Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments (Rapra Review Reports) (Vol 14,No.12)

Rapra Review Reports

Report 168

ISSN: 0889-3144

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments Current I. Innes and A. Innes

Volume 14, Number 12, 2004

Rapra Review Reports Expert overviews covering the science and technology of rubber and plastics

RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows: 1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References and Abstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstracts section. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstracts database, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc. 2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Polymer Library database. The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below. 3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to the abstracts records on the database to aid retrieval.

Source of original article Title

Item 1 Macromolecules

33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83 EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han Akron,University The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs.

Location

GOODRICH B.F. USA

Authors and affiliation

Abstract

Companies or organisations mentioned

Accession no.771897

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Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments J. Innes and A. Innes (Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham)

ISBN 1-85957-435-1

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

Contents 1

2

3

4

5

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1

What is a Plastic Flame Retardant and What are its Benefits? ...................................................... 3

1.2

FR Market Overview ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Market Drivers ................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Major FR Application Markets .......................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Fire Safety Standards, Governing and Regulatory Bodies ................................................ 6

Key Performance Standards .................................................................................................................. 6 2.1

Flammability Tests .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.2

Smoke Tests .................................................................................................................................... 9

Halogen Flame Retardants ..................................................................................................................... 9 3.1

Commodity Halogen Flame Retardant Products .......................................................................... 10

3.2

Speciality Halogen Flame Retardant Products ............................................................................. 10

3.3

Recent Product Improvements .......................................................................................................11

3.4

Synergists ...................................................................................................................................... 13

3.5

Environmental Issues .................................................................................................................... 13

Metal Hydrate Flame Retardants ........................................................................................................ 14 4.1

Commodity Metal Hydrate Flame Retardant Products ................................................................ 14

4.2

Speciality Metal Hydrate Products ............................................................................................... 15

4.3

Metal Hydrate Product Improvements ......................................................................................... 15

Phosphorus Flame Retardants ............................................................................................................. 16 5.1

Commodity Phosphorus Containing Flame Retardants ............................................................... 16

5.2

Speciality Phosphorus Containing Flame Retardants .................................................................. 17 5.2.1 Intumescent Phosphorus Flame Retardant Systems ......................................................... 18 New Phosphorus FR Products and FR Product Improvements .................................................... 18 5.3.1 Organic Phosphinates ....................................................................................................... 18 Environmental Issues .................................................................................................................... 19

5.3 5.4 6

7

8

Smoke Suppressants .............................................................................................................................. 19 6.1

Speciality Smoke Suppressants .................................................................................................... 19

6.2

Smoke Suppressant Product Improvements ................................................................................. 20

6.3

Environmental Issues .................................................................................................................... 20

Other Flame Retardants and Recent FR Technology Advances ....................................................... 20 7.1

Other Existing and Potential Flame Retardant Products .............................................................. 20

7.2

Recent FR Technology Advances ................................................................................................. 22 7.2.1 Nanotechnology and Flame Retardancy .......................................................................... 22

Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 24

1

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

Additional References ................................................................................................................................... 25 Abbreviation and Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... 27 Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .......................................................................................... 29 Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 121 Company Index............................................................................................................................................ 135

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2

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

1 Introduction The April 18, 1906 San Francisco earthquake fires killed over 315 people and caused property loss estimated at $6 billion (1996 dollars). The SS Grandcomp and Monsanto plant explosion killed 468 people in Texas City, Texas, on April 16, 1947. A fire in the L’Innovation store killed 325 people in Brussels, Belgium, on May 25, 1967. A Varig Airlines B707 inflight fire killed 123 people near Paris, France, on July 11, 1973. A Cinema Rex theatre fire killed 422 people on August 20, 1978, in Abadan, Iran. A Bradford, England, soccer stadium fire on May 11, 1985, killed 56 people. A Kader toy factory fire killed 188 in Nakhon Panthom Province, Thailand, on May 10, 1993 (a.1). These are just a few of the Twentieth Century’s human losses caused by fire. Humans have been at risk from fire ever since they discovered it. We have probably been trying to reduce that risk through various means of control ever since. Indeed there is evidence that in 360 BC vinegar was used to protect timbers against fire. In 83 BC alum was used to impregnate wooden siege towers to prevent them from being set on fire. Much later, an English patent published in 1735 described the use of alum, borax and vitriol to flame retard textiles and papers. Sometime thereafter, chemicals including ammonium phosphate, ammonium chloride and borax were discovered to be effective in flame retarding textiles. William Henry Perkin was the first person known to have methodically studied flame retardant mechanisms. Modern flame retardants for plastics and other materials evolved following his work in the early 1900s (251, 413).

1.1 What is a Plastic Flame Retardant and What are its Benefits? A simple answer is that a plastic flame retardant (FR) is a unique chemical compound incorporated into a plastic. The chemical compound is unique because its purpose is to inhibit the ignition and/or retard the burning of that plastic. However, in reality the answer is far more complicated than that. A variety of elements can be considered when defining fire retardancy. These include ease of ignition and extinction, flame spread, fire endurance, rate of heat release, smoke and toxic gas evolution. Flame retardants increase safety and save lives. Their incorporation in various plastic products such as consumer electronics and appliances (telephones, coffeemakers, television cabinets, computer monitors),

trash receptacles, upholstered furniture, drapery, carpeting, etc., can add up to additional escape time in a fire. Just ask any firefighter the value of extra seconds of escape time for fire victims. Even though the benefits of using FRs are well established, there are some complicating issues. Concerns about the effects of certain FRs on human health and the environment have taken centre stage in recent years. In Europe, these concerns initially focused on the production and disposal processes for FR plastic products. Regulations banning certain FR products are beginning to be enacted in Europe and voluntary restrictions on a few select FR products have been adopted by manufacturers around the world. These environmental issues will be discussed more fully in each of the FR technology sections to follow. Flame retardant or fire retardant technology for plastics has grown rapidly especially since the mid-1960s when demand arose among consumers and their safety advocates in the USA and in Europe for flame retardants in sleepwear and in television sets. Today, the plastic flame retardant industry boasts a multitude of products, producers, regulations, standards, screening tests, markets and specific applications. In fact, volumes have been written on each of these. It is not reasonable to even hope to cover all of this information in one publication. Our goal here is to provide enough background information on FR product technology, FR markets and FR applications for the reader to appreciate the product enhancements and technology advancements being researched and commercialised in today’s worldwide FR marketplace. This is a tall order but one that is needed given the ongoing shake-ups in the plastic industry, acquisitions, mergers, and the resulting lay-offs, reorganisations, and changes in technical personnel. In fact, many of tomorrow’s formulators will be brand new to the FR industry. It is critical for these new formulators to know the basics about past and present FR product technology in order to understand and effectively utilise novel FR technology and FR product advancements in plastic formulations and products of the future.

1.2 FR Market Overview Flame retardants can be classified into types depending on their technology. Halogen FRs are those products containing bromine or chlorine. Halogen FRs are considered to function in the vapour or gas phase by interfering with the chemical radical mechanism of the combustion process, reducing heat input to the entire system and reducing the supply of flammable gases. Halogen FRs are frequently paired with synergists,

3

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

compounds which enhance the FR performance. Antimony trioxide is a well known synergist for halogen FR systems. Phosphorus FRs contain phosphorus alone, organophosphorus compounds, or are sometimes used in combination with other compounds such as nitrogen. These FRs, commonly known as char formers, thermally decompose during the burning process to produce phosphoric acids. These acids react with components in the substrate to eventually form a char which protects the substrate from further pyrolysis. There are many theories on the actual reactions taking place for both halogen and phosphorus FRs. None is definitively established as the unquestioned scientific explanation for the FR effectiveness of these compounds. A third type of FR is the metal hydrate. Typical products include aluminium trihydrate (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg2OH4). These products provide FR protection through several means but simply described they are heat absorbers which release water upon their decomposition, adversely impacting the combustion process. Along with these three main classes of FR products, there are other products which do not fit neatly into any of these three classes. Most reports on FR market sales and volume group these products together into a ‘miscellaneous’ or ‘other’ class. This class may include boron or nitrogen containing compounds, FR synergists such as antimony trioxide and others, along with some of the newer product technologies (such as nanoclays) in the early stages of commercialisation. Because our intent with this publication is to cover the more technical aspects of the FR industry, we follow a similar simple FR product group classification for our FR market overview. Table 1 provides an estimate by volume of the market size for each of the FR product types along with estimated annual growth rate (AGR) for each product segment (63, a.2).

The authors acknowledge that the market volume information shown in Table 1 can be described as highly conservative. Other reports estimate the FR market size somewhat higher for 2000 or 2001 and of the order of 1,000,000 tons versus the 907,000 tons reported here. Reliable estimates for 2001 and 2002 were not readily available in the published literature, perhaps due to world events including 9/11 and the economic downturn. In 2000, the majority of the 907,000 metric tons of FRs was used in North America. This number is heavily weighted in that geographic segment due to the high use of metal hydrate products. However, currently most reports break down the geographic distribution of FR demand with roughly 1/3 in North America, a little less than that in Europe and the remaining majority in Asia with about half of the Asian FR demand in Japan (23). Such reports are most likely based on FR sales in US dollars. That makes sense as the average price of 20 cents per pound or 44 cents per kilogram for ATH would translate into a smaller share for North America based on sales in US dollars as compared with product tonnage. In any case, most sources agree that the highest growth rates for FR products are in the Asian market segments and will continue there for the foreseeable future. The highest growth rates by FR product type have been and will continue to be in the non-halogen and non-antimony product segments with an estimated overall AGR of 3-3.5% for the entire FR industry.

1.2.1 Market Drivers The most significant market drivers influencing the FR industry today are the human health and environmental concerns regarding various FR products. These concerns, whether based on scientific fact or not, have resulted in a significant push to research and develop new FR products that do not contain halogens or

Table 1 Estimated 2000 and 2005 worldwide flame retardant product volume and AGR FR Product Type

2000 (1000 t)

2005 (1000 t)

AGR (%)

Halogen

246

295

3.7

Phosphorus

133

164

4.3

Metal hydrate

426

482

2.5

Antimony oxides

72

86

3.7

Other

30

38

4.6

Total

907

1,065

3.25

4

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

antimony. In recent years, this factor has focused technical investigations on FR products using phosphorus, metal hydrates, nitrogen, boron, and silicon including the relatively new flame retardant nanocomposite technology. Briefly, there have been studies, reports and multiple articles published which indicate that certain flame retardants of the polybrominated biphenyl ether variety may endanger human health and the environment. Specifically, these flame retardants and some derivative compounds generated during processing and disposal can bioaccumulate in humans, in other species (fish, sea mammals), in water sources and in vegetation. The bioaccumulation of these compounds is of concern and its occurrence could be carcinogenic or mutagenic in effect. The actual confirmation of such harm to human health and the environment remains questionable and this feeds the continuing controversy over this issue. As of mid-2003, there are some regulations in place in Europe and in the USA banning certain specific bromine containing FR products. Effective mid-2004, marketing or use of polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE), and octaBDE is banned in the European Union. The ban is contained in the Restrictions of Hazardous Substances Directive (RHSD) which was passed by the European Council and Parliament in October, 2002. The Directive outlaws the marketing and use of products that include components containing more than 0.1% of those three FR products. Although this ban will have only a small impact on the worldwide market for FR compounds,

such a ban on certain other bromine containing compounds such as decaBDE and/or tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) would have a very significant impact. Risk assessments and further actions on these and other FRs are underway. One part of the European RHSD stipulates that individual EU member states are forbidden from adopting their own bans on other substances. The next review of the Directive is expected in 2005 (a.3). In the USA, California is the first state to restrict FR chemicals and this restriction bans pentaBDE and octaBDE starting in 2008. The California legislation, passed July 17, 2003, originally included decaBDE but FR industry groups prevailed in its exclusion from the ban, citing lack of scientific evidence supporting problems and abundant evidence of extraordinary benefits for fire safety (a.4). The human health and environmental concerns associated with halogen containing FR products continue to be by far the most significant market drivers especially with regard to their influence on the research and development of new FR products and technology. This significant influence looks to continue for years to come.

1.2.2 Major FR Application Markets An overview of the FR market would not be complete without some mention of FR application markets or

Table 2 Major FR application markets FR application market

Product examples

Electrical/electronics

Components/parts in appliances like ovens, refrigerators, dishwashers, office/home automation products like computer monitors, keyboards, telephones, wire/cable products like telephone and computer communication cable, electric cable

Building/construction

Roofing, pipe and conduit, decking, structural products, carpet backing, other products like blown film and extruded shapes for window applications, wall coverings

Transportation

Automotive components under-the-bonnet and passenger compartment, mass transit air ducts and seating, marine floor coverings and furniture, aviation seating, toilet components, and waste containers

Furnishings

Public institution furniture like plastic stacking chairs, thermoset laminates for countertops, walls and floors

Fibre/textiles

Draperies, carpets, heavy duty apparel, automotive interior fabrics

5

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

where FR products and plastic products containing FR products are used. Table 2 provides a summary of the major application markets and gives some examples of actual products containing FR compounds.

1.2.3 Fire Safety Standards, Governing and Regulatory Bodies While the number of applications for products and components using FR technology is large and growing ever larger, the number of standards controlling the level of flame retardancy required for such applications could be described as staggering. Requirements for flame retardancy are controlled by the customer as influenced by economics, by governing bodies, and by insurance requirements. Table 3 provides a partial listing for the interested reader of some of the world’s governing or regulatory bodies issuing fire safety standards (a.5). Some specific flammability test standards and methods are discussed in the next section.

2 Key Performance Standards As might be imagined from the partial list of governing bodies and regulating organisations presented in the last section, the actual number of flammability and smoke tests in existence around the world today is enormous. Briefly described here are a very few of some commonly used flammability tests, some small and some larger in scale. For the FR plastics formulator, these FR tests are critical and obtaining ‘pass’ results for any application’s particular FR requirements is the ultimate objective. It is important to note here that the results of all such FR tests should be used to characterise the performance of the tested materials under test conditions only. Although usable in a fire hazard or fire risk assessment, the test results do not necessarily reflect the performance of materials or components under actual fire conditions. To understand this concept, imagine the number of furnishings and other elements, flame retarded or not, that might be found in a room

Table 3 Governing or regulatory bodies issuing fire safety standards Acronym

Issuing body description/title

CFR

USA Federal Government Code of Federal Regulations contains some 50 Titles and covers a variety of FR applications including aviation, fabrics, mine safety, marine, and transportation such as motor vehicles, mass transit, and railroads

ICBO

International Conference of Building Officials

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

UL

Underwriters Laboratories

FM

Factory Mutual Insurance

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

IEC

International Electrotechnical Commission

ISO

International Standardization Organization

BSI

British Standards Institute

JSA

Japanese Standards Association

AFNOR

Association Française de Normalisation

DIN

Deutsches Institut für Normung

VDE

Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker

SP

Sveriges Provings och Forskningsinstitut

6

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

undergoing destruction by fire. The number of variables affecting the outcome is infinite and therefore accurately predicting with one or more screen tests the exact behaviour of a particular component containing flame retardant chemicals is simply not possible. However, a room with furnishings, many of which contain flame retardants, will most likely provide its victims with a few precious extra seconds of escape time than a room without such furnishings.

Sample burn bar

2.1 Flammability Tests Burner The UL 94 test is perhaps the most frequently used small flame burner test. It provides an assessment of flammability for a variety of thermoplastic materials intended for use in multiple applications in many market segments. The UL 94 standard actually contains several test methods. The most common method used is the vertical burn method where a test specimen (a bar of 13 mm by 125 mm by varying thickness) is ignited while suspended 10 mm above a calibrated methane (Bunsen) burner. The flame is applied to a total of five test specimens twice for 10 seconds. The amount of burn time is recorded after each flame application for each test bar. Performance is described through one of three ratings, V0, V1 or V2 dependent on the number of seconds of after-flame burn time for each specimen, the total after-flame burn time for all specimens, the afterglow time, and the existence of flaming particles which may ignite a piece of cotton placed beneath the test specimens. Figure 1 illustrates the basic UL 94 vertical test apparatus. Another flammability test, one of the oldest still in use today, is the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) test (ASTM D 2863). Also widely used for multiple plastic materials, this test essentially measures the minimum amount of oxygen in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support combustion. Three test specimens (6.5 mm wide or half the width of the UL 94 test specimen) are evaluated using an apparatus designed specifically to imitate candle-like burning conditions. The result is actually a percentage. For example, an Oxygen Index test result of 30 indicates that 30% of the oxygen/nitrogen mixture was required to be oxygen in order to support continued combustion of the sample. This indicates a good degree of flame retardancy in the sample when one considers that our atmosphere on planet Earth contains approximately 21% oxygen. Theoretically then our test specimen would resist burning in a real fire scenario as atmospheric oxygen content does not change from that 21%. Figure 2 presents the basic Oxygen Index test apparatus.

Cotton

Figure 1 UL 94 vertical test apparatus

Figure 2 Limiting oxygen index test apparatus

7

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

Radiant panel tests are plentiful within the FR industry and most frequently used in the building industry. ASTM E162 is such a test which measures surface flammability of materials using a radiant heat source. The radiant panel is 300 mm by 460 mm in size and a specimen of 150 mm by 460 mm is inclined in front of the radiant panel so that ignition occurs at the specimen’s upper edge and the flame front progresses downward from there. The test result or flame spread index is a factor derived from the rate of progress of the flame front and the rate of heat liberation by the specimen. Figure 3 presents the basic ASTM E162 radiant panel apparatus.

Exhaust hood

Side view

Burner

Radiant panel

Sample

Another test, larger in scale and in use for many years in the FR industry, is the Steiner Tunnel test or ASTM E84. This test is also used predominantly in the building and construction industry to classify the fire-spread potential of products such as wall and ceiling linings. In this test, a specimen about 508 mm wide by 7.32 m long is placed on the ceiling of a tunnel designed to hold it. The specimen is exposed to fire via a natural gas burner at one end of the tunnel and the test is conducted under a controlled forced air draft. These parameters were established using a calibration standard, a select grade red oak. The test result, a flame spread index, essentially compares the performance in the test to that of red oak. Figure 4 presents a diagram of the basic Steiner Tunnel apparatus which is also used to evaluate smoke performance (see Section 2.2). In the wire and cable market, there are also a multitude of FR test methods and standards, vertical wire, vertical tray, riser and plenum tests to name a few. One such test, originally established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the IEEE 383 or Vertical Tray test is used to measure flammability of cable after exposure to a 20 kW propane burner applied to the bottom of the cable tray assembly. The performance variable in this test is the maximum length of cable burned during the test. This is but one of many cable test methods which actually use a slice of a real cable tray installation as the test specimen. Figure 5 presents the basic apparatus for the IEEE 383 test.

Figure 3 ASTM E162 radiant panel apparatus

Figure 4 Basic ASTM E84 Steiner Tunnel apparatus

8

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

Photodetector Ten foot vertical tray with wire specimens

Gas control

Sample holder with melt trough and specimen Radiator

20 kW burner

Figure 5

Burner

IEEE 383 test apparatus Photometer

2.2 Smoke Tests Since smoke suppressant technology is included in this review, it would be helpful to describe here at least one of the methods used to evaluate smoke performance of various plastic materials. Smoke is basically a combination of solid and liquid particles contained in combustion gas and air. These particles include water, carbon particles, soot, ash, and other by-products of pyrolysis. Measurement of smoke is difficult as one must take into consideration the multiple variables involved in smoke production during the combustion of plastic materials. In addition to the chemical processes which result in the many by-products just mentioned, other variables include the material’s capacity to generate smoke during the combustion process, the intensity of the fire, fire propagation rate, temperatures reached, etc. Then add to this the need to approximate a means for matching the visual perception of smoke and you have a very complicated process indeed. Smoke density is most frequently determined optically by measuring the attenuation of light through the smoke. One such test is the ASTM E662 Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials. The test measures the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies in a vertical position up to and including thickness of 25.4 mm under conditions of flaming combustion and non-flaming pyrolitic decomposition. The attenuation of the light beam through the smoke generated in a closed chamber is measured. The subsequent calculation which uses the chamber volume, the specimen’s exposed area, the length of the light path through the smoke, and the light transmittance measured by a photosensitive instrument results in an expression of specific optical density. Figure 6 presents a diagram of the ASTM E662 apparatus.

Light source

Figure 6 ASTM E662 smoke chamber apparatus

Other methods used to measure smoke include the ASTM E84 test and the more recently developed Cone Calorimeter which is used to measure the rate of heat release of the burning specimen. Peak rate of heat release, total heat release and combustion gas composition (carbon monoxide and dioxide), can also be assessed. Many of these tests carry different test standard labels depending on the organisation issuing the standard. For example, the Cone Calorimeter test is standardised by ASTM as ASTM E1354. ISO 5660 is essentially the same standard. There are additional versions by other standards-issuing organisations around the world. This is true of most of the more commonly used flammability and smoke test methods. This multiplicity of standards makes it critical for the FR plastic formulator to confirm with the requesting customer the test requirements for the FR plastic material or for the corresponding FR plastic component for the intended application.

3 Halogen Flame Retardants Simply put halogen flame retardants contain bromine or chlorine. This is the largest dollar volume flame retardant product class and there are many different halogen products available today. Choice of halogen flame retardant for a thermoplastic formulation is based on the polymer resin being used, the required flammability performance (usually defined by one or

9

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

more flammability standards), and the required physical properties for the intended application for that flame retardant thermoplastic formulation. It might be helpful to consider this class of flame retardants as a mature product in the FR marketplace. Many of the halogen FR products are frequently categorised as commodity products. This seems reasonable when consideration is given to the entire portfolio of commercial halogen flame retardants and when a commodity product is perceived as one that is more or most frequently used and has moved somewhat down the pricing curve to a more mature or stable level. Halogen flame retardants are thought to function mostly in the vapour or gas phase. The burning of plastic progresses by a complex and continuing generation of hydrogen and carbon-hydrogen radicals produced during the decomposition of the plastic polymer. The burning and decomposition of the halogen flame retardant plastic releases halogen acid gas. This acid gas in essence ‘traps’ the hydrogen and carbonhydrogen radicals, thereby interrupting the combustion process. This chemical vapour phase reaction suppresses the burning process. This is a somewhat simplistic explanation of the halogen FR process. Many more factors are probably also involved and no single theory of halogen flame retardance has been proven and widely accepted. A brief look at a few of the commodity halogen flame retardants follows along with brief discussion sections on speciality products, recent product improvements, synergists, and environmental issues. Subsequent sections on other flame retardant types will be structured in the same fashion. Section 7.2 will include information on perhaps the most exciting new FR technology in decades, nanotechnology.

3.1 Commodity Halogen Flame Retardant Products Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DECA), is a brominated aromatic (benzene ring-containing) compound widely used to flame retard polyolefin, polystyrene and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) formulations as well as other resin formulations including polyamides, polyesters, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), epoxy and thermoplastic elastomers. DECA contains about 83% bromine and melts or decomposes in the 300-310 °C range making it stable for higher temperature processing conditions. DECA, like most other halogen FR products, is usually added to the formulation during processing in a carefully selected ratio with a synergist

10

such as antimony trioxide. For example, a FR high impact polystyrene (HIPS) formulation intended for an electronic housing or cabinet application (like a computer monitor or television cabinet) might incorporate DECA at a 12% loading level with antimony trioxide at a 4% loading level. These two components comprise the 16% FR system with the remaining 84% formulation components consisting of the base resin, HIPS, and any other additives required for the application. These might include light stabilisers, heat stabilisers, colorants, etc. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA), is also a brominated aromatic compound used to flame retard ABS, polycarbonate (PC), PC/ABS, HIPS, unsaturated polyesters, epoxy resins and polyurethanes. TBBA contains about 59% bromine and melts in the 178-182 °C range. TBBA is often used as a ‘reactive’ flame retardant in epoxies and unsaturated polyesters rather than an ‘additive’ flame retardant. Reactive flame retardants are those that are chemically reacted into the polymer resin matrix as is often done with thermoset resins. This prevents them from escaping the resin matrix in any fashion and minimises the adverse effects that additive flame retardants often have on the physical properties of the polymer. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), is also a brominated compound but this one is aliphatic in nature meaning it contains no benzene rings. HBCD contains about 75% bromine and melts in the 185-195 °C range. Its usage is limited to formulations compounded below 210 °C. HBCD is used in expandable polystyrene and polystyrene foam applications as well as in adhesives, coatings and textiles. Examples of FR polystyrene foam applications include thermal insulation (building industry) and electronic goods packaging. HBCD is typically used at loading levels <5% and its usage often requires heat stabilisers to prevent thermal decomposition. The chemical structures of these materials are shown in Figure 7.

3.2 Speciality Halogen Flame Retardant Products Speciality FR products include products which are less frequently used and are often priced higher than the commodity products. These FR products are also typically used in specific resin systems and sometimes for specific applications. Examples are shown in Figure 8.

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

The phenoxy terminated carbonate oligomer of TBBA is a 59% brominated aromatic compound used to flame retard PBT and PC resins. The largest use is in electronic connectors. Brominated polystyrene is a unique flame retardant additive in that this product is actually a polymer itself. Containing 67% bromine, it is typically used to flame retard polyamide 6 and 6/6 resins along with some usage in PBT applications. The major application is again electrical and electronic connectors. Another speciality flame retardant compound is decabromodiphenyl ethane. At 83% bromine and with a melting range of greater than 300 °C, it is used in styrenics and polyolefins for electronic or wire and cable applications. This product replaces DECA in those applications where diphenyl oxide based products are not desired or not approved. Finally, a speciality FR compound primarily used for certain nylon applications is dodecachlorpentacyclooctadeca-7,15-diene. This compound contains 67% chlorine and melts at about 350 °C, it is therefore suited for use in nylon applications requiring good LOI flammability performance. Cost considerations limit usage of this compound.

Figure 7 Chemical structures of commodity halogen flame retardants

There are numerous other flame retardant compounds which could be classified as speciality flame retardants. These speciality products are produced by a variety of companies including Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, Albemarle Corporation, Dead Sea Bromine Group, Occidental Petroleum (Oxychem), Teijin Chemical, Daihachi and others.

3.3 Recent Product Improvements

Ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide) is a 67% brominated aromatic compound used to flame retard polyester resins such as polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), HIPS, ABS and polyethylene (PE) for certain wire and cable applications. This compound offers the added benefit of UV stability and it is used in coloured appliance and electronic equipment enclosures.

Although there are minor product improvements to discuss, no real halogen-based technology advances have been introduced in recent years. This is not unexpected due to the maturity of this class of flame retardants. Briefly reviewed in this section are some new product announcements made by major FR suppliers during the last couple of years.

TBBA-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) is a 68% brominated aromatic compound used to flame retard polyolefin resins especially to meet UL94 V2 applications. The melting range for this compound is 90-105 °C and it is therefore more suited to lower temperature resins such as polypropylene.

Albemarle has introduced Saytex® HP-7775 which is an extruded blend of brominated styrene and antimony trioxide in a 77.5/22.5 ratio. Intended for engineering thermoplastics, special features include its dust-free, free-flowing nature as well as high efficiency, good mechanical properties, colourability and recyclability.

11

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

Phenoxy terminated carbonate oligomer of TBBA

Brominated polystyrene

Figure 8 Examples of speciality halogen flame retardants

12

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

Another Albemarle new product, Saytex® 2100, is a 70% bromine product intended for polypropylene (PP) or HIPS UL94 V2 applications. A stabilised version is also produced which allows processing up to 240 °C in PP and 250 °C in HIPS. This product is used in combination with antimony trioxide and provides good physical properties, no blooming in HIPS and slower blooming from PP compared to other widely used flame retardants (117). Great Lakes has introduced a brominated styrene copolymer, Firemaster® CP-44B, as an improvement in compatibility with polyester or polyamide resins. CP-44B is a copolymer of Firemaster® PBS-64 HW, a higher molecular weight 64-65% bromine homopolymer of dibromo- and tribromo-styrene, and glycidal methacrylate. The glycidal methacrylate is typically incorporated in the 0.25-1.00% range to give the compatibility improvement. Additional advantages of this product include better dispersion, possible reduction of required synergist in the order of 20-30% and/or drip suppressant action. Although some reduction of flow is reported, another advantage is improved colourability (149). More recently Great Lakes has improved upon CP-44B with the introduction of a high flow polybrominated styrene copolymer, CP-44HF, again for use in thermoplastic polyesters and high temperature polyamides. This version provides higher thermal stability and increased flow, making it useful for smaller part applications with thin walls such as electronic connectors (a.6). Dead Sea Bromine Group’s new 67% brominated polystyrene is FR-803P. Its advantages include high comparative tracking index, excellent thermal stability, non-blooming property and cost effectiveness. Another new product, F-3100, is a 53% bromine, high molecular weight epoxy-type flame retardant with a softening range of 180-220 °C. In glass reinforced PBT, it reportedly reduces energy consumption during compounding and pressure during injection moulding. Touted as offering good value for cost and balance of properties, its supplier predicts increased usage in more demanding FR PBT applications (a.7).

synergist is antimony trioxide. Supplied by companies including Great Lakes Chemical, Campine (Belgium), Twinkling Star and various Chinese trading companies, antimony trioxide has been the classic flame retardant synergist after findings of its effectiveness in many polymers from research conducted as far back as the mid-1900s. Other synergists occasionally used include zinc stannate, zinc borate, zinc molybdate and zinc phosphate. These products do not share the popularity of antimony trioxide, but are selected on occasion where a specific application or customer requires something other than antimony trioxide. Zinc stannate may be selected if smoke suppression is also a requirement in addition to flame retardance and is sometimes used with metal hydrate flame retardants to achieve a reduction in metal hydrate loading. Zinc borate is often used in PVC formulations and also provides smoke suppression. Zinc molybdate and zinc phosphate are also used as smoke suppressants in various polymers including PVC and nylon.

3.5 Environmental Issues The environmental and human health concerns regarding usage and disposal of flame retardant products are at present mostly focused on the halogen containing FR product group. As mentioned earlier (Section 1.2.1), there is legislation in place in both Europe and now also in the USA banning the use of a few specific brominated flame retardants. Also, voluntary withdrawal of a few products has already occurred in the European market. The spotlight is definitely on the safety of halogen flame retardants relative to human health and the environment. However, a strong case can be made that requires reliable scientific data proving any harmful effects. Much data has already been gathered from a variety of sources in both Europe and the USA underscoring the benefits to human health when flame retardant chemicals are properly used in furnishings, carpet backings, drapery, etc. This data directly points to additional time for victims to escape a fire and a consequent reduction in fatalities and severity of burn injury (58). This benefit is indeed what gave rise to the flame retardant industry in the first place.

3.4 Synergists It would be remiss to omit synergists when discussing halogen flame retardant additives for thermoplastics. Synergists are very often used in specific ratios with halogen FRs in order to improve the effectiveness of the FR. The most common and most widely used

Halogen flame retardants continue to arguably be the most efficient, cost effective type of flame retardant available today. Most of these chemicals pose little or no risk to human health or to the environment. Pressure from environmental groups can and does easily lead to misunderstanding and erroneous perception on the part

13

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

of consumers regarding products containing halogen flame retardants. Part of the problem is a tendency to condemn the entire halogen class of FRs, some 75 or more separate chemical compounds, when in fact only a very few have demonstrated potential risks to human health and the environment (58). Each chemical additive should be evaluated separately as to its risks. Such risk assessments are underway in Europe in particular and have led to the banning of both pentaand octa- bromodiphenyl ether effective mid-2004 (a.8). Specific information is available from the literature and a variety of FR industry organisations can provide updated information on the status of these assessments. A partial list of some FR industry organisations is shown in Table 4. Mention should also be made of the adoption in February 2001 by the European Commission of its White Paper, ‘Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy’. A White Paper is traditionally used by the EC to launch a dialogue on new policy initiatives in a specific area. The White Paper creates no legal obligations but does present a strategy for future European Community policy for all chemicals including flame retardants. It is projected to become European Law as a Directive or regulation by 2005. Directives can be interpreted by the EU member states while regulations are directly applicable to all. The core of the White Paper is a system for registration and evaluation of all new and existing chemicals and authorisation of chemicals of high concern. Code-named REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation of Chemicals) (32), it essentially means that all chemicals produced or imported by a company in amounts greater than 1 ton per year (first draft) must be registered in a central database and specific data on each chemical will be publicly available. The earliest target date for registration of chemicals in amounts greater than

1000 tons per year is the end of 2005. Subsequent target dates stretch out to the end of 2012. More details can be obtained directly from Cefic, European Chemical Industry Council and EFRA (a.9). It is impossible in a short review to cover all of the details of this topic especially with regard to pending legislation, review processes, risk evaluation procedures, etc., in both Europe and the USA. Interested readers are encouraged to pursue further information from the sources listed above or provided in abundant industry literature on this subject (5).

4 Metal Hydrate Flame Retardants Metal hydrate flame retardants comprise the largest volume flame retardant additive group in the FR market today. This group of products also presents no risk to human health or the environment and can therefore be labelled an environmentally friendly FR product group. Metal hydrate FRs include aluminium trihydroxide (ATH), magnesium hydroxide, and a few other less frequently used products like brucite, mixtures of hydromagnesite and huntite, magnesium aluminium hydroxycarbonates, and certain other mixed metal hydroxides. However, ATH and magnesium hydroxide together comprise most of the market volume of this FR group.

4.1 Commodity Metal Hydrate Flame Retardant Products ATH, the largest volume metal hydrate flame retardant, is used to flame retard a variety of thermoplastic and

Table 4 Flame retardant industry associations Acronym/abbreviation Organisation title

Country or geographic region

FRCA

Fire Retardant Chemicals Association

USA

FRCJ

Fire Retardant Chemicals Association Japan

Japan

EFRA

European Flame Retardants Association

Europe

BFRIP

Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel

USA

EBFRIP

European Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel

Europe

BSEF

Bromine Science and Environmental Forum

International

PEFRC

Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants Consortium

International

14

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

thermoset resins including PVC, ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer rubber (EPDM), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyethylenes, unsaturated polyesters, acrylics, epoxies and phenolics. Multiple applications include conduit, pipe, wire and cable, bathroom ware, wall panels, laminated countertops, electronic components like circuit boards, electrical potting compounds, and profiles. Loading levels range from 5 to 70% or more depending on the resin and application. Suppliers of ATH include Alcoa, Alcan, Huber, Aluchem and Albemarle. Generally, ATH is produced after extraction of a mixture obtained when crushed bauxite ore is treated with caustic. Precipitation procedures vary among manufacturers and are beyond the scope of this review. Flame retardant grade ATH particle size typically ranges from 1 to 50 microns. Finer grade FR ATH products are sometimes surface treated to help with dispersion and resin property retention. Surface treatments include fatty acids, silanes, zirconates and titanates. ATH provides a flame retardant effect as it decomposes and releases its chemically bonded water (about 36% by weight). This removes heat energy from the combustion zone. Aluminium oxide is left behind and provides a protective insulation on the surface of the substrate. This oxide layer also prevents transmission of particulate smoke and other combustion products and therefore ATH is also considered a smoke suppressant. Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, is another metal hydrate FR product. This metal hydrate is used in a variety of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins including polyolefins and thermoplastic olefinic elastomers (TPO), EVA, some polyamides, and epoxies. Although perceived as more expensive than ATH, there are some magnesium hydroxide FR grades, chiefly supplied by Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties, which are equivalent in cost/pound to ATH. Applications include wire and cable, appliances, and various building products such as construction laminates, roofing membranes and plastic lumber. Other magnesium hydroxide suppliers include Kyowa, Huber, Dead Sea Bromine and Albemarle. Like ATH, magnesium hydroxide also releases water (31% in this case) which cools the burning substrate and blankets the substrate to limit the oxygen available for combustion. Magnesium hydroxide absorbs more heat per gram than ATH and therefore its water releasing process is actually equivalent to or better than

that of ATH. Magnesium hydroxide begins to release its water at 330 °C and allows processing at temperatures up to 100 °C higher than ATH. It produces more insulative oxide than ATH which results in improved FR effectiveness and less smoke. Metal hydrates have no identified toxicity issues and are desirable as FRs in that regard. But both ATH and magnesium hydroxide have one major drawback as flame retardants – the required loading levels of up to 60% or more typically cause significant detrimental effects in the physical properties of the base resin. Various techniques, coatings, formulation adjustments and processing changes, are needed to help compensate for this disadvantage. This is possible in a variety of resins for a variety of applications. However, halogenated flame retardants are still by far the most effective and easiest to incorporate into FR formulations.

4.2 Speciality Metal Hydrate Products Speciality metal hydrate products are few and are limited in usage for FR purposes today. Alcoa had offered a basic aluminium oxalate product which is more thermally stable than ATH. Its FR effectiveness was equivalent to ATH and this more thermally stable product was reported to be useable in engineering resins such as nylon thermoplastic polyesters. However, Alcoa has decided to forego commercialisation of the product. Mixed metal hydroxycarbonate and hydroxide products have also made appearances as potential FR products. Magnesium and aluminium hydroxycarbonate compounds are composed of layers of magnesium hydroxide interspersed with aluminium and with carbonate between the layers. Mixed metal hydroxide compounds include magnesium hydroxide combined with hydroxides of iron, nickel, or zinc as examples. The aim in most cases is to attempt to reduce the required loading levels to achieve the same or an improved level of FR performance. Unfortunately, higher cost, greater instability, or concerns over potential toxicity issues (in the case of some of the heavier metals) has limited commercial success for these types of products.

4.3 Metal Hydrate Product Improvements There has been little significant technological advancement in the metal hydrate FR product group. The key metal hydrate drawback, high loading level, is the principal target of many recent research efforts

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Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

undertaken to develop product improvements. Therefore, most ‘improvements’ take the form of synergistic additives which may lead to a reduction in the loading level of the metal hydrate. These additives include polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres, zinc borate, zinc stannate, antimony trioxide and others (53). Other current metal hydrate product improvements focus on powder handling and compound throughput. Nabaltec has recently introduced a new fine precipitated ATH product in their metal hydrate line, Apyral® 40CD, which is described as a consistent density densified product. Aimed at the wire and cable industry, this new product promises productivity benefits in compounding and extrusion processes in that industry (59). Albemarle has also recently introduced new fine precipitated ATH grades with improved flow and bulk density properties. Another type of product improvement has focused on coupling agents and/or coatings for the metal hydrate particles. Coatings include fatty acids and silanes (both mono- and bifunctional). Maleic anhydride grafted polymers are among the coupling agents which can help compatibilise the FR system with the polymer matrix. The flammability, mechanical and electrical properties of metal hydrate polymer systems can be improved through these means (162). In the last couple of years Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties has introduced MagShield ® NB10 magnesium hydroxide products which include a 1% magnesium stearate surface coating. The coating is intended to improve dispersion while allowing the user to incorporate coupling agents for specific applications. As stated, the product improvements for the metal hydrate FR product group have not been technological in nature but more focused on functional issues. There are no environmental issues worthy of mention for this flame retardant product group.

5 Phosphorus Flame Retardants Phosphorus containing flame retardants including ammonium polyphosphate (APP), red phosphorus, organic phosphates and phosphonates, choroaliphatic and bromoaromatic phosphates, and a newer product type, organic metal phosphinates, comprise the third major flame retardant group of products. These flame retardants are typically described as char formers with regard to their flame retardant mechanism. The

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mechanism is actually far more complex than that and can, depending on the phosphorus compound, include decomposition to phosphoric and/or polyphosphoric acids which lead to the generation of a glassy layer (which protects the substrate from the combustion process) and which promote char formation. The evolution of gas during this process may also play a role in flame retardance and thus, more recent theories behind the phosphorus FR mechanism usually mention a vapour phase activity (similar to halogen flame retardants) in addition to the condensed or solid phase (char forming) activity. One recent study by DSM Research illuminates the flame retardant mechanisms of a specific phosphorus flame retardant (melamine polyphosphate) in nylon 6 and 6,6. The study reached several conclusions including significant crosslinking induced by this FR in nylon 6,6 and depolymerisation of nylon 6 and a finding on the char structure indicating the presence of degraded nylon species as opposed to ‘fully aromatised’ (47). The largest volume phosphorus flame retardant type is the phosphate ester type which, in addition to triaryl phosphates, also includes products like resorcinol diphosphate (RDP) and bisphenol A diphosphate (BDP). These phosphate ester type flame retardants are widely used in PVC, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer/polycarbonate (ABS/PC) and polyphenylene oxide (PPO) applications.

5.1 Commodity Phosphorus Containing Flame Retardants Commodity flame retardants containing phosphorus include the phosphate esters, APP, and chloroalkyl phosphates. Phosphate ester products include RDP, BDP, triphenyl phosphate (TPP), triaryl phosphates, alkyl diaryl phosphates and trialkyl phosphates (see Figure 9). A major use for aryl phosphate products is in PVC as non-flammable plasticisers. PVC is typically plasticised with dioctyl phthalate (DOP) for non-flame retardant applications. Replacing part or all of this DOP with a phosphate ester will provide improved flame retardancy. Alkyl diaryl phosphates and dialkyl aryl phosphates provide PVC products with better low temperature flexibility and less smoke (under combustion conditions) than triaryl phosphate products. Two examples include 2-ethylhexyl diphenylphosphate and di-2-ethylhexyl phenylphosphate. Major markets

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

n=1-7

n=1-7

Figure 9 Chemical structures of some commodity phosphorus containing flame retardants

for these types of FR products include wire and cable, especially plenum applications. Ferro Corporation’s Santicizer® 2148 (di-2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate) is used most frequently to meet low smoke plenum cable requirements. RDP and BDP are widely used in ABS/PC and PPO applications. PPO or modified PPO is a blend of polyphenylene oxide and high impact polystyrene (HIPS). ABS/PC applications include housings for electronic or electrical devices such as computer monitors. PPO applications include motor housings for fans, pumps, etc. Finally, choroalkyl phosphates are frequently used to flame retard flexible and rigid polyurethane foam. An example is tris monochloroethyl phosphate. Cushioning and packaging are major applications for flexible FR

polyurethane foam. Insulation is a typical application for rigid FR polyurethane foam.

5.2 Speciality Phosphorus Containing Flame Retardants Phosphorus and phosphorus containing compounds which are used less frequently for certain resins and specific applications can be considered speciality products. Red phosphorus is a good example of a speciality product although one that may be finding expanding usage especially in Europe. Not at all a new flame retardant, red phosphorus is used primarily in nylon electrical components particularly in Europe. It is also used in olefinic wire and cable in the Asia Pacific region and may additionally be found in specific

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Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

polyurethane rigid foams and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) applications. Red phosphorus is typically encapsulated into a polymer matrix to prevent reaction with atmospheric moisture which can lead to objectionable odour production and/or self-ignition. Italmatch Chemicals is but one supplier of red phosphorus FR masterbatch products and markets these under the trade name Masteret®. Clariant and Rinka are additional suppliers of red phosphorus FR products.

Steps can be taken by processors to widen the processing window particularly for the intumescent phosphorus FR products. Compounding prior to injection moulding of parts containing these types of FR products should be carried out with soft screw configurations, low melt temperatures, high output rate and low screw speed. There are also newly available intumescent FR products which are claimed to exhibit higher thermal stability (87).

Other speciality FR products include melamine polyphosphate and melamine pyrophosphate products marketed by Budenheim and Ciba. These products are newly accepted into the non-halogen FR nylon market in Europe for electrical and electronic component applications.

Budenheim recently reported results of studies investigating particle size reduction, coatings and synergists to improve APP based phosphorus FR products. New product versions were introduced to the market based on their findings (112).

5.2.1 Intumescent Phosphorus Flame Retardant Systems

Akzo has recently introduced new phosphorus containing FR products for use in polyurethane foams requiring low fogging/VOC emissions and/or low scorch (a.10).

Intumescence in the flame retardant sense refers to a specific chemical reaction simply described as a foaming char. The reaction requires a char forming (carbonific) compound such as a polyol, a catalyst or acid source like APP, and a gas generating (spumific) compound (typically nitrogen containing) like melamine. These speciality formulated intumescent phosphorus FR compounds are primarily used in polypropylene applications such as battery cases. Produced by several FR suppliers including Clariant (Exolit®), Great Lakes (Char-Guard®), Budenheim (Budit®) and Unitex Chemical (Uniplex® 44-94S), these products are actually self-intumescing compounds. Disadvantages with these products include the need for gentle compounding conditions to prevent premature activation of the FR system. Where such conditions are possible, these products provide excellent FR performance at loading levels in the 20 to 30% range.

Akzo has also reported recent research on the synergistic action between aryl phosphates and phenolic (novolac type) resin in PBT. Akzo used TPP, RDP and BDP type flame retardants in this study and showed a difference in phosphate requirements between glass reinforced and unreinforced PBT, although some loss of mechanical properties also occurred. Further investigation was suggested.

5.3 New Phosphorus FR Products and FR Product Improvements

5.3.1 Organic Phosphinates

Research in the phosphorus flame retardant area is active and diversified. Although no ‘next generation’ phosphorus technological developments have been recently introduced, there are numerous research efforts underway on synergistic reactions, compounding optimisation, particle size and coatings, and combination FR systems. Perhaps the newest phosphorus FR product developments can be credited to Clariant which introduced a new class of phosphorus flame retardants, organic metal phosphinates (118).

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In 2002, a report was issued by Belarussian State University summarising the charring effect of poly(sulfonyldiphenylene phenylphosphonate) or PSPPP in PBT. The study also looked at PSPPP in combination with PPO, TPP, and 2-methyl-1,2oxaphospholan-5-one 2-oxide (OP). The ultimate intent was to show the possibility of achieving UL94 V0 rating for PBT with a moderate loading of halogenand antimony-free substances (50). Interested readers should review the reference materials.

Clariant reported in 2002 on what it labels as a new class of flame retardants, organic phosphinates. These products are aimed at the engineering thermoplastic market, specifically polyamides and polyesters. The structure is actually that of a phosphinic acid salt with a metal component the authors suspect may be aluminium based. As with other compounds of this nature, extremely gentle processing conditions are required. Flammability performance in glass reinforced nylon is comparable to the more common brominated polystyrene-antimony oxide FR system (118).

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

5.4 Environmental Issues Like specific halogen flame retardants, there are human health and environmental safety questions about certain phosphorus containing flame retardant products. A few details related to specific compounds will be briefly summarised here. Interested readers desiring specific information are advised to contact any of the founding or associate members of Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants Consortium (PEFRC), which include Akzo Nobel Phosphorus Chemicals, Bayer AG, Great Lakes Chemicals, Rhodia Consumer Specialties Division, Albemarle, Clariant and Ferro Corporation. PEFRC was formed in February 2002 to support phosphate ester flame retardants through advocacy, scientific programmes, and education. Globally, there are many chemical testing initiatives and much new legislation (21). Two regulatory compliance efforts are the High Production Volume (HPV) chemicals testing programme and the European Community Risk Assessment programme, covering specifically tris-2-chloroethylphosphate (TCEP), tris2-chloro-1-methylethylphosphate (TCPP), and tris-1,2dichloropropylphosphate (TDCP) in the phosphorus flame retardants product segment. The HPV chemicals testing programmes are designed to make product health, safety and environmental data available to the general public and to authorities. Along with chemical and physical properties, some of the test data being reported includes results from repeated dose general and developmental toxicity studies, acute toxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates, toxicity to aquatic plants, photodegradation, fugacity, and skin sensitisation. The Risk Assessment process investigates the effects and exposure concentrations at each stage of the life cycle of the tested compound, from manufacture to downstream use(s) and finally to recycling or disposal. The first part of the process involves data collection and submission to the official EU Rapporteurs. The second part includes the comparison of known or estimated environmental or human health exposure levels to concentrations of the tested compound previously identified as not causing any adverse effects (the No Observed Effect Levels (NOELs)). If it is determined in the risk assessment that exposure is greater than the NOEL, there may be a subsequent investigation to define control measures that produce no harmful effects for both humans and the environment. A report issued in 2002 includes results from a study carried out for the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health

to evaluate indoor air exposures of ten phosphorus based flame retardants. These ten test compounds were selected based on prior indications of emissions to indoor air or of risk to people exposed to those substances. Samples were taken from furniture and electronic appliance showrooms, open-plan offices, car interiors, and in a theatre auditorium. Essentially, this particular study showed risks to be very low and concluded that large-scale measuring campaigns were not required at this time. Suggestions were made for repeated monitoring at 5-year intervals (a.11).

6 Smoke Suppressants FR smoke suppressants reduce or suppress the production of smoke during the burning process. Solid phase flame retardants such as magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, or aluminium trihydrate (ATH) by their nature produce lower smoke and can be classified as FR smoke suppressants. Most of these types of FR smoke suppressant products have already been discussed and these could be considered ‘commodity’ smoke suppressants. Char forming FRs can be considered a second class of smoke suppressants because they function to keep carbonaceous material in the solid phase. There is a third class of speciality FR smoke suppressants which work with vapour phase flame retardants (halogen containing compounds). These speciality suppressants typically work by crosslinking and modifying the pyrolysis mechanisms of the polymer substrate and thereby help to keep the fuel (needed for combustion) in the solid phase.

6.1 Speciality Smoke Suppressants There are a number of FR smoke suppressants available today which comprise this third class. They are frequently based on molybdenum or zinc compounds. Suppliers include US Borax, Climax, Polymer Additives Group, and Sherwin-Williams. Past research demonstrates that molybdenum acts as a flame/smoke suppressant in the solid phase. It has also been shown that the difference between the vapour phase action of antimony oxide, Sb2O3, and the solid state action of molybdenum is based on their reactivity with halogen acid gas. Antimony oxide reacts with hydrogen chloride, HCl, at room temperature and this antimony chloride vaporises at below 100 °C while

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Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

molybdenum oxide reacts but does not vaporise below 265 °C. It has further been demonstrated that zinc oxide is a synergist in the solid phase and its vaporisation takes place at 730 °C. Commercially available smoke suppressant compounds include molybdenum oxide, ammonium octamolybdate (AOM), zinc borates, and supported zinc molybdate compounds. Molybdenum oxide and AOM were the first products used as smoke suppressants. Formulations were developed some years ago and they are still in use today. Zinc borates act as FR/smoke suppressants and are commercially available in varying zinc to boron ratios. Primarily supplied by US Borax under the trade name Firebrake ®, certain products are aimed at PVC, engineering thermoplastics, and some FR polyolefin systems. Improved comparative tracking index and thermal melt stability are possible when used in place of antimony in engineering thermoplastics. Firebrake® products are also said to help reduce peak heat release rate and smoke production in metal hydrate flame retarded polyolefin systems.

6.2 Smoke Suppressant Product Improvements Like flame retardants, smoke suppressant product technology has not seen any next generation advancements in recent years. Minor product improvements have been aimed at specific polymer systems for specific applications and smoke density requirements. Perhaps the newest product improvements have been in the Sherwin-Williams Kemgard® product line. AOM, zinc borate, and prior versions of extended zinc molybdate have had detrimental effects on thermal stability in PVC formulations. Two new Kemgard® products appear to solve this thermal stability problem. Trade named Kemgard® HPSS, specifically designed for flexible applications, and Kemgard ® MZM, designed for rigid applications, these products are said to increase the time to instability over older competitive products by 21% and 32% respectively in PVC formulations.

6.3 Environmental Issues There are also more cost effective materials available in today’s marketplace. Zinc molybdate products commercially supplied by Sherwin-Williams Chemicals are zinc molybdate supported on mineral carriers. The trade name associated with these products is Kemgard® and several modifications are provided. The largest volume zinc molybdate commercial products are Kemgard® 911A, 911C and 425 (a.12). All of these speciality smoke suppressants are primarily used with PVC and halogen containing formulations for wire and cable and interior building applications. The correctly designed formulation is capable of reducing smoke from 650 to 150 as measured by the ASTM E662 smoke evaluation apparatus. Smoke density evaluation varies by application. Building materials principally use the ASTM E84 25-foot tunnel apparatus and often require smoke values below 450 or even 100 for critical applications. The most stringent wire and cable requirement is for the plenum application where the NFPA 262 smoke rating must be less than 25. Other wire and cable requirements evaluated by the ASTM E662 test are application specific in that the application and/or end use defines the smoke density requirement in that test. Unfortunately there is no correlation between the different smoke density tests. Therefore, each smoke suppressant formulation or product must be evaluated in the particular test specified by the application.

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Environmental and toxicity questions about smoke suppressant products are few and pale in intensity when compared with the much more heated debates surrounding specific halogen products. However, zinc is classified as a heavy metal and there are concerns particularly in some US states regarding its usage. Reporting its usage may be required in those states.

7 Other Flame Retardants and Recent FR Technology Advances There are a variety of additional materials being evaluated or used as flame retardants which do not specifically fall into any of the previously discussed groups. A few of these will be briefly reviewed here to give a further appreciation of the breadth of existing and potential FR products and technology. A brief outline of the relatively new nanotechnology will also be offered.

7.1 Other Existing and Potential Flame Retardant Products Derived from urea and characterised as a stable compound, 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine, more

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

commonly known as melamine, is used as a flame retardant in urethane foam applications. This chemical forms stable salts with a variety of compounds including phosphoric acid, ortho- and poly- phosphoric acids, cyanuric, sulfuric and boric acids. Melamine cyanurate, for example, is used in polyurethane, unreinforced nylon, and polyesters. Melamine phosphate is used along with other organophosphorus compounds in polyolefins and urethanes. Melamine polyphosphate is relatively new to the marketplace and can be used in reinforced nylon and polyesters, epoxies and urethanes (a.13). Suppliers include Ciba Speciality Chemicals and Budenheim. Hindered amines, typically used as light stabilisers, are also available in flame retardant versions. For example, Ciba Speciality Chemicals has introduced two new products. TINUVIN® FR was developed especially to provide light stability and flame retardancy to polypropylene moulded applications such as stadium seats and other outdoor applications. FLAMESTAB® NOR 116 is a non-halogenated, melt-processable FR for polyolefin fibres, nonwovens, and films which are used in automotive and construction applications. FR standards met by NOR 116 at 0.5-1.5% loading in fibres and nonwovens include MVSS 302 and DIN 4102-B2 (a.14). Ciba is expected to introduce additional new products shortly aimed at polyolefin fabrics to meet FR requirements of both commercial and residential upholstery, wall coverings, draperies and other highUV applications.

recently introduced by 3M marketed as FR-2025 contains fluorine and is used at <0.2% loading to provide FR performance. Expandable graphite (EG) flame retardants have been known for some twenty years. With increased focus on the development of non-halogen FR products, more research is being done with these types of materials. EG is stable up to about 200 °C above which it will expand very quickly. As a fire retardant EG can provide low smoke emission, low heat release, no dripping, and no migration. EG’s FR process is more mechanical than chemical in that when exposed to fire it creates a crosslinked carbon char. Applications include polyurethane foam and polypropylene (119). Additional work reported in 2001 on EG in FR polyisocyanuratepolyurethane foams suggests improved fire performance as measured by Oxygen Index and Cone Calorimeter Rate of Heat Release. The best performance was obtained using EG in synergistic combination with triethyl phosphate (72).

Zinc borate products were briefly discussed in the smoke suppressant Section 6.1. Used frequently in combination with metal hydrates at ratios of about 1 or 2 to 10 parts in halogen-free polyolefins, they have a favourable impact on heat release and smoke evolution. One of the main benefits of their usage is the formation of a strong char/ceramic residue that prevents burning drips and delays oxidative pyrolysis (114). The most used FR system for PC today is a unique technology. Small amounts (<1% by weight) of sulfone and sulfonate compounds are incorporated into the PC formulation providing flame retardance meeting the UL94 V0 3.2 mm requirements. The products used are potassium diphenylsulfonesulfonate for transparent and translucent PC applications and sodium trichlorobenzene sulfonate for opaque PC applications (see Figure 10). Suppliers of these products include Sloss Industries as well as other speciality organic chemical producers. Sloss markets their two products under the product names KSS-FR® (sulfone) and STBFR ® (sulfonate). Another new compound for PC

Figure 10

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Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

In 2002 the results of research on a silicone containing flame retardant in polycarbonate were reported. This research specifically studied the flame retarding mechanism of a trifunctional phenyl-rich silicone additive in PC. Pyrolysis gas chromatography and FTIR was used for this investigation and indicated the formation of abnormal structures from the reaction between a silyl radical originating from the silicone FR additive and an ether-like oxygen in the carbonate linkage of the PC chain. Crosslinking structures and the formation of a char barrier provide clues to the FR mechanism in this FR PC system (75). Another silicon-containing compound appeared in an investigation on flame retardant polypropylene. In this work, the synergistic effects of silicotungistic acid (SiO2•12WO3•26H2O (SiW12)) in a polypropylene system incorporating a phosphorus-nitrogen FR compound were studied using Oxygen Index, UL94, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR and other analytical techniques. The study demonstrates the ability of a proper loading of SiW12 in this FR PP system to increase the Oxygen Index and thermal stability while promoting the formation of charred structures (129). Interesting research was recently conducted in Russia investigating the potential effects of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The PVA is oxidised by potassium permanganate and shows significant improvements in rate of heat release and ignition time. A further extension of this work involved evaluating the effect of an oxidised PVA and nylon 6,6 combination system. Even though the flammability results were not as desired, interested readers might consult the cited reference for details (52). Yet another approach to flame retardancy was investigated using lignin as the fire retardant both alone and in combination with other additives in polypropylene. Lignin is an amorphous polyphenolic plant constituent (about 25% of most wood) with an excellent ability to form char structure upon combustion. The research demonstrated that a PP system with 15% by weight of lignin showed a rate of heat release in cone calorimeter studies lower than pure PP and complete combustion of the PP/lignin blend took twice as long as pure PP (49). The above is only a very brief sample of research efforts. Indeed the study of silicon and silicon containing compounds as flame retardants can actually be divided into groups which would include polydimethylsiloxane, silica, silanes, silsesquioxanes, silicates and polymer layered-silicates (nanocomposites). It simply is not possible to cover all of the non-halogen, non-phosphorus,

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non-metal hydrate compounds which have been and are being studied for fire retardant performance. The interest in developing new types of FR products is significant and continues today in no small way due to the desire to find additional FR products that are both environmentally friendly and free of human health concerns.

7.2 Recent FR Technology Advances Nanotechnology is perhaps the newest technology in the FR industry and the chemical industry in general. The Chemical Week, December 12, 2001, issue contains an article titled ‘Nanotechnology, The Start of Something Big’ (128). Clearly this technology has unlimited potential and may lead to next generation technology and products in a variety of industries. This review will focus on research and discoveries specifically in flame retardancy. In the FR universe, nanotechnology refers to polymer layered-silicates or clay nanocomposites.

7.2.1 Nanotechnology and Flame Retardancy The prefix nano- derives from the Latin word nanus and/or Greek word nanos. In English it means one billionth (10 -9 ) and is used in metrics such as nanosecond, nanometre, and nanogram. In the realm of fire retardants, the word ‘nanocomposite’ refers to a new class of polymer systems. It should be recognised that a nanocomposite does not imply a material that is only a billionth of anything in size. Nanocomposite polymers are still polymers, just as we already know them. The difference is in the internal structure of these filled polymers. Polymer layered-silicate nanocomposites are best described as a hybrid of organic polymer and inorganic silicate materials in alternating nanometre-thick layers. The lateral dimension of the layers can be microns large giving aspect ratios of 1000 or more. Two terms are used to describe the types of nanocomposite structure. Intercalated structures are well-ordered multilayers where only one (or two) layers of polymer chain are sandwiched between the silicate layers. The space between these layers is called the gallery or interlayer. The other type of structure is the delaminated or exfoliated structure. In this type the layers of silicate are well dispersed throughout the polymer matrix with interlayer spacing up to 200 nanometres. This last type maximises the polymer-clay interactions which might lead to more beneficial mechanical and physical property effects on the polymer system.

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

Clays currently used for these layered silicate nanocomposites include montmorillonite, hectorite, saponite and bentonite. Montmorillonite is actually also the group name of these complex clays with three-layer crystal lattice structures. Montmorillonite, a clay mineral from Montmorillon, France, is a complex hydrous magnesium aluminium silicate with sodium and calcium. A classical formula for this clay is 5Al2O•2MgO•24SiO2•6H2O•(Na2O, CaO). Hectorite, found in Hector, California, with a classical formula (Mg2.67Li0.33)•Si4O10(OH)2Na0.33 absorbs water with commensurate increase in volume. Saponite is a high magnesium content montmorillonite clay with classical formula Mg3.00(Al0.33Si3.67)O10(OH)2Na0.33. Bentonite is an even more complex clay composed of mixtures of montmorillonite and beidellite. Bentonite is also a trade name given to highly adsorptive clays or drilling muds. A classical formula for beidellite, the minority member in the bentonite clay, is Al 2.17(Al0.83Si3.17)O 10(OH)2Na0.33. These clays are modified by treatment with compounds containing organic cations carrying an aliphatic chain, such as alkylammonium or alkyl phosphonium salts, becoming organophilic in nature and then referred to as organoclays. Very small amounts of silicate loading in the nanocomposite can result in significant improvements in physical and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus, flexural strength and modulus, heat distortion temperature, and in some cases thermal stability (important for flame retardancy). Several processes can be used to synthesise nanocomposites including in situ polymerisation, solvent method, melt intercalation, intercalative polymerisation and the sol-gel process (a.15). Process problems are to be expected in such a new technology. So far, melt intercalation seems to have better commercial potential, albeit much more process development work must be done to maximise the potential for bulk production of these types of products. Melt intercalation involves mixing a molten polymer with the organoclay which can be accomplished in the screw extrusion compounding process as an example.

stability and a large decrease in heat release in TGA and cone calorimeter testing. Addition of small amounts (5% by weight) of the nanofiller, a commercial montmorillonite product available from Sud Chemie, to the EVA/ATH system showed a delay in degradation as measured by TGA (94). This work points to the possibility of significantly reducing the level of ATH or other metal hydrate FR fillers if a small amount of nanofiller is incorporated into the polymer. Reduction of metal hydrate loading will go a long way towards eliminating one of the persistent problems with metal hydrate FRs and that is the very high loadings required and the subsequent negative effects on physical properties. In another research effort not only was the flammability of nanocomposites under evaluation but also the processing method for production. In this study, polystyrene nanocomposites were prepared using a single screw extrusion approach. Resulting products were studied and conclusions were offered regarding the use of additional surface modifiers. Although results here were not as favourable in terms of flammability performance with the use of nanofiller, there were indications that loading levels of traditional FRs could be reduced and still obtain acceptable UL94 flammability performance (a.15). The flammability of nanocomposites of PP-graftmaleic anhydride with organoclays was recently studied with and without the presence of DECA and antimony oxide flame retardants. In this case, synergy was observed between the nanocomposite and other traditional flame retardants. Cone calorimetry was used to evaluate combustion of these systems and recognition is given by the researchers to the need for other traditional FR tests (such as Oxygen Index and UL94) to evaluate the FR effectiveness of these new nanocomposite compounds (104).

Research on FR nanocomposite technology gained momentum a few years ago and many FR and plastics additives industry conferences now contain technical papers on this subject. A few of these contributions will be reviewed here.

Reports from three separate research efforts were presented at a June 2003 flame retardancy conference. One of these focused solely on the synergy between traditional phosphorus containing FRs and nanocomposites. An additive approach was evaluated where the nanocomposite was formed in the presence of phosphorus FR and a second approach was also used which incorporated the phosphorus compounds onto the clay. The largest reduction in peak heat release rate was found for the phosphorus-containing clay approach. Further work was indicated (a.16).

FR properties of an EVA nanocomposite with and without the addition of ATH was the focus of a recent investigation which showed a clear increase in thermal

The other two equally noteworthy research reports focused on different aspects of the FR nanocomposite issue. One looked at quantitative characterisation of

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Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

dispersion of the nanoclay into the polymer matrix. This study included estimates of the interfacial area of the polymer/clay and introduced a new concept to represent the distribution of the polymer/clay interphase in the polymer. This metric-like approach may help in judging the flammability properties of a nanostructure (a.17). The second looked at the effects on flammability of sample thickness and the accumulation and coverage of clay particles on the sample surface (a.18). As indicated by the increasing number of nanocomposite papers being presented at industry conferences, the interest in this technology is growing rapidly. Continued research on all aspects of processing and nanocomposite structures across a broad array of polymer types is necessary and not unexpected with such a new technology. Interested readers are advised to check the most recent resources to stay current with rapidly occurring new findings and developments in FR nanocomposites. Two companies have made recent nanoclay product announcements. Laviosa Chimica Mineraria of Italy announced that its Dellite® nanoclays can be added to most polymer types to improve physical and mechanical properties including flame retardance. Different grades of these nanoclays can be made by changing the raw materials and modifying agents (a.19). Süd-Chemie AG of Germany acquired the intellectual property rights to the use of organoclays with inorganic fire retardants from Alcan Aluminum of UK. Süd-Chemie’s Nanofil ® product range is said to combine the benefits of inorganic FRs (like ATH) and organomodified nanoclays and offers users a premium performance FR (a.20).

8 Conclusion The field of flame retardants is becoming increasingly complex with a wide variety of products currently available from a host of suppliers. Surprisingly only a portion of all FR products were mentioned in this review. Some of the FR products (DECA, TBBA, ATH) have become the ‘workhorses’ for certain polymer applications. New product introductions occur regularly. These tend to focus on product modifications often targeted to specific aspects of usage such as ease of compounding, increasing throughput, increasing dispersion in the polymer matrix, and/or targeting improvements of one or more mechanical or physical properties. One trend is to tailor products specifically to the customer’s application. New FR technology is also being investigated and this effort is increasing with

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the continuing call for products free of environmental or human health concerns. Outright bans on the use of certain specific FR compounds finally reached the USA following the lead already well established in Europe. Driving this point home was an October 8, 2003, Wall Street Journal front page headline which reads ‘Burning Question, As Flame Retardant Builds Up In Humans, Debate Over a Ban’ (see Section 1.2.1). States in addition to California are considering bans on certain FRs and countries in the Asia Pacific region are also looking at similar measures. New FR standards are being considered. The debate in the USA on flame retarding polyurethane foam cushioning used in furniture is heating up. The impetus is from fire-fighters trying to reduce fire deaths from upholstered furniture. Some 420 people lost their lives due to this source of fire in 1998. Other reasons inspiring possible regulation include increased costs from liability litigation, pressure from imports, and the increasing possibility of government imposed restrictions and regulations (a.21). Changes on the legislative front are occurring more frequently or so it seems. A concerted effort must be made to stay on top of the developments. One example is the European Union’s REACH programme (Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of CHemicals). The original draft required testing and registration of all chemicals manufactured in quantities of at least 1 ton per year. This of course would include all flame retardant chemicals. Significant pressure from industry led to a revised draft which essentially raised the quantity to 10 tons per year. This change reduces the number of chemicals to be tested and registered from 30,000 to 10,000. Most flame retardants are still included in this group of 10,000. The turnabout took place over the course of just a few months. It is reasonable to expect still further changes ahead. A July 25, 2003 Wall Street Journal Marketplace headline reads ‘Greenpeace Warns of Pollutants from Nanotechnology’. Although the focus here appears to be less on FR nanocomposite products and more on manmade materials of actual nanometre size (carbon nanotube wires are pictured as an example), the article serves to underscore the active and ongoing vigilance by environmentalist groups in all chemical and material product areas. Since the nanocomposite technology currently under research and development in the FR industry does not really produce nanometre sized materials, perhaps this new activist front will not

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

products, www.specialchem4polymers.com, July 4, 2003.

seriously impact the improved FR products which may emerge from this novel technology. Some of the debate over the potential ill effects of certain FR chemicals on human health and the environment may indeed be valid and substantiated by scientific testing. However, generalisation to all flame retardant products is a serious mistake. With all the debate and regulation issues facing the FR industry, one might easily lose track of the extraordinary value these products bring to our lives. In Europe alone each year, some 4,000 to 5,000 people lose their lives to fire and the majority of these occur in the home. Even more victims suffer painful burn injuries. These numbers are far lower than in the past due to the use of FR chemicals across a wide variety of applications including furnishings of all types. As briefly reviewed here, plastic flame retardants include a variety of chemical compounds which can be added or applied to thermoplastic polymers. A few of these chemicals can be reacted directly into the plastic polymer. Flame retardants are also used in thermosets, textiles, and lumber. However incorporated, they function to increase resistance to ignition and delay the spread of fire. Fire-fighters worldwide applaud the use of these very effective chemical compounds. They provide precious extra seconds of escape time for human victims and they also protect property.

Additional References a.1

1996 NFPA Centennial Calendar, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, USA, 1995.

a.2

Special Chem Editor, Halogen-free fire retardancy: Overview and new approaches (Part I), www.specialchem4polymers.com, March 26, 2001.

a.3

T. Hull, Regulatory Activity Governing Brominated Flame Retardants in Europe and the US, The Fourteenth Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy, Stamford, CT, June, 2003.

a.4

S. Toloken, Plastics News, 2003, July 21, 3.

a.5

C.J. Hilado, Flammability Handbook for Plastics, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc., Lancaster, PA, 1998.

a.6

Special Chem Editor, Great Lakes develops new flame retardant and smoke suppressant

a.7

Dead Sea Bromine Group, Plastics Additives and Compounding, 2003, 5, 2, 21.

a.8

V. Steukers, Overview of FR related EU legislative activities, Fire Retardant Chemicals Association International Fire Safety Conference, New Orleans, LA, March, 2003.

a.9

B. Dero and A. Beard, The New EU Chemicals Policy and Its Impact on Flame Retardants, Fire Retardant Chemicals Association International Fire Safety Conference, New Orleans, LA, March, 2003,

a.10

S. Levchik, New Developments in Flame Retardant Polyurethanes, The Fourteenth Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy, Stamford, CT, June, 2003, .

a.11

D. Bürgi, Translation of excerpts from the document: Phosphorbasierte Flammschutzmittel in der Innenraumluft – Schlussbericht, Friedli Geotechnik AG, Färberstrasse 31, 8008 Zürich, Report no. 02.59 (1), 24 June 2002.

a.12

J.D. Innes and A.W. Cox, Journal of Fire Sciences, 1997, 15, 3, 227.

a.13

A. Mukherjee, Plastics Engineering, 2001, 57, 2, 42.

a.14

Chemicals Material Purchase, Ciba Speciality Chemicals expands its product range, www.indianpurchase.com/magonline, June 2002.

a.15

R. Yngard, F. Yang, G. Nelson, Flame Retardant or Not: Fire Performance of Polystyrene/Silica Nanocomposites Prepared via Extrusion, The Fourteenth Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy, Stamford, CT, June, 2003.

a.16

C.A. Wilkie, G. Chigwada, X. Zheng, Recent Advances in Fire Retardancy Based on Nanocomposites, The Fourteenth Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy, Stamford, CT, June, 2003.

a.17

S. Bourbigot, J. Gilman, R. Davis, D. LanderHart, C. Wilkie, A. Morgan, Polystyrene Clay Nanocomposite: Processing, Characterization, Thermal Stability and Flammability, The Fourteenth Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy, Stamford, CT, June, 2003.

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Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

a.18

T. Kashiwage, J. Shields, R. Harris, W. Awad, Flame Retardant Mechanism of a Polymer Clay Nanocomposite, The Fourteenth Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy, Stamford, CT, June, 2003.

a.19

Plastics Additives & Compounding E-news, Nanoclays enhance properties at low dosage, www.addcomp.com, August, 2003.

a.20

Special Chem Editor, Sud-Chemie acquires Alcan technology for organo-clays in fire retardants for the polymer industry, www.specialchem4polymers.com, August 25, 2003.

a.21

S. Toloken, Plastics News, 2003, October 13, 3.

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Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

Abbreviation and Acronyms

ABS AFNOR AGR ANSI AOM APP ASTM ATH BDP BFRIP BSEF BSI Cefic CFR DECA decaBDE DIN DOP EBFRIP EFRA EG EPDM EPR EVA FM FR FRCA FRCJ HBCD HIPS HPV ICBO IEC ISO

acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Association Française de Normalisation annual growth rate American National Standards Institute ammonium octamolybdate ammonium polyphosphate American Society for Testing and Materials aluminium trihydrate bisphenol A diphosphate Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel Bromine Science and Environmental Forum British Standards Institute European Chemical Industry Council Code of Federal Regulations decabromodiphenyl oxide decabromodiphenyl ether Deutsches Institut für Normung dioctyl phthalate European Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel European Flame Retardants Association expandable graphite ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer rubber ethylene-propylene rubber ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer Factory Mutual Insurance flame retardant Fire Retardant Chemicals Association Fire Retardant Chemicals Association Japan hexabromocyclododecane high impact polystyrene High Production Volume International Conference of Building Officials International Electrotechnical Commission International Standardization Organization

JSA LOI MVSS NFPA NOEL octaBDE OP PAN PBB PBT PC PE PEFRC pentaBDE PP PPO PSPPP PVA PVC RDP REACH RHSD SiW12 SP TBBPA TCEP TCPP TDCP TPO TPP UL UV VDE VOC

Japanese Standards Association Limiting Oxygen Index Motor Vehicle Safety Standard National Fire Protection Association No Observed Effect Level octabromodiphenyl ether 2-methyl-1,2-oxaphospholan-5-one 2oxide polyacrylonitrile polybrominated biphenyl polybutylene terephthalate polycarbonate polyethylene Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants Consortium pentabromodiphenyl ether polypropylene polyphenylene oxide poly(sulfonyldiphenylene phenylphosphonate) polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl chloride resorcinol diphosphate Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation of Chemicals Restrictions of Hazardous Substances Directive silicotungistic acid Sveriges Provings och Forskningsinstitut tetrabromobisphenol A tris-2-chloroethylphosphate tris-2-chloro-1-methylethylphosphate tris-1,2-dichloropropylphosphate thermoplastic olefinic elastomers triphenyl phosphate Underwriters Laboratories ultraviolet radiation Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker volatile organic compound

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Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

28

References and Abstracts

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database Item 1 Additives for Polymers Sept.2003, p.2/3 GREAT LAKES TO PRODUCE NEW STABILIZER AND FLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVES New additive products from US company Great Lakes Chemical Corp. are the subject of this article. The producer has recently introduced a hindered phenolic antioxidant (“Anox 20”), a range of “Anox FiberPlus” polymer stabiliser blends, and several flame retardants: “Smokebloc AOM-100”, “Firemaster CP-44HF”, “Firemaster 520”, “Firemaster 550”, and “Reofos”. Details on each are presented. GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; NORTH AMERICA; SAUDI ARABIA; SOUTH KOREA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.896186 Item 2 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 89, No.11, 12th Sept.2003, p.3137-42 FLAME RETARDANT FLEXIBLE POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) COMPOUND FOR CABLE APPLICATION Chunming Tian; Hai Wang; Xiulan Liu; Zhiguang Ma; Huazhi Guo; Jianzhong Xu Hebei,University The effects of ZnO/MgO, ZnO/CaO and ZnO/MgO/CaO solid solution flame retardants (SSFRs) and antimony trioxide were studied on the flame retardancy, thermal degradation, mechanical properties and electrical properties of flexible PVC compounds for use in power cables. The results suggested that a small amount of SSFR and antimony trioxide showed synergistic effects. They could greatly increase the limiting oxygen index and the char yield, and the thermal degradation temperature and the activation energy decreased. SSFRs were thought to act by means of a condensed phase mechanism. The results were discussed. 23 refs. CHINA

Accession no.896084 Item 3 Reinforced Plastics 47, No.8, Sept.2003, p.20 STUDY COULD BROADEN SCOPE FOR LFRT A team at the Institut fur Verbundwerkstoffe, University of Kaiserslautern, has been looking at economical ways of producing flame retardant long fibre reinforced thermoplastics without using halogens. The aim is to produce LFRT components which comply with future EU

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

legislation governing the use of halogens, but without compromising the material’s mechanical properties. Two suitable additive types were found: magnesium hydroxides and organic phosphorous synergists, which avoided the need to develop a specific flame retardant additive and therefore shortened the time to market. INSTITUT FUER VERBUNDWERKSTOFFE GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.895752 Item 4 Polymer International 52, No.8, Aug.2003, p.1309-14 INTUMESCENCE IN POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE. THE EFFECT OF METHYLOXAPHOSPHOLANONE OXIDE AND AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE Balabanovich A I; Balabanovich A M; Engelmann J Belarus,State University; BASF AG The flame retardant effect of methyloxaphospholanone oxide and ammonium polyphosphate in PBTP was studied by the limiting oxygen index and the UL94 test. A selfextinguishing formulation was achieved. Mechanistic studies were performed using TGA, FTIR of solid residues and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the gaseous and high-boiling products. 15 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.895696 Item 5 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2003, pp.148, 29 cm, 54F FLAME RETARDANTS FOR PLASTICS Dufton P Rapra Technology Ltd. This report provides information and comment on recent events in the environmental and legislative spheres relating to flame retardants in plastics, and covers some of the product developments in the various families of flame retardant chemicals currently commercially available. Some longer-term ideas and potential areas of chemical development are also described. The major enduse industries covered include automotive and other transportation; electrical and electronic equipment and cables; building and construction. Fire testing, fire safety, environmental issues and legislation, are also discussed. A listing is included of European suppliers of flame retardants, with addresses. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.894761

29

References and Abstracts

Item 6 Polymer Degradation and Stability 81, No.2, 2003, p.207-13 THERMAL STABILITIES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY MOLDING COMPOUNDS(EMC) CONTAINING ENCAPSULATED RED PHOSPHOROUS Jinhwan Kim; Seokyoon Yoo; Jin-Young Bae; Hyo-Chang Yun; Jwangwon Hwang; Byung-Seon Kong Sung Kyun Kwan University; Kumkang Korea Chemical Co.Ltd. Four types of red phosphorus with different types of encapsulation were used as flame retardants for epoxy moulding compounds(EMC) consisting of ortho-cresol novolac epoxy(EOCN) and phenol novolac(PN) resins in order to investigate the effects of the encapsulating materials on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the EMC formulations. It was found that red phosphorus particles encapsulated with resol resin(F/ R-1) showed better flame retardancy that those encapsulated with melamine or titanium dioxide. Further encapsulation of F/R-1 with EOCN was also studied with the aim of inducing network formation between the matrix and encapsulated layer. It was found that further encapsulation improved the interfacial adhesion and significantly enhanced the mechanical properties. The hygrothermal stability of various types of encapsulated red phosphorus was also investigated and the effects of encapsulation methods are discussed. 14 refs. SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.894637 Item 7 Journal of Cellular Plastics 39, No.4, July 2003, p.323-39 FIRE BEHAVIOR OF POLYURETHANE FOAMS Bastin B; Paleja R; Lefebvre J Shell Chemicals; UPRES EA The results are reported of an investigation into the effects of two liquid flame retardants with and without the solid flame retardant, melamine, on the combustibility of PU foam according to BS 5852, part 2, Crib 5 source. The liquid flame retardants employed were tris(2chloropropyl)phosphate and tris(1,3dichloroisopropyl)phosphate. The rate of dynamic total weight loss was used to provide a clear insight into combustion behaviour and TGA and cone calorimeter were utilised to support the discussions. 4 refs. (Polyurethanes Conference 2002, 13th-16th Oct., Salt Lake City, Utah) BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.894101 Item 8 Composites Science & Technology 63, No.8, 2003, p.1141-8

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ELABORATION OF EVA-NANOCLAY SYSTEMS - CHARACTERIZATION, THERMAL BEHAVIOUR AND FIRE PERFORMANCE Duquesne S; Jama C; Le Bras M; Delobel R; Recourt P; Gloaguen J M Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Lille,Universite des Sciences et Technologies; CREPIM The fire retardances of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) nanocomposites were investigated. Nanocomposites were formed by melt mixing of EVA with either sodium montomorillonite or different loadings of tallow ammonium montmorillonite. The materials were characterised by thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering, as well as the fire tests. The ammonium montmorillonites exhibited superior fire retardance by the measures of time to ignition, heat release rate, peak heat release rate, total heat release and weight loss. The structural investigations showed that the ammonium nanocomposites were more dispersed than the sodium montmorillonite materials. 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.893726 Item 9 Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42, No.13, 25th June 2003, p.2897-905 POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANTS WITH INCREASED HEAT RESISTANCE Cichy B; Luckowska D; Nowak M; Wladyka-Przybylak M Gliwice,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Poznan,Institute of Natural Fibres The synthesis of melamine polyphosphate by thermal calcination of melamine orthophosphate produced by direct reaction of phosphoric acid with melamine, and the investigation of its thermal properties by DTA, TG and DSC, is described. The effectiveness of melamine polyphosphate as a flame retardant for polypropylene, with or without the addition of pentaerythritol, was tested by using a cone calorimeter according to ISO 5660, and the results are discussed. 19 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.893484 Item 10 Journal of Fire Sciences 21, No.2, March 2003, p.89-115 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY STUDY OF THE AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE-POLYURETHANE SYSTEM USED AS FIRE-RETARDANT ADDITIVE IN EVA Duquesne S; Le Bras M; Delobel R; Camino G; Gengembre L ENSCL; Torino,Politecnico; UPRESA CNRS The efficiency of a mixture PU/APP as fire retardant in an ethylene-vinyl acetate matrix is investigated. It is

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

shown that the fire performance is sharply improved. The mechanism of fire retardancy of MAPP is discussed considering the protective surface material, investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is shown that APP contributes to the formation of the intumescent shield, creating stable nitrogenated as well as phosphorus compounds via reaction with PU and/or with its degradation products. Such species modifies the mechanical properties of the shield, resulting in an improvement of its fire retarding properties. 39 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.892692 Item 11 Polyolefins 2003. Proceedings of a conference held Houston, Tx., 24th-26th Feb. 2003.. Brookfield, CT, SPE, 2003, p.601-624, 27 cm, 012 CHLORINATED PARAFFINS AS EFFECTIVE LOW COST FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYETHYLENE Stein D; Stevenson D Dover Chemical Corp. (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) Due to improvements in manufacturing, chlorinated paraffins with improved thermal stability are now available, which makes it possible to use them in polyolefin flame retardance. This work examines the use of chlorinated paraffins in combination with other fire retardants and synergists in low cost flame retardant packages for HDPE. In combination with other flame retardant additive such as antimony trioxide, magnesium hydroxide and nanomers, chlorinated paraffins are shown to provide flame retarded HDPE formulations which retain good physical properties. 9 refs. USA

Accession no.892574 Item 12 Polyolefins 2003. Proceedings of a conference held Houston, Tx., 24th-26th Feb. 2003.. Brookfield, CT, SPE, 2003, p.517-524, 27 cm, 012 COMPOUNDING OF HIGHLY FILLED SYSTEMS - NEW PRODUCTS AND THEIR BENEFIT Luther D W; Herbiet R Albemarle Corp.; Martinswerk GmbH (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) Plastics flame retarded with mineral fillers typically have a loading level of around 45-65 wt.%. Such highly filled materials can be compounded with appropriate equipment. However, the bad flow characteristics and low bulk

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

density of the filler, especially after conveying processes, are reported to often reduce the throughput and thus, the profitability of the compounding line. This paper presents a new generation of aluminium hydroxide (ATH) fillers with improved flow characteristics and very high bulk density, even after conveying processes have taken place. Details of are included of suitable compounding machines for highly filled systems, including the internal mixer and the Buss Ko-Kneader, and the twin-screw extruder. The new products from Albermarle include ATH grades of Martinal OL-104/LFF and Martinal OL-107/LE flame retardants which are free flowing. Martinal OL-104/LCD and OL-107/LCD flame retardants, in addition to improved flowability, have constant bulk density. Benefits of using them are discussed. 13 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.892568 Item 13 Polyolefins 2003. Proceedings of a conference held Houston, Tx., 24th-26th Feb. 2003.. Brookfield, CT, SPE, 2003, p.395-406, 27 cm, 012 MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE AS A FLAME RETARDANT IN TPO ROOFING Ashton H C; Chen T; Lynch T J Huber J.M.,Corp. (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) The use of magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant in thermoplastic polyolefin roofing applications, is discussed. Particular reference is made to the need for surface treatment of the magnesium hydroxide particles to ensure proper compounding, fire resistance, and colour stability. Such treated magnesium hydroxide with properly engineered particle characteristics is shown to provide excellent compounding and dispersion characteristics in PP and PE resins, together with good mechanical and weathering performance. USA

Accession no.892559 Item 14 Fire & Materials 27, No.2, March-April 2003, p.51-70 FLAME RETARDANT MECHANISM OF POLYOLEFINS MODIFIED WITH CHALK AND SILICONE ELASTOMER Hermansson A; Hjertberg T; Sultan B A Chalmers University of Technology; Borealis AB The flame retardant effect of the individual components of Casico, i.e. calcium carbonate, silicone elastomer and ethylene-acrylate copolymer, was studied by cone calorimetry and oxygen index tests. The formation of an intumescent structure during heating was also examined.

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References and Abstracts

Heat treatment was carried out under different conditions to provide information on the flame retardant mechanism. The results indicated that the mechanism for Casico was complex and was related to a number of reactions, e.g. ester pyrolysis of acrylate groups, formation of carbon dioxide by reaction between carboxylic acid and chalk, ionomer formation and formation of an intumescent structure stabilised by a protecting char. Particular attention was paid to the formation of the intumescent structure and its molecular structure as evaluated by carbon-13 magic angle spinning(MAS) NMR and silicon29 MAS-NMR, ESCA and X-ray diffraction analysis. After treatment at 500C, the intumescent structure consisted mainly of silicon oxides and calcium carbonate, while after treatment at 1000C the intumescent structure consisted of calcium silicate, calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. 28 refs. EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.891782 Item 15 Journal of Fire Sciences 21, No.4, July 2003, p.319-29 STUDY ON THE FLAME-RETARDING MECHANISM OF BROMINATED POLYSTYRENE WASTE IN CURED EPOXY RESIN Weidong Xiao; Peixin He; Benqiao He; Fuming Zhang Hubei,University Bromopolystyrene(BPS) prepared by a solvent method from waste PS foam was shown to be effective for flame retardation of cured epoxy resin by gas phase and condensed phase mechanisms. BPS was very stable below 200C in air and could be used to flame retard materials used at higher temperature. Its pyrolysis reaction involved loss of bromine atoms and backbone pyrolysis and it very rapidly lost its bromine atoms at 310 to 420C by zero order kinetics. This was extremely advantageous for BPS’s flame retarding activity. 8 refs. CHINA

Accession no.891780 Item 16 Journal of Fire Sciences 21, No.4, July 2003, p.285-98 EFFECT OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE ON THE COMBUSTION AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOR OF POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) Balabanovich A I Belarus,State University Ammonium polyphosphate(APP) was found to exhibit fire retardant activity in polybutylene terephthalate(PBT), the limiting oxygen index increasing and the UL94 rating improving. TGA, FTIR and gas chromatography/mass

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spectrometry data provided evidence that APP interacted with PBT. The addition of APP changed the composition of the solid, high and low boiling decomposition products as compared with those of neat PBT. The main reaction occurring on pyrolysis was shown to be ammonolysis of PBT, resulting in the formation of various aromatic nitriles. The fire retardant effect was mainly attributed to the condensed-phase activity of APP. 17 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA

Accession no.891779 Item 17 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 93, No.4, 2003, p.32-3 FLAME PROOFING AND LIGHT STABILISATION OF POLYPROPYLENE Zingg J; Diemunsch R Ciba Spezialitatenchemie AG Problems involved in the use of flame retardants, particularly brominated ones, in plastics materials are discussed with reference to processing difficulties and to the reduction of the long-term stability of the product. The development by Ciba of an additive system, Tinuvin FR, which allows PP parts to be both UV resistant and flame resistant is described. It is shown that the additive system can be tailored to meet particular fire protection requirements and the life expectancy of the final product. (For graphs/tables, see German version in Kunststoffe, 4, 2003, p.82-4) SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.891322 Item 18 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 89, No.3, 18th July 2003, p.753-62 MECHANOCHEMICAL IMPROVEMENT OF THE FLAME-RETARDANT AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ZINC BORATE AND ZINC BORATE-ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE-FILLED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) Hong Pi; Shaoyun Guo; Yong Ning Sichuan,University The effect of the high-energy mechanical milling of a mixture of PVC with zinc borate(ZB) or ZB-aluminium trihydrate(ATH) on the flame retardant and mechanical properties of ZB- and ZB-ATH-filled PVC was studied. The milling was shown to result in chemical bonding between PVC and ZB or ZB-AH, increasing the interfacial interaction of PVC/ZB and PVC/ZB-ATH blends, which resulted in a marked increase in the limiting oxygen index, impact and yield strengths, and the EB of PVC/ZB and PVC/ZB-ATH blends. UV spectroscopic and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy results showed that mechanochemical modification of ZB and ZB-ATH effectively suppressed the release of aromatic compounds in PVC/ZB and PVC/ZBATH blends during burning. Mechanochemical modification

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

thus provided an effective route for the improvement of the flame retardant and mechanical properties of flame retardantfilled PVC. 27 refs. CHINA

Accession no.891296 Item 19 Journal of Materials Chemistry 13, No.6, June 2003, p.1248-9 NEW APPROACH FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS IMPROVEMENT OF FIRE RETARDANCY, TENSILE STRENGTH AND MELT DRIPPING OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE Wang Y-Z; Chen X-T; Tang X-D; Du X-H Sichuan,University Details are given of the use of a thermotropic liquid crystal copolyester containing phosphorus with high flame retardancy to prepare reinforced PETP composites. Data concerning flame retardancy and mechanical properties were compared with pure PETP. The melt dripping behaviour was also investigated. 14 refs. CHINA

Accession no.889483 Item 20 Journal of Materials Science Letters 22, No.6, 15th March 2003, p.455-8 DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A FIRE RETARDANT EPOXY RESIN USING AN ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS COMPOUND Hussain M; Varley R J; Mathus M; Burchill P; Simon G P Monash,University; Australia,CSIRO; Australia,Defence Science & Technology Org. A fire retardant epoxy resin was prepared by reacting a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with 9,10dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide and cured with a mixture of 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,4-diamine and 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,6-diamine (Ethacure-100). The thermal properties and fire retardant behaviour of the resin were determined as a function of phosphate content using TGA, DMTA and a cone calorimeter. Graphs showing the char yield variation with phosphorus content, tan delta variation with temperature and rate of heat release variation with time for DGEBA and/or phosphorusDGEBA are included. 14 refs. AUSTRALIA

Accession no.888748 Item 21 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2003, p.xx, 448, ISBN 185957372X, 25cm, 9T PRACTICAL GUIDE TO CHEMICAL SAFETY TESTING: REGULATORY CONSEQUENCES CHEMICALS, FOOD PACKAGING AND MEDICAL DEVICES

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

Edited by: Knight D J; Thomas M B (Safepharm Laboratories Ltd.) A Practical Guide to Chemical Safety Testing describes the different tests that must be performed on new chemicals and other materials to demonstrate to the regulatory authorities that they are safe for use. It is aimed at manufacturers, distributors and users and hence covers industrial and household chemicals, food packaging and medical devices. This book is divided into two main parts: Safety testing and assessment and Regulatory framework. Chapters within the safety testing section include mammalian toxicology, genetic toxicology, Physicochemical properties, alternatives to animal testing, environmental risk assessment. Chapters within the regulatory section include EU chemical Legislation, chemical control in Japan, chemical control in the USA and the rest of the world, regulation of food packaging in the EU and US and regulation of biocides. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.888366 Item 22 Polymer Preprints. Volume 43. Number 2. Fall 2002. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002. Washington, DC, ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2002, p.1215-6, 28cm, 012 GENERATION OF 2,4,6TRI(BROMOXANILINO)-1,3,5-TRIAZINES AS EFFICIENT FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYMERIC MATERIALS Howell B A; Wu H Central Michigan,University (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) The demand for flame retardant polymer additives is expected to grow 3.7% a year over the next three years. Organobromine products are projected to post the greatest rate of growth. The popularity of these additives arises from their effectiveness and relatively low cost. These compounds are gas-phase active flame retardants. They undergo degradation in the burning polymer to liberate hydrogen bromide and/or bromine atoms which are effective scavengers of name propagating radicals, principally oxygen and hydroxyl radicals. Despite the effectiveness of organobromine flame retardants, their use is receiving increasingly critical notice, particularly from European regulatory agencies. There is an increasing demand for more environmentally benign, i.e. ‘greener’, flame retardants. Effective flame retardants that contain lower levels of halogen (or no halogen at all) are needed to be responsive to this concern. In contrast to the action of organohalogen flame retardants, several other additives promote flame retardance by action in the solid phase. These materials facilitate the formation of a protective layer at the surface of the degrading polymer which inhibits heal feedback from the flame and limits the

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References and Abstracts

production of fuel fragments by thermal degradation of the polymers. Most solid-phase active flame retardants are compounds that can promote crosslinking and char formation. Crosslinking facilitates char formation by creating a carbon-carbon network whereby chain cleavage, which produces volatile components, is retarded. Organic compounds promoting char formation are those containing phosphorus, nitrogen, sulphur, phenoxy oxygen, and a few other heteroatoms. One method of achieving enhanced flame retardant activity is to construct compounds displaying more than a single mode of action or that are capable of a synergy of flame suppressant properties. Compounds containing both a high level of halogen, in particular bromine, and another element which may be converted to a crosslinking, charpromoting agent during the combustion process might display these characteristics. Accordingly, a series of 2,4,6-tri(bromoxanalino)-1,3,5-trizines is prepared. These compounds contain high levels of both bromine and nitrogen. 7 refs. USA

Accession no.888208 Item 23 Plastics Additives & Compounding 5, No.3, May-June 2003, p.6-7 FLAME RETARDANT USE TO GROW STEADILY The total market for flame retardants in the US, Western Europe and Asia in 2001 amounted to more than 1.2 million metric tonnes and was valued at almost 2bn US dollars, according to a report by SRI Consulting. The market is expected to grow at an average annual rate of about 3-3.5% on both a value and a quantity basis over the 2001-2006 period, exceeding 1.4 million metric tonnes valued at just under 2.4bn US dollars. Flame retardant consumption reached a peak during 1999/2000, but has suffered severely with the economic downturn of 2001. Asia/Pacific (excluding Japan) represents the most rapidly growing market for flame retardants since manufacture of consumer goods requiring flame retardants has been migrating to this area. SRI CONSULTING WORLD

Accession no.887304 Item 24 Handbook of Polymer Blends and Composites. Volume 2. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, p.165-99, 627 NEW APPROACHES TO REDUCE PLASTIC COMBUSTIBILITY Zaikov G E; Lomakin S M; Usachev S V; Koverzanova E V; Shilkina N G; Ruban L V Russian Academy of Sciences; Indian Petrochemical Corp.Ltd.; Petru Poni,Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry

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Edited by: Kulshreshtha A K; Vasile C An outline is presented on the mechanisms of action of flame retardants followed by a discussion on the hazards encountered with the use of halogenated diphenyl ethers and dioxins. New trends in flame retardants are then considered, focusing on intumescent systems, polymer organic char formers, polymer nanocomposites and intercalated flame retardants based on triphenylphosphine. Finally, the results of studies on the thermal degradation of triphenyl phosphine and intercalated triphenyl phosphine carried out using DSC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and of combustion tests on PS nanocomposites with and without intercalated triphenyl phosphine are reported. 42 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.886389 Item 25 Handbook of Polymer Blends and Composites. Volume 1. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, p.333-64, 627 FLAME RETARDANT POLYESTER RESINS Patel V S; Patel R G; Patel M P Sardar Patel University; Petru Poni,Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Indian Petrochemical Corp.Ltd. Edited by: Vasile C; Kulshreshtha A K A discussion is presented on the use of inorganic flame retardant additives, organic flame retardant additives and organic/inorganic flame retardant additives in polyester resins and flame retardant components in monomers and flame retardant vinyl monomers or crosslinking agents for polyester production. The preparation of halogen-free flame retardant polyesters, end-use applications of polyester resins with reduced flammability and methods for testing flammability are also discussed. 155 refs. INDIA

Accession no.886380 Item 26 Handbook of Plastic Films. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2003, p.159-186, 25 cm. 625 ECOLOGICAL ISSUES OF POLYMER FLAME RETARDANTS Zaikov G E; Lomakin S M Edited by: Abdel-Bary E M (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The choice of environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional flame retardants for plastics is examined. The mechanism of action of the four main families of flame retardant chemicals based on halogen, phosphorus, nitrogen, and inorganic compounds is described, and details are given of new systems which include the use of intumescent systems, polymer nanocomposites,

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

preceramic additives, low-melting glasses, different types of char-formers and polymer morphology modification. 37 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.885601 Item 27 (St. Louis, MO.) 2002, pp.2, 26 cm, 15/4/03 INTRODUCING MOLDX A120, THE NEXT GENERATION FLAME RETARDANT FOR MOLDING COMPOUNDS Huber J.M.,Corp. MoldX A120 is a next generation flame retardant from Huber for use in moulding compounds. It is an alumina trihydrate product that when used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant, in addition, features exceptional processing and performance properties. Selectively chosen raw material feedstocks combined with advances in grinding and classifying technology are reported to have yielded a product with unique features. Advantages include lowered resin demand, improved dispersibility, and improved mould flow. Viscosity vs loading in a moulding compound is indicated, together with a typical chemical analysis, typical physical properties, and particle size. USA

Accession no.884908 Item 28 Urethanes Technology 20, No.1, Feb.-March 2003, p.43/4 FLAME RETARDANT MAKER EASING PENTUP PRESSURE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL RULES Raleigh P It is explained that the regulations governing the use of pentabromodiphenyl ether (penta-DBE) flame retardant, which is used almost exclusively in flexible PU foams, are different on each side of the Atlantic - it is the most widely-used flame retardant in the United States, but is shortly to be banned in the European Union. This article looks at the strategy of major flame retardant supplier Great Lakes Chemical Corp., who now offers two alternatives: Firemaster 550 and Reofos NHP. GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.; DAIMLERCHRYSLER ASIA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; LATIN AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; SOUTH AMERICA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.883369

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Item 29 Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34. Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002. Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office, 2002, p.1130-41, 23 cm, 012 FIRE SAFETY, REGULATORY, AND END-OFLIFE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH FLAME RETARDANT ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT Dawson R B; Landry S D Albemarle Corp. (SAMPE) The electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) marketplace continues to go through tremendous growth. With improvements in technology constantly taking place, this growth is expected to continue. End-of-life issues, such as reuse-reduce-recovery-recycle, safety and compliance with regulatory matters are all of major concern and are being addressed. The shear volume of old EEE to be disposed of is tremendous. Efforts are ongoing to address the reuse-reduce-recycle aspects of EEE. Safety is being addressed in much of today’s EEE by the use of flame retardants which significantly reduce fire risks. This in turn saves lives and the destruction of property. Compliance with regulatory matters greatly impacts the selection criteria of flame retardants that are used in EEE. This will be impacted by the proposed European directives regarding waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and the restriction on the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS). These end-of-life issues for EEE are examined, as are the effect that particular flame retardants can make toward meeting various demands placed on electrical and electronic equipment. 26 refs. USA

Accession no.882837 Item 30 Polymers for Advanced Technologies 13, No.10-12, Oct.-Dec.2002, p.1091-102 THE SYSTEM POLYAMIDE/SULFAMATE/ DIPENTAERYTHRITOL: FLAME RETARDANCY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS Lewin M; Brozek J; Martens M M Brooklyn,Polytechnic University The use of sulphur compounds and particularly sulphamates for flame-retarding cellulose and other polymers is reviewed. Recent results on flame retarding polyamides are presented. The system developed requires the use of 1.5-2.5 wt.% of ammonium sulphamate (AS) or diammonium imidobisulphonate (DIBS) together with 0.4-0.85 wt.% of pentaerythritol (petol) or dipentaerythritol (dipenta) to obtain fully flame retardant polyamide 6 and 66. The properties of the flame retarded

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References and Abstracts

products, obtained both by Brabender mixing and by twinscrew extrusion are: UL-94 rating of V-0 on bars of 1/16" and 1/32"; no flaming drips; very low burn time; tensile strength of 11 KPSI; 10-20% elongation and CTI values of ca. 600 V. Thermoanalytical and FTIR data are presented that indicate the thermal stability of the system and the chemical reactions occurring. Mechanisms are discussed. 11 refs. USA

Accession no.882564 Item 31 Plastics Additives & Compounding 5, No.2, March-April 2003, p.18-9 FLAME RETARDANTS - A GUIDE TO THE BASICS The mode of action of flame retardants is discussed and the main types of flame retardants available are described. A list is given of various flame retardant additives, with notes on their mechanisms of action and the types of polymers in which they are used. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.882247 Item 32 Adhesives Age 46, No.2, March 2003, p.8 FAR-REACHING REGULATIONS IN EUROPE Bowtell M There is currently much concern in Europe over an official and far-reaching piece of legislation which has been produced by the European Commission. This legislation sets out a strategy for a future Community Policy for Chemicals. The project is called Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH). Essentially, the requirements of the proposed legislative system depend on the proven or suspected hazardous properties, uses, exposure and volumes of chemicals produced and/or imported into the European Union. The key revision proposed for new substances is to change the volume threshold at which mandatory testing becomes a requirement. The British Adhesives and Sealants Association has concerns about a range of issues, including the cost to industry, where estimates are put at up to 100,000 pounds sterling per chemical substance, which it believes will lead to a significant loss of raw materials. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.881666 Item 33 Polymer Degradation and Stability 78, No.2, 2002, p.349-56 A STUDY OF THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION AND SMOKE SUPPRESSION OF POLY(VINYL

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CHLORIDE) TREATED WITH METAL OXIDES USING A CONE CALORIMETER AT A HIGH INCIDENT HEAT FLUX Bin Li Harbia,Northeast Forestry University The thermal decomposition, the flame retardancy and the smoke emission behaviour of PVC formulations containing transition metal oxides, Cu2O, CuO, MoO3 and Fe2O3 were investigated. Cone calorimetry was carried out at an incident heat flux of 50 kWm-2. The results showed that the four transition metal oxides imparted good flame retardancy and smoke suppression by effectively reducing peak and average heat release rate, peak smoke production rate and total smoke production. The copper oxides were found to be more effective than MoO3 and Fe2O3 in reducing smoke emission in the PVC. The transition metal oxides can change the thermal decomposition behaviour of the PVC. They reduce the mass loss rate and mass loss of the PVC backbone, and promote char residue formation at the end of flaming. 23 refs. CHINA

Accession no.881550 Item 34 Polymer Degradation and Stability 78, No.2, 2002, p.341-7 FLAME RETARDANCY OF POLYISOCYANURATE-POLYURETHANE FOAMS: USE OF DIFFERENT CHARRING AGENTS Modesti M; Lorenzetti A Padova,Universita The effects of different charring agents on the physicalmechanical properties and fire behaviour is studied. The use of varying amounts of ammonium polyphosphate, melamine cyanurate and expandable graphite has been investigated. When involved in fire they all lead to the formation of a char layer on the polymer surface, but their ways of providing fire retardancy are different. Ammonium polyphosphate leads to the formation of a char layer through the linking of phosphates to the ester group, melamine cyanurate acts through endothermic decomposition leading to evolution of ammonia and formation of condensation polymers. Expandable graphite leads to formation of char layer characterised by the presence of ‘worms’ resulting from its expansion. It was found that the higher the filler content the lower the compression strength. The presence of ammonium polyphosphate of melamine cyanurate results in worsening of thermal conductivity while the expandable graphite leads to increase in thermal conductivity. Cone calorimetry and the oxygen index test have been used to study the fire behaviour and the best results were obtained with expandable graphite. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881549

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 35 Polymer Degradation and Stability 78, No.2, 2002, p.219-24 DIFFERENCES IN THE FLAME RETARDANT MECHANISM OF MELAMINE CYANURATE IN POLYAMIDE 6 AND POLYAMIDE 66 Gijsman P; Steenbakkers R; Furst C; Kersjes J DSM Research; Johannes-Kepler-University; DSM Melapur Melamine cyanurate (MC) is known to be more effective as a flame retardant in polyamide 66 than in polyamide 6. In order to determine the chemical reactions between MC and PA6 and PA66 at 350-450 degree C model compounds were studied first. Cyclopentanone (model compound for degraded PA66) and caprolactam (model compound for degraded PA6 and for amide linkage containing polymers). The degradation of the polymers with and without MC was studied in order to determine the relevance of the results obtained with the model compounds. The results from these studies suggested that the difference in activity of MC in PA66 and PA6 is due to the difference in the degradation mechanisms of the two polymers. The degradation products formed in PA66 (cyclopentanone) may crosslink with MC degradation products (mainly NH3), which results in less flammable high molecular weight structures. PA6 degrades to less reactive compounds which do not crosslink. 16 refs. AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881536 Item 36 Polymer International 52, No.1, Jan.2003, p.146-52 FIREPROOFING OF POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS BY REACTIVE ORGANOPHOSPHONATES El Khatib W; Youssef B; Bunel C; Mortaigne B Rouen,Institut National des Sciences Appliquees; Arcueil,Centre Technique PU elastomers (PUE) were synthesised from hydroxytelechelic polybutadiene as polyol, modified MDI as liquid polyisocyanate and phosphonate diols as fire retardant chain extenders. PUEs with phosphorus contents from 0 to 3% w/w remained stable up to 250C. The percentage of residual char at 600C increased with increasing phosphorus content. For the soft segments, no variation in the glass transition temperature occurred with increasing phosphorus content, but that of the hard segment increased. Above 0.5% w/w phosphorus content, the limiting oxygen index became higher than the percentage of oxygen in the air. 19 refs.

Item 37 Fire & Materials 26, No.6, Nov.-Dec.2002, p.291-3 SHORT COMMUNICATION: CARBON NANOTUBES AS FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYMERS Beyer G Kabelwerk Eupen AG Flame retardant nanocomposites are synthesised by meltblending EVA multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Fire property measurements by cone calorimeter reveal that the incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes into EVA significantly reduces peak heat release rates compared with the virgin EVA. Peak heat release rates of EVA with multi-walled carbon nanotubes are slightly improved compared with EVA nanocomposites based on modified layered silicates. Char formation is the main important factor for these improvements. There is also a synergistic effect by the combination of carbon nanotubes and organoclays ynergistic resulting in an overall more perfect closed surface with improved heat release values. 12 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.880581 Item 38 Polymer Degradation and Stability 79, No.2, 2003, p.309-18 EFFECTS OF TIN ADDITIVES ON THE FLAMMABILITY AND SMOKE EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF HALOGEN-FREE ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER Cross M S; Cusack P A; Hornsby P R Tin Technology Ltd.; Brunel University In a halogen-free EVA cable compound, zinc hydroxystannate(ZHS) was shown to be an effective partial replacement for the conventional hydrated fireretardant fillers alumina trihydrate(ATH) and magnesium hydroxide. In contrast to earlier results for halogencontaining polymers, ZHS-coated versions of the fillers were less effective than equivalent composition mixtures of ZHS plus filler. Incorporation of ZHS also significantly enhanced the performance of an ATH/nanoclay synergistic fire retardant system in the EVA formulation and allowed marked reductions to be made in overall filler content with no or only slight adverse effect on the flame retardant and smoke suppressant properties. 22 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879812

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881324

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

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References and Abstracts

Item 39 Fire & Materials 26, No.4-5, July-Oct.2002, p.201-6 INVESTIGATION INTO THE MECHANISM OF FLAME RETARDANCY AND SMOKE SUPPRESSION BY MELAMINE IN FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAM Price D; Yan Liu; Milnes G J; Hull R; Kandola B K; Horrocks A R Salford,University; Bolton Institute Results are presented of an investigation of the mechanism of flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PU foam by melamine carried out by means of cone calorimetry, TGA, DSC and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The results indicate that interaction occurs between melamine and the evolved toluene diisocyanate fraction arising from the decomposition of PU foam. The resulting polymeric structures then reduce the amount of aromatic smoke precursors evolved, thus suppressing smoke in the event of a fire. This polymeric structure also degrades to a char, reducing the amount of combustibles volatilised and hence the rate of heat release. The char forms a protective layer on the surface of the PU foam. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879796 Item 40 Fire & Materials 26, No.4-5, July-Oct.2002, p.173-82 ENHANCING POLYMER FLAME RETARDANCY BY REACTION WITH PHOSPHORYLATED POLYOLS. II. CELLULOSE TREATED WITH A PHOSPHONIUM SALT UREA CONDENSATE (PROBAN CC) FLAME RETARDANT Horrocks A R; Sheng Zhang Bolton Institute The phosphorylation of cellulose flame retarded with an ammonia-cured, polycondensed tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium-urea derivative (Proban CC from Rhodia) with a polyol diphosphoryl chloride or phosphorochloridate such as spirocyclic pentaerythritol di(phosphoryl chloride) was shown to yield phosphorus levels in excess of 10% w/w. These high levels suggested up to 82% yields of reaction if phosphorylation of the free secondary amine groups present in the crosslinked flame retardant was the assumed site. The presence of substituted pentaerythritol phosphate moieties significantly increased char formation above 400C and SEM indicated that the char had an intumescent structure. The char-forming characteristic was not affected by subjecting the phosphorylated flame retardant cellulose to boiling in a 1% detergent solution in water. The potential of this reaction to create a durable, intumescent flame retardant for cellulose is discussed. 10 refs.

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RHODIA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879795 Item 41 Fire & Materials 26, No.4-5, July-Oct.2002, p.149-54 POLYURETHANE/CLAY AND POLYURETHANE/POSS NANOCOMPOSITES AS FLAME RETARDED COATING FOR POLYESTER AND COTTON FABRICS Devaux E; Rochery M; Bourbigot S Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts & Ind.Text. PU resins are widely used as coatings for textile fabrics in order to improve some of the properties of the fabrics. The use of two types of additives, montmorillonite clay and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes(POSS), to prepare PU nanocomposites for providing flame retardancy to coated textile structures is discussed. Some results obtained for PU/clay and PU/POSS coated polyester or cotton fabrics, using cone calorimetry and TGA, are presented. The efficiency of these additives is clearly demonstrated and discussed, with particular reference to the potential of using POSS for fire retardant applications. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879792 Item 42 Polymers for Advanced Technologies 14, No.1, Jan.2003, p.3-11 CATALYSIS OF INTUMESCENT FLAME RETARDANCY OF POLYPROPYLENE BY METALLIC COMPOUNDS Lewin M; Endo M Brooklyn,Polytechnic University Details are given of the intumescent flame retardancy of PP. Emphasis is given to the synergistic effects observed with various co-additives to ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol. Flame retardant and synergistic effectivity were determined for a number of systems including chlorine, bromine, phosphorus, nitrogen and sulphur compounds. 20 refs. USA

Accession no.879720 Item 43 ENDS Report No.337, Feb.2003, p.11 GREAT LAKES’ FLAME RETARDANT FACES RESTRICTIONS Restrictions on the brominated flame retardant HBCD appear likely after a Government expert committee

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

confirmed the chemical to be “very persistent and very bioaccumulative” in February. New data suggest that Great Lakes Chemical’s works in Newton Aycliffe has contaminated the local environment with the compound through releases to both air and water. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is used as a flame retardant in expanded PS foam and textiles. HBCD is one of ten compounds short-listed by the Government’s Chemicals Stakeholder Forum, which is charged with identifying hazardous substances for voluntary, early phase-out ahead of EU legislation. GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879345 Item 44 Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the 21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca, Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 3, Paper 4, p.34763, 27 cm, 012 FIRE AND FLAME RETARDANTS FOR PVC Coaker A W Coaker A.W.,& Associates Inc. (SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) The flammability performance of PVC plays a significant role in its selection for many applications. Its relatively high chlorine content (58.6%) makes it more resistant to ignition and burning than most organic polymers. In the case of flexible PVC, the plasticisers which contribute flexibility, in most instances, detract from its resistance to fire. To meet specifications such as oxygen index, heat release, smoke evolution or extent of burning in cable tests, flame retardant (FR) and smoke suppressant (SS) additives are often incorporated. Synergistic combinations of FR and SS additives to PVC formulations facilitate passing many stringent FR specifications cost effectively. 30 refs. USA

Accession no.877697 Item 45 Polyurethanes Conference 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Salt Lake City, Utah, 13th-16th Oct.2002. Arlington, Va., Alliances for the Polyurethanes Industry, 2002, Technical Session F - Combustibility , Paper 2, p.234-43, 28 cm, 012 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLAME RETARDATION: THE BURNING PROCESS AND THE MODE OF ACTION OF FLAME RETARDANTS Bleuel E; rotermund U; Seitz C; Boehme P; Reichelt M BASF Schwarzheide GmbH; Elastogran GmbH; BASF Belgium SA NV

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

(American Plastics Council; Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry) The modern material plastic is used where conventional materials like wood, stone or metal are not suitable or where a better processing, simpler manufacturing or a lower weight is required. But plastics are organic substances and therefore naturally inflammable and combustible. For that reason in most applications in the electronics, construction, automotive and furniture industries several standards for the inflammability and combustibility of plastics exist. To pass the standards, flame retardants are added to the plastics. Flame retardants act by different mechanisms and guarantee the fulfillment of the required standards. In addition, the flame retardants and the flame retarded plastics have to be suitable for the desired application in regard to the mechanical, electrical and thermal characteristics of the compound. Processing and toxicity are important, as is price. Because of their higher specific surface area, plastics such as PU rigid foams are more combustible than compact materials. Further, in Europe these PU foams have been produced with highly inflammable blowing agents, such as pentanes, for years. The pentanes remain in the cell gas and do not harm the global ozone layer. In addition they do not contribute to the greenhouse effect. The requirements for pentane blown rigid foams are therefore particularly high. For this reason, PU rigid foams will serve as examples for considerations concerning the combustion of plastics and the mode of action of flame retardants. 11 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.877560 Item 46 International Polymer Science and Technology 29, No.12, p.T/62-4 NEW FLAME-RETARDANT MODIFIERS FOR EPOXY RESINS Idrisova S Sh Sumgait,State University In order to produce flame retardant epoxy resins, new flame retardant modifiers were synthesised. The synthesis is described of imide (III) and carboxybenzimidazole (IV) of trans-4,5-dibromocyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. The epoxy composites were prepared with a ratio of components (parts by weight) of 80-95 parts epoxy resin, 5-15 parts flame retardant modifier III, IV or a blend thereof. Tests showed that flame retardant modifiers III, IV or blend thereof provided the composites with a selfextinguishing capacity, adhesion, high dielectric indices, and crack resistance. Best ratios are suggested. 2 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.2, 2002, pp.21-2). RUSSIA

Accession no.877147

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References and Abstracts

Item 47 Polymer 44, No.1, 2003, p.25-37 EFFECT OF MELAMINE PHOSPHATE ON THERMAL DEGRADATION OF POLYAMIDES: A COMBINED X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND SOLID-STATE NMR STUDY Jahromi S; Gabrielse W; Braam A DSM Research The effect of the fire retardant melamine polyphosphate on the thermal degradation of both polyamide 66 and polyamide 6 was studied using a combination of X-ray diffraction and solid state NMR techniques. The mixtures of melamine polyphosphate with the polyamides were heated for different times at 350 and 450C. It was shown that melamine polyphosphate induced significant crosslinking in polyamide 66 and led to a dramatic depolymerisation of polyamide 6. The results were used to explain the performance of melamine polyphosphate as a flame retardant in the polyamides. 43 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.876727 Item 48 European Polymer Journal 39, No.2, Feb.2003, p.263-8 IMPROVEMENT ON FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF WATER BLOWN PIR-PUR FOAMS; USE OF AN HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT Modesti M; Loernzetti A Padova,Universita Expandable graphite (EG) was used as a flame retardant in polyisocyanurate-polyurethane (PIR-PUR) waterblown foams. A marked decrease of compression strength and significant increase in the thermal conductivity was observed only at very high EG content (25 wt%). The fire behaviour of the PIR-PUR foams was significantly improved by the use of EG. The results were discussed. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.876705 Item 49 Polymer Degradation and Stability 79, No.1, 2003, p.139-45 FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYPROPYLENE BASED ON LIGNIN De Chirico A; Armanini M; Chini P; Cioccolo G; Provasoli F; Audisio G CNR; Pomezia,Centro Sperimentale di Volo Lignin was evaluated as a flame retardant either alone or in combination with aluminium hydroxide, PVAL, melamine phosphate, monoammonium phosphate or

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ammonium polyphosphate, in isotactic PP using TGA and cone calorimetry. The effect of lignin on the dynamic mechanical properties of PP was also investigated as was synergism between the lignin and the above additives. The data obtained confirmed that lignin acted as a flame retardant both alone and in combination with some of the above additives. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.875390 Item 50 Polymer Degradation and Stability 79, No.1, 2003, p.85-92 FIRE RETARDANT AND CHARRING EFFECT OF POLY(SULFONYLDIPHENYLENE PHENYLPHOSPHONATE) IN POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) Balabanovich A I; Engelmann J Belarus,State University; BASF AG Poly(sulphonyldiphenylene phenylphosphonate) (PSPPP), either alone or in combination with polyphenylene oxide (PPO), triphenyl phosphate or 2methyl-1,2-oxaphospholan-5-one 2-oxide (OP), was evaluated as a halogen-free flame retardant in polybutylene terephthalate. The combustion behaviour of the compositions was studied by limiting oxygen index and the UL94 test and the fire retardant effect of the flame retardant was evaluated by means of TGA, IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the UL94 test V-O rating was achievable by adding 10 wt.% PSPPP, 10 wt.% PPO and and 10 wt.% OP to the polyester. 18 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.875383 Item 51 Polymer Degradation and Stability 79, No.1, 2003, p.13-20 THERMAL DEGRADATION AND FLAME RETARDANCY OF ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER BLENDED WITH AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE Matsuda N; Shirasaka H; Takayama K; Ishikawa T; Takeda K Shibaura,Institute of Technology The thermal degradation and flame retardancy of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer containing ammonium polyphosphate were investigated using TGA, pyrolysis/ gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Burning and ignition times were measured using the UL-94 test and heat release rates and other flammability parameters were determined using a cone calorimeter. The effect of ammonium polyphosphate content on flame retardancy, burn time and total heat

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References and Abstracts

release was examined and the formation of a crosslinked structure as a result of the reaction of ammonium polyphosphate with OH radicals on the polymer chain identified. 26 refs. JAPAN

Accession no.875375

emission, modify the filler decomposition endotherms and water release rates, and change char formation characteristics. Additives discussed include zinc borate, antimony trioxide, carbon powder, polyacrylonitrile fibres, transition metal oxides (nickel and cobalt), and zinc stannate. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 52 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 86, No.10, 5th Dec.2002, p.2449-62 ECOLOGICAL ISSUE OF POLYMER FLAME RETARDANCY Zaikov G E; Lomakin S M Russian Academy of Sciences The use of polymer flame retardants has an important role in saving lives. The main flame retardant systems for polymers currently in use are based on halogenated, phosphorous, nitrogen and inorganic compounds. All of the flame retardant systems basically inhibit or even suppress the combustion process by chemical or physical action in the gas or phase. Conventional flame retardants, such as halogenated, phosphorous or metallic additives, have a number of negative attributes. An ecological issue of the application of conventional flame retardants demands the search of new polymer flame retardant systems. Among the new trends of flame are intumescent systems, polymer nanocomposites, preceramic additives, low-melting glasses, different types of char formers and polymer morphology modification processing. Brief explanations on the three major types of flame retardant systems (intumescent, polymer nanocomposites and polymer organic char formers) are presented. 39 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.875169 Item 53 ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE Annual Technical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9th May 2002. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 312, Session T16Polymer Modifiers and Additives. Functional Fillers, pp.5, CD-ROM, 012 SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS IN HALOGEN-FREE POLYMER COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HYDRATED MINERAL FILLERS Hornsby P R; Ahmadnia A Brunel University (SPE) Hydrated mineral fillers, particularly magnesium and aluminium hydroxides, are used as fire retardant fillers for polymers, but the high additions required (typically 60 wt%) adversely affect the mechanical properties. The use of additives which have a synergistic effect, leading to reduced filler additions, are briefly reviewed. The introduction of these additives may reduce smoke

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Accession no.874793 Item 54 Popular Plastics and Packaging 47, No.12, Dec.2002, p.41 GREAT LAKES LAUNCHES HIGHER REACTIVITY FLAME RETARDANT FOR POLYURETHANE AND POLYISOCYANURATE FOAM Great Lakes Chemical has announced the introduction of Firemaster 520, a higher reactivity flame retardant for rigid PU and polyisocyanurate foam applications. Firemaster 520, with its primary hydroxyl reactive groups, offers faster reaction rates, lower viscosity and improved compatibility in water blown foams. In many applications, a higher reactivity flame retardant is preferred to reduce cycle time and surface friability. GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. USA

Accession no.874774 Item 55 Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Budapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 19, p.221-25, 29 cm, 012 COMBINATION OF FLAME-RETARDANT AND UV-STABILIZER MASTERBATCHES FOR OUTDOOR SEATING AREAS Suschnig J Gabriel-Chemie GmbH (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The development is described of a masterbatch for outdoor stadium seating made from blow moulded PP, which incorporates a blend of flame retardant and UV stabiliser. It is claimed to have been previously impossible to combine a UV stabiliser with a halogenated flame retardant without considerable chalking effects within a short exposure time, due to the incompatibility between the halogenated flame retardant and HALS stabilisers, which results in a deactivation of the UV stabiliser. Further problems involved the limited heat stability of flame retardants used for polyolefins. These were solved by means of a combination of co-stabilisers. AUSTRIA; EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNION; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874518

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References and Abstracts

Item 56 Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Budapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 18, p.213-220, 29 cm, 012 OPTIMISING PROPERTIES OF HALOGEN FREE FLAME RETARDANT POLYOLEFINS THROUGH THE USE OF ZINC BORATES AS MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SYNERGISTS Leeuwendal R Borax Europe Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Flame retardant halogen-free polyolefins are commonly developed with the use of high concentrations of metal hydrate additives such as alumina trihydrate and magnesium hydroxide. It is argued that there is a need to improve the fire performance of such material at existing high loadings as well as significantly reduce the total flame retardant additive loading. It is demonstrated that small additions of other additives including silicones, nanoclays, and phosphates, in combination with zinc borate, can have a significant effect on the rate of heat release and structure and quality of the combusted residue after testing in a cone calorimeter. New generations of additives with zinc borate also demonstrate that lower loadings can be achieved at 50w% than usually possible with metal hydrates, in addition to improved flame retardancy and physical properties. As such, this paper addresses the beneficial effects of Firebreak zinc borates with other additives in polyolefin based materials to combine their mode of action with metal hydrate additives. 9 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; HUNGARY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874517 Item 57 Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Budapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 17, p.203-212, 29 cm, 012 EXCELLENT FLOW- AND CONVEYANCEBEHAVIOUR, LOW DUST EMISSION AND OUTSTANDING PROPERTIES OF HALOGEN FREE FLAME RETARDANT COMPOUNDS REALIZED BY A NEW GENERATION OF ALUMINIUM-TRI-HYDRATE Sauerwein R Nabaltec GmbH (Rapra Technology Ltd.) This paper presents a new generation of non-post treated fine precipitated aluminium trihydrate (ATH), which is claimed to offer excellent powder processing and also outstanding compound properties in its use as a flame retardant additive. Details are given of the performance of Apyral 40CD in wire and cable applications, and in

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the compounding industry, where large productivity benefits can be realised, it is demonstrated. EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874516 Item 58 Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Budapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 2, p.1532, 29 cm, 012 FLAME RETARDANTS CONTROVERSY: FIRE SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Beard A; Steukers V Clariant Ltd.; Albermarle Co. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Whilst flame retardants provide the necessary level of fire safety for many common polymers in a variety of end-use applications, they are also perceived as potential environmental pollutants. This slide presentation is concerned with the controversy surrounding the use of flame retardants and the balance between fire safety and environmental protection. It gives a summary of current scientific and European regulatory issues, including an overview of current regulatory issues relating to the use of flame retardants, such as the European Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, and the EU risk assessments of flame retardants. In addition, the way in which flame retardants are dealt with in the various ecolabel schemes, is also discussed. EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY; USA

Accession no.874501 Item 59 Plastics Additives & Compounding 4, No.12, Dec.2002, p.22/9 NEW ATH DEVELOPMENTS DRIVE FLAME RETARDANT CABLE COMPOUNDING Sauerwein R Nabaltec GmbH Halogen-free flame retardant compounds used in the cable and wire industry for cable sheathing as well as for wire insulation are commonly considered as Low Smoke, Free of Halogen (LSFOH) compounds. These compounds are mainly based on LDPE and blends of LDPE and EVA. The majority of LSFOH compounds use alumina trihydrate (ATH) as a flame retardant filler. A new generation of nonpost treated fine precipitated ATH offering good powder processing and compound properties has been developed by Nabaltec GmbH. Results have been obtained on processing behaviour, in particular flow-, conveyance-, feeding- and dust-behaviour. Low melt viscosities and high extrusion speeds in the production of LSFOH cables are identified as core properties of compounds filled with this new grade of ATH.

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References and Abstracts

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874495 Item 60 Plastics Additives & Compounding 4, No.10, Oct.2002, p.22-8 NANOCOMPOSITES - A NEW CLASS OF FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYMERS Beyer G Kabelwerk Eupen AG In this long and detailed article, the author reviews the current state of development of nanocomposites as a new class of flame retardants for polymers. Section headings include: introduction, layered silicates as fillers, nanocomposite synthesis, nanocomposite structures, nanocomposite properties, thermal stability, flame retardancy, flame retardant combinations, and conclusions. US,NATIONAL INST.OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY BELGIUM; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.872695 Item 61 designed Monomers and Polymers 5, No.2-3, 2002, p.183-93 NEW ACHIEVEMENTS IN FIRE-SAFE FOAMS Brzozowski Z K; Kijenska D; Zatorski W Warsaw,University of Technology; Warsaw,Central Institute of Labour Protection 2,3-Dibromo-2-butene-1,4-diol (DBBD) is found to be one of the most effective bromine flame retardants (FR) used to prepare fire-resistant PU foams. The production and application of DBBD is environmentally friendly. The compositions of DBBD with other flame retardants available on the market: tri(2-chloropropyl) phosphate and 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl-2-hydroxypropyl-3,4,5,6tetabromophthalate are investigated. The environmentally friendly blowing agent, pentane, is applied. Computer Statgraphics 2.0 program is applied for the generation of variable quantities of flame retardants used to prepare PU foam. The foams obtained have characteristics of good fire resistant materials without reduction in other useful properties. Four stop-burning chemical structures aliphatic bromine, aromatic bromine, phosphorus and also aliphatic chlorine - cause synergistic effects in fireextinguishing. 10 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.871964 Item 62 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 92, No.9, Sept.2002, p.18-20 English; German

FLAME RETARDANTS. TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS Troitzsch J Flame retardants for plastics are discussed with reference to environmental issues, market growth, company acquisitions and joint ventures, developments and future prospects. The developments considered include halogen-containing and halogen-free additives from several different companies. The German version of this article appears on p.41-4. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.871163 Item 63 Plastics Additives & Compounding 4, No.9, Sept.2002, p.12-5 ADDITIVES IN THE NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS MARKET Markarian J Additives such as stabilisers, colourants, flame retardants and conductive materials are key to meeting demanding performance requirements for plastics in electrical and electronic applications. The wire and cable market is growing in stabiliser use and requires increasing additive consistency as wire and cable production lines increase. Flame retardant demand for all markets will grow at about 3.7% AAGR from 2000 to 2005, while the demand for electrical and electronic applications will grow about 5%/ year to 145 million kg in 2005. Conductive materials range from the traditional workhorse carbon black to the relatively new carbon nanotubes. Additives vary in the amount of conductivity they provide, from dissipating static charge to EMI shielding. NORTH AMERICA

Accession no.868194 Item 64 Polymer Degradation and Stability 78, No.1, 2002, p.167-73 HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYMERIC FOAMS Modesti M; Lorenzetti A Padova,Universita The effect of a novel intumescent system composed of expandable graphite mixed with triethyl phosphate or red phosphorus on the fire behaviour and physicomechanical properties of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams blown with n-pentane was investigated. It was found that the incorporation of increasing amounts of expandable graphite into foams containing triethyl phosphate or red phosphorus had an adverse effect upon their physicomechanical properties and that foams filled with expandable graphite and triethyl phosphate exhibited greatly improved fire behaviour. 20 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

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Item 65 Polymers & Polymer Composites 10, No.6, 2002, p.447-56 POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES FILLED WITH MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE Zhu S; Zhang Y; Zhang Y Shanghai,Jiao Tong University Modified and non-modified composites of PP and LLDPE filled with magnesium hydroxide were investigated, and maleic acid anhydride-grafted PP or LLDPE were used as polymeric modifiers, (MAH-g-PP, or MAH-g-LLDPE) to enhance the interaction between the flame retardant filler and the polymer. When LLDPE was partially replaced by MAH-g-LLDPE, it was found that the notched Izod impact strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the composites increased, while the modulus decreased. When the PP was partially replaced by MAH-g-PP, the tensile strength and flexural strength of the composites increased, and the impact strength and modulus changed slightly. The phase structure of the composites was characterised using SEM, DMTA, and DSC which provided evidence to suggest an encapsulation of LLDPE or PP around magnesium hydroxide filler particles in the PP/LLDPE composites containing MAH-g-LLDPE or MAG-g-PP. 13 refs. CHINA

Accession no.864342 Item 66 Polymer Degradation and Stability 77, No.2, 2002, p.345-52 DISCOLOURATION OF POLYPROPYLENEBASED COMPOUNDS CONTAINING MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE Titelman G I; Gonen Y; Keidar Y; Bron S Israel,IMI Institute for Research & Development The effect of the temperature and processing technology and of various properties of magnesium hydroxide used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant (impurities, particle size and morphology) on colour formation in PP matrices was investigated. One of the causes of discolouration appeared to be the interaction between the magnesium hydroxide and antioxidants containing phenolic groups. This reaction took place rapidly when the magnesium hydroxide was added to the polymer melt containing the antioxidant. The amount and type of coating and its continuity over the particle surface could represent a means of preventing the chemical interaction between the filler and plastics components and avoiding discolouration. A method for quantitative evaluation of coating quality and continuity was developed. Based on this research, methods of improving the quality of magnesium hydroxide as a fire retardant were proposed. One of these methods, the addition of titanium dioxide, was particularly interesting. Apart from its pigmentation effect, titanium dioxide was synergistic with magnesium hydroxide in terms of flame retardancy and improved the

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thermal stability of PP. 4 refs. (8th European Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001) ISRAEL

Accession no.863597 Item 67 Polymer Degradation and Stability 77, No.2, 2002, p.333-44 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE AND EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE IN POLYURETHANE Duquesne S; Delobel R; Le Bras M; Camino G ENSCL; Torino,Universita A new method was developed which provided a better understanding of the intumescence process. Many studies investigated char formation from a chemical aspect but the foaming and strength of the char had not previously been studied. Thermal scanning measurements using a rheometer as a fire reactor enabled a correlation to be made between the fire behaviour and thermal behaviour and the viscoelastic properties of the material. The rheological modifications of PU thermoset coatings with or without fire retardant were investigated. The rheological and mechanical degradation properties of the protective char layer were correlated with fire retardant performance for two additives, ammonium polyphosphate and expandable graphite. The expansion of pure PU and of intumescent materials under normal force was studied and the viscoelastic behaviour was then investigated in order to evaluate the different steps of the intumescent process (development, stability and degradation). Mechanical properties of the intumescent chars are discussed. 19 refs. (8th European Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863596 Item 68 Polymer Degradation and Stability 77, No.2, 2002, p.325-31 FIRE RETARDANT MECHANISM OF ALIPHATIC BROMINE COMPOUNDS IN POLYSTYRENE AND POLYPROPYLENE Kaspersma J; Doumen C; Munro S; Prins A M Great Lakes Technology; Great Lakes Chemical Corp. The effective flame retardance of PS and PP with aliphatic bromine compounds was studied. By examining glow wire and UL94 V2 performance of aliphatic hexabromocyclododecane in PS and the mixed aliphatic/ aromatic compound tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3dibromopropyl ether) in PP with and without synergists like antimony trioxide and dicumene, it appeared that it was the combination of chain scission and flame poisoning mechanisms that caused these compounds to be so

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References and Abstracts

effective. The effectiveness of a synergist depended on the use ratio and could be negative, depending on the fire retardant test. The effect of neutral fillers such as talc was also studied and it was shown that particle size had the strongest effect on the fire retardant test which depended most on polymer flow. The effect of polymer molec.wt. was in line with the mechanisms involved. 11 refs. (8th European Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001) BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863595 Item 69 Polymer Degradation and Stability 77, No.2, 2002, p.305-13 USING POLYAMIDE-6 AS CHARRING AGENT IN INTUMESCENT POLYPROPYLENE FORMULATIONS. I. EFFECT OF THE COMPATIBILISING AGENT ON THE FIRE RETARDANCY PERFORMANCE Almeras X; Dabrowski F; Le Bras M; Poutch F; Bourbigot S; Marosi G; Anna P Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; CREPIM; ENSAIT; Budapest,Technical University Ethylene-butyl acrylate-maleic anhydride terpolymer(EBuAMA) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer(EVA) were used as interfacial agents to stabilise the flame retardant formulation in a PP/ ammonium polyphosphate/polyamide-6 blend. The effects of the interfacial agents on the fire performance and on the mechanical properties of the formulations were determined using different compatibiliser weight loadings. It was shown that improvement was strongly dependent on both the nature and the amount of interfacial agent used. The incorporation of EVA was found to give better results that that of EBuAMA, giving better fire performance (cone calorimeter and limiting oxygen index) and better mechanical properties (higher EB) at much lower cost. 13 refs. (8th European Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001) EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863593 Item 70 Polymer Degradation and Stability 77, No.2, 2002, p.243-7 INTUMESCENT FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS OF MODIFIED RHEOLOGY Anna P; Marosi G; Bourbigot S; Le Bras M; Delobel R Budapest,Technical University; ENSAIT; Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille A model system of intumescent flame retardants, composed of ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol, was prepared and investigated both in PP

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

and without the polymer matrix. Thermal scanning oscillation rheometric investigation in the temp. range 170 to 500C was used to detect the rheological behaviour in the region of melting of the polymer and the plasticity of the char formed at higher temp. Addition of borosiloxane to the model system caused advantageous changes in both regions. Increased complex viscosity and viscoelasticity of the melt and char, respectively, contributed to better flame retardancy. The results of differential TGA and FTIR studies indicated that the reactions of borosiloxane with pentaerythritol and ammonium polyphosphate were the reasons for the rheological changes. 13 refs. (8th European Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001) EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863584 Item 71 Polymer Degradation and Stability 77, No.2, 2002, p.221-6 FLAME RETARDANCY OF RADIATION CROSSLINKED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)(PVC) USED AS AN INSULATING MATERIAL FOR WIRE AND CABLE Basfar A A Saudi Arabia,Institute of Atomic Energy Research Attempts were made to improve the flame retardancy of formulations of radiation-crosslinked PVC for wire and cable insulation applications. Limiting oxygen index(LOI) was used to characterise the flammability of the formulations developed. The effect of plasticisers, such as dioctyl phthalate(DOP), diisodecyl phthalate and tri2-ethylhexyl trimellitate, and different flame retardant fillers, i.e. antimony oxide, zinc borate, aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, on the mechanical properties and flammability was investigated. The influence of radiation dose on the mechanical properties was minimal both at room temp. and after thermal ageing for 168 hours at 136C. The highest LOI was 39% for PVC formulations containing DOP as a plasticiser and trimethylpropane triacrylate at absorbed doses of 90 and 120 kGy. Both differential TGA peak maxima and temp. for loss of 50% mass decreased with increasing irradiation dose. No influence of plasticiser type or flame-retardant filler on the thermal properties was observed. 13 refs. (8th European Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001) SAUDI ARABIA

Accession no.863581 Item 72 Polymer Degradation and Stability 77, No.2, 2002, p.195-202 EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE AS AN INTUMESCENT FLAME RETARDANT IN

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References and Abstracts

POLYISOCYANURATE-POLYURETHANE FOAMS Modesti M; Lorenzetti A; Simioni F; Camino G Padova,Universita; Torino,Universita Flame-retarded polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams were synthesised by use of a new flame retardant, expandable graphite, and a mixture of expandable graphite and triethylphosphate. Physical-mechanical and morphological characterisation showed that the presence of filler caused only slight worsening of physical and mechanical properties. Increasing the amount of triethylphosphate did not influence the thermal conductivity, but an increase in the amount of expandable graphite caused a worsening of the insulating properties, probably due to the larger dimensions of the foam cells. The filled foams showed an overall improvement of their fire behaviour, the oxygen index increasing and the rate of heat release decreasing with increasing filler content. The best fire performance was obtained using triethyl phosphate and expandable graphite in synergistic combination. 20 refs. (8th European Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863578 Item 73 Plastics Additives & Compounding 4, No.7-8, July-Aug.2002, p.28-31 SCIENTIFIC DATA AND HEIGHTENED PUBLIC SAFETY CONCERNS TO DRIVE GROWTH IN FLAME RETARDANTS The use of flame-retardant additives is expected to experience strong growth in the next five years. The anticipated growth is being attributed to two factors. Firstly, there will be a more scientific-based approach to evaluating the effects of such additives on the environment and secondly, an increased global emphasis on public safety. One global trend is using science to confirm the key reason for using flame retardant polymer additive technology in the first place, namely, that these products save lives and property. This article examines developments in a number of countries which reveal the strength of this trend. Five new flame retardant products introduced by Great Lakes’ Polymer Additives division are outlined. GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.862698 Item 74 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 92, No.7, July 2002, p.39 MORE RELIABLE WASHING. FLAME RETARDANT POLYAMIDE FOR AQUA-STOP Dreisbach M RadiciNovacips SpA

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Refer to Kunststoffe, 92, No.7, 2002, p.93-4 for graphs and tables. Brief details are given of the use of Radiflam A FR flame retardant polyamide 6,6 in the manufacture of a micro-switch holder in a washing machine. The holder was made using injection moulding. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.862424 Item 75 Polymer Bulletin 48, No.6, July 2002, p.483-90 FLAME RETARDING MECHANISM OF POLYCARBONATE CONTAINING TRIFUNCTIONAL PHENYLSILICONE ADDITIVE STUDIED BY ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS TECHNIQUES Hayashida K; Ohtani H; Tsuge S; Nakanishi K Nagoya,University; Dow Corning Toray Silicone Co.Ltd. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography was used to study changes in the molecular structure of polycarbonate containing a silicone-based flame retardant following heat treatment at 380C. The thermal degradation behaviour of the polycarbonate and the characteristic products of the heat treated polycarbonate and flame retarded polycarbonate detected by the analytical procedure in the presence of an organic alkali were determined. The formation of a phenyl silyl ether linkage during heat treatment was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and a flame retarding mechanism for the silicone additive-containing polycarbonate proposed. 15 refs. JAPAN

Accession no.862298 Item 76 Chemical Marketing Reporter 262, No.3, 22nd July 2002, p.11 UPWARD PRICING SUGGESTS FLAME RETARDANTS’ RECOVERY Lerner I Since the beginning of June, the major flame retardant (FR) producers have reported a string of price increases, with 12 being announced so far. Great Lakes Chemical, Albemarle and Dead Sea Bromine Group have all announced increases, which analysts say is an attempt to gain back the price erosion that has plagued the plastic additives market. Producers and observers generally agree that price increases have been engendered by the increasing cost of raw materials, the supply/demand balance, and the ‘unacceptable profitability that had resulted from the last three to five years of price erosion that a lot of the products had experienced’. Albermarle made the decision to implement price increases at the beginning of the year ‘when we started to see some signs of positive improvements in terms of volumes’. Last year,

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References and Abstracts

during the peak of the electronics market slowdown, operating rates for some of the company’s larger volume products were down to 50-60%. Details are given. ISRAEL; USA; WORLD

Accession no.860873 Item 77 Reuse/Recycle 32, No.5, May 2002, p.37-9 APME REPORTS ON BROMINE RECYCLING APME has issued a report titled “Recycling of bromine from plastics containing brominated flame retardants in state-of-the-art combustion facilities”. This is a report on trials at the TAMARA pilot scale municipal solid waste combustion facility in the Karlsruhe Research Centre that demonstrated that in modern plants with suitable wet scrubbing equipment, recycling of the bromine in plastics waste containing brominated flame retardants is technically feasible. The trials at the TAMARA facility included both plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment and insulation foams containing brominated flame retardants. APME EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.860709 Item 78 Journal of Macromolecular Science C C42, No.2, 2002, p.139-83 FLAME RETARDING EPOXIES WITH PHOSPHORUS Jain P; Choudhary V; Varma I K Indian Institute of Technology A review is presented on the flame retardation of epoxy resins with phosphorus-containing flame retardants or incorporation of phosphorus in the epoxy monomer as hardeners. Types of hardeners covered include phosphorus-containing amines, novolacs, anhydrides, acids and amides. The effect of phosphorus on curing characteristics and the heat stability of the cured resins are discussed and a correlation is established between the limiting oxygen index and anaerobic char residue. Mechanisms of thermal decomposition of the cured epoxy resins and of flame retardation in the presence of phosphorus-containing derivatives are also considered. 118 refs. INDIA

Accession no.860560 Item 79 GPEC 2002: Plastics Impact on the Environment. Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, MI, 13th14th Feb. 2002. Brookfield, CT, SPE, Paper 8, p.81-92, CD-ROM, 012

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RECYCLABILITY OF FLAME RETARDED ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT Landry S D; Dawson R B; Hardy M L; Yamada H Albemarle Corp. (SPE,Environmental Div.) With trends towards better, smaller, and cheaper products in the electrical/electronic industries, end-of-life concerns have become a major issue. Recyclability as well as safety and compliance with regulatory issues are a few of the important factors that are prime concerns in end-of-life management of these products. Proposed European directives regarding waste electrical and electronic equipment and the restriction on the use of certain hazardous substances in their manufacture, will have an important impact on the selection criteria of flame retardants. The contributions that particular flame retardants can make towards helping the industry meet these various ene-of-life demands are addressed. Results from recycling studies, physical property evaluations, and dioxin analysis of UL-94 V-0 rated high impact polystyrene formulations containing several different flame retardants are included. In particular, the potential of UL-94 V-0 rated HIPS formulations based on ethane 1,2 bis(pentabromophenyl), (ETP) and ethylene 1,2 bis(tetrabromophthalamide) (EBTBP) to successfully meet material properties, fire safety standards, regulatory requirements and end-of-life disposable criteria, is discussed. 13 refs. USA

Accession no.859595 Item 80 Polyolefins 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Houston, Tx., 24th-27th Feb. 2002. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, Paper 42, p.329-52, 27cm., 012 OVERVIEW OF FLAME RETARDANT TECHNOLOGY AND ASSOCIATED APPLICATIONS FOR POLYOLEFIN RESINS Glass R D; Luther D Albemarle Corp. (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.; Society of Plastics Engineers) An overview of the technologies, which make use of organic and inorganic flame retardant additives for the development of ignition-resistant polyolefins, is presented. Aspects covered include the modes of action for flame retardancy, types of flame retardants commercially acceptable in polyolefins, current applications of flame retardant technology in polyolefins and test methods available for evaluating the performance of flame retardant polyolefin compositions. USA

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Item 81 Polyolefins 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Houston, Tx., 24th-27th Feb. 2002. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, Paper 27, p.187-94, 27cm., 012 OPTIMIZATION OF MOLDING CONDITIONS FOR NEW INTUMESCENT FLAME RETARDANT Farner R; Munro S; McKeown J Great Lakes Chemical Corp. (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.; Society of Plastics Engineers) The results are reported of an investigation carried out to determine the sensitivity of a new intumescent, nitrogenphosphorus flame retardant, CN 2626 (Reogard 1000), to time and temperature during the injection moulding of polypropylene. The results are also reported of the effect of moulding temperature on the mechanical properties of the PP and changes in the flame retardant during injection moulding, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. It is shown that tensile elongation and DSC are valuable tools for the study and optimisation of processing conditions for this particular formulation and processing machine. USA

Accession no.859168 Item 82 Polyolefins 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Houston, Tx., 24th-27th Feb. 2002. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, Paper 24, p.145-57, 27cm., 012 RECENT ADVANCES IN FLAME RETARDANT COMPOSITIONS Kaprinidis N; Zingg J Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp. (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.; Society of Plastics Engineers) The flame retardant efficacy and UV light stability of systems containing Flamestab NOR 116 and halogenated and non-halogenated flame retardants in moulded PP articles are discussed. The benefits of non-halogenated N-alkoxy hindered amines as flame retardant synergists in moulding compounds are considered and their mechanism of synergism is briefly postulated. 10 refs. SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.859165 Item 83 High Performance Plastics June 2002, p.8 BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS FOUND IN ARCTIC ANIMALS A new study by three environmental chemists in Canada is the first to measure the levels of polybrominated

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diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment. PBDEs are commonly used as fire retardants in plastics, and have been found by the researchers to be accumulating rapidly in animals in the Arctic. Details of the study and its unhappy findings are presented here. CANADA,DEPT.OF FISHERIES & OCEANS; CANADA,INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES; ENVIRONMENT CANADA CANADA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NORTH AMERICA; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.859075 Item 84 Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 33A, No.6, 2002, p.805-17 EFFECT OF INTUMESCENTS ON THE BURNING BEHAVIOUR OF POLYESTERRESIN-CONTAINING COMPOSITES Kandola B K; Horrocks A R; Myler P; Blair D Bolton Institute; Hexcel Composites Cone calorimetric experiments were conducted on a series of composites comprising a combination of glass reinforcing elements, selected intumescents (based on melamine phosphate), the flame retardant Visil viscose fibre and selected unsaturated polyester resins. The results showed that the introduction of the intumescent/Visil could significantly reduce the peak heat release values and, in some cases, the peak smoke intensities evolved by composite samples exposed to 50 kW/sq m heat flux. Furthermore, mass loss rates were reduced and residual chars were increased. There was a clear indication that a novel route had been established to increasing the fire resistant properties of rigid composites. 19 refs. SATERI FIBRES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.858462 Item 85 6th World Pultrusion Conference: A Stronger Profile for the Future. Proceedings of a conference held Prague, 4th-5th April 2002. Leusden, EPTA, 2002, Paper 15, pp.8, 29cm, 012 HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT PULTRUSION PROFILES FOR BUILDING AND PASSENGER TRAINS Knop S; Hoerold S; Sommer M; Schoewe H Clariant GmbH; BYK-Chemie GmbH; Exel (European Pultrusion Technology Assn.) A report is presented of the development, as the result of a joint project between the above companies, of new formulations for flame-retarding pultrusion profiles for use in building and public transport applications. The formulations include aluminium trihydrate and/or

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References and Abstracts

polyphosphates to achieve high flame retardancy with acceptable glass loadings. It is shown that, with selection of suitable fillers and the best additive combinations, several formulations are available to fulfil standards for these applications. The parts are pigmented and exhibit good coverage of the fibres and very good mechanical properties. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.856333 Item 86 Plastics Additives & Compounding 4, No.4, April 2002, p.34-7 NEW RED PHOSPHORUS MASTERBATCHES FIND NEW APPLICATION AREAS IN THERMOPLASTICS Gatti N Italmatch Chemicals SpA The term red phosphorus is used for describing one of the allotropic forms of phosphorus, a largely amorphous inorganic polymer described as a complex threedimensional polymer. Red phosphorus has been known as a highly effective flame retardant in many polymer applications for more than 20 years. Its flame retarding effect reduces the formation of toxic smoke and heat release, preventing the outbreak of large fires even from small ignition sources. Its most important application is in the flame retardancy of glass fibre-reinforced polyamides where its high efficiency at low loadings maintain the good mechanical and electrical properties of the polymer while obtaining the highest flame proofing characteristics. Recent developments in improving the health, safety and environmental aspects of red phosphorus and are described, and some of the new thermoplastic application areas for the flame retardant are outlined. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

flame retardants in compounds from decomposition as early as the processing stage. The findings can easily be implemented by the processor. Compounding prior to injection moulding should be carried out with a soft screw configuration, with the lowest possible melt temperature and a high output rate with low screw speed. The processing recommendations for extrusion differ only with regard to the suitable screw configuration - in this case, sharper screws may also be used. When these processing rules are observed, polyolefins may easily be give excellent fire protection. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.855874 Item 88 Plastics Additives & Compounding 4, No.4, April 2002, p.22-6 COMPOUNDING METAL HYDRATE FLAME RETARDANTS Innes J; Innes A Flame Retardants Associates Inc. Magnesium hydroxide and aluminium trihydroxide flame retardants require much higher loadings than halogenbased flame retardants. Various flame retardant standards and the amount of metal hydrate needed in specific polymer systems are reviewed. In addition, changes in compounding techniques and formulation technology are required to incorporate these flame retardant types into useable products, as well as the use of processing aids and modification of the metal hydrate flame retardant. Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties has launched extensive research programmes to combine magnesia magnesium hydroxide flame retardants into polymers. Some of the results recently produced are presented. 2 refs. MARIETTA M.,MAGNESIA SPECIALTIES INC. USA

Accession no.855873

Accession no.855875 Item 87 Plastics Additives & Compounding 4, No.4, April 2002, p.28/33 COMPOUNDING WITH AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS Schacker O; Wanzke W Clariant GmbH Like other flame retardants, systems based on phosphorus compounds are particularly sensitive to processing conditions and exhibit a limited processing window. The processing properties of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) based flame retardants are described, together with how polymer compounding can be optimised for these additives. The aim of the tests undertaken is to protect

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Item 89 Plastics Additives & Compounding 4, No.4, April 2002, p.6 US FLAME RETARDANT DEMAND TO CONTINUE GROWING A new study by the Freedonia Group predicts that demand for flame retardants in the USA will increase by 3.7%/yr to reach 544 million kg in 2005 - valued at 1.2 billion US dollars. In value terms, growth will increase at 6.2% annually as higher value speciality flame retardants increase their share of the market. The gains will be concentrated in brominated and phosphorus compounds and in more specialised antimony oxide and magnesium hydroxide formulations, while alumina trihydrate (the largest volume product) will record less rapid growth. This will be due to performance limitations that will restrict

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References and Abstracts

its use in plastics. Brominated products will continue to post above-average gains, despite some efforts to restrict their use. Nevertheless, there will be an increased focus on non-halogenated phosphorus products, which work effectively in plastics and are not subject to environmental restrictions. However, chlorinated products will see decelerating growth due to environmental concerns. Brief details are presented. FREEDONIA GROUP INC. USA

Accession no.855862 Item 90 Plastiques & Elastomeres Magazine 53, No.9, Dec.2001, p.12-5 French FLAME PROOFING COMPOSITES WITH ALUMINA TRIHYDRATE Le Lay F; Gutierrez J DCN; Centre d’Etudes des Structures et Materiaux Navals Two types of alumina trihydrate (ATH) of different particle size were evaluated as flame retardants for glass fibre-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites for use in ship construction. Studies were made of the influence of ATH on resin viscosity, curing behaviour, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties and reaction to fire. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.854900 Item 91 Plastiques & Elastomeres Magazine 53, No.9, Dec.2001, p.8-10 French FLAME PROOFING ADDITIVES: MAKING PRODUCTS SAFER Gouin F Consideration is given to types of flame retardants for plastics, their mechanisms of action and polymers and products in which they are used. Developments by a number of companies are reviewed. WORLD

Accession no.854899 Item 92 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 92, No.5, May 2002, p.34-5 POLYPROPYLENE-FLAX COMPOUNDS ... INCLUDING FLAME RETARDANTS Schwartz U; Pflug G; Reinemann S Ostthueringische Materialpruefgesellschaft mbH; TITK e.V The suitability of expandable graphite as a flame retardant in PP/flax composites is examined and the mechanical

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properties of PP/flax composites containing expandable graphite or ammonium polyphosphate, as flame retardants, compared. A potential application of these composites is considered to be vehicle trim and building applications. (Kunststoffe, 92, No.5, 2002, p.93-4) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.854549 Item 93 European Plastics News 29, No.5, May 2002, p.19 FAN THE FLAMES Reade L Proposals from Europe, which could result in the banning of some brominated flame retardants, such as deca- and octa-BDE, are discussed and the reactions of the European Flame Retardants Association and the European Brominated Flame Retardants Industry Panel to such proposals are reported. EUROPEAN COMMISSION; EUROPEAN FLAME RETARDANT ASSN.; EUROPEAN BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANT IND.COMMITTEE EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.853526 Item 94 Fire & Materials 25, No.5, Sept./Oct.2001, p.193-7 FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES OF EVANANOCOMPOSITES AND IMPROVEMENTS BY COMBINATION OF NANOFILLERS WITH ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE Beyer G Kabelwerk Eupen AG Flame retardant nanocomposites are synthesised by meltblending EVA with modified layered silicates (montmorillonites). Thermogravimetric analysis performed under different atmospheres (nitrogen and air) demonstrates a clear increase in the thermal stability of the layered silicate-based nanocomposites. Use of cone calorimetry to investigate the fire properties of the materials indicates that the nanocomposites cause a large decrease in heat release. Char formation is the main factor important for improvement and its function is outlined. Further improvements in flame retardancy by combinations of nanofillers and traditional FR additives on the basis of metal hydroxides are also studied. 15 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852891 Item 95 PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedings of a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.

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References and Abstracts

London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 60, p.590-601, 21cm, 012 EVALUATION OF FLAME RETARDANTS AND SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS FOR RIGID PVC Thomas N L; Harvey R J EVC (UK) Ltd. (Institute of Materials)

The fire retardant performance of a cyclic diphosphonate ester and melamine in PBTP were investigated. The interaction between the fire retardant additives and PBTP was studied by thermal analysis and IR spectroscopy. Synergism between the additives is discussed in terms of chemical interactions between the additives and PBTP. 18 refs.

The fire performance of several inorganic flame retardants in rigid PVC formulations was investigated using cone calorimetry and limited oxygen index testing. Flame retardants evaluated were antimony trioxide, zinc borate, zinc hydroxystannate and ammonium octamolybdate. The influence of the flame retardants on properties of the PVC, including heat stability, colour and impact strength, was also evaluated. Zinc hydroxystannate was found to exhibit the best overall fire retardant and smoke suppressant characteristics and to have no detrimental effects on important physicomechanical properties. The optimum level of zinc hydroxystannate was found to be from 3 to 4 phr. 11 refs.

BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852796 Item 96 PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedings of a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002. London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 59, p.579-89, 21cm, 012 LOW-SMOKE, THERMALLY STABLE, LEADFREE FLEXIBLE PVC COMPOUNDS Ferm D J; Leeuwendal R; Shen K K Rio Tinto Borax (Institute of Materials) The results are reported of studies on PVC formulations, which show that lead-free, heat stable, flexible PVC compounds can be prepared through the proper selection of calcium/zinc stabilisers combined with selected costabilisers, fillers and other additives. The preparation of PVC insulation and sheathing compounds having oxygen index values greater than 30% using a combination of Firebrake ZB zinc borate and a phosphate ester plasticiser is also demonstrated. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852795 Item 97 Journal of Fire Sciences 20, No.1, Jan. 2002, p.71-83 FIRE RETARDANT SYNERGISM BETWEEN CYCLIC DIPHOSPHONATE ESTER AND MELAMINE IN POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE Balabanovich A I; Levchik G F; Levchick S V; Engelmann J Belorussian,State University; BASF AG

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Accession no.851739 Item 98 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 92, No.2, Feb. 2002, p.27-9 THE CRUCIAL QUESTION IN FIRE PROTECTION de Bie F GE Plastics Europe Factors to be taken into account by raw material producers when selecting flame retardants for electrical engineering and electronics applications, including flame retardant effectiveness and environmental and health protection, are considered. Modern solutions to provide effective and environmentally safe flame retardants are discussed and recent developments in flame-retardant, semi-crystalline polymer blends, which are free of red phosphorus, from GE Plastics, are briefly reported. (Kunststoffe, 92, No.2, 2002, p.70-3) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.850992 Item 99 Injection Moulding 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Barcelona, 18th-19th March 2002. Barcelona, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 12, p.167-76, 30cm, 012 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF FLAME RETARDANTS SYSTEMS TO IMPROVE MELT FLOW OF THERMOPLASTICS Wilmer R; Reznick G; Yaakov Y B; Finberg I; Georlette P DSBG Eurobrom BV; Dead Sea Bromine Co. (Rapra Technology Ltd.; ASCAMM) Recent developments in flame retardant systems, which provide high levels of flame retardancy in engineering thermoplastics while retaining the performance levels required for particular applications, are described. The flame retardant systems include poly(pentabromobenzyl)acrylate, high molec.wt. brominated epoxies and brominated trimethylphenyl indan, which acts as a cost effective flame retardant in polyamides and reinforced polyamides. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ISRAEL; NETHERLANDS; SPAIN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.850455

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Item 100 Industrial Focus Jan./Feb.2002, p.95 DSM MELAPUR - THE WORLD LEADER IN MELAMINE BASED FLAME RETARDANTS Grabner R DSM Melapur BV DSM Melapur falls into the performance materials focus within DSM and is part of the newly formed business group ‘Corporate Venturing and New Business Development’. Technology capabilities has led it into melamine chemistry, combined with engineering thermoplastic technology and a vast expertise in fine chemicals technology. The advantage of melamine based flame retardants is linked with the simplified perception of being a halogen-free product. DSM Melapur firmly believes that ‘halogen free’ has more meaning than just the word and the perceptions linked with it. Details of the company’s flame retardant products are noted. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.850177 Item 101 Modern Plastics International 32, No.4, April 2002, p.50 NEW REGULATIONS PUT HEAT ON EUROPEAN FLAME RETARDANTS INDUSTRY Mapleston P Beginning in 2004, the European Union will require electrical and electronic equipment waste containing brominated flame retardants to be collected and recycled separately from other E/E waste. The EU is also banning the use of pentabrominated diphenylether FRs as of July 2003, and decisions are expected on whether “precautionary action” on octa- and deca-BDEs should be implemented. Meanwhile, there is an increasing movement to improve the flame retardancy of European consumer products, notably television sets. Last year, Sony began using a halogen-free, V-0 rated grade of GE Plastics’ Noryl PS/PPO for rear housings and it is considering using V-2-rated materials for front panels. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.849619 Item 102 Polymers & Polymer Composites 10, No.1, 2002, p.33-6 HALOGENATED AND NON-HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVES IN POLYPROPYLENE (PP) HOMOPOLYMER FOR BATTERY APPLICATIONS Rangaprasad R; Rangen K; Vasudeo Y B Reliance Industries Ltd.

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Experimental work is described to develop flame retardant PP using halogenated and halogen-free additives, to meet V0 requirements according to the UL94 standard for the manufacture of injection moulded battery cases, and to study the effects of the flame retardant on the mechanical properties of PP. The batteries investigated are used as back-up units in the telecommunications industries, and use sulphuric acid as the electrolyte. The effect of flame retardant additives on the heat sealing properties is also investigated. INDIA

Accession no.848385 Item 103 International Polymer Science and Technology 29, No.2, 2002, p.T/1-5 FLAME RETARDANT PLASTICS: A GENERAL REVIEW Van Wabeeke L Resinex AG The appropriate type of flame retardant material is determined not only by the required flame resistance standard and the physical dimensions for the particular application, but also by the class of polymers used. In order to differentiate between the material compositions used for flame retardant materials, this article includes a short discussion of the different types of plastics, followed by a brief overview of the different types of flame retardant materials, and their respective active mechanisms used to obtain the required flame resistance standard values. In particular, reference is made to the use of flame retardant masterbatches or substance mixtures in thermoplastics, and the contribution of the Resinex product range. 1 ref. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.7, 2001, pp.460). SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.848369 Item 104 Chemistry of Materials 14, No.1, Jan.2002, p.189-93 FIRE RETARDANT HALOGEN-ANTIMONYCLAY SYNERGISM IN POLYPROPYLENE LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES Zanetti M; Camino G; Canavese D; Morgan A B; Lamelas F J; Wilkie C A Torino,Universita; US,National Inst.of Standards & Technology; Marquette,University The flammability of nanocomposites of PP-graft-maleic anhydride with organically modified clays was studied with and without the presence of both decabromodiphenyl oxide and antimony trioxide fire retardants. The combustion behaviour was evaluated using oxygen consumption cone calorimetry. Synergy was observed between the nanocomposite and the fire retardants, which

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References and Abstracts

did not occur when antimony oxide and the brominated fire retardant were added to the virgin polymer. 28 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.848147 Item 105 Polymer International 51, No.3, March 2002, p.213-22 ZNS AS FIRE RETARDANT IN PLASTICISED PVC Schartel B; Kunze R; Neubert D; Tidjani A Germany,Federal Institute for Materials Research & Testing Plasticised PVC containing different combinations of additives such as 5% ZnS, 5% antimony oxide and 5% of mixtures based on antimony oxide and ZnS was studied. The thermal degradation and the combustion behaviour were studied by TGA coupled with FTIR or with mass spectrometry(MS) and using a cone calorimeter, respectively. Data on the decomposition and release of the pyrolysis products were obtained using both TGAMS and TGA-FTIR. The influence of ZnS, antimony oxide and the corresponding mixtures on the thermal decomposition of plasticised PVC was demonstrated. Synergism was observed for the combination of the two additives. The combustion behaviour (time to ignition, heat release, smoke production, mass loss, CO production) was monitored versus external heat fluxes between 30 and 75 kW/sq m with the cone calorimeter. Addition of 5% ZnS had no significant influence on the fire retardant. Synergism of ZnS and antimony oxide allowed the possibility of replacing half the antimony oxide with ZnS to reach equivalent fire retardancy. 29 refs.

individual polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDEs) congeners in human adipose tissue at the low parts-perbillion level. PBDEs are used extensively as flame retardants in most types of polymers. It is shown that, using narrow-bore capillaries, it is possible to analyse complex mixtures in a short time (up to 10 min), saving 50% or more of the analysis time of conventional columns while maintaining a similar resolution power. 35 refs. BELGIUM; CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.847512 Item 107 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 82, No.2, 10th October 2001, p.276-82 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF DIETHYL N,N’DIETHANOLAMINOMETHYLPHOSPHATE ON FLAME RETARDANCY OF RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAM Xiu-Li Wang; Ke-Ke Yang; Yu-Zhong Wang Sichuan,University Diethyl-N,N-diethanolaminomethylphosphate was shown to react with isocyanate through its hydroxyl group, and hence could be incorporated into rigid polyurethane foam as a chemically bound flame retardant. The presence of the retardant did not affect the structure of the foam. SEM, IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis were used to investigate the chemical and physical changes during the combustion of rigid PU foam (RPUF) incorporating the retardant. The changes were such that the flame retardancy of RPUF were considerably improved.15 refs CHINA

Accession no.846551

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.847565 Item 106 Analytical Chemistry 74, No.4, 15th Feb.2002, p.790-8 DETERMINATION OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE BY LARGE-VOLUME INJECTION-NARROW-BORE CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/ ELECTRON IMPACT LOW-RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY Covaci A; de Boer J; Ryan J J; Voorspoels S; Schepens P Antwerp,University; Netherlands,Institute for Fisheries Research; Health Canada A report is presented on the use of large-volume (up to 20 microL) injection combined with narrow-bore capillary column gas chromatography and electron impact lowresolution mass spectrometry for the determination of

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Item 108 Polyurethanes Expo 2001. Creating Opportunity through Innovation. Proceedings of a conference held Columbus, Oh., 30th. Sept. - 3rd. Oct. 2001.. Arlington, Va., Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry, 2001, Paper 88, p.623-6 INFLUENCE OF EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE ON THE PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF FLAME RETARDED PIR-PUR FOAMS Modesti M; Lorenzetti A; Simioni F; Gilbert M Padova,Universita; Graph-Tech Inc. (American Plastics Council; Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry) A study is carried out on rigid polyisocyanuratepolyurethane foams to investigate the influence of flame retardant additives on the foam’s physical and mechanical properties. PIR-PUR foams were synthesised with expandable graphite as the flame retardant halogen-free additive. In order to study possible synergistic effects, mixtures of expandable graphite and triethylphosphate

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were used to make a fire retardant pentane-blown PIR/ PUR foam with a constant NCO index equal to 250. Properties such as compression strength and thermal conductivity were tested and in order to evaluate fire performance, the foams were studied using cone calorimeter analysis and the oxygen index test. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.846336 Item 109 Plastics Additives & Compounding 4, No.2, Feb. 2002, p.8 GREAT LAKES ENHANCES FLAME RETARDANT OFFERING

Item 111 Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, Paper 15, p.127-37, 24 cm, 012 PA-6,6 FORMULATIONS USING MELAMINE POLYPHOSPHATE AS FR AGENT FOR ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS. INFLUENCE OF GLASS FIBRES Dabrowski F; Le Bras M; Delobel R; Le Maguer D; Bardollet P; Aymami J ENSC; Centre Regional d’Essais pour l’Ignifugation des Materiaux; Schneider Electric (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) The fire performance of polyamide-6,6 formulations containing melamine polyphosphate, as flame retardant, was investigated using various methods, including limiting oxygen index measurements, UL-94 tests and cone calorimetry. The effects of short glass fibres, as filler, on fire behaviour were evaluated and the reactivity between the fibres and the flame retardant assessed using electron probe microanalysis and Aluminium 27 solidstate NMR spectroscopy. 22 refs.

Great Lakes Chemical Corp. has launched a number of new flame retardants. These include a phosphorus nitrogen-based intumescent flame retardant, called Reogard 1000, for PP, a non-scorch, phosphorus-bromine flame retardant, designated Firemaster 550, for flexible polyether and polyester PU foams and a halogen-free, phosphate ester flame retardant, called Reofos NHP, for PU foams. GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

USA

Accession no.845168

Accession no.845229 Item 110 Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, Paper 27, p.259-66, 24 cm, 012 WASTE MANAGEMENT OF PLASTICS CONTAINING BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS Tange L; Drohmann D DSBG Eurobrom; Great Lakes Chemical (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) Data from a number of studies carried out on plastics containing brominated flame retardants, which reveal that these plastics are compatible with an integrated waste management concept, are presented. Recyclates from mechanically recycled plastics containing brominated flame retardants are shown to comply with strict polybrominated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran limit values when handled properly. Combustion studies have demonstrated that brominated flame retardant containing plastics can be safely added to municipal solid waste to generate environmentally safe energy upon incineration. Finally, it has been shown that bromine recovery from plastic waste obtained from electrical and electronic equipment os technically, economically and ecologically feasible. 19 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

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Item 112 Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, Paper 13, p.113-7, 24 cm, 012 HALOGEN FREE FLAME RETARDANT POLYOLEFINS TECHNOLOGY: STUDIES ON VARIOUS SYNERGISTIC SYSTEMS BASED ON APP Futterer T; Naegerl H-D; Goetzmann K; Mans V; Tortosa E Chemische Fabrik Budenheim; Budenheim Iberica (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) The mode of fire-retardant action of ammonium polyphosphates is outlined and the development of new grades of ammonium polyphosphate with lower particle sizes or with modified surfaces achieved using coating technology is discussed. Finally, examples are presented, which illustrate the effectiveness of Budit 3127 and Budit 3076 DCD ammonium polyphosphate-based intumescent systems as flame retardants in PE and polypropylene. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; SPAIN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845166 Item 113 Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, Paper 12, p.107-12, 24 cm, 012

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References and Abstracts

ANTIMONY FREE FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS CONTAINING FLAMESTAB NOR 116 FOR POLYPROPYLENE MOULDING Kaprinidis N; Shields P; Leslie G Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp. (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) The efficacy and advantages of Flamestab NOR 116, a non-halogenated hindered amine, as a flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated and nonhalogenated flame retardants in thick section PP substrates are discussed. It is shown that it is possible to achieve VO and V-2 UL ratings with the above combinations of flame retardants and to design flame retardant PP compositions free of antimony trioxide and with lower levels of halogenated or non-halogenated flame retardants. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845165 Item 114 Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, Paper 11, p.95-106, 24 cm, 012 NEW APPLICATION DEVELOPMENTS IN HALOGEN FREE FLAME RETARDANT POLYOLEFINS AND POLYAMIDE ENGINEERING PLASTICS USING FIREBRAKE ZINC BORATES Leeuwendal R; Shen K; Ferm D Rio Tinto Borax (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) The technology of halogen-free flame retardant metal hydrates and material formulation are outlined and the thermal characteristics of Firebrake zinc borate flame retardants are briefly described. The combination of these zinc borates with metal hydrates is examined and examples, which highlight how to use different modes of interaction of the zinc borates with other flame retardants to produce flame resistant polyolefins and polyamides. 2 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845164 Item 115 Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, Paper 10, p.89-94, 24 cm, 012 CREATING VALUE THROUGH FLAME RETARDANTS - THE ROLE OF MELAMINE BASED FR’S Grabner R DSM Melapur BV

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(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) The advantages, applications and potential of DSM Melapur’s melamine-based flame retardants are discussed, the products available are identified and the suitability of Melapur 200 for glass fibre-reinforced polyamides is demonstrated. The development of a new grade, Melapur MC XL, for halogen-free polyamide is also reported. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845163 Item 116 Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, Paper 9, p.83-8, 24 cm, 012 ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY TIN-BASED FIRE RETARDANTS Cusack P; Cross M; Hornsby P Tin Technology Ltd.; Brunel University (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) Recent developments in more cost-effective tin-based fire retardants, including ultrafine zinc hydroxystannate and zinc stannate powders, fillers, such as alumina trihydrate or magnesium hydroxide, coated with these fire retardants and halogen-free compositions, are described. The fireretardant mechanism of tin-based fire retardants is also briefly considered. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845162 Item 117 Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, Paper 75, p.75-82, 24 cm, 012 SUSTAINABLE FIRE SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT De Schryver D; DeSoto T; Dawson R; Landry S D; Herbiet R Albemarle Europe sprl (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) The performance and sustainability of flame-retardant, high impact PS, which is used in a variety of electrical and electronic applications, including televisions and business equipment, are examined. These resins contain, as flame retardants, ethane 1,2 bis (pentabromophenyl) (Saytex 8010) and ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide) (Saytex BT-93). Other flame retardants for high-impact PS and polycarbonate/ABS and some new flame retardants for engineering thermoplastics and polyamides are also described. 5 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

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References and Abstracts

Item 118 Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, Paper 7, p.63-74, 24 cm, 012 PHOSPHORUS CONTAINING FLAME RETARDANTS - COMPOUNDING AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES Nass B; Schacker O; Schlosser E; Wanzke W Clariant GmbH (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) The processing properties of several phosphorus-based flame retardants are described and the ways in which these flame retardants should be compounded to avoid typical deficiences, mainly as a result of partial decomposition, are demonstrated. Phosphorus-based flame retardants considered include ammonium polyphosphate based intumescent systems, red phosphorus and a new class of flame retardants, organic phosphinates, for engineering thermoplastics, particularly polyamides and polyesters. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845160 Item 119 Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, Paper 6, p.57-62, 24 cm, 012 NEW FEATURES OF EG BASED FIRE RETARDANTS Wenne N INCA AB (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) The features of environmentally friendly, expandable graphite-based fire retardants are described and the product portfolio of INCA AB is outlined. The results of a computer simulation, which illustrate how expandable graphite improves the fire safety in the interior of a vehicle, are also presented. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845159 Item 120 ENDS Report No.325, Feb 2002, p.50-1 BAN RECOMMENDED ON TWO MORE BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS A brief report is presented on recommendations being made by EU technical experts to place precautionary restrictions on the marketing and use of octa- and decabrominated diphenyl ethers to protect the environment. The action has been recommended because it is feared

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that these products are bioaccumulating in wildlife and there is also concern that they may degrade to form persistent and bioaccumulative breakdown products. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.845142 Item 121 Polymer Degradation and Stability 74, No.3, 2001, p.475-9 INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FLAME RETARDANTS ON FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF MODIFIED PIR/PUR POLYMERS Modesti M; Lorenzetti A; Simioni F; Checchin M Padova,Universita; Enichem SpA Amide modified polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams filled with either ammonium polyphosphate or ammonium polyphosphate and melamine cyanurate flame retardants were prepared and analysed using a cone calorimeter to evaluate the possibility of improving their fire behaviour. It was found that although the presence of the filler caused slight worsening of the physical and mechanical properties, the fire behaviour of the flame retarded foams is better than for unfilled foams. The results showed that an increasing amount of filler causes slight worsening of physical and mechanical properties. The presence of melamine causes a rapid decrease of rate of heat release and rate of weight loss and greatly improves the fire behaviour of the foams. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.844104 Item 122 Polymer Degradation and Stability 74, No.3, 2001, p.441-7 FLAME RETARDING POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) WITH PHOSPHORUSCONTAINING COMPOUNDS: COMPARISON OF AN ADDITIVE WITH A REACTIVE APPROACH Price D; Pyrah K; Hull T R; Milnes G J; Ebdon J R; Hunt B J; Joseph P; Konkel C S Salford,University; Sheffield,University Phosphorus may be incorporated into PMMA in order to reduce flammability. A comparison of the flame retardance and thermal stability has been carried out between methyl methacrylate copolymer reactively modified by copolymerisation of the MMA with diethyl(methacryloxymethyl) phosphonate (DEMMP) and PMMA containing equivalent amounts of the additive diethyl ethyl phosphonate (DEEP). DEEP has a similar structure to DEMMP and it might be expected that the two compounds confer about the same levels of flame retardance to PMMA when used at similar concentrations. Incorporating 3.5 wt percent of phosphorous in both cases raises the LOI of PMMA from 17.2 to over 22. Cone

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References and Abstracts

calorimetry shows MMA/DEMMP copolymer to be more flame retardant than PMMA containing DEEP. The MMA/ DEMMP copolymer is also more thermally stable, and the copolymer has physical and mechanical properties similar to those of PMMA, whereas DEEP plasticises PMMA, resulting in reduced glass transition temperature. 30 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.844100 Item 123 European Chemical News 76, No.1990, 28th Jan.-3rd Feb.2002, p.21 ISSUE OF SAFETY Winder R At the K2001 event in Dusseldorf, in October 2001, the vice president for technology, marketing and advocacy for flame retardants at Great Lakes Chemical, said that scientific data and heightened public safety fears would drive strong growth in the flame retardant additives sector over the next five years. She said that when politics drives the debate over additives, the discussion often boils down to the call for a ban on all fire retardant chemicals, starting with halogenated compounds currently in high use. The political position is at odds with trends in the marketplace, recent scientific findings and the resulting adjustments in official attitudes. The conclusions are different when science drives the issue: a global trend appears to be under way that is using science to confirm that products containing flame retardant additives can save lives and property. Although the system for collecting and reporting fire data in Europe is poor, the member states of the European Union report that about 80,000 people are seriously injured in European fires each year, 75% of whom are hurt in their homes. Details are given. GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.; SWEDEN,NATIONAL TESTING & RESEARCH INSTITUTE; US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.843692 Item 124 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 82, No.13, 20th Dec.2001, p.3262-74 MECHANISM OF FIRE RETARDANCY OF POLYURETHANES USING AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE Duquesne S; Bras M L; Bourbigot S; Delobel R; Camino G; Eling B; Lindsay C; Toels T; Vezin H ENSCL; Torino,Universita; ICI Polyurethanes; USTL The mechanism of the fire retardancy of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in PU is studied. According to the limiting oxygen index test, the efficiency of APP in PU coating is proven. On the one hand, thermogravimetric

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analyses shows that the addition of APP to PU accelerates the decomposition of the matrix but leads to an increase in the amount of high-temperature residue, under an oxidative or inert atmosphere. This stabilised residue acts as a protective thermal barrier during the intumescencefire retardancy process. On the other, spectroscopic analysis of the charring materials using IR spectroscopy, MAS NMR of the solid state and ESR enables better understanding of the carbonisation process and, consequently, of the intumescence phenomenon. It is shown that the char resulting from PU consists of an aromatic carbonaceous structure which condenses and oxidises at high temperature. In the presence of APP, a reaction between the additive and the polymer occurs, which leads to the formation of a phosphocarbonaceous polyaromatic structure. Moreover, this char is strongly paramagnetic. The presence of large radical species, such as a polyaromatic macromolecule trapping free radicals, is demonstrated. Both of these characteristics help to explain the fire retardant performance of PU/APP. 36 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.842149 Item 125 Macplas International Dec. 2001, p.20/1 FLAME RETARDANTS Extracts are provided from a report by Frost & Sullivan, which asserts that new fire safety standards and environmental regulations will herald a period of growth for flame retardants and affect a diverse range of industries. FROST & SULLIVAN USA

Accession no.841786 Item 126 London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, pp.xii,273, 24cm, 012 FLAME RETARDANTS 2002. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE HELD LONDON, 5TH-6TH FEB. 2002 APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn. (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.) Twenty-seven papers are presented following the tenth conference in the ‘Flame Retardant’ series. The conference concentrates on the practical appliactions of flame retardants and polymers, exchanging ideas on what is needed and what is possible and practicable in the control of fire in polymeric materials. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.841688

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References and Abstracts

Item 127 Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia 11, No.3, July/Sept. 2001, p.116-20 UTILIZATION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE PRODUCED BY MAGNESIA HYDRATION AS FIRE RETARDANT FOR NYLON 6-6,6 Rocha S D F; Ciminelli V S T Minas Gerais,Universidade Federal The present work investigates the use of magnesium hydroxide, produced by magnesia hydration, as a fire retardant in polymers. The hydration was carried out in an autoclave, at temperature of 130 deg.C, for 1 hour, and the product was further submitted to cominution in a jet mill. The solids were characterised with regard to their chemical composition, particle size distribution, surface area and morphology. The performance evaluation of the hydroxide as a flame retardant for a copolymer of nylon 6-6,6 was carried out according to the UL94 specifications for vertical burning tests. V-0 flammability rating at 1.6 mm (60% magnesium hydroxide-filled nylon composite) and at 3.2 mm (40% magnesium hydroxide filled nylon composite) were achieved. Mechanical properties were maintained at the desired values. These results indicate that the hydroxide obtained from magnesia hydration can be successfully employed as a fire retardant for nylon 66,6. 14 refs. BRAZIL

Accession no.840547 Item 128 Chemical Week 163, No.45, 12th Dec. 2001, p.23-6 NANOTECHNOLOGY. THE START OF SOMETHING BIG Fairley P The impact of nanotechnology on the chemical industry is discussed and recent trends and advances in nanomaterials, the market for nanomaterials and the activities of companies involved in the production of nanotechnology products are described. Statistics on the sales of nanotechnology products from 2002 to 2012 are included. USA

Accession no.839340 Item 129 Polymer Degradation and Stability 74, No.2, 2001, p.255-61 SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF SILICOTUNGISTIC ACID ON INTUMESCENT FLAME-RETARDANT POLYPROPYLENE Qiang Wu; Baojun Qu China,University of Science & Technology The synergistic effects of silicotungistic acid(SiW12) as a catalyst in PP flame-retarded by the intumescent flame

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retardant(IFR) based on the NP28 phosphorus-nitrogen compound were studied using the limiting oxygen index(LOI), the UL-94 test, TGA, real-time FTIR, laser Raman spectroscopy(LRS) and SEM. The LOI data showed that SiW12 added to PP/IFR had a synergistic flame retardant effect with NP28. The TGA data showed that SiW12 increased the thermal stability of the PP/IFR systems at temps. above 500C. The FTIR results provided positive evidence that IFR could improve the thermal stability of PP and SiW12 and could efficiently promote the formation of charred layers with phosphocarbonaceous structures. The LRS measurements provided useful information on the carbonaceous microstructures. The morphological structures observed by SEM demonstrated that SiW12 could promote formation of compact intumescent charred layers. 15 refs. CHINA

Accession no.838279 Item 130 Speciality Chemicals 21, No.9, Nov.2001, p.24-5 TECHNOLOGIES GROW FLAME RETARDANTS MARKET Rosen M R Interactive Consulting Inc. A significant reduction in the risk of fire-related deaths and injuries is expected from the development of new performance standards for upholstered furniture. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission has been conducting extractability and migration studies in order to evaluate potential health risks from flame retardant fabric treatments. For synthetic fabrics, two brominated flame retardant treatments are most likely: decabromodiphenyl oxide and hexabromocyclododecane. Albemarle is collaborating with US Borax in a joint development agreement focused on new borate-related flame retardant technologies. Nanocomposites also represent an encouraging class of emerging flame retardants. USA

Accession no.837824 Item 131 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 91, No.11, Nov. 2001, p.37-9 FLAME-RETARDANT CURING Lengsfeld H; Altstadt V; Sprenger S; Utz R Bayreuth,University; Schill & Seilacher Struktol AG Recent developments in flame retardants for epoxy resins, which combine phosphorus flame retardants with curing agent and toughness modifier and permit the reactivity of the resin and its subsequent properties (Tg, fire-smoke toxicity properties and toughness) to be adapted, as required, are reported. The properties, recyclability and toxicity of epoxy resins containing these combination

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References and Abstracts

compounds are discussed. (Kunststoffe, 91, No.11, 2001, p.94-7) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.837221 Item 132 ADDCON WORLD 2001. Conference Proceedings. Berlin, 8th-9th Oct. 2001, Paper 14, pp.27, 012 NEW PROPRIETARY FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS MEET PLASTICS MARKET REQUIREMENTS Litzenburger A Eurobrom BV (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The properties and conditions of use of tris(tribromophenyl) cyanurate and its competitive edge versus several other brominated flame retardants are reviewed. The properties and applications of tris(tribromoneopentyl phosphate) in PP and its competitive edge versus other flame retardants are also considered and the features of Sb2O3-free Safron 5201 in polyamide applications and Safron 5261 in PS applications are described. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.837156 Item 133 ADDCON WORLD 2001. Conference Proceedings. Berlin, 8th-9th Oct. 2001, Paper 12, pp.17, 012 FLAME RETARDANTS FOR SUSTAINABLE FIRE SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT DeSoto T; Dawson R; Landry S D Albemarle Corp. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The performance and sustainability of two flame retardants (ethane 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl) and ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide)) in high-impact PS used in televisions and business electronics, and PBTP used in electrical applications, such as connectors, are examined. Various other issues, including toxicology and environmental issues and fire safety, are also addressed. 13 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.837154 Item 134 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 91, No.10, Oct. 2001, p.68-71 INNOVATIONS IN FLAME RETARDANTS Borms R; Georlette P Eurobrom BV; Dead Sea Bromine Group

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Recent developments in bromine flame retardants by the Dead Sea Bromine Group are reported and brief information is provided on a new PR-5000 flame retardant series, which is intended to provide the market with tailormade fire safety solutions for particularly demanding applications. The chemical structure, properties and applications of the bromine flame retardants are listed together with the properties of flame retarded ABS and 30% glass-reinforced flame retarded polyamide-6. (Kunststoffe, 91, 10, 2001, p.195-200) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ISRAEL; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.834985 Item 135 International Polymer Science and Technology 28, No.9, 2001, p.T/47 FIRE RETARDANTS FOR THE POLYMER INDUSTRY Zaikov G E; Artsis M I Russian Academy of Sciences A brief review is presented of papers read at the one day symposium on ‘Fire Retardants in the Polymer Industry’, organised by the Polymer Group of Belgium and the Department of Polymers of the Royal Chemical Society of Belgium. Papers covered ecologically clean fire retardants, problems of coke formation; the use of blends and composite materials to provide inherently flame retardant materials; the use of cone calorimeters for testing; and the synthesis, properties and application of bromine-containing fireproofing agents. RUSSIA

Accession no.831542 Item 136 Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology 17, No.2, 2001, p.127-48 POLYMER COMBUSTION PROCESSES. III. FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYMERIC MATERIALS Boryniec S; Przygocki W Lodz,Institute of Chemical Fibres; Lodz,Polytechnic A review is presented of the literature on flame retardants for polymeric materials. Topics covered include economic importance of flame retardants, the phenomenon of combustion of polymers, retardation of combustion, agents retarding the combustion of polymers (metal hydroxides, organic halogen compounds, phosphorus compounds) and the phenomenon of synergism (antimony trioxide, synergism in a nitrogen/phosphorus system, synergism in a phosphorus/halogen system). 111 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.829501

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Item 137 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 403 INFLUENCE OF RED PHOSPHOROUS UPON THE FLAME PROPERTIES AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBER REINFORCED NYLON-66 Wern-Shiarng Jou; Kan-Nan Chen; Lin T Y; Jen-Taut Yeh Taiwan,National Kaohsiung University of Applied Science; Tamkang,University; Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology (SPE) The influence of red phosphorus additions on the flammability and electrical properties of glass fibrereinforced polyamide-66 (containing 23% and 33% glass fibre) was investigated. Flammability was evaluated by determining the limiting oxygen and limiting nitrous oxide indices. Dry arc resistance and dielectric strength were measured. The flame resistance increased, whilst the arc resistance and dielectric strength decreased with increasing red phosphorus content. The higher fibre glass content materials exhibited better flame resistance and dielectric strength, but reduced arc resistance. 15 refs. TAIWAN

Accession no.827030 Item 138 European Chemical News 75, No.1973, 17th-23rd Sept.2001, p.34 EU RULES BEFORE RISK RESULTS In an unprecedented step, the European Parliament has voted to ban two chemicals for which risk assessments are still pending. The chemicals, octabromodiphenylether and decabromodiphenyl ether, were lumped together with penta-BDE during a debate on the EC’s proposed ban on that chemical, which is based on a completed risk assessment. All three chemicals are used as flame retardants. Parliamentarians backed the call to extend a ban on penta-BDE to octa-BDE, which is used in office equipment and domestic electrical appliances, by mid2003. It is claimed that initial results of the ongoing risk assessments already indicate that the chemical is an environmental and public health hazard. MEPs have set a 2006 deadline for banning deca-BDE, adding that the ban should not come into force if the final results of the risk assessment show that deca-BDE is harmless. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.826807 Item 139 SAMPE Journal 37, No.4, July/Aug.2001, p.59-63 FIRE RETARDANT COMPOSITES FOR NAVAL APPLICATIONS: THE USE OF ALUMINA

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TRIHYDRATE(ATH) Le Lay F; Gutierrez J Centre d’Etudes des Structures et Materiaux Navals The use of alumina trihydrate(ATH) as a flame retardant in a standard polyester resin/glass fibre composite for naval applications was studied. Two types of ATH were tested, differing only in their particle size, at the same concentration (60 pph). Several aspects were studied, including production processing, mechanical properties (static and dynamic tests, fatigue) and fire reaction (cone calorimeter tests at 25, 50 and 75 kW/sq m). The properties of the polyester composites with ATH were compared with those of a standard polyester material. It was shown that the use of ATH slightly decreased the mechanical properties of the polyester composite, but significantly improved its fire behaviour. The ATH particle size had no effect on the mechanical behaviour of the materials, but affected the production process and the fire behaviour, especially at high irradiation levels. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.825222 Item 140 SAMPE Journal 37, No.4, July/Aug.2001, p.30-7 NEW FORMULATIONS FOR FLAME RETARDANT HALOGEN-FREE PULTRUSION PROFILES Sommer M; Schowe H; Hoerold S BYK-Chemie; Menzolit-Fibron; Clariant Effective fire protection without halogens and without antimony is a challenge for the pultrusion process that usually allows only limited filler loads due to the high amount of glass fibres that are incorporated. New formulations were developed using aluminium trihydrate and/or polyphosphates to achieve high flame-retardancy with acceptable glass loadings. By selection of the right fillers and the best additive combinations, several formulations were produced and successfully fire tested to fulfil standards for building and construction as well as for public transport applications. The parts were pigmented and exhibited good coverage of the fibres and very good mechanical properties. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.825218 Item 141 Progress in Organic Coatings 42, Nos.1-2, June 2001, p.82-8 ZINC BORATES AS FLAME-RETARDANT PIGMENTS IN CHLORINE-CONTAINING COATINGS Giudice C A; Benitez J C CONICET; Argentina,National Technical University

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References and Abstracts

The effect of substitution of zinc borates of two different formulae for antimony trioxide on the performance of chlorinated alkyd resin flame-retardant coatings was studied. Experimental coatings were manufactured on a laboratory scale, applied by brush on wood panels and finally tested in a limiting oxygen chamber, in a flame cabinet (intermittent bunsen burner rating) and in a twofoot flame tunnel (flame spread index, panel consumption, after-flaming and after-glow). The results of laboratory tests indicated that, in coatings with a chlorine-containing resin used as the film-forming material, zinc borates could act as a flame retardant. 12 refs. ARGENTINA

Accession no.825175 Item 142 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals: Section A Vol.353, 2000, p.203-210 THE EFFECT OF NANOMETALS ON THE FLAMMABILITY AND THERMOOXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF POLYMER MATERIALS Antonov A; Yablokova M; Costa L; Balabanovich A; Levchik G; Levchik S Moscow,Institute for Synthetic Polymeric Materials; Torino,Universita; Belorussian,State University Studies showed that finely dispersed metals (nanometals) at low addition (less than or equal to 1% wt.) increase flammability of neat polypropylene despite strong improvement of char yield. Flammability of neat epoxy resins is not significantly affected by nanometals. However, nanometals were shown to be very efficient coadditives in combination with some phosphorus containing fire retardants in both polypropylene (thermoplastic) and epoxy resin (thermoset). At a specific content of the metals, a sharp maximum was identified relating to the dependence of oxygen index on concentration of fire retardant additives. This proves the occurrence of a strong synergistic effect. In order to characterise the solid residues and to determine the mode of fire retardant action of the nanometals thermal analysis was used. 0 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.824168 Item 143 UTECH 2000. Proceedings of a conference held The Hague, Netherlands, 28th-30th March 2000. London, 2000, Automotive Developments Session, Paper 13, pp.3, 012 EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE. NEW DEVELOPMENTS FOR POLYURETHANE SYSTEMS Postel W; Schilling B Nordmann Rassmann GmbH & Co. (Crain Communications Ltd.; European Isocyanate Producers’ Association)

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The manufacture and properties of expandable graphite (Nord-Min) for use as a halogen-free fire barrier additive in PU are briefly described. The basic conditions necessary for the use of expandable graphite are outlined and some end-use applications, including vehicle trim and sealants, are indicated. Synergism between expandable graphite and other flame retardants is briefly discussed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.823967 Item 144 Polymer Degradation and Stability 73, No.1, 2001, p.29-31 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/GRAPHITE OXIDE INTERCALATED COMPOSITES Jiayan Xu; Yuan Hu; Qingan Wang; Weicheng Fan; Guangxuan Liao; Zuyao Chen Heifei,University of Science & Technology The thermal properties of polyvinyl alcohol/graphite oxide hybrid composites were investigated as potentially flame retardant materials. Intercalated nanocomposites were synthesised and characterised by X-ray diffraction. Samples were exposed to 5 C/min and 10 C/min heating rates under nitrogen atmosphere and analysed using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric techniques. It was found that increasing graphite oxide content in the polyvinyl alcohol modified the glass transmission temperature and greatly improved the thermal stability. Full details of the synthesis and analytical techniques are given and the results discussed. 8 refs. CHINA

Accession no.823936 Item 145 Adhasion Kleben & Dichten 42, No.9, 1998, p.33-6 German HALOGEN-FREE AND DIFFICULT TO IGNITE Sprenger S; Utz R Schill & Seilacher GmbH Adhesives are being used increasingly in new applications. Quite a few products containing adhesives have to meet different fire safety regulations. At the same time, toxicological consequences from fires are being scrutinised more carefully as well as the harmlessness of flame-retardants. By using the example of an epoxy adhesive, this article shows that halogen-free, flameretardant adhesives can be formulated based on reactive organophosphorous compounds. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

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Item 146 Chemical Marketing Reporter 260, No.3, 16th July 2001, p.16-7 FLAME RETARDANT MARKET IN A DOWNWARD TREND Lerner I The flame retardants market is suffering from the double whammy of the economic downturn coupled with high energy and raw material costs, as volumes, pricing and margins are off year-over-year. Brominated FRs are heavily used in the electrical/electronics industry, so the economic downturn in the purchasing of computers and telecommunications equipment has led to a reduction in demand for brominated FR. Great Lakes is the world’s largest producer of FR and Albemarle is number two. Both companies report that Q1 income and sales are down from the year-ago period. SRI projects North American consumption of FR for plastics, which totalled 771 million pounds in 1999, to grow at an average of 5%/year to 980 million pounds in 2004. Great Lakes claims FR is a business that has very good long-term fundamentals as more and more of the plastics made become flame retardant. WORLD

Accession no.823278 Item 147 ENHANCING POLYMERS USING ADDITIVES AND MODIFIERS II. Proceedings of a conference held Shawbury, UK, 14th November 1996. Shawbury, 1996, paper 5, p.1-6. 012 NEW FLAME RETARDANTS Smith R Eurobrom BV (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The features of FR 1025M (pentabromobenzyl acrylate) flame retardant, which is produced by the Dead Sea Bromine Group, are briefly described and the use of this reactive brominated monomer as a flame retardant in polycarbonate, nylon 6 and PE and in other applications, is discussed. Formulations of these thermoplastics/flame retardant combinations and properties of the compositions are tabulated. DEAD SEA BROMINE GROUP EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.823004 Item 148 FIRE HAZARDS, TESTING, MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. Proceedings of a conference held Shawbury, UK, 13th March 1997. Shawbury, 1997, paper 9, p.1-6, 012 ROLE OF FLAME RETARDANTS IN REDUCING FIRE HAZARDS Buszard D L

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FMC (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The role of flame retardants in the fire process is examined in detail in order to demonstrate how they contribute to fire safety and to reveal the misconceptions contained within three attitudes, which appear to question the benefits of flame retardants. Consideration is given to flame retardants in the ignition and growth phases and the relationship between flame retardants, health and the environment. A fire safety triangle is also illustrated. 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.822909 Item 149 Speciality Chemicals 21, No.3, April 2001, p.16-8 POLYBROMINATED STYRENES FOR FLAME RETARDANTS This detailed article describes the technology used at Great Lakes Chemical Corp. (in Indiana, USA) to produce brominated styrene polymers for flame retardants. Section headings include: products developed with the technology, higher molecular weight technology, thermal stability tests, improving compatibility, colour co-ordination, and flexible technology. GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP. ASIA; CHINA; JAPAN; USA

Accession no.822188 Item 150 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80, No.8, 23rd May 2001, p.1181-9 EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE SYSTEMS FOR HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDING OF POLYOLEFINS. I. FLAMMABILITY CHARACTERIZATION AND SYNERGISTIC EFFECT Xie R; Qu B China,University of Science & Technology The intumescent characteristics of some types of graphite were evaluated as flame retardant additives for polyolefins, using a cone calorimeter, gravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index and the UL-94 test. Physical and electrical properties of composites were also examined. Polyolefins examined were low density polyethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. The synergistic effects of expandable graphite with other nonhalogen fire retardants are discussed in detail. 10 refs. CHINA

Accession no.821532 Item 151 Polymer Science Series B 43, Nos. 3-4,March/April 2001, p.105-8

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References and Abstracts

TRANSFORMATIONS OF ANTIMONYHALOGEN- AND NITROGEN-PHOSPHORUSBASED FLAME RETARDANTS IN POLYOLEFINS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE Bogdanova V V Belorussian,State University Degradation products from both antimony-halogen based and nitrogen-phosphorus based flame retardants were studied using X-ray diffraction and atomic emission analysis. Evidence of the retardation mechanisms in use against combustion was obtained for each system and in each case emission of volatile combustion inhibitors at the degradation temperature of the polymer matrix was the critical factor. 11 refs BELARUS; BELORUSSIA

Accession no.818458

examined, with a discussion of the use of materials by the resin suppliers, compounders and converters. Enduse markets are discussed, with particular reference to automotive and other transportation, electrical/electronic equipment and cables, and building and construction. Also included is an overview of legislation affecting the industry and the use of flame retardants. Names and addresses of additives suppliers are also included. WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.817337 Item 154 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 91, No.4, April 2001, p.13-4 LOW-VOLATILITY OR SOLID? Rose R; Buszard D; Jacobs P Great Lakes Chemical Corp.

Item 152 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 81, No.1, 5th July 2001, p.206-14 COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF HALOGEN-FREE FLAME-RETARDED POLYETHYLENE CONTAINING MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE AND SOME SYNERGISTS Zhengzhou Wang; Baojun Qu; Weigheng Fan; Ping Huang China,University of Science & Technology

Trends in flame retarding flexible polyurethane foam in automotive interiors and in furniture are discussed, with reference to developments in flame retardants, and the substitution of traditional halogenated products, with nonhalogen, thermally stable and low volatility products. In particular, the use of Firemaster BZ-54 from Great Lakes is discussed, and its performance with reference to fogging and scorch in automotive foam interiors. 1 ref. (Article translated from Kunststoffe 91 (2001) 4, p.38-40)

Halogen-free flame retarded LLDPE materials were prepared using magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant combined with red phosphorus and expandable graphite as synergists. The total filler content was limited to less than 50% by weight to avoid detrimental effects on the mechanical properties of the filled LLDPE. The result of studies of the effects of the additives on the combustion behaviour of the filled LLDPE showed that red phosphorus and expandable graphite were good synergists for improving the flame retardancy of LLDPE/magnesium hydroxide formulations. Also, adding suitable amounts of EVAC to the formulation increased the limiting oxygen index while promoting char formation and showing almost no effect on the heat release rate and specific extinction area values. 29 refs.

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CHINA

Accession no.817665 Item 153 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1995, pp.151. 30 cms., 21/6/01. Rapra Industry Analysis Series FIRE - ADDITIVES AND MATERIALS Dufton P W Rapra Technology Ltd.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 155 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80, No.14, 28th June 2001, p.2718-28 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLAME RETARDANT FILLED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES Tai C M; Li K Y Hong Kong,City University Polypropylene, containing a mixture of brominated phosphate ester and antimony trioxide or magnesium hydroxide (MH) as flame retardants, was characterised by measurement of tensile properties, impact properties, and limiting oxygen index (LOI). The brominated system (BR) was a more effective flame retardant, an addition of 30 wt% giving the same LOI as 60 wt% MH. The tensile strength of the MH-containing composites was higher than that of the BR-containing composites, attributed to stronger interfacial bonding, whereas the latter exhibited higher fracture toughness, attributed to energy absorption by filler-matrix debonding and matrix cracking. 19 refs. HONG KONG

Accession no.813711

The report begins with a discussion of the different families of flame retardant materials and their major uses, followed by details of product development and general applications. The supply chain for flame retardants is

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References and Abstracts

Item 156 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 80, No.529, July 2000, p.47-55 Spanish FLAME RETARDANTS Bosch P; Catalina F; Peinado C Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros Mechanisms of polymer combustion and methods used in the flammability testing of polymers are examined. Types of flame retardants, their mechanisms of action and their advantages and limitations are reviewed. 24 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.812734 Item 157 Chemical Engineering 108, No.3, Mar.2001, p.51/4 FLAME RETARDANTS STILL UNDER FIRE Crabb C The impact of continuing concerns about the toxicity and bioaccumulation of brominated flame retardants on the market for other flame retardants is discussed, paying attention to directives being considered in Europe with regard to electrical and electronic applications and the green movement. The reaction of companies engaged in the flame retardant market to these concerns is considered as are recent scientific studies designed to evaluate flame retardants in the environment. Finally, flame retardants, which have been deemed safe for use in upholstery textiles by the US,National Research Council, are indicated along with those which are undergoing further risk assessment. US,NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.812375 Item 158 Plastics Additives & Compounding 3, No.4, April 2001, p.28-33 NEW BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS MEET REQUIREMENTS FOR TECHNICAL PLASTICS Georlette P Dead Sea Bromine Group Brominated flame retardants continue to offer high performance and cost efficiency for plastic compounds meeting demanding applications. In this article, Dead Sea Bromine Group outlines some recent developments that the company has introduced. Tris(tribromophenyl) cyanurate is a melt blendable flame retardant that combines good impact properties and UV stability in styrenic copolymers and their blends. Brominated trimethylphenyl indan has been introduced as a cost efficient flame retardant for polyamides where it exhibits significant improvements in flame retardancy, as well as

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a processing aid effect that allows shorter moulding cycles and thinner wall parts in GRP. Property data are presented. ISRAEL

Accession no.810106 Item 159 Plastics Additives & Compounding 3, No.4, April 2001, p.22-6 FLAME RETARDANTS: CURRENT TRENDS IN NORTH AMERICA Innes J; Innes A Flame Retardants Associates Inc. The worldwide flame retardant market is estimated at about one million tonnes/year. Roughly 50% of this is the volume demand for flame retardants in the US market. Brominated flame retardants are the largest segment of the halogen class with a worldwide market of over 300,000 tonnes. Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties has introduced in process coated magnesium hydroxide products over the past year. Great Lakes has approached the non-halogen market with a phosphorus product. Other new developments and market trends are discussed. NORTH AMERICA

Accession no.810105 Item 160 Plastics Additives & Compounding 3, No.4, April 2001, p.16-20 FLAME RETARDANTS: TRENDS AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS Murphy J New solutions to flammability are being offered by the 2.3bn US dollars flame retardants market. From a host of 150-200 different materials, a few key groups are emerging, promising effective action, with low or zero evolution of toxic or hazardous by-products. The main flame retardant materials are discussed, including brominated FRs, melamine, metal hydroxides, intumescents and antimony trioxide replacements. Melapur 200 from DSM, classified as melamine polyphosphate, is expected to have a major impact on retarding electrical and electronic products. Properties of 25% glass-reinforced nylon 66 with Melapur 200 are outlined. A table detailing costs and properties of flameretarded PP is also presented. WORLD

Accession no.810104 Item 161 Plastic Solutions International 2000, p.27 FLAME RETARDANTS - MEETING FUTURE REQUIREMENTS Walz R Clariant GmbH

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Some widely used flame retardants (FRs) - mainly the brominated products - contribute to the emission of corrosive gases, and there is much debate as to whether halogens could contribute to the formation of dioxins and furans in a fire with adverse impact on the environment. This is an important reason for many plastic processors turning non-halogen FRs based on phosphorus compounds. The decision to change to a different type of FR is not easy, however, as there are many parameters to be considered. For instance, the products should not migrate out of the plastic and come into contact with the environment and the consumer. They must be easy to process and, of course, be compatible with the raw material and other additives. FRs based on phosphorus compounds have proved advantageous in recent years, and the FR industry is working hard on new developments. The mechanism by which phosphorus-based FRs suppress ignition and flame spread occurs in the solid phase. When a flame is applied to an FR plastic, the phosphorus compound decomposes and takes all the water from the plastic molecules. This results in the formation of a char, which is bonded by the newly formed polyphosphorus acid to produce a glassy, dense surface. Details are given of developments in red phosphorus compounds, speciality rather than commodity flame retardants and new solutions for composites. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.809589 Item 162 Addcon World 2000. Conference proceedings. Basel, Switzerland, 25th-26th Oct.2000, paper 10 NEW METAL HYDROXIDES WITH IMPROVED PERFORMANCE FOR FLAME RETARDANCY IN PLASTICS Herbiet R Alusuisse Martinswerk GmbH (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Pressure on halogenated flame retardants, e.g. in the European automotive industry, is growing. According to the End-of-Life Vehicles Directive (ELV), approved by the European Parliament at the beginning of February 2000, 85% of vehicle components have to be recycled in a first step and finally 95% of used car materials have to be recoverable. In other fields, where flame retardancy of plastics is required, ‘green’ products become more and more popular. This results in an increasing demand of metal hydroxide systems based on aluminium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide. Although much progress has been made in the last decade by machine suppliers as well as by filler producers, there is still room for improvement regarding flame retardancy compounding line throughput put and filler handling. An overview of the latest developments in metal hydroxide technology is presented, taking into account actual market requirements. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 163 Addcon World 2000. Conference proceedings. Basel, Switzerland, 25th-26th Oct.2000, paper 9 CRITERIA AND EXAMPLES OF OPTIMAL CHOICE OF FLAME RETARDANTS Litzenburger A Eurobrom BV (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Since the early 1990s, ‘green’ parties in some European countries have been investing considerable effort to limit as much as possible the uses of halogenated fire retardants, claiming that these substances may be a source of toxic fumes under fire conditions or during incineration. Consequently, some producers of electronic goods have started to offer products with non-halogen fire retardants or even without fire retardant in countries such as in Europe, in the Middle and Far East where standards of flame retardancy are lower than in the USA. Since then, in some European countries, a significant increase in the number of fires caused by such electronic goods has been observed. Conscious of the danger of such a trend, major producers of halogenated fire retardants have associated in the Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel (BFRIP) and its European equivalent (EBFRIP). They have started to inform the relevant authorities and the consumers more systematically about the safety of using commercial halogenated fire retardants offered in the market. Improvement of fire safety is an important factor to protect the environment as it reduces production of considerable quantities of toxic compounds and smoke. In view of this, optimal use of fire retardants is highly recommended and a set of simple rules aimed at helping the user to choose the best fire retardant system for his application is presented. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.807850 Item 164 Polymer Degradation and Stability 71, No.2, 2001, p.279-84 FORMATION OF A FLAME RETARDANTCYCLODEXTRIN INCLUSION COMPOUND AND ITS APPLICATION AS A FLAME RETARDANT FOR POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE Huang L; Gerber M; Lu J; Tonelli A E North Carolina,State University An inclusion compound was formed between FR Antiblaze RD-1 and beta-cyclodextrin and melt processed into PETP films. The flammability of these melt processed films, pure PETP films, films containing cyclodextrin and PETP films containing the flame retardant applied from a bath and then oven cured was determined using a modified AATCC Test Method 34. The films, which contained the embedded inclusion compound, exhibited

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References and Abstracts

substantial flame retardance compared with the other films. 16 refs. USA

Accession no.805925 Item 165 Fire & Materials 24, No.6, Nov./Dec.2000, p.277-89 FLAME RETARDANT MECHANISM OF SILICA GEL/SILICA Kashiwagi T; Gilman J W; Butler K M; Harris R H; Shields J R; Asano A US,Building & Fire Research Laboratory; US,National Inst.of Standards & Technology The addition of various types of silicas, (silica gel, fumed silica and fused silica), was investigated with reference to their mechanism and flame retardant effectiveness in PP and polyethylene oxide. Flammability was measured in a cone calorimeter and the mass loss rate was measured in a radiative gasification device in nitrogen. It was observed that the addition of low density, large surface area silicas such as fumed silicas and silica gel, significantly reduced the heat release rate and mass loss rate. This mechanism is concluded to be based on the physical processes in the condensed phase instead of chemical reactions, with the balance between the density and the surface area of the additive and polymer melt viscosity determining whether the additive accumulates near the sample surface or sinks through the polymer melt layer. 16 refs. USA

Accession no.804780 Item 166 Additives for Polymers Jan.2001, p.10-1 USE OF POLYURETHANES AS CHARFORMING AGENTS IN PP INTUMESCENT FORMULATIONS Polyols were first used as carbonising agents in polymeric intumescent systems, but have now been substituted with polymers which show a natural charring when heated. This article discusses in detail the use of polyurethanes as char-forming agents in PP intumescent formulations, reporting on recent research carried out in France. ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DE CHEMIE DE LILLE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.804409 Item 167 Antec 2000.Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 559 NEW HALOGEN-FREE FIRE RETARDANT FOR

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ENGINEERING PLASTIC APPLICATIONS Levchik S V; Bright D A; Alessio G R; Dashevsky S Akzo Nobel Chemicals Inc. (SPE) Triphenyl phosphate (TPP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) were evaluated as fire retardants in blends of polycarbonate and ABS. The blends were characterised by combustion studies, thermogravimetric analysis, determination of hydrolytic stability, and the measurement of tensile, yield, flexural, and impact strengths, and heat deflection temperature. The blends containing RDP and BDP had superior properties to those containing TPP, and blends containing BDP exhibited superior fire retardant efficiency, and hydrolytic and thermal stability, compared with those containing RDP. 11 refs. USA

Accession no.803856 Item 168 Polyolefins 2000. Conference proceedings. Houston, Tx., 27th Feb.-1st March 2000, p.571-81 ADVANCES IN A REVOLUTIONARY FLAME RETARDENT SYSTEM FOR POLYOLEFINS Srinivasan R; Rotzinger B Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp. (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) A revolutionary non-halogenated, UV stable N-alkoxy hindered amine additive, NOR-1, has been introduced. Recent advances in the demonstration of the efficacy of this flame retardant additive are discussed. Initial investigations confirmed that NOR-1 provides flame retardancy to polyolefin fibres at surprisingly low concentrations. Polyolefin fibres containing the additive pass some industrial standard flame retardancy tests. Recent research and development efforts show that the additive synergises with conventional brominated and phosphorus flame retardants to provide improved performance in polyolefin fibre and moulding applications. The improved performance of these synergistic systems allows passing of some of the more stringent, industrial standard flame retardancy tests. The synergistic systems allow a significant reduction in the level of conventional flame retardants that detrimentally affect light stability and mechanical properties. The additive is a potent long-term thermal and UV stabiliser for polyolefins. These attributes of this product may open new opportunities for flame retarded polyolefins. 12 refs. USA

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References and Abstracts

Item 169 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.112-3 USE OF CARBONISING POLYMERS AS ADDITIVES IN INTUMESCENT POLYMER BLENDS - A REVIEW Le Bras M; Bourbigot S ENSCL; GEMTEX (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Generally, intumescent formulations contain three active ingredients: an acid source (such as ammonium polyphosphate (APP)), a carbonisation compound and a blowing agent. The first generation carbonisation agents used in intumescent formulations for thermoplastics are polyols such as pentaerythritol, mannitol or sorbitol. Problems with this type of additive include migration/ blooming of the additives, water solubility of the additives and reaction with the acid source during processing of the formulations. There is little compatibility between the additives and the polymeric matrix and the mechanical properties of the polymer are then comparatively poor. Flame retardant (FR) intumescent formulations have been developed using charring polymers (polyamide-6 (PA6), thermoplastic PUs (TPU) and hybrid clay-PA6 nanocomposites) as carbonisation agents. The advantage of the concept is to obtain FR polymers with improved mechanical properties and to avoid the problem of migration and solubility of the additives. The FR and mechanical performances of these formulations are reviewed. The influence of chemical structure of the TPU is investigated using two different TPU series, which differ in the nature of the polyol used for their syntheses: polyols in the polyaddition process are either polyether or polyester. A TPU synthesised from polyether shows hard segment domains (diol + diisocyanate) larger and more complex than those found in a polyester-based TPU. The influence of the hard segment content is studied using different R ((diol + diisocyanate/polyol) = R). 7 ref. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.802849 Item 170 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.108-9 METAL CATALYSED INTUMESCENT FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS Labuschagne F J W J; Focke W W; Strydom C A Pretoria,University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Intumescent flame retardants form a foamed barrier layer when exposed to a flame. Conventional organic systems are based on the acid catalysed dehydration of carbonifics such as dipentaerythritol. Metal oxides also have utility

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

as catalytic flame retardants. For example, both antimony and tin have been used to impart flame resistance to cellulosics without any assistance from halogen compounds. They appear to alter the condensed phase thermal degradation pathways in such a way that more non-volatile char and less flammable gases are generated. It has been found that low levels of potassium bicarbonate significantly modify the pyrolysis kinetics of a-cellulose to yield more char. It has also been discovered that potassium carbonate enhances the charring of polymers containing pentaerythritol-silica combinations as flame retardant. This has led to the discovery of base catalysed intumescence of potassium bitartrate. Combinations of potassium bitartrate and pentaerythritol show improved intumescence but carbon char oxidation by glowing combustion has remained a problem. Base catalysis is an attractive alternative to conventional acid catalysed intumescent flame retardant systems as it could help to alleviate corrosion problems during polymer processing. Unfortunately, strongly basic residues also catalyse the oxidative destruction of the char-foam at high temperatures. An investigation into the effect ofthe metal cation in such systems is presented. 11 refs. SOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.802847 Item 171 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.100 HIGHLY BROMINATED ARYL ETHER FLAME RETARDANT AGENTS Howell B A; Zeng W; Uhl F M central Michigan,University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The need to control polymer flammability long predates the development of modern plastics. However, it was the dramatic and rapid development of polymeric materials following World War II and their utilisation in the fabrication of a myriad of consumer products that has driven the need for ever more efficient, more effective flame retardants. Halogenated compounds, particularly brominated aromatics, continue to be among the most widely used. These materials are readily available, inexpensive and effective when present in the polymer at relatively low levels. They function by liberating hydrogen halide or halogen atoms (or both) which interrupt gas phase flame propagating reactions. As the use range for polymeric materials is extended, flame retardant compounds that function over a broader range of temperature are required. In particular, flame retardants degrading at relatively high temperatures are needed. 5 refs. USA

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Item 172 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.92-3 REVIEW OF SYNERGISTS USED WITH HALOGEN FLAME RETARDANTS Markezich R L Oxychem; Laurel Industries (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The synergist antimony oxide, in combination with halogenated flame retardants, has been used for years to impart flame retardancy to plastics. Today, many highly efficient antimony oxide/halogen systems are used to give flame retardancy properties to a wide variety of polymers. Other complete or partial substitutes for antimony oxide in certain polymers have been reported; they are ferric oxide, zinc oxide, zinc borate and zinc stannate. Most of these synergists are effective with nylons and epoxies when using a chlorinated flame retardant. 3 refs. USA

Accession no.802837 Item 173 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.90-1 EFFECT OF FR ENCLOSURES ON THE FIRE BEHAVIOR OF TV SETS Simonson M Sweden,National Testing & Research Institute (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) A new life-cycle assessment (LCA) model is developed. This model aims at weighing the environmental benefit of a high level of fire safety, in terms of a reduction in the size and number of fires, against the cost of the production and use of the flame retardant by which this fire safety is achieved. The first full application of the LCA model to compare a product with a high level of fire safety to one with a lower level of fire safety is described. The product chosen for this first application is a TV set. A great deal of LCA input is required before calculations based on the model can be carried out. This input constitutes the lifecycle inventory. The effect of the presence of a flame retardant in the TV enclosure on the size and frequency of fires is a crucial part of this new model. A detailed investigation of European and US fire statistics provides the basis for this part of the study. Results and conclusions are presented in this article for a number of environmentally important species. 6 refs.

Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.72 ANILINE-DERIVED HIGHLY BROMINATED NITROGEN FLAME RETARDANTS Howell B A; Wu H Central Michigan,University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Several highly brominated nitrogen compounds are prepared by treating cyanuric chloride with various brominated anilines. These compounds offer potential as superior flame retardants - capable of displaying good gas phase activity coupled with the simultaneous promotion of char formation in the solid state. 4 refs. USA

Accession no.802826 Item 175 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.68-9 THERMAL DEGRADATION AND COMBUSTION MECHANISM OF FR EVA Bourbigot S; Carpentier F; Le Bras M GEMTEX; Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Halogen compounds are widely used for flame retarding polymers but corrosiveness and toxicity of their combustion products and the smoke production have attracted much attention. Current trends aim at limitation of the use of halogen-based FR systems, and research and development turn towards halogen-free FR formulations. One solution is to add metal hydroxides such as magnesium hydroxide in a polymer matrix. The mechanisms of the thermal and fire degradations of FR EVA8-based formulations are investigated using solid state 25Mg NMR. The mode of action of FB415 is discussed. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

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Accession no.802836

Item 176 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.64-7 ZINC BORATES - 30 YEARS OF SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL FIRE RETARDANTS Shen K K US Borax Inc. (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Item 174 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.

The use of an organic chlorine or bromine source to impart fire resistance to polymers is well known in the plastics and rubber industries. To further enhance the fire test performance of halogen-containing polymers, antimony

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References and Abstracts

oxide is usually used as a synergist. In recent years, however, much effort has been expended to find either partial or complete substitutes for antimony oxide. To meet the market demand of engineering plastics, US Borax recently developed Firebrake 500, an anhydrous zinc borate stable to at least 450 deg.C and Firebrake 415, stable to about 415 deg.C. Recent advances in the use of zinc borates as multifunctional fire retardants in polymers are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on electrical/electronic, transportation and building material applications. 26 refs. USA

Accession no.802823

Torino,Universita; Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; ICI Polyurethanes (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Expandable graphite (EG) is an intumescent additive known to be capable of imparting fire retardancy to various materials and in particular to PU. When exposed to heat, the material expands about hundred times, resulting in an expanded material of low density. The effects of EG on the mechanism of degradation and combustion of PU are investigated. 5 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.802810 Item 177 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.45-6 PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING FIRE RETARDANTS IN ALIPHATIC NYLONS Levchik S V; Levshik G F; Murashko E A Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals LLC; Belarus,State University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The mechanism of fire retardant action of phosphoruscontaining additives in aliphatic nylons is similar to their mode of action in other polymers. The phosphoruscontaining additives seem to affect the processes occurring in the condensed phase. Phosphoric and related acids formed at combustion may catalyse dehydration or deamination of the nylons and promote char formation. These acids may form a thin glassy coating on the surface of the burning polymer, thus lowering oxygen diffusion and heat and mass transfer between the flame and the condensed phase. It has been shown that phosphoric acids react with nylons upon heating to give phosphoric esters which are char precursors. Although phosphine oxides or esters or salts of phosphonic or phosphoric acids have been discussed as potential candidates for fire retardant nylons, it seems that only red phosphorus and melamine pyrophosphate are really used on an industrial scale. The results of an evaluation of fire retardant efficiency of aromatic phosphates in two commercial nylons are presented. 9 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; USA

Accession no.802812 Item 178 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.42-3 MECHANISM OF EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE FIRE RETARDANT ACTION IN POLYURETHANES Camino G; Duquesne S; Delobel R; Eling B; Lindsay C; Roels T

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Item 179 Speciality Chemicals 21, No.1, Jan./Feb.2001, p.18 PROTECTION OF PLASTICS WITH FLAME RETARDANTS This article reviews the main types of flame retardants used for the protection of thermoplastics and thermosets from fire. It also describes some of the standard test methods used to measure flame retardancy. AMPACET CORP. USA

Accession no.802181 Item 180 ENDS Report No.312, Jan.2001, p.27 HOMEBASE PHASES OUT OSPAR TOXIC SUBSTANCES FROM PRODUCTS Leading DIY retailer Homebase is to phase out a range of hazardous substances from own-brand products by 2005, based on the Ospar Convention’s priority action list. The substances include brominated flame retardants, nonylphenols and lead compounds. Parties to the Ospar Convention are committed to moving towards ending releases of hazardous substances by 2020. Environmental groups are now attempting to bypass the cumbersome Ospar process by seeking voluntary action from business. In a letter to Homebase, Greenpeace asked specifically about the use of brominated flame retardants in textiles and furniture, and nonyl and other alkyl phenol ethoxylates used in various textile processes. HOMEBASE LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.802160 Item 181 Journal of Advanced Materials 33, No.1, Jan.2001, p.24-32 REACTIVE, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS FLAME RETARDANTS FOR EPOXIES

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References and Abstracts

Sprenger S; Utz R Schill & Seilacher A reactive organophosphorous substance is presented as flame retardant for epoxy resins. Data concerning flame retardant efficiency, toxicity, mechanical properties, their performance in adhesives and in laminates are illustrated. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.801596 Item 182 Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri 65, No.4, April 2000, p.290/2 Italian RED PHOSPHORUS MASTERBATCHES Gatti N Italmatch Chemicals SpA Details are given of Masteret masterbatches produced by Italmatch Chemicals of Italy, and which contain red phosphorus as flame retardant. Applications in PBTP, polyamides, polyolefins, high-impact PS and polyurethanes are examined, and data are presented for the flammability characteristics and mechanical and electrical properties of glass fibre-reinforced nylon-6,6 and PBTP compounds formulated with these masterbatches. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.800869 Item 183 Polymers & Polymer Composites 8, No.8, 2000, p.551-6 NEW METAL HYDROXIDES WITH IMPROVED PERFORMANCE FOR FLAME RETARDANCY IN PLASTICS Herbiet R Alusuisse Martinswerk GmbH An overview is presented of the latest developments in metal hydroxide technology for the flame retardance of plastics. Metal hydroxide systems based on aluminium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide act simultaneously as flame retardant and smoke suppressant. The importance of smoke suppression in saving lives is emphasised, and a statistical study is referred to which analyses causes of death in fire situations. The mechanism by which metal hydroxides achieve flame retardancy is explained, and the benefits of surface modification of fillers are demonstrated. The performance of metal hydroxide-based flame retardants in PP and EVA is described, with reference to properties, in particular, mechanical properties, electrical properties and rheological properties. By use of the appropriate filler-polymer coupling additives, these properties can be optimised. 1 ref. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.799475

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Item 184 Plastics Additives & Compounding 2, No.12, Dec. 2000, p.24-5 FLAME RETARDANTS FOR THE IT SECTOR: WHICH WAY FORWARD A review is presented of papers presented at a recent Fire Retardant Chemicals Association conference in the USA in which the use of halogenated and non-halogenated flame retardants in information technology equipment, was debated. Market trends and environmental and fire safety developments from Europe, Japan, and North America are discussed. US,FIRE RETARDANT CHEMICALS ASSOCIATION USA

Accession no.799296 Item 185 Plastics Additives & Compounding 2, No.5, May 2000, p.24-7 FLAME RETARDANTS: SOME NEW DEVELOPMENTS Recent developments relating to flame retardant materials are reviewed and some statistical data are included for market sizes, growth rates and consumption trends. The production of magnesium hydroxide is forecast to rise to meet increased demand from polypropylene compounders. Developments in surface chemistry technologies using zinc stannate and zinc hydroxy stannate are described, with reference to research by Alcan Chemicals, and product developments in brominated flame retardants by the Dead Sea Bromine Group are discussed. Accession no.798273 Item 186 Plastics Additives & Compounding 2, No.5, May 2000, p.20-3 FLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVES A review is presented of new product developments in flame retardants, with reference to the offerings from Akzo Nobel, Borax, Clarinat, DSM Melapur, Great Lakes, Joseph Storey, Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties, and Martinswerk GmbH. Applications and specific features are described for a range of additives from these companies. USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.798272 Item 187 International Polymer Science and Technology 27, No.10, 2000, p.T/94-103 POLYMER COMBUSTION PROCESSES. 3. FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYMERIC MATERIALS

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References and Abstracts

Boryniec S; Przygocki W The nature and function of flame retardants for polymeric materials is discussed in this review of polymer combustion processes. The phenomenon of combustion is explained, together with the nature of the mechanism of retardation of combustion. Types of agents used to retard the combustion of polymers are discussed, and include metal hydroxides, organic halogen compounds, phosphorous compounds, and antimony trioxide synergists. Synergism is also described in a nitrogen/ phosphorous and phosphorous/halogen system. 111 refs. (Translation of Polimery, No.10, 1999, p.23). EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.797797 Item 188 Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri 65, No.3, March 2000, p.130/4 Italian POLYAMIDE COMPOUNDS FOR THE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC SECTOR Vidal I Luben Plast Electrical and electronic applications of polyamides are discussed, and an examination is made of the flame resistance characteristics and electrical properties required in these applications and how these properties may be modified at the compounding stage through the addition of fillers, fibre reinforcements and flame retardants. Types of flame retardants used in polyamides for such applications are reviewed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.797735

reaching the rest of the plastic, thus preventing melt, flow and thermal decomposition. Boron compounds, specifically inorganic borates, are currently used in some plastic formulations as flame retardants but they are plagued by poor melt blendability which weakens the polymers’ mechanical properties. The exact mechanism of action for these borates as flame retardants is unknown but it is believed that they form a borate glass upon melting at high temperatures. Boronic acids are known to release water upon heating, leading to boroxine or boronic acid anhydride structures. These materials, if they contain more than one boronic acid functionality, may form a network polymer system. Specifically, they may form a boroxine network that could lead to high char formation upon burning. A method of making boronic acid flame retardants using a nickel catalyst and pinacol borane is reported. The resulting boronic acids are tested in polycarbonate using the UL-94 flame test, and a UL-94 V O result is obtained. 8 refs. USA

Accession no.797475 Item 190 Japan Chemical Week 41, No.2100, 30th Nov.2000, p.4 FLAME RETARDANTS The movement toward a total ban on bromine-based flame retardants has subsided, but an increasing number of users are shifting to phosphate-based flame retardants. Manufacturers in the industry are still attempting to develop bromine-free flame retardants for use in ABS. Manufacturers of bromine-based flame retardants are developing substitutes for decabromodiphenyl oxide. Dead Sea Bromine, for example, accentuates recyclability of pentabromobenzyl acrylate. JAPAN

Item 189 Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August 1999. Conference proceedings. New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.553-4 AROMATIC BORONIC ACID FLAME RETARDANT POLYMER ADDITIVES: SYNTHESIS AND FLAME RETARDANT TESTING Morgan A B; Jurs J L; Tour J M South Carolina,University (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) One way to prevent flame propagation in polymers is through the use of materials that form char upon exposure to high heat and flames. Char is a carbon-based soot/ residue that undergoes very little oxidative degradation and prevents the passage of fuel molecules to the flames. Sometimes the char formed is not strictly carbon-based. For example, carbon-inorganic oxide ceramics or glasses can act as chars. Like carbon char, this ceramic or glass provides thermal insulation and acts as a physical barrier to fuel transport. Primarily, the ceramic prevents heat from

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Accession no.797086 Item 191 Fire Retardancy of Polymers. Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998, 54F, p.421-36 ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POLYMER FLAME RETARDANCY Zaikov G E; Lomakin S M Russian Academy of Sciences Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R (Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Torino,Universita; CREPIM) Polymer producers have been seeking non-halogen flame retardants and the search has been successful in several polymer systems. Non-halogen flame retardant polycarbonate/ABS blends are now commercial. They contain triphenyl phosphate or resorcinol diphosphate as the flame retardant. Modified PPO has used phosphate

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esters as the flame retardant for the past 15-20 years and the industry recently changed from the alkylated triphenyl phosphate to RDP. Red phosphorus is used with glassreinforced nylon 6/6 in Europe and melamine cyanurate is used in unfilled nylon. Magnesium hydroxide is being used commercially in PE wire and cable. Non-halogen solutions present other problems such as poor properties, difficult processing, corrosion and handling problems. Trends in the search for new ecologically-friendly flame retardants are examined. RUSSIA

Accession no.795763 Item 192 Fire Retardancy of Polymers. Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998, 54F, p.304-15 FIRE RETARDANT ACTION OF RED PHOSPHORUS IN NYLON 6 Levchik G F; Levehik S V; Camine G; Weil E D Belarus,State University; Torino,Universita; Brooklyn,Polytechnic University Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R (Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Torino,Universita; CREPIM) Red phosphorus is an effective fire retardant for pure and glass fibre reinforced nylons. It was reported that char enhancers, e.g. phenolic resins, show a synergistic effect with red phosphorus preventing the polymer dripping. However, red phosphorus is potentially very flammable. It might generate highly toxic phosphine. Furthermore, it is difficult to mask the intense red colour. The mechanism of fire retardant action of red phosphorus has been extensively studied in various polymers, but not in nylons. There is disagreement on the mode of action of red phosphorus. In some cases purely condensed phase mechanism is suggested, whereas in others the contribution of gas phase mechanism is also proposed. However, it is commonly accepted that red phosphorus is mostly effective in oxygen or nitrogen containing polymers but not in polyolefins or styrenics. 23 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795756 Item 193 Fire Retardancy of Polymers. Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998, 54F, p.290-303 MICROENCAPSULATED FIRE RETARDANTS IN POLYMERS Antonov A; Potapova E; Rudakova T; Reshetnikov I; Zubkova N; Tuganova M; Khalturinskij N Moscow,Institute for Synthetic Polymeric Materials; Moscow,State Textile Academy; Semenov N.N.,Institute of Chemical Physics

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Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R (Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Torino,Universita; CREPIM) It has been previously shown that some compounds based on methylphosphonic acid can be applied as fire retardants for polyolefins, such as the product of the condensation of melamine-formaldehyde resin with methylphosphonic acid and the diamide of methylphosphonic acid (DAPA). However, it has been found that DAPA reacts with polymers during processing. In this connection, DAPA can not be used for the development of fire retarded polymer materials based on polycaproamide (PCA) and PETP. The potential solution for this problem related to the use of some fire retardants consists in microencapsulation. Microencapsulated coatings prevent the interaction between the polymer and the fire retardants at processing temperatures as well as the sublimation and the exudation of fire retardants from the fire retarded polymer. The efficiency of microencapsulated fire retardants containing DAPA in polymers is investigated. 10 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.795755 Item 194 Fire Retardancy of Polymers. Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998, 54F, p.280-9 POLYAMIDE-6 FIRE RETARDED WITH INORGANIC PHOSPHATES Levchik G F; Levchik S V; Selevich A F; Lesnikovich A I; Lutsko A V; Costa L Belarus,State University; Torino,Universita Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R (Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Torino,Universita; CREPIM) Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is an effective fire retardant additive for polyamide 6 (PA-6). Because APP involves PA-6 into the charring, an intumescent char can be produced without any additional charrable material. Practical usage of APP in aliphatic polyamides is limited because the temperature at the beginning of APP thermal decomposition is close to the temperature of the injection moulding of polyamides. Recently it was shown that some inorganic pigments can trap acidic species evolved at the thermal decomposition of APP and therefore these pigments stabilise polyamide when it is compounded with APP. Furthermore, some inorganic pigments improve fire retardant behaviour of APP-5. Mechanistic studies of interaction between APP and pigments show that binary metal ammonium (BMAPs) are formed. These phosphates are probably responsible for improving the fire retardancy of APP. Various binary metal ammonium phosphates are prepared and their fire retardant efficiency tested in polyamide-6. Thermal decomposition behaviour of

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References and Abstracts

BMAPs and their formulations with PA-6 is studied by thermal analysis. 14 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795754 Item 195 Fire Retardancy of Polymers. Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998, 54F, p.175-202 POLYMER COMBUSTION AND NEW FLAME RETARDANTS Kashiwagi T; Gilman J W; Nyden M R; Lomakin S M US,National Inst.of Standards & Technology; Russian Academy of Sciences Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R (Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

The present trend observed in some European countries is to decrease the use of halogenated flame retardants for polymers due to suspicion of environmental and toxicological impact. As previous experience has shown, the alternative to halogen-containing flame retardants might be additives which fire retard polymers through the so-called intumescent mechanism. The general mechanism of fire retardant action of these additives is multi-step and complex. The additives having, as a rule, phosphorus and nitrogen atoms in their structure, promote carbonisation of the polymer on heating and therefore decrease the amount of combustible volatile products. Simultaneously, the amounts of smoke and toxic gases decrease because of the general decrease of volatiles. The formed carbonaceous char plays the role of a barrier which protects the polymer from heat feedback from the flame and hinders both oxygen access to the polymer surface and diffusion of combustible gaseous products of degradation to the flame. The best protective effect of the char is reached if an intumescent layer with proper physical and mechanical properties is formed. Therefore, the fire can be stopped or at least its propagation slowed down due to this complex action of the intumescent type fire retardants. Details are given of a project aimed at supplying the background for development of new halogen-free fire retardants for various plastics and thermosets. To reach the goal a consortium of six research teams was created and a multidisciplinary approach included synthesis, processing, combustion testing, thermal decomposition study, characterisation of the products, mechanistic studies and modelling is used. 25 refs.

The majority of polymer-containing end products (e.g. cables, carpets, furniture) must pass some type of regulatory fire test to help assure public safety. Thus, it is important to understand how polymers burn and how to best modify materials to make them less flammable in order to pass such tests without compromising their uniquely valuable physical properties and also significantly increasing the cost of end products. Chemical and physical processes occurring in the gas and condensed phases during the combustion of polymers and methods to reduce their flammability are briefly described. Combustion of polymer materials is characterised by a complex coupling between condensed phase and gas phase phenomena. Characteristics of the critical role in each phase are outlined. 46 refs.

BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; ITALY; KAZAKHSTAN; RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

RUSSIA; USA

Accession no.795740

Accession no.795748 Item 196 Fire Retardancy of Polymers. Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998, 54F, p.76-87 MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HALOGEN-FREE FIRE RETARDANTS AND DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACHES TO DESIGN OF NEW FIRE RETARDANTS WITH REDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH CONCERNS Costa L; Catala J M; Gibov K M; Gribanov A V; Levchik S V; Khalturinskij N A Torino,Universita; Institut Charles Sadron; Kazakhstan,Institute of Chemical Sciences; Russia,Research Institute for High Molecular Compounds; Belarus,State University; Moscow,Institute for Synthetic Polymeric Materials Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R (Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

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Item 197 Fire Retardancy of Polymers. Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998, 54F, p.64-75 FIRE RETARDED INTUMESCENT THERMOPLASTICS FORMULATIONS, SYNERGY AND SYNERGISTIC AGENTS - A REVIEW Le Bras M; Bourbigot S Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R (Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Torino,Universita; CREPIM) Intumescent technology has recently found a place in polymer science as a method of providing flame retardancy to polymer formulations, especially PP-based formulations. Intumescent systems interrupt the selfsustained combustion of the polymer at its earliest stage, i.e. the thermal degradation with evolution of the gaseous fuels. The intumescence process result from a combination

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of charring and foaming of the surface of the burning polymer (observed between 280 and 430 deg.C under air using the PP/ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol (PP/APP/PER) model system). The resulting foamed cellular charred layer which density decreases with temperature protects the underlying material from the action of the heat flux or of the flame. 16 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795739 Item 198 Fire Retardancy of Polymers. Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998, 54F, p.35-47 CHAR-FORMING ADDITIVES IN FLAME, RETARDANT SYSTEMS Weil E D; Zhu W; Kim H; Patel N; Di Montelera L R Brooklyn,Polytechnic University Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R (Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Torino,Universita; CREPIM) Flame retarding poorly charrable polymers, especially with non-halogen systems, presents a challenge. One approach is to use catalytic additives to initiate char formation. The discovery of the benefit of iron compounds in nylon 4,6 came from that approach, and that of the char-promoting action of potassium carbonate in styrenic polymers containing diene rubbers can also be explained by catalysis of oxidative crosslinking. A second approach is to include a flame retardant additive which itself provides substantial char; many examples are known, and a synergistic char-forming system was recently studied which uses Monsanto’s XPM 1000, a cyclic neopentyl phosphonate, as char source. A third approach is to blend into the less char-forming polymer a better char-forming polymer; in the best circumstances, this polymer can also improve other properties as in the case of PPO-HIPS or PC-ABS blends. Good results in combining these approaches has been found, and in general using these tools in combination is advocated, a ‘systems approach’ to flame retardancy. Work on each approach is summarised, and some newer results are presented. 20 refs. USA

Accession no.795737 Item 199 Fire Retardancy of Polymers. Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998, 54F, p.3-32 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF FLAME RETARDING OF POLYMERS Lewin M Brooklyn,Polytechnic University; Jerusalem,Hebrew University Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R

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(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Torino,Universita; CREPIM) The basic mechanisms of flame retardancy were recognised at early as 1947 when several primary principles were put forward. These included the effect of the additive on the mode of the thermal degradation of the polymer in order to produce fuel-poor pyrolytic paths, external flame retardant coatings to exclude oxygen from the surface of the polymer, internal barrier formation to prevent evolution of combustible gases, inert gas evolution to dilute fuel formed in pyrolysis and dissipation of heat away from the flame front. Discovery of the flame inhibiting effect of volatile halogen derivatives subsequently led to the postulation of the radical trap-gas phase mechanism. The gas phase and the condensed phase-proposals have long been generally recognised as the primary, though not the only effective mechanism of flame retardancy. This situation is now being modified as new mechanisms of new flame retarding systems, especially those based on physical principles, evolve and as new insights into the performance of flame retardants is being gained. An attempt is made to review some of the principles and mechanisms prevailing at present in the field of flame retardancy of polymers. 86 refs. ISRAEL; USA

Accession no.795736 Item 200 Polymer International 49, No.10, Oct.2000, p.1106-14 IMPORTANCE OF INTUMESCENT SYSTEMS FOR FIRE PROTECTION OF PLASTIC MATERIALS Horacek H; Pieh S DSM Chemie Linz GmbH A review of recent developments in the applications and actions of intumescent fire retardance is given. An attempt is made to classify the main systems of importance such as melamine, ammonium polyphosphate, melamine phosphate, pentaerythritol phosphate, sodium silicate, vermiculite, expandable graphite and microbeads. They are defined in terms of the Berthelot number which is the product of heat of vaporisation or decomposition and volume of gases evolved. In principle, only two kinds of gases are produced from this group, namely water vapour and ammonia (from melamine). The heats of decomposition are readily calculated from heats of formation. An important aspect which is not included in the Berthelot number is the ignition residue in the shape of glassy foam or a cellular enamel. 34 refs. AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.791396 Item 201 Polymer International 49, No.10, Oct.2000, p.1101-5

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References and Abstracts

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE/ZINC BORATE/ TALC COMPOSITIONS AS FLAME RETARDANTS IN EVA COPOLYMER Durin-France A; Ferry L; Lopez-Cuesta J M; Crespy A Ales,Ecole des Mines The fire resistance of EVA filled with ternary systems (magnesium hydroxide/zinc borate/talc) is investigated. The release of water from Mg(OH)2 seems to be the predominant phenomenon which acts in relation to fire resistance. The presence of talc as a minor component, mainly in binary compositions by partial substitution of Mg(OH)2, appears to enhance the flame retardant properties. It acts by forming a diffusion barrier able to limit the transfer of degradation products and oxygen. Synergism is also noticed between talc and zinc borate at constant Mg(OH)2 loading in ternary compositions. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.791395 Item 202 Polymer International 49, No.10, Oct.2000, p.1095-100 PHOSPHORUS-NITROGEN CONTAINING FIRE RETARDANTS FOR POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE Levchik G F; Grigoriev Y V; Balabanovich A I; Levchik S V; Klatt M Belorussian,State University; BASF AG Hexakis(phenylamino)cyclotriphosphazene, hexakis(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, tris(ophenylenediamino)cyclotriphosphazene, tris(phenylene1,2-dioxy)cyclotriphosphazene and tris(phenylene-1amino-2-oxy)cyclotriphosphazene are prepared and characterised by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Phospham, a crosslinked phosphazene imide (PN2H)n, is prepared by heating hexaminotricyclophosphazene under vacuum. Phosphorus oxynitride (PON)m, which is likely to be a crosslinked oxyphosphazene, is prepared by intense heating of urea, melamine and phosphoric acid. These phosphorus-nitrogen containing compounds added to PBTP at 10-20 wt.%, provide increase of oxygen index (OI) from 22 to 29. In spite of relatively high OI, only the V-2 rating is observed in the UL94 test because of the flaming drip phenomenon. Phosphorus oxynitride is found to be an efficient char promoter for PBTP. 26 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Levchik S V; Weil E D Brooklyn,Polytechnic University A review of the literature for a 25-year period on the combustion and fire-retardant performance of major commercial aliphatic nylons is presented. It is shown that aliphatic nylons are relatively easily ignitable materials which support combustion and are therefore required to be fire retarded for some applications. Nylons do not produce vision-obscuring smoke during combustion, and the toxicity of their combustion products is similar to or lower than that of many other man-made materials. Patent literature and technical publications on the fire retardancy of aliphatic nylons with halogenated products, phosphorus-containing compounds, nitrogen-rich compounds, sulphur-containing, boron-containing and silicone-containing products are discussed. Miscellaneous inorganic additives and char-forming organic products are also discussed. It is concluded that, in spite of significant attempts, no commercial solution of fire retardancy of aliphatic nylons without loss of mechanical properties is available. 334 refs. USA

Accession no.791391 Item 204 Fire & Materials 24, No.4, July/Aug.2000, p.201-8 PA-6 CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE HYBRID AS CHAR FORMING AGENT INTUMESCENT FORMULATIONS Bourbigot S; Le Bras M; Dabrowski F; Gilman J W; Kashiwagi T ENSAIT; Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; US,National Inst.of Standards & Technology New flame retardant (FR) intumescent formulations for EVA using charring polymers polyamide 6 (PA-6) and polyamide-6 clay nanocomposite hybrid (PA-6 nano) as carbonisation agents are reported. Use of PA-6 nano improves both mechanical and fire properties of FR EVAbased materials. The part played by the clay in the improvement of the FR performance is studied using FTIR and solid state NMR. It is shown that the clay allows the thermal stabilisation of a phosphorocarbonaceous structure in the intumescent char which increases the efficiency of the shield and, in addition, the formation of a ‘ceramic’ which can act as a protective barrier. 44 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.790159

Accession no.791394 Item 203 Polymer International 49, No.10, Oct.2000, p.1033-73 FEATURED ARTICLE COMBUSTION AND FIRE RETARDANCY OF ALIPHATIC NYLONS

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Item 205 Speciality Chemicals 20, No.7, Sept.2000, p.254/6 BENEFITS OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS Bromine Science & Environmental Forum

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A discussion is presented on the benefits of brominated flame retardants, concerns about which have been expressed with regard to their safety and impact on the environment. The environmental acceptability of these compounds is considered and their advantages over alternative flame retardants are highlighted. Reasons for national and regional differences in fire safety standards are examined and the compliance of brominated flame retardants with dioxin emission limits is discussed. Finally, the safe disposal and recyclability of plastics containing these flame retardants are addressed. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.789468 Item 206 Modern Plastics International 30, No.9, Sept.2000, p.56 EU LEGISLATION TURNS THE HEAT ON BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS Mapleston P The move by the European Commission to make three separate pieces of legislation out of an original single draft directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment has probably served to intensify the focus on brominated flame retardants in these applications. Under the draft, EU countries shall ensure that the use of lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBB and PBDEs in electrical and electronic equipment are substituted on 1 January 2008. Additionally, the commission is proposing that all plastics containing brominated flame retardants be separated out from electrical and electronic equipment before recycling or disposal. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.789163 Item 207 Hants, Gower Publishing Ltd., 1997, pp.xx,305. 2/10/ 00. 54F INDEX OF FLAME RETARDANTS Ash M; Ash I This reference book is a comprehensive source of information on commercially available flame retardant additives. The information is gathered from worldwide manufacturers, distributors, trade magazines, reference books and chemical databases. This book functions as a single source for decision-making in formulating products that require the use of flame retardants, purchasing them and understanding the safety issues presented by their use. Current information on chemical composition, properties, function and application, toxicology, and environmental impact for both trade name and generic flame retardant additives is included in this index. Accession no.786762

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Item 208 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 77, No.14, 29th Sept.2000, p.3119-27 FLAME-RETARDANT AND SMOKESUPPRESSANT PROPERTIES OF ZINC BORATE AND ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE-FILLED RIGID PVC Yong Ning; Shaoyun Guo Sichuan,University Incorporating a small amount of zinc borate, aluminium trihydrate or a mixture of the two greatly increased the limiting oxygen index of rigid PVC and it reduced the smoke density of PVC during combustion. The mixture of zinc borate and aluminium trihydrate showed a good synergistic effect on the flame retardance and smoke suppression of PVC. Incorporating a small amount of zinc borate, aluminium trihydrate or a mixture of the two greatly increased the char formation of PVC. The amount of aromatic products released during combustion was decreased and the amount of aliphatic products was increased as a result of a series of crosslinking reactions of PVC after the evolution of hydrogen chloride during combustion. 19 refs. CHINA

Accession no.784890 Item 209 Polymer Degradation and Stability 69, No.1, 2000, p.83-92 CHARRING OF FIRE RETARDED ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE/ZINC BORATE FORMULATIONS Carpentier F; Bourbigot S; Le Bras M; Delobel R; Foulon M UPRES; CREPIM; CNRS Zinc borate is used as a synergistic agent in EVAMg(OH)2 flame retardant (FR) formulations. Solid state NMR of carbon in the residues collected after thermal treatment allows the study of the charring of the flame retardant system. The study shows that polymer fragments are in the char layer. It is suggested that zinc borate slows the degradation of the polymer, creating a vitreous protective residual layer which can act as a physical barrier and a glassy cage for PE chains. 27 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.783930 Item 210 Polymer Degradation and Stability 69, No.3, Sept.2000, p.257-60 FLAME RETARDANCY IN THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS (TPU) WITH MICA AND ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH) Pinto U A; Visconte L L Y; Gallo J; Nunes R C R Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal; Alcoa Aluminio SA

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References and Abstracts

Two types of aluminium trihydrate (ATH), with or without surface treatment, plus mica were incorporated into TPU composites. The quantity of mica that should be used has been previously evaluated from mechanical properties. Different mixtures of TPU/ATH/mica were prepared and those compositions presenting fire retardancy were identified through the two principal tests in this area: vertical burning (UL94) and oxygen index (ASTM D2863). The influence of mica on fire resistance was also evaluated. The objective of this work was to obtain good flame retardancy in TPU-mica composites and an optimum cost-performance balance as a consequence of mica addition. Results indicate that the composites with 70 and 80 phr of ATH present fire retardancy. The use of mica does not cause harm to the fire resistance behaviour of the composites with ATH with surface treatment. The surface treatment of ATH caused a small rise in the fire resistance of the composites. 19 refs. BRAZIL

Accession no.783818 Item 211 ENDS Report 304, May 2000, p.6-7 BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS POLLUTE PORPOISES Further evidence that brominated flame retardants are persistent and bio-accumulative emerged in April 2000, at a scientific meeting in the UK, it is reported in this article. Findings show that porpoises off the east coast of England are highly contaminated with these compounds. Details are given. SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY; UK,CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT,FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE SCIENCE; GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL; NETHERLANDS,INSTITUTE FOR FISHERIES RESEARCH; EUROPEAN COMMISSION; DEAD SEA BROMINE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.783707 Item 212 Schwandorf, c. 2000, pp.16. 29 cms. 17/8/00 APYRAL, THE FLAME-RETARDANT FILLER Nabeltec GmbH Apyral flame retardant filler is discussed with reference to its performance and end-use applications. It is based on aluminium hydroxide, and provides fire protection by means of endothermic phase transition. Its chemical composition, particle size and distribution, grades and application guidelines are examined, and its use in synthetic resins, PU foams, elastomers, paints, carpet backings and thermoplastics is described.

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.782825 Item 213 Speciality Chemicals 20, No.6, July/Aug.2000, p.207 FLAME-RETARDED TELEVISION MEANS SAFER VIEWING A life cycle assessment study recently completed in Sweden has found that over the lifetime of a television set, there are less emissions to the environment from a TV set containing brominated flame retardants in the outer casing, than a TV set without such flame retardant protection. An investigation of recent US and European TV set fire statistics has shown that while only about 5 TV fires/million TVs occur each year in the US where the enclosure is breached, the corresponding number in Europe is a total of 165 TV fires/million TVs. Because fires are themselves a major source of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and dibenzodioxins and furans, the use of flame retardants significantly decreases environmental emissions of this type. SWEDEN,NATIONAL TESTING & RESEARCH INSTITUTE EUROPE-GENERAL; USA

Accession no.782506 Item 214 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 6, No.2, June 2000, p.109-12 GUARDING AGAINST BLOOM IN FR/UV POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE Kuvshinnikova O I; Lee R E; Favstritsky N Great Lakes Chemical Corp. Displacing polyamide and polyester fibres in the carpet industry with PP has been hampered in a few key market segments. Markets that require resistance to flame and UV light have been the most difficult to penetrate due to both technical and economical reasons. The migration of additives to the surface (blooming) has been one significant technical problem. Progress in the stabilisation of flame-retarded PP fibre is reviewed and new advances in this field presented. 10 refs. USA

Accession no.778028 Item 215 Additives for Polymers July 2000, p.9-10 JAPANESE STUDY CHALLENGES EC VIEW ON RECYCLING OF FRS A new Japanese study of recycling flame retarded ABS compounds throws further doubt on the wisdom of the European Union’s draft proposal for disposal of Waste

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References and Abstracts

Electrical and Electronic Equipment. The draft requires that any plastics parts containing halogenated (brominated or chlorinated) flame retardants must be separated before recycling. However, the Bromine Science & Environmental Forum claims that the latest study by Techno Polymer suggests that some key plastics, flame retarded with brominated additives, are actually easier to recycle. BROMINE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM; TECHNO POLYMER CO.LTD. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.777167 Item 216 Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings. London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.177-84 FIRE GAS TOXICITY AND POLLUTANTS IN FIRES: THE ROLE OF FLAME RETARDANTS Troitzsch J H Fire & Environmental Protection Service (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.) Decomposition products from flame retardants like HBr, HCl, HCN and dioxins do not play a role in the acute toxicity of fire gases which is driven by carbon monoxide. Regarding the chronic toxicity of pollutants, in two well documented German fire catastrophes, the Lengerich and Dusseldorf airport fires, it was found that the cancer risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is up to 500 times higher than that of polyhalogenated dioxins and furans. As both pollutants are strongly bound to soot and therefore of low bioavailability, no chronic toxicity effects were reported from the general population or people professionally involved in fires. The hazard from dioxins and furans in fires is highly overestimated. The chronic toxicity of polybrominated dioxins and furans from the flame retardants involved in these two fires is negligible. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768668 Item 217 Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings. London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.131-45 COUNTERVAILING RISKS AND BENEFITS IN THE USE OF FLAME RETARDANTS Stevens G C Surrey,University (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.)

on the risks and benefits of flame retardant use in consumer products. Some of its findings in the area of the toxicology of flame retardants and risk assessment during normal use, and also when fire conditions exist, are presented. Emphasis is placed on ways in which the balance of risk can be assessed relating to the presence and absence of flame retardants under pre and post ignition conditions. The role of flame retardants in reducing potential fire hazards is discussed against a background of the hazards associated with unrestrained fire processes. Definitive evaluation of the impact of flame retardants on fire hazards and associated risks is not straightforward. However, an approach to risk-benefit analysis is proposed in the context of considering balance of risk when faced with assessing countervailing risks during the use and operation of flame retardants, particularly in high fire risk consumer products. The role of fire statistics in assisting this approach is illustrated by reference to recent work on the life safety benefits of flame retardants and the UK furniture fire regulations. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768664 Item 218 Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings. London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.113-20 MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE FLAME RETARDANTS, ARE THEY ABOUT TO REALISE THEIR POTENTIAL? MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES Rothon R M; Ritchie B Flamemag International GIE (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.) Magnesium hydroxide is a very effective flame retardant filler, which has been in commercial production for almost 20 years. There has been numerous claims that it is about to emerge from the role of relatively high price speciality to a major market player, but these have to date been largely unfulfilled. Once again there are signs that this change may be about to occur, with significant new capacity being installed or planned. These claims are examined to see what has changed and whether a significant expansion in the use of this material is imminent. The present limiting factor appears to be cost, rather than achievable properties, and the key seems to lie in the ability of new processing technology to deliver effective products at significantly lower cost than hitherto. 11 refs. USA

Accession no.768662

A review is presented of a recent report for the UK Department of Trade and Industry Consumer Safety Unit

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© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 219 Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings. London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.105-11 EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE AS A FIRE RETARDANT IN UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESINS Penczek P; Ostrysz R; Krassowski D Warsaw,Industrial Chemistry Research Institute; Ucar Graph-Tech Inc. (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.)

Item 221 Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings. London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.87-97 EXISTING FIRE RETARDANT SYSTEMS FOR POLYPROPYLENE AND ITS COPOLYMERS AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS Yaakov Y B; Utevski L; Reyes L; Georlette P; Bron S; Lopez-Cuesta J M Dead Sea Bromine Group; EMA (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.)

Expandable graphite flake is demonstrated to be an effective intumescent flame retardant additive for an unsaturated polyester resin. Results show that the expandable graphite flake can decrease the flammability of the crosslinked polyester resin when added at a level of 10 pph. The expandable graphite is particularly effective when used in conjunction with ammonium polyphosphate as a synergist. 13 refs.

PP and its copolymers, the largest group of resins worldwide, are found in most market sectors: packaging, textile, building, automotive, commodities, electrical appliances and office equipment. Some of these applications require fire retardancy. Lower levels of fire retardancy are usually obtained by addition of flame retardants, based wholly or partly on aliphatic bromine which are efficient but often do not prevent dripping. It is in general more difficult to reach higher levels of fire retardancy requiring non-dripping without adding large amounts of flame retardants. These flame retardant systems based often on aromatic bromine are not cost efficient. Some of the existing range of brominated flame retardants offered for applications in PP is reviewed, together with the properties achievable in various types of polymeric systems such as homo- and copolymers with and without reinforcement. New developments to improve cost efficiency are also reviewed and include a combination of surface treated magnesium hydroxide with brominated flame retardants. 9 refs.

EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND; USA

Accession no.768661 Item 220 Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings. London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.99-104 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF FLAME RETARDANTS IN CHINA Kan S; Schilling B Minmetals; Nordmann Rassmann GmbH & Co. (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.) Research and development of flame retardants in China started in the late 1960s. Until the 1980s, China produced about 40 flame retardants and total 1985 consumption was about 5,000 tons. The flame retardants industry has developed quickly since the 1990s. From 1990 to 1995, the increasing rate of the yield was 25%. Total capacity in 1995 was 110,000 tons. Recently, turnover has slowed down and the main interest of the flame retardants industry has been focused on the quality and production technique improvement and application research. With the development of the flame retardants industry, China has built up a complete research and development system for flame retardants. Research into the mechanism of flame retardance, new flame retardant design and synthesis, industrial production technology and application of flame retardants in different matrixes have been carried out in a series of research institutes and universities. A series of new flame retardants has been successfully developed and applied. An overview is presented of developments of flame retardants in China. The problems of the Chinese flame retardant industry are also revealed. 3 refs. CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768660

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; ISRAEL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768659 Item 222 Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings. London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.77-85 GLOW WIRE AND V-2 PERFORMANCE OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS IN POLYPROPYLENE Prins A M; Doumen C; Kaspersma J Great Lakes Chemical Corp. (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.) The flame retardance of PP by tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3-dibromopropyl ether) is described. To better understand the polymer specific flame retardant mechanism involved, UL 94 V-2 and glow wire behaviour are studied as a function of PP type, part thickness and antimony trioxide content. Also copolymers and talc filled systems are investigated. Tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3dibromopropyl ether) appears to be a very effective flame retardant for UL 94 V-2 and Glow Wire 850-960 deg.C requirements for PP, PP copolymers and talc-filled

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References and Abstracts

systems with minimal loss of physical properties of the base resin. 7 refs. USA

Accession no.768658 Item 223 Speciality Chemicals 20, No.3, April 2000, p.92 FLAME RETARDANTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS Clariant’s Exolit flame retardant range offers nonhalogenated additives for flexible polyether slabstock and moulded foams and can be used for applications in the automotive industry. Benefits of the range include high efficiency, low emissions, good odour characteristics and high ageing resistance. Exolit OP flame retardants are nonhalogenated liquid phosphorus polyols. Exolit AP 422 is an established flexible polyester foam and can be dispersed easily in conventional polyols. CLARIANT GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768522 Item 224 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 5, No.4, Dec.1999, p.172-85 ADVENTURES IN FIRE RETARDANCY Wilkie C A Marquette,University Studies on fire retardancy by the author’s research group over the past twenty years are reviewed. The focus of all the investigations is the development of basic knowledge on the mechanisms of condensed phase fire retardants. Particular attention is paid to degradation of PMMA, graft copolymerisation to enhance fire retardancy, FriedelCrafts chemistry to enhance thermal stability of PS, and relationship between crosslinking and thermal stability. 57 refs. USA

Accession no.764906 Item 225 Additives for Polymers April 2000, p.9-10 PHOSPHORUS-BASED RETARDANTS MEET RAILWAY SPECIFICATIONS Recently-developed synergist blends of halogen-free flame retardants based on phosphorus allow a much lower loading in order to meet safety requirements. They also exhibit a very low smoke density, making them particularly interesting to the transport sector. Clariant claims the European railway sector could double its use of reinforced plastics to at least 100,000 tonnes over the next five years. Clariant’s Exolit AP 740 phosphorusbased flame retardant meets the demand for halogen-free

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materials for pultrusion, RTM, filament winding and hand lay-up processes, giving highly retarded composites at a comparatively low addition rate. CLARIANT GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.764647 Item 226 Polymers & Polymer Composites 7, No.8, 1999, p.545-53 FORMULATING RIGID PVC TO OPTIMISE FLAME RETARDANCY AND SMOKE SUPPRESSION Thomas N L; Harvey R J European Vinyls Corp.(UK) Ltd. Results are presented of fire performance tests, which have been carried out on a number of inorganic flame retardants and fillers in rigid PVC formulations. These results have been used to maximise fire retardancy and minimise smoke emission, without affecting the physical and mechanical properties of the material. The flame retardant additives chosen and for which a brief review of their mechanisms is given, included antimony trioxide, zinc borate, zinc hydroxystannate, ammonium octamolybdate, alumina trihydrate, and magnesium hydroxycarbonate. Test methods included limiting oxygen index test, cone calorimetry, heat stability, colour measurement, and impact testing. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.759535 Item 227 Addcon World ’99. Conference proceedings. Prague, 27th-19th Oct.1999, paper 15, pp.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF ADVANCED FLAME RETARDANTS. HOW DO MELAMINE BASED FLAME RETARDANTS LIVE UP TO EXPECTATIONS Grabner R DSM Melapur (RAPRA Technology Ltd.) The desirable characteristics of the ideal flame retardant are discussed. Results are given of smoke and flammability tests on two glass-reinforced polyamide-66 compounds, one containing a traditional halogenated flame retardant and one containing a new melamine polyphosphate flame retardant (Melapur 200). Some information on the flame retarding effects of melaminecyanurate (Melapur MC) in unfilled, filled and glass reinforced polymide-6,66 is given also. A table summarises the application of eight melamine compounds or synergistic formulations in ten polymers. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758473

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 228 Addcon World ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 9th-10th Nov.1998, paper 20 BORATES AND MODIFIED BORATES AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE ADDITIVES IN POLYMER APPLICATIONS Leeuwendaal R Borax Europe Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Borates are a group of chemical structures containing the boron-oxygen bond. Examples of well-known borates are the mineral borax (Na2O.2B2O3.10H2O), boric acid (B(OH)3) and boric oxide (B2O3). Borate salts exist made up of earth alkaline and other positive ions. Borate salts can be found in ores as minerals but also refined minerals and synthetic borates are being produced. Boron-oxygen structures share several chemical functionalities which account for a number of highly diversified chemical reaction possibilities. This is the reason why borate based products are considered to be multi-functional and are used in glass fibre, ceramics, detergents, agricultural applications, anti-corrosion products in coatings and biocidal and flame retardant applications in cellulosic and synthetic materials. Some examples of borate products and properties are addressed and some of the developments and applications of borates in thermoplastics reviewed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.757032

In epoxies, a broad range of different flame retardants are used to meet fire safety requirements, depending on the respective epoxy application. Non-reactive flame retardants like magnesium hydroxide, zinc borates or aluminium trihydrate act like fillers: high levels of addition are necessary. For applications like adhesives of laminates, where good mechanical properties are a must, reactive flame retardants are used. The most versatile one, used in nearly all of these applications is tetrabromobisphenol A; it is often used with antimony trioxide as synergist. Due to the very corrosive substances which are formed in case of a fire from TBBA and the fact that brominated dioxines could be formed and contaminate the surroundings of a fire, new ways for a halogen-free, safe fire protection were required. Reactive phosphorous organic substances are such a class of flame retardants. Especially user-friendly are prereacted epoxy resins, where the phosphorous organic substance is already chemically linked to the resin. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.757030 Item 231 Addcon World ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 9th-10th Nov.1998, paper 17 MATCH OUT FIRE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS Schmidt R Martinswerk GmbH (Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Item 229 Addcon World ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 9th-10th Nov.1998, paper 19 LATEST DEVELOPMENTS ON THE FLAME RETARDANCY OF ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS De Schryver D Albemarle Corp. (Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Ways of ensuring levels of protection against fire hazards are outlined. Aspects covered include fire hazard test methods, an overview of the flame retardant market, mineral flame retardants and an outlook. Flame retardants based on aluminium and/or magnesium hydroxide are concluded to make possible the development of plastics products showing a low tendency to ignite, no flame propagation, generate a very low amount of smoke and do not form toxic gases in case of fire.

An outline is presented of Albemarle’s flame retardants for engineering thermoplastics, with emphasis on the company’s Saytex HP-7010 brominated PS additive. Results of the use of Saytex HP-7010 in PBTP and polyamide formulations are presented.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

USA

Accession no.757031 Item 230 Addcon World ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 9th-10th Nov.1998, paper 18 REACTIVE, HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTS FOR EPOXIES Sprenger S; Utz R Schill & Seilacher GmbH & Co. (Rapra Technology Ltd.)

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.757029 Item 232 Fire & Materials 23, No.3, May-June 1999, p.109-16 EFFECTS OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS ON THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE HAZARD: A RE-EXAMINATION OF EARLIER RESULTS Clarke F B Benjamin/Clarke Associates Inc. Results are reported of a re-examination of results of an earlier series of experiments carried out at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards, in which product pairs were

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studied, one product in each pair being treated with a brominated flame retardant and one not being treated. Polymeric materials studied included high-impact PS, PU foam and glass-reinforced polyester. Comparative hazard analysis, using information not available to the original investigators, showed that, for the products under study, all three aspects of hazard (heat, smoke obscuration and fire effluent toxicity) were either reduced or unaffected by the action of the brominated agents. In particular, hydrogen bromide, a component of the fire effluent when brominated agents were present, was shown to be unimportant in the toxic hazard of full-scale fires involving BFR-treated products. 16 refs. US,NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS USA

Accession no.752024 Item 233 High Performance Plastics Oct.1999, p.1-2 BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS GET A GREEN LIGHT FOR RECYCLING Studies carried out in Germany have established that brominated flame retardants do not present a problem in the recycling of plastics containing them, and can withstand at least five recycling cycles, it is claimed. Tests carried out on high impact polystyrene flame retarded with decabromyl-diphenyl ether show that it meets the requirements of the German Banning Ordinance, which is regarded as one of the strictest regulations in the world. Commissioned by the Bromine Science and Environmental Forum, three studies were carried out: formation of dioxins and furans; debromination; and workplace exposure. GFA LABORATORY; ERLANGEN,UNIVERSITAT; BROMINE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.751704 Item 234 Additives for Polymers Nov.1999, p.8-11 USE OF MELAMINE WITH OTHER MINERALS AS FLAME RETARDANTS Researchers at Montell and Turin University have been studying the optimum mix of melamine with other mineral fillers to obtain the best balance of properties. The addition of melamine to mineral filler fire retardants for PP, whilst improving its flammability behaviour, is not sufficiently thermal stable and requires special precautions in processing. However, it does reduce the specific weight of fire retarded PP which results in an economic advantage, and allows the use of relatively cheap inert fillers such as kaolin and talc. Results are given of the

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tests carried out to determine the effects of individual fillers on UL94 test of PP, and mineral fillers/melamine combinations on PP on OI and UL94 tests. For all fillers examined, the mixtures containing 40% of melamine and 25% of mineral filler (ratio 60/40 w/w/) showed the best compromise between Oxygen Index and UL94. MONTELL; TURIN,UNIVERSITY EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.751703 Item 235 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 74, No.5, 31st Oct.1999, p.1317-9 FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAM. III. PHOSPHORIC ACID AS A FLAME RETARDANT Ravey M; Pearce E M Israel,IMI Institute for Research & Development; Brooklyn,Polytechnic University The effectiveness of phosphoric acid as a flame retardant for a polyether-based flexible PU foam was investigated. A linear relation was found between the initial acid content of the foam and the length of burn prior to selfextinguishment. The mechanism of action was examined. 15 refs. ISRAEL; USA

Accession no.751474 Item 236 ENDS Report No.295, Aug.1999, p.31 NEC DEVELOPS ‘ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY’ FLAME RETARDANTS NEC of Japan has developed a flame retardant polycarbonate tradenamed NuCycle for use in its liquid crystal display monitors and battery packs for portable computers, and also an inherently flame retardant epoxy resin, which is used to make microchip housings for selected integrated circuits and printed wiring boards. The products are offered as replacements for brominated or phosphorous-based flame retardants used in the electronics industry. NEC has sold the manufacturing licences to Sumitomo Dow, and hopes that demand from other companies will bring down production costs. NEC CORP.; SUMITOMO DOW JAPAN

Accession no.750699 Item 237 High Performance Textiles Oct.1999, p.6-7 CHEAPER AND MORE EFFECTIVE FIRERETARDANT TREATMENT CFB plc of the Isle of Man has developed a family of fire retardant materials and additives, which do not contain bromine. Firestop materials are claimed to be 50% cheaper

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

as well as more effective than existing products. They can be used with textiles, plastics and rubbers, and are said to be particularly well suited to fabrics with a high synthetic content. Its mechanism of flame retardancy is described, and tabulated data are included to demonstrate the reduced levels of release of volatile products on treated fabrics. CFB PLC

combustion both during operation and on disposal. The move to replace halogenated fire retardant materials in PCBs is gathering momentum. New grades of aluminium hydroxide which meet the thermal stability requirements of copper clad laminates offer the PCB industry a way forward which is cost effective and involves no compromises with fire safety of the composite materials used.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; IRELAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.750409

Accession no.749260

Item 238 Modern Plastics International 29, No.10, Oct.1999, p.90-2 FLAME RETARDANTS

Item 241 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 89, No.7, July 1999, p.30-2 FLAME RETARDANTS Troitzsch J

Developments in flame retardants are outlined. Pelletised masterbatch versions of the various Thermoguard flame retardants make it easier to handle materials. Two nonhalogenated flame retardant systems, Exolit AP740TP for polyester gel coats and grade 750 for epoxy gel coats, protect plastics against flames, while also reducing smoke density and heat release. WORLD

Accession no.749346 Item 239 Modern Plastics International 29, No.10, Oct.1999, p.84 FLAME-RETARDANT SUPPLIERS SHIFT TO HALOGEN-FREE GRADES Ng W Widespread adoption of PC/ABS alloys for electronic housings, coupled with demand for zero-halogen flameretardant systems, has spurred interest in phosphorus-type flame retardants. Albemarle has announced the first offering ofits NcendX line of halogen-free FRs to complement its brominated materials. Great Lakes Chemical acquired FMC’s Process Additives Div. in the UK, a leading maker of phosphate ester flame retardants. Magnesium hydroxide-based additives may also gain attention due to low toxicity and corrosiveness, as well as expanding use of PP for business machines. USA

Accession no.749343 Item 240 Reinforced Plastics 43, No.10, Oct.1999, p.44-50 ALTERNATIVES TO HALOGENS IN PCB LAMINATES Brown N; Aggleton M Martinswerk GmbH; Mica & Micanite (Ireland) Ltd.

A survey of the use of flame retardants in the plastics industry is presented, covering increasing technical demands on fire safety, market growth, consolidation of flame retardant producers, mechanism of action, testing of the environmental properties of each product, product development based on known systems (brominecontaining flame retardants and synergists, phosphorus and nitrogenous flame retardants, inorganic flame retardants, flame-retarded polymer products) and future prospects. (German version of this paper, which includes graphs and tables, is on p.96/100) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747380 Item 242 International Polymer Science and Technology 25, No.12, 1998, p.14-27 RECENT STUDIES OF THE USE OF ZINC BORATES IN ETHYLENE VINYLACETATE COPOLYMERS Le Bras M; Bourbigot S; Carpentier F; Leeuwendaal R; Schubert D Results are presented of a detailed investigation of the synergistic effect of zinc borates with metal hydroxides in the flame protection of EVA copolymers. Two different zinc borates, Firebrake 415 and Firebreak ZB, were used. The mechanism of flame retardance is discussed. 36 refs. (Full translation of Gummi Fas.Kunst., No.12, 1998, p.972) US BORAX CORP. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.743213

Fire safety of printed circuit board materials is increasingly related to the toxicity of gases released on

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

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References and Abstracts

Item 243 Focus on Plastics Additives No.19, 1999, p.6-7 FLAME RETARDANTS - WHAT’S NEW? This article outlines recent developments in flame retardants and covers a selection of patents and research papers. Topics covered include phosphorus flame retardants with or without nitrogen, phosphorus and boron or silicon, silicon compounds, metal hydroxides and brominated compounds. 12 refs. WORLD

Accession no.742828 Item 244 Focus on Plastics Additives No.12, 1999, p.3 CHANGE IN THE AIR AT ALBRIGHT AND WILSON Phosphorus based flame retardants are Albright & Wilson’s main contribution to the plastics additives business. Phosphorus based flame retardants are recommended for use in polyolefins, PETP, thermoplastic PUs, styrenics, unsaturated polyesters and epoxies. With PS or polyolefins, there is often a need to use phosphorus in combination with other flame retardant additives. ALBRIGHT & WILSON LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.742823 Item 245 ENDS Report No.294, July 1999, p.9-10 NEW HEALTH CONCERNS OVER FLAMERETARDED PLASTICS Research carried out by the Lund University Hospital and the University of Stockholm, has found that one of the most widely used compounds in brominated flame retardants, decabromodiphenyl ether, can accumulate in human tissue. The study also discovered that recyclers of electronic equipment were found to have levels in blood up to 70 times higher than average. Results of the studies are discussed, and the effects on the flame retardant industry are considered. STOCKHOLM,UNIVERSITY; LUND,UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.742676 Item 246 Fire & Flammability Bulletin May 1999, p.4-5 WHO ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF PBDDS/ PBDFS

polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. This article supplies the WHO’s main conclusions from the report, which include statements that “brominated flame retardants should not be used where suitable replacements are available.” It also recognises that alternative flame retardants need to be assessed against their toxicity. The BSEF, in Belgium agree with the WHO’s findings, aimed at reducing the risk of such additives, but the report was written three years ago, based on even earlier research, and the issue has moved on since then. BSEF believe that the findings of the WHO report do not support its conclusions that brominated flame retardants should not be used where suitable replacements are available. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION; BROMINE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.742214 Item 247 Polymer Degradation and Stability 64, No.3, 1999, p.545-56 REGULATORY STATUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS UNDERGOING RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE EU: DBDPO, OBDPO, PEBDPE AND HBCD Hardy M L Albemarle Corp. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a structurally diverse group of compounds; their major point in common is not their chemical structure but rather that of their use as flame retardants. BFRs undergoing risk assessment in the EU under the existing chemicals regulation are polybrominated diphenyl oxides (ethers; PEDPO), decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO), octabromodiphenyl oxide (OBDPO) and pentabromodiphenyl oxide (PeBDPO), and the cyclic aliphatic, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). The toxicology and environmental properties of these flame retardants are addressed, as are research and regulatory activities affecting them. The physicochemical properties of BFRs minimise their potential to move into and in the environment irrespective of their lack of ready biodegradability. In addition, DBDPO, which has been extensively studied, hag been found to have a short half life in rats, minimal absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, rapid elimination and to lack bioaccumulation potential in fish. These properties, coupled with the minimal effects on mammalian species on repeated dosing of DBDPO and HBCD, and their lack of mutagenicity and skin sensitisation, indicate these brominated flame retardants can be used by society to provide needed protection from the hazard of fire. 15 refs. EUROPE-GENERAL

The World Health Organisation has recently published a report reviewing the scientific understanding related to

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References and Abstracts

Item 248 Polymer Degradation and Stability 64, No.3, 1999, p.465-70 NEW FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS FOR STYRENIC PLASTICS AND METHOD OF PREPARATION Finberg I; Bar Yaakov Y; Georlette P Dead Sea Bromine Group Ltd. Brominated flame retardants are known for their very efficient role in saving lives and goods due to their optimal combination of properties. They are found in many places in our daily lives and they are vital to the modern electronics industry. Large quantities of styrenic copolymers are used in the electronic industry to produce housings for television sets, PC monitors and printing machines. These applications are very demanding in terms of weight reduction, impact strength, in some cases colour stability, and above all, cost reduction. New flame retardant systems developed by the Dead Sea Bromine Group to cope with this challenge are discussed. These new flame retardants are not related to diphenyl oxide chemistry in order to satisfy users who may be sensitive to this. 3 refs. ISRAEL

Accession no.739423 Item 249 Polymer Degradation and Stability 64, No.3, 1999, p.427-31 PHOSPHORUS FLAME RETARDANTS IN THERMOSET RESINS Horold S Clariant GmbH Composites based on thermoset resins like unsaturated polyesters or epoxies are used to a wide extent in the transportation area. In the event of a fire on board a moving train, immediate evacuation of the people is not possible. Therefore, it is essential that the materials used in the construction and furnishing of coaches are such that they are not easily ignited and have a low total emission of heat smoke and toxic fume when exposed to an ignition source. Modern railways have to be lighter and more environmentally friendly. Production has to be faster and more inexpensive. It is shown that non-halogen, phosphorus-containing flame retardants are very effective in thermoset resins. Their advantages lie in their high effectiveness, which enables very low concentrations to be used, while at the same time meeting the most stringent requirements. The formulations can, due to the low viscosity of the resin mixture, be processed by hand layup, pultrusion, spray laminating, winding and resin transfer moulding. The low density of the composites makes them useful for all mass transport applications. The phosphorus compounds do not affect the curing reactions of the resins and can be used in cold and hot cured systems. 12 refs.

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EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.739417 Item 250 Polymer Degradation and Stability 64, No.3, 1999, p.419-25 RECENT ADVANCES IN THE USE OF ZINC BORATES IN FLAME RETARDANCY OF EVA Bourbigot S; Le Bras M; Leeuwendal R; Shen K K; Schubert D Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Borax Europe Ltd.; US Borax Inc. Zinc borates are used as synergistic agents in EVA-ATH and EVA-Mg(OH)2 flame retardant (FR) formulations and as smoke suppressants. Study by solid state NMR of the residues sampled at different times during cone calorimeter experiments of the formulations EVA-ATH and EVA-ATH/zinc borate allows to propose a mechanism of action of the FR systems. It is demonstrated that the decomposition of aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) to Al2O3 during the heating of the polymer results in an increase of the ignition time. The formation of Al2O3 in situ from ATH during the combustion of the polymer is the first event. Concurrently zinc borate degrades and it is proposed that a vitreous protective coating is created, which yields a more efficient char. 25 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.739416 Item 251 New York, N.Y., Carl Hanser, 1990, pp.xiv,517. 145.00 INTERNATIONAL PLASTICS FLAMMABILITY HANDBOOK. SECOND EDITION Troitzsch J H This unique handbook deals with all aspects of plastics flammability, from fundamentals to the detailed description and comparison of national and international regulations, standards, test methods and of product approval procedures for plastics and plastics components in the various fields of application. It is mandatory and essential reference for anyone concerned with the fire performance of plastics whether in developments, marketing of plastics products or components. Accession no.737655 Item 252 Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings. New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3862-3. 012 SYNERGISTIC FLAME RETARDANCE OF POLYPROPYLENE. I Trivedi P J; Deanin R D; Orroth S A; Dunn R F Lowell,Massachusetts University (SPE) In burning of PP, the addition of decabromo diphenyl oxide plus antimony trioxide greatly improves oxygen

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index, but seriously increases smoke density. Addition of hydrated basic magnesium calcium carbonate only improves oxygen index slightly, but dramatically reduces smoke density. Combining these two flame retarding systems makes PP very flame retardant without a serious increase in smoke density. 7 refs. USA

Accession no.734021 Item 253 Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 7, No.1, Jan./March 1999, p.58-60 USE OF MELAMINE CYANURATE TO MODIFY FIRE RETARDANT BEHAVIOUR OF POLYAMIDE 6 Boryniec S; Michalski A; Debski J Poland,Institute of Chemical Fibres; Poland,Research Laboratory of Nitrogen Works Melamine cyanurate(MC), which contained almost 50% nitrogen, was used as an additive to polyamide-6 melt in the reactor in the form of very fine powder. The polymer containing MC was then processed into plastics and fibres. Examination of some of the mechanical properties and flammability of the obtained materials proved that the addition of MC negatively affected the specific tenacity of the fibres while simultaneously decreasing their flammability. The latter effect was stronger for plastics and weaker for fibres. 7 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.733394 Item 254 Journal of Fire Sciences 16, No.5, 1st Sept.1999, p.383-404 ENHANCED FLAME RETARDANCY OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, MELAMINE AND NOVOLAC Weil E D; Lewin M; Ho Sheng Lin Brooklyn,Polytechnic University Even at levels of magnesium hydroxide too low to impart flame retardancy to PP, the addition of melamine was found to make it possible to reduce burning time under UL 94 conditions sufficiently to meet the V-2 rating. Flaming drips still persisted, however, so that a V-0 rating by UL 94 could not be obtained. It was then found that, by the further addition of a novolac at levels as low as 1%, together with melamine, a UL 94 V-0 rating could be reached. Levels of magnesium hydroxide could be as low as 30 to 50%, allowing the formulation to be flexible. The novolac caused a useful dimension-stabilising effect above the m.p. of PP. Some thermal evidence suggested that a novolac-magnesia gel could be formed. 5 refs. USA

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Item 255 Fire & Materials 23, No.1, Jan./Feb.1999, p.1-6 POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FIRE RETARDED BY 1,4-DIISOBUTYLENE-2,3,5,6TETRAXYDROXY-1,4-DIPHOSPHINE OXIDE. I. COMBUSTION AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION Aufmuth W; Lvchik S V; Levchik G F; Klatt M Belorussian,State University; BASF AG 1,4-Diisobutylene-2,3,5,6-tetraxydroxy-1,4-diphosphine oxide (Cyagard) provides good fire retardant performance for PBTP as measured by the UL94 test whereas the combination of Cyagard with some co-additives helps to increase the limiting oxygen index (L0I). A correlation between the solid residue measured by thermogravimetry and LOI is observed. Kinetic analysis of the thermogravimetric data shows a strong increase in the activation energy of the thermal decomposition of PBTP in the presence of Cyagard and ferric oxide. 38 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.732320 Item 256 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 5, No.1, Mar.1999, p.21-30 ZINC STANNATED-COATED FILLERS: NOVEL FLAME RETARDANTS AND SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS FOR POLYMERIC MATERIALS Cusack P A; Hornsby P R ITRI Ltd.; Brunel University Novel zinc hydroxystannate- or zinc stannate-coated hydrated fillers are shown to be highly effective flame retardant and smoke suppressant additives for chlorinated polymers. The performance of these systems is discussed, with reference to PVC, polychloroprene, halogenated polyester resin and PP formulations. Relative to unmodified magnesium hydroxide and alumina trihydrate, coated variants of these fillers can achieve similar fire retardant properties at significantly lower additive levels. 18 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.732314 Item 257 Fire & Flammability Bulletin April 1999, p.3-5 RISKS AND BENEFITS IN THE USE OF FLAME RETARDANTS IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS The University of Surrey has carried out independent research for the DTI on the risks and benefits of flame retardants used in consumer products. The report states that the risk of death or injury from a fire involving

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References and Abstracts

consumer products, such as upholstered furniture, can be reduced by between 30 to 90% by using flame retardants. SURREY,UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.728714 Item 258 Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 75, No.12, 1998, p.C15 FINE-PARTICLE COMPOUNDS MEET DEMANDING APPLICATION NEEDS Schmidt R; Coughlin G Lonza Martinswerk Aluminium hydroxide (ATH) is worldwide the highest volume flame retardant, with a market share of greater than 50%. ATH undergoes an endothermic decomposition that gives off water at elevated temperatures, starting at 200C. Magnesium hydroxide exhibits a similar decomposition reaction releasing water at a temperature of 340C. A modified manufacturing process can create fine precipitated synthetic ATH types with average particle sizes of 1 micron and a top cut below 10 microns. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.728655 Item 259 Eureka 19, No.3, March 1999, p.30 RUSSIAN AGENT CUTS OFF BURNING DESIRE Shelley T Russian scientists have developed a flame retardant additive that makes almost any plastic or fibrous material non-flammable without generating toxic fumes. This article describes the properties, features and potential of Noflan, a fine white powder, without odour, which is stable, non corrosive, non-toxic and causes no significant changes in the thermal or mechanical properties or appearance of the polymer it is added to. It should make up 10 to 20 per cent of the total polymer mass. Noflan is covered by an international patent. POLYMER BURNING LABORATORY RUSSIA

Accession no.726792 Item 260 Speciality Chemicals 19, No.3, April 1999, p.104-5 CHEMISTRY OF NON-HALOGEN FLAME RETARDANTS Walz R Clariant GmbH Phosphorus compounds have been widely used in the plastics industry as flame retardants for several years. The

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Exolit RP series of products from Clariant is comprised of special types of red phosphorus which are specially retarded and stabilised. Clariant is also one of the biggest producers of ammonium polyphosphate based products. Exolit AP 422, with very low water solubility and fine grain size, is used in the intumescent coating industry. Exolit AP and RP products meet the requirement for low smoke density in transport applications. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.725951 Item 261 Speciality Chemicals 19, No.3, April 1999, p.102 ZINC BORATE FOR FIRE RETARDANCY Shen K US Borax Inc. Firebrake ZB zinc borate fire retardant retains its water of hydration at temperatures as high as 290-300C, enabling it to be used in polymers that require high processing temperatures. Firebrake ZB is used primarily as a low-cost fire retardant synergist replacing antimony oxide either completely or partially. In contrast to antimony oxide, it can also function as a smoke suppressant, afterglow suppressant and anti-tracking agent. USA

Accession no.725950 Item 262 European Chemical & Polymer Engineer Dec.1998, p.52-3 ‘GREEN’ ZINC STANNATES REDUCE THE HAZARDS OF MATERIALS IN FIRES Cusack P ITRI Ltd. Recent statistics show that smoke inhalation accounts for over 80% of fire fatalities. Although cause of death is likely to be asphyxiation by toxicants such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, particulate smoke traps the victims. It impedes their escape by obscuring vision, due to its opacity and its irritating effects on the eyes and respiratory system. Consequently, current fire safety research places great emphasis on the design of products that have low flame spread and produce little smoke. The use of flame retardants has increased dramatically since the late 1960s, in parallel with the growth of the plastics industry. Annual worldwide consumption of all flame retardants now exceeds 750,000 tonnes. However, many existing flame retardants have problems associated with their use. Two inorganic tin compounds - zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS) - have been commercially available since the early 1990s. The nontoxic nature of ZHS and ZS, combined with their excellent smoke-suppressant properties, has resulted in gradual

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replacement of traditional flame retardants such as antimony trioxide. A recent market survey has indicated that current ZHS/ZS consumption in Europe is running at 1,500 tpa, with an annual growth rate of 11%. Details are given.

Item 265 Oldbury, c.1999, pp.2. 30cms. 5/3/99 PROCESSING AND HANDLING ADVICE FOR THE AMGARD CPC 700 AND 725 SERIES Albright & Wilson

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Processing and handling advice is provided for the Amgard CPC 700 and 725 series of flame retardant additives for use in epoxy and polyester resins. The additives consist of pastes which contain approximately 60% loading of red amorphous phosphorus as the active flame retardant, in a suitable liquid vehicle. The materials can be compounded with further quantities of host resin to produce a flame retardant article of the final desired composition. Guidelines are given for the safe handling of pastes with low or high volatility carriers, while storage concerns are also addressed.

Accession no.724240 Item 263 Lancaster, 1995, pp.40. 30cms. 4/3/99 FLAME RETARDANTS Storey J.,& Co. A collection of data is presented on Joseph Storey’s range of zinc borate and zinc hydroxy stannate/zinc stannate flame retardants for use in plastic, foam, rubber and paint. Descriptions are given of the features and benefits of the additives, including their non-toxic properties and smoke suppressant capabilities. Specifications give composition, properties and performance data for each available grade, and the use of zinc borate in EPDM and vinyl acetate formulations is outlined. Detailed information is provided on the use of zinc hydroxy stannate/zinc stannate retardants in halogen-free cable compounds and natural rubber, as well as in polypropylene, polyester resins, polychloroprene, epoxy resins, PVC cables, PVC plastisol, and expanded PVC sheeting. The results of mechanistic studies on this type of retardant are presented and their performance compared with that of antimony trioxide. Brief details are also given of the company’s other services, including pigment distribution, colour matching, and contract blending and grinding. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723135 Item 264 Gerrards Cross, c.1999, pp.4. 30cms. 5/3/99 FLAME RETARDANT FILLERS AND ADDITIVES Alcan Chemicals Europe

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723122 Item 266 Oldbury, c.1999, pp.4. 30cms. 3/3/99 AMGARD P45 Albright & Wilson Information is presented on Amgard P45, an organophosphorus flame retardant system for plastic materials. It can be used in both thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers but is particularly useful in epoxy resins, polyamides and some thermoplastic polyesters. Performance benefits include good thermal stability, low volatility and compatibility with many polymers. Details are given of the typical properties of the grade, together with data concerning its viscosity, chemical structure, and typical performance in epoxy resin and polyamide 6. Brief safety and handling guidelines are provided. CIBA; ALLIED-SIGNAL INC. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723119

A general brochure outlines the main characteristics of Baco aluminium trihydroxide flame retardant, smokesuppressant fillers and Flamtard flame retardant additives. Baco products are available in general purpose FRF grades, as well as in Superfine and Ultrafine grades with controlled surface areas. ‘E’ grades have been specifically developed for electrical applications where low electrolyte levels are essential. Flamtard additives are produced in Flamtard H and Flamtard S low toxicity grades which provide alternatives to antimony trioxide. In addition, the Flamtard Z series comprises ultrafine grades of zinc borate which are thermally stable up to 290C. The mechanism of action of both Baco and Flamtard products is described.

Item 267 Oldbury, c.1999, pp.4. 30cms. 4/3/99 AMGARD NL Albright & Wilson A datasheet describes Amgard NL as a phosphate-based flame retardant system with limited solubility in water, developed for use in polypropylene, polyethylene and their copolymers. Performance benefits include good thermal stability, small particle size, high efficiency and high phosphorus content. The typical properties of the grade are tabulated and data presented on its thermal stability and performance when compounded into PP and PE. Processing and safety guidelines are also provided. ICI PLC; BP

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723123

Accession no.723116

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Item 268 Oldbury, c.1999, pp.2. 30cms. 3/3/99 AMGARD NH Albright & Wilson Amgard NH is described as a melamine phosphate-based flame retardant system of low water solubility. The powdered product is suitable for applications in paper, intumescent coatings, and plastics such as polyesters, polymethyl methacrylate, polyolefins, polystyrene and polyurethane foams. The datasheet tabulates the typical properties of the grade, and provides guidelines on the safe handling, storage and disposal of the additive. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723115 Item 269 Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie Vol.264, Feb.1999, p.48-55 PHOSPHORUS OXYNITRIDE: A THERMALLY STABLE FIRE RETARDANT ADDITIVE FOR POLYAMIDE 6 AND POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) Levchik S V; Levchik G F; Balabanovich A I; Weil E D; Klatt M Belorussian,State University; Brooklyn,Polytechnic University; BASF AG

trioxide flame retardants in a propylene-ethylene copolymer. Studies of flammability and mechanical properties showed that combinations of these flame retardants with pure, fine particle size, highly lamellar talcs optimised these properties and limited the emission of corrosive combustion products. DEAD SEA BROMINE CO.LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; ISRAEL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.721716 Item 271 Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference. London, Kluwer, 1998, p.339-52. 5 FLAME RETARDANTS: TIN COMPOUNDS Cusack P A ITRI Ltd. (Institute of Materials)

The combustion performance of nylon-6 and polybutylene terephthalate(PBT), both fire retarded by phosphorus oxynitride(PON), was studied by oxygen index and UL94 tests. It was shown that either PON alone or in combination with different co-additives was effective in nylon-6 and much less active in PBT. TGA experiments provided evidence that PON promoted charring in both nylon-6 and PBT. The mechanism of the char formation from nylon-6 and PBT in the presence of PON was examined on the basis of IR studies of solid residues produced in the thermal decomposition. The effective fire retardant action of PON in nylon-6 was related to the interaction with the polymer to produce char, whereas the less effective activity of PON in PBT was related to the unfavourable acceleration of the evolution of combustible aliphatic fragments. 24 refs.

Tin compounds have been known as flame retardants since the mid-nineteenth century, when processes based on the in situ precipitation of hydrous tin (IV) oxide were developed to impart flame resistance properties to cotton and other cellulosic materials. More recently, tin salts have found use in flame retardant treatments for woollen sheepskins and rugs. The active tin species are generally fluorostannate-based, and these are electrostatically attracted to the protonated amino groups in the proteinaceous wool structure. However, as far as plastics are concerned, commercial interest in the use of tin-based flame retardants has only developed over the past ten years or so. Although it is estimated that over 600,000 tonnes of chemical additives are used worldwide annually as flame retardants for synthetic polymers, recent concerns about the toxic nature of certain additives have led to an intensified search for safer flame retardants. Hence, the generally low toxicity of inorganic tin compounds has been a major factor in their growing acceptance throughout the 1990s as flame retardants and smoke suppressants for plastics, elastomers and other polymeric materials. Aspects covered include laboratory fire tests, halogen-containing polymer formulations, halogen-free formulations, the fire retardant mechanism and recent developments. 5 refs.

BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.721938

Accession no.718847

Item 270 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 50, No.5, June/July 1998, p.18-9 French TALCS FOR IMPROVING THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF PP Lopez-Cuesta J M; Jouffret F Ales,Ecole des Mines; Talc de Luzenac

Item 272 Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference. London, Kluwer, 1998, p.315-26. 5 FLAME RETARDANTS: POLYVINYL ALCOHOL AND SILICONE COMPOUNDS Zaikov G E; Lomakin S M Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Materials)

Four different grades of talc were used in combination with brominated trimethylphenylindane and antimony

In the modern polymer industry, the various existing types of polymer flame retardants based on halogens (Cl, Br),

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heavy and transition metals (Zn, V, Pb, Sb) or phosphorusorganic compounds reduce the risk from polymer combustion and pyrolysis, but may present ecological issues. The overall use of halogenated flame retardants is still showing an upward trend, but the above concerns have started a search for more environmentally friendly polymer additives. As a result it is quite possible that the future available flame retardants will be more limited than in the past. One ecologically-safe flame retardant system, containing a char former, is polyvinyl alcohol combined with a silicone-based inorganic system which can act in two ways: by the formation of a barrier (char) which hinders the supply of oxygen and reduces the thermal conductivity of the material; and by trapping the active radicals in the vapour phase (and eventually in the condensed phase). Aspects covered include mechanisms and examples of effects. 5 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.718845 Item 273 Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference. London, Kluwer, 1998, p.307-14. 5 FLAME RETARDANTS: IRON COMPOUNDS, THEIR EFFECT ON FIRE AND SMOKE IN HALOGENATED POLYMERS Carty P Newcastle,University of Northumbria (Institute of Materials) An overview of the effects which some iron compounds have on flammability and smoke production when polymers burn in air is presented. A glance at chemical abstracts indexes under iron, iron compounds or iron chemistry shows thousands of scientific papers appearing every year; however, very few of these deal with the use of iron compounds as flame retarding/smoke suppressing additives for polymers. The economic importance of iron is unsurpassed by any other element in the periodic table. Iron is the sixth most abundant element in the world and the most abundant metal. Iron and iron compounds are widely used in all aspects of economic activity. Iron compounds also occur widely in living systems, being found at the active centres of many biological molecules where the Fe (II)/Fe (III) redox system and the ability of iron to form stable complexes with oxygen are used in many vital life processes. Pure iron (III) oxide is used to make high quality ferrites and other ceramic materials and it is also used as a light fast UV blocking pigment in paints and varnishes, and also in colour printing. Aspects described include polymer combustion and smoke production; and char formation, flammability and smoke formation. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

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Item 274 Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference. London, Kluwer, 1998, p.297-306. 5 FLAME RETARDANTS: INTUMESCENT SYSTEMS Camino G Torino,Universita (Institute of Materials) Intumescent fire retardant additives undergo thermal degradation on heating, which produces a thermally stable, foamed, multicellular residue called ‘intumescent char’. When these substances are added to a polymeric material which is later involved in a fire, they produce an intumescent char which accumulates on the surface, while the polymer is consumed, providing insulation to the underlying materials and partially protecting it from the action of the flame. The intumescent char acts essentially as a physical barrier to heat and mass transfer between the flame and the burning material. Thus, the process of pyrolysis of the polymer that produces combustible volatile products to feed the flame is reduced by a decrease in temperature, caused in turn by a lower heat supply from the flame. The diffusion of the volatile products towards the flame is hindered with further reduction of the flame feed. Furthermore, whatever may be the role of oxygen in the combustion process, its diffusion towards the polymer burning surface is also hindered. This series of events can lead to an interruption in the self-sustained combustion process because the flame is starved. Thus, the condensed phase mechanism of fire retardant intumescent systems aims at reducing the rate of pyrolysis of the polymer below the threshold for self-sustained combustion. This limits the production of volatile moieties and hence reduces undesirable secondary effects of volatiles combustion such as visual obscuration, corrosion and toxicity, which are typical of the widely used halogen containing fire retardants. Intumescent char adhesion to the surface of the burning polymer also prevents molten inflamed polymeric particles from dripping, thus avoiding a source of fire propagation which is typical of some materials. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718843 Item 275 Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference. London, Kluwer, 1998, p.287-96. 5 FLAME RETARDANTS: INORGANIC OXIDE AND HYDROXIDE SYSTEMS Brown S C Alcan Chemicals Ltd. (Institute of Materials) The category of flame retardants represented by inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems contains the two major additive flame retardants in use today - aluminium trihydroxide and antimony trioxide. Metal hydroxides,

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References and Abstracts

which in general decompose endothermically to liberate water, are described. They are normally smoke suppressants and work predominantly in the condensed phase of combustion. Metal oxides are also examined; they are only smoke suppressants in specific circumstances and find greatest use as ‘synergists’ in conjunction with other flame retardant additives, notably those containing the halogens chlorine and bromine. As such they are often vapour phase flame retardants. Two noteworthy additives, or rather families of additives, the zinc borates and zinc stannates, fall into both categories. 5 refs.

Boron compounds such as borax and boric acid are well known fire retardants for cellulosic products. However, the use of boron compounds such as zinc borate, ammonium pentaborate, boric oxide and other metalloborates in the plastics industry has become prominent only since the late 1970s. The manufacturing, chemical and physical properties and end-use applications are reviewed, together with modes of action of major boron compounds as fire retardants in polymers. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718840

Accession no.718842

Item 278 Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference. London, Kluwer, 1998, p.260-7. 5 FLAME RESISTANCE: THE APPROACHES AVAILABLE Skinner G A Kingston,University (Institute of Materials)

Item 276 Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference. London, Kluwer, 1998, p.277-86. 5 FLAME RETARDANTS: HALOGEN-FREE SYSTEMS (INCLUDING PHOSPHORUS ADDITIVES) Davis J Albright & Wilson UK Ltd. (Institute of Materials) There are three essential conditions to be met if a polymer, once ignited, is to continue burning. There must be a supply of heat to the bulk polymer, a generation of fuel and there must be a flame. Halogen-based systems act by a well-documented flame poisoning mechanism in the vapour phase. The alternative halogen- free systems, which encompass a wide variety of additives, tend to act by mechanisms which disrupt heat flow and the supply of fuel to the flame. Here the mechanisms are not always understood in great detail but two broad types of flame retardant action can be defined. First there are additives which act to remove heat by endothermic decomposition and/or the generation of copious quantities of inert gases to dilute the combustible polymer degradation products. The second type of flame retardant action involves the formation of char and this is most often accomplished by phosphorus-containing additives. Char formation is a process which occurs mostly in the condensed phase and has several benefits. A good char layer is difficult to ignite and acts as a physical barrier. Aspects discussed include red phosphorus, organophosphorus compounds and melamine. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718841 Item 277 Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference. London, Kluwer, 1998, p.268-76. 5 FLAME RETARDANTS: BORATES Shen K K; O’Connor R US Borax Inc.; Borax Europe Ltd. (Institute of Materials)

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Organic polymers undergo thermal degradation if exposed to sufficient heat. The energy is absorbed until the carboncarbon, carbon-nitrogen and carbon-oxygen bonds in the polymer backbones break when lower molecular weight volatile gases are generated. Although the mechanism is somewhat different in the presence of oxygen, giving rise to some new products, a gaseous mixture is still formed which is now inherently flammable. The precise nature of the degradation products is determined by the chemical composition of the polymer, the additives present and the degradation conditions. Although the stability of a given polymer will vary with its structure and composition nearly all polymers will ignite and burn at temperatures in the range 350-450 deg.C. The role of the flame retardant is to make the polymer formulation less flammable by interfering with the chemistry and/or physics of the combustion process. They are only effective at the growth stage of a fire. An introduction to flame retardants is presented, reviewing the hazards of fires and the main approaches available to reduce these hazards. Mention is made of some of the compounds exemplifying these approaches, together with their advantages and disadvantages. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718839 Item 279 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 4, No.4, Dec.1998, p.246-58 NEW SILICATE-BASED POWDERS FOR FIRE PROTECTION OF THERMOPLASTICS Liu T M; Baker W E; Langille K B; Nguyen D T; Bernt J O Queen’s University at Kingston; Datco Technology Ltd. An intumescent powdered silicate additive for plastics (PE and PVC) was investigated which gave improved

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flame retardancy. Cone calorimeter evaluations of the compounds of polymer/powder showed reduction in peak rate of heat release, total heat release and rate of mass loss. The effects of various polymer/powder ratios and powder particle sizes on the fire protection performance were demonstrated. The morphology of this powder and the polymer/powder compounds before and after combustion was observed. A fire-protection mechanism is discussed that suggests the importance of an interpenetrating char structure. 11 refs. CANADA

Accession no.713781 Item 280 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 4, No.4, Dec.1998, p.222-8 INFLUENCE OF ROTATIONAL MOLDING CYCLE ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLAMERETARDANT(FR) LLDPE Siddhamalli S K; Lee V W ICC Industries Inc. A study was conducted of the possibility of developing formulations having maximum impact strength while maintaining a UL-94 V-O flammability rating. High impact strength and flammability performance were achieved in the modified FR-LLDPE system at 20% impact modifier (ethylene copolymer), 22% flame retardant, 5.5% antimony trioxide, 0.25% PTFE and 0.5% functionalised silicone additive. The performance of this optimised FR-LLDPE composition when rotationally moulded at various cycle times was examined. Attempts were made to probe the influence of morphological characteristics on the physical properties of the rotationally moulded parts. 7 refs. USA

Accession no.713777 Item 281 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 88, No.11, Nov.1998, p.27-8; p.2058-61 English; German IN SITU FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Schmidt R; Amberg M Plastics containing flame retardants that liberate water in the event of fire primarily satisfy the fire protection and environmental requirements in the field of electrical engineering/electronics. Growth in the coming years is predicted to exceed 10% per annum. Magnesium hydroxide, a water-liberating flame retardant for numerous plastics applications, constitutes a genuine alternative to classical, mainly halogen-containing flame retardants. It works purely physically by releasing water, does not enter into any chemical reactions and has proved to pose absolutely no threat to the environment.

Magnesium hydroxide also offers economic advantages over many flame resistant systems. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.705902 Item 282 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 88, No.11, Nov.1998, p.24-6; p.2050-2 English; German HALOGEN-FREE, MELAMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS Grabner R One of the main areas of application for flame retardants is in plastics for the electrical and electronics industries, where design freedom, miniaturisation, low weight and cost reduction are the major factors. Plastics are increasingly coming into direct contact with currentcarrying components. Through the application of highperformance flame retardants, it is possible to virtually exclude any possibility of fire risk at such points. Although there are some four hundred flame retardants on the market, plus a large number of combinations, the halogenfree flame retardant treatment of glass fibre-reinforced polyamides has, until now, been a problem. The development of a new melamine-based flame retardant may provide the solution. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.705901 Item 283 International Conference on Additives for Polyolefins. Conference proceedings. Houston, Tx., 23rd-25th Feb.1998, p.69-83. 012 A REVOLUTIONARY UV STABLE FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEM FOR POLYOLEFINS Srinivasian R; Gupta A; Horsey D Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp. (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) It is shown that some recently developed non-halogenated flame retardant systems can provide flame retardancy to polyolefins at surprisingly low concentrations. The novel flame retardant systems are based on N-alkoxy amine (NOR) chemistry. The specific flame retardant additive NOR-2 seems to be extremely effective in providing flame retardancy to materials with high specific surface area, such as fibres and films. This multi-functional additive also provides UV and thermal stability to polyolefins similar to the current state of the art high molecular weight hindered amines. These observations have significant implications in opening new opportunities for UV stable flame retarded polyolefin materials which are currently unavailable, to replace materials based on non-olefins. 14 refs. USA

Accession no.704297

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References and Abstracts

Item 284 Polymers for Advanced Technologies 9, Nos.10-11, Oct.-Nov.1998, p.593-600 SILICONE DERIVATIVES AS NEW FLAME RETARDANTS FOR AROMATIC THERMOPLASTICS USED IN ELECTRONIC DEVICES Iji M; Serizawa S NEC Corp. Details are given of the development of new silicone derivatives for use as flame retardants in electronic devices made from polycarbonate and ABS. The effect of the additive on strength, mouldability, heat resistance and impact properties are discussed. 18 refs. JAPAN

Accession no.702970 Item 285 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 70, No.10, 5th Dec.1998, p.1959-64 SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING PETP AND PEN. I. Chun Shan Wang; Jeng Yueh Shieh; Yih Min Sun Taiwan,National Cheng Kung University; China,Junior College of Medical Technology 2-(6-Oxido-6H-dibenz(c,e)(1,2)oxaphosphorin-6yl)dimethyl itaconate was synthesised and used as a reactive flame retardant in PETP and polyethylene 2,6naphthalate(PEN) for film, fibre and electronic applications. The thermal properties of the resultant copolyesters were studied by DSC and TGA. The phosphorus-containing copolyesters exhibited better flame retardance, higher char yield and thermal stability than homopolymers of PETP and PEN. UL 94-VO rating could be achieved with a phosphorus content of as little as 0.75% for PETP and 0.5% for PEN and no fume and toxic gas emissions were observed. 24 refs. TAIWAN

Accession no.702714 Item 286 International Composites Expo ’98. Conference proceedings. Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 3-B. 627 NON-HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEM UTILISING ALUMINA TRIHYDRATE Kan W-M J; Midgett S E; Chen P W Huber J.M.,Corp. (SPI,Composites Institute) The use of alumina trihydrate (ATH) as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant in composite construction is well documented. The rising demand for non-halogenated systems is challenging the industry because of the viscosity and thixotropic effects of high levels of ATH in various polymers. ATH decomposes endothermically

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around 200 deg.C, releasing water and absorbing heat. The ATH acts as a heat sink by releasing water which cools the flaming zone and dilutes the combustion gases. In order to obtain optimum fire and smoke properties, high loading levels of ATH are required but constrained by rheological properties. Emphasis is placed on the use of the particle packing theory combined with surface treatment technology and unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin properties to achieve extremely high levels of ATH loading. 2 refs. USA

Accession no.702092 Item 287 Modern Plastics International 28, No.11, Nov.1998, p.79-82 BALANCING PROPERTIES, PERFORMANCE IN FR GRADES Sienkowski K Hanna Engineered Materials Understanding the relationship between processing, materials, additives and design is the key to successfully modifying engineering plastics such as nylon and polycarbonate with flame retardants. The trend to eliminate halogen-based FRs increases the challenge. USA

Accession no.700605 Item 288 Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.207-12. 54F FLAME RETARDANT PLASTICS AND E&E EQUIPMENT FIRE SAFETY. REQUIREMENTS AND STUDIES Troitzsch J H Wiesbaden,Fire Protection Service (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials) Fire safety is an integral part of fire precautions helping to prevent or delay fires and therefore efficiently protect life, health and property. Electrical and electronic (E&E) equipment fire safety has to meet Underwriters’ Laboratories (UL) requirements and International Electrical Commission (IEC) standards. Contrary to the USA, where UL 94 Class V0 or V1 plastic materials are used in office and consumer electronics, in Europe, TV sets backplates only have to fulfil IEC 65 horizontal burning specifications. In a new IEC 65 Draft, no flammability requirements apply if plastics materials exceed a certain distance from potential ignition sources with open circuit voltage. This would allow using TV backplates without any fire safety classification and question the existing fire safety level of UL 94 V0 backplates against internal and external fire sources. As backplates are the main plastics parts used in TV sets, the

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use of non-classified materials in such appreciable amounts could dramatically affect the overall fire safety level of E&E equipment. Studies in the USA and Denmark have shown that housings meeting higher fire safety requirements either do not ignite or better resist ignition, delay flame propagation and flashover. In 1997, a comprehensive study on the fire behaviour of TV sets and PC monitors carried out in Germany confirmed that European TV sets can already be ignited by a simulated match flame with flashover of a fully furnished room occurring in around seven minutes. US TV sets did not burn, even when subjected to higher energy fire sources. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697356

been overcome by optimising formulation or tailor made flame retardant fillers. Similar products based on naturally-occurring huntite/hydromagnesite blends were introduced years ago, but have not yet been recognised as a matter of course in the same way as the above mentioned hydroxides. Yet physical and chemical properties of materials demonstrate their performance in plastics and rubber applications as well as the increasing volume in this market. An overview of the origin and properties of huntite/hydromagnesite products, state of development and technical performance in selected polymer systems (in comparison with other mineral flame retardants) is presented, together with an outlook on future market developments. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697351 Item 289 Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.163-74. 54F THE USE OF A NEW ZINC BORATE AS A FLAME RETARDANT SYNERGIST IN ENGINEERING PLASTICS Schubert D M; Leeuewendal R M US Borax Inc.; Borax Europe Ltd. (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials) The use of zinc borates in glass-filled and unfilled polyamide engineering thermoplastics is studied. Specifically, zinc borate compounds of composition 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H20 and 4ZnO-B2O3.H2O are investigated in nylon 6, 6,6 and 4,6 in combination with antimony trioxide and halogenated flame retardants. Of particular interest is the new 4ZnO.B2O3.H2O, which has an unusually high thermal stability with a dehydration onset temperature of greater than 415 deg.C. 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697352 Item 290 Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.151-61. 54F HUNTITE/HYDROMAGNESITE - MINERAL FLAME RETARDANTS AS ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENT TO METAL HYDROXIDES Kirschbaum G S Incemin AG (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials)

Item 291 Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.139-50. 54F COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF BROMINATED EPOXY OLIGOMERS IN STYRENICS Plaitin B; Fonze A; Braibant R Shell Research SA (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials) Brominated epoxy oligomers (BEOs) are well-established flame retardants for thermosets such as epoxy resins, phenolic resins or vinyl esters covering a broad range of applications. More recently BEOs have modified in order to make them suitable for use in styrenic thermoplastics such as ABS and high-impact PS (HIPS). BEOs can also be successfully incorporated in other thermoplastics such as PBTP, PETP, elastomers or polyolefins. Five flame retardants are compared with the three BEO types in HIPS and ABS. ABS and HIPS are compounded with the flame retardants. The blends are then injection moulded and characterised by their mechanical, thermal, rheological, flammable and UV resistance properties. The results clearly show that each of the flame retardants gives a different balance of properties. In addition to flame resistance, BEOs are characterised by their ability to provide ABS and HIPS with excellent UV stability, high flow and good thermal properties. These properties meet recent flame retardant HIPS/ABS requirements required in business machine applications such as computer monitor housings or printer housings. 6 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697350

Aluminium hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide are used as state of the art materials in a variety of flame retardant applications. Technical problems due to the nature of the materials and often high filling rates have

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References and Abstracts

Item 292 Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.125-37. 54F OPTIMISATION OF FLAME RETARDED THERMOPLASTICS FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS Reznick G; Bar Yaakov Y; Lopez-Cuesta J-M Dead Sea Bromine Co.Ltd.; Ecole des Mines d’Ales (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials) The rapid development in computerised systems for the electronic and automotive industries is making them very demanding with regard to plastics properties and costs. High flow during moulding, good compromise between impact and stiffness as well as tolerance to high temperature of use are some of the requirements for the plastic parts used in their production. Due to miniaturisation and the consequent increase in operating temperature, more stringent flame resistance is needed. Some applications of brominated indan, brominated epoxy oligomers and homoor copolymers of brominated acrylate in thermoplastics for engineering applications are reviewed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; ISRAEL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697349 Item 293 Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.93-102. 54F BROMINE/CHLORINE SYNERGISM TO FLAME RETARD PLASTICS AND STABILITY OF FRPOLYAMIDES Markexich R L; Mundhenke R F Occidental Chemical Corp. (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials) The synergist antimony oxide in combination with halogenated flame retardants has been used for years to impart flame resistance to plastics. Other synergists that have been used in certain resins are iron oxide, zinc borate, zinc sulphide, zinc phosphate, zinc stannate and iron oxide. The use of certain synergists also affords improved thermal stability on processing. Not so well known is the synergistic action between chlorinated and brominated flame retardants in combination with antimony oxide to impart flame retardant properties to plastics. The use of antimony oxide, zinc compounds (oxide, borate, stannate, phosphate and sulphite), and the iron compounds to give flame retardants to plastics are reviewed, as is the use of bromine/chlorine synergism in flame retarding PP and PE. The use of mixtures of chlorinated and brominated flame retardants allows the flame retardant levels to be lowered, resulting in improved physical properties and lower costs. 7 refs. USA

Accession no.697347

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Item 294 Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.83-92. 54F INORGANIC FLAME RETARDANTS - ALONE AND IN COMBINATIONS Rai M; Brown S Alcan Chemicals Europe (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials) The main inorganic flame retardants fall into two classes. Flame retardant/smoke suppressant fillers such as ATH and magnesium hydroxide are a major category as are synergists for halogens such as antimony trioxide, zinc stannates and zinc borates. Particle size, size distribution and shape are important characteristics particularly for their effects upon process rheology. Tailored particle size distributions offer scope for combining inorganic flame retardants. Some combinations are claimed to give a synergy and many have been patented. Recent work has shown that some flame retardants can be combined within single particles. Another aspect of the way that flame retardants and smoke suppressants can work in combinations is by each component being most efficient at a different stage of the burning process. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697346 Item 295 Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings. London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.71-82. 54F MG(OH)2 - OPTIMISATION OF FORMULATIONS Cohen D; Link M; Gonen Y; Weissman A; Bron S IMI (BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant Chemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials) Magnesium hydroxide is well known for its flame resistance and smoke suppression efficiency in various plastics. Its high thermal stability and environmental friendliness are key properties promoting the growth of this market. However, the large amounts of Mg(OH)2 (5065%) required to achieve good flame resistance such as UL-94 V-0 rating may affect negatively some key mechanical properties (such as elongation to break and impact strength). A unified approach to this problem is presented: optimisation of formulations including Mg(OH)2 in order to enjoy its benefits in terms of flame resistance and smoke suppression, while paying a minimum price in terms of mechanical properties. Two examples are given and discussed. One relates to the optimisation of a formulation based on a relatively low quality LDPE for the cable industry. Addition of EVA and of a special coupling agent, together with careful processing, are the keys to achieve very large elongations

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ISRAEL

resulting in better retention of tensile properties and elimination of blooming. Pentabromo benzyl acrylate is a new brominated monomer in powder form with a long shelf life enabling ease of handling. It can be used via reactive processing to produce a flame retardant masterbatch concentrate providing good flame resistance and very high impact properties in PP. A lesser known positive aspect of brominated flame retardants is the significant reduction of smoke toxicity. 3 refs.

Accession no.697345

ISRAEL

to break, rather high tensile strength and LOI values in excess of 35%. The second example relates to the use of Mg(OH)2 as a smoke suppressant in PVC-based cable formulations. It is revealed that Mg(OH)2 is very effective in lowering the smoke generation rate and smoke density. An upper limit for Mg(OH)2 loading is defined, taking into account both its flame resistance efficiency and its negative effect on mechanical properties.

Accession no.694485 Item 296 Speciality Chemicals 18, No.7, Sept.1998, p.292-3 IMPROVED-QUALITY BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS Echalier B Elf Atochem SA As part of a development programme for speciality bromine products, Elf Atochem has invested in new facilities with a view to improving its Adine range of flame retardants. Decabromodiphenyl flame retardant Adine 0102 is a fire extinguishing agent with a high bromine content which is capable of improving the fire behaviour of numerous materials. Decabromodiphenyl ether Adine 505, like Adine 0102, has a very high thermal stability and is recommended for use in thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.695075 Item 297 Advances in Plastics Technology. Conference proceedings. Katowice, Poland, 9th-11th December 1997, Paper 7. 8 BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS IN POLYMERIC SYSTEMS Heijboer A; Utevskii L; Yaakov I B; Finberg I; Georlette P Dead Sea Bromine Group Ltd. (Institute of Plastics & Paint Industry) A new generation of brominated flame retardants for plastics offers additional benefits, widening the use of the host polymeric systems. Flame retardants with appropriate softening temperatures provide processing aid effects and better flow properties. Reduced cycle times during injection moulding are possible with these flame retardants and they enable production of parts with thinner walls. Polymeric brominated flame retardants have been shown to increase heat distortion temperature in PP based compounds. Improved thermal stability in several plastics has been observed when these flame retardants are used. Brominated acrylate polymer is an excellent coupling agent between plastic and fibre or filler reinforcement,

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Item 298 Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.3310-2. 012 NOVEL ZINC HYDROXYSTANNATE-COATED FILLERS AS FIRE RETARDANT AND SMOKE SUPPRESSANT ADDITIVES FOR HALOGENATED POLYMERS Hornsby P R; Cusack P A Brunel University; International Tin Research Institute (SPE) Consideration is given to the influence of combinations of zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) with hydrated fillers, on the fire properties of plasticised PVC and polychloroprene. It is shown that magnesium and aluminium hydroxides specially coated with ZHS, confer significantly increased combustion resistance and lower levels of smoke evolution to these polymers. This permits large reductions to additive loading relative to unmodified filler, without sacrificing flame retardant or smoke suppressant performance. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.693676 Item 299 Modern Plastics International 28, No.9, Sept.1998, p.106/8 FLAME RETARDANTS The latest developments in flame retardants are outlined. These include a brominated FR for use in thermally demanding electrical applications, novel FRs that facilitate thin-wall, large-part moulding and low-smoke FRs for PVC. WORLD

Accession no.692905 Item 300 Modern Plastics International 28, No.9, Sept.1998, p.42/4 SILICONE FLAME RETARDANT BOOSTS PROPERTIES OF POLYCARBONATE Moore S NEC and Sumitomo Dow have jointly developed a flameretardant polycarbonate grade with a novel silicone-based

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References and Abstracts

JAPAN

molecular weight brominated PS with approximately 68% aromatic bromine. Its thermal stability is outstanding. A study was performed to determine comparative performance of various flame retardants in 30% glassfilled PBTP. Mechanical, electrical, rheological and flammability properties were measured on the flame retarded compounds. In addition, some heat aged properties were determined. 2 refs.

Accession no.692895

USA

additive to retard combustion. The grade, the latest in a series of non-halogenated resins launched by Japanese suppliers, is said to have equivalent or superior physical properties to conventional brominated PC grades. In particular, impact strength is reportedly almost four times the level of brominated PC and close to that for neat PC. NEC CORP.; SUMITOMO DOW LTD.

Accession no.679968 Item 301 ENDS Report No.283, Aug.1998, p.3-4 EVIDENCE MOUNTS ON RISKS OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS New research from Sweden unveiled in August has found that levels of brominated flame retardants in human breast milk are increasing “exponentially”. The findings come alongside new evidence for the compounds’ toxicity to the nervous system and potential for endocrine disruption. Meanwhile, a new US epidemiological study has found that exposure to some brominated flame retardants is associated with an increased risk of digestive system cancers. WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.692888 Item 302 Informacion Tecnologica 9, No.3, 1998, p.219-22 Spanish FLAME RETARDATION OF PP WITH HALOGEN-FREE ADDITIVES Velasco J I; Maspoch M L; Morhain C Catalunya,University The efficiency of several halogen-free flame retardants on PP was determined using vertical and horizontal flammability tests. PP composites were produced by twinscrew extrusion and their mechanical properties were evaluated. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.684937 Item 303 Polymer Additives: What’s new and review. Retec proceedings. Ft.Mitchell,Ky., 20th-22nd Oct.1997, p.285-93 SAYTEX HP-7010 FLAME RETARDANT IN GLASS-FILLED PBTP Landry S D; Reed J S Albemarle Corp. (SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.)

Item 304 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 68, No.5, 2nd May 1998, p.715-25 POLYMER FLAME RETARDANCY: A NEW APPROACH Zaikov G E; Lomakin S M Russian Academy of Sciences Some current flame retardants are hazardous. Alternative materials, based on high temperature polymer-organic char formers and silicon-inorganic systems, were investigated for Nylon 6,6 and polypropylene. The objective was to form a barrier which would hinder the supply of oxygen and reduce thermal conductivity, and to trap active radicals in the vapour phase. Cone calorimeter and loss on ignition tests showed improvements from the use of these materials, in comparison with the pure polymers. 20 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.679537 Item 305 Chimica e l’industria 78, No.6, July/Aug.1996, p.713-6 Italian FERROCENYL DERIVATIVES AND THE COMBUSTION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE Ortaggi G; Bolasco A; Casale F; Manna F Roma,Universita La Sapienza; Ispesi A number of mono- and disubstituted ferrocenes and two ferrocenophanes were evaluated as flame retardants and smoke suppressants for PVC. Studies of limiting oxygen index and smoke density showed that these derivatives were generally capable of acting in both capacities. A flame retardant mechanism in which the ferrocenes catalysed the in-situ formation of hydrogen chloride was proposed. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.677428

Saytex HP-7010 is a new high-temperature flame retardant introduced by Albermarle. HP-7010 is a high

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

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Item 306 European Plastics News 25, No.4, April 1998, p.34 IN THE LINE OF FIRE Robinson S Borax has three commercial zinc borate flame retardants targeted at the plastics market. These are Firebrake 500, Firebrake 415 and Firebrake ZB. Borax is also looking at commercialising a non-zinc borate for flame retardant applications. All these products are positioned as partial replacements for antimony oxide or as synergists with other flame retardant systems. Firebrake 500 is aimed at high temperature processing materials such as polyether ketones, polysulphones, fluoropolymers and polyesters. BORAX LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.677020 Item 307 Polymers & Polymer Composites 6, No.1, 1998, p.33-8 REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF BASIC IRON(III) OXIDE ACTING AS A CHAR FORMING/SMOKE SUPPRESSING/FLAME RETARDING ADDITIVE IN HALOGENATED POLYMERS AND HALOGENATED POLYMER BLENDS Carty P; White S Northumbria,University; Anzon Ltd. The char forming/smoke suppression action of an inorganic iron(III) compound in halogenated polymers is reviewed. Basic iron(III) oxide is known to enhance the formation of carbonaceous char via a series of crosslinking reactions catalysed by the in-situ formation of reactive iron(III) Lewis acids, which results in a substantial reduction in the amount of smoke produced when these polymers are forced to burn in air. The effects of this iron(III) compound acting as a flame retardant are also discussed, although it is less clear now the compound functions as an active flame retardant in these chlorinated polymers. 34 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.676450 Item 308 Plast’ 21 No.55, Oct.1996, p.139-42 Spanish FLAME PROOFING AND FLAME RETARDANTS del Portillo F J Quimidroga SA Mechanisms of combustion and flame propagation, types of combustion products and methods for flammability

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testing are reviewed. Approaches to the development of flameproof materials are examined, and factors to be taken into account in the selection of flame retardants are discussed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.670873 Item 309 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 48, No.8, Oct.1996, p.32-5 French BORON AND FIRE: A FASCINATING STORY Shen K; Thyot R; Lopez-Cuesta J M; Delobel R Borax US; Borax France; Ales,Ecole des Mines; Lille,Ecole de Chimie The mechanisms by which borates act as flame retardants are discussed, and an examination is made of applications of Firebrake ZB, a zinc borate additive developed by Borax, in a range of polymers alone and in combination with other flame retardants. Developments in intumescent flame retardant systems are also reviewed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.670848 Item 310 Urethanes Technology 15, No.1, Feb/March 1998, p.8 COURTAULDS COMES CLEAN Reed D Courtaulds Chemicals has started its 51st year of producing flame retardants by commissioning a 40 kt/ Year plant for making TCPP (tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate). In related moves, the company announced that it was now co-ordinating the global marketing of triethyl phosphate flame retardant made by Eastman Chemical, and is progressing the development of an entirely new range of FR chemicals based on aminotriazine phosphonate structures. A key benefit of the new TCPP plant, which represents an investment of up to 3 million and should come on stream in March, is that it is completely free of aqueous. While reluctant to describe the unit in detail, the company claims that a new catalyst for the basic reaction between ethylene oxide and phosphorus oxychloride was a key factor in eliminating the effluent. Details are given. COURTAULDS CHEMICALS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.670380 Item 311 Polymer Degradation and Stability 58, No.3, 1997, p.297-302

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References and Abstracts

FIRE RETARDANT MECHANISTIC ASPECTS OF MELAMINE CYANURATE IN POLYAMIDE COPOLYMER Casu A; Camino G; De Giorgi M; Flath D; Morone V; Zenoni R ISRIM; Torino,Universita; LATI SpA Melamine cyanurate (MC) acts as a flame retardant for a nylon 6,6-nylon 6 copolymer (PA) via a condensed phase mechanism as shown by a parallel increase in oxygen index (OI) and nitrous oxide index (NOI) as a function of MC loading. MC induces melt dripping in vertically burning PA, which can enhance the OI because of heat elimination via molten material. However, MC also increases the OI when the PA/MC mixtures are burned in a cup, which prevents dripping. Thus, besides the wellknown dripping-cooling physical action, another fire retardant role is played by MC. This is studied by investigating the mechanism of thermal degradation of PA/MC mixtures by means of thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis. It is seen that volatilisation begins in PA/MC mixtures at a temperature lower than that expected on the basis of the behaviour of PA and MC heated separately. Burning in the cone calorimeter shows that MC decreases the time to ignition of PA and the heat release rate in the first minutes of combustion, which could be related to the TG results. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.668892 Item 312 Polymer Degradation and Stability 58, Nos.1-2, 1997, p.229-37 ZINC HYDROXYSTANNATE AS ALTERNATIVE SYNERGIST TO ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE IN POLYESTER RESINS CONTAINING HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANTS Cusack P A; Heer M S; Monk A W ITRI Ltd. Limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter tests are used to evaluate a number of inorganic synergists in polyester resin formulations containing various halogenated flame retardants. Zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) is found to be a good alternative synergist to antimony trioxide, particularly with regard to reducing heat release rates and smoke generation. Hence, ZHS is recommended for use in conjunction with chlorinated paraffins, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, chlorendic anhydride, dibromoneopentyl glycol or hexabromocyclododecane, but not with Dechlorane Plus, tetrabromophthalic anhydride or decabromodiphenyl oxide. A degree of synergism between ZHS and iron (III) oxide exists in certain systems and, provided that colouration does not preclude the use of the iron compound, such mixtures can lead to lower cost formulations. Analysis of char residues from burnt polyester resin samples suggests that,

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whereas antimony trioxide exerts its flame retardant action almost exclusively in the vapour phase, ZHS exhibits both condensed- and vapour-phase activity. 26 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.668882 Item 313 European Polymer Journal 33, Nos.10-12, Oct.-Dec.1997, p.1799-803 POLYETHYLENE STIBINITE PHOSPHATE ESTERS: NOVEL FLAME-RETARDANT PLASTICIZERS FOR PVC Kannan P; Kishore K Indian Institute of Science A series of multielement flame-retardant plasticisers containing polyethylene stibinite phosphate esters was prepared by bulk polymerisation from ethylene glycol with various antimony(III) aryloxydichlorides and arylphosphorodichloridates possessing various combinations of substituent (Cl, Br, NO2). All the polymers were pink-coloured viscous fluids. They were characterised by inherent viscosity, density, IR, proton, carbon-13 and phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy. The thermal behaviour of the polymers was compared using TGA and correlated with their structures. The flammability studies were carried out by means of the limiting oxygen index(LOI) test. The polymers containing P, Sb, N and Br elements in their backbone showed superior thermal- and flame-retardant characteristics than the other polymers. A comparative study was carried out using one of the polymers synthesised as a polymeric flame retardant additive to plasticised PVC. The results showed improved LOI and mechanical properties over the conventional flame-retardant additive composition. 25 refs. INDIA

Accession no.666896 Item 314 Speciality Chemicals 17, No.7, Sept.1997, p.266-7 SYNERGY IN FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS Cunnion J P PQ Corp. This article describes the use of antimony pentoxide as a synergist in halogenated flame retardant systems. It looks at: the properties of antimony pentoxide, its applications in textiles, and its uses in thermoplastics and thermosets. USA

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References and Abstracts

Item 315 Plastics in Building Construction 21, No.10, 1997, p.10-2 NEW FIRE RETARDANT THERMOPLASTIC URETHANES Terry D G; Kerr R L Furon Co. The fire retardance of polyurethanes is discussed, and the efforts made by Furon Co. to develop a new, novel approach to fire retarding thermoplastic polyurethanes are described. Several unsatisfied performance elements in existing commercially available fire retardant TPU grades are noted, and details are given of a new development process undertaken to solve such weaknesses centering on non-halogen chemistry in order to meet the objectives of low smoke generation and reduction or elimination of suspected combustion. USA

Accession no.664103 Item 316 Plastics Engineering 53, No.11, Nov. 1997, p.61-3 PHOSPHATE ESTER PLASTICIZERS AND ANTIMONY OXIDE: HOW FLAME RETARDANT ARE THEY IN PVC? Moy P Y Akzo Nobel The advantages and deficiencies of various flame retardants for PVC are examined, and the use of blends of flame retardants is considered with particular reference to antimony oxide and phosphate ester. Antimony oxide works synergistically with chlorine in the resin to form free-radical scavengers of antimony trichlorides and oxychlorides which render nonflammable the combustible gases evolved in the degradation of the polymer. Phosphate ester effectively removes the most flammable component, the plasticiser, from the flexible vinyl compound and replace it with triaryl or alkyl diphenyl phosphate ester. It is thought that in certain applications, an antagonism exists between antimony oxide and phosphorous flame retardants. An examination is carried out to acertain practical levels of additives and their combinations of LOI flammability and cone calorimetry performance. 3 refs. USA

Accession no.664099 Item 317 Fire & Materials 21, No.5, Sept.-Oct. 1997, p.199-204 MECHANISTIC STUDIES ON FIRE RETARDANT ACTION OF FLUORINATED ADDITIVES IN ABS Roma P; Camino G; Luda M P Enichem SpA; Torino,Universita

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Details are given of the fire retardant action of small amounts of PTFE when used as an additive in ABS. Mechanisms of action are discussed. 18 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.663235 Item 318 Urethanes Technology 14, No.6, Dec. 1997-Jan. 1998, p.11 HICKORY SPRINGS SURPRISE Urey C The use of melamine crystal as a flame retardant additive in flexible polyurethane foam, is discussed with reference to patent infringement’s on Hickory Springs. The company has announced it is initiating a national licencing programme for the use of melamine in PU foams, and to this end has sent proposed contracts to the three melamine producers in the USA; Melamine Chemicals Inc., DSM Melamine America Inc., and Cytec Industries. The four patents held by the company are said to refer to methods of combining melamine with a variety of polyols. HICKORY SPRINGS MANUFACTURING CO. USA

Accession no.662665 Item 319 Addcon ’96. Conference proceedings. Brussels, 21st-22nd May 1996, paper 14. 5 INTERACTION OF SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS WITH OTHER FR POLYMER SYSTEM COMPONENTS Innes J D Flame Retardants Associates Inc. (Rapra Technology Ltd.; Modern Plastics International) When flame retardant polymer systems are developed, the first priority is that of limiting ignition propensity or limiting flame spread or burning rate. Usually then the reduction of the great amounts of smoke produced by the decreased combustibility of the materials is addressed. There are interactions between various items in the formulation that must be considered when developing a low smoke flame retardant system. These items are reviewed and new developments available in the industry discussed. USA

Accession no.662105 Item 320 Addcon ’96. Conference proceedings. Brussels, 21st-22nd May 1996, paper 13. 5 BORATES AS FIRE RETARDANTS Shen K K; O’Connor R US Borax Inc.; Borax Europe Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.; Modern Plastics International)

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References and Abstracts

Boron compounds, such as boric acid and sodium borates, are well known fire retardants for cellulosic products. However, the use of boron compounds such as zinc borates, boric oxide and other metallo-borates as fire retardants in the plastics and rubber industries has become prominent only since the late 1970s. Among all the commonly used boron compounds, zinc borate and boric oxide are of special commercial importance. Recent developments on the use of zinc borates, as well as boric oxide, as fire retardants in polymers are reviewed. 18 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.662104 Item 321 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 3, No.3, Sept.1997, p.225-32 ROLE OF SILICONE POWDERS IN REDUCING THE HEAT RELEASE RATE AND EVOLUTION OF SMOKE IN FLAME RETARDANT THERMOPLASTICS Pape P G; Romenesko D J Dow Corning Corp. Powdered silicone additives for plastics were developed which provided benefits in flame retardant formulations. Cone calorimeter evaluations of thermoplastics, with or without other flame retardant additives, showed reductions in rates of heat release, smoke generation and carbon monoxide evolution. Other benefits observed included improved processing, reduced torque, reduced build-up on screws and increased impact strength. The effect of silicone powder additives on the combustion of several thermoplastics was shown. A mechanism is proposed. 5 refs. USA

smoke generation, acid emission, and ageing were studied and compared with decabromodiphenyloxide. 38 refs. INDIA

Accession no.660769 Item 323 International Polymer Science and Technology 24, No.4, 1997, p.T/91-4 LOW FLAMMABILITY POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE Zubkova N S; Tyuganova M A; Butylkina N G; Khalturinskii N A; Reshetnikov I S; Potapova E V; Vilesova M S; Voronkova L I; Bosenko M S Possessing a number of unique properties such as high cold resistance, elasticity and chemical inertness, polyolefins, particularly PE and PP, are highly flammable polymers. The high flammability of polyolefins is due to the specific nature of their thermal degradation, which takes place with the formation of gases noted for a high heat of combustion and is hardly accompanied by coking reactions. The results of investigations on lowering flammability of PE and PP by introducing microencapsulated (ME) fireproofing agent T-2, which is a mixture of ammonium salt of methylphosphonic acid amide and ammonium chloride, are presented. Microencapsulation is carried out with the use of heatresistant polymer shells in order to make the surface of fireproofing agent T-2 water-repellent and to increase the fireproofing effect. By thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis it is shown that, to reduce the flammability of PE and PP, it is expedient to use ME fire-proofing agent T-2 in PE and polyvinyl triethoxysilane (PVTES) shells. 5 refs. RUSSIA

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Accession no.661989 Item 322 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 66, No.11, 12th Dec.1997, p.2157-73 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF A NOVEL FLAME RETARDANT, TETRABROMOPENTADECYLTRIBROMOPHENOL WITH DECABROMODIPHENYLOXIDE FOR APPLICATIONS IN LDPE AND EVA-BASED CABLE MATERIALS Pillai C K S; Prasad V S; Menon A R R; Sudha J D; Jayakumari V G; Kumar M B; Pavithran C; Tikku V K; Pradhan N K CSIR; NICCO Corp.Ltd. The suitability of the flame retardant tetrabromopentadecyltribromophenol was evaluated for use on cable insulating and jacketing materials based on LDPE and EVAC. The processability, mechanical properties, compatibility and miscibility, flammability,

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Item 324 Cellular Polymers 16, No.4, 1997, p.284-95 INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FLAME RETARDANTS ON FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF RIGID PU FOAMS BLOWN WITH PENTANE Prociak A; Pielichowski J; Modesti M; Simioni F Cracow,University; Padova,Universita The influence of different flame retardants on the flammability of rigid PU foams blown with pentane were compared. The effects of the same flame retardants on flammability of polyisocyanurate-PU foams were also investigated. 2 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; POLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

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Item 325 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 87, No.8, Aug.1997, p.16-7 EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE Schilling B Chemical intumescence systems have been used for many years. They contain several components, such as pentaerythritol as carbon donor, ammonium polyphosphate as acid donor and products such as melamine as blowing agent. For aqueous systems, polymer dispersions are needed to act as binders. In plastics applications, the polymer itself can be viewed as the binder. Phosphoric acid, which reacts with the polyol, is liberated by thermolysis of the acid donor in this system at temperatures below 300 deg.C. The acid ester decomposes with the formation of carbon-rich products and simultaneous thermolysis of the blowing agent. The resulting expanded plastic then serves as a heat insulator on account of the low thermal diffusivity of the insulating layer. Depending on formulation, the expanded volume may be 10 to 100 times the original volume. The problem of water resistance has not yet been solved completely in these systems since some raw materials are at the very least partly soluble in water. The use of expandable graphite as a physical fire protection additive is described. Commercial uses include expanded PU (primarily public transport), sealants for building joints, cable segregation fire protection collars for segregating pipes and other plastics applications. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.654509 Item 326 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 87, No.8, Aug.1997, p.15-6 HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT FOR PP Nass B; Walz R; Wanzke W; Goihl A High safety standards in fire protection call for effective flame retardants, but as environmental criteria becomes increasingly more important, there is a greater need to observe legislation (such as dangerous materials and chemicals laws) and meet new market requirements (labelling of environmentally friendly products). The German consumer magazine, Stiftung Warentest, has set new standards for evaluating electrical devices containing flame resistant plastics, barely according any tolerance to equipment flameproofed with halogens. The entire market is characterised by a trend towards halogenfree flame retardants. Details are given of a cost-effective flame retardant, which is opening up new areas of application in the electrical and electronics industry for PP. Formulations based on ammonium polyphosphate are very effective, have virtually no influence on processability or application properties and offer very good protection in the event of fire. HOECHST AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

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Item 327 Fire & Materials 21, No.4, July-Aug.1997, p.179-85 INFLUENCE OF NOVEL ZINC HYDROXYSTANNATE(ZHS)-COATED FILLERS ON THE FIRE PROPERTIES OF FLEXIBLE PVC Baggaley R G; Hornsby P R; Yahya R; Cusack P A; Monk A W Brunel University; International Tin Research Institute ZHS, at levels of 2-5 phr, and the hydrated fillers magnesium hydroxide and alumina trihydrate, at levels of 20-50 phr, were effective flame retardants and smoke suppressants for flexible PVC. ZHS-coated hydrated fillers were found to exhibit markedly improved fireretardant properties, particularly with regard to increasing limiting oxygen index values, reducing heat release rates and suppressing smoke generation, when compared with conventional uncoated forms. The ZHS coating appeared to change the filler particle morphology and there was evidence that the coating was largely retained on the filler surface after melt processing into the PVC. The improved dispersion of the active tin compound in the polymer matrix led to enhanced fire retardancy and this, in turn, allowed significant reductions to be made in overall filler loading, with no loss in flame-retardant or smokesuppressant performance. 26 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.653173 Item 328 Chemical and Engineering News 75, No.40, 6th Oct. 1997, p.35-6 MAKING POLYMERS TAKE THE HEAT Jacoby M Two papers are discussed which were presented at the Macromolecular Secretariat, and which address recent advances based on the way flame retardant additives interact with the materials they seek to protect. In one, additives improve materials by modifying the structure of their bulk, and in the other, the changes are made almost exclusively at the surface. CORNELL UNIVERSITY; NANOCOR USA

Accession no.652376 Item 329 European Plastics News 24, No.9, Oct.1997, p.33 FIRE STOPPERS Lee M Developments in halogen-free flame retardants are described, as pressure from within Europe is driving companies to develop new products not based on bromine. Details are given of Bayer’s work in nanotechnology, BASF’s systems for polyamides and PBTP, and Clariant’s

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References and Abstracts

halogen-free products for PP, based on ammonium polyphosphate. EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.652140 Item 330 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 3, No.2, June 1997, p.170-4 RESORCINOL BIS(DIPHENYL PHOSPHATE), A NON-HALOGEN FLAME-RETARDANT ADDITIVE Bright D A; Dashevsky S; Moy P Y; Williams B Akzo Nobel Central Research A review is presented of resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)(RDP), a non-halogen aromatic, oligomeric phosphate flame retardant and flow modifier. Its high thermal stability and low volatility, compared with triaryl phosphates, make it ideal for use in applications where high processing temperatures are required. Thermogravimetric data showing the effects of RDP on modified PPO and polycarbonate/ABS blends are presented. Current and potential end uses in thermoplastic resins and polyurethanes are discussed. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.650276 Item 331 Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings. Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.460-6. 43C6 FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYURETHANES: SUBSTITUTION OF HALOGENATED PRODUCTS IN RIGID AND FLEXIBLE FOAMS Sicken M; Schutz C; Jung S Hoechst AG (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) The performance in rigid and flexible PU foams of some halogen-free phosphorus based flame retardant additives developed by Hoechst was examined. Hostaflam TP OP 550, a phosphorus polyol, was studied in comparison with halogenated phosphate ester flame retardants and was shown to give the required flame retardancy in flexible foams combined with low fogging and reduced levels of combustion gases. Hostaflam AP 422, a long chain ammonium polyphosphate, met flame retardancy requirements in rigid foams with only insignificant effects on other foam properties. Potential processing problems could be overcome through the use of Hostaflam TP AP 452, a dispersion based on ammonium polyphosphate and a phosphorus polyol. 6 refs.

Item 332 Modern Plastics International 27, No. 9, Sept. 1997, p.60 MORE STABLE FRS MEET HIGH-HEAT REQUIREMENTS Graff G A product review is presented of new grades of thermally stable flame retardants which are capable of meeting the demands of higher processing temperatures. The products are modified versions of older products, and typically include a new type of stabilised hexabromocyclododecane, and magnesium hydroxide grades. WORLD

Accession no.649405 Item 333 Plastics Technology 43, No.7, July 1997, p.38-42 MEET THE NEW FIRESTOPPERS Manolis Sherman L New flame retardant additives are reported to achieve more than eradicate combustion. They also offer improved heat and UV stability, easier processing and better mechanical properties in end-use products. Bromine and chlorine compounds still dominate, but there are also some improved non-halogen products. A review is presented of new developments from Akzo Nobel, Albright & Wilson, Albemarle, AmeriBrom, Clariant, Dover Chemical, Elf Atochem, Ferro, FMC, Great Lakes and Laurel Industries. USA

Accession no.645314 Item 334 Journal of Fire Sciences 15, No.1, 1st Jan.1997, p.52-67 25 YEARS OF FLAME RETARDING PLASTICS Green J FMC Corp. The technical developments and markets for flame retardants over the past 25 years are discussed, together with current trends for the development of new flame retardants or flame retarded products. Not only do many companies participate on a worldwide basis, but the impact of regulation in one area often has reverberations throughout the world. Emphasis is placed on the US market, limited to the largest consumer of flame retardants - the plastics industry. USA

Accession no.645269

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References and Abstracts

Item 335 Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings. Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.325-7. 43C6 NEW POLYOLS FOR FLAME RETARDANT RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAMS Rose R S; Likens L J; Martin J L Great Lakes Chemical Corp. (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) Two flame retardant bromine-containing polyols, one variously referred to as CN-2047 and CM-2047 and the other as CM-2182, were evaluated in rigid PU foam formulations in comparison with a tetrabromophthalate diol. Effects on reactivity and on the flammability characteristics, density, thermal conductivity, compression strength and dimensional stability of foams were examined.

Item 338 Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Toronto,27th April-2nd May 1997,p.3506-10. 012 FR CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOSPHATE ESTER PLASTICISERS WITH ANTIMONY OXIDE IN PVC Moy P Y Akzo Nobel Central Research (SPE)

USA

Two common approaches to flame retardant flexible PVC are phosphate ester plasticisers and antimony oxide. When used individually, each displays excellent flame suppressing characteristics. However, the combination of the two has been reported to show anti-synergistic behaviour. A review of this behaviour in various PVC formulations is presented. 3 refs.

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USA

Accession no.639914 Item 336 Plastics World 55, No.7, July 1997, p.26-8 FLAME RETARDANTS New flame retardant products introduced by suppliers in recent months are outlined. These include colour concentrates formulated for highly loaded PE compounds containing halogenated or non-halogenated flame retardants, flame retardant synergists for ABS, a twophase FR system, FR plasticisers, an oligomeric phosphate ester FR aimed at engineering thermoplastic applications and a non-blooming FR for high-temperature applications. USA

Accession no.641090 Item 337 Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.2953-7. 012 FUNCTIONAL COPOLYMERS OF DIBROMOSTYRENE AS FLAME RETARDANTS FOR THERMOPLASTIC POLYAMIDES AND POLYESTERS Fielding W R; Elliott J L Great Lakes Chemical Corp. (SPE) As resin requirements and environmental concerns have increased, the development of polymeric flame retardants has developed. Brominated PS materials are widely used as flame retardants for thermoplastic polyesters and polyamides. The incorporation of comonomers at low levels has improved the compatibility of polybromostyrenes with each of these resin systems as evidenced by scanning electron micrographs. The improvement in physical properties and the reduction in flammability of PBTP and polyamides as a function of the comonomer type and concentration are explored. 7 refs.

Item 339 Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.3119-22. 012 PROPERTY CHANGES IN RECYCLED FLAME RETARDED POLYPROPYLENE Rankin T N; Papazoglou E FMC Corp. (SPE) There is currently a growing demand for more economical raw materials for all types of plastics applications. Recycled plastics can represent a viable source of such materials, if through proper additives and processing they can maintain or improve their properties. The recycling stream is already diverse enough with the various types of polymers being used, and is further diversified by the use of fillers, flame retardants or other additives which are added to meet a certain need. The question of how these additives affect the recyclability of the resin is very important. The recyclability of PP containing a brominated phosphate ester as the flame retardant is explored. Data on physical properties, rheology and flammability performance show that it is possible to develop a flame retardant system that withstands the recycling processes at least as well as unmodified polypropylene. 4 refs. USA

Accession no.639842 Item 340 Polymer News 22, No.2, Feb. 1997, p.77-9 NEW TYPES OF ECOLOGICALLY SAFE FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS FOR PMMA Lomakin S M; Zaikov G E Russian Academy of Sciences

USA

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References and Abstracts

Details are given of the thermal degradation of PMMA and the various types of flame retardant used to prevent or reduce the formation of fuel or to quench flame. 9 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.635851 Item 341 Fire & Flammability Bulletin May 1997, p.6-7 NEW REPORT ON EUROPEAN FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS INDUSTRY IAL Consultants Ltd. A review is presented of a report by IAL Consultants on the European flame retardant chemicals industry. It provides an analysis of the industry, covering 24 chemicals divided into 7 main product groups and their major enduse applications. A separate section is devoted to political factors affecting market development. The review of the report contains key statistical data from the publication, including market shares of the various types of flame retardants and growth rates. EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.634809 Item 342 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 3, No.1, March 1997, p.33-40 EFFECT OF ZINC BORATE IN COMBINATION WITH AMMONIUM OCTAMOLYBDATE OR ZINC STANNATE ON SMOKE SUPPRESSION IN FLEXIBLE PVC Ferm D J; Shen K K US Borax Inc. The effect of combinations of zinc borate with ammonium octamolybdate or zinc stannate on smoke suppression upon combustion of flexible PVC was studied. The effects on oxygen index and on residual char after ten minutes at 560C were also evaluated. These studies were carried out using both a conventional dioctyl phthalate(DOP) plasticiser and a mixed plasticiser consisting of a 1:1 combination of DOP and an alkyl aryl phosphate ester. For both plasticiser systems, results showed that combinations of the zinc borate with either ammonium octamolybdate or zinc stannate showed improvements with regard to smoke reduction upon combustion. No indications of interactions to explain this effect were obtained by TGA of PVC containing these additives. TGA analyses indicated that PVC samples made with the mixed plasticiser had final decomposition temps. which were slightly higher than those made with DOP as the plasticiser. 5 refs.

Item 343 Fire & Materials 21, No.2, March-April 1997, p.75-83 EFFECT OF MELAMINE AND ITS SALTS ON COMBUSTION AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF POLYAMIDE 6 Levchik S V; Balabanovich A I; Levchik G F; Costa L Byelorussian,State University; Torino,Universita Melamine and its salts added to nylon 6 improve its fire resistance as measured by oxygen index and UL94 tests. The mechanism of the fire-retardant action of the additives was studied using thermogravimetry, kinetics of thermal decomposition and characterisation of solid residues and evolved high-boiling products. It was found that melamine, melamine oxalate, melamine phthalate and melamine cyanurate facilitate thermal decomposition of nylon 6 with increasing evolution of oligomeric chain fragments instead of caprolactam, which is the principal product evolved from the non flame-retarded nylon 6. These additives promote noncombustible flow dripping and help extinguishing of the flame. The observed increase in solid residue from the thermal decomposition of the formulations or the endothermic cooling due to melamine evaporation might give an additional but less important contribution to fire resistance. In the case of dimelamine phosphate and melamine pyrophosphate, nylon 6 reacts with liberated phosphoric acids producing phosphoric esters which give char upon further thermal decomposition. The fire retardant effect of these two salts is mostly attributed to polymer mass retention and intumescent layer protection mechanisms. 21 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.634371 Item 344 Fire & Materials 21, No.1, Jan.-Feb.1997, p.23-32 FIRE RETARDANT ADDITIVES FOR POLYMERIC MATERIALS. I. CHAR FORMATION FROM SILICA GEL-POTASSIUM CARBONATE Gilman J W; Ritchie S J; Kashiwagi T; Lomakin S M US,National Inst.of Standards & Technology; Russian Academy of Sciences Silica gel combined with potassium carbonate is an elective fire retardant for a wide variety of common polymers (at mass fraction of only 10% total additive) such as PP, nylon, PMMA, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose, and to a lesser extent PS and SAN. The peak heat release rate is reduced by up to 68% without significantly increasing the smoke or carbon monoxide levels during the combustion. 26 refs.

USA

RUSSIA; USA

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Accession no.634362

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References and Abstracts

Item 345 ENDS Report No.267, April 1997, p.9-10 OESTROGENS RESEARCH FINGERS FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICAL German researchers have found that a commercially important flame retardant chemical, tetrabromo-bisphenol A (TBBA), has oestrogenic properties. The results are likely to add to environmental concern over brominated flame retardants, which are already a focus of attention because of their persistence, toxicity and potential to form dioxin-like compounds on combustion. Several widely used industrial chemicals such as alkyl phenols, bisphenol A and phthalates have been found to have oestrogenic properties and the potential to disrupt development and reproduction. Brief details are given. TUEBINGEN,UNIVERSITY; ULM,UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.634320 Item 346 Plastics Formulating & Compounding 2, No.6, Nov/Dec.1996, p.7/10 NOVEL INTUMESCENTS PACE FIRE RETARDANT DEVELOPMENTS Miller B This comprehensive article supplies details of the latest developments in flame retardants and formulation, highlighted at the Autumn meeting of the Flame Retardant Chemicals Association in Florida. The article provides detailed information on the advances in char-forming systems based on intumescent resins and catalysts. US,FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS ASSOCIATION USA

Accession no.632554 Item 347 Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie Vol.245, March 1997, p.23-35 FIRE RETARDANT ACTION OF POTASSIUM NITRATE IN POLYAMIDE-6 Levchik S V; Levchik G F; Camino G; Costa L; Lesnikovich A I Belorussian,State University; Torino,Universita The flame retardant effects of adding 10-20 wt% of potassium nitrate (PN) to nylon-6 were investigated. The thermal decomposition of nylon-6/PN mixtures was studied by TGA, DSC and thermal volatilisation analysis, and the solid decomposition products were analysed by IR and EPR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was found that PN prevented flowing and dripping of the melt and promoted char formation on the polymer surface, thereby decreasing its fire hazard and improving its flame

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retardance. On the other hand, PN reacted exothermally with nylon-6 in the condensed phase and supplied oxygen to the gas phase, increasing the polymer’s combustibility. 16 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.632379 Item 348 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 87, No.2, Feb.1997, p.20-2 RECYCLING HALOGEN-CONTAINING PLASTICS: PROCESS CONCEPT AND PROFITABILITY STUDY Kaufer H; von Quast O Munchen,Technische Hochschule; KunststoffRecycling-Zentrum GmbH Post-consumer plastics containing halogenated compounds, mainly halogenated flame retardants, were previously not suitable for material recycling. With a costefficient process for dehalogenation, both reactively and additively bound halogens and halogen compounds can be removed from the post-consumer plastics. 11 refs. Translation of Kunststoffe, 87, No.2, Feb.1997, p.190-2 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.629124 Item 349 Frankfurt, c.1996, pp.4. 12ins. 25/6/96 FLAME RETARDANTS PRODUCT OVERVIEW. APPLICATION AREAS FOR HOSTAFLAM GRADES Hoechst AG A product overview is presented of the grades of Hostaflam flame retardants from Hoechst AG. They included halogen containing and halogen-free products based on ammonium polyphosphate, red phosphorus, organic phosphorus compounds and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Details are included of established and recent applications for which they are suitable. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.627960 Item 350 Engineering Plastics 9, No.5, 1996, p.403-19 TECHNOLOGY OF HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVES FOR POLYMERIC SYSTEMS Davis J Albright & Wilson UK Ltd. The use of halogen-free flame retardant additives based on phosphorus, which function by development of a

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References and Abstracts

protective char, is discussed. The various additives available, ranging from the element itself, in the form of amorphous red phosphorus, to speciality organophosphorus compounds is described and examples are given of their use in a range of thermoplastics. Intumescent formulations based on phosphates, designed specifically for polyolefins, are considered. The behaviour of a typical intumescent system is described with respect to flame retardant performance, thermal stability, water sensitivity and filler compatibility. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.626107 Item 351 Polymer Degradation and Stability 54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.383-5 FLAME RETARDANT EFFECTS OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE Rothon R N; Hornsby P R Manchester,Metropolitan University; Brunel University The suitability of magnesium hydroxide for use as a flame retardant filler was investigated. High levels of flame retardance were achieved in several polymers including ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, PP and polyamides. Until recently, use of magnesium hydroxide was restricted to niche applications because of the high cost of producing suitable crystal forms. However, new production methods now offer the prospect of improved economics and better control of particle morphology. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.617629 Item 352 Polymer Degradation and Stability 54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.379-81 FLAMMABILITY OF POLYMER BLENDS Carty P; White S Northumbria,University; Anzon Ltd. Commercial ABS polymers are very flammable, have a low limiting oxygen index (LOI) and produce large quantities of smoke. The addition of PVC (which is inherently flame retardant) to ABS had only a marginal effect on the low LOI and high smoke production of ABS alone. When iron peroxide was added to a range of ABS/ PVC formulations, the LOI was increased, smoke reductions were significant and the amounts of char formed were increased dramatically. The possibility of producing flexible ABS/PVC blends, while still maintaining acceptable flame retardant/smoke suppression characteristics was investigated. The addition of antimony oxide to phthalate plasticised blends gave the highest LOI values, while the iron compound generally gave the highest LOI values in phosphate plasticised blends. The iron-containing formulations also gave the

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best smoke suppression. Blends containing antimony oxide and the iron compound showed thermal stability across the full range of formulations, but only the iron compound reduced the mass loss in every case. 1 ref. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.617628 Item 353 Polymer Degradation and Stability 54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.345-52 INCORPORATION OF NATURAL FLAME RETARDANT FILLERS IN AN ETHYLENEPROPYLENE COPOLYMER, IN COMBINATION WITH A HALOGEN-ANTIMONY SYSTEM Toure B; Lopez Cuesta J-M; Longerey M; Crespy A Ales,Ecole des Mines An ethylene-propylene copolymer was filled with a mineral filler consisting mainly of calcium borate. This filler provided a mechanical reinforcing effect together with a flame retardant effect. When the filler was added in combination with antimony trioxide and decabromodiphenyl oxide, the fire resistance was greatly increased. Thermal analysis showed the individual features of each component and its reactivity. The fire retardant mechanisms were discussed. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.617623 Item 354 Polymer Degradation and Stability 54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.223-33 NEW ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICALLY FRIENDLY POLYMER FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS Zaikov G E; Lomakin S M Russian Academy of Sciences Two environmentally friendly flame retardant systems were studied. The first one consisted of a polyvinyl alcohol char former incorporated in nylon-6,6. This acted by the formation of a barrier (char) which hindered the supply of oxygen and reduced the thermal conductivity of the material to limit heat transfer. The second system consisted of silicon (3% wt) and stannous chloride (2% wt) incorporated into PP and nylon-6,6. This acted by trapping the active radicals in the vapour phase (and eventually in the condensed phase). 17 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.617609

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Item 355 Polymer Degradation and Stability 54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.205-15 ADVANTAGES OF FLAME RETARDANTS BASED ON NITROGEN COMPOUNDS Horacek H; Grabner R Chemie Linz GmbH The advantages of nitrogen compounds as flame retardants are reviewed. They and their gases or vapours evolved during combustion have low toxicity, are less corrosive than hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide and show low evolution of smoke. Nitrogen based flame retardants do not interfere with stabilisers which are added to plastics. Flame retarded plastics based on nitrogen can be recycled because the nitrogen flame retardants have high decomposition temperatures and, if they are disposed of in landfill sites, they act as long-term fertilisers. They are more efficient than metallic hydroxides and they have less effect on the mechanical properties of the plastics. The structures and properties for the development of new nitrogen or nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardants are discussed. 12 refs. AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.617607

reducing cycle times and enabling the production of parts with thinner walls. Polymeric brominated fire retardants increased the heat distortion temperature in PP based compounds. These flame retardants improved the thermal stability of several plastics. 2 refs. ISRAEL

Accession no.617602 Item 358 Polymer Degradation and Stability 54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.137-41 SOME ASPECTS OF INTUMESCENT FIRE RETARDANT SYSTEMS Reshetnikov I; Antonov A; Rudakova T; Aleksjuk G; Khalturinskij Russia,Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials Phosphoric acid derivatives were synthesised and their efficiency as intumescent fire retardants in conjunction with pentaerythritol and/or melamine was studied for PP, LDPE and PS. A new method for determining the optimum component relationship was developed and the efficiency of the intumescent systems was found to depend on the thermoprotection properties of foamed char. 5 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.617600 Item 356 Polymer Degradation and Stability 54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.189-93 PHOSPHORUS-BROMINE FLAME RETARDANT SYNERGY IN POLYCARBONATE/ABS BLENDS Green J FMC Corp. A comparison of all-phosphorus, all-bromine and brominated phosphate flame retardants in two polycarbonate/ABS blends (8/1 and 5/1) demonstrated phosphorus-bromine flame retardant synergy. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.617605 Item 357 Polymer Degradation and Stability 54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.167-73 DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY MULTIFUNCTIONAL FLAME RETARDANTS FOR COMMODITY AND ENGINEERING PLASTICS Smith R; Georlette P; Finberg I; Reznick G Dead Sea Bromine Group Ltd. The properties of three types of brominated flame retardants for plastics materials are discussed. These are FR-1808 (a brominated phenylindane flame retardant), F-2016 (a brominated epoxy oligomer of low molecular weight) and FR-1025 (poly(pentabromobenzyl acrylate)). All three provided processing aid effects. These flame retardants softened or melted during injection moulding,

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Item 359 Journal of Fire Sciences 14, No.6, Nov/Dec.1996, p.443-65 THERMAL AND THERMO-OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF POLYSTYRENE WITH AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE Zhu X Helsinki,University The effect of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of PS was studied with methods of thermogravimetry, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, thermochromatography, size exclusion chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared spectra. APP slightly accelerated thermal degradation of PS in nitrogen due to its acidity. However, whether APP accelerated or retarded thermo-oxidative degradation of PS much depended on addition levels in air. At the low addition levels, APP seemed to retard thermal degradation of PS via formation of a glassy layer; at the high addition levels, APP seemed to accelerate thermal degradation of PS due to its acidity. 23 refs. FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.617496 Item 360 Journal of Fire Sciences 14, No.6, Nov/Dec.1996, p.426-42 MECHANSIMS FOR FLAME RETARDANCY AND SMOKE SUPPRESSION - REVIEW

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References and Abstracts

Green J FMC Corp. The prevailing mechanisms for halogen and phosphorus flame retardancy are reviewed. Halogens act in the vapour phase and phosphorus can act in either the vapour or condensed phase depending on the specific phosphorus compound and the chemical composition of the polymer. Halogen-antimony synergy is discussed. Convincing evidence is presented for bromine-phosphorus synergy in specific polymers. The mode of decomposition of polycarbonate is shown and the effect of salts of organic acids in changing the mode of decomposition hence producing a more flame resistant polymer is shown. Intumescence in polyolefins is discussed. Inorganic metal hydrates used in large concentration cool by endothermically releasing a large concentration of water. The effects of boron compounds are discussed. Methods of smoke suppression are presented as is the role of zinc borate, molybdenum and tin compounds acting as Lewis acids in PVC. 31 refs. USA

Accession no.617495 Item 361 Masterbatch ’95. Conference proceedings. Basel, 20th-22nd June 1995, Paper 10 HALOGEN FREE FLAME RETARDANTS FOR THERMOPLASTIC COMPOUNDS-NEW PRODUCTS BASED ON ATH AND MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE OFFER OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MARKET PLACE Kirschbaum G Martinswerk GmbH (Applied Market Information) An overview of the function and advantages of halogen free flame retardants based on aluminium hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide is presented. The flame retardancy of halogen and non halogen products are compared and the influence of filler parameters (e.g. filling level, particle size and shape) for ATH and Mg hydroxides discussed. A variety of applications are then mentioned which demonstrate the versatility of such “active” fillers. Due to very intensive research and development unbelievable progress has been made in areas that seemed to be closed for compounds with filler loadings as high as 120 phr and higher. Applications cited include; wire and cable industry, automotive industry, public transport and electrical and electronics industry. BENELUX; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; SCANDINAVIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.616322 Item 362 Plastics World 54, No.12, Dec.1996, p.44-9

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INTUMESCENTS, FR EFFICIENCY PACE FLAME RETARDANT GAINS Miller B Advances in char-forming systems, improved efficiency and UV stability from polymer and oligomer compounds made news at the recent meeting of the Fire Retardant Chemicals Association. A novel intumescent system based on expandable graphite flakes in a special intumescent carrier resin was described in a joint paper by UCAR Carbon and Georgia-Pacific Resins. Another paper focused on the recyclability and processability of the ammonium polyphosphate Hostaflam AP 750 in PP. FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS ASSOCIATION USA

Accession no.615990 Item 363 Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri No.4, April 1995, p.194-6 Italian LOW TOXICITY FLAME RETARDANTS Eigenmann P Vamp Tech An examination is made of types of flame retardants used in plastics compounds produced by Vamp Tech of Italy for use in electrical applications, and designed to give slow flame propagation, low smoke density and toxicity of combustion gases, and good electrical properties. Data are presented for oxygen index, toxicity index and smoke density of compounds containing different flame retardants. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611859 Item 364 Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings. London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.187-97. 54F FLAME RETARDED CARILON THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER COMPOUNDS Proctor M G; Londa M; Gingrich R P; Kormelink H G Koninklijke/Shell Laboratorium; Shell Development Co.; Shell Louvain-la-Neuve (Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation; APME) Advances in catalyst technology by Shell Research have resulted in the ability to copolymerise carbon monoxide with alpha-olefin comonomers into perfectly alternating aliphatic polyketone thermoplastic polymers. Aliphatic polyketones will be marketed by Shell international Chemicals under the trade name Carilon. The first commercially available aliphatic polyketone, made by copolymerisation of carbon monoxide with a mixture of ethylene and a minor amount of propylene, has thermal and mechanical properties which place it in the class of

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the engineering thermoplastics. Product development work at Shell Laboratories in Europe and the USA has shown that Carilon can be flame retarded with remarkably low loading levels of inorganic flame retardant additives, such as magnesium hydroxide. In contrast, at least 50% wt. magnesium hydroxide is required in polyamide compounds to prevent dripping and to achieve a similar level of flame retardancy. It has long been recognised that the efficiency with which a polymer can be flame retarded is related to its inherent tendency to char. Some typical properties of flame retarded Carilon compounds are illustrated and compared to those of polyamide compounds flame retarded with magnesium hydroxide. 4 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611114

seats. There is an increasing demand for products that contain phosphorus as the sole active element, especially in view of their major advantage of having low smoke densities, smoke toxicity and corrosivity in the event of a fire. The crucial factor in the success of phosphoruscontaining products is their adaptation to the specific requirements for the end uses. Whereas, for example, in the fields of PU casting resins, flexible polyester foam or rigid integral foam red phosphorus or ammonium polyphosphate dispersions have been used for years in large quantities, in other fields of application intensive development work is still needed to establish phosphorus flame retardants on a permanent basis. An attempt is made to demonstrate by means of product and formulation developments solutions based on phosphorus-containing flame retardants to problems in the important PU fields of flexible polyether and rigid foam. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 365 Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings. London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.157-72. 54F PVC CABLE SHEATHING WITH IMPROVED SMOKE CHARACTERISTICS Herbert M J Alcan Chemicals Ltd. (Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation; APME) The use of antimony trioxide in flexible PVC has been a well established system for cable sheathing over many years, giving excellent fire performance and mechanical properties. However, acid gas evolution and high smoke levels have been the main disadvantages. The use of flame retardant and smoke suppressant fillers both as single additives and in combinations to optimise fire, smoke and mechanical properties is explored. Antimony, molybdenum, zinc, boron, tin, and aluminium compounds are studied. Various useful interactions are discovered. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611112 Item 366 Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings. London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.133-43. 54F PHOSPHORUS FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYURETHANES - REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS Jung S; Sicken M Hoechst AG (Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation; APME) PU materials are employed in many fields of application where flame retardant treatment is required. Significant examples of these are insulating materials made of rigid PU foam for construction purposes and upholstery materials based on flexible foam for furniture and car

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Accession no.611111 Item 367 Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings. London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.107-14. 54F FLAME RETARDANT POLYPROPYLENE: NEW APPROACH THAT ENHANCES FORM, FUNCTION AND PROCESSING Squires G E FMC Corp. (Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation; APME) A melt blendable phosphorus/bromine flame retardant for PP fibres and injection moulding is introduced. The melt blendable character combined with no need for the addition of a synergist allows for enhanced processing and the production of fine denier PP fibres. Consistent, high quality injection moulded parts with V-2 ratings are easily achieved with minimal loading and the use of a synergist. Flame retarded PP fabric, woven and nonwoven, as well as carpet, can now provide all of the benefits of PP with the added value of a durable flame retardant system.. The market opportunities for PP will be significantly expanded by way of this new flame retardant particularly in the areas of automotive, industrial and institutional applications. Concentrates up to 33% are easily prepared. Let down to finished products results in products with exact, consistent flammability properties. Light stability is easily achieved with standard stabilisers allowing products to be used in the most exacting environments and applications. Complete compatibility with PP results in the retention of properties and the absence of any plate-out. The overall physical properties of the flame retardant, preparation and let down of concentrates, processing fibres and moulded parts, physical and flammability testing are discussed. 1 ref. USA

Accession no.611109

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References and Abstracts

Item 368 Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings. London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.79-90. 54F BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS IN POLYMERIC SYSTEMS Smith R; Utevskii L; Muskatel M; Finberg I; Scheinart Y; Georlette P Dead Sea Bromine Group Ltd. (Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation; APME) A new generation of brominated flame retardants recently introduced for plastics applications is claimed to offer additional benefits widening the usage of the host polymeric systems. Oligomers and non polymeric brominated flame retardants with appropriate softening temperatures provide processing aid effects and better flow properties. Reduced cycle times during injection moulding are possible with these flame retardants and they enable production of parts with thinner wall. Polymeric brominated flame retardants have been shown to increase heat distortion temperature in polypropylene based compounds. Improved thermal stability in several plastics has been observed when these flame retardants are used. Brominated acrylate polymer is an excellent coupling agent between plastic and fibre or filler reinforcement. This results in better retention of tensile properties and freedom from blooming in the end-product. Last but not least, a less known positive aspect of brominated flame retardants is the significant reduction of smoke toxicity under fire conditions. 2 refs. ISRAEL

Accession no.611107 Item 369 Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings. London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.57-69. 54F CONE CALORIMETER STUDIES OF POLYMERS CONTAINING TIN-BASED FIRE RETARDANTS Cusack P A ITRI Ltd. (Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation; APME) Inorganic tin compounds, including zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS), have found commercial use as fire-retardant additives in polymeric materials. Recent interest in these additives has largely concerned their potential as non-toxic replacements for antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) in halogen-containing formulations. Cone Calorimeter studies have been undertaken to compare the fire-retardant properties of tin compounds with those of Sb2O3 in chlorinated and brominated polyester resins and in plastics containing halogenated flame retardants. In general, whereas Sb2O3 is more effective in delaying ignition, tin additives are superior

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with regard to reducing heat release rates and suppressing smoke generation. These findings are fully consistent with the contrasting fire-retardant mechanisms associated with the inorganic synergists. Cone calorimetry data are also presented for flexible PVC formulations containing ITRI’s recently developed coated fillers, a series of novel fireretardant additives comprising coatings of ZHS or ZS on inorganic fillers such as aluminium trihydrate and magnesium hydroxide. 18 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611106 Item 370 Rubber Technology International 1996, p.68-72 PORTAFLAME Pluhar S Ankerpoort NV Combining magnesium hydroxide with Portaflame C (naturally occurring calcium borate) shows a synergy in the flame retardancy of pyrolysis products as tested by the cone calorimeter method. The combined filler decreases the rate of heat release and smoke evolution when compared with compounds filled with magnesium hydroxide only. This comprehensive article supplies a detailed analysis of the experiments and test results of Portaflame C mineral flame retardants/synergists from Ankerpoort NV. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.610798 Item 371 Reinforced Plastics 40, No.11, Nov.1996, p.52-3 MAKING POLYESTER MORE FIRE RESISTANT Weaver A A number of new products have recently been launched which improve the fire properties of polyester composites. Alcan Chemicals is installing a plant for full-scale production of the new BACO CV and ULV grades of aluminium trihydroxide fillers for thermoset resin systems. Huber Engineered Minerals has developed surface modified ATH grades, Hymod, to aid processing or improve physical, electrical or chemical resistant properties. Technical Fibre products is supplementing its range of non-woven tissues and mats for the composites industry with the addition of Kofire intumescents. WORLD

Accession no.610682

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Item 372 Journal of Fire Sciences 14, No.5, Sept./Oct.1996, p.353-66 REVIEW OF PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING FLAME RETARDANTS Green J FMC Corp. The chemical structure and major applications of phosphorus-containing flame retardants, including red phosphorus, inorganic phosphates, organophosphorus compounds and chlorophosphorus compounds, are reviewed. Producers in the U.S., Western Europe and Japan are listed, together with the trade names they use. Intumescent phosphorus systems and compounds are also discussed. 11 refs. JAPAN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.609535 Item 373 Antec ’96. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.3004-7 POLYDIBROMOSTYRENE: FLAME RETARDANT FOR PLASTICS Zingde G Great Lakes Chemical Corp. (SPE) Flame retardant plastics are commonly used for electrical and electronic applications. These materials are often processed at high temperatures, and therefore imposing demanding requirements on the flame retardants used. The performance of two polymeric flame retardants, polydibromostyrene and brominated polystyrene, is compared in common engineering plastics. 1 ref.

was twofold. This additive promoted involvement of the polymer in the charring and the manganese phosphate glasses formed improved the thermally-insulating properties of the intumescent char on the surface of burning polyamide-6. 26 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.605705 Item 375 British Plastics and Rubber Sept.1996, p.40 KEEPING FIRE AT BAY WITHOUT CORROSION OR TOXICITY Antonio B Radici Novacips The traditional methods of flame-retarding nylons using halogen or phosphorus based compounds are today less acceptable for environmental reasons. The working principles and combustion effects of halogenated, phosphorus and inorganic retardants are outlined. The Radiflam FR family of self-extinguishing nylons from Radici Novacips uses a combination of synergistic agents to produce a self-extinguishing, thermally stable system up to temperatures of 380-400C. The Radiflam FR range covers both PA6 and PA66, from zero to 35% glass fibre reinforced, in all colours. Mechanical, electrical and combustion properties of Radiflam materials are presented. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.604024

USA

Accession no.609080 Item 374 Fire & Materials 20, No.4, July-Aug.1996, p.183-90 MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PHOSPHORUSBASED FLAME RETARDANTS IN NYLON-6. III. AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE(APP)/ MANGANESE DIOXIDE Levchik S V; Levchik G F; Camino G; Costa L; Lesnikovich A I Byelorussian,State University; Torino,Universita Partial substitution of APP by manganese dioxide in polyamide-6 fire-retarded with 20% of APP strongly increased the fire retardant effect. ‘Linear pyrolysis’ experiments, which were modified cone calorimeter tests, showed an increase in the amount and an improvement of the shielding properties of the intumescent char formed on the surface of burning polymer. The enhancement of the yield of aliphatic-aromatic char stable to oxidation was observed in TGA under air. The fire retardant action of an APP/manganese dioxide mixture in polyamide-6

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Item 376 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 86, 7, July 1996, p.12-3 FLAME RETARDANTS Troitzch J Dr.Troitzch Brandschutz & Umweltschutz Service Developments in flame retardants are reviewed and statistics are included to demonstrate their consumption worldwide by type for 1993. The most important types of flame retardants are described and their specific modes of action. New developments are reported to be concentrated on highly effective, high temperature resistant, low emission systems based on bromine, phosphorous and nitrogen containing flame retardants, as well as inorganic metal oxides and hydroxides. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.603906 Item 377 Fire & Materials 20, No.3, May/June 1996, p.145-54

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References and Abstracts

ZEOLITES: NEW SYNERGISTIC AGENTS FOR INTUMESCENT FIRE RETARDANT THERMOPLASTIC FORMULATIONS CRITERIA FOR THE CHOICE OF THE ZEOLITE Bourbigot S; Le Bras M; Breant P; Tremillon J M; Delobel R Lille,Universite des Sciences et Technologies; Elf Atochem; CREPIM The addition of zeolites to intumescent formulations of thermoplastics polymers (containing ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol) was shown to lead to a marked improvement in their fire retardant performance. A classification of different groups (A, X, Y, Mordenite and ZSM-5) was developed. The influence of the physicochemical properties of the zeolites was examined. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed that the zeolite could act as a catalyst for the development of the intumescent carbonaceous material and could stabilise the carbonaceous residue, resulting in the degradation of the intumescent shield. Studies by magic angle spinning/ aluminium-27 and silicon-29 NMR indicated that alumino- and silicophosphate species formed were catalysts which were active for the synthesis of a protective carbon-based material. 37 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.600888 Item 378 Composites Plastiques Renforces Fibres de Verre Textile No.8, March/April 1995, p.76-84 French; German NEW GENERATION OF FLAME RETARDANT GRP FORMULATIONS Zwecker J; Buhl D; Eckel A; Begemann M; Kuhfusz R BASF AG; Mitras Kunststoffe GmbH; Fibron GmbH The use of aluminium trihydrate (ATH) as a flame retardant in glass fibre-reinforced unsaturated polyester SMC and BMC formulations is discussed. Flammability tests for moulded components used in the building industry and in aircraft and rail vehicles are described, and some test results are presented for formulations containing different levels of ATH. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.595300 Item 379 Macromolecular Symposia Vol.108, May 1996, p.221-9 PRODUCTION OF CARBONATES AND HYDRATES AND THEIR USE AS FLAME RETARDANT FILLERS Rothon R N Manchester,Metropolitan University

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Flame retardant fillers are of growing importance as they do not give the high smoke and corrosive gas emissions associated with some other flame retardants. The basic characteristics of a flame retardant filler are described, together with the manufacture of the principal commercial types (aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, basic magnesium carbonate). Experimental results are presented to demonstrate that the flame retardant effect is more complex than predicted by a simple endothermic decomposition model. 11 refs. (EUROFILLERS 95, Joint Meeting of MOFFIS and FILPLAS on Fillers and Filled Polymers, Mulhouse, France, Sept.1995) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.594231 Item 380 Macromolecular Symposia Vol.108, May 1996, p.203-19 APPLICATION OF HYDRATED MINERAL FILLERS AS FIRE RETARDANT AND SMOKE SUPPRESSING ADDITIVES FOR POLYMERS Hornsby P R Brunel University The characteristics of hydrated mineral fillers are discussed with particular reference to their use as fire retardant additives for polymers. The emphasis is on their mode of action and criteria which influence their performance, both in reducing polymer flammability and in suppressing smoke evolution during combustion. Methods for reducing the adverse effect of these additives on mechanical properties of the host polymer are also considered. 36 refs. (EUROFILLERS 95, Joint Meeting of MOFFIS and FILPLAS on Fillers and Filled Polymers, Mulhouse, France, Sept.1995) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.594230 Item 381 Fire & Materials 20, No.1, Jan.-Feb. 1996, p.39-49 MINERAL FILLERS IN INTUMESCENT FIRE RETARDANT FORMULATIONS. CRITERIA FOR THE CHOICE OF A NATURAL CLAY FILLER FOR THE AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE/PENTAERYTHRITOL/PP SYSTEM Le Bras M; Bourbigot S USTL Details are given of the effect of natural clay filler in intumescent PP-based formulations containing ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol on fire retardant performances. 33 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.591938

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Item 382 International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 2, No.3, 1996, p.193-202 COMBINED ACTION OF HUNTITE AND HYDROMAGNESITE FOR REDUCING FLAMMABILITY OF AN ETHYLENEPROPYLENE COPOLYMER Toure B; Lopez-Cuesta J; Benhassaine A; Crespy A Ales,Ecole des Mines The flammability of a filled ethylene-propylene copolymer is discussed. A mineral filler with 40% of hydromagnesite and 60% of huntite by weight is used as a flame retardant. Some burning characteristics and mechanical properties were studied in relation to the amount of incorporation. Flammability was measured by the oxygen index method, the dripping test and the rate of spread of flame test. Thermal degradation was investigated by DSC and TGA in combination with DTA. 13 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.589846 Item 383 Speciality Chemicals 16, No.2, March/April 1996, p.53 NEW GRADE OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE LAUNCHED Product details are described for a new grade of antimony trioxide for use as a flame retardant. Triox Plus has been developed by Mines de la Lucette to meet the growing demands within the American and Japanese markets from converters for improved quality. Standard Triox is compared with the new product in terms of particle size, crystallography, rheology, pigmentation, chemical composition, and handling. MINES DE LA LUCETTE; CHEMOX LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.589768 Item 384 Fire & Materials 19, No.6, Nov.-Dec.1995, p.283-5 STUDIES ON MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE IN POLYPROPYLENE USING SIMULTANEOUS THERMOGRAVIMETRY-DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY(TGA-DSC) Larcey P A; Redfern J P; Bell G M Rheometric Scientific A simultaneous TGA-DSC system (STA-625) was used to investigate the suitability of using magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant in PP formulations. Several magnesium hydroxide/PP formulations were examined at differing concentrations.

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The presence of magnesium hydroxide in the system greatly altered the thermal degradation character of PP. This study forms the first in a series of application notes using various Rheometrics Scientific Thermal Analysis instruments. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.589095 Item 385 Polyurethanes ’95. Conference Proceedings. Chicago, Il., 26th-29th Sept.1995, p.47-50. 43C6 100% CARBON DIOXIDE BLOWN CLASS 1 FLAME RATED POLYURETHANE FOAM Mirasol S M; Bhattacharjee D; Williams S J Dow Chemical Co. (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) The development and testing of carbon dioxide blown, flame retardant PU foams are described. Foams with a class 1 flame rating were obtained by the use of aromatic polyols and a phosphate flame retardant. The foams had densities of around 2.4 pcf, showed good compression strength and dimensional stability, and could be processed without any modification of existing equipment. 7 refs. USA

Accession no.588927 Item 386 International Polymer Science and Technology 22, No.11, 1995, p.T/7-9 FLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVES FROM CONSTAB POLYMER-CHEMIE The function and mechanism of fire retardants in polymers is studied, and the different types available. These are broadly classified as reactive and additive types. Processing of flame retardant agents is discussed, and details are given of the range of products and services offered by Constab Polymer-Chemie. These include masterbatches and concentrates. Translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.10, 1995, p.695. CONSTAB POLYMER-CHEMIE GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.588411 Item 387 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 2, No.1, March 1996, p.69-75 THE TECHNOLOGY OF HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT PHOSPHOROUS ADDITIVES FOR POLYMERIC SYSTEMS Davis J Albright & Wilson UK Ltd. The range of different types of phosphorus-based flame retardant additives is shown to offer an alternative to

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

traditional halogenated flame retardance, with good flame retardance achieved in most common thermoplastics. Since they function in the solid phase the flame retardant mechanism commonly involves the formation of a char. The range of phosphorus-based flame retardants is discussed, and includes the element itself, amorphous red phosphorus, and specialty organophosphorus compounds, and examples of their use in a range of thermoplastics are given, along with intumescent formulations based on phosphates. The behaviour of a typical intumescent system is described with respect to flame retardant performance, thermal stability, water sensitivity, and filler compatibility. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.588375 Item 388 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 2, No.1, March 1996, p.63-8 THE INFLUENCE OF FLAME RETARDANT STRUCTURE ON UV STABILISATION APPROACHES IN PP Gray R L; Lee R E; Sanders B M Great Lakes Chemical Corp. UV stabilisation of polypropylene fibre containing brominated flame retardants has been the focus of intense technical efforts, with only limited success, it is reported. Key issues for flame retardant PP fibre are processability, co-additive interactions and economics, it is suggested. The flame retardant structure affects both optimal spinning conditions and selection of stabiliser type and concentrations since acid generated by the flame retardants deactivates hindered amine light stabilisers (HALS), thus severely reducing the HALS’ effectiveness. Evaluation of structure-performance characteristics of both flame retardants and stabilisers allows development of packages which optimise processability, flame retardance, and UV stability. 11 refs. USA

Item 390 International Journal of Polymeric Materials 32, Nos.1-4, 1996, p.173-202 ADVANCES IN NYLON 6,6 FLAME RETARDANCY Lomakin S M; Zaikov G E; Artesis M I Russian Academy of Sciences The development of an ecologically safe flame retardant system for nylon 6,6 remains a major problem of the polymer industry. This study reviews three approaches: the increase of char by addition of polyvinyl alcohol, the suppression of combustion in gaseous phase by addition of melamine cyanurate, and the combination of char increase and flame suppression by addition of various Siinorganic systems. 17 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.588246 Item 391 Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites. Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.207-34. 51 EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE FILLERS ON FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES Rothon R N Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon Consultants Edited by: Rothon R N (Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon Consultants) The flame retardant and smoke suppressant effects of fillers in polymers are examined, with particular emphasis on metal hydroxides and carbonates. Tests for the flammability and smoke and gas emission of filled polymers are described and illustrated by reference to a number of scientific studies. Mechanistic studies involving modelling of the oxygen index test and the application of thermal analysis techniques are also reviewed. 36 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.586697

Accession no.588374 Item 389 International Journal of Polymeric Materials 32, Nos.1-4, 1996, p.213-20 NEW TYPES OF ECOLOGICALLY SAFE FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS FOR POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE Lomakin S M; Zaikov G E; Artesis M I Russian Academy of Sciences The addition of silica gels is explored to develop an environmentally friendly flame retardant PMMA system. 9 refs.

Item 392 Kunststoffe Plast Europe 86, No.2, Feb.1996, p.34-6 HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTS Walz R; Schulz C; Sicken M Hoechst AG Flame retardants for rigid PU foams are of extreme importance in insulating materials for the building industry. Hostaflam AP 422 ammonium polyphosphate is a halogen-free flame retardant that is migration stable. It has no effect on the properties of the foam. Translated from Kunststoffe, 86, No.2, 1996, p.230-5

RUSSIA

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.588248

Accession no.584789

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Item 393 Polymer Additives for Injection Moulding and Extrusion Applications. Retec proceedings. White Haven, Pa., 18th-19th Oct.1995, p.211-28. 5 EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE CONTAINING FLAME RETARDANTS Fukuda T; Hamada A; Stockel R F Tosoh Corp.; Tosoh USA Inc. (SPE,Lehigh Valley Section; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) Tosoh’s new, non-halogen flame retardant product line is designated the Flamecut GREP series. There are basically two types, each containing expandable graphite with either ammonium polyphosphate or modified red phosphorus. Both types have excellent flame retardancy and heat stability. 2 refs. USA

Accession no.584091 Item 394 AddCon ’95: Worldwide Additives & Polymer Modifiers Conference. Conference Proceedings. Basel, 5th-6th April 1995, paper 17, pp.6. 5 WIRE AND CABLE COMPOUNDS USING A MIXTURE OF CHLORINATED ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FLAME RETARDANTS Markezich R L Occidental Chemical Corp. (Rapra Technology Ltd.; Catalyst Consultants Inc.) The development of a flame retardant wire and cable formulation which is said to produce less smoke and corrosivity during combustion is discussed in some detail. The formulation used in this study is reported to contain Dechlorane Plus chlorinated flame retardant and Zerogen 35 magnesium hydroxide. Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer was used as the polyolefin in the evaluations. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.583819 Item 395 SPI Composite Institute 50th Annual Conference. Conference Proceedings. Cincinnati, Oh., 30th Jan-1st Feb.1995, paper 1E. 627 NEW GENERATION OF ALUMINA TRIHYDRATES FOR THERMOSETS Chaplin D Alcan Chemicals Inc. (SPI,Composites Institute) A new series of alumina trihydrate grades for use as flame retardants in thermoset resins is described which give improved flammability and processability properties than traditional ground grades. The main advantage is easier processing through lower viscosity. Other advantages demonstrated include faster cure times, cheaper

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formulations, and the possibility of reaching higher levels of flame retardancy. This approach can be used for a variety of performance, processing and cost objectives in alumina trihydrate filled resin systems. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.582925 Item 396 Antec 95. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.3544-48. 012 PHOSPHATE ESTER FLAME RETARDANTS FOR ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS Green J FMC Corp. (SPE) Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and alkylated triphenyl phosphates are used commercially to flame retard modified PPO and polycarbonate/ABS blends. Phosphate esters are efficient flame retardants for these resins and products with UL-94 V-0 ratings at 1.6 mm can be obtained. Triaryl phosphate esters are thermally stable at the processing temperature of these polymers, but they are volatile and condense on the moulds and moulded parts. This phenomenon is known as juicing. If the flame retardant condenses and wets the moulding in a stressed area, the part can stress crack. Resorcinol diphosphate (RDP) is a more efficient flame retardant than TPP or alkylated TPPs in part due to its higher phosphorus content. The use of RDP in modified PPO and various polycarbonate/ABS blends is evaluated. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.577502 Item 397 Antec 95. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.3541-3. 012 USE OF NON-ANTIMONY OXIDE SYNERGISTS WITH HALOGEN FLAME RETARDANTS Markezich R L; Mundhenke R F Occidental Chemical Corp. (SPE) The synergist antimony oxide, in conjunction with halogenated flame retardants, has been used for years to impart flame resistance to plastics. Today, many highly efficient antimony/halogen systems are used to give flame resistance to a wide variety of polymers. Other complete or partial substitutes for antimony oxide in certain polymers have been reported: they are ferric oxide, zinc oxide, zinc borate and zinc stannate. Most of these synergists are effective with polyamides and epoxies when using a chlorinated flame retardant. Examples of these synergists, plus other synergists in polyamides, epoxies, PBTP and PETP with a chlorinated flame retardant, are presented. 3 refs. USA

Accession no.577501

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References and Abstracts

Item 398 Plast Europe Kunststoffe 7, No.2, Sept.1995, p.120/2 POLYAMIDES WITH HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTS Gorrisen R BASF AG Methods of producing flame retardant polyamides are examined with reference to the need for halogen-free compounds. The use of red phosphorous and melamine derivatives is discussed, along with their shortcomings. The development is described of a polyamide which not only contains a halogen-free flame retardant, but which can also be produced in a light colour, achieved by the use of a specially pretreated magnesium hydroxide. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.574757 Item 399 Reinforced Plastics 39, No.11, Nov.1995, p.34-7 HALOGEN-FREE UP CHALLENGES PHENOLICS IN RAILWAYS Brown N; Linnert E Martinswerke GmbH; BYK Chemie GmbH The smoke and toxic fumes generated when halogenated unsaturated polyester composites burn makes them unacceptable in railways. This article describes how Martinswerk and BYK-Chemie, together with resin producers, combined to develop halogen-free, fire retarded polyester composites. These composites achieve fire performance which until now was only possible using phenolics. These UP composites are based on the use of Martinal ON-921, aluminium hydroxide, as the fire retardant in combination with the wetting and dispersing additives from BYK-Chemie. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.574564 Item 400 Antec ’95. Vol.II. Conference Proceedings. Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.2351-6. 012 DEVELOPMENT OF FLAME RETARDANT ALIPHATIC POLYKETONE COMPOUNDS Londa M; Gingrich R P; Kormelink H G; Proctor M G Shell Development Co.; Shell Research SA; Koninklijke/Shell Laboratorium (SPE) Magnesium hydroxide and partially hydrated magnesium calcium carbonate were evaluated as flame retardants in unreinforced and glass fibre-reinforced aliphatic polyketones based on terpolymers of ethylene, propylene and carbon monoxide, and the effectiveness of these additives was compared with that of calcium carbonate.

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The flammability characteristics and mechanical and electrical properties of injection moulded specimens were investigated. 7 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.571332 Item 401 Antec ’95. Vol.II. Conference Proceedings. Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.1946-8. 012 EFFECT OF HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PC AND PC/ABS Wang C H Compaq Computer Corp. (SPE) Izod impact and puncture tests were carried out on specimens of polycarbonate (PC) and PC/ABS blends containing phosphor, bromine and bromine/phosphor flame retardants and which had been aged under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. The reduction in strength increased with increasing temperature and humidity, and appeared to be strongly related to the flame retardant packages used. Materials containing phosphor alone were affected much more than those containing bromine or bromine/phosphor. This was probably due to a reduction in the molecular weight of PC caused by the hydrolysis of the phosphor flame retardant. 1 ref. USA

Accession no.568204 Item 402 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 48, No.7-8, July/Aug.1995, p.512-4 MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE FOR FLAME RETARDANT AND SMOKE SUPPRESSION APPLICATION Georlette P; Reznik E; Kalisky O Dead Sea Bromine Group; Dead Sea Periclase Ltd. Magnesium hydroxide is an effective non-corrosive flame retardant and a smoke suppressant. Dead Sea MFR produce material made by the Aman process which gives physical characteristics ideally suited for incorporation into the polymer matrix. In addition, a range of coatings can be applied to improve compatibility with specific polymers. Examples are provided for the use of these grades of magnesium hydroxide in EVA, EPDM and PVC. 1 ref. ISRAEL

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References and Abstracts

Item 403 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1, No.2, June 1995, p.94-7 FLAME RETARDANT PERFORMANCE OF A MODIFIED ALUMINIUM TRIHYDROXIDE WITH INCREASED THERMAL STABILITY Stinson J M; Horn W E Aluminum Co.of America

Item 406 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 56, No.8, 23rd May 1995, p.925-33 PARADOXICAL FLAME-RETARDANT EFFECT OF NITRATES IN ATH-FILLED ETHYLENEVINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER Weiming Zhu; Weil E D New York,Polytechnic University

A modified form of aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) was synthesised that is thermally stable to approximately 350 C. Flame retardant and smoke generation performance to low melting temperature thermoplastics, e.g. PVC, PP and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, are comparable to unmodified ATH. The increased thermal stability enables this material to be used in thermoplastics with higher melting temperatures, e.g. polycarbonate, PBTP, and polyphenylene oxide, where ATH cannot be used. 4 refs.

In the course of a study of metal salts as flame retardants, it was found that metal nitrates reduced the flammability of aluminium trihydrate-filled ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The limiting oxygen index of aluminium trihydrate-filled ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer was increased by the nitrates. The effects were not caused by the water of hydration. All metal nitrates except sodium nitrate reached a UL 94 V-2 rating at 3 phr. Based on TGA, DSC, FTIR, and gas detection, the proposed mechanism of the flame retardant effect of nitrates is the oxidative degradation of the polymer to produce noncombustible products (carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides) at a rate sufficient to interfere with the normal combustion process despite the exothermicity of the oxidative degradation. It is possible that the surface carboxylic acid structures also contribute to the flame retardant effect. 13 refs.

USA

Accession no.558187 Item 404 International Journal of Polymeric Materials 29, Nos.3-4, 1995, p.139-45 EFFECT OF FLAME RETARDANT TREATMENT ON THE THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS Garba B; Zuru A A; Hassan L G Usmanu Danfodiyo,University Effect of ammonium cupric chloride dihydrate as a flame retardant on the thermal characteristics of some lignocellulosic materials were presented. Their flame propagation rate and afterglow time were drastically reduced as a result of this treatment. Increase in char formation was also noted. Gravimetric analysis showed that this retardant acted by the condensed phase, and vapour phase mechanisms. 5 refs. NIGERIA

Accession no.558153 Item 405 Speciality Chemicals 15, No.3, May/June 1995, p.159-60 CHLORINATED PARAFFIN FLAME RETARDANT FOR PLASTICS AND RUBBERS Cook R ICI Chlor-Chemicals The use of Cereclor chlorinated paraffin flame retardants for plastics and elastomeric materials is discussed with particular reference to types of chlorinated paraffins, combination of paraffin feedstocks, physical properties, mechanism of action, rigourous fire retardant standards, combustion conditions, grade selection, thermal stability, and applications. USA

Accession no.555297

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USA

Accession no.551588 Item 407 Journal of Fire Sciences 13, No.3, May/June 1995, p.224-34 EFFECT OF ZINC, ZINC OXIDE AND ZINC BORATE ON THE FLAMMABILITY OF POLYCARBONATE Benrashid R; Nelson G L; Ferm D J; Chew L W Florida,Institute of Technology; US Borax Inc. Blends of zinc/polycarbonate and especially zinc borate/ polycarbonate show major improvement in oxygen values. Ohio State University (OSU) heat release studies show reduction in heat release only for zinc borate/ polycarbonate blends compared with virgin polycarbonate. No improvement in smoke suppression was observed from NBS Smoke Chamber studies for these blends. From DSC studies there was a lowering of Tgs. TGAs showed that the blends have lower temperature stability in nitrogen (50% weight loss) compared with a control. 2 refs. USA

Accession no.551531 Item 408 Speciality Chemicals 15, No.1, Feb.1995, p.80/5 PHOSPHORUS-BROMINE FLAME RETARDANT SYNERGY IN POLYCARBONATES Green J

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References and Abstracts

FMC Corp.,Polymer Additives Div. This comprehensive article investigates the flame retardancy of various blends of phosphorus-bromine combinations in polycarbonate systems, and claims have been made for synergy. A brominated phosphate was found to be a very effective flame retardant, far more so than an all-bromine or all-phosphorus flame retardant. Comprehensive data on all flame retardant combinations are supplied. 11 refs. USA

Accession no.550024 Item 409 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1, No.1, March 1995, p.51-4 DEVELOPMENT OF IMPACT MODIFIED, FLAME RETARDANT POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FORMULATIONS Smith B V; Wiseman D K; Crook E H Rohm & Haas Co. The effect of melt blending core-shell impact modifiers (EXL-3330, acrylic and EXL-3647 MBS) and flame retardants (polypentabromobenzyl acrylate(FR-1025) and 40-60,000 molec.wt. brominated epoxy resin(F-2400)) on the physical properties of polybutylene terephthalate(PBT) was determined using antimony oxide(AO) as a flame retardant synergist and Teflon 60 as an anti-drip agent. The main objectives of the study were to develop formulations having maximum impact strength while maintaining a V-0 UL-94 flammability rating. Good impact strength and flammability performance were achieved in the modified FR-PBT systems at 20% impact modifier concentration, 13.5% and 12% F-2400 and FR-1025 concentrations, respectively, a 3/1 FR/AO ratio and 1% Teflon 60 concentration. 12 refs. USA

Accession no.549094 Item 410 Journal of Fire Sciences 13, No.2, March/April 1995, p.104-26 FLAME-RETARDING PLASTICS AND ELASTOMERS WITH MELAMINE Weil E D; Choudhary V Brooklyn,Polytechnic University; Indian Institute of Technology A review is presented of the patent and non-patent literature on the use of melamine as a flame retardant in plastics and rubbers. Modes of action of melamine are considered. Applications of melamine in polyolefins, acetals, styrenic thermoplastics and blends thereof, vinyls, thermoplastic polyesters, unsaturated polyester resins, polyamides, epoxy resins and elastomers are discussed. Combustion product toxicity is mentioned. 130 refs. INDIA; USA

Accession no.547260

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Item 411 Journal of Fire Sciences 13, No.1, Jan./Feb.1995, p.43-58 MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PHOSPHORUSBASED FLAME RETARDANTS IN NYLON 6. II. AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE/TALC Levchik S V; Levchik G F; Camino G; Costa L Belorussian,State University; Torino,Universita Addition of talc to polyamide-6 fire retarded with ammonium polyphosphate(APP) was shown to increase the oxygen index and upgrade the UL94 ranking to class V0. A chemical reaction of APP with talc, detected in the mixtures above 350C, prevented volatilisation of polyphosphoric acid and increased the amount of thermally stable solid residue. The inorganic phosphates that were formed improved the insulating properties of the intumescent layer on the surface of burning polyamide-6, as compared with the use of APP alone. 13 refs. BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.542485 Item 412 Plastics World 53, No.1, Jan.1995, p.38-40 NEW TECHNOLOGY UNVEILED AT FRCA FALL MEETING Miller B Topics discussed at the recent Fire Retardant Chemicals Association meeting included a highly fire resistant polymer for aircraft interiors. Triazine polymers are being examined as an alternative to reinforced phenolics as the structural skins of Nomex-core laminate. Tests suggest that the time-to-flashover in a cabin fire might be doubled by sandwiching the Nomex core between FR triazine skins instead of phenolic. Hoechst AG has developed a new intumescent synergist for polyolefins, Hostaflam AP 750, that offers improved thermal stability and moisture resistance. Mydrin has developed a flame retardant coating which is applied to the back surface of upholstery fabric. When exposed to fire, Myflam EFF forms an insulating char that prevents the flames from penetrating to the foam. The flammability requirements for computer and business machine enclosures were discussed. FIRE RETARDANT CHEMICALS ASSN. USA

Accession no.539248 Item 413 Munchen, Hanser C.,Verlag, 1983, pp.xv,500. DM.238. 10ins. 2copies. 29/6/83. 968 INTERNATIONAL PLASTICS FLAMMABILITY HANDBOOK: PRINCIPLES - REGULATIONS TESTING AND APPROVAL Troitzsch J;Haim J(transl.)

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References and Abstracts

This handbook deals comprehensively with all aspects of plastics flammability, from fundamentals to the detailed descriptions and comparisons of national and international regulations, standards, test methods, product approval procedures for plastics, and plastic components in the various fields of application. WEST GERMANY

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Subject Index

Subject Index A ABS, 23 63 117 130 134 158 160 163 167 184 190 206 215 238 239 243 248 260 284 291 297 299 307 314 317 329 330 336 352 355 356 357 361 362 363 396 401 403 408 ACID, 78 308 ACID GENERATION, 388 ACRYLATE, 14 ACRYLIC, 244 299 ACRYLIC ELASTOMER, 263 ACRYLIC POLYMER, 224 309 368 409 ADHESIVE, 1 32 54 145 181 207 263 ADIPOSE TISSUE, 106 AFTERGLOW, 261 263 391 404 AGEING, 163 291 322 331 357 385 392 401 AGEING RESISTANCE, 223 331 AIR, 1 15 60 307 347 374 400 AIR BARRIER, 156 363 AIR CONVEYOR, 59 AIR FLOW, 331 AIR POLLUTION, 43 305 AIRCRAFT, 1 378 413 AIRCRAFT INTERIOR, 412 ALKYD RESIN, 141 ALKYL BROMIDE, 182 ALKYLARYL PHOSPHATE, 352 ALLERGEN, 21 ALUMINA TRIHYDRATE, 5 27 38 59 90 91 116 139 153 156 217 226 263 270 286 327 341 391 395 ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE, 5 12 27 38 49 53 59 71 88 90 91 116 139 153 156 162 182 183 185 212 217 219 226 231 234 240 250 258 263 264 270 275 286 294 298 327 341 361 371 375 376 379 391 395 399 403 ALUMINIUM NITRATE, 406 ALUMINIUM OXIDE, 91 264 ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE, 18 57 60 85 89 94 140 186 208 210 309 355 378 406 ALUMINIUM-27, 111 377 AMINE, 35 78 AMMONIA, 40 308 309 AMMONIUM BORATE, 309 AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE, 95 226 342 365

AMMONIUM NITRATE, 406 AMMONIUM PENTABORATE, 228 277 AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE, 4 10 16 34 49 51 67 69 70 87 92 112 118 121 166 194 197 200 219 326 331 349 355 359 366 374 376 377 381 386 391 392 411 AMMONIUM SULFAMATE, 30 AMMONOLYSIS, 16 ANALYSIS, 24 30 51 75 81 90 94 106 111 124 142 156 177 192 193 194 204 209 255 256 271 317 331 338 347 354 355 384 385 391 400 ANIMAL TESTING, 21 ANTI-DRIP AGENT, 386 409 ANTIMONY, 151 153 199 308 ANTIMONY COMPOUND, 313 378 ANTIMONY OXIDE, 71 89 105 153 172 186 305 316 334 338 352 397 409 ANTIMONY PENTOXIDE, 156 314 ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE, 1 2 5 11 53 60 68 91 95 104 136 153 155 156 187 188 217 222 226 252 263 264 270 275 280 289 294 309 312 314 317 353 365 369 376 383 386 391 ANTIMONY-FREE, 113 140 ANTIOXIDANT, 1 13 28 63 66 244 ARC RESISTANCE, 137 188 399 AROMATIC, 15 68 177 232 330 335 356 385 386 388 ARSENIC, 308 ASH, 391 ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY, 151 AUDIO EQUIPMENT, 158 188 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 1 3 5 28 73 83 91 119 126 130 143 153 154 158 159 183 223 287 361 378 412

B BAN, 93 184 245 BARIUM CHLORIDE, 304 BARREL TEMPERATURE, 303 BATTERY CASE, 102 300

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BENZENE, 390 BENZOATE ESTER, 154 BIOACCUMULATION, 43 58 83 120 296 301 BIOCIDE, 21 BIODETERIORATION, 83 120 BISDIBROMOPROPYLETHER, 68 BISETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE, 2 BISMUTH, 341 BISPENTABROMOPHENYL ETHANE, 79 133 BISPHENOL A, 20 345 BISPHENOL A BISDIPHENYL PHOSPHATE, 167 BISTRIBROMOPHENOXY ETHANE, 317 BLEND, 1 11 15 46 55 59 63 65 98 101 102 117 130 135 152 158 160 166 167 169 182 184 193 198 199 225 238 239 243 260 290 292 300 307 329 330 335 352 353 354 356 358 363 373 390 396 401 407 408 409 410 BLENDING, 263 328 BLOOMING, 1 362 412 BLOW MOULDING, 55 BLOWING AGENT, 1 45 48 54 64 154 200 324 331 335 385 BLOWN FILM, 412 BOEHMITE, 91 BORATE, 228 270 277 308 309 320 BORON, 89 153 203 309 360 BORON COMPOUND, 70 156 189 BORONIC ACID, 189 BOROSILOXANE, 70 BREAKDOWN STRENGTH, 137 182 188 BRITTLE FAILURE, 401 BROMINATED, 5 29 43 63 73 77 101 130 135 146 153 154 155 158 159 160 171 174 179 180 184 185 186 190 206 213 215 221 229 233 236 239 240 243 245 246 247 260 263 264 270 291 292 296 297 299 301 303 333 337 339 345 356 357 362 369 373 BROMINATION, 1 22 60 83 99 149 211 376 386 388 BROMINE, 15 22 42 61 77 83 89

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Subject Index

91 156 163 171 174 184 185 188 199 221 222 241 248 270 284 356 360 376 386 388 401 408 BROMINE COMPOUND, 5 68 93 99 106 109 110 117 120 132 133 134 147 157 205 232 356 BUILDING APPLICATION, 1 5 83 85 91 92 126 140 153 159 166 176 238 243 251 260 299 325 361 362 371 378 386 392 413 BULK DENSITY, 12 57 59 331 BULK MOULDING COMPOUND, 299 361 378 BURNING, 51 60 254 307 308 335 347 391 BUSINESS MACHINE, 5 73 77 91 117 133 138 158 160 184 188 215 238 239 362 412 BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, 309 BUTYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 69 88 BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE, 352

C CABLE, 1 2 5 38 57 59 63 73 77 83 126 153 159 166 231 239 243 262 263 293 295 306 315 319 322 336 355 361 362 365 394 CABLE INSULATION, 71 91 130 188 308 309 CABLE SUPPORT, 371 CADMIUM, 184 CALCIUM BORATE, 228 353 370 CALCIUM CARBONATE, 14 378 391 400 CALCIUM CHLORIDE, 304 CALCIUM COMPOUND, 96 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, 14 391 CALCIUM OXIDE, 2 14 CALCIUM SILICATE, 14 CALORIMETER, 7 8 9 14 20 26 33 34 37 39 41 44 45 48 49 51 52 56 69 90 94 95 104 105 108 111 121 122 135 139 150 152 156 165 185 226 250 262 263 272 279 298 321 340 355 361 369 385 408 CANCER, 21 301 CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 106 CARBON 13, 14 36 47 313 CARBON BLACK, 188

122

CARBON DIOXIDE, 14 154 308 309 347 385 391 406 CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 188 CARBON MONOXIDE, 60 105 308 321 391 CARBON MONOXIDE COPOLYMER, 400 CARBONACEOUS, 377 CARBONISATION, 156 166 305 308 CARBOXYBENZIMIDAZOLE, 46 CARBOXYLIC ACID, 406 CARPET, 83 212 214 367 CASING, 401 CASTING, 5 249 CATALYSIS, 1 307 CATALYST, 48 170 189 198 305 346 362 377 CEILING TEMPERATURE, 363 CELLULAR MATERIAL, 1 7 28 34 39 43 45 48 54 61 64 72 73 77 83 91 107 108 109 121 143 154 156 159 160 161 166 182 186 211 212 223 232 235 238 243 260 263 268 299 318 324 325 331 332 335 355 358 362 366 CELLULOSE, 40 344 362 CERAMIC POWDER, 153 CFC REPLACEMENT, 331 335 385 CHAIN SCISSION, 13 68 156 308 CHALKING, 55 CHAR, 2 14 24 33 34 36 39 40 47 48 60 67 70 78 84 129 279 304 335 342 347 352 354 355 358 374 389 390 400 CHAR FORMATION, 22 34 45 52 94 130 152 159 160 165 166 174 179 185 186 189 191 193 197 198 199 208 225 239 243 244 250 258 260 261 264 271 272 273 274 287 304 306 307 336 344 346 347 350 358 362 391 404 412 CHAR FORMER, 26 52 202 354 CHAR YIELD, 2 20 107 142 263 285 354 CHARACTERISATION, 102 104 127 142 150 155 395 CHARRING, 1 69 209 269 347 387 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 20 27 127 212 382 383 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 1 5 9 22 26 28 30 40 52 55 60 63

73 83 87 91 99 102 104 127 149 153 156 159 160 162 165 172 179 184 185 199 203 207 208 211 215 233 236 240 261 263 264 273 289 293 298 299 305 306 307 308 312 314 328 331 334 346 348 362 363 364 386 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 40 83 188 357 371 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 4 14 36 47 75 97 134 169 176 181 188 228 260 261 272 274 283 296 305 308 322 330 340 355 358 372 388 CHLORINATED, 28 103 172 179 215 263 307 394 397 CHLORINATED PARAFFIN, 11 153 405 CHLORINATION, 349 376 CHLORINE, 11 42 44 61 89 91 153 156 199 316 372 376 386 CHLORINE-FREE, 160 CHROMATOGRAPHY, 4 16 18 24 50 106 208 359 CHROMIUM, 184 CIGARETTE BURN RESISTANCE, 308 CIRCUIT BOARD, 314 CLAY, 38 41 56 60 91 234 328 381 391 CLOTHING, 5 COATED, 112 116 234 COATED FABRIC, 41 237 412 COATED FILLER, 183 COATING, 5 67 103 124 141 159 160 243 258 260 263 268 274 278 281 309 325 346 362 402 412 COBALT CHLORIDE, 304 COBALT OXIDE, 53 COKING, 135 COLOUR, 1 13 66 91 95 149 182 314 375 398 COLOUR CONCENTRATE, 55 336 COLOUR STABILITY, 13 91 248 291 357 COLOURABILITY, 383 COLOURANT, 63 COLOURATION, 244 COMBUSTIBILITY, 7 104 156 167 347 COMBUSTION, 16 24 26 45 50 58 90 91 104 105 110 136 152 156 167 179 187 188 194 203 208 234 235 260 269 270 273 279 305 308 309 317 321 331 342

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

347 363 378 380 390 391 400 405 406 COMBUSTION GAS, 156 COMBUSTION PRODUCT, 91 156 208 270 305 308 309 331 355 361 363 375 378 391 406 410 COMMERCIAL INFORMATION, 28 62 76 128 130 146 244 300 310 318 COMPATIBILISER, 69 130 COMPATIBILITY, 1 13 54 103 149 169 183 185 258 266 282 296 297 335 336 350 357 362 371 387 402 412 COMPOSITE, 3 8 9 12 19 21 41 60 65 84 85 86 90 91 92 99 104 111 115 134 139 140 144 156 158 160 161 182 185 188 210 225 229 232 238 240 270 282 286 287 289 293 299 302 303 309 314 328 332 346 353 355 357 361 363 368 371 375 378 391 395 397 399 400 412 COMPOSITION, 36 50 53 80 82 137 152 155 167 352 358 COMPOUND, 83 182 188 346 363 COMPOUNDER, 153 COMPOUNDING, 5 12 13 57 59 60 87 88 102 118 182 188 207 214 244 256 258 265 291 347 400 COMPRESSION MOULDING, 3 283 322 COMPRESSION PROPERTIES, 48 108 121 331 335 366 385 COMPUTER, 73 77 91 188 401 COMPUTER SIMULATION, 119 195 CONCENTRATION, 38 40 69 72 83 235 254 285 327 356 384 390 402 409 CONDENSED PHASE, 2 15 16 156 165 195 224 263 264 305 306 309 347 354 362 363 404 CONDUCTIVE FILLER, 63 188 CONE CALORIMETER, 7 8 9 14 20 26 33 34 37 39 41 44 45 48 49 51 56 69 90 94 95 104 105 108 111 121 122 135 139 150 152 165 185 226 250 262 263 272 279 298 321 340 355 361 369 374 385 390 391 CONNECTOR, 1 133 306 CONSTRUCTION, 1 153 386 CONSUMER GOODS, 257 CONSUMPTION, 5 23 59 73 77 146 153 159 160 185 225 231

260 296 334 341 376 CONTAMINATION, 43 211 265 314 CONTINUOUS COMPOUNDING, 57 59 CONVECTION, 308 CONVEYOR BELT, 263 COPOLYAMIDE, 311 COPOLYESTER, 19 285 COPPER CHLORIDE, 304 404 COPPER NITRATE, 406 COPPER OXIDE, 33 CORROSION, 21 160 184 251 287 355 413 CORROSION RESISTANCE, 299 394 413 CORROSIVE MEDIA, 306 CORROSIVENESS, 260 270 375 379 COST, 11 28 32 69 73 101 110 116 136 146 158 160 163 184 185 215 218 236 240 248 257 261 296 348 351 386 392 395 399 COSTABILISER, 55 96 COTTON, 41 COUPLING AGENT, 183 244 258 297 328 391 CRATE, 11 412 CRESOL-NOVOLAC RESIN, 6 CROSSLINKING, 22 35 47 60 71 199 224 305 307 412 CRYSTALLINITY, 188 197 270 383 CURE TIME, 90 371 395 CURING, 54 78 90 164 322 335 346 CURING AGENT, 20 25 78 90 131 CYANATE ESTER, 412 CYANURIC CHLORIDE, 174 CYCLE TIME, 54 280 297 357 CYCLODEXTRIN, 164

D DEBROMINATION, 233 DECABROMODIPHENYL ETHER, 117 138 217 233 245 296 DECABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE, 60 104 185 221 247 252 322 353 DECOMPOSITION, 16 33 39 60 78 118 154 156 185 187 260 264 305 308 331 347 363 379 391 400 DECOMPOSITION PRODUCT, 75 120 305 309 347 378 391 DECOMPOSITION

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

TEMPERATURE, 91 158 263 306 308 331 342 347 355 375 391 399 400 DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE, 266 DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE UNDER LOAD, 303 DEFORMATION TEMPERATURE, 158 266 297 357 368 DEGRADATION, 35 37 47 60 87 94 144 163 171 178 208 209 224 233 291 312 322 323 331 343 351 354 355 357 377 DEGRADATION PRODUCT, 14 16 47 105 208 232 347 354 410 DEGRADATION RATE, 36 165 DEGRADATION RESISTANCE, 286 312 DEGRADATION TEMPERATURE, 2 DEHALOGENATION, 348 DEHYDRATION, 91 263 306 308 363 DEHYDROCHLORINATION, 208 305 DEHYDROGENATION, 156 DELAMINATION, 1 DEMAND, 1 63 76 146 159 185 190 296 300 383 DENSITY, 1 28 59 60 91 102 149 158 165 261 266 267 268 296 313 331 335 367 375 378 385 399 DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE, 2 71 342 DIAMMONIUM IMIDOBISULFONATE, 30 DIBENZODIOXIN, 110 DIBENZOFURAN, 110 246 DIBORONIC ACID, 189 DIBROMOCYCLOHEXANE, 46 DIBROMOPROPYL ETHER, 185 DIBROMOSTYRENE, 186 DICYANDIAMIDE, 355 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH, 137 182 188 400 DIETHYL METHACRYLOXYMETHYL PHOSPHONATE, 122 DIETHYL PHOSPHONATE, 122 DIETHYL TOLUENE DIAMINE, 20 DIETHYLDIETHANOLAMINOMETHYLPHOSPHATE, 107 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS, 9 24 30 39 56 65 81 90 107 144 151 170 181 192

123

Subject Index

194 209 285 311 347 353 382 384 391 396 406 407 DIGLYCIDYL ETHER, 20 DIHYDROOXAPHOSPHAPHENANTHRENE OXIDE, 20 DIISOBUTYLENE TETRAXYDROXY DIPHOSPHINE OXIDE, 255 DIISODECYL PHTHALATE, 71 DIMELAMINE PHOSPHATE, 343 DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 188 254 331 335 336 366 385 400 DIMETHYL BENZYLOCTADECYL AMMONIUM, 60 DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE, 60 DIMETHYL METHYL METHYLPHOSPHONATE, 392 DIOCTYLPHTHALATE, 71 265 342 352 DIOL, 36 335 DIOXIN, 24 52 58 79 83 184 205 216 233 308 355 DIPHENYL ETHER, 24 83 120 153 211 DIPHENYLMETHANE DIISOCYANATE, 36 48 DIPHENYLOCTYL PHOSPHATE, 352 DIPHENYL OXIDE, 247 DIPHOSPHATE, 331 DIPHOSPHONATE ESTER, 97 DIRECTIVE, 5 58 73 77 79 153 184 206 215 236 DISASSEMBLY, 245 DISCOLOURATION, 1 28 66 102 154 223 DISPERSANT, 258 371 399 DISPERSIBILITY, 13 27 388 DISPERSING AGENT, 258 371 399 DISPERSION, 59 60 63 130 182 225 258 300 327 331 383 DISPOSAL, 265 268 DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 5 73 77 138 153 159 182 188 DOOR, 371 DOOR PANEL, 130 DOSE RATE, 71 130 158 159 160 225 DRIP INHIBITOR, 287 DRIPPING, 270 308 347 378 382 391 DUST, 1 57 59 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, 36 49 90 385 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL

124

THERMAL ANALYSIS, 20 122 DYNAMIC THERMAL ANALYSIS, 10 65

E ECO-LABEL, 58 73 300 ECO-LABELLING, 184 ECOLOGY, 110 389 390 ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 1 5 23 28 37 58 59 62 63 73 76 77 89 101 103 123 125 128 146 153 157 158 159 160 185 190 218 220 225 231 239 244 245 258 260 296 300 306 334 341 372 376 ECOTOXICOLOGY, 21 ELASTOMER, 1 14 36 39 41 48 72 91 102 107 116 120 126 136 146 148 153 156 159 160 161 166 185 195 205 207 210 212 220 236 237 246 247 258 260 263 264 296 298 299 306 308 309 315 320 331 335 355 359 361 370 391 402 405 410 ELECTRIC CABLE, 38 59 63 73 77 159 231 239 243 262 293 295 319 336 361 362 365 ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 1 29 63 71 73 74 77 91 96 98 101 110 117 126 133 146 157 159 160 166 173 176 180 184 188 206 215 243 251 264 287 288 299 308 326 361 363 394 399 ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR, 133 303 329 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, 5 79 126 153 361 ELECTRICAL INSULATION, 57 59 91 96 188 363 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 2 57 59 60 74 86 91 96 137 150 181 182 183 188 261 287 303 306 322 336 363 371 375 398 400 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, 63 188 240 400 ELECTRON MICROGRAPH, 2 48 104 208 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 8 65 107 111 337 ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS, 111 ELECTRONIC APPLICATION, 1 23 29 63 91 98 101 110 117 133 149 157 163 176 184 188 206 215 236 239 240 248 258 284 285 287 288 300 326 361

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, 79 186 233 245 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, 51 317 354 355 390 ELONGATION, 13 19 81 266 331 361 375 400 ELONGATION AT BREAK, 18 69 152 182 263 295 303 361 362 EMISSION, 1 60 205 213 287 296 299 412 EMISSION CONTROL, 43 184 ENCAPSULATION, 6 65 193 296 323 ENDOCRINE, 83 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER, 245 ENDOTHERMIC, 91 156 160 183 212 240 258 264 270 308 309 318 347 363 375 379 386 391 399 400 407 ENERGY RELEASE RATE, 8 20 39 48 56 104 108 121 122 152 156 165 263 299 306 321 328 362 ENGINEERING APPLICATION, 91 99 126 149 159 176 182 186 188 200 229 287 289 292 296 299 309 330 357 363 364 373 396 400 ENGINEERING PLASTIC, 1 91 99 100 117 149 159 160 176 182 186 188 200 229 287 289 296 299 303 309 330 336 357 363 364 373 396 400 ENTHALPY, 90 309 391 400 ENVIRONMENT, 21 29 52 62 89 162 191 196 246 247 262 337 345 392 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD, 28 83 211 361 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 23 26 28 43 52 73 79 83 89 138 153 157 205 213 257 260 296 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION, 1 28 58 184 236 386 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 5 32 58 93 98 110 120 125 133 135 148 154 157 183 184 245 341 354 355 357 376 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY, 103 110 116 119 158 205 236 304 354 389 390 EPOXY OLIGOMER, 215 357 362 EPOXY RESIN, 5 6 15 20 23 46 78 99 142 145 159 161 172 181 186 225 230 236 240 243 249 258 259 260 263 265 266 299

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

306 309 355 361 397 409 410 ESTER PLASTICISER, 96 ETHYLENE BISTETRABROMOPHTHALAMIDE, 79 117 133 ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 14 69 88 280 290 400 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 243 270 353 361 382 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENEDIENE TERPOLYMER, 263 299 309 361 402 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, 5 8 37 38 56 59 60 69 91 94 152 153 162 182 183 185 201 204 209 242 250 261 263 281 299 306 309 322 351 361 370 393 394 402 403 406 ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER, 51 ETHYLHEXYLDIPHENYL PHOSPHATE, 352 EXOTHERMIC, 156 179 308 347 391 406 EXPANDABLE, 11 48 64 67 72 92 108 119 143 200 362 EXPOSURE LEVEL, 233 EXPOSURE TIME, 331 401 EXTRACTABILITY, 130 EXTRUSION, 12 60 91 206 302 303 322 339 362 373 EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING, 102 400

F FABRIC, 41 90 130 237 367 FADING, 1 FATIGUE, 90 139 FATTY AMINE, 8 FERRIC CHLORIDE, 305 FERRIC NITRATE, 406 FERRIC OXIDE, 172 255 FERROCENE, 305 386 FIBRE, 1 3 111 168 214 237 253 285 314 355 362 367 386 388 FIBRE CONTENT, 3 85 90 158 182 303 375 FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 84 92 188 FILLED, 152 353 382 395 406 FILLER, 2 12 18 38 48 53 57 60 63 64 65 68 71 72 85 88 90 91 94 96 111 116 121 152 156 160 162 183 185 188 210 212 218 226 238 240 243 256 264 270 298 308 309 327 331 346 350

351 353 361 362 363 365 369 370 371 378 379 380 381 382 387 391 399 400 411 FILLER CONTENT, 12 59 63 90 91 108 140 165 183 185 270 287 309 371 378 391 399 400 FILM, 103 164 283 285 300 386 FIRE, 1 60 126 166 226 FIRE BARRIER, 143 FIRE DAMAGE, 73 FIRE HAZARD, 60 117 119 126 133 148 232 FIRE PROTECTION, 257 413 FIRE RESISTANCE, 53 126 155 167 270 304 FLAKE, 362 FLAME EXTINCTION, 156 391 FLAME PROPAGATION, 91 156 179 188 270 308 309 336 363 391 404 FLAME SPREAD, 141 148 179 216 260 331 335 347 382 385 FLAME SPREAD INDEX, 362 FLASHOVER, 90 412 FLAX FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 92 FLEXIBILITY, 1 2 28 39 44 96 109 154 235 254 316 318 327 331 342 352 355 365 366 FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 65 90 102 130 158 167 182 240 259 353 371 375 378 400 FLOOR, 91 166 FLOW, 1 57 68 149 347 FLOW PROPERTIES, 12 57 87 238 297 299 329 357 383 385 FLUORINE, 386 FLUOROPOLYMER, 60 280 306 FLY ASH, 77 FOAM, 1 7 28 34 39 43 45 48 54 61 64 72 73 77 83 91 107 108 109 121 143 154 156 159 160 161 166 182 186 211 212 223 232 235 238 243 260 263 268 299 318 324 331 332 335 355 362 366 376 385 392 FOAMING AGENT, 1 45 48 54 64 154 200 324 331 335 FOGGING, 154 330 331 FOOD PACKAGING, 21 FORECAST, 89 128 153 290 341 FORMULATION, 28 44 59 69 71 85 86 88 95 96 102 103 108 111 114 140 147 152 153 158 162 166 178 226 256 263 266 271 286 290 291 293 294 295 298 303 312 319 326 346 352 365 377 378 387 393 399 409

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 4 16 70 75 105 129 204 359 385 406 FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 19 26 65 66 127 129 191 279 280 294 322 351 FREE RADICAL, 91 156 159 309 347 FRIABILITY, 54 335 385 FUEL TANK, 378 FUME, 237 371 399 FUMED SILICA, 165 FURAN, 216 233 FURNISHING, 211 FURNITURE, 5 28 55 58 73 83 91 138 154 180 217 251 257 413

G GAS, 156 257 308 309 347 355 363 391 406 GAS ANALYSIS, 331 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 4 16 18 24 39 50 51 75 106 208 359 GAS EMISSION, 182 240 243 308 375 378 391 GAS EVOLUTION, 347 GAS-PHASE, 15 77 91 156 166 188 192 195 199 257 270 308 309 347 355 363 390 GASIFICATION, 77 204 400 GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 84 85 86 90 91 115 134 137 139 140 158 160 163 182 185 188 225 227 232 238 240 260 282 287 289 293 299 309 332 355 357 362 363 371 375 378 397 399 400 412 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE, 36 122 131 181 240 385 407 GLOW WIRE, 68 182 188 238 287 375 GRAPHITE, 11 34 48 64 67 72 92 108 119 143 150 152 178 188 200 219 325 362 393 GRAPHITE FLAKE, 346 GRAPHITE OXIDE, 144 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 8 10 30 36 122 124 144 165 167 170 176 177 178 192 196 208 209 255 263 271 289 311 331 353 358 359 404 GROWTH RATE, 23 62 63 146 159 185 243 341 GUANIDINE PHOSPHATE, 355

125

Subject Index

H HALOGEN, 60 62 91 126 151 184 187 188 270 348 360 363 378 386 397 HALOGEN ACID, 355 HALOGEN COMPOUND, 24 82 109 113 136 156 348 355 HALOGEN-FREE, 3 25 28 38 48 50 53 56 57 59 62 63 82 85 87 91 100 101 108 116 140 143 145 146 150 152 156 162 163 175 182 188 191 196 212 223 225 230 237 238 239 243 249 260 261 263 276 281 282 283 286 296 309 329 330 331 333 349 350 361 363 375 378 387 392 398 399 400 HALOGENATED, 5 26 52 55 63 73 87 102 153 159 160 162 172 179 184 199 203 207 215 236 240 263 264 273 289 293 298 299 307 312 331 334 348 362 364 375 HALOGENATION, 28 314 346 348 349 386 HAND LAY-UP, 90 225 395 399 HANDLING, 57 59 110 182 225 246 265 266 267 268 383 HAZARDOUS MATERIAL, 28 43 79 83 180 205 211 413 HEALTH HAZARD, 21 23 24 26 28 32 43 58 60 73 83 86 91 98 101 103 106 120 123 130 131 138 145 148 156 157 160 163 181 183 184 188 196 203 205 206 211 216 217 221 232 233 240 245 246 247 251 257 265 296 301 305 306 308 315 345 355 361 363 371 375 399 HEAT ABSORPTION, 90 308 309 399 HEAT AGEING, 1 13 303 331 401 HEAT CAPACITY, 391 400 HEAT DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE, 167 182 HEAT DEGRADATION, 2 8 22 24 36 47 51 71 75 105 156 171 175 193 194 196 197 204 208 209 255 269 270 305 308 311 312 323 340 343 347 351 354 359 363 HEAT DISTORTION TEMPERATURE, 130 158 266 297 357 368 375 HEAT FLUX, 33 84 90 105 347 385 391 HEAT GENERATION, 156 232

126

308 HEAT INSULATION, 72 91 165 324 335 371 HEAT OF COMBUSTION, 156 160 308 391 HEAT RELEASE, 8 11 13 37 51 52 84 86 90 94 105 156 195 197 226 272 279 294 327 378 389 390 391 407 HEAT RELEASE RATE, 8 20 39 48 56 104 108 121 122 152 156 165 263 299 306 321 328 362 378 412 HEAT RESISTANCE, 1 6 8 9 11 15 28 36 40 60 63 66 91 94 122 129 144 149 154 156 158 160 166 182 185 188 194 196 208 224 226 234 240 261 264 266 267 269 284 285 289 292 296 297 299 300 303 330 332 336 347 350 351 354 357 362 368 412 HEAT SINK, 186 HEAT STABILISED, 332 HEAT STABILISER, 96 168 HEAT STABILITY, 55 64 78 95 96 287 296 333 407 HEAT TRANSFER, 156 195 270 354 HEATING, 14 156 347 399 HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE, 43 68 185 247 332 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 11 403 HIGH IMPACT PS, 79 86 117 133 158 182 232 233 260 357 361 362 363 HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY, 331 HIGH TEMPERATURE, 261 306 330 332 336 390 HINDERED AMINE, 55 82 113 355 388 HORMONE, 83 HOUSEWARES, 5 159 HOUSING, 173 184 233 236 412 HULL, 90 HUNTITE, 290 382 391 HYDRATION, 127 185 261 298 406 HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBON, 335 HYDROCYANIC ACID, 308 HYDROGEN BROMIDE, 91 232 308 355 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE, 91 305 308 355 HYDROLYSIS, 166 190 401

HYDROLYTIC STABILITY, 130 167 182 362 HYDROMAGNESITE, 270 290 382 HYGROTHERMAL AGEING, 6

I IGNITABILITY, 203 226 391 IGNITION, 60 80 105 148 156 158 270 308 309 347 363 391 400 412 IGNITION RESISTANCE, 179 213 260 287 303 IGNITION TIME, 8 51 152 156 270 362 390 391 IMPACT PROPERTIES, 11 18 95 102 103 155 158 167 182 185 226 239 243 248 266 280 284 299 300 303 321 336 337 353 357 362 371 375 400 401 409 IMPURITIES, 66 347 INCANDESCENCE, 308 391 INCINERATION, 77 110 160 184 246 INDUSTRIAL HAZARD, 205 251 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 50 97 107 124 177 192 194 202 269 313 347 INJECTION MOULDING, 73 74 81 102 103 158 291 297 303 357 367 368 373 386 393 400 INORGANIC, 5 25 26 95 153 165 207 226 263 275 294 307 315 341 362 375 376 INSULATION, 2 71 72 77 91 130 165 188 322 324 335 371 392 412 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT, 236 INTERACTION, 16 18 39 66 114 269 347 355 INTERCALATION, 24 26 144 328 362 INTUMESCENCE, 4 26 42 45 52 60 67 81 91 121 156 166 170 197 199 200 270 274 276 308 309 346 358 360 386 INTUMESCENT, 5 10 14 24 40 64 69 70 72 84 87 109 112 118 129 160 169 200 225 237 279 350 355 358 362 364 371 372 374 377 381 387 411 412 INTUMESCENT AGENT, 150 188 INTUMESCENT COATING, 260 268 346 IRON, 5 153 198 273 312 IRON ACETYLACETONATE, 305

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

IRON CHLORIDE, 305 IRON NITRATE, 406 IRON OXIDE, 33 172 255 275 305 307 IRON PEROXIDE, 352 IRRITANT, 21 308 ISOCYANATE INDEX, 331 385 ISOCYANURATE COPOLYMER, 48 ISOCYANURATE FOAM, 108 ISOPHTHALIC POLYESTER RESIN, 90 ITACONATE, 285

K KAOLIN, 234 391

L LAMINATE, 90 243 258 412 LATEX, 207 263 LEACHING, 83 362 387 LEAD, 180 184 LEAD-FREE, 96 LEAD SUBSTITUTE, 63 LEGISLATION, 1 3 21 28 29 32 58 73 83 91 123 130 138 153 157 184 206 236 376 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, 29 58 173 213 LIFETIME PREDICTION, 90 401 LIGHT DEGRADATION, 1 17 63 82 156 158 168 185 214 248 283 287 299 333 357 362 368 386 388 LIGHT STABILISER, 17 82 214 355 388 412 LIGNIN, 49 LIGNOCELLULOSE, 404 LIMITING OXYGEN INDEX, 2 10 16 18 36 44 50 59 69 71 78 95 111 122 129 137 141 152 155 156 158 160 169 179 188 208 226 270 303 305 306 352 358 362 363 378 382 390 391 400 406 LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 65 152 243 280 361 LIQUID CRYSTAL, 19 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY, 236 300 LOADING, 27 90 185 234 244 258 351 353 403 412 LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 59 150 295

322 358 361 386 LOW DUST, 57 LOW EMISSION, 185 223 287 306 LOW FOGGING, 223 LOW SMOKE, 185 287 306 386

M MAGNESIA, 2 91 127 185 254 MAGNESITE, 270 290 382 MAGNESIUM, 234 308 341 MAGNESIUM BORATE, 186 MAGNESIUM CALCIUM CARBONATE, 400 MAGNESIUM CARBONATE, 379 391 MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, 3 5 11 13 38 53 60 65 66 71 88 91 116 127 152 153 155 159 162 175 182 183 185 191 201 209 218 231 254 258 263 270 275 281 295 298 308 309 327 332 351 355 361 364 370 379 384 391 394 398 400 402 406 MAGNESIUM HYDROXYCARBONATE, 226 MAGNESIUM OXIDE, 2 91 127 185 254 MAGNESIUM SILICATE, 270 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER, 69 104 MANGANESE CHLORIDE, 304 MANGANESE DICHLORIDE, 390 MANGANESE DIOXIDE, 374 MARINE APPLICATION, 139 MARKET, 1 28 62 125 128 157 413 MARKET GROWTH, 89 149 241 MARKET SHARE, 23 77 101 103 146 158 159 160 231 239 258 296 306 341 375 MARKET SIZE, 153 185 245 341 376 MARKET TREND, 5 89 153 184 220 334 MASS SPECTROMETRY, 4 24 50 51 208 359 MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 16 18 39 105 106 MASTERBATCH, 3 55 103 182 238 265 299 376 386 MATERIALS SELECTION, 96 154 163 278 MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION, 1 28 38 60 63 73 101 105 123 138 141 166 180 190 206 215

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

236 239 240 243 246 260 261 270 287 300 301 306 362 374 412 MATRIX, 60 166 357 402 MATTRESS, 5 130 MECHANICAL RECYCLING, 79 160 MECHANISM, 2 14 15 16 24 31 39 47 67 68 75 78 80 82 91 112 116 156 208 224 235 241 242 254 269 279 305 309 342 351 353 354 358 374 380 404 405 406 410 411 MECHANOCHEMICAL REACTION, 18 MEDICAL APPLICATION, 21 MEDICAL EQUIPMENT, 77 MELAMINE, 5 6 7 9 39 97 100 115 126 153 154 182 200 217 234 254 318 343 355 358 410 MELAMINE CYANURATE, 34 35 100 121 160 191 253 282 309 311 355 390 MELAMINE PHOSPHATE, 9 49 84 100 198 200 268 355 MELAMINE POLYPHOSPHATE, 47 100 111 160 188 MELAMINE PYROPHOSPHATE, 198 343 MELT, 66 70 164 253 327 347 409 MELT BLEND, 158 388 MELT FLOW, 59 158 160 185 330 336 347 357 368 MELT FLOW INDEX, 59 88 91 303 368 MELT FLOW RATE, 361 362 MELT RHEOLOGY, 329 MELT STABILITY, 303 MELT TEMPERATURE, 266 296 303 MELT VISCOSITY, 57 59 165 193 297 368 412 MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 88 91 303 368 MELTING POINT, 26 158 160 254 347 400 METALLOBORATE, 277 METALLOCENE, 13 METERING, 57 331 METHACRYLATE-BUTADIENESTYRENE TERPOLYMER, 409 METHYLOXAPHOSPHOLANONE OXIDE, 4 50 METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID, 193 MICA, 210 MICROCHIP, 236

127

Subject Index

MICROENCAPSULATION, 193 323 MIGRATION, 63 83 130 165 166 300 331 392 MIGRATION RESISTANCE, 223 299 386 MINERAL, 153 234 MINERAL FILLER, 12 53 90 91 188 270 309 353 363 380 391 400 MIXING, 12 182 223 347 400 MODIFICATION, 26 104 156 165 328 332 MODIFIED, 36 60 330 352 403 MODIFIER, 46 65 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 4 14 20 27 36 47 75 97 127 134 169 176 181 188 212 228 260 261 272 274 283 296 305 308 322 330 340 355 358 372 388 389 406 MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 1 35 68 149 154 158 296 303 308 347 362 401 MOLYBDENUM, 5 153 341 MOLYBDENUM COMPOUND, 342 MOLYBDENUM OXIDE, 33 386 MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE, 275 MONTMORILLONITE, 8 41 94 MORPHOLOGY, 2 19 26 48 65 66 72 127 129 191 208 218 270 279 280 294 322 351 371 395 MOULD TEMPERATURE, 81 299 303 MOULDABILITY, 284 378 MOULDING, 1 3 113 149 168 225 243 280 283 322 MOULDING COMPOUND, 6 27 82 182 188 MUNICIPAL WASTE, 110

N NANOCOMPOSITE, 8 24 26 37 41 52 60 91 94 104 126 128 130 135 144 166 195 328 NANODISPERSION, 142 NANOFILLER, 56 91 130 NANOTUBE, 37 63 NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 84 92 NATURAL RUBBER, 263 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION, 90 139 NEOPENTYL PHOSPHONATE ESTER, 198 NEOPRENE, 256 263 298 412 NICKEL, 189

128

NICKEL OXIDE, 53 NITRIC OXIDE, 308 NITROGEN, 26 42 91 129 136 151 174 202 203 241 253 308 347 376 382 386 400 407 NITROGEN COMPOUND, 81 109 156 187 355 NITROGEN OXIDE, 308 406 NITROUS OXIDE, 156 NON-BLOOMING, 63 303 336 357 NON-CHARRING, 165 NON-CORROSIVE, 259 402 NON-HALOGENATED, 13 102 154 159 184 186 299 300 315 330 NON-TOXIC, 259 262 263 287 386 NONYLPHENOL, 180 NOTCHED IMPACT STRENGTH, 65 182 400 401 NOVOLAC, 78 254 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, 14 47 111 175 202 209 313 322 377

O OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARD, 265 OCTABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE, 247 OCTABROMODIPHENYLETHER, 138 ODOUR, 223 ODOURLESS, 259 OESTROGEN, 345 OFFICE EQUIPMENT, 160 188 215 OLIGOMER, 330 331 356 362 OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 66 91 182 287 309 363 386 ORGANOCLAY, 8 60 104 ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND, 386 ORGANOPHOSPHONATE, 36 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS, 3 26 145 181 266 276 387 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUND, 350 372 OUTDOOR FURNITURE, 55 OVEN AGEING, 401 OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION, 156 308 311 347 359 374 391 406 OXYGEN, 166 308 347 OXYGEN BARRIER, 156 363 OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, 90

104 OXYGEN INDEX, 2 10 14 16 18 26 30 36 44 48 50 59 61 69 71 72 78 95 96 108 111 122 129 137 141 142 152 155 156 158 160 169 179 185 188 192 202 208 210 226 234 263 266 269 270 303 305 306 308 313 317 327 342 343 347 351 352 356 358 362 363 375 378 382 391 394 395 400 403 411 412 OXYPHOSPHAZENE, 202

P PACKAGING, 207 PAINT, 153 180 212 263 355 PALLET, 11 PANEL, 90 371 412 PAPER, 268 PARTICLE SIZE, 13 59 66 68 90 91 112 139 156 185 212 222 258 260 261 264 267 268 270 279 290 294 296 309 331 336 351 361 362 382 383 391 393 399 PENTABROMOBENZYL ACRYLATE, 147 PENTABROMODIPHENYL ETHER, 28 154 PENTABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE, 247 PENTAERYTHRITOL, 9 40 70 166 197 358 377 381 PENTAERYTHRITOL PHOSPHATE, 200 PENTANE, 45 64 108 324 331 PHENOL-NOVOLAC RESIN, 6 PHENOLIC RESIN, 5 23 238 240 249 355 399 412 PHOSPHATE, 7 20 91 156 308 313 329 330 331 342 350 356 372 385 387 PHOSPHATE ESTER, 28 96 107 109 155 316 331 338 339 376 396 PHOSPHINATE, 118 PHOSPHINE, 265 PHOSPHINE OXIDE, 195 PHOSPHONATE, 36 308 PHOSPHONATE ESTER, 412 PHOSPHONIUM SALT, 40 PHOSPHORIC ACID, 9 235 358 PHOSPHORUS, 6 19 42 45 61 64 86 89 91 100 118 129 137 151 152 153 154 159 161 177 179 182 186 187 188 191 192 193 194 199 202 203 223 225 230

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

236 239 241 244 249 260 265 266 267 270 276 308 309 331 349 350 356 360 363 366 372 375 376 378 386 387 398 401 408 PHOSPHORUS COMPOUND, 5 40 64 78 81 109 112 118 131 136 156 164 285 350 356 372 374 411 PHOSPHORUS OXYNITRIDE, 202 269 PHOSPHORUS-31, 47 313 PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING POLYMER, 122 363 PHOSPHORUS-FREE, 363 378 400 PHOSPHORYLATION, 30 40 156 PHOTOCOPIER, 160 215 PHOTODEGRADATION, 17 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 1 11 13 26 27 60 72 102 107 108 121 122 147 149 158 160 226 266 267 268 280 314 331 347 366 371 387 392 402 405 409 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 21 PHYSICOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES, 64 95 108 234 PIGMENT, 66 85 140 141 263 309 314 412 PLASTICISER, 2 96 159 299 313 316 336 338 342 352 PLASTISOL, 207 263 PLATE-OUT, 412 POLLUTION, 43 58 205 211 305 POLLUTION CONTROL, 29 58 216 POLYACETAL, 410 POLYACRYLONITRILE, 53 POLYAMIDE, 1 5 60 63 69 86 91 99 100 114 115 117 126 132 149 153 158 160 161 172 177 182 188 191 203 238 239 253 258 260 261 266 281 282 287 289 293 303 304 309 332 336 337 344 347 351 355 357 363 364 374 386 397 398 410 411 POLYAMIDE-11, 188 POLYAMIDE-12, 188 POLYAMIDE-4,6, 188 306 POLYAMIDE-6, 26 30 35 47 69 134 147 158 166 182 188 243 253 263 266 269 347 351 363 373 374 375 411 POLYAMIDE-6,6, 35 47 111 137 158 160 227 263 299 354 362 373 375 387 390 398 403 POLYAMIDE-6,6,6, 127 227

POLYBROMINATED DIBENZOP-DIOXIN, 246 POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER, 106 184 245 301 361 POLYBROMOACRYLATE, 409 POLYBROMOSTYRENE, 15 POLYBUTADIENE, 36 POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 1 4 16 50 63 86 91 97 133 149 163 182 202 229 238 243 255 269 290 292 299 303 320 329 337 357 362 363 373 386 387 397 403 408 409 POLYCAPROLACTAM, 35 47 69 134 147 253 263 266 POLYCARBONATE, 5 63 75 117 130 147 153 167 184 236 238 239 243 260 284 287 292 300 329 330 355 356 363 386 396 401 403 407 408 POLYCHLOROPRENE, 256 263 298 412 POLYDIBROMOSTYRENE, 373 POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE, 60 POLYEPOXIDE, 5 6 15 20 23 46 78 99 142 145 159 161 172 181 186 225 230 236 240 243 249 258 259 260 263 265 266 299 306 309 355 361 POLYESTER POLYOL, 48 335 385 POLYESTER RESIN, 25 84 139 219 232 263 264 265 268 312 POLYESTER-URETHANE, 109 223 315 335 385 POLYETHER KETONE, 306 POLYETHER POLYOL, 385 POLYETHER-URETHANE, 109 223 235 315 385 POLYETHYLENE, 5 11 13 59 60 65 91 112 147 152 153 182 228 243 259 264 267 279 280 283 291 293 295 299 313 322 323 336 358 361 362 386 403 412 POLYETHYLENE NAPHTHALATE, 285 POLYETHYLENE OXIDE, 165 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 1 19 149 164 238 244 285 292 303 362 386 387 397 403 408 POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 280 POLYIMIDE, 355 POLYISOCYANATE, 36 POLYISOCYANURATE, 1 34 54 64 72 108 121 324 POLYKETONE, 364 400

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

POLYMERIC FLAME RETARDANT, 15 50 69 99 147 156 204 229 313 354 357 362 363 POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE, 122 153 195 224 268 340 344 362 389 POLYOL, 36 40 166 318 331 335 385 POLYORGANOSILOXANE, 153 195 272 POLYOXYETHYLENE, 165 POLYPENTABROMOBENZYL ACRYLATE, 99 185 357 368 POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE, 5 50 101 153 238 239 299 363 396 403 POLYPHOSPHATE, 9 85 140 378 POLYPHOSPHAZENE, 156 POLYPHOSPHONATE, 50 POLYPROPYLENE, 1 3 5 9 13 17 42 49 55 60 65 66 68 69 70 73 81 82 86 87 88 91 92 102 104 109 112 113 129 132 153 155 160 161 162 165 166 182 183 185 193 197 214 218 221 222 228 234 238 239 243 252 254 256 258 259 260 263 267 270 281 283 293 297 299 302 304 306 314 323 326 329 336 339 341 344 346 351 354 355 357 358 361 362 363 367 370 381 384 386 387 388 403 412 POLYSILOXANE, 153 195 272 POLYSTYRENE, 5 15 23 24 29 43 68 83 86 91 101 117 132 146 149 153 158 159 182 232 233 238 239 244 248 259 260 268 291 297 299 303 330 332 344 355 357 358 359 361 362 363 373 386 403 410 POLYSULFONE, 306 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, 280 317 POLYTRIAZINE, 412 POLYURETHANE, 1 5 7 10 28 34 36 39 41 45 54 61 64 67 72 73 83 91 107 108 109 121 124 143 153 154 159 160 161 163 166 178 182 186 210 212 232 235 238 243 244 249 260 261 268 299 309 315 318 324 330 331 335 355 362 366 376 385 386 392 POLYURETHANE ESTER, 109 223 315 335 POLYURETHANEISOCYANURATE, 108

129

Subject Index

POLYVINYL ACETATE, 150 263 POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 26 49 144 272 304 344 354 362 390 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 1 2 5 18 33 44 60 63 71 91 95 96 105 146 153 159 180 183 185 208 226 238 243 256 258 260 261 262 263 264 273 279 290 295 298 299 305 306 307 309 313 316 319 327 336 338 341 342 352 355 360 361 362 365 369 386 402 403 412 POLYVINYL CYANIDE, 53 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE, 412 POLYVINYLBENZENE, 233 259 268 332 POTASSIUM CARBONATE, 198 344 347 POTASSIUM NITRATE, 347 POTASSIUM OXIDE, 347 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE, 354 POUR-IN-PLACE, 385 POWDER, 1 12 57 253 259 268 279 303 321 400 PRECARBONISATION, 308 PRECERAMIC, 26 PRECIPITATED, 57 91 185 258 PRICE, 76 103 146 159 184 185 258 299 334 362 412 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD, 77 83 240 PROCESSABILITY, 27 57 59 90 239 287 300 322 326 331 357 362 371 383 388 395 399 408 412 PROCESSING, 1 18 41 66 81 85 118 139 140 149 164 166 265 267 280 321 327 330 348 351 386 392 395 PROCESSING AID, 88 158 297 299 333 357 408 PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 104 185 221 222 270 400 PROPYLENE-ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 243 270 353 PROTECTIVE COATING, 278 PULTRUSION, 85 140 225 371 395 399 PUNCTURE RESISTANCE, 315 401 PURITY, 63 270 351 PYROLYSIS, 14 15 16 26 77 105 156 193 199 228 237 274 305 309 323 370 374 391 PYROLYSIS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 39 51 75

130

Q QUENCHING, 130 260 287

R RADIANT HEAT, 308 391 RAILWAY APPLICATION, 85 91 225 361 378 399 413 REACTION MECHANISM, 2 36 48 104 208 347 353 354 358 REACTIVE FLAME RETARDANT, 153 156 159 179 331 386 RECLAIM, 339 RECYCLABILITY, 79 183 184 190 205 233 236 296 355 RECYCLED CONTENT, 300 RECYCLING, 5 15 29 63 73 77 79 101 110 131 153 158 160 183 184 188 190 205 206 215 233 236 245 292 296 339 348 355 362 RED PHOSPHORUS, 6 64 91 98 118 137 152 182 186 265 349 350 372 386 387 398 REGULATION, 1 5 21 23 28 29 93 101 123 125 145 153 160 184 217 233 247 251 257 362 376 387 399 413 REINFORCED PLASTIC, 3 12 19 21 60 84 85 86 90 91 92 99 104 111 115 134 137 139 140 156 158 160 161 163 182 185 188 225 229 232 238 240 282 286 287 289 292 293 299 303 309 314 332 346 353 355 357 361 363 368 371 375 378 395 397 399 400 412 RESIDUAL ADDITIVE, 138 RESIDUE, 78 347 RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING, 225 399 RESISTIVITY, 63 188 240 RESOL RESIN, 6 RESORCINOL BISDIPHENYL PHOSPHATE, 167 330 REVIEW, 5 9 53 58 78 135 136 153 183 184 185 186 187 199 207 224 242 246 332 341 355 370 372 376 386 410 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 27 47 54 70 88 90 91 183 258 266 270 275 286 291 294 303 322 331 335 347 362 371 378 383 385 395 399 RIGID, 1 45 84 95 108 182 208 226 305 331 335 366 385 392

RIGIDITY, 61 103 RISK ASSESSMENT, 32 43 58 73 77 101 130 138 206 211 257 296 ROOFING, 13 ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 243 280 RUBBER, 1 14 36 39 41 48 72 91 102 107 116 120 126 136 146 148 153 156 159 160 161 166 185 195 205 207 212 220 236 237 246 247 258 260 263 264 296 298 299 306 308 309 315 320 331 335 355 359 361 370 391 402 405 410 RUBBER-MODIFIED, 13 102

S SAFETY, 21 29 58 60 73 86 98 110 117 119 123 125 126 133 148 163 166 182 196 205 221 241 265 266 267 268 288 389 SATURATED POLYESTER, 1 16 25 41 63 146 149 153 243 244 269 285 306 337 409 410 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 2 8 19 40 48 65 107 129 208 331 337 SCAVENGER, 299 SCISSION, 13 68 156 308 SCORCH, 109 154 223 SCORCH RESISTANCE, 28 109 SEALANT, 32 54 143 SEAT, 55 361 412 SELF-EXTINGUISHING, 46 188 235 299 308 328 331 347 363 375 SELF IGNITION, 363 391 SERVICE LIFE, 17 90 401 SHEATHING, 57 96 SHEET MOULDING COMPOUND, 91 249 299 361 371 378 395 399 SHEETING, 263 SHIP, 90 139 413 SHRINKAGE, 378 385 SILICA, 165 344 389 391 SILICATE, 5 60 68 88 91 94 104 201 222 234 279 328 377 SILICON COMPOUND, 41 75 129 SILICON TETRACHLORIDE, 390 SILICONE, 203 236 280 300 321 SILICONE POLYMER, 153 195 272 284 SILICONE RUBBER, 14 309 SILICOTUNGSTIC ACID, 129

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

SILOXANE, 60 70 SILSESQUIOXANE, 41 SMOKE, 1 60 84 90 91 105 156 188 305 308 309 335 363 391 413 SMOKE CHAMBER, 305 331 391 407 SMOKE DENSITY, 208 225 263 270 305 309 331 352 361 362 363 391 SMOKE EMISSION, 33 58 61 90 91 131 156 188 226 234 243 270 305 308 309 321 335 351 352 355 363 378 379 380 385 391 SMOKE GENERATION, 63 185 203 216 227 260 262 273 287 306 307 315 322 327 362 370 394 399 403 407 412 SMOKE INDEX, 362 SMOKE OBSCURATION, 232 SMOKE SUPPRESSANT, 1 13 27 38 39 44 66 90 91 95 156 159 160 185 186 188 225 238 244 250 256 261 262 263 264 270 278 286 294 295 297 305 307 308 309 319 321 327 342 370 380 384 391 402 SMOKE SUPPRESSION, 33 86 183 208 226 231 251 299 307 352 360 365 393 399 407 SMOKE TOXICITY, 257 SMOULDERING, 331 363 391 SODIUM ALUMINIUM HYDROXYCARBONATE, 391 SODIUM MONTMORILLONITE, 60 SODIUM NITRATE, 406 SODIUM SILICATE, 200 SOLUBILITY, 61 185 260 261 266 267 268 296 314 335 347 SOLVENT RESISTANT, 188 SOOT FORMATION, 391 SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 59 149 158 261 367 SPECIFIC SURFACE, 90 270 309 STABILISER, 1 13 28 55 63 96 168 180 214 258 355 STABILITY, 1 6 8 11 15 28 36 40 60 66 91 94 122 129 130 144 149 154 156 158 160 166 167 182 185 194 196 208 224 226 234 240 259 261 264 266 267 269 285 289 292 297 299 303 330 332 336 347 350 351 354 357 362 368 STADIUM SEATING, 55 STANDARD, 1 7 63 123 125 153

154 163 182 184 205 213 254 263 287 288 296 308 319 378 405 406 412 STANNOUS CHLORIDE, 304 354 STATISTICS, 1 5 23 37 43 58 59 62 63 73 76 77 89 126 128 146 153 159 160 185 190 218 220 225 231 245 260 296 300 334 341 372 376 STEEL FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 188 STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, 344 SULFUR, 42 203 SULFUR DIOXIDE, 308 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 48 244 258 371 SURFACE AREA, 2 59 90 127 165 185 238 264 391 395 SURFACE CHEMISTRY, 185 SURFACE COATING, 281 SURFACE DEGRADATION, 270 SURFACE MODIFICATION, 13 183 258 351 371 SURFACE TREATMENT, 13 41 112 116 183 210 258 264 351 371 402 SURFACTANT, 48 244 SUSTAINABILITY, 79 117 133 SYNERGISM, 2 11 49 53 66 68 72 82 104 105 113 114 129 136 142 143 150 152 187 201 208 242 243 270 294 309 338 353 377 SYNERGIST, 3 44 56 152 156 158 159 168 172 182 186 187 188 209 219 225 241 260 261 287 293 299 306 312 336 337 360 370 393 397 409 412 SYNERGISTIC, 38 91 108 130 160 208 316 362 375 394 408 SYNERGY, 263 296 351 356 SYNTHESIS, 9 11 36 46 108 135 144 285 403 SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 1 36 102 107 153 185

T TALC, 5 68 88 201 222 234 270 362 411 TELECOMMUNICATIONS APPLICATION, 5 77 102 188 TELEVISION, 63 73 77 91 101 117 133 158 173 188 213 TEMPERATURE, 1 2 14 15 36 66 70 75 77 90 149 156 158 244 258 263 305 308 309 331 335

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

363 382 385 401 TENSILE PROPERTIES, 2 13 19 65 81 149 152 155 167 182 201 263 266 270 295 303 322 331 361 362 371 375 400 TEST, 7 20 24 25 28 29 37 44 49 50 51 52 64 75 78 80 81 87 88 90 92 95 111 113 114 133 147 156 157 164 168 169 176 182 188 193 195 198 204 208 219 222 226 231 251 270 271 284 302 305 308 322 324 331 335 340 344 347 361 378 381 382 384 385 391 394 400 401 406 407 TESTING, 5 11 21 32 45 47 48 55 56 60 83 90 108 135 149 153 154 156 166 170 173 179 183 185 189 208 226 243 263 283 286 298 331 369 370 378 401 408 413 TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A, 68 217 230 TETRABROMOPENTADECYL TRIBROMOPHENOL, 322 TETRABROMOPHTHALATE, 335 TETRAPHENYL RESORCINOL DIPHOSPHATE, 356 TEXTILE, 5 43 180 207 355 413 TEXTILE APPLICATION, 83 157 211 237 314 388 THEORY, 4 19 26 42 78 97 150 151 165 181 185 187 199 212 226 237 263 284 302 304 307 317 322 324 328 330 340 370 376 381 382 386 388 389 390 395 404 408 THERMAL AGEING, 163 357 THERMAL ANALYSIS, 9 30 56 81 90 94 124 142 151 156 177 192 193 194 204 209 255 256 271 311 338 347 353 354 382 384 385 390 391 400 406 407 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, 34 48 72 108 270 308 309 331 335 354 363 366 385 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION, 16 33 78 154 156 185 187 260 305 308 347 363 385 390 400 406 THERMAL DEGRADATION, 1 2 8 13 22 24 36 47 51 71 75 105 156 171 175 193 194 196 197 204 208 209 255 269 270 303 305 308 311 312 323 331 340 343 347 351 354 359 363 382 384

131

Subject Index

THERMAL INSULATION, 72 91 165 324 335 371 THERMAL OXIDATION, 347 THERMAL PROPERTIES, 4 8 9 14 18 20 31 33 40 48 60 67 68 69 70 71 81 84 94 97 114 122 124 136 139 141 150 151 163 167 182 224 232 241 242 253 259 270 279 280 285 290 291 304 308 309 313 314 321 324 331 335 342 347 354 357 358 363 364 377 380 381 384 385 391 396 400 403 404 407 411 THERMAL RESISTANCE, 149 THERMAL SCANNING RHEOMETER, 67 70 THERMAL STABILITY, 1 6 8 9 11 15 28 36 40 60 63 66 91 94 122 129 144 149 154 156 158 160 166 182 185 188 194 196 208 224 226 234 240 261 264 266 267 269 284 285 289 292 296 297 299 300 303 330 332 336 347 350 351 354 357 362 368 375 385 386 387 403 405 411 412 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 2 4 7 8 10 16 19 20 30 36 39 41 42 49 50 51 70 71 97 105 107 122 124 129 144 165 167 170 176 177 178 192 196 208 209 255 263 269 271 285 289 311 313 317 322 330 342 347 353 358 359 374 377 382 384 385 391 400 406 407 THERMOOXIDATIVE DEGRADATION, 308 359 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER, 91 195 210 THICK-WALLED, 55 THICKNESS, 60 113 182 305 362 378 THIN-FILM, 300 THIN-WALL, 1 158 299 336 357 TIN, 5 153 271 369 TIN CHLORIDE, 390 TIN COMPOUND, 38 116 327 TIN OXIDE, 275 TITANIUM, 341 TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 6 TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE, 39 TOXIC, 21 237 TOXICITY, 24 26 28 43 60 83 91 103 130 131 145 156 157 160 181 183 184 188 203 205 211 216 217 232 233 240 246 247 265 301 305 306 308 315 345 355 361 363 371 375 378 387

132

391 399 410 412 413 TOXICOLOGY, 21 58 133 247 TRACKING RESISTANCE, 182 188 261 306 363 375 400 TRAIN, 225 361 378 399 TRANSFER MOULDING, 225 TRANSISTOR, 300 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 8 65 104 107 337 TRANSPORT APPLICATION, 5 153 176 249 251 260 299 TRANSPORTATION, 1 182 413 TRIARYL PHOSPHATE, 186 330 352 TRIBORONIC ACID, 189 TRIBROMOMETHYL BENZENE, 171 TRIBROMONEOPENTYL PHOSPHATE, 185 TRICHLOROTRIAZINE, 22 TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE, 352 TRIDIBROMOPHENOXYMETHYLBENZENE, 171 TRIETHYL PHOSPHATE, 64 72 108 TRIETHYLHEXYL TRIMELLITATE, 71 TRIMETHYLPHENYLINDANE, 99 270 TRIMETHYLPROPANE TRIACRYLATE, 71 TRIOCTYL PHOSPHATE, 352 TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE, 50 167 TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE, 24 TRISCHLOROPROPYL PHOSPHATE, 7 217 331 335 TRISDICHLOROPROPYL PHOSPHATE, 7 154 TRISMONOCHLOROPROPYL PHOSPHATE, 154 TRISTRIBROMONEOPENTYL PHOSPHATE, 132 TRISTRIBROMOPHENYL CYANURATE, 132 TUNNEL TEST, 335 385 391 TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER, 12 339 386

U UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 25 84 90 91 139 153 159 161 219 225 232 243 249 256 258 260 263 264 265 268 309 312 355 369 371 378 399 410 UPHOLSTERY, 5 58 130 157 412

URETHANE COPOLYMER, 48 UV STABILISER, 13 28 55 168 214 388 UV STABILITY, 1 13 17 63 103 158 168 185 214 248 283 287 299 333 357 362 368 386 388

V VAPOUR-PHASE, 15 77 91 156 166 188 192 195 199 263 264 270 306 308 309 336 347 354 363 400 404 VAPOUR PHASE RESISTANCE, 11 VAPOUR PRESSURE, 296 331 VEHICLE INTERIOR, 1 154 399 VEHICLE SEAT, 361 VEHICLE TRIM, 92 119 143 VERMICULITE, 200 VERTICAL BURNING TEST, 127 179 210 VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY, 50 97 107 124 177 192 194 202 269 313 347 VIDEO EQUIPMENT, 188 VINYL ACETATE-ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 8 351 VISCOELASTICITY, 67 70 166 VISCOSITY, 27 47 54 59 70 90 258 266 270 275 286 294 303 313 331 335 362 371 378 395 VISUAL DISPLAY SCREEN, 236 VOLATILITY, 18 28 39 154 156 265 266 308 330 331 336 347 363 411

W WASHING MACHINE, 74 WASTE, 15 110 188 WASTE COLLECTION, 77 101 WASTE DISPOSAL, 29 79 153 160 184 205 206 215 355 WASTE MANAGEMENT, 58 110 126 WASTE SORTING, 77 206 215 WATER, 308 309 347 363 385 391 WATER-RELEASING, 159 258 WATER VAPOUR, 91 270 308 309 WEATHER RESISTANCE, 13 55 357 388 WEIGHT LOSS, 7 8 36 47 71 84 102 105 156 158 279 308 330 347 385 390 391 407 WEIGHT REDUCTION, 188 225

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

375 399 WINDOW FRAME, 371 WIRE, 1 59 83 166 361 394 WIRE COVERING, 71 315 WOOD, 141

X X-RAY SCATTERING, 8 14 47 104 144 151 347

Y YELLOWING, 299 303 362

Z ZEOLITE, 377 ZINC, 341 407 ZINC BORATE, 5 18 53 56 71 91 95 96 114 141 172 176 188 201 208 209 226 228 242 250 261 263 264 275 277 289 293 306 309 320 338 342 365 407 ZINC CHLORIDE, 304 ZINC HYDROXYSTANNATE, 38 95 116 185 226 263 298 312 327 369 ZINC NITRATE, 406 ZINC OXIDE, 2 172 407 ZINC STANNATE, 53 91 116 172 185 188 262 263 275 342 365 369 ZINC SULFIDE, 105 ZIRCONIUM, 341

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

133

Subject Index

134

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

Company Index

Company Index A AKZO NOBEL, 316 AKZO NOBEL CENTRAL RESEARCH, 330 338 AKZO NOBEL CHEMICALS INC., 167 AKZO NOBEL FUNCTIONAL CHEMICALS LLC, 177 ALBEMARLE CORP., 12 29 79 80 133 229 247 303 ALBEMARLE EUROPE SPRL, 117 ALBERMARLE CO., 58 ALBRIGHT & WILSON, 244 265 266 267 268 276 350 387 ALCAN CHEMICALS, 264 275 294 365 395 ALCOA ALUMINIO SA, 210 ALES,ECOLE DES MINES, 201 270 309 353 382 ALLIED-SIGNAL INC., 266 ALUMINUM CO.OF AMERICA, 403 ALUSUISSE MARTINSWERK GMBH, 162 183 AMPACET CORP., 179 ANKERPOORT NV, 370 ANTWERP,UNIVERSITY, 106 ANZON LTD., 307 352 APME, 77 126 ARCUEIL,CENTRE TECHNIQUE, 36 ARGENTINA,NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, 141 AUSTRALIA,CSIRO, 20 AUSTRALIA,DEFENCE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ORG., 20

B BASF AG, 4 50 97 202 255 269 378 398 BASF BELGIUM SA NV, 45 BASF SCHWARZHEIDE GMBH, 45 BAYREUTH,UNIVERSITY, 131 BELARUS,STATE UNIVERSITY, 4 16 50 177 192 194 196 BELORUSSIAN,STATE UNIVERSITY, 97 142 151 202 255 269 347 411

BENJAMIN/CLARKE ASSOCIATES INC., 232 BOLTON INSTITUTE, 39 40 84 BORAX EUROPE LTD., 56 228 250 277 289 320 BORAX FRANCE, 309 BORAX LTD., 306 BORAX US, 309 BOREALIS AB, 14 BP, 267 BROMINE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM, 205 215 233 246 BROOKLYN,POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, 30 42 192 198 199 203 235 254 269 410 BRUNEL UNIVERSITY, 38 53 116 256 298 327 351 380 BUDAPEST,TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, 69 70 BUDENHEIM IBERICA, 112 BYELORUSSIAN,STATE UNIVERSITY, 343 374 BYK CHEMIE GMBH, 85 140 399

C CANADA,DEPT.OF FISHERIES & OCEANS, 83 CANADA,INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES, 83 CATALUNYA,UNIVERSITY, 302 CENTRAL MICHIGAN,UNIVERSITY, 22 171 174 CENTRE D’ETUDES DES STRUCTURES ET MATERIAUX NAVALS, 90 139 CENTRE REGIONAL D’ESSAIS POUR L’IGNIFUGATION DES MATERIAUX, 111 CFB PLC, 237 CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 14 CHEMIE LINZ GMBH, 355 CHEMISCHE FABRIK BUDENHEIM, 112 CHEMOX LTD., 383 CHINA,JUNIOR COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY, 285 CHINA,UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 129 150 152

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

CIBA SPECIALTY CHEMICALS CORP., 17 82 113 168 266 283 CLARIANT GMBH, 85 87 118 140 161 223 225 249 260 CLARIANT LTD., 58 CNR, 49 CNRS, 209 COAKER A.W.,& ASSOCIATES INC., 44 COMPAQ COMPUTER CORP., 401 CONICET, 141 CONSTAB POLYMER-CHEMIE GMBH, 386 CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 328 COURTAULDS CHEMICALS, 310 CRACOW,UNIVERSITY, 324 CREPIM, 8 69 209 377 CSIR, 322

D DAIMLERCHRYSLER, 28 DATCO TECHNOLOGY LTD., 279 DCN, 90 DEAD SEA BROMINE CO., 99 211 270 292 DEAD SEA BROMINE GROUP, 134 147 158 221 248 297 357 368 402 DEAD SEA PERICLASE LTD., 402 DOVER CHEMICAL CORP., 11 DOW CHEMICAL CO., 385 DOW CORNING CORP., 321 DOW CORNING TORAY SILICONE CO.LTD., 75 DR.TROITZCH BRANDSCHUTZ & UMWELTSCHUTZ SERVICE, 376 DSBG EUROBROM, 99 110 DSM CHEMIE LINZ GMBH, 200 DSM MELAPUR, 35 100 115 227 DSM RESEARCH, 35 47

E ECOLE DES MINES D’ALES, 292 ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DE CHIMIE DE LILLE, 8 69 70 166 175 178

135

Company Index

197 204 250 ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DES ARTS & IND.TEXT., 41 ELASTOGRAN GMBH, 45 ELF ATOCHEM, 296 377 EMA, 221 ENICHEM SPA, 121 317 ENSAIT, 69 70 204 ENSC, 111 ENSCL, 10 67 124 169 ENVIRONMENT CANADA, 83 ERLANGEN,UNIVERSITAT, 233 EUROBROM BV, 132 134 147 163 EUROPEAN BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANT IND.COMMITTEE, 93 EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 93 206 211 EUROPEAN FLAME RETARDANT ASSN., 93 126 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, 138 EUROPEAN VINYLS CORP.(UK) LTD., 226 EVC (UK) LTD., 95 EXEL, 85

F FIBRON GMBH, 378 FIRE & ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SERVICE, 216 FIRE RETARDANT CHEMICALS ASSN., 126 412 FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS ASSOCIATION, 362 FLAME RETARDANTS ASSOCIATES INC., 88 159 319 FLAMEMAG INTERNATIONAL GIE, 218 FLORIDA,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 407 FMC CORP., 148 334 339 356 360 367 372 396 408 FREEDONIA GROUP INC., 89 FROST & SULLIVAN, 125 FURON CO., 315

G GABRIEL-CHEMIE GMBH, 55 GE PLASTICS EUROPE, 98 GEMTEX, 169 175 GERMANY,FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR

136

MATERIALS RESEARCH & TESTING, 105 GFA LABORATORY, 233 GLIWICE,INSTITUTE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, 9 GRAPH-TECH INC., 108 GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP., 1 28 43 54 68 73 81 109 110 123 149 154 211 214 222 335 337 373 388

H HANNA ENGINEERED MATERIALS, 287 HARBIA,NORTHEAST FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 33 HEALTH CANADA, 106 HEBEI,UNIVERSITY, 2 HEIFEI,UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 144 HELSINKI,UNIVERSITY, 359 HEXCEL COMPOSITES, 84 HICKORY SPRINGS MANUFACTURING CO., 318 HOECHST AG, 326 331 349 366 392 HOMEBASE LTD., 180 HONG KONG,CITY UNIVERSITY, 155 HUBEI,UNIVERSITY, 15 HUBER J.M.,CORP., 13 27 286

INTERACTIVE CONSULTING INC., 130 INTERNATIONAL TIN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 298 327 ISPESI, 305 ISRAEL,IMI INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, 66 235 ISRIM, 311 ITALMATCH CHEMICALS SPA, 86 182 ITRI LTD., 256 262 271 312 369

J JERUSALEM,HEBREW UNIVERSITY, 199 JOHANNES-KEPLERUNIVERSITY, 35

K KABELWERK EUPEN AG, 37 60 94 KAZAKHSTAN,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES, 196 KINGSTON,UNIVERSITY, 278 KONINKLIJKE/SHELL LABORATORIUM, 364 400 KUMKANG KOREA CHEMICAL CO.LTD., 6 KUNSTSTOFF-RECYCLINGZENTRUM GMBH, 348

I IAL CONSULTANTS LTD., 341 ICC INDUSTRIES INC., 280 ICI CHLOR-CHEMICALS, 405 ICI PLC, 267 ICI POLYURETHANES, 124 178 IMI, 295 INCA AB, 119 INCEMIN AG, 290 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, 313 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 78 410 INDIAN PETROCHEMICAL CORP.LTD., 24 25 INSTITUT CHARLES SADRON, 196 INSTITUT FUER VERBUNDWERKSTOFFE GMBH, 3 INSTITUTO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA DE POLIMEROS, 156

L LATI SPA, 311 LAUREL INDUSTRIES, 172 LILLE,ECOLE DE CHIMIE, 309 LILLE,UNIVERSITE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES, 8 377 LODZ,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL FIBRES, 136 LODZ,POLYTECHNIC, 136 LOWELL,MASSACHUSETTS UNIVERSITY, 252 LUBEN PLAST, 188 LUND,UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, 245

M MANCHESTER,METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY, 351 379 391 MARIETTA M.,MAGNESIA

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

Company Index

SPECIALTIES INC., 88 MARQUETTE,UNIVERSITY, 104 224 MARTINSWERK GMBH, 12 231 240 258 361 399 MENZOLIT-FIBRON, 140 MICA & MICANITE (IRELAND) LTD., 240 MINAS GERAIS,UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL, 127 MINES DE LA LUCETTE, 383 MINMETALS, 220 MITRAS KUNSTSTOFFE GMBH, 378 MONASH,UNIVERSITY, 20 MONTELL, 234 MOSCOW,INSTITUTE FOR SYNTHETIC POLYMERIC MATERIALS, 142 193 196 MOSCOW,STATE TEXTILE ACADEMY, 193 MUNCHEN,TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE, 348

N NABALTEC GMBH, 57 59 212 NAGOYA,UNIVERSITY, 75 NANOCOR, 328 NEC CORP., 236 284 300 NETHERLANDS,INSTITUTE FOR FISHERIES RESEARCH, 106 211 NEW YORK,POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY, 406 NICCO CORP.LTD., 322 NORDMANN RASSMANN GMBH & CO., 143 220 NORTH CAROLINA,STATE UNIVERSITY, 164 NORTHUMBRIA,UNIVERSITY, 273 307 352

O OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORP., 293 394 397 OSTTHUERINGISCHE MATERIALPRUEFGESELLSCHAFT MBH, 92 OXYCHEM, 172

P

PETRU PONI,INSTITUTE OF MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY, 24 25 POLAND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL FIBRES, 253 POLAND,RESEARCH LABORATORY OF NITROGEN WORKS, 253 POLYMER BURNING LABORATORY, 259 POMEZIA,CENTRO SPERIMENTALE DI VOLO, 49 POZNAN,INSTITUTE OF NATURAL FIBRES, 9 PQ CORP., 314 PRETORIA,UNIVERSITY, 170

Q QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY AT KINGSTON, 279 QUIMIDROGA SA, 308

R RADICINOVACIPS SPA, 74 375 RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD., 5 153 RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD., 102 RESINEX AG, 103 RHEOMETRIC SCIENTIFIC, 384 RHODIA, 40 RIO DE JANEIRO,UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL, 210 RIO TINTO BORAX, 96 114 ROHM & HAAS CO., 409 ROMA,UNIVERSITA LA SAPIENZA, 305 ROTHON CONSULTANTS, 391 ROUEN,INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUEES, 36 RUSSIA,INSTITUTE OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERIC MATERIALS, 358 RUSSIA,RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR HIGH MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS, 196 RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 24 52 135 191 195 272 304 340 344 354 389 390

PADOVA,UNIVERSITA, 34 48 64 72 108 121 324

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

S SALFORD,UNIVERSITY, 39 122 SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY, 25 SATERI FIBRES, 84 SAUDI ARABIA,INSTITUTE OF ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH, 71 SCHILL & SEILACHER, 131 145 181 230 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC, 111 SEMENOV N.N.,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 193 SHANGHAI,JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY, 65 SHEFFIELD,UNIVERSITY, 122 SHELL CHEMICALS, 7 SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO., 364 400 SHELL LOUVAIN-LA-NEUVE, 364 SHELL RESEARCH SA, 291 400 SHIBAURA,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 51 SICHUAN,UNIVERSITY, 18 19 107 208 SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, 211 SOUTH CAROLINA,UNIVERSITY, 189 SRI CONSULTING, 23 STOCKHOLM,UNIVERSITY, 245 STOREY J.,& CO., 263 SUMGAIT,STATE UNIVERSITY, 46 SUMITOMO DOW, 236 300 SUNG KYUN KWAN UNIVERSITY, 6 SURREY,UNIVERSITY, 217 257 SWEDEN,NATIONAL TESTING & RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 123 173 213

T TAIWAN,NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY, 285 TAIWAN,NATIONAL KAOHSIUNG UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCE, 137 TAIWAN,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 137

137

Company Index

TALC DE LUZENAC, 270 TAMKANG,UNIVERSITY, 137 TECHNO POLYMER CO.LTD., 215 TIN TECHNOLOGY LTD., 38 116 TITK E.V, 92 TORINO,POLITECNICO, 10 TORINO,UNIVERSITA, 67 72 104 124 142 178 192 194 196 274 311 317 343 347 374 411 TOSOH CORP., 393 TUEBINGEN,UNIVERSITY, 345 TURIN,UNIVERSITY, 234

U UCAR GRAPH-TECH INC., 219 UK,CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT,FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE SCIENCE, 211 ULM,UNIVERSITY, 345 UPRES, 209 UPRES EA, 7 UPRESA CNRS, 10

138

US BORAX CORP., 242 US BORAX INC., 176 250 261 277 289 320 342 407 US,BUILDING & FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY, 165 US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION, 123 US,FIRE RETARDANT CHEMICALS ASSOCIATION, 184 US,FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS ASSOCIATION, 346 US,NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, 232 US,NATIONAL INST.OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY, 60 104 165 195 204 344 US,NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, 157 USMANU DANFODIYO,UNIVERSITY, 404 USTL, 124 381

V VAMP TECH, 363

W WARSAW,CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF LABOUR PROTECTION, 61 WARSAW,INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 219 WARSAW,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 61 WIESBADEN,FIRE PROTECTION SERVICE, 288 WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION, 246

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

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