Biocides in Plastics: Rapra Review Report 180

Rapra Review Reports

ISSN: 0889-3144

Biocides in Plastics

D. Nichols Thor Overseas Limited

Volume 15, Number 12, 2004

Expert overviews covering the science and technology of rubber and plastics

RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows: 1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References and Abstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstracts section. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstracts database, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc. 2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Polymer Library database. The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below. 3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to the abstracts records on the database to aid retrieval.

Source of original article Title

Item 1 Macromolecules

33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83 EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han Akron,University The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and etherbased commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. GOODRICH B.F.

Location

USA

Authors and afÀliation

Abstract

Companies or organisations mentioned

Accession no.771897

DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE Almost all of the documents which are listed in the References and Abstracts section are available in full text form, as photocopies or pdf Àles from Rapra Technology Ltd’s Document Delivery Service. Documents can be delivered by a variety of methods, including email, post or fax. Customers may pay for individual copies at the time of ordering by credit card or alternatively open up a deposit account. See the back of this report for further information. Please contact the Document Delivery Department for availability, current prices and delivery methods. Document Delivery Department Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY4 4NR, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 Email: [email protected]

RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS VOLUME 16 Series Editor Dr. S. Humphreys, Rapra Technology Limited Rapra Review Reports comprise a unique source of polymer-related information with useful overviews accompanied by abstracts from hundreds of relevant documents. A Rapra Review Report is an excellent starting point to improve subject knowledge in key areas. Subscribers to this series build up a bank of information over each year, forming a small library at a very reasonable price. This series would be an asset to corporate libraries, academic institutions and research associations with an interest in polymer science. Twelve reports are published in each volume and these can be purchased individually or on a subscription basis. Format: Soft-backed, 297 x 210 mm, ISSN: 0889-3144 Order individual published Rapra Review Reports (see the following pages for a list of available titles), or purchase a subscription to Volume 16 (12 issues).

ORDER FORM Title of Publication

Price £/$/€

I would like to order the following Rapra Review Report(s) at £85 / US$136 / €136 each Report Number(s) ....................................................................................................(please state quantity if more than one) Please add postage at the following rates: UK £5 total, Overseas £7 / US$11 / €10 per item Subtotal: I would like to order ................. subscription(s) to Volume 16 of the Rapra Review Report Series at £650 / US$975 / €1105 each Please add postage at the following rates: UK £35 total, Overseas £65 / US$110 / €110 per subscription All prices are subject to change and orders will be charged at the price indicated on www.polymer-books.com on the date of processing

enclosed (Please make cheques payable to Rapra Technology Ltd. in ❑ Remittance £ Sterling drawn on a UK bank or in US$ / Euros - Unesco coupons are also accepted.)

❑ Please invoice my company ❑ Please charge my credit card American Express/Visa/Mastercard (delete as appropriate) For credit card orders we require all of the following details to be completed prior to processing your order.

Total Order Value:

IMPORTANT - Value Added Tax (VAT) The above prices do not include VAT. Customers in EU member countries may be liable to pay VAT if their Registration Number is not supplied. Please enter your EU Registration Number (VAT - BTW - IVA - TVA - MWST - MOMS - FPA) below: VAT Number: ________________________________________

Card Number:

Full Name: ________________________________________________ Please enter the cards security code below, or provide us with your telephone number or email address. (Visa/Mastercard - the last 3 digits from the number on the signature strip on the back of the card, Amex - 4 digit code from the front of the card.) 3 or 4 Digit Security Code: ____________

Signature: ______________________ Exp. date:__________________ Issuing Bank: ______________________________________________ Cardholder's Name (as on card): ________________________________

Company: _________________________________________________ Job Function:_______________________________________________ Delivery Address (if different from Cardholder's Address): ___________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

Cardholder's Address: ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Postcode: _______________________ Country:___________________ Telephone: ______________________ Fax: ______________________ Company PO#: _____________________________________________

Please Return to:

Publications Sales, Rapra Technology Limited Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY4 4NR, United Kingdom

Postcode: _______________________ Country:___________________ Telephone: ______________________ Fax: ______________________ If you would like to receive regular electronic updates informing you of new titles and offers please enter your E-mail address below. E-mail:____________________________________________________ Tel. +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 E-mail: [email protected]

www.rapra.net

Previous Titles Still Available Petrochemicals Inc.

Volume 1 Report 35

Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey, Hotpoint Ltd.

Report 36

Developments in Additives to Meet Health and Environmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 1

Conductive Polymers, W.J. Feast

Report 2

Medical, Surgical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers, D.F. Williams

Report 3

Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough.

Report 4

Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton.

Volume 4

Report 5

CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandland and M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology.

Report 37

Report 8

Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant.

Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright, University of Surrey.

Report 10

Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding, P.D. Armitage, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson

Report 38

Epoxy Resins, K.A. Hodd

Report 39

Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications, D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.

Report 40

Internal Mixing of Rubber, J.C. Lupton

Report 41

Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.

Report 42

Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, Bayer AG.

Report 43

Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources, J.M. Methven, UMIST.

Report 11

Communications Applications of Polymers, R. Spratling, British Telecom.

Report 12

Process Control in the Plastics Industry, R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries.

Volume 2 Report 13

Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics, A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology.

Report 44

Report 14

Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and Leisure Industries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics, J. Green, FMC Corp.

Report 45

Composites - Tooling and Component Processing, N.G. Brain, Tooltex.

Report 15

Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications, G. Woods, Consultant.

Report 46

Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson, J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.

Report 16

Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton.

Report 47

Report 17

Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, Leicester Polytechnic.

Report 18

Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for Plastics in Agriculture.

Report 48

Plastics in Building, C.M.A. Johansson

Report 19

Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging, R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd.

Report 20

Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 21

Volume 5 Report 49

Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics, H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.

Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry, H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.

Report 50

Automotive Applications of Polymers II, A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.

Report 22

Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey, Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd.

Report 51

Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein, Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.

Report 23

Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd.

Report 52

Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge, University of Manchester.

Report 24

Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division.

Report 53

Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building Research Establishment.

Report 54

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt, Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.

Report 55

Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing, E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for Industriforskning, Norway.

Volume 3 Report 25

Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom Technology Associates.

Report 26

Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 56

Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans, Consultant.

Plastics in High Temperature Applications, J. Maxwell, Consultant.

Report 57

Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University. Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 27 Report 28

Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Applications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd.

Report 58

Report 29

Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton, Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy.

Report 59

Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications, A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.

Report 30

Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, National NDT Centre, Harwell.

Report 60

Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 31

Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan, Dow Corning Ltd.

Report 32

Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and 3M Belgium SA.

Report 33

Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd.

Report 34

Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova

Volume 6 Report 61

Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 62

Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.

Report 63

Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.

Report 64

Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 65

Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, International Automotive Design.

Report 66

Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.

Report 67

Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation, V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.

Report 68

Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 69

Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell, Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.

Report 70

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center.

Report 71

Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s University of Belfast.

Report 72

Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, Econology Ltd.

Volume 7

Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart Chemical Company. Report 90

Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood.

Report 91

Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton, University of Surrey.

Report 92

Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer ProÀles, A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.

Report 93

Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood Technologies Inc.

Report 94

Compressive Behaviour of Composites, C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.

Report 95

Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten & Masch Manufacturing Co.

Report 96

Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman, St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.

Volume 9 Report 97

Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 98

Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore & S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 99

Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes, Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.

Report 100

Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Mulhouse.

Report 73

Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, University of Bradford.

Report 74

Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.

Report 75

Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead Consulting Ltd.

Report 101

Report 76

Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials, R.C.P. Cubbon.

Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.

Report 102

Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves, Goodyear Technical Center.

Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 103

Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.

Report 104

Plastics ProÀle Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram Technology Ltd.

Report 105

Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development, B.G. Crowther.

Report 106

Properties and Applications of Elastomeric PolysulÀdes, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.

Report 77 Report 78

PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications, J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.

Report 79

Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems, Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 80

Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.

Report 107

High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 81

Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications, J.A. Brydson.

Report 108

Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 82

Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization, Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada.

Report 83

Report 84

Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.

Volume 10 Report 109

Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide, J.A. Lindsay.

Report 110

Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers, R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 111

Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 112

Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications, J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.

Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing, P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.

Volume 8 Report 85

Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université Pierre et Marie Curie.

Report 113

Report 86

High Performance Engineering Plastics, D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.

Rubber-ModiÀed Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula, University of Texas at Austin.

Report 114

Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene, V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Report 87

Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 115

Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky, University of Hamburg.

Report 88

Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications, A.S. Wilson.

Report 116

Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders, Y. Wang, Tunghai University.

Report 89

Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and

Report 117

Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing, R.J.M.

Report 118

Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.

Volume 13

Report 119

Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 145

Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship and J.C. Love, The University of Warwick.

Report 120

Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey, Shipley Ronal.

Report 146

In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love and V. Goodship, The University of Warwick.

Report 147

Rubber Product Failure, Roger P. Brown.

Volume 11

Report 148

Plastics Waste – Feedstock Recycling, Chemical Recycling and Incineration, A. Tukker, TNO.

Report 121

Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials, I.B. Page, BIP Ltd.

Report 149

Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 122

Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.

Report 150

Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham, Materials Research Centre, University of Bath.

Report 123

Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research Council Canada.

Report 151

Rigid Plastics Packaging - Materials, Processes and Applications, F. Hannay, Nampak Group Research & Development.

Report 124

Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe, University of Exeter.

Report 152

Report 125

Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR, H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated.

Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers, A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk, University of Kassel.

Report 153

Report 126

Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd, University of Nottingham.

Polymers in Telecommunication Devices, G.H. Cross, University of Durham.

Report 154

Polymers in Building and Construction, S.M. Halliwell, BRE.

Report 127

Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant.

Report 155

Styrenic Copolymers, Andreas Chrisochoou and Daniel Dufour, Bayer AG.

Report 128

Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau, Lucent Technologies.

Report 156

Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact of Polymeric Products, T.J. O’Neill, Polymeron Consultancy Network.

Report 129

Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation, D.C. Wright.

Report 130

Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack, D.C. Wright.

Report 131

Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation, D.C. Wright.

Report 132

Stabilisers for PolyoleÀns, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, Clariant Huningue SA.

Volume 12 Report 133 Report 134

Volume 14 Report 157

Developments in Colorants for Plastics, Ian N. Christensen.

Report 158

Geosynthetics, David I. Cook.

Report 159

Biopolymers, R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and N. Tucker, Warwick Manufacturing Group.

Report 160

Emulsion Polymerisation and Applications of Latex, Christopher D. Anderson and Eric S. Daniels, Emulsion Polymers Institute.

Report 161

Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc.

Emissions from Plastics, C. Henneuse-Boxus and T. Pacary, Certech.

Report 162

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers, J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University.

Analysis of Thermoset Materials, Precursors and Products, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 163

Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, Masami Okamoto, Toyota Technological Institute.

Report 164

Cure Monitoring for Composites and Adhesives, David R. Mulligan, NPL.

Report 165

Polymer Enhancement of Technical Textiles, Roy W. Buckley.

Report 135

Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.

Report 136

Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.

Report 137

Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH.

Report 138

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear, Khon Kaen University.

Report 166

Developments in Thermoplastic Elastomers, K.E. Kear

Report 139

Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 167

PolyoleÀn Foams, N.J. Mills, Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham.

Report 140

Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance, M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre.

Report 168

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments, J. Innes and A. Innes, Flame Retardants Associates Inc.

Report 141

Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N. Rothon, Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan University.

Volume 15

Report 142

Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh, Huntsman Polyurethanes.

Report 169

Engineering and Structural Adhesives, David J. Dunn, FLD Enterprises Inc.

Report 143

Adhesion and Bonding to PolyoleÀns, D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Loughborough University.

Report 170

Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture, Roger P. Brown.

Report 171

PVC Compounds and Processing, Stuart Patrick.

Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV.

Report 172

Troubleshooting Injection Moulding, Vanessa Goodship, Warwick Manufacturing Group.

Report 144

Report 173

Regulation of Food Packaging in Europe and the USA, Derek J. Knight and Lesley A. Creighton, Safepharm Laboratories Ltd.

Report 174

Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers for Drug Delivery, David Jones, Queen's University, Belfast.

Report 175

Tyre Recycling, Valerie L. Shulman, European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA).

Report 176

Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids, V. Goodship and E.O. Ogur.

Report 177

Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives & Processes, G. Polaski, J. Means, B. Stull, P. Warren, K. Allen, D. Mowrey and B. Carney.

Report 178

Mixing of Vulcanisable Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers, P.R. Wood.

Report 179

Polymers in Asphalt, H.L. Robinson, Tarmac Ltd, UK.

Biocides in Plastics

Dean Nichols (Thor Overseas Limited)

ISBN 1-85957-512-9

Biocides in Plastics

Contents 1

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................3

2

The Need for Biocides in Plastics and Basic Microbiology .......................................................................5

3

2.1

Bacteria .............................................................................................................................................5

2.2

Fungi.................................................................................................................................................5

2.3

Algae ................................................................................................................................................6

Plastic Materials Requiring Biocides ..........................................................................................................6 3.1

3.2

3.3 4

Test Methods .............................................................................................................................................12 4.1

4.2

4.3 5

Biostabiliser Effects .........................................................................................................................6 3.1.1 Nutrient Sources for Fungi and Bacteria .............................................................................7 3.1.2 Microbiological Effects........................................................................................................7 3.1.3 Organisms of Importance .....................................................................................................8 Hygienic Applications ......................................................................................................................8 3.2.1 Organisms of Interest ...........................................................................................................8 3.2.2 Merits of Such Biocides .......................................................................................................9 3.2.3 The Bacterial 'Problem' ......................................................................................................10 3.2.4 False Claims .......................................................................................................................11 3.2.5 Conclusions Regarding Hygienic Applications .................................................................11 Active Packaging ............................................................................................................................11

Fungal Test Methods ......................................................................................................................13 4.1.1 Fungicidal Procedures ........................................................................................................13 4.1.2 Fungistatic Procedures .......................................................................................................13 4.1.3 Soil Burial ..........................................................................................................................14 4.1.4 Humidity Chamber or Vermiculite Bed .............................................................................14 Bacterial Test Methods ...................................................................................................................15 4.2.1 Resistance of Plastic to Bacteria .......................................................................................15 4.2.2 Antimicrobial Plastic .........................................................................................................17 4.2.3 Pink Stain Test ...................................................................................................................18 Laboratory Tests versus use Conditions .........................................................................................19

Available Active Ingredients .....................................................................................................................19 5.1

5.2

Migratory Biocides .........................................................................................................................19 5.1.1 OBPA .................................................................................................................................19 5.1.2 OIT .....................................................................................................................................20 5.1.3 Butyl BIT ..........................................................................................................................21 5.1.4 Zinc Pyrithione...................................................................................................................21 5.1.5 Iodo-Propylbutyl Carbamate (IPBC) .................................................................................22 5.1.6 N-Haloalkylthio Compounds .............................................................................................23 5.1.7 Carbendazim (N-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamic acid methylester) .......................................24 5.1.8 Bethoxazin (3-Benzo(b)thien-2-yl-5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-oxathiazine 4-oxide) .....................24 Non or Low Migratory Biocides ...................................................................................................25 5.2.1 Triclosan (2,2,4-dicholoro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether) .......................................................25 5.2.2 DCOIT ..............................................................................................................................25 5.2.3 Silver ..................................................................................................................................26 5.2.4 Sustainable Antimicrobial Polymers (Degussa).................................................................27

1

Biocides in Plastics

5.3 6

7

5.2.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ........................................................................................28 Other Ingredients ............................................................................................................................28

Legislation Regarding Biocides ................................................................................................................28 6.1

Limitations of Use ..........................................................................................................................28

6.2

Future Requirements ......................................................................................................................29

6.3

BPD Exemptions ............................................................................................................................30

Summary ...................................................................................................................................................30

Additional References .......................................................................................................................................31 Unpublished References ...................................................................................................................................31 Bibliography .....................................................................................................................................................31 Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................................................31 Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................32 Subject Index ....................................................................................................................................................99 Company Index ...............................................................................................................................................113

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reÁect those of Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

2

Biocides in Plastics

The use of biocides in plastics is commonplace. They are added to protect the plastic itself from degradation by microbes or alternatively to provide an external antimicrobial hygienic surface. The choice of suitable test method and the appropriate biocide can be difÀcult, as the different ways in which biocides work will affect how they perform under certain test protocols. A list of frequently used test methods and commonly available biocides is provided with details of their strengths and weaknesses. In an ever-changing regulatory environment, an examination is also made of the inÁuence of legislation on the current and future use of such biocides.

1 Introduction Biocides are additives used in a variety of articles including plastics. When used in plastics the annual biocide sales volumes are in excess of 2,500 tons with a value of over $175 million (147). They are used traditionally to prevent degradation of the plastic itself or more recently to impart an external anti-microbial or hygienic effect. They achieve this by killing or

preventing the growth of microbes that may otherwise consume nutrients within the plastic or settle and grow on its surface. Microorganisms grow by adopting some of the raw materials within the plastic as their nutrient carbon source (food) but in addition need the correct pH, trace elements and crucially, water. When these organisms grow (and use the plastic's ingredients) it may cause the plastic to relinquish its mechanical properties. It could become brittle and lose its conductivity or Áexibility. Alternatively organisms may colonise the surface of the plastic making it unsightly, create odours, trap water or create unwanted unhygienic conditions. Biocides can be selected on the basis of their function and the application for which they are intended but choosing the right biocide is often not so simple. By collecting data on a variety of different active ingredients (actives), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) may be used to provide a rough comparison between active ingredients (see Table 1). This can be used to make a preliminary choice of the most suitable active ingredient for a given application or against a speciÀc organism. However, this cannot be used in isolation, as not only is biocidal performance a criterion, the inprocess stability, migration, leachability, UV and heat stability may all be important factors.

Biocide active/ microorganism

Alternaria alternata

Aspergillus niger

Trichoderma viride

Aureobasidium pullulans

Chaetomium globosum

Cladosporium cladosporoides

Sclerophoma pityphila

Penicillium glaucum

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Staphylococcus aureus

Table 1 Minimum inhibitory concentration values of some biocide actives in ppm

OBPA

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

OIT

1.5

5

-

0.5

10

-

-

2.5

500

10

DCOIT

10

5

100

50

5

5

100

15

13

5

BBIT

2

31

32

4

0.5

0.5

-

5

500

2

IPBC

2

2

100

1

5

2

1

1

-

200

7.5

100

50

15

20

5

5

50

400

<10

Triclosan

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

>100

0.01

Silver ion

-

0.003

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.008

0.008

Silver *

-

500

-

-

500

-

-

500

62.5

250

Zinc pyrithione

*Typical zeolite or similar (this example ion exchange resin) OBPA: 10,10 Oxybisphenoxarsine OIT: N-Octyl-isothiazolinone DCOIT: Dichloro-n-octyl-isothiazolinone BBIT: Butyl-benzisothiazolinone IPBC: Iodo-propylbutyl carbamate

3

Biocides in Plastics

The MIC values also take no account of the availability of the active at the surface of the plastic. Those that readily migrate from the plastic article will yield a high concentration of biocide in the vicinity for a period until the biocide is used up. The rate of migration will depend on the active ingredient. Migration occurs either with the plasticiser and/or by a process of leaching, the latter being usually dependent on available moisture and therefore the water solubility of the active concerned. For plastics that may be in contact with fats or oils (for example with packed meats) the solubility in fats may also be a factor. Those plastics with low or non-migratory biocides may not have sufÀcient active available on the surface to kill the microbes that may settle there. Water solubility and rate of migration should also inÁuence the choice of biocide. This can be related to the MIC value to give an index of solubility (MIC/solubility in water) (Table 2). Values of less than one for the index of solubility could indicate that theoretically, insufÀcient biocide would be present on the surface to kill the microorganisms. High solubility values could indicate a tendency for excess leaching in high moisture environments.

In reality, the plasticiser and other components in the PVC affect migration of actives, but most bacteria and fungi will only grow and reproduce where water (liquid or vapour) is present. Some microorganisms will survive in the absence of water but will not grow, proliferate or cause deterioration. Laboratory microbiological testing can further assist in selecting the most appropriate active for the plastic substrate but this must be chosen on the basis of suitability for the application rather than suitability of the active ingredient being tested. Thermal stability has long been an issue promoted by the inorganic biocide companies as a main advantage for these over organic biocides. However, simple processing temperature is a very one-dimensional assessment of organic biocide stability. It is also a question of how long certain organic biocides are heated at these temperatures, what loss of activity is acceptable and whether any discoloration of the plastic is tolerable. A temperature pyramid (Figure 1) can provide some information of the suitability of biocides and commodity plastics. Engineering plastics can often use organic biocides as well as inorganic biocides.

Table 2 Other properties of active ingredients Biocide

Water Solubility mg/l (ppm)

Heat stable in higher temperature polyoleÀns

Heat stable in most PVC, PU and lower temperature plastics

UV stability (discoloration)

Index of solubility (MIC/solubility in water)

OBPA

5

No

Yes

Moderate

0.5

480

No

Yes

Good

1-560

2

No

Yes

Good

0.01- 0.5

BBIT

480

No

Yes

Good

15-560

IPBC

156

No

Limited

Very poor

0.8-156

Zinc Pyrithione

20

No

Yes

Poor

0.05-4

Triclosan

10

No

Yes

Not known

0.1-10

0.004

Yes

Yes

Poor

0.5-1.0

OIT DCOIT

Silver

PVC: Polyvinyl chloride PU: Polyurethane

4

Biocides in Plastics

use temperature

300 °C HIGH TEMPERATURE PLASTICS PB - Polybutylene PEEK - Polyetheretherketone LCP - Liquid Crystal Polymer PTFE - PolytetraÁuorethylene PES - Polyether Sulfone PVDF - Polyvinyldene Áuoride

150 °C PC - Polycarbonate ENGINEERING PLASTICS

PET - Polyethylene Terephthalate PMP - Polymethyl pentene POM - Polyoxymethylene PA - Polyamine (nylon)

100 °C PPE - Polyphenylene ether PMMA - Polymethylacrylate ABS - Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene SAN - Styrene acrylonitrile

PP - Polypropylene COMMODITY PE - Polyethylene

PLASTICS

Figure 1 Temperature pyramid

2 The Need for Biocides in Plastics and Basic Microbiology The microorganisms of importance fall into three broad groups (Figure 2). Viruses may also be mentioned although these are less well documented as an issue for growth in or on plastics.

2.1 Bacteria Can degrade plastics by utilising raw materials as a food source, potentially causing surface staining (Figure 3), pitting and malodours. Plastic material can also provide

a surface for the growth and proliferation of pathogenic organisms.

2.2 Fungi Moulds can degrade plastics and grow within them (Figure 4), reducing structural strength, conductivity or other physical properties. They can cause unsightly and aesthetically unpleasant growth on the surface and potentially enable the growth of some fungi that produce harmful mycotoxins. Yeast can also stain and cause malodours on plastics.

Figure 2

Figure 3

The three different types of microrganisms

Staining of PVC Àlm

5

Biocides in Plastics

Examples of applications where biocides are used include:

Figure 4

•

PVC – Tarpaulin, truck canopies, pool and pond liners, silage pit liners, artiÀcial leather, sheeting, awnings, textile coatings, flooring, wallpaper, rooÀng materials, garden furniture, refrigerator gaskets, automobile components.

•

PU – Shoe covering, foams, textile coatings, shower curtains, electrical components.

•

Polypropylene/polyethylene (PE) – Typically hygienic uses including textiles, pillows, quilts, carpets.

•

Wood plastics composites (WPC) – Anti rot, surface growth and anti-algal products for wood plastics composites (the growth of wood rot fungi on WPC is seen in Figure 6).

Microscopic view of Penicillium sp. growing within a matrix

2.3 Algae Although they can be unsightly with green, brown or black discoloration of surfaces, they themselves cause no damage to plastics, as they do not use them as a nutrient source. They can however trap water, encouraging fungal growth (Figure 5) and physical ‘freeze and thaw’ effects.

3.1 Biostabiliser Effects This is achieved by addition of a biocide whose function is to maintain the properties of the plastic article. These biocides are not intended to offer any external or hygienic effect but merely prevent the effects of microbial growth on or in the plastic itself.

Figure 5 Fungal colonies growing on roof felt

3 Plastic Materials Requiring Biocides Many plastics articles may contain a biocide, although even in the same type of product the manufacturer may decide to add or omit a biocide dependent on the quality required of the Ànal article. This is because the use of a biocide will impact on the cost of the Ànal article and therefore its use must provide some essential or value added component.

6

Figure 6 Wood rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum growing over a WPC block (sample of decking) with a wood block control above

Biocides in Plastics

3.1.1 Nutrient Sources for Fungi and Bacteria The sources of food for microorganism growth within plastics are the raw materials used in their manufacture. The obvious example is the plasticiser used in PVC. The type of plasticiser will vary the susceptibility of the PVC to microbial attack. This is because the type and propensity of organisms will depend on their ability to utilise the plasticiser as a food source. As such, plasticisers can be ranked in terms of their susceptibility to attack (Table 3). Of course, PVC is only one example of a plastic but other plastics based on PU will also be susceptible. The ingredients in PU that are susceptible may include esters, ureas, urethanes, amides, biurets and allophanates. Indeed most polymers are receptive to attack including cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, polycaprolactone, polyethylene succinate, polyethylene adipate, polyvinyl alcohol, polybutadiene, styrene butadiene, butyl acrylonitrile, butadiene acrylonitrile, polyester polyurethanes, polyacetate, polyglycollate, polydioxanone and Nylon 2,6.

3.1.2 Microbiological Effects Fungal and algal growth is very common on surfaces remaining damp and/or becoming soiled, especially in conditions of high humidity and for algal growth, the presence of light. Where there is a nutrient contribution from the product, e.g., plasticiser migration, growth can be profuse. On exterior surfaces, microbial growth can result in wide ranging problems. The most serious effect can be physical – causing cracking, pitting (Figure 7), weight loss, structural

Figure 7 Pitting of a plastic surface due to fungal attack

integrity loss, brittleness or corrosion of an underlying substrate. Safety issues of slipping are also relevant for plastics intended for human trafÀc such as decking. Fungal growth on interior plastics is important too and there are suspicions that such growth may play a part in the so-called 'Sick Building Syndrome' that is more correctly called 'building related illness'. Toxins produced by fungi could cause persons to become ill but only when working or living in a contaminated building. Once away from the building the symptoms cease. Building related illness is rather more complicated than is suggested in the literature and other factors may play a more important role in this phenomenon. Other effects are aesthetic. Staining, discoloration or visible surface growth at point of sale or in service is undesirable. Fungal growth on some surfaces can cause contamination of other products. Fungal growth on plastic containers for food or industrial products can secondarily contaminate these products (Figure 8).

Table 3 Plasticiser susceptibility (decreasing down each column) Tricresyl phosphate

Diisooctyl adipate

Dibenzyl sebacate

Diisooctyl phthalate

Diisooctyl sebacate

Polypropylene sebacate

Dioctyl phthalate

Butyl stearate

Methyl ricinoleate

Dibutyl phthalate

Dioctyl sebacate

Butyl ricinoleate

Dinonyl phthalate

Dihexyl adipate

Butoxyethyl stearate

Dioctyl adipate

Dibutyl sebacate

Zinc ricinoleate

Dimethyl sebacate

Dicapryl adipate

7

Biocides in Plastics

Figure 8 Fine surface fungal growth on the lid of a plastic paint container. Water condensing on the lid can provide contaminant organisms that may infect the paint

3.1.3 Organisms of Importance The following lists some of the fungal organisms that can potentially grow on plastics or their raw materials: Alternaria alternata Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus niger Aureobasidium pullulans Botryotrichum sp. Cephalosporium sp. Chaetomium globosum Cladosporium resinae Cladosporium sp. Corollospora maritima Curvularia sp. Epicoccum purpurascens Fusarium semitectum Gliocladium roseum Haligena unicordata Helminthosporium sp. Lulworthia purpurea Mesabotrys sp. Monilia sp. Nigrospora oryzae Nigrospora spherica Paecilomyces variotii Penicillium citrinum Pestalotia neglecta Phoma sp. Phytophthora sp. Pythium sp. Rhizopus sp. Rhodotorula sp. Scopulariopsis sp. Spicaria Sporobolomyces roseus Stemphylium sp. Tetracoccosporium sp. Trichoderma harzianum Ulocladium chartarum Zalerion maritima

8

Figure 9 Fungal staining of cladding

3.2 Hygienic Applications Hygienic applications do not necessarily provide any protection to the plastic article itself, although by their nature could do so. They provide protection against organisms that may come into contact or settle on them, thereby limiting transmission of disease. The majority of biocides are targeted towards antibacterial applications. They are designed to enhance hygiene and although they should not replace traditional disinfection practices, are sometimes promoted as an alternative or in addition to good housekeeping. Examples include toilet seats, all manner of hospital applications including medical devices, ward furniture, Áooring and coated textiles as well as perceived added value products such as antibacterial socks, bedding, chopping boards, worktops and other items in food preparation.

3.2.1 Organisms of Interest Since the target for the use of these products is typically hospital or food preparation areas, the main organisms of concern are pathogenic bacteria such as methycillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli and other enteric organisms. Other organisms may include dust mites and anti-viral applications such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). MRSA, where UK deaths have doubled in the period from 1999 to 2003 up to nearly 1000 per year (Daily Mail, February 25, 2005 quoting from the Office of National Statistics), is a bacterium of signiÀcant interest (Figure 10). The danger of producing plastic

Biocides in Plastics

articles that show in laboratory tests to be impervious to the growth of MRSA may not be representative of what happens in practice. In an increasingly litigious society, it is a high risk to make claims regarding such organisms, should the article fail in service. However, some producers may feel that the marketing advantage currently outweighs the concerns in these cases. New legislation regarding the use of biocides will cause companies to think very hard before joining the growing list of producers making such claims.

person touches a surface or object contaminated with infectious droplets and then touches his or her mouth, nose, or eye(s).

SARS is also a disease in the news over recent years and a plastic resistant to SARS has been mentioned in some journals. From the Centre for Disease Control (www.cdc.gov) fact sheet on SARS dated 13 January 2004, SARS is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus.

These biocides are usually provided to offer a value added component to existing applications. An example would be an anti-bacterial chopping board promoted as a safer alternative to a board that does not claim to have any anti-bacterial additive. However, there are no internationally recognised test methods available to prove the performance of such systems and so most applications are based either on certain laboratory test protocols, anecdotal evidence of performance or by marketing claims alone.

The main way that SARS seems to spread is by close person-to-person contact. The virus that causes SARS is thought to be transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets (droplet spread) produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Droplet spread can happen when droplets from the cough or sneeze of an infected person are propelled a short distance (generally up to three feet) through the air and deposited on the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or eyes of persons who are nearby. The virus also can spread when a

A plastic article that may have a biocide or is itself resistant to SARS will therefore be likely to have little or no effect on the spread of the disease.

3.2.2 Merits of Such Biocides

Of course, bacteria can be isolated from interior and exterior surfaces and the organisms recovered will frequently reÁect the activity taking place close by. In food processing factories these can be organisms associated with foodstuffs, in hospitals it is no doubt possible to Ànd bacteria associated with human illness.

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

98

19

99

19

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

Figure 10 Number of death certiÀcates mentioning Staphylococcus aureus by methycillin resistance, England & Wales (number of deaths)

9

Biocides in Plastics

Indeed, it can be assumed that use of biocides in this application Àeld would only be of beneÀt but this may not be the case in some instances. It is a commonly held view that 'all bacteria are harmful' but it is just not the case. Of course, pathogenic organisms such as methycillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), E. coli 0157 and many others are harmful to humans but the vast majority, e.g., intestinal tract and waste breakdown organisms, animal rumen bacteria, are essential to us. Additionally, there is strong evidence that children acquire resistance to disease and illnesses such as asthma by exposure to microorganisms when they are very young. We would not survive in a sterile environment.

to be effective. There are several ways to make surfaces more resistant to the survival of bacteria: •

Make the surface resistant to heat, abrasion, cleaning and disinfecting agents, physically 'strong' and able to be very vigorously cleaned.

•

Make a very smooth surface that is easy to clean conventionally and to which it is more difÀcult for soiling and soiling organisms to attach.

•

Include an antibacterial agent, whilst remembering that such a product could only work if bacteria are directly on the surface and it is wet enough to allow migration of the biocide (Figure 12).

3.2.3 The Bacterial 'Problem' Bacteria need water to survive and will therefore only do so in very damp environments - in fact, they simply cannot grow on dry plastic surfaces. Most are easily killed by even diffuse UV light, although the spores of bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium sp. are resistant. It should be remembered that the surface of a plastic article is rarely nutritious, so bacteria need extraneous nutrients – splashed food in processing factories, body Áuids in hospitals and institutions, mud on Áooring and so on. When examining growth on a plastic Àlm (for example PVC Áooring), it can be seen, when magniÀed, that bacteria will grow on the soiling rather than on the plastic (Figure 11). A barrier is then formed, through which an antimicrobial would have to migrate in order

Dust particle coated with bacteria

Bacteria grow

Bacteria grow

'Soiling'

'Soiling'

Plastic

Plastic

Figure 11 Schematic of surface soiling and potential for bacterial growth

Bacteria in contact with surface die Others remain viable

'Antibacterial' surface

Figure 12 Schematic showing effect of antibacterial agent on a bacterium

10

Biocides in Plastics

Antibacterial and hygienic surfaces are possible but there are many theoretical and not fully substantiated claims, e.g.,

3.2.5 Conclusions Regarding Hygienic Applications

•

Nanoparticulate TiO2 giving off O-

There are many reasons why the development of biocide-based antibacterial products should be carefully considered and evaluated:

•

Poly-(4-vinyl-N-alkylpyridinium) bromide (hexylPVP) destroying bacteria by modifying the electrostatic charge on their cell walls

•

They can give users a false sense of security.

•

Their use may result in less frequent/less thorough cleaning, the most effective method of dealing with bacterial contamination.

•

They might lead to the development of tolerant/ resistant organisms.

•

They may lead to the development of lower childhood antibody production and greater incidence of certain conditions, e.g., asthma.

•

They could result in claims against the product manufacturers in cases of failure, leading to claims against the biocide supplier.

•

This application could be regarded as an ‘unethical’ use of our industry’s products.

•

In the EU, antibacterial plastics could be classiÀed as ‘Biocidal Products’ under the Biocidal Products Directive (BPD) and the cost of registration could be as much as €200,000.

•

Polymers containing nanoparticulate silver

More common is the use of antibacterial chemical additives, e.g., Triclosan, silver compounds and complexes, and zinc pyrithione

3.2.4 False Claims Many misleading claims are made based on spurious test methods because there are no internationally recognised standard methods for determining the efÀcacy of so-called antibacterial plastics. Methods used to substantiate claims include: •

Zone of inhibition or 'halo' tests using liquid or solid additives

•

Zone of inhibition tests using a test piece

•

Direct inoculation of the surface under evaluation

This zone of inhibition test shows only that the plastic contains an antibacterial agent that is able to migrate from the product being examined. An alternative test, becoming more widely used, is based on the Japanese standard JIS Z2801:2000 (a.1), a test for determining the antibacterial activity of plastic surfaces and is commonly referred to as the ‘Film Adherence Method’. Whereas zone of inhibition tests are only able to determine whether or not a product contains an antibacterial agent, the Àlm adherence method can give a measure of the ability of the surface to kill applied microorganisms. However, it does not take into consideration the soiling which most commonly accompanies bacterial contamination. Such methods are explained in further detail later in this review in Section 4.2.2.

3.3 Active Packaging This is a relatively new development whereby a biocide is incorporated into a plastic packaging article to prolong or improve the shelf life of the food in the packaging. Various studies have looked at biocide products like Triclosan and silver zeolites (114) but with limited success. Additionally these actives have some issues related to regulatory approval. This may be because release of biocide from the plastic is limited and although inherently valuable to reduce contamination of the food itself, more is needed in some instances. Intimate contact between the plastic Àlm or a carton with the food would also be required. Triclosan in the main, shows that in vitro testing methods used to simulate in-use conditions did not reÁect real life use. This is due to the additional factors

11

Biocides in Plastics

that may be required for the activity of some biocide actives including oxygen and light that are not available in some vacuum packed foodstuffs.

4 Test Methods

growth and to check and demonstrate the effectiveness of the biocide to prevent colonisation and growth of microorganisms. A distinction should be made between those added as a biostabiliser (to protect the plastic itself) or those intended to provide an anti-microbial (hygienic) effect. This must also be disassociated from a disinfectant which has quick cleansing but relatively short-term effect (see Figure 13).

A variety of international standard methods are available to test the susceptibility of various plastics to microbial

Biostabiliser Incorporated into plastics Anti-fungi, algae and bacteria Prevent discoloration Stop cracking Prevent pitting Prevent brittleness Improve product life span Maintain aesthetic appeal Medium to long life

Antimicrobial Within or coated on Mostly antibacterial Prevent discoloration Prevent odours Impart ‘feel good factor’ Improve product hygiene Reduce contamination Intended long life

Disinfectant Surface applied Mostly antibacterial Prevent discoloration Prevent odours Sterilising effect Eliminate contamination Short life

Figure 13 Differences between biostabilisers, antimicrobials and disinfectants

12

Biocides in Plastics

Many plastics are non-polar and hydrophobic in character, causing water droplets to run away or pool. ‘Wetting’ of the plastic surface may be enhanced by the presence of soiling or a surfactant. Agar plate tests attempt to mitigate the problem of surface wetting by creating a high humidity environment in a petri dish. It is appropriate for plastics that are used outdoors or in wet environments to be pre-treated or conditioned by artiÀcial weathering (exposure to UV light, condensation and water spray) or leaching before testing. This also alleviates the hydrophobic effect. Most laboratory tests are used routinely to provide relatively rapid results. They serve as a model to mimic conditions found in practice. However many procedures are not reliable in this respect, since they do not take account of factors such as: the degree of soiling, the potential level of contamination, presence of cleaning residues, increased surface area caused by abrasion, the age, exposure to weather and so on. Agar plate techniques evaluate the growth of microorganisms on the test plastic and also in the surrounding agar. A zone of no growth (zone of inhibition) can either indicate an effective biostabiliser, a high concentration or a high rate of migration or leaching of the active from the plastic into the surrounding agar. However large zones of inhibition indicate high water solubility of the active and therefore low retention and vulnerability to leaching. It is even possible for the plastic to support microbial growth and yet still have a large zone of inhibition. Thus care must be taken when interpreting such results. Most methods can be modiÀed to suit applications, but for speciÀc applications and to account for long-term efÀciency, near faithful conditions may be afforded by humidity chamber techniques, such as soil burial or vermiculite bed. Often a combination of tests is worthwhile in order to reÁect performance under actual climatic and environmental conditions.

4.1 Fungal Test Methods There are many methods available to the microbiological test laboratory that determine fungicidal and fungistatic properties of plastics (a.2-a.4).

4.1.1 Fungicidal Procedures Fungicidal procedures demonstrate the ability of a biostabiliser to confer resistance to the plastic and kill

Figure 14 ISO 846A samples of PVC

fungi. Tests such as ISO 846 Part A (a.5) and ASTM G21 (a.6) employ a buffered mineral salt agar without any organic carbon source as a nutrient. Fungi can only grow by utilising components from the plastic formulation or from stored nutrients (a.7) causing deterioration of the plastic (see Figure 14). Typical fungi used in these tests include: Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum, Paecilomyces variotii, Penicillium funiculosum and either Trichoderma longibrachiatum or Gliocladium virens (which is also known as Trichoderma viride). Plastic test discs are placed on the mineral salt agar surface and spray inoculated with a mixed fungal spore suspension. The plates are incubated at 20-25 ºC for four weeks or more. The degree of growth on the plastic and diameter of any zone of inhibition are recorded. A similar procedure, ISO 16869 (a.8), overlays the test plastic with inoculated agar instead of inoculation by spraying. These methods ought not to be carried out in isolation, since they do not account for ‘soiling’ of the plastic surface, which is likely to be present in normal use.

4.1.2 Fungistatic Procedures Fungistatic procedures demonstrate the ability of a biostabiliser to inhibit fungal germination (a.9). Tests such as ISO 846 part B (a.5) and JIS Z2911 (a.10) use a buffered mineral salts agar but supplemented with a readily available carbon source in the form of glucose.

13

Biocides in Plastics

their microbiological properties. They require regular monitoring and incubation is over a longer period than agar plate tests. Also short-term weight loss over the Àrst few weeks may not necessarily reÁect longerterm migration effects. Where garden or forest soil is used, reproducibility between tests is near impossible - conversely when a standardised soil, such as John Innes, is used the ‘seed inoculation’ of a Àxed variety of laboratory organisms might not reÁect the natural soil microÁora.

Figure 15 ISO 846B Typical zone of inhibition (OIT coated textile)

Another variation on a theme includes AATCC 30 Soil Burial Test (a.11). A temperature of 28 ºC, relative humidity of 85% and water content of 20-30% for incubation over 16 weeks is the change in essential criteria.

Test methodology and assessment is the same as the fungicidal procedures, except that the incubation period is much shorter since fungi grow more quickly in the presence of a rich nutrient source. Even where the test substrate is not used as a source of nutrient, metabolic products from growth on the agar may cause deterioration of the test plastic. Fungistatic activity is shown by any inhibition of growth either on the plastic or in the agar (Figure 15). However, some of these types of test introduce a high level of nutrient that may not necessarily be found in practice.

4.1.3 Soil Burial

Figure 16 Typical soil burial test, here on a PVC ground sheet

For plastics that are in contact with soil or are exposed to high humidity, for example silage liners, the test method ISO 846 part D (a.5) is the appropriate standard test to use. Test samples are weighed, completely buried in damp microbiologically active soil, and incubated from one month up to 48 months at 29 ºC. Changes in physical characteristics, such as cracking or discoloration, are monitored, recorded and Ànal weights compared with original weights (Figure 16). This test method assumes weight loss is due to metabolism of the plasticiser and also loss of other components such as lubricants, stabilisers, stearates or PU. It is possible that the measured loss is lower than the actual loss since metabolic by-products may remain in the plastic. One of the disadvantages of these test methods is that they monitor differences in the migration of the plasticiser and components of biostabilisers rather than

14

4.1.4 Humidity Chamber or Vermiculite Bed A few test laboratories use simple in-house vermiculite bed or humidity chamber techniques to determine the susceptibility of plastic to contamination by fungi. These have been adapted from methods such as BS 3900-G6 (a.12) used for industrial coatings. As reported (249) and used widely within the International Biodeterioration Research Group (IBRG) this method involves supporting plastic samples over an inert medium such as vermiculite. This is saturated with sterile water to provide high relative humidity. Samples can also be suspended on clips in a humidity cabinet. The plastic surface is Àrst sprayed with a mixed fungal spore suspension and the closed humidity chamber (cabinet or vermiculite bed) incubated at 25 ºC for up to three months. Fungal growth is periodically assessed,

Biocides in Plastics

using a stereoscopic microscope, as a percentage of the surface covered. A rating of 0-5 is given but the pass criteria are perhaps subjective. Often 0-2 rating (i.e., growth of less than 10% of the area of the plastic surface) is used as a benchmark (Figure 17). To aid the visual assessment a dye (LoefÁer’s methylene blue) may be used to stain the fungal structures at the end of the test (a.7). This method relies on the plastic itself as the sole carbon source for fungal growth. It is often difÀcult to achieve good fungal growth, even on biostabiliser-free samples, however the procedure perhaps emulates actual conditions more closely than agar plate tests. Another advantage of this method is that weathering, either naturally or by artiÀcial methods, of sample prior to the test can give an indication of exterior performance.

of very hydrophobic surfaces. Many methods suggest the use of only one or two microbial species that can only give a vague indication of the variety of potential contaminants that might be found in practice. Common tests cite MRSA or E. coli in a ‘feel good factor’ but in reality other organisms may be more applicable to certain applications. For every different species each biocide has a different MIC value, thus some active suppliers can choose a speciÀc bacteria or fungus that will give results that favour one active over another. It is important that plastic manufacturers do not make extravagant or unsubstantiated claims of hygienic properties or anti-microbial resistance. They must be aware that claims of antimicrobial performance may, in future, require registration of the plastic article as a biocidal product (98). This registration process will incur substantial costs. Many experts are debating the merits of testing these claims, since all existing standard test protocols fall outside of this new scope. Issues currently under discussion include: deÀnition of a hygienic surface, information required for registration, testing of the products, permitted biocide actives, labelling of products and guidelines and advice for consumers. Several draft methods are available to organisations that are collaborating to develop meaningful tests but experts have yet to agree on test pass and fail criteria, test temperature, test organisms and presence of nutrient. There are several test protocols being promoted as follows:

Figure 17

4.2.1 Resistance of Plastic to Bacteria

Humidity chamber test method (PVC roof sheet)

4.2.1.1 ISO 846 C (a.5) The humidity chamber technique can also be used to determine the susceptibility of plastic to contamination by algae, the main difference being incubation under intermittent daylight type lights for a longer period to allow the algae to grow. The use of selective fungicides can prevent overgrowth of the algae by fungi where testing is required to be algal speciÀc. An alternate method for algal testing, ASTM G29-96 (a.13), is slightly more complicated and requires propagation tanks for culturing the algae and large test chambers.

4.2 Bacterial Test Methods It is actually difÀcult to achieve bacterial colonisation on the surface of most plastics without soiling, especially

Is often determined using the zone of inhibition test ISO 846 part C. Plastic test discs are sandwiched between two layers of a non nutrient mineral salts agar which has been inoculated with a cell suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plates are incubated at 29 ºC for four weeks or more. The degree of growth on or over the plastic and diameter of any zone of inhibition is recorded, although bacterial colonies are often difÀcult to see with the naked eye. Addition of tetrazolium chloride dye to stain bacterial colonies pink and use of a microscope aids evaluation. A quicker method employs nutrient agar. If there is no bacterial growth in the agar around the plastic of an untreated control sample, then it does not contain nutrient components to support growth. The detection of colonies growing in a non-nutrient agar (incomplete mineral salt) means that the nutrients for

15

Biocides in Plastics

E. Coli

Staph. Aureus BACTERIA

Ps. Aeruginosa

Candida albicans YEAST

Rhodotorula rubra

Figure 18 Plastic Àlm with test method ISO 846 C (a.5) with a variety of different organisms, including some yeast

growth also have to migrate from the plastic. Such a test is therefore highly dependent on the food sources available to the bacteria and is therefore only suitable for testing a speciÀc PVC formulation against speciÀc bacteria (Figure 18).

4.2.1.2 AATTC 147:2004 Antibacterial Activity Assessment of Textile Materials: Parallel Streak Method (a.14) This is a method originating from the textile industry but is sometimes also used as a base for testing textiles or other substrates coated with PVC or PU. A swab of pure bacteria, usually Staphyloccocus aureus or Klebsiella sp., but others can also be used, is drawn across nutrient agar in Àve parallel lines. The sample for testing is then intimately placed across the Àve streaks. If the biocide migrates from the sample, it will prevent growth of the bacterium near the edge and under the sample itself. This method relies on migration of the biocide to provide a positive result but also is sometimes problematic as bacteria may not grow in the anaerobic conditions that may be present under the sample itself. This could lead to the incorrect conclusion that a blank sample (without a biocide) may inhibit bacterial growth when this may not be the case. Low migratory or non-migratory biocides will therefore likely fail such a test. In addition, initial zones, caused by temporary inhibition or extended lag phase may eventually cause the plates to be covered by bacteria over an extended period (Figure 19).

16

Figure 19 AATTC 147:2004 plate showing small zone of inhibition using ACTICIDE® PLN 9 against the organism, Staphylococcus aureus after a few days incubation

4.2.1.3 Kirby-Bauer Disk-Diffusion Method and ModiÀed Kirby-Bauer Susceptibility Test (a.15) This method originates from work carried out by Kirby and Bauer in the 1950s looking at single disc antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococci. Some laboratories and organisations have adapted this in vitro method used as a guide for in vivo infections to utilise it in the plastics sector (Figure 20). It is essentially very similar to the ISO 846 C test method (a.5), whereby different biocides or concentrations of biocides within a plastic are examined. Plastic samples

Biocides in Plastics

stipulate elimination of viable bacteria over a set time period, as the former can allow for a bacterial growth lag. There are fears that this 2 log reduction could permit microbial adaptation to the antimicrobial and eventually could lead to the development of tolerant strains of microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli are often used in these tests. One such test, the Japanese standard JIS Z2801 (a.1) or Àlm adherence method, determines the ‘antimicrobial effect’ of plastic/textile materials by measuring a 2 log reduction (99%) in number of bacteria in contact with a treated plastic over 24 hours compared with a biostabiliser-free plastic. A bacterial cell suspension is sandwiched between a PVC test piece and an inert material such as a glass cover slip. A humid environment is maintained by incubation in a petri dish. After typical contact times of 1-24 hours at 35 ºC the test surfaces are rinsed in saline and the viable bacteria enumerated (Figures 21 and 22).

Figure 20 Disk diffusion in agar

are cut into small discs and dropped on agar containing an inoculum of a speciÀc bacterial species. It is then incubated for a number of hours and a zone of inhibition against the growth of the bacterium demonstrates the migration of the biocide from the plastic into the agar.

4.2.2 Antimicrobial Plastic Some methods, based on standard disinfectant protocols, state a requirement for reduction of bacterial cells in a one hour period (e.g., a 2 log reduction - a 99% decrease in the number of viable bacteria). Others

It is possible, however, that the cover slip could cause the cell suspension to be artiÀcially depleted of oxygen, which will inÁuence the survival or growth of the bacteria. To avoid anaerobic conditions, a porous acetate membrane Àlter can be used to cover the inoculum. This modiÀed technique is known as the membrane Àlter method. Recent work by the IBRG has, however, shown little inÁuence on bacterial recovery rates when varying the type of cover used. As with all ‘antimicrobial effect’ test methods, the pass and fail criteria are debatable. Log 2 (99%) reduction

Place test piece in a petri-dish and inoculate Incubate for Prepare bacterial cell 24 hrs at 20 °C 6 -1 suspension - 10 /ml

Membrane Àlter Cell suspension Test surface

Cover with sterile membrane Àlter Carry out Total Viable Count (TVC) Transfer Àlter and swab to neutraliser

Swab surface

Figure 21 Scheme of method used in JIS Z2801

17

Biocides in Plastics

Escherichia coli Log reduction (20 mins extrusion samples) Control

2.00E+03 1.80E+03 1.60E+03 1.40E+03 1.20E+03 1.00E+03 8.00E+03 6.00E+03 4.00E+03 2.00E+03 0.00E+03

1 OPBA 2 ZP + OIT 3 OIT 4 Butyl parabens 5 Silver 6 Butyl BIT

Figure 22 Typical log reduction data for JIS Z 2801 test method for a variety of actives

is often used as a measure of acceptance, but this is clearly not desirable where slower acting, long-term biostabilisers are employed.

plastic, not on the growth of the organism or the zone of inhibition that might be produced. The organism is not thought to cause deterioration of plastic but it produces a soluble pink pigment that diffuses through the agar to stain the plastic (a.7) (Figure 23).

4.2.3 Pink Stain Test Perhaps ASTM E1428 (a.16), commonly referred to as the ‘Pink Stain’ test, is one of the most recognised plastic test methods. The actinomycete Streptoverticillium reticulum is used as an indicator organism to inoculate yeast malt extract agar. Test discs of plastic are placed on the surface and incubated at 29 ºC for three weeks. Assessment focuses on the extent of staining of the

This pigment is a prodigiosin-like pigment, actually a mixture of two prodiginines (a.17) but is not exclusive to Streptoverticillium sp. Absence of staining indicates the effectiveness of the biostabiliser when compared to a control plastic. Streptoverticillium waksmanii produces a similar effect.

Figure 23 ASTM E1428 ‘pink stain’ (178) test of unprotected PVC samples

18

Biocides in Plastics

4.3 Laboratory Tests versus use Conditions Laboratory tests can only provide an idea of actual performance in the Àeld. They cannot usually account for long-term performance of products because accelerated weathering tests such as QUV or leaching methods cannot truly mimic the conditions in practice, partly because of the huge variability in geographical weather conditions. Although they may give an indication of performance, such tests show excessive effects of strong UV and the hydroscopic effect of the weathering process. This may not be so pronounced or so intense in ‘Àeld’ use because a ‘depot’ of biocide may be present within a plastic matrix. The migration within the plastic itself may be the limiting factor rather than the hydroscopic effect of artiÀcial weathering (Figure 24) . Of course not all plastics are used in an exterior environment and therefore do not need weathering. In many other cases alternate wear and in-use characteristics may be relevant such as soiling, scufÀng or abrasion caused by trafÀc or cleaning and general wear and tear. These cannot really be adequately accounted for by laboratory testing. The most realistic way to determine true antimicrobial performance of a biocide containing plastic is to test it in the Àeld against a sample that does not contain a biocide (as well as against other biocides). Such comparative testing is however sometimes difÀcult, especially for companies that may not produce or have control over the Ànal product such as masterbatch manufacturers and the biocide suppliers themselves. Often end producers may not have sufÀcient microbiological expertise to

assess biocide performance adequately and so a good partnership between biocide company, masterbatch producer and Ànal article manufacturers is important.

5 Available Active Ingredients There are many organic and inorganic actives available for use in plasticised PVC and other plastics. The major actives are summarised next and are split into two categories according to whether they migrate readily or not.

5.1 Migratory Biocides

5.1.1 OBPA Known widely by its trade name Vinyzene (Morton now part of Rohm and Haas) this is typically available in 2% or 5% concentration in plasticiser or PVC pellets, 10,10 oxybisphenoxarsine (OBPA; Figure 25) was initially registered in the United States in 1965. It is used at a dose rate of 0.6-5% based on the total weight of the formulation. OBPA currently accounts for about half of the market for plastic biostabilisers worldwide but this level is slowly diminishing due to environmental and health concerns. These considerations are highlighted by the potential leaching of arsenic from plastic articles

hydroscopic effect removes active

Leaching

1 day

surface depleted and fails in subsequent tests

2 days

5 days

depot of biocide remains in plastic matrix

less aggressive hydroscopic effect removes active more slowly surface active removed and continually replaced depot of biocide can migrate to upper layers to replace that lost

actual Àeld use time in months/years

Figure 24 Available surface active may be limited by external leaching or by internal migration within the plastic

19

Biocides in Plastics

leachability. Additionally results of Redlich highlight poor UV stability. A relatively low water solubility of 5 mg/l causes confusion since OBPA has a tendency to migrate with some plasticisers used in PVC thus creating large zones of inhibition in some agar plate test methods, as discussed in section 4.1.2.

Figure 25 Structure of 10,10 oxybisphenoxarsine

disposed of in landÀll sites and it has been hypothesised that toxic trimethylarsenate can be released following fungal degradation by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. This latter theory has perhaps erroneously been linked to cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, along with a number of other possible contributory chemicals such as antimony Áame-retardants, in PVC covered cot mattresses (a.18). The levels of arsenic are however fairly low which is often sufÀcient to achieve the MIC against the majority of fungi and bacteria of 10 mg/l. Upsher & Roseblade (a.19) have reported in 1984 that long-term activity of OPBA exposed at a jungle site is limited due to its

Large zones of inhibition created by OBPA have for some while been used as a marketing tool for OBPA suppliers to extol the advantages over other actives that may not produce such large zones in typical ASTM G21 (a.6) or ISO 846 (a.5) test methods. However, potentially a large zone does mean the product migrates readily from the plastic in which it is added which means that any active ingredients are lost fairly readily in comparison to actives which exhibit smaller zones in such tests (Figure 26).

5.1.2 OIT N-Octyl-isothiazolinone (OIT; Figure 27) has been widely available in many applications for more than 25 years and more recently is being used in the plastic

Figure 27 Structure of N-octyl-isothiazolinone

Figure 28 Figure 26 ISO 846 A (top) and ISO 846 B (bottom) tests for PVC containing OBPA (5% pellet type) at extrusion time of 20 minutes and 120 minutes at 180 ºC

20

ISO 846 A (top) and ISO 846 B (bottom) tests of a PVC with ACTICIDE® PLN 9 (9% OIT in diisononyl phthalate (DINP)) at extrusion time of 20 minutes and 120 minutes at 180 °C

Biocides in Plastics

industry. The major producers include Thor as well as Rohm and Haas with tradenames of ACTICIDE® PL and Vinyzene IT, respectively. It is available from 5% to 45% concentrations in a variety of plasticisers, carriers and PVC pellets. Its relatively high water solubility of 480 g/l at 25 ºC confers some advantages: providing good anti-fungal effects in interior applications (Figure 28). Conversely, it can be subject to excessive leaching where precipitation is high in exterior locations. OIT is inactivated by reducing agents and is classed as a skin sensitiser in its liquid form, although once bound in PVC poses no hazard in most applications. It provides good performance in many applications against most fungal species (MIC from 0.5-10 ppm for the majority of fungi), although is only an effective bactericide against a few bacterial species. It is one of the main replacements for heavy metal free alternatives to OPBA.

5.1.3 Butyl BIT Available from Arch chemicals (previously Avecia biocides), BBIT (Figure 29) has a similar solubility to the more commonly used octyl isothiazolinone, this patented and relatively new (to PVC) active is promoted as giving similar performance to OIT.

Figure 30 ISO 846 A (top) and ISO 846 B (bottom), tests of PVC incorporating BBIT (100%) at 0.2 phr and extruded at 20 minutes and 106 minutes at 180 ºC

5.1.4 Zinc Pyrithione

It also has good activity against some bacteria but is weak against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as some Enterobacter and Klebsiella species. The toxicological profile of BBIT is good (except in vitro mutagen positive, in vitro cytotoxicity (IVC) tests) and like all isothiazolinones, it is a skin sensitiser. It is probably the most costly isothiazolinone active currently available for PVC applications. In comparable tests at extremes of temperature the stability of BBIT in PVC formulations is shown to be poorer than OIT (Figure 30).

Well known for its use as an anti-dandruff agent, zinc pyrithione (Figure 31) is typically supplied as a powder that has solubility in water of 20 mg/l. It is produced by a number of companies like Arch chemicals, Rutgers Organics as well as many Chinese producers and is therefore available from many suppliers. It is often promoted as an anti-bacterial additive although its activity is mainly anti-fungal. MIC against fungi range from only 7.5 ppm against Alternaria alternata to 50 ppm against species such as Trichoderma and up to 100 ppm for Aspergillus niger. The range is similar for bacteria, with only 10 ppm against Staphylococcus sp., but up to 400 ppm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dose rates required to achieve good efÀcacy vary from 1000 ppm to more than 4000 ppm active ingredient depending on product and processing conditions.

Figure 29

Figure 31

Structure of butyl BIT

Structure of zinc pyrithione

It is a good fungicide conferring a similar degree of protection as OIT in MIC tests, possessing activity against most fungal species with a few exceptions (MIC for Penicillium sp. < 5 ppm).

21

Biocides in Plastics

Patented systems (51) try to overcome this problem by inclusion of an hydrotalcite. Hydrotalcite is a naturally found layered hexagonal structure of carbonates sandwiched between layers of magnesium and aluminium hydroxides that can also be produced synthetically. It can be used with calcium/zinc heat stabilisers and acts by scavenging chloride ions (acid scavenger) effectively swapping them for the carbonate ions within the layered lattice. These solutions do add an extra cost but are an option to reduce yellowing. Where other plastics, such as PE or other polyoleÀns are concerned (where it is used as an antibacterial additive) high dose levels (in excess of 1000 ppm) may be required but the yellowing issue is not so signiÀcant. This effect is demonstrated by zone of inhibition testing and therefore the active migrates from the plastic.

Figure 32 ISO 846 A (top) and ISO 846 B (bottom) tests of PVC samples containing zinc pyrithione at extrusion times of 20 minutes and 60 minutes at 180 ºC

Zinc is a crucial element in the formulation of many heat stabilisers used in PVC, however excessive use can have a negative impact on the degradation of the PVC (30). This is because zinc pyrithione typically contains 20% zinc. Some PVC formulations, particularly those calendered or extruded under higher sheer, are zinc sensitive as they react with hydrogen chloride and form zinc chloride, which catalyses further degradation of the PVC. The outcome is yellowing and poor PVC stability (Figure 32).

5.1.5 Iodo-Propylbutyl Carbamate (IPBC) IPBC is an iodine containing fungicide used mainly in coatings but sometimes used in plastics applications (Figure 33). Various suppliers offer IPBC powder and IPBC within a plasticiser carrier but its use in plastics at present is not widespread. It is not particularly stable at elevated temperatures and can be prone to strong discoloration due to the iodine component (Figure 34). Degradation products

Figure 33 Structure of IPBC

Figure 34 Oxime sealant with no biocide, ACTICIDE® PIN 8 (8% IPBC in diisononyl phthalate carrier), 20% IPBC (in glycol ether) and 30% IPBC (in glycol), respectively, before and after heating to 50 ºC

22

Biocides in Plastics

can, however, still be microbiologically active and so if discoloration is not an issue, as with backing layers and heavily pigmented plastics, IPBC can be used.

5.1.6 N-Haloalkylthio Compounds

Figure 36 Structure of captan

5.1.6.1 Folpet (N-Trichloromethylthiophthalimide) Folpet is an N-haloalkylthio compound available from Bayer under the Preventol trademark (Figure 35). These are typically white powders and have been used in some plastics applications. They are however reactive with sulfides and mercapto compounds and have various weaknesses against some fungal species such as Trichoderma sp., and Alternaria sp., which means they are rarely used in isolation.

Figure 35 Structure of Folpet Technical Folpet is usually 90% pure. The main impurities are phthalimide (up to 4.0%) and sodium chloride (up to 5%). Pure Folpet is a white crystalline solid with a reported melting point of 177 °C. Solubility in water is only 1 ppm at room temperature. In the dry state, it is stable at room temperature, but it is hydrolysed in an aqueous solution at a rate that depends on the pH. Degradation products and hydrolysis in water can be carbon dioxide, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulÀde, phthalamic acid, and phthalic acid.

is not so commonly used in plastics but is structurally very similar to Folpet. This is perhaps because it was in the past classiÀed as a mutagen and carcinogen. It has, however, good microbiological activity with MIC values in the range 25-100 ppm. The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) has released an amendment to the 1999 Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) for captan - the comment period closed January 24, 2005. The amendment makes minor changes to the original RED, and the EPA changed the cancer classiÀcation for captan. Captan has been registered for more than 40 years. The fungicide is used to control diseases in orchard crops, ornamentals, and turf. It is also used as a seed treatment and as a preservative in paints and adhesives. Captan is a serious eye irritant and until recently, EPA classiÀed captan as a probable human carcinogen. The Agency concluded that captan is only a potential human carcinogen at an exposure threshold signiÀcantly greater than likely dietary or non-dietary exposure. In other words, the EPA concluded that labelled uses of captan are unlikely to cause human cancers (EPA Pesticide Program Update, 12-9-04).

5.1.6.3 Fluorfolpet (N-DichloroÁouromethylthiophthalimide) Again, this compound (Figure 37) works in a similar manner to the actives described previously. Mura and co-workers (178) have shown by microscopy that this active is readily leached from PVC products,

5.1.6.2 Captan (N-(trichloromethyl-thio-4cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide)) Another N-haloalkylthio compound, captan (Figure 36), was Àrst introduced in 1949 and is a white crystalline powder of very low water solubility of 2 ppm. Since captan decomposes slowly when heated to its melting point, a melting point range of 158-170 °C has been reported for the technical product. This active ingredient

Figure 37 Structure of Áuorfolpet

23

Biocides in Plastics

despite its relatively low water solubility of 0.015 g/l. In water it hydrolyses rapidly and is degraded by alkaline products, amines and sulÀdes. All the N-haloalkylthio compounds have good MIC against a variety of fungal species and against algae but have a weakness against the fungi Trichoderma viride.

It is thermally stable up to 170 ºC and has solubility in water of about 33 ppm. Its primary promotion has been in the wood preservation industry as it is effective against a range of wood decay organisms. Its use in the plastics industry is only so far promotional. It is a white to yellow solid that is both metal and halogen free (Figure 40).

5.1.7 Carbendazim (N-benzimidazol2-ylcarbamic acid methylester)

SigniÀcantly reduced performance shown following exposure to QUVTM means it is not likely to be as effective as DCOIT in exterior applications.

This pale grey powder has been widely used as a fungicide in a variety of different applications for many years (Figure 38). Its very low water solubility of <1 ppm makes it suited for high leach coatings and plastics applications. It is heat resistant and otherwise has low toxicity and is non-skin sensitising.

Figure 38 Structure of carbendazim However, in recent years this active has been linked to similar chemical structures used in crop growing that have been classiÀed as having possible mutagenic effects. From October 2005, within the EU, this active ingredient is to be re-classiÀed as a mutagen. Other negative points include possible ‘pink’ discoloration caused by hydrolysis at high pH and in contact with some metal ions. It is also weak against some fungal species such as Alternaria alternata, some yeast species and the so-called ‘pink stain’ organisms seen on plastics like Streptoverticillium reticulum.

5.1.8 Bethoxazin (3-benzo(b)thien-2-yl5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-oxathiazine 4-oxide) Also known by its trade name Bethoguard from the producer Janssen pharmaceuticals, it has been promoted by companies like Ackros, with their grades Intercide® BTX (Figure 39).

Figure 40

Figure 39 Structure of bethoxazin

24

Showing increased growth of fungi over PVC samples containing 3% of a 5% bethoxazin product following periods of QUV exposure of 0, 250 and 500 hours. All photographs are of three replicates according to the test method ISO 846 B

Biocides in Plastics

Triclosan is widely used as an anti-bacterial additive in products like toothpaste. However, it has also been found in Àsh and breast milk (a.21) and so this currently gives this product a more questionable proÀle when used in plastics.

5.2 Non or Low Migratory Biocides

5.2.1 Triclosan (2,2,4-dicholoro-2hydroxydiphenyl ether) Triclosan (Figure 41) is promoted by, among others, Ciba® under their IRGAGUARD® trade name as well as other users of this material such as those marketed in part under the Microban label.

Figure 41 Structure of triclosan It is unstable under UV light, causes coloration in contact with trace heavy metals (in alkaline conditions and after heating). It has been reported to allow the formation of highly toxic dioxins (Figure 42) (a.20).

This may not be an issue for most plastic applications except upon disposal or recycling. However, there is also some concern about the overuse of some actives like Triclosan that may lead to an increased tolerance of bacteria to antimicrobial agents (a.22). This is certainly not yet proven but it is proposed that Triclosan acts as a site-speciÀc inhibitor by mimicking a natural chemical enoyl-ACP. E. coli could acquire resistance to this by a mutation of one of its genes (114). Low water solubility of 100 mg/l at 20 ºC means that there is potentially poor availability of the active at the surface in some applications. This may not be a problem for the low MIC of Triclosan against Staphylococcus sp., of only 0.01 ppm but may be an issue with other bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where the MIC is greater than 100 ppm. The low migration also makes this grade more suitable for applications where this property is required, such as food contact articles and textiles (Figure 43).

5.2.2 DCOIT

Figure 42 Structure of 2,8 dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

The double chlorinated octyl isothiazolinone (dichloron-octyl-isothiazolinone) (Figure 44) has much lower solubility in water (2 mg/l), compared to the nonchlorinated OIT. This makes it more suitable for exterior usage, especially as it is also effective against

Figure 43 Control, Triclosan 1 phr, TBT (tributyl tin) 1 phr, OIT 2 phr ,OIT 4 phr in a zone of inhibition test (Swiss Norm 195921 – Fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes) before and after several washings of PU coated textile

25

Biocides in Plastics

consistently outperforms other actives that usually fare better in laboratory zone of inhibition agar plate tests. DCOIT is not quite as heat stable compared to other actives such as OIT (n-octylisothiazolinone).

Figure 44 Structure of octyl isothiazolinone (dichloro-n-octylisothiazolinone) algae and insects in addition to conferring both antifungal and limited anti-bacterial effects. It is available from Thor and Rohm & Haas under the tradenames of ACTICIDE® PD and Vinyzene IT, respectively. Typically available as a 5 to 20% solution in plasticisers or PVC pellets, it is also a strong skin sensitiser in liquid form. For some applications where the DCOIT is not readily available on the surface (interior, slightly damp applications) this biostabiliser can fail to perform adequately and fails some test protocols because of its very low migration levels. However, in Àeld tests it

Because of DCOIT’s low water solubility and good UV stability, it makes it ideal for external environments (Figure 45) and permanently or often moisture saturated products such as pool liners, awnings, tarpaulins and so on. Furthermore once released to the environment it is readily degraded which makes it an environmentally favourable alternative to OBPA. Degradation can also be seen with some mercapto tin stabilisers and other reducing agents.

5.2.3 Silver Silver use is prevalent for anti-bacterial applications, particularly in Japan where some 70% of the silver actives are currently sold. Silver is usually incorporated into an inert compound. The silver ions (Ag+), or active ingredient, are bonded to a naturally occurring ceramic, zeolite or glass material that is completely inert. Such producers include Agion, Sanitised®, Kanebo (Bactekiller), Toagosei Co. Ltd., (Novaron®) with Milliken (Alphasan®), Ishizuka glass co., (Ionpure), and Shinagawa (Zeomic®) to name but a few. Masterbatch producers also include companies like Wells Plastics. These products permit a slow rate of release of silver ions and therefore minimise the discoloration associated with silver chemicals. It is claimed that moisture in the air causes low-level release that effectively maintains an antimicrobial surface. As humidity increases and the environment becomes ideal for bacterial growth, more silver is released to a maximum level. Silver ions are said to be effective by interacting with multiple binding sites on the surface of the bacterial cell wall. The relatively low extrusion temperature of most PVC applications is not an issue for many organic actives. However, silver is tolerant to the high temperatures that are used in some extrusion processes.

Figure 45 ASTM E1428 (a.16) test method showing effect of OIT and DCOIT in a PVC formulation (containing a Àller) against Streptoverticillium reticulum at a dose of 1000 ppm and following artiÀcial weathering by QUV up to 500 hours

26

The MIC data for silver seems to be signiÀcantly higher than the theoretical amount available at the surface of PVC. As with any ‘Àxed’ or low migration biostabiliser, it may be unable to provide protection to ‘soiled’ articles as it will not be able to migrate sufÀciently into the soiling or bioÀlm to provide protection (Figures 46 and 47).

Biocides in Plastics

Silver is relatively non-hazardous and has FDA approvals for food contact applications (118). The main disadvantage of silver is that in most applications its cost will be double or triple that of an equivalent organic antimicrobial.

5.2.4 Sustainable Antimicrobial Polymers (Degussa) Sustainable antimicrobial (SAM) polymers (Figure 48) are relatively new development products from Degussa (tradename Amina® T 100) with conÀdent claims of being environmentally sustainable and continuously effective. Amina® T 100 is a polymeric active substance with a high level of activity and a low degree of toxicity. It is promoted in the literature as an effective bacteriastat, fungisat and algistat.

Figure 46 ISO 846 A (top) and ISO 846 B (bottom) tests (a.5) of PVC samples containing silver zeolite (4 phr) at extrusion times of 20 minutes and 60 minutes at 180 °C

However, it is not shown to have any biocidal activity and the mode of action is unclear. Presumably, if the plastic is soiled the active cannot provide any protection away from the immediate plastic surface. The impact and cost of the BPD is also vague but these products have yet to make a real impact as they have only been commercialised since 2002.

Control 4.00E+01 1 OPBA

3.50E+01 3.00E+01

2 ZP + OIT

2.50E+01 2.00E+01

3 OIT

1.50E+01 4 Butyl parabens

1.00E+01 5.00E+00

5 Silver

0.00E+00 -5.00E+00

6 Butyl BIT

Figure 47 Membrane Àlter test results of PVC samples containing among others Silver Zeolite (4 phr) at extrusion times of 20 minutes (only small reduction seen)

Figure 48 Structure of SAM polymers

27

Biocides in Plastics

variety of products on offer, it is perhaps useful to put a perspective on what are the main products of interest in the previous list of active ingredients.

5.2.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles The use of TiO2 nanoparticles for a self-clean and disinfection of a wide range of substrates as well as plastics has been proposed.

For antibacterial agents the use of silver and triclosan are most prevalent. For use as an antifungal agent, the traditional products like OBPA are now being replaced largely by isothiazolinones. All products have some deÀciencies or gaps in the spectrum of their activity and some mixed products are therefore offered. With mixed products, there will be some issues of patent to be avoided.

Such coatings have a proposed mechanism by which titanium dioxide reacts with light to produce a photocatalytic effect by creation of free radicals. These then inactivate microorganisms by induction of surface oxidation of the bacterial cell wall. The work carried out on this phenomenon such as Niegisch and co-workers (a.23) shows an improved kill rate of bacteria on a surface when using TiO2 coatings compared to non-coated surfaces following exposure to short periods of UV light.

Active level producers are indicated in Table 4 together with some well-known formulators also supplying in this industry. This list is not exclusive and does not include producers outside Europe or the USA, all the actives available, or where producers give no indication of the actives used in their literature.

This is perhaps not entirely surprising as this product will reÁect light (as titanium is used often as a whitening agent in coatings and other applications) and therefore reduces light adsorption on the plastic surface. This would thereby enhance the natural harmful effect of UV light on bacterial growth. Whether this effect is sufÀcient in poorly lit internal applications is another issue.

6 Legislation Regarding Biocides 6.1 Limitations of Use

5.3 Other Ingredients

Legislation on the use of biocides in plastics varies by country and application.

There are a number of other active ingredients, such organo-tin and other inorganic products that have been, or are still being, used for plastics. With such a

In the United States the Treated Article Pesticide Registration (PR) Notice 2001-1 provides guidance on what products are required to be registered as mentioned

Table 4 Active level producers and their products OBPA

OIT

Zinc Pyrithione

BBIT

IPBC

Silver carrier

Triclosan

DCOIT

Thor

-

+

+

-

+

-

-

+

Troy (Micropel)

+

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

R&H (Morton)

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

+

Arch (Avecia)

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

Ackros (Akzo)

+

+

+

-

+

-

-

-

Ciba

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

Sanitised

-

+

-

-

-

+

+

-

Microban

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

Main active major supplier

+ = Available - = Unknown or not available

28

Biocides in Plastics

by Tesch (49). Any public health claims or reference to human pathogenic bacteria would require registration whereas any non-speciÀc claims or protection of treated articles would not. Acceptable statements regarding claims have been mentioned. Those statements not acceptable without registration, would be: •

Antibacterial, bactericidal or germicidal.

•

Reduces risk of food-borne illness from bacteria.

•

Improves indoor air-quality through the reduction of microorganisms.

•

Provides a surface resistant to bacteria or germs.

•

Minimises the growth of gram positive or gram negative bacteria.

Those statements that would be acceptable would be: •

Formulated to resist mould or mildew growth on the paint Àlm.

•

Treated to resist deterioration by mould or fungus.

•

Inhibits bacteria causing odours.

•

Contains an antimicrobial agent to control odours.

directive) and 88/379/EEC (the dangerous preparations directive), which would affect the biocide itself.

6.2 Future Requirements The Biocidal Products Directive has begun in Europe: ‘Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament of 16th February 1998 concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market.’ Under this directive, the use of biocides in plastics and rubber application falls under one of several sections. Each product type will be examined over the next few years until all application areas are covered. These areas include: •

Products used for the preservation of Àlms or coatings by the control of microbial deterioration in order to protect the initial properties of the surface of materials or objects such as paints, plastics, sealants, wall adhesives, binders, papers, art works. •

Within Europe, only certain regulations are currently enforced in relation to food contact applications in particular. These are relevant to the standard from the European Food Standards Agency (EFSA), commission directive 2004/19/EC of 1 March 2004 amending directive 2002/72/EC relating to plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Since plastic articles are usually ‘Ànished articles’, they are exempt from current regulations such as the council directives 67/548/EEC (the dangerous substances

Product-type 9: Fibre, leather, rubber and polymerised materials preservatives

Products used for the preservation of fibrous or polymerised materials, such as leather, rubber or paper or textile products, and rubber by the control of microbiological deterioration. •

Where marketing claims have been made contrary to these guidelines the EPA has taken steps to penalise companies. One reported case is that of Hasbro Inc., and Microban, (257) who were Àned $125,000 over marketing claims that the use of Microban antibacterial in its toys had germ-Àghting properties.

Product-type 7: Film preservatives

Product-type 1: Human hygiene biocidal products

Products in this group are biocidal products used for human hygiene purposes. Currently notified actives produced by biocide manufacturers have to obtain listing on Annex 1 of this directive. To achieve this they will have to satisfy the appropriate technical committees (responsible for each product type) that their products are safe for use as directed and are effective. To attain this listing a host of toxicological, environmental, efÀcacy and risk assessment data has to be submitted which involves considerable expense and time for completion of the longer-term environmental studies. Where formulators, masterbatch producers and end users making claims for these products also need sub-approval for the biocide concerned, the biocide producer can offer a letter of access. This will also involve a registration fee for the sub-registrant. If the end user makes no claims

29

Biocides in Plastics

regarding this biocide or uses it for protection of their Ànished article itself then no registration is likely to be required.

EU Directive 97/48/EC (amending 82/711/EEC) EU Council Directive 97/48/EC on testing of food contact plastics for chemical migration.

6.3 BPD Exemptions

Any active used in this application area alone, will not then need to be approved under the BPD.

In another section of the BPD, biocides that are used in food or feedstocks require the following product type: •

7 Summary Product-type 20: Preservatives for food or feedstocks

Products used for the preservation of food or feedstocks by the control of harmful organisms. However, new legislation has been introduced regarding active packaging to check the compliance of a plastic food contact material with the existing EU regulations overall. The EU has adopted a general Directive governing food-contact materials, known as the 'Framework Directive' (Council Directive 89/109/EC), which sets out general safety requirements for all foodcontact materials. SpeciÀc migration tests shall be carried out using the food simulants and the test conditions speciÀed in the

30

The applications for biocides in plastics are wide ranging from the necessary additions to protect the plastic article, to the added value products imparting an external hygienic effect. The range of biocide active ingredients is extensive due to a dynamic industry coming to terms with phasing out less favourable products in preference to more sustainable actives. The comparison between migrating and low or nonmigrating biocides as well as organic and inorganic biocides can be made on the strengths of each active ingredient but dependent on the application in which they are to be used. Uses in hygienic applications need to be carefully promoted to avoid too much marketing spin and to avoid the risks associated with making false claims.

Biocides in Plastics

Additional References

a.16

ASTM E1428-99, Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Performance of Antimicrobials in or on Polymeric Solids Against Staining by Streptoverticillium reticulum (A Pink Stain Organism), 2004.

a.1

JIS Z2801, Antimicrobial Products - Test for Antimicrobial Activity and EfÀcacy, 2000.

a.2

P.J. Whitney, International. Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 1996, 37, 3-94, 205.

a.17

N.N. Gerber and D.P. Stahly, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 1975, 30, 5, 807.

a.3

E.E. Peacock, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 1996, 37, 1-2, 35.

a.18

B.A. Richardson, Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1994, 34, 3, 199.

a.4

J.S. Webb, M. Nixon, I.M. Eastwood, M. Greenhalgh, G.D. Robson and P.S. Handley, Applied Environmental Microbiology, 2000, 66, 8, 3194.

a.19

F.J. Upsher and R.J. Roseblade, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 1984, 20, 243.

a.5

ISO 846, Plastics - Evaluation of the Action of Microorganisms, 2000.

a.20

D.E. Latch, J.L. Packer, W.A. Arnold and K. McNeill, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, 2003, 158, 1, 63.

a.6

ASTM G21, Standard Practice for Determining the Resistance of Synthetic Polymeric Materials to Fungi, 1996.

a.21

M. Adolfsson-Erici, M. Pettersson, J. Parkkonen and J. Sturve, Organohalogen Compounds, 2000, 45, 83.

a.7

C. Kneale, Problems and Pitfalls in the Evaluation and Design of New Biocides for Plastic Applications, 2000.

a.22

S.B. Levy, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2001, Supplement, 7, 3, 512.

a.8

ISO 16869, Plastics – Assessment of the Effectiveness of Fungistatic Compounds in Plastics Formulations, 2001.

a.23

N. Niegisch, M. Akarsu, Z.M. Csogor Ehses and H. Schmidt in Proceedings of a PRA Conference on Hygienic Coatings, Brussels, Belgium, 2002, Paper 20, p.1.

a.9

E. Bessems, Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2001, 30, 3, 185.

a.10

JIS Z2911, Methods of Test for Fungus Resistance, 2000.

a.11

AATCC 30, Antifungal Activity, Assessment on Textile Materials: Mildew and Rot Resistance of Textile Materials, 2004.

a.12

BS 3900-G6, Methods of Test for Paints Environmental Tests on Paint Films (Including Tests for Resistance to Corrosion and Chemicals) - Assessment for Resistance to Fungal Growth, 1989.

a.13

a.14

a.15

ASTM G29-96, Standard Practice for Determining Algal Resistance of Plastic Films, 2002. AATCC Test Method 147, Antibacterial Activity Assessment of Textile Materials: Parallel Streak Method, 2004.

Unpublished References G. Redlich, Laboratory and Ageing Testing of Flexibility PVC Compounds for Biostability – the Use of Antimicrobials in PVC Films, c.2000.

Bibliography W. Paulus, Microbiocides for the Protection of Materials - A Handbook, 1st Edition, Chapman & Hall, London, UK, 1993.

Acknowledgements John Gillatt, Gabriele Wuhl-Couturier, Linda Green and Kristina Nichols for their kind input.

V.J., Boyle, M.E. Fancher and R.W. Ross, Jr., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1973, 3, 3, 418.

31

Biocides in Plastics

Abbreviations

AATCC

American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists

BBIT

Butyl-benzisothiazolinone

BDP

Biocidal Products Directive

DCOIT

Dichloro-n-octyl-isothiazolinone

DINP

Diisononyl phthalate

EFSA

European Food Standards Agency

EPA

Environment Protection Agency

EU

European Union

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

IBRG

International Biodeterioration Research Group

IPBC

Iodo-propylbutyl carbamate

IVC

In vitro cytotoxicity

MIC

Minimum inhibitory concentration(s)

MRSA

Methycillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

OBPA

10,10 Oxybisphenoxarsine

OIT

N-Octyl-isothiazolinone

PE

Polyethylene

phr

Parts per hundred resin

ppm

Parts per million

PU

Polyurethane

PVC

Polyvinyl chloride

QUV

QUV is a trademark weatherometer with a UV light source

RED

Reregistration Eligibility Document

SAM

Sustainable antimicrobial

SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

UV

Ultraviolet

WPC

Wood plastic composites

32

References and Abstracts

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database Item 1 Packaging Technology and Science 18, No.2, March-April 2005, p.77-87 ADVANCING CONTROLLED RELEASE PACKAGING THROUGH SMART BLENDING LaCoste A; Schaich K M; Zumbrunnen D; Yam K L Rutgers,University; Clemson,University Researchers from Rutgers University and Clemson University have collaborated to develop a concept of using smart blending to generate functional packaging Àlms for the controlled release of active compounds such as antimicrobials and antioxidants to extend the shelf life of foods. In this paper, literature results are reviewed to justify the signiÀcance of controlled release packaging and the research gaps for further development are identiÀed. A major research gap is the lack of packaging materials that can provide the release of active compounds at rates suitable for a wide range of food packaging applications. Smart blending is a promising technology for bridging this research gap. To fully release the potentials of smart blending, a systematic approach for developing controlled release packaging using smart blending is also presented. 84 refs. USA

Accession no.938054 Item 2 Paint and Coatings Industry 21, No.4, April 2005, p.38/44 CHECKMATE FOR MICROBES Zeren S; Preuss A; Konig B Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc. Paints that repel microorganisms are increasingly in demand, and biocides based on silver ions are suitable for this purpose. In this study, a silver glass and a silver zeolite were used as biocide additives. Two different powder coating systems were used, namely a clear coat, based on PU for use in the health and hospital sector, and a white pigmented powder coating, based on a hybrid for the foodprocessing industry. In order to characterise the overall antimicrobial additive effectiveness in combating bacteria and fungus on the powder coating surface, the following tests were carried out to determine the bactericidal and fungicidal activity at the surface: determination of the lowest concentration of the A1-type biocide additive necessary in the PU clear coat to repel all three types of organisms; repeat testing of the antimicrobial effect on the surfaces after a rinsing and light exposure test, allowing the long-term effect of biocide additives to be monitored; and

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

characterisation of the surfaces of the powder coatings by means of colour, gloss and haze measurements. 4 refs. SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.938061 Item 3 Chemical Weekly L, No.34, 12th April 2005, p.193-6 MICROBES - FRIENDS AND FOES. PART 9: MICROBIAL PLASTICS While antimicrobial agents are used to preserve plastics from attack, microbes have emerged in a new light to either biologically degrade plastics in the environment or as a means to generate biodegradable plastics. Amongst the biodegradable polymers, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates are of considerable interest as they can be produced as well as degraded with the help of microbes. This article discusses the production of these two biodegradable polymers. WORLD

Accession no.938075 Item 4 Macromolecular Bioscience 5, No.2, 23rd Feb.2005, p.149-56 INFLUENCE OF SATELLITE GROUPS ON TELECHELIC ANTIMICROBIAL FUNCTIONS OF POLYOXAZOLINES Waschinski C J; Herdes V; Schueler F; Tiller J C Freiburg,University The antimicrobial activity of polyalkyloxazoline telechelic with one quaternary dimethyldodecylammonium end group was investigated. These polymers with the dimethyldodecylammonium-group at the terminating end and varying alkyl, amino alkyl, and polyphenyloxazoline block satellite groups were synthesised. Macromolecular structures were conÀrmed using NMR and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. The polymers were investigated with regard to their antibacterial efÀciency towards S.aureus and E.coli. 29 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.938490

33

References and Abstracts

Item 5 China Synthetic Fiber Industry 28, No.1, Feb.2005, p.26-31 Chinese RESEARCH ON PREPARATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL MASTERBATCH FOR PET FIBER Bo Y; Fang W SINOPEC; Yizheng Chemical Fiber Co.Ltd.

Item 8 Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 20, No.1, Jan.2005, p.95-111 BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE POLYMERS: MODIFICATION AND ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES Kenawy E-R; Abdel-Hay F I; El-Magd A A; Mahmoud Y Tanta,University

Antibacterial zeolite particles having an average size of 1 millimicron were produced by a combination of jet milling and sand milling or gravitational sedimentation and treated with silane coupling agents and dispersing agents. The treated ultraÀne zeolite particles were dispersed in a PETP matrix and analysed by scanning electron microscopy. PETP Àbres containing 5 wt.% antibacterial masterbatch were produced by spinning. 5 refs.

Biologically active moieties were attached to the amino groups of chitosan and the anti-microbial activity of the modified chitosans against various fungi and bacteria investigated. Biologically active moieties employed were vanillin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde, anisaldehyde, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, methyl 2,4dihydroxybenzoate, propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate and 2hydroxymethylbenzoate. The modiÀed chitosans were found to be particularly active toward fungi species. 29 refs.

CHINA

EGYPT

Accession no.938579

Accession no.935282

Item 6 ACT 04. Proceedings of a conference held Warsaw, Poland, 23rd-26th Nov.2004. Gliwice, Institute for Plastics Processing, 2004, Paper 29, pp.5, 29 cm, ISBN 839176933X 012 BIOCIDES - THE FUTURE OF COMBINATION PRODUCTS Treskonova K ISP Europe (Torun,Institute of Plastics Processing; Gliwice,Institute of Plastics & Paint Industry)

Item 9 Plastics Science and Technology No.1, Feb.2005, p.28-30 Chinese STUDY ON ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTY OF NANO-ZNO/PP COMPOSITE Liang Zhonghua; Wang Jin; Fu Zheng; Zhou Liling Qingdao,University of Science & Technology

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

The antibacterial properties of nano-zinc oxide/PP composite were studied, together with the effects of illumination time and the coupling agent on the antibacterial properties. The results obtained showed than nano-zinc oxide/PP composite possessed good antibacterial properties under illumination and that the antibacterial properties of the composite were improved by addition of the coupling agent. The antibacterial effect of nano-zinc oxide against Escherichia coli was better than that against Staphylococcus aureus. 6 refs.

Accession no.937718

CHINA

The use of biocides in coatings is discussed with reference to reasons for using combinations of biocides, effects of global regulations, biocide selection, and advances in combination technology (combination biocides for in-can preservation and for dry-Àlm protection).

Accession no.935488 Item 7 European Coatings Journal No.3, 2005, p.94-7 IMPROVING ANTIMICROBIAL COATINGS Wagener M Bio-Gate Bioinnovative Materials The antimicrobial efficacy of high porosity silver nanoparticles in PU coatings was investigated using the agar plate test, confocal laser microscopy and a novel, high throughput testing technique, called the Bio-Gate assay method. The Bio-Gate assay was shown to be the only test method, which gave a quantitative result regarding the antimicrobial performance of the coatings. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.936433

34

Item 10 China Synthetic Fiber Industry 27, No.6, Dec.2004, p.24-7 Chinese PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF ANTIBACTERIAL POLYPROPYLENE FIBER Jihui H; Wenshi M; Shaozao T; Jianqing Z South China,University of Technology; Guangdong Kinte New Material R and D Co.Ltd. Antibacterial PP Àbre was prepared by melt blending an antibacterial masterbatch containing 20 wt.% inorganic silver-containing antibacterial particles with PP, chipping and melt spinning. The dispersivity of the masterbatch in the Àbre and interfacial compatibility of the masterbatch with the PP matrix were analysed by scanning electron

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

microscopy and the effects of the silver particles, which acted as a nucleating agent, on the crystallinity, melting temperature and mechanical properties of the fibre examined. The mechanical properties of the Àbre were optimised at a draw ratio of 8 and the Àbre exhibited longterm antibacterial effects even after washing. 17 refs. CHINA

Accession no.934152 Item 11 Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 12, No.4, Oct.-Dec.2004, p.62-4 POLYMER MICROSPHERES AS CARRIERS OF ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF TEXTILES: A PRELIMINARY STUDY Goetzendorf-Grabowska B; Krolikowska H; Gadzinowski M Poland,Textile Research Institute; Lodz,Centre of Molecular & Macromolecular Studies Results are presented of some preliminary tests of the irreversible immobilisation of poly(L,L-lactide) microspheres loaded with Triclosan antibacterial agent onto viscose non-woven structures. The research covered the production of a suspension containing microspheres loaded with Triclosan, tests on the bonding of microspheres with the base textile material and a quantitative assessment of the effect achieved (including microbiological tests). These results indicate the potential for development of new technologies for medical textiles. 11 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.934511 Item 12 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.817, Nov.2003, p.56-8 French NEW DEVELOPMENT IN ANTIMICROBE RUBBERS This article reviews the new family of elastomers from Milliken Chemical, which offer excellent antimicrobial properties thanks to the use of a new patented biocide. The background is covered and related to important areas where microorganisms can be dangerous and where antimicrobial products are important, e.g. in the food and drinks industry, liquid soap, beauty products, health care products, trauma devices, catheters or rubber mats. Milliken Chemical USA

Accession no.932462

Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.109-10, CDROM, 012 BUILDING OF ANTI-BACTERIAL SURFACES BY ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION Jerome C; Ignatova M; Voccia S; Lenoir S; Jerome R Liege,University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The immobilisation of antibacterial coatings onto conductive materials such as stainless steel or carbon Àbre used in orthopaedic implants was investigated by two methods. The formation of thin Àlms by electrodeposition of polypyrrole doped with polyanions able to complex silver ions, and their characterisation by SEM, FTIR and microbiological testing is described. The alternative method, involving chemical grafting of a thin Àlm of a quaternary ammonium polymer using a surface initiator, is also discussed. 2 refs. BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.932762 Item 14 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2004. Volume 90. Proceedings of a conference held Anaheim, Ca., 28th March - 1st April 2004. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.807-8, CDROM, 012 HT FLUORESCENCE-BASED INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF LATEX COMPONENTS ON THE EFFICACY OF BIOCIDES Rhoades A M; Hawthorne A P; Alam A R; Elasri M O; Wicks D A Southern Mississippi,University; Jackson,State University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The effect of latex components on the efÀcacy of biocides was investigated using high throughput fluorescence spectroscopy and a model vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate copolymer emulsion system. A model dispersing package, i.e. surfactant, hydroxyethyl cellulose and pH buffers, was examined using statistics-based methods of experimentation to determine the effect of dispersion components on the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of gentamicin sulphate antibiotic. The MIC evaluations were completed on Pseudomonas aeruginosa using gentamicin sulphate that had been blended into the model dispersant package. 3 refs. USA

Item 13 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2004. Volume 90. Proceedings of a conference held Anaheim, Ca., 28th March - 1st April 2004.

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.933360

35

References and Abstracts

Item 15 Reactive and Functional Polymers 62, No.2, 2005, p.209-13 PREPARATION OF CROSSLINKED POLYSTYRENES WITH QUATERNARY AMMONIUM AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL BEHAVIOR Shan Jiang; Li Wang; Haojie Yu; Ying Chen Zhejiang,University A series of insoluble crosslinked polystyrenes with different quaternary ammonium groups was synthesised and their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus in solution were investigated using a colony count method. It was found that the antibacterial efÀciency of the ammonium group increased as the substitute alkyl length increased. This could be due to the increasing hydrophobicity of the quaternary group, which strengthened the interaction with the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. 13 refs. CHINA

Accession no.933423 Item 16 China Plastic and Rubber Journal Nos.8-9, Aug.-Sept.2004, p.92 Chinese BOPP FILM WITH ANTI-BACTERIAL PROPERTY The application of anti-bacterial material is getting wider and wider, especially after the outbreak of SARS last year. Apart from electronic appliances, the inÁuence of molecular assembly anti-bacterial technology has extended to Àlm as well. It is believed that the technology and its products will offer consumers more beneÀts. CHINA

Accession no.931456 Item 17 International Fiber Journal 19, No.5, Oct.2004, p.38 HUNTINGDON MILLS UNVEILS HIGHPERFORMANCE ACTIVEWEAR FABRICS As part of the continuing development of fabrics that incorporate the latest advances in moisture management and odour control, Huntingdon Mills recently introduced two new fabrics to its growing SkinTech brand. The new fabrics - PurEffort Interlock (Style 5917-0020) and PurEffort Fleece (Style 5916-0425) were introduced at the Outdoor Retailer Summer Market in Salt Lake City in August. Visitors sampled the fabrics and learned about a broad range of design opportunities to employ these new fabrics. PurEffort fabrics are made using DAK America’s Delcron HydroPur Fiber, a dual function polyester Àbre that offers both antimicrobial and moisture-management characteristics. The antimicrobial beneÀts are derived from the use of Milliken’s AlphaSan antimicrobial agent, a silver-based technology inhibiting the growth of

36

bacteria and other microorganisms that can cause odour, discoloration and deterioration. Details are given. HUNTINGDON MILLS (CANADA) LTD.; MILLIKEN & CO.,MILLIKEN CHEMICAL DIV.; DAK AMERICAS LLC CANADA

Accession no.929301 Item 18 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 94, No.6, 15th Dec.2004 p.2509-16 PREPARATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUTURES BY PREIRRADIATION GRAFTING OF ACRYLONITRILE ONTO POLYPROPYLENE MONOFILAMENT. III. HYDROLYSIS OF THE GRAFTED SUTURE Gupta B; Jain R; Anjum N; H Singh Indian Institute of Technology Preparation of antimicrobial sutures by grafting of acrylonitrile onto preirradiated polypropylene monoÀlaments, followed by hydrolysis to introduce carboxyl groups for drug immobilisation, is described. Characterisation of the products was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and measurement of tensile strength as a function of degree of grafting and hydrolysis. Mechanical strength was affected by hydrolysis, but changes in crystalline structure were insigniÀcant. 26 refs. INDIA

Accession no.928550 Item 19 Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 42, No.20, 15th Oct.2004, p.5227-34 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ON THE COPOLYMERS OF 2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL METHACRYLATE WITH METHYL METHACRYLATE: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION Patel M V; Patel S A; Ray A; Patel R M Gujarat,Sardar Patel University 2,4-Dichlorophenyl methacrylate (DMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were copolymerised in toluene by radical polymerisation using 2,2’-azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The respective homopolymers were also prepared and all polymers were characterised by FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, GPC, TGA and DTA. Monomer reactivity ratios were determined by the Fineman-Ross method. All polymers followed single step thermal degradation and had moderate thermal stability. PolyDMA had excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and yeast and the effectiveness decreased with increasing MMA content in the copolymer. PolyMMA was least effective because it contained no chlorine atoms. 28 refs. INDIA

Accession no.928815

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 20 Macromolecular Rapid Communications 25, No.18, 24th Sept.2004, p.1632-7 PREPARATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ULTRAFINE CELLULOSE ACETATE FIBERS WITH SILVER NANOPARTICLES Son W K; Youk J H; Lee T S; Park W H Chungnam,National University; Inha,University The preparation of ultrafine antimicrobial cellulose acetate (CA) Àbres with silver nanoparticles by direct electrospinning of a CA solution containing low levels of silver nitrate and characterised by viscosity, surface tension and conductivity, followed by photoreduction using UV irradiation, is described. The Àbres were characterised by SEM, TEM, XPS and antimicrobial activity and the results are discussed. 24 refs. SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.927467 Item 21 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 94, No.2, 15th Oct.2004, p.635-42 SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF NEW WATER-SOLUBLE BIS-QUATERNARY AMMONIUM METHACRYLATE POLYMERS Dizman B; Elasri M O; Mathias L J Southern Mississippi,University Details are given of the synthesis of new methacrylate monomers containing pendant quaternary ammonium moieties based on diazabicyclo-octane. The monomers were homopolymers using azobismethylpropionamide dihydrochloride as initiator. The monomers and polymers were characterised by elemental analysis, TGA, DSC, FTIR and carbon 13 NMR. Antimicrobial activities were investigated against S.aureus and E.coli. 41 refs. USA

Accession no.926881 Item 22 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 94, No.1, 5th Oct.2004, p.243-7 ANTIMICROBIAL FINISHING OF ACRILAN FABRICS WITH CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE Zaisheng Cai; Gang Sun Donghua,University; California,University at Davis Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was used to form ionic bonds with Acrilan (acrylonitrile copolymer) woven fabrics in order to confer antimicrobial functions to the fabrics. The Ànished fabrics showed good efÀcacy against Escherichia coli and the washing durability of the antimicrobial properties was excellent. The CPC uptake on the Acrilan Àbres depended on the pH during the Ànishing process, concentration of the CPC and the Ànishing temperature. High pH and temperatures were

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

preferred but hydrolysis of the polymer occurred above pH 10. 19 refs. CHINA; USA

Accession no.927080 Item 23 Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting 19, No.2, April 2003, p.95-109 DEVELOPMENT OF A FOOD PACKAGING COATING MATERIAL WITH ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES Limjaroen P; Ryser E; Lockhart H; Harte B Michigan University Antimicrobial plastic Àlms can be produced by incorporation of preservatives or antimicrobial agents and may provide an effective method of enhancing food safety. This work examines the effect of nisin, lactoferrin, sodium diacetate, sorbic acid and potassium sorbate in vinylidene chloride copolymer Àlms produced using a solvent casting method. Films containing nisin, sorbic acid and potassium sorbate showed signiÀcant antimicrobial activity. Sorbic acid was most compatible with the resin and gave Àlms with the best appearance and with no loss in water vapour barrier properties. 18 refs. USA

Accession no.904057 Item 24 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 89, No. 5, 25th July 2003, 895-900 SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ACRYLIC COPOLYMERS Patel M B; Patel S A; Ray A; Patel R M Sardar Patel University 2,4-Dichlorophenyl methacrylate (2,4-DMA) and vinyl acetate (VAc) were copolymerised with different feed ratios using dimethyl formamide (DMF) as a solvent and 2,2’-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator at 70C. The copolymers were characterised by IR spectroscopy. Copolymer compositions were determined by UV spectroscopy. The monomer reactivity ratios were evaluated by the Fineman-Ross method. Average molecular weight and polydispersity index were determined by gel permeation chromatography, and the intrinsic viscosities of the polymers were also discussed. Thermogravimetric analyses of polymers were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere. The homo- and copolymers were tested for their antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms. 15 refs. INDIA

Accession no.903721

37

References and Abstracts

Item 25 Medical Device Technology 15, No.1, Jan.-Feb.2004, p.34-7 COMPARISON OF ALGINATE AND CHITOSAN FIBRES Qin Y Jiaxing,Wound Dressing Research Institute

hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was studied and the results are discussed in terms of potential applications in food safety. 19 refs.

A brief review is presented of the chemical structures of alginate and chitosan and their performances of novel biomaterials were compared. Their uses in wound-dressing materials are outlined and binding with metal ions and antimicrobial properties are mentioned. 13 refs.

Item 28 Addcon World 2003. Proceedings of a conference held Vienna, Austria, 21st-22nd Oct.2003. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2003, Paper 12, p.105-16, 29cm. 012 RESPONDING TO THE CONSUMERS DESIRE FOR IMPROVED HYGIENE WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PLASTICS Payne J Avecia Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.)

CHINA

Accession no.904885 Item 26 European Plastics News 31, No.1, Jan.2004, p.20-1 BUG’S LIFE Smith C Interest in antimicrobial additives continues to grow. However, while the basic antibacterial performance of many additives is clear, there is still work to be done in understanding how that performance can be exploited in real applications. One key area for future development is that of standards and testing methodologies for polymer applications. Agar Diffusion is a simple and easy test and can show dramatic results, but critics say that these may not relate well to real-world applications. The test takes little account of the speed at which the antimicrobial additive functions and provides no measure of the timeframe over which that activity can be maintained. While many of today’s antimicrobial products are intended for incorporation into the bulk polymer, there are still many attractions to using the products in coating form. Avecia is just one company exploring the use of antimicrobial coating systems for plastics, claiming a much faster antibacterial performance than possible with compounded technology. EUROPE-GENERAL

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.904678

There is an ever-increasing number of plastic articles with antibacterial performance, from kitchen utensils to air Àlters, Áooring and calculators. They carry claims ranging from protecting health and improving hygiene to odour control and freshness. Avecia has commissioned market research to understand consumers’ views on these products. There was a strong response for antibacterial performance in domestic articles used around children, and those with food and medical uses. There was even greater interest in antibacterial products in public areas, such as restaurants, hospitals and transportation. Avecia has launched a range of antibacterial additives aimed at polyoleÀns and PVC. Experimental data have been generated on antibacterial PVC, using a quantitative method, the JIS Test Method Z2801, with two relevant organisms. Interpretation of the raw data to support performance claims is detailed. The company has developed a growing business in antibacterial consumer products, supported by the co-brand Purista. Initially aimed at textiles, the co-brand is now available to manufacturers of plastic articles, provided performance and marketing standards are met. An example of use of the Purista co-brand is the labelling of PVC cooler bags. 5 refs.

Accession no.904726

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 27 Chemical Engineering Research and Design 81, No.A9, Oct.2003, p.1099-104 CONTROLLED DIFFUSION OF AN ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE FROM A BIOPOLYMER FILM Sebti I; Carnet A R; Blanc D; Saurel R; Coma V Lyon,Universite Claude Bernard; Bordeaux,University; INSA

Accession no.905525

The diffusion of the antimicrobial peptide nisin in agarose gel was investigated under various conditions and the apparent diffusion coefÀcients compared with predicted values based on Fick’s second law. Desorption and diffusion of nisin into agarose gel from a Àlm of

38

Item 29 Vinyltec 2003. Polyvinyl Chloride: The Versatile Plastic. Proceedings of a conference held Huron, Oh., 27th-29th Oct.2003. BrookÀeld, Ct., SPE, 2003, Paper 2, pp.7, CD-ROM, 012 SILVER-BASED ANTIMICROBIAL ADDITIVES FOR PVC Studer H Sanitized AG (SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Ohio Firelands Section) The properties of the most widely used silver-based active ingredients for the antimicrobial treatment of

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

plastics such as PVC are surveyed. The differences between the various silver-based active compounds are discussed and comparison is made with organic antimicrobial compounds. Possible applications of the silver-based additives are considered in relation to data on their properties. Particular attention is paid to Sanitized Silver, a transparent glass-ceramic matrix which contains antimicrobially-active silver ions. 2 refs.

benzoate and sodium nitrite. The effects of both substances on permeability properties were negligible. Although the total migration into food simulants measured from the Àlms in many cases exceeded the limit value of 10mg/dm2, no antimicrobial activity was observed. 16 refs. EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.906386

SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.906660 Item 30 Vinyltec 2003. Polyvinyl Chloride: The Versatile Plastic. Proceedings of a conference held Huron, Oh., 27th-29th Oct.2003. BrookÀeld, Ct., SPE, 2003, Paper 1, pp.6, CD-ROM, 012 EXTENDING THE USE OF ZINC CONTAINING BIOCIDES IN PVC Burley J W; Clifford P D Akros Chemicals America (SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Ohio Firelands Section) Zinc pyrithione(ZnP) was shown to have a negative effect on the thermal and dynamic stability of barium-zincstabilised PVC. This effect could largely be offset by the addition of a hydrotalcite(HTC) acid scavenger. The beneÀcial effect of the HTC was most noticeable in the case of Brabender mastication, suggesting that the ZnP/ HTC system would be particularly suitable for extrusion processes. In addition to the improvements in PVC stability, there were also improvements in the retention of anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties during thermal treatments and during exposure to UV light. 1 ref. USA

Accession no.906659 Item 31 Packaging Technology and Science 16, No.6, Nov.-Dec.2003, p.223-9 PROPERTIES OF ANTIMICROBIAL PLASTICS CONTAINING TRADITIONAL FOOD PRESERVATIVES Vartiainen J; Skytta E; Enqvist J; Ahvenainen R VTT Biotechnology & Food Research Traditional food preservatives, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, potassium sorbate and sodium lactate, were incorporated into LDPE, poly(maleic acid-co-oleÀn), PS and PETP, aimed at producing antimicrobial packaging material for foodstuffs. The study was undertaken on plaques (thickness 2mm) and Àlms (thickness 70120um), whose antimicrobial test results clearly differed. Antimicrobial substances added into PS and PETP produced the strongest activities, however, due to the brittle structure of these materials, they were not tested further. Thus, more thorough tests for antimicrobial activity, migration and oxygen and water vapour permeability were carried out using LDPE Àlms with 2.5-15% sodium

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 32 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 86, No.566, Aug.2003, p.116/8 Spanish NEW ANTI-MICROBE RUBBER KEEPS CLEANNESS PROBLEMS IN CHECK AND REDUCES STANDING TIME AND DETERIORATION OF PARTS Kerr R Milliken Chemical This article looks at a new line of antimicrobial compounds for heat-cured rubber that helps to solve cleanness problems in conversion sectors for food, medicine and industry and other applications prone to the proliferation of microbes. The new Elastoguard antimicrobial elastomers offer effective prevention against bacteria, fungi and yeast in rubber parts, and, at the same time, avoid problems caused in the past by organic biocides. Processes are discussed along with applications and uses for Elastoguard in many walks of life. USA

Accession no.907094 Item 33 Brand 3, No.2, Jan.-Feb.2004, p.42-8 CHALLENGING FILMS Anyadike N Intelligent packaging is set to take off as technologies to manufacture Àlms improve. The market for intelligent packaging is forecast to double in value between 200207 to reach a total of Euro493.3m. Intelligent breathable films, aimed at enhancing freshness, is one area of packaging technology that is growing rapidly. A deÀnition of intelligent packaging is the kind of packaging that uses devices within the pack or as part of the package itself to sense and register certain changes in the pack and its contents. For example, labels or Àlms that change colour to signal an external or internal temperature change. In intelligent packaging, the package function is able to switch itself on and off in response to changing external and/or internal conditions. Active packaging systems consist of a matrix polymer, such as PETP, plus an oxygen scavenging/absorbing component and a catalyst. Antimicrobial technologies also have the potential to extend the shelf life of perishable foods. WORLD

Accession no.907122

39

References and Abstracts

Item 34 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 91, No.4, 15th Feb.2004, p.2588-93 DURABLE AND REGENERABLE ANTIMICROBIAL TEXTILES: IMPROVING EFFICIENCY AND DURABILITY OF BIOCIDAL FUNCTIONS Lei Qian; Gang Sun Charlottesville,Institute of Textile Technology; California,University at Davis Dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMDMH) and 3methylol-2,2,5,5-tetramethylimidazolidinone (MTMIO) were mixed in different ratios in textile Ànishing systems for cellulose fabrics. The mixtures of 2,2,5,5-tetrame thylimidazolidinone (TMIO) and hydantoin rings on the grafted cellulose provided a combination of imide, amide and amine halamine structures in different ratios after chlorination. These combinations improved both the power and stability of the biocidal properties of the treated cotton and polyester/cotton blend fabrics studied. Repeated laundering tests showed that even a small amount of added amine halamines could substantially reduce the loss of active chlorine and increase the power of the biocidal functions on the fabrics. The results were discussed. 12 refs. USA

Accession no.907815 Item 35 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 91, No.1, 5th Jan.2004, p.439-44 SYNTHESIS AND POTENTIAL RADICAL COPOLYMERIZATION OF NEW MONOMERS BASED ON DIALLYLGUANIDINE Zaikov G E; Malkanduev Y A; Khashirova S Y; Emsurziev A M; Martynenko A I; Sivova L I; Sivov N A Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics; KabardinoBalkar,University; Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Methods were developed for the synthesis of derivatives of diallylguanidine for use as monomers. The monomer salts (acetate and triÁuoroacetates) were shown to have the ability to polymerise in water and organic solvents in the presence of radical initiators. Radical copolymerisation of diallylguanidine and diallyldimethylammonium chloride was investigated. The presence of guanidine groups in the structures of homo- and copolymers provided the opportunity to carry out macromolecular design based on their analogous polymer structure and graft modiÀcation. High biocide ability of the copolymers obtained was demonstrated. 10 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.908495

40

Item 36 Patent Number: US 6664309 B2 20031216 ANTIMICROBIAL HOT MELT ADHESIVE Svenningsen L; Strelow D; Alper M; Hoppa-Willbrandt M Bostik Findley Inc. Hot melt adhesive compositions suitable for a variety of applications, especially non-woven disposable articles, are prepared by blending various adhesive components with a bacteriostat. The bacteriostat is incorporated into the adhesive compositions in sufÀcient amounts to inhibit the growth of various microorganisms, particularly bacteria. The preferred bacteriostat is triclosan in amounts of 0.01 to 5% by weight. USA

Accession no.909294 Item 37 Pitture e Vernici 80, No.2, 1st-15th Feb.2004, p.26-9 English; Italian MODERN DRY-FILM PRESERVATIVES BASED ON POLYPHASE IPBC Koerber C Troy Chemie GmbH The use of Polyphase IPBC fungicide in exterior coatings is discussed and its performance compared with that of other commonly-used fungicides. Polyphase IPBC is shown to have very low minimum inhibition concentration values, to be effective against a broad variety of fungi and to exhibit a good toxicological proÀle. The use of Mergal 710S as a broad-spectrum dry-Àlm preservative (against fungi and algae) for coatings is also considered and its efÀcacy demonstrated in laboratory and outdoor exposure tests. (Eurocoat 2003, Lyon, France) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.910414 Item 38 European Polymer Journal 40, No.4, April 2004, p.673-8 STUDY OF NEW PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AGAINST SARS USING SEMI-PERMEABLE PTFE/PU MEMBRANE Xinmin Hao; Jianchun Zhang; Yuhai Guo Dong Hua,University; Beijing,CPLA; Shanghai,New & Special Textile Research Center The use of PTFE/PU membrane for chemical protective clothing was investigated. A PETP fabric with permanent antistatic, antibacterial, waterproof and antioil properties was prepared by texturing with organic conductive Àbre, treating with JAM-Y1 antibacterial agent and then treating with XL-550 waterprooÀ ng agent. The PTFE/PU protective material was prepared by laminating with PETP fabric by paste dot coating and then coated with PU solution in a direct process. The PU

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

coating agent, DMF and acetone were used in testing by surface tension and peel strength measurements. The penetration of the PTFE membrane laminated fabric, coated with PU solution, by poliomyelitis virus in liquid and animalcule in air was studied. The results obtained showed that the membrane could separate SARS virus in air and liquid, had a water vapour transmission rate of 11,496 g/24 h sq m and could provide satisfactory wearing comfort. 4 refs. CHINA

Accession no.910554 Item 39 Polymers and Polymer Composites 12, No. 2, 2004, p.135-142 RESPONDING TO THE CONSUMERS’ DESIRE FOR IMPROVED HYGIENE WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PLASTICS Payne J Avecia Protection & Hygiene Market research into the potential market for antibacterial plastics is examined which shows a strong positive response to the incorporation of antibacterial performance in domestic articles, and in particular, in public places. Details are given of the results of the surveys carried out by telephone questionnaires. Avecia has launched a range of antibacterial additives aimed at polyoleÀns and PVC, and experimental data are included for antibacterial PVC, which are the result of using a quantitative method, the JIS Test Method Z2801, with two relevant organisms. Interpretation of the data to support performance claims is detailed. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.911762 Item 40 IRC 2003. Proceedings of a conference held Nuremberg, 30th June-3rd July 2003. Frankfurt, Deutsche Kautschuk Gesellschaft eV, 2003, p.335-7, 30cm. 012 ANTISEPTIC RUBBER AND LATEX Mircheva-Tabakova V; Tabakova S; Kantardjiev T SoÀa,Institute of Chemical Engineering; SoÀa,Institute of Molecular Biology; Bulgaria,National Institute of Infectious & Parasitic Diseases (Deutsche Kautschuk Gesellschaft eV) Microbial colonisation of rubber and latex products intended for use in medicine or every day life has been implicated in the development of various infections. The prevalence of fungal infections affecting the skin of the feet may reach up to 50% among the whole population, and for speciÀc groups, such as soldiers, miners, or other occupations where rubber boots are regularly worn it may be as high as 85%. Hospital acquired candidial infections are increasing in incidence and the role of various

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

plastic supplies and equipment pieces in transferring the pathogens has been conÀrmed. It is suggested that such infections may be prevented by using antiseptic rubber or latex products resistant to microbial colonisation and microbial Àlm formation. The silver impregnated central venous and urinary catheters, introduced at the Friedrich-Alexander University in Erlangen-Nuernberg are a clinically signiÀcant achievement in this Àeld. Another approach is to use organic antimicrobial additives which may be incorporated in the materials during its technological processing. The objective is to Ànd antimicrobial additives for rubber blends and latex that are simultaneously active against microscopic fungi and bacteria and which retain their activity during technological processing of the rubber and latex and remain active for at least 18 months. 9 refs. BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.912583 Item 41 Latex 2004. Proceedings of a conference held Hamburg, Germany, 20th-21st April 2004. Shawbury. Rapra Technology Ltd., 2004, p.71-4, 30cm, 012 HIGH PERFORMANCE MICROBIOCIDE SYSTEM FOR LATEX PROTECTION Unterweger B Biomontan (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Details are given of the use of an environmentally friendly biocide system during the production of synthetic latex emulsions. Data concerning the type of polymer emulsion, pH value, expected stability and Ànal use of the product are brieÁy discussed. AUSTRIA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.912765 Item 42 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 92, No.1, 5th April 2004, p.363-7 BIOCIDAL POLYSTYRENE BEADS. III. COMPARISON OF N-HALAMINE AND QUAT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Chen Y; Worley S D; Huang T S; Weese J; Kim J; Wei C I; Williams J F Auburn,University; Korea,Atomic Energy Research Institute; Oklahoma State University; VansonHaloSource The biocidal efÀcacies of N-chlorinated polymeric beads and two derivatives of polyquat (polymeric quaternary ammonium salts) beads were compared. The biocidal effects were measured after brief contact exposures of aqueous suspensions of either Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli to the water-insoluble beads. The polymeric backbone was the same in all three types of

41

References and Abstracts

beads, so they differed only in their biocidal derivative moieties. In all cases, the functionalisation of crosslinked chloromethylated PS beads was performed to introduce the biocidal properties. The most effective biocide, as measured by degree of inactivation in the shortest contact time of the two species of bacteria, was the N-chlorinated hydantoinyl derivative of methylated PS. 20 refs. KOREA; USA

Accession no.912989 Item 43 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 92, No.1, 5th April 2004, p.368-72 BIOCIDAL POLYSTYRENE BEADS. IV. FUNCTIONALIZED METHYLATED POLYSTYRENE Chen Y; Worley S D; Huang T S; Weese J; Kim J; Wei C I; Williams J F Auburn,University; Korea,Atomic Energy Research Institute; Oklahoma State University; VansonHaloSource Crosslinked chloromethylated PS beads were reacted with hydantoin and imidazolidinone derivatives to produce functionalised beads which could be rendered biocidal by reaction with free chlorine or bromine. The biocidal efÀcacies of the N-chlorinated and, in one case, the Nbrominated polymeric beads against Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli O157:H7 in aqueous suspension were determined. The N-halogenated polymeric beads were effective in aqueous disinfection application, requiring short contact times for inactivation of the two bacteria. The functionalised polymers could be tailored to the application, depending on whether rapid biocidal activity or long-term stability to loss of oxidative halogen was desired. 11 refs. (Pt.III, ibid, p.363-7) KOREA; USA

Accession no.912990 Item 44 Adhesives and Sealants Industry 11, No.6, July-Aug.2004, p.19/26 BIOCIDES Martin J Verichem Inc. Over the years, scientists have developed chemical agents, known as antimicrobial agents, biocides or preservatives, to combat the growth and proliferation of harmful microorganisms in various industrial applications. A substantial amount of money is lost every year due to microbiological contamination of adhesives and sealants in their manufacturing facilities. Since contamination by microorganisms can occur at various points before, during and even after manufacture, early use of an effective preservative is essential. The proper selection of a preservative and knowledge of its interaction with other materials is crucial. The biocides used in the adhesive and

42

sealant market can be grouped into two classes: in-can preservatives and dry Àlm fungicide/mildewcides. USA

Accession no.914419 Item 45 Patent Number: US 6706781 B2 20040316 DENTURE ADHESIVE COMPOSITIONS WITH ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Rajaiah J; Gilday-Weber K A; Ernst L C; Ha T N; Barnes J E; Ramji N; Kneipp A M Procter & Gamble Co. Adhesive compositions for reducing, inhibiting and/or preventing calculus, tartar, plaque and/or microbes in the oral cavity comprise from about 15 to 70% of an alkyl vinyl ether maleic copolymer or terpolymer denture adhesive component, an effective amount of a quaternary ammonium antimicrobial agent selected from the group consisting of cetylpyridinium chloride, domiphen bromide or mixtures thereof, and a non-aqueous vehicle. USA

Accession no.914967 Item 46 KGK:Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe 56, No.9, Sept.2003, p.432-3 German SILVER COMPOUND DOES NOT DRIFT - PERMANENT PROTECTION AGAINST MICROBES In a new series of heat-crosslinked microbiocide rubber compounds from the Àrm of Milliken, an inorganic biocide on a silver base takes care of the permanent protection against the growth of bacteria, fungus and yeast. Without the typical disadvantages of many organic biocides, the biocide from Milliken saves on cleaning costs and extends the life span corresponding to the components used. According to Milliken, included among the possible uses of the Elastoguard microbiocide compound are coatings, seals, O-rings, wheels and rollers as well as membranes, bellows, packaging, linings, hoses and belting for the widest range of uses. Milliken Europe EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.915105 Item 47 Industria della Gomma 47, No.8, Oct.2003, p. Italian NEW COMPOUNDS RESISTANT TO MICROORGANISMS Milliken Chemical has launched a line of heat-vulcanisable compound batches called Elastoguard, which prevent

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

the proliferation of bacteria, fungus and mould. This article looks at the mechanism through which Alphasan inhibits bacterial growth by penetrating a cell. It Àxes itself on its own DNA and triggers the death of the micro-organism. Also, examined is the mechanism by which Alphasan prevents bacterial growth by spreading from the elastomeric matrix. Further coverage is given to antibacterial activity in NBR and EPDM rubbers. Examples of products manufactured in Elastoguard include smooth and corrugated pipes, components for the car industry, domestic appliances and items for the medical and food sectors. Milliken Chemical WORLD

Accession no.915111 Item 48 Polymer Engineering plus No.68, 15th July 2004, p.3 POLYGIENE COMPOUNDS CAN KILL SARS VIRUS AND OTHER BACTERIA Polygiene is a series of antiviral and antimicrobial moulding compounds used in plastics whose formulation is the Àrst tested and proven to kill the SARS coronavirus as well as a wide range of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. The material, which kills on contact, can be used for a wide variety of products including light switches, sanitaryware, door handles, hand rails, baby changing tables and public phones. Polygiene can be used in a variety of injection moulded amino compounds such as Aminel and Amitec resins. The additive is homogeneously distributed throughout the moulded part and is locked into the resin matrix, so it provides protection for the lifetime of the part and never wears off. Perstorp Compounds EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.915163 Item 49 Paint and Coatings Industry 20, No.7, July 2004, p.64/70 REGULATION OF ANTIMICROBIALS IN PAINTS AND SURFACE TREATMENTS Tesch E M Technology Sciences Group Inc. US regulatory requirements associated with antimicrobialtreated surfaces are complex. Any product offered for sale in the US claiming to control or mitigate pests, including microorganisms, must be registered by the US EPA. Typically, coatings incorporating preservatives to protect the integrity of the product, both in the can and on the coated surface, are exempt from registration. However, increased concerns regarding disease transmission offer an opportunity to provide products that can sanitise surfaces. This paper focuses on the regulatory requirements

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

associated with antimicrobial substances used in paints and surface treatments in the US. USA

Accession no.915192 Item 50 Paint and Coatings Industry 20, No.7, July 2004, p.72/6 BIOCIDE OPTIMIZATION: BLENDS OF ACTIVES Winkowski K International Specialty Products Over 80% of architectural paints are waterborne. The presence of water makes these paints very susceptible to microbial attack both in the wet state and as dry Àlm. The addition of an in-can preservative will protect these coatings in the wet state during storage and transport. However, after a coating has been applied and dried, it becomes susceptible to colonisation by fungi and/or algae. The addition of a dry-Àlm preservative ensures long-term performance of the coating. Currently, there is no single biocide that possesses all the properties of an ideal biocide. However, blends of bioactives may be used to optimise performance and approach the efÀcacy of the “ideal” biocide. 12 refs. USA

Accession no.915193 Item 51 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 10, No.2, June 2004, p.95-8 EXTENDING THE USE OF ZINC-CONTAINING BIOCIDES IN PVC Burley J W; Clifford P D Akcros Chemicals America The effects of a hydrotalcite (magnesium/aluminium hydroxycarbonate) acid scavenger on the thermal stability of barium/zinc-stabilised poly(vinyl chloride) containing zinc pyrithione biocide in various proportions were investigated by heat stability, dynamic thermal stability and Brabender mastication experiments coupled with colour, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal measurements, and the results are discussed. 12 refs. USA

Accession no.916465 Item 52 International Journal of Polymeric Materials 53, No.7, July 2004, p.609-20 COPOLYMERS OF 2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL METHACRYLATE WITH BUTYL METHACRYLATE AND THEIR APPLICATION AS BIOCIDES Shah B S; Patel M B; Patel R M Sardar Patel University The above copolymers, with different monomer concentrations, were synthesised using toluene as a

43

References and Abstracts

solvent and AIBN as initiator at 70C. The copolymers were characterised by IR spectroscopy and copolymer compositions were determined by UV spectroscopy. The reactivity ratios for monomer pairs were determined by Finemann-Ross method. GPC was used to determine the average molec.wts. and the polydispersity index. The intrinsic viscosities of the polymers were also examined. TGA of the polymers was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere. The homo- and copolymers were tested for their effect on the growth of various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and yeast. It was shown that these acrylic copolymers were very good inhibitors against growth of microorganisms and could be of use as polymeric biocides. 17 refs. INDIA

Accession no.918366 Item 53 Materials World 12, No.8, Aug.2004, p.18-20 TAILOR-MADE FABRICS Salusbury I Smart textiles, also known as functional fabrics, now offer clothes manufacturers a wide range of possibilities, based on their inherent properties. Properties that are already being exploited include stain resistance, breathability and the incorporation of electronic circuitry. Functionality that is still being developed will allow for fabrics to be heated or cooled, protect against a range of environmental dangers and monitor various aspects of our health and well-being. Conductive polymer Àbres can be used in garments to counteract tremor in patients with conditions such as Parkinson’s disease. In hospitals, antimicrobial clothing helps stem the increase in antibiotic resistant bacteria, while in everyday use it can kill off odour-producing bacteria. Nanotechnology is being employed to deliver a range of properties, from stain resistance and water repellence to breathability and wrinkle resistance. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.919884 Item 54 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 93, No.3, 5th Aug.2004, p.1411-22 PLASMA-ENHANCED DEPOSITION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES ONTO POLYMER AND METAL SURFACES FOR THE GENERATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHARACTERISTICS Jiang H; Manolache S; Wong A C L; Denes F S Wisconsin,University

ESCA, SEM, AFM and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, is described. The bactericidal properties of the silver-coated surfaces were investigated and the results are discussed. 14 refs. USA

Accession no.919962 Item 55 ANTEC 2003. Proceedings of the 61st SPE Annual Conference held Nashville, Tn., 4th-8th May 2003. BrookÀeld, Ct., SPE, 2003, Volume 1-Processing Session M30-Hot Topics: Micromoulding and Biomaterials, p.2603-7, CD-ROM, 012 MEDICAL PLASTICS SHOWING BACTERIOSTATIC PROPERTIES Lambert M; Mann G; Kelly T; Darnell K Bard C.R.,Inc. (SPE) Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) containing an organic acid metal salt (additions of 5 wt% or less) was used to prepare a urinary collection device consisting of a bag and tubing. The processing of the Àlm and tubing to form the device, including welding and measurements of mechanical and physical properties, was compared with that of PVC without the organic metal salt. The organic acid metal salt additions caused haze but did not result in complete capacity. The processability of the PVC was not affected. The presence of the organic acid metal salt resulted in antibacterial and antifungal activity, but contact for times up to 20 min did not signiÀcantly affect urine culture or analysis. Skin irritation and sensitisation studies indicated no risk of adverse reactions. 11 refs. USA

Accession no.920056 Item 56 Plastics Science and Technology No.2, April 2004, p.57/61 Chinese DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBACTERIAL PLASTICS Zhang J-B; Ge L-M; Zhou A-N Xian,University of Science & Technology The mechanisms, classiÀcation and preparation of antibacterial agents are discussed. Methods of evaluating antibacterial agents are also covered together with applications and trends in the development thereof. 26 refs. CHINA

Accession no.920725

The deposition of silver nanoparticles under formaldehyde-radio frequency plasma conditions onto poly(dimethylsiloxane) (medical and food-grade silicone rubber), paper and stainless steel surfaces, and characterisation of the surfaces using high-resolution

44

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 57 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 93, No.2, 15th July 2004, p.765-70 SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC BIOCIDES BASED ON POLY(ETHYLENE-COVINYL ALCOHOL) Eun-Soo Park; Hye Kyung Kim; Jae Hun Shim; MalNam Kim; Jin-San Yoon Inha,University; Sangmyung,University EVA with 55 wt % vinyl acetate units(EVA55) was cryogenically ground and saponified in potassium hydroxide/ethanol solution to give ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer(EVOH55). Polymeric antimicrobial agents were synthesised by reacting three antimicrobial agents, 4-aminobenzoic acid(ABA), salicylic acid(SA) and 4hydroxybenzoic acid(HBA), with EVOH55. The polymers became more Áexible and exhibited lower melting peak temperature and heat of fusion as the content of the chemically bound ABA, SA and HBA units increased. These phenomena appeared to increase in signiÀcance in the order ABA, HBA, SA. Streptococcus aureus, a grampositive bacterium, was more susceptible to the polymeric antimicrobial agents than Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative bacterium. The antimicrobial activity increased in the order EVOH55-HBA, EVOH55-ABA, EVOH-SA. 14 refs. KOREA

Accession no.920986 Item 58 European Polymer Journal 40, No.7, July 2004, p.1355-61 DIETHYLMETHYL CHITOSAN AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS Avadi M R; Sadeghi A M M; Tahzibi A; Bayati K; Pouladzadeh M; Zohuriaan-Mehr M J; RaÀee-Tehrani M Shaheed Beheshti University Of Medical Sciences; Hakin Pharmaceutical Co.; Tehran University of Medical Science; Iran,Polymer & Petrochemical Institute Diethylmethylchitosan(DEMC), a polyelectrolyte with different degrees of quaternisation, was prepared for use as an oral drug delivery vehicle in pharmacological and pharmaceutical experiments. A modiÀed two-step procedure and a factorial design approach were used for quantitative preparation of N-diethylmethyl chitosan chloride with a high degree of quaternisation. Under optimised conditions, the prepared DEMC had a degree of quaternisation of 79%. The highly quaternised Ndiethylmethyl chitosan chlorides showed rapid and complete solubility in water at room temperature. Although DEMC exhibited a higher antibacterial activity than chitosan, the antimicrobial effects of both compounds were pH-dependent and an increase in concentration of acetic acid resulted in a signiÀcant decrease in both minimum

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. 28 refs. IRAN

Accession no.921043 Item 59 Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 42, No.15, p.3818-27 ANTIMICROBIAL POLYMERS CONTAINING MELAMINE DERIVATIVES. I. PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHLOROMELAMINE-BASED CELLULOSE Braun M; Sun Y Austin,University of Texas A reactive melamine derivative, 2-amino-4-chloro6-hydroxy-s-triazine (ACHT) is synthesised through controlled hydrolysis of 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine. At room temperature, ACHT is produced in moderate yield and the reaction characterised with FTIR and elemental analysis. ACHT can react with cotton cellulose with a cold-pad-batch treatment process. Chlorination of the amino group gives an N-halamine structure which results in a material with durable and rechargeable antimicrobial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. 38 refs. USA

Accession no.921272 Item 60 Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 42, No.15, p.3860-4 NONHEMOLYTIC ABIOGENIC POLYMERS AS ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE MIMICS Arnt L; Nusslein K; Tew G N Amherst,Massachusetts University The design of strictly hydrocarbon-based poly(phenylene ethylene) (PE) abiogenic polymer structures with antibacterial activity and selectivity between bacterial cells and human red blood cells is reported. Facially amphiphilic structures are synthesised under Sonogashira conditions and molecular weight polydispersity is demonstrated. The antibacterial action of the PE molecules is measured against both gram-positive and gram-negative strains. The most hydrophobic polymer shows no antibacterial activity, due to the hydrophobicity of the pentoxy chain. The other polymers which lack the pentoxy chain show increased solubility and activity. Control of the molecular weight also leads to selectivity. 39 refs. USA

Accession no.921277

45

References and Abstracts

Item 61 Biomaterials 25, No.19, 2004, p.4555-62 SYNTHESIS OF METAL INCORPORATED LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYURETHANES FROM NOVEL AROMATIC DIOLS, THEIR CHARACTERIZATION AND BACTERICIDAL PROPERTIES Acharya V; Prabha C R; Narayanamurthy C Baroda,MS University Details are given of the synthesis of low molecular weight polyurethanes with sites for metal complexation. The -SO2 and -COOH groups were incorporated into the PU chain by the reactions of bishydroxyphenylsulphone and bishydroxyphenylvaleric acid with hexamethylene diisocyanate and toluene diisocyanate. The reaction was monitored from the disappearance of the -OH group. Characterisation was undertaken using FTIR and NMR. The free -SO2 and -COOH groups were used for metal complexation using zinc and silver. Antibacterial properties are discussed. 29 refs. INDIA

Accession no.921678 Item 62 European Plastics News 31, No.9, Oct.2004, p.29 WARDING OFF DISEASE Reade L Antibacterial agents are expected to play a major role in Àghting MRSA, which is resistant to the strongest modern antibiotics. In addition to improved cleaning regimes, antibacterial plastics products could be an effective extra weapon in the Àght against the spread of disease. Swedish thermosets specialist Perstorp has developed an antimicrobial agent called Polygiene, which is says is effective against many bacteria including Sars and MRSA. The additive is incorporated into Perstorp’s range of amino moulding compounds. UK-based Addmaster has developed an anti-MRSA masterbatch as part of its Biomaster range of antimicrobial additives. Biomaster can be used in a range of thermoplastic substrates, including polyoleÀns, styrenics, polyester and nylon. Perstorp AB; Addmaster EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.922999 Item 63 European Polymer Journal 40, No.10, Oct.2004, p.2373-9 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL ANTIMICROBIAL CATIONIC POLYELECTROLYTES Cakmak I; Ulukanli Z; Tuzcu M; Karabuga S; Genctav K Kafkas,University

46

The synthesis of cationic polyelectrolytes containing quaternary nitrogen atoms within the main chain by condensation polymerisation of epichlorohydrin with benzylamine in various proportions, and their characterisation by proton NMR and GPC, is described. The antimicrobial activity of the polymers against bacteria, yeast and fungi was investigated and the results are discussed. 12 refs. TURKEY

Accession no.924899 Item 64 High Performance Plastics Sept.2004, p.11/2 ANYI-MICROBIAL NANO-POLYMER At the University of Freiburg in Germany, scientists have made a polymer with nano-sized particles which can act as an antimicrobial agent. The nano-material contains silver nano-particles within modiÀed polyethylene imide derivatives in solution. Full details of the development are given in this article. FREIBURG,UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.925295 Item 65 Plastics Additives and Compounding 6, No.5, Sept.-Oct.2004, p.54-6 ANTIMICROBIALS RESPOND TO NEW THREATS Suppliers of antimicrobial additives and compounds are focusing more than ever on creating products that can combat newer diseases, including MRSA and SARS. To help combat MRSA, Rapid Additive Services has developed a new range of third generation antimicrobial masterbatches. The standard grade, RapidGuard S2000, is based on a silver inorganic broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent which works by allowing the active silver ions to migrate to the surface of the plastic and the positively charged silver ion to be absorbed into the membrane structures of the bacterial cells. Perstorp has developed a series of compounds called Polygiene, which, it claims, can not only combat MRSA, but also includes an antiviral additive which can kill the SARS corona virus on contact and prevent it from returning. WORLD

Accession no.925645

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 66 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering. Fall Meeting. Volume 89. Proceedings of a conference held New York, 7th-11th Sept.2003. Washington, D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymeric Materials and Science and Engineering. 2003, p.246, CD-ROM, 012 MICROBE-REPELLING ANTIMICROBIAL NETWORKS LOADED WITH SILVER NANOPARTICLES Tiller J C; Chau Hon Ho; Tobis J; Thomann R Freiburg,University preparation of coatings containing three antimicrobial approaches in a single system is described, These are, incorporation of elemental silver, grafting of antimicrobial polymers, and incorporation of antimicrobial polymers such as polyethylene glycol. The system was based on polyethyleneimine grafted with different amounts of hydroxyethyl acrylate by photopolymerisation. Coatings were characterised using electron and atomic force microscopy, and examination with ultraviolet visible spectroscopy indicated the presence of silver nanoparticles. 5 refs EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.925955 Item 67 Flexible 2, No.3, Sept.-Oct.2003, p.24-9 KILLER FILMS Waite N Much research and development work has been undertaken in the area of antibacterial Àlms and similar preservativerelease technologies, although commercial examples are very few and far between. In part, this has been due to questions relating to the efÀcacy of such Àlms, but concerns have also been expressed about the safety of technologies, particularly those which involve the migration of antimicrobials to the pack contents. Japan has the most developed market for antibacterial Àlms and packaging and most of these use zeolite-based additives and technology. Technion-Israel Institute of Technology is developing a Àlm that releases extracts from the herb basil into food to suppress the growth of bacteria such as e.coli and listeria. WORLD

Accession no.902288 Item 68 Manchester, c. 2003, pp.4, 30 cm, 22/9/03 ELASTOGUARD, EFFECTIVE PROTECTION AGAINST MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION FOR RUBBER COMPONENTS Milliken Chemical Speciality Elastomer Features and potential applications are described for Elastoguard, an innovative patent pending technology that

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

can be produced in a wide range of specialist compounds to meet a broad spread of needs. It incorporates a zirconium phosphate-based ceramic ion-exchange resin containing silver, which is acknowledged to be safe for human contact, and which is recognised for its antimicrobial effectiveness against a broad spectrum of micro-organisms. The effect of silver on healthy bacteria is illustrated, and the antibacterial activity in NBR rubber and EPDM is demonstrated. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.900723 Item 69 Spartanburg, 2003, pp.7, 30 cm, 22/9/03 MILLIKEN’S NEW ELASTOGUARD ANTIMICROBIAL RUBBER ADDRESSES CLEANING CHALLENGES, REDUCES DOWNTIME & DETERIORATION OF PARTS Milliken Chemical A new line of antimicrobial heat-cured rubber compounds is introduced from Milliken Chemical, which is claimed to be able to help solve cleaning challenges in food processing, medical, industrial, and other applications prone to microbial growth. They are known as Elastoguard, and are patented antimicrobial elastomers that are claimed to provide an effective way of preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi, and yeasts on rubber parts, whilst avoiding he challenges posed in the past by organic biocides. They incorporate Antimicrobial Alphasan, silver-sodiumzirconium-phosphate silver which permeates the entire rubber part. Scientists are reported to theorise that the silver is absorbed by the microbes, along with other essential ions, where it begins to interrupt formation of vital enzymes used in energy production, causing the microorganism to quickly lose its ability to grow and reproduce. Details are given of the properties and beneÀts of Elastoguard compounds, together with illustrated examples of applications. USA

Accession no.900722 Item 70 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 90, No.8, 21st Nov.2003, p.2194-9 DURABLE ANTIMICROBIAL NYLON 66 FABRICS: IONIC INTERACTIONS WITH QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS Son Y-A; Sun G Chungnam,National University; California,University at Davis Polyamide-6,6 fabrics were treated using a novel procedure employing ionic interactions between anionic carboxylic end groups of the polymer and cationic quaternary ammonium salts to produce fabrics with antimicrobial activity. The effects of the pH of the treatment bath, treatment temperature, treatment time and quaternary

47

References and Abstracts

ammonium salt concentration on the exhaustion of the salts on the fabrics were investigated and the antimicrobial activity of the treated fabrics after being washed a number of times determined. 14 refs.

inhibition concentrations for four different microorganisms were determined and good biocidal activities were demonstrated. 15 refs.

SOUTH KOREA; USA

Accession no.894613

AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.899811 Item 71 Macplas International April 2003, p.87/91 ACTIVE FOOD PACKAGING FOR THE FUTURE Perrone C With particular emphasis on food packaging, today’s trend in Europe, in response to regulations, is towards packaging with a “shielding” function, that is, it must preserve the contents from environmental alterations without modifying the composition and attributes of the packaged products in any way. This detailed article discusses this current situation, and looks at what is new in the Àeld of “active” packaging (systems that modify the conditions of the packaged product (by substance releasing, scavenging, or neutralisation) to extend shelf-life or improve hygienic safety. CIBA; BIOKA LTD.; CPCHEM; CHEVRON PHILLIPS; WIPAK WALSRODE GMBH & CO.KG; NESTLE BUITONI; US,FLEXIBLE PACKAGING ASSN.; EIA WARENHANDELS GMBH; DUPONT; BERNARD TECHNOLOGIES INC.; EU,SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR FOOD; EUROPEAN COMMISSION; KYUNGNAM,UNIVERSITY; CIBA; MILLIKEN; ADDMASTER; CLARIANT; MITSUBISHI; US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION AUSTRIA; EU; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; GERMANY; JAPAN; SCANDINAVIA; SOUTH KOREA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.899477 Item 72 Macromolecular Rapid Communications 24, No.9, 16th June 2003, p.567-70 STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOCIDAL OLIGOGUANIDINES Feiertag P; Albert M; Ecker-Eckhofen E M; Hayn G; Hoenig H; Oberwalder H W; Saf R; Schmidt A; Schmidt O; Topchiev D Graz,Technische Universitat; Oil Industry Technology Oligomeric guanidines were obtained by polycondensation of guanidine hydrochloride and 1,2-bis(2aminoethoxy)ethane. A comparative MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry/NMR spectroscopy study with a carbon13-labelled sample enabled an unambiguous analysis of a guanidine-based polymer to be performed. Among the four major product series, previously-undetected macrocyclic compounds were found. The minimum

48

Item 73 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 89, No.9, 29th Aug.2003, p.2418-25 DURABLE AND REGENERABLE ANTIMICROBIAL TEXTILES: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS OF 3-METHYLOL2,2,5,5-TETRAMETHYL-IMIDAZOLIDIN-4ONE(MTMIO) Lei Qian; Gang Sun California,University at Davis MTMIO, a precursor of halamine compounds, was synthesised by methylolation of 2,2,5,5tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one(TMIO) and characterised by PMR and FTIR spectroscopies. It was shown that, by chemically reacting MTMIO with cellulose, TMIO rings were successfully grafted onto cellulose-containing fabrics. After a subsequent chlorination, the treated fabrics were converted to halamine structures, which then demonstrated effective antibacterial efÀcacy. As expected, the halamine structure generated from TMIO was much more stable and, therefore, the biocidal functions of the Ànished materials were more durable. The results indicated that this halamine structure could survive repeated home laundering and would require less frequent chlorine recharging to maintain the biocidal properties. 17 refs. USA

Accession no.894528 Item 74 Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 11, No.1, Jan.-March 2003, p.41-7 ANTIBACTERIAL POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) YARN CONTAINING CEPHALOSPORIN TYPE ANTIBIOTIC Buchenska J; Tazbir J; Sobolewska E Lodz,Technical University; Lodz,Centre of Molecular & Macromolecular Studies; Lodz,Copernicus Memorial Hospital A two-stage process for producing poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) yarn with antibacterial properties, involving the grafting polymerisation of acrylic acid to active centres on the PET yarn created by treatment with benzoyl peroxide followed by impregnation with a cephalosporin-type antibiotic, is described. The antibacterial properties of the modiÀed yarns were assessed in vitro using Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the results are discussed. 27 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.894231

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 75 Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe 56, No.5, May 2003, p.300-5 German ELASTOMERS WITH ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES Haas G R; Patel B; Kerr B C Milliken Chemical Speciality Elastomer The antimicrobial activity and durability of peroxide-cured rubber formulations containing silver-based antimicrobials are discussed in depth. 20 refs. (ACS,Rubber Div.,160th Fall Technical Meeting, 16th-19th Oct.2001, Cleveland, Ohio) Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.893695 Item 76 Rubber and Plastics News 32, No.26, 28th July 2003, p.5 PHYSICIAN HEAL THYSELF McNulty M Sixteen years of research and development by French rubber goods maker Hutchinson has yielded the G-Vir synthetic rubber glove which the company claims reduces infection by up to 60%. The antiviral glove can clean and disinfect wounds instantly if it is pierced. G-Vir features two external layers of styrene block copolymer thermoplastic elastomer with an intermediate layer containing an emulsified disinfecting agent. Droplets of the liquid agent are released into a wound if the glove is punctured by a dirty needle or other instrument. The droplets substantially reduce virus particles entering a wound, it is claimed. HUTCHINSON SA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

solubility, making it very resistant to being leached from the paint Àlm by ambient moisture. In addition, the product is non-persistent in the environment, breaking down readily into harmless compounds. The new biocide can be used in both latex- and solventborne paints. Test procedures used to evaluate Rozone 2000 included minimum inhibitory concentration determinations, in-can preservative efÀcacy tests and dry Àlm mildewcide tests. Test results are presented. 13 refs. USA

Accession no.892354 Item 78 Journal of Materials Science 38, No.10, 15th May 2003, p.2143-7 PREPARATION OF NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS FOR PERMANENT ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT Sang Young Yeo; Hoon Joo Lee; Sung Hoon Jeong Hanyang,University PP/silver nanocomposite Àbres were prepared with the aim of achieving permanent antibacterial activity in a common synthetic textile. The Àbres were melt-spun by coextrusion of PP and PP/silver masterbatches using general conjugate spinning. Masterbatches were made up of a mixture of PP chips and nano-sized silver powder. The antibacterial efÀcacy of spun Àbres was high when the masterbatch was used as the sheath rather than the core. The antibacterial activity of nano-silver in Àbres was evaluated after a certain contact time and calculated by percent reduction of two types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiela pneumoniae. DSC and wide-angle X-ray diffraction were used for analysis of structure, thermal properties and crystallisation behaviour of the spun Àbres. SEM was carried out in order to observe particle distribution on the nanocomposite Àbres. 17 refs. (2nd International Conference on Polymer Fibres, Manchester, UK, July 2002) KOREA

Accession no.891839

Accession no.892370 Item 77 Paint and Coatings Industry 19, No.7, July 2003, p.66/74 TWO-FOR-ONE Sadasivan L; Gandhi U Rohm & Haas Co. For decades, manufacturers of latex coatings had to employ separate biocides to preserve paint in the can and prevent mildew growth on dry Àlm because none of the available products had the broad-spectrum antimicrobial efÀcacy required to serve in both capacities. Rohm & Haas has a novel isothiazolinone biocide that provides paint manufacturers with a highly effective, “two-forone” alternative to conventional biocide packages and eliminates the need for separate in-can preservatives and mildewcides. Rozone 2000 biocide has low water

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 79 Surface Coatings International Part B 86, No.B2, June 2003, p.101-10 HYGIENIC COATINGS: THE NEXT GENERATION Johns K Paint Research Association Hygienic coatings are discussed with reference to the global need for such products, the importance of cleanliness, the scope for these coatings, the nature of biological contamination, hygienic surfaces as barriers to food- and hospital-derived infection, design factors for hygienic surface modiÀcation system, biocides and surface coatings, photo-cleaning of coatings, innovative coating systems and components, and inspection and testing. 8 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.891718

49

References and Abstracts

Item 80 Rubber World 228, No.2, May 2003, p.16-20 ANTIMICROBIAL RUBBER SOLVES CLEANING CHALLENGES IN FOOD PROCESSING, PACKAGING, MEDICAL AND OTHER APPLICATIONS McDowell S Milliken Chemical Rubber compounds are particularly vulnerable to microbial attack due to their chemical constituents. A new line of antimicrobial heat-cured rubber (HCR) compounds, available in a variety of product forms for most processing options, has been developed. These compounds have demonstrated excellent control of microbial growth both within and on the surface of the treated material. Elastoguard, a new family of antimicrobial HCR compounds from Milliken Chemical, has been developed using a patented silver sodium-zirconium-phosphate ion-exchange-resin delivery system. The biocide used is non-leaching, odourless, extremely heat stable, extremely insoluble and neither Áammable, explosive or corrosive. This technology provides both antifungal as well as antibacterial properties to Ànished parts. Elastoguard compounds are now commercially available in standard formulations ranging from NR, through EPDM and NBR grades, to high-performance Áuoroelastomers. 21 refs. USA

Accession no.889646 Item 81 Materials World 11, No.6, June 2003, p.8 FOOLING THE PROBLEM OF FOULING WITH A NEW SMART MATERIAL CSIRO and Australia’s Co-Operative Research Centre for Aquaculture have developed a smart new oyster tray for oyster farmers. It comes in the form of a traditionally shaped oyster tray manufactured with specially designed polymers that contain slow release, harmless, biodegradable antifouling chemicals. The antifouling agent and HDPE was pre-compounded and processed into trays using standard industrial injection moulders for extensive Àeldtesting. No adverse effects were observed in the shellÀsh exposed to the chemical, even at levels greater than the expected environmental concentrations. CSIRO AUSTRALIA

Accession no.889556 Item 82 Biomaterials 24, No.16, 2003, p.2685-93 PROTEIN ADSORPTION, FIBROBLAST ACTIVITY AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF POLYHYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID-CO-

50

HYDROXYVALERIC ACID GRAFTED WITH CHITOSAN AND CHITOOLIGOSACCHARAIDE AFTER IMMOBILIZED WITH HYALURONIC ACID Hu S-G; Jou C-H; Yang M C Taiwan,University of Technology Hydroxybutyric acid-hydroxyvaleric acid copolymer membranes were treated with ozone and grafted with acrylic acid. The membranes were further grafted with chitosan or chitooligosaccharide via esteriÀcation and immobilised with hyaluronic acid. Antibacterial activities were investigated. Surface properties were characterised using a water contact angle goniometer. 26 refs. CHINA

Accession no.886823 Item 83 Additives for Polymers May 2003, p.3 MILLIKEN’S SILVER-BASED ANTIMICROBIAL RECEIVES EPA APPROVAL FOR HVAC APPLICATIONS “Antimicrobial AlphaSan” is a silver-based antimicrobial product produced by Milliken Chemical of the USA. This article informs us that the product has received US Environmental Protection Agency registration for use in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment and related materials. Details of the product are provided. MILLIKEN CHEMICAL; US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.886629 Item 84 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 88, No.6, 9th May 2003, p.1567-72 DURABLE ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT OF COTTON FABRICS USING N-(2-HYDROXY)PROPYL-3TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHITOSAN CHLORIDE AND POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS Young Ho Kim; chang Woo Nam; Jae Won Choi; Jinho Jang Soongsil,University; Korea,Institute of Industrial Technology; Kumoh,National University of Technology A water soluble quaternary ammonium derivative of chitosan (N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride, HTCC) was used as an antimicrobial agent for cotton fabrics. HTCC had a lower minimum inhibition concentration against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoiniae and Escherichia coli compared with that of chitosan, but the antimicrobial activity was lost on laundering. However, when cotton fabrics were treated simultaneously with HTCC and polycarboxylic acids (particularly butanetetracarboxylic acid) (BTCA),

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

the antimicrobial activity withstood laundering. The bacterial reduction values of the fabrics treated with 8% BTCA and 0.1% HTCC were greater than 90%, even after 20 laundering cycles. Also, cotton treated with HTCC and BTCA showed improved durable press properties without severely impairing the mechanical strength or whiteness of the fabric. 17 refs. KOREA

Accession no.886175 Item 85 Modern Plastics International 33, No.4, April 2003, p.54-8 SILVER ANTIMICROBIALS START PROVING THEIR METTLE Rosenzweig M The Àrst components made from polymers compounded with silver-based antimicrobials are establishing a toehold in the North American and European medical markets. Silver is widely recognised as being safe and has high heat stability and low volatility, making it suitable for use with engineering polymers. It also provides long-lasting effectiveness and wash resistance. Doctor’s Research Group introduced in Q4 2001 SafeSeal stethoscope diaphragm covers with AgIon antimicrobial from AgION Technologies. DRG has made over 10 million of the injection moulded thermoplastic elastomer covers. Edwards Lifesciences started selling Vantex central venous catheters with Oligon antimicrobial from Bioenvision in June 2000. The extruded PU catheters are sold globally. WORLD

Accession no.885225 Item 86 Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, No.3, 2003, p.219-227 PROBLEMS AND PITFALLS IN THE EVALUATION AND DESIGN OF NEW BIOCIDES FOR PLASTICS APPLICATIONS Kneale C Avecia Protection & Hygiene A discussion is presented of factors which need to be considered in the design and testing of a new biocide for plastics applications. In Europe, biocides are becoming more tightly regulated under the Biocidal Products Directive, which requires a signiÀcant data package for the registration of new actives and existing formulations. Once the issue of compatibility has been addressed, the antimicrobial efÀciency has to be established. Prior to selection of a test method to demonstrate such efÀcacy, consideration is given to whether the substrate should be pre-conditioned to simulate end-use conditions, e.g., by artificial leaching or weathering. Advantages and disadvantages of traditional test methods are discussed, and an alternative method for the evaluation of biocidal performance is presented, which is claimed to be more

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

representative of end-use conditions. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.884921 Item 87 Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 10, No.4, Oct.-Dec.2002, p.52-4 HEALTH-PROMOTING PROPERTIES OF BLANKETS MADE WITH THE BIOACTIVE FIBRE “RHOVYL AS” IN THE PILE Sedelnik N Poznan,Institute of Natural Fibres The effect of various amounts of Rhovyl AS bioactive PVC Àbre in the weft of a blanket on the antibacterial properties and Áammability of that blanket was investigated. Using the results obtained, the areas of application of blankets containing 100%, 70% and 50% Rhovyl AS were identiÀed. 12 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.883040 Item 88 Marl, 2001, pp.3, 30 cm, 25/3/03 AMINA T 100. PRODUCT INFORMATION Creavis Gesellschaft fur Technologie & Innovation mbH Product information is presented for Amina T 100, a newly developed polymer from Creavis GmbH with antimicrobial action. Its crucial advantages lies in its macromolecular nature. In contrast to other polymers provided conventionally with biocides, there is no wash-out of low molecular toxic components. The starting materials are not antimicrobially active, and the antimicrobial action develops only in the polymer. Product properties are listed, its spectrum of activity is identiÀed, and kinetics of reduction are charted. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881961 Item 89 European Coatings Journal No.1-2, 2003, p.16/33 POLYMERS WITH ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES Thoelmann D; Kossmann B; Sosna F Degussa AG A new class of antimicrobial polymers is described in which the microbiological activity is based on their special constitution, which comprises surface-located amino functional groups, and the three-dimensional structure of the polymers. The antimicrobial efÀcacy is attributed only to the Ànal polymer itself, not to leaching of low molec.wt. additives or the initial monomers. The polymers are not soluble in water and do not leach from surfaces like low

51

References and Abstracts

molec.wt. biocides. Their disadvantages are also discussed, including difÀculty of incorporation into coatings and plastics and the problem of Àlm formation above the active surface. 5 refs.

testing. Antimicrobial test methods such as the halo and viable count methods are described. 12 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.880393

Accession no.881171 Item 90 Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 42, No.2, 22nd Jan.2003, p.280-4 BIOCIDAL POLY(STYRENEHYDANTOIN) BEADS FOR DISINFECTION OF WATER Yongjun Chen; Worley S D; Jangho Kim; Wei C I; Tay-Yuan Chen; Santiago J I; Williams J F; Gang Sun Auburn,University; Halosource; California,University at Davis The biocidal polymers poly(1,3-dichloro-5-methyl-5-(4’vinylphenyl)hydantoin) and poly(1,3-dibromo-5-methyl5-(4’-vinylphenyl)hydantoin) and the monochlorinated derivative were prepared as insoluble porous beads. Halogen stability, rechargeability and efÀcacy against pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, MS2 virus and poliovirus) in a water Àltration application were evaluated. While the polymers previously prepared in powdered granular solid form were effective against a wide variety of pathogens in contact times of a few seconds, the Áow rates of water through cartridge Àlters containing them were often diminished because of clogging problems. The Àne particles could also be partially aerosolised in a manufacturing facility, thus causing a potential hazard for workers in the facility. The porous beads, prepared entirely by heterogeneous reactions, overcome these limitations while maintaining outstanding biocidal efÀcacies. The chlorinated beads had the potential to be used for disinfecting potable water in remote areas. The brominated beads are being evaluated as biocides for use in recirculating water applications such as for spas. 19 refs. USA

Accession no.881124 Item 91 Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, No.2, 2003, p.101-13 THE WHY, WHAT AND WHEREFORE OF ANTIMICROBIAL SYSTEMS Simmons J Well Plastics Ltd. The use of antimicrobial systems in plastics products is discussed, with particular reference to the products from Wells Plastics. It is emphasised that it is important to choose the correct system to suit the product and its intended application, and that the efÀcacy of the antimicrobial system must be veriÀed through appropriate antimicrobial

52

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 92 Packaging Technology and Science 15, No.5, Sept.-Oct.2002, p.247-54 PROPERTIES OF NISIN-INCORPORATED POLYMER COATINGS AS ANTIMICROBIAL PACKAGING MATERIALS Young-Min Kim Kyungnam,University Nisin was incorporated into binder solutions of acrylic polymer and EVA and then coated onto paper. Diffusive migration of incorporated nisin and the antimicrobial activity of the polymer coatings were investigated in order to understand the way of controlling nisin migration and the extent of microbial suppression by the coated paper. EVA exhibited faster rate and higher degree of migration into aqueous food simulant solutions compared to acrylic polymers, and also exhibited a higher degree of suppression against Micrococcus Áavus ATCC 10240 inoculated into the microbial medium. 28 refs. SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.879348 Item 93 Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 41, No.1, 1st Jan.2003, p.41-7 GRAFTING OF LIGHT-ACTIVATED ANTIMICROBIAL MATERIALS TO NYLON FILMS Sherrill J; Michielsen S; Stojiljkovic I Georgia,Institute of Technology; Emory University Nylon-6,6 films were grafted with acrylic acid and the terminal acid groups functionalised with zinc protoporphyrin IX and protoporphyrin IX via an ethylene diamine linker. N-hydroxy succinimide and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide were used as activating agents for both the grafting and the functionalisation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that 57% of the nylon surface was covered by grafted polyacrylic acid and that 6% of the terminal acid groups bore porphyrins. The materials were theoretically capable of acting as light activated microbial materials with a long active life as porphyrins catalyse the formation of reactive oxygen species under ultraviolet light. 8 refs. USA

Accession no.879160

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 94 Polimery 47, No.4, 2002, p.256-61 Polish BIODEGRADATION OF POLYETHYLENE MODIFIED WITH “BIONOLLE” POLYESTER Labuzek S; Pajak J; Nowak B; Majdiuk E; Karcz J Jagiellonian,University An investigation was carried out into the susceptibility of PE Àlm containing various amounts of Bionolle polyester to biodegradation by various strains of microscopic fungi using scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that changes on the surface of the Àlm and the morphology of the fungi were dependent upon Àlm composition and that the addition of 30% polyester accelerated the biodegradation of the Àlm. 12 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.878359 Item 95 Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Budapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 12 p.149-158, 29 cm, 012 PROBLEMS AND PITFALLS IN THE EVALUATION AND DESIGN OF NEW BIOCIDES FOR PLASTIC APPLICATIONS Kneale C Avecia Protection & Hygiene (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Factors are discussed which need to be taken into account when evaluating and designing new biocides for use in plastics formulations. In addition to establishing compatibility with the polymer matrix, the antimicrobial efficacy has to be tested. The selection of a suitable test method is discussed, together with advantages and disadvantages of traditional test methods. An alternative method based on a modiÀed version of the ‘Film Adherence Method’ for the evaluation of biocidal performance is presented, which is claimed to be more representative of the end use conditions. EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; HUNGARY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874511 Item 96 Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Budapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 11, p.135-47, 29 cm, 012 WHY, WHAT AND WHEREFORE OF ANTIMICROBIAL SYSTEMS Simmons J Wells Plastics Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The importance of antimicrobial systems in plastics

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

products is discussed with reference to increasing consumer awareness of the risks posed by bacteria together with the evidence that bacteria can survive and multiply on many surfaces. This presentation includes an overview of antimicrobial systems and their use in plastics, with reference to the types available and the methods used to assess their antimicrobial efÀcacy. Results are discussed from different applications and polymers to illustrate the effectiveness of the systems, and in particular of Wells Plastics’ silver ion systems. In addition, the type of information gained from antimicrobial test methods, is examined. The paper concludes with a discussion on the current and future potential of antimicrobial systems. 12 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; HUNGARY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874510 Item 97 Plastics Additives and Compounding 4, No.12, Dec.2002, p.18-21 ANTIMICROBIAL PLASTICS ADDITIVES: TRENDS AND LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN NORTH AMERICA Markarian J Globally, the market for biocides, on a formulated basis in plastic, was 25 million kg and 220m US dollars in 2001, with about 9 million kg and 73m US dollars in North America. The market is expected to grow at about 3%/ year on a volume basis from 2001-06. Most antimicrobial plastic additives in the US are used for antifungal protection to preserve the plastic, which is primarily Áexible PVC. Microorganisms feed on the plasticiser used in Áexible PVC, which may lead to a degradation of physical properties. Other polymers such as TPOs, TPEs and PUs do not contain plasticiser, but may still require protection from antimicrobials to prevent stains and odours caused by microorganisms. Various antimicrobial products available in the US market are described. NORTH AMERICA

Accession no.874494 Item 98 Plastics Additives and Compounding 4, No.12, Dec.2002, p.14/7 ANTIMICROBIAL ADDITIVES IN PLASTICS AND THE EUROPEAN BIOCIDAL PRODUCTS DIRECTIVE Nichols D Thor Group Management Ltd. There is a recognised need for antimicrobial additives in plastics and all types of surface coatings to maintain their integrity and appearance. The current available laboratory test methods do not always provide a good indication of performance and some could be open to misinterpretation. In addition, the use of additives for claims of antibacterial

53

References and Abstracts

activity of Ànished plastics needs careful consideration in light of the potential risk to beneÀt ratio. This article describes the background to these issues and explains how the implementation of the forthcoming section of the European Biocidal Products Directive will have a signiÀcant impact on all antimicrobial additives, including biostabilisers for plastics. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874493 Item 99 TAPPI Hot Melt Symposium 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Charlotte, NC., 23rd-26th June 2002. Atlanta, Ga., TAPPI Press, 2002, p.73-7, 28cm, 012 ANTIMICROBIAL ADDITIVES FOR ADHESIVE APPLICATIONS Earhart N Ciba Specialty Chemicals (TAPPI) Details are given of the development of a range of antimicrobial additives, such as inorganic and organic bactericides, algaecides and fungicides as active ingredients in a variety of polymer applications. A variety of test methods for determining the susceptibility of plastics to microbial degradation and resistance of a material to microbial settlement are mentioned. 3 refs. USA

Accession no.873493 Item 100 Hygenic Coatings. Proceedings of a conference held Brussels, Belgium, 8th-9th July 2002. Teddington, Paint Research Association, 2002, Paper 25, p.1-8, 29cm, 012 A NEW APPROACH TO SILVER ION BIOCIDES Mason D NGF Europe Ltd. (Paint Research Association) The development of a water-soluble borosilicate glass containing a high concentration of silver ions, which enables long-term biocidal effects to be achieved at low addition levels, is reported. The properties and performance against fungus of this biocide, designated Amorclean, are described and data on the biocidal properties of the biocide in PP components, antibacterial properties of the biocide in various polymers (ABS, PBTP and polyamide 6), and the effect of the biocide on the mechanical properties of PP, ABS, PBTP and polyamide-6 are presented. BELGIUM; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.873131 Item 101 Hygenic Coatings. Proceedings of a conference held Brussels, Belgium, 8th-9th July 2002.

54

Teddington, Paint Research Association, 2002, Paper 24, p.1-15, 29cm, 012 IODINATED RESIN AS A BIOCIDAL ADDITIVE TO COMMERCIAL AND CHEMICAL RESISTANT COATINGS Di Ionno L; Messier P J; Blainey L; Moorehead J Triosyn Corp.; Battelle Memorial Institute (Paint Research Association) The results are reported of a study of the biocidal activity of military chemical agent resistant coatings containing iodinated resin towards biological challenges of Erwinia herbicola, E coli, bacillus globigii spores and E coli bacteriophages MS2. Also reported are the results of investigations into the surface bioactivation of the iodinated resin-containing paint Àlm, preservation of the interior coating against mold growth, which was evaluated using the standard test method ASTM 3273-94, and a toxicology study of latex and acrylic coatings containing the iodinated resin. 5 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.873130 Item 102 Hygenic Coatings. Proceedings of a conference held Brussels, Belgium, 8th-9th July 2002. Teddington, Paint Research Association, 2002, Paper 9, p.1-14, 29cm, 012 TOTAL PERSPECTIVE ON HYGIENIC COATINGS FOR TROPICAL COUNTRIES Pathare P Paxchem Ltd. (Paint Research Association) A strategy for achieving hygienic conditions on the walls and ceilings of food processing establishments in tropical countries with the use of hygienic coatings is considered. Such as strategy should involve the formulation of a programme for pretreating the area to be coated, selection of Àller coat and hygienic coat, consideration of the drawbacks of aqueous hygienic coatings and of the gradient of distribution of biocides in hygienic coats, the need for polymeric surfactants and wetting agents, choice of biocides, use of self-polishing hygienic coats and washing of hygienic surfaces. BELGIUM; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; INDIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.873119 Item 103 Hygenic Coatings. Proceedings of a conference held Brussels, Belgium, 8th-9th July 2002. Teddington, Paint Research Association, 2002, Paper 3, p.1-42, 29cm, 012 HYGIENIC SURFACE MODIFICATIONS: THE NEXT GENERATION Johns K

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Paint Research Association (Paint Research Association) An in-depth discussion is presented on the surface modiÀcation methods, which play a part in protecting against hostile microorganisms, with emphasis on the hygienic coatings concept. It covers a range of topics, including biocidal regulations, biocides and surface coatings, clean surfaces, contamination, dry paint Àlms, design factors, surfaces to be cleaned, dirt and microorganisms, disinfectants and sterilising agents, inspection and testing, photocatalysts, UV radiation and Áuoropolymer systems. BELGIUM; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.873114 Item 104 Medical Device Technology 13, No.8, Oct.2002, p.10/6 NEW BIOINTERACTING MATERIALS Sandhu S; Luthra A Biointeractions Ltd. This detailed article reports on the latest advances in the field of haemo-compatible and antimicrobial coatings. Section headings include: two routes to haemocompatibility, features and mechanisms, wideranging functions of heparin, beneficial effects of sulphonated groups, hydrophilic PEO chains, Àndings, advances in antimicrobial coatings, summary, and acknowledgements. 20 refs. READING,UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.872698 Item 105 Pitture e Vernici 78, No.16, 1st-15th Oct.2002, p.37-9 English; Italian ANTIMICROBIAL COATINGS. A REVIVAL Tiller J C Freiburg,Albert-Ludwigs University High performance antifouling coatings for ships, construction and households have been believed for decades to be the high-end solution for problems with microbial contaminations. However, starting in the year of 2003 as a result of proceedings initiated by the IMO, numerous toxic biocides, such as the commonly used tributyltin (TBT), will be prohibited in USA and Europe. In order to Ànd alternatives, numerous novel antimicrobial coating technologies have recently been developed. In fact, over the last four years, the number of patents and publications in this Àeld literally exploded, with an increasing percentage of American and European contributions compared to the still leading Japanese developers. On the other hand, because of growing interest

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

for healthy living conditions, the need for antimicrobial coatings, especially for households and food suppliers, is drastically increasing in major markets such the USA, Europe and Japan. The fact that more than 8,000 antimicrobial products exist on the American market strongly supports this trend. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.871863 Item 106 Pitture e Vernici 78, No.17, 15th-31st Oct.2002, p.33-8 English; Italian ANTIMICROBIAL COATING SYSTEMS: FACT OR FICTION Askew P D Industrial Microbiological Service Ltd. It is widely recognised that surface coatings can be susceptible to contamination and spoilage by microbial growth during service. Examples of fungi and algae on exterior facades are common and strategies to limit their growth are widely accepted in the industry. In general, these strategies rely on the inclusion of antimicrobial agent into the formulation and its presence inhibits the growth of micro-organisms when the coating is used in areas where microbial growth is known to occur. In exterior conditions, growth is often an aesthetic problem, although as it progresses, physical damage to the coating can occur. However, in interior situations, growth of certain fungi on surfaces has been implicated in human respiratory disorders. In these circumstances limiting fungal growth on coatings has an impact on human health. All microorganisms require water to grow. In exterior situations this is provided by environmental factors. In interior environments however, the presence of moisture is either unintended and the result of either building or ventilation defects or a consequence of the function of the area. In many domestic situations, microbial growth is typiÀed by conspicuous growth of fungi in areas such as kitchens and bathrooms and is the result of either damp penetration or condensation. Control can be achieved through both improved ventilation and the installation of damp prooÀng materials. Where this is either impractical or uneconomic, coatings containing of fungicide and which are more resistant to moisture than conventional decorative paints can be employed. Aspects discussed include antibacterial and hygienic coatings, together with testing protocols. 20 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.871860

55

References and Abstracts

Item 107 Packaging Technology and Science 15, No.3, May-June 2002, p.129-32 INHIBITION OF MICROBIAL GROWTH IN BREAD THROUGH ACTIVE PACKAGING Soares N F F; Rutishauser D M; Cruz R S; Melo N; Andrade N J Vicosa,Federal University; Zurich,Federal Institute of Technology A mould inhibitor in the form of sodium propionate was incorporated into Àlms of cellulose acetate, the Àlms were sandwiched between slices of bread and the sliced bread packed in LDPE bags and stored for 15 days at about 25C. The effect of the mould inhibitor on mould growth on the surface of the bread slices was investigated by means of microbiological analysis and water activity, moisture content and pH analyses. The presence of sodium propionate in the cellulose acetate Àlms was found to have an inhibitory effect on microbial growth on the bread. 12 refs. BRAZIL; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.870451 Item 108 Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. Number 1. Spring 2001. Papers presented at the ACS Meeting held San Diego, Ca., 1st-5th April 2001. Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, 2001, p.532-3, 28cm, 012 MULTIFUNCTIONAL ANTIBACTERIAL CELLULOSE Xiangjing Xu; Gang Sun California,University at Davis (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) Cotton fabrics and cotton/polyester blend fabrics were treated in different finishing baths containing water repellent only, water repellent and a biocidal precursor (dihydroxymethyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, DMDMH), or DMDMH only. The antibacterial efÀciency of the treated fabrics was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Fabrics treated with water repellent only showed no antibacterial efÀciency, whereas those treated with DMDMH either with or without water repellent showed excellent antibacterial efÀciency. 4 refs. USA

Accession no.867549 Item 109 Eccles, 2001, pp.10, 29 cm, 14/8/02 INTERCIDE MICROBIOCIDES FOR PLASTICISED PVC AND OTHER POLYMERS. WE FOCUS ON BETTER ANSWERS Akcros Chemicals The use of microbiocides for the prevention of microbial attack on PVC and other plastics is discussed with reference to the range of Intercide products available from Akcros Chemicals. The fungicide products are based on a range

56

of different active ingredients, and the use of a compatible carrier allows the products to be easily incorporated into plastic compounds during mixing. The choice of carriers is designed to meet individual customer needs. Liquid carriers include primary plasticisers DIDP and DINP, and co-stabiliser plasticisers such as epoxidised soya bean oil or epoxy ester. Solid polymeric carriers include PVC homopolymer and PVC/PVA copolymer. Methods for the examination and testing of biocidal or biostatic effects are described. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.867283 Item 110 Eccles, 2001, pp.4, 30 cm, 14/8/02. Product Bulletin INT4 INTERCIDE ZNP MICROBIOCIDE FOR PLASTICS Akcros Chemicals Intercide ZNP microbiocides are based on zinc pyrithione. As a polymer additive, it is used to provide protection to polyoleÀns, e.g. in bathroom applications, and also in flexible PVC. The high zinc content will affect the processing stability of PVC formulations, and it is recommended, therefore, that the product be used selectively in applications where the combination of fungicidal/bactericidal activity provide optimum protection. Properties, applications and characteristics are described for Intercide ZNP-5-PE, DP8434F, DP8513F, and DP8525F. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.867282 Item 111 Eccles, 2001, pp.4, 30 cm, 14/8/02. Product Bulletin INT1/E2 INTERCIDE ABF MICROBIOCIDE FOR PLASTICISED PVC AND OTHER POLYMERS Akcros Chemicals The Intercide ABF microbiocides for plasticised PVC are based on the active ingredient 10’,10’oxybisphenoxyarsine, which is an extremely effective fungicide. It is highly compatible with plasticised PVC, and a result, is resistant to leaching by water, aqueous acids and alkalis, soaps and detergents. The ABF grades are suitable for PVC products made from both suspension and emulsion polymers. Typical applications include rooÀng membranes, pool liners, tarpaulins, Áoor coverings, wall coverings and protective clothing. Typical properties, recommended addition levels, and applications are indicated for grades ADF-2-DIDP, ABF-5-DIDP, ABF2-ESBO, ABF-5-SV, and ABF-5-SVC. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.867281

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 112 Eccles, 2001, pp.4, 30 cm, 14/8/02. Product Bulletin INT3/E2 INTERCIDE 1BF MICROBIOCIDE FOR PLASTICISED PVC AND OTHER POLYMERS Akcros Chemicals

monocytogenes, the 1000 mg/kg containing triclosan Àlm did not effectively reduce spoilage bacteria and growth of L. monocytogenes on refrigerated vacuum-packaged chicken breasts stored at 7C. 33 refs. (2nd International Symposium on ‘Food Packaging: Ensuring the Safety and Quality of Foods, Vienna, Austria, Nov.2000)

Intercide IBF microbiocides are based on the active ingredient 3- ioso-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC). The products are reported to be highly effective against a wide range of fungal species, and are used widely in cosmetic preparations such as hair care products, suntan creams and shaving creams, etc., and as a paint/Àlm fungicide and algicide in both solvent and water based coatings. IPBC has FDA approval for use in adhesives and sealants for non-direct food contact applications. Brief product descriptions and typical properties are given for Intercide grades IBF-8-DIDP and IDF-8-ED6

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.867280 Item 113 Eccles, 2001, pp.4, 30 cm, 14/8/02. Product Bulletin INT2/E2 INTERCIDE OBF MICROBIOCIDE FOR PLASTICISED PVC AND OTHER POLYMERS Akcros Chemicals The Intercide OBF microbiocides are based on the active ingredient 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT). The products are effective fungicides which are widely used in paints and coatings. Characteristics and applications are described for Intercide grades OBF-8-DINP, and OBF-8-ED6. OIT is highly compatible with PVC and offers advantages over OBPA in terms of resistance to UV radiation. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.867279 Item 114 Food Additives and Contaminants Vol.19, Suppl., 2002, p.163-71 EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME RECENT ANTIMICROBIAL PACKAGING CONCEPTS Vermeiren L; Devlieghere F; Debevere J Ghent,University A state-of-the-art report is presented on the different types of antimicrobial concepts for food packaging and on their experimental development and commercialisation. A case study is presented which summarises the results of investigations on the feasibility of using a LDPE Àlm containing triclosan to inhibit microbial growth on food surfaces and consequently prolong shelf life or improve microbial food safety. In contrast with the strong antimicrobial effect in in-vitro simulated vacuum-packaged conditions against the psychotropic food pathogen L.

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.863615 Item 115 Chemical and Engineering News 80, No.23, 10th June 2002, p.36-8 SURFACES DESIGNED TO KILL BACTERIA Borman S This detailed article reports on the latest developments by three groups of researchers in the Àeld of antibacterial surface treatments for glass, some polymers (such as PE, PP, nylon, and PETP), and porous materials which are carbohydrate-based. The three teams believe their antibacterial treatments will not worsen the increasing problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Full details of the developments are provided. MASSACHUSETTS,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY; NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY; AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY; NEW YORK,PACE UNIVERSITY; NEW YORK,CITY UNIVERSITY; LONG ISLAND,UNIVERSITY; TOKYO,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY; RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE; PENNSYLVANIA,UNIVERSITY; MASSACHUSETTS,UNIVERSITY; WISCONSIN,UNIVERSITY; SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE JAPAN; USA

Accession no.857832 Item 116 Flexible No.1, May/June 2002, p.8-15 PROLONGED LIFE Waite N Some of the latest trends in polymer and Àlm technologies, which have been developed to meet the demand for modiÀed atmosphere packaging, oxygen scavengers and high barrier materials, are reviewed. Selected commercial oxygen scavenger systems are listed and statistics on the predicted growth of modiÀed atmosphere packaging through to 2006 are included. Recent developments in antimicrobial films for food and drinks, equilibrium modiÀed atmosphere and intelligent materials are also indicated. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.857332

57

References and Abstracts

Item 117 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 85, No.1, 5th July 2002, p.177-82 BIOCIDAL POLYESTER Jian Lin; Winkelmann C; Worley S D; Jangho Kim; Wei C I; Unchin Cho; Broughton R M; Santiago J I; Williams J F Auburn,University; Halosource Corp. Antimicrobial activity was introduced into polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Àbres and into PET fabrics, modiÀed by covalently linking heterocyclic moieties capable of halogenation to the PET fibre surfaces, followed by exposure to an oxidative source of chlorine, i.e. chlorine bleach, which converted the heterocyclic precursor moieties into N-chloramine functionalities. It was found possible to regenerate the microbicidal activity repeatedly, after losing it on challenge by bacterial suspensions (containing Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria) by further washing with aqueous oxidative chlorine bleach. It was suggested that biocidal PET fabrics, Àbres, and other materials could be effective in decreasing the bacterial count of or entirely eliminating pathogenic and odour-producing microorganisms coming into direct contact with them. 19 refs. USA

Accession no.857108 Item 118 Plastics Additives and Compounding 4, No.4, April 2002, p.16-21 ADDITIVES IN FOOD PACKAGING Markarian J In the USA, food packaging materials, including additives in the polymers, are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A change in the FDA approval system is reported, and trends in food packaging additives such as slips, antistats, antioxidants, colorants, antifogs, antimicrobials and oxygen scavengers in the USA, from companies including Akzo Nobel, Ampacet, ChevronPhillips Chemical, Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Clariant, Clemson University, Croda Universal Cryovac, GE Specialty Chemicals, Illinois Institute of Technology, JSB Group, The National Food Laboratory and Teknor Color, are summarised. US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.855872

Clariant Ltd. (CORI) The stability of most biocides is affected by pH and temperature. The ambient temperatures in the Middle East result are some of the most extreme in the world. Exposure of biocides to these temperatures can be demonstrated to deactivate the chemical types commonly used in the Middle East. Any deactivation of the biocide can be shown to reduce the performance of the biocide. Proper stabilisation and reduced exposure to elevated ambient temperatures can be shown to increase the level of protection afforded to the preserved product. ‘Real time’ scientiÀc data is examined after following a shipment of product from Europe to the Middle East and the thermal variations experienced by the product are tracked. It is shown how Clariant biocides (Nipacides) have addressed this problem by locally manufacturing biocides and developing improved stabilising systems. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.855147 Item 120 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 84, No.8, 23rd May 2002, p.1592-9 DURABLE AMD REGENERABLE ANTIMICROBIAL TEXTILE MATERIALS PREPARED BY A CONTINUOUS GRAFTING PROCESS Yuyu Sun; Gang Sun California,University at Davis Durable and regenerable antibacterial textiles were obtained by grafting a cyclic-amine monomer, 3-allyl5,5-dimethylhydantoin (ADMH) onto different textile materials in a continuous Ànishing process. With the aid of various initiators it was found possible to achieve highly efÀcient radical grafting polymerisation inside or on the surfaces of the Àbres. Important factors for obtaining the grafts on the ADMH Àbres in the Ànishing process, i.e. type and concentration of radical initiator, drying and curing conditions were carefully studied. The grafted hydantoin in the samples could be converted into N-halamines after exposure to chlorine, which gave powerful, durable, and regenerable antibacterial activities. The effects of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the fabrics on the antibacterial activities were considered. 19 refs. USA

Accession no.853717 Item 119 The Middle East Coatings Conference 2002: Coatings Components and Performance. Proceedings of a conference held Dubai, 12th-13th March 2002. Redhill, dmg Worldmedia, 2002, Paper 8, pp.69, 31cm, 012 THERMAL STABILITY OF BIOCIDES Wright J; Fahy J; Wilkinson D; Whatmough M

58

Item 121 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 84, No.11, 13th June 2002, p.2049-59 MANUFACTURE AND PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN/N,O-CARBOXYMETHYLATED CHITOSAN/VISCOSE RAYON ANTIBACTERIAL FIBERS

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Zhi Li; Xiaofei Liu; Xupin Zhuang; Yunlin Guan; Kangde Yao Tianjin,University The above antibacterial fibres were prepared and characterised by TEM, DSC and TGA. The mechanical properties and antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were investigated. The mechanical properties of the antibacterial Àbres were slightly decreased, while the Àbres exhibited good antibacterial activities against these microorganisms. The morphology of bacterial cells growing in the presence of the antibacterial Àbres and viscose rayon was observed by SEM. The antibacterial activity increased with increase of chitosan concentration and was not markedly affected by 15 washings. 29 refs. CHINA

Accession no.850802 Item 122 (Reprint, Medical Plastics, 2001, vol.15), pp.16. 29 cms. 5/4/02 WHY USE ANTIMICROBIAL SYSTEMS IN PLASTIC MEDICAL PRODUCTS? Simmons J Wells Plastics Ltd. The use is discussed of antimicrobial systems in plastic medical products with particular reference to products available from Wells Plastics Ltd. Potential applications for antimicrobial systems include Àbres for wound care, clothing, bedding and upholstery, Àlm for waste bags, mattress covers and packaging, and moulding applications. Criteria determining the suitability of antimicrobial systems for use in plastics are considered, and organic and inorganic systems are examined. Antimicrobial test methods are discussed, with reference to halo test methods and viable count methods. The effectiveness of antimicrobial systems and the use of different test methods are illustrated in a series of application using Wells’ products. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.850535 Item 123 Medical Device Technology UK 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Birmingham, UK, 13th-14th Feb. 2002. Chester, Advanstar Communications (UK) Ltd., 2002, paper 9, pp.5, 30 cms. 012 ANTIMICROBIAL COATINGS FOR MEDICAL DEVICES Sheu M-S; Su S-H AST Products Inc. (Advanstar Communications (UK) Ltd.)

solution, have long shelf lives, are easily sterilisable, and do not affect the overall mechanical properties of a device. Active and passive antimicrobial coating mechanisms are described, and a silver ions releasing coating is given as an example of an active mechanism, and albumin afÀnity surfaces as an example of a passive mechanism. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.849161 Item 124 Medical Device Technology UK 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Birmingham, UK, 13th-14th Feb. 2002. Chester, Advanstar Communications (UK) Ltd., 2002, paper 2, pp.13, 30 cms. 012 NOVEL ANTIMICROBIAL SILICONES Gorman S P Xiomateria Ltd.; Belfast,Queen’s University (Advanstar Communications (UK) Ltd.) Problems of infection relating to the use of medical devices such as endotracheal tubes, catheters and stents are discussed, and the need for antimicrobial biomaterials is examined with reference to novel antimicrobial silicone materials from Xiomateria Ltd., an R & D company located in the School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast. The company develops novel biomimetic biomaterials for medical devices, with greatly improved lubricity, resistance to infection, encrustation and drug delivery. Details are given of the SilXtra range of high performance RTV silicones which are claimed to resolve these problems for a wide range of biomedical applications as devices or coatings. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.849154 Item 125 European Medical Device Manufacturer 13, No.1, Jan./Feb.2002, p.12/4 POLYMERS INCORPORATE ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT Ensinger GmbH of Germany supplies and processes plastics for the medical industry, and AgION Technologies of the USA offers anti-microbial technology. These two Àrms have joined forces to produce plastics incorporating the latter company’s anti-microbial compound, which is based on a silver ion delivery system and prevents the growth of bacteria, yeast, mould, and fungus on any product to which it is applied. ENSINGER GMBH; AGION TECHNOLOGIES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845704

The use is discussed of antimicrobial coatings for medical devices to reduce the occurrence of device-related infections. Antimicrobial coatings provide a low cost

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

59

References and Abstracts

Item 126 European Medical Device Manufacturer 13, No.1, Jan./Feb.2002, p.10 STABLE MATRIX ENABLES USE OF ANTIMICROBIAL SYSTEMS IN RANGE OF POLYMERS Sparrow N Wells Plastics Ltd. of the UK, a compounder of additive masterbatches, has developed a technology that encapsulates silver ion anti-microbial systems within a soluble matrix. The silver ion formulations can help reduce infection in wound dressings, urinary catheters, and other medical applications. This article provides details. US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; WELLS PLASTICS LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845703 Item 127 160th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2001. Cleveland, Oh., 16th-18th October 2001, Paper 28, pp.12, 012 ELASTOMERS EXHIBITING SAFE AND DURABLE ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES Haas G R; Patel B; Kerr B C Milliken Chemical (ACS,Rubber Div.) The development of peroxide-cured rubber formulations containing silver-based antimicrobials is described. It is shown that the incorporation of silver ion-exchange resins in peroxide-cured NBR and EPDM rubber formulations provides the opportunity to control if not halt the viability of bacteria and fungi in contact with the elastomeric substrate. Rubber compounding techniques developed to include silver ion-exchange resins without hindering the release of bio-available silver ions are described and shown to allow for demonstrable antimicrobial efÀcacy. Results are presented of measurements of long-term and incremental antimicrobial activity in rubber articles containing the nonleaching silver ion-exchange resins after repeated surface abrasion and rubber article washing. 18 refs. USA

Accession no.842966 Item 128 Progress in Organic Coatings 43, Nos.1-3, Nov.2001, p.10-7 ENHANCED PERFORMANCE OF BIOCIDAL ADDITIVES IN PAINTS AND COATINGS Edge M; Allen N S; Turner D; Robinson J; Seal K Manchester,Metropolitan University; Thor Specialities UK The addition of Àlm biocides to coatings is necessary to prevent microbial spoilage. The biocides must be mobile so that they can migrate to the coating interface and across

60

the cell membrane to destroy microbes. Unfortunately, concurrent losses of biocide by aqueous extraction require the addition of relatively high initial levels. This presents problems since biocides are fundamentally toxic and at such increased levels they pose a risk to the surrounding ecosystem. Legislative directives currently in place aim to reduce the amount of biocide released to the environment. It is shown that typical coating biocides can be encapsulated within modiÀed silica frameworks. These porous frameworks offer a means to inhibit the aqueous extraction of the biocide. In such combinations, the biocides retain their anti microbial properties, while controlled delivery facilitates a dynamic equilibrium to maintain a minimum inhibitory concentration at the coating interface, over an extended time period. There is evidence that biocide housed in such frameworks has a longer effective activity for a given initial concentration, as it is to some extent protected from the usual environmental degradation processes. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.842056 Item 129 European Plastics News 28, No.6, June 2001, p.45 BUG HUNT Growing concerns over health and safety have led to a huge increase in the use of antibacterial products. Items such as chopping boards, brushes and Áoor coverings have all been imbued with antimicrobial properties by the use of additives. One notable producer is Degussa subsidiary Creavis, that supports high-risk research. Its sustainable active microbicidal polymers use a polyaminebased additive to impart antimicrobial properties to a range of products. The product, Amina, is said to be more environmentally friendly than many alternatives: it is not water-soluble, so there is no leaching; it also contains no heavy metals. Amina is aimed at applications in microbicidal surfaces - such as in food handling applications - and anti-fouling surfaces. It should be available by the end of 2001 or early 2002. Sanitized Marketing of Switzerland has developed a range of silver-based masterbatches, and Bernard Technologies has received considerable media attention for its patented Microsphere biocidal system, which is now available in Europe. Details of each development are presented. DEGUSSA AG; CREAVIS; BERNARD TECHNOLOGIES INC.; SANITIZED MARKETING EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.840703 Item 130 Plastics Additives and Compounding 3, No.12, Dec. 2001, p.20-1 JMAC MASTERBATCHES PROVIDE LONG TERM ANTIMICROBIAL PROTECTION

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

JMAC antimicrobial masterbatches are described. The products are based on the controlled release of silver ions. A silver chloride/titanium dioxide composite particle releases silver ions on contact with water and then maintains an equilibrium concentration in solution, releasing more ions as required to give effective preservation. Its antibacterial performance in PP mouldings, in thin section PE, nylon, PETP and PP Àbres is reported. JMAC masterbatches are available in most polymeric carriers including PE, PP, polystyrene, ABS, PETP and nylon, with typical addition rates of around 1%. ADDMASTER (UK) LTD.

are potential culture media for bacteria. It is therefore desirable that surgical sutures have antimicrobial activity, that clothing has deodorising action and the function of inhibiting transmission pathogenic bacteria, and that carpets have the function of controlling growth of the wide variety of unwanted microorganisms. Recently, in response to the demand for a safer antimicrobial and deodorising treatment, treating methods have been proposed using non-toxic halamines as antimicrobial component, such as N-halohydantoins. Halamines are chemically bound to the surfaces of nylon 66 fabrics or Àbres. 4 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.839987

Accession no.840516 Item 131 Plastics Additives and Compounding 3, No.12, Dec. 2001, p.16-8 ANTIMICROBIAL ADDITIVE SYSTEMS SEE INCREASED USE IN POLYMERS Simmonds J Wells Plastics The increasing use of antimicrobial additive systems by the plastics industry is discussed, and examples are described in which they are beneÀcial in providing added value and product differentiation. Particular reference is made to Wells Plastics, which has developed a range of inorganic, mainly silver ion antimicrobial products. These are based upon a technology that encapsulates the silver ions in a soluble matrix, which protects the silver ions during their processing and controls their release. Case studies involving the provision of antimicrobial solutions are included. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

USA

Item 133 Iranian Polymer Journal 10, No.4, July 2001, p.265-70 ENCAPSULATION PROCESS IN SYNTHESISING POLYUREA MICROCAPSULES CONTAINING PESTICIDE Hashemi S A; Zandi M Iran,Polymer Institute Polyurea microcapsules containing O,O-3,5,6-trichloro2-pyridyl phosphorothioate (Dursban) were prepared by reacting a polyisocyanate and a polyamine and the factors affecting the formation of the microcapsule wall examined. The formation of polyurea was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, the thermal properties of the microcapsules were investigated by DSC and the morphology of the microcapsules determined by scanning electron microscopy. Optimum conditions for the formation of a thin surface layer and a porous matrix were established. 9 refs. IRAN

Accession no.836032

Accession no.840515 Item 132 Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conference proceedings. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1683-4 ANTIMICROBIAL NYLON Lin J; Winklemann C; Worley S D; Broughton R M; Williams J F; Bicker J Auburn,University; Halosource Corp. (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) Bacteria, fungi, viruses, algae and other microorganisms are always present in the environment. Some microorganisms are highly undesirable as a cause of odours, skin irritation and illness. Most of the odour on clothing comes from bacteria and fungi which are growing on the perspiration and the skin cells that are in clothing. Bacteria and fungi are deposited on carpets through normal trafÀc of people and animals, food and beverages spilled on the carpet and animal and infant waste. Frequent, longlasting local infections brought about by nylon surgical sutures incorporated into tissues and soaked with liquids

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 134 Journal of Microencapsulation 18, No.6, Nov./Dec. 2001, p.801-9 MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF MICROCAPSULES PREPARED BY INTERFACIAL POLYCONDENSATION OF METHYLENE BIS(PHENYL ISOCYANATE) WITH HEXAMETHYLENE DIAMINE Jabbari E Amirkabir,University of Technology Polyurethane-urea microcapsules were prepared by the interfacial polycondensation of methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate), hexamethylene diamine and anionic sodium lignin sulphonate, as the emulsifying agent, and 2-chloroN-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide, as a herbicide. The morphology amd microstructure of these microcapsules were investigated by TEM and scanning electron microscopy and the effect of calcium chloride on the stability of the microcapsule structure examined. 22 refs. IRAN

Accession no.833032

61

References and Abstracts

Item 135 Asian Plastics News Oct.2001, p.17 GERM BUSTERS Ching H M This article points the spotlight at Komax Industrial of South Korea, one of the largest Korean producers of household goods. The company is the Àrst in Korea to produce containers which have anti-bacterial properties - “Bio Tanks” - which are used to store water for longerthan-usual periods. Information is also provided about these, and other Komax products. KOMAX INDUSTRIAL; KOREA,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY; MILLIKEN & CO. CHINA; EUROPE-GENERAL; JAPAN; SOUTH KOREA

in a good yield through the reaction of acryloyl chloride with 2,2,5,5-tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one and is fully characterised with Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR studies. ACTMIO is copolymerised with several widely used acrylic and vinyl monomers under ordinary conditions. In the presence of triallyl-1,3,5-triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, ACTMIO is easily grafted onto most textile fabrics. After regular chlorine bleach treatment, N-halamine derivatives of the corresponding polymeric materials exhibit antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, and these properties are durable and refreshable with chlorine bleaching. The relationship between the structures and antibacterial properties of the samples is further discussed. 16 refs. USA

Accession no.831180

Accession no.832629 Item 136 Progress in Organic Coatings 42, Nos.3-4, Sept.2001, p.150-8 NEW ANTIFOULING PAINT BASED ON A ZINC ACRYLATE COPOLYMER Yonehara Y; Yamashita H; Kawamura C; Itoh K Kansai Paint Co.Ltd. A series of novel acrylic copolymers, which contains zinc atom in a form of polymeric salt and can be exchanged with e.g. sodium ions in sea water, is developed. As the ion exchange reaction proceeds, the polymers become soluble and leach out by Áow of sea water. The polymers are considered to be suitable for antifouling paints, since erosion rates of antifouling paints formulated with the polymers could be easily controlled by varying the polymers’ characteristics such as molecular weight, hydrophilicity, etc., without spoiling the paints’ overall water resistance. After dynamic immersion the copper release rates, which represent efÀcacy of the main biocide, increase in most of the paint samples, and the copper release rates also depend upon the leaching out behaviours of the polymers. 5 refs. JAPAN

Accession no.831653 Item 137 Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 39, No.18, 15th Sept.2001, p.3073-84 NOVEL REFRESHABLE N-HALAMINE POLYMERIC BIOCIDES CONTAINING IMIDAZOLIDIN-4-ONE DERIVATIVES Sun Y; Chen T-Y; Worley S D; Sun G California,University; HaloSource Corp.; Auburn,University A novel cyclic-amine monomer, 1-acryloyl-2,2,5,5tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one (ACTMIO), is synthesised

62

Item 138 Speciality Chemicals 21, No.8, Oct.2001, p.30-1 CELLULOSICS: ANTIBACTERIAL FIBRES FOR TEXTILES Lenzing has developed a cellulosic Àbre with durable antibacterial properties by incorporating a bacteriostat in the spinning solution. Since 1999, when the new Àbre was Àrst presented, developments have focused on textile processing and the characterisation of final products made of Lenzing Modal FRESH in blends with natural and synthetic Àbres. The physical properties of the new Àbre, such as tenacity and elongation, are not affected by the incorporation of the additive in the spinning process. Tables are presented showing the antibacterial efÀciency of woven fabrics made of Lenzing Modal FRESH in blends with Lenzing Modal MICRO after alkaline pretreatment, after bleaching with peroxide and after dyeing and Ànishing. 2 refs. LENZING AG AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.829766 Item 139 Additives for Polymers Aug.2001, p.6-11 ANTIMICROBIAL FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS Cooksey K Clemson,University The basic types of antimicrobial food packaging Àlms are outlined and additives used in antimicrobial materials are discussed, with particular reference to potassium sorbate, nisin, imazalil, allyl isothiocyanate and triclosan. The production of antimicrobial Àlms by modiÀcation of the polymer chain itself is also mentioned and the natural antimicrobial activity of chitosan is considered. 17 refs. USA

Accession no.829651

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 140 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, No.2, May/June 2001, p.331-7 NOVEL BIOCIDAL ELASTOMER Elrod D B; Figlar J G; Worley S D; Broughton R M; Bickert J R; Santiago J I; Williams J F Auburn,University; HaloSource A biocidal elastomeric material was produced by a threestep chemical process on a commercial elastomer (Shell’s Kraton G) which was composed of a styrene/ethylenebutylene/styrene triblock copolymer. The three-step process involved a Friedel-Crafts acylation of the styrene blocks of the elastomer, followed by a hydantoin ring formation reaction and subsequent halogenation with chlorine or bromine. Both raw and processed elastomeric materials were studied. The biocidal efÀcacies of the materials were demonstrated using several species of bacteria. Applications for the technology could include prevention of disease by biocidal surgical gloves, condoms, protective clothing, food packaging and the prevention of biofouling in elastomeric tubing. 14 refs. (ACS Rubber Division, Spring Technical Meeting, Dallas, Texas, April 2000) SHELL CHEMICAL CO. USA

Accession no.827618 Item 141 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 81, No.4, 25th July 2001, p.943-7 ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT OF NYLON Lim J; Winkelman C; Worley S D; Broughton R M; Williams J F Auburn,University; Halosource Corp. The preparation of an antimicrobial nylon 66 material by covalent bonding to biocidal cyclic N-chloramine moieties, including hydantoins, oxazolidinones, and imidazolidinones and its properties are considered. These cyclic materials were stable over at least 3 months dry storage, and after loss of activity by reaction with reducing Na thiosulphate, the activity was easily restored by exposure to free chlorine. Biocidal swatch tests showed that nylon fabrics containing N-chlorinated hydantoin functional groups produced a 7.2 log decrease in Staphylococcus aureus and a log 7.1 decrease in Escherichia coli after a contact time of only 10 minutes. The antimicrobial nylon should have many applications, e.g. in clothing, sutures, carpets, brushes, etc. USA

Accession no.823821 Item 142 Biomaterials 22, No.16, Aug.2001, p.2239-46 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NON-LEACHING BIOCIDAL POLYURETHANES

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Grapski J A; Cooper S L Delaware,University The biocidal activities of a series of quaternised PUs were examined against Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli. The effect of quaternisation on material properties was examined with tensile testing, water absorption analysis, and contact angle measurements. The antibacterial action of the polymers was investigated. 19 refs. USA

Accession no.822278 Item 143 Polymer 42, No.18, 2001, p.7903-6 INFRARED CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOCIDAL NYLON Lin J; Cammarata V; Worley S D Auburn,University The preparation of nylon-6,6 fabric containing Nchlorinated hydantoin functional groups which were covalently linked to the surface of the polyamide was outlined. The N-chlorinated hydantoin functional groups had biocidal activity against pathogenic microorganisms. Attenuated total reÁectance FTIR spectroscopy studied showed that chlorination of the treated nylon-6,6 caused a blue shift of the hydantoin amide bands. This could be used as a quality control method to measure the degree of chlorination of the nylon-6,6 and hence, of the biocidal efÀciency of the material. 25 refs. USA

Accession no.822072 Item 144 Packaging Technology and Science 14, No.2, March/April 2001, p.55-62 MULTILAYERED ANTIMICROBIAL POLYETHYLENE FILMS APPLIED TO THE PACKAGING OF GROUND BEEF Jung-Uk Ha; Young-Min Kim; Dong-Sun Lee Kyungnam,University A natural antimicrobial agent, grapefruit seed extract, was incorporated in a 0.5% or 1.0% concentration on the food-contacting surface of multilayered PE Àlm by a coextrusion or solution coating process. The fabricated Àlms were tested for antimicrobial activity against several food spoilage organisms and then applied to the packaging of minced beef. The results obtained are discussed with particular reference to antimicrobial activity of fabricated Àlms, effect of antimicrobial Àlms on the microbiological quality of packaged beef and effect of antimicrobial Àlms on the chemical and physical qualities of packaged beef. 16 refs. KOREA

Accession no.821756

63

References and Abstracts

Item 145 Patent Number: US 6183764 B1 20010206 MICROBIOCIDE TREATED POLYMERIC MATERIALS Shanbrom E Shanbrom Technologies A microbiocidal organic polymer material for use in manufacturing of contact lenses, condoms, surgical sutures and gloves, medical examination devices and similar uses is provided by polymers to which is tightly adsorbed a disinfectant organic dye. Many polymers such as polyvinyl chloride and acrylic polymers show exceptional avidity for a number of microbiocides, of acidic, basic, aromatic and/or hydrophobic character such as methylene blue and gentian violet. Consequently, devices constructed of these polymeric materials release no free dye to an aqueous solution. The material is generally a natural or synthetic polymer that releases no particles or Ànes into wounds or body oriÀces. Presence of adsorbed disinfectant organic dye allows the polymer to inhibit microbial growth in a number of different situations. Several common microbes are killed by being incubated in the present of an embodiment of the invention which contains a combination of methylene blue and gentian violet. USA

Accession no.817405 Item 146 Chemical and Engineering News 79, No.22, 28th May 2001, p.13 DESIGNED SURFACE KILLS BACTERIA Borman S Scientists at MIT and Tufts University have demonstrated that covalent attachment of N-alkylated poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) to glass surfaces makes the surfaces lethal to several types of bacteria on contact. PVP and other polycationic polymers in solution can kill bacteria by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. The scientists have found a fairly narrow range of N-alkylated PVP compositions that allow the polymers to retain their bacteria-killing ability when coated on dry surfaces. The group hopes to demonstrate that any common surface, whether its PVC, PE, metals, ceramics, wood or fabrics, can use this kind of derivatisation to make that surface capable of killing airborne bacteria. MIT; TUFTS UNIVERSITY USA

Accession no.816815

producers say they have been hesitant to move ahead with the new biocide-containing products until the regulatory climate stabilises. Biocide makers view hygienic applications as a promising new market. However, the European Union Biocidal Products Directive, which will be implemented over the next nine years, requires huge volumes of toxicology and environmental effects testing for registration of all types of biocides. Worldwide biocide sales for plastics applications total about 175m US dollars/ year and are growing at about 4%/year. The newest outlets for biocides include air puriÀcation systems and waste disposal products such as trash cans. WORLD

Accession no.816638 Item 148 Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition 12, No.1, 2001, p.55-62 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE YARN WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES Buchenska J; Slomkowski S; Tazbir J W; Sobolewska E Lodz,Technical University; Polish Academy of Sciences PETP yarn was loaded with a cephalosporin-type antibiotic. The release of the antibiotic from the Àbres was monitored and its bioactivity was examined. 15 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.815542 Item 149 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80, No.13, 24th June 2001, p.2495-501 MOLECULAR WEIGHT EFFECT ON ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHITOSAN TREATED COTTON FABRICS Shin Y; Yoo D I; Jang J Chonnam,National University Cotton fabrics were treated with chitosan of three different molecular weights, but similar degrees of deacetylation, to determine the inÁuence of chitosan molecular weight on its antimicrobial activity. The reduction rate was evaluated using Àve strains of bacteria. The reduction rate increased with increasing chitosan molecular weight, the inÁuence of molecular weight being greater at lower treatment concentrations. Antimicrobial activity also increased with increasing chitosan concentration. 12 refs. KOREA

Accession no.813683 Item 147 Chemical Week 163, No.21, 23rd May 2001, p.32 BIOCIDES TAKE AIM AT CONSUMER MARKETS Graff G

Item 150 Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 8, No.4, 2000, p.62-5 MODIFIED BICOMPONENT FIBRES Twarowska-Schmidt K; Grochowska-Lapienis D

New applications in plastics are expected to drive growth in the worldwide biocides market, although plastics

ModiÀed bicomponent Àbres of cover/core type were obtained by the admixture of special additives into the

64

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Àbre cover. The examples studied included applications of bicomponent Àbre covers as carriers of substances used to modify bioactivity and to reduce Áammability of Àbres. Fibre-forming polymers used were PE, PP and polyamide-6 and modiÀers included hexachlorophene, triclosan, an antifungal compound of imidazole type and Áame retardants. The introduction of modifying additives into only part of the Àbre permitted lower consumption of modiÀed amounts and better mechanical properties of bicomponent Àbres in comparison with the modiÀed monocomponent Àbres. The selection of the polymer with a lower m.p. for the cover of bicomponent Àbres could protect a modifying agent against thermal decomposition. 10 refs. LODZ,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL FIBRES

Item 153 Patent Number: US 6162056 A1 20001219 ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOSITION FOR FILLING ROOT CANALS AND METHOD FOR PREPARING THE SAME Mannschedel W Roeko GmbH & Co.,Dentalerzeugnisse The invention relates to a composition for Àlling root canals in humans or animals, comprising: (a) at least one chlorhexidine derivative of at least one carboxylic acid; (b) one or more carriers based on trans- polyisoprene, gutta-percha, balata, silicone, caoutchouc, acrylate, or mixtures thereof; (c) optionally one or more Àllers; and (d) optionally one or more X-ray contrast substances.

EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.813506

Accession no.812594

Item 151 Patent Number: US 6162533 A1 20001219 HARD COAT SHEET CONTAINING AN ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT Onozawa Y; Shoshi S; Watanabe S Lintec Corp.

Item 154 Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 286, No.2, 28th Feb.2001, p.63-87 ANTIBACTERIAL AND BACTERIUM ADSORBING MACROMOLECULES Tashiro T Ibaraki,Christian Junior College

A hard coat sheet comprises a transparent base sheet, and a radiation-curing acrylate coat layer including an antibacterial agent provided on the transparent base sheet. Thus, the hard coat sheet has excellent transparency and antibacterial property together with an excellent scratch resistance property. JAPAN; USA

Accession no.812622 Item 152 Patent Number: US 6162452 A1 20001219 SURFACE ACTIVE N-HALAMINE COMPOUNDS Worley S D; Eknoian M W; Li Y Auburn,University Cyclic N-halamine biocidal monomers and polymers and methods of using the same as biocides, wherein the functional group, halogenated oxazolidinones, may be homo- and copolymerised, are provided. The copolymerisations are effected with inexpensive monomers such as acrylonitrile, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, and the like. Grafting reactions were also accomplished with the N-halamine monomers and commercial polymers such as poly-acrylonitrile, poly-styrene, poly-vinyl acetate, poly-vinyl alcohol, poly-vinyl chloride, and cellulose. These N-halamine compounds are stable biocides which release small amounts of free halogen and other impurities. They will be useful as disinfectants for swimming pools, oil and water based paints, preservatives, medical and dental coatings, industrial and commercial coatings, fabrics, sterile bandages, liners of containers, and the like.

The synthesis and preparation of macromolecules with bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties are reviewed. The synthesis of polymers with antibacterial groups and the immobilisation of antibacterial reagents, such as iodine, quaternary ammonium salts or antibiotics, are presented. Particular attention is paid to bacterium-adsorbing polymers, which can remove bacterial cells from aqueous media. Filter membranes coated with bacteria-adsorbing macromolecules are also discussed. 103 refs. JAPAN

Accession no.810575 Item 155 Patent Number: US 6156328 A1 20001205 INSECTICIDE-CONTAINING FOAM SHEET AND PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION THEREOF Alcott J M; Gougeon B; Kubiak J J Dow Chemical Co. Disclosed is a foam sheet having a thickness of at least 0.3 cm, an average cell size of at least 0.1 mm and at least one pyrethrum compound dispersed in the polymer matrix. The total amount of pyrethrum compounds in the sheet, based on the weight of the foam solids therein, is from 1 to 20,000 ppm. USA

Accession no.809907

USA

Accession no.812611

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

65

References and Abstracts

Item 156 Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 40, No.4, 21st Feb.2001, p.1016-21 DURABLE AND REGENERABLE ANTIBACTERIAL FINISHING OF FABRICS WITH A NEW HYDANTOIN DERIVATIVE Sun G; Xu X; Bickett J R; Williams J F California,University; HaloSource Corp. Durable and regenerable antibacterial fabrics are prepared by using an innovative chemical technology employing a precursor biocidal agent, dimethylol dimethylhydantoin (DMDMH), in a chemical Ànishing process. The method results in signiÀcant add-on rates of hydantoin groups on cellulose and establishes a durable antimicrobial functionality, once the grafted heterocyclic compounds are chlorinated by diluted chlorine bleaching. Both cotton fabrics and polyester/cotton fabrics exposed to treatment baths containing from 2 to 10% of DMDMH acquire a powerful inactivating capacity against a wide range of food-borne and water-borne infectious disease agents. The biocidal functions are regenerable by regular laundry exposure to chlorine bleach and can withstand over 50 standard machine washes without appreciable deterioration. In addition to their powerful antimicrobial efÀcacy, the fabrics exhibit improved wrinkle resistance and maintain appropriate mechanical properties, making them ideal for medical and hygienic textile applications. The results of biocidal tests and durability evaluations are presented, together with data characterising physical attributes of the treated fabrics. 22 refs. USA

Accession no.809425 Item 157 Patent Number: US 6162845 A1 20001219 REINFORCED CONCRETE CONTAINING ANTIMICROBIAL-ENHANCED FIBERS Freed W W Synthetic Industries Inc. A Àbre-reinforced concrete-like material product includes a plurality of Àbres containing an effective amount of at least one antimicrobial agent to inhibit organisms and protect the concrete from biological attack. Preferably, the antimicrobial agents are added to the Àbres prior to the Àbres being dispersed in the concrete. Such a concrete product containing antimicrobial-enhanced Àbres simultaneously inhibits organisms from biological attack, reduces plastic shrinkage cracking of the concrete and improve post-peak Áexural strength of the concrete. USA

Accession no.808408 Item 158 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 79, No.3, 18th Jan.2001, p.458-65 USE OF NANOPARTICLES FOR CONTROLLED

66

RELEASE OF BIOCIDES IN SOLID WOOD Liu Y; Yan L; Heiden P; Laks P Michigan,Technological University Nanoparticles of median particle diameter 100-250 nm were used to incorporate tebuconazole and chlorothalonil fungicides, using polyvinylpyridine and polyvinylpyridineco-styrene (10 and 30% styrene) as polymer matrix. The nanoparticle size was directly proportional to the styrene content. The biocide chlorothalonil consistently yielded larger nanoparticles than tebuconazole. The release rate of both fungicides from the polymeric particles on suspension in water decreased slowly with increase in matrix styrene content, the release of chlorothalonil always being slower than that of tebuconazole. The biocides were introduced into solid wood by incorporation into the polymeric nanoparticles suspended in water, and treatment of the wood with the suspension using a conventional pressure method. The polymer matrix acted as a reservoir for release of the biocide into the wood at a controlled rate. Southern pine sapwood samples treated with biocide-containing nanoparticles suspended in water and then exposed to the wood decay fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum (using a simple wafer test) showed fungal resistance at certain biocide levels. 2 refs. USA

Accession no.804440 Item 159 Patent Number: US 6120790 A1 20000919 THERMOPLASTIC RESIN COMPOSITION Kuratsuji T; Maillet J; Miyaki Y Elf Atochem SA The purpose of the present invention is to offer resin compositions which have antimicrobial/fungistatic properties which show outstanding dispersion and outstandingly durable performance. The thermoplastic resin compositions are characterized in that an antimicrobial/fungistatic agent, and particularly an inorganic antimicrobial/fungistatic agent, is compounded with a copolymer containing a polyether chain as a constituent unit, such as a polyether/polyamide copolymer, a polyether/polyester copolymer or a polyether urethane, for example, at 0.05-20 wt. %, and thermoplastic resin compositions which comprise a thermoplastic resin, an antimicrobial/fungistatic agent and a copolymer having a polyether chain as a constituent unit. JAPAN; USA

Accession no.804242 Item 160 Patent Number: US 6126931 A1 20001003 CONTACT-KILLING ANTIMICROBIAL DEVICES Sawan S P; Subramanyam S; Yurkovetskiy A Surfacine Development Company LLC; BioPolymerix Inc. Contact killing antimicrobial articles, devices and formulations are described which kill microorganisms

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

on contact. The articles, devices or formulations contain a non-leaching antimicrobial material which is a unique combination of an organic matrix having biocidal metallic materials non-leachably associated with the matrix. The antimicrobial material may used to form an antimicrobial coating or layer on a surface of the article or device, or may be dispersed in a vehicle or carrier to form a topical antiseptic or disinfectant, or solid shape having contact killing antimicrobial properties. When a microorganism contacts the article, device, or formulation, the biocidal metallic material is transferred to the microorganism in amounts sufÀcient to kill it. USA

Accession no.801950 Item 161 Patent Number: US 6124374 A1 20000926 ANTIMICROBIAL DENTURE ADHESIVE AND CLEANSER COMPOSITIONS Kolias F G; Wong E; Gasman R C Block Drug Co.Inc. An antimicrobial denture adhesive, denture cleansing cream or denture soaking or brushing composition comprises a combination of 8-hydroxyquinoline (or its salt) and at least one copper(II) salt. The composition Àghts denture stomatitis by inhibiting Candida albicans. USA

Accession no.801138 Item 162 Patent Number: US 6124350 A1 20000926 METHOD OF STABILIZING BIOCIDAL COMPOSITIONS OF HALOALKYNYL COMPOUNDS Gaglani K D; Kuusisto E-L; Hansen J; Colon I Troy Technology Corp.Inc.

polymer from which brush handles are injection moulded, thereby incorporating the antimicrobial agent into the brush handle. The antimicrobial additive in the body of the brush results in substantive controlled migration from the body to the bristles, until a point of equilibrium is reached. The brush in which bristles are embedded in plastic may be a toothbrush, hair brush, scrub brush, toilet bowl brush, cosmetic brush or lip-colour brush etc. USA

Accession no.799854 Item 164 Plastics Additives and Compounding 2, No.10, Oct. 2000, p.28-9 NEW ANTIMICROBIAL MASTERBATCHES PROVIDE PERFORMANCE AND LOW TOXICITY The JMAC range of antimicrobial masterbatches from AddMaster which have been developed using Microbial Systems International’s antimicrobial additives. The products are reported to use new organic chemistry which has been proved to eliminate microbes while not providing unwanted toxicity. The system is said to rely on a microparticle of titanium dioxide containing soluble silver chloride. In an aqueous medium, an equilibrium develops between the silver chloride and silver ions, which results in the silver ions being readily available on demand. When the silver ions bond with thiol groups in enzymes, they inhibit microbe multiplication, reducing their populations. In turn, this alters the equilibrium, and more ions are released. The products are discussed. ADDMASTER (UK) LTD.; MICROBIAL SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.799816

This invention is directed to a method for stabilising a composition which comprises a mixture of a halopropargyl compound. The composition can be used broadly in industrial systems and more particularly with substrates such as paints, coatings, stucco, concrete, stone, cementaceous surfaces, wood, caulking, sealants, textiles, and the like.

Item 165 Plastics Additives and Compounding 2, No.10, Oct. 2000, p.20-3 ANTIMICROBIAL SYSTEMS AND THEIR USE IN PLASTICS Simmons J Wells Plastics

USA

Developments in the range of antimicrobial products are reviewed, which have been designed to meet the needs of Àlm, Àbre and moulding manufacturers. Applications such as kitchen equipment, hosiery, carpets mattress covers and hospital waste bags have all beneÀted from the use of such products. A review is given of organic and inorganic systems from Wells Plastics, together with details of test methods for ascertaining the level of antimicrobial activity, and examples of applications are given in the form of three case studies.

Accession no.801131 Item 163 Patent Number: US 6108847 A1 20000829 ANTIMICROBIAL BRUSH Cueman G F; Hanrahan W D Microban Products Co. The antimicrobial agents, compounds or chemicals are embedded in either the body or bristles or both of the brush. They are incorporated in resin concentrate form into the amorphous zones of the molecular structure of the

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.799814

67

References and Abstracts

Item 166 Plastics Additives and Compounding 2, No.10, Oct. 2000, p.18-9 MICROBIOCIDES Murphy J A review is presented of product developments in the area of microbiocides, with details of new products and their targeted applications. Currently arsenic-based formulations account for 70% of the market, but researchers forecast a signiÀcant shift in consumption patterns, and anticipate that the demand for non-arsenic based formulations will rise by 10-20% per year. Accession no.799813 Item 167 Machine Design 72, No.22, 16th Nov.2000, p.39 GERM-FREE TOUCHSCREENS FOR FASTFOOD RESTAURANTS Gyorki J R In order to avoid the spread of germs via computer touch screens such as used in restaurants and hospitals, Astra Products has developed an antibacterial, non-glare screen made of specially coated, optical-quality acrylic. Called Clarex, the cast acrylic material’s non-glare feature comes from a Àne etching on the surface that signiÀcantly reduces light reÁection and glare. Further brief details are given of the product. ASTRA PRODUCTS USA

Accession no.798695

treated non-woven cloth has been found to be able to effectively remove microorganisms from water, and it does not show marked resistance to the Áow of water. New Àltration materials by using non-woven cloths as matrix are expected to have the broad prospects for application in water treatment. Based on this idea, PP non-woven cloth, available at low cost and possessing good processability and mechanical properties, is used as the matrix for new Àltration materials. 4-Vinylpyridine (4-VP) is grafted onto PP non-woven cloth through chemical grafting and then the 4-VP units grafted onto the cloth are quaternised with a halogenated hydrocarbon to prepare a new type of Àltration material, pyridinium-grafted PP nonwoven cloth. Its antibacterial activity is estimated by a Àltration test. The removal of E. coli from water through pyridinium-grafted PP non-woven cloths by Àltration, and their antibacterial activity, are described. 5 refs. CHINA

Accession no.797495 Item 169 Patent Number: US 6096800 A1 20000801 PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PLASTICS Ottersbach P; Hill F; Hill F F; Hill R L; Anders C Huels AG Antimicrobial activity is imparted to the surface(s) of an apparatus or article by polymerising tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate in the presence of the apparatus or article to achieve adhesion of the polymer to the surface(s). The antimicrobial monomer is preferably graft polymerised on the surface(s). EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 168 Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August 1999. Conference proceedings. New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.593-4 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF PYRIDINIUMGRAFTED POLYPROPYLENE NONWOVEN CLOTHS Li G; Tan S; Shen J South China,University of Technology (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) Water disinfection processes include the removal and destruction of microorganisms by both physical means and chemical means. The most popular process is the water treatment with antibacterial agents of low molecular weight. In general, the antibacterial agents of low molecular weight are used for sterilising water, but they have a problem of residual toxicity. Filtration is a convenient method in practical water treatment. Effective removal of microorganisms by Àltration using microporous membranes as filtration materials has been reported. Non-woven cloth has been coated with a small amount of the polymer by soaking in a dilute organic solution of the pyridinium-type polymer followed by drying. The

68

Accession no.796861 Item 170 Silicones in Coatings II. Conference proceedings. Florida, USA, 24th-26th March 1998, paper 31 BIOPROTECTING ORGANOSILICONE COATINGS Voronkov M; Chernov N Irkutsk,Institute; Russian Academy of Sciences (Paint Research Association) To protect materials and parts against contamination various polymer coatings are used, containing fungicides, bactericides or other agents. Protective coatings are known, based on organosilicone polymers modiÀed with heteroorganic compounds with antimicrobial activity, particularly organotin compounds of the R3SnX type. Heteroorganic fungicides may also be introduced into hydrolysates of Si(OC2H5)4 or Ti(OC2H5)4, which are used for clariÀcation of optical glasses. Despite resistance to bioovergrowth, physicochemical, mechanical and protective properties of coatings containing heteroorganic and inorganic fungicides degrade during operation. With

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

time they completely lose their fungicidal activity under the action of adverse climatic factors or more or less corrosive environment. This refers also to a great majority of the known fungicidal and bactericidal coatings on organic binders. Biocidal coatings based on polydiorganosiloxanes with terminal triorganostannyloxy groups were patented. However these coatings are short-lived; they are not chemically bound to the surface, and the OSnR3 terminal fragments are hydrolytically unstable. Extensive and systematic studies are performed on carbofunctional organosilicone monomers and resultant coatings. 73 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.795794 Item 171 Patent Number: US 6080490 A1 20000627 ACTIVELY STERILE SURFACES Burrell R E; Rosenfeld A M Westaim Technologies Inc. An actively antimicrobial surface for a substrate and for use in a biologically dynamic environment, such as for treating and preventing microbial infections, is disclosed. It includes a Àlm consisting of at least an antimicrobial element and another electrochemically noble element and forms multitudinous galvanic cells with electrolyte-containing biological Áuids, such as body Áuids from wounds, etc. for releasing the antimicrobial element at the surface. CANADA; USA

acrolein in aqueous systems and hence by a prolonged effect on microorganisms, is prepared by adding acrolein to a reaction medium containing catalyst in dissolved form and not allowing the temperature of the reaction medium to rise about 50C. The acrolein polymer may be used in aqueous systems as a biocide. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.790363 Item 174 Patent Number: US 6060235 A1 20000509 ANTIVIRAL POLYMERS COMPRISING ACID FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND HYDROPHOBIC GROUPS Neenan T X; Mandeville W H GelTex Pharmaceuticals Inc. A viral infection in an animal, such as a human, is treated by administering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of a polymer comprising a number of pendant hydrophobic groups and pendant acid functional groups. The acid functional groups are connected directly to the polymer backbone or via an aliphatic spacer group of 1 to about 20 atoms in length. USA

Accession no.790314

Item 172 Patent Number: US 6080796 A1 20000627 DISSOLVING INSECTICIDE IN MONOMER Liebert R B; Hetzer C B Nova Chemicals Inc.

Item 175 Packaging Technology and Science 13, No.3, May/June 2000, p.117-21 EFFECTIVENESS OF HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE-INCORPORATED PLASTIC FOR THE ACTIVE PACKAGING OF FOODS Devlieghere F; Vermeiren L; Jacobs M; Debevere J Ghent,University

Insecticides, and particularly termiticides, may be dissolved in monomers polymerised to form foamable polymers, such as polystyrene. The resulting monomer and insecticide may then be polymerised in a conventional manner and either impregnated with a blowing agent or expanded using an extrusion process to produce polymeric foam having insecticidal properties. The polymer may also contain a Áame retardant. Such polymers and the foam made therefrom may be used in the construction industry, particularly where insect infestation is a concern.

A study was made of the effectiveness of hexamethylene tetramine as an antimicrobial agent in LDPE packaging Àlms to inhibit microbial growth on the surface of foods. The inÁuence of Àlms containing from 0.2 or 0.5 wt.% of hexamethylene tetramine on the shelf life of fresh orange juice and cooked ham was examined and the amount of hexamethylene tetramine released from the Àlm into orange juice determined. The shelf life of the orange juice was not prolonged but that of the cooked ham was. 12 refs.

USA

BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795552

Accession no.794789

Accession no.787130

Item 173 Patent Number: US 6060571 A1 20000509 ACROLEIN-RELEASING COPOLYMERS Werle P; Krimmer H-P; Trageser M; Kunz F-R Degussa AG An acrolein polymer from acrolein and one or more polyhydric alcohols, characterised by release of monomeric

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

69

References and Abstracts

Item 176 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 78, No.3, 17th Oct.2000 p.676-84 STUDY OF PYRIDINIUM-TYPE FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS. IV. BEHAVIOURAL FEATURES OF INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE PYRIDINIUM-TYPE POLYMERS Li G; Shen J South China,University of Technology Studies were carried out on the antibacterial activity of insoluble pyridinium-type polymers with different structures against Escherichia coli suspended in sterilised and distilled water using a colony count method. The results reveal that the antibacterial activity of insoluble pyridinium-type polymers, except for one containing I-, is characterised by an ability to capture bacterial cells in a living state by adsorption or adhesion, with the process of capturing bacterial cells being at least partially irreversible. This feature differs from the antibacterial activity of the corresponding soluble polymers, which is characterised by the ability to kill bacterial cells in water. Also, insoluble pyridinium-type polymers can capture dead bacterial cells. The implication is that insoluble pyridinium-type polymers possess broad prospects for development in new water treatment techniques and whole-cell immobilisation techniques. 28 refs. Accession no.786109 Item 177 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 78, No.3, 17th Oct.2000 p.668-75 STUDY OF PYRIDINIUM-TYPE FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS. III. PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INSOLUBLE PYRIDINIUM-TYPE POLYMERS Li G; Shen J; Zhu Y South China,University of Technology Synthesis was carried out of the copolymers of 4vinylpyridine (4VP), styrene (St) and divinylbenzene (DVB) with varied compositions, P(4VP-St-DVB), by suspension polymerisation using 2,2’-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. Preparation of the insoluble (crosslinked) pyridinium-type polymers in benzylpyridinium bromide form, which possess various macromolecular chain compositions, was performed by the reaction of each P(4VP-St-DVB) with benzyl bromide (BzBr), respectively. By using different halohydrocarbon RX in the quaternisation of P(4VP-St-DVB), the insoluble pyridinium-type polymers with various pyridinium group structures were obtained. FTIR was used to identify the structures of P(4VP-St-DVB) and its quaternised product Q-P(4VP-St-DVB). The 4VP content in each copolymer P(4VP-St-DVB) was measured by non-aqueous titration; and the pyridinium group content (Cq) in each Q-P(4VPSt-DVB) sample was determined by means of the back titration manner in argentometry and/or the elemental analysis method, respectively. Also, the particle structure

70

and the surface morphology of the thus-prepared polymer were observed using SEM. According to a series of experimental results, the preparation and characterisation of insoluble pyridinium-type polymers are analysed and discussed. This work can prepare the ground for a study on the antibacterial activity of insoluble pyridinium-type polymers. 20 refs. Accession no.786108 Item 178 Polymer 41, No.24, 2000, p.8659-71 RAMAN MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FUNGICIDE FLUORFOLPET IN PLASTICISED PVC FILMS Mura C; Yarwood J; Swart R; Hodge D ShefÀeld,Hallam University; Avecia Ltd. Confocal Raman microscopy was used to study the distribution and redistribution (by leaching) of the fungicide Fluorfolpet (N-dichloroÁuoromethylthiophthali mide, 5%) in PVC Àlms containing various levels of DOP plasticiser. The distribution of both DOP and Fluorfolpet was found to be uneven on a micron scale, but there was no evidence of inhomogeneity of distribution of either of these on a macroscopic scale. There was little or no leaching of DOP into water. Leaching of Fluorfolpet from the Àlms was observed and the redistribution of Fluorfolpet molecules (measured by mapping and depth proÀling) showed that this leaching depended strongly on the DOP concentration or the amount of water penetrating the Àlm. The results were discussed. 51 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.784928 Item 179 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 77, No.9, 29th Aug.2000, p.1869-76 STUDY OF MODIFIED POLYPROPYLENE NONWOVEN CLOTH. II. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MODIFIED POLYPROPYLENE NONWOVEN CLOTHS Tan S; Li G; Shen J; Liu Y; Zong M South China,University of Technology Removal of E. coli from water by modiÀed PP non-woven cloths prepared through radiation-induced grafting of 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) onto PP non-woven cloths and followed by quaterisation is carried out by Àltration. The results show that the content and structure of the pyridinium group on PP non-woven cloths are important factors to affect their antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity increases with the number of piled sheets of the used non-woven cloths and decrease with increase of the viable bacterial cell concentrations in the inÁuent and with Àltration rates. The activity detection results Ànd that modiÀed PP non-woven cloths possess the ability

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

to capture the bacterial cell alive, and no morphological changes of adhered bacterial cells are observed using SEM; thus, the surfaces of the modiÀed PP non-woven cloths may not be bactericidal, but bacteriostatic. 14 refs. CHINA

Accession no.784188 Item 180 ACS, Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering Fall Meeting 1999. Volume 81. Conference proceedings. New Orleans, La., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.483-4 QUATERNARY AMMONIUM FUNCTIONALISED POLYPROPYLENE IMINE DENDRIMERS AS POTENT BIOCIDES Chen C Z; Cooper S L Delaware,University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Dendrimers are well defined, highly branched macromolecules emanate from a central core. 1-4 While there have been many advances in dendrimer synthesis, application of these novel materials has lagged behind. Since the novel dendritic architecture brings a very high number of functional groups in a compact space, it is reasonable to expect that these novel molecules will play a major role in materials whose performance depends on high local concentration, such as drugs or antimicrobial agents. Presently there are few reports in this Àeld. An attempt is made to synthesise novel dendritic biocides by converting the surface groups of DSM Astramol polypropylene imine dendrimers to quaternary ammonium functionality and to test their biocidal capability. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.780806

Item 182 Advanced Materials 12, No.11, 2nd June 2000, p.843-6 RECENT ADVANCES IN ANTIMICROBIAL DENDRIMERS Chen C Z; Cooper S L Illinois,Institute of Technology; Delaware,University A brief review is presented of recent progress in antimicrobial dendrimers. Mention is made of how both specific interactions and non-speciÀc interactions can be utilised to design multifunctional antimicrobial agents which might be more potent than their monofunctional counterparts. Uses as novel drug delivery systems are also mentioned. 24 refs. USA

Accession no.778968 Item 183 Speciality Chemicals 20, No.5, June 2000, p.182-3 MICROBIOCIDES FOR PLASTICS APPLICATIONS Brewster I; Borgmann-Strahren R Akcros Chemicals Ltd. Details are given of the range of Intercide fungicides and bactericides from Akzo Chemicals for use in plastics. Factors affecting the performance of these products are discussed, and test methods for the assessment of biocidal activity in plastics are described. A new approach to protection is offered in the nature of the formation of biocidal surfaces for which Akzo also produces grades of Intercide, and further product developments are described which include the biocidal protection of polyoleÀns based on zinc pyrithione. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.777806 Item 181 Polymer Bulletin 44, No.4, May 2000, p.401-8. SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISATION AND BIOCIDAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESINS CONTAINING QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS Destais N; Ades D; Sauvet G Paris,University Bisphenol A diepoxy resins were modiÀed using quaternary ammonium salts to produce resins capable of being cast to give good bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli, and retained the property after long term water immersion. They have the advantage that they do not release hazardous toxic compounds.13 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.779693

Item 184 Rubber and Plastics News 29, No.21, 15th May 2000, p.21 NEW SYNTHETIC RUBBER KILLS PATHOGENS Meyer B A professor from the University of Auburn claims to have developed the Àrst synthetic rubber that will kill bacteria and other pathogenic organisms on contact. The technology introduces a chemical structure called an N-halamine into the PS molecules present in a variety of SR materials. Nhalamines contain a receptor that binds chlorine atoms. The pathogen is killed when it comes in contact with the surface chlorine. Currently, the main imperative of the technology is that the elastomer must include a styrene, because the N-halamine attaches itself to the styrene block. Halosource Corp will attempt to commercialise the discovery. Potential applications include surgical gloves, condoms, nipples for baby bottles and paciÀers. AUBURN,UNIVERSITY USA

Accession no.775768

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

71

References and Abstracts

Item 185 Biomaterials 21, No.12, June 2000, p.1235-46 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF A NOVEL BIODEGRADABLE ANTIMICROBIAL POLYMER Woo G L Y; Mittelman M W; Santerre J P Toronto,University; Altran Corp. A polyurethane was synthesised from 1,6-hexane diisocyanate, polycaprolactone diol and a Áuoroquinolone antibiotic, ciprofloxacin and characterised by size exclusion chromatography and elemental analysis. The PU was incubated in a solution of an inÁammatory cell-derived enzyme, cholesterol esterase or phosphate buffer for 30 days at 37C and its biodegradability determined by HPLC, mass spectroscopy and Carbon 14 radiolabel release. Analysis of the solution revealed that ciproÁoxacin was released and able to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 53 refs. CANADA; USA

Accession no.774164 Item 186 Patent Number: EP 998851 A1 20000510 ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL RESIN COMPOSITION Kourai H; Maeda T; Yoshida M; Kunikata K; Wada K Inui Corp. This comprises a polymeric resin and an antibacterial bisbenzalkonium chloride compound of given formula. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.773058 Item 187 Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering 39, No.2, 2000, p.223-32 MIGRATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS IN THE POLYPROPYLENE FIBER Yumei Zhang; Jianming Jiang; Yanmo Chen China,Textile University Antimicrobial Àbres were prepared from PP blended with the antimicrobial agents polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride and polyhexamethylene guanidine stearate. The migration of the antimicrobial agents in the Àbre was investigated. It was assumed that the migration of the antimicrobial agent followed Fick’s second law of diffusion. The initial concentration of the antimicrobial agent in Àbre was uniform and the surface concentration was linear with the initial concentration. A mathematical model was developed which showed good agreement with the experimental data. The diffusion coefÀcient was not related to the initial concentration but was related to the solubility of the antimicrobial agent in water and the compatibility between the antimicrobial agent and PP. If

72

the solubility was larger and the compatibility was poor, the coefÀcient was larger. 13 refs. CHINA

Accession no.771913 Item 188 European Coatings Journal No.4, April 2000, p.56-60 BIOCIDES Verkholantsev V V Biocide additives are introduced into coating formulations in order to prevent the growth of microorganisms, therefore protecting liquid paints, dry coatings and production sites from biological spoilage, damage and failure. Their efficiency is normally selective and depends on the nature of the materials to be protected, climatic zone and sometimes also local conditions. Because of their toxicity for operators, ecotoxicity and reactivity, that may cause various side effects in wet paints and dry coatings, biocides are regarded as a “necessary evil”. However, with the trend away from solvent to water-based compositions, the use of acticides in coatings is increasing. 6 refs. ISRAEL

Accession no.768535 Item 189 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 75, No.8, 22nd Feb.2000, p.1005-12 BIOCIDAL POLYMERS ACTIVE BY CONTACT. V. SYNTHESIS OF POLYSILOXANES WITH BIOCIDAL ACTIVITY Sauvet G; Dupond S; Kazmierski K; Chojnowski J Paris XIII,Universite; Polish Academy of Sciences Polysiloxanes with 3-(alkyldimethylammonio)propyl pendant groups were synthesised by quaternisation of n-octyldimethylamine or n-dodecyldimethylamine with linear polysiloxanes containing 3-chloropropyl groups and/or 3-bromopropyl groups attached to silicon atoms. The precursor polysiloxanes were obtained by equilibrium cationic polymerisation of linear and cyclic siloxanes with (3-halogenopropyl)methylsiloxane units. The polysiloxanes bearing quaternary ammonium salts(QAS) showed bactericidal activity against bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila when incorporated in a polysiloxane network. The activity was retained after 66 days of immersion in water. The QAScontaining polysiloxanes were also active in aqueous solution. 23 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; POLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.766094 Item 190 Performance Chemicals Europe 15, No.2, March/April 2000, p.17 BIOCIDE BOOM

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Rohm & Haas has acquired Acima, a Swiss company specialising in biocidal formulations, PU catalysts and other speciality chemicals. Acima will remain a separate legal entity and retain its name and trademarks. Rohm & Haas has completed the upgrade of its European biocides production site in Jarrow, UK. This investment is part of a multi-year programme that included a 40% capacity expansion of its US Bayport plant in 1998. The company has created a new business unit to serve the household products, personal care and industrial processing markets, while building upon its biocidal products for the coatings and building products industry. ROHM & HAAS; ACIMA

molecular substances such as drugs or biocides. This is said to take place in accordance with zero-order kinetics. A near constant rate of release of biocides from polymer gels is thought to occur in systems in which swelling of the gel plays a signiÀcant role in the release process. In addition, the kinetics of release of biocides from swelling systems is generally affected not only by diffusion of biocides through the various phase of the swelling polymer, but also by the mechanism of swelling. An investigation is carried out into the kinetics of release of drugs from partially swollen gels using crosslinked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/N-vinyl2-pyrrolidone copolymers and oesradiol and salicyclic acid drugs. 6 refs.

USA; WESTERN EUROPE

EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.765356

Accession no.763041

Item 191 Additives for Polymers April 2000, p.7 US FOOD CONTACT APPROVAL FOR BIOCIDE ADDITIVE

Item 194 Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie Vol.271, Nov.1999, p.24-7 BIOACTIVE POLYMERS: SYNTHESIS, RELEASE STUDY AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER BOUND AMPICILLIN Patel J S; Patel S V; Talpada N P; Patel H A Gujarat,Sardar Patel University

Following extensive testing and evaluation, the biocide additive Microban has been approved for food contact by the US organisation NSF International. Microban is an odourless, tasteless and colourless ingredient that is incorporated into the structure of the polymer during compounding. It is designed to last for the useful life of the product. MICROBAN INTERNATIONAL USA

Accession no.764645 Item 192 Farbe und Lack 106, No.2, 2000, p.86-9 German BIOCIDES IN COATINGS Diehl K-H Practical consequences of the implementation of the European biocide product guideline on coating manufacture are discussed in some detail. Implementation is reported to be due to take place in Summer 2000. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.763091 Item 193 International Polymer Science and Technology 26, No.9, 1999, p.T/80-T/84. (Translation of Polimery, No.5, 1999, p.351) STUDY OF THE KINETICS OF RELEASE OF BIOCIDES FROM SWOLLEN GELS OF 2HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE/N-VINYL2-PYRROLIDONE Polowinska A; Szosland L; Polowinski S The use of polymer gels as carriers for biocides is investigated with particular emphasis on the release of low

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Details are given of the solution polymerisation of styrenemaleic anhydride copolymers with surfaces containing functional anhydride groups of different percentage. Ampicillin was bound to the anhydride groups and spectroscopically characterised. The in vitro release rate of Ampicillin was established together with the determination of its antimicrobial activity. 13 refs. INDIA

Accession no.762112 Item 195 Patent Number: EP 979607 A1 20000216 INORGANIC ANTIBACTERIALMILDEWPROOFING AGENT, ANTIBACTERIAL RESIN COMPOSITION AND ANTIBACTERIAL RESINOUS ARTICLE USING THE AGENT Maeda N Mochigase Electric Technical Co.Ltd.; Sumiyoshi Kinzoku Co.Ltd. An inorganic antibacterial-mildewprooÀng agent comprises calcined dolomite as the active ingredient. The calcined dolomite has magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate or magnesium oxide and calcium oxide as main components. A resin composition containing 2.5 to 20 wt.% of the inorganic antibacterial agent and 0.05 to 1.5 wt.% of a good solvent for the resin retains a high antibacterial activity. The solvent has a solubility parameter nearly equal to the solubility parameter of the resin. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.760728

73

References and Abstracts

Item 196 Patent Number: EP 972806 A1 20000119 MOULDED ARTICLE HAVING ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY Imaizumi Y This is produced by thermoforming a composition comprising a non-halogenated thermoplastic resin and from 20 to 80 wt.% of a bamboo powder. The moulding method may be injection moulding, extrusion moulding, calender moulding, vacuum forming or pressure forming. The moulded articles have a high stiffness, do not emit acidic gases or damage incinerators, hardly produce incineration residues and are useful as light electrical parts, automotive parts, building materials and kitchenware. JAPAN

Accession no.760421 Item 197 Huningue, 1995, pp.4. 30cms. 9/12/99 SANITIZED : MATERIAL PROTECTION AND HYGIENE FOR PLASTIC PRODUCTS Clariant Huningue SA; Sanitized Marketing Ltd. Attack from bacteria and fungi can lead to the loss of a synthetic material’s functional properties, together with the risk of discolouration and unpleasant odours. Sanitized antimicrobial agents have been designed to protect rubber and plastics materials against microbial degradation and are supplied in liquid, powder or masterbatch form. Details are given of polymer products at risk of attack, including PVC shower curtains, PU mattresses and rainwear, latex gloves, and polyethylene Àbres. The brochure provides an illustration of the protection given to polymeric goods with the use of Sanitized products. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.759045 Item 198 Patent Number: US 5916930 A 19990629 STABILISATION OF BIOCIDAL ACTIVITY IN AIR DRYING ALKYDS Gaglani K; Yang M; Magier B Troy Corp. This invention is directed towards stabilising the biocidal activity of an alkyd composition containing a halopropargyl compound and a transition metal drier by use of a chelating agent. USA

Accession no.758262 Item 199 Polymer Science Series B 41, Nos.7-8, July-Aug.1999, p.243-54 POLYMERIC FUNGICIDES: A REVIEW Shtilman M I; Tzatzarakis M; Lotter M M; Tsatsakis

74

Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology; Crete,University Data on the synthesis, hydrolysis, and biological activity of polymers possessing fungicidal activity are reviewed, including the properties of macromolecular systems with controlled release of the active substance and polymers possessing intrinsic biological activity. 105 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE; RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.755728 Item 200 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research (Applied Biomaterials) 48, No.5, 1999, p.755-8 INTEGRITY OF POWDER-FREE EXAMINATION GLOVES TO BACTERIOPHAGE PENETRATION Edlich R F; Suber F; Neal J G; Jackson E M; Williams F M Virginia,University The resistance to viral penetration of powder-free synthetic examination gloves was compared with that of powderfree latex examination gloves commonly used in hospitals. As these gloves had no holes, viral penetration through a membrane was studied. Using a standard bacteriophage penetration model, no bacteriophage penetration was detected through the membrane for any of the gloves tested. The new powder-free nitrile and PVC synthetic examination gloves provided comparable resistance to viral penetration to that of powder-free latex examination gloves. 9 refs. USA

Accession no.754144 Item 201 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 74, No.4, 24th Oct.1999, p.937-47 FORMATION OF ANTIBIOTIC, BIODEGRADABLE/BIOABSORBABLE POLYMERS BY PROCESSING WITH NEOMYCIN SULFATE AND ITS INCLUSION COMPOUND WITH BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN Lei Huang; Taylor H; Gerber M; Orndorff P E; Horton J R; Tonelli A North Carolina,State University Samples of pure neomycin sulphate and its inclusion compounds with beta-cyclodextrin were implanted into Àlms of poly-L-lactic acid and poly-epsilon-caprolactone, polymers used widely for manufacture of sutures. The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli of Àlms made by solution casting or melt pressing was tested. It was shown that, as an antibiotic, bioabsorbable suture would not require surgical removal, implanting an inclusion compound in the suture could allow the slow release of antibiotic, thereby guarding against postsurgical infection and also protecting the antibiotic from

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

USA

physically incorporating functional additives into Àbres or fabrics. The greatest practical challenge is to make them durable. 28 refs.

Accession no.751524

USA

degradation during the melt-spinning process used to make the suture. 15 refs.

Accession no.747198 Item 202 Chemistry and Industry No.18, 20th Sept.1999, p.706-8 BRIDGING THE BIOCIDAL GAP Knight D The new Biocidal Products Directive is examined, which closes the gap in European legislation for products such as disinfectants and anti-foulants where there has not, until now, been a Europe-wide standard. The basic goals of the directive are to simplify and harmonise Europe’s regulatory framework for biocides, and to remove trade barriers within the EU, and to improve the protection of both human health and the environment. The new directive must be enforced as national legislation in all member countries by 14 May 2000. Details are given of products deÀned within the directive, and ways in which the directive will be put into practice in the UK are discussed. The implications of the legislation on the industry in terms of time and money spent on testing for each active substance involved are examined. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Item 205 Speciality Chemicals 19, No.7, Suppl.Sept.1999, p.1-14 BIOCIDE MANUFACTURERS A directory of worldwide biocide manufacturers is presented. WORLD

Accession no.745558 Item 206 Patent Number: US 5929132 A 19990727 PROCESS FOR INCORPORATING BIOCIDES INTO A LIQUID DISPERSION Hani R; Ward C M Arch Chemicals Inc. A solid biocide and a carrier are dispersed to form a concentrate, which is then heated to an elevated temperature to produce a storage stable mixture, which is cooled under continuous stirring. USA

Accession no.750811

Accession no.744631

Item 203 Modern Plastics International 29, No.10, Oct.1999, p.104-5 BIOCIDES

Item 207 Patent Number: US 5929133 A 19990727 ANTI-BACTERIAL FILM SUITABLE FOR FOOD PACKAGING Watanabe T; Aoki S; Ohta S; Shirono K; Tanaka A Hitachi Chemical Filtec Inc.

Developments in biocides are outlined. Sanitized Marketing is offering antimicrobial masterbatches to protect polyoleÀn household and hygiene items. Irgasan PA from Ciba is said to work against a range of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. A key feature is good balance of high activity and resistance to migration away from the part surface. WORLD

Accession no.749352 Item 204 Chemistry and Industry No.17, 6th Sept.1999, p.658-61 DRESSING TO KILL Sun G; Williams J F California,University; Halosource Protective medical textiles, such as gowns, gloves, face masks and wound dressings, reduce the risks of exposure to disease by acting as barriers to infectious agents. However, there is mounting evidence that the level of protection provided is not adequate. Textile materials with antimicrobial properties can be made by chemically or

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

This comprises speciÀed amounts of PVC, a plasticiser, a stabiliser, a hydrotalcite, an anti-fogging agent and an anti-bacterial compound. The anti-bacterial compound may consist of a compound obtained by the ion exchange of metal ions of inorganic oxoacid salt in the form of irregular particles having a particle diameter of no more than 0.5 micrometers with metal ions having anti-bacterial properties or a compound obtained by physically or chemically attaching metal components having antibacterial properties to colloidal particles of inorganic metal oxides having a particle diameter of no more than 500 nm and forming a colloidal solution. The Àlms are transparent and anti-fogging and have cling properties. JAPAN

Accession no.744590

75

References and Abstracts

Item 208 Journal of Macromolecular Science A 36A, Nos.5 & 6, 1999, p.731-40 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SULPHONATED STYRENE-GRAFTED POLYPROPYLENE FABRIC AND ITS METALLIC SALT Nho Y C; Park J S; Jin J H; Kwon O H Korea,Atomic Energy Research Institute; Hanyang,University Antibacterial activities of sulphonated styrene-grafted PP fabric and its metallic complexes against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudoinonas aeruginosa are evaluated by a viable cell counting method. After styrene is grafted to PP fabric, a sulphonation reaction is carried out. Various metals are introduced to the sulphonated styrenegrafted PP fabric to evaluate their antibacterial activities. Ag complex of sulphonated styrene-grafted PP fabric (3.95 mM SO3H/g) has a strong biocidal effect to kill all bacteria within 30 minutes. From the antibacterial activity of the metallic salts of sulphonated-grafted PP fabric, it is found that Ag complexed fabric has strong biocidal effects for all bacteria and the other metal complexed fabrics have different antibacterial activity depending on each bacterium. 11 refs. KOREA

Accession no.743541 Item 209 Focus on Plastics Additives No.11, 1999, p.3 B IS FOR BIOCIDES Cellulose based plastics and certain PVC formulations are vulnerable to attack from microorganisms. SpeciÀc biocides are targeted at particular organisms and can be more precisely deÀned as bactericides, fungicides, etc. Antimicrobial additives are now widely used in polyoleÀn kitchenware and bathroom accessories to act in defence of substances coming into contact with the polymer. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.742826 Item 210 Coatings World 4, No.5, July/Aug.1999, p.87-8 BIOCIDES AND FUNGICIDES New product developments are reviewed in the light of environmental regulations regarding the formulation of biocides and fungicides for use by the coatings industry. Current and future environmental regulations such as the banning of mercury in architectural coatings and TBT in marine paints, and the EU’s Biocide Products Directive are discussed. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.742777

76

Item 211 Patent Number: EP 931811 A1 19990728 ANTIBACTERIAL AND MILDEWPROOFING ORGANOPOLYSILOXANE COMPOSITION Sakamoto T; Sato T Shin-Etsu Chemical Co.Ltd. This comprises an organopolysiloxane, such as PDMS terminated with silanol groups or trimethylsiloxy groups, a hydrolysable silane compound and/or partial hydrolysiscondensation product thereof, a triazolyl group-containing compound, such as tebuconazole, and an inorganic antibacterial agent such as a zeolite, apatite and/or silica, supporting or containing silver and/or silver ions. It is also heat and UV light resistant, may cause less change in colour and is useful as a sealing medium. JAPAN

Accession no.742065 Item 212 Patent Number: EP 924061 A1 19990623 LATEX ARTICLE Beck R T; Solomons C C; Plunkett J D; Smith C S This is made by applying onto a former a Àrst coating consisting essentially of liquid latex and free of biocide, applying thereto a second coating consisting essentially of a biocide effective as a coagulant for liquid latex and applying thereto a third coating consisting essentially of liquid latex and free of biocide. The article may be a glove, condom, diaphragm, slipper, overshoe, sterile band, catheter, tubing, drape, gut opening, mouthpiece, nipple, intragastric nasal tube, kidney shunt, dam for teeth, brace, subclavian vein and artery shunt or colostomy bag. USA

Accession no.739390 Item 213 ACS Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering. Volume 80.Conference proceedings. Anaheim, Ca., Spring 1999, p.315.012 ANTIMICROBIAL FIBROUS SUBSTRATES CONTAINING CROSSLINKED POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS Vigo T L; Leonas K K US,Dept.of Agriculture; Georgia,University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) A Àbrous substrate, 50:50 cotton:polyester, was treated with crosslinked polyethylene glycol, which was a commercial, insoluble, ultra-low formaldehyde release material. The properties of the fabric were evaluated after treatment. It was found to have 2.5 times the Áex life, less static charge and improved wrinkle recovery angle. The treated fabrics almost completely inhibited the growth of two fungi, but was not effective in reducing the growth of yeast. Because extremely low levels of formaldehyde were observed in the treated fabrics, the antimicrobial

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

activity was attributed to physical and physicochemical factors. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.738920 Item 214 Patent Number: US 5811471 A 19980922 DISINFECTANT PLASTIC SPONGE MATERIAL Shanbrom E Shanbrom Technologies LLC A germicidal absorptive material for use in surgical packings, sanitary tampons and similar uses is provided by a sponge-like matrix polyvinyl alcohol-acetal copolymer to which is tightly bound a germicidal disinfectant dye. Polyvinyl alcohol-acetal polymer shows exceptional avidity for a number of disinfectant dyes, both acidic and basic, such as methylene blue and gentian violet. Consequently, sponges of this material containing disinfectant dye release no dye to an aqueous solution. The material is generally a porous matrix that releases no particles or Ànes into wounds or body oriÀces. Presence of bound disinfectant dye allows the sponge to inhibit bacterial growth in a number of different situations. Several common bacteria are killed by being incubated in the presence of an embodiment of the invention which contains both methylene blue and gentian violet. USA

Accession no.738135

contains metal-chelating functionality such as an aminopolycarboxylic acid that contains a polymerisable oleÀnic group, and an effective amount of iron to absorb UV light and/or an effective amount of copper to cause the lens to be tinted. USA

Accession no.734530 Item 217 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.771, Oct.1998, p.41-2 French ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT FOR PVC Sanitized SA Additives produced by Sanitized for the protection of plastics against microbial attack are reviewed, with particular reference to the EPL 91-35 antimicrobial agent for PVC products. The advantages of using this additive in PVC Áoor coverings are examined. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.732490 Item 218 Patent Number: US 5877243 A 19990302 ENCRUSTATION AND BACTERIAL RESISTANT COATINGS FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS Sarangapani S ICET Inc.

Item 215 Patent Number: US 5894042 A 19990413 BACTERIOSTATIC COATING OF POLYMERIC CONDUIT Ferralli M W Technology Licensing Co.

These include acidic chelating components reactively bound to a hydrophilic PU prepolymer together with noble metal combinations or antibacterials. The combinations can be incorporated as additives during plastic moulding of medical devices. The compositions are useful for making urological applications.

Describes a conduit coating which is made by covering a surface with a polymeric material which may include an additive made of bacteriostatic, bacteriocidal, fungicidal, fungistatic or mildew-suppressing material. The coating material may be crosslinked using radiation exposure to improve the high temperature characteristics of the conduit.

USA

USA

Accession no.737929 Item 216 Patent Number: US 5770637 A 19980623 ANTI-BACTERIAL, UV ABSORBABLE, TINTED, METAL-CHELATING POLYMERS Vanderlaan D G; Orr S B Johnson & Johnson Vision Products Inc. A soft contact lens comprises a water-swollen gel of a polymer prepared by polymerising one or more hydrophilic monomers such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, one or more crosslinking monomers, a monomer that

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.730790 Item 219 Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 1. March 1999. Conference proceedings. Boston, Ma., March 1999, p.177-8. 012 BACTERIAL ABILITY OF A SOLUBLE PYRIDINIUM-TYPE POLYMER UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS Li G; Yang W; Shen J South China,University of Technology (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) As a new type of functional polymer materials with antibacterial activity, pyridinium-type polymers possess many unique properties in the interaction with bacteria, viruses and other negatively charged species, thus exhibiting the potential of Ànding wide application in many Àelds such as microbiology, biotechnology, water treatment, etc. The antibacterial activities of soluble and insoluble pyridinium-

77

References and Abstracts

type polymers against bacteria in sterilised physiological saline have previously been examined, and an attempt made to use them as supporting materials of immobilised whole cells and as cationic, polymeric coagulants. The studies revealed the broad prospects of these polymers for application in biotechnology, environmental protection and biosensors. The antibacterial activity of this new type of functional polymers against the bacteria suspended in sterilised distilled water is investigated. The bactericidal activities of a soluble pyridinium-type polymer under different test conditions, including species of bacteria, polymer concentration, initial viable cell number in a bacterial suspension, temperature of the polymer/bacterial suspension system and suspending medium of bacterial cells, are assessed by a viable counting method. 6 refs. CHINA

Accession no.730019 Item 220 Asian Plastics News March 1999, p.22 DUPONT’S LOW-LOADING ANTIMICROBIAL POWDER CONTROLS MICROBE GROWTH This short article highlights a new additive series from DuPont. “MicroFree” are anti-microbial powders designed to suppress the growth of bacteria and mould on plastics, for instance in appliances such as sinks and shower booths. Brief details of the powders and their uses are provided. DUPONT ASIA

Accession no.729415 Item 221 Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 75, No.12, 1998, p.C3 CONSUMER DEMAND DRIVES ADDED GROWTH IN USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS Ice-Pettegrew, M L Ferro Corp. Antimicrobial agents may be incorporated into a plastics formulation to preserve the polymeric material by destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on the product surface. Traditionally, the bulk of antimicrobials have been used for Áexible PVC, PU foams and adhesives for susceptible formulations in stressful environments. The antimicrobial selection process is inÁuenced by the polymer and its other additives, the production process and any environmental stresses in the Ànished article’s use. USA

Accession no.728650 Item 222 Patent Number: EP 905289 A2 19990331 ANTIBACTERIAL CELLULOSE FIBRE AND PRODUCTION PROCESS THEREOF

78

Nakamura K; Nakamura K A tertiary amine N-oxide is used as a solvent for the pulp. A silver-based antibacterial agent and, optionally, magnetised mineral ore powder are added and the material is solvent spun to produce cellulose Àbre, which is useful as medical devices, such as bandages, gauze and surgical robes. JAPAN

Accession no.726628 Item 223 Patent Number: US 5869073 A 19990209 ANTIMICROBIAL LIQUID COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR USING THEM Sawan S P; Shalon T; Subramanyam S; Yurkovetskiy A Biopolymerix Inc.; Surfacine Development Co.Inc. These consist of a solution, dispersion or suspension of a biguanide polymer reacted with a crosslinking agent to form an adduct and an antimicrobial metal material. The resulting antimicrobial coating does not release biocidal levels of leachables into the surrounding solution. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.726564 Item 224 Patent Number: US 5853883 A 19981229 POLYOLEFIN FIBRES CONTAINING ANTIMICROBIAL SILOXANE QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS Nohr R S; MacDonald J G Kimberly-Clark Worldwide Inc. These Àbres are made from a melt-extrudable composition containing a polyolefin and an antimicrobial siloxane quaternary ammonium salt, which can be a trisiloxane having a pendant quaternary ammonium group and a molec. wt. of from about 600 to 1,700 or an ABA-type siloxane having a polydispersity of up to about 3.0 and a weightaverage molec.wt. of from about 800 to 2,000 in which a central moiety is terminated at each end by a quaternary ammonium salt group. The anion can be one, which does not adversely affect the heat stability of the salt. USA

Accession no.724965 Item 225 Patent Number: US 5853641 A 19981229 METHOD FOR PREPARING POLYOLEFIN FIBRES CONTAINING ANTIMICROBIAL SILOXANE QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS Nohr R S; MacDonald J G Kimberly-Clark Worldwide Inc. A thermoplastic composition containing a polyoleÀn and an additive is melted and extruded through multiple oriÀces to form streams of molten composition, which are cooled to form Àbres. The additive is an antimicrobial siloxane quaternary

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

ammonium salt, which can be either a trisiloxane having a pendent quaternary ammonium group and a molec.wt. of from about 600 to 1,700 or an ABA-type siloxane having a polydispersity of up to about 3.0 and a weight-average molec. wt. of from about 800 to 2,000 in which a central siloxane moiety is terminated at each end by a quaternary ammonium salt group. The anion may be one which does not adversely affect the heat stability of the salt.

moisture and/or biological attacks, such as wood decaying fungi and termites is disclosed. The method is to treat wood itself, or preferably, the ground surface under the Áoor with a liquid containing a synthetic resin emulsion and an anti-fungal and wood preservative agent and/or a pesticide such as termite-controlling agent, and further, a foaming agent. The barrier contains a selected copolymer of vinyl acetate and a polyurethane polymer.

USA

JAPAN

Accession no.724943

Accession no.723495

Item 226 Patent Number: US 5854147 A 19981229 NON-WOVEN WEB CONTAINING ANTIMICROBIAL SILOXANE QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS Nohr R S; MacDonald J G Kimberly-Clark Worldwide Inc.

Item 229 Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference. London, Kluwer, 1998, p.121-34. 5 BIOCIDES: SOME KINETIC ASPECTS Gumargalieva K Z; Zaikov G E Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Materials)

A non-woven web having antimicrobial properties is made from a melt extrudable composition, which contains a polyoleÀn and an antimicrobial siloxane quaternary ammonium salt, which may be a trisiloxane having a pendent quaternary ammonium group and a molec.wt. of from about 600 to 1,700 or an ABA-type siloxane having a polydispersity of up to about 3.0 and a weight-average molec.wt. of from about 800 to 2,000 in which a central siloxane moiety is terminated at each end by a quaternary ammonium salt group. The anion can be any anion, which does not adversely affect the thermal stability of the salt.

Biological influences can be very important in the degradation of polymers, and of many other materials such as wood. It may be useful to consider biocides as a whole, regardless of the material to which they are applied, so that their role in the protection of plastics can be seen in its wider context. Microorganisms such as bacteria, microscopic fungi and similar species can have mechanical, chemical and biological effects. Adverse effects of these kinds are referred to as biodegradation processes. Chemical compositions which provide protection from biodegradation processes are known as biocides or, in the case of fungi, fungicides. The chief protective agents are chemical substances, namely biocides, which can either be directly incorporated into the material to be protected, or applied as surface coatings. They can alternatively be added to lubricating compositions, or to the atmosphere, or to the water, or otherwise introduced indirectly into the environment. Several thousand compounds with biocidal efÀcacy are known. Examples include alcohols, compounds or compositions containing heavy metals and certain surfactants. Aspects covered include requirements for and toxicological control of biocides, a classiÀcation of biocides, techniques for investigating biocides and kinetics of biomass growth in a medium containing biocides. 2 refs.

USA

Accession no.724648 Item 227 Patent Number: US 5847047 A 19981208 ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITION OF A POLYMER AND A PEPTIDE FORMING AMPHIPHILIC HELICES OF THE MAGAININ-TYPE Haynie S L DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co. Novel polymer-bound oligopeptides exhibiting antimicrobial activity have been developed. The oligopeptides are unique amino acid sequences which form amphiphilic helices. USA

RUSSIA

Accession no.718824

Accession no.723609 Item 228 Patent Number: US 5804641 A 19980908 FOAMABLE COMPOSITION FOR CREATING A BARRIER TO PREVENT ATTACK OF HUMIDITY, FUNGI AND INSECTS Iwakawa T Nippon Eisei Center Co.Ltd. A barrier to protect wood materials for house construction or wooden structures such as houses from humidity,

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 230 Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference. London, Kluwer, 1998, p.115-20. 5 BIOCIDES Pritchard G (Institute of Materials) The preservatives used to protect plastics against attack by mildew, bacteria, fungi, algae, insects, rodents and marine fouling organisms - biocides - are described. The preferred method for most, but not all of these problems,

79

References and Abstracts

is to mix an additive with the plastics material, chosen for its antimicrobial action. The main considerations are the efÀcacy, environmental safety, ease of dispersion and cost of these additives. Under the heading of efÀcacy not only the capacity to kill microorganisms should be considered, but also the duration of that capacity. Many biocides are too transient. Aspects covered include susceptibility of plastics to microbial action, effects of microbial attack, biocides used and anti-fouling. 5 refs.

after elution in both serum and saline, were evaluated and compared with those of catheters coated with silver sulphadiazine/chlorhexidine. The results of in vitro assays demonstrated that the AgCl-BKC coated catheters had a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria and C.albicans and prolonged antimicrobial activity for extraction periods of up to 30 days. These data suggested that AgCl-BKC coated catheters could provide another solution for reduction of catheter-related infections. 23 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

USA

Accession no.713731

Accession no.718823 Item 231 Polimery Tworzywa Wielkoczasteczkowe 43, Nos. 7-8, 1998, p.454-8 Polish POLYMERIC BIOCIDES. PENTACHLOROPHENOL-FUNCTIONALISED VARNISH RESINS Pradellok W Slaska,Polytechnic Pentachlorophenol, a biocide, was Àxed to a fatty alkyd resin and to an epoxy ester of soya oil fatty acids to yield a good coat-forming functionalised resin. 28 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.716764 Item 232 Patent Number: US 5843215 A 19981201 INSECT REPELLENT COATINGS Whalon M E; Malloy G E WARMM Sciences LLC These comprise a water-based or water-soluble resin and plant secondary compounds having insecticidal characteristics. They exhibit insect repellence, antifeedance and oviposition deterrence. USA

Accession no.716675 Item 233 Journal of Biomaterials Applications 13, No.3, Jan.1999, p.206-23 IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF A NEW ANTISEPTIC CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER(CVC) Chunhua Li; Xianping Zhang; Whitbourne R Abbott Laboratories; STS Biopolymers Inc. A CVC coated with an antiseptic combination, silver chloride and benzalkonium chloride(BKC), in a polymer(PU) matrix was developed. The antimicrobial efÀcacy and the ability to prevent surface colonisation,

80

Item 234 ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 1998. Volume 79. Conference proceedings. Boston, Mas., 23rd-27th Aug.1998, p.220-1. 012 ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM CELLULOSE AND CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES Daly W H; Guerrini M M Louisiana,State University Quaternary ammonium synthetic and modiÀed natural polymers exhibit antimicrobial activity. The quaternary ammonium polymers are generally more active than their corresponding monomers, particularly against grampositive bacteria. The potential activity of quaternary ammonium polysaccharides is of great interest to the cosmetic industry, because these polymers have proved to be very effective adjuvants in cosmetic formulations. A new diquaternary ammonium alkylcarbamoyl cellulose derivative is prepared with a deÀned charge density, 3-trimethylammonium-2-hydroxypropyl-N,Ndimethylammonium ethyl carbanoyl-methyl cellulose chloride (DQNNED) where the quaternary nitrogens are located at the sites of carboxymethylation of the starting polymer. A comparable derivative of chitosan, 3-trimethylammonium-2-hydroxypropyl-N-chitosan (CHI-Q188) has also been prepared. The antimicrobial activities of DQNNED and CHI-Q188 against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureas and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are reported, as determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration test. The chitosan derivative exhibits antimicrobial activity at concentrations as low as 10-20 mg/ml, at least an order of magnitude lower than the concentrations at which previously reported chitosan antimicrobial agents exhibit activity. 8 refs. USA

Accession no.712671 Item 235 Plasticheskie Massy (USSR) No.1, 1997, p.42 Russian POLYMERIC ORGANOTIN BIOCIDE ADDITIVE FOR PAINT AND VARNISH MATERIALS Chernorukova Z G; Kolmakov A O; Emel’yanov D N; Kuznetsova N V

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

A copolymer of tributyltin acrylate and methyl methacrylate in butyl acetate was synthesised, and the effectiveness of this additive in protecting paints and varnishes against moulds and fungi was studied. 4 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. RUSSIA

Accession no.712018 Item 236 Patent Number: EP 888712 A1 19990107 LAMINATE HAVING ANTI-BACTERIAL AND MILDEWPROOFING ACTIONS Iwamoto E; Hayashi T; Onishi T; Tanaka I Idemitsu Petrochemical Co.Ltd. This comprises at least two Àlms or sheets, each having organic substance permeability different from one another, and at least one adhesive layer, which comprises an antibacterial mildew-proofing agent containing parachlorometaxylenol as an active ingredient and which is positioned between the adjacent Àlms or sheets. It is inexpensive and exhibits antibacterial and mildew-prooÀng activity even on surfaces out of contact with the laminate. JAPAN

Accession no.710740 Item 237 Patent Number: EP 887373 A2 19981230 ANTIBACTERIAL POLYMERIC MOULDINGS Monden N; Seko M; Yokota H; Tanaka M; Arimori S Toyo Boseki KK These contain an anionic compound capable of combining, by an ionic bond, with a cationic component of a watersoluble antibacterial agent. The cationic component is combined with the anionic compound by the ionic bond at least at the surface of the moulded product. JAPAN

Accession no.710734 Item 238 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 75, No.500, Feb.1998, p.199-203 Spanish PHOTOSELECTIVE ANTI-INFESTATION FILMS FOR GREENHOUSE COVERING Espi E; Salmeron A; Tamayo C; Ortiz M L; Laborda F Repsol SA; Madrid,Universidad de Alcala

Item 239 IRC ‘98. Conference Proceedings. Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.151-5. 012 French SYNTHESIS OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN VIRUCIDAL SURGICAL GLOVES Riess G Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse; Institut de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces (AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle) Methods used in the synthesis of block copolymer thermoplastic elastomers are reviewed, and the use of amphiphilic block copolymers as emulsifiers for the dispersion of liquids in a thermoplastic elastomer is discussed. The application of this technique to the incorporation of a solubilised biocide into a thermoplastic elastomer for the manufacture of surgical gloves is examined. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.710610 Item 240 Polimery Tworzywa Wielkoczasteczkowe 40, No.10, 1995, p.587-90 Polish MODIFICATION OF THE RELEASE OF BIOCIDES BOUND TO A CARBOXYLIC CATIONITE. PART 1. ENCAPSULATION BY THE ISP METHOD AND BY EVAPORATION FROM AQUEOUS SUSPENSION Lukaszczyk J; Kluczka M Slaska,Polytechnic Drug resinates obtained from Amberlite IRC 50 and codeine or procainamide were coated with a polyacrylamide hydrogel Àlm or with a poly(vinyl acetate) Àlm by inverse suspension polymerisation (ISP) or by evaporation of the solvent from an aqueous suspension. The kinetics of the biocide release from uncoated and from encapsulated resinates into an artiÀcial gastric juice were investigated. The release appears to be controlled by particle diffusion. Coating of the resinate particles reduced the rate of release, but the rate of release was still too high for use in slow release formulations. 17 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.705472

Results are presented of trials undertaken to evaluate the use of UV blocking PE greenhouse covering Àlms in controlling the development of the pathogen Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants. 15 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.710657

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

81

References and Abstracts

Item 241 Speciality Chemicals 18, No.9, Nov.1998, p.389-91 ANTIMICROBIAL PRODUCTS FOR PERSONAL CARE, HOUSEHOLD FIBRE AND POLYMER APPLICATIONS Ochs D Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc. The increasing awareness of hygiene in the home and living environment has impacted the personal care and household market in the demand for products that not only serve as preservatives, but also have broad spectrum antimicrobial activity on skin and inanimate surfaces. As a leading supplier of antimicrobials for consumer care industries, Ciba Specialty Chemicals is reported to be moving ahead in research and development of antimicrobials that meet the market demand for preservatives with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. As a customer-orientated company with highly qualiÀed staff and a wide range of technical equipment, the company has built up and is improving support in formulation development, microbiological efÀcacy testing, product development, chemical analysis, registration and toxicological safety information in order to partner customers in providing added-value antimicrobial products for consumer care markets. Details are given. SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.704486 Item 242 Patent Number: US 5741526 A 19980421 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT Miyata S Kaisui Kagaku Kenkyujo KK An antimicrobial agent containing at least one of an oxide solid solution of the formula given and a hydrotalcite of the formula given, the above antimicrobial agent being free of, or almost free of, toxicity, excellent in heat resistance and weatherability, less expensive and excellent in dispersibility in resins, rubbers and Àbres. JAPAN

Accession no.703176 Item 243 Journal of Polymer Research 5, No.3, July 1998, p.177-86 BIOCIDAL POLYURETHANE AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES Huei-Hsiung Wang; Meei-Show Lin Feng Chia,University Three types of PUs were prepared, based on polytetramethylene glycol(PTMG) of molec.wt. 2000, 1000 and 650. The prepolymers were prepared by reacting PTMG with MDI and were then extended with diethylene triamine(DETA) or DETA/hydrazine mixture to form the PU polymers. The polymers were then grafted with epichlorohydrin and further reacted with different

82

amounts of biocide (quaternary ammonium salts, QAS) to form biocidally active PU quaternary ammonium salts. The biocidal properties of the PU Àlms were evaluated by the agar plate and the shake Áask method. From the experimental results, it was shown that these Àlms and cotton fabrics treated with them exhibited a high biocidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The biocidal activity was found to increase with the amount of QAS. After rinsing with water, the biocidal characteristics of these Àlms and Ànished fabrics remained. From IR spectroscopy, PU Àlms with covalent bonds of QAS showed an absorption peak at 2300/cm, which corresponded to the presence of silicon in QAS. 10 refs. TAIWAN

Accession no.700375 Item 244 Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 13, No.4, Oct.1998, p.303-14 NEW N-HALAMINE BIOCIDAL POLYMERS Eknoian M W; Worley S D Auburn,University A series of N-halamine polymers was synthesised and tested in granular form, on glass and as Àbre substrates for efÀcacy at inactivating bacteria. Copolymers and grafted copolymers were prepared with 4-(alkyl acryloxymethyl)4-ethyl-2-oxazolidinones and commercial monomers or polymers. These polymers were inexpensive to synthesise and were efÀcient biocides in granular form and as surfacecoated disinfectants. They could be coated on glass, plastic and Àbrous materials, which gave them considerable potential as commercial disinfectants. They could be used for various industrial, commercial and medical applications. 9 refs. USA

Accession no.699172 Item 245 Patent Number: EP 869216 A1 19981007 FLEXIBLE HYDROPHILIC ARTICLES HAVING A DURABLE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT Feuer W R; McCue K A; Kiefer B A Reckitt & Colman Inc. Articles, such as sponges and woven or non-woven wipes, may comprise a biocidal composition having a low aqueous solubility or may comprise a carrier of low aqueous solubility having dispersed therein a biocidal composition. USA

Accession no.697552 Item 246 Patent Number: US 5744150 A 19980428 SOFTENED ANTIMICROBIAL SPONGE MATERIAL WITH COLOR CHANGE INDICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Cercone R J Xomed Surgical Products Inc. A method for producing an improved antimicrobial material is disclosed whereby a soft, dry, iodine/acetalised polyvinyl alcohol complex sponge material is produced which has a pleasing yellow-gold colouration indicating activation of the antimicrobial elements in the complex. USA

Accession no.697110 Item 247 Manchester, 1997, pp.14. 12ins. 18/9/98. PROTECTING AND PROLONGING YOUR POLYMER PRODUCTS Zeneca Biocides The use is discussed of Vanquish biocides from Zeneca Biocides. They are antimicrobials developed speciÀcally for the plastics industry, and have a broad spectrum of activity in a wide range of polymers, including PVC, polyurethanes, polyolefins and silicones. Features and properties of the products are described, and their application in silicone, polyurethane and PVC products is examined. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Zeneca Biocides (Rapra Technology Ltd.; Plastics & Rubber Weekly; European Plastics News) A new method for the determination of susceptibility of polymers to microbial colonisation is described. The new method overcomes shortcomings of those traditionally used, and allows rapid turnaround of results. Specialised laboratory is not required and microbial growth can be assessed by the naked eye. The microbial spoilage of polymers costs industry millions of pounds every year. The types of spoilage are many and varied, e.g. discoloration, shrinkage, cracking and embrittlement. Spoilage can also be related to the household environment, e.g. pink staining on shower curtains, black staining on bathroom sealants and refrigerator gaskets, etc. The fact that microbes are responsible for such spoilage is not widely known. As part of the programme to develop a new biocide for the protection of plastics from microbial attack, the traditional methods for assessment of the susceptibility of materials to such attack are revisited. Several drawbacks are discovered in the establishment methods. As a result of these investigations, new methods are developed which overcome these drawbacks. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.694694

Accession no.696499 Item 248 Patent Number: US 5736591 A 19980407 LATEX WITH RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL GROWTH Dunn E R Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. This comprises a polymer, water, an emulsiÀer, ions of a metal from Group Ib of the Periodic Chart, preferably silver ions, generally present in an amount in the range of about 1 to 50 ppm, and, optionally, an organic chemical bactericide. By using a combination of standard organic chemical bactericides and Group Ib metal ions, the level of chemical bactericides and metal ions needed to satisfactorily control bacteria growth can be signiÀcantly reduced, excellent cost advantages are offered and latex with a high degree of protection against bacterial growth is obtained. USA

Accession no.694938 Item 249 Polymer Testing ‘97. Day 1: Durability of Plastics. Conference proceedings. Shawbury, 7th-11th April 1997, Paper 2. 9T NOVEL METHOD FOR THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF MICROBIAL GROWTH ON PLASTICS Eastwood I M; Kneale C J; Ogden D

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 250 Patent Number: EP 859035 A1 19980819 SPRAY-TYPE INSECTICIDAL PAINT AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS THEREOF Chang B-S Kukbo Pharma.Co.Ltd. This paint, which has long lasting insecticidal effects by contact against various insects but is not harmful to human and warm-blooded animals, contains 0.1 to 2.5 wt.% of a pyrethroid insecticide, 5 to 10 wt.% of organic acrylic resin, 0.01 to 0.1 wt.% of an insect attractant, 30 to 60 wt.% of a propellant and 30 to 50 wt.% of solvent. KOREA

Accession no.694337 Item 251 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 69, No.11, 12th Sept.1998, p.2213-20 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF ACRYLIC ACID-GRAFTED POLYPROPYLENE FABRIC AND ITS METALLIC SALT Jong Shin Park; Jae Hong Kim; Young Chang Nho; Oh Hyun Kwon Korea,Atomic Energy Research Institute; Hanyang,University Acrylic acid was grafted onto PP fabric by a pre-irradiation method using a cobalt-60 gamma ray. The effects of absorbed dose, the reaction temperature, reaction time, storage time, as well as the addition effect of ferrous

83

References and Abstracts

ion and sulphuric acid on the degree of grafting, were determined. Antibacterial activities on metallic complexes of acrylic acid-grafted PP fabric were evaluated by a viable cell counting method. 16 refs. SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.692994

the polymeric material, coated on the polymeric material, or a combination thereof, without an intermediary adhesive or linking agent. The antimicrobial agent is releasable from the polymeric material for a period of at least 3 days upon the antimicrobial product being brought into contact with a moist surface. ISRAEL

Item 252 Adhesive Technology 15, No.2, June 1998, p.8/11 MILLENNIUM BUG Wood P L AG Chemical Industries Ltd.Inc. The preservation of adhesives using biocides is described. The rapid advances in the technology of adhesives and their ever-increasing use gives the manufacturer and biocide supplier a common problem: preserving the integrity of the adhesive so that it performs as intended. IntensiÀed environmental pressures combined with new demands from both existing and forthcoming legislation compound this problem. The biocide supplier must understand not only the microbiological problems, but also the legislation. 5 refs. SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.689875 Item 253 Patent Number: US 5713987 A 19980203 METHOD AS WELL AS ACTIVE SUBSTANCE FOR PREVENTING MICROBIAL GROWTH ON SURFACES, AS WELL AS COMPOUND FOR SURFACE COATING OR FINISHING Gradl T Disclosed is a stone Áour with a catalyst precipitated on or bound thereto as an active substance. The catalyst may be brownstone (manganous oxide), Ànely divided elementary palladium or Ànely divided elementary ruthenium. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.686867 Item 254 Patent Number: EP 852148 A1 19980708 PRODUCTS HAVING ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY Levy D; Guttmann H; Kahane I Sion Narrow-Weaving; Yissum Research Development Co.; Jerusalem,Hebrew University Disclosed are dry, disposable, polymeric antimicrobialapplying products having sustained-release antimicrobial activity. They consist essentially of a polymeric material, such as a natural polymer, synthetic polymer or mixture thereof, in the form of Àbres, yarns, woven, non-woven and knitted fabrics, sheets and Àlms, and an amine salt antimicrobial agent, which is releasably impregnated into

84

Accession no.685174 Item 255 Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 13, No.2, April 1998, p.136-45 NEW BIOCIDAL N-HALAMINEPOLYETHYLENE GLYCOL(PEG) POLYMERS Eknoian M W; Worley S D; Harris J M Auburn,University; Alabama,University The synthesis and biocidal efÀcacies of two PEG-Nhalamine polymers were studied. The N-halamines were classiÀed as dichlorohydantoins and chloroimidazolidin-4ones, which were attached to a methoxy-PEG terminated amine. A 1000 ppm solution of each N-halamine polymer was prepared in water and it was demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus was inactivated when it was in contact with these polymeric solutions for ten minutes. The stability of these solutions was determined over prolonged periods of time, as well as the biocidal efÀcacies. These polymeric materials showed commercial potential as surface active biocides if the PEG moiety could be anchored to a surface. 22 refs. USA

Accession no.682911 Item 256 Additives for Polymers June 1998, p.2 ANTIBACTERIAL PRODUCTS COME ON THE MARKET A range of antibacterial products recently developed, are announced and described. The Àrst is a polyester gelcoat incorporating Microban antibacterial agent, called Maxguard AB; the second is a masterbatch called Neutrabac, which is particularly suited to PP and PE compounds; and the third is a new antimicrobial sheet based on an antimicrobial masterbatch, called Actifresh. NESTE POLYESTER; VICTOR INTERNATIONAL PLASTICS LTD.; ROYALITE PLASTICS LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.681379 Item 257 Plastics News(USA) 10, No.10, 4th May 1998, p.3/22 HASBRO, EPA SETTLE ADDITIVES CASE Toloken S

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Hasbro Inc., the toymaker has agreed to pay the EPA 125,000 US dollars over its marketing claims that the use of Microban antibacterial in its toys and nursery goods had germ-Àghting properties, and has discontinued its efforts to sell toys with such additives, it is reported. Hasbro claims that the EPA objections prevented it from mounting a marketing campaign that would be meaningful to consumers. The EPA’s rules restrict health claims in marketing information, and to this end, has also Àned Microban Products Co. HASBRO INC.; US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.681353 Item 258 Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 74, No.13, 1998, p.C5 USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS SPURRED ON BY DEMAND FOR GERM-RESISTANCE Ice-Pettegrew M L Ferro Corp. Antimicrobials may be incorporated into a plastics formulation to preserve the polymeric material by destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on the product surface. Antimicrobials should be environmentally safe and non-toxic to humans, easy to store and handle, and compatible with polymers and other formulation ingredients. Recently there has been a demand for antimicrobials in polymer products such as toys, cutting boards, kitchen utensils and hospital faucet and door handles. USA

Accession no.680771 Item 259 European Plastics News 25, No.6, June 1998, p.24-5 BAN THE BUG Lee M The market for biocides and anti-microbial additives for plastics is growing as consumers demand products with increased “hygiene” beneÀts. Triclosan-containing masterbatch is Ànding applications in household objects such as cutting boards and sandwich boxes. Microban International claims it has found a way of encapsulating and protecting triclosan so that it can be incorporated in almost any plastic in any process, but so that it is free enough to migrate. WORLD

Accession no.680692

Item 260 Patent Number: US 5698229 A 19971216 ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITION Ohsumi S; Kato H Toagosei Co.Ltd. This contains an inorganic compound on which a silver ion is supported and a compound of given formula. JAPAN

Accession no.680348 Item 261 Patent Number: EP 839857 A2 19980506 POLYMERIC FOAM WITH ANTIBACTERIAL AND MILDEWPROOFING FUNCTIONS Mori S This comprises a copolymer containing 72 to 95 wt.% of ethylene and 28 to 5 wt.% of vinyl acetate and a small amount of organic composite having a bactericidal action contained therein, which is composed mainly of N,N-dimethyl-N’-phenyl-N’-(Áuorodichloromethylthio) sulphamide, 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-on, diiodomethyl-ptolylsulphone and methyl(benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate. It is suitable as cushioning material for Áoors and walls and as a material for building blocks and babies’ toys. JAPAN

Accession no.678704 Item 262 Pitture e Vernici 74, No.3, Feb.1998, p.17/22 USE OF ADDITIONAL BIOCIDES IN MARINE ANTIFOULING PAINTS Romairone V Instituto per la Corrosione Marina dei Metalli This article looks at the challenges involved in the development of anti-fouling paint for marine applications, and also on the use of additional biocides in the paints. It describes experimentation carried out on nine biocides on the market today, and discusses the results. 15 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.677406 Item 263 Patent Number: US 5659047 A 19970819 POLYFLUOROALKYLTHIOPOLY(ETHYLIM IDAZOLIUM) COMPOUNDS, PREPARATION PROCESS AND THEIR USE AS BIOCIDAL AGENTS Vanlerberghe G; Bollens E; Mahieu C; Sebag H L’Oreal A formula for the above compounds is given. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.672660

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

85

References and Abstracts

Item 264 Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting 13, No.4, Oct. 1997, p.287-98 CASTING ANTIMICROBIAL PACKAGING FILMS AND MEASURING THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY Han J H; Floros J D Purdue,University Antimicrobial Àlm was extruded using LDPE resins and potassium sorbate powder, and its antimicrobial activity, tensile properties, and transparency were measured to examine its adaptability as a packaging material. The tensile properties were not affected signiÀcantly by the incorporation of potassium sorbate, but the transparency of the Àlm decreased as the concentration of potassium sorbate increased. The antimicrobial Àlm decreased the growth rate and maximum growth of yeast, and extended the lag period before mould growth was apparent, thus prolonging the shelf life of food products when used as a packaging material. 13 refs. USA

Accession no.671413 Item 265 Patent Number: US 5662913 A 19970902 ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITIONS USEFUL FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS Capelli C C Antimicrobial metal-based compositions, which are photostable, non-staining, and which are easily absorbed into lipophilic matrices, contain silver cations, complexed by acyclic polyether polymers through the formation of a ‘host-guest relationship’ where the acyclic polyether is the ‘host’ and the silver cation is the ‘guest’. Stabilisation of this ‘host-guest relationship’ is accomplished through the use of excess anions. The compositions are useful for topical treatment of infections caused by bacteria, fungus and viruses in humans and animals and for treating medical devices, foams and adhesives to impart infectionresistance. USA

Accession no.670230 Item 266 Patent Number: US 5645847 A 19970708 SAFENED PESTICIDAL RESIN COMPOSITION FOR CONTROLLING SOIL PESTS AND PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION THEREOF Cannelongo J F A dry-blended extrudable pesticidal composition contains, as the active ingredient, O,O-diethyl S-((1,1dimethylethyl)thio)-methyl)phosphorodithioate, O,Odiethyl S-(ethylthio-methyl)phosphorodithioate or a pesticidal chemical, the technical grade of which has a dermal and/or oral LD50, as measured on rats or rabbits, of less than 50 mg/kg. It exhibits markedly reduced

86

mammalian toxicity and increased pesticide stability and is essentially free of dust. USA

Accession no.669837 Item 267 Speciality Chemicals 18, No.1, Feb.1998, p.23/6 ALGICIDES AND FUNGICIDES FOR PAINTS AND COATINGS Hertenberg G Creanova Inc. A description is given of some of the latest algicidal and fungicidal products for use in paints and coatings, with particular reference to products from Creanova Inc. The need for a broad spectrum algicide and fungicide is discussed for use by paint manufacturers wanting to market formulations to various regions around the world. The combination of Nuocide 1071 with a fungicide such as Nuocide 960 or 404-D is claimed to provide a highly effective path to complete dry Àlm surface protection. USA

Accession no.669240 Item 268 Plastics Technology 44, No.2, Feb.1998, p.45-8 BIOCIDES KEEP BUGS OFF YOUR PLASTICS Manolis Sherman L Biocides are now a growing presence in polyoleÀns and other plastics, due to consumer demand for ‘germ-free’ products. The use of biocides or antimicrobial additives in plastics traditionally has been limited chieÁy to Áexible PVC and to PU foams, as they are the most susceptible to attack by fungi, bacteria, and algae that can cause discolouration, odour and deterioration of mechanical properties. Plasticisers are a key food source for these micro-organisms in PVC. Popular applications for biocides in these two plastics include roof liners, tarpaulins, wall and Áoor coverings, pool and ditch liners, shower curtains, bath mats, outdoor furniture, marine upholstery, insulation foams, and sports-shoe soles. In more recent years, increasing public concern about food-borne pathogens and other germs in the environment has been driving consumer demand for antimicrobials in products made of polyoleÀns and other plastics ranging from housewares such as cutting boards to children’s toys. An outline of new developments is presented. USA

Accession no.668819 Item 269 Packaging Technology and Science 10, No.5, Sept./Oct. 1997, p.271-9 IMMOBILISATION OF LYSOZYME ON FOOD CONTACT POLYMERS AS POTENTIAL

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

ANTIMICROBIAL FILMS Appendini P; Hotchkiss J H Cornell University A study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of incorporating lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme into polymers that are approved for food contact use, and to determine if they would be effective against microorganisms in liquid media. Hen egg white lysozyme was immobilised on PVOH beads, nylon 66 pellets and cellulose triacetate Àlms, and activity yields for each are discussed. 26 refs. USA

Accession no.668760 Item 270 Patent Number: EP 818405 A2 19980114 FOOD CONVEYING RESIN BELT Katsura H; Miyano N; Mizuno K; Endo T Mitsuboshi Belting Ltd.; Kishimoto Sangyo Co.Ltd. An antibacterial and antifungal agent composition containing bis-(2-pyridylthio-1-oxido)-zinc as its active ingredient is included in the resin layer. JAPAN

Accession no.664228

development is a Àlm that combats the fungal disease botrytis. The disease is triggered or encouraged by UV light, so if a Àlm could block UV light it would slow the progression of the disease. VISQUEEN LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.661691 Item 273 Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 12, No.4, Oct.1997, p.294-307 HYDROLYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF POLYMERS CONTAINING 8-QUINOLINYL ACRYLATE Bankova M; Manolova N; Markova N; Radoucheva T; Dilova K; Rashkov I Bulgarian Academy of Sciences The hydrolytic release of 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline from 5-chloro-8-quinolinylacrylate containing polymers was studied under physiological conditions (pH 7.2 and 37 C) as well as in acidic and alkaline medium. The relationship between composition, polymer microstructure, type of the comonomer unit, hydrolysis behaviour, and biological activity is discussed. 24 refs. BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE

Item 271 Patent Number: EP 812893 A2 19971217 ANTIMICROBIAL HOT MELT ADHESIVE COMPOSITION Cox D D; Lund R E; Annett L W Medical Concepts Development Inc.

Accession no.660931

This composition is composed of acrylic polymers, tackifiers and a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent, preferably diiodomethyl-p-tolylsulphone. It is essentially solventless and capable of application in a hot melt process while maintaining stability at elevated temperatures in the range of 275 to 350F, which not only allows hot melt application but allows for ethylene oxide sterilisation under heat stress. It can be use as an adhesive for surgical drapes, wound dressings and tapes.

A composite molecular active substance group for use in restitutive chemotherapy against viral infections is disclosed, which is produced by the process comprising: (a) preparing lignin units by carrying out an extraction in an aqueous media under weakly acidic or alkaline conditions of wood or wood-like materials and/or plantcell cultures and separating off the resultant insoluble solids; (b) preparing lignoid units by carrying out an aqueous alkaline extraction at a pH of 7-14 of starting materials selected from the group consisting of woodincarbonisation products and bioconverted wood-like materials and separating off the resultant alkali-insoluble solids; and (c) preparing a water-soluble mixed polymer by reacting the lignin units from step (a) with the lignoid units from step (b), under aqueous alkaline conditions, isolating by ultraÀltration a low molecular weight fraction having a molecular weight of no more than 3000 daltons of the mixed polymer, taking a cut between 15 and 40 kilodaltons and discarding the resultant residue, and treating the resultant solution with a hydrogen cation exchanger at a pH of 3 to 7 and then carrying out further processing.

USA

Accession no.664215 Item 272 European Plastics News 24, No.11, Dec.1997, p.27 GREENHOUSE EFFECTS Lee M Visqueen Films has developed two new greenhouse Àlms that will help in the propagation and future growth of crops. Luminance THB allows 86% of the visible light to be transmitted, essential for photosynthesis, whilst blocking 57% of the IR light which causes unwanted heat buildup in greenhouses. The Àlm is a three-layer coextrusion where each layer is based on a different EVA. The other

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 274 Patent Number: US 5554596 A 19960910 VIRUS INHIBITING COMPOSITION Mach W

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.657961

87

References and Abstracts

Item 275 Paint and Ink International 10, No.5, Sept./Oct.1997, p.2 STANDING ALONE AGAINST ALGAE AND MOULDS Wachtler P; Kunisch F Bayer AG Microbiocides are an essential ingredient of many paints. Usually a combination of products is required to assure complete protection. The development of a singlecomponent biocide for paints - Bayer’s Preventol TP OC 3082, which is particularly suitable for outdoor aqueous emulsion paints based on polyvinyl acetate, pure acrylate or styrene acrylate - is described. USA

Accession no.657857

having a speciÀc functional group. Moulded articles made therefrom have excellent surface appearance. JAPAN

Accession no.657230 Item 279 Patent Number: EP 799928 A2 19971008 ANTIBACTERIAL ANTIFUNGAL AGENT AND FIBROUS MATERIAL CONTAINING THE SAME Tsubai Y; Yoshida M; Yamaya E Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd. This antibacterial antifungal agent is a speciÀc metal salt of an organic compound. The Àbrous materials containing this compound have extremely high antibacterial antifungal activity. JAPAN

Accession no.657064 Item 276 Patent Number: US 5616338 A 19970401 INFECTION-RESISTANT COMPOSITIONS, MEDICAL DEVICES AND SURFACES AND METHODS FOR PREPARING AND USING SAME Fox C L; Modak S M; Sampath L A Columbia,University The compositions consist of one or more matrix-forming polymers, such as biomedical PU, biomedical silicones or biodegradable polymers, and antimicrobial agents, especially a synergistic combination of a silver salt and chlorhexidine or its salts. USA

Accession no.657317 Item 277 Patent Number: US 5616317 A 19970401 POLYCATIONIC POLYMER AND POLYCATIONIC MICROBIOCIDAL AND ALGAECIDAL AGENT Nagase Y; Aoyagi T; Akimoto T; Tanaka K; Iwabuchi K; Konagai Y Sagami Chemical Research Center; KI Chemical Industry Co.Ltd. The polymer comprises repeating units of given formula and has a number-average molec.wt. of at least 1,000 JAPAN

Accession no.657316 Item 278 Patent Number: US 5614568 A 19970325 ANTIBACTERIAL RESIN COMPOSITION Mawatari M; Hamazaki C; Furuyama T Japan Synthetic Rubber Co.Ltd. This comprises 100 pbw of a styrene resin, 0.01 to 30 pbw of an antibacterial agent and 0.01 to 30 pbw of a compound

88

Item 280 Patent Number: US 5607683 A 19970304 ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITIONS USEFUL FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS Capelli C C Antimicrobial metal-based compositions which are photostable, non-staining, and which are easily absorbed into lipophilic matrices, contain silver cations complexed by acyclic polyether polymers through the formation of a “host-guest relationship” where the acyclic polyether is the “host” and the silver cation is the “guest”, wherein stabilisation of this “host-guest relationship” is accomplished through the use of excess anions. The compositions are useful for topical treatment of infections caused by bacteria, fungus and viruses in humans and animals and for treating medical devices, foams and adhesives to impart infection resistance. USA

Accession no.654868 Item 281 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 65, No.10, 6th Sept. 1997, p.1955-66 MODIFIED POLYACRYLONITRILE FIBRES Buchenska J Lodz,Technical University Details are given of a two-stage method for obtaining polyacrylonitrile fibres with antibacterial properties. The method consists of the incorporation of carboxylic groups into the Àbres followed by Àbre impregnation with gentamycin, neomycin, or penicillin solutions. Characterisation was undertaken using FTIR and proton NMR. 29 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.652616

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 282 European Adhesives and Sealants 14, No.2, June 1997, p.15 COMBINATION BIOCIDES FOR ADHESIVES Martin J L Calgon; Chemviron Speciality Chemicals Ltd. An important trend in biocide treatment - combination biocides - is appropriated for preserving water-based industrial adhesive systems. Combination biocides take advantage of synergy in which two or more biocides acting together produce inhibitory effects on a given organism greater than the additive effects of these biocides acting independently. After several years of research, Calgon/ Chemviron patented two combination biocides and became the Àrst to market them in speciality applications. The resulting commercialised preservatives are more costeffective and can be used in lower dosages than current biocide alternatives. Additionally, combination biocides are attractive to end users because the risk of building up resistance to the product is signÀcantly decreased. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.651770 Item 283 Adhesives and Sealants Industry 4, No.5, June/July 1997, p.62/7 PRESERVATION OF POLYMER DISPERSIONS Milker R; Gruening R G+G International Inc. Aqueous-based polymer dispersions are highly susceptible to microbial attack by many types of bacteria, fungi and yeast. The result of such microbial contamination leads to degradation and deterioration of the dispersion itself, as well as the formulated product containing the polymer as a raw material. There are several deleterious effects resulting from microbial spoilage. They may include changes in product viscosity and colour, production of gases and odours, and visible surface growth. By nature of their chemical composition, aqueous-based polymer dispersions are an ideal growth medium for micro-organisms. The dispersions abound in many macro- and micro-nutrients in the water phase of the matrix. Water, cellulosic thickeners, polyvinyl alcohol, other colloids, surfactants and defoamers all support the growth of one or more species of micro-organisms. The prevention and limitation of microbial growth in polymer dispersions is examined. 10 refs.

developed in response to public concerns over the health threats posed by bacteria such as listeria. In the UK, Sainsbury’s has launched a range of over 40 products, including chopping boards, utensils and bathroom accessories, protected by bactericide system Microban. DuPont Speciality Chemicals has launched MicroFree, based on coated hollow microsphere technology. WORLD

Accession no.649864 Item 285 Modern Plastics International 27, No. 9, Sept. 1997, p.61 BIOCIDES INVADE LARGE CONSUMER GOODS MARKET Grande J A A review is presented of new products in the Àeld of biocides, as manufacturers gear up towards meeting the increasing demands for such products, particularly in consumer goods. Heightened consumer awareness of germs and bacteria is said to be driving a new generation of plastic products with antibacterial protection, and developments are currently underway in biocides for carriers other than the traditional Áexible PVC and PU. The concentration here is on polyoleÀns, but ABS, polystyrene and nylon are also being examined. USA

Accession no.649406 Item 286 Patent Number: US 5587407 A 19961224 BIOCIDAL POLYMERIC COATING FOR HEAT EXCHANGER COILS Terry C E; Triestman D E; Price D L Interface Inc. This is formed by applying a polymeric composition containing an organic water-resistant polymer, which has associated therewith an effective amount of a biocidal compound to inhibit corrosion, fouling and biocidal buildup on the coils. USA

Accession no.647411

Item 284 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1705, 26th Sept.1997, p.12 KEEPING THE BUGS OUT OF THE SYSTEM

Item 287 1996 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference: Book 2. Conference proceedings. Boston, Ma., 8th-12th Sept.1996, p.527-30. 012 TECHNOLOGY AND PACKAGING APPLICATIONS OF EDIBLE BARRIER RESEARCH Koelsch Sand C Total Quality Marketing International Inc. (TAPPI)

Many key plastics consumer product makers are receiving a boost from antimicrobial technology which is being

Research and development of edible barriers has increased dramatically in the early 1990s from its rather sporadic

USA

Accession no.651664

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

89

References and Abstracts

activity since the late 1940s. Research is becoming industry motivated and fuelled by the vast and varied capabilities of edible barriers. Edible packaging can open doors to create new products in competitive markets. Food manufacturers are Ànding that edible barriers enable the high value, environmentally sound and convenient food products that consumers demand. Edible packaging is expected at the forefront of new product and package development in the late 1990s. The chemical, mechanical and physical properties of edible barriers are discussed with relevance to the ingredients and additives that affect these properties. The laminations and coatings industries have the immediate opportunity to transfer edible packaging research into valued added packages and products with a technological competitive advantage. 14 refs. USA

Accession no.645445 Item 288 Patent Number: US 5567495 A 19961022 INFECTION RESISTANT MEDICAL DEVICES Modak S; Sampath L Columbia University The present invention provides for medical devices which are antiinfective as a result of antinfective agents impregnated onto their surfaces and/or antinfective activity incorporated into their access sites. It is based, at least in part, on the discovery that certain combinations of antimicrobial agents and solvents change the surface characteristics of polymeric medical devices, thereby facilitating the retention of antimicrobial agents. It is further based on the discovery that the incorporation of antinfective polymeric inserts into the access sites of a medical device provides improved antinfective activity. USA

Accession no.638842 Item 289 Pitture e Vernici 73, No.4, April 1997, p.7/16 Italian; English EFFECT OF REDOX CHEMISTRY ON THE EFFICACY OF BIOCIDES IN POLYMER EMULSIONS Gillat J Thor Chemicals (UK) Ltd. Microbial contamination of polymer emulsions is discussed, and is shown to depend on a large number of chemical and physical factors. An integrated approach to prevention and cure is recommended, and attention to raw material and water quality, plant design and hygiene, and the use of broad spectrum biocides such as those based on isothiazolin-3, is suggested. Conditions of temperature, pH and redox should be considered, it is stated, when using such biocides to avoid degradation.

EUROPE

Accession no.638034 Item 290 Biomaterials 18, No.12, June 1997, p.839-44 CONTROLLED RELEASE OF ANTIBIOTICS FROM BIOMEDICAL POLYURETHANES: MORPHOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES Schierholz J M; Steinhauser H; Rump A F E; Berkels R; Pulverer G Cologne,University Antistaphylococcal antimicrobial substances (ciproÁoxacin, gentamycin, fosfomycin, Áucloxacillin) were incorporated into PUs by the solvent casting technique. Drug release rates, bacterial colonisation and morphological features were evaluated to predict and understand the antimicrobial activity of these delivery systems. PUantibiotic combinations were most homogeneous for gentamycin-base and Áucloxacillin as shown by SEM. In polymers loaded with the other compounds, a granular structure of the crystallised drug embedded in the PU matrix could be demonstrated. 25 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.637778 Item 291 Patent Number: US 5567372 A 19961022 PREPARATION OF NONWOVEN WEB CONTAINING ANTIMICROBIAL SILOXANE QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS Nohr R S; MacDonald J G Kimberly-Clark Corp. Preparation of a nonwoven web having antimicrobial properties which involves melting a melt-extrudable thermoplastic composition, extruding the molten composition through multiple oriÀces to form streams of molten composition, cooling the streams of molten composition to form Àbres, and randomly depositing the Àbres of a moving foraminous surface to form a web. The thermoplastic composition includes a thermoplastic material and an additive. The additive is an antimicrobial siloxane quaternary ammonium salt which can be either of two general classes: (1) a trisiloxane having a pendent quaternary ammonium group and a molecular weight of 600 to 1700; and (2) an ABA-type siloxane having a polydispersity of up to 3.0 and a weight-average molecular weight of 800-2000, in which the central siloxane moiety is terminated at each end by a quarternary ammonium salt group. The anion in general can be any anion which does not adversely affect the thermal stability of the salt. USA

Accession no.637682

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN

90

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 292 Patent Number: US 5562872 A 19961008 A METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING AN ANTIBACTERIAL CHOPPING BOARD Watanabe T Daikyo Co.Ltd. A chopping board of the present invention is formed by kneading together synthetic rubber (NBR) and hard chloroethylene as a basis then mixed with an anti-bacterial agent. A stiffening agent of synthetic rubber, low-pressure polyethylene resin, white carbon black which is the reinforcing extender of rubber, zinc Áower as a reinforcing accelerator of rubber, titanium as a colouring agent and stearic acid as a dispersion accelerator are mixed with the base of synthetic rubber (NBR) and hard vinyl chloride. The mixture obtained is agitated under kneading by a kneader exclusively for rubber and then a ceramic powder and an inorganic antibacterial agent are mixed with the kneaded mixture so as to mould the chopping board. JAPAN

Accession no.637221 Item 293 Patent Number: WO 9534595 A1 19951221 ANTIVIRAL DENDRIMERS Matthews B R; Holan G Biomolecular Research Institute Ltd.

Item 295 International Journal of Polymeric Materials 35, Nos. 1-4, 1997, p.179-91 BIOCIDES. STABILISERS AGAINST BIODEGRADATION: NEW FRONTIERS Gumargalieva K Z; Zaikov G E Russian Academy of Sciences Recent advances in biocide science and technology are reviewed and the methodology to establish their effect on biomass growth and product biodegradation is outlined. The importance of determining the kinetic parameters characterising the biomass growth and biodegradation is presented. 2 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.633617 Item 296 Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie Vol.245, March 1997, p.1-8 POLYMERIC PRODRUGS: SYNTHESIS, RELEASE STUDY AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER-BOUND ACRIFLAVINE Patel H; Raval D A; Madamwar D; Sinha T J M VP & RPTP Science College; Sardar Patel University; Hindustan Inks & Resins Ltd.

AUSTRALIA

Methyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride copolymer matrices with different percentages of surface anhydride functional groups were prepared by solution copolymerisation. AcriÁavine was bound on the matrix surfaces by chemical bonding in organic medium. The amount of acriÁavine bound to the matrix was spectroscopically characterised, and the in-vitro release rate of acriÁavine in weakly basic medium was established along with the determination of its antimicrobial activity. 9 refs.

Accession no.633865

INDIA

An antiviral compound comprises a dendrimer such as a polyamidoamine or polylysine dendrimer having a number of terminal groups, in which at least one of the terminal groups has an anionic- or cationic-containing moiety bonded to it, particularly a sulphonic acid-containing, carboxylic acid-containing or trimethylammoniumcontaining moiety, etc.

Accession no.632377 Item 294 Patent Number: WO 9533754 A1 19951214 OXABOROLES AND SALTS THEREOF, AND THEIR USE AS BIOCIDES Austin P W; Kneale C J; Crowley P J; Clough J M Zeneca Ltd. The use is disclosed of oxaboroles and salts thereof as industrial biocides, especially fungicides for the protection of plastics materials such as plasticised PVC. Preferred compounds are 5- and 6-Áuoro or bromo-1,3-dihydro-1hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborole including O-esters thereof. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.633791

Item 297 Patent Number: US 5532290 A 19960702 ANTIMICROBIAL POLYMERS AND COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM Newington I M; Parr K J; Bowman P I; McCue K A Reckitt & Colman Inc. A polymer having antimicrobial properties is claimed, which is derived from one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers characterised in that the polymer has a phenolic antimicrobial agent covalently bound thereto. The polymer may be used as a sanitising agent in a sanitising composition comprising a solvent having a sanitising agent dissolved or dispersed therein. USA

Accession no.628419

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

91

References and Abstracts

Item 298 Patent Number: US 5520910 A 19960528 ANTIMICROBIAL POLYMER, CONTACT LENS AND CONTACT LENS-CARE ARTICLES Hashimoto K; Inaba Y; Shimura S; Mogami T; Kojima T; Ushiyama Y Nippon Chemical Industrial; Seiko Epson Corp.

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, such as is already stipulated in EU law for the production of foods, also offers paint manufacturers the possibility of reliably producing microbiologically faultless products. The nucleus of the procedure is the definition of control parameters which, when the limit values are exceeded, result in preestablished corrective measures. 13 refs.

The polymer, which has a broad antimicrobial spectrum and produces a sufÀcient antimicrobial effect after a short contact time, is obtained by homo- or copolymerising a phosphonium salt type vinyl monomer, such as 2(methacrylic acid) ethyltri-n-octylphosphonium chloride. The contact lens and article for its care are scarcely affected by contamination with microorganisms while retaining excellent optical performance and processability.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

JAPAN

Accession no.622907 Item 299 Patent Number: US 5516480 A 19960514 BACTERICIDAL AND/OR FUNGICIDAL PLASTIC PARTS FOR USE IN THE MEDICAL FIELD Krall T; Guggenbichler J P; Girisch M A process is provided for producing a plastic part that cannot be colonised by germs and/or fungi. The process includes the step of sequentially treating the plastic part with a swelling agent to provide a swollen plastic part and then treating the swollen plastic part with a solution of a water-insoluble compound containing a bactericidal and/or fungicidally effective concentration of the insoluble compound. AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.622222 Item 300 Coatings Technology. Conference proceedings. Seoul, 11th-12th June 1996. Paper 11 6A3 HOW TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE OF BIOCIDES Siegert W Schuelke & Mayr GmbH (Paint Research Association) There are many parameters which can inÁuence the quality of an aqueous coating system. In order to achieve a high quality, all these factors must be optimally adapted to each other. There are many ways in which a product can be contaminated by micro-organisms, which then multiply to produce high bacterial counts. There are two ways of keeping them under control: good production hygiene, and suitable preservative. In order to work with optimum technical and economical achievement, and at the same time to minimise the toxicological risks for man and the environment, important conditions must be taken into consideration when choosing chemical preservatives. The

92

Accession no.621908 Item 301 Pitture e Vernici 72, No.11, 1996, p.22-9 Italian; English ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE PAINT PRODUCTION. A CHALLENGE ALSO FOR OPTIMISING THE USE OF BIOCIDES Siegert W Shuelker & Mayr GmbH The nature and use of biocides in paint formulations is discussed, with reference to the environmental effects of such products both in terms of manufacture and use. The use of the HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) is demonstrated as an instrument for determining and overcoming weak points in production through the setting of critical limits and critical control points. By adaptation of the formulation, technology and procedural techniques, use of the preservative can be reduced to the degree where it is technically necessary, and thus toxicologically and ecologically optimised. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.618436 Item 302 Patent Number: EP 750842 A1 19970102 ANTIBACTERIAL AND FUNGICIDAL CHAIN Takahashi T; Tanaka K; Shibayama K; Ikeda M Tsubakimoto Chain Co. A chain for conveying products, such as food or medicines, comprises components of resin links and resin link pins with the same shape. The links and link pins are formed by moulding a mixture of polyacetal and 0.1 to 5.0 wt.% of an inorganic antibacterial agent containing silver, such as silver phosphate salt glass, which is dispersed homogeneously in the polyacetal. JAPAN

Accession no.618031 Item 303 Trends in Polymer Science 4, No.11, Nov.1996, p.364-70 BIOCIDAL POLYMERS Worley S D; Sun G Auburn,University

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Recent work in the emerging Àeld of biocidal polymers is reviewed. The polymers are divided into Àve classes: polymeric quaternary ammonium materials, polymeric phosphonium materials, halogenated polystyrenedivinylbenzene sulphonamides, polymeric N-halamines and others. Advantages, limitations and possible commercial uses of the various polymers are discussed. Its suggested that the quaternary ammonium and phosphonium materials have potential primarily in the area of anchored Àlms that inactivate micro-organisms upon direct contact, whereas the new insoluble polymeric N-halamines have greatest potential as biocidal Àlters for Áowing water and air. The characteristics that should be possessed by the ideal biocidal polymer are outlined. 42 refs. USA

Accession no.617546 Item 304 Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 4, Nos.3-4, July/Dec.1996, p.80-4 ANTIBACTERIAL POLYAMIDE FIBRES Buchenska J Lodz,University A study was carried out to prepare antibacterial polyamide Àbres by the modiÀcation of standard monoÀlament yarn with nitrofurylo, to examine the liberation of biocides into water and to verify the antibacterial effects of the modiÀed Àbres by in vitro testing using Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains characteristic of hospital conditions. 22 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.614830 Item 305 International Polymer Science and Technology 23, No.7, 1996, p.T/103-6 ACTIVE POLYMER FILMS FOR THE PACKAGING OF MEAT PRODUCTS Makarevich A V; Ukhartseva I Yu; Gol’dade V A; Parkalova E I A description is given of the manufacture of active polymer packaging Àlms with additions of food antioxidants and bacterial and fungicidal preservatives. The Àlms can be used for packaging raw meat and meat semiproducts to protect these products against harmful environmental factors, microbial spoiling, and mould. The active Àlms are produced on a hose and Àlm unit by extrusion, including thermal diffusion filling of the internal layer of the polymer hose at the stage of swelling with low molecular weight plasticising liquids which contain antioxidants and preservatives of meat in dissolved form. 7 refs. Translation of Plast.Massy, No.4, 1995, p.51

Item 306 Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 14, No.3, 1996, p.205-10 SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NOVEL POLYURETHANE IONOMERS Chen Lei; Ma Wenyi; Yu Xuehai; Yang Changzheng Nanjing,University The possibility of removing Staphylococcus aureus from water by use of PU ionomers was investigated. All the samples were quaternary ammonium salts which possessed a positive charge on the surface. The ratio of the soft segment to diisocyanate and chain extender was 1:2:1 and the degree of ionisation was 100%. The ionomers strongly captured microbial cells on their surfaces in a living state and the hydrophilicity of polymer matrix used in the study enhanced the afÀnity of the polymer for bacterial cells. The adhesion of the microorganism to polymer was due mainly to electrostatic interaction between them. The calculation of the viable cell count showed that the viable cell count value for S. aureus was not proportional to the nitrogen concentration. The microorganism capture ability of pyridinium-containing polymer was greater than that of piperazine-based samples. 6 refs. CHINA

Accession no.609523 Item 307 Patent Number: US 5487776 A 19960130 ANTI-FUNGAL NAIL LACQUER AND METHOD THEREFOR Nimni M The lacquer composition contains a film-forming agent, a solvent therefore and an anti-fungal amount of griseofulvin, which can be either in suspension or solution in the composition. It is applied to a Ànger or toenail and allowed to remain in contact therewith until the solvents evaporate and a thin Àlm of griseofulvin remains. USA

Accession no.608715 Item 308 Patent Number: US 5482989 A 19960109 CALCIUM PYROBORATE AS A MICROBIOCIDE FOR PLASTICS Koskiniemi M S Buckman Laboratories International Inc. The above compound may be modiÀed to reduce its solubility in water and provide longer microbiocide effectiveness. USA

Accession no.608597

RUSSIA

Accession no.614565

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

93

References and Abstracts

Item 309 Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241, Sept.1996, p.31-40 FRIEDEL-CRAFTS POLYKETONES: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES Patel R K; Patel R T; Patel R M; Sinha T J M Sardar Patel University; Gujart State Fertilisers CO.Ltd. A series of seven polyketones was prepared by FriedelCrafts reaction using chloroanisole, chloroacetyl chloride, dichloroethane and dichloromethane with anhydrous aluminium chloride as catalyst and carbon disulphide as a solvent. Characterisation was undertaken by determination of the chlorine content, IR spectroscopy, vapour pressure osmometry, TGA, and DSC. Antimicrobial properties are discussed. 13 refs. INDIA

Accession no.608478 Item 310 Polymer 37, No.16, 1996, p.3753-6 NOVEL BIOCIDAL STYRENETRIAZINEDIONE POLYMER Sun G; Chen T Y; Worley S D Auburn,University Commercial PS was modiÀed by chemically attaching 6methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione moieties to it in the para position of the aromatic rings. Chlorination of this novel polymer in aqueous base yielded poly(1,3,5-trichloro6-methyl-6-(4’-vinylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione) which functioned as a biocide against the bacterium Staphylococcus aureas in a water Àlter application. Some preliminary characterisation data are presented. 4 refs. USA

Accession no.604638 Item 311 Patent Number: US 5478563 A 19951226 ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL POLYACETAL RESIN COMPOSITION Erami T Polyplastics Co.Ltd. Antibacterial amd antifungal polyacetal resin compositions include a polyacetal base resin, and an antibacterial and/or antifungal effective amount between about 0.1-5 pbw, per 100 pbw of the polyacetal base resin, of at least one antibacterial and antifungal agent which contains a metal ion selection from among silver, copper and zinc ions. JAPAN

Accession no.599638

Item 312 Patent Number: WO 9520878 A1 19950810 German PROCESS FOR PRODUCING BACTERICIDAL/ FUNGICIDAL PLASTIC BODIES Krall T; Guggenbichler J P Objects for medical purposes made of plastics which are to have an antimicrobially active content of metals (or metal compounds) can be economically produced in that a plastic blank in foil, granulate or Àbre form is coated with the desired metal (or metal compound) by the thinÀlm technique. The intermediate product thus obtained is then ground and mixed and processed further as the raw material for the desired Ànal form. Such objects are thus antimicrobially active all over their surfaces and also on inner surfaces. Hence the full effect of the antimicrobially active substances, in this case oligodynamically active metals (or metal compounds) is obtained with only a small fraction of the quantities formerly required when they were included in the plastic in powdered form, thus resulting in considerable cost savings. AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.598754 Item 313 Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 4, No.1, 1996, p.53-9 PAN-FIBRES WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES Buchenska J Lodz,Technical University An effective two-stage method was developed for obtaining PAN Àbres with antibacterial properties. The Àrst stage involved the formation of carboxylic groups by polyacrylic acid grafting polymerisation, while in the second stage the Àbres were modiÀed with gentamycin, neomycin and penicillin solutions. The modiÀed Àbres showed efÀcient antibacterial properties towards gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). 27 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.597958 Item 314 Patent Number: EP 722660 A2 19960724 ANTIMICROBIAL POLYMER COMPOSITION Hagiwara Z; Kishimoto K; Yamazaki H Hagiwara Research Corp.; Japan Electronic Materials Corp.; Teijin Chemicals Ltd. This comprises a crystalline antimicrobial composition, which consists of a crystalline silicon dioxide containing silver ions and one or two optional metal ions, such as zinc or copper ions, and a polymer. JAPAN

Accession no.596812

94

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 315 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 61, No.3, 18th July 1996, p.567-76 POLYAMIDE FIBRES WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES Buchenska J Lodz,Technical University Details are given of the graft copolymerisation of acrylic acid and nylon 6 yarn. The effects of the main processing parameters and auxiliary additives on the degree of grafting, quantity of homopolymer formed during grafting, effectiveness of grafting, extent of conversion, and grafting ratio were determined. The antibacterial activity of Àbres modiÀed with penicillin, neomycin, or gentamycin is discussed. 40 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.595768 Item 316 Patent Number: US 5464851 A 19951107 BIOCIDE COMPOSITION AND USE Morpeth F F Zeneca Ltd. This contains a 2-halo-2-halomethyl glutaronitrile and a 4,5-polymethylene-4-isothiazolin-3-one and exhibits antimicrobial activity. Certain combinations of isothiazolinones together with the glutaronitrile are surprisingly effective against both bacteria and fungi. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.594057 Item 317 Patent Number: US 5466726 A 19951114 ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL SILICONE RUBBER COMPOSITION Inoue Y; Susumu S; Kurihara Y Shin-Etsu Chemical Co.Ltd. The composition comprises an organopolysiloxane of given average compositional formula and is rendered antibacterial and antifungal by blending a zeolite containing 0.1 to 15 wt.% of a silver ion. JAPAN

Accession no.593013 Item 318 Patent Number: US 5466725 A 19951114 ANTI-VIRAL MATERIALS Kersten J; Delmotte Y Baxter International Inc. These have a pool of anti-viral agents acting in cooperation with certain plasticisers to maintain and increase the antiviral agent’s efÀcacy. They may be used to make surgical gloves, condoms, surgical clothes, surgical operative Àelds,

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Àngerstalls, aprons, bibs and caps. USA

Accession no.593012 Item 319 Polymer News 21, No.3, March 1996, p.82-6 ANTIMICROBIAL MATERIALS Vigo T L US,Dept.of Agriculture The mechanisms by which microbes attach to surfaces and viability of the microorganisms are discussed. Representative microorganisms (bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses and other microbes) are listed that are problematical from a medical or health perspective and/or that lead to unwanted damage in materials. Adhesion and persistence of microorganisms, methods of decontamination of polymeric substrates, durability of antimicrobial agents on materials, and applications, are discussed. 19 refs USA

Accession no.590712 Item 320 Patent Number: US 5451618 A 19950919 PARTIALLY UNSATURATED TRIORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS FOR USE IN BIOCIDAL PAINT Dooley C A; Lindner E US,Navy Disclosed are triorganotin toxicants, which are made of mixed saturated and unsaturated 4C chains with double bonds at C-1 and C-3. Incorporation of these compounds into random 50:50 copolymers of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate gives rise to copolymer compositions useful as antifouling coatings for ship hulls. USA

Accession no.586857 Item 321 Journal of Coated Fabrics Vol.25, July 1995, p.13-23 EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTI-MICROBIAL FINISHES AND ADDITIVES TO HEALTHCARE INTERIOR TEXTILES Gurian M DesignTex Inc. Results are presented of studies of three products for healthcare applications which include anti-microbial finishes or additives in the product. These products are upholstery fabrics coated with a clear coating that includes an anti-microbial additive, a Áuid barrier system that involves a 2 mil Àlm laminated to the back of an upholstery fabric that incorporates an anti-microbial additive in its adhesive system, and wallcoverings that include an anti-microbial additive in the back-coating.

95

References and Abstracts

Microorganisms studied were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Aspergillus niger. 5 refs. USA

Accession no.584391 Item 322 Patent Number: US 5433424 A 19950718 ANTI-BACTERIAL CHOPPING BOARD Watanabe T Daikyo Co.Ltd. This is made by kneading a mixture of NBR, chloroethene and an anti-bacterial agent. To this rubber base are added a synthetic rubber stiffening agent, low-pressure PE, white carbon black as extender, zinc Áower as accelerator, titanium as colourant and stearic acid as a dispersion accelerator. A ceramic powder and an inorganic antibacterial agent are then mixed with the kneaded mixture and the resulting mixture is moulded. JAPAN

Accession no.581670 Item 323 Patent Number: US 5418022 A 19950523 METHOD OF FORMING A POCKET FROM A SPUNBONDED OLEFIN SHEET AND A MICROBIAL RESISTANT PACKAGE PRODUCED THEREBY Anderson G J; Arcilla E T; Eyberg C I; Mundt S A Minnesota Mining & Mfg.Co. Packaging, particularly for medical supplies and devices, is made from spunbonded olefin sheet material. At least a portion of the oleÀn sheet material is deformed to increase its surface area by 4-60%, so as to create a pocket of a dimension sufÀcient to envelope the medical supply or device. After the item is placed within the pocket, it is covered and sealed by another sheet having microbial barrier characteristics. Even though deformed, the spunbonded oleÀn packaging possesses the ability to allow quick passage of sterilising gas, yet is resistant to penetration by contaminating microorganisms. USA

Accession no.581354 Item 324 Patent Number: WO 9509638 A1 19950413 IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOSITIONS Bhakoo M Unilever PLC; Unilever NV Antibacterial compositions and their use in the preparation of therapeutic or medicinal compositions and in disinfecting matter are described. The compounds are identiÀed as peptides having a molecular weight of at least 5kD, comprising at least 15% by number of residues of arginine, lysine, ornithine or a mixture thereof and at least 15%

96

by number of residues of arginine, lysine, ornithine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan or a mixture thereof. Although mainly used in the fields of food and oral hygiene, the compositions could also be used in the Àeld of household and/or industrial hygiene. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.577729 Item 325 Patent Number: US 5408022 A 19950418 ANTIMICROBIAL POLYMERISABLE COMPOSITION, THE POLYMER AND ARTICLE OBTAINED FROM THE SAME Imazoto S; Torii M; Tsuchitani Y; Nishida K; Yamauchi J Kuraray Co.Ltd. An antimicrobial polymerisable composition is described, comprising an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, a specific monomer having antimicrobial activity and polymerisation initiator. The composition gives, upon polymerisation, a polymer having permanent antimicrobial activity, which is very useful for medical articles, in particular dental materials. JAPAN

Accession no.577676 Item 326 Coatings and Composite Materials 3, No.11, 1995, p.25-34 English; Italian HIGH PERFORMANCE FILM PRESERVATION Diehl K H Schuelke & Mayr GmbH An aqueous dispersion is developed for use as a Àlm preservative against microbial and fungal attack. Types of fungi and the ways in which they can attack coatings are discussed, and the criteria are examined which a Àlm preservative needs to meet in order to perform efÀciently and with regard to environmental impacts. The dispersion tested comprises a synergistic mixture of the active ingredients 2-methoxycarbonylaminobenzimidazole; 2-thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole; 2-methylthio-4-tbutylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s triazine. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.576403 Item 327 Patent Number: US 5428078 A 19950627 PROCESS FOR PREPARING ANTIMICROBIAL POLYMERIC MATERIALS USING IRRADIATION Cohen J D; Erkenbrecher C W; Haynie S; Kelley M J; Kobsa H; Roe A N; Scholla M H DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc.

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Polyamide, polyurea, polyhydrazide and polyurethane materials having modiÀed surfaces, which are antimicrobial, are prepared using selective UV photon irradiation, high energy electron irradiation or low energy electron irradiation. USA

Accession no.576202

Ohsumi S; Kato H Toagosei Chemical Industry Co.Ltd. A process for producing an antimicrobial Àbre having a silver-containing inorganic microbiocide is described, by using a treating solution for producing the Àbre which contains a discolouration inhibitor represented by a given general formula. JAPAN

Item 328 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 185, No.4369, July 1995, p.12/4 FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR BIOCIDES Seal K J Thor Chemicals (UK) Ltd. This comprehensive article supplies a detailed assessment of the technical problems and also of the legislative problems facing manufacturers of biocides and discusses how these will affect future developments for the coatings industry. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.568668 Item 329 Patent Number: EP 678548 A2 19951025 ANTIMICROBIAL MATERIALS Carr S W; Franklin K R; Lambert R J Unilever PLC; Unilever NV A solid state ion exchanger of given general formula is used as an antimicrobial agent. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.565845 Item 330 Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 3, No.2, April/June 1995, p.56-7 POLYESTER FIBRES WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES Buchenska J Lodz,University Polyester fibres with antibacterial properties can be obtained by introducing carboxylic groups into polyester Àbres by grafting them with acrylic acid and treating grafted Àbres afterwards with antibiotics. ModiÀed Àbres were characterised by biological activity in relation to gram positive and gram negative microorganisms. 16 refs.

Accession no.564411 Item 332 Patent Number: US 5399343 A 19950321 BIOCIDAL COSMETIC COMPOSITIONS Smith W N Dr.W.Novis Smith & Co.Inc. A cosmetic or body composition containing an effective amount of a non-leachable anti-microbial polymer is described. The polymer contains carboxyl groups which are at least partially neutralised or exchanged with antimicrobial quaternary ammonium cations or anti-microbial polyamides. USA

Accession no.562337 Item 333 Patent Number: WO 9502617 A1 19950126 Japanese ANTIMICROBIAL POLYMER, CONTACT LENS, AND CONTACT LENS CARE PRODUCTS Hashimoto K; Inaba Y; Shimura S; Mogami T; Kojima T; Ushiyama Y Nippon Industrial Co.Ltd.; Seiko Epson Corp. The polymer is prepared by homo- or copolymerising a vinyl phosphonium salt monomer, such as 2methacryloxyethyltri-n-octylphosphonium chloride and has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and a sufÀcient antimicrobial effect, even with a short contact time. The lens and lens care products exhibit excellent optical properties and processability. JAPAN

Accession no.558481 Item 334 Patent Number: US 5391370 A 19950221 GELLED PEG BIOCIDAL TREATMENTS Roe D C; Polizzotti D M Betz Laboratories Inc.

EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.565262 Item 331 Patent Number: US 5405644 A 19950411 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING ANTIMICROBIAL FIBRE

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

A biocidal gel composition for treating water containing systems comprises polyethylene glycols and bis(trichloro methyl) sulphone in combination with additional biocidal components. USA

Accession no.557401

97

References and Abstracts

Item 335 Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 10, No.2, April 1995, p.135-44 PREPARATION OF NOVEL BIOCIDAL NHALAMINE POLYMERS Sun G; Chen T Y; Sun W; Wheatley W B; Worley S D Auburn,University The preparation and biocidal efficacies of eight new N-halamine polymers were studied. The polymers were in the classes known as dichlorohydantoins, trichlorotriazinediones and dichloropyrimidinones. They were synthesised from the commercial polymers PS, polymethyl vinyl ketone and polymethacrylamide. All of the polymers were insoluble in water and leached only small amounts (less than 0.5 mg/L) of free chlorine into flowing water. It was shown that the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus in water Áowing through Àlters made of these polymers was inactivated. These materials showed considerable commercial potential as biocidal water filters, especially the dichloro-poly(styrenehydantoin), because of its inexpensive synthetic route. 15 refs. USA

Accession no.552664 Item 336 Paint and Ink International 8, No.1, Jan/Feb.1995, p.18/26 EVALUATING BIOCIDAL EFFICACY IN POLYMER EMULSIONS. PART 1. ESTABLISHMENT OF A RECOMMENDED MICROBIAL INOCULUM Gillatt J A collaborative project is described, in which the establishment of recommended inoculums was determined for use in aqueous polymer emulsions. Participating companies assisted in compiling a list of micoorganisms known to grow in or isolated from aqueous polymer emulsions. An agreed protocol was adopted and unaged and aged acidic and neutral pH polymer emulsions were inoculated with high and low concentrations of selected test species. Results of the tests are reported, and a list is presented of organisms which can be recommended as a possible mixed inoculum for these types of polymer emulsions in future evaluations. 6 refs. INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION RESEARCH GROUP

Item 337 Patent Number: EP 641805 A1 19950308 ANTIMICROBIAL POLYMERS AND COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM Newington I M; Parr K J; Bowman P I; McCue K A Eastman Kodak Co. These polymers are derived from one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers and have a phenolic antimicrobial agent covalently bound thereto. They may be used as sanitising agents in sanitising compositions comprising a solvent having a sanitising agent dissolved or dispersed therein. USA

Accession no.545021 Item 338 Patent Number: EP 640661 A2 19950301 ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL SILICONE RUBBER COMPOSITIONS Inoue Y; Sekiguchi S; Kurihara Y Shin-Etsu Chemical Co.Ltd. These mainly comprise an organopolysiloxane of given formula and a zeolite containing 0.1 to 15 wt.% of a silver ion. JAPAN

Accession no.545001 Item 339 Patent Number: EP 635733 A1 19950125 ANTI-BACTERIAL, INSOLUBLE METALCHELATING POLYMERS Vanderlaan D G; Orr S B Johnson & Johnson Vision Products Inc. A soft contact lens comprises a water-swollen gel of a polymer prepared by polymerising one or more hydrophilic monomers, such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, one or more crosslinking monomers and a monomer, which contains metal-chelating functionality, such as an aminopolycarboxylic acid containing a polymerisable oleÀnic group. USA

Accession no.542751

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.546169

98

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

Subject Index 2-METHOXYCARBONYLAMINO BENZIMIDAZOLE, 326 2-METHYLTHIO-4-TBUTYLAMINO-6CYCLOPROPYLAMINO-STRIAZINE, 326 2-THIOCYANOMETHYLTHIO BENZOTHIAZOLE, 326

A ABRASION, 127 ABS, 100 130 164 285 ABSORPTION SPECTRA, 296 ACETAL, 246 ACETIC ACID, 58 ACETONE, 38 ACID GROUP, 174 ACID SCAVENGER, 30 51 ACID-BASE INTERACTION, 239 ACIDITY, 41 218 336 ACRIFLAVINE, 296 ACROLEIN, 173 ACROLEIN COPOLYMER, 173 ACRYLAMIDE POLYMER, 240 ACRYLATE POLYMER, 151 275 ACRYLIC ACID, 251 ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER, 74 82 93 313 315 330 ACRYLIC ACID POLYMER, 148 239 ACRYLIC COPOLYMER, 24 52 136 239 ACRYLIC ELASTOMER, 239 ACRYLIC ESTER POLYMER, 275 ACRYLIC FIBRE, 22 ACRYLIC POLYMER, 101 136 145 167 250 271 ACRYLIC RESIN, 101 ACRYLIC RUBBER, 239 ACRYLONITRILE, 18 ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, 18 22 152 313 ACRYLONITRILE POLYMER, 281 313 ACRYLOYL TETRAMETHYLIMI DAZOLIDINONE, 137 ACTIVE FILM, 1 ACTIVE POLYMER MATERIAL, 33 ACTIVE SPECIES, 305 ACYLATION, 140 ADHESION, 11 64 104 169 306 319

ADHESIVE, 36 44 45 83 99 209 221 236 252 258 271 280 282 283 321 ADHESIVE FILM, 44 ADHESIVE TAPE, 271 AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA, 189 AGEING, 217 AGRICULTURAL APPLICATION, 3 238 AIBN, 52 120 177 ALBUMIN, 123 ALGAE, 319 326 ALGICIDE, 37 44 50 188 210 267 277 ALGINATE, 25 ALKALI TREATMENT, 138 ALKENE COPOLYMER, 31 ALKENE POLYMER, 9 15 28 39 42 43 62 78 90 97 110 114 144 150 165 166 183 187 203 209 224 225 226 247 258 284 285 ALKYD RESIN, 198 231 ALKYNYL GROUP, 162 ALLYL ISOTHIOCYANATE, 139 ALLYLDIMETHYLHYDANTOIN, 120 ALTERNATING COPOLYMER, 296 ALTERNATING POLYMER, 296 ALUMINIUM, 71 262 ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE, 309 AMIDE POLYMER, 62 65 71 92 132 150 159 165 197 220 293 304 AMINE, 73 89 129 189 254 255 AMINE COPOLYMER, 89 244 AMINE OXIDE, 222 AMINE POLYMER, 89 133 244 255 AMINO ACID, 227 AMINO RESIN, 48 62 65 AMINOBENZOIC ACID, 57 AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE, 117 AMMONIUM NITRATE, 120 AMMONIUM POLYMER, 234 AMPICILLIN, 194 ANALYSIS, 5 10 14 19 21 26 94 107 133 134 137 177 185 238 239 296 ANHYDRIDE GROUP, 296 ANIONIC POLYMERISATION, 239 ANISALDEHYDE, 8 ANTI-FOGGING AGENT, 118 207

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

ANTIBIOTIC, 14 74 104 115 123 148 154 185 201 290 313 315 330 ANTICANCER AGENT, 274 ANTIFOULING, 105 136 170 262 286 320 ANTIFOULING AGENT, 81 202 210 ANTIFUNGAL, 2 19 30 47 51 80 150 228 270 279 307 311 317 338 ANTIFUNGAL TREATMENT, 197 ANTIOXIDANT, 1 67 305 ANTISEPTIC AGENT, 104 160 233 296 ANTISEPTIC TREATMENT, 115 ANTISTATIC AGENT, 118 ANTISTATIC PROPERTIES, 38 ANTITHROMBOGENIC, 104 ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY, 174 274 293 ANTIVIRAL AGENT, 48 65 76 274 293 318 APATITE, 211 AQUEOUS DISPERSION, 3 283 326 AQUEOUS EMULSION, 188 AQUEOUS PHASE, 239 AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 296 ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATION, 50 210 ARGENTIMETRIC TITRATION, 177 ARRHENIUS’S LAW, 92 ARSENIC, 166 ARTIFICIAL VEIN, 212 ASCORBIC ACID, 64 ASPERGILLUS NIGER, 321 326 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY, 54 66 ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 143 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 47 196 203 AZO COMPOUND, 296 AZOBISISOBUTYRONITRILE, 52 120 177 AZOBISMETHYLPROPIONAMI DE, 21 AZOISOBUTYRONITRILE, 52 120 177

99

Subject Index

B BACTERIA RESISTANCE, 9 50 115 120 123 127 189 204 217 248 305 312 BACTERIAL CONVERSION, 123 BACTERIOPHAGE, 101 200 BACTERIOSTATIC AGENT, 36 55 64 138 154 BAMBOO, 196 BANDAGE, 152 222 BARIUM, 30 BARIUM COMPOUND, 51 BARRIER PACKAGING, 116 287 BARRIER PROPERTIES, 23 71 116 204 305 323 BATHROOM FITTING, 68 247 285 BEADS, 42 43 90 BEER BOTTLE, 71 BELLOWS, 46 BELTING, 46 80 BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE, 115 186 233 BENZISOTHIAZOLINONE, 261 BENZOIC ACID, 71 BENZOYL PEROXIDE, 74 120 BENZYL BROMIDE, 177 BENZYLAMINE, 63 BENZYLPYRIDINIUM COMPOUND, 177 BEVERAGE, 83 116 BIAXIAL ORIENTATION, 122 BICYCLOOCTANE, 115 BIOACTIVITY, 87 101 150 251 273 BIOCOMPATIBILITY, 4 21 58 61 82 99 104 124 125 142 148 194 309 315 BIODEGRADATION, 3 37 50 81 94 99 185 188 201 217 229 230 249 262 276 295 301 319 BIODETERIORATION, 3 37 50 81 94 99 122 185 188 201 217 229 230 249 262 276 295 301 BIOFILM, 124 BIOFOULING, 140 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, 8 60 107 334 BIOLOGICAL ATTACK, 7 10 11 70 78 79 100 101 105 106 136 157 175 179 197 199 208 219 228 229 230 234 249 252 283 289 BIOLOGICAL RESISTANCE, 127 312 BIOMATERIAL, 4 21 25 82 104 124 148 273 281 330

100

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION, 57 124 240 276 290 296 304 BIOMIMETIC, 60 124 BIOPOLYMER, 59 104 137 304 BISHYDROXYPHENYL SULFONE, 61 BISHYDROXYPHENYLVALERIC ACID, 61 BLEACHING, 138 BLISTER PACKAGING, 33 BLOCK COPOLYMER, 224 239 BLOCK COPOLYMERISATION, 239 BLOOD, 104 BLOW MOULDING, 135 BLOWING AGENT, 172 BLOWN FILM, 33 272 BODY FLUID, 171 BONDING, 64 115 146 204 243 296 BONDING AGENT, 236 BOROSILICATE, 100 BOTTLES, 71 135 BRABENDER MIXER, 51 BROMINE, 43 140 BRUSH, 163 BUILDING APPLICATION, 106 172 190 196 203 217 228 238 261 BULK POLYMERISATION, 289 BUTADIENE COPOLYMER, 239 BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, 47 80 127 200 292 322 BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, 41 BUTANE TETRACARBOXYLIC ACID, 84 BUTYL ACETATE, 235 BUTYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 14 235 BUTYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 52 BUTYLAMINOETHYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 169

C CALCIUM CARBONATE, 195 CALCIUM CHLORIDE, 134 CALCIUM HALIDE, 134 CALCIUM OXIDE, 195 CALCIUM PYROBORATE, 308 CALORIMETRY, 18 CAN COATING, 6 CANDIDA ALBICANS, 121 161 233

CAPROLACTAM POLYMER, 100 150 CAPROLACTONE POLYMER, 3 CARBOHYDRATE, 115 CARBON 13, 72 CARBON 14, 185 CARBON BLACK, 292 322 CARBON DISULFIDE, 309 CARBON FIBRE, 13 CARBON-13, 72 CARBONATE POLYMER, 65 129 CARBOXY GROUP, 70 CARBOXYL GROUP, 70 332 CARBOXYLIC ACID, 153 CARBOXYLIC ACID POLYMER, 84 CARBOXYLIC GROUP, 281 313 CARCINOGEN, 71 CARPET, 132 CARPET BACKING, 197 CAST FILM, 264 CATALYST, 103 173 190 253 289 296 CATHETER, 85 104 124 126 212 233 CATION EXCHANGE, 274 CATIONIC POLYMERISATION, 189 CAULKING, 162 CELL COUNT, 176 251 CELL IMMOBILISATION, 176 CELL SIZE, 155 CELLULAR ADHESION, 306 CELLULAR MATERIAL, 155 172 183 197 217 221 228 258 259 261 268 280 CELLULOSE, 34 59 73 108 115 121 138 152 204 209 222 CELLULOSE ACETATE, 20 107 CELLULOSE COPOLYMER, 34 CELLULOSE FIBRE, 138 222 CELLULOSE TRIACETATE, 269 CEMENT, 162 CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER, 233 CERAMIC POWDER, 322 CETYL PYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE, 22 45 CHAIN EXTENDER, 243 306 CHAIN LENGTH, 15 146 174 CHAIN MOBILITY, 239 CHAIN STRUCTURE, 177 CHELATING AGENT, 198 218 CHEMICAL BONDING, 296 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 94 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 8 18 34 58 59 73 93 101 104 117 120 137 140 141 143 152 208

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

235 281 310 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 38 65 69 101 126 CHEMICAL WARFARE, 53 CHEMOTHERAPY, 274 CHITOSAN, 8 25 58 84 121 139 149 CHLORAMINE, 117 CHLORHEXIDINE, 153 233 276 CHLORINATION, 34 59 73 120 141 143 310 CHLORINE, 43 117 137 140 141 156 335 CHLORINE DIOXIDE, 71 CHLORINE-CONTAINING, 184 CHLOROACETYLCHLORIDE, 309 CHLOROANISOLE, 309 CHLOROBENZALDEHYDE, 8 CHLORODIETHYLPHENYL METHOXYMETHYL ACETAMIDE, 134 CHLOROETHENE, 322 CHLOROFORM, 120 CHLOROHYDROXYQUINOLINE, 273 CHLORO METHYLISOTHIAZOLINONE, 300 CHLORO QUINOLINYLACRYLATE, 273 CHLOROTHALONIL, 158 210 CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE, 185 CHOPPING BOARD, 285 292 CHROMATOGRAPHY, 4 19 24 52 60 63 185 CIPROFLOXACIN, 185 290 CITRIC ACID, 84 CLARIFYING AGENT, 135 CLEANING, 53 69 79 103 124 161 CLEANING MATERIAL, 245 CLEARCOAT, 2 CLING-TYPE FILM, 207 CLOTHING, 17 53 68 115 132 138 197 217 222 318 COAGULANT, 212 COATED FABRIC, 53 98 COATED FILM, 92 COATED PAPER, 166 COATING, 2 6 7 13 23 26 37 46 49 50 64 66 68 71 77 79 80 89 101 102 103 104 105 106 109 110 111 112 113 115 119 120 123 124 128 136 144 146 151 152 160 162 166 167 170 188 192 197 210 215 217 218 223 231 232 240 250 253 267 275 284

286 289 300 312 326 328 336 COATING WEIGHT, 92 COBALT-60, 251 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION, 124 COEXTRUSION, 78 144 272 COLLOID, 207 COLOUR, 2 48 135 217 220 COLOUR CHANGE, 33 211 COLOUR FASTNESS, 326 COLOUR MEASUREMENT, 51 COLOUR STABILITY, 65 80 COLOURANT, 118 322 COLOURATION, 246 COLOURED, 238 COLOURLESS, 191 COMMERCIAL INFORMATION, 1 125 135 190 257 COMONOMER, 273 COMPLEX FORMATION, 13 COMPLEXATION, 280 COMPOSITE, 9 20 23 74 78 153 228 265 274 292 303 COMPOUNDER, 126 COMPOUNDING, 127 191 COMPRESSION MOULDING, 48 65 COMPRESSION SET, 69 CONCENTRATION DEPENDENCE, 149 CONCRETE, 157 162 CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION, 63 72 134 CONDENSATION REACTION, 211 CONDOM, 140 145 184 318 CONDUCTIVE FIBRE, 53 CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL, 13 CONDUCTIVE POLYMER, 1 CONFOCAL LASER MICROSCOPY, 7 CONFOCAL RAMAN MICROSPECTROSCOPY, 178 CONSUMER GOODS, 3 97 147 284 285 CONTACT ANGLE, 82 108 142 CONTACT LENSES, 145 216 298 333 339 CONTAMINATION, 91 96 103 131 283 289 336 CONTRACEPTIVE, 140 145 184 212 CONTROLLED-RELEASE, 1 26 67 81 122 128 130 131 158 182 193 194 199 204 240 254 290 296 CONVEYOR BELT, 270 302 COPOLYMER COMPOSITION,

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

52 57 239 261 296 320 COPOLYMERISATION, 24 64 199 239 296 COPPER, 136 161 262 COPPER COMPOUND, 251 COPPER ION, 314 COPPER OXIDE, 220 CORROSION INHIBITOR, 71 CORROSION RESISTANCE, 71 170 262 286 COSMETICS, 110 112 163 165 332 COTTON, 34 84 108 120 149 204 243 COUPLING AGENT, 5 9 COVALENT BONDING, 64 146 204 243 296 337 CROP PROTECTION, 238 CROSSLINKING, 15 42 43 46 177 213 215 239 296 339 CROSSLINKING AGENT, 84 223 CRYSTALLINITY, 1 3 10 314 CRYSTALLISATION, 78 CUPRIC ION, 314 CURING, 32 69 80 151 CURING AGENT, 75 80 84 127 223 CURING RATE, 239 CYCLODEXTRINS, 201

D DECOMPOSITION, 296 DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE, 19 DECONTAMINATION, 319 DEGRADATION, 3 37 81 128 201 217 276 321 DEGRADATION RESISTANCE, 252 300 DENDRIMER, 180 182 293 DENTAL ADHESIVE, 45 161 DENTAL APPLICATION, 152 153 212 325 DENTURE, 161 DEPTH PROFILING, 178 DERMATITIS, 209 DESIGN, 58 79 103 135 192 DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE, 178 DIALLYL -DIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE COPOLYMER, 35 DIALLYLGUANIDINE COPOLYMER, 35 DIALYSIS, 124 DIAPHRAGM, 80 DIAZABICYCLOOCTANE, 21 DIBLOCK COPOLYMER, 239

101

Subject Index

DICHLOROETHANE, 309 DICHLOROFLUOROMETHYLTHIOPHTHALIMIDE, 178 DICHLOROMETHANE, 309 DICHLOROPHENYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 19 24 52 DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE, 243 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY, 18 19 21 78 121 133 309 310 137 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS, 18 19 21 78 121 133 137 309 310 DIFFRACTION, 18 78 DIFFUSION, 27 86 122 171 173 181 254 305 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT, 1 92 187 DIHYDROXYMETHYLDI METHYLHYDANTOIN, 108 DIIODOMETHYL TOLYLSULFONE, 261 271 DIISOCYANATE, 306 DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE, 38 296 DIMETHYL SILOXANE POLYMER, 211 DIMETHYLOLDIMETHYLHYD ANTOIN, 34 DIMETHYLPHENYLF LUORODICHLORO METHYLTHIOSULFAMIDE, 261 DIMETHYLPHENYLF LUORODICHLORO METHYLTHIOSULPHAMIDE, 261 DIMETHYLSILOXANE COPOLYMER, 239 DIOCTYL PHTHALATE, 178 DIPHENYLMETHANE DIISOCYANATE, 243 DISCOLORATION, 85 86 95 96 197 209 217 220 331 336 DISEASE CONTROL, 204 238 DISINFECTANT, 42 43 72 76 90 103 152 154 160 202 204 214 244 255 306 324 DISINFECTION, 49 324 DISPERSANT, 5 DISPERSED PHASE, 239 DISPERSING AGENT, 5 DISPERSION, 1 2 3 5 10 14 155 157 159 160 206 223 239 242 245 283 289 302 337 DISSOLUTION, 172 173 337 DIVINYL BENZENE, 177

102

DIVINYLBENZENE COPOLYMER, 176 177 DOLOMITE, 195 DOMESTIC APPLIANCE, 47 217 259 DOMESTIC APPLICATION, 163 245 322 DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 47 49 68 147 166 190 203 209 217 268 292 DOOR HANDLE, 48 DOPING, 13 DOSE RATE, 50 62 251 DRAW RATIO, 10 DRINKING WATER, 90 DRUG, 240 296 DRUG CARRIER, 193 240 DRUG DELIVERY, 58 124 148 180 182 185 193 194 201 240 273 290 296 DRUG RELEASE, 58 124 148 180 182 185 193 194 201 240 273 290 296 DRY BLEND, 266 DRY FILM, 6 50 DRYING, 120 198 DTA, 19 DURABILITY, 22 34 70 73 75 84 127 156 159 181 245 284 319 DYE, 138 145 214 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, 40 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 40 DYNAMIC STABILITY, 30 DYNAMIC THERMAL STABILITY, 51

E ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 3 33 44 50 53 62 71 85 97 116 135 147 166 258 262 284 285 ELASTIC PROPERTIES, 40 ELASTICITY, 217 ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 196 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, 20 ELECTRICAL INSULATION, 65 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 65 ELECTRICAL SWITCH, 48 ELECTRODEPOSITION, 13 ELECTROINITIATED POLYMERISATION, 13 ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION, 327 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 5 10 13 20 54 94 133 134 158 177

179 305 ELECTRON SCANNING MICROSCOPY, 5 10 13 20 54 94 133 134 158 177 179 ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, 54 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY, 53 ELECTROPOLYMERISATION, 13 ELECTROSPINNING, 20 ELECTROSTATIC DISSIPATION, 53 ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION, 306 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, 21 177 185 EMBRITTLEMENT, 217 EMULSIFIER, 134 239 248 EMULSION, 14 41 76 106 110 188 239 275 287 289 328 336 EMULSION POLYMERISATION, 111 289 ENCAPSULATION, 96 122 126 128 131 133 240 ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE, 124 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS, 54 ENGINEERING APPLICATION, 165 ENGINEERING PLASTIC, 165 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 97 147 262 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION, 202 210 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, 272 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 202 326 ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE, 221 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION, 217 ENZYME IMMOBILISATION, 269 EPICHLOROHYDRIN, 63 EPICHLOROHYDRIN COPOLYMER, 243 EPOXIDE RESIN, 181 EPOXIDISED SOYBEAN OIL, 111 166 EPOXY ESTER RESIN, 231 EPOXY RESIN, 181 ESCHERICHIA COLI, 9 22 34 42 43 90 101 108 117 121 189 201 313 ETHANOL, 57 ETHENE, 71 ETHENE COPOLYMER, 57

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

ETHER POLYMER, 159 265 280 ETHYL ALCOHOL, 57 ETHYLDIMETHYLAMINOPROPYL CARBODIIMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE, 93 ETHYLENE, 71 ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 57 ETHYLENE DIAMINE, 93 ETHYLENE GLYCOL POLYMER, 64 66 213 239 255 ETHYLENE OXIDE, 271 ETHYLENE OXIDE COPOLYMER, 239 ETHYLENE POLYMER, 31 33 65 67 81 96 107 109 114 120 122 135 175 197 238 264 285 ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE COPOLYMER, 330 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENEDIENE TERPOLYMER, 47 80 127 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, 57 71 92 261 272 ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER, 71 ETHYLENEDIAMINE, 93 ETHYLENIMINE POLYMER, 64 66 EVAPORATION, 239 EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY, 185 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, 58 EXTRUDABILITY, 224 226 EXTRUDER, 1 EXTRUSION, 30 33 71 135 172 225 264 266 291 305 EXTRUSION MOULDING, 196

F FABRIC, 11 17 22 34 53 70 73 84 91 98 108 117 120 121 122 138 141 149 152 156 168 179 204 208 251 254 321 FABRIC CONDITIONER, 213 FERROUS ION, 251 FERROUS SULFATE, 251 FIBRE, 1 3 5 10 17 18 20 22 65 78 83 87 117 121 122 126 130 132 138 148 150 157 165 187 197 204 217 222 224 225 242 244 254 279 281 291 304 313 315 330 331 FIBRE TREATMENT, 149 204 213 FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 97

FIBRINOGEN, 123 FICK’S LAW, 187 FICK’S SECOND LAW, 27 92 FILLER, 9 78 183 196 207 238 292 FILM FORMING, 103 FILTRATION, 68 168 179 FINEMAN-ROSS METHOD, 19 FINISHING AGENT, 22 FISH FARMING, 81 FLAME PROOFING, 150 172 FLAME RETARDANCE, 150 172 FLAMMABILITY, 65 87 150 FLAVOUR, 1 FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 157 196 FLEXURAL STRENGTH, 157 FLOOR COVERING, 197 217 247 FLOORING, 97 261 FLUCLOXACILLIN, 290 FLUORESCENCE, 142 238 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY, 14 FLUOROCARBON RUBBER, 80 FLUOROELASTOMER, 80 FLUOROPOLYMER, 38 103 FLUOROQUINOLONE, 185 FLUORORUBBER, 80 FOAM, 155 172 183 197 217 221 228 258 259 261 268 280 FOAMING AGENT, 172 FOIL, 109 FOOD APPLICATION, 27 54 324 FOOD INDUSTRY, 12 47 68 69 130 FOOD PACKAGING, 1 26 31 33 67 71 92 114 116 118 139 140 144 175 207 264 269 285 287 305 FOOD SIMULANT, 92 FOOD-CONTACT APPLICATION, 28 39 49 71 79 80 83 102 110 118 126 129 166 184 191 259 269 270 284 302 FOODSTUFF, 71 135 FOOTWEAR, 68 166 197 212 247 FORMALDEHYDE, 54 213 FORMULATION, 2 40 44 75 104 106 119 126 127 252 262 301 328 FOSFOMYCIN, 290 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 4 13 18 19 21 59 61 73 84 94 108 120 133 137 143 194 281 FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 1 78 94 134 179 290 FREE RADICAL POLYMERISATION, 19 35 52 289 FRICTION COEFFICIENT, 124

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES, 124 FRIEDEL-CRAFTS REACTION, 140 FRUIT, 144 FUNCTIONAL GROUP, 42 89 143 152 174 194 239 278 296 FUNCTIONAL POLYMER, 177 FUNCTIONALISATION, 34 42 43 73 93 FUNCTIONALITY, 239 339 FUNGAL RESISTANCE, 127 217 312 326 FUNGI, 8 52 63 94 213 217 238 272 280 319 321 326 FUNGICIDE, 37 44 46 49 50 77 86 95 109 110 111 112 113 158 178 181 183 188 199 203 209 210 215 217 229 238 267 270 279 284 294 299 302 305 307 312 316 317 338 FURNITURE, 197

G GAMMA-IRRADIATION, 251 GAMMA-RAY, 251 GAS EMISSION, 196 GAS PERMEABILITY, 287 GASKET, 80 83 GAUZE, 222 GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY, 19 24 60 63 GEL COAT, 166 256 259 GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY, 4 19 24 52 60 63 GELS, 27 71 193 334 339 GENETIC ENGINEERING, 3 GENTAMICIN SULFATE, 14 GENTAMYCIN, 281 290 313 315 330 GEOGRID, 217 GEOTEXTILE, 217 GERMICIDE, 28 299 GLASS, 71 100 115 135 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE, 3 88 239 GLOSS, 2 GLOVE, 76 91 122 140 145 184 197 200 212 217 239 GLYCERIN, 239 GLYCEROL, 239 GRAFT COPOLYMER, 34 82 93 120 243 315 330 GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION, 66 93 137 GRAFT POLYMERISATION, 74 169

103

Subject Index

GRAFTING, 13 18 93 120 137 152 168 208 251 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 19 21 24 52 GREENHOUSE, 238 272 GRISEOFULVIN, 307 GROWTH INHIBITOR, 264 GROWTH RATE, 33 44 53 62 85 97 147 284 GUANIDINE COPOLYMER, 35 GUANIDINE POLYMER, 72

H HAEMOCOMPATIBILITY, 104 124 HAIR TREATMENT, 163 HALAMINE, 34 42 73 132 184 204 255 HALAMINE COMPOUND, 34 HALAMINE COPOLYMER, 34 59 244 HALO EFFECT, 122 HALOGEN, 152 HALOGENATION, 73 137 140 152 HALOHYDROCARBON, 177 HALOMETHYL GLUTARONITRILE, 316 HAND RAIL, 48 HANDLE, 85 125 163 258 HARD POLYMER, 151 HARD SEGMENT, 239 HARDNESS, 80 217 HARMONISATION, 202 HAZE, 2 HEADGEAR, 318 HEALTH, 321 HEALTH HAZARD, 37 79 80 91 97 101 102 103 106 111 118 121 122 126 165 181 188 209 210 217 220 229 242 258 262 266 284 319 326 HEAT AGEING, 69 HEAT CURING, 32 69 80 HEAT DEGRADATION, 19 88 HEAT EXCHANGER, 83 286 HEAT OF FUSION, 57 HEAT RESISTANCE, 24 30 51 65 67 80 83 85 91 96 119 122 150 164 165 211 215 242 258 285 291 HEAT STABILISER, 30 HEAT STABILITY, 51 65 69 224 225 226 259 271 HEPARIN, 104 HERBICIDE, 134 HEXACHLOROPHENE, 150

104

HEXAMETHYLENE DIAMINE, 134 HEXAMETHYLENE DIISOCYANATE, 61 HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE, 175 HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE, 134 HEXAMINE, 175 HEXANE DIISOCYANATE, 185 HEXANE POLYMER, 104 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 81 135 285 HIGH ENERGY RADIATION, 327 HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE, 85 122 166 256 259 HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY, 77 185 HORTICULTURAL APPLICATION, 238 HOSE, 46 305 HOSPITAL, 64 122 165 304 HOT CURING, 32 69 80 HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 36 271 HOUSEWARES, 47 49 68 147 166 190 203 209 268 292 HUMIDITY, 238 HYALURONIC ACID, 82 HYDANTOIN, 42 43 117 140 141 335 HYDANTOIN GROUP, 143 HYDRAZINE, 243 HYDROCARBON, 71 HYDROGEL, 123 240 HYDROGEN BONDING, 239 HYDROLYSIS, 18 126 131 199 211 273 296 HYDROLYSIS RESISTANCE, 326 HYDROPHILICITY, 92 104 218 239 245 306 HYDROPHOBICITY, 15 60 124 145 146 174 239 HYDROTALCITE, 30 51 207 HYDROXYBENZALDEHYDE, 8 HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID, 57 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID COPOLYMER, 82 HYDROXYETHYL ACRYLATE, 64 HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE, 14 HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE, 193 HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 339 HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE POLYMER, 216

HYDROXYL COMPOUND, 64 HYDROXYMETHYLBENZOATE, 8 HYDROXYMETHYLDI METHYLHYDANTOIN, 117 143 HYDROXYPROPYL METHYLCELLULOSE, 27 HYDROXYQUINOLINE, 161 HYDROXYSUCCINIMIDE, 93 HYDROXYVALERIC ACID COPOLYMER, 82 HYGIENE, 39 102 103 324 HYGIENIC SURFACE, 79 147

I IMAZALIL, 139 IMIDAZOLE, 150 IMIDAZOLIDINONE, 43 73 137 141 IMIDE GROUP, 34 IMMOBILISATION, 11 13 154 IMMUNOASSAY, 26 IMPLANT, 13 124 125 201 233 IMPREGNATION, 74 172 254 281 INCINERATION, 196 INCLUSION COMPOUND, 201 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION, 190 INFECTION, 123 124 276 280 288 INFECTION RESISTANCE, 122 204 265 INFRA-RED, 272 INFRA-RED SPECTRA, 4 13 19 21 24 52 59 61 108 143 238 243 296 INFRARED ABSORPTION, 272 INFRARED IRRADIATION, 238 INFRARED SPECTRA, 4 13 19 21 24 52 59 61 108 143 238 243 296 309 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 4 13 19 21 24 52 59 61 73 108 120 137 143 194 238 243 281 296 309 INJECTION BLOW MOULDING, 135 INJECTION MOULDED, 217 INJECTION MOULDING, 33 48 65 81 125 163 196 197 INSECT, 238 INSECT ATTRACTANT, 250 INSECT INFESTATION, 238 INSECT REPELLANT, 232 INSECTICIDE, 155 172 250 INSULATION, 217 INTELLIGENT MATERIAL, 33

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

116 INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 10 INTERFACIAL POLYMERISATION, 134 INTERFACIAL TENSION, 1 INTERPOLYMER, 239 INTRINSIC VISCOSITY, 19 24 52 296 IODINATION, 101 IODINE, 154 246 IODOPROPYNYL BUTYL CARBAMATE, 112 ION EXCHANGE, 123 207 274 ION EXCHANGE RESIN, 69 80 85 127 329 IONENE POLYMER, 306 IONIC INTERACTION, 70 IONIC POLYMERISATION, 239 IONOMER, 306 IRON OXIDE, 115 IRRADIATION, 9 18 IRRADIATION CROSSLINK, 215 239 ISOCYANATE POLYMER, 133 ISOTHIAZOLIN, 165 166 289 ISOTHIAZOLINONE, 77 128 316 ISOTHIAZOLONE, 285

J

LEACHING, 2 86 109 136 178 183 335 LEACHING RESISTANT, 77 LEAD-FREE, 217 LEATHER, 197 LEGISLATION, 71 105 118 192 202 210 252 283 328 LENSES, 145 216 298 LIGHT ABSORPTION, 33 216 238 272 LIGHT DEGRADATION, 122 247 LIGHT EXPOSURE, 2 LIGHT REFLECTION, 238 LIGHT RESISTANCE, 211 LIGHT SCATTERING, 272 LIGHT SWITCH, 48 LIGHT TRANSMISSION, 238 LIGNIN, 274 LIGNIN POLYMER, 274 LIPOPHILIC, 280 LIQUID ADDITIVE, 217 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY, 77 185 LIQUID PHASE, 239 LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 31 33 67 96 107 109 114 122 175 238 264 LUBRICATION, 104 LYSINE POLYMER, 293 LYSOZYME, 269

JET MILL, 5

M K KINETICS, 88 92 193 295 304 KITCHENWARE, 196 258 284 285 KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE, 321 KNITTED FABRIC, 138 254

L LABEL, 33 LACQUER, 307 LACTIDE POLYMER, 11 LAMINATE, 38 71 236 LAMINATED FILM, 238 287 LANGIVIN EQUATION, 22 92 137 LANGMUIR ISOTHERM, 22 LANGMUIR SORPTION, 22 LATEX, 14 40 41 77 101 110 197 212 217 248 267 284 289 LAUNDERING, 22 34 73 84 138 204 LAYER POLYMERISATION, 134 LD50, 266

MACROMOLECULAR PROPERTIES, 177 MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 88 MAGNESIA, 195 MAGNESIUM OXIDE, 195 MAGNETISATION, 222 MALDI-TOF SPECTROSCOPY, 72 MALEIC ACID COPOLYMER, 31 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER, 194 296 MALEIC COPOLYMER, 45 MALEIMIDE GROUP, 239 MANGANESE OXIDE, 253 MANGANOUS OXIDE, 253 MANUFACTURING, 125 155 250 276 305 313 MARINE APPLICATION, 210 262 320 MASONRY, 326 MASS POLYMERISATION, 289 MASS SPECTRA, 4 72 185 MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 4 72 185 MASTERBATCH, 5 10 26 33 62

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

65 71 78 85 91 96 122 126 129 130 131 164 165 166 197 217 256 259 284 MASTICATION, 30 MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 71 97 105 166 210 267 285 MATERIALS CONSERVATION, 312 MATERIALS SELECTION, 6 26 102 150 221 258 MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION, 71 97 105 166 210 267 285 MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION, 72 MATTRESS, 122 165 197 217 MDI, 243 MEAT PACKAGING, 144 MEDICAL APPLICATION, 3 4 11 12 21 25 26 39 40 47 53 54 55 57 61 64 69 79 80 82 83 85 91 93 97 104 121 122 124 125 126 131 142 145 152 154 171 180 204 212 218 222 227 233 240 244 246 259 265 276 280 281 288 290 296 299 304 312 318 321 323 324 325 330 MEDICAL EQUIPMENT, 55 64 83 104 123 125 126 280 288 312 MELAMINE COPOLYMER, 59 MELT PRESSING, 201 MELT PROCESSING, 165 MELT SPINNING, 10 78 201 MELTING POINT, 57 150 305 MELTING TEMPERATURE, 10 239 MEMBRANE, 38 46 82 115 154 200 303 MERCURY, 267 METAL, 71 160 280 312 METAL CHELATE, 216 METAL COATING, 312 METAL COMPLEX, 251 METAL COMPOUND, 312 METAL ION, 100 122 165 207 211 248 260 314 338 METAL OXIDE, 207 METAL SALT, 251 279 302 METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 52 METHACRYLATE POLYMER, 21 METHACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER, 320 METHACRYLIC ESTER COPOLYMER, 52 METHACRYLIC ESTER POLYMER, 21 METHANOL, 120 METHYL ALCOHOL, 120

105

Subject Index

METHYL BENZIMIDAZOLYL CARBAMATE, 261 METHYL DIHYDROXYBENZOATE, 8 METHYL HYDROXYBENZOATE, 8 METHYL ISOTHIAZILONE, 210 METHYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 19 235 296 320 METHYL METHACRYLATE POLYMER, 19 METHYLBENZENE, 52 239 METHYLENE BISPHENYLISOCYANATE, 134 METHYLENE BLUE, 145 METHYLMETHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 19 235 296 METHYLOL TETRAMETHYL IMIDAZOLIDINONE, 34 73 METHYLSILANE, 204 METHYLTRIAZINEDIONE, 310 MICROBE, 45 319 MICROBIAL ACTIVITY, 13 31 66 114 165 166 217 227 253 300 301 MICROBIAL DEGRADATION, 3 197 283 305 321 MICROBIAL DETERIORATION, 80 MICROBIAL RESISTANCE, 98 115 124 MICROBIAL SYNTHESIS, 3 MICROBIOCIDE, 46 105 109 110 111 112 113 145 156 166 183 275 277 308 331 MICROBIOLOGICAL ATTACK, 11 197 230 283 289 MICROBIOLOGY, 107 310 MICROCAPSULE, 133 134 MICRODOMAIN, 239 MICROENCAPSULATION, 133 MICROGRAPHY, 66 MICROORGANISM, 36 103 157 160 217 319 323 334 336 MICROPARTICLE, 164 MICROSCOPY, 7 66 305 MICROSPHERE, 11 MIGRATION RESISTANCE, 80 203 MILDEW RESISTANCE, 195 211 217 236 261 MILDEWCIDE, 44 49 77 195 210 MILITARY APPLICATION, 101 MINERAL FILLER, 238 MOISTURE ABSORPTION, 17 71 MOISTURE BARRIER, 228 MOISTURE CONTENT, 50 67 107

106

MOISTURE RESISTANCE, 17 MOLAR RATIO, 296 MOLECULAR DESIGN, 35 MOLECULAR DIFFUSION, 259 MOLECULAR DYNAMICS, 239 MOLECULAR MASS, 3 4 24 52 60 61 88 149 239 274 305 MOLECULAR MOBILITY, 178 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 3 4 21 25 34 35 61 64 72 84 88 94 104 115 132 142 148 177 184 186 194 199 230 239 260 263 273 277 281 296 310 317 329 MONOFILAMENTS, 304 MONOMER, 172 173 289 339 MONOMER REACTIVITY, 19 24 52 MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 1 78 94 133 134 179 239 290 306 MORPHOLOGY, 1 78 94 133 134 177 179 239 290 306 MOULD GROWTH, 101 107 217 326 336 MOULD RESISTANCE, 47 305 MOULDING, 48 65 122 165 196 218 278 302 322 MOULDING COMPOUND, 62 196 237 278 MOULDINGS, 237 MULCH, 238 MULTIBLOCK COPOLYMER, 239 MULTILAYER FILM, 1 144

N N-BUTYL BENZISOTHIAZOLIN, 165 N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE, 193 NAIL POLISH, 307 NANOCOMPOSITE, 9 78 NANODISPERSION, 26 NANOFILLER, 9 31 NANOPARTICLE, 7 20 53 54 64 115 158 NANOPOLYMER, 64 NANOWHISKER, 53 NATURAL FIBRE, 138 NATURAL POLYMER, 121 254 NATURAL RUBBER, 80 NEAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION, 238 NEAR-INFRARED RADIATION, 238 NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 238 NEOMYCIN, 281 313 315 330

NEOMYCIN SULFATE, 201 NICKEL COMPLEX, 251 NISIN, 23 27 139 NITRILE RUBBER, 47 80 127 200 292 322 NITROFURYLOACROLEIN, 304 NITROGEN, 34 52 64 306 NITROGEN-CONTAINING POLYMER, 15 35 72 89 90 244 255 313 335 NMR SPECTRA, 4 21 60 61 NMR SPECTROSCOPY, 4 21 60 61 137 239 NON-WOVEN FABRIC, 11 254 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, 4 21 60 61 63 72 73 137 239 281 310 NUCLEATING AGENT, 10 NYLON, 62 65 71 92 115 129 130 132 150 159 164 165 197 220 285 293 304 NYLON-6, 96 100 150 NYLON-6 COPOLYMER, 315 NYLON-6,6, 70 93 120 132 141 143 269

O O-RING, 46 80 OCTYL ISOTHIAZOLINONE, 113 ODOUR, 17 122 197 217 220 336 ODOUR REDUCTION, 147 ODOUR SUPPRESSION, 204 OIL RESISTANCE, 38 OLEFIN COPOLYMER, 31 OLEFIN POLYMER, 9 15 28 39 42 43 62 78 90 97 110 114 144 150 165 166 183 187 203 209 224 225 226 247 258 284 285 OLIGOMER, 72 OLIGOPEPTIDE, 227 OPTICAL ANALYSIS, 26 OPTICAL APPLICATION, 145 216 OPTICAL DENSITY, 296 OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 2 31 142 217 238 264 272 298 333 ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES, 80 ORGANOPOLYSILOXANE, 54 ORGANOSILICON POLYMER, 54 124 170 247 276 284 ORGANOSILOXANE POLYMER, 54 124 170 247 276 284 ORTHODONTIC BRACE, 212 ORTHOPAEDIC APPLICATION, 13 OUTDOOR APPLICATION, 109 110 111 112 113 275

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

OVERSHOE, 212 OXABOROLE, 294 OXAZOLIDINONE, 141 152 OXAZOLIDONE COPOLYMER, 244 OXAZOLINE POLYMER, 4 OXIRANE, 271 OXIRANE COPOLYMER, 239 OXOACID, 207 OXYBISPHENOXYARSINE, 111 165 166 285 OXYGEN, 71 OXYGEN PERMEABILITY, 31 33 OXYGEN SCAVENGER, 33 71 116 118 OYSTER, 81

P P-CHLOR-M-XYLENOL, 236 PACKAGING, 1 3 23 28 33 39 46 67 68 71 97 107 110 114 116 118 139 144 175 207 259 264 269 287 305 323 PACKAGING APPLICATION, 71 323 PACKAGING FILM, 1 33 67 107 114 116 118 139 144 175 207 264 269 323 PAINTS, 2 49 50 77 101 103 105 106 109 110 111 112 113 152 162 188 190 202 210 235 250 262 267 275 301 320 326 328 336 PALLADIUM, 253 PAPER, 54 71 115 166 PAPER COATING, 92 PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION, 78 PARTICLE SIZE, 2 5 126 128 207 PARTICLE STRUCTURE, 177 PARTITION COEFFICIENT, 1 PATENT, 68 69 115 125 129 184 PATHOGEN, 184 217 238 PEEL STRENGTH, 38 PENDANT GROUP, 189 291 PENICILLIN, 194 281 313 315 330 PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM, 326 PENTABLOCK COPOLYMER, 239 PENTACHLOROPHENOL, 231 PERMEABILITY, 1 38 53 71 122 200 204 236 259 PEROXIDE, 75 127 PEROXIDE VULCANISATION, 80 PERSONAL CARE PRODUCT, 12 190 203 241 332

PEST CONTROL, 238 PESTICIDE, 49 133 134 155 172 238 250 266 PETP, 5 31 33 38 71 74 115 117 120 122 129 130 148 164 220 330 PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION, 58 148 154 182 185 194 273 274 290 293 296 313 PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES, 296 PHENOLIC COMPOUND, 204 297 337 PHENOLIC RESIN, 199 PHOSPHONIUM CHLORIDE COPOLYMER, 298 PHOSPHORODITHIOATE, 266 PHOSPHORUS COPOLYMER, 298 PHOSPHORUS POLYMER, 298 PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING POLYMER, 298 PHOTOCATALYST, 103 PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, 18 20 93 PHOTOIRRADIATION, 9 PHOTON, 327 PHOTOPOLYMERISATION, 66 PHOTORECEPTOR, 238 PHOTOREDUCTION, 20 PHOTOSELECTIVITY, 238 PHOTOSTABILITY, 265 280 PHOTOSYNTHESIS, 238 272 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 57 264 305 PHYSICOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES, 305 PIGMENT, 2 65 238 262 PIPE, 47 215 PIPERAZINE POLYMER, 306 PLANT EXPANSION, 190 PLANT LOCATION, 135 PLANT MODERNISATION, 190 PLASTICISER, 91 96 122 165 178 183 207 217 305 318 PMR, 63 73 POLLUTION CONTROL, 190 POLY-EPSILONCAPROLACTAM, 100 150 POLY-EPSILONCAPROLACTONE, 201 POLYACETAL, 302 311 POLYACRYLAMIDE, 240 POLYACRYLATE, 151 275 POLYACRYLIC ACID, 148 239 POLYACRYLONITRILE, 281 313 POLYALKENE, 9 15 28 39 42 43

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

62 78 90 97 110 114 144 150 165 166 183 187 203 209 224 225 226 247 258 284 285 POLYAMIDE, 62 65 71 92 115 129 130 132 150 159 164 165 197 220 285 293 304 327 332 POLYAMIDE-6, 96 100 150 POLYAMIDE-6,6, 70 120 143 POLYAMIDOAMINE, 182 293 POLYAMINE, 89 133 244 255 335 POLYAMINOAMIDE, 293 POLYANION, 13 POLYBIGUANIDE, 223 POLYBUTYLAMINOETHYL METHACRYLATE, 169 POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 100 POLYCAPROAMIDE, 100 150 POLYCAPROLACTAM, 100 150 POLYCAPROLACTONE, 3 201 POLYCAPROLACTONE DIOL, 185 POLYCARBONATE, 65 129 POLYCARBOXYLIC ACID, 84 339 POLYCATION, 277 POLYCHELATE, 25 61 339 POLYCHLOROMETHYLSTYRENE, 42 43 POLYCONDENSATION, 63 72 134 POLYDIBROMOMETHYLVINYL PHENYLHYDANTOIN, 90 POLYDICHLOROMETHYLVINYL PHENYLHYDANTOIN, 90 POLYDICHLOROPHENYL METHACRYLATE, 19 POLYDIMETHYL SILOXANE, 54 211 POLYDISPERSITY, 19 52 60 224 225 226 291 POLYDIVINYLBENZENE SULFONAMIDE, 303 POLYELECTROLYTE, 58 63 277 POLYEPOXIDE, 181 POLYEPSILONCAPROLACTONE, 201 POLYESTER FIBRE, 91 96 122 POLYESTER RESIN, 94 POLYETHER, 159 265 280 POLYETHER SULFONE, 197 POLYETHER URETHANE, 159 POLYETHER-ETHERKETONE, 85 POLYETHER-URETHANE, 159 POLYETHYLENE, 31 33 65 67 71 81 85 91 92 94 96 107 109 114 115 120 122 130 135 144 146

107

Subject Index

147 150 164 165 175 197 203 217 220 238 264 272 285 292 305 POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, 64 66 213 239 255 334 POLYETHYLENE IMINE, 64 66 115 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 5 31 33 38 71 74 115 117 120 122 129 130 148 164 220 330 POLYFLUOROALKYLTHIO POLYETHYLIMIDAZOLIUM, 263 POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 38 53 POLYGUANIDINE, 72 POLYHALAMINE, 244 303 335 POLYHEXAMETHYLENE BIGUANIDE HYDROCHLORIDE, 204 POLYHEXAMETHYLENE GUANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE, 187 POLYHEXAMETHYLENE GUANIDINE STEARATE, 187 POLYHEXANE, 104 POLYHYDANTOIN, 90 POLYHYDRAZIDE, 327 POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOL, 173 POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE, 3 POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATEVALERATE COPOLYMER, 3 POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE, 216 POLYIONENE, 306 POLYISOCYANATE, 133 POLYKETONE, 309 POLYLACTIC ACID, 3 201 POLYLACTIDE, 11 POLYLYSINE, 293 POLYMERIC ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT, 19 24 57 93 187 213 325 329 332 POLYMERIC BACTERICIDE, 24 154 POLYMERIC BIOCIDE, 15 35 42 43 52 57 72 89 90 101 140 173 180 189 231 244 255 263 327 332 335 POLYMERIC CARRIER, 11 193 296 POLYMERIC COMPATIBILISER, 239 POLYMERIC DISINFECTANT, 42 43 72 90 154 244 255 306 324 POLYMERIC DRUG, 296 POLYMERIC EMULSIFIER, 239 POLYMERIC SANITISING

108

AGENT, 297 POLYMERIC SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 102 239 POLYMERIC SURFACTANT, 102 239 POLYMERISATION, 13 19 24 35 52 63 64 66 111 134 176 177 189 194 199 239 240 289 296 325 POLYMERISATION CATALYSTS, 173 296 309 POLYMERISATION COCATALYST, 309 POLYMERISATION INITIATOR, 21 35 52 325 POLYMERISATION MECHANISM, 21 194 309 POLYMERISATION TEMPERATURE, 173 POLYMETHACRYLAMIDE, 335 POLYMETHACRYLATE, 21 POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE, 19 POLYMETHYL VINYL KETONE, 335 POLYMETHYLENE ISOTHIAZOLINONE, 316 POLYOL, 181 POLYOLEFIN, 9 15 28 39 42 43 62 78 90 97 110 114 144 150 165 166 183 187 203 209 224 225 226 247 258 284 285 323 335 POLYORGANOSILOXANE, 54 124 170 211 247 276 284 POLYOXAZOLINE, 4 POLYPEPTIDE, 293 324 POLYPHENYLENE ALKYLENE, 60 POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE, 85 POLYPHOSPHONIUM CHLORIDE, 298 POLYPIPERAZINE, 306 POLYPROPENE, 9 10 18 26 65 78 85 91 100 115 120 122 130 135 147 150 164 166 168 179 187 197 203 208 217 220 251 256 259 284 POLYPROPYLENE, 9 10 18 26 65 78 85 91 100 115 120 122 130 135 147 150 164 166 168 179 187 197 203 208 217 220 251 256 259 284 POLYPROPYLENE IMINE, 180 182 POLYPYRIDINE, 306 POLYPYRIDINIUM, 176 177 219 POLYPYRROLE, 13 POLYQUINOLINYL ACRYLATE, 273

POLYSACCHARIDE, 234 POLYSILICONE, 54 124 170 247 276 284 POLYSILOXANE, 54 124 170 189 211 247 276 284 317 338 POLYSTYRENE, 15 31 42 43 62 85 90 122 164 165 166 172 184 203 217 256 259 278 285 303 310 335 POLYSTYRENE ACRYLATE, 275 POLYSTYRENEHYDANTOIN, 90 POLYSTYRENETRIAZINEDION E, 310 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, 38 53 POLYTETRAMETHYLENE GLYCOL, 243 POLYTRICHLORO METHYLVINYLPHENYL TRIAZINEDIONE, 310 POLYUREA, 133 327 POLYUREA-URETHANE, 134 POLYURETHANE, 2 7 38 61 85 96 97 122 123 142 165 181 183 185 190 197 203 217 218 221 233 243 247 258 259 268 276 284 285 290 306 327 POLYURETHANE-UREA, 134 POLYVINYL ACETATE, 50 77 240 275 POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 214 246 269 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 26 28 29 30 39 51 55 86 95 97 109 110 111 112 113 122 145 146 147 165 166 178 183 197 200 203 207 209 217 221 247 258 259 268 284 285 294 POLYVINYL HALIDE, 51 145 POLYVINYL KETONE, 335 POLYVINYL METHYL KETONE, 335 POLYVINYL PHOSPHONIUM CHLORIDE, 333 POLYVINYL PYRIDINE, 115 146 158 POLYVINYLBENZENE, 122 164 165 166 256 285 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE, 51 145 POND LINING, 166 POTABLE WATER, 90 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, 57 POTASSIUM PERSULFATE, 120 POTASSIUM SORBATE, 23 139 264 POWDER COATING, 2 POWDER-FREE, 200 PREPOLYMER, 218 243

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

PRESERVATION, 326 336 PRESERVATIVE, 31 44 49 50 77 96 110 122 152 267 305 326 328 PROCESSABILITY, 55 298 333 PROCESSING, 30 83 125 126 127 144 165 201 PROCESSING CONDITIONS, 22 PRODRUG, 296 PRODUCT DESIGN, 103 192 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, 1 3 56 65 67 81 86 116 146 184 272 PRODUCTION, 125 262 PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 76 PROOFED FABRIC, 156 PROPARGYL COMPOUND, 162 PROPELLANT, 250 PROPENE COPOLYMER, 18 PROPENE POLYMER, 18 120 251 PROPYL TRIHYDROXYBENZOATE, 8 PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 18 PROPYLENE POLYMER, 18 120 251 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, 38 140 204 PROTECTIVE COATING, 170 275 286 PROTECTIVE PACKAGING, 114 PROTEIN, 104 PROTEIN POLYMER, 324 PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE, 63 73 PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA, 14 57 185 313 PURIFICATION, 83 PYRETHROID, 155 250 PYRIDINE POLYMER, 306 PYRIDINIUM GROUP, 168 PYRIDINIUM POLYMER, 176 177 219 PYRIDYLTHIOOXIDOZINC COMPOUND, 270 PYRROLE POLYMER, 13

Q QUALITY ASSURANCE, 71 217 QUALITY CONTROL, 217 QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND, 42 45 84 154 180 239 QUATERNARY AMMONIUM ION, 332 QUATERNARY AMMONIUM POLYMER, 13 15 42 63 234 306 QUATERNARY AMMONIUM

SALT, 22 70 181 189 224 225 226 234 243 291 QUATERNISATION, 58 142 176 177 181 189 QUINOLINYL ACRYLATE, 273

R RADIATION CROSSLINKING, 215 239 RADIATION CURING, 151 RADICAL POLYMERISATION, 19 35 52 RAMAN SPECTRA, 178 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, 178 RAYON, 121 REACTION CONDITIONS, 22 REACTION MECHANISM, 18 34 108 REACTION ORDER, 19 REACTION TEMPERATURE, 251 REACTION TIME, 251 REACTIVE DYE, 138 REACTIVITY RATIO, 19 24 52 REDOX CATALYST, 289 REDOX POLYMERISATION, 289 REDOX REACTION, 204 REDOX SYSTEM, 289 REFRIGERATOR, 217 259 REFUSE BAG, 285 REFUSE CONTAINER, 147 REGULATION, 6 33 49 71 83 86 103 105 118 147 252 283 328 REINFORCED CONCRETE, 157 REINFORCED PLASTICS, 153 265 292 303 REINFORCING FILLER, 322 RELATIVE HUMIDITY, 238 RELEASE PROPERTIES, 123 173 240 296 RELEASE RATE, 85 193 240 296 RESIN, 83 159 240 REVERSION RESISTANCE, 69 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 19 20 52 92 296 RHEOLOGY, 52 296 RISK ASSESSMENT, 202 ROSIN, 262 RUCKSACK, 217 RUTHENIUM, 253

S SAFETY, 33 83 114 126 SALICYLIC ACID, 57 SANITARY APPLICATION, 3 110 166 337 SANITARYWARE, 48

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

SANITISATION, 197 SAPONIFICATION, 57 SATURATED POLYESTER, 11 34 38 62 65 94 97 108 156 159 201 203 204 256 SBR, 41 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPH, 5 10 13 20 54 94 133 134 158 177 179 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 1 5 10 13 20 54 66 78 94 121 133 134 158 177 179 251 290 SCRATCH RESISTANCE, 151 167 SEALANT, 44 68 83 162 211 247 SERVICE LIFE, 46 SHEET, 151 155 166 217 236 254 256 323 SHEETING, 197 323 SHELF LIFE, 1 26 33 67 71 107 114 123 175 264 269 SHELF STABILITY, 77 SHOE, 197 SHOWER CURTAIN, 197 247 SILANE, 5 211 SILANOL GROUP, 211 SILICA, 128 211 314 SILICON, 71 SILICON COPOLYMER, 224 SILICON DIOXIDE, 128 211 314 SILICON POLYMER, 54 124 170 189 247 276 284 SILICON-CONTAINING COPOLYMER, 224 SILICON-CONTAINING POLYMER, 54 124 170 189 247 276 284 SILICONE COPOLYMER, 224 SILICONE ELASTOMER, 124 317 338 SILICONE POLYMER, 54 124 170 189 211 247 276 284 317 338 SILICONE RUBBER, 124 317 338 SILOXANE, 224 225 226 291 SILOXANE COPOLYMER, 224 SILOXANE POLYMER, 189 211 SILVER, 7 10 20 46 54 61 64 66 71 78 80 83 85 100 122 125 126 127 129 165 208 211 220 248 280 338 SILVER CHLORIDE, 164 233 SILVER COMPOUND, 29 69 75 222 260 302 331 SILVER ION, 2 13 29 69 91 96 123 130 131 164 314 317 SILVER NITRATE, 20 SILVER PHOSPHATE, 302 SILVER SALT, 276

109

Subject Index

SILVER SULFADIAZINE, 233 SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY, 185 SLEEPING BAG, 197 SLIP AGENT, 118 SLIPPERS, 212 SMART MATERIAL, 53 SOAP, 285 SODIUM LIGNOSULFONATE, 134 SODIUM PROPIONATE, 107 SOFT CONTACT LENSES, 216 SOIL BURIAL, 86 95 109 266 SOIL TREATMENT, 238 SOLAR RADIATION, 238 SOLID STATE, 239 329 SOLIDS CONTENT, 92 155 SOLUBILITY, 21 25 50 58 60 77 84 88 96 100 126 136 164 178 187 195 219 239 245 274 308 326 SOLUTION CASTING, 201 SOLUTION COPOLYMERISATION, 296 SOLUTION POLYMERISATION, 35 194 240 289 296 SOLVENT, 35 52 195 222 239 250 288 296 307 309 310 337 SOLVENT CAST, 290 SOLVENT EVAPORATION, 239 307 SOLVENT SPINNING, 222 SOLVENT-FREE, 328 SOLVENTLESS, 271 SORBIC ACID, 23 SPECTROPHOTOMETER, 2 SPECTROSCOPY, 4 13 14 18 19 20 21 52 59 61 66 72 84 94 108 120 133 143 178 185 238 296 310 SPINNING, 5 10 78 138 201 SPONGE, 214 245 246 SPORTSWEAR, 68 197 217 SPRAY COATING, 250 SPRAY DRYING, 120 198 SPUN BONDED, 323 STAIN RESISTANCE, 53 STAINING, 86 95 109 122 STAINLESS STEEL, 13 54 135 STANDARD, 26 101 106 249 STANDARDISATION, 202 STAPHYLOCOCCUS, 290 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, 9 15 42 43 78 90 108 117 121 243 255 306 310 313 321 335 STARCH, 3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, 264 STATISTICAL COPOLYMER, 320

110

STEARIC ACID, 322 STEEL, 13 54 135 STENT, 124 STERILISATION, 85 123 125 152 171 271 323 STERILISING AGENT, 103 STETHOSCOPE, 85 STONE, 162 STORAGE, 71 91 107 135 141 251 STORAGE CONTAINER, 285 STORAGE STABILITY, 34 122 206 STORAGE TIME, 251 STUCCO FINISH, 162 STYRENE, 177 208 STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 76 STYRENE COPOLYMER, 76 152 176 177 194 STYRENE POLYMER, 85 122 164 165 166 256 259 285 STYRENE-BUTADIENESTYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 239 STYRENE-DIENE COPOLYMER, 239 STYRENE-ETHYLENE BUTYLENE-STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 140 239 STYRENEETHYLENEBUTYLENESTYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 140 239 STYRENE-ISOPRENE-STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 239 STYRENE-VINYLPYRIDINE COPOLYMER, 158 SULFATE, 104 SULFONATE, 104 SULFONATION, 104 208 SULFURIC ACID, 251 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 5 14 152 239 289 SURFACE ACTIVITY, 183 288 SURFACE CHARGE, 306 SURFACE COATING, 123 SURFACE COVERAGE, 93 SURFACE FINISH, 278 SURFACE MODIFICATION, 93 103 143 327 SURFACE MORPHOLOGY, 177 SURFACE PROPERTIES, 61 82 94 123 142 177 194 319 SURFACE STRUCTURE, 89 SURFACE TENSION, 20 38 SURFACE TREATMENT, 5 93 103 108 115 127 143 146 156 253

288 321 SURFACTANT, 5 14 102 152 239 289 SURGICAL ADHESIVE, 45 161 271 SURGICAL APPLICATION, 13 40 76 125 140 184 200 201 212 214 233 239 265 SURGICAL DRAPE, 271 SURGICAL GLOVES, 76 140 184 200 239 318 SURGICAL GOWN, 13 40 125 200 201 212 214 SURGICAL TUBING, 122 SUSPENSION POLYMERISATION, 111 176 177 240 289 SUTURE, 18 145 201 281 304 SWELLING, 193 305 339 SWELLING AGENT, 299 SWIMMING POOL, 97 152 197 217 SYNERGISM, 2 50 276 282 318 SYNTHESIS, 15 24 35 57 58 59 60 63 133 134 154 173 181 185 199 231 235 240 244 255 273 306 310 SYNTHETIC FIBRE, 126 138 SYNTHETIC LEATHER, 197 SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 76 184

T TACKIFIER, 271 TANK, 110 135 TAPE, 271 TARPAULIN, 97 166 TARTAR CONTROL, 45 TEAT, 184 TEBUCONAZOLE, 158 211 TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE, 215 TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY, 33 TENSILE PROPERTIES, 18 117 142 264 TENSILE STRENGTH, 117 TERMITE, 172 TERPOLYMER, 45 TEST METHOD, 2 7 8 10 26 28 39 40 48 49 50 64 70 71 74 76 77 79 83 86 87 91 95 96 98 100 101 103 106 107 109 115 122 125 126 132 133 134 135 136 147 165 175 183 185 197 202 238 241 249 252 262 264 267 273 275 281 296 301 304 315 326 336

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

TESTING, 2 26 39 48 49 50 64 71 74 76 77 86 91 95 96 98 109 115 122 147 165 183 197 202 241 264 267 301 304 326 336 TEXTILE, 11 34 65 120 138 162 209 321 TEXTILE APPLICATION, 22 28 39 83 304 TEXTILE COATING, 120 TEXTILE FINISH, 70 120 243 THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION, 174 324 THERMAL ANALYSIS, 19 137 THERMAL CROSSLINKING, 46 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION, 296 THERMAL DEGRADATION, 19 69 88 THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 19 21 24 52 121 309 THERMAL POLYMERISATION, 289 THERMAL PROPERTIES, 24 78 125 133 239 305 309 THERMAL STABILITY, 24 30 51 65 67 80 83 85 91 96 119 122 150 164 165 211 215 242 258 285 291 THERMAL TREATMENT, 30 THERMOFORMING, 125 196 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 19 21 24 52 121 309 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER, 76 85 96 97 131 140 239 THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER, 76 85 96 97 131 140 239 THROMBIN, 104 THROMBOGENICITY, 104 TIN COMPOUND, 320 TITANIA, 105 164 220 TITANIUM, 292 322 TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 105 164 220 TITRATION, 177 TOILET REQUISITES, 163 TOILET SEAT, 62 TOLUENE, 52 239 TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE, 61 TOLYL DIISOCYANATE, 61 TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE, 61 TOOTHBRUSH, 49 163 TOUCH SCREEN, 167 TOXICITY, 37 80 97 101 111 121 122 126 165 181 188 210 217 220 229 242 258 262 266

TOXICOLOGY, 147 209 TOYS, 49 257 258 261 268 284 285 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 5 10 13 20 54 66 94 121 133 134 158 177 179 TRANSPARENCY, 31 151 207 238 264 TRAY, 81 85 125 TRIAZINE, 210 TRIAZOLYL GROUP, 211 TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER, 140 239 TRIBUTYL TIN, 210 235 TRICHLOROHYDROXY DIPHENYL ETHER, 165 TRICHLOROMETHYLTHIO PHTHALAMIDE, 166 TRICLOSAN, 36 96 114 139 150 285 TRIMETHYLSILOXY GROUP, 211 TRISILOXANE, 225 291 TUBING, 55 80 85 91 96 122 125 126 212

U ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION, 20 30 71 79 93 103 238 262 327 ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, 93 ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY, 24 52 UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 94 159 UPHOLSTERY, 321 UREA RESIN, 62 65 UREA-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN, 62 65 URETHANE COPOLYMER, 243 URETHANE POLYMER, 181 URINE, 55 UROLOGY, 218 UROTROPIN, 175 UV ABSORBER, 238 UV ABSORPTION, 33 216 238 272 UV IRRADIATION, 20 30 79 327 UV RADIATION, 71 103 238 262 UV RESISTANCE, 211 326 UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, 296 UV SPECTROSCOPY, 19 24 52 66 238 UV SPECTRUM, 24 52 UV STABILISER, 238 UV STABILITY, 122 247 UV TRANSMISSION, 238

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

UV VIS SPECTROSCOPY, 19 66 238

V VANILLIN, 8 VAPOUR PERMEABILITY, 31 287 VAPOUR PRESSURE OSMOMETRY, 309 VAPOUR TRANSMISSION, 38 VARNISH, 231 235 VEGETABLE EXTRACT, 71 VIBRATION DAMPING, 53 VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY, 4 13 19 21 24 52 59 61 178 238 243 296 VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, 14 152 VINYL ACETATE POLYMER, 240 275 VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER, 57 152 VINYL ALCOHOL POLYMER, 214 246 VINYL CHLORIDE COPOLYMER, 152 VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER, 51 145 VINYL CYANIDE, 18 VINYL CYANIDE COPOLYMER, 18 22 152 VINYL ETHER COPOLYMER, 45 VINYL HALIDE POLYMER, 51 VINYL PHOSPHONIUM COPOLYMER, 333 VINYL PYRIDINE COPOLYMER, 176 177 239 VINYL PYRIDINE POLYMER, 115 146 158 VINYL PYRROLIDONE, 193 VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE COPOLYMER, 23 VINYLPYRIDINE COPOLYMER, 176 177 239 VIRUCIDE, 239 VIRUS, 90 115 200 238 274 280 319 VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES, 40 VISCOMETRY, 296 VISCOSE, 11 121 VISCOSITY, 19 20 24 52 92 296 336 VISCOSITY RATIO, 1 VISIBLE LIGHT, 272 VISIBLE SPECTRA, 19 66 296 VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY, 19 66

111

Subject Index

238 296 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND, 301 VOLUME FRACTION, 100 155 VULCANISATE, 75 VULCANISATION, 40 47 80 239

X-RAY SCATTERING, 18 78 X-RAY SPECTRA, 18 20 X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY, 18 20 93

W

YARN, 74 254 304 315 YEAST, 52 63 115 213 336

WALL COVERING, 321 WASHING, 10 22 34 70 102 108 115 127 243 WASHOUT RESISTANCE, 121 WASTE, 33 WASTE BIN, 147 WATER, 35 58 135 178 187 189 248 308 335 339 WATER ABSORPTION, 136 142 WATER FILTER, 310 WATER INSOLUBLE, 42 89 WATER INSULATION, 217 WATER REPELLENT, 53 108 WATER RESISTANCE, 108 136 286 WATER SOLUBILITY, 21 50 77 84 100 232 237 245 274 WATER TREATMENT, 90 168 306 310 334 335 WATER VAPOUR PERMEABILITY, 31 287 WATER VAPOUR TRANSMISSION, 38 WATERPROOFING, 38 WEATHER RESISTANCE, 86 WEATHERABILITY, 242 WEATHERING, 86 WEATHEROMETER, 2 WEED CONTROL, 238 WEIGHT AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 19 224 225 226 WETTING AGENT, 102 WHISKER, 53 WOOD, 115 162 WOOD FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 97 WOOD TREATMENT, 158 188 WOUND DRESSING, 25 122 126 131 204 271 WOVEN FABRIC, 138 254 WOVEN FIBRE, 138

Y

Z ZEOLITE, 5 211 317 338 ZINC, 30 61 292 322 ZINC ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 136 ZINC COMPOUND, 30 51 251 270 ZINC ION, 314 ZINC OXIDE, 220 ZINC PROTOPORPHYRIN, 93 ZINC PYRITHIONE, 30 51 110 165 183 210 ZINC SILICATE, 220 ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHATE, 83

X X-RAY ANALYSIS, 54 X-RAY DIFFRACTION, 18 78 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, 18 20 93

112

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Company Index

Company Index A ABBOTT LABORATORIES, 233 ACIMA, 190 ADDMASTER, 62 71 130 164 AG CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LTD.INC., 252 AGION TECHNOLOGIES, 125 AKCROS CHEMICALS, 30 51 109 110 111 112 113 183 ALABAMA,UNIVERSITY, 255 ALTRAN CORP., 185 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 115 AMHERST,MASSACHUSETTS UNIVERSITY, 60 AMIRKABIR,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 134 ARCH CHEMICALS INC., 206 AST PRODUCTS INC., 123 ASTRA PRODUCTS, 167 AUBURN,UNIVERSITY, 42 43 90 117 132 137 140 141 143 152 184 244 255 303 310 335 AUSTIN,UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, 59 AVECIA LTD., 28 178 AVECIA PROTECTION & HYGIENE, 39 86 95

B BARD C.R.,INC., 55 BARODA,MS UNIVERSITY, 61 BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE, 101 BAXTER INTERNATIONAL INC., 318 BAYER AG, 275 BEIJING,CPLA, 38 BELFAST,QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY, 124 BERNARD TECHNOLOGIES INC., 71 129 BETZ LABORATORIES INC., 334 BIO-GATE BIOINNOVATIVE MATERIALS, 7 BIOINTERACTIONS LTD., 104 BIOKA LTD., 71 BIOMOLECULAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE LTD., 293 BIOMONTAN, 41 BIOPOLYMERIX INC., 160 223 BLOCK DRUG CO.INC., 161 BORDEAUX,UNIVERSITY, 27

BOSTIK FINDLEY INC., 36 BUCKMAN LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL INC., 308 BULGARIA,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS & PARASITIC DISEASES, 40 BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 273

DOW CHEMICAL CO., 155 DR.W.NOVIS SMITH & CO.INC., 332 DUPONT, 71 220 DUPONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO., 227 327

C

EASTMAN KODAK CO., 337 ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DE CHIMIE DE MULHOUSE, 239 EIA WARENHANDELS GMBH, 71 ELF ATOCHEM SA, 159 EMANUEL INSTITUTE OF BIOCHEMICAL PHYSICS, 35 EMORY UNIVERSITY, 93 ENSINGER GMBH, 125 EU,SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR FOOD, 71 EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 71

CALGON, 282 CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY, 137 156 204 CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY AT DAVIS, 22 34 70 73 90 108 120 CHARLOTTESVILLE,INS TITUTE OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY, 34 CHEMVIRON SPECIALITY CHEMICALS LTD., 282 CHEVRON PHILLIPS, 71 CHINA,TEXTILE UNIVERSITY, 187 CHONNAM,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 149 CHUNGNAM,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 20 70 CIBA SPECIALTY CHEMICALS, 2 71 99 241 CLARIANT, 71 119 CLARIANT HUNINGUE SA, 197 CLEMSON,UNIVERSITY, 1 139 COLOGNE,UNIVERSITY, 290 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 276 288 CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 269 CPCHEM, 71 CREANOVA INC., 267 CREAVIS GESELLSCHAFT FUR TECHNOLOGIE & INNOVATION MBH, 88 129 CRETE,UNIVERSITY, 199 CSIRO, 81

D DAIKYO CO.LTD., 292 322 DAK AMERICAS LLC, 17 DEGUSSA AG, 89 129 173 DELAWARE,UNIVERSITY, 142 180 182 DESIGNTEX INC., 321 DONG HUA,UNIVERSITY, 22 38

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

E

F FENG CHIA,UNIVERSITY, 243 FERRO CORP., 221 258 FREIBURG,ALBERT-LUDWIGS UNIVERSITY, 105 FREIBURG,UNIVERSITY, 4 64 66

G G+G INTERNATIONAL INC., 283 GELTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC., 174 GEORGIA,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 93 GEORGIA,UNIVERSITY, 213 GHENT,UNIVERSITY, 114 175 GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO., 248 GRAZ,TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT, 72 GUANGDONG KINTE NEW MATERIAL R AND D CO.LTD., 10 GUJARAT,SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY, 19 194 GUJART STATE FERTILISERS CO.LTD., 309

113

Company Index

H

J

HAGIWARA RESEARCH CORP., 314 HAKIN PHARMACEUTICAL CO., 58 HALOSOURCE, 90 117 132 137 140 141 156 204 HANYANG,UNIVERSITY, 78 208 251 HASBRO INC., 257 HINDUSTAN INKS & RESINS LTD., 296 HITACHI CHEMICAL FILTEC INC., 207 HUELS AG, 169 HUNTINGDON MILLS (CANADA) LTD., 17 HUTCHINSON SA, 76

JACKSON,STATE UNIVERSITY, 14 JAGIELLONIAN,UNIVERSITY, 94 JAPAN ELECTRONIC MATERIALS CORP., 314 JAPAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CO.LTD., 278 JERUSALEM,HEBREW UNIVERSITY, 254 JIAXING,WOUND DRESSING RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 25 JOHNSON & JOHNSON VISION PRODUCTS INC., 216 339

I IBARAKI,CHRISTIAN JUNIOR COLLEGE, 154 ICET INC., 218 IDEMITSU PETROCHEMICAL CO.LTD., 236 ILLINOIS,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 182 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 18 INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGICAL SERVICE LTD., 106 INHA,UNIVERSITY, 20 57 INSA, 27 INSTITUT DE CHIMIE DES SURFACES ET INTERFACES, 239 INSTITUTO PER LA CORROSIONE MARINA DEI METALLI, 262 INTERFACE INC., 286 INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION RESEARCH GROUP, 336 INTERNATIONAL SPECIALTY PRODUCTS, 50 INUI CORP., 186 IRAN,POLYMER & PETROCHEMICAL INSTITUTE, 58 IRAN,POLYMER INSTITUTE, 133 IRKUTSK,INSTITUTE, 170 ISP EUROPE, 6

114

K KABARDINOBALKAR,UNIVERSITY, 35 KAFKAS,UNIVERSITY, 63 KAISUI KAGAKU KENKYUJO KK, 242 KANSAI PAINT CO.LTD., 136 KI CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO.LTD., 277 KIMBERLY-CLARK CORP., 291 KIMBERLY-CLARK WORLDWIDE INC., 224 225 226 KISHIMOTO SANGYO CO.LTD., 270 KOMAX INDUSTRIAL, 135 KOREA,ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 42 43 208 251 KOREA,INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY, 84 KOREA,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY, 135 KUKBO PHARMA.CO.LTD., 250 KUMOH,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 84 KURARAY CO.LTD., 325 KYUNGNAM,UNIVERSITY, 71 92 144

L L’OREAL, 263 LENZING AG, 138 LIEGE,UNIVERSITY, 13 LINTEC CORP., 151 LODZ,CENTRE OF

MOLECULAR & MACROMOLECULAR STUDIES, 11 74 LODZ,COPERNICUS MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, 74 LODZ,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL FIBRES, 150 LODZ,TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, 74 148 281 313 315 LODZ,UNIVERSITY, 304 330 LONG ISLAND,UNIVERSITY, 115 LOUISIANA,STATE UNIVERSITY, 234 LYON,UNIVERSITE CLAUDE BERNARD, 27

M MADRID,UNIVERSIDAD DE ALCALA, 238 MANCHESTER,METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY, 128 MASSACHUSETTS,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 115 MASSACHUSETTS,UNIVERSIT Y, 115 MEDICAL CONCEPTS DEVELOPMENT INC., 271 MENDELEEV UNIVERSITY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 199 MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY, 23 MICHIGAN,TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 158 MICROBAN INTERNATIONAL, 191 MICROBAN PRODUCTS CO., 163 MICROBIAL SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL LTD., 164 MILLIKEN, 12 17 32 46 47 68 69 71 75 80 83 127 135 MINNESOTA MINING & MFG. CO., 323 MIT, 146 MITSUBISHI, 71 MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD., 279 MITSUBISHI BELTING LTD., 270 MOCHIGASE ELECTRIC TECHNICAL CO.LTD., 195

N NANJING,UNIVERSITY, 306 NESTE POLYESTER, 256

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

Company Index

NESTLE BUITONI, 71 NEW YORK,CITY UNIVERSITY, 115 NEW YORK,PACE UNIVERSITY, 115 NGF EUROPE LTD., 100 NIPPON CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL, 298 NIPPON EISEI CENTER CO.LTD., 228 NIPPON INDUSTRIAL CO.LTD., 333 NORTH CAROLINA,STATE UNIVERSITY, 201 NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY, 115 NOVA CHEMICALS INC., 172

O OIL INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY, 72 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, 42 43

P PAINT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION, 79 103 PARIS XIII,UNIVERSITE, 189 PARIS,UNIVERSITY, 181 PAXCHEM LTD., 102 PENNSYLVANIA,UNIVERSITY, 115 PERSTORP AB, 62 PERSTORP COMPOUNDS, 48 POLAND,TEXTILE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 11 POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 148 189 POLYPLASTICS CO.LTD., 311 POZNAN,INSTITUTE OF NATURAL FIBRES, 87 PROCTER & GAMBLE CO., 45 PURDUE,UNIVERSITY, 264

Q QINGDAO,UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 9

R READING,UNIVERSITY, 104 RECKITT & COLMAN INC., 245 297 RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, 115

REPSOL SA, 238 ROEKO GMBH & CO.,DENTALERZEUGNISSE, 153 ROHM & HAAS, 77 190 ROYALITE PLASTICS LTD., 256 RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 170 229 295 RUTGERS,UNIVERSITY, 1

S SAGAMI CHEMICAL RESEARCH CENTER, 277 SANGMYUNG,UNIVERSITY, 57 SANITIZED AG, 29 SANITIZED MARKETING, 129 197 217 SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY, 24 52 296 309 SCHUELKE & MAYR GMBH, 300 326 SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 115 SEIKO EPSON CORP., 298 333 SHAHEED BEHESHTI UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 58 SHANBROM TECHNOLOGIES, 145 214 SHANGHAI,NEW & SPECIAL TEXTILE RESEARCH CENTER, 38 SHEFFIELD,HALLAM UNIVERSITY, 178 SHELL CHEMICAL CO., 140 SHIN-ETSU CHEMICAL CO.LTD., 211 317 338 SHUELKER & MAYR GMBH, 301 SINOPEC, 5 SION NARROW-WEAVING, 254 SLASKA,POLYTECHNIC, 231 240 SOFIA,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 40 SOFIA,INSTITUTE OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 40 SOONGSIL,UNIVERSITY, 84 SOUTH CHINA,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 10 168 176 177 179 219 SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI,UNIVERSITY, 14 21 STS BIOPOLYMERS INC., 233 SUMIYOSHI KINZOKU

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

CO.LTD., 195 SURFACINE DEVELOPMENT CO.INC., 160 223 SYNTHETIC INDUSTRIES INC., 157

T TAIWAN,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 82 TANTA,UNIVERSITY, 8 TECHNOLOGY LICENSING CO., 215 TECHNOLOGY SCIENCES GROUP INC., 49 TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE, 58 TEIJIN CHEMICALS LTD., 314 THOR CHEMICALS (UK) LTD., 289 328 THOR GROUP MANAGEMENT LTD., 98 THOR SPECIALITIES UK, 128 TIANJIN,UNIVERSITY, 121 TOAGOSEI CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO.LTD., 260 331 TOKYO,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 115 TOPCHIEV INSTITUTE OF PETROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS, 35 TORONTO,UNIVERSITY, 185 TOTAL QUALITY MARKETING INTERNATIONAL INC., 287 TOYO BOSEKI KK, 237 TRIOSYN CORP., 101 TROY CHEMIE GMBH, 37 TROY CORP., 198 TROY TECHNOLOGY CORP. INC., 162 TSUBAKIMOTO CHAIN CO., 302 TUFTS UNIVERSITY, 146

U UNILEVER NV, 324 329 UNILEVER PLC, 324 329 US,DEPT.OF AGRICULTURE, 213 319 US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 83 257 US,FLEXIBLE PACKAGING ASSN., 71 US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION, 71 118 126 US,NAVY, 320

115

Company Index

V VANSON-HALOSOURCE, 42 43 VERICHEM INC., 44 VICOSA,FEDERAL UNIVERSITY, 107 VICTOR INTERNATIONAL PLASTICS LTD., 256 VIRGINIA,UNIVERSITY, 200 VISQUEEN LTD., 272 VP & RPTP SCIENCE COLLEGE, 296 VTT BIOTECHNOLOGY & FOOD RESEARCH, 31

W WARMM SCIENCES LLC, 232 WELL PLASTICS LTD., 91 WELLS PLASTICS LTD., 96 122 126 131 165 WESTAIM TECHNOLOGIES INC., 171 WIPAK WALSRODE GMBH & CO.KG, 71 WISCONSIN,UNIVERSITY, 54 115

X XIAN,UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 56 XIOMATERIA LTD., 124 XOMED SURGICAL PRODUCTS INC., 246

Y YISSUM RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CO., 254 YIZHENG CHEMICAL FIBER CO.LTD., 5

Z ZENECA BIOCIDES, 247 249 ZENECA LTD., 294 316 ZHEJIANG,UNIVERSITY, 15 ZURICH,FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 107

116

© Copyright 2005 Rapra Technology Limited

DOCUMENTS DIRECT (Document Delivery Service) The Polymer Library (www.polymerlibrary.com) is the world’s most comprehensive collection of information on the rubber, plastics, composites and adhesives industries. The fully searchable database covers approximately 500 regular journals as well as conference proceedings, reports, books, company brochures and data sheets. Almost all the articles selected for the database can be ordered in full text through our document delivery department. Non-patent requests are usually despatched within 24 hours of receipt (Monday to Friday). ● We have a large collection of literature directly related to the industries we serve and can offer a personal service

with minimal bureaucracy, based on detailed knowledge of our stock. ● Many of the documents held at Rapra are not available via other services. This is particularly the case for our

extensive and unique collection of company literature and data sheets. ● We offer a fast turnaround service (within one working day) combined with a range of delivery options. Some

full text documents are available as PDF Àles which can be downloaded immediately

SPEED OF DELIVERY Non-patent documents are despatched from Rapra within 24 hours of receipt (Monday - Friday) of request using Àrst class mail within the UK, and airmail for the rest of the world. If you request e-mail or fax service, delivery will be within hours anywhere in the world.

HOW TO ORDER Orders can be made by post, fax, telephone, e-mail, on-line via the website database (http://www.polymerlibrary. com), or through an online host. When ordering please include your full company details and which documents you require, quoting one of the following: 1. Accession Number or Copyquest number or, 2. Full Bibliographic Details Please include which payment method you wish to use and how you wish to receive the article (i.e. e-mail, post, fax, etc.) Documents can be ordered from Rapra online using the appropriate command of your online host. In this case we will issue you with an invoice and statement every three months. For further information, please see www.rapra.net/absdocs/copyquest.htm or contact Sheila Cheese or Jackie McCarthy on +44 (0)1939 250383 or e-mail [email protected].