSHOp)LOVGHO¶KRPPHELHQTX¶LOQHOH VRLWTXHGHODIHPPHSHUIHFWLRQHQWLHUHHWFRQVXPpHGHODSUHXYHGHFHWWHXQLWp GHVGHX[VH[HV )XUWKHUWKHKXPDQDQLPDOWDNHQULJKWO\LVQHLWKHUPDQQRUZRPDQWKHVH[HV KDYLQJEHHQPDGHGRXEOHQRWVRDVWRFRQVWLWXWHDGLIIHUHQFHLQVSHFLHVEXWIRU WKHVDNHRISURSDJDWLRQDORQH7KHXQLTXHIRUPDQGGLVWLQFWLRQRIWKDWDQLPDO FRQVLVWVRQO\LQLWVUDWLRQDOVRXO$QGLILWLVSHUPLWWHGWRODXJKLQWKHFRXUVH RIRXUMRXUQH\WKHMHVWZRXOGQRWEHRXWRIVHDVRQWKDWWHDFKHVXVWKDWWKHUHLV QRWKLQJPRUHOLNHDFDWRQDZLQGRZVLOOWKDQDIHPDOHFDW0DQDQGZRPDQDUH VRWKRURXJKO\RQHWKDWLIPDQLVPRUHWKDQZRPDQZRPDQLVPRUHWKDQPDQ 0DQZDVFUHDWHGPDQ>PDOH@DQGIHPDOH±VRVD\VVFULSWXUHQRWUHFNRQLQJWKH WZRH[FHSWDVRQHDQG-HVXV&KULVWLVFDOOHG6RQRI0DQDOWKRXJKKHLVWKDWRQO\ RIZRPDQ±WKHZKROHDQGFRQVXPPDWHSHUIHFWLRQRIWKHSURRIRIWKLVXQLW\RI WKHWZRVH[HV
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
6HH VLPLODUO\ 3DWULFLD ) &KRODNLDQ ³7KH ,GHQWLW\ RI WKH 5HDGHU LQ 0DULH GH *RXUQD\¶Vµ/H3URXPHQRLUGH0RQVLHXUGH0RQWDLJQH¶>@´LQSeeking the Woman in Late Medieval and Renaissance WritingsHG6KHLOD)LVKHUDQG-DQHW(+DOOH\.QR[YLOOH 8QLYHUVLW\RI7HQQHVVHH3UHVV SS± 3ODWR Republic 9 G±H +HLQULFK &RUQHOLXV $JULSSD, De nobilitate et praecellentia foeminei sexusHG5$QWRQLROLHWDO*HQHYD'UR] SS Oeuvres ComplètesSS± +LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOApologySS± )RUDGH¿QLWLRQVHH%UXQR5R\Devinettes françaises du moyen âgeS
Cats on a Windowsill
5pDX[JUDQWHGDSHQVLRQWKHFRPSHWHQWUHDGHUZLOOUHPHPEHUWZRSDVVDJHVIURP 0RQWDLJQH¶VEssais,QWKH¿UVWWKHDXWKRUGHVFULEHVKLVIDVFLQDWLRQZLWKWKHFDW¶V YLHZSRLQWGXULQJSOD\DQREVHUYDWLRQWKDWKDVVWLPXODWHGDVHULHVRILQWHUSUHWDWLYH UHVSRQVHV0RQWDLJQHDOVRGHFODUHV³«MHGLVTXHOHVPkOHVHWIHPHOOHVVRQWMHWWH] HQPHVPHPRXOHVDXIO¶LQVWLWXWLRQHWO¶XVDJHODGLIIpUHQFHQ¶\HVWSDVJUDQGH´³, VD\WKDWPDOHDQGIHPDOHDUHFDVWLQWKHVDPHPRXOGVDYHIRUWKHHGXFDWLRQDQG FXVWRPWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHPLVQRWJUHDW´ 7KHWUHDWLVHEgalité des hommes et des femmesEHJLQVZLWKDFULWLTXHRIWKRVH SHRSOHZKRFDQQRWFRQFHLYHWKDWDJUHDWZRPDQPD\QDPHKHUVHOIDJUHDWPDQE\ VLPSO\FKDQJLQJVH[³DXWDQWHVORLJQH]G¶LPDJLQHUTX¶XQHJUDQGHIHPPHVHSHXVW GLUHJUDQGKRPPHOHVH[HVLPSOHPHQWFKDQJpTXHGHFRQVHQWLUTX¶XQKRPPHVH SHXVWHVOHYHUjO¶HVWDJHG¶XQ'LHX´³7KH\DUHDVIDUIURPLPDJLQLQJWKDWDJUHDW ZRPDQPLJKWVW\OHKHUVHOIDJUHDWPDQLIKHUVH[ZHUHVLPSO\FKDQJHGDVIURP DOORZLQJ WKDW D PDQ PD\ UDLVH KLPVHOI WR WKH OHYHO RI D JRG´ 7KH WH[W HQGV ZLWKDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJV0DULH¶VDI¿UPLQJWKHLPSRVVLELOLW\RIGHWHUPLQLQJWKH JHQGHURI*RG0RUHRYHUVLQFH*RGZDVFRQFHLYHGLQZRPDQPDQFDQQRWEH 7DOOHPDQWGHV5pDX[UHIHUVWRDGLDORJXHEHWZHHQ5LFKHOLHXDQG%RLVUREHUWGXULQJ ZKLFK0DULHGH*RXUQD\ZDVJLYHQDSHQVLRQRIHFXVKHUVHUYDQWZDVJLYHQSRXQGV DQGKHUFDW³,O\DHQFRUHPDPLH3LDLOORQ´DGMRXVWD%RLVUREHUW³F¶HVWVDFKDWWH´í³-H OXLGRQQHYLQJWOLYUHVGHSHQVLRQ´UHVSRQGLWO¶(PLQHQWLVVLPH³jFRQGLWLRQTX¶HOOHDXURLW GHVWULSSHV´±³0DLV0RQVHLJQHXUHOOHDFKDWRQQp´GLW%RLVUREHUW³/H&DUGLQDODGMRXVWD HQFRUHXQHSLVWROOHSRXUOHVFKDWWRQV´³µ7KHUHLVVWLOOP\IULHQG3LDLOORQ¶%RLVUREHUWDGGHG µ7KDW¶VKHUFDW¶µ,ZLOOJLYHKHUWZHQW\SRXQGVDVDSHQVLRQ¶UHVSRQGHGKLV0RVW(PLQHQW µRQ WKH FRQGLWLRQ WKDW VKH KDV WULSH¶ µ%XW 0RQVHLJQHXU VKH KDV JLYHQ ELUWK WR NLWWHQV¶ VDLG %RLVUREHUW 7KH &DUGLQDO DGGHG RQH SLVWROH IRU WKH NLWWHQV´ 7DOOHPDQW GHV 5pDX[ Historiettes3DULV*DOOLPDUG 9ROS ³4XDQGMHPHMRXsjPDFKDWWHTXLVoDLWVLHOOHSDVVHVRQWHPSVGHPR\SOXVTXH MH QH ID\ G¶HOOH" 1RXV QRXV HQWUHWHQRQV GH VLQJHULHV UpFLSURTXHV 6L M¶D\ PRQ KHXUH GH FRPPHQFHURXGHUHIXVHUDXVVLDHOOHODVLHQQH´0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQHOeuvres Complètes ,,SF ³:KHQ,SOD\ZLWKP\FDWKRZGR,NQRZWKDWVKHLVQRWSDVVLQJWLPHZLWK PHUDWKHUWKDQ,ZLWKKHU":HHQWHUWDLQRXUVHOYHVZLWKPXWXDOPRQNH\WULFNV,I,KDYHWLPHV ZKHQ,ZDQWWREHJLQRUWRVD\QRVRGRHVVKH´The EssaysS )RUWZRH[DPSOHV RIFULWLFDOZRUNRQWKLVWRSLF VHH 3LHUUH0LFKHO³/DFKDWWHGH0RQWDLJQH´BSIAMQR MDQYPDUV ±-DFTXHV'HUULGDL’animal que donc je suis3DULV*DOLOpH SS± 0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQHOeuvres Complètes,,,SEThe EssaysS Oeuvres ComplètesS+LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOApologyS ³4XHVLTXHOTX¶XQDXUHVWHHVWVLIDGHG¶LPDJLQHUPDVFXOLQRXIHPLQLQHQ'LHX ELHQTXHVRQQRPVHPEOHVRQQHUOHPDVFXOLQQ\FRQVHTXHPPHQWEHVRLQGXFKRL[G¶XQVH[H SOXVWRVWTXHGHO¶DXWUHSRXUKRQQRUHURXUHOHYHUO¶,QFDUQDWLRQGHVRQ)LOVFHVWX\F\PRQWUH jSOHLQMRXUTX¶LOHVWDXVVLPDXYDLV3KLORVRSKHTXH7KHRORJLHQ´Oeuvres ComplètesS ³%XWIXUWKHULIDQ\RQHLVVRGXOODVWRLPDJLQHPDVFXOLQHRUIHPLQLQHLQ*RGfor DOWKRXJK+LVQDPHPD\VHHPWRKDYHDPDVFXOLQHVRXQGWRLWLWGRHVQRWIROORZWKDWRQH VH[QHHGVWREHFKRVHQDERYHWKHRWKHUWRKRQRURUH[DOWWKHLQFDUQDWLRQRI+LV6RQVXFK DSHUVRQVKRZVLQDSODLQOLJKWWKDWKHLVMXVWDVEDGDSKLORVRSKHUDVKHLVDWKHRORJLDQ´ +LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOApologyS
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH+HLWVFK
RQDKLJKHUOHYHOWKDQVKHLV7KLVFRPSOLFDWHGHTXLOLEULXPXOWLPDWHO\OHDGVEDFN WRDFRPSRVLWHLPDJHDQGWRWKHRULJLQDOP\WKRIDKHUPDSKURGLWLFKXPDQEHLQJ ,WKDVEHHQQRWHGWKDW0DULHGH*RXUQD\PD\SUHVHQWKHUVHOIDVDQDQGURJ\QRXV hero in the Pincture des moeursEHFDXVHWKHDXWKRU¶VJHQGHUGRHVQRWVHHPWREH PHQWLRQHGLQWKLVWH[W7KRXJKLWLVFHUWDLQO\WKHFDVHWKDWVKHHQYLVDJHVDQLGHDO RIWKHZKROHKXPDQEHLQJDQGHYHQRIWKHVSLULWXDODQGLQWHOOHFWXDODQGURJ\QH WKDW LV WR VXUSDVV JHQGHUVSHFL¿F YDOXHV DQG EHKDYLRU SDWWHUQV WKHVH SHUVRQDH VKRXOGDOVREHUHDGDVUHIHUULQJWRWKHDOFKHPLFDOWUDGLWLRQDQGXOWLPDWHO\WRWKH 3ODWRQLF RQH UDWKHU WKDQ DV H[FOXVLYH VWDWHPHQWV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH DXWKRU¶V VH[XDO SUHIHUHQFHVRUKHULQWHQGLQJWRDFWXDOO\EHDQGURJ\QRXV7KHPincture de Moeurs LVWKHVHOISRUWUDLWRID\HDUROGODG\ZKRKDVPDGHDYLUWXHRIQHFHVVLW\E\QRW EHLQJDYDULFLRXVSUHIHUULQJLQVWHDGWKHJORU\RIDOLWHUDU\UHSXWDWLRQE\EHLQJRI DFXULRXVDQGRSHQPLQGDQGLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHQDWXUDOVFLHQFHVDOFKHP\ DQGE\ EHLQJDGLVLQWHUHVWHGIULHQGZKRVHFKDUDFWHUÀDZVXVXDOO\RQO\KDUPKHUVHOI7KH Apologie pour celle qui escritFRQWLQXHVWKLVWXUQRIWKRXJKWQRWEHLQJDEOHWRNHHS XSDSSHDUDQFHV0DULHGH*RXUQD\KDVORVWKHUFRQQHFWLRQVDQGQRZPXVWGHIHQG KHUVHOIDJDLQVWVODQGHU'LVLQWHUHVWHGIULHQGVKLSDVZHOODVGLVLQWHUHVWHGZULWLQJ LVWKXVQRORQJHUDQRSWLRQIRUKHU7KHApologieLVDGHIHQVHDJDLQVWVXFKFDOXPQ\ DQGGHPRQVWUDWHVDVXFFHVVIXODQGQHFHVVDU\HPDQFLSDWLRQIURPFRQYHQWLRQV ,QWKHSDVVDJHVGLVFXVVHGDERYH0DULHGH*RXUQD\UHMHFWVWKH$ULVWRWHOLDQDQG *DOHQLFQRWLRQRIZRPDQDVSDVVLYHDQGPDQDVDFWLYH+HUOLWHUDU\VHOISRUWUDLWLV echoed in the EssaisZKHUHVKHLVPHQWLRQHGLQDPXFKGLVSXWHGSDVVDJHRI³'HOD SUDHVXPSWLRQ´³2Q3UHVXPSWLRQ´,, LWPD\DOVREHVKHZKRLVGHVFULEHGLQ DVKRUWDQHFGRWHLQ³4XHOHJRXVWGHVELHQVHWGHVPDX[GHSHQGHQERQQHSDUWLHGH O¶RSLQLRQTXHQRXVHQDYRQV´³7KDWWKH7DVWHRI*RRGDQG(YLO7KLQJVGHSHQGV LQODUJHSDUWRQWKH2SLQLRQZHKDYHRIWKHP´, 7KHIRUPHUSDVVDJHSUHVHQWV 0RQWDLJQH¶VKRSHVDQGORYHIRUKHUWKHSURPLVHKHVHHVLQKHUWKHLUIULHQGVKLS DQGWKH\RXQJZRPDQ¶VJRRGMXGJPHQW7KHODWWHUSDVVDJHDFFRUGLQJWRVRPH 7LOGH 6DQNRYLWFK French Women Writers and the Book. Myths of Access and Desire6\UDFXVH1<6\UDFXVH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS±*RXUQD\³PDNHVKHU DXWRSRUWUDLW LQWR KHU P\WK DQG FRQYHUVHO\ IDVKLRQV KHU P\WK WKURXJK KHU DXWRSRUWUDLW HIIHFWLQJDFRPSOHWHFRLQFLGHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZR´S 6KHDWWHPSWVDVHOISUHVHQWDWLRQ ³DVDVROLGFOHDUO\GH¿QHG¿[HGZKROHWKDWLVDVDFUHDWXUHRIP\WKPXFKPRUHWKDQDVD FRQVWDQWO\HYROYLQJFKDQJLQJIXQGDPHQWDOO\XQJUDVSDEOHDQGÀXLGEHLQJ´S
Cats on a Windowsill
UHDGHUVFRXOGEHDUHPLQLVFHQFHRI0RQWDLJQH¶VYLVLWDWWKHFDVWOHRI*RXUQD\LQ 3LFDUGLHLQZKLOHKHZDVDWWHQGLQJWKH(VWDWHV*HQHUDODW%ORLV³4XDQGMH YHLQVGHFHVIDPHX[(VWDWVGH%ORLVM¶DYRLVYHXDXSDUDYDQWXQH¿OOHHQ3LFDUGLH SRXU WHVPRLJQHU O¶DUGHXU GH VHV SURPHVVHV HW DXVVL VD FRQVWDQFH VH GRQQHU GX SRLQoRQ TX¶HOOH SRUWRLW HQ VRQ SRLO TXDWUH RX FLQT FRXSV GDQV OH EUDV TXL OX\ IDLVRLHQWFUDTXHWWHUODSHDXHWODVDLJQRLHQWELHQHQERQHVFLHQW´³:KHQ,UHWXUQHG IURPWKRVHIDPRXV(VWDWHVRI%ORLV,KDGEHIRUHVHHQDJLUOLQ3LFDUGLHZKRWR SURYH WKH DUGRU RI KHU SURPLVHV DV ZHOO DV KHU FRQVWDQF\ VWDEEHG KHUVHOI ZLWK KHUKDLUSLQIRXURU¿YHWLPHVLQKHUDUPVRDVWREUHDNKHUVNLQDQGPDNHKHUVHOI EOHHGLQJRRGHDUQHVW´ ,ILWLVVKHZKRLVEHLQJGHVFULEHGLWLVKHUXQDEDWHG HQWKXVLDVPWKDWLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQWKLVLQFLGHQW 5HDGHUV KDYH HPSKDVL]HG WKH HDJHUQHVV ZLWK ZKLFK VKH DWWDFKHV KHUVHOI WR 0RQWDLJQHKHUVXGGHQDQGLPSHWXRXVDIIHFWLRQWKDWVKRXOGVXUSULVHXVEHFDXVHD WHPSHUDWHPRGHUDWHWH[WOLNHWKHEssaisZRXOGKDYHWKXVLQÀDPHGWKHLPDJLQDWLRQ RID\RXQJJLUOZKRZRXOGKDYHEHHQXQDEOHWRZKROO\DSSUHFLDWHLWVLQFHLWLV RQROGHUSHRSOHXVXDOO\WKDW0RQWDLJQHH[HUFLVHVKLVIXOOZLVGRP$OWKRXJKKH UHPDUNVWKHVKDUSQHVVRIKHUPLQGDQGWKH¿UHRIKHUSDVVLRQ%RQQHIRQPDLQWDLQV WKDWKHUQDWXUHLVVLQFHUHDIIHFWLRQVSRLOWE\IDOVHUKHWRULFXQÀLQFKLQJGHYRWLRQ XQUHFRJQL]DEOHEHKLQGH[DJJHUDWHGODQJXDJH3LHUUH9LOOH\VSHDNVRIKHUSRRU IUDJLOH KHDG VXIIHULQJ IURP WKH ZULWLQJ VLFNQHVV DQG VHOILPSRUWDQFH Anne DERQGDQWHHWWHOOHHQVRPPHTX¶LOQ¶\DULHQjVRXKDLWHUVLQRQTXHO¶DSSUHKHQVLRQTX¶HOOH DGHPD¿QSDUOHVFLQTXDQWHHWFLQTDQVDXVTXHOVHOOHP¶DUHQFRQWUpODWUDYDLOODVWPRLQV FUXHOOHPHQW/HMXJHPHQWTX¶HOOH¿WGHVSUHPLHUVEssaysHWIHPPHHWHQFHVLHFOHHWVL MHXQHHWVHXOHHQVRQTXDUWLHUHWODYHKHPHQFHIDPHXVHGRQWHOOHP¶D\PDHWPHGHVLUDORQJ WHPSVVXUODVHXOHHVWLPHTX¶HOOHHQSULQWGHPR\DYDQWP¶DYRLUYHXF¶HVWXQDFFLGHQWGH WUqVGLJQHFRQVLGHUDWLRQ´0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQHOeuvres Complètes,,SF ³, KDYHEHHQGHOLJKWHGWRGHFODUHLQVHYHUDOSODFHVWKHKRSHV,SXWLQP\DGRSWHGGDXJKWHU 0DULHGH*RXUQD\ZKRLVORYHGE\PHZLWKDPRUHWKDQIDWKHUO\ORYHDQGLQFOXGHGLQP\ VROLWDU\ UHWLUHPHQW DV RQH RI WKH EHWWHU SDUWV RI P\ EHLQJ 6KH LV WKH RQO\ SHUVRQ LQ WKH ZRUOG,KDYHUHJDUGIRU,I\RXWKLVDQ\RPHQKHUVRXOZLOOEHFDSDEOHRIJUHDWWKLQJVRQH GD\íDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJVRIWKDWPRVWSHUIHFWKDOORZHGORYLQJIULHQGVKLSWRZKLFKVRZH UHDG KHUVH[KDV\HWEHHQXQDEOHWRDVSLUHWKHSXULW\DQGVROLGLW\RIKHUPRUDOVDOUHDG\ VXI¿FHIRUWKLVDQGKHUORYHIRUPHLVPRUHWKDQRYHUÀRZLQJVXFKLQVKRUWDVWROHDYH QRWKLQJWRGHVLUHLIRQO\WKHGUHDGRIP\GHDWKVHHLQJWKDW,ZDV¿IW\¿YHZKHQ,¿UVWPHW KHU ZHUHWRWRUPHQWKHUOHVVFUXHOO\7KHMXGJHPHQWVKHPDGHRQP\RULJLQDOEssaysVKHD ZRPDQLQWKLVFHQWXU\VR\RXQJDQGWKHRQO\RQHWRGRVRLQKHUSDUWRIWKHFRXQWU\DVZHOO DVWKHNQRZQHQWKXVLDVPRIKHUORQJORYHIRUPHDQGKHU\HDUQLQJWRPHHWPHVLPSO\RQ WKHVWUHQJWKRIWKHHVWHHPVKHKDGIRUPHEHIRUHVKHHYHQNQHZPHDUHSDUWLFXODUVZRUWK\ RIVSHFLDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQ´The EssaysSS± 0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQHOeuvres Complètes,SF 3DXO%RQQHIRQMontaigne et ses amis9RO,,*HQHYD6ODWNLQH5HSULQWV SS 3LHUUH9LOOH\Montaigne devant la postérité3DULV%RLYLQ S³3DXYUH WrWHIUDJLOHHOOHVHJULVDGXU{OHGH¿OOHGpVROpHTXLOXLYHQDLWHQSDUWDJH´³3RRUIUDJLOHPLQG VKHZDVGUXQNZLWKWKHUROHRIWKHGLVFRQVRODWHGDXJKWHUZKLFKZDVKHULQKHULWDQFH´
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH+HLWVFK
8LOGULNVXQGHUOLQHVKHULPSXOVLYHQHVVDQGVSRQWDQHLW\DVZHOODVKHUULJLGLW\DQG LQDELOLW\WRFRQVLGHUKHURSSRQHQWV¶DUJXPHQWV0DULHLVD¿JKWHUZKRDFFRUGLQJ WR6DLQWH%HXYHEHLQJRIWRRVWURQJDSHUVRQDOLW\DQGWRRVKDUSDFKDUDFWHU¿QDOO\ EHFDPHDFDQWDQNHURXVDQGRXWPRGHGSROLFHPDQRIWKHROGVFKRRO$FFRUGLQJ WR0DULHGH*RXUQD\¶VRZQZRUGVWKHDGPLUDWLRQVKHIHOWIRUWKHEssais and their DXWKRUPDGHKHUORVHKHUKHDG $ERYHDOOVKHPHQWLRQVLQKHUVie de la Demoiselle de GournayWKDWVKHVXIIHUHGIURPVHYHUHGHSUHVVLRQDIWHUVKHKDGPLVWDNHQO\KHDUG WKDW0RQWDLJQHKDGGLHGWKXVGHSULYLQJKHURIWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIKLVFRQYHUVDWLRQ DQGVRFLHW\7KHLUPHHWLQJLQ3DULVZLOOEHDOOWKDWVKHHYHUGUHDPWRIEHFDXVH DFFRUGLQJWRKHU0RQWDLJQHRIIHUVKHUKLVIULHQGVKLSZKLFKZLOOEHFRPHWKHSRLQW RIGHSDUWXUHIRUKHUFDUHHUDQGIRUKHULQFUHDVLQJO\LQGHSHQGHQWOLIH $OFKHPLFDO,PDJHV ,QDGGLWLRQWRZKDWPD\EHQDPHG0DULHGH*RXUQD\¶VDOFKHPLFDOZULWLQJVWUDWHJ\ ZH¿QGDQXPEHURILPDJHVWKDWFRXOGEHGHVFULEHGDVVSHFL¿FDOO\DOFKHPLFDO,QWKH FDVHRIWKHQRYHOODProumenoir de Monsieur de MontaigneLQZKLFKVKHGLVFXVVHV DUUDQJHGPDUULDJHVSRZHUUHODWLRQVDQGWKHLPSRVVLELOLW\RIDODVWLQJXQLRQEDVHG
Les Idées littéraires de Mlle de Gournay*URQLQJHQ.OHLQH S Nouveaux Lundis3DULV&/pY\ 9ROSS± ³/¶DGPLUDWLRQGRQWLOVPHWUDQVVLUHQW´Oeuvres ComplètesS Oeuvres ComplètesS³7HOOHPHQWTXHVXUOD¿QGXWHUPHGHGHX[RXWURLVDQV TXLVHSDVVDHQWUHODSUHPLqUHYHXHTX¶HOOHHXVWGX/LYUHHWFHOOHGHO¶$XWKHXUD\DQWUHFHX FRPPHHOOHOX\YRXORLWpFULUHXQIDX[DGYLVTX¶LOHVWRLWPRUWHOOHHQVRXIIULWXQGpSODLVLU H[WUHPH OX\ VHPEODQW TXH WRXWH OD JORLUH OD IHOLFLWp HW O¶HVSHUDQFH G¶HQULFKLVVHPHQW GH VRQDPHHVWRLHQWIDXFKH]HQKHUEHSDUODSHUWHGHODFRQYHUVDWLRQHWGHODVRFLHWpTX¶HOOH V¶HVWRLWSURPLVHG¶XQWHOHVSULW´³6RPXFKWKDWDWWKHHQGRIWZRRUWKUHH\HDUVWKDWSDVVHG EHWZHHQWKH¿UVWJOLPSVHVKHKDGRIWKH%RRNDQGWKDWRIWKH$XWKRUKDYLQJUHFHLYHGZKHQ VKHZDQWHGWRZULWHWRKLPDIDOVHQRWHWKDWKHKDGGLHGVKHVXIIHUHGIURPH[WUHPHVDGQHVV LWVHHPHGWRKHUWKDWWKHJORU\WKHIHOLFLW\DQGWKHKRSHIRUKHUVRXO¶VHQULFKPHQWKDGEHHQ QLSSHGLQWKHEXGE\WKHORVVRIWKHFRQYHUVDWLRQDQGVRFLHW\WKDWVKHKDGSURPLVHGKHUVHOI IURPVXFKDPLQG´ Oeuvres Complètes S ³,O OD YLQW YRLU HW UHPHUFLHU GqV OH OHQGHPDLQ OX\ SUHVHQWDQW O¶DIIHFWLRQ HW O¶DOOLDQFH GH SHUH j ¿OOH FH TX¶HOOH UHFHXW DYHF WDQW SOXV G¶DSODXGLVVHPHQWGHFHTX¶HOOHDGPLUDODV\PSDWKLHIDWDOHGX*HQLHGHOX\HWG¶HOOHV¶HVWDQW GHVDSDUWSURPLVHQVRQFRHXUXQHWHOOHDOOLDQFHGHOX\GHSXLVODSUHPLHUHLQVSHFWLRQGH VRQ/LYUHHWFHODVXUODSURSRUWLRQGHOHXUVDDJHVHWO¶LQWHQWLRQGHOHXUVDPHVHWGHOHXUV PRHXUV,OVHMRXUQDKXLFWRXQHXIPRLVSDUGHojFRQWLQXDQWFHWWHJHQHUHXVHHWSKLORVRSKLTXH DPLWLp´³+HZHQWWRVHHKHUWKHQH[WGD\RIIHULQJKHUWKHDIIHFWLRQDQGNLQVKLSRIIDWKHU WRGDXJKWHUZKLFKVKHUHFHLYHGZLWKHYHQPRUHDSSURYDODVVKHPDUYHOHGDWWKHIDWHIXO V\PSDWK\ RI WKHLU WZR PLQGV KDYLQJ IRU KHU SDUW SURPLVHG KHUVHOI LQ KHU KHDUW VXFK DQ DOOLDQFHIURPKLPVLQFHKHU¿UVWUHDGLQJKLV%RRNDQGWKDWGHVSLWHWKHLUDJHGLIIHUHQFHDQG WKHLQWHQWLRQRIWKHLUVRXOVDQGPDQQHUV+HVWD\HGQLQHRUWHQGD\VWKHUHFRQWLQXLQJWKLV JHQHURXVDQGSKLORVRSKLFDOIULHQGVKLS´
Cats on a Windowsill
RQWKHSDVVLRQV0DULHJRHVVRIDUDVWRSHUIRUPDQDOFKHPLFDOZHGGLQJEHWZHHQ WZRFRUSVHVWKHLUEORRGRUWKHLUOLTXLGVDWWKHHQGRIWKHSORW³/HFRUSVWRPEDSUqV GHOD3ULQFHVVHOHVSOD\HVMRLQFWHVTXLVHPEORLHQWDPRXUHXVHPHQWV¶HQWUHVXFFHU HWFHQRXYHDXVDQJFKDXGHWERXLOODQWYRXORLUU¶DQLPHUO¶DXWUHSDUVRQLQIXVLRQ´ ³7KHERG\IHOODW$OLQGD¶VVLGHWKHZRXQGVMRLQLQJVHHPHGORYLQJO\WRZHOFRPH HDFKRWKHUDQGWKLVQHZEORRGKRWDQGVWHDPLQJVHHPHGWRZLVKWRUHDQLPDWHWKH RWKHUE\LWVLQIXVLRQ´ 7KLVPHPRUDEOHGHVFULSWLRQRIORYHEH\RQGGHDWKZLWKLWV ¿QDOIXVLRQRIWZREORRGVRDNHGFRUSVHVKDVEHHQFULWLFL]HGIRULWVEDGWDVWH\HW LWLVQRWRQO\YHU\PXFKLQWXQHZLWKWKHLPDJHVWKDWRQH¿QGVLQWKHIDVKLRQDEOH ³KLVWRLUHVWUDJLTXHV´RIWKHWLPHEXWZLWKLWWKHDXWKRUSHUIRUPVDWUDQVPXWDWLRQRI ORYHLQWRDQRSHUDWLRQUHPLQLVFHQWRIWKHPL[WXUHRIOLTXLGVLQWKHPHOWLQJSRW,Q DGGLWLRQWKHWH[WPD\DOOXGHWRWKHHQGRIHVVD\³/D)RUWXQHVHUHQFRQWUHVRXYHQW DX WUDLQ GH OD UDLVRQ´ ³)RUWXQH LV RIWHQ IRXQG LQ 5HDVRQ¶V WUDLQ´ ³«TXH OHV ERXUUHDX[FRXSHUHQWHQVHPEOHOHXUVGHX[WHVWHVODLVVDQWOHVFRUSVWRXVMRXUVSULV HQFHQREOHQHXGHWOHVSOD\HVMRLQWHVKXPDQWDPRXUHXVHPHQWOHVDQJHWOHVUHVWHV GH OD YLH O¶XQH GH O¶DXWUH´ ³«WKDW WKH H[HFXWLRQHUV FXW RII ERWK WKHLU KHDGV DW RQFH DOORZLQJ WKHLU ERGLHV WR UHPDLQ QREO\ HQWZLQHG WRJHWKHU ZRXQG DJDLQVW ZRXQGORYLQJO\VRDNLQJXSHDFKRWKHU¶VOLIHEORRG´ 0DULH GH *RXUQD\¶V ZRUN FRQWDLQV D IHZ PRUH DOFKHPLFDO LPDJHV ZRUWK DGGLQJ,QWKHBouquet de PindeZH¿QGDPRQJKHUSRHWU\VRPH/DWLQYHUVHVIURP RQWKHKHUPDSKURGLWHDVZHOODVWKHLU)UHQFKWUDQVODWLRQ +HUPDSKURGLWXV &XPPHDPHJHQLWUL[JUDYLGDJHVWDUHWLQDOYR 4XLGSDUHUHWIHUWXUFRQVXOXLVVH'HRV (VWPDV3KRHEXVDLW0DUVIRHPLQD,XQRTXHQHXWUXP &XPTXHIRUHPQDWXVKHUPDSKURGLWXVHUDP 4XDHUHQWLOHWKXP'LFLW-XQRRFFLGHWDUPLV 0DUVFUXFH3KRHEXVDTXLVVRUVUDWDFXLTXHIXLW $UERUREXPEUDWDTXDVFRQVFHQGRGHFLGLWHQVLV 4XHPWXOHUDPFDVXODERUHWLSVHVXSHU +DHVLWSHVUDPLVFDSXWLQFLGLWDPQHWXOLTXH )RHPLQDYLUQHXWUXPÀXPLQDWHODFUXFHP +HUPDSKURGLWH /RUVTX¶HQVHVLQWHVWLQVODPHUHPHSRUWD 6XUPRQVH[HLQFHUWDLQO¶2UDFOHHOOHWHQWD 3KRHEXVSURPLWXQ¿OVSRXUKHXUHXVHQRXYHOOH 0DUVSUHGLWTXHFHÀDQFFRXYDLWXQHIHPHOOH -XQRQTXHFpWHQIDQWQ¶HVWRLW¿OOHQ\¿OV +HUPDSKURGLWHDXVVLODOXPLHUHMHYLV ,Q WKH YHUVLRQV DIWHU ³LQIXVLRQ´ LV UHSODFHG E\ ³PHVODQJH´ ³PL[WXUH´ Oeuvres ComplètesS +LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOApologyS 0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQHOeuvres complètes,SEThe EssaysS6HH DOVR0DULHGH*RXUQD\Oeuvres complètesSQ$
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH+HLWVFK
6XUPDPRUWGHUHFKHIO¶2UDFOHHOOHUHFODPH -XQRQGLWTXHOHJODLYHDEUHJHURLWPDWUDPH 3KRHEXVTXHPRQWUHVSDVDX[RQGHVHVWRLWGHX /¶DGYLVGH0DUVSRUWDTXHMHVHURLVSHQGX /H&LHOHQFRUHXQFRXSDFFRPSOLWOHXUSUHVDJH &DUPRQWDQWVXUXQDUEUHDXORQJG¶XQYHUGULYDJH -HJOLVVHGHPDOKHXUPRQFKHIWUpEXFKHHQO¶HDX 0RQSLHGUHVWHVXUSULVDXIRXUFKRQG¶XQUDPHDX (WPDGDJXHHQWRPEDQWGHVDSRLQWHPHSHUFH 4XHOOHLPDJHGHYLHRXGH¿QSOXVGLYHUVH" 0DVOHIHPHOOHQHXWUHD\DQWURXOpPHVMRXUV 'DJXpSHQGXQR\pLHWHUPLQD\OHXUFRXUV :KHQP\PRWKHUZDVFDUU\LQJPHLQKHUZRPE8QFHUWDLQDERXWP\VH[VKH FRQVXOWHGWKH2UDFOH3KRHEXVSURPLVHGDVRQIRUJRRGQHZV0DUVSUHGLFWHG WKDWKHUZRPESUHSDUHGDIHPDOH-XQRWKDWWKLVFKLOGZDVQHLWKHUGDXJKWHUQRU VRQ7KXV,ZDVERUQDV+HUPDSKURGLWH2QP\GHDWKDIWHUZDUGVVKHFRQVXOWHG WKH2UDFOH-XQRVDLGWKDWWKHVZRUGZRXOGVKRUWHQP\OLIH¶VWKUHDG3KRHEXV WKDWP\GHDWKZRXOGEHGXHWRWKHZDYHV0DUVRSLQHGWKDW,ZRXOGEHKDQJHG +HDYHQRQFHPRUHDFFRPSOLVKHGWKHLUSUHGLFWLRQ)RUFOLPELQJDWUHHDORQJD JUHHQULYHU,XQIRUWXQDWHO\VOLS,WXPEOHLQWRWKHZDWHUKHDG¿UVW0\IRRWUHVWV WUDSSHGLQWKHIRUNRIDEUDQFK$QGP\GDJJHUIDOOLQJIURPLWVVKHDWKSLHUFHV PH:KDWOLIHRUHQGZRXOGEHPRUHGLYHUVH"0DOHIHPDOHQHXWHUKDYLQJOLYHG P\GD\V3LHUFHGKDQJHGGURZQHG,HQGHGWKHLUFRXUVH
7KLVSRHPLVLQWHUHVWLQJIRUDQXPEHURIUHDVRQV)RURQHWKH/DWLQWH[WZKRVH VRXUFH VHHPV WR EH XQFOHDU KDV UHFHQWO\ EHHQ WUDFHG WR &DVSDU %DXKLQ¶V De hermaphroditorum monstrosorumque partuum natura %DXKLQ ± PRFNV D SRSXODU DWWULEXWLRQ WR$QWRQLR 3DQRUPLWDQR DQG DWWULEXWHV LW LQVWHDG WR +HQULFR3XOLFH9LQFHQWLQR>(QULFR3XOLFH@RQWKHEDVLVRIKLVRZQVRXUFH$QJHOR 3ROL]LDQR ZKR KDV D *UHHN YHUVLRQ ZLWK KLV /DWLQ WUDQVODWLRQ WKDW LV FLWHG E\ %DXKLQ7KHWH[WLVDSSDUHQWO\WUDQVODWHGE\PDQ\KXPDQLVWV6HFRQGWKHSRHP LVLQWHUHVWLQJZLWKUHJDUGWR0DULH¶V)UHQFKUHQGHULQJ7KH/DWLQWH[WLVFRPSRVHG LQLDPELFKH[DPHWHUVRIWHQOLQHVWKH)UHQFKWUDQVODWLRQLVURXJKO\WZLFHDVORQJ ZLWKOLQHVLQDOH[DQGULQHVWKDWLVKHURLFYHUVHLQSDLUUK\PHZLWKDUHJXODU FKDQJH RI PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH UK\PHV WKLV LPLWDWHV WKH /DWLQ VFKHPH RI KDYLQJRQHDFFHQWHGV\OODEOHDOWHUQDWHZLWKDQXQDFFHQWHGRQH0DULH¶V)UHQFKWH[W IROORZVWKH/DWLQRULJLQDOFORVHO\WKHRQHSUREOHPEHLQJWKHUHQGHULQJRI³FUXFH´
Oeuvres ComplètesS De hermaphroditorum monstrosorumque partuum natura. ex Theologorum, Jureconsultorumque, Medicorum, Philosophorum, et Rabbinorum sententia libri duo 2SSHQKHLP *DOOHUL 'H %U\ UHSULQW RI WKH )UDQNIXUW HGLWLRQ %Y 6HH .DWKOHHQ/RQJHermaphrodites in Renaissance EuropeS %Y±%/RQJHermaphrodites± Oeuvres ComplètesSQ$
Cats on a Windowsill
DV³SHQGX´7KLUGWKHSRHPVHHPVWREHDZHOONQRZQSLHFH7KHUHLVQRWRQO\ WKH%DXKLQYHUVLRQEXW3LHUUH/H/R\HU± DQG7ULVWDQ/¶+HUPLWHFD ± ERWKZULWHDVRQQHWEDVHGRQWKH/DWLQWH[W-HDQ/R\V± FRPSRVHV³/¶(SLWDSKHG¶XQKHUPDSKURGLWHSULQVGX/DWLQ´LQOLQHVOLNH0DULH GH*RXUQD\EXWKLVYHUVLRQLVOHVVFRKHUHQWEHFDXVHKHLVOHVVDWWHQWLYHWRUK\PH VFKHPHFRQMXQFWLRQVDQGJHQHUDOÀRZ 2YLG¶V Metamorphoses ,9 ±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³UHELV´WKHUHFUHDWHGWKLQJRUWZRQDWXUHGWKLQJ7KHVH[GXDOLW\ GHVFULEHGLQWKLVEHLQJIDFLOLWDWHVWKHH[SHULHQFHRIERWKPDOHDQGIHPDOHSUHVHQWHG DV D FRPSOHWH H[SHULHQFH RI KXPDQ H[LVWHQFH :KHWKHU 0DULH PD\ DERYH DOO DSSO\WKLVWRWKHLQWHOOHFWXDOUHDOPWKDWKDVQROLPLWVVLQFHWKHZRUNRIWKHPLQG FDQEHGRQHUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHVH[RIWKHZRUNHULVDQRSHQTXHVWLRQWKDWDOUHDG\ SUHRFFXSLHGKHUFRQWHPSRUDULHV $QRWKHU H[DPSOH RI DOFKHPLFDO LPDJHU\ IRXQG DPRQJ 0DULH GH *RXUQD\¶V ZRUNV LV WKH ZLWW\ SRHP ³6XU TXHOTXH EDLQ GX 5R\´ ³2Q 2QH RI WKH .LQJ¶V %DWKV´ /¶+LVWRLUHGLWTX¶XQJUDQW0LORUG$QJORLV )XWFRQGDPQpSDUOHVVHYHUHVORL[ 3DUFHTX¶LO¿WXQHWUDPHIHORQQH &RQWUHVRQ5R\SRXUUDYLUOD&RXURQQH /HFKRL[GHPRUWFHERQ3ULQFHRFWUR\D 'DQVOHYLQ*UHFOHJDODQGVHQR\D 4XHVLMDPDLVHQODVRWWHHQWUHSULVH 'HFpW$QJORLVMHSXLVHVWUHVXUSULVH 6LPRQGHVVHLQVXUOH7KURVQHHQWUHSUHQG 'H6DLQFW/RX\VHWGH&KDUOHVOH*UDQG -HQHPRXUUD\FRPPHFHORXUG\YURQJQH &DWKDULQH5DQGDOO&RDWVSURSRVHVWKDW³FURL[´DQG³JLEHW´DUHUHDOO\V\QRQ\PVLQ WKLVFRQWH[W³$6XUSOXVRI6LJQL¿FDQFH+HUPDSKURGLWHVLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ)UDQFH´French Forum ±S DQG.DWKOHHQ/RQJSURSRVHVFUXFL¿[LRQRUGHDWKDWWKH FURVVHermaphroditesS $OOSRHPVFDQEHIRXQGLQ$QGUp%ODQFKDUGLa poésie baroque et précieuse (1550– 1650)3DULV6HJKHUV SS6HHDOVR./RQJHermaphroditesS -HDQ3DVFDO3HUFKHURQLe livre d’Or de l’alchimie9LOOHVHOYH5DPXHO DQG /\QG\$EUDKDPA Dictionary of Alchemical Imagery&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 6HH0LFKHO)RJHOMarie de GournaySS±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH+HLWVFK
'DQVOHYLQ*UHFPRLQVÀDPEDQWTXHVDWURQJQH 0DLVVLOHFKRLVGXVXSSOLFHHVWjPR\ -HYHX[SHULUGDQVO¶HDXGHVEDLQVGX5R\ 7KHVWRU\WHOOVWKDWDJUHDW(QJOLVK/RUG:DVFRQGHPQHGE\VWULFWODZV%HFDXVH KHZRYHDWUHDFKHURXVSORW$JDLQVWKLV.LQJLQRUGHUWRUDYLVKWKH&URZQ7KH FKRLFHRIGHDWKWKHJRRG.LQJLPSRVHG,Q*UHHNZLQHWKHVFRXQGUHOGURZQHG ,IHYHU,DPLQVXFKDVWXSLGHQWHUSULVH6XUSULVHGDVZDVWKLV(QJOLVKPDQ,IP\ GHVLJQVWXUQWRWKH7KURQH2I6DLQW/RXLVDQG&KDUOHVWKH*UHDW,ZLOOQRWGLH OLNHWKDWFOXPV\GUXQNDUG,Q*UHHNZLQHOHVVEXUQLQJWKDQKLVIDFH%XWLI,DP WRFKRRVHWKHSXQLVKPHQW,ZDQWWRSHULVKLQWKHZDWHUVRIWKH.LQJ¶VEDWK
0DULHPD\EHUHWHOOLQJDQDQHFGRWHIRXQGLQ3KLOLSSHGH&RPPLQHV¶Mémoires, DQGLQ)UDQoRLV5DEHODLV¶Quart livreRUVKHPD\VLPSO\HQGHDYRUWRVHHNUR\DO SDWURQDJH7KHNLQJ¶VEDWKDWWKHVDPHWLPHPD\UHIHUWRDQDOFKHPLFDORSHUDWLRQ WRZKLFKSKLORVRSKLFDOPHUFXU\VRPHWLPHVFDOOHGPRRQRIWKHZLVHLVVXEPLWWHG ZKHQLWDVVXPHVLWV¿QDOFRORULQWKHFRXUVHRILWVWUDQVPXWDWLRQ3OD\LQJRQWKH HPRWLRQVLQYROYHGLQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQSRHWDQGSDWURQ0DULHGH*RXUQD\ KHUH DOFKHPLFDOO\ WUDQVIRUPV WKH VXEVHUYLHQW JHVWXUH LQWR D ODXJK +HU UHELUWK DVSKRHQL[WKDWLVFRXUWSRHWLVLPSOLHG,QDGGLWLRQ0DULH0HXUGUDFH[SODLQV WKDWDPRQJWKHWKUHHNLQGVRIGLVWLOODWLRQWKHFK\PLVWFDQSHUIRUPRQHLVFDOOHG GLVWLOODWLRQper ascensum³>HOOH@VHIDLWHQSOXVLHXUVPDQLqUHVVHORQODFKRVHTXH O¶RQ YHXW GLVWLOOHU 6L F¶HVW (VSULW GH YLQ HOOH GRLW VH IDLUH DX %DLQ´ ³LW FDQ EH GRQHLQVHYHUDOZD\VDFFRUGLQJWRWKHWKLQJZKLFKRQHZDQWVWRGLVWLOO,ILWLVWKH 6SLULWRIZLQHLWPXVWEHGRQHLQDEDWK´ :LWKDYLHZWRWKLVSDVVDJHZHPLJKW LPDJLQH0DULHGH*RXUQD\UH¿QHGDQGGLVWLOOHGWKURXJKWKHZLQHEDWKXQOLNHWKH VFRXQGUHOLQWKHSRHPZKRVLPSO\VLQNVWRWKHERWWRPRIWKHFDXOGURQ 7R DI¿UP 0DULH GH *RXUQD\¶V IDVFLQDWLRQ ZLWK DOFKHP\ DOVR OHDGV WR UHLQWHUSUHWLQJ KHU UHIHUHQFH WR WKH FDWV RQ D ZLQGRZVLOO 2Q WKH RQH KDQG WKLV LPDJH PD\ UHIHU WR WKH FRPSOHPHQWDU\ QDWXUH RI WKH WZR VH[HV DQ LGHDO WKDW XOWLPDWHO\GHULYHVIURPWKH3ODWRQLFWUDGLWLRQ2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKLVXQLRQPD\ WRXFKRQWKHFKHPLFDOZHGGLQJDPL[WXUHRIPDWHULDOVLQWKHPHOWLQJSRWUHQGHUHG SRSXODULQWKHRosarium philosophorum &KHPLFDOQXSWLDOVDUHGH¿QHG E\WKHDOOHJRULFDOPDUULDJHRIPDQDQGZLIHNLQJDQGTXHHQVXOSKXUDQGPHUFXU\ LQWKH¿UH7KHXOWLPDWHPDUULDJHLVWKDWRI$GDPDQG(YHLQKHUPHWLFV\PEROLVP WKH\UHSUHVHQWVXOSKXUVDOWDQGSKLORVRSKLFDOPHUFXU\$GDPLQWKHEHJLQQLQJ
Oeuvres ComplètesS )UDQoRLV 5DEHODLV Quart livre HG 0LUHLOOH +XFKRQ 3DULV *DOOLPDUG S ³«FHOOX\ PLORXUW$QJORLV DXTXHO HVWDQW IDLFW FRPPHQGHPHQW SRXU OHV FULPHV GHV TXOH]HVWRLWFRQYDLQFXGHPRXULUjVRQDUELWUDLJHHVOHXWPRXULUQD\pGHGDQVXQWRQQHDX GH0DOYHVLH´³«WKDW(QJOLVKORUGWRZKRPLWZDVFRPPDQGHGWKDWKHVKRXOGFKRRVHKLV PDQQHURIGHDWKIRUWKHFULPHVIRUZKLFKKHZDVFRQGHPQHGHOHFWHGWRGLHE\GURZQLQJLQ DEDUUHORI0DOYDVLD´±6KDNHVSHDUHIDQVPLJKWFKRRVHWRWUDQVODWHWKLVDV³0DOPVH\´í6HH DOVROeuvres ComplètesSQ% 0DULH0HXUGUDFLa Chymie charitableS .DWKOHHQ/RQJHermaphroditesSS±
Cats on a Windowsill
LVWKHRQO\DQGURJ\QRXVEHLQJWKDWSRVVHVVHVPDOHDQGIHPDOHTXDOLWLHV*RGWKHQ WDNHVKLVIHPLQLQHLGHQWLW\DQGVHSDUDWHVVXOSKXUIURPPHUFXU\7KLVDQGURJ\QH FRQVLVWLQJ RI $GDP DQG (YH LV UHSUHVHQWHG LQ WKH DOFKHPLFDO V\PERO RI WKH ³UHELV´ZKLFKGHSLFWVKDUPRQ\DQGSHUIHFWLRQDVLWLVDFKLHYHGLQWKHFRPSOHWHG DOFKHPLFDOZRUNDQGZKLFKHFKRHVWKHRULJLQDU\KHUPDSKURGLWLFGHLW\RIKHUPHWLF ORUH7KHDQGURJ\QRXV³UHELV´DVZHOODVDQGURJ\QRXV$GDPUHSUHVHQWWKHVWRQH ±WKHXOWLPDWHJRDORIWKHDOFKHPLVW 6XFKDFKHPLFDOZHGGLQJLVSHUIRUPHGWKURXJKWKHQRWLRQRI³¿OOHG¶DOOLDQFH´ DQDOOLDQFHSRVVLEO\VHDOHGWKURXJKDIHZGURSVRIEORRGPHQWLRQHGLQ0RQWDLJQH¶V HVVD\,DQGWKURXJKWKHWH[WRIWKHEssaisWKDW0DULHFRQVLGHUVDVWRXFKVWRQH IRUMXGJLQJRWKHUVDQGWKDWVKHGHVFULEHVDVIROORZV ,OVHSHXWHQ¿QQRPPHUODTXLQWHVVHQFHGHODYUD\H3KLORVRSKLHOHWKU{QHMXGLFLDO GHODUDLVRQO¶KHOOHERUHGHODIROLHOHKRUVGHSDJHGHVHVSULWVHWODUHVXUUHFWLRQ GHODYHULWpPRUDOHHWKXPDLQHF¶HVWjGLUHODSOXVXWLOHHWVHXOHDFFHVVLEOHMH ODLVVHWRXVMRXUVjSDUWFHOOHTXH'LHXQRXVFRPPXQLTXHSDUOHGRQGHO¶(YDQJLOH HWGHVDJUDFHSDWHUQHOOH ,W¿QDOO\FDQEHFDOOHGWKHTXLQWHVVHQFHRIWUXH3KLORVRSK\WKHMXGLFLDOWKURQHRI UHDVRQWKHKHOOHERUHRIIROO\WKHFRPSHQVDWLRQRIWKHLQWHOOHFWWKHUHVXUUHFWLRQ RI PRUDO DQG KXPDQ WUXWK WKDW LV WKH PRVW XVHIXO DQG RQO\ DFFHVVLEOH WUXWK DOZD\VOHDYLQJDVLGHWKHRQHWKDW*RGJLYHVXVWKURXJKWKHJLIWRIJRVSHODQGE\ KLVSDWHUQDOJUDFH
5HDGLQJWKHEssaisRI0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQHEULQJVDERXWUHELUWKRUUHQHZDORQ D KLJKHU OHYHO RI H[LVWHQFH LQ WKH FRPSHWHQW UHDGHU LQ SUHFLVHO\ VXFK D PLQG FKDQJLQJH[SHULHQFHDVKDSSHQHGWR0DULHGH*RXUQD\ &RQFOXVLRQ 0DULHGH*RXUQD\LVGUDZQWRDOFKHP\WKURXJKKHUVRFLDOFRQQH[LRQVWKURXJKKHU FXULRXVPLQGDQGWKURXJKWKHRSSRUWXQLW\LWJLYHVKHUWRWUDQVPXWH0RQWDLJQH¶V SHUVRQDDQG³PDJQXPRSXV´IRUKHURZQEHQH¿W+HUWLUHOHVVHIIRUWVDVDQHGLWRU RI0RQWDLJQH¶VEssaisUHFHLYHUR\DOUHFRJQLWLRQLQDQGDUHFURZQHGVRWR VSHDNLQWKHUHFHQW3OpLDGHHGLWLRQ 0DULHEXUVWVRQWRWKHOLWHUDU\VFHQHDVWKH )RUDPRUHSUHFLVHDQDO\VLVRIWKHQRWLRQRIµUHELV¶VHH:DOWHU3DJHO³7KH(LJKWQHVV RI$GDPDQG5HODWHGµ*QRVWLF¶,GHDVLQWKH3DUDFHOVLDQ&RUSXV´Religion and Neoplatonism in Renaissance Medicine /RQGRQ9DULRUXP5HSULQWV SS±S ³/HV (VVDLV P¶RQW WRXVMRXUV VHUY\ GH WRXFKH SRXU HVSURXYHU OHV HVSULWV´ Oeuvres complètesS +LOOPDQDQG4XHVQHOPreface to the Essays of Michel de MontaigneS Oeuvres complètesSS± )RUWKHHYHQWVVXUURXQGLQJWKHUR\DOSULYLOHJHJUDQWHGLQVHH0LFKqOH)RJHO Marie de GournaySS±)RUWKHFKRLFHRIWKHHGLWLRQRYHUVHHQE\0DULHGH *RXUQD\UDWKHUWKDQWKH%RUGHDX[FRS\DVWKHWH[WIRUWKHQHZ3OpLDGHHGLWLRQVHH0LFKHO GH0RQWDLJQHLes EssaisHG-HDQ%DOVDPRHWDO3DULV*DOOLPDUG
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH+HLWVFK
³¿OOHG¶DOOLDQFH´ZKRSXEOLVKHVDORYHVWRU\ZKLFKLQLWVWXUQZLOOEHDOFKHPLFDOO\ WUDQVIRUPHGLQWRGLVFRXUVHVRQHTXDOLW\RQWKHHGXFDWLRQRISULQFHVDQGLQWRSRHWU\ 3UDFWLFDODQGHYHQPRUHVRSKLORVRSKLFDODOFKHP\WKXVPRGLI\0DULH¶VQRWLRQRI WKHVHOI:KLOHPXFKRIDOFKHP\HFKRHVWKH$ULVWRWHOLDQDQG*DOHQLFQRWLRQVRI PDQDVDFWLYHDQGZRPDQDVSDVVLYHRWKHUDVSHFWVRIWKHDUWSUREOHPDWL]HWKLV QHDWGLYLVLRQ0DULHGH*RXUQD\¶VXVHRIDOFKHP\LVQRWPHUHO\DQDFFHSWDQFHRI JHQGHUUROHVLQZULWLQJEXWDUHGH¿QLWLRQRIWKRVHUROHVLQPXFKPRUHFRPSOH[DQG OHVVGLVWLQFWWHUPV$VVKHVHHVIRUH[DPSOHWHDFKLQJIULHQGVKLSíDQGHYHQVRFLDO UHODWLRQVíDVDOFKHPLFDOSURFHVVHVDOFKHP\KHOSVKHUWRIRUPKHUOLWHUDU\VW\OH DVZHOODVKHUSHUVRQDOLW\,QZULWLQJDJDLQVWWKHWKHRULHVRIUDGLFDOLPSHUIHFWLRQ WKDWUHJDUGZRPHQDVXQ¿QLVKHGPDOHVDOFKHPLFDOLPDJHVDQGWHUPVMXVWLI\DQG OHJLWLPL]HKHUOLWHUDU\HQGHDYRU
&KDSWHU
:KLWKHU&KLOGEHDULQJ *HQGHU6WDWXVDQGWKH3URIHVVLRQDOL]DWLRQ RI0HGLFLQHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ)UDQFH %ULGJHWWH6KHULGDQ
,QWURGXFWLRQ %HIRUH WKH VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ OLFHQVHG PLGZLYHV DQG VXUJHRQV LQ 3DULV WUDGLWLRQDOO\ OHDUQHG WKHLU WUDGH E\ ZRUNLQJ ZLWK DQ H[SHULHQFHG SUDFWLWLRQHU² HLWKHUWKURXJKIRUPDORULQIRUPDODSSUHQWLFHVKLSV,QWKLVWUDLQLQJWKH\IRFXVHG SULPDULO\ RQ SUDFWLFH²IRU H[DPSOH GHOLYHULQJ D FKLOG DQG WUHDWLQJ H[WHUQDO DLOPHQWV RI WKH ERG\²UDWKHU WKDQ RQ PHGLFDO WKHRU\ 'XULQJ WKH VL[WHHQWK DQG VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXULHVDLGHGE\WKHJURZLQJSXEOLVKLQJLQGXVWU\VRPHPLGZLYHV DQGVXUJHRQV²HVSHFLDOO\WKRVHZKRVHUYHGWKHUR\DOFRXUWDQGWKHHOLWHLQ3DULV² ZHUHLQWURGXFHGWRPHGLFDOWKHRU\WKURXJKERRNV%\LQFRUSRUDWLQJWKLVWKHRU\LQWR WKHLUSUDFWLFHVDQGLQVRPHFDVHVLQWRWKHLURZQPHGLFDOZULWLQJVVXUJHRQVDQG PLGZLYHVZHUHDEOHWRFKDOOHQJHWKHQRWLRQWKDWSK\VLFLDQVZHUHWKHRQO\³OHDUQHG SUDFWLWLRQHUV´3K\VLFLDQVIRXJKWWRPDLQWDLQWKHLUVWDWXVE\GLIIHUHQWLDWLQJWKHLU NQRZOHGJH DQG SUDFWLFHV IURP DOO RWKHU SUDFWLWLRQHUV LQFOXGLQJ PLGZLYHV DQG VXUJHRQV3K\VLFLDQVDOVRSOD\HGDUROHLQVXUJHRQV¶DQGPLGZLYHV¶FHUWL¿FDWLRQ
,SUHVHQWHGDQHDUOLHUYHUVLRQRIWKLVDUWLFOHDWWKH5HQDLVVDQFH6RFLHW\RI$PHULFD¶V $QQXDO&RQIHUHQFHLQ&DPEULGJH(QJODQG$SULO ZKHUH,UHFHLYHGVHYHUDOFRPPHQWV DQGTXHVWLRQVWKDWKHOSHGPHZLWKUHYLVLRQV,WKDQNP\IHOORZSDQHOLVW(OLVDEHWK:HQJOHU IRUKHUFDUHIXOUHDGLQJDQGVXJJHVWLRQV&RPPHQWVIURPRXU&KDLU(OLVD5KRGHVZHUHDOVR XVHIXO,QDGGLWLRQ,PXVWWKDQN0DUD$PVWHU&KULVWLQH&RRSHUDQG&\QWKLD.OHVWLQHFDOO RIZKRPKDYHJLYHQPHH[WHQVLYHIHHGEDFN6WHSKDQLH2¶+DUDWUDQVODWRUH[WUDRUGLQDLUH DOORZHGPHWRFLWHKHUIRUWKFRPLQJWUDQVODWLRQRI%RXUJHRLV¶PDQXDO+HUWUDQVODWLRQVDV ZHOODVGLVFXVVLRQVZLWKKHUDERXW%RXUJHRLVKDYHEHHQLQYDOXDEOH-DPD/D]HURZUHDGD ¿QDOGUDIWRIWKHDUWLFOHDQGUDLVHGVHYHUDOKHOSIXOKLVWRULFDOTXHVWLRQVLQDGGLWLRQWROHQGLQJ PHKLVHGLWRULDOH\H)LQDOO\,DPJUDWHIXODVDOZD\VWR0DUJHU\$GDPVIRUKHUHGLWRULDO DVVLVWDQFHDQGKHULQVLJKWV ,QKLVGLVFXVVLRQRIWKH³PHGLFDOPDUNHWSODFH´5RJHU)UHQFKVWDWHV³7KHXQLYHUVLW\ GRFWRUVFODLPHGWKDWRQO\WKHLUOLFHQFHZDVFRPSOHWHVLQFHLWDORQHH[WHQGHGWRWKHJLYLQJ RILQWHUQDOPHGLFLQHVDQGVLQFHWKH\FODLPHGWKDWWKHLURZQNQRZOHGJHVXEVXPHGWKDWRI WKHYDULRXVNLQGVRISUDFWLFHWKH\FODLPHGFRQWUROWRRRYHUWKHVHRWKHUPHGLFDOWUDGHV´ 5RJHU)UHQFKMedicine Before Science: The Business of Medicine from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S3K\VLFLDQV QRW RQO\ KDG WR GLVWLQJXLVK WKHPVHOYHV IURP OLFHQVHG SUDFWLWLRQHUV EXW WKH\ DOVR KDG WR
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6KHULGDQ
LQSDUWDVDPHDQVWRPDLQWDLQWKHLURZQVWDWXVDVWKHRQO\³OHJLWLPDWH´SUDFWLWLRQHUV RIPHGLFLQH,QWKHPLGVWRIFRPSHWLWLRQIRUVWDWXVLQWKHPHGLFDOFRPPXQLW\FDUH IRUZRPHQ²HVSHFLDOO\GXULQJSUHJQDQF\DQGFKLOGELUWK²EHFDPHWHUULWRU\RYHU ZKLFKVRPHPLGZLYHVVXUJHRQVDQGSK\VLFLDQVEDWWOHG 6FKRODUVKDYHZULWWHQH[WHQVLYHO\RQWKHG\QDPLFVRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ SK\VLFLDQVVXUJHRQVDQGPLGZLYHVLQHDUO\PRGHUQ(XURSH,QWKLVHVVD\,IRFXV VKRZ WKH ZD\V LQ ZKLFK WKH\ ZHUH VXSHULRU WR SRSXODU XQOLFHQVHG SUDFWLWLRQHUV VXFK DV PRQNV ZLVH ZRPHQ DQG KHUEDOLVWV 6HH 6XVDQ %URRPKDOO Women’s Medical Work in Early Modern France 0DQFKHVWHU0DQFKHVWHU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS±± 5RJHU)UHQFKMedicine Before Science, SS±$OLVRQ.ODLUPRQW/LQJR³(PSLULFV DQG&KDUODWDQVLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ)UDQFH7KH*HQHVLVRIWKH&ODVVL¿FDWLRQRIWKHµ2WKHU¶ LQ 0HGLFDO 3UDFWLFH´ Journal of Social History ± :HQG\ 3HUNLQV Midwifery and Medicine in Early Modern France: Louise Bourgeois([HWHU8QLYHUVLW\RI ([HWHU3UHVV ,S +LVWRULDQV-DFTXHV*pOLVDQG0LUHLOOH/DJHWGRPLQDWHWKHOLWHUDWXUHZULWWHQRQWKH )UHQFK FDVH 6HH IRU H[DPSOH -DFTXHV *pOLV 0LUHLOOH /DJHW DQG 0DULH)UDQFH 0RUHO Entrer dans la vie 3DULV*DOOLPDUG -DFTXHV*pOLVL’arbre et le Fruit. La naissance dans l’occident moderne, XVIe—XIXe siècles 3DULV)D\DUG 7UDQVLQWR(QJOLVK History of Childbirth: Fertility, Pregnancy, and Birth in Early Modern Europe, WUDQV 5RVHPDU\0RUULV%RVWRQ1RUWKHDVWHUQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV -DFTXHV*pOLV, La sagefemme ou le médecin: Une nouvelle conception de la vie3DULV)D\DUG 0LUHLOOH /DJHW ³&KLOGELUWK LQ 6HYHQWHHQWK DQG (LJKWHHQWK&HQWXU\ )UDQFH 2EVWHWULFDO 3UDFWLFH DQG&ROOHFWLYH$WWLWXGHV´LQMedicine and Society in France: Selections from the Annales: E.S.C.HG5)RUVWHUDQG25DQXP%DOWLPRUH-RKQV+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS±0LUHLOOH/DJHWNaissances: L’accouchement avant l’âge de la clinique3DULV (GGX6HXLO /DJHW¶VZRUNKDVFOHDUO\VKDSHGWKH¿HOGDVDUHODWLYHO\UHFHQWFROOHFWLRQ RIHVVD\VE\)UHQFKVFKRODUVWKDWZDVSXEOLVKHGLQKHUPHPRU\LQGLFDWHV6HHNaissance, enfance et éducation dans la France Méridionale du XVIe au XXe siècles: Hommage à Mireille Laget, HG 5RODQG $QGUpDQL +HQUL 0LFKHO DQG (OLH 3pODTXLHU 0RQWSHOOLHU 8QLYHUVLWp3DXO9DOpU\0RQWSHOOLHU,,, )RUDPRUHUHFHQWDGGLWLRQWRWKHOLWHUDWXUH RQ)UDQFHVHH/LDQQH0F7DYLVKChildbirth and the Display of Authority in Early Modern France $OGHUVKRW8.$VKJDWH )RUDQHDUO\H[DPSOHRIDJHQHUDOYLHZRQWKH VXEMHFWVHH-HDQ'RQQLVRQMidwives and Medical Men: A History of Inter-professional Rivalries and Women’s Rights 1HZ
Whither Childbearing
RQ WKUHH VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ 3DULVLDQ SUDFWLWLRQHUV¶ OLYHV DQG ZRUNV LQ RUGHU WR H[HPSOLI\ KRZ WKLV VWUXJJOH SOD\HG LWVHOI RXW LQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ 3DULV 7KH WKUHH SUDFWLWLRQHUV DOO RI ZKRP VHUYHG WKH UR\DO FRXUW LQFOXGH WKH VXUJHRQ -DFTXHV *XLOOHPHDX ± WKH PLGZLIH /RXLVH %RXUJHRLV ± DQG WKH VXUJHRQ DQG JUDGXDWH SK\VLFLDQ &KDUOHV *XLOOHPHDX ± -DFTXHV *XLOOHPHDX¶V VRQ %RWK /RXLVH %RXUJHRLV DQG -DFTXHV *XLOOHPHDX SXEOLVKHG ELUWKLQJPDQXDOVLQDQGZHUHLPSRUWDQWFRQWULEXWRUVWRDJURZLQJJHQUHRI SXEOLVKHGWH[WVWKDWIRFXVHGRQSUHJQDQF\DQGFKLOGELUWK-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDX¶V VRQ&KDUOHVSXEOLVKHG²DORQJZLWKVXUJLFDOWUHDWLVHV²WZRSROHPLFDOWUHDWLVHVWKDW IRFXVHGRQWKHLQFRPSHWHQFHRIPLGZLYHV2QHRIWKHVHZDVDLPHGVSHFL¿FDOO\ DW/RXLVH%RXUJHRLV0\DQDO\VLVVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHUHZDVSURPLVHIRUWKHVHWKUHH SUDFWLWLRQHUVWREHDFFHSWHGLQWR²LIQRWDVFROOHDJXHVDWOHDVWDVMXQLRUPHPEHUV² WKHOHDUQHGPHGLFDOFRPPXQLW\ZKLFKFRQVLVWHGRIXQLYHUVLW\WUDLQHGSK\VLFLDQV $OO WKUHH ZHUH HOLWH SUDFWLWLRQHUV VHUYLQJ WKH PRVW H[FOXVLYH SRSXODWLRQ²WKH DULVWRFUDF\ DQG WKH KDXWH ERXUJHRLVLH²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
2QWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIYHUQDFXODUWH[WVRQZRPHQWRWKHFKDQJHV LQZRPHQ¶VKHDOWKFDUHLQVL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UDQFHVHH%URRPKDOOSS ±$OLVRQ .ODLUPRQW /LQJR ³3ULQW¶V 5ROH LQ WKH 3ROLWLFV RI :RPHQ¶V +HDOWK &DUH LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ)UDQFH´LQCulture and Identity in Early Modern Europe (1500±1800): Essays in Honor of Natalie Zemon DavisHGE\%DUEDUD'LHIHQGRUIDQG&DUOD+HVVH$QQ $UERU8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ3UHVV SS± +HUH , DP LQÀXHQFHG E\ WKH QRWLRQ RI (GRDUGR *UHQGL¶V ³H[FHSWLRQDO QRUPDO´ LQKLVWRU\ZKHQ,DUJXHWKDWDQH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHVHH[FHSWLRQDOSUDFWLWLRQHUV¶OLYHVDQG ZRUNVSURYLGHVDEURDGHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHG\QDPLFVRISURIHVVLRQDOL]DWLRQLQPHGLFLQH LQ WKH HDUO\ PRGHUQ SHULRG 3DXOD )LQGOHQ GHVFULEHV LW DV IROORZV ³7KH ,WDOLDQ VRFLDO KLVWRULDQ(GRDUGR*UHQGLIDPRXVO\GHVFULEHGPLFURKLVWRU\DVWKHVHDUFKIRUWKH³QRUPDO H[FHSWLRQ´²WKHNLQGRIXQLTXHGRFXPHQWDWLRQWKDWJLYHVXVDSULYLOHJHGYLHZSRLQWIURP ZKLFKWRH[DPLQHDVSHFWVRIVRFLHW\WKDWDUHQRWLQIDFWH[WUDRUGLQDU\EXWVKHGOLJKWRQ ZLGHVSUHDGVRFLDOSUDFWLFHVDQGFXOWXUDOEHOLHIV\VWHPV´3DXOD)LQGOHQ³7ZR&XOWXUHVRI 6FKRODUVKLS"´Isis SS±,GLVFRYHUHGWKLVFRQFHSWLQ&DWK\0F&OLYH¶V ZRUN RQ HDUO\ PRGHUQ FKLOGELUWK 0F&OLYH DUJXHV WKDW E\ H[DPLQLQJ DQ ³H[FHSWLRQDO´ )UHQFKOHJDOFDVHIURPFRQFHUQLQJWKHGLI¿FXOWLHVLQGLDJQRVLQJZKHWKHUDZRPDQ ZKRZDVVHQWHQFHGWREHH[HFXWHGZDVSUHJQDQWRQHFDQEHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGWKHHYHU\GD\ DQ[LHWLHV DQG DPELJXLWLHV WKDW VXUURXQGHG WKH SURFHVV RI FKLOGELUWK LQ WKH HDUO\ PRGHUQ SHULRG 6HH &DWK\ 0F&OLYH ³7KH +LGGHQ 7UXWKV RI WKH %HOO\ 7KH 8QFHUWDLQWLHV RI 3UHJQDQF\LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ(XURSH´The Society for the Social History of Medicine
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6KHULGDQ
)XUWKHULWVXJJHVWVWKHZD\VLQZKLFKLGHDVDERXWJHQGHURUQRUPVFRQFHUQLQJ PDVFXOLQLW\DQGIHPLQLQLW\SOD\HGDSLYRWDOUROHLQHQVXULQJPLGZLYHV¶PDUJLQDO VWDWXVLQPHGLFLQHDQGLQGH¿QLQJZKRZRXOGKDYHXOWLPDWHDXWKRULW\²PLGZLYHV VXUJHRQV RU SK\VLFLDQV²RYHU FDUH IRU ZRPHQ , DGGUHVV WKHVH LPSOLFDWLRQV EULHÀ\LQWKHFRQFOXVLRQ,EHJLQE\SURYLGLQJDEULHIEDFNJURXQGRQWKHVWDWHRI PLGZLIHU\VXUJHU\DQGPHGLFLQHLQHDUO\PRGHUQ)UDQFH 3URIHVVLRQDO'HYHORSPHQWVLQ0LGZLIHU\DQG6XUJHU\LQ3DULV %HIRUH WKH VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ WKH ULWXDOV DQG HYHQWV VXUURXQGLQJ SUHJQDQF\ DQGFKLOGELUWKZHUHDIHPDOHGRPDLQ0HQ²HYHQPHGLFDOSUDFWLWLRQHUVSULHVWV DQG KXVEDQGV²UDUHO\ DGYLVHG ZRPHQ RQ SUHQDWDO FDUH DQG ZHUH RQO\ DOORZHG LQWRWKHELUWKLQJURRPXQGHUXQXVXDOFLUFXPVWDQFHV,WZDVRYHUWKHFRXUVHRIWKH VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\WKDWSK\VLFLDQVDQGVXUJHRQVERWKSURIHVVLRQVWKDWZHUHZLWK IHZ H[FHSWLRQV OLPLWHG WR PHQ LQÀXHQFHG E\ VFLHQWL¿F GLVFRYHULHV EDVHG RQ HPSLULFDOHYLGHQFHEHJDQWRFKDOOHQJHDQFLHQWPHGLFDOWKHRU\WKURXJKWKH³QHZ
±HVSSS±)RUPRUHRQ*UHQGL¶VFRQFHSWRI³H[FHSWLRQDOQRUPDO´ VHH&DUOR*LQ]EXUJ³0LFUR+LVWRU\7ZRRU7KUHH7KLQJVWKDW,NQRZDERXWLW´Critical Inquiry, ±HVSS )RUDIXOOHUGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHUROHRIJHQGHULQWKHSURIHVVLRQDOL]DWLRQRIPHGLFLQHDQG VXUJHU\VHHP\IRUWKFRPLQJERRN%ULGJHWWH6KHULGDQGender and the Professionalization of Medicine: Midwives, Medical Men, and the 4XHUHOOH GHV )HPPHV in SeventeenthCentury France. ,QLW,LQYHVWLJDWHWKHUROHWKDWFRQFHSWLRQVRIJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVDQGWKH ZRUWK RI ZRPHQ SOD\HG LQ WKH SURIHVVLRQDOL]DWLRQ RI PLGZLIHU\ DQG VXUJHU\ IURP WKH ODWH VL[WHHQWK WR WKH HLJKWHHQWK FHQWXU\ , VLWXDWH WKH FKDQJHV ZLWKLQ WKHVH WUDGHV LQ WKH FRQWH[W RIWKHQHZYDOXHJLYHQWRHPSLULFLVPRYHUDQFLHQWPHGLFDOWKHRU\LQWKHUHDOPRIPHGLFLQH DQG WKH SKLORVRSKLFDO GHEDWHV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH PRUDO DQG VRFLDO ZRUWK RI ZRPHQ NQRZQ DV the querelle des femmes 2YHU WKH FRXUVH RI WKH VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ JHQGHU GLIIHUHQFH² DUJXHG ERWK E\ DGYRFDWHV IRU DQG DJDLQVW ZRPHQ²XOWLPDWHO\ FDPH WR UHLQIRUFH ZRPHQ¶V VXERUGLQDWLRQ$VVFLHQFHHQWHUHGWKHELUWKLQJURRPWKHLGHDOSUDFWLWLRQHUIRUZRPHQ¶VKHDOWK FDPHWREHGH¿QHGDVDNQRZOHGJHDEOHPHGLFDOSUDFWLWLRQHU0LGZLYHVEHFDXVHWKH\ZHUH ZRPHQZHUHHYHQWXDOO\FRQVLGHUHGLQFDSDEOHRIPDVWHULQJWKHOHDUQLQJWKDWEHFRPLQJD PHGLFDOSUDFWLWLRQHUUHTXLUHG0\QRWLRQRIJHQGHULVLQIRUPHGE\-RDQ6FRWW¶VGH¿QLWLRQ RIJHQGHUDQGLWVXVHIXOQHVVDVDFDWHJRU\LQVWXG\LQJWKHSDVW,QKHUJURXQGEUHDNLQJZRUN 6FRWWDQDO\]HVDQGH[SORUHVKRZJHQGHULVGLVFXUVLYHO\FRQVWLWXWHG$VKLVWRULDQ.DWKOHHQ &DQQLQJSXWVLW6FRWWXQGHUVWDQGVJHQGHUWREH³DV\VWHPRIPHDQLQJVRUV\PEROLFRUGHU WKDW VLJQL¿HG UHODWLRQVKLSV RI SRZHU´ .DWKOHHQ &DQQLQJ Gender History in Practice: Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class and Citizenship ,WKDFD&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S6HHDOVR-RDQ6FRWWGender and the Politics of History1HZ
Whither Childbearing
VFLHQFH´RIDQDWRP\$VPHGLFDOPHQEHFDPHLQFUHDVLQJO\LQWHUHVWHGLQDQDWRP\ ZRPHQ¶V ERGLHV EHFDPH VXEMHFWV RI VFLHQWL¿F VWXG\ /HJDO DXWKRULWLHV LQ )UDQFH EHFDPHPRUHLQWHUHVWHGLQFKLOGELUWKDQGFDUHIRUZRPHQLQWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ %HFDXVHPLGZLYHVSURYLGHGFDUHWRWKHPDMRULW\RIZRPHQWKH\ZHUHRIWHQFDOOHG WRWHVWLI\LQFDVHVFRQFHUQLQJUDSHLOOHJLWLPDWHFKLOGUHQDQGLOOLFLWDERUWLRQV7KH OHJDODXWKRULWLHVZDQWHGWREHFHUWDLQWKDWWKHVHPLGZLYHVZHUHUHOLDEOHZLWQHVVHV DQGWKDWWKH\ZRXOGQRWFROOXGHZLWKSUHJQDQWZRPHQZKRZHUHVHHNLQJDERUWLRQV $VDUHVXOWWKH\EHJDQWRUHTXLUHWKDWPLGZLYHVEHOLFHQVHGDQGUHJXODWHG In 3DULVWKHStatuts et Reiglemens WKDWFDPHLQWRHIIHFWLQSURYLGHGDIUDPHZRUN IRUWKHSUDFWLFHRIPLGZLIHU\7KHGRFXPHQWFRQWDLQHGFODXVHVWKDWGHWDLOHGWKH QHFHVVDU\WUDLQLQJDQGOLFHQVLQJSURFHGXUHVDORQJZLWKDPLGZLIH¶VGXWLHVWRKHU FOLHQWVDQGWRWKHVWDWH3K\VLFLDQVLQLWLDOO\KDGOLWWOHLQWHUHVWLQPLGZLIHU\VLQFH PLGZLYHV¶ZRUNGLGQRWDSSHDUWRHQFURDFKXSRQWKHLURZQ6XUJHRQVRQWKHRWKHU KDQG ZHUH DWWHPSWLQJ WR HOHYDWH WKH VWDWXV RI WKHLU SURIHVVLRQ 0LGZLYHV ZHUH SODFHGXQGHUVXUJHRQV¶VXSHUYLVLRQDOORZLQJVXUJHRQVWRJDLQDFFHVVWRPLGZLYHV¶ NQRZOHGJH RI ELUWKLQJ ,Q )UDQFH VXUJHRQV ZHUH WKH ¿UVW LQ (XURSH WR HQWHU WKH ELUWKLQJ URRP DQG ZKLOH WKH\ GLG QRW WDNH RYHU WKH SURIHVVLRQ DOWRJHWKHU² HVSHFLDOO\LQUXUDODUHDV²IRUDORQJWLPHWKH\ZHUHTXLFNWRHVWDEOLVKWKHPVHOYHV DVWKHSUHIHUUHGELUWKLQJDWWHQGDQWVIRUZRPHQDPRQJVWWKHHOLWHLQ3DULV 3DUWRIWKHUHDVRQIRUWKHHURVLRQRIWKHPLGZLIH¶VUROHLQ3DULVZDVWKDWZRPHQ KDGIHZHUHGXFDWLRQDORSSRUWXQLWLHVWKDQPHQ,QRQHRIWKH¿UVWVFKRROV
1DQF\ 6LUDLVL ULJKWO\ SRLQWV WKDW SK\VLFLDQV DQG VXUJHRQV FRQWLQXHG WR KROG RQ WR DQFLHQW PHGLFDO LGHDV HYHQ DV WKH\ EHFDPH PRUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ KXPDQ DQDWRP\ DQG SDUWLFLSDWHG PRUH IUHTXHQWO\ LQ GLVVHFWLRQ 6HH 1DQF\ * 6LUDLVL Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice &KLFDJR 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &KLFDJR 3UHVV S 1RQHWKHOHVV DV 0DU\ /LQGHPDQQ H[SODLQV ³ ZLWK WKH UHGLVFRYHU\ RI *DOHQ¶V WH[WV RQ DQDWRP\ DQG WKH WHDFKLQJ RI WKH )OHPLVK SK\VLFLDQ $QGUHDV 9HVDOLXV ± DW 3DGXD LQ WKH V DQDWRP\ EHFDPH LQFUHDVLQJO\FHQWUDOWRPHGLFLQH´0DU\/LQGHPDQQMedicine and Society in Early Modern Europe&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S %URRPKDOOS :KLOHWKHVWDWXWHVZHUHHQIRUFHGUDWKHUVSRWWLO\WKLVZDVQRWWKHFDVHLQ%RXUJHRLV¶ PLOLHXZKHUHPLGZLYHVRIKHUVWDWXVFHUWDLQO\QHHGHGRI¿FLDOWUDLQLQJLQRUGHUWREHOLFHQVHG DQG WR SUDFWLFH 2Q WKH OLFHQVLQJ RI 3DULVLDQ PLGZLYHV VHH %URRPKDOO ± )RU PRUH GHWDLORQWKHVWDWXWHVRIVHH5LFKDUG3HWUHOOL³7KH5HJXODWLRQRI)UHQFK0LGZLIHU\ GXULQJWKHAncien Régime.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences ;;9, ±3HUNLQVMidwifery and Medicine, SS± -HDQ 'RQQLVRQ SS ± /LDQQH 0F7DYLVK DUJXHV WKDW WKH GLVSODFHPHQW RI PLGZLYHVLQ)UDQFHLQGHHGEHJDQHDUOLHUWKDQLQRWKHUFRXQWULHVLQ(XURSHWKRXJKLWZDV VORZWRFDWFKRQLQUXUDODQGVRXWKHUQDUHDV6HH0F7DYLVKS 2QWKHWUDLQLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQRIPLGZLYHVLQWKLVSHULRGVHH/DXUHQFH%URFNOLVV DQG&ROLQ-RQHVThe Medical World of Early Modern France2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ3UHVV SS ± 'RQQLVRQ SS ± -DFTXHV *pOLV La Sage-femme ou le Médecin /LQGHPDQQSS±/RQGD6FKLHELQJHUThe Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science &DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6KHULGDQ
IRUPLGZLYHVZDVHVWDEOLVKHGDWWKH+{WHO'LHXLQ3DULV(YHQVRWKLVVFKRRORQO\ DOORZHGDVPDOOQXPEHURIZRPHQWRWUDLQLQPLGZLIHU\%\WKH+{WHO'LHX HVWDEOLVKHGWKDWDVXUJHRQKDGWREHSUHVHQWDWDOOGHOLYHULHV0RVWPLGZLYHVZKLOH FULWLFL]HGE\PHGLFDOPHQIRUWKHLUODFNRIH[SHUWLVHZHUHQRWWDXJKWQHZVNLOOV LQELUWKLQJ7KH\ZHUHDOVRQRWDOORZHGWRXVHQHZWRROV²VXFKDVIRUFHSV²WKDW KDGFRPHLQWRXVHE\VXUJHRQV1RWVXUSULVLQJO\RYHUWKHFRXUVHRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\3DULVLDQPLGZLYHVEHJDQWRH[SHULHQFHGLI¿FXOW\NHHSLQJDQGLQFUHDVLQJ WKHLUFOLHQWHOH/RXLV;,9HQFRXUDJHGWKHWUHQGRIKLULQJPDOHELUWKLQJDWWHQGDQWV ZKHQKHDSSRLQWHGDQaccoucheur—DVXUJHRQZKRVSHFLDOL]HGLQFKLOGELUWK²WR GHOLYHUWKHFKLOGUHQRIKLVPLVWUHVVLQDQGRIWKHTXHHQLQ7KHWUHQG EHFDPHVRSRZHUIXOWKDWE\WKHODWHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\LQ)UDQFHLWVHHPHGWKDW HYHQ XUEDQ DUWLVDQ ZRPHQ SUHIHUUHG DQ accoucheur WR D PLGZLIH LI WKH\ FRXOG DIIRUGWRKLUHKLP 7KH VWUXJJOH EHWZHHQ VXUJHRQV DQG SK\VLFLDQV IRU VWDWXV LQ WKH PHGLFDO KLHUDUFK\ SOD\HG DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ PHQ¶V HQWUDQFH LQWR WKH ELUWKLQJ URRP 8QWLOWKHWKLUWHHQWKFHQWXU\EDUEHUVXUJHRQVKDGEHHQFRQVLGHUHGDUWLVDQVUDWKHU WKDQPHGLFDOSURIHVVLRQDOVVLQFHWKH\OHDUQHGWKHLUVNLOOVWKURXJKDSSUHQWLFHVKLS LQVWHDGRIE\XQLYHUVLW\HGXFDWLRQ,QODWHWKLUWHHQWKFHQWXU\3DULVDQXPEHURI VXUJHRQV DEDQGRQHG EDUEHU\ DQG DSSUHQWLFHG WR SUDFWLFH VXUJHU\ DORQH 7KH\ FUHDWHGDFRQIUDWHUQLW\WKH&ROOHJHRI6DLQW&{PHDQGLQVLVWHGRQZHDULQJWKH VDPHXQLIRUPDVSK\VLFLDQV6WLOOWKH\ZHUHODUJHO\H[FOXGHGE\SK\VLFLDQVIURP WKHPHGLFDOSURIHVVLRQXQWLOWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\%\DJURXSRIVXUJHRQV KDG VXFFHVVIXOO\ RUJDQL]HG D SODFH RI OHDUQLQJ IRU VXUJHRQV RQ WKH PDUJLQV RI WKH IDFXOW\ RI PHGLFLQH 6XUJLFDO WUDLQLQJ VWLOO IRFXVHG RQ SUDFWLFH UDWKHU WKDQ
-DFTXHV*pOLVFRPPHQWV³µ6RUWLUGHO¶+{WHO'LHX¶FRQVWLWXHXQHUpIpUHQFHSRXUXQH VDJHIHPPHGX;9,,HRXGX;9,,,HVLqFOHµOD0DWHUQLWp¶HVWHQHIIHWSHQGDQWORQJWHPSVOD VHXOHYHULWDEOHpFROHG¶REVWpWULTXHHQ(XURSH´LQLa Sage-Femme ou le MédecinS 3HUNLQVS ,Q KHU H[DPLQDWLRQ RI ELUWKLQJ PDQXDOV ZULWWHQ E\ PHQ LQ WKH HDUO\ VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\:HQG\3HUNLQVZULWHV³,WLVVWULNLQJWKDWQRQHRIWKHVHERRNVJHQXLQHO\SURSRVHV LPSURYLQJHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJIRUSURVSHFWLYHPLGZLYHV´6HH3HUNLQVS ,QGHHGDVWKHSUDFWLWLRQHUVWKDWDUHGLVFXVVHGLQWKLVHVVD\GHPRQVWUDWHWKHLVVXH RI PDOH YHUVXV IHPDOH ELUWKLQJ DWWHQGDQWV ZDV DFWLYHO\ GHEDWHG DPRQJ WKH HOLWH /RXLVH %RXUJHRLVFRPPHQWVRQWKLVH[WHQVLYHO\HVSHFLDOO\WKHORQJHUVKHLVLQSUDFWLFH6KHVD\V IRU H[DPSOH LQ D SXEOLF OHWWHU WKDW VKH ZURWH WR KHU GDXJKWHU ZKR ZDQWHG WR EHFRPH D PLGZLIH ³0RQVLHXU +RQRUp >DQ accoucheur] ZRXOG NQRZ D ORW DERXW WKLV &RXQWOHVV FRTXHWWLVKZRPHQVD\WKDWDWELUWKVZKHUHWKHFKLOGSUHVHQWVZHOOWKH\SUHIHUIRUKLPWR GHOLYHUWKHPLQVWHDGRIDZRPDQ7KLVLVWKHFXUUHQWWUHQG´LQ/RXLVH%RXUJHRLVVarious Observations Concerning Sterility, Miscarriages, Fertility, Birthing, and Diseases of Women and Newborn Children.7UDQV6WHSKDQLH2¶+DUDHG$OLVRQ.ODLUPRQW/LQJRDQG 6WHSKDQLH2¶+DUD7REHSXEOLVKHGE\WKH&HQWUHIRU5HIRUPDWLRQDQG5HQDLVVDQFH6WXGLHV DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI7RURQWR LQ7KH 2WKHU9RLFH LQ (DUO\ 0RGHUQ (XURSH7KH7RURQWR 6HULHV:RUNLQSURJUHVVGRQRWFLWHZLWKRXWSHUPLVVLRQ&RQWDFWVRKDUD#XPDVVGHGXIRU further information. 6HHDOVR%URFNOLVVDQG-RQHVSS±
Whither Childbearing
WKHRU\EXWLWLQFOXGHGGHPRQVWUDWLRQVRQFDGDYHUVVRPHWKLQJQHZIRUVXUJHRQV 6XUJHRQVEHJDQWRFKDOOHQJHDQFLHQWPHGLFDOWKHRU\XVLQJHPSLULFDOHYLGHQFHWKLV DOORZHGWKHPWRFODLPLQDPRUHFRQYLQFLQJPDQQHUWKDWOLNHSK\VLFLDQVWKH\WRR ZHUHOHDUQHGSUDFWLWLRQHUVRIPHGLFLQH:KDWIROORZHGZDVDORQJFRQÀ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²VXFK DV PLGZLYHV EDUEHUV VXUJHRQV DQG DSRWKHFDULHV²ZKR ZHUHGHHPHGDVEHORZSK\VLFLDQVLQWKHPHGLFDOKLHUDUFK\$QG\HWWKHGHVLJQHG HGXFDWLRQDOSURJUDPIRUSK\VLFLDQVZDVQRWDOZD\VIROORZHGDQGH[FHSWLRQVZHUH RIWHQPDGHWRWKHOHQJWKRIWLPHDFDQGLGDWHZDVUHTXLUHGWRVWXG\DWXQLYHUVLW\ 7KLVOLNHO\FRQWULEXWHGWRVXUJHRQV¶EHOLHIWKDWWKH\FRXOGJDLQWKHUHVSHFWDELOLW\ DQGVWDWXVRISK\VLFLDQVGHVSLWHVXUJHRQV¶OHVVULJRURXVVFKRROLQJ%XWVXUJHRQV DOVRQHHGHGDODUJHUFOLHQWHOHLQRUGHUWRFRPSHWHZLWKSK\VLFLDQV,QSDUWWKH\ WXUQHGWRPLGZLIHU\WRLQFUHDVHWKHVFRSHRIWKHLUSUDFWLFHDQGWKHLUFOLHQWHOH 7KHVWUXJJOHIRUVXSUHPDF\LQWKHPHGLFDOKLHUDUFK\LQWHQVL¿HGRYHUWKHFRXUVH RIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKDQGHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXULHVDVSK\VLFLDQVEHJDQWREHVTXHH]HGE\ VXUJHRQV$VWKHLUUHSXWDWLRQIRUH[SHUWLVHLQELUWKLQJJUHZVXUJHRQVEHJDQWR KDYH WKHLU RZQ IHPDOH FOLHQWHOH IRU ERWK LOOQHVVHV DQG ELUWKLQJ The fact that VXUJHRQVEHJDQWRFDUHIRUZRPHQWKURXJKRXWWKHLUSUHJQDQF\LQFOXGLQJGHOLYHU\
2Q WUDLQLQJ DQG HGXFDWLRQ RI VXUJHRQV LQ WKLV SHULRG VHH )UDQoRLV /HEUXQ Se soigner autrefois: Médecins, saints et sorciers aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles3DULVeGLWLRQV GX6HXLO SS±/LQGHPDQQSS±6LUDLVLSS± )UDQoRLVH /HKRX[ Le Cadre de vie des médecins Parisiens aux XVIe et XVIIe Siècles3DULVeGLWLRQV$ -3LFDUG SS± %URFNOLVVDQG-RQHVSS±/HKRX[SS± ,QDGGLWLRQ0DU\/LQGHPDQQH[SODLQVWKDWWKHUHZDVJUHDWGLYHUVLW\LQWKHWUDLQLQJ WKDWVXUJHRQVUHFHLYHGLQWKLVSHULRG6RPHVWXGLHGPHGLFDOWKHRU\H[WHQVLYHO\DQGDVVKH VD\V³&HUWDLQO\LQPDQ\SODFHVWKHWLPHVSHQWEHFRPLQJDVXUJHRQH[FHHGHGWKDWIRUD SK\VLFLDQ´/LQGHPDQQS )RUDQDQDO\VLVRIPHGLFDOFRUSRUDWLVPIURPWKHVL[WHHQWKWRWKHHQGRIWKHHLJKWHHQWK FHQWXU\VHH%URFNOLVVDQG-RQHVSS±SS± 2Q WKH ULVH RI WKH accoucheur VHH %URFNOLVV DQG -RQHV SS ± *pOLV SS±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6KHULGDQ
PHDQWWKDWWKH\WKUHDWHQHGPLGZLYHV¶SUDFWLFHV
7KRXJK WKLV VWUXJJOH EHJDQ LQ WKH VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWXU\ LW ZDV DW IXOO WLOW E\ WKH HLJKWHHQWK FHQWXU\ )RU DQ H[FHOOHQW DQDO\VLV RI WKH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK PLGZLYHV EHFDPH WKH SDZQRIERWKSK\VLFLDQVDQGVXUJHRQVLQWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\VHH1LQD5DWWWQHU*HOEDUW The King’s Midwife: A History and Mystery of Madame du Coudray%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\ RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV HVSSS± %ULGJHWWH 6KHULGDQ ³&KLOGELUWK 0LGZLIHU\$QG 6FLHQFH7KH /LIH DQG:RUN RI WKH)UHQFK5R\DO0LGZLIH/RXLVH%RXUJHRLV´3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ%RVWRQ&ROOHJH SS± )RU D GHWDLOHG DFFRXQW RI ERWK -DFTXHV DQG &KDUOHV *XLOOHPHDX¶V FDUHHUV VHH )UDQoRLV3RXODLQ³/D9LHHW/¶2HXYUHGH'HX[&KLUXUJLHQV-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDX± HW&KDUOHV*XLOOHPHDX± ´7KHVLV8QLYHUVLWpGH0RQWSHOOLHU 0DOHV W\SLFDOO\ EHJDQ WKHLU DSSUHQWLFHVKLSV ZLWK D PDVWHUVXUJHRQ DV \RXQJ DGROHVFHQWVZRUNLQJIRUDQXPEHURI\HDUVEHIRUHWKH\ZHUHFRQVLGHUHGMRXUQH\PHQ7KH\ ZHUH WKHQ WR WUDYHO WR RWKHU SODFHV LQ RUGHU WR JDLQ PRUH H[SHULHQFH ZRUNLQJ ZLWK QHZ PDVWHUV6HH/LQGHPDQQS
Whither Childbearing
WKH\RXQJGRFWRULQWUDLQLQJ-HDQ+pURDUGZKRZDVODWHUWREHFRPH/RXLV;,,,¶V SHUVRQDOSK\VLFLDQ *XLOOHPHDXPRYHGWR3DULVLQZKLFKPDUNHGWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDORQJDQG LPSRUWDQW UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ *XLOOHPHDX DQG KLV QHZ PDVWHU$PEURLVH 3DUp ± 3DUp ZDV UHQRZQHG IRU KLV LQQRYDWLRQV LQ VXUJHU\ DV ZHOO DV IRU KLVZRUNLQREVWHWULFV+HVHUYHGXQGHUIRXU)UHQFKNLQJV+HQUL,,)UDQoRLV,, &KDUOHV,;DQG+HQUL,,,$QDUP\VXUJHRQLQWKHPLGVWRIWKHZDUVRIUHOLJLRQ 3DUpJDLQHGDZHDOWKRIH[SHULHQFHSDWFKLQJXSVROGLHUVRQWKHEDWWOH¿HOG7UDLQHG DVDEDUEHUVXUJHRQKHGLGQRWNQRZ/DWLQ,Q3DUpEHFDPHDPHPEHURI WKH&ROOHJHRI6DLQW&{PHDQGWKXVEHFDPHDPDVWHUVXUJHRQ:KLOHKHSXEOLVKHG DVPDOOWUHDWLVHRQREVWHWULFVLQLWZDVQRWXQWLOZKHQKHSXEOLVKHG DPRUHH[WHQVLYHWUHDWLVHRQWKHVXEMHFWWKDWKHEHFDPHDUHFRJQL]HGDXWKRULW\ RQ FKLOGELUWK$V 3DUp¶V IDYRULWH VWXGHQW *XLOOHPHDX ZDV DEOH WR DVVLVW DW WKH DXWRSV\RI.LQJ&KDUOHV,;DWWKH\RXQJDJHRIODXQFKLQJKLPLQWRDQHOLWH FOXERIWKHJUHDWVXUJHRQVDQGDQDWRPLVWVRIKLVWLPH:KLOHKHWUDYHOHGDVSDUWRI WKHNLQJ¶VDUP\GXULQJWKH)UHQFK:DUVRI5HOLJLRQ*XLOOHPHDXHYHQWXDOO\VHWWOHG LQ3DULVDQGUHPDLQHGRQHRI3DUp¶VFORVHVWFROOHDJXHVDQGIULHQGV *XLOOHPHDX¶V FRQQHFWLRQ WR 3DUp DV ZHOO D KRVW RI RWKHU SK\VLFLDQV DQG VXUJHRQV OHG WR KLV SURPRWLRQ WR WKH JUDGH RI RUGLQDU\ VXUJHRQ WR .LQJ +HQUL ,,,/LNH3DUp*XLOOHPHDXZDVDPHPEHURIWKHFRUSRUDWLRQRIVXUJHRQVRI6DLQW &{PH DQG KH ZDV LQYHVWHG LQ HOHYDWLQJ WKH VWDWXV RI VXUJHRQV E\ SXEOLVKLQJ PHGLFDOWUHDWLVHVRQVXUJHU\DQDWRP\DQGELUWKLQJ*XLOOHPHDX¶V¿UVWIRUD\LQWR SULQWZDVZKHQKHWUDQVODWHG3DUp¶VZRUNVIURP)UHQFKLQWRWKHOHDUQHGODQJXDJH RI /DWLQ VR WKDW WKH\ ZRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG ZRUWK\ RI VWXG\ QRW RQO\ E\ IHOORZ VXUJHRQVEXWDOVRE\SK\VLFLDQV,QSULRUWRSXEOLFDWLRQWKHPHGLFDOIDFXOW\ RI 3DULV FDOOHG LQWR TXHVWLRQ ZKHWKHU *XLOOHPHDX FRXOG KDYH EHHQ FDSDEOH RI WUDQVODWLQJWKHWH[WEHFDXVHKHZDVRQO\DVXUJHRQ,QWKHHQGHYHQWKRXJKWKH PHGLFDOIDFXOW\PDLQWDLQHGWKDW*XLOOHPHDXZDVQRWWKHWUDQVODWRUHGLWLRQVZHUH
3RXODLQSS± 2Q WKH OLIH RI 3DUp VHH )UDQFLV 5 3DFNDUG Life and Times of Ambroise Paré [1510±1590]: With a New Translation of his Apology and an Account of his Journeys in Divers Places1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6KHULGDQ
SXEOLVKHGWKDWDWWULEXWHGWKHWUDQVODWLRQWR*XLOOHPHDX7KLVDWWULEXWLRQQRWRQO\ EHQH¿WHG*XLOOHPHDXEXWDOVRHOHYDWHGWKHVWDWXVRIDOOVXUJHRQV *XLOOHPHDXZHQWRQWRSXEOLVKKLVRZQZRUNVLQFOXGLQJDWUHDWLVHRQGLVHDVHV RIWKHH\HDQDQDWRPLFDOWDEOHDQGDWUHDWLVHRQVXUJHU\WKDWGHSLFWHGDOORIWKH ODWHVWVXUJLFDOPHWKRGVDQGLQVWUXPHQWV%\WKHWLPHWKDWKHSXEOLVKHGKLVPDQXDO RQELUWKLQJLQ*XLOOHPHDXKDGVXFFHVVIXOO\HVWDEOLVKHGKLPVHOILQERWKWKH PHGLFDODQGSXEOLVKLQJZRUOG*XLOOHPHDX¶VPDQXDOZDVLQSDUWLQIRUPHGE\KLV \HDUVRIH[SHULHQFHDVVLVWLQJDWGHOLYHULHVDWWKH+{WHO'LHXLQ3DULV,QWKHSUHIDFH *XLOOHPHDXH[SODLQHGWKDWKHKDGJDWKHUHGWRJHWKHUERWKZKDWKHKDGREVHUYHGLQ \HDUV RI SUDFWLFH DORQJ ZLWK WKH IUXLWV RI DQFLHQW DQG FRQWHPSRUDU\ PHGLFDO WKHRU\7KRXJKWWREHWKHPRVWLQQRYDWLYHRIDOORIKLVZRUNVZLWKWKLVPDQXDO *XLOOHPHDX VXFFHVVIXOO\ EURNH LQWR WKH ZRUOG RI PHGLFLQH7KDW LV WKH PDQXDO KHOSHGWRVROLGLI\KLVUHSXWDWLRQDVDOHDUQHGUDWKHUWKDQVLPSO\DVNLOOHGVXUJHRQ 7KHSXEOLFDWLRQRIDQHZO\UHYLVHGFROOHFWLRQRIKLVZRUNVLQDVVXUHGKLV VWDQGLQJDVDVLJQL¿FDQWFRQWULEXWRUWRWKHSURGXFWLRQRIPHGLFDONQRZOHGJHLQWKH VL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXULHV *XLOOHPHDXSOD\HGDQLQWHJUDOUROHLQDGYDQFLQJVXUJHRQV¶VWDWXVLQWKHPHGLFDO FRPPXQLW\RIHDUO\PRGHUQ)UDQFH7KHSURWpJpRIWKHPRVWLQQRYDWLYHVXUJHRQ RIWKHWLPH$PEURLVH3DUp-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDXDGYDQFHGWKHFDXVHIRUVXUJHRQV DVOHDUQHGSUDFWLWLRQHUVE\SXEOLVKLQJERRNVRQDQDWRP\DQGFKLOGELUWKWZRDUHDV RIPHGLFLQHZKHUHVXUJHRQVFRXOGVXFFHVVIXOO\FRPSHWHZLWKSK\VLFLDQV)XUWKHU *XLOOHPHDX¶VNQRZOHGJHRI/DWLQPHDQWWKDWKHZDVDEOHWRUHDGPHGLFDOWH[WVWKDW PDQ\VXUJHRQVFRXOGQRWWKXVJUDQWLQJKLPWKHUHVSHFWRIPDQ\SK\VLFLDQVDQG VXUJHRQV7KRXJKKHGLHGLQEHIRUHPDQ\VXUJHRQVKDGWDNHQXSGHOLYHULQJ ZRPHQ LQ FKLOGELUWK WKH SXEOLFDWLRQ DQG VXFFHVV RI KLV ELUWKLQJ PDQXDO ZHUH LQGLFDWLYHRIWKHJURZLQJWUHQGWRZDUGVXUJHRQVUDWKHUWKDQPLGZLYHVDVELUWKLQJ DWWHQGDQWV Louise Bourgeois (1563–1636) -XVW DV -DFTXHV *XLOOHPHDX KRSHG WR HOHYDWH WKH VWDWXV RI VXUJHRQV /RXLVH %RXUJHRLVKRSHGWRHOHYDWHWKHVWDWXVRIPLGZLYHV$QG\HW%RXUJHRLV¶VFDUHHU SDWKVKRZVWKDWPLGZLYHVZRXOGKDYHDQHYHQPRUHGLI¿FXOWWLPHJDLQLQJHQWU\LQWR WKHUHDOPRIOHDUQHGPHGLFLQHWKDQZRXOGVXUJHRQV/RXLVH%RXUJHRLVZDVERUQLQ DERXWWKHWLPHWKDW-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDXZDVEHJLQQLQJKLVDSSUHQWLFHVKLSLQ
-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDX, De l’heureux accouchement des femmes, où il est traicté du JRXYHUQHPHQWGHOHXUJURVVHVVHGHOHXUWUDYDLOQDWXUHOHWFRQWUHQDWXUHGXWUDLFWHPHQWHV tant accouchées et de leurs maladies3DULV1%XRQ -DFTXHV *XLOOHPHDX Oeuvres de chirurgie de Jacques Guillemeau, chirurgien ordinaire du roy et juré à Paris, avec les pourtraicts de toutes les parties du corps humain et des instruments necessaries au chirurgien, augementée et mises en un et enrichies de plusieurs traictez, pris des leçons de Mr. Germain Courtin, Docteur en medicine3DULV 1LFRODV%XRQ
Whither Childbearing
2UOpDQV/LNH*XLOOHPHDXOLWWOHLVNQRZQDERXWKHUFKLOGKRRGH[FHSWWKDWVKHJUHZ XSLQWKH3DULVVXEXUERI6DLQW*HUPDLQ-XGJLQJE\KHUIDWKHU¶VSURSHUW\KROGLQJV KHUIDPLO\ZDVIDLUO\ZHOORIIDQGZRXOGKDYHEHHQFRQVLGHUHGSDUWRIWKHJURZLQJ ERXUJHRLV FODVV 6KH SUREDEO\ UHFHLYHG WKH EDVLF HGXFDWLRQ²UHDGLQJ ZULWLQJ DQGQHHGOHZRUN²IRU\RXQJZRPHQRIKHUWLPHZKRVHIDPLOLHVFRXOGDIIRUGLW$W WKHDJHRILQ%RXUJHRLVPDUULHG0DUWLQ%RXUVLHUDEDUEHUVXUJHRQIRU WKHNLQJ¶VDUP\+HUKXVEDQGZDVDOUHDG\ZHOOHVWDEOLVKHGLQKLVSURIHVVLRQE\WKH WLPH%RXUJHRLVPDUULHGKLP:KLOHQRWDIDPRXVVXUJHRQLQKLVRZQULJKW0DUWLQ %RXUVLHUVSHQW\HDUVWUDLQLQJZLWK3DUp-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDXDQG%RXUJHRLV¶V KXVEDQGZRXOGFHUWDLQO\KDYHNQRZQRQHDQRWKHUVLQFHWKH\WUDLQHGZLWK3DUpDW WKHVDPHWLPH%\VKHDQGKHUKXVEDQGKDGWKUHHFKLOGUHQDQGZHUHOLYLQJ DFRPIRUWDEOHOLIHLQ6DLQW*HUPDLQ+DG3DULVDQGLWVHQYLURQVFRQWLQXHGWREHD VWDEOHDQGSHDFHIXOSODFHWROLYHLWLVOLNHO\WKDW%RXUJHRLVZRXOGKDYHUDLVHGKHU FKLOGUHQDQGSHUKDSVDVVLVWHGKHUKXVEDQGZLWKKLVSUDFWLFH%XWWKLVZDVQRWWREH ,QKHUZULWLQJV%RXUJHRLVH[SODLQHGWKDWVKHWRRNXSPLGZLIHU\RXWRIQHFHVVLW\ ZKHQKHUIDPLO\IRUWXQHZDVORVWGXULQJWKHVLHJHRI3DULVE\+HQUL,9¶VDUPLHV LQ %RXUJHRLVSXEOLVKHGDQDFFRXQWRIKRZDQGZK\VKHEHFDPHDPLGZLIHZKLFK SURYLGHVDXQLTXHJOLPSVHLQWRDPLGZLIH¶VFDUHHULQWKLVSHULRG+HUHQWU\LQWR WKHRFFXSDWLRQRIPLGZLIHU\GLIIHUHGVLJQL¿FDQWO\IURP*XLOOHPHDX¶VHQWU\LQWR VXUJHU\8QOLNH*XLOOHPHDX%RXUJHRLVGLGQRWWDNHXSKHUSURIHVVLRQEHFDXVHLW UDQLQWKHIDPLO\*XLOOHPHDXEHJDQKLVDSSUHQWLFHVKLSLQVXUJHU\DVDQDGROHVFHQW %RXUJHRLVZDV\HDUVROGZKHQVKHEHJDQKHUWUDLQLQJLQPLGZLIHU\)XUWKHU ZKHUHDV*XLOOHPHDXFRQVLGHUHG3DUpKLVPHQWRUDQGDGYLVRU%RXUJHRLVFODLPHG QRPHQWRUVQRUGLGVKHUHIHUHQFHDQ\SDVWPLGZLYHVDVPRGHOVIRUKHURZQFDUHHU %RXUJHRLV PXVW KDYH WUDLQHG ZLWK DQRWKHU PLGZLIH EXW VKH QHYHU PHQWLRQHG KHU:KLOHWKHUHZDVQRIRUPDOVFKRROLQJLQPLGZLIHU\DYDLODEOH%RXUJHRLVZDV XQXVXDO LQ WKDW VKH ZDV DEOH WR VWXG\ 3DUp¶V ZRUN RQ FKLOGELUWK 6KH H[SODLQHG WKDWKHUKXVEDQGDVXUJHRQZKRKDGWUDLQHGZLWK3DUpFRXOGDOVRKHOSKHUOHDUQ WKHQHFHVVDU\VNLOOVRIPLGZLIHU\%RXUJHRLVXQGHUVWRRGWKHNLQGRIPLGZLIHU\ ZKHUH SUDFWLFH ZDV FRPSOHPHQWHG E\ PHGLFDO WKHRU\ DV GLIIHUHQW²QDPHO\ EHWWHU²WKDQWKHWUDGLWLRQDOSUDFWLFHRIPLGZLIHU\,WZDV%RXUJHRLV¶VFRQQHFWLRQ WR WKH PHGLFDO ZRUOG²WKURXJK ERRNV DQG WKURXJK KHU KXVEDQG²WKDW PDGH KHU XQLTXH DQG LQFLGHQWDOO\ WKUHDWHQLQJ WR RWKHU PLGZLYHV$IWHU VWXG\LQJ DQG
$FKLOOH &KpUHDX Esquisse historique sur Louise Bourgeois Dite Boursier, sagefemme de la Reine Marie de Médicis3DULV/¶8QLRQ0pGLFDOH S ,Q KHU GHVFULSWLRQ RI KRZ VKH EHFDPH D PLGZLIH %RXUJHRLV H[SODLQHG WKDW DIWHU KHU IDPLO\ KDG ORVW HYHU\WKLQJ LW ZDV XOWLPDWHO\ WKH IHDU RI VHHLQJ KHU FKLOGUHQ LQ QHHG WKDWFRQYLQFHGKHUWRWDNHXSPLGZLIHU\6HH/RXLVH%RXUVLHU %RXUJHRLV³&RPPHQWM¶D\ DSSULQV O¶DUW GH VDJHIHPPH´ ,Q Observations diverses sur la sterilité, perte de fruict, IRHFRQGLWpDFFRXFKHPHQWVHWPDODGLHVGHVIHPPHV HQIDQWVQRXYHDX[QDL[DPSOHPHQW traitées, et heureusement praticquées par L. Bourgeois dite Boursier 3DULV + 5XI¿Q ,,S %RXUJHRLVObservations diverses, ,,S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6KHULGDQ
SUDFWLFLQJPLGZLIHU\IRUQHDUO\\HDUV%RXUJHRLVEHFDPHDFHUWL¿HGPLGZLIHLQ $WWKLVWLPHWKHOLFHQVLQJERDUGIRUPLGZLYHVFRQVLVWHGRIRQHSK\VLFLDQ WZRVXUJHRQVDQGWZRPLGZLYHV%RXUJHRLVZULWHV 7KXV , ZDV VHQW WR VHH WZR PLGZLYHV 0HVGDPHV 'XSXLV DQG 3HURQQH 7KH\ ¿[HGDGD\ZKHQ,FRXOGPHHWERWKRIWKHP7KH\DVNHGPHZKDWP\KXVEDQG¶V SURIHVVLRQ ZDV DQG ZKHQ , WROG WKHP WKH\ GLG QRW ZDQW WR UHFHLYH PH DV D PLGZLIH2UDWOHDVW0DGDPH'XSXLVGLGQRWIRUVKHVDLGWRWKHRWKHUZRPDQ ³*RRG*RGP\IULHQGP\KHDUWWHOOVPHWKLVZRQ¶WGRXVDQ\JRRGVLQFHVKH¶V DVXUJHRQ¶VZLIH6KH¶OOJHWDORQJZLWKWKHSK\VLFLDQVOLNHSXUVHFXWWHUVDWDIDLU :HPXVWDFFHSWRQO\DUWLVDQV¶ZLYHVZKRGRQ¶WXQGHUVWDQGDQ\WKLQJDERXWRXU DIIDLUV´
0DGDPH'XSXLVFOHDUO\IHOWWKDW%RXUJHRLVZDVDQDOO\RISK\VLFLDQVDQGVXUJHRQV DQGWKHUHIRUHDWKUHDWWRPLGZLYHV'HVSLWH0DGDPH'XSXLV¶VYLHZV%RXUJHRLV SDVVHG KHU H[DPLQDWLRQ RQ 1RYHPEHU WK DQG ZDV JUDQWHG D OLFHQVH WR SUDFWLFH -XVW \HDUV DIWHU VKH ZDV FHUWL¿HG %RXUJHRLV DWWDLQHG WKH VWDWXV RI 5R\DO 0LGZLIHIRU4XHHQ0DULHGH0pGLFLVLQ%RXUJHRLV¶VH[SODQDWLRQRIKRZVKH ZDVDSSRLQWHGWRWKHSRVLWLRQRIUR\DOPLGZLIHVKRZVWKHZD\VLQZKLFKPHGLFDO VRFLDO DQG SROLWLFDO FRQQHFWLRQV ZHUH DOO YLWDO WR WKH PDNLQJ RI WKLV PLGZLIH¶V FDUHHU6LPLODUWR*XLOOHPHDX%RXUJHRLV¶VIDPLOLDOFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKHHOLWHZHUH LPSRUWDQWLQHVWDEOLVKLQJKHUFDUHHU*XLOOHPHDX¶VFORVHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK3DUpZDV DVVXUHGO\WKHNH\IDFWRULQ*XLOOHPHDX¶VODWHUVXFFHVVHV%RXUJHRLVRQWKHRWKHU KDQG KDG WR UHO\ RQ KHU RZQ FRQQHFWLRQV WR DULVWRFUDWLF ZRPHQ LQ DGGLWLRQ WR KXVEDQG¶VDQGKHURZQFRQQHFWLRQVWRPHGLFDOPHQ,QGHHGLQRUGHUWRREWDLQKHU SRVLWLRQ%RXUJHRLVKDGWREHRI¿FLDOO\DSSURYHGE\VHYHUDOUR\DOSK\VLFLDQVDQG DULVWRFUDWLFZRPHQ%RXUJHRLVZHQWRQWRVHUYH0DULHGH0pGLFLVDWWKHELUWKV RIDOORIWKHUR\DOFKLOGUHQDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHZDVDEOHWRHVWDEOLVKDVXFFHVVIXO DQGWKULYLQJPLGZLIHU\SUDFWLFH ,QWKHHDUO\VWKHRFFXSDWLRQRIPLGZLIHU\ZDVH[FHSWLRQDOLQWKDWZRPHQ ZHUH DFFRUGHG VRPH PHDVXUH RI H[SHUWLVH DQG DXWKRULW\ %XW /RXLVH %RXUJHRLV ZDVQRWDW\SLFDOVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\PLGZLIH$PLGZLIHDW¿UVWRXWRIQHFHVVLW\ %RXUJHRLVZDVDEOHWRWXUQKHUFLUFXPVWDQFHVLQWRDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRUDLVHWKHVWDWXV RIKHUSURIHVVLRQ+HUSRVLWLRQDVUR\DOPLGZLIHQRWRQO\FRQVLGHUDEO\UDLVHGKHU RZQDQGXOWLPDWHO\KHUIDPLO\¶VVWDWXVEXWVKHJDLQHGDFFHVVWRSXEOLFOLIHWKURXJK WKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIKHUH[SHULHQFHVDWFRXUWDQGKHUPLGZLYHV¶PDQXDO6KHZDVWKH DXWKRURIVHYHUDOSXEOLVKHGZRUNVLQFOXGLQJDWKUHHYROXPHPDQXDORQPLGZLIHU\ WKDWLQFOXGHVKHUDGYLFHDQGUHPHGLHVIRULOOQHVVHVDQGSUREOHPVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK
%RXUJHRLVVarious Observations, ,, 3HUNLQVS )RU DQ DQDO\VLV RI %RXUJHRLV¶V DSSRLQWPHQW SURFHVV VHH 6KHULGDQ ³&KLOGELUWK 0LGZLIHU\DQG6FLHQFH´SS± /RXLVH%RXUVLHU %RXUJHRLVObservations diverses, S
Whither Childbearing
SUHJQDQF\7KHRQO\PDQXDORILWVHUDZULWWHQE\DZRPDQ%RXUJHRLV¶VERRN SURYLGHVDXQLTXHYLHZLQWRWKHSUDFWLFHRIPLGZLIHU\LQWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ %RXUJHRLVZDVXQXVXDOEHFDXVHRIKHUNQRZOHGJHRIPHGLFDOWKHRU\DQGEHFDXVH VKHZDVDSXEOLVKHGH[SHUWRQWKHVXEMHFWRIELUWKLQJ The Birthing Manuals ,WZDVDSDUWLFXODUKLVWRULFDOPRPHQW²ZKHQVFLHQFHDQGPHQEHJDQWRHQWHUWKH ELUWKLQJURRP²WKDWDOORZHGIRU%RXUJHRLVDQG*XLOOHPHDXWRULVHWRWKHSRVLWLRQ RISXEOLVKHGDXWKRUVZKRZHUHUHQRZQHGIRUWKHLUNQRZOHGJHDQGH[SHUWLVHLQFDUH IRU ZRPHQ -DFTXHV *XLOOHPHDX DQG /RXLVH %RXUJHRLV ZHUH LQGHEWHG WR PDQ\ RIWKHVDPHPHGLFDOPHQZHUHERWKSUHVHQWDWWKHELUWKRI/RXLV;,,,DQGZHUH SUDFWLWLRQHUVWRWKHHOLWHLQ3DULVDQGLWVVXEXUEVWKH\FURVVHGSDWKVRQDUHJXODU EDVLV:KLOHWKH\GLGQRWDFNQRZOHGJHRQHDQRWKHULQWKHLUZULWLQJVWKHUHLVQR HYLGHQFHWKDWLQGLFDWHVDQ\WKLQJGLIIHUHQWWKDQDQDPLFDEOHLIGLVWDQWSURIHVVLRQDO UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK RQH DQRWKHU :KLOH WKHLU ELUWKLQJ PDQXDOV ZHUH SXEOLVKHG DW QHDUO\ WKH VDPH WLPH LQÀXHQFHG E\ WKH VDPH H[SHUW RQ FKLOGELUWK²$PEURLVH 3DUp²DQGZULWWHQLQWKHVDPHFLW\WKH\ZHUHDGGUHVVHGWRGLIIHUHQWDXGLHQFHVDQG ZHUHDLPHGDWIXO¿OOLQJGLIIHUHQWSXUSRVHV -DFTXHV *XLOOHPHDX KDG LQFOXGHG VRPH RI KLV DGYLFH RQ FKLOGELUWK LQ KLV VXUJLFDO WUHDWLVHV EXW KH EHOLHYHG WKDW WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI ELUWKLQJ ZDUUDQWHG LWV RZQWUHDWLVH:KLOHKLVPDQXDOLQFOXGHGDGYLFHIRUPLGZLYHVKHHPSKDVL]HGLQ KLVSUHIDFHWKDWKHZURWHWKHPDQXDOIRU\RXQJVXUJHRQVLQWUDLQLQJZKRSODQQHG WRVSHFLDOL]HLQFKLOGELUWK$FNQRZOHGJLQJWKDWQRWDOOVXUJHRQVZRXOGNQRZ/DWLQ RU*UHHNKHZURWHKLVPDQXDOLQ)UHQFKVRWKDWLWZRXOGEHZLGHO\DFFHVVLEOH In KLVPDQXDO*XLOOHPHDXPDGHWKHFDVHWKDWVXUJHRQVZHUHXQLTXHO\WUDLQHGWRKHOS ZRPHQGXULQJSUHJQDQF\DQGGHOLYHU\SDUWLFXODUO\WKRVHLQYROYLQJFRPSOLFDWLRQV $WWKLVWLPHVXUJHRQVXQOLNHPLGZLYHVZHUHQRWJHQHUDOSUDFWLWLRQHUVLQFDULQJ IRUZRPHQGXULQJWKHLUSUHJQDQFLHV7KHSULPDU\UROHIRUDVXUJHRQLQFKLOGELUWK ZDVWRLQWHUYHQHZKHQGHOLYHULHVZHQWDZU\$QG\HW*XLOOHPHDXDUJXHGWKDWHYHQ ZKHQDFKLOGZDVERUQZLWKRXWLQWHUYHQWLRQE\HLWKHUDVXUJHRQRUDPLGZLIHWKH PRWKHUDQGFKLOGZRXOGQHHGDVVLVWDQFHXSRQWKHFKLOG¶VDUULYDOWKDWRQO\DVXUJHRQ ZDVTXDOL¿HGWRSURYLGH)RUH[DPSOHWKHFKLOGFRXOGEHH[WUDRUGLQDULO\ZHDNRU LWVKHDGFRXOGEHPLVVKDSHQRUWKHZRPDQ¶VZRPEFRXOGEHPDOIRUPHG+RZHYHU
/RXLVH%RXUVLHU %RXUJHRLVObservations diverses sur la sterilité, perte de fruict, IRHFRQGLWpDFFRXFKHPHQWVHWPDODGLHVGHVIHPPHV HQIDQWVQRXYHDX[QDL[DPSOHPHQW traitées, et heureusement praticquées par L. Bourgeois dite Boursier 3DULV + 5XI¿Q 7KLVHGLWLRQFRQWDLQVDOOWKUHHYROXPHVRIKHUPDQXDO7KH¿UVWYROXPHZDVSXEOLVKHG LQWKHVHFRQGLQDQGWKHWKLUGLQ -DPHVVLF *XLOOHPHDXChild-birth or, The Happy Deliverie of Women. Wherein is set down the Government of Women $PVWHUGDP7KHDWUYP2UELV7HUUDUYP/WG , IROY -DPHVVLF *XLOOHPHDXChild-birth or, The Happy Deliverie of Women, IROY
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6KHULGDQ
KHZURWHPDQ\PLGZLYHVDQGIDPLO\PHPEHUVEHFDXVHRIWKHLUZLOOIXOQHVVIDLOHG WRFDOOXSRQDVXUJHRQLQWKHVHVLWXDWLRQVWRWKHSHULORIWKHODERULQJZRPDQDQGWKH FKLOG+HEHOLHYHGWKDWDOOVXUJHRQVVKRXOGOHDUQPHGLFDOWKHRU\DQGWKDWLWZDVLQ WKHUHDOPRIFKLOGELUWKDERYHDOOZKHUHVXUJHRQVFRXOGEHVHHQDVPHGLFDOH[SHUWV 1RQHWKHOHVV*XLOOHPHDXVWUHVVHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIVXUJHRQV¶HPSLULFDOWUDLQLQJ RYHUWKHRUHWLFDONQRZOHGJHLQWKHUHDOPRIELUWKLQJVXJJHVWLQJWKHVXSHULRULW\RI VXUJHRQVRYHUSK\VLFLDQVZKHQLWFDPHWRFKLOGELUWK %RXUJHRLV¶VPDQXDOZDVWKH¿UVWPDQXDOZULWWHQE\DPLGZLIHIRUPLGZLYHV 7KHPLGZLIHXQOLNHWKHVXUJHRQ,SURYLGHGFDUHWRWKHSDUWXULHQWZRPDQWKURXJKRXW KHU HQWLUH SUHJQDQF\ GHOLYHU\ DQG SRVWGHOLYHU\ SHULRG 0LGZLYHV¶ SULPDU\ FKDUJHZDVWRSURYLGHFRPIRUWWRZRPHQJLYLQJELUWKDQGWRHQVXUHVDIHGHOLYHULHV RI WKHLU FKLOGUHQ ,Q RUGHU WR GR WKLV PLGZLYHV KDG WR PHGLDWH PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ ZRPDQ DQG KXVEDQG ZRPDQ DQG ELUWKLQJ DWWHQGDQWV ZRPDQDQGVXUJHRQKXVEDQGDQGVXUJHRQDQGELUWKLQJDWWHQGDQWVDQGVXUJHRQ %RXUJHRLVXQGHUVWRRGWKHUROHRIWKHPLGZLIHDVÀXLGDPLGZLIHZRXOGSURYLGH FDUHDVZHOODVPHGLFDOUHFLSHVDQGLIQHHGEHVKHZRXOGDOVRXVHWHFKQLTXHVLQ RUGHUWRVDYHWKHOLIHRIWKHPRWKHUDQGFKLOG2QWKHRWKHUKDQG%RXUJHRLVZDV QRWDIUDLGWRUHFRPPHQGRWKHUSUDFWLWLRQHUV²SK\VLFLDQVDQGRUVXUJHRQV²LIWKH\ FRXOGSURYLGHWKHEHVWFDUH ,QKHUPDQXDO%RXUJHRLVIRFXVHGRQZKDWWRGRIRUSUHJQDQWDQGODERULQJZRPHQ LQWKHFDVHRIDQHPHUJHQF\
-DPHVVLF *XLOOHPHDXChild-birth or, The Happy Deliverie of WomenIROY
Whither Childbearing
ZLWKRXWWKHQHHGIRUDQ\LQWHUYHQWLRQZKDWVRHYHU7KXVDFFRUGLQJWRKLPWKH PLGZLIH¶VSULPDU\UROHLQFKLOGELUWKUHTXLUHGYHU\OLWWOHVNLOO+HUPRVWLPSRUWDQW UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVZHUHWRNHHSWKHODERULQJZRPDQFDOPDQGWREHSDWLHQWVRDVWR OHWQDWXUHGRLWVZRUN:KLOHKHDFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWFKLOGELUWKZDVRIWHQSDLQIXO KHVWUHVVHGWKDWZRPHQVKRXOGWU\WRUHPDLQFDOPDQGSDWLHQWWKURXJKRXWODERU *XLOOHPHDXFRQFOXGHGZLWKWKHDVVXUDQFHWKDWWKHSDLQPRVWZRPHQH[SHULHQFHG LQFKLOGELUWKZKLOHXQSOHDVDQWZDVRUGDLQHGE\*RGEHFDXVHRIZRPHQ¶VRULJLQDO VLQ &ODLPLQJWKDWLWZDVXQXVXDOWR¿QGDPLGZLIHZKRZRXOGEHVNLOOHGHQRXJK WRKDQGOHFRPSOLFDWLRQVGXULQJGHOLYHU\*XLOOHPHDXVWURQJO\UHFRPPHQGHGWKDW WKHPLGZLIHFDOOLQDVXUJHRQRUDSK\VLFLDQDWWKH¿UVWVLJQRIWURXEOH %RXUJHRLV DOVR DGGUHVVHG PLGZLYHV¶ UROHV DQG UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV GLVFXVVLQJ DWOHQJWKZKDWDPLGZLIHPXVWGRIRUDZRPDQLQDQRUPDOGHOLYHU\6LPLODUWR *XLOOHPHDX%RXUJHRLVLQGLFDWHGWKDWGXULQJQRUPDOGHOLYHULHVPLGZLYHVPXVWEH SDWLHQWDQGOHWQDWXUHWDNHLWVFRXUVH
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6KHULGDQ
EHORQJHG WR ERWK VXUJHRQV DQG PLGZLYHV *XLOOHPHDX EHOLHYHG WKDW PLGZLYHV FRXOG PDQDJH GHOLYHULHV DV ORQJ DV WKHUH ZHUH QR FRPSOLFDWLRQV ,Q GLI¿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pKDG ORQJVLQFHSDVVHGDZD\:LWKWKHVHWZRIDPRXVELUWKLQJH[SHUWVJRQH%RXUJHRLV VHHPHGWKHOLNHO\VXFFHVVRUWREHWKHIRUHPRVWELUWKLQJSUDFWLWLRQHULQ3DULVHYHQ LIRUDVVKHKRSHGbecause VKHZDVDZRPDQ /HDUQHGLQPHGLFDONQRZOHGJHDQG SUDFWLFHGLQKHUDUW%RXUJHRLVH[HPSOL¿HGDQHZNLQGRIPLGZLIHRQHVKHKRSHG ZRXOGEHFRPHSDUWRIWKHH[SDQGLQJPHGLFDOFRPPXQLW\:KLOH%RXUJHRLVZDV FHUWDLQO\VXFFHVVIXOIRUPDQ\\HDUVIROORZLQJWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIKHUPDQXDOWKH WHQVLRQRYHUZKRZRXOGKDYHDXWKRULW\LQWKHELUWKLQJURRPZDVJURZLQJ$EULHI ORRNDW-DFTXHV¶VVRQ&KDUOHV*XLOOHPHDX¶VFDUHHUKHOSVWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHZD\WKLV WHQVLRQDPRQJSUDFWLWLRQHUVPDQLIHVWHGLWVHOILQHDUO\PRGHUQ3DULVLDQVRFLHW\ Charles Guillemeau (1588–1656) -XVW DV -DFTXHV *XLOOHPHDX ZDV GHVWLQHG WR IROORZ LQ KLV IDWKHU¶V IRRWVWHSV VR DOVRZDV&KDUOHV*XLOOHPHDXGHVWLQHGWREHFRPHDVXUJHRQOLNHKLVIDWKHU,QGHHG -DFTXHV *XLOOHPHDX KDG SURPLVHG +HQUL ,9 WKDW KH ZRXOG SDVV RQ KLV VNLOOV WR KLVHOGHVWVRQZKRZRXOGDOVRVHUYHWKHNLQJ%\DWWKHDJHRI&KDUOHV *XLOOHPHDX KDG DOUHDG\ DFKLHYHG WKH UDQN RI UR\DO VXUJHRQ :KLOH KH ZDV QRW TXLWHDVSUROL¿FDVKLVIDWKHU&KDUOHVSXEOLVKHGVHYHUDOVXUJLFDOWUHDWLVHV+HDOVR DXJPHQWHGKLVIDWKHU¶VPDQXDORQFKLOGELUWKPRVWQRWDEO\E\DGGLQJWRLWDSROHPLF DJDLQVWPLGZLYHV/LNHKLVIDWKHU&KDUOHVZDVLQWHUHVWHGLQHOHYDWLQJVXUJHRQV¶ VWDWXV LQ WKH PHGLFDO KLHUDUFK\ )RU H[DPSOH LQ KH ZDV RQH RI VHYHUDO VXUJHRQVRI6DLQW&{PHZKROHFWXUHGRQDQDWRP\WRIHOORZVXUJHRQVPXFKWRWKH GLVPD\RIPHGLFDOIDFXOW\LQ3DULV
*XLOOHPHDX³$X5RL´LQLes Oeuvres de Chirurgie 3DULV1%XRQ &KDUOHV*XLOOHPHDX³7UDLFWpGHV$EXVTXLVH&RPPHWWHQWVXUOHV3URFHGXUHVGH O¶,PSXLVVDQFHGHV+RPPHV GHV)HPPHV´LQ-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDXDe la grossesse et accouchement des femmes: du governement dicelles et moyen de survenir aux accidents qui leur arrivent, Ensemble de la nourriture des enfans3DULV$EUDKDP3DFDUG %URFNOLVVDQG-RQHVS
Whither Childbearing
FDQGLGDWHEHFDXVHWKHUHZDVQRSULHVWRUVHQLRUPLGZLIHSUHVHQW7KHGLVJUXQWOHG SK\VLFLDQ FRPSODLQHG WKDW WKLV ZDV XQZDUUDQWHG HVSHFLDOO\ VLQFH WZR VXUJHRQV DQGWZRPLGZLYHVZHUHSUHVHQW+HUH&KDUOHVDVVHUWHGVXUJHRQV¶FRQWURORYHU PLGZLYHVDWWKHVDPHWLPHDVKHGHPDQGHGUHVSHFWIRUVXUJHRQVIURPSK\VLFLDQV %\ &KDUOHV *XLOOHPHDX KDG VXUSDVVHG KLV IDWKHU LQ UDQN E\ DWWDLQLQJ WKH SRVLWLRQRISUHPLHUVXUJHRQWRWKHNLQJ 'HVSLWHWKHSURJUHVVWKDWVXUJHRQVKDGPDGHLQJDLQLQJOHJLWLPDF\DVOHDUQHG SUDFWLWLRQHUVLQWKH3DUOHPHQWRI3DULVIRXQGLQIDYRURISK\VLFLDQVZKHQWKH\ SUHYHQWHGVXUJHRQVIURPHVWDEOLVKLQJWKHPVHOYHVDVRI¿FLDOIDFXOW\RIPHGLFLQH 7KLV UXOLQJ PD\ KDYH FRQYLQFHG &KDUOHV *XLOOHPHDX WKDW REWDLQLQJ D PHGLFDO GHJUHHZRXOGKHOSKLVFDUHHU:KLOHWKHVXUJHRQVRI6DLQW&{PHGLGHVWDEOLVKWKHLU RZQSODFHRIOHDUQLQJWKH\ZHUHQRWRI¿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¶VFDUHHU 2Q -XQH WK WKH 3ULQFHVV 0DULH GH %RXUERQ0RQWSHQVLHU²*DVWRQ G¶2UOpDQV¶VZLIHDQG/RXLV;,,,¶VVLVWHULQODZ²GLHGDZHHNDIWHUJLYLQJELUWKWR DJLUO$VZDVFXVWRPDU\0DULHGH0pGLFLVRUGHUHGWKDWDQDXWRSV\EHSHUIRUPHG E\¿YHSK\VLFLDQVDQG¿YHVXUJHRQV7KHVKRUWUHSRUW²OHVVWKDQDSDJHORQJ² LPSOLHGWKDWWKHFDXVHRIGHDWKZDVDSLHFHRISODFHQWDDWWDFKHGWRWKHZRPEWKDW KDGEHFRPHJDQJUHQRXV5HPRYDORIWKHSODFHQWDZRXOGKDYHEHHQWKHPLGZLIH¶VMRE %RXUJHRLVWRRNWKLVWREHDGLUHFWLPSOLFDWLRQRIEODPHDQGLPPHGLDWHO\ZURWHEDFN DSXEOLFUHVSRQVHWRWKHVHSK\VLFLDQVDQGVXUJHRQV6KRUWO\WKHUHDIWHUDGHIHQVH
/HKRX[S %URFNOLVVDQG-RQHVS 3RXODLQSS± 3UDFWLFLQJERWKSK\VLFDQGVXUJHU\ZDVJHQHUDOO\QRWDOORZHGDWWKLVWLPH%URFNOLVV DQG -RQHV JDYH WKH H[DPSOH RI -DFTXHV '¶$PERLVH ZKR KDG EHFRPH D PHPEHU RI WKH FRUSRUDWLRQRI6DLQW&{PHZKLOHKHZDVDEDFKHORURIPHGLFLQH:KHQWKH3DULV)DFXOW\ OHDUQHGRIWKLVWKH\PDGHKLPVZHDUWRQRWSUDFWLFHVXUJHU\RUEHORQJWRWKHFRPSDQ\RI 6XUJHRQVRI6DLQW&{PHXQGHUWKHSHQDOW\RIH[SXOVLRQ%URFNOLVVDQG-RQHVS $W OHDVW RQH PHGLFDO VWXGHQW ZDV XQKDSS\ DERXW *XLOOHPHDX¶V DGPLVVLRQ LQWR WKH UHDOP RI SK\VLF)UDQoRLV/HKRX[FLWHVDMRXUQDOHQWU\IURPDPHGLFDOVWXGHQWZKRXSRQKHDULQJRI *XLOOHPHDX¶VOLFHQVLQJZURWHWKDWKHZDVKRUUL¿HGWKDWSK\VLFLDQVZRXOGEHWKURZQLQZLWK LOOLWHUDWHPHQOLNHVXUJHRQVZKRGRQRWHYHQNQRZ/DWLQ6HH/HKRX[S /RXLVH %RXUJHRLV Apologie de Louise Bourgeois Dite Bourcier sage femme de OD5R\QH0HUHGX5R\ GHIHX0DGDPH&RQWUHOH5DSSRUWGHV0HGHFLQV3DULV&KH] 0HOFKLRU0RQGLHUH
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6KHULGDQ
RI WKH VXUJHRQV DQG SK\VLFLDQV ZKR SHUIRUPHG WKH DXWRSV\ ZDV ZULWWHQ E\ DQ DQRQ\PRXVDXWKRUQRZDVVXPHGWREH&KDUOHV*XLOOHPHDX ,Q %RXUJHRLV¶V UHVSRQVH WR WKH DXWRSV\ UHSRUW VKH ZDQWHG WR GR PRUH WKDQ GHQ\UHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHSULQFHVV¶GHDWKVKHZDQWHGWRVKRZWKDWVKHZDVVNLOOHG DQGOHDUQHGHQRXJKLQWKHPDWWHURIELUWKLQJWREHDEOHWRSURYHKHULQQRFHQFH,Q GRLQJVR%RXUJHRLVXVHGERWKKHUVNLOOVEDVHGRQH[SHULHQFHDQGKHUNQRZOHGJH RIPHGLFDOWKHRU\ %RXUJHRLVVKRZHGWKDWOLNHWKHSK\VLFLDQVDQGVXUJHRQVZKR ZURWH WKH DXWRSV\ UHSRUW VKH XQGHUVWRRG DQDWRP\ SK\VLRORJ\ KXPRUDO WKHRU\ DQGWKHSRVVLEOHFDXVHVDQGHIIHFWVRIJDQJUHQH,WLVVWULNLQJKRZ%RXUJHRLVXVHG SK\VLFLDQV¶ DQG VXUJHRQV¶ RZQ NQRZOHGJH ODQJXDJH DQG SRVLWLRQ RI DXWKRULW\ DJDLQVW WKHP &LWLQJ PHGLFDO NQRZOHGJH WKDW KDG WUDGLWLRQDOO\ EHORQJHG WR SK\VLFLDQVDQGLQFUHDVLQJO\EHORQJHGDOVRWRVXUJHRQVVKHFODLPHGWRSURYHWKDW WKHGHDWKRIWKHSULQFHVVZDVWKHIDXOWRIWKHSULQFHVV¶SK\VLFLDQV,WZDVE\KHU FKDUJH WKH SULQFHVV¶ SK\VLFLDQV ZKR VKRXOG KDYH DWWHQGHG WR KHU LOOQHVV EHIRUH VKH HYHQ ZHQW LQWR ODERU %RXUJHRLV DOVR FLWHG WKH ZD\V LQ ZKLFK KHU VNLOOV LQ PLGZLIHU\DQGNQRZOHGJHRIZRPHQ¶VKHDOWKZHUHDUHVRXUFHWRERWKPLGZLYHV DQGPHGLFDOPHQ6KHDI¿UPHGKHUPLGZLIHU\VNLOOVE\FLWLQJKHUUHFRUGRI\HDUV RIH[SHULHQFHLQ3DULV)XUWKHUVKHFODLPHGH[SHUWLVHLQPHGLFLQHE\GHFODULQJWKDW KHUZULWLQJVKDGEHHQSXEOLVKHGDQGWUDQVODWHGLQWRVHYHUDOODQJXDJHVIRUZKLFK VKHUHFHLYHGWKDQNVIURP³WKHJUHDWHVW3K\VLFLDQVLQ(XURSHZKRSUR¿WHGIURP UHDGLQJP\ERRNV´ &KDUOHV*XLOOHPHDX¶VUHVSRQVHWR%RXUJHRLVLVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHLQFUHDVLQJ HDVH ZLWK ZKLFK VXUJHRQV DQG SK\VLFLDQV ZHUH DEOH WR FKDOOHQJH WKH DJHROG QRWLRQ WKDW WKH ELUWKLQJ URRP ZDV WKH PLGZLIH¶V GRPDLQ *XLOOHPHDX DWWDFNHG %RXUJHRLV¶V H[SHUWLVH LQ DQ DUHD WKDW PLGZLYHV ZHUH WUDGLWLRQDOO\ SUHVXPHG WR EHVXSHULRUWRPHGLFDOPHQWKHFDUHRIWKHIHPDOHSDWLHQWDQGWKHSUDFWLFDOVNLOOV LQYROYHGLQWKHVXFFHVVIXOGHOLYHU\RIDZRPDQ7KRXJKKHPRFNHG%RXUJHRLV¶V DWWHPSWV WR FLWH DQFLHQW DXWKRULWLHV DJDLQVW WKH SK\VLFLDQV DQG VXUJHRQV KH GLG DOORZIRUWKHSRVVLELOLW\WKDW%RXUJHRLVPD\KDYHEHHQFRUUHFWLQKHUH[SODQDWLRQV RIPHGLFDOSUREOHPVVXFKDVZKHWKHURUQRWDUHWDLQHGSODFHQWDDORQHFRXOGFDXVH
Remonstrance à Madame Bourcier touchant son Apologie contre le Rapport que les medecins ont faict de ce qui a causé la mort deplorable de Madame 3DULV - -DFTXLQ 7KRXJK WKH DXWKRU RI WKLV Remonstrance LV QRW LQFOXGHG LQ WKH WH[W WKH FRS\WKDW,ORRNHGDWIURPWKH%LEOLRWKqTXH1DWLRQDOHLQFOXGHV&KDUOHV*XLOOHPHDX¶VQDPH KDQGZULWWHQRQWKHGRFXPHQW6HHDOVR3RXODLQSS±)UDQoRLV5RXJHWDQG&ROHWWH +:LQQ³,QWURGXFWLRQ´WRRécit Véritable de la Naissance de Messeigneurs et Dames Les Enfans de France, Instruction a ma Fille, et Autres Textes SDU/RXLVH%RXUVLHU *HQqYH 'UR]S %RXUJHRLVFLWHGERWKDQFLHQWDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\VXUJHRQVDQGSK\VLFLDQV²LQFOXGLQJ *DOHQDQG+LSSRFUDWHV²WRVXSSRUWKHUFODLPVDQGWRSURYHPLGZLYHV¶VXSHULRUNQRZOHGJH LQ WKH UHDOP RI ELUWKLQJ )RU D IXOOHU DQDO\VLV RI WKH SULQFHVV¶ GHDWK DQG WKHVH WH[WV VHH 6KHULGDQ³&KLOGELUWK0LGZLIHU\DQG6FLHQFH´SS± %RXUJHRLVApologie, S7UDQVODWLRQLVP\RZQ
Whither Childbearing
JDQJUHQH,QVWHDG*XLOOHPHDXFODLPHGWKDWLWZDV%RXUJHRLV¶VLQFRPSHWHQFHLQ SURYLGLQJEDVLFFDUHWRWKHSULQFHVVGXULQJODERUWKDWFDXVHGWKHSULQFHVV¶GHDWK )RUH[DPSOH*XLOOHPHDXQRWHGWKDWWKHFDXVHRIWKHJDQJUHQHFRXOGEHVRPHWKLQJ RWKHUWKDQDUHWDLQHGSLHFHRIWKHSODFHQWD+HVXJJHVWHGWKDWLWFRXOGDOVREHDQ\ RQH RI WKH IROORZLQJ WRR PXFK SUHVVXUH RQ WKH XWHUXV WR H[WUDFW WKH SODFHQWD URXJKWUHDWPHQWWKURXJKRXWWKHGHOLYHU\RUELQGLQJWKHDEGRPHQWRRWLJKWO\DIWHU WKHELUWK*XLOOHPHDXWKXVLPSOLHGWKDWZKDWHYHUWKHFDXVHRIWKHJDQJUHQHLW ZDV FOHDUO\ WKH PLGZLIH¶V IDXOW DV VKH ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU DQ\ RI WKHVHSURFHGXUHV$FFXVLQJKHURILQHSWQHVVLQEDVLFFDUHZDVDQHIIHFWLYHVWUDWHJ\ WKHUH FRXOG KDYH EHHQ QR JUHDWHU EORZ WR %RXUJHRLV¶V DXWKRULW\ DQG UHSXWDWLRQ %RXUJHRLV¶VSUHFDULRXVSRVLWLRQDWFRXUW²PXFKPRUHWUXHE\WKDQLWKDGEHHQ LQJLYHQKHUFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHLQFUHDVLQJO\XQSRSXODU0DULHGH0pGLFLV² FRPELQHGZLWKLQFUHDVLQJDUJXPHQWVLQIDYRURIPHQ¶VUROHLQELUWKLQJDQGZRPHQ¶V KHDOWKPHDQWWKDW%RXUJHRLVZDVXQDEOHWRPDLQWDLQKHUUROHDVDQDXWKRULW\RQ FKLOGELUWKDQGPLGZLIHU\DWWKHUR\DOFRXUW:HKDYHDOPRVWQRLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW %RXUJHRLV¶VOLIHIURPWKLVSRLQWXQWLOKHUGHDWKLQ $VWKLVVWRU\GHPRQVWUDWHVDVHDUO\DVELUWKLQJIRUWKHHOLWHVLQ)UDQFHZDV QRORQJHUDQDOOIHPDOHDIIDLU7UXHSK\VLFLDQVDQGVXUJHRQVKDGPDGHWKHLUZD\ LQWRWKHELUWKLQJURRPDVWUXVWHGELUWKLQJDWWHQGDQWVRQO\DPRQJWKHDULVWRFUDF\DQG WKHXSSHUERXUJHRLVLH6WLOOHYHQLIPRVWZRPHQZHUHVWLOODWWHQGHGE\PLGZLYHV SK\VLFLDQVDQGVXUJHRQVZHUHLQFUHDVLQJO\XQGHUVWRRGWREHWKHH[SHUWVRQZRPHQ¶V KHDOWK7KLVZDVDUHVXOWRILQSDUWLFXODUWKHLPSURYHGHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJRI SK\VLFLDQVDQGHVSHFLDOO\VXUJHRQV&RXSOHGZLWKDQLQFUHDVHLQSK\VLFLDQV¶DQG VXUJHRQV¶ SXEOLVKHG WUHDWLVHV RQ ZRPHQ¶V KHDOWK PLGZLYHV JUDGXDOO\ EHJDQ WR ORVHWKHLUSRVLWLRQDVWKHDXWKRULWLHVLQWKHELUWKLQJURRP &RQFOXVLRQ 7KHHDUO\VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\LQ3DULVZDVDPRPHQWRIRSSRUWXQLW\IRUVXUJHRQV PDOH DQG PLGZLYHV IHPDOH WR IRUJH WKHLU ZD\ LQWR WKH EXUJHRQLQJ PHGLFDO FRPPXQLW\%RWKRFFXSDWLRQVKDGDOZD\VHPSKDVL]HGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIH[SHULHQFH DQG REVHUYDWLRQ LQ WUHDWLQJ WKHLU FOLHQWHOH $W D WLPH ZKHQ PHGLFDO PHQ ZHUH EHJLQQLQJWRTXHVWLRQDQFLHQWPHGLFDOWKHRU\LWVHHPHGSRVVLEOHWKDWPLGZLYHV DQGVXUJHRQVPLJKW¿QGDSODFHIRUWKHPVHOYHVLQWKHPHGLFDOKLHUDUFK\%HFDXVH
&KDUOHV*XLOOHPHDXRemonstrance, SS± &KDUOHV*XLOOHPHDXRemonstrance, S 7KH JHQHUDO FRQVHQVXV RI VHYHUDO KLVWRULDQV ZKR KDYH ZULWWHQ DERXW %RXUJHRLV LVWKDWVKHUHWUHDWHGIURPWKHFRXUWDWWKHWLPHRIWKHSULQFHVV¶VGHDWK6HHIRUH[DPSOH &KpUHDXS5RXJHWDQG:LQQS:HQG\3HUNLQVJRHVVRIDUDVWRVD\³:KDWLV EH\RQGGRXEWLVWKDW%RXUJHRLV¶VFDUHHUDPRQJVWWKHDULVWRFUDF\DWDQ\UDWHHQGHGKHUH >ZLWKWKHSULQFHVV¶VGHDWK@´3HUNLQVS7KRXJK%RXUJHRLV¶VUHFRUGVRIKHUFOLHQWHOH KDYHQRWEHHQIRXQGLQRUGHUWRSURYHWKLVWKHUHLVDOVRQRLQGLFDWLRQWKDWVKHDWWHQGHGPRUH ELUWKVDWFRXUW
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH6KHULGDQ
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¶VERGLHV7KHWDERRDJDLQVWPHQVHHLQJZRPHQ¶V ERGLHVZDVDQRIWFLWHGUHDVRQIRUNHHSLQJPHQRXWRIWKHELUWKLQJURRP $QG\HWDVWKHVWRU\RI%RXUJHRLV¶VGLVPLVVDOIURPWKHUR\DOFRXUWLQGLFDWHV KHUYLVLRQRID³QHZNLQGRIPLGZLIH´ZDVRQHWKDWGLGQRWFRPHWRIUXLWLRQ:KLOH ZRPHQZHUHDOORZHGWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIPHGLFDONQRZOHGJHIRU VRPH WLPH WKH JHQGHUHG QDWXUH RI PHGLFDO SURIHVVLRQDOL]DWLRQ PHDQW WKDW WKHLU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ PHGLFLQH ZDV FXUWDLOHG 2QFH PHQ JDLQHG WKH H[SHULHQFH WKDW ZRPHQKDGLQFDULQJIRUZRPHQWKH\ZHUHDEOHWRFKDOOHQJHDUJXPHQWVVXFKDV WKRVHWKDWIRFXVHGRQWKHLPPRUDOLW\RIPHQYLHZLQJZRPHQ¶VERGLHV7KXVZKLOH PHQJDLQHGWKHH[SHULHQFHWKDWWUDGLWLRQDOO\RQO\ZRPHQSRVVHVVHGZRPHQGLG QRWLQWXUQFRPHWREHUHJDUGHGDVVFLHQWL¿FSUDFWLWLRQHUV)XUWKHUPDOHVXUJHRQV DQGSK\VLFLDQVZHUHDEOHWRFODLPWKDWQHZVNLOOVLQELUWKLQJEHOLHYHGWRHQVXUH VDIHGHOLYHU\RIPRWKHUDQGFKLOGEHORQJHGH[FOXVLYHO\WRPHGLFDOPHQ-XVWDV $PEURLVH3DUp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
)RUPRUHRQWKHWURSHRIPRGHVW\LQGHIHQGLQJIHPDOHSUDFWLWLRQHUVVHH6KHULGDQ ³&KLOGELUWK0LGZLIHU\DQG6FLHQFH´SS±
&KDSWHU
7RXFKLQJDQG7HOOLQJ *HQGHUHG9DULDWLRQVRQD *\QHFRORJLFDO7KHPH .LUN'5HDG
&KLOGELUWKIRUZRPHQDWWKHWXUQRIWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ZDVDWRQFHOLIHJLYLQJ DQGOLIHWKUHDWHQLQJWREULQJFKLOGUHQLQWRWKHZRUOGZDVWRSXWRQHVHOILQGDQJHU %LUWKLQJ FKLOGUHQ RI WKH PLQG WKURXJK ZULWLQJ DQG SXEOLVKLQJ ZDV DQ HTXDOO\ SHULORXVHQWHUSULVHIRUZRPHQLQDVRFLHW\WKDWPDUNHGDOORIWKHLUUHSURGXFWLYH FDSDFLWLHV ERWK ELRORJLFDO DQG LQWHOOHFWXDO ZLWK VKDPH DQG VXVSLFLRQ $Q LQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHZULWLQJVRIERWKPHQDQGZRPHQVXUURXQGLQJFKLOGELUWKFDQ SURYHIUXLWIXOUHJDUGLQJWKHOLPLWVDQGSRVVLELOLWLHVRIZRPHQ¶VH[SUHVVLRQERWK RIWKHERG\DQGWKHVSLULW 7KHSHUFHSWLRQRIFKLOGELUWKDVDGDQJHURXVHYHQWLQWKHOLIHRIHDUO\PRGHUQ ZRPHQ LV WKH VXEMHFW RI QR OLWWOH GHEDWH DQG WKH ODQJXDJH DQG DUJXPHQWV XVHG IRU IUDPLQJ WKH SROHPLF DUH LQVWUXFWLYH LQ DQG RI WKHPVHOYHV /LDQQH 0F7DYLVK LVZRQWWRTXHVWLRQRYHUO\GLUHVWDWLVWLFV6KHVHHVWKHH[DJJHUDWLRQRIUHSRUWVRQ PDWHUQDO PRUWDOLW\ DV SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ D WUDQVKLVWRULFDO PLVRJ\QLVWLF WUDGLWLRQ RI FRQGHPQLQJPLGZLYHV¶LQFRPSHWHQF\6KHVD\VRIUHFHQWKLVWRULDQVRIPHGLFLQH ³%\ XQGHUWDNLQJ FDUHIXO DUFKLYDO UHVHDUFK WKH\ KDYH XQGHUPLQHG ORQJVWDQGLQJ DVVXPSWLRQVDERXWHDUO\PRGHUQFKLOGELUWK,WLVQRORQJHUSRVVLEOHWRSUHVXPHWKDW IHPDOHPLGZLYHVZHUHLQFRPSHWHQWZRPHQKDGQRFRQWURORYHUFRQFHSWLRQDQG ELUWK LWVHOI ZDV H[WUHPHO\ GDQJHURXV´ 0F7DYLVK UHVSRQGV WR WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO DQGUHSHDWHGZLVGRPRIVFKRODUVVXFKDV/DZUHQFH6WRQHZKRJHQHUDOL]HEURDGO\ IURP ZKDW VHHPV OLNH PXFK RI WKH FDXWLRQDU\ K\SHUEROLF OLWHUDWXUH IURP WKH HDUO\PRGHUQSHULRG³)RUZRPHQFKLOGELUWKZDVDYHU\GDQJHURXVH[SHULHQFH IRU PLGZLYHV ZHUH LJQRUDQW DQG LOO WUDLQHG DQG RIWHQ KRUULEO\ ERWFKHG WKH MRE ZKLOHWKHODFNRIK\JLHQLFSUHFDXWLRQVPHDQWWKDWSXHUSHUDOIHYHUZDVDIUHTXHQW VHTXHO´&RPPHQVXUDWHZLWKVXFKSUHGLFWLRQVLVWKHVSHFXODWLRQRI%0:LOOPRWW /LDQQH0F7DYLVKChildbirth and the Display of Authority in Early Modern France $OGHUVKRW8.$VKJDWH S /DZUHQFH 6WRQH The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England 1500–1800 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5HDG
'REELHZKRVHSURVHEHWUD\VQRWRQO\WKHJHQHUDOP\VWHU\RIWKHELUWKLQJSURFHVV LQ WKH HDUO\ PRGHUQ HUD EXW RXU NQRZOHGJH RI LWV KLVWRU\ IURP WKDW WLPH WR WKH SUHVHQW $QHQTXLU\LQWRIDPLO\VWUXFWXUHLQSUHYLRXVFHQWXULHVUHYHDOVHYLGHQFHRIWKH KLJKSULFHLQZRPHQ¶VOLYHVRIUHSOHQLVKPHQWRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ,WFRXOGQRWEH RWKHUZLVHIRUZKHQ1DWXUHIDLOHGLQKHUWDVNRUZDVWKZDUWHGE\VXFKDGYHUVLWLHV DVSHOYLFGHIRUPLW\RUPDOSUHVHQWDWLRQDWWHPSWVWRKHOSZHUHPRVWO\IXPEOLQJ LQWKHGDUNOLWHUDOO\DQGPHWDSKRULFDOO\DQGZHOOPHDQWLQWHUIHUHQFHZDVDOPRVW FHUWDLQWRLQWURGXFHLQIHFWLRQVRRIWHQIDWDO
'REELH¶VFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI0RWKHU1DWXUH³IDLOLQJLQKHUWDVN´LQWKHFRQWH[W RI EXPEOLQJ HDUO\ PRGHUQ PLGZLYHV LV LQ LWVHOI IRGGHU IRU D ULFK GLVFXVVLRQ RI JHQGHU DQG FRQWHPSRUDU\ J\QHFRORJLFDO UKHWRULF DERXW WKH SDVW :KLOH WKDW PHWDFULWLFDOVWXG\LVQRWWKHIRFXVKHUHLWGRHVVHUYHWRFRQWH[WXDOL]HWKHZRUN RI0F7DYLVKDQGRWKHUVZKRVHHNWRSXWLQWRTXHVWLRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQVWKDWVXFK FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVYDOLGDWH7REHVXUHKRZHYHU'REELH¶VVXSSRVLWLRQVSDUWLFLSDWH IXOO\LQWKHKLJKO\JHQGHUHGGLVFRXUVHRIWKLVHUDWKDW)UDQoRLV5RXJHWDQG&ROHWWH :LQQGHVFULEHDVFOHDUO\SROHPLF &¶HVW GDQV OH GHUQLHU WLHUV GX ;9,H VLqFOH TXH V¶DPRUFH OH IDPHX[ FRQÀLW HQWUH OHV SUDFWLFLHQQHV HW OHV µKRPPHV G¶DUW¶ RSSRVDQW OHV IHPPHV IRUWHV GH OHXUH[SpULHQFHPDLVLJQRUDQWHVGHVSULQFLSHVpOpPHQWDLUHVGHO¶DQDWRPLHHWGH O¶K\JLqQHTXLUHIXVDLHQWGHFpGHUOHPRQRSROHGRQWHOOHVDYDLHQWMRXLMXVTXH Oj GDQV OH GRPDLQH REVWpWULFDO DX[ KRPPHV TXL VRXYHQW Q¶DYDLHQW TX¶XQH FRQQDLVVDQFHWKpRULTXHGHVPpFDQLVPHVGHODSDUWXULWLRQ ,WLVLQWKH¿QDOWKLUGSDUWRIWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\WKDWEHJLQVWKHIDPRXVFRQÀLFW EHWZHHQIHPDOHSUDFWLWLRQHUVDQGWKHµPHQRIVFLHQFH¶RSSRVLQJWKHVHZRPHQ ZKRZHUHIRUWL¿HGE\WKHLUH[SHULHQFHEXWLJQRUDQWRIEDVLFSULQFLSOHVRIDQDWRP\ DQGK\JLHQHDQGUHIXVHGWRJLYHXSWKHPRQRSRO\WKH\KDGWKHUHWRIRUHHQMR\HG LQWKHUHDOPRIREVWHWULFVRYHUPHQZKRRIWHQKDGRQO\WKHRUHWLFDONQRZOHGJHRI WKHPHFKDQLFVRIELUWKLQJ
2IFRQFHUQWRPHKHUHDUHWKHZD\VLQZKLFKDQ[LHW\RYHUWKHZRPDQ¶VERG\LQ ELUWK LQÀHFWV WKLV SRODUL]HG GHEDWH 5RXJHW DQG :LQQ FRQWLQXH ³/H UHVSHFW GHV WUDGLWLRQV PDLV DXVVL OHV SUpMXJpV HW OHV WDERXV QRWDPPHQW OD SXGHXU HW OD SHXU TX¶DYDLHQWOHVIHPPHVG¶rWUHVRXLOOpHQHFHVVDLHQWG¶DOLPHQWHUOHIDPHX[GpEDWVXU µO¶LQGpFHQFHDX[KRPPHVG¶DFFRXFKHUOHVIHPPHV¶´³5HVSHFWIRUWUDGLWLRQEXWDOVR
%0 :LOOPRWW 'REELH ³$Q $WWHPSW WR (VWLPDWH WKH 7UXH 5DWH RI 0DWHUQDO 0RUWDOLW\6L[WHHQWKWR(LJKWHHQWK&HQWXULHV´0HGLFDO+LVWRU\ )UDQoRLV 5RXJHW DQG &ROHWWH :LQQ ³,QWURGXFWLRQ´ WR /RXLVH %RXUVLHU Récit YHULWDEOH GH OD QDLVVDQFH GH PHVVHLJQHXUV HW GDPHV OHV HQIDQV GH )UDQFH ,QVWUXFWLRQ j PD¿OOHHWDXWUHVWH[WHV*HQHYD'UR] S$OOWUDQVODWLRQVDUHP\RZQXQOHVV RWKHUZLVHQRWHG
Touching and Telling
SUHMXGLFHVDQGWDERRVQRWDEO\PRGHVW\DQGZRPHQ¶VIHDURIEHLQJVXOOLHGGLGQRW FHDVHIURPIXHOLQJWKHIDPRXVGHEDWHRQWKHµLQGHFHQF\RIPHQDVVLVWLQJZRPHQLQ FKLOGELUWK¶´ ,I'REELHUDLVHVWKHVSHFWHURIZHOOLQWHQWLRQHGELUWKDWWHQGDQWV ³IXPEOLQJLQWKHGDUN´VRGR,KHUHWDNHXSWKHYHLOHGDQGDQ[LRXVGLVFRXUVHDURXQG ZKRLVSULYLOHJHGWRIXPEOHDERXWKRZHDUO\PRGHUQELUWKDWWHQGDQWVDSSURDFKHG WKHLUPLVVLRQDQGKRZWKHLUZULWLQJGHIHQGHGWKHLUGHFLVLRQVDQGOLYHOLKRRG 1RWVXUSULVLQJO\/RXLVH%RXUVLHUZKRP:HQG\3HUNLQVKDLOVDV³WKHIRUHPRVW IHPDOHKHDOWKZRUNHULQ)UDQFH´SOD\VDFUXFLDOUROHKHUH0LGZLIHWRWKH3DULVLDQ HOLWHRIKHUGD\LQFOXGLQJRQVL[RFFDVLRQV0DULHGH0pGLFLV%RXUVLHUVHWVWKH VFHQHLQKHUObservations diversesRI «MHPHWURXYDLVXQMRXUjO¶DFFRXFKHPHQWG¶XQHKRQQrWHGHPRLVHOOHGHPHV ERQQHV DPLHV GH ODTXHOOH OH PDUL pWDLW DEVHQW HOOH pWDLW DVVLVWpH GH WURLV RX TXDWUHGHVHVDPLHVOHVTXHOOHVPHGHPDQGqUHQWO¶pWDWGHVRQDFFRXFKHPHQWMH OHXUGLVTXHO¶HQIDQWYHQDLWPDOPDLVTXHMHO¶DXUDLVDLGDQW'LHXVDQVGDQJHU GHODPqUHQLGHO¶HQIDQWHOOHVPHSULqUHQWG¶DYRLUDJUpDEOHGHODIDLUHYRLUDX FKLUXUJLHQSRXUOHXUGpFKDUJHMHOHXUDFFRUGDLSRXUYXTX¶HOOHQHOHYvWSRLQW G¶DXWDQWTXHMHVDYDLVTXHFHODpWDLWFDSDEOHGHODIDLUHPRXULUG¶DSSUpKHQVLRQ HWGHKRQWH-HODSHUVXDGDLGHVHJOLVVHUDX[SLHGVGHVRQOLW-HPLVOHFKHYHWDX PLOLHXGXOLWHWDEDWWLVOHWRXUGXOLWGXF{WpTX¶LOGHYDLWSDVVHUHWDX[SLHGVLO ODWRXFKDFRPPHMHSDUODLVHOOHQHOHYLWSRLQWHWDFFRXFKDVDQVDUWL¿FHQLDLGH TXHGH'LHXHWGHODQDWXUH «,IRXQGP\VHOIRQHGD\DWWKHELUWKLQJRIDSURSHUODG\NQRZQWRP\JRRG IULHQGVZKRVHKXVEDQGZDVDEVHQWVKHZDVDWWHQGHGWRE\WKUHHRUIRXURIKHU IULHQGVZKRDVNHGPHDERXWWKHSURJUHVVRIWKHELUWK,WROGWKHPWKDWWKHFKLOG ZDV FRPLQJ ZLWK GLI¿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
6XFK DQHFGRWHV DUH RQH RI WKH PRVW FRPSHOOLQJ IHDWXUHV RI WKH PLGZLIH¶V RU SK\VLFLDQ¶V PDQXDO 1HVWOHG LQ DPRQJ 3HWUDUFKDQ VRQQHWU\ LQ WKH GHGLFDWLRQV ³%HWZHHQDQGVKHZDVPLGZLIHWR0DULHGH0pGLFLVTXHHQRI)UDQFH GHOLYHULQJ DOO VL[ RI KHU FKLOGUHQ +HU ULVH WR SURPLQHQFH ZDV LQ IDFW PHWHRULF KDYLQJ SDVVHGWKHRI¿FLDOH[DPLQDWLRQRQO\LQVKHKDGE\GHOLYHUHGWKHIXWXUH/RXLV ;,,,DQGZDVDVVXUHGRIDVXFFHVVIXOLQÀXHQWLDOFDUHHU´:HQG\3HUNLQVMidwifery and Medicine in Early Modern France: Louise Bourgeois([HWHU8QLYHUVLW\RI([HWHU3UHVV S /RXLVH%RXUVLHUObservations diverses sur la stérilité«HG)UDQoRLVH2OLYH3DULV &{WpIHPPH S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5HDG
FODVVLFDODQGIRONORULFDOOXVLRQVKHUEDOUHPHGLHVDQGWLSVRQHYHU\WKLQJIURPGU\ VNLQDQGYRPLWLQJWRSDWHUQLW\DQGPXOWLSOHELUWKVWKHH\HZLWQHVVDFFRXQWLVZKDW WXUQVWKHSDJHVI saw, I attended, I saved7KHVHDUHWKHWHUPVWKDWOHQGUHVSHFWDQG YHUDFLW\%RXUVLHU¶VVWRU\KHUHLVDSDUWLFXODUO\SRLJQDQWRQHIRUZKDWLWVD\VDERXW WKHVWDWHRIWKHLQFUHDVLQJO\PHGLFDOL]HGYLHZRIFKLOGELUWK,WEHWUD\VWKHPRPHQW ZKHUHDWWHQGLQJWRZRPHQ¶VUHSURGXFWLRQDQGELUWKLQJZDVOLWHUDOO\VOLSSLQJIURP WKHPLGZLIH¶VKDQGV %RXUVLHU¶VQDUUDWLYHLVFRXFKHGFOHDUO\LQDQDWPRVSKHUHRIPLVWUXVWUHJDUGLQJ ZRPHQ¶V FDSDFLWLHV WR RYHUVHH ELUWKV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH FDVH RI GLI¿FXOW RQHV ,QFRQVHQWLQJWRKHUFOLHQW¶VZLVKHVWRKDYHDGRFWRUSUHVHQWVKHPXVWVWDJHDQ HODERUDWHGHFHSWLRQVRWKDWWKHELUWKLQJZRPDQKHDUVKHUEXWLVWRXFKHGE\WKHPDQ EHKLQGWKHVFUHHQ ³LOODWRXFKDFRPPHMHSDUODLVHOOHQHOHYLWSRLQWHWDFFRXFKD VDQVDUWL¿FHQLDLGHTXHGH'LHXHWGHODQDWXUH´³+HWRXFKHGKHUZKLOH,VSRNH VKH QHYHU ODLG H\HV RQ KLP DQG JDYH ELUWK ZLWKRXW DQ\ VSHFLDO LQWHUYHQWLRQ RU KHOSHLWKHUIURP*RGRUQDWXUH´ 6KHWDONVUHDVVXULQJO\DQGKHWRXFKHV%RXUVLHU UHODWHGDVVKHZDVWKURXJKPDUULDJHWRVRPHRIWKHPRVWUHQRZQHGVXUJHRQVRI KHUGD\LVQRWRYHUO\EHJUXGJLQJEXWZHGRVHQVHLQWKH³VDQVDUWL¿FHQLDLGH´² PHDQLQJ WKDW QR H[WUDRUGLQDU\ PHDVXUHV ZHUH QHHGHG WKDW ZRXOG KDYH UHTXLUHG DGRFWRU²WKDWWKLVZDVVRPHWKLQJWKDWFRXOGKDYHEHHQKDQGOHGSXQLQWHQGHG EHWZHHQ ZRPHQ /RXLVH %RXUVLHU UHPLQGV KHU GDXJKWHU DQG WKH UHDGHU LQ KHU ,QVWUXFWLRQjPD¿OOH $GYLVH] PD ¿OOH FH TXH YRXV SRXYH] HVWUH SOXV TXH PR\ HVWDQW SHWLWH ¿OOH GH 3KDQHURWH GLVFLSOH GH /XFLQH PDLVWUHVVH GH 0HUFXUH j FDXVH TXH /XFLQH O¶DDVVXMHWW\jYRVWUHPHUH9RXVHVWHVQpHGDQVO¶H[HUFLFHTXHFHVWHVDJHP¶D PRQVWUp«9RXVQ¶HQPDQTXHUH]QXOOHPHQWG¶DXWDQWTXHYRXVHVWHVHQIDQWGH IDPLOOHXQ'RFWHXUHQPHGHFLQHHVWPDU\GHYRVWUHVRHXUYRVWUHPDU\IDLWVRQ FRXUVSRXUO¶HVWUHO¶XQGHYRVIUHUHVHVW3KDUPDFLHQYRVWUHSHUHHVW&KLUXUJLHQ HWPR\VDJHIHPPHOHFRUSVGHODPHGHFLQHHVWHQWLHUGDQVQRVWUHPDLVRQ &RQVLGHU P\ GDXJKWHU WKDW \RX FDQ EHFRPH HYHQ JUHDWHU WKDQ , EHLQJ JUDQGGDXJKWHU RI 3KDQHURWH GLVFLSOH RI /XFLQD PLVWUHVV RI 0HUFXU\ EHFDXVH /XFLQDSXWKHULQ\RXUPRWKHU¶VVHUYLFH
2ILQVLJKWLQWKLVUHDOPRILQYHVWLJDWLRQSDUWLFXODUO\ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHH[DPSOHRI /RXLVH%RXUVLHULV:HQG\3HUNLQV¶VWXG\Midwifery and Medicine in Early Modern France 5RXJHW DQG :LQQ¶V HGLWLRQ RI %RXUVLHU¶V Récit véritable LV KLJKO\ XVHIXO ZLWK UHJDUG WR SULPDU\ZRUNE\%RXUVLHUDQGELRJUDSK\2ILQWHUHVWDVZHOOLVWKHPRUHXQLYHUVDOVWXG\RI ZRPHQDQGPHGLFLQHE\(YHO\QH%HUULRW6DOYDGRUHUn Corps, un Destin: La femme dans la médecine de la Renaissance3DULV&KDPSLRQ 5RXJHWDQG:LQQ
Touching and Telling
/RXLVH %RXUVLHU¶V KXVEDQG 0DUWLQ %RXUVLHU VWXGLHG XQGHU$PEURLVH 3DUp DQG EHFDPHRQHRIWKHNLQJ¶VVXUJHRQV%RXUVLHULQGXOJHVERWKKHUDFWXDOOLQHDJHVR UHGROHQW RI PHGLFDO DFXPHQ DQG PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ KHU IHPDOH P\WKRORJLFDO IRUHEHDUVZKRPVKHXVHVWRHVWDEOLVKKHUFUHGLELOLW\DVDPLGZLIH$QGIRUJRRG UHDVRQLWZRXOGDSSHDU 3URIHVVLRQDO PHGLFDO PHQ ZHUH LQFUHDVLQJO\ LPSOLFDWLQJ WKHPVHOYHV LQWR WKH SURFHVVRIFKLOGELUWKWKHZULWWHQUHFRUGRIWKHLUDGYLFHUHJDUGLQJWKHLUSURIHVVLRQ UHÀHFWVQRWRQO\WKHIDFWRIWKHLULQYROYHPHQWEXWDFHUWDLQDQ[LHW\UHJDUGLQJWKH WHQVLRQV EHWZHHQ PHQ DQG ZRPHQ VXUJHRQV DQG PLGZLYHV WKDW FOHDUO\ PDUNHG WKLVSHULRGRIWUDQVLWLRQ2QHFDQH[SORUHPRUHFORVHO\WKLVSKHQRPHQRQWKURXJK DVKDUHGQDUUDWLYHDVWRU\WDNHQXSE\WKHVXUJHRQ-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDXLQKLVDe l’heureux accouchement des femmesRIDQGLQWHUSUHWHGGLIIHUHQWO\E\DQRWKHU ZULWHUZLWKPRUHOLWHUDU\SUHWHQWLRQV&DWKHULQHGHV5RFKHVLQKHU¿UVWSXEOLVKHG ZRUNV Les Oeuvres RI 7KH VWRU\ WKDW ERWK UHWHOO LV WKDW RI$JQRGLFH WKH P\WKLF¿UVWZRPDQSK\VLFLDQZKRDWWHQGHGWRWKHZRPHQRI$WKHQVIHDUIXOIRU WKHLU UHSXWDWLRQV OHVW WKH\ EH VHHQ DQG WRXFKHG E\ PHQ7KH VWRU\ FDPH WR ERWK DXWKRUVWKURXJK+\JLQXVDVHFRQGFHQWXU\/DWLQLVWDVSXEOLVKHGLQKLVFabulae 7KHLUUHVSHFWLYHDSSURDFKHVWRWKLVWDOHDUHWKHVWXIIRIJHQGHUHGDXWKRUVKLS:KDWGR WKH\LQFOXGH":K\":KRFRQVWLWXWHVWKHLUSXWDWLYHUHDGHUVKLS":KDW¶VDWVWDNH" +\JLQXVDQG:RPHQ¶V +\JLHQH +\JLQXVHPEHGVKLVVWRU\LQDFKDSWHUHQWLWOHG³,QYHQWRUVDQGWKHLU,QYHQWLRQV´ ZKHUHLQDYDULHW\RIGLVFRYHULHVDQGLQYHQWLRQVDUHGLVFXVVHGZLQHSUXQLQJWKH QHHGOHEURQ]HOHDGDUPVDQGWKHQVRPHZKDWLQFRQJUXRXVO\KHUEVZKLFKOHDG WR D UHIHUHQFH WR &KLURQ VRQ RI 6DWXUQ ¿UVW WR XVH KHUEV LQ WKH PHGLFDO DUW RI VXUJHU\ $SROOR ¿UVW WR SUDFWLFH LQ WKH DUW RI WUHDWLQJ H\HV DQG$VFOHSLXV KLV VRQZKRSXUSRUWHGO\EHJDQWKHDUWRIFOLQLFDOPHGLFLQH7KHVWRU\RI$JQRGLFH IROORZV
2ISULPDU\LPSRUWDQFHWRWKLVGLVFXVVLRQ²DQGRIVRPHKHOSLQP\FRQFHSWLRQRI DWLWOHIRUWKLVHVVD\²LVWKHZRUNRI&DUROLQH%LFNVRQ6KDNHVSHDUHDQPLGZLYHV³:KDW GLVWLQJXLVKHVWKHHDUO\PRGHUQPLGZLIHIURPWKHRWKHUZRPHQRIWKHELUWKURRPKRZHYHU LVWKHIDFWWKDWVKHZDVUHFRJQL]HGDVDVDQFWLRQHGVKDSHURIPHQ¶VZRPHQ¶VDQGFKLOGUHQ¶V ERGLHV$OWKRXJKDQ\ELUWKDWWHQGDQWZDVWKHRUHWLFDOO\SULY\WRDQHZPRWKHU¶VVHFUHWVWKH PLGZLIHKDGDQDFNQRZOHGJHGGXW\WRKDQGOHERGLHVDQGLQWHUSUHWWKHLUVHFUHWV*LYHQWKDW (XURSHDQPHQKDGSDUWLFLSDWHGLQPDNLQJWKHPLGZLIHDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKHLUFRXQWULHV¶ LQVWLWXWLRQDO VWUXFWXUHV DQG OHVV WDQJLEOH FXOWXUDO RSHUDWLRQV KHU WDOHV DQG WRXFK SRVHG D SDUWLFXODUFKDOOHQJHWRPDOHFODLPVDERXWZRPHQ¶VERGLHVDQGFKLOGUHQ¶VRULJLQV²DQGWR WKHPDVFXOLQHLGHQWLWLHVWKDWWKRVHFODLPVKHOSHGXQGHUZULWH´&DUROLQH%LFNVMidwiving Subjects in Shakespeare’s England$OGHUVKRW8.$VKJDWH S6HHDOVR/LDQQH 0F7DYLVK¶VFDXWLRQDU\LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKLVLVVXHDVGLVFXVVHGLQP\LQWURGXFWLRQZKHUH VKHZDUQVDJDLQVWDQRYHUO\SROHPLFL]HGGHEDWHDFFRUGLQJWRJHQGHU
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5HDG
7KH DQFLHQWV GLGQ¶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µKH¶ ZDV D VHGXFHU DQG FRUUXSWRU RI ZRPHQ DQG WKDW WKH ZRPHQ ZHUH SUHWHQGLQJ WR EH LOO7KH$UHRSDJLWHVLQVHVVLRQVWDUWHGWRFRQGHPQ+DJQRGLFHEXW+DJQRGLFH UHPRYHG KHU JDUPHQW IRU WKHP DQG VKRZHG WKDW VKH ZDV D ZRPDQ 7KHQ WKH GRFWRUVEHJDQWRDFFXVHKHUPRUHYLJRURXVO\DQGDVDUHVXOWWKHOHDGLQJZRPHQ FDPHWRWKH&RXUWDQGVDLGµ
+\JLQXVWKHQTXLWHFKDUDFWHULVWLFDOO\VKLIWVJHDUVDQGSOXQJHVVWUDLJKWDZD\LQWR D OLVW RI RWKHU LQYHQWLRQV FRPSDVVHV VWDWXDU\ DVWURORJ\ G\H PXVLFDO SLSHV DQGVRIRUWK7KLV³LQYHQWLRQ´DVLWZHUHLVIDUPRUHHODERUDWHGWKDQDQ\RWKHU LWHPV LQ +\JLQXV¶V FKDSWHU LW VHHPV WR FDUU\ D ORW PRUH ZHLJKW +LV DWWHQWLRQ EHWUD\VDFRQVFLRXVDQGFRQFHUWHGDWWHQWLRQWRWKHLVVXHRIZRPHQ¶VKHDOWKDQG WKHDQ[LHWLHVDWWDFKHGWRLW+\JLQXVLQWURGXFHVWKLV³LQYHQWLRQ´RURULJLQVWRU\DV EHLQJDERXWIHPDOHREVWHWULFLDQV
+\JLQXVThe Myths of HyginusHGDQGWUDQV0DU\*UDQW/DZUHQFH8QLYHUVLW\ RI.DQVDV3XEOLFDWLRQV 7KHLGHQWLW\RIWKHDXWKRU+\JLQXVUHPDLQVVXEMHFWWRDUGHQW GHEDWH0DU\*UDQWVHHPVFOHDUWKDWKHZDVQRWWKHFRPPRQO\DFFHSWHG&-XOLXV+\JLQXV IUHHGPDQRI$XJXVWXVDQGOLEUDULDQRIWKH3DODWLQH/LEUDU\EXWSDLQWVDQDPSOHSRUWUDLWRI WKHDXWKRUEDVHGXSRQHYLGHQFHIURPWKHWH[WLWVHOIDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\VRXUFHV7KHUHFHQW )UHQFKHGLWLRQHGLWHGE\-HDQ
Touching and Telling
WXQLFDVXEODWDRVWHQGHEDWVHIHPLQDPHVVH´DQG³WXQLFDPDOOHXDXLWHWVHRVWHQGLW IHPLQDPHVVH´ KLGLQJDQGUHYHDOLQJVXIIHULQJDQGKHDOLQJVRFUXFLDOWRWKHVWRU\ ,EHJDQZLWKE\/RXLVH%RXUVLHU 2ISDUWLFXODUUHOHYDQFHWRWKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQLVWKHWKRURXJKJRLQJZRUNRI+HOHQ .LQJZKRVHVWXG\RIWKHKLVWRULFDO$JQRGLFH$JQRGLNHWRWKLV+HOOHQLVW IRFXVHV KHDYLO\RQWKHDFWRI³DQDV\UPRV´WKHJHVWXUHRIOLIWLQJRIWKHJDUPHQWVWRUHYHDO WKH ORZHU SDUW RI WKH ERG\ .LQJ VKRZV WKLV JHVWXUH WR EH KLJKO\ FKDUJHG DQG HQXPHUDWHVLWVPDQ\PHDQLQJVZKHWKHUWRGULYHDZD\HYLOIRUFHVWRLQYLWHIHUWLOLW\ WRSURYRNHODXJKWHUWRPDNHRQHVHOIVH[XDOO\DYDLODEOHWRVKDPHPHQLQUHWUHDW LQEDWWOHWRSURYHRQH¶VVH[XDOLGHQWLW\RUDVLQWKHFDVHDPRQJZRPHQWRVKRZ VROLGDULW\)RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVVWXG\LWLVWKHVHODWWHUWZRLPSXOVHVWKDWWDNH SUHFHGHQFHWKRXJKWKHZDUWLPHVFHQDULR²OLWHUDOO\³,VWKLVZKHUH\RXFRZDUGV DUHUXQQLQJEDFNWREDFNWR\RXUPRWKHU¶VZRPE"´²KDVVRPHSRLJQDQF\LIZH UHPLQG RXUVHOYHV DJDLQ RI$ULVWRSKDQHV¶V Lysistrata LQ ZKLFK ZRPHQ¶V VH[XDO SRZHU LV ZLHOGHG ZLWK UHPDUNDEOH WUDQVIRUPDWLYH HIIHFW WKRXJK SUHVXPDEO\ WR RSSRVLWHHQGV.LQJDSWO\UHPDUNVWKHFRQWH[WLQZKLFKWKHVWRU\RI$JQRGLFHLV WROG+\JLQXV¶V³TXLVTXLGLQXHQHULW´²PRUHOLWHUDOO\ZKRGLVFRYHUHGZKDW²ZLWK DQHPSKDVLVRQcovering and un-covering7R¿QGRXWKRZWKLVZDVSOD\HGRXWLQ WKHHDUO\PRGHUQ)UDQFHZHWXUQ¿UVWWRSK\VLFLDQ-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDX $6XUJHRQ¶V+DQGOLQJRI+\JLQXV *XLOOHPHDX¶V UHWHOOLQJ RI +\JLQXV LV LQFOXGHG DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI %RRN ,, RI KLVPHGLFDOWUHDWLVHZKHUHLQKHGHYRWHVSDJHVWRWKHGXWLHVRIPLGZLYHVWKH HQWLUHERRNLVSDJHVORQJ ,IWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIWLPHVSHQWRQZRPHQ¶VUROHDV SUDFWLWLRQHUVDWFKLOGELUWKLVUHODWLYHO\VPDOOLWPLJKWEHH[SODLQHGLQWKHUKHWRULF RIGDQJHUDQGSUHFDULRXVQHVVZLWKZKLFKKHDSSURDFKHVKLVVXEMHFW 2UFRPPHDLQVLVRLWTXHODSOXVJUDQGHPDODGLHTXHOHVIHPPHVSXLVVHQWDYRLU HVWFHOOHGHVQHXIPRLVGRQWODFULVH JXDULVRQVHIDLFWSDUOHXUDFFRXFKHPHQW ,OQHIDXWSRLQWGRXWHUTXHWHOOHVIHPPHVQHVHVRLHQWDGGRQQHHV H[HUFHHVDX[ DFFRXFKHPHQVGHVIHPPHV TX¶LO\HQDHXGHWRXWWHPSV 1RZVLQFHWKHJUHDWHVWGLVHDVHWKDWZRPHQFDQKDYHLVWKDWRIWKHQLQH0RQHWKV WKH&ULVLVDQGFXUHZKHUHRIFRQVLVWVLQWKHLUVDIHGHOLYHULHZHPXVWQRWGRXEW EXWWKDWWKHUHKDYHEHHQVRPHZRPHQDGGLFWHGWKHUHWRDQGSUDFWL]HGWKHUHLQ LQDOODJHV«
+HOHQ .LQJ ³$JQRGLNH DQG WKH 3URIHVVLRQ RI 0HGLFLQH´ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH &DPEULGJH3KLORORJLFDO6RFLHW\ ± -DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDXDe l’heureux accouchement des femmes, où il est traicté du JRXYHUQHPHQWGHOHXUJURVVHVVHGHOHXUWUDYDLOQDWXUHOHWFRQWUHQDWXUHGXWUDLFWHPHQWHV tant accouchées et de leurs maladies3DULV S -DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDXChild-birth or, The Happy Deliverie of WomenDQRQ\PRXV WUDQVODWLRQ/RQGRQ S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5HDG
7KHDXGLHQFHLVFOHDUO\PDUNHGDVWKHIUDWHUQLW\RIVXUJHRQVZKRPXVWFRPHWR WHUPV ZLWK WKH VRURULW\ RI PLGZLYHV DV LW ZHUH ³DGGRQQHH H[HUFHHV´ WR WKH ZRUNWKDWPHQZHUHJUDGXDOO\WDNLQJRYHU *XLOOHPHDX UHWHOOV WKH VWRU\ ZLWK FOHDU HPSKDVLV RQ WKH FULVLV LQ ZRPHQ¶V KHDOWK «ODQHFHVVLWpPDLVWUHVVHGHVDUWVDFRQWUDLQFWOHVIHPPHVOHVXQHVDYHFOHV DXWUHVG¶DSSUHQGUH SUDFWLTXHUOD0HGHFLQHFDUVHWURXYDQVDIÀLJHHV DWWHLQWHV GH SOXVLHXUV PDODGLHV HQ OHXUV SDUWLHV KRQWHXVHV HVWDQV GHVWLWXHHV GH WRXV UHPHGHVjIDXWHGHTXR\SOXVLHXUVODQJXLVVRLHQW PRXURLHQWPLVHUDEOHPHQW Q¶RQW RVp VH GHVFRXYULU GHFHOHU OHXU PDO TX¶j HOOHVPHVPHVHVWLPDQV FHOD GHVKRQQHVWH QHFHVVLWLH WKH PLVWUHVVH RI $UWV KDWK FRQVWUDLQHG ZRPHQ WR OHDUQH DQG SUDFWLVH 3K\VLFNH RQH ZLWK DQ RWKHU )RU ¿QGLQJ WKHPVHOYHV DIÀLFWHG DQG WURXEOHG ZLWK GLYHUV GLVHDVHV LQ WKHLU QDWXUDOO SDUWV DQG EHLQJ GHVWLWXWH RI DOO UHPHGLHVIRUZDQWZKHUHRIPDQ\SHULVKHGDQGGLHGPLVHUDEO\ WKH\GXUVWQRW GLVFRYHUDQGOD\RSHQWKHLULQ¿UPLWLHVWRDQ\EXWWKHPVHOYHVDFFRXQWLQJLWWR EHGLVKRQHVW
,W LV QRW VXUSULVLQJ WKDW +\JLQXV¶V FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI ZRPHQ ³SHULVKLQJ IRU PRGHVW\´FDPHWRPLQG7KH³GLVFRYHULQJ´DQG³OD\LQJRSHQ´KHUHRILQ¿UPLWLHV LVFOHDUO\UHODWHGWRZRPHQ¶VJHQLWDOLDWKHVLWHRIFKLOGELUWKWREHVXUHEXWDOVR RI LQWHUFRXUVH GHVLUH VKDPH SROOXWLRQ DQG WKH HYHUWKUHDWHQLQJ OLFHQWLRXVQHVV RI ZRPHQ¶V H[SRVHG ERGLHV²WKH ³SDUWLHV KRQWHXVHV´²WR ZKLFK ZH ZLOO VKDOO UHWXUQ*XLOOHPHDX¶VYHUVLRQVWLFNVFORVHO\WRWKHP\WKDVWROGE\+\JLQXVKLVLV DIDLUO\IDLWKIXOUHQGHULQJRIWKHWLJKWO\FRQVWUXFWHGGUDPDRI$JQRGLFH¶VGHVLUH IRUOHDUQLQJWKHSK\VLFDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIKHUKDLUDQGFORWKHVKHUXQFRYHULQJ RI KHUVHOI WR WKH GRXEWLQJ $WKHQLDQ ZRPHQ KHU VXEVHTXHQW GHYHORSPHQW RI DQ HQWKXVLDVWLF IROORZLQJ WKH $WKHQLDQ PHQ¶V DFFXVDWLRQ RI WUDQVYHVWLVP DQG GHEDXFKHU\²LURQLFDOO\WKDWVKHPLJKWEHDPDQSRVLQJDVDZRPDQWKHVHFRQG ³GLVFRYHU\´DVKHUUDLVHGWXQLFSURYHVWKHPZURQJWKHFKDUJHRIJUHDWHUFRQFHUQ WKDWRIVWXG\LQJDQGSUDFWLFLQJDVDZRPDQWKH$WKHQLDQZRPHQ¶VXSULVLQJDQG FRQGHPQDWLRQRIWKHPHQ¶VREMHFWLRQVDQG¿QDOO\WKHUHYLVLQJRI$WKHQLDQODZWR DOORZZRPHQWRVWXG\PHGLFLQH 7ZR GLVFUHSDQFLHV DUH QRWLFHDEOH DQG VLJQL¿FDQW )LUVW LW LV WHOOLQJ WKDW LQ *XLOOHPHDX¶VYHUVLRQ$JQRGLFHLVVDLGWRUHWXUQIURPPHGLFDOVFKRRODVLWZHUH WRSUDFWLFH¿UVWXSRQDZRPDQFKDUDFWHUL]HGDV³DIÀLFWHGLQKHUVKDPHIXOSDUWV´ ³D\DQWHVWpDGYHUWLHTX¶LO\DYRLWTXHOTXHIHPPHmalade en ses parties honteuses DOODYHUVHOOHSRXUOX\RIIULUVRQVHUYLFH&HTXHODPDODGHUHFXVDVLF HVWLPDQWTXH FHIXVWXQKRPPH´*XLOOHPHDXP\HPSKDVLV³KDYLQJQRWLFHRIDFHUWDLQH ZRPDQWKDWwas troubled in her naturall partsVKHZHQWXQWRKHUDQGPDGHSURIIHU RIKHUVHUYLFHZKLFKWKHVLFNHSDUW\UHIXVHGWKLQNLQJVKHKDGEHHQDPDQ´ Child
*XLOOHPHDXDe l’heureux accouchement± Child-birth
Touching and Telling
birth 7KLVLVLQGHHGKRZKHLQWURGXFHGWKHLGHDRIPLGZLIHU\DSURIHVVLRQ ERUQH RXW RI ZRPHQ¶V VKDPH +\JLQXV¶V GHVFULSWLRQ RI $JQRGLFH¶V ¿UVW FOLHQW ZDVZHPD\UHPHPEHUXQDWWDFKHGWRVKDPH³HWIHPLQDPlaborantem audisset ab inferiore parte´ WKH ³ODERUDQWHP´ GRHV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ VXJJHVW WKH ODERU RI FKLOGELUWKDVZRXOG³SDUWXULUH´
)RUDFRQWHPSRUDQHRXVH[DPSOHRIWKHEDWWOHRIWKHVH[HVDQGSURIHVVLRQVWKDWZDV SOD\HGRXWLQSULQWRQHQHHGRQO\FRQVXOWWKHUHSRUWVRIVXUJHRQVUHJDUGLQJWKHGHDWKRI 0DULHGH%RXUERQ0RQWSHQVLHUGD\VDIWHUJLYLQJELUWKZKLOHDWWHQGHGE\/RXLVH%RXUVLHU 7KHUHSRUWLPSOLFDWHV/RXLVH%RXUVLHUDVQHJOLJHQWDFKDUJHWRZKLFKVKHUHSOLHVLQKHU Fidelle relation de l’accouchement, maladie et ouverture du corps de feu MADAME)RU ERWKVHH5RXJHWDQG:LQQ¶VPRGHUQHGLWLRQRI%RXUVLHU¶VRécit Véritable$SSHQGLFHV, ,,SS±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5HDG
2USRXUODGH[WHULWpLOQ¶\DULHQGHFRPSDUDLVRQDYHFOHVDXWUHVRSH UDWLRQV FDULOQHVHIDLFWDXFXQHVRHXYUHVHQ&KLUXUJLHRLOQHVRLWQHFHVVDLUHGHYRLU FODLU VRLW SDU OD OXPLHUH TXL QRXV HVW GRQQHH GX MRXU RX GH OD FKDQGHOOH TXHODSDUWLHTXHO¶RQWUDLFWH PDQLHQHVRLWDSSDUHQWH PDQLIHVWHjO¶RHLO $X FRQWUDLUH HQ FHVWH RSHUDWLRQ WDQW SRXU OD SUHVHQFH GH FHX[ TXL DVVLVWHQW TXHSRXUODFUDLQWHTXHSRXUURLWDYRLUODIHPPHO¶RQHVWFRQWUDLQFWGHFDFKHU VHXOHPHQWO¶HQWUpHSDUODTXHOOHLOIDXWPHWWUHODPDLQSXLVLFHOOH\HVWDQWPLVHLO IDXWFKHUFKHUO¶HQIDQWHQTXHOTXHVLWXDWLRQTX¶LOVRLWVDQVOHSRXYRLUYRLU« 1RZIRUWKHGH[WHULWLHWKHUHLVQRFRPSDULVLRQEHWZHHQHWKLVDQGRWKHUSUDFWLVHV IRUWKHUHEHQRZRUNHVWREHGRQHLQ&KLUXUJHU\ZKHUHLWLVQRWQHFHVVDU\WRKDYH WKHEHQH¿WHLWKHURIGD\OLJKWRUFDQGOHOLJKWDQGWKHSDUWZKLFKLVWREHKDQGOHG DQGGUHVVHGPXVWEHDSSDUHQWDQGODLGRSHQWRWKHH\H:KHUHDVFRQWUDULZLVHLQ WKLVZRUNHDVZHOOE\UHDVRQRIWKHFRPSDQ\SUHVHQWDVDOVROHDVWWKHZRPDQ VKRXOGEHDIUDLGWKHYHU\HQWUDQFHZKHUHE\KHHVKRXOGSXWLQKLVKDQGWKH\DUH FRQVWUDLQHGWRKLGHDQGWKHQKLVKDQGEHLQJWKHUHKHPXVWVHDUFKIRUWKHFKLOG KRZVRHYHULWEHSODFHG QRWEHLQJDEOHWRVHHLW
*XLOOHPHDX¶VWH[WVXJJHVWVWKHFKDOOHQJHRIPHQSUDFWLFLQJXSRQZRPHQLQDVRFLHW\ IHDUIXORIZRPHQ¶VH[SRVXUHRUGLVFRYHU\LQSXEOLFKHUHZHKDYHWKHSK\VLFLDQ¶V YHUVLRQRIZKDWLWZDVOLNHWRDWWHQGWRDELUWKVXFKDVWKHRQHGHVFULEHGE\/RXLVH %RXUVLHUIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKLVHVVD\*XLOOHPHDXEHWUD\VWKHFRPSURPLVHG QDWXUHRIWKLVIXPEOLQJGHOLYHU\KLPVHOI7KHUHLVQRZKHUHWRORRNZLWKRXWIHDURU VKDPHDQG\HW*XLOOHPHDXEUDYHO\ÀDXQWVWKHVRFLDOSURVFULSWLRQVUHDFKHVLQDQG WRXFKHV GHOLYHUV 7HOOLQJO\ ZKLOH *XLOOHPHDX LV RIWHQ VXVSLFLRXV RI PLGZLYHV¶ FRPSHWHQF\LQWKHLUYRFDWLRQEHFDXVHRIWKHLUJHQGHUKHGRHVEULQJWKHPRQWKH VFHQHLQKLVPDQXDOZKHQLWFRPHVWRWKH³LQWHUQDOH[DP´WRYHULI\SUHJQDQF\ «XQVLJQHDXVVLELHQFHUWDLQHVWUHFRJQHXSDUOD6DJHIHPPHHQPHWWDQWVRQ GRLJWGHGDQVOHFROGHODPDWULFHGXTXHOHOOHWRXFKHUDOHFROLQWHULHXUG¶LFHOOH VL OD IHPPH HVW JURVVH HOOH OD WURXYHUD VL H[DFWHPHQW IHUPHH TXH OD SRLQWH G¶XQHHVJXLOOHQ¶\SRXUURLWSDVHQWUHULOVHUDPROOHWQHDQWPRLQV VDQVHVWUH DFFRPSDJQp G¶DXFXQH GXUHWp OHTXHO SDUHLOOHPHQW VHUD UHWLUp HQ KDXW V¶HVWDQW UDFFRXUF\UHWURXVVpjUDLVRQGXFRUSVGHODPDWULFHTXLV¶HVWUHVVHUUHHHQVR\ SRXU HPEUDVVHU OD VHPHQFH FH TXL HVW FDXVH TXH ODGLWH 6DJHIHPPH Q¶\ SHXW WRXFKHUTXHGLI¿FLOHPHQW «DQRWKHUFHUWDLQHVLJQHPD\EHSHUFHLYHGE\WKH0LGZLIHZKRSXWWLQJXSKHU ¿QJHULQWRWKHZRPEHWRWRXFKWKHLQQHURUL¿FHWKHUHRILIWKHZRPDQEHZLWK FKLOGVKHVKDOO¿QGHLWVRFORVHVKXWWKDWWKHSRLQWRIDQHHGOHZLOOVFDUVHHQWHU WKHUHLQ\HWVRIWDQGZLWKRXWDQ\KDUGQHVVHZKLFKDOVRZLOOEHHGUDZQXSZDUG EHLQJVKUXQNHDQGDVLWZHUHWUXVVHGXSEHFDXVHWKHERG\RIWKH0DWULFHGRWK JDWKHULWVHOIHWRJHWKHUWRHPEUDFHWKHVHHGZKLFKLVWKHUHDVRQWKDWWKH0LGZLIH FDQYHU\KDUGO\FRPHWRUHDFKLWZLWKKHU¿QJHU.
*XLOOHPHDXHL Child-birthE *XLOOHPHDX Child-birth
Touching and Telling
6XFK LQWLPDWH NQRZOHGJH RI WKH ZRPDQ¶V FHUYL[ LV EHVW UHFRXQWHG LW ZRXOG DSSHDU ZLWK D ZRPDQ¶V SURELQJ ¿QJHU LQ PLQG :KDW *XLOOHPHDX PLWLJDWHV IRUHYHUVRFLUFXLWRXVO\KHUHLVVDIHUGHOLYHU\+LVUKHWRULFRI³VKDPHIXOSDUWV´ KRZHYHUVXJJHVWVWKDWZKLOHWKHELUWKRIWKHFKLOGPD\EHLQHYLWDEOHWKHELUWKRI WUXO\HQOLJKWHQHGNQRZOHGJHDQGVDIHW\UHJDUGLQJZRPHQ¶VUHSURGXFWLRQPD\EH DZD\VRII $JQRGLFHDV0HGLFDODQG/LWHUDU\*\Q(FRORJLVW 7XUQLQJWR&DWKHULQHGHV5RFKHV¶VUHWHOOLQJRIWKHP\WKRI$JQRGLFHRQH¿QGV LOOXPLQDWLQJ FRXQWHUSRLQW ,QVHUWHG LQ D SRHWLF FROOHFWLRQ ZKRVH WKHPHV EHWUD\ DQHQWKXVLDVWLFDSSUDLVDORIZRPHQ¶VFRPPXQLW\DQGWKHLUOLWHUDU\DQGGRPHVWLF OLYHVWKLV$JQRGLFHEHFRPHVDWRXFKVWRQHIRUZRPHQ¶VKHDOWKDQGNQRZDELOLW\LQ DZD\IDUEH\RQGWKHVFRSHRI*XLOOHPHDX &DWKHULQHGHV5RFKHVLVQRSK\VLFLDQVKHLVKRZHYHULQWKHPRUHJHQHURXVDQG UDGLFDOVHQVHRIWKHWHUPDQDYLGJ\QHFRORJLVWZLWKWKDQNVWR0DU\'DO\ Her YHUVLRQRIWKH$JQRGLFHP\WKDSSHDUVLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDZRPDQZULWHUFRPLQJWR WHUPVZLWKERGLHVRIZULWLQJZULWLQJERGLHVDQGDOORIWKHULFKDWWHQGDQWDOOXVLRQV WRVDIHW\SDWULDUFKDOFRQWURODQGVLVWHUKRRGWKDWZHKDYHREVHUYHGVRIDULQ/RXLVH %RXUVLHU DQG -DFTXHV *XLOOHPHDX +HU$JQRGLFH LV WROG E\ DQ DXWKRU ZKR KDV HVFKHZHGELUWKVRIOLYLQJFKLOGUHQLQIDYRURIFKLOGUHQRIWKHVSLULW$VVKHVD\VWR KHUPRWKHULQWKHSUHIDFHWRWKHYROXPHWKDWLQFOXGHVWKH$JQRGLFH -¶D\VHXOHPHQWSHQVpGHYRXVPRQVWUHUFRPPHM¶HPSOR\HOHWHPSVGHPDSOXV JUDQGHRLVLYHWpHWYRXVVXSSOLHKXPEOHPHQWPDPHUH GHUHFHYRLUFHVSHWLWV HVFULWVTXLYRXVHQUHQGURQWWHVPRLJQDJHVLYRXVHQWURXYH]TXHOTXHVXQVTXL VRLHQWDVVH]ELHQQH]DYRH]OHVV¶LOYRXVSODLVWSRXUYR]QHSYHX[HWFHX[TXL QH YRXV VHURQW DJUHDEOHVSXQLVVH]OHV j O¶H[HPSOHGH-DFRETXLFRQGHPQDOD IDPLOOHG¶,VDFKDUSRXUREHLUjVHVDXWUHVHQIDQV ,KDYHRQO\WKRXJKWRIVKRZLQJ\RXKRZ,HPSOR\P\LGOHWLPHDQGKXPEO\ EHVHHFK\RXP\0RWKHU WRUHFHLYHWKLVOLWWOHFROOHFWLRQRIZULWLQJWKDWEHDUV ZLWQHVV WR \RX LI \RX ¿QG VRPH RI WKHP ZHOO HQRXJK FRQFHLYHG SOHDVH DFNQRZOHGJHWKHPDV\RXUYHU\RZQSURJHQ\DQGWKRVHWKDW\RXGRQRW¿QG
7KHUDGLFDOFRQQHFWLRQWKDW0DU\'DO\PDNHVLQKHUJURXQGEUHDNLQJZRUNEHWZHHQ ZRPHQ¶VSK\VLFDODQGLQWHOOHFWXDODQGVSLULWXDOKHDOWKLVPRVWSHUWLQHQWWRWKLVGLVFXVVLRQ WKRXJKSHUKDSVZRUWK\RIHODERUDWLRQHOVHZKHUH³7KLVERRNLVSULPDULO\FRQFHUQHGZLWK WKHPLQGVSLULWERG\SROOXWLRQLQÀLFWHGWKURXJKSDWULDUFKDOP\WKDQGODQJXDJHRQDOOOHYHOV « 3KDOOLF P\WK DQG ODQJXDJH JHQHUDWH OHJLWLPDWH DQG PDVN WKH PDWHULDO SROOXWLRQ WKDW WKUHDWHQV WR WHUPLQDWH DOO VHQWLHQW OLIH RQ WKLV SODQHW 7KH WLWOH *\Q(FRORJ\ LV D ZD\ RI ZUHQFKLQJEDFNVRPHZRUGSRZHU7KHIDFWWKDWPRVWJ\QHFRORJLVWVDUHPDOHVLVLQLWVHOI DFRORVVDOFRPPHQWRQ³RXU´VRFLHW\,WLVDV\PSWRPDQGH[DPSOHRIPDOHFRQWURORYHU ZRPHQDQGRYHUODQJXDJHDQGDFOXHWRWKHH[WHQWRIWKLVFRQWURO´0DU\'DO\*\Q(FRORJ\ %RVWRQ%HDFRQ3UHVV S
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5HDG DJUHHDEOHSXQLVKWKHPLQWKHVDPHZD\-DFREFRQGHPQHGWKHIDPLO\RI,VVDFKDU WRVHUYHKLVRWKHUFKLOGUHQ
&DWKHULQHGHV5RFKHVSUHVHQWVKHUZULWLQJVWRKHURZQPRWKHUDVWKHIUXLWVRIKHU VFKRODUO\ ODERU 7KH ³QHSYHX[´ RI ZKRP VKH VSHDNV LV D SOD\ RQ KHU PRWKHU¶V ELUWKQDPH1HYHXIHOLFLWRXVO\FRPELQHGZLWKWKHODWLQDWHneveuxIURPnepotes RU GHVFHQGDQWV :KDW &DWKHULQH GHV 5RFKHV JLYHV ELUWK WR LV D EURDGUDQJLQJ FROOHFWLRQ RI GLDORJXHV VRQQHWV RFFDVLRQDO SRHPV GHGLFDWLRQV HSLWDSKV D WKHDWULFDOSLHFHDQGWKHUHWHOOLQJRIVHYHUDOELEOLFDODQGP\WKRORJLFDOWDOHV,WLVD ODUJHIDPLO\VKHKDVVSDZQHG7KHIDYRULWHGDXJKWHUIRUP\SXUSRVHVKHUHLVKHU OLQHYHUVHUHQGLWLRQRIWKHWDOHRI$JQRGLFH +HUPRWKHU0DGHOHLQHGHV5RFKHVKDVSUHYLRXVO\VKRZQKHUVHOISUHGLVSRVHG WROLWHUDU\UDWKHUWKDQÀHVKDQGEORRGJUDQGFKLOGUHQLQGHHGKHU2GHLQFOXGHGLQ WKLVMRLQWSXEOLFDWLRQSUHVHQWVRQHRIWKHPRVWXQJODPRURXVDQGFUDQN\GLDWULEHV DJDLQVWZHGORFNDQGPRWKHUKRRGRQHFRXOGLPDJLQH 1R]SDUHQVRQWGHORDEOHVFRXVWXPHV 3RXUQRXVWROOLUO¶XVDJHGHUDLVRQ 'HQRXVWHQLUFORVHVGDQVODPDLVRQ (WQRXVGRQQHUOHIX]HDXSRXUODSOXPH 7UDVVDQWQR]SDVVHORQODGHVWLQpH 2QQRXVSURPHWOLEHUWpHWSODLVLU (WQRXVSD\RQVO¶REVWLQpGHVSODLVLU 3RUWDQWOHGRWVRXVOHVORL[G¶+\PHQpH %LHQWRVWDSUHVVXUYLHQWXQHPLVHUH 4XLQDLVWHQQRXVG¶XQGHVLUPXWXHO $FFRPSDJQpG¶XQVRLQJFRQWLQXHO 4XLVXLWWRXVMRXUVO¶HQWUDLOOHGHODPHUH 2XUSDUHQWVKDYHODXGDEOHFXVWRPV 7RGHSULYHXVRIWKHXVHRIRXUUHDVRQ 7KH\ORFNXVXSDWKRPH $QGKDQGXVWKHVSLQGOHLQVWHDGRIWKHSHQ &RQIRUPLQJRXUVWHSVWRRXUIHPDOH GHVWLQ\ 7KH\SURPLVHXVOLEHUW\DQGSOHDVXUH %XWZHUHDSFRQWLQXRXVGLVSOHDVXUH :KHQZHORVHRXUGRZU\WRWKHODZVRI0DUULDJH
&DWKHULQH GHV 5RFKHV Les Oeuvres HG$QQH 5 /DUVHQ *HQHYD 'UR] S7UDQVODWLRQ$QQH5/DUVHQMadeleine and Catherine des Roches: From Mother and Daughter&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV S 6HH/DUVHQ¶VHGLWLRQRILes OeuvresSQ Oeuvres±
Touching and Telling
7KHQVRRQDIWHUFRPHVDQHZPLVHU\ %RUQZLWKLQXVRIPXWXDOGHVLUH $FFRPSDQLHGE\WKRVHFRQWLQXRXVFDUHV 7KDWDOZD\VEXUGHQWKHPRWKHU¶VZRPE
5HDOSURJHQ\VHHPOLNHWKHHQGRIDUDZGHDOZKHUHLQEULJKWZRPHQDUHUREEHGRI WKHLUVWXG\WLPHJLYLQJXSWKHSHQIRUWKHGLVWDIIDQLPDJHWKDWKHUGDXJKWHUZLOO WDNHXSGLUHFWO\LQKHUSRHP³$PDTXHQRLOOH´ DQGEXUGHQHGZLWKWKHLQHTXLWDEOH UXOHV DQG GXWLHV RI PDUULDJH 2QH PLJKW LPDJLQH D IDU ZDUPHU GHSLFWLRQ RI WKH DUULYDORIDFKLOGWKDQKHU³PLVHUHTXLQDLVWHQQRXVG¶XQGHVLUPXWXHO´IROORZHG E\FRQVWDQWZRUU\E\DPRWKHUUHGXFHGWRDEXUGHQHGJXW2QHPLJKWDOVRLPDJLQH DPRUHWHPSHUHGGHSLFWLRQJLYHQWKHHPEHGGHGQHVVRIKHUSRHPZLWKLQWKHZRUNV RIKHUYHU\RZQFKHULVKHGGDXJKWHUKLVWRU\VXJJHVWVKRZHYHUWKDW&DWKHULQHZDV IXOO\ DZDUH RI WKH KDUGVKLSV RI WKH PDUULHG FKLOGEHDULQJ OLIH D SDWK VKH FKRVH WR DYRLG WR WKH EDIÀHPHQW DQG FRQVWHUQDWLRQ RI D PXOWLWXGH RI VXLWRUV EXW QRW SUHVXPDEO\RIKHUPRWKHU :KRWKHQGRHV$JQRGLFHEHFRPHIRU&DWKHULQHGHV5RFKHV"$JQRGLFHDUULYHV DVDVWUDQJHUWRUHVFXHWKH$WKHQLDQZRPHQZKRDUHFRQGHPQHGWRDOLIHUREEHG RIOHDUQLQJDVDFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHGHDWKRI3KRFLRQDQGWKHDQJHURI(QY\(QY\ LQGXFHV DOO KXVEDQGV WR EHFRPH W\UDQWV IRUELGGLQJ WKHLU ZLYHV WR UHDG ERRNV WKHUHE\VDSSLQJWKHPRIWKHGHVLUHRUIRUFHRIZLOOWROLYH7RRQHVXFKYLFWLPVKH JURZOV &DUHQGHVSLWGHWR\M¶DQLPHUD\OHVDPHV 'HVPDULVTXLVHURQWOHVW\UDQVGHOHXUVIHPPHV (WTXLOHXUGHIIHQGDQWOHOLYUHHWOHVoDYRLU /HXURVWHURQWDXVVLGHYLYUHOHSRXYRLU
)RUWRVSLWH\RX,¶OOLQFLWH +XVEDQGVWREHFRPHWKHW\UDQWVRIWKHLUZLYHV %\NHHSLQJOHDUQLQJDQGERRNVIURPWKHP 7KH\¶OOWDNHDZD\WKHLUYHU\GHVLUHWROLYH¶
/DUVHQFrom Mother and Daughter 6HH WKH MXGJPHQWV RI WKH IDPLO\ IULHQG (VWLHQQH 3DVTXLHU DV KH UXPLQDWHV RYHU &DWKHULQH GHV 5RFKHV¶V UHWLFHQFH LQ PDWWHUV RI PDUULDJH ³,O Q¶\ D TX¶XQH FKRVH TXL PH GpSODLVHHQFHVWHPDLVRQTX¶HVWDQWOD¿OOHEHOOHHQSHUIHFWLRQWDQWGHFRUSVTXHG¶HVSULWULFKH GHELHQVFRPPHFHOOHTXLGRLWHVWUHO¶XQLTXHKHULWLHUHGHVDPHUHUHTXLVHHQPDULDJHSDU XQHLQ¿QLWpGHSHUVRQQDJHVG¶KRQQHXUWRXWHVIRLVHOOHPHWWRXWHVFHVUHTXHVWHVVRXVSLHG UHVROXHGHYLYUH PRXULUDYHFVDPqUH´³7KHUHLVEXWRQHWKLQJWKDWGLVSOHDVHVPHLQWKLV KRXVHKROGWKDWWKHGDXJKWHUSRVVHVVHGRIDSHUIHFWEHDXW\RIERWKERG\DQGVRXOZHDOWK\ DVVKHLVKHUPRWKHU¶VVROHLQKHULWRU DOOWKHVDPHVKHUHIXVHVDOOVXLWRUVUHVROYHGWROLYH DQGGLHZLWKKHUPRWKHU´ (VWLHQQH3DVTXLHU/HWWHUWR0RQVLHXU3LWKRX6HLJQHXUGH6DYR\H %RRN9,/HWWHURIKLVLettres familières LQ$QQH5/DUVHQ¶VHGLWLRQRI0DGHOHLQHDQG &DWKHULQHGHV5RFKHVLes Missives *HQHYD'UR] SS± Oeuvres± /DUVHQFrom Mother and Daughter±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5HDG
'HV5RFKHVWKXVHPEHOOLVKHVWKH+\JLQXVWDOHDWWKHRQVHWE\SRVLWLQJWKHVRXUFH RIZRPHQ¶VWRUPHQWQRWDVWKHSDQJVRIODERUQRUWKHRQVHWRIVRPHJ\QHFRORJLFDO GLVRUGHUEXWDVDSK\VLFDOUHDFWLRQWRWKHSULYDWLRQRIWKHLUYRFDWLRQDORUEHWWHU OLWHUDU\ DVSLUDWLRQV 7KH GHFUHH FDXVHV D SK\VLFDO PDODLVH WKDW VRRQ DIÀLFWV WKH VSLULWXDOO\EHUHIWZRPHQ /HVGDPHVDXVVLWRVWVHWURXYHUHQWVXLYLHV 'H¿HEYUHVGHODQJXHXUVHWG¶DXWUHVPDODGLHV /HXUIDLVRLWVXSSRUWHULQFUR\DEOHVWRXUPHQV $\PDQWWURSPLHX[PRXULUTXHG¶HVWUHSHXKRQWHXVHV &RQWDQWDX[0HGHFLQVOHXUVSHLQHVODQJRXUHXVHV /HVIHPPHVRSLWLp Q¶RVRLHQWSOXVVHPHVOHU 'HV¶DLGHUO¶XQHO¶DXWUHRQOHVIDLVRLW¿OOHU
7KHZRPHQVRRQIRXQGWKHPVHOYHVEHVHW %\IHYHUVIDLQWQHVVDQGRWKHULOOQHVVHV (QY\IRUFHGWKHPWREHDULQFUHGLEOHWRUPHQWV 7KH\SUHIHUUHGGHDWKWRWKHVKDPHRI 7HOOLQJWKHPDOH 'RFWRUVDERXWWKHLUGHELOLWDWLQJWURXEOHV 7KHZRPHQZKDWDSLW\ GLGQRWGDUH 7RKHOSRQHDQRWKHUWKH\ZHUHPDGHWRVSLQ
7KH ³WRXUPHQV´ DQG ³SHLQHV ODQJRXUHXVHV´ DUH TXLWH FOHDUO\ UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH ZRPHQDQGNQRZOHGJHERLOHUSODWHWH[WIURP*HQHVLVWKDWWKHWRUPHQWVRIODERU DUH D UHPLQGHU RI ZRPDQ¶V RULJLQDO VLQ WKH VLQ RI GHVLUH IRU NQRZOHGJH ZKRVH FRQVHTXHQFHVDUHOLNHZLVHOLQNHGWRKHUUHSURGXFWLYHFDSDFLWLHV (QWHU$JQRGLFH &HVWH'DPHFDFKDQWO¶RUGHVDEORQGHWUHVVH $SULVWODPHGHFLQHHWV¶HQIHLWJUDQGPDLVWUHVVH 3XLVVHUHVRXYHQDQWGHVRQDIIHFWLRQ 9RXOXWHIIHFWXHUVDERQQHLQWHQWLRQ (WJXHULUOHVGRXOHXUVGHVHVSDXYUHVYRLVLQHV
7KLV\RXQJZRPDQKLGLQJWKHJROGRIKHUEORQGORFNV /HDUQHGPHGLFLQHDQGEHFDPHTXLWHH[SHUWDWLW 7KHQUHPHPEHULQJKHURULJLQDOLQWHQW 6KHZDQWHGWRFDUU\RXWKHUSODQ 7RKHDOWKHVXIIHULQJVRIKHUSRRUVLVWHUV
$JQRGLFH UHWXUQV DQG WKH FUXFLDO VFHQH ³VHOIGLVFORVXUH´ RU ³VHOIGLVFRYHU\´ LV HQDFWHG
Oeuvres /DUVHQFrom Mother and Daughter± Oeuvres /DUVHQFrom Mother and Daughter±
Touching and Telling $JQRGLFHYR\DQWOHXUJUDQGHFKDVWHWp /HVHVWLPDEHDXFRXSSRXUFHVWHKRQQHVWHWp /RUVGHVFRXYUDQWGXVHLQOHVEODQFKHVSRPPHVURQGHV (WGHVRQFKHIGRUpOHVEHOOHVWUHVVHVEORQGHV 0RQVWUHTX¶HOOHHVWRLW¿OOHHWTXHVRQJHQWLOFXHXU /HVYRXORLWGHOLYUHUGHOHXUWULVWHODQJXHXU /HV'DPHVDGPLUDQWFHVWHKRQWHQDwVYH (WGHVRQWHLQWGRXLOOHWODEODQFKHFRXOHXUYLYH (WGHVRQVHLQSRXSLQOHSHWLWPRQWMXPHDX (WGHVRQFKHIVDFUpO¶RUFUHSHOXWDQWEHDX (WGHVHV\HX[GLYLQVOHVÀDPPHVUDYLVVDQWHV (WGHVHVGRX[SURSRVOHVJUDFHVDWWLUDQWHV %DLVHUHQWPLOOHIRLVHWVDERXFKHHWVRQVHLQ 5HFHYDQWOHVHFRXUVGHVRQKHXUHXVHPDLQ
$JQRGLFHVHHLQJWKHLUJUHDWFKDVWLW\ (VWHHPHGWKHPDOOWKHPRUHIRUWKHLUYLUWXH $QGXQFRYHULQJWKHQWKHZKLWHURXQGDSSOHVRIKHUERVRP $QGWKHEHDXWLIXOEORQGWUHVVHVRIKHUJROGHQKHDG 6KRZHGWKDWVKHZDVDPDLGHQDQGWKDWKHUNLQGKHDUW :LVKHGWRGHOLYHUWKHPIURPWKHLUVDGSUHGLFDPHQW 7KH/DGLHVDGPLULQJKHULQQRFHQWPRGHVW\ $QGWKHOLYHO\ZKLWHQHVVRIKHUVRIWFRPSOH[LRQ $QGWKHOLWWOHWZLQPRXQWVRIKHUDGRUDEOHEUHDVWV $QGWKHEHDXWLIXOJROGHQVKLQHRIKHUEOHVVHGKHDG $QGWKHUDYLVKLQJÀDPHVRIKHUGLYLQHH\HV $QGWKHHQJDJLQJJUDFHIXOQHVVRIKHUVZHHWZRUGV .LVVHGDWKRXVDQGWLPHVERWKKHUPRXWKDQGKHUEUHDVW $VWKH\UHFHLYHGKHOSIURPKHUEOHVVHGKDQGV
7KH VWRU\ KHUH EHFRPHV HYHU PRUH O\ULFDO HFVWDWLF DQG HURWLF WKH ZRPHQ RI $WKHQVDUHGHOLYHUHGIURPWKHLU³ODQJXHXU´²WKHLOOQHVVLQGXFHGE\WKHSULYDWLRQ RI OHDUQLQJ²LQWR D VWDWH RI GHOLULRXV FRQWHQWPHQW ,Q FRQWUDVW WR +\JLQXV DQG *XLOOHPHDX DQG PRVW SRLJQDQWO\ SHUKDSV WR %RXUVLHU WKH ZRPDQ¶V ERG\ LV WRXFKDEOHDQGNQRZDEOHLQDZD\WKDWÀLHVLQWKHIDFHRIDFFXVDWLRQVRIOLFHQWLRXVQHVV GHV5RFKHVSDUWLFLSDWHVIXOO\LQWKHUKHWRULFRIORYHSRHWU\DQGRIWKHEOD]RQLQ SDUWLFXODUDVVKHGHOLQHDWHVWKHZRPDQ¶VERG\LQDOOLWVJORULRXVGHWDLO6KHOLQJHUV VSHFL¿FDOO\RQWKHEUHDVW³OHVEODQFKHVSRPPHVURQGHV´WKHZKLWHURXQGDSSOHV UHLWHUDWHGLQ³VRQVHLQSRXSLQOHSHWLWPRQWMXPHDX´WKHOLWWOHWZLQPRXQWVRIKHU DGRUDEOHEUHDVWV LOOXPLQDWHGE\WKH³ÀDPPHVUDYLVVDQWHV´UDYLVKLQJÀDPHV RI KHUKHDYHQO\FRXQWHQDQFH7KHVFHQHFXOPLQDWHVLQUDSWXUHDVWKH$WKHQLDQZRPHQ NLVVKHUPRXWKDQGEUHDVWZKLOHUHFHLYLQJWKHKHOSRIKHUEOHVVHGKDQG 2WKHUSRVVLEOHDOOXVLRQVIURPWKHDQFLHQWZRUOGDWWHVWHYHUPRUHVXJJHVWLYHO\ WRDYLHZWRZRPHQ¶VHPSRZHUPHQWDQGFRPPXQLW\,Q*UHHNP\WK%DXERLQDQ
Oeuvres /DUVHQFrom Mother and Daughter
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5HDG
DWWHPSWWRUHOLHYHWKHWRUPHQWRIJULHIZDVVDLGWRKDYHMRNHGZLWKWKHEHUHDYHG JRGGHVV'HPHWHUE\SDLQWLQJDIDFHRQKHUVWRPDFKDQGWKHQSXOOLQJKHUGUHVVRYHU KHUKHDGDQGGDQFLQJ7KHDQJHUDQGDQJXLVKWKDWWKH$WKHQLDQZRPHQH[SUHVVLV FOHDUO\IXHOHGE\JULHIRYHUWKHLUQHJOHFWHGVLVWHUV7KHVLVWHUKRRGRIWKHJRGGHVV 'LDQD VXUURXQGHG E\ KHU Q\PSKV LV FOHDUO\ DQRWKHU UHIHUHQFH HVSHFLDOO\ JLYHQ WKHSK\VLFDOGHVFULSWLRQV'LDQDLVWKHFKDVWHIHPDOH¿JXUHpar excellenceZKRVH YHU\H[LVWHQFHUHOLHGRQWKHH[FOXVLRQRIPHQIRUKHUVXUYLYDODQGZKHQ\RXJRW WRRFORVH\RXJRWHDWHQE\\RXURZQGRJV« +HOHQ.LQJUHPDUNVWKLVSRVVLEOH DOOXVLRQWRWKHRULJLQDO$JQRGLFHSODFLQJLWVTXDUHO\LQWKHFRQWH[WRI+\JLQXV¶V ZRUN,Q)DEXODKHUHWHOOVWKHVWRU\RI3URFULVDZRPDQZKRFXWVKHUKDLUDQG GRQVDWXQLFDQGFKDOOHQJHVDQGEHDWVKHUKXVEDQGLQDKXQW+HDVNVIRUWKHMDYHOLQ DQG WKH GRJ WKDW 'LDQD KDG JLYHQ KHU LQ H[FKDQJH IRU PRQH\ VKH DVNV LQVWHDG IRU VH[ DQG UHYHDOV KHUVHOI SRVWKDVWH DV D ZRPDQ ³WXQLFDP OHXDXLW HW RVWHQGLW VHIHPLQDPHVVHHWFRQLXJHPHLXV´.LQJ 7KHXWRSLDQJ\QDFHXPWKDWGHV 5RFKHVGHSLFWVLVULFKZLWKWKHHURWLFSRWHQWLDORIKHUDQFLHQWSUHGHFHVVRUVKHUHWR WKHH[FOXVLRQRIPHQ 6XFKDFRQWUDVWZHKDYHKHUHWRWKHSOLJKWRI*XLOOHPHDXZKRVHunhappy hand JURSHV DERXW EOLQGO\ LQ WKH GDUN DVKDPHG ERWK IRU KLPVHOI DQG IRU KLV SDWLHQW 'HV5RFKHV¶VZRPHQRQWKHRWKHUKDQGKDYHIRXQGQRWRQO\KHDOWKDQGVDIHW\ EXWDUHQDLVVDQFHLQOHWWHUVUHQGHUHGWKURXJKWKLVSDUWLFXODUFOLPDFWLFPRPHQWDQ DFWWKDWZRXOGEHLPSRVVLEOHLQDSSURSULDWHLQGHHGXQVSHDNDEOHE\$JQRGLFH¶V PDOHFRXQWHUSDUW$JQRGLFHDUULYHVDQGLVJLYHQWKLVH[FLWHGZHOFRPHE\ZRPHQ WKDQNVWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\KDYHDWODVWDKHDOHUZKRZLWKQRVHQVHRILPSURSULHW\ RUVKDPHFDQWRXFKWKHP:KHQZRUGJHWVDURXQGWKDW$JQRGLFHLVDWWHQGLQJWR WKHVHZRPHQWRWKHLUREYLRXVZHOOEHLQJDQGGHOLJKWWKHVDPHVFHQHRIUHYHODWLRQ LVHQDFWHGIRUWKHPDOHDXWKRULWLHVZKRLQDIDQWDV\RIVWXQQLQJFRQYHUVLRQVWDQG LQPXWHDZHGDFFHSWDQFH 'HSXLVTX¶HOOHHXWSDUOpRQFTXQHVHXOOHYRL[ 1HV¶HVOHYDFRQWUHHOOHDLQVWRXWHO¶DVVLVWDQFH 0RQVWURLWG¶HVPHUYHLOOHUFHVWHUDUHH[FHOOHQFH ,OVHVWRLHQWWRXVUDYLVVDQVSDUOHUQ\PRXYRLU (QWHQWLIVVHXOHPHQWjO¶RX\UHWODYRLU &RPPHO¶RQYRLWSDUIRLVDSUHVXQORQJRUDJH 5¶DVVHUHQHUOHVYHQWVHWFDOPHUOHULYDJH
$IWHUVKHKDGVSRNHQQRWDVLQJOHYRLFH :DVUDLVHGDJDLQVWKHURQWKHFRQWUDU\WKHHQWLUHDXGLHQFH 0DUYHOHGDWKHUUDUHH[FHOOHQFH (YHU\RQHZDV¿OOHGZLWKZRQGHUDQGQRRQHPRYHGRUPDGHDVRXQG $WWHQWLYHRQO\WRKHDULQJDQGVHHLQJKHU ,QOLNHPDQQHURQHVRPHWLPHVVHHVDIWHUDORQJVWRUP 7KHZLQGVGLHGRZQDQGWKHZDYHVEHFRPHFDOP
Oeuvres /DUVHQFrom Mother and Daughter
Touching and Telling
$QG VR &DWKHULQH GHV 5RFKHV GLVSHQVHV ZLWK WKH VFHQH ZKHUHLQ $JQRGLFH LV FRQGHPQHG DQG WKHQ VXEVHTXHQWO\ GHIHQGHG E\ KHU $WKHQLDQ VLVWHUV LQ KHU YHUVLRQ $JQRGLFH¶V FRPSHOOLQJ RUDWRU\ RQ KHU RZQ EHKDOI VWXQV WKH PHQ LQWR VXEPLVVLRQ7KHVWRUPRIFRQWURYHUV\VXUURXQGLQJZRPHQDWWHQGLQJWRZRPHQLV FDOPHGHQWLUHO\E\RQHOHDUQHGDQGSHUVXDVLYHZRPDQ$JQRGLFHVLQJOHKDQGHGO\ WUDQVIRUPV WKH (QY\WDLQWHG VRFLHW\ WKDW KDV EDQLVKHG ZRPHQ IURP ERRNV DQG OHDUQLQJDQGEHJLQVWKHZRUNRIUHSDLULQJZRXQGHGPLQGVDQGERGLHV$JQRGLFHLV WKHPLGZLIHRIFKLOGUHQRIERWKWKHERG\DQGWKHVSLULW7KHODERULVGLI¿FXOWDQG QREOHDQGFKHULVKHGIRUZRPHQLQDVRFLHW\VXVSLFLRXVDQGKLJKO\SURVFULSWLYHD VRFLHW\WKDWOLQNVZRPHQ¶VXQZRUWKLQHVVFRQVWDQWO\WRWKHPHVVLQHVVWKHVKDPH DQG WKH PXWDEOH QDWXUH RI WKHLU ERGLHV$QG VR$JQRGLFH DUULYHV WR GLVSHO VXFK P\WKRORJL]LQJDQGLQGHHGWRWXUQVXFKRSLQLRQRQLWVKHDGSHUKDSVZRPHQDUH ZRUWK\DQGFDSDEOHbecauseRIWKLVDELOLW\WRUHSURGXFH )DFLQJWKH%ODQN3DJHDQG:RPHQ¶V5HSURGXFWLYLW\ , KRSH WR KDYH GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW WKH UHWHOOLQJ RI WKH P\WK RI $JQRGLFH E\ D SK\VLFLDQ-DFTXHV*XLOOHPHDXDQGDQHDUO\PRGHUQIHPDOHSRHW&DWKHULQHGHV 5RFKHV PHDQV GLIIHUHQW WKLQJV IRU WKH DXWKRUV DQG FRQVWLWXHQFLHV FRQFHUQHG *XLOOHPHDX¶VYHUVLRQLVUHWROGLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDVLQFHUHFRPLQJWRWHUPVZLWK WKH DQ[LHWLHV DQG H[LJHQFLHV VXUURXQGLQJ ZRPHQ¶V KHDOWK DW WKH WLPH KH LV QRW LPPXQH WR WKH LOORJLFDO VLOO\ DQG XOWLPDWHO\ GDQJHURXV SURVFULSWLRQV DJDLQVW PHQ¶V³LOOXPLQDWLRQ´ZLWKUHJDUGWRZRPHQ¶VKHDOWK²KHGRHVQRWXVHWKHWDOHRI $JQRGLFH KRZHYHU WR SURSRVH HGXFDWLRQ IRU ZRPHQ WKDW ZRXOG DOORZ WKHP WR WDNHRYHUKLVUROH+HLVLQWHUHVWHGLQSURGXFLQJUHVSRQVLEOHPLGZLYHVZKRNQRZ ZKHQWRFDOOWKHGRFWRU&DWKHULQHGHV5RFKHVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGH[WROVWKHJORULHV RIZRPHQDVDWRQFHUH SURGXFHUVPLGZLYHVDQGSK\VLFLDQVDVDPHWDSKRUIRU SURWHFWLQJZRPHQ¶VOLYHOLKRRGLQWKHUHDOPRIOHWWHUV7KHLUHFVWDWLFHQWKXVLDVP FRPHVLQHTXDOPHDVXUHWRWKHLPPHQVHRSSUHVVLRQZHVDZTXLWHFOHDUO\DQGVDGO\ GUDZQLQKHUPRWKHU¶V¿UVWRGH 7RFRQFOXGH,ZRXOGGLUHFWXVWRDGRFXPHQWRINHHQLQWHUHVWWRWKLVGLVFXVVLRQ IURP D FRQWHPSRUDQHRXV WUDQVODWLRQ RI *XLOOHPHDX¶V WH[W ,W LV WKH DQRQ\PRXV WUDQVODWRU¶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¿WIRUWKHYLUJLQLWLHRISHQDQG
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH5HDG
SDSHUDQGWKHZKLWHVKHHWHVRIWKHLU&KLOGEHG,PXVWDVZHOODV,FDQ GHIHQG P\VHOIHIURPWKHVHLPSXWDWLRQVDQGVKHZP\FDUHWRNHHSERWKOHDUQLQJDQG PRGHVWLHLOOLEDWHDQGLQYLRODEOH«$VIRUZRPHQZKRP,DPPRVWDIUDLGWR RIIHQG WKH\PXVWEHFRQWHQWWRKDYHWKHLULQ¿UPLWLHVGHWHFWHGLIWKH\ZLOOKDYH KHOSHIRUWKHPZKLFK,ZLVKPLJKWQRWFRPHWRDQ\HDUHRUH\HEXWWRWKRVH ZKLFKWKH\WKHPVHOYHVZRXOGKDYHDFTXDLQWHGWKHUHZLWKDQGDVZHOOIRUWKHLU VDNHVDVPLQHRZQHVDWLVIDFWLRQ,KDYHHQGHYRXUHGWREHDVSULYDWHDQGUHWLUHG LQH[SUHVVLQJDOWKHSDVVDJHVLQWKLVNLQGDVSRVVLEO\,FRXOG
7KH WUDQVODWRU WKXV GHFODUHV KLPVHOI DSSURSULDWHO\ FRQFHUQHG ZLWK EULQJLQJ ³WR RSHQOLJKW´WKHZRPDQ¶VERG\ZLWKDOORIWKHDWWHQGDQWGLVFRXUVHRIVKDPHDQG OLFHQWLRXVQHVVSURVWLWXWLRQGLYXOJLQJYLRODWLRQ+HLVLQFRQFHUWZLWK*XLOOHPHDX LQ WKLV ZD\ DQG KH DSSHDUV QRW WR VK\ IURP SURPRWLQJ D VRUW RI SXEOLFKHDOWK PHVVDJH RI KLV RZQ WKDW HQFRXUDJHV ZRPHQ WR EHQH¿W IURP WKLV ZLVGRP DQG VZDOORZWKHLQHYLWDEOHVKDPHKLVSURVHLVSRWHQWLDOO\OLIHVDYLQJ,WLVWKHDUUHVWLQJ LPDJH RI WKH YLUJLQ SHQ DQG WKH ZKLWH VKHHWV RI FKLOGEHG WKDW UHPDLQ ZLWK XV KRZHYHU7KHSURGXFWLYHSHQPXVWVSLOOLQNWRH[SUHVVLWVHOIQRFKLOGEHGVKHHWV UHPDLQZKLWHIRUYHU\ORQJ ,W LV D GRFXPHQW FUHDWHG IRU IHPLQLVW FULWLF 6XVDQ *XEDU¶V GLVFRYHU\ DQG GHOHFWDWLRQ+HUJURXQGEUHDNLQJZRUNRQZRPHQ¶VFUHDWLYLW\LQQLQHWHHQWKDQG WZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\ OLWHUDWXUH PRVW QRWDEO\ ³µ7KH %ODQN 3DJH¶ DQG WKH ,VVXHV RI )HPDOH&UHDWLYLW\´DLUVZRPHQ¶VGLUW\ODXQGU\DVLWZHUHDQGVHHVLQERWKWKH VWDLQHG VKHHWV RI WKH YLUJLQ¶V ZHGGLQJ EHG DQG WKRVH WKDW HPHUJH VKRFNLQJO\ SULVWLQHLQWKHFDVHRIKHUODSVHGVLVWHUVDKLVWRU\RIZRPHQ²WKHLUERGLHVWKHLU EHGVDQGWKHLUERRNV²DVSHUSHWXDOO\LQWHUZRYHQ %HFDXVH RI WKH IRUPV RI VHOIH[SUHVVLRQ DYDLODEOH WR ZRPHQ DUWLVWLF FUHDWLRQ RIWHQ IHHOV OLNH D YLRODWLRQ D EHODWHG UHDFWLRQ WR PDOH SHQHWUDWLRQ UDWKHU WKDQ D SRVVHVVLQJ DQG FRQWUROOLQJ 1RW DQ HMDFXODWLRQ RI SOHDVXUH EXW D UHDFWLRQ WR UHQGLQJWKHEORRGRQWKHUR\DOPDUULDJHVKHHWVVHHPVWRLPSO\WKDWZRPHQ¶V SDLQW DQG LQN DUH SURGXFHG WKURXJK D SDLQIXO ZRXQGLQJ D OLWHUDO LQÀXHQFH RI PDOHDXWKRULW\,IDUWLVWLFFUHDWLYLW\LVOLNHQHGWRELRORJLFDOFUHDWLYLW\WKHWHUURU RI LQVSLUDWLRQ IRU ZRPHQ LV H[SHULHQFHG TXLWH OLWHUDOO\ DV WKH WHUURU RI EHLQJ HQWHUHGGHÀRZHUHGSRVVHVVHGWDNHQKDGEURNHQUDYLVKHG²DOOZRUGVZKLFK LOOXVWUDWHWKHSDLQRIWKHSDVVLYHVHOIZKRVHERXQGDULHVDUHEHLQJYLRODWHG
*XLOOHPHDXDQGKLVWUDQVODWRUDUHFOHDUO\GHDOLQJZLWKWKHSRVWYLUJLQDOZRPDQ¶V ERG\ \HW WKH UDYLVKLQJ RI ZKLFK *XEDU ZULWHV LV HQWLUHO\ FRQVRQDQW ZLWK WKH H[WUHPH WUHSLGDWLRQ ZLWK ZKLFK PDOH SK\VLFLDQV DSSURDFKHG WKH ZRPDQ¶V ERG\ GXULQJELUWK$VIRUWKHWUDQVODWRU¶VYLUJLQSHQ²ZHOOQHYHUKDVDFDVHRISKDOOLF DQ[LHW\ EHHQ PRUH FOHDUO\ FRQVWUXHG +H DV ZHOO IHDUV WKH ZUDWK RI DFFXVDWLRQV
³7UDQVODWRU¶V3UHIDFH´LQ*XLOOHPHDXChild-birthS 6XVDQ *XEDU ³µ7KH %ODQN 3DJH¶ DQG WKH ,VVXHV RI )HPDOH &UHDWLYLW\´ LQ (OL]DEHWK$EHOHG Writing and Sexual Difference&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV S
Touching and Telling
IRUWKHLPSURSHUXVHRIKLVLQVWUXPHQW$ODVLQNPXVWEHVSLOOHGLQRUGHUWRVDYH ZRPHQ¶VOLYHVVD\VKH$JDLQIURP*XEDU 7KLVPRGHORIWKHSHQ±SHQLVZULWLQJRQWKHYLUJLQSDJHSDUWLFLSDWHVLQDORQJ WUDGLWLRQLGHQWLI\LQJWKHDXWKRUDVDPDOHZKRLVSULPDU\DQGWKHIHPDOHDVKLV SDVVLYH FUHDWLRQ²D VHFRQGDU\ REMHFW ODFNLQJ DXWRQRP\ HQGRZHG ZLWK RIWHQ FRQWUDGLFWRU\PHDQLQJEXWGHQLHGLQWHQWLRQDOLW\&OHDUO\WKLVWUDGLWLRQH[FOXGHV ZRPDQIURPWKHFUHDWLRQRIFXOWXUHHYHQDVLWUHL¿HVKHUDVDQDUWLIDFWZLWKLQ FXOWXUH,W LV WKHUHIRUHSDUWLFXODUO\SUREOHPDWLFIRUWKRVHZRPHQZKRZDQWWR DSSURSULDWHWKHSHQE\EHFRPLQJZULWHUV
'HV 5RFKHV¶V H[SHULHQFH LV UDGLFDOO\ WUDQVIRUPDWLYH RI WKLV QRWLRQ RI FUHDWLYLW\ DV LVVXLQJ IURP ZRXQGLQJ RU SKDOOLF SHQHWUDWLRQ 7KH $WKHQLDQ ZRPHQ JUHHW $JQRGLFH²WKH GLVFRYHUHU RI WKHLU VDIHW\ WKH JXDUGLDQ RI WKHLU KHDOWK²ZLWK GHHSVHQVXDOLIQRWVH[XDOSOHDVXUHDWWKHUHGLVFRYHU\RIWKHLUOHDUQHGVHOYHVQRW IDUUHPRYHGIURPWKHHMDFXODWLRQRISOHDVXUHRIZKLFK*XEDUZULWHV\HWXWWHUO\ IHPLQL]HG&DWKHULQHKDVLQHIIHFWFDOOHGXSRQ$JQRGLFHWROHDGKHUPRWKHURXWRI WKHPLVHU\RIPDUULDJHDQGFKLOGELUWKDQGVKRZQOLJKWRQDSRZHUIXOVXSSRUWLYH JUDWHIXOHFVWDWLFFRPPXQLW\RIZRPHQIUHHDWODVWWRWRXFKDQGWRWHOO
*XEDU
This page has been left blank intentionally
%LEOLRJUDSK\ 3ULPDU\6RXUFHV $JULSSD +HLQULFK &RUQHOLXV De nobilitate et praecellentia foeminei sexus 5$QWRQLROLHWDOHGV*HQHYD'UR] ²²²De Occulta Philosophia&RORJQH ²²² Of vanitie and uncertaintie of Arts and Sciences7UDQV-DPHV6DQIRUG /RQGRQ-RKQ'D\H ²²² Three Books of Occult Philosophy 7UDQV ->DPHV@ )>UHQFK@ /RQGRQ $OEHUWL/HRQ%DWWLVWDThe Family in Renaissance Florence. %N,,,5HQpH1HX :DWNLQVHGDQGWUDQV,OOLQRLV:DYHODQG3UHVV $OOHVWUHH5LFKDUGThe Ladies Calling/RQGRQ $ULRVWR /XGRYLFR Satire e rime, nuovamente ordinate e corredate di note con LQ¿QH/¶HUERODULR/HOHWWHUH/HSRHVLHDWWULEXLWHDOO¶DXWRUHH,FDUPLODWLQL 7ULHVWH6H]OHWWHUDULRDUWLVWLFDGHO/OR\GDXVWULDFR $ULVWRWOHGeneration of Animals,QThe Complete Works of Aristotle(G-RQDWKDQ %DUQHV3ULQFHWRQ1-3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV Artis Auriferae%DVHO $VKPROH(OLDVTheatrum Chemicum Britannicum/RQGRQ G¶$XELJQp 7KpRGRUH $JULSSD Les Tragiques Oeuvres + :HEHU HG 3DULV *DOOLPDUG %DFRQ )UDQFLV The Advancement of Learning (G *: .LWFKLQ /RQGRQ -0'HQW 6RQV/WG7RWRZD1-5RZPDQDQG/LWWOH¿HOG ²²² Selected Writings of Francis Bacon ,QWURGXFWLRQ E\ +XJK * 'LFN 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
²²²Récit véritable de la naissance de messeigneurs et dames les enfans de France>,QVWUXFWLRQjPD¿OOHHWDXWUHVWH[WHV@)5RXJHWDQG&:LQQHG *HQHYD'UR] %UXQR *LRUGDQR Le Cena De Le Ceneri >The Ash Wednesday Supper @ (GDQGWUDQV(GZDUG$*RVVHOLQDQG/DZUHQFH6/HUQHU7RURQWR%XIIDOR DQG /RQGRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7RURQWR 3UHVV 5HQDLVVDQFH 6RFLHW\ RI$PHULFD 5HSULQW7H[WVUHSULQW %U\ 7KHRGRU GH America tertia pars memorabilem provinciae Brasiliae historiam continens«)UDQNIXUW0%HFNHU &DPSDQHOOD 7RPPDVR Astrologicorum Libri VI. In quibus Astrologia, omni VXSHUVWLWLRQH$UDEXP ,XG RUXPHOLPLQDWDSK\VLRORJLFqWUDWDWXUVHFXQGP 66FULSWXUDV GRFWULQDP67KRP $OEHUWL VXPPRUXP7KHRORJRUXP Ita ut absque suspicione mala in Ecclesia Dei multa cum utilitate legi possint. /XJGXQL ²²² The City of the Sun ,Q Ideal Commonwealths +HQU\ 0RUOH\ HG 1HZ
Bibliography
De Alchimia opuscula complura veterum philosophorum >«@ Rosarium Philosophorum Secunda Pars)UDQNIXUW&\ULDF-DFRE De arte cabalistica>2QWKH$UWRIWKH.DEEDODK@+DJXH GH /HRQ 0RVHV The Zohar 3ULW]NHU (GLWLRQ 'DQLHO & 0DWW WUDQV 6WDQIRUG 6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 'HH -RKQ Elements of Geometrie of the most auncient Philosopher Euclide of Megara7UDQV6LU+HQU\%LOOLQJVOH\/RQGRQ ²²²John Dee on Astronomy: Propaedeumata Aphoristica (1558–1568) Latin and English(GDQGWU:D\QH6KXPDNHU%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD 3UHVV ²²²Monas Hieroglyphia7UDQV&+-RVWHQ-RXUQDORIWKH6RFLHW\IRUWKH 6WXG\RI$OFKHP\DQG(DUO\&KHPLVWU\ ± ²²² The Private Diary of Dr. John Dee, and the Catalogue of his Library of Manuscripts)URPWKHRULJLQDOPDQXVFULSWVLQWKH$VKPROHDQ0XVHXPDW 2[IRUG DQG 7ULQLW\ &ROOHJH /LEUDU\ &DPEULGJH /RQGRQ &DPGHQ 6RFLHW\ 'HVFDUWHV5HQpDiscourse: On the Method of Rightly Conducting Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences >Discours de la Méthode pour bien conduire le raison et chercher la Verité dans les sciences@ 7UDQV -RKQ9HLWFK In The Method, Meditations, and Philosophy of Descartes1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
)LW]KHUEHUW-RKQFitzharberts Booke of Husbandrie/RQGRQ )ODPHO1LFKRODV1LFKRODV)ODPPHOKLVH[SRVLWLRQRIWKHKLHURJO\SKLFDOO¿JXUHV (LUHQDHXV2UDQGXVWUDQV/RQGRQ )UHQFK-RKQThe Art of Distillation/RQGRQ *HUDUG-RKQThe Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes/RQGRQUHYLVHG HGLWLRQ7KRPDV-RKQVRQLQ *HVQHU&RQUDGThe Treasure of Euonymus/RQGRQ *RXUQD\0DULHGHApology for the Woman Writing5LFKDUG+LOOPDQDQG&ROHWWH 4XHVQHOWU&KLFDJRDQG/RQGRQ7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV ²²²Bouquet de Pinde0%HUWHOjHG5DYHQQD/RQJR ²²² Fragments d’un discours féminin ( 'H]RQ-RQHV HG 3DULV &RUWL ²²²Oeuvres Complètes-HDQ&ODXGH$UQRXOGHWDOHGV3DULV&KDPSLRQ YROV ²²² Preface to the Essays of Michel de Montaigne 5LFKDUG +LOOPDQ DQG &ROHWWH4XHVQHOWUDQVDQGHG7HPSH$=0HGLHYDODQG5HQDLVVDQFH7H[WV DQG6WXGLHV7KH5HQDLVVDQFH6RFLHW\RI$PHULFD ²²²Le Proumenoir de Monsieur de Montaigne3DULV&KDPSLRQ ²²²Textes relatifs à la calomnie&9HQHVRHQHG7ELQJHQ1DUU *XLOOHPHDX-DFTXHVChild-birth or, The Happy Deliverie of Women$QRQ\PRXV WUDQVODWLRQ/RQGRQ$+DW¿HOG ²²²De la grossesse et accouchement des femmes: du governement dicelles et moyen de survenir aux accidents qui leur arrivent, Ensemble de la nourriture des enfans3DULV$EUDKDP3DFDUG ²²²De l’heureux accouchement des femmes, où il est traicté du gouvernement GHOHXUJURVVHVVHGHOHXUWUDYDLOQDWXUHOHWFRQWUHQDWXUHGXWUDLFWHPHQWHV tant accouchées et de leurs maladies3DULV%XRQ ²²²Oeuvres de chirurgie de Jacques Guillemeau, chirurgien ordinaire du roy et juré à Paris, avec les pourtraicts de toutes les parties du corps humain et des instruments necessaries au chirurgien, augementée et mises en un et enrichies de plusieurs traictez, pris des leçons de Mr. Germain Courtin, Docteur en medicine3DULV1LFRODV%XRQ ²²²Child-birth or, The Happy Deliverie of Women. Wherein is set down the Government of Women$PVWHUGDP7KHDWUYP2UELV7HUUDUYP/WG +DULRW 7KRPDV $GPLUDQGD QDUUDWLR ¿GD WDPHQ GH FRPPRGLV HW LQFRODUXP ritibus Virginiae … Anglico scripta sermone à Thomas Hariot(GDQGLOOXV E\7KHRGRUDQG-RKDQQ7KHRGRUGH%U\)UDQNIXUWGH%U\ +DUWPDQ*HRUJHThe True Preserver and Restorer of Health/RQGRQ Hermetica7UDQVDQGHG%ULDQ3&RSHQKDYHU&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV +RE\ 0DUJDUHWDiary of Lady Margaret Hoby, 1599±1605'RURWK\00HDGV HG/RQGRQ*HRUJH5RXWOHGJH 6RQV ²²²The Private Life of an Elizabethan Lady: The Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby, 1599–1605-RDQQD0RRG\HG6WURXG6XWWRQ
Bibliography
+RZDUG$ODWKHDNatura exenterata: or Nature unbowelled by the most exquisite anatomizers of her/RQGRQ +XDUWHGH6DQ-XDQ-XDQExamen des esprits pour les sciences%LDUULW]$WODQWLFD +\JLQXVFabulae3HWHU.0DUVKDOOHG0XQLFK.*6DXU ²²²The Myths of Hyginus0DU\*UDQWWUDQVDQGHG/DZUHQFH8QLYHUVLW\ RI.DQVDV3XEOLFDWLRQV -RKQVRQ7KRPDVThe Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes/RQGRQUHYLVHG HGLWLRQ -RQVRQ%HQThe Alchemist(OL]DEHWK&RRNHGQGHGQ/RQGRQ$ &%ODFN -RQVWRQXV-RDQQHVAn History of the Wonderful Things of Nature/RQGRQ .HQW (OL]DEHWK A choice manuall, or rare and select secrets in physick and chyrurgery collected, and practised by the Right Honourable, the Countesse of Kent, late deceased/RQGRQ La Toyson d’Or2[IRUG%RGOHLDQ/LEUDU\$VKPROH06 The Ladies Cabinet Opened/RQGRQ The Ladies Cabinet Enlarged and Opened/RQGRQ /DPEVSULQFNDe Lapide Philosophico Libellis)UDQNIXUW/XFD-HQQLV /H0R\QHGH0RUJXHV-DFTXHV America, Brevis narratio eorum quae in Florida Americae provincial Gallis acciderunt… (GDQGLOOXVE\7KHRGRUDQG7KHRGRU -RKDQQGH%U\)UDQNIXUWGH%U\ /pU\ -HDQ GH History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil (G -DQHW :KDWOH\ %HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV Les Amadis en France au XVIe siècle 3DULV (GLWLRQV 5XH G¶8OP3UHVVHV GH O¶(FROH1RUPDOH6XSpULHXUH /RGJH 7KRPDV The Complete Works of Thomas Lodge (GPXQG *RVVH HG *ODVJRZ+XQWHULDQ&OXE 0DFKLDYHOOL1LFFROzIl principe.(G/XLJL)LUSR7XULQ(LQDXGL 0DJQXV$OEHUWXV 'H 6SLULWX 5HVSLUDWLRQH Opera Omnia ;, HG %RUJQHW 3DULV/RXLV9LYqV 0DLHU0LFKDHOAtalanta fugiens.DVVHO%lUHQUHLWHU9HUODJ ²²²Atalanta fugiens7UDQVDQGHG-RVFHO\Q*RGZLQ*UDQG5DSLGV3KDQHV ²²² Symbola Aureae Mensae Duodecim Nationum )UDQNIXUW /XFD -HQQLV 0DUNKDP*HUYDVHThe English Huswife/RQGRQ 0HXUGUDF 0DULH La Chymie charitable et facile, en faveur des Dames -HDQ-DFTXHVHG3DULV&156(GLWLRQV Mikrokosmographia: a description of the body of man: together with the FRQWURYHUVLHVDQG¿JXUHVWKHUHWREHORQJLQJFROOHFWHGDQGWUDQVODWHGRXWRIDOO WKHEHVWDXWKRUVRIDQDWRP\HVSHFLDOO\RXWRI*DVSDU%DXKLQXVDQG$QGUH̗DV Laurentius+HONLDK&URRNHHG/RQGRQSULQWHGE\5&DQGDUHWREHVROGE\ ,RKQ&ODUNH
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
0RQWDLJQH 0LFKHO GH Oeuvres Complètes$OEHUW7KLEDXGHW DQG 0DXULFH 5DW HGV3DULV*DOOLPDUG ²²². Essais3LHUUH9LOOH\HG3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFH ²²²The Essays of Michel de Montaigne0LFKDHO$6FUHHFKWUDQVDQGHG /RQGRQ$OOHQ/DQH ²²². Les Essais-HDQ%DOVDPRHWDOHG3DULV*DOOLPDUG 1LFKRODVRI&XVDOpera3DULVUSW)UDQNIXUW0LQHUYD 2UOHEDU'LDQD$VWU\³'LDQD$VWU\¶V5HFLSH%RRN´%HWWH6WLWWHGThe Publications of the Bedfordshire Historical Record Society ± 2YLG 3XEOLXV 2YLGLXV 1DVR Metamorphoses 5ROIH +XPSKULHV WUDQV %ORRPLQJWRQ,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ²²²Metamorphoses:LOOLDP6$QGHUVRQHG/HLS]LJ7HXEQHU 3DUDFHOVXV7KHRSKUDVWXV%RPEDVWYRQ+RKHQKHLP Archidoxa.UDFRZ ²²² $UFKLGR[D 'H WLQFWXUD SK\VLFRUXP GH RFFXOWD SKLORVRSKL 6WUDVEXUJ ²²² The Hermetic and Alchemical Writings$(:DLWHHGDQGWUDQV/RQGRQ -(OOLRWW ²²²Selected Writings(G-RODQGH-DFREL%ROOLQJHQ6HULHV;;,,3ULQFHWRQ 3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 3DUp$PEURLVHDeux Livres De Chirurgie: I. De la generation de l’homme, et maniere d’extraire les enfants hors du ventre de la mère, ensemble ce qu’il faut faire pour la faire mieux et plustost accoucher, avec le cure de plusiers maladies qui lui peuvent survenir3DULV$QGUp:HFKHO ²²²Des Monstres et prodiges-HDQ&pDUGHG*HQHYD'UR] 3DUWOLFLXV6LPHRQA new method of physick: or, A short view of Paracelsus and Galen’s practice/RQGRQ 3DUWULGJH-RKQThe Treasurie of Hidden Secrets/RQGRQ 3DVTXLHU (VWLHQQH Lettres familières >@ ' 7KLFNHWW HG *HQHYD 'UR] 3LFRGHOOD0LUDQGROD*LRYDQQLCommentary on a Poem of Platonic Love7UDQV 'RXJODV &DUPLFKDHO 1HZ On his own ignorance and that of many others@+DQV1DFKRGWUDQVThe Renaissance Philosophy of Man(G(UQVW &DVVLUHU3DXO2.ULVWHOOHUDQG-RKQ+5DQGDOO-U&KLFDJR7KH8QLYHUVLW\ RI&KLFDJR3UHVV3KRHQL[%RRNV ²²² Secretum 7UDQV 'DY\ &DUR]]D DQG + -DPHV 6KH\ 1HZ
Bibliography
3ODWRRepublic5RELQ:DWHU¿HOGWUDQV2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ²²² Republic ,Q The Collected Dialogues of Plato (GLWK +DPLOWRQ DQG +XQWLQJWRQ&DLUQVHG1HZ@$QQH5/DUVHQHG*HQHYD'UR] 5RGUtJXH]GH0RQWDOYR*DUFLAmadís de Gaula(G-XDQ0DQXHO&DFKR%OHFXD 0DGULG&iWHGUD– Rosarium philosophorum2[IRUG%RGOHLDQ/LEUDU\$VKPROH06 Rosarium Philosophorum: Ein Alchemisches Florilegium des Spätmittelaltes, Faksimile des illustrierten Estausgabe Frankfurt 1550 -RDFKLP 7HOOH HG :HLQKHLP9&+9HUODJVJHVHOOVFKDIW The Rosary of the Philosophers$GDP0F/HDQHG(GLQEXUJK0DJQXP2SXV 6RXUFHZRUNV 5XVFHOOL*LURODPRThe seconde part of the Secretes of Master Alexis of Piemont :LOOLDP:DUGHWUDQV/RQGRQ ²²² The secretes of the reuerend Maister Alexis of Piemont:LOOLDP:DUGH WUDQV/RQGRQ 6DOXWDWL &ROXFFLR De laboribus Herculis (G %HUWKROG / 8OOPDQ =ULFK $UWHPLV9HUODJ Secreti diversi e miracolosi. Raccolti dal Falloppio«9HQLFH=DOWLHUL Sefer Yetzirah: The Book of Creation in Theory and Practice5HYLVHGHGLWLRQHG $U\HK.DSODQ6DQ)UDQFLVFR:HLVHU%RRNV
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
6KHOOH\0DU\Frankenstein1HZ
Bibliography
:LJJHV6DUDKHer Book/RQGRQ5R\DO&ROOHJHRI3K\VLFLDQV06 The worke of Neptis communicated to Quercitanus 6FRWODQG 8QLYHUVLW\ RI *ODVJRZ)HUJXVRQ06 Zohar .DEEDODh &HQWUH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO KWWSZZZNDEEDODKFRPNLQGH[SKS S ]RKDU 6HFRQGDU\6RXUFHV $EHO*QWHU³-XVWH/LSVHHW0DULHGH*RXUQD\DXWRXUGHO¶H[HPSODLUHG¶$QYHUV GHV(VVDLVGH0RQWDLJQH´BHR;;;9 – $EUDKDP /\QG\ A Dictionary of Alchemical Imagery &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV $OOHQ 6DOO\ * DQG -RDQQD +XEEV ³2XWUXQQLQJ$WDODQWD )HPLQLQH 'HVWLQ\ LQ $OFKHPLFDO7UDQVPXWDWLRQ´Signs – $QJHQRW0Les Champions des Femmes0RQWUpDO/HV3UHVVHVGHO¶8QLYHUVLWp GX4XpEHF $UFKHU -D\QH ³:RPHQ DQG$OFKHP\ LQ (DUO\ 0RGHUQ (QJODQG´ XQSXEOLVKHG 3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI&DPEULGJH ²²²³7KH4XHHQV¶$UFDQXP$XWKRULW\DQG$XWKRUVKLSLQThe Queens Closet Opened ´Renaissance Journal-XQH ²²²³¶5XGHQHVVH LW 6HOIH 6KH 'RWK 5H¿QH¶ 4XHHQ (OL]DEHWK , DV /DG\ $OFK\PLD´ Goddesses and Queens: The Iconography of Elizabeth I (G $QQDOLHVH &RQQROO\ DQG /LVD +RSNLQV 0DQFKHVWHU 0DQFKHVWHU 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVVSS± $UQROG$-DPHVHGMonsters, Tricksters, and Sacred Cows: Animal Tales and American Identities&KDUORWWHVYLOOH8QLYHUVLW\RI9LUJLQLD3UHVV $UQRXOG-&Marie de Gournay et l’Edition de 1595 des Essais de Montaigne 3DULV&KDPSLRQ The Art of Midwifery: Early Modern Midwives in Europe +LODU\ 0DUODQG HG /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH $VKH*HRIIUH\Mythology of the British Isles/RQGRQ0HWKXHQ $YDOOH$UFH -XDQ 0DQXHO Amadís de Gaula: El primitivo y el de Montalvo 0p[LFR)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD %DUWKHV5RODQGLe Degré zero de l’écriture. 3DULV6HXLO %DXVFKDW] &DWKOHHQ ³µ/HV 3XLVVDQFHV GH 9RVWUH (PSLUH¶ &KDQJLQJ 3RZHU 5HODWLRQVLQ0DULHGH*RXUQD\¶VLe Proumenoir de Monsieur de Montaigne IURP WR ´ 5HQDLVVDQFH :RPHQ :ULWHUV )UHQFK 7H[WV$PHULFDQ Contexts$QQH 5 /DUVHQ DQG &ROHWWH :LQQ HG 'HWURLW 0, :D\QH 6WDWH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVSS– %DXVL )UDQFHVFR ³0DFKLDYHOOL DQG &DWHULQD 6IRU]D´ Archivio storico italiano GLVS,9– %DXVXP+HQU\6³(GHQLF,PDJHVRIWKH:HVWHUQ:RUOG$5HDSSUDLVDO´South Atlantic Quarterly$XWXPQ –
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
%D\HU 3HQQ\ ³)URP .LWFKHQ +HDUWK WR /HDUQHG 3DUDFHOVLDQLVP :RPHQ DQG $OFKHP\ LQ WKH 5HQDLVVDQFH´ ,Q “Mystical Metal of Gold”: Essays on Alchemy and Renaissance Culture6WDQWRQ-/LQGHQHG%URRNO\Q1<$06 3UHVV ²²² ³-HDQQH GX 3RUW $OFKHPLVW 'DXJKWHU RI -RVHSK GX &KHVQH´ Rosenholmeren: Notiitser og Meddelelser fra Renaessancestudier ved Aarhus Universitet2FWREHU – ²²²³/DG\ 0DUJDUHW &OLIIRUG¶V$OFKHPLFDO 5HFHLSW %RRN DQG WKH -RKQ 'HH &LUFOH´Ambix1RYHPEHU – ²²²³:RPHQ¶V$OFKHPLFDO/LWHUDWXUH–LQ,WDO\)UDQFHWKH6ZLVV &DQWRQV DQG (QJODQG DQG LWV 'LIIXVLRQ WR ´ 8QSXEOLVKHG 3K' WKHVLV 8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUZLFN %HHU*LOOLDQ³Square RoundsDQG2WKHU$ZNZDUG)LWV&KHPLVWU\DV7KHDWUH´ Ambix0DUFK – %HLHU /XFLQGD 0F&UD\ Sufferers and Healers: The Experience of Illness in Seventeenth-Century England/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHDQG.HJDQ3DXO %HUQKHLPHU5LFKDUGWild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology1HZ
Bibliography
%URRPKDOO6XVDQWomen’s Medical Work in Early Modern France0DQFKHVWHU 0DQFKHVWHU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV %XFKHU%HUQDGHWWHIcon and Conquest: A Structural Analysis of the Illustrations of de Bry’s Great Voyages7UDQV%DVLD0LOOHU*XODWL&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI &KLFDJR3UHVV %XUNH-DPHV)³0HWDPRUSKRVLVDQGWKH,PDJHU\RI$OFKHP\LQla Celestina,´ Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos ± &DFKR%OHFXD-XDQ0DQXHOAmadís: heroísmo mítico cortesano0DGULG&XSVD (GLWRULDO &DPSR9LFWRULD³/DKLVWRULD\ODSROtWLFDDWUDYpVGHODVUHODFLRQHVHQYHUVRHQ SOLHJRV VXHOWRV´ Les 5HODFLRQHV GH VXFHVRV (canards) en Espagne (1500± 1750). Actes du premier colloque international (Alcalá de Henares, 8, 9 et 10 juin 1995)$OFDOi 8QLYHUVLGDG GH$OFDOi GH +HQDUHV3XEOLFDWLRQV GH OD 6RUERQQHSS± &DQQLQJ.DWKOHHQGender History in Practice: Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class and Citizenship,WKDFD&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV &DSXWR-RKQThe Prayers and Tears of Jacques Derrida%ORRPLQJWRQ,QGLDQD 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV &DUU +HOHQ Inventing the American Primitive: Politics, Gender and the Representation of Native American Literary Traditions, 1789–1936 1HZ @´Seeking the Woman in Late Medieval and Renaissance Writings 6KHLOD )LVKHU DQG -DQHW ( +DOOH\ HGV .QR[YLOOH8QLYHUVLW\RI7HQQHVVHH3UHVVSS– &LDVFD5DIIDHOH/¶DUWHGHLPHGLFLHVSH]LDOLQHOODVWRULDHQHOFRPPHUFLR¿RUHQWLQR dal secolo XII al XV)ORUHQFH2OVFKNL &ORXJK &HFLO + ³7KH 6RXUFHV IRU WKH %LRJUDSK\ RI &DWHULQD 6IRU]D DQG IRU WKH+LVWRU\RI+HU6WDWH'XULQJ+HU5XOH:LWK6RPH+LWKHUWR8QSXEOLVKHG /HWWHUV,OOXVWUDWLYHRI+HU&KDQFHU\$UFKLYHV´Atti e Memorie, Deputazione di storia patria per le provincie di Romagna, YY– – &RG\/LVD)RUPDQ³7KH3ROLWLFVRI5HSURGXFWLRQ)URP0LGZLYHV¶$OWHUQDWLYH 3XEOLF6SKHUHWRWKH3XEOLF6SHFWDFOHRI0DQ0LGZLIHU\´Eighteenth-Century Studies – &RKHQ-HIIUH\-HURPHHGMonster Theory0LQQHDSROLV8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD 3UHVV ²²²Of Giants. Sex, Monsters and the Middle Ages0LQQHDSROLV8QLYHUVLW\ RI0LQQHVRWD3UHVV &RPHOOL *LRYDQQL Ricettario di bellezza di Eustachio Celebrino, medico e incisore del Cinquecento)ORUHQFH6DQVRQL
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
&RQUDG/DZUHQFH,HWDOThe Western Medical Tradition: 800 B.C. to A.D. 1800 &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV &RSHQKDYHU%ULDQ3DQG&KDUOHV%6FKPLWWRenaissance PhilosophyA History of Western Philosophy: 31HZ
Bibliography
²²²Prophecy, Alchemy, and the End of Time: John of Rupescissa in the Late Middle Ages1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
)DUPHU 6WHSKHQ$ODQ Syncretism in the West: Pico’s 900 Theses (1486): The Evolution of Traditional, Religious, and Philosophical Systems, with Text, Translation, and Commentary7HPSH$=0HGLHYDODQG5HQDLVVDQFH7H[WV DQG6WXGLHV )HUQiQGH] 9DOODGDUHV 0HUFHGHV ³+LVWRULD \ SROtWLFD HQ ODV UHODFLRQHV JyWLFDV GHOD&ROHFFLyQ0HGLQDFHOL'HVFULSFLRQHVVHJXQGDSDUWH ´Les 5HODFLRQHV GH VXFHVRV (canards) en Espagne (1500±1750). Actes du premier colloque international (Alcalá de Henares, 8, 9 et 10 juin 1995)$OFDOi8QLYHUVLGDGGH $OFDOiGH+HQDUHV3XEOLFDWLRQVGHOD6RUERQQHSS± )LQGOHQ3DXOD³7ZR&XOWXUHVRI6FKRODUVKLS"´Isis – )RJHO 0LFKqOH Marie de Gournay. Itinéraires d’une femme savante 3DULV )D\DUG )UDPH'RQDOGMontaigne: A Biography1HZ
Bibliography
*yQJRUD0DU0DUWLQH]³3RHVtD0HODQFROtD\6XEMHWLYLGDG)HPHQLQD/D+XPDQLVWD /XLVD6LJHD´Neophilologus6SULQJHU1HWKHUODQGV-XO\ – *RQ]iOH]-DYLHU5REHUWRPatagonia-patagones: orígenes novelescos del nombre 5DZVRQ$UJHQWLQD6XEVHFUHWDUtDGHFXOWXUDGHOD3URYLQFLDGHO&KXEXW ²²²³/LEURVGHFDEDOOHUiVHQ$PpULFD´Amadís de Gaula 1508: Quinientos años de libros de caballerías0DGULG%LEOLRWHFD1DFLRQDOGH(VSDxD6RFLHGDG HVWDWDOGHFRQPHPRUDFLRQHVFXOWXUDOHVSS± *RZLQJ /DXUD Domestic Dangers: Women, Words, and Sex in Early Modern London2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ3UHVV *UDFLD3DORPD³(Oµ3DODFLR7RUQDQWH¶\HOEL]DQWLQLVPRGHOAmadís de Gaula´ In Medioevo y literaturaHG-XDQ3DUHGHVYROV*UDQDGD8QLYHUVLGDGGH *UDQDGD9ROSS– *UDIWRQ$QWKRQ\Cardano’s Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ²²²DQG1DQF\6LUDLVLHGVNatural Particulars: Nature and the Disciplines in Renaissance Europe&DPEULGJH0$0,73UHVV *UDVVL (UQHVWR Renaissance Humanism: Studies in Philosophy and Poetics %LQJKDPWRQ1<0HGLHYDO 5HQDLVVDQFH7H[WV 6WXGLHVYRO *UHHQ$UWKXUA guide to the Zohar6WDQIRUG6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV *UHHQ 0LUDQGD Celtic Goddesses, Warriors, Virgins and Mothers /RQGRQ %ULWLVK0XVHXP ²²²The Gods of the Celts*ORXFHVWHU$ODQ6XWWRQ *UHHQ 0RQLFD + Women’s Healthcare in the Medieval West $OGHUVKRW 8. $VKJDWH *UHHQEODWW 6WHSKHQ Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World &KLFDJR&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV *UHOO2OH3HWHUHGParacelsus/HLGHQ%RVWRQ.ROQ%ULOO *XEDU6XVDQ³µ7KH%ODQN3DJH¶DQGWKH,VVXHVRI)HPDOH&UHDWLYLW\´LQ(OL]DEHWK $EHOHG Writing and Sexual Difference&KLFDJR SS± +DHIIQHU0DUNThe Dictionary of Alchemy/RQGRQ$TXDULDQ3UHVV +DLUVWRQ -XOLD ³2XW RI WKH $UFKLYH )RXU 1HZO\,GHQWL¿HG )LJXUHV LQ 7XOOLD G¶$UDJRQD¶VRime della Signora Tullia di Aragona et di diversi a lei ´ MLN – ²²² ³6NLUWLQJ WKH ,VVXH 0DFKLDYHOOL¶V &DWHULQD 6IRU]D´ Renaissance Quarterly – +DQQDZD\2ZHQ³/DERUDWRU\'HVLJQDQGWKH$LPRI6FLHQFH$QGUHDV/LEDYLXV 9HUVXV7\FKR%UDKH´Isis± +DQQD\0DUJDUHW3³µ+RZ,7KHVH6WXGLHV3UL]H¶7KH&RXQWHVVRI3HPEURNHDQG (OL]DEHWKDQ6FLHQFH´Women, Science and Medicine, 1500±1700(G/\QHWWH +XQWHUDQG6DUDK+XWWRQ6WURXG6XWWRQ3XEOLVKLQJ +DUWVRFN 1DQF\ &0 ³7KH )HPLQLVW 6WDQGSRLQW 'HYHORSLQJ WKH *URXQG IRU D 6SHFL¿FDOO\ )HPLQLVW +LVWRULFDO 0DWHULDOLVP´ The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political ControversiesHG6DQGUD+DUGLQJ 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
+HLWVFK 'RURWKHD ³)URP 'LDORJXH WR &RQYHUVDWLRQ 7KH 3ODFH RI 0DULH GH *RXUQD\´ Printed Voices: The Renaissance Culture of Dialogue 'RURWKHD +HLWVFKDQG-HDQ)UDQoRLV9DOOpHHGV7RURQWR8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR3UHVV SS– +HXVFK&DUORVDQG-HV~V5RGUtJXH]9HODVFRHGVLa caballería castellana. Textos y contextos0RQWSHOOLHU(TXLSHG¶pWXGHVLEpULTXHVODWLQRDPpULFDLQHVHWGX PRQGHOXVRSKRQH8QLYHUVLWpGH0RQWSHOOLHU,,, +LUVW 'HVLUpH Hidden Riches: Traditional Symbolism from the Renaissance to Blake/RQGRQ(\UHDQG6SRWWLVZRRGH +ROP\DUG(ULF-Alchemy1HZ
Bibliography
.DKQ'LGLHUAlchimie et Paracelsisme en France± *HQHYD'UR] ²²²³&LQTXDQWHQHXIWKqVHVGH3DUDFHOVHFHQVXUpHVSDUODIDFXOWpGHWKpRORJLH GH3DULVOHRFWREUH´Documents oubliés sur l’alchimie, la kabbale et Guillaume PostelHGLWHGE\6\OYDLQ0DWWRQ*HQHYD'UR]– ²²² ³-HDQ G¶(VSDJQHW´ Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century French Philosophers HGLWHG E\ /XF )RLVQHDX /RQGRQ 1HZ @ .DVVHOO /DXUHQ Magic and Medicine in Elizabethan London: Simon Forman, Astrologer, Alchemist, and Physician2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV .DYH\ $OOLVRQ Books of Secrets: Natural Philosophy in England 1550–1600 8UEDQD8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLV3UHVV .HHIHU0+³$JULSSD¶V'LOHPPD+HUPHWLFµ5HELUWK¶DQGWKH$PELYDOHQFHRI De Vanitate and De Occulta Philosophia´Renaissance Quarterly, – .HOOHU(YH³3URGXFLQJ3HWW\*RGV0DUJDUHW&DYHQGLVK¶V&ULWLTXHRI([SHULPHQWDO 6FLHQFH´English Literary History6XPPHU – .LQJ +HOHQ ³$JQRGLNH DQG WKH 3URIHVVLRQ RI 0HGLFLQH´ Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society – .ORVVRZVNLGH5ROD6WDQLVODVThe Golden Game/RQGRQ7KDPHVDQG+XGVRQ .ULVWHOOHU 3DXO 2 The Philosophy of Marsilio Ficino 7UDQV 9LUJLQLD &RQDQW 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
/HRQJ(ODLQHDQG6DUD3HQQHOO³5HFLSH&ROOHFWLRQVDQGWKH&XUUHQF\RI0HGLFDO .QRZOHGJH LQ WKH (DUO\ 0RGHUQ µ0HGLFDO 0DUNHWSODFH¶´ Medicine and the Marketplace in England and Its Colonies c. 1450-c. 1850. (G0DUN-HQQHU DQG3DWULFN:DOOLV%DVLQJVWRNH3DOJUDYH0DFPLOOLDQSS± /HVDJH &ODLUH ³/D OLWWHUDWXUH GHV µVHFUHWV¶ H µ, VHFUHWL G¶,VDEHOOD &RUWHVH¶´ Chroniques italiennes – /HVWULQJDQW)UDQNCannibals: The Discovery and Representation of the Cannibal from Columbus to Jules Verne7UDQV5RVHPDU\0RUULV%HUNHOH\&DOLIRUQLD 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ²²²Mapping the Renaissance World: The Geographical Imagination in the Age of Discovery7UDQV'DYLG)DXVHWW%HUNHOH\&DOLIRUQLD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV /LOOH\.DWH³%OD]LQJ:RUOGV6HYHQWHHQWK&HQWXU\:RPHQ¶V8WRSLDQ:ULWLQJ´ :RPHQ 7H[WV +LVWRULHV &ODUH %UDQW DQG 'LDQH 3XUNLVV HG /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJHSS± /LQGHPDQQ 0DU\ Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV /LQGHQ 6WDQWRQ - Darke Hierogliphicks: Alchemy in English Literature from Chaucer to the Restoration/H[LQJWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI.HQWXFN\ /LQGVD\-DFNThe Origins of Alchemy in Graeco-Roman Egypt/RQGRQ)UHGHULFN 0XOOHU /LQJR$OLVRQ.ODLUPRQW³(PSLULFVDQG&KDUODWDQVLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ)UDQFH7KH *HQHVLVRIWKH&ODVVL¿FDWLRQRIWKHµ2WKHU¶LQ0HGLFDO3UDFWLFH´Journal of Social History – ²²²³3ULQW¶V5ROHLQWKH3ROLWLFVRI:RPHQ¶V+HDOWK&DUHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ )UDQFH´,QCulture and Identity in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800): Essays in Honor of Natalie Zemon Davis%DUEDUD'LHIHQGRUIDQG&DUOD+HVVHHG $QQ$UERU8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ3UHVVSS– /LYHW&Précieux et précieuses. Caractères et moeurs littéraires du XVIIe siècle 3DULV+:HOWHUHGQ /RQJ .DWKOHHQ 3 Hermaphrodites in Renaissance Europe $OGHUVKRW 8. $VKJDWH ²²² ³6DORPRQ 7ULVPRVLQ DQG &ORYLV +HVWHDX GH 1X\VHPHQW 7KH 6H[XDO 3ROLWLFV RI $OFKHP\ LQ (DUO\ 0RGHUQ )UDQFH´ L’Esprit créateur ;;;9 6XPPHU – ²²²³7KH&KHPLFDO:HGGLQJLQWKH:RUNVRI&ORYLV+HVWHDXGH1X\VHPHQW´ Dalhousie French Studies – /RQJ3DPHOD2Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge From Antiquity to the Renaissance%DOWLPRUH-RKQV+RSNLQV /ySH]5tRV 6DQWLDJR Salvajes y razas monstruosas en la literatura castellana medieval0DGULG)XQGDFLyQ8QLYHUVLWDULD(VSDxROD /RUDQW 6WHIDQ HG The New World: The First Pictures of America 1HZ
Bibliography
/RUEHU-XGLWKParadoxes of Gender1HZ+DYHQ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
1DJ\ 'RUHHQ ) Popular Medicine in Seventeenth-Century England %RZOLQJ *UHHQ2+%RZOLQJ*UHHQ6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV Naissance, enfance et éducation dans la France Méridionale du XVIe au XXe siècles: Hommage à Mireille Laget5RODQG$QGUpDQL+HQUL0LFKHODQG(OLH 3pODTXLHUHG0RQWSHOOLHU8QLYHUVLWp3DXO9DOpU\0RQWSHOOLHU,,, 1DXHUW&KDUOHV*Agrippa and the Crisis of the Renaissance8UEDQD8QLYHUVLW\ RI,OOLQRLV3UHVV 1HZPDQ:LOOLDP5Gehennical Fire: The Lives of George Starkey, an American $OFKHPLVW LQ WKH 6FLHQWL¿F 5HYROXWLRQ &DPEULGJH 0$ +DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV ²²² Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature &KLFDJR7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV ²²² DQG$QWKRQ\ *UDIWRQ HG Secrets of Nature: Astrology and Alchemy in Early Modern Europe&DPEULGJH0$0,73UHVV 1REOH'DYLGA World Without Women: The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science1HZ
Bibliography
Places, Rhetoric$OH[DQGUD6KHSKHUGDQG3KLO:LWKLQJWRQHG0DQFKHVWHU 0DQFKHVWHU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ²²²0HGLFDO&RQÀLFWVLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ/RQGRQ3DWURQDJH3K\VLFLDQVDQG Irregular Practitioners 1550–16402[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 3HQQHOO6DUD³3HUIHFWLQJ3UDFWLFH":RPHQ0DQXVFULSW5HFLSHVDQG.QRZOHGJH LQ (DUO\ 0RGHUQ (QJODQG´ ,Q Early Modern Women’s Manuscript Writing: 6HOHFWHG 3DSHUV IURP WKH 7ULQLW\7UHQW &ROORTXLXP 9LFWRULD %XUNH DQG -RQDWKDQ*LEVRQHG$OGHUVKRW8.$VKJDWHSS– 3HUFKHURQ-Le livre d’Or de l’alchimie9LOOHVHOYH5DPXHO 3HUNLQV :HQG\ Midwifery and Medicine in Early Modern France: Louise Bourgeois([HWHU8QLYHUVLW\RI([HWHU3UHVV 3HWUHOOL 5LFKDUG ³7KH 5HJXODWLRQ RI )UHQFK 0LGZLIHU\ GXULQJ WKH Ancien Régime.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences ;;9, – 3HWU\
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
3XO] :DOWUDXG ³$X[ RULJLQHV GH O¶REVWpWULTXH PRGHUQH HQ$OOHPDJQH ;9,H ;9,,,H 6LpFOH $FFRXFKHXUV FRQWUH PDWURQHV"´ Revue d’histoire modern et contemporaine, 0DWKLOGH /H0LpUH WUDQV 0DULH)UDQFH 0RUHO HG – 5DPRV5DIDHO³(OAmadísGH-XDQGH'XHxDVµ/DtQVRODGHO3ORUR¶´Actas del III Congreso de la Asociación Hispánica de Literatura MedievalHG0DUtD,VDEHO 7RUR3DVFXD6DOPDQFD%LEOLRWHFD(VSDxRODGHOVLJOR;9'HSDUWDPHQWRGH /LWHUDWXUD(VSDxRODH+LVSDQRDPHULFDQDYRO,,SS± 5DQGDOO &RDWV &DWKDULQH ³$ 6XUSOXV RI 6LJQL¿FDQFH +HUPDSKURGLWHV LQ (DUO\ 0RGHUQ)UDQFH´French Forum – 5DQNLQ$OLVKD³7KH3UDFWLFHRI3KDUPDFRORJ\DQG/D\ZRPHQ´Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England'LDQD5RELQ$QQH5 /DUVHQDQG&DUROH/HYLQHGV6DQWD%DUEDUD&$$%&&/,2,QF 5DWWDQVL3L\RDQG$QWRQLR&OHULFX]LRHGVAlchemy and Chemistry in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries'RGUHFKW.OXZHU 5D\ 0HUHGLWK Writing Gender in Women’s Letter Collections of the Italian Renaissance7RURQWR8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR3UHVV 5HDG 0DOFROP . ³7KH 5KHWRULF RI 6RFLDO (QFRXQWHU La Celestina and the 5HQDLVVDQFH 3KLORVRSK\ RI /DQJXDJH´ The Birth and Death of Language: Spanish Literature and Linguistics. 1300±17003RWRPDF6WXGLD+XPDQLWDWLV 5HGRQGR$XJXVWLQ³/RVSURGLJLRVHQODVUHODFLRQHVGHVXFHVRVGHORVVLJORV;9, \;9,,´Les 5HODFLRQHVGHVXFHVRV (canards) en Espagne (1500±1750). Actes du premier colloque international (Alcalá de Henares, 8, 9 et 10 juin 1995) $OFDOi8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OFDOiGH+HQDUHV3XEOLFDWLRQVGHOD6RUERQQH SS± 5HGSDWK 3HWHU $ ³7KH QDWXUH RI ZRPDQ DQG KHU UROH LQ UHOLJLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR *XLOODXPH 3RVWHO ´ Guillaume Postel, 1581–1981: actes du colloque international d’Avranches, 5–9 septembre 1981.3DULV(GLWLRQVGHOD0DLVQLH SS– 5H\QROGV :LQVWRQ$ ³/RV FDEDOOHURV VREHUELRVRV GHO$PDGtV´ In Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos: Revista Mensual de Cultura Hispánica – 5LFR)UDQFLVFR³%UXMHUtD\OLWHUDWXUD´Brujología: Ponencias y comunicaciones del primer congreso español de brujología celebrado en San Sebastián, septiembre de 19720DGULG6HPLQDULRV 5LJDOO-XDQ&DVDV³/DVUD]DVPRQVWUXRVDVVHJ~Q1HEULMD´Fantasía y literatura en la Edad Media y los Siglos de Oro(G1LFDVLR6DOYDGRU0LJXHO6DQWLDJR /ySH]5tRVDQG(VWKHU%RUUHJR*XWLpUUH]0DGULG,EHURDPHULFDQD9HUYXHUW SS± 5tR3DUUD(OHQDGHOUna era de monstruos. Representaciones de lo deforme en el Siglo de Oro español0DGULG,EHURDPHULFDQD9HUYXHUW 5REHUWV *DUHWK The Mirror of Alchemy: Alchemical Ideas and Images in Manuscripts and Books From Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century/RQGRQ 7KH%ULWLVK/LEUDU\
Bibliography
5RGLOOD0DUtD-RVp³/DFDEDOOHUtDGHODVGDPDV8QDFHUFDPLHQWRDODPXMHUHQ HOµ$PDGtV¶´6HUDItQ*RQ]iOH]DQG/LOOLDQYRQGHU:DOGHHGDQGSUHIDFH Palabra crítica: Estudios en homenaje a José Amezcua 0H[LFR &LW\ 8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPD0HWURSROLWDQD8QLGDG,]WDSDODSD)RQGRGH&XOWXUD (FRQyPLFDSS± 5RGUtJXH]9HODVFR-HV~V³7HRUtDGHODIiEXODFDEDOOHUHVFD´Libros de caballerías (de “Amadís” al “Quijote”.)6DODPDQFD6(0<5SS– 5RHONHU 1DQF\ / ³7KH $SSHDO RI &DOYLQLVP WR )UHQFK 1REOHZRPHQ LQ WKH 6L[WHHQWK&HQWXU\´Journal of Interdisciplinary History, – 5RWKVWHLQ0DULDQ³0XWDWLRQVRIWKH$QGURJ\QH,WV)XQFWLRQVLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ )UHQFK/LWHUDWXUH´Sixteenth Century Journal – 5RXEDXG%pQLFKRX6\OYLD³&RUSVHQEHDXWpFRUSVjO¶pSUHXYHOHKpURVGXURPDQ GHFKHYDOHULH´,QLe Corps dans la societé espagnole des XVIè et XVIIè siècles $5HGRQGRHG3DULV3XEOLFDWLRQVGHOD6RUERQQHSS– 5R\%UXQRHG Devinettes françaises du moyen âge0RQWUpDO%HOODUPLQ3DULV 9ULQ 5XODQG0DUWLQA Lexicon of Alchemy$(:DLWHWUDQV/RQGRQ-RKQ0:DWNLQV 5XPPHO (ULND The Case Against Johann Reuchlin: Religious and Social Controversy in Sixteenth-Century Germany7RURQWRDQG/RQGRQ8QLYHUVLW\ RI7RURQWR3UHVV 5XVVHOO3³(OGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHODVFDQDULDV\HOGHEDWHPHGLHYDODFHUFDGHORV GHUHFKRVGHORVSUtQFLSHV\SXHEORVSDJDQRV´Revista de Historia Canaria ± 6DLQWH%HXYH&KDUOHV$XJXVWLQNouveaux Lundis3DULV&/pY\ 6DOLVEXU\ -R\FH ( The Beast Within: Animals in the Middle Ages 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
of Population and Social Structure(G/OR\G%RQ¿HOG5LFKDUG6PLWKDQG .HLWK:ULJKWVRQ1HZ
Bibliography
7KRPDV .HLWK Religion and the Decline of Magic +DPPRQGVZRUWK 3HQJXLQ %RRNV 7KRPSVRQ-RKQ/HHJohn Calvin and the Daughters of Sarah: Women in Regular and Exceptional Roles in the Exegesis of Calvin, his Predecessors, and his Contemporaries*HQHYD'UR] 7KRUQGLNH /\QQ A History of Magic and Experimental Science 1HZ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
²²² Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV :HLVV 5REHUWR The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity 2[IRUG 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV :HLVVEHUJHU %DUEDUD Isabel Rules. Constructing Queenship, Wielding Power 0LQQHDSROLV8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD3UHVV :LOOLDPV'DYLGDeformed Discourse: the Functions of the Monster in Medieval Thought and Literature0RQWUHDO0F*LOO4XHHQ¶V8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV :LOVRQ $GULDQ The Making of Man-midwifery: Childbirth in England, 1660–1770&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV :RROOH\%HQMDPLQThe Queen’s Conjuror: The Science and Magic of Dr Dee /RQGRQ)ODPLQJR
,QGH[
3DJHQXPEHUVLQitalicsGHQRWHWLWOHVRI ERRNVRULOOXVWUDWLRQV3DJHQXPEHUVLQ LWDOLFVZLWKDt LQGLFDWHWDEOHV $EXOD¿D5$EUDKDP± $GDP±± $JQRGLFHsee also+\JLQXV DQGIHPDOHREVWHWULFLDQV *XLOOHPHDX-DFTXHVUHWHOOLQJRI± DQGE\+\JLQXV± 5RFKHV&DWKHULQHGHVUHWHOOLQJRI ± $JULSSD+HQU\&RUQHOLXV± Q $OEHUWLQL/RGRYLFR DOFKHPLFDOFK\PLFDOWH[WVsee also Atalanta Fugiens DXWKRULDO LGHQWLW\LQDOFKHPLFDOWH[WV ERRNVRIVHFUHWVHPEOHPERRNV KRXVHZLIHU\ DQRQ\PLW\DQGVHFUHF\WUDGLWLRQRILQ ±±± KXPDQERG\LQ± 94 SRSXODUL]HG±±± Rosarium Philosophorum ±± Turba Philosophorum± DOFKHP\FK\PLVWU\GH¿QLWLRQRI The Allegory of the Fountain± $OOHVWUHH5LFKDUG Amadís de Gaula± America see also%U\GHIDPLO\ and Atalanta DQGFDQQLEDOLVP98±108 FXOWXUDO³RWKHU´DVPRQVWURXV± ±±±±
DQGKHUPDSKURGLWHV± DQGLOOXVWUDWLRQVRI70±± DQGSRSXODULW\RI DQGVHFUHF\± DQGVRXUFHVIRU 9LUJLQLDQ5XOHU104 $PHULFDVsee1HZ:RUOG(XURSHDQVLQ $PXVFR-XDQ9DOYHUGHGH72 DQDWRP\see alsoPHGLFLQH9HVDOLXV $QGUHDV Anatomia de Corpo Humano DQGDQDWRPLFDOLOOXVWUDWLRQV DQGDQDWRPLFDOWH[WV± $SROOR%HOYHGHUHDVLGHDO71 De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem73 DQGGLVVHFWLRQ± DQGWKH³)LYH)LJXUH´VHULHV69 DQGWKHKXPDQERG\QRUPDOL]DWLRQRI ±±± DQGZRPHQ± $QLPDDQG$QLPXVQ± $QQD+HEUHD WKH-HZHVV± DQWLPRQ\± $SROOR%HOYHGHUH71 Apologie pour Celle qui Escrit ± Aqua Vitae, Non Vitis $UFKHU-D\QH $ULVWRSKDQHV± $ULVWRWOH± see also)RXU(OHPHQWV $UXQGHO&RXQWHVVRI $VKPROH(OLDVDQG$VKPROH&ROOHFWLRQ ± DVWUDOPDJLFseePDJLFDVWUDO Astrologicorum Libri VI DVWURORJ\±±QQ ±±±see alsoSODQHWDU\V\PEROLVP
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
Atalanta Fugienssee alsoDOFKHPLFDO FK\PLFDOWH[WV%U\GHIDPLO\ HPEOHPERRNV0DLHU0LFKDHO 0HULDQ0DWWKlXV DQGDOFKHPLFDOLQÀXHQFHV±± ±± and America DQGWKHERG\UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRI DQGFDQQLEDOLVP± DQGJHQGHU± DQGKHUPDSKURGLWHV± DQGKRXVHZLIHU\± PDVFXOLQLVWELDVLQ± DQGPHGLWDWLRQXSRQ± DQGWKHPRQVWURXV 0XVFOH0DQDVWKH:LQG DQGSRSXODULW\RI Au Lecteur± DXWKRULDOLGHQWLW\see alsoERRNVRI VHFUHWV DQRQ\PLW\DQGVHFUHF\WUDGLWLRQRI ±±± DQGIHPDOH± DQG0DUWLQYLOOH0DGDPHGHOD ±± DQG1HSWLV± Primaleón DQG4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHU ±±±± DQG6IRU]D&DWHULQD± DQG:LJJHV6DUDK±± %DFRQ)UDQFLV± EDLQPDULH %DXKLQ&DVSDU± EHUGDFKH± Book of Morienus± Book of Splendour see .DEEDODKZohar The Book of Twelve Gates ERRNVRIVHFUHWVsee alsoDXWKRULDO LGHQWLW\KRXVHZLIHU\PHGLFLQH ZRPHQSUHFLRXVPHWDOVZRPHQ DOFKHPLFDOFK\PLFDOSUDFWLFH DQGDVWURORJ\± DQG&DYHQGLVK0DUJDUHW± 'L¿FLRGHOOH5LFHWWH±
Experimenti ±± DQG)DQVKDZH/DG\$QQ¶VUHFHLSW ERRN DQGPHGLFLQH±±± ±± DQGWKH3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQH± ± Philosophia Maturata± DQGSRSXODULW\RI±± ± Secreti del Reverendo donno Alessio Piemontese Secreti della Signora Isabella Cortese ±± DQGVRXUFLQJDQGDWWULEXWLRQ± ± VW\OHRI±± :DONHU(OL]DEHWK± :LJJHV6DUDK±±202 203 207 ± %RXUJHRLV%RXUVLHU /RXLVHsee also PLGZLIHU\*XLOOHPHDX&KDUOHV *XLOOHPHDX-DFTXHVVXUJHRQV DVDXWKRU±± ELRJUDSK\RI± FDUHHURI±±± DQG0pGLFLV0DULHGH DQGPLGZLYHVVWDWXVRI± ± DQGWUDLQLQJ± %RXUVLHU/RXLVHsee%RXUJHRLV/RXLVH %RXZVPD:LOOLDP± %UXQR*LRUGDQR %U\GHIDPLO\±±± ±Qsee also $PHULFD$WDODQWD)XJLHQV 0DLHU0LFKDHO0HULDQ0DWWKlXV %XFKHU%HUQDGHWWH FDOFLQDWLRQ &DPSDQHOOD7RPPDVR± FDQQLEDOLVP98±108 ±± &DWKROLFLVP±± &DYHQGLVK0DUJDUHW± &HOHEULQR(XVWDFKLR±±
Index Celestina±Q FKHPLFDOZHGGLQJ± &KHVQH-RVHSKGXsee also0DUWLQYLOOH 0DGDPHGHOD4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHU ELRJUDSK\RI± DQGIHPDOHDOFKHPLVWV± 188–9t DQG-HDQQHGX3RUW DQGKLVSUDFWLWLRQHU¶VFLUFOH DV4XHUFLWDQXV± FKLOGELUWKsee alsoPLGZLIHU\REVWHWULFV DQGDQ[LHW\RYHUZRPHQ¶VERGLHVLQ ±±± DQGGDQJHUVRI± DQGWH[WVRQFKLOGELUWK ±± FKLYDOULFOLWHUDWXUHsee also+LVSDQLF OLWHUDWXUH Amadís de Gaula± EHDXW\DQGWKHEHDVWLQ± Don Quijote DQGJLDQWV± DQGLQFHVW± DQGODQJXDJHDELOLW\± DQGPRQVWURVLW\±±± DVSROLWLFDOGLVFRXUVH±± ± Primaleón± DQGXJOLQHVV± DQGZRPHQ± &KULVWLDQLW\see alsoFRQTXHVWWKH)DOO UHOLJLRQZDUVRI.DEEDODK &KULVWLDQLW\ DQGFRQYHUVLRQ± DQGKRXVHZLIHU\ DQG.DEEDODK±Q± ±± LQWKH1HZ:RUOG± DQG3LFR±± DQG3RVWHO±± FK\PLVWU\DOFKHP\GH¿QLWLRQRI &LRFKL/XLJL± &RHOVRQ/DQFHORW Philosophia Maturata± Commentary on Pentateuch &RPSDQHOOD7RPPDVR± FRQGHPQDWLRQRIDOFKHP\
FRQMXQFWLRQ±±± FRQTXHVW±± ³&RQVWUXFWLQJ1RUPDOF\´± FRQYHUVLRQ±Q Copie d’une Lettre Escripte a Monsieur du Chesne d’une Docte Damoiselle de France ± &RUWHVH,VDEHOODsee alsoERRNVRIVHFUHWV ZRPHQ DQGDOFKHP\SUDFWLFHRI± ± Secreti della Signora Isabella Cortese ±± &XOSHSHU1LFKRODV &XSSDQR/XFDQWRQLR± 'DYLV/HQQDUG±± De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem73 De Vita Longa± 'HEXV$OOHQ 'HH-RKQ DQGPDJLF±±Q Mathematicall Preface GLIIHUHQFHsee alsoFRQMXQFWLRQ1HZ :RUOG ERGLO\±±±± WKUHDWRI±±± DQGWUDQVFHQGHQFHRI±± 'L¿FLRGHOOH5LFHWWH± Discours Philosophical± ± Disputationes Adversus Astrologiam Divinatricem GLVVROXWLRQ GLVWLOODWLRQ DQGVFLHQFH DQGKRXVHZLIHU\± ± UHFLSHVXVLQJ± 'LYLQH1DPHVsee .DEEDODK 'REELH%0:LOOPRWW± GRXEOHEHLQJseeKHUPDSKURGLWH 'XSHEH-HDQ± (DPRQ:LOOLDP Egalité des Hommes et des Femmes ±±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
HOHPHQWDOIRXQGDWLRQVDOFKHPLFDO (OL[LURI/LIH±± HPEOHPERRNV±VHH DOVRAtalanta Fugiens %U\GH IDPLO\ 0DLHU0LFKDHO HPSLULFLVPseeVFLHQWL¿FPHWKRGRORJ\ Epistola Nobilissime Matrone de Martinvilla ad Dom Quercitanum + 1609±± (VSDJQHW-HDQGH± Essais±± (VWLHQQH&KDUOHV± HXJHQLFV± HXURERURV±111 Experimenti± WKH)DOO±± )DQVKDZH/DG\$QQ )HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOHsee Shechinah IHUPHQWDWLRQ )LFLQR0DUVLOLR±Q )LYH)LJXUHVHULHV69 )OD\HG0DQ72 Fleeing Atalanta see Atalanta Fugiens )RXU(OHPHQWV± see also$ULVWRWOH )UHQFK-RKQ± )UHQFK3DUDFHOVLDQPRYHPHQW ± *DOHQ *DOWRQ6LU)UDQFLV± JHQGHUsee also Atalanta Fugiens KHUPDSKURGLWHV DQGDOFKHPLFDOV\PEROLVP DQG3RVWHO DQGWKHSUHJQDQWPDQ DQG6KHFKLQDK± DQGWUDQVFHQGHQFH±± ±± JLDQWV± *ROGEHUJ+DUULHW± *RXUQD\0DULHGHsee alsoERRNVRI VHFUHWVZRPHQ DQGDOFKHPLFDOSUDFWLFH± ±± Apologie pour Celle qui Escrit ±
Egalité des Hommes et des Femmes ±± DQGHTXDOLW\±± EssaisSUHIDFHDQGHGLWRULDOWR ±± Grief des Dames± DQGWKHKHUPDSKURGLWH± DQG0RQWDLJQHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK ±± Pincture de Moeurs Proumenoir de Monsieur de Montaigne± ±± Vie de la Demoiselle de Gournay ± DVZULWHU± JUHDWZRUNseePDJQXPRSXV Grief des Dames± *XEDU6XVDQ± *XLOOHPHDX&KDUOHVsee also%RXUJHRLV %RXUVLHU /RXLVH*XLOOHPHDX -DFTXHVPLGZLIHU\VXUJHRQV DQGDXWKRU ELRJUDSK\RI DQG%RXUJHRLV/RXLVH±± DQGPLGZLYHV *XLOOHPHDX-DFTXHVsee also%RXUJHRLV %RXUVLHU /RXLVH*XLOOHPHDX &KDUOHVPLGZLIHU\VXUJHRQV $JQRGLFHUHWHOOLQJRI± ELRJUDSK\± DQG%RXUJHRLV/RXLVH± DQGPLGZLYHV± ± DQG3DUp$PEURLVH± DQGVKDPHDQGWKHIHPDOHERG\ ±± DVZULWHU± ± +DULRW7KRPDV KHDOWKFDUHsee medicine KHUPDSKURGLWHVsee also Atalanta Fugiens KHUPDSKURGLWHVJHQGHU DVDERPLQDWLRQ± LQDOFKHPLFDOV\PEROLVP± ±± DQGFRQMXQFWLRQ±±±
Index DQGG¶(VSDJQHW DQGGH*RXUQD\± DQGJHQGHUWUDQVFHQGLQJ± DQGKHUPDSKURGLWLF$GDP ± DQG3LFR DVSULPRUGLDOKXPDQQ± Q +HUPHV+HUPHV7ULVPHJLVWXV +LSSRFUDWHV +LVSDQLFOLWHUDWXUH±see also FKLYDOULFOLWHUDWXUH +RKHQKHLP3KLOOLSXV$XUHROXV7KHRSKUDVWXV %RPEDVWXVYRQsee 3DUDFHOVXV KRXVHZLIHU\±± ±±see alsoERRNV RIVHFUHWVGLVWLOODWLRQPHGLFLQH ZRPHQQHWZRUNVRISUDFWLWLRQHUV :LJJHV6DUDK KXPDQERG\see alsoDQDWRP\ KHUPDSKURGLWHVZRPHQZRPHQ¶V ERGLHV LQDOFKHPLFDOWH[WV± 94 GLIIHUHQFHLQ±±± ± DQGWKHIRUPLQFODVVLFDOVFXOSWXUH LQ+LVSDQLFOLWHUDWXUH QRUPDOL]HG±±± KXPDQSHUIHFWDELOLW\see also under .DEEDODKPDJLFDVWUDO 3DUDFHOVXV6KHFKLQDK DQGDOFKHPLFDOJRDORI± ±± DQGDVWUDOPDJLF±± DQG%DFRQ)UDQFLV± DQG'HH-RKQ± DQGLPDJLQDWLRQ DQG3LFR± +\JLQXV±±see also$JQRGLFH LDWURFK\PLVWU\ ± ,GHO0RVKH±Q LPDJLQDWLRQ DQGKXPDQSHUIHFWDELOLW\
DQGNQRZOHGJH± Q± LPPXWDWLRQ LQFHVW± -XQJ&DUO± .DEEDODKsee also3RVWHO5HVWLWXWLRQ Shechinah DQGDVWUDOPDJLF DQG&KULVWLDQLW\±Q ±± Divine Names±± ± 0RWKHU/HWWHUV± DQG3DUDFHOVXV± DQG3LFR DQGVHSKLURWV±±51 and Torah DQGWUHHRIOLIH±± DQG:LJJHV6DUDKUHFHLSWERRN DQGZRPHQ± and Zohar ± ± .ULVWHYD-XOLD .XQW]0DULRQ /HRQ0RVHVGH Les Très Merveilleuses Victoires des Femmes du Nouveau Monde± ±± /HVWULQJDQW)UDQN OLEULGLVHJUHWLseeERRNVRIVHFUHWV /RUEHU-XGLWK Lysistrata± 0DFKLDYHOOL 0DGUH=XDQDsee0RWKHU-RDQQD PDJLFDVWUDO DQGDVWUDOLQWHOOLJHQFHV DQG'HH-RKQ±Q DQG)LFLQR±Q DQGKXPDQSHUIHFWDELOLW\± Q± DQG.DEEDODK DQGWKHPDJXV± DQG3DUDFHOVXV± DQG3LFR±± PDJLFPDWKHPDWLFDO±
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
PDJLFQDWXUDO± PDJLFV\PSDWKHWLF PDJQXPRSXV± see also3KLORVRSKHU¶V Stone 0DLHU0LFKDHO±± ±see also Atalanta Fugiens 0DQWHFKLWLV/RUHQ]RGH± 0DULD0DU\ WKH3URSKHWHVV Q 0DUWLQYLOOH0DGDPHGHODsee also DXWKRULDOLGHQWLW\ERRNVRIVHFUHWV &KHVQH-RVHSKGX4XHUFLWDQ¶V GDXJKWHU DVDOFKHPLFDOSUDFWLWLRQHU± ±± The Allegory of the Fountain ± DQG&KHVQH-RVHSKGX± Copie d’une Lettre Escripte a Monsieur du Chesne d’une Docte Damoiselle de France± Discours Philosophical ± ± Epistola Nobilissime Matrone de Martincilla ad Dom Quercitanum + 1609±± DQG1HSWLV± DQG3DUDFHOVXV± DQGSKLORVRSKLFDOPHUFXU\± 0DVVsee also&DWKROLFLVP PDWKHPDWLFDOPDJLF± Mathematicall Preface 0D\HUQH7KpRGRUHGH±± PHGLFLQHsee alsoDQDWRP\ERRNVRI VHFUHWVPHGLFLQHPLGZLIHU\ DQGERGLO\QRUPV DQGGLVVHFWLRQ± DQGIHPDOHERG\± ±± DQG3DUDFHOVXV±± DQGVFLHQFH DQGZRPHQ±± ±±± 0pGLFLV0DULHGH 0HULDQ0DWWKlXV±
0pULGD5DIDHO PHWDOVSUHFLRXVsee SUHFLRXVPHWDOV 0HXUGUDF0DULH PLGZLIHU\see also%RXUJHRLV%RXUVLHU /RXLVH*XLOOHPHDX&KDUOHV *XLOOHPHDX-DFTXHVREVWHWULFV DQGHGXFDWLRQDFFHVVWR± DQGPDUJLQDOL]DWLRQRI± Q±± DQGVXUJHRQV± ± 0LUDQGROD*LRYDQQL3LFRGHOODsee Pico Monas Hieroglyphia PRQVWHUV DQGFKLYDOULFOLWHUDWXUH± ±± DQGFXOWXUDORWKHU±± DQGGHIRUPLW\± DQGKXPDQVZLWKLQ NLQGVRIQ DQG0DULHGH*RXUQD\UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK±± 0RQWDLJQH0LFKHOGHsee also Marie GH*RXUQD\Essais DQG1HZ:RUOG± ±± ³2IDPRQVWURXVFKLOG´±± 0RWKHU-RDQQD±± 0RWKHU/HWWHUVsee .DEEDODK PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ 0XVFOH0DQ73 P\VWHU\FXOWVQ ³0\WKRIWKH$QGURJ\QH´ 1DWLYH$PHULFDQVsee1HZ:RUOG 1HEULMD$QWRQLRGH 1HSWLV± QHWZRUNVRISUDFWLWLRQHUV Q±± 1HZ:RUOG(XURSHDQVLQsee also America KHUPDSKURGLWHV DQGEHVWLDOLW\WKHPHVRI± DQGFRQTXHVW±± DQGGLIIHUHQFHHQFRXQWHUZLWK± ± DQGJHQGHUGHSLFWLRQV±± DQGLQGLJHQRXVSHRSOH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVRI ±
Index DQGPRQVWHUVGHSLFWLRQVLQ± ±± DQGSROLWLFRUHOLJLRXVJRDOVLQ ± 1HZPDQ:LOOLDP5± REVWHWULFVsee also PLGZLIHU\ ³2IDPRQVWURXVFKLOG´±± Operation de Neptis au Druide Communiquée par M. Landrivier Calend. i68 3DUDFHOVXV Archidoxes± DQGDVWUDOPDJLF± De Vita Longa± DQG(QJOLVKVFKRRO DQGWKHIHPLQLQH DQGWKH)UHQFKPRYHPHQW ± DQG+HUPDSKURGLWH$GDP DQGKXPDQSHUIHFWDELOLW\± DQGLDWURFK\PLVWU\± DQG.DEEDODK± DQG0DUWLQYLOOH0DGDPHGHOD ± DQGPHGLFLQH±± DQGVFLHQFH± Selected WritingsQQ WULDSULPD 3DUp$PEURLVH± 3DUOHPHQWRI3DULV 3DVROLQL3LHU'HVLGHULR± SHUIHFWDELOLW\RIKXPDQQDWXUHseeKXPDQ SHUIHFWDELOLW\ 3HWUDUFK)UDQFHVFR 3HWU\
3LFR±±QQ Q±Q ± 3LHPRQWHVH$OHVVLR Secreti del reverendo donno Alessio Piemontese Pincture de Moeurs SODQHWDU\V\PEROLVP± ±see also DVWURORJ\ 3ODWR 3ORWLQXV 3OXWDUFK 3RUW-HDQQHGX see also4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHU 3RVWHO*XLOODXPHsee also &KULVWLDQLW\ JHQGHUKHUPDSKURGLWHV 3KLORVRSKHU¶V6WRQH5HVWLWXWLRQ $QLPDDQG$QLPXV± DQGELRJUDSK\± DQGWKHIHPLQLQH±±± DQGJHQGHU DQGLPPXWDWLRQ DQG.DEEDODK± Les très merveilleuses victoires des femmes du Nouveau Monde± ±± DQG0RWKHU-RDQQD±± DQG5RVHUD,VDEHOOD± DQG6LJHD/XLVD± DQGZRUOGSHDFH±± SUHFLRXVPHWDOV DVDQDORJLF± LQERRNVRIVHFUHWV± DQGJROGLPLWDWLRQ± DQGPDQXIDFWXUHRI± DQGPHGLFLQHVZLWKLQERRNVRIVHFUHWV ± DQG3LFR Primaleón± 3ULQFLSH/DZUHQFH± Proumenoir de Monsieur de Montaigne ±±± SXWUHIDFWLRQ
*HQGHUDQG6FLHQWL¿F'LVFRXUVHLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ&XOWXUH
4XHUFLWDQ¶VGDXJKWHU± ±±± see also ERRNVRIVHFUHWV&KHVQH-RVHSK GX0DUWLQYLOOH0DGDPHGHOD 3RUW-HDQQHGX 4XHUFLWDQXVsee &KHVQH-RVHSKGX UHELVseeKHUPDSKURGLWH 5HFDQWL50HQDKHP Commentary on Pentateuch UHFHLSWERRNVseeERRNVRIVHFUHWV UHGOLRQ± UHOLJLRQZDUVRI±± 5HVWLWXWLRQ±± Ricettario Galante± 5LSOH\*HRUJH The Book of Twelve Gates 5RFKHV&DWKHULQHGHV± 5RFKHV0DGHOHLQHGHV, ± Rosarium Philosophorum± ± 5RVHUD,VDEHOOD± 6W$XJXVWLQH VFLHQFHDQGDOFKHP\FK\PLVWU\ DOFKHP\DVSURWR±± ±±±± DQGPHGLFLQH DQG3DUDFHOVXV± Secreti del Reverendo donno Alessio Piemontese Secreti della Signora Isabella Cortese ±± Sefer ha-Zoharsee.DEEDODKZohar Selected WritingsQ VHSKLURWVsee .DEEDODK 6IRU]D&DWHULQDsee alsoDXWKRULDO LGHQWLW\ERRNVRIVHFUHWVZRPHQ DQG$OEHUWLQL/RGRYLFR DQGDOFKHP\DQGDOFKHPLFDOPHGLFLQH ± DQG$QQDWKH-HZHVV± ELRJUDSKLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQRQ± ± DQG&LRFKL/XLJL± DQGFRVPHWLFVUHFLSHV±± DQGGLVWLOODWLRQUHFLSHVXVLQJ± DQGHOLVLUYLWDH±
Experimenti ± DQGIUDXG± DQGQHWZRUNVRISUDFWLWLRQHUV± DQG3DVROLQL3LHU'HVLGHULR ± Ricettario Galante± 6KHFKLQDKsee also .DEEDODK DQGGXDOLVP± DVHVVHQFHRI*RG DQG)HPLQLQH3ULQFLSOH± ±±± DQGJHQGHU± DQGKXPDQSHUIHFWDELOLW\±± ± DQGPHVVLDQLFPLVVLRQRI± 6LJHD/XLVD± VLPLODUVODZRI VROXWLRQsee GLVVROXWLRQ 6WDU5HJXOXVRI$QWLPRQ\ VWDWLVWLFVDQGERGLO\QRUPV±± VXEOLPDWLRQ± VXUJHRQV DQGFKLOGELUWKUROHLQ DQGPLGZLYHV±± DQGVWDWXV±± ± 7KHYHW$QGUp 7KRUQERURXJK-RKQ WLQFWXUHV Torah see .DEEDODK WUDQVIRUPDWLRQSKDVHVRI±± WUDQVPXWDWLRQseeSUHFLRXVPHWDOV PDQXIDFWXUHRI WUDYHOZULWLQJ± WUHHRIOLIH±± 7UHYLVDQ%HUQDUG The Allegory of the Fountain ± WULDSULPD The Triumphant Chariot of Antimony Turba Philosophorum± 9DOHQWLQH%DVLO 9DXJKDQ7KRPDV± 9HVDOLXV$QGUHDV DQGDUWLVWV
Index DQGERGLO\QRUPDOF\ DQGWKHGH%U\IDPLO\ De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem73 DQG³0XVFOH0DQ´73 DQG9HVDOLDQ0DQ DQGWKH:LQG Vie de la Demoiselle de Gournay± 9LOODQRYD$UQROGGH 9LUJLQ0DU\ 9LUJLQRI9HQLFHsee0RWKHU-RDQQD 9LWUXYLDQ0DQ :DONHU(OL]DEHWK± :LJJHV6DUDKsee also DXWKRULDOLGHQWLW\ ERRNVRIVHFUHWVKRXVHZLIHU\ DQGELRJUDSK\± DQGGLVWLOODWLRQ± DQGLDWURFK\PLVWU\± DQG.DEEDODK DQGSUHFLRXVVWRQHVPDQXIDFWXUHRI DQGUHFHLSWERRN±± 202203 ±207 ± DQGVRXUFHVDQGDWWULEXWLRQ± DQGWKH6SHJKWIDPLO\
DQG9DOHQWLQH%DVLO ZLWFKFUDIWUHSUHVVLRQRI± ZRPHQsee also DXWKRULDOLGHQWLW\ ERRNVRIVHFUHWVFKLOGELUWK ZRPHQFKLYDOULFOLWHUDWXUH JHQGHUKRXVHZLIHU\.DEEDODK PHGLFLQHPLGZLIHU\QHWZRUNVRI SUDFWLWLRQHUV3RVWHOWKHIHPLQLQH DQGDOFKHPLFDOFK\PLFDOSUDFWLFH ±±± ±± DQGDXWKRUVKLS± ±±±± DQGERQGVPRWKHUGDXJKWHU± DQGPDUJLQDOL]DWLRQ ±± ± DQGZRPHQ¶VERGLHVDV³RWKHU´ ±±± ±± ³WKHZRUN´seePDJQXPRSXV :RUOG3HDFH±± Zohar see .DEEDODK
This page has been left blank intentionally