Piping Design and Engineering - 6th Ed

rfl Grinnell Industrial Piping, Inc. PIPING DESIGN cnd ENGINEERING SIXTH EDITION (Revised 1981) ITT PIPING DESIGN ...

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rfl

Grinnell Industrial Piping, Inc.

PIPING DESIGN cnd

ENGINEERING SIXTH EDITION (Revised 1981)

ITT

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING CoPYRIGHT 1963, 1971, 19?8, 1976, 1981 ITT GRINNELL CORPORATION

ll5fl]I crionell Industrial piping, Inc. AII tiEhtsresetved includinEthose undet the I

ntetnat ionat and Pan-Ametican CopyriEht

Convent;ons. This book, ot parts thercoL may not be reprcduced in any Iorm without permisston ot ITT Grinne Coeoration. PRINTED

IN TIIE sP 3000

U.S.A.,

1981

FOREWORD The plan of this book has been to compile in a single publication engineering data

and technical information for the use of engineers engaged in the design and application of pressure piping systems hitherto available only by consulting a number of sources. To this we have added considerable material never previously published. We have endeavored to cover, as broadly as possible, all ofthe more importantphases

of piping design and engineering. We gratefully acknowledge our indebtedness to all members ofthe engineering staff

of ITT Grinnell Industrial Piping Inc. and theITT Grinnell PipeHanger Division who

had a Dart in the production of this material.

fII

Cti"rr"tt Industrial Piping, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

yiii

Code Requirement s

E)CAi\SION AND

STRESSES

Introduction,

1

Nomenclature and Symbols.

2

.

Pipe Wall Thickness

2

Stresses. . Cold Springing Modulus of Torsional Rigidity

3 .

Thermal Expansion Srress

Intensification Factor

Flexibility Factor .

7 8 8

.

.

Expalsion Facior, c . Properties of Pipe-Curvature Factors

of Common Shapes 90o Tum .

Tables

11

..

r'7

20 20

Hooked Z Shape

2l U Shape with Equal Tangents . U Shape with Tangenls Lr / 12= 2 U Shape with Tang ents Lj I $= 3 U Shape with Tangetts Li I L;= 4 U Shape with Single Tangent U Shape - Unequal Legs. . . . UShape -Equallegs . . . . .

UShape-Modihed..

...

.

22 24 25

26 27 28 28

.

Two Plane U. Two Plane U - With Tangents Thee Dimensional 90o Turns

29

30 .

Expansion Bends. Double Offset Expansion Bend Circle Bend Exparsion U Bend. Expansion U Bend Tangents = 2 feet Expansion U Bend Tangents =R Exparsion U Bend Tangents = 2R . Expansion U Bend Targents = 4R

Double Offset U Bend

34 38 39

40 41

42 44

.....

45

Lines Inertias Center of GmYity

Centroid

.

Product of Inertia Moment of Inertia Functions of . Functions ofR

O

.

........

46 46 47 49 )l 51

Single Plane System Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs

...

.

52 54

Multiple Plane System Containing Circular Arcs .

.

62

Multiple Plane System

.....

f,t)

VEI,OCITY AND PRESSURE DROP Equivalent kngth of Fittings Flow ofwaier in Standard Wall Pipe . Reynolds Number - Friction Factor.

Viscosity

Kinematic Flow ofwater in TypeZ Copper Flow of Steam in Standard Wall Flow of Steam Conversion Flow of Iow Pressure Gas in Standard Wall Pipe . . . Flow of High Pressure Gas in Standard WallPipe. . .

Tube Pipe. Factors

. .

.......68 -.....,,., 70 . .. . ,.. ... 72 ......72 ...,...,. 73 .,,...,,.. 74 ......, ., . .. 76 .. .. , ,. 77 . , . . . . . 79

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

HEAT TRANSFER

80

PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATINGS. . . . .

.

.

81

Seamless Carbon Steel Grade B,

A.S.Tlvt. A53 and A 106 Seamless Carbon Steel Grade C, A.S.T.M. A106 Seamless Clxomium,Silicon-Molybdenum Steel A.S.T.M. A335 Grade p1 I 1/a% Chromjtm - th% Molybdenum Seamless Chromium-Molydenum Steel A.S.T.M. A335 Grad,e p2Z 2/e% Ctvomium 1% Molybdenum Seamless Stainless Steel A.S.TM. A312 and 4376 Grades 304 & 304H Seamless Stainless Steel A.S.T.M. 4312 and A376 Grades 316 &316H A.S.T.M. Chemical Requirements .

82 85

88

-

91

94 98

t02

Selection of Materials Piping and Tubing Materials. . . Fitting and Flange Matedals . . Bolting Materials . Gasket Materials Corrosion Chemical Resistance of Piping Materials. Pr-esure-Temperalure Ratings for Steel pipe Flalges and Flanged Fittrngs Alloy-Stee1 Bolt Stud Dimensions. Numbers for Ring-Joint Gaskets and Grooves . . Sugg€sted Specifications for Power Plant piping Materials

103

to4 105 106 107 113

122

124 128

PIPE FABRICATION Procedures . Pipe Bending Tolerances. . . . . Method of Dimensioning Welded Assemblies. . . .

129 130 .

133

FabricatingTolerances. . . . . Butt Welding End Preparation

134

Manual Shielded Metal-Arc and Automatic Submerged Arc Welding . . Manual Inert-Gas Tungsten-Arc Root Pass Welcling. Butt Welding Ends to ANSI 816.25 and p.F.I. ES-1 Typical Details of Bnnch Connections Brarch and Flange Comections Commercial Split Type Backing Ring ITT Grinaell Consumable Backing Rings Standard Pipe Bends Calculations of Pipe Bends kngth of Arcs for Radius

NUCLEAR PIPING

.

135

136 137 139

t40 1,41

t46

PIPE HANGERS AND SUPPORTS The Design of Pipe Hangen . . . . . The Determination of llanger Locations . . . . . Hanger Spans Thermal Movement Calculations.

149 1s0

.

150 153

Hangerload Calculations. . . . Center of Gravity of Bends and Elbows

1s6 158

Selection of the Proper llanger.

Rigid Hangers

Rollers .

162 164

.

.

168 170

Typical Pipe Support Specifications

vl

TABLE OF CONTENTS PIPE HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

. Materials . . Pipe Pipe. .. . . . Beam Dimensions Force Applied at Hanger...

Weights of Piping Materials

Page

(continued)

......172 ......., 198 .,.... L99 -.....2OO .,....201 .....,,....202 ........ . 203 ....,.204 ......,205

.

Thermal Expansion of Piping Insulation Weight Factors . . Deflection of Empty Pipe . . Bending Stress in Empty Bending Stress in Water Filled Minimum Distance to First RigidHanger.

GENERAI TABLES Thermal Expansion of Pipe Materials Propefiies of Saturated Stea.n . Tamna'arrr"o h- ar^ l^'

206 206

.

207

BTU Content and Theoretica! Air Requlements for Combustion of Various Fuels. Heat I-os from Horizontal Bare Steel Pipes . . . . . Wirc and Sheet Metal Guages .

Drill

207

201 208 209 209 209 210

Sizes

Americal National Wood Sqews Tap Drills for ANSI Pipe Threads Tap Dril1 Sizes for Unified and American Screw Threads. Safe Loads for Chains and Ropes Areas and Circumferences of Circles for Diameters in Units and Fractions Table for Gauging Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks - Flat Ends

Weight per Foot of Solid Steel Rounds Equalization of Pipe Discharge Rates. Equalization of Copper Tubing Discharge Rates . Safe I-oads on Steel Pipe Columns American Standard Taper Tfueads Anerican Standard Straight Tfueads . General Thread Information . Bdtish Standard Taper Tlueads Normal Engagement for Tight Joints.

TrigonometdcFormulas. . . .

211 216 219

220 222 222 223 224

.

225

22s 226 226 227

.

Natural Functions of Angles . Ilardness Comparison. . . . . . Properties of Common Materials. Weights in Lbs / Ft.3 of Air at Various Presswes and Temperatues. . . Specific Gravity of Gases Related to Free Ar . . . . . .

Temperatueconyenions

.,

..,.

228 230 232 232 233 234 235 236 237

.

hessureConversions . . hoperties ofwater at Satuntion Pressure . . Decimal Equivalents. . . .. . . Metric ConversionTable. . . .

...

Conversion Factors

238

hoperties of Pipe Index

244

250

Bibliography,

...,.....

vu

Z5S

CODE REQUIREMENTS

Codes fo! various piping services have been developed by nationally rccognized bodies. The sound engineering psctices incorporated in these Codes indicate the minimum safety requirements for the selection of materials, dimensions, design, ercction, ard testing of piping systems. By means of inte4retation and revision thes€ Codes continua.lly reflect the knowledge gained through the research and expeiience of the entirc industly. Generaly, piping Codes form the basis for state or municipal safety laws, Compliance with a Code which has attained this status is mandatory for a.l1 systems induded withir its judsdiction. Although some of today's piping installations are not witiin the scope of.Lny maldatory Code, it is advisable to comply with the applicable Code in the intelests of safety and as a basis for contract negotiaXions. Crntracts with valious ageocies of the Federal Government are regulated by FedeEl specifications or lules which have no direct connection with

the Codes enumerated below, Use$ of this book are cautioned that the piping Codes are now changing morc often than in previous years. Although the fotmulas and other data in this book are in accordance with the Code rles in effect at the time of this pubtcation, it must be recognized that Cod€ fldes may change, and piping engineering and design work pelfolmed in accoralance with infolmation contained herein does not provide complete assurance that all Code rcqufuements have been met, The reader is urged to faniliadze himself with the Code Editioo and Adderda which contain mandatory requirements applicable to his work, The A.S,M.E. Boiler and hessure Vess€l Code is mandatory in many cities and states in the United States and Canada. Local application of this Code into law is oot uniform, making it necessary to investigate the city or state laws which have jurisdiction o1€r the installatiod in question. Compliance witi this Code is required in al locations to qualify fot insuance apprcval, Section I: "Powe! Boilers" concems all piping connections to pover boilers or superheaters including the first stop valve on single boilels, ot including the second stop valve fo! qoss con]lected multiple boiler installations. Section refe$ to ANSI 831.1 which conlains rules for design and constuction of "boile! extemal piping". "Boiler extemal piping" is under the julisdiction of Section I and requfues inspection and code stamping in accordance with Section I even though the flrles fo! its design and construction are contained in ANSI 831.1. Section II: "Matedal Specifications" gives detailed specilications of the materiat which are acceptable under this Code. Section "Nuclear Components " co'Icems all nuclear piping. ft is the responsibility of the designer to determine whether or not a particular piping $ystem is "nuclear" piping, since Section III makes this determination the rcsponsibility of the designer. ln geneol, piping whose failurc could result ir the release of radiation which would endanger the public or plant persormel is considered "nuclear" piping, Section VIII: "Unlired Prcssure Vessels" concems piping, or|ly to the extent of the flanged or threaded connections to the vess€l; exc€pt that the ertire section vill apply in those special cases where unlired pressure vessels are made from pipe and fittings. Section IX: "Welding and Brazirg Qualifications" establishes the minimum requilements for Crde welding.

I

III

Section

Xl:

"Rules for Inseivice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components" contains rulos for the

examination and repair of components throughout the life of the plant, A.S.M.E. also sponsors and publishes the following American National Standards on piping, Variou$ U.S. and Canadiao legislatures have adopted some of these standards as legal requircment$ for that piping. The minimum s€fety requirements of these standards have been accepted by the irdustry as a staidaid for all piping outside the jurisdictiol of othei C,odes. The piping systems covered by these standaJds are lirted belorv: 1: Power Piping 831.1 2i Fuel cas Piping B31.2 3: Petroleum Refinery Piping B31.3 4: Liquid Petroleum Transpodation Piping Syslems 831.4 5: Refr(geration Piping B31.5 6: Cas Tmnsmfusion and Distribution Piping Systems 831,8

I'f'T'

(IIiIN\I.]I,I, IIPIN(i DUSl(iN A\D

DN(IINI'I'IIINC

EXPANSION AND STRESSES INTRODUCTION

Iu order to

of expausic,rr .rrrd is necessary to kno$':

determine the effects

stresses $'ithin a piping system,

it

1. Which Code applies to the system. 2. The design pressure and temper?ture conditions. 3. The material specification. 4. 'l'he pipe size and nall thickness of each of the pipirg components. 5. The layout of the system inclu iing dimensions and the thermal movements, if any, of the terminal points.

6. Limitations of end reactions on termilal points as established by equipment manufacturers. Having determined the basis of the problem, the applicable Code l'ill establish minimum safety requirements for the material at the design conditions of pressure and tcmperature. Some Codes s'pecify thermal expansion Iactors and moduli of elasticity for commonly used piping materials as ryell as forrnulae to determine stress intensification factors and flexibility factors for piping components. Beyond this, the Codes impose no restrictions rvith regard to analysis methods or procedures. Hox'ever, Codes do state that in calculating the flexibility of a piping system betu'een anchor points, the system shall be treated as a tvhole, and that the significance of all parts of the line incLrding restraints such as solid hangers or guides shall be recognized. In addition, Codes require that calculations shall take into account stress intensification factors which apply to components other than sections of straight pipe. The ANSI 831.1 Code for Pressure Piping states that formal calculations or model tests shall be required 'where reasonable doubt exists a,s to the adequate flexibility of a system. In the absence of better information, the need for a formal stress analysis for a two-anchor system of uniform size is indicated when the following approximate criterion is not satisfied: DV

\tr -j*

u)'

lvhere D = nominel pipe

I : U: Z

:

Page 2 illustrates the application

of Code formulae

for pipe wall thickness.

<

o.o3

size,

in inches

resultant of movements to be absorbed by pipe line, in inches anchor distance (length of straight line joining anchors), in feet developed length of line axis, in feet

Use of the simplified methods, formulae and tables shown on the following pages rvill facilitate the solution of piping stress problems.

Page 7 gives thermal expansion factors for various piping materials. Page 3 to 5 define types of stress, the stress range concept and methods of combining stresses. Page 5 discusses cold springing and the ANSI 831.1 Code allowance for cold springing. Page 6 shows values for the modulus of elasticity and torsional rigidity of various piping materials. Page 11 gives the product of modulus of elasticity and the increment in length designated as Expansion

Factor

C.

The dimensional properties of pipe, stress intensification factors, and flexibility factors, for elborvs and bends are tabulated on pages 8 to 16 for all of the common pipe sizes. Formulae for derivation of dimensional propcrtics are given orr pagc 7 and formulae for stress intensification factors and flexibility factors for elbol-s and bends as rvell as other piping components &re given on page 8.

In order to simplify the calculation of stresses and anchor forces. trbles hare ["en pieprred lor various configurations commonly encountered in piping work. The first group, "Tables of Common Shapes" and examples demonstrating their application, is found on pages 17 to 32. The second group of tables, on "Expansion Bends" and examples of their use, is shol-n on pages 34 to 45. \lihen the configuration of a piping systern is such that the forementioned tables and short-cut methods lill not apply, it is necessary to solve the problem using the basic equations of analvtical methods. 'I'his involles use of line inertias of the various piping components for rvhich values may be computed using the tables and formulae given on pages46 to

81.

Basic

equations and representative examples illustrating their application are shown on pages 52 io 6? for the follorving cases: Single Plane System Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs Multiple Plane System Multiple Plane System Containing Circular Arcs

The piping engineer lho has a working knorvledge of the information outlined in this section can determine the anchor forces, moments and expansion stresses in rnost of the cases he encounters. For the analvsis

of speciat

cases such as branch ,,onnections, variable

or couugated sections, hinged anchors, moving anchors, etc., reference should be made to the bibliography.

]TT

GIII\NI'I,I, P]PI\G

DF]SI(iN

A\D

]IN(iINI.]I'ITI

\(;

NOMENCLATIIRE AND SYMBOLS

DETERMINATION OF PIPE WAI,L THICKNESS

The nomenclature used in this section rvill be in accordance Nith the tabulation shorr-n belorv:

The pipe rvall thickness is determined from the applicable formula of the pertirent C'ode as illustrated in the following cxample:

A1 Inside Area of Pipc Cross Sectior .4,y N{etal Area of Pipc Cross Section C Allorvarrce for 'fhreading, \lechanical Strength,

Giuen:

ard/or corrosion (inches), Cold Spring Factor

c

Expansion Factor (A function of the Product of

D d

and A) Center of Gravity Outside Diameter of Pipe Inside Diameter of Pipe

A

D" E

F 1,

Ip

I, Iza

Z

M P psi

for

specific

conditions) Length (feet)

Length (inches) Moment

,PD '^ = zs+ C

q

Section Modulus of Pipe Cross Section Pipe Wall Thickness Minimurn Pipe Wall Thickness Torque, or Temperature in "F

tm

T

r,t x)

Indicates Horizontal Direction (East-West)

at

Indicates Vertical Direction (Zenith-Nadir)

rl

-l a)

=l

in. (for l0 in. pipe)

from B31.1 Code from B31.1 Code

:

from page

10.75 in.

S ot 610. F

:

15,000 psil

Sat

:

14,350 psiJ

7oo"

F

ssr680'F:

14

from B31.1 Code

I

:

12]/6 from A.S.T.M. A-106

at 90' to

14,350

+

?(15,000

-

14,350)

:

14,610 psi

By substitution:

x

"ffi*H,.

t,,L

*

o ooo

:

0 427

in'

which is the theoretical minimum for rvall thickness without allorving for rvall thickness tolerance. Thickness adiusted for wall thickness tolerance:

-

Indicates Horizontal Direction (North South)

0.000

U:O.4

Stress

xl

ol

:

from 831.1 Code

Solution:

Unit

t

Wall Thickness (t-)

w-r L

Wall Thickness Tolerance

I

r

A.S.T.\I. 4-106 Grade B l0 in.

Datq,:

Pressure (gauge) (psi) Pounds per Square Inch

s

R

680" F

Nlaterial Nominal Pipe Size

D

Expansion Bend Factor N{ean Radius of a Bend, Reactions (Forces and Moments) I{ean Radius of Pipe Wall Allorvable Stress

a

1,200 psi

Temperature

Nlinimum Nominal \Vall Thickness (t)

Total Thermal Expansion Nominal Pipe Size Modulus of Elasticiiy at temperature (oF.) Force (in direction indicated by sub-ccript) Stress Intensifrcation Factor Moment of Inertia of Pipe Cross Section Moment of Inertia of a system about the X axis Product of Inertia of a system in the Xf plane,

Factors as indicated (constant

I

Section 1, ANSI 831.1

Pressure, (P)

lind.' \{inimum Theoretical

etc.

L

Code

0.+27 1007a

-

r2+%

1.00

-

0.125

0.427 0.875

-- lt ihl\ rn.

The nexi greater commercial rvall thickness is found from page 14 to be 0.500 inch rvhich corresponds to Sch.

ttO.

In other s'ords 0.500 inch nominal pipe wall thickness is the thinnest commercial rvall rvhich, r'hen reduced by the full tolerance of I2+7a, satisfies the Code formula for l-.

EXPANSION AND STRESSES

sp is negligible and is not considered in

STRESSES

An element of pipe wall is subjected to four stresses as shown in the diagram. The following gives the intensity of these stresses and the manner in which they may be combined. NorE: In order to avoid additional sircsses the suDDortg should be designed lo carry the weighus involved, to permil

these

computations, sa is the sum of two component parts:

1, Torsional stress resulting from thermal expansion, (This condition occurs only in multiple plane systems. )

''

'*4

unrestrained lhermal movement, and prelent load sbifting due to ch&nge iD position.

:

T 25^ --

2. Direct shear stress is negligible and is not, considered in these computations.

: : sc sn : sr : sr

The ANSI Code lor Pressure Piping 831.1 recognizes the concept of a stress-range with regard to stress due to thermal expansion. Stresses due to thermal expansion tend to diminish rvith time as a result of local yieldiug or creep. This reduction of stress rvill appear as stress of opposite sign in the cold condition. This phenomenon is knorvn as self-springing ol the line and is similar in efrect to cold-springing. Thus, although the hot stress tends to diminish with time, the sum of the hot and cold stresses for any one cycle lyill remain practically constant. This sum is called the stressrange and the Code lor Pressure Piping defines this allowable expansion stress r&nge in terms of hot, and cold tabular S values as:

Longitudinal Stress Circumferential or Hoop Stress Radial Stress Shear or Torsional Stress

sr, is the

s,4:/(1.255"+0.25Si)

zun of three component parts:

1. Bending stress due

I'nr ctrqioh+ nina.

to thermal

expansion.

Sl : So

8l :

M

sB:

.f:

-

For curved pipe:

88:.c

M ?

A,

Both significant

stresses

AM

act in the same direction,

ss is primarily due to internal pressure

sc:P-

'2t

S value) for

cold

allorvable stress (tabular

S value) for

hot

condition stress-range reduction factor

for cyclic

con-

dition Total No. of Full Temp. OveiExpected Life

f

and and and and and and

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

less less

1.0

less less less

over

The stress due to thernal expansion which must not exceed the allowable expansion stress range is called expansion stress and is defined by the Piping Code as: sa

therefore:

8Z:Sa+Sp

allo$'able stress (tabular condition

7,000 14,000 22,000 45,000 100,000 250,000

stress due to internal pressure.

Sp:P:'

allowable expansion stress range

CycJes

2. Bending stress due to weight of the pipe. (When the piping system is properly supported this stress becomes negligible and is not considered in these computations. ) 3. Longitudinal

:

: l(ssfln

1s.y-

The Piping Code further states that the sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, \\'eight and other sustained external loadings shall not exceed s/,. This includes the longitudinal stress due to internal pressure, s1,,

defined above..

I1'T GIiINNI,]I,I, PIPIN(I DDSIGN AND ENGINI]EITIN(i \\'irik: thc

A\SI

coruirdel',s strcsscs

B31.1 Corlc lor Pressure Pilrirrg rltrc to thcrntal crpllsiorr scllarately

from primary stresses due to pressure, l,eight, etc., some other Codes require computation of combined

stress and give formulae for determination of allol'able combiued stress values. trVhen the torsional stress is negligible (as in single plane systems) only the longitudinal stress is significant

and the combined stress, or resultant fibcr stress, is determined by thc formula:

the use of the

C. \\rhcn the anchor forccs and bcuding moments arc determined by the use of a force diagram, us

shorvn on pages 56 to 6?, examinc the systenr for the maximum berrding moment, .L1, in both the straight and cun'ecl pipe. Apply these l,ahres for l1 in the appropriate formulrr:

When the torsional stress is signilicant (as in most multiple plane systems) the combined stress, or resultant fiber stress, is derived from the follorving s

:

*[", +

sc

+ /4Gl + (sz -

scF]

Giuett:

Section I, .{NSI l}31.1 A.S.T.M. Specification 4-106 Grade

M or ss: S-_ $l}: I.I ( x Tbe greatest value ol .sa must not excccd the Allorvable Stress Range of 21,988 psi. \Yhere the torsional stress is significant (as in some multiple plane systems), the Expansion Stress, sa, is:

Example :

(lode llaterial l)ressure

: r{s6f a a15.; For the proper valucs of s, and s" it ss

l.J

1200 psi

'l'emperature 750'F

:

IL

40 in.

Dala:

: -1u : s- : ,4/

+C./ ln(nes12.76 inches!] 24.52

inchessi

d:1.0 ) : 15.000 nsi l *n. n ^J"' I : Sat ?50. F 12,950 psi )

from page

13

from

A, 4it.7 sp = P= = 1200 -::4M LZ.IO

B3l.l

Code

:4298psi

Note that this figure does not exceed the s at 750' F value as required by the Piping Code

{ 6sq" 75q. : 1(1.25 X 15,000 + .25 X 12,950) : 21,988 psi this value represents the maximum expansion stress lhich the Code requirements rvill allorv rvithin the .25S,1

Solve the formula for Case I and then for Case II. The higher of the trvo values for s is the f'Iaximum Rcsultant Stress of the system, $hich must not exceerl the Allorvable Stress Ilange ^S1.

The Longitudinal Pressure Stress and the Maximum Allowable Stress Range

p

The maximum value of s3 and the accompanying value of s1 at the same point. The maximum value of s7 and the accompanyirrg value of s6 at the same point.

Example

I,'iruT:

Sa = /(1.25S.s

is necessary to

inspect the system to find:

I.

l'ipc Size 8 inch Sch. 80 lladius of lJerd i)D" : 5 X 8 in.

factor, must not exceed 21,98g

Il. In the Tablcs of Expansion Bcnds on pages 34 to 45, the Allolable Bending Stress of 21,98E psi rvould be used directly to cnter the tables xs shorvn in the examples oll pagcs 52 to 6?.

s:sz:sa+sp

formula:

A'1,

psr,

p)

system and rnay be applied to the stress calculation in auy one of the three methods shorvn belotv:

A. In the Tables of Common Shapes on pages 1? to 32, the maximum bending stress, found by

:

Giuen:

Code \Iaterial Pressure (P)

Section l, ANSI 831.1 A.S.T.M. Specification A-106 Grade 1200 psi

Temperature 750'F

Size 8 inch Sch. 80 Radius of Bend 5D,, : 5 X 8 in. Pipe

:

40 inches

Data:

: I: Ar : d

7.625 inches 0.500 inches 45.7 inches2

Aa:72-76inches2

from page

13

: 24.52 inchess i:t.0

S-

: S,1 75s. : Ser 6bo.

15,000 psi 12,950

from

1131.1 Code

I:|

EXPANSION AI{D STRESSES

Find: 'fhe Allol'able Strcss Ilangc, Sa, and the Exprlsiou Stress, sr, of the ijystcm. SoLtrtion:

: /( t.25^S n * .25 S zio" r') "t "16,-a. :1(1.25 X 15,000 + .25 X t2,950) :

51

21,988 psi

Fiud valucs for ss arrd s1 in either of the trlo methods shoNn l)tto\1':

A. In the trbles of Commorr Shapes on page-< 1? to 32, by substitutilg the appropriutc formulas:

*sa

:

and /,1 flctor':r i:r ilie

14,800 psi

*sr =

""

A'6

5780 psi

: vG,l +lGt

:

Vfr+,sool- + {ib78oP:

18,780 psi

which is less than the allorvable stress range of 21,9E8 psi.

B. When the anchor forces,

bencling moments, and torques &r'e detcrmincd by the use of a force diagr&nt, as showt ou pages 56 to 67, examine the sJ'stcm to iinrl the conditions lor Clse I and Oase II, as iudicrted aboyc: Casc I

:

*Nlasimum 11

*I'ut,,u,.tu:

",

: lI ,i_, 7

sa:2.L: "u

X 1.0 -

to

:

s,

:

2

r

9.600

2 X rL-o2: 138.000

l

tlrat

Da 15,i1G psi

(1

_

F 3c)#E

ilch

pounds

4.178 psi

5628 Psi

r1+r;sl

:

10,b77 psi

The N{aximum Expansion Stress ss is 18,721 psi, rvhich less ',han the r\llo\\'rble Combined Stress Range,

of 21,988 psi.

* Assumed values for purpose of illustration.

(e)

E"

Ith

lith the lur.thcr condition

islossthan

I

rvhere

: Sr' : /i" : ti, : /? : g

II

138,000

:

,s, .'X

1565Psi

is

,!

_

n.:[rL -f^r,l']a Jc L,,J

15.132 psi

219,600 inch pounds

X 1o

-zl.sz r-isozst

"In a piping system with no cold spring or an equal percentage of cold springing in all directions, the reactions (forces and moments) of Rr and B" in the hot and cold conditions, respectively, shall be obtained as follows from the reaction I derived from the flexibility calculations based on the modulus of elasticity at room temperature, -8", using equations (9) and (10)

lhichever is grcutcr., lrrtl

xzl.n: Crse

:

&no useo,

R": CR, or

- "{i;. rjzl-+ t, l5u5), -

sr

method of obtaining the designed cold spring is specifred

7ti,800 iuch pounds

70,800

: *,11.,.,"*. : r

timc lather than thejr range are significant. Credit for cold springing is accordingly allorved in the calculaiions of thrusts and moments, provided an effective

1r,

2l.ST

*\Iaximum ?

A piping system may be Cold Sprung, or Prestressed, to reduce anchor forces and moments caused bv thermal expansion. This is ar"complished by shortining lhe overrll length of pipe by any desired amounl, not in excess of the calculated expansion. The amount of Cold Spring, C.S., is usually expressed as a percentage or fraction of the iotal expansion A, This procedure is recognized by the ANSI Code for Pressure Piping B31.1 which states: "The beneGcial effeot of judjcious cold springinq in assisting tlre syslem to rttain its most fivorible position sooner is recognized. Inasmuch as the life of a system under cyclic conditions depends on the stress range rather than the stress level at anv one time. no crediI for cold spring is allorved rr ith regird to stresses. In calculatins end thrusts and moments acting on equipment, the actual reactions at any one

378,-100 inclr porrr
3;3.100

z

COLD SPRINGING

cold spring factor varying from zero

for

no

cold spring to 1.00 for 100% cold spring computed expansion stress, psi modulus of elasticitv irr the cold condition. osi modulus of elasiicity in the hot condition, isi

nnsinrum reaction for full exprnsion ranee Lrrscd on Z" rvhich assumes thi most spveie condition (100/6 cold spring, rvhether such is used or not), Ib, and in-lb. R.,Rtr: maximum reactions estimated to occur in the cold and hot conditions, rcspectively, lb, and in-lb. If a piping system is designed rvith different percentages ot co|l spring jn various direclions, Formulas 1g.1 and 110) rre not applicable. In [his crse, the pjpine system shall be analyzed by a compre.hcn.ir-. mirhodl 'l'he crlculatcd hot reactioni "hall be based on thooretical cold springs in all directions not greater than ! of the cold springs as specified or measuied.

ITT GRINNELL- PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEER]NG

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(iItI\NI,]I,I,

PIPINTI DI'SIGN AND I]N(;I

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I'IiItING

s! EE

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aa-

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t:

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; d ; *

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'i \! .= - I ,;

lJ rolroj rroj

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F

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: B

-

EXPANSION AND STRESSES

STRESS INTENSI FICATION FACTORS Table D-2 Component

Sketch

Stess Intensifi cation Factor

MEAN RADIUS

r > 3/16 and 6/r < 0.1

l=

1.0

t<

3116 or sh > 0.1 i = 1.8 foi as welded i = 1.0 for flush welds

Buttwelds

6 = allowable mismatch

lF.l .*

ANSI 831.1 Figrres 12?.4.4 (a), (b) and See

Ii\

Fillet Welds

30d Taper Transition per ANSI B31.1 Figure 12?.4,2 and

(c)

i = 1.3 for filet rvelds in Note 1.

as

defined

i = 1.9 max, or i = 1.30 + 0-0036 D k + 0.225 | t

ANSI 816.25

Concentric Reducer per ANSI 816.9

i = 2.0 max or t = 0.5 + 0.01 a tD> (see

t, t"

Note 2)

ITT GRINNELL

-

PIPING D]'SIGN AND ENGIN]'ITIIIN(i Table D-2 (Cont.)

Stress Intensifi calion

Component

'=" C) See

Branch Connections

Figlre D

u

|actor

(t;j

ce

1, Appendi]( D

ANSI 831.1

(see Noies 3 and

4)

Notes for Table D'21 1: -Note -'St;ess

intensification facror of 1.3 may be used for socket weld fittin8 if toe of weld blends snroothlv lviih no undercLrr wrln pipe wall as shown in the concave, unequal leg fill€t weld of ANSI 831.1 Figure 127.4.4.

Note 2: The equation applies only if the following conditions are met: (a) Cone ansle, a, does not exceed 600, and the reducer is concentric' (b) The larser of ,r /11 andt2/r, doesnotexceed l0o. rc) th< watl rhickne\s b not les( lhan I, Lhroughourrhebodlofrher.ducer.er,cptinandimmedi,lell lindrical p.rrion on Ihe smdll end..vliere Ihe rhickne's rhall nol be rc's thJn 1?

Note

3

|

The equation applies onlv

if the following conditions

udiacPnr Io

llr. c)'

are mel:

104 3 are met (b) The axis of the branch pipe is normal to the surface of rhe run pipe lvall' measured berween the centers of adixceni branches along the sufface of (c) - For branch connecrions in a prpe,lhe arc distance radii in the longitudinal direcrion or is not less than lwo th" ;;; ;;" is not tess ran tirree t-i-* ttt" *. of iheir inside .t their radii r long lhe .ircumfe' ence of Ihe run pipe iir""- it i

(a) The reinforcement area raquirements ot ANSI 831.1, paragraph

"'rrn (d)Theinsidecornerradius,/r(seeFisDl)isbetweenl0pe'cent3ndsopercentof4' (e) The outer radius, r, , Gee Fig. D-l)isnot less than thelarserof ?),12,(Tb+ v)12 [for Fig D-l(c)i or?'fl2'

(f)

The outer radius,

/3,

(see Fig. D-1) is

not tess than the larse' of

(r) o.oo2 0do (2) (b)

2

(Sh 9)3-times the offset for the confisurations sho$t in Fiss D-l (a) and D-l (b)

Rnl4- < so

and /'r?/R'?l

< 0.s

The following nomenclature applies to Figure D-r: ri = inside radius of branch pipe, 'n. /;= mean radius of branch PiPe, in. ?i, = nominal thickness of branch pipe' in Rn- mean rcd'us or run PiPe. in 71. = nominal thickness of run pipe, in. do ourside diameler of branch. jn Tb, 0, \, 12, h, rp I a.e defined in Figure D-l ^nd thickness ofrun pipe, calculated asa plain cvlinder /r = rldoirnum r;quned

Note 5i Factors shown apply to

10

b

endinS; flexib

ilitv factor for iorsion

equals

O

9'

EXPANSION AND STRESSES EXPANSION FACTOR, c Temp. 1.

.F

70

Carbon

Carbon

Steel

Steel

c

=.30,,; 0

100

1i0

98

c>

.3o7a

C-lIoly

.

(

Cr.-\Iolv (cr S 3%)

Cr.-\Ioiy

57", < Cr.

<s%)

0

0

0

40

40

35

r06

106

Austenitic Stainless Steels

Cr. Stainless Cr., 17Cr.

& 27 Cr.

113

90

160

171

171

149

232

t;0

224 291

244

244

2t2

323

315

271

114

204 261

391

335

500

326

396

603

389

350

365

391

100

436

467

510

i00

20

Cr'

Wrought Iron

Ni

0

t00 300

25

Steels 12

0

0

47

44

t25

120

204

195

287 352

368

434 541

547

699

629

5S8

794

520

716

681

893

590

809

768

584

626

626

664

711

711

603

796

796

672

989

659

901

886

886

714

1089

730

995

946

909

97,1

971

815

1189

799

1088

1035

996

1008

1068

891

1292

474

1186

1125

1038

1113

1113

s29

134,1

909

1235

1171

1159

967

1395

946

t2a4

1216

1208

1005

1448

983

1256

1043

1500

1022

1384

r303

1081

1i,52

1061

1435

:r00

1351

t12l

1097

11184

!?;

1398

1161

1659

!'50

1445

1200

1713

117

!;;

1192

1240

1766

1212

1634

i L)00

1538

1278

1820

1250

1681

1l;0

1639

1928

1328

1781

I lr)0

1737

1435

2036

1404

1879

1511

2114

1480

1980

600 827

;00

;i5 s00

s50

Expansion Factor c

:

Expansion in inches per 100 1728

X

1134 4

ft. X fc

100

PROPERTIES OF PIPE

: . Streight and Curved Pipe D, : Nominal Pipe Size D : Outside Diameter I : Wall Thickness d : Inside Diameter :D-2t

Inside Area

, ra-4

Iletal Area

a^:d(D-t)

Moment of Inertia

Ip :

: Section

Modulus S-

:

0.0491(D4

-

0.0625A^(D,

d4)

+

d2)

=L) I1

ITT GRINNEI,L - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINUI'ITING PROPERTIES OF PIPE l'ipe

:l:r

d

Size

Sch.l

Out-

No.

\\'rll

Insitlc I)iem.

Nall Thnrk-

Inches

Diom.

Inside

NIetal Inc]ros'

Inches

Ip \Ioment ol

Inertia Inches'

std.

1.049

0.133

0.86.1

0.,19.1

0.0874

0.133

EO

XS

0.957

0.179

0.719

0.639

0.1056

0.161

0.815

0.250

0

.522

0.836

0

.1252

0.190

xxs

0.599

0.358

o

.282

1.076

0.1405

0.214

40

srd.

1.380

0.140

1.490

0.699

0.1948

0.235

80

xs

.278

0.101

1

283

0.881

0.2418

0.291

1.160

0.250

1.057

1.107

0.2839

o.342

0.896

0.382

0.63r

i.534

0. 3,111

0. 411

1.610

0.145

2.036

0.799

0.3099

0.326

1 . 500

0.200

|.767

1.068

0.3912

o

1.338

0.281

1.406

1

.429

0.4826

0.508

1.100

0.400

0.950

1.885

0.5678

0.598

3.356

1.075

0.ri657

0.5iil 0.731

.315', 160

1i"

1

1.6ti0' 160

XXS

r+'

1.900'

=\.-

2 067

10154

2',

2.3r-5"

2+',

2.875',

3.500"

;l

1.939

rl-l_

0.218

2.953

| .477

168s10313

2.240

2.190

1.1626

0.979

1.503 0 '136

L.774

2.656

1.312

1.104

4.i-88

1.704

1.530

1.064

4.234

2.254

1.925

1.339

2.915

2.353

1.637

""1,,".. ',', |., ",

2

.464

4.028

2.872

1.988

3.068

7.3C3

2.228

3.017

7.721

2.900

6.605

3.016

3.879

2.226

2.626

5.416

4.205

5.033

2. E76

5.466

5.993

3

268

4.788

239

2.3C0

4.000'

t2

,10

sid.

.412

0.8679

l

_

.

3.513

H "a*

9.89

.425

Radius of Curvaiurc Nomincl I'ipe l)ianeters

Long

lirdius ttrtliLrs

Inchcs3

1" 1

Short

Section

llodulus

40

i

Fa ::tors /i and

s,,

k

i

''"::1

3

4

5

4.33

1 .l.t

1.08

r .00

1

.71

2

31)

1.31

.00

1

100

0

100

1 1

.00

.00

1

.00

.00

.98

100

1.02

1.00

.00 1.00

1 1

i

1.21 1.00

1

.00

1.00

1

.00

100

1.00

1

k

100 100

.00 1.00

1.00

I .00 1.00

1

3.63 | .5'2

182 100

1.30 1.00

1.09

100

1.0r)

100

2

+t)

1

.00

1.00

100

1.00 1.00

100

IE

1.i5

1.00

1.00 1 .00

1.00 1.00

100

.00 .00

1.00

1 1

389

1.95

146

.60

1.01

1.00

k

1

i

i

5..15

h

i

2.00

k

l

t

i

1.00 .00 .00

1 1

1'

5.8,1

2.09

397

h

|.62

i

1

i

1.03 1.00

i

2.60 | .25

0,1

1.6:

li

183

I

1.00

h

1.08 1.00

i

.00

1

.00

100

1.00 1 .00

1.00 1 .00

1.00

1.67

| .32

100

1.10 r .00

1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

1

.00

1

.00

100

1

.00

1.00

1

.00

1.00

6.86 2.33

1.78

k

4.69

3.13

1.81

1

1.00 1.00 I 1.00

1.00 1

.00

1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 1

.38

]rrc

00 1.00

1oo

1.00

1.01 r.oo lt.oo 1.0c 1.00 1 1.00 I 0o 1.00 r.00 1 00 1.00 1.00 I r.oo Ioo r

r.oo ooIroo l1o9

1.00 1.00

i33l

k

128

1

1.00 .42

.1 95

2.45

1.E7

.00

1.00 1.00

101

7

1

1il1

1.97

I

r+s

1

]t

N

II

.00

1

1.14

i

i

.00 .00

1

1.93

4

1 1

1.00

ffi 1.00 1.00

k

117 100

.00

1.00

100

1.1e 1 .00 .59

1

I .00 I .00

1.32

1

.00 .00

1.00 1.00

1.10

3.87

1.00

1.00 1.00

2 ...)1

5.80 2.08

1.00

I .00

4..10

I

.00

1.00

r .00

1.00

1.00

.00 1.00

.00 1.00 1

1.73

1 ti6

100

.00

4.,10

k

i

100

.61

|.73

k

1 1

1

.00

100

.00

1

2.2t-

6

i

100

1

1.00

k

.21

2.63

1.7r

k

1

1

.00 I .00

.00 1.00 1.18

1

1186 I 100 1118 I 1.00

1 1

.24 .00

EXPANSION AND STRESSES PROPERTIES OF PIPE Pipe .lize

{Jut-

^iillii''

rn(

Dirm. 31"

.: 000"

1;1x'9"''I#l-

\s

n€s

3.3ti4 0 3t8 4.026

5" 5L3',

6',

a

625',

xxs

8

8" 625',

Inches'

889

trletel -'-""i"'' Section Arec - Yl., llloJuhLs Inchr:"' i"f i "l Inrlresl

;'l

12.73

7

.23

3.2r

382ii10337

11.50

s6J

4.27

3 C2{i 0.437

10.33

11.65

5.18

0.531

9.28

13.27

5.90

3.152 10.674

7.80

15.29

6.79

5.047

0.258

15

.17

5

.45

4.E13

0.375

20.08

7

.43

4.563

0.500

25

.71

9.25

4.313

0.625

30.03

10.80

4.063

0.750

33

12.10

6.065

0.280

8.50

0.432

12.23

5.501

0.562

14.98

5.189

0.718

17.81

4.897

0.864

20.03

8.125

0.250

8.071

0 .277

51.2

7

7.981

0.322

50.0

8.40

7.813

0.406

47

.9

7.625

0.500

7

.439

0

593

64

6.58

43

.26

lladius of Curvature Nominrl I'ipe Diameters

"*

0.237

3.438

5

Jnches

Insidc

13.39

63.4

14.69

.5

16.81

10.48

88.8

20.58

t2.76

105.7

24.52

.5

14.96

\2r.4

72

7.189

0.718

40.6

r7.84

1;0.6

7.001

0.812

38.5

r9.93

153.8

6.875

0.875

21.30

162.0

k

i

h .i

7.90 2 .5t)

5.30 1.96

k k tt

'. t.1l

1.50 1.00

1.48 1.00

1 1

.00 .00

.06

1

.00

.00

1

.00

I .00 1 .00

1 1

.00

k

100

1

.00

.i

1.00

r .00

k

2

k I

8.99 2.79

k

5.92

i

2

1.61

.11

1 01

k

1 1

n

k

.00

.17

i

1.18

1.00

k

| .52 r .00

1.02 1 .00

1.12

t.00

1. {J0

1

.00

k I

1.00 1.00

1 1

.00 .00

k

1.00

I .00 1 .00

k

i

1

.. .. .. .. 1r.0'l

.00

| .. | | | ..

481 184

3.61

2.88

1.52

1

.31

.40 1.16

482

3.24

2

17.35

368

171

3.19 2.44

1.54

2

.59

2.16

41

1.22

t .08

2.76

2.21

1.27

1

.09

1.84 1 .00

l

.15

|.72

1.43

1.07

r .00

1

1.70 1.00

r.36

1.l3

r .00

1

2a.u

1.40

1

.00

1

32.61

1.12 r .00

1.00 1.00

r .00

1.00

1 1

.00 .00

1

2

6.81 4.54 |

2.31

1.77

2.27

| 1 rl

1

1 1

.00

.00

.12 .00

.00 .00

1.00 .00

13

ITT GRINN]II,L

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINIIE]],ING

-

PROPERTIES OF PIPE Pipe

and

Out-

Sch. Nominal

U'all

side

Inches

Diam. 8"

a.625'

Inside

Diam.

160

20

30 40 60

std. XS

AI

t

AI

lTa]1

Inside

d

Size

ThickInches

6.813

0.906

10.250

0.250

10.136

I.

fletrl lloment

Inchest Inches,

Inertia

s,"

!- ectors ,t and

Section \IodrLlLrs

lnchesa

3

21.97

38.48

i

82.5

E.26

113.7

21 .16

A

0.307

80.7

10.07

10.020

0.365

78.9

1l .91

160.8

29.90

9.750

0.500

16.10

212.0

39.43

25 .57

t0'

80 100

i

k

i

k

t2

22

3.12 8.68 2.72

8 2

15 61

2.08

1.32

1

4.07

3.06

2.41

2.01

1 . 6,1

1.36

1.17

1.04

2.811

2

.17 1.08

|.74

t.'15

1

1.15

1.79 1.00

1.43 1.00

1.20 1.00

.93 I .00

1.00

1.16 I .00

1.00 1.00

1.20 1 .00

1 1

.00

1

.00

r .00

1 1

.00

1 1

.00 .00

1 1

1

.00

1

.31

22.63

286.2

53.25

26.21

321.3

60.34

k

1 1

.60

N

1

.31

0.843

i

k

30.63

367.8

68.43

k

34.01

399.4

71.31

k

117.9

9.84

191.9

30.1

k

0.330

114.8

12.88

248.5

39.0

k

12.000

0.375

113.

14.58

2t'9.3

43.8

11.938

0.406

111 .9

t5.74

300.3

47 .1

11.750

0.500

108.4

19

20

12.250

0.250

30

12.090

60.1

.125

1

60

11.626

0.562

106.2

21.52

80

11.376

0.687

101.6

26.04

100

11.064

0.843

96.1

120

10.750

1.000

90.8

140

10.500

1

.125

160

10.126

r.312

400.5

62.8

2.26 1. 11

1.13 1.00 7

i i

k

1,1.08

,i

3.74

L33

2.86

k .i

10

.31

3.05

6.88 2.33

k

.00

1.00

.16

2.39

3.20 1

4.66

3.50

2.80

1.79

1.48

1

4.28

3.21

2 .51-

1.70

1.40

|.21

.41

2.54

2.06

3.03

2.27 1. 11

.43

19t

1.00 1.00

1 1

.38 .00

1.03 1.00

1.00 1 .00

1.00 1.00

.00

1.00 1.00

1.00

4.46

3.71 1.55

3.54

2

1.50

1.33

2.28

1.

1'

1.12

1

1.1

.00

1

1.00

k

16.05

372.8

53.3

13.126

0

.137

18.62

429 .1

6t .2

1.51 r .00

r .00

k

137.9

.82 .00

1

122.6

375

1 1

1.19 1 .00

781.3

0

1.72 1 .00

.58 .00

.14

13.250

.04

1

47

44.9

1

1

80.5

314.3

.14 1.07

2

1

i

.42

l.14

1.16 r .00

109.9

1.3

2.31

1.45 1.00

700.7

140.5

1.24

1.93 1 .00

41.08

0.312

.28

266

i

86.6

13.376

.40

100

k lt

20

.00

1

100.7

255.4

.00

1.46 1.00

64t .7

10.80

.00

1.00

36.91

143.1

.00

1.16

2

88.1

0.250

17

3.58

1.70

7.2r

1

.43

4.30 1.98

r .47

2

1.00

1.62

3

1

1.00 1.00

4.00

561.8

13.500

.00

1.97

i

k

10

14.00'

.00

1.00

k

.24

1

1'

L

2

.15

2

.03

+

5.90 2.10

4

.42

14',

L+

3 ti5 153

2.92

1. E5

68.1

1

40

4. E7

0.718

8.500

srd.

3.02

1.52

.314

160

30

3.63

1.77

2.39

k

1,

12',

4.53

.11

1

241.9

1.000

12.75'

6.04

1.11

18.92

8.750

xs

.00 t .00

71.8

140

40

.00

.00 1.00

0.593

9.064

sid.

6

1

9.564 9

120

5

.00 1.00

1.13

k

1 1

226

2

L

10.75',

Radius of Curvature Nominal I'ipe Diameters

Short Radius IladiLrs

165.9

?

k k

i

14 59 3.85

L72 2.91

|.74

4.86

2

.00

.92

1.85

1.53

1.32

4.13

3. 10

2

1

.66

.48 1.1E

.21

1.00 .00 1.00

1

2 1

.00

.95 .13

.17

207 1

.05

EXPANSION AND STRESSES PROPERTIES OF PIPE d Size

and

Sch.

Out-

Nominal Inside \Vall ThickWall Diam.

Au

Inside

N{etal

\loment of

Area

Inches'? Inches'?

Inertia

s-

l'a( itors

Inchess

Inches

13.000

0.500

132.7

2t .21

483.8

69.

60

12.

E1-1

0.593

129.0

24.9E

562.4

80.3

80

12.500

0.750

3L.22

.126 0.937

38.47

XS

100

L2

I

Inchesr

r

98.2 a24.5

117.8

11.00' 120

11 .81'1

1

093

109.6

41.32

929.8

132.8

140

11.500

1.250

103.9

50.07

\o27.5

146.E

160

11. 188

1.406

98.3

10

15.500

0.250

18E.7

20

15.376

0.312

.

1116.I 384.0

48.0

15.38

473.O

59.2

30

std.

15.250

0.375

182.6

18.41

562.r

70.3

40

xs

15.000

0.500

176.7

24.35

731.9

91.5

60

14.688

0.656

169.4

31.62

932.6

116.6

80

14.314

0.843

160.9

40.14

1156.6

144.6

100

13.938

1.031

r52.6

48.48

1365.0

170.6

120

13.564

|.2ta

144.5

140

13. 126

1.437

160

12.814

1.593

129.0

10

17.500

0.250

20

17.376

0.312

16' 16.00"

std.

17

194.5 1760.3

220 .O

72.10

1894.0

236.7

24J.5

13.94

549.0

61.0

237.1

17.34

678.0

.250 0.375

.4

806.6

89. 6

24.1r

930.5

103.4

o.447

230

17.000

0.500

227 .O

27

.49

1053.0

117.0

40

16.876

0.562

223.7

30.79

t172.0

130.2

60

16.500

0.750

213.8

40.64

1515.0

168.3

80

16.126

0.937

204.2

50.23

1833.9

203.8

18"

XS

18.00'

3.14

1,

7

.16

2.40

h

k

.69

2.15 1.07

1.79

2.98

2.23

t.79

.33

1.10

1

1.49 1 .00

2.30

1.72 1 .00

1.38

L.

1.00

1

1.34 1.00

1.07

1..00

1.00

1

1.12 1 .00

1 .00

1.00

.00

1

.00

1 .00 1 .00

1.00

l

00

1.00 1.00

1

.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

6.40 2.22

5.12

4.26

2.69

1.91

1.69

6.78 2.31

5.08

4.07 1.64

3.39

12

L79

k

1.50

1.00

1,

1.00

k

|.24

k

l lt

1.00

1.00

17.06

4.27

k tt

k

8.53

2

1.91

.00

1

1.00

1.00

.45

1

5.60 2.03

4.20 1.68

3.36

2.80

.45

1.28

12.39

8.26

4.13

3.10

2.48 1.18

2.06

1.85 1 .00

1.54

1.76 1.00

| .4r

1.17

2

1.37

.64

3.08

|.37

2.34

k 1,

l.t4

k

1.87

2.31 1.13

1

.00

1

1.00

1.40 1.00

| .12

I

k

1.54 1 .00

1.16

1

1,

k

r.27

'L

1

.00

|'

.00

1

.00

1

1.00 1 .00 .00

1

1.00 1.00

1.00

1 1

1.12 1 .00

1.00

1

1

.00

19.25

9. 63

7

.22

4.63

2.52

1,

h

.00

1

1.05

.00 1.00

k

7

1.00

2.41

.66

2.50

2.O7

4.75

1

.00

1.00 .00

.00

.00 1.00

1.00 1 .00

2.08

4.81 1.84

4.60

3.83

1.78

1.58

3.80

3.16

18.99

12.65

4.59

3.50

2.2L

1

.82

r.57

1

5.39 1.98

4.00

a.24

2.70

.:

.62

1.41

1.23

4. 68

3.51

2.81 1.28

2.34 1.14

k 1'

h

.00

3.23

i

L

r5

.00

11. 19

k

k

1.00

16.82 4.23

3.45

t

6

r.25

k

1,

5

1.51

l

L

i

4

3.58

1

i

126

17 .

30

t0.71

h

k

20.76

and

3

L

12.37

A

Radius of Curvaiure Nominal Pipe Diameters

Long Short Rxdius Radius

Sectior

)Iodulus

Inches

Diam.

t1"

Ic

Ar

14.04

9.36 2.86

1

.80

1

1

.49

.39

2.07

1.66

3.10 1.37

2.44

1'

1.18

1.05

k

3.03

2.27 1.11

1.82 1.00

t.52

1.35

h

2.47

1.78 1.00

't

1.19

k

L

4.13

1

.42 .00

1.00 1.00

la

ITT GRINN]'LL

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

-

PROPERTIES OF PIPE Ar

d

and

Out-

Sch. Nominal

No.

Wall

side

Diam. 100

18'

120

Inside Di&m.

Wall Thickness

Inches

Inches

15.688

1.156

15.250

Inside

A:r NIetal

Inches, Inches'

I. f{oment of

Inertia IIrchesl

I actors t and i

sSection

Short Long Radius Radius

Inches3

Elbow

\{odtlus

193.3

61. 18

2180.2

242 .2

182.6

71.81

2498.8

277.6 305.5

r

14.876

1.562

173.8

80.66

2749.8

160

14.438

1.7El

163.7

90.74

3020.6

10

20

30

19.500

std. XS

19.250 19.000 18.814

40

13.376

60

0.250 0.375 0.500 0.593 0.812

283.5 278.0 265 .2

17.938

80

\7 .438

1.281

23E.8

120

17.000

1.500

227 .0

1.00

i

1.00

1.00

1.00 1.00

1.00

k

i

1.32 1.00

1 1

.00 .00

r00

1.00 1.00

k

1.13

1

.00

r .00

k

i

12

r.00

1

1

.00

.00

1.00

1.00 1 .00

21.46 4.9E

r0.73 3.13

8.05 .59

6.41 2.23

1.97

t3

2

1

.00

k

21. 18

t

4.93

3.77

7.06 2.37

5.30

1.21

3.53

1.96

1. 69

1.49

30.6

h

15.68

10.46

5.23

3.92

3. 14

2.61

1.60

1.38

r.22

36.2

k

4.37

3.24

1.72

2.62

2.18

1

.42

1.22

I.OE

3.12

2.31

1.3E

1.

1.87 1 .00

1.00

r .80

.00

1.44 1.00

1.20 1.00

1.41 1.00

1.13 1.00

1.00 I .00

1.18 1 .00

1.00 1 .00

1

.00 .00

1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

.00 1.00

1

23.12

48.9

1114

111

.4

4.04 1704 2257

170.4 225.7

61.4

87

2772

14.

3.08

k I

1.9{

277.2

k

i

2.10 1.16

331.6

h

1. E8

.2

1.00

t

| .57 1

.00 .31

1

l4

.00

r.00

140

16.500

1.750

213.8

100.3

4217

121.7

k

i

1

160

16.064

1.968

202.7

111

.5

45E6

458.6

k

1.14 1.00

1.00

1

10

23.500

0.250

133.7

1316

109.6

12.93

9.70 2.93

7.76 2

.53

2.21

6.40 2.22

5

std. XS

30

23.250

0.375

424.6

27.83

1943

161.9

23.000

0.500

415.0

36.9

2550

212 .5

22.876

0

.562

411.0

4L.4

2840

237 .O

40

22.626 0.687

4t)2 .1

50.3

60

22.064 0.968

382.4

70.0

80 100 120

1,1{)

160

lo

252.7

100

20

24.OO"

1.031

6

1.00

1

20' 20.00"

I

.00 r .00

1. E8

k

298.6 291.0

I B-- +-l-.f 1.41 1 .00

18.00" 140

Radius of Cuntrture Nominal Pipe Diameters

21.564 1.218 20.938 20.376 r9. E76 19.314

1.531 1.812

2.062 2.343

365 .2

344.3

87

4654

.2

108.1

326.I

126.3

310.3

142 .1

293.0

285 .2

159.4

3E7.8 472.a

k 25.58

17.06

5. 60

4.27

k

18. 99

12.65

I

4.58

3.50

lc

k

i

k

i

k

k t

i

7827

652.2

h

8627

718.9

k

788.2

k

9458

25.86

5.64

k

6853

1.00

8.53 2

r.00

6.33

.00 1.00 6

.17

.12

4.26

1.91

1. tig

3.80

3.16

2.21

1.82

5. 60

4.20

3.36

2.80

1.68

1

.45

1.29

1.76

3.40 1.46

2.72

I.25

2.27 r.11

3. l4 1.38

2.35

t4

1.88 1.00

1

2.44

1 1

.83

1.46

.00

r.22

r .00

1.00

1.89 1.00

1

.42

1.13 1.00

1 1

1.56 1 .00

1

1

r .00 .00

1.00 1 .00

L34 .00

1 1

.00 .00

1.00 1.00

1

1 1

.00 .00

1

r .00

2.03 4.53

\ .17

1

t

.69

1 1

1.

1.00 .17

r .00

1.39

.00

r .00

.00

.00 .00

r .00 .00

1.00 1.00

EXPANSION AND STRESSES

TABLES OF COMMON SHAPES

Example 2 :

'fhc fourteen tables of common shapes on pages 20 r 33 may be used to determine thermal expansion -'r'csscs aud anchor forces l'ith a minimum of calcula'ioir, as indicated by the follol'ing examples. Yalues ::ry be ilrterpolated bets'een the tabulated factors .. ithout sacrilicing accuracy.

Ff G?laen:

Example

A

10 inch Sch. 40 piping system, in accordance

'with the sketch, made from A.S.T.M. A 106 Grade A

1:

steel pipe.

The maximum operating temperature is 600'. F.

The bending stress, s6, must not exceed 18,000 psi (for method of determining see page 3).

-____.__a

Data:

D:

10.75 inches I

I Ip : 160.8 inchesa l c.s 6ee" : 743 Gfuez: An 8 inch Sch. 40 piping system, in accordance

n'ith the sketch, made from A.S.T.N{. A 106 Grade A steel pipe.

The maximum operating temperature is 700" F. The bending stless, sa, must not exceed 17,900 psi (for method of determining see page 3). Dete:

: 1p : c.t 7oo" : D

8.625 inchesl I 72.5 inches* J

page 13

909

page

taOLUtlOn:

L _95 _ , * h g8- ""' l.!

:

r9.9

, cD lbr --- .X 909 X 8.625 : rbT: qji : 12,460 psi (r'hich is less than 17,900 allorvable) , cIp- e3.7 - - Lfi ^^-..909Y;2.: r, " : 681 pounds x '""

sB

\;r"

F,

, cf p - k"f -

F

:

.^^..909X;2..' t9.9 x ::" ^,;-'9

\,1.68'rP+ OEP

:

The height, li, rvhich will satisfy the maximum requirement, and the anchor force, r/", for this stress condition. Solution: Reler to page 28.

_

L-tjo

For a

/ca

tD

"r:r. "oi

of L35.2,

L/h:

tto'z

3.72 then

60

h: ' -"" : 16.lfeet 3.72

For L/h of 3.72, k"

:

193.9

7,t3X1Ane , rlc - ,^-^._ : k,- 3448 pounds L; 103.9 X -*r. The results derived from the use of these tables will

F,

be accurate rvhen all of the turns of a piping systern are

then by interpolation from table on page 20: 93'.7

11

lind:

ll

Irind: The marimum bending stress sB, the anchor 1, and r/!, and the resultant anchor force F.

:

page

seL 18,000 X 60 ,nu:,D:..l.gytn -

lorces

k"

Page 13

-

t-r5 pounds

6ee pounds

mitprc

^r

rid.l Gtfihoc

When all of the turns are welding elbows or bends the anchor forces derived from the tables rvill be accurate for practical purposes. The actual forces rvill be somewhat smaller than the values obtained from the tables. The stresses in the elborvs or bends, however, may exceed the values computed from the tables if the stress

intensification factor i for these curved sections is greater than 1. (See pages 12 to 16.) If the proportion of straight pipe to curved pipe is large, a close approximation of the stresses in the curved sections may be obtained in the follorving manner: Determine the Iocation of the centroid in a scale diagram. Pass the resultant anchor force through the

|,7

I1"I GRINNI.ILI,. PIPING DESIGN AND I,]NGI\I'IJITIN(i centroid.

'I'his force mr.rltiplicd by its distancc from the

curvcd section gives the bending moment, stress then is (M/S- )i.

i1{.

The

of pipe arranged in various config[rations. The comparative values for bending stress and anchor force are derived flom the k values in the vadous tables and are expressed as a percentage of the lowest value.

Example 3 : (]O\IP-\Ii,.\TI\TU lle,qultrnt

*J-U

. _](erar

,t\w 16.1

/\/

(Jiuen:'lhe same piping systcm as in Example l, except that the turn at poirrt b is a long radius

l

clding

113

(t\

400

r-J-C---4

372

,--rl----

elborv.

Data:

: 10.81 inches3 i i:2.44

S-

page 13

)

Find: 'lhe appro\imate bending stress, s6, in the rvelding elborv at point

3(i0

1.,.

)__J-----r

,Solalioz: Assuming all oi the -sections to be straight pipe, determinc the location of the cerrtroid: 349

i

eb 95 X 47.5 : Dc 38X 0: 133

g

qb 95 X 38 : 3610 bc 38XI9:722 1332 133

4513

0 4513

IJi13

ii" = -:::1 133

::::33.9feet I;JJ Mat

sB ar

point

poiDr

b

b

X

X

:

=

699

=

104,850 inch pounds

:

104.850

:

15,220 Psi (aPProximatelY)

ffi

12 5

X

12

Z.++

The tables are also helpful in comparing the relative merits of several tentative piping layouts. This function is illustrated in the scale sketches beloiv, rvherein two points are connected r'vith the same total footage

18

506

612

32.0 feet

\."\

,_i----1

,---J-i

I--t

Bending stresses due to thermal expansion are not significantly aflected by increasing thc pipe wall thickness, r&th€rJ increasing pipe wall thickness has a more or less undesirable efrect in that the reacting forces and moments are increased in a direct ratio. This fact is illustrated by studying the equation for the maximum bending stress, sn : htcD/L,lnthe Tables of Common Shapes. The equation is independent of the pipe rvall thickness. Likel'ise studying the equation for reacting force rvill shorv that the pipe wali thickness afrects -1o, which ciirectly affects the reacting force. The aforementioned is true not only in the Tables of Comrnon Shapes but in any stress calculation,

EXPANS]ON AND STRESSES

-\ commonly ercountered piping expansion problem :. thc long stlaight run of pipe lith a Li shtpe of eqLtal ength legs prolidcd to absorb tlie expartsion. 'l'he -.rlaight pipilg nrns are rtsuelly gttided lt regular

intervals to prer.ent lateral movement of the pipe. The follol irg cxample illustrates the application of the Trbles of Common Shapes to this type of problem.

Example 4

RESTRAINED

RESTRAIIIED

A

k,

(t inch Sch.

seamless steel pipe.

:

srr

lfhe maximum opcrating temperature is 350" F. 'l'he maximum bending stress, sa, must rot exceed 22,500 psi (for mcthod of determining see page 3).

12.0

frb

6.625 inches I .

i

Ii, : 28. 14 irrches"] c"135e" : 365

ftom page

22

, D (L,\ : I(bc i\i ) -

A.t,2i /120\ x 30i X n, X ( )",

18

page 18

9008p"i

Page

1l

considered.

i:

2.27 lor 6 inch 90' LR\Y

2.27

X

9068

:

Fr.nd; The maximum bending stress, sB, and the lt.trchor force F,.

u":

Solution:

r. ,s e12

: 18.0

If 6 inch S40 90" long radius welding elbows are used, the stress irrtensification factor, i, must be

D{tta:

D:

GUIDES

GUIOES

l0 piping system in accordauce made from A.S.T.II. A 53 Grade B thc sketch,

Gi'L,en:

lith

AY

BY

L24 h - 12-'

-

^""'i(!) 12

Elborv

from page

13

20,584 psi (l'hich is less than 22,500 allol'ablc stress range)

,R IJ

x 30; x 1", , x \.21]

1'A

;:i -

ro;o pould.

l9

ITT GITINNELL PIPING DI]SIGN AND ]'NGINEIIIIIN(I IIOOKED

90'TIJRN

Z

SIIAPE

f,,

Reacting Rez.cting

Force

llaximum Ip

r" : tt,'

Force

)3enc1ing

Stress

ln lncnes-

-L

c'

jL L-

f o:

f"'c'Ilttt

,r :

lo.' c'

I

r.a

2.D

2.2

t7.2

23.0 32.0 42.0 54.0 68.3 8.1..1

tir'c'

!:

,"-lr'"

0.6 0.8

1.18

1.0

4.3 7.8

12.0 12.5

3ii 46

r.2

l+.4

il

1. ri

15.4

85

1.8

16.6

102

2.O

120

1..1

2.2

19.2

1{0

liil

1E1

2.1 2.l) 2.8

.5

209

.2 15.2 19.7 11

21.3 30.0 37.0

.15.0 5'1.0

l.3l

2.2

7.7 9.2

2n.7

10.9 13.0

36..1 .11 5

15.

r

.2 19.3 17

23

3.0

r75

25.O

231

3.2

207 237

26

.5

259 287

64.8 76.0 88.0

3.6

2t-I

29

.5

3r8

3.8

100.0 113.5

3r.5

3.19

-1.0

]2a.7

1.2

l-l-1

t(i0

.10.4

4. ti

178 198

46.

49 .1 52 .5

4.0 4. !t

406

4.b 4.E

5.0

510 630 700

5. ti

6.0 6.2 6.+

(t.6 6.E

7.0

7.2 7.+ 7.0

7.8 8.0

33.0 34.6

3ii.2

4.8

39.5

528

5.0

11.2

569

219 2J1

43.0

010 052

5.+ 5. ii

203

41.7 938

18.2 .19.8

53..1

1313

15I7 1{lt7 2059

i;96

6.0 790

E{0

1ll0

1420

450 487

ltr.2

t2t2

.11+

37.8

855 1020

381

56.8 (i0.2 01 I 03.6 65.4

802

9.t:t 997 1050 1101

r160 1219

1284

6.2 6..1

21.6 2+.O

2{i.5 29.0 31.6

65.0 6E..1

71.8

.l

6.8

.l{0

78.9

7.O

.179

82.0

5.10

7.6 7.8 8.0

579

015

89. r

195 205

215 226 236 216 257 268

92.7

2ia

100.0

300

gri.3

E

79.5 87.0 05.0

121 130 139

-1

360

508

64.

i2.o

43.4

0.6

7.2

5t.i

58.0

112

334

ll;

46.6

103

58.7 ti1 .8

388

31..1

3t-.4

310

2t0

17.3 22 .O

150

28.0

9.4

tr.2

3.0 3.2 3.6 3.8

p'i

1ts.1

1.7

125

3.{

rzto

l) in inches

L in fcet

2.8

103

I^

f

20.6 22.0

2.t)

20

11

in inches

i

12 .O

Reacting Force

lp lll lDtIIL'S

L

1.0 L.2 1.4 1.6

F": k,' c =ilb t,-

Nlsintutrr Llcrrrling Slles.

pri

l)

in feet

Rcacting Fotce

289

EXPANSION AND STNESSES

Z

SIIAPE

Fx+ K'.c.--Lo

Reacting Force t1 _

Reacting Force

I{arimum Bending Stress s6 I /, ln

1.5

1

L 7 0.6 0,8

1l

9.251

12.8

lncnes_ ,

43..0

83.8

39.0

69

.0

38 11

.8

15

.9

91 76

D in inches

4

k,

kb

r0.5

32 29

85 71

29 29

66 66

12.6 16.0

69

20 27

23

-D : fb'c';psr

ln IeeI

3

2

k,,.c.:--lb

1.

73 62

k6

L n

6.0

22 20

66 5ti

0.6 0.8

.8

19 20

50

t4

51

1.0 1.2

19

21

52 55

1.6

63 68

2.0 2.2

|

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1.8

17

.2

28.3 35.4

1

l

37

.9

37.8 37 .7 42.1

61.9 57.8 60.6 66.3

2t.0 27

35 36

71

.0

43.2

72.O

4I

39

52.a 63.0 76.0 89.0

45.7 48.0

50

4I

5l.0

79.3 86.5 93.8

60 83

49

102

58.2

.2 109.0

7l

43 46

116 132 149

62.2 66.0

116. 1 124 .5

110

70 .0

3.6 3.8

r68

74.O

140 168

188

78.0

133.0 141.0 149.0

59 63 66

t77

70

4.0

2to

4.4 4.6 4.8

235 260 285 310

82.0 86.4 90.6 94.8 99.0

157.8 166.0 174 .5

197 219 24L 264 287

b.n

336 364 393 425 457

103.2 107.6 111 .8 tt6 .2 120.5

201.4 210.0 219.5 228.0

6.0

491

124.a 129 .4 133.8 138.2 142.6

215 .5 251 .5

145.0 152.0 156.5 161.0

2.O

2.2 2.4 2.6 2.4 3.0

5.0

6.2

6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.8 8.0

43

526 562 598 633

670

7i5 758 803 850 898

101

170.0

r$.0

192.0

237 .5

96 124

69 69 69

22 30 38

n1 88

46

96

30 32

42

57

ti0

30

21 22

27 29

67

40 48

25

31

80 E6 92

69 80

30

99 107 114

90

32

104 118

36

68

40

90 97

7L

33

110

91

43 46

105

a2

35

118

104 118 133 149 165

49 121

106

39

128 135

121.

41

136

120

t32

60

142

44 46

727

147

181

150 157

166 185

49

16,1

204

r82

243

D6

133 140 147 154 161

163 182 201

263

63 66 69 72 75

190 198

261

61

168

63

175

206

66 68 71

182 189 197

260 241 304 329 355

52

286 310

381

63

190 196

67 69

203 210 217

r02

126 134 143

159 168

201 221 241

51

88

186 194

203 212 221 230 239

288

18

313

81

370 399 430

92 96 100 104 108

214 254

422 450 474 506

46t

172 116 120

561

r24

282.O

598

128

267 276 285

287 .0 300.0 309 .0 319.0 328.0 337.0

636

132

291

674

303

756 798

136 140 143 148

8,10

152

7t4

25 26

51 61

t77

341

11

83

81

314

,71

22 23

38

493 526

263.5 273.0

14.4

312 321 330 340

339 392

601 639 680 724

770

92

88 92

2t1 223

360

95 98 102 105 108

232 240

386 414 443 472 502

t11

271 242 290 299 308

115 118

122 125 129

28 256 265

599 633

668 703

5l

76 79 a1

205 212 219 227

71

220 239

408 436

84

234

495

86

212

526

89 92 94

218

97 99

256 263 270 279

588

29

38 40 +4 46 48 50

L

.,t

r.6

2.1

80

2.6 2.8

93 99 105

3.0

117

3.4 3.6 3.8

124

4.0

1r1

130

4t

737 1.r3 150

4.6 4.8 5.0

163 56 61

78

620

81

ti55 694

83

169 176 182

230 237 241 250 257

6.0 6.2

6.1 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2

78 8.0

ITT GRINN]'LL _ PIPINC DESIGN AND ENGINEDRING

II

SIIAPE WITII EQUAL TANGENTS

fF*:kr'c'fi

Reacting Force

Maximum Bending Stress ,u

Ip in inchesa

L

2

L

I"

E 1.0 1.2

r.4

kt

lrb

2.40]' 7.2ol

2'46l 4.2

2.521

3.701

4.481 10.9

4.651 6.791 8-931 11.081

5.3r1 7.221 '?:391 13_53

1.6 1.8

6.461 13.6 8.461 16.3 15.751 10.481 19.0

-'*l

I

12.001 1s.ool 14.851 20.251 18.001 22.501 2r.521 24.831 25.A21 27.r01

2.O

2.4 2.6 2.8

I

3.0 3.2 3.4

29.451 29..151

33.s 34.7

31.8 34.1 36.5 38.8

l

43.7

3.8

49.1

4.0 4.4 4.8

I I |

I

31.2 35.6 40.0 40.1 52.3

54.9 60.8 67.3 74.9 81.0

41.1

88.2 95.9

52.9 | s5.3 55.3 | 1(.l4 L 57.7 | 113.5 60.1 | t22.6 62.4 132.0

43.4

45.e

4e,

50.6

| | I I

|

58.5 64.7 71.0 7e.1 87.2

I

5.0

5.4 103.8

tt2.1 120.7

18.4

21.6

21.8 24.5 2a.o 31.1 34.2

24.8 166 | 28.5 20.4 | 32.2 I 35.9 'LL 3e.7 28.9 I

37.4 40.6 43.8 47.0 50.2

33.6

13.241

I

| I | |

|

se.o 44.5

50.3 57.0

I

| | |

70.8 74.3 77.a 81.3 84.8

Lr,42l 23.4

tl

| I

27.r

73.871

| | |

I

|

16.9 20.8 25.5 30.6

I

| 31.0

I

|

|

li.e

I

14L L7.5 21.3 26.2 31.7

I

I 3s.7

| 44.0

tt

|

I

78.9

87-O

e5.s 104.6 114.0

I I

| |

I

r6i

| I

|

14.e I ao.z I 18.0 | | 22.5 | ?f 3

|

27

.5

|*o | 3e.3

15-3

I

rs.o

23.8

|

+s.s 29.0

|

I

34.7

50.7 I

I

so.z

.n"

22.3 26.7

I

I

|

46.e | 58.0 53.0 I 62.8 60.2 | 67.6

43.7

40.5

|

I

|

| | 58_0

63.3

|

82.0 82.5 | 91.0 87.5 t 101.7

52.2

| |

933

I

I

I

ii:e oD.o

|

63.2

|

7r.5

79.4 I

|

53.0

|

9?.S

I

I

I

| |

59.0 65.1 71.3 77.7 44.2

41.9 50.0 58.3 66.7

91.0 97.8

I

8.0 1236.2

| |

I

88.6 260.7 1123.5 1289.8 1152.0 27 5.0 lr27.0 1305 t156-6 8.4 1261.5 193.4 280.3 1130.5 1320 1161.2 8.6 127 4.6 | 95.8 1304 11e5.8 113{.0 1330 8.8 s8.2 8.2 1248.7

1287.9 I

9.0 t302 9.2 l3r6

9.4 9.6 1345 9.8 1360 10.0 l|375

22

I et.o

tl

1322 1778.6 1340 1184.1 1358 1189.7 1377 1195.3

l3e5 tl

I

|'$

1137.5 1351

1100.5 1102.9 1105.4 1107.? 1110.1 1172.6

1332

t111 9 1367

hzs.o 1416

51.5 l4r, 1r 55.0 l413

1184.2 1188.8 1193.4 1198.1

1348 1365 1381 1397 1414

I

I

J384 1148.0 1402 1r

1158.7 1466

t5.71 21.0 26.3 31.7

1170.4

I

1206.6 1456

1437 1212.4 1458 1218.2 1180 1221.0 1502 1229.8 1525 1236.r

l163 527

1422

1231.0 1238.5 1455 1246.0 l{80

I

I

I

I

lzgs.o l4e5

I261.0

1530

1284.1

124r.6 1520

1268.6

545

r.4 lg;3

1268.2 laz+

p74.2 5R4 1283.8 t611 1291.4

l$e

l2ee.0

1666

12e2.0

56.9

2.6 2.a

63.6 70.6 77.7 84.9 92.2

3.0 3.2 3.4

86.6 97.0

99.5

4.0

109.6

r07.0 108.0 t14.7

125.0

120.0 133.3

122.8 131.0

4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8

117.9 141.0 163-0

139.4

59.2

68.0

]7.2

1314 1336

182.6 191.4 200.2 209.1

t81.8 rs0.2 r98-7 e07.2

.I

216.0

.6

4

3.8

t.-^

H99

1618 1648 1680

1326

171r

6.C

6.' 6.4

6.t 6.t 7.t

242.3

7.t

I

ll292.4 t589 1301

r47.9

157.1

I

1242.7 1427 1250.9 1451 1250.2 1476 l2$7.5 1502 1275.8 1529

lito

126

lD/a

lzzs.s l405

1219.2 1236.0 1253.0 j2z 1.o

1218.5 t358 1226.5 lo6-r 1284.6 1404

12$.b

1218.2 12s4.8

41.1

5.!

l22t.9 I

2.O

l1$.0

135e.0

Dza.+

43.2 38.6

194.5 165.2 165.2 211.0 173.9

t202.4 I379 l2os.e l4oo

l2oo.e 1434

1.tt 1.8

1155.6 1202.7 I

lBs2

1413

t.4

23.9 24.5

llii

I

lse2

1.2

5.2 5.4

I

1372

1.0

1{.9

t49.0

81.5 22t.9 1113.0 1244.2 1138.4 27r.5 1162.I 1297.8 t183-1 1319.0 1201.6 lres 83.8 234.7 lrlo,c .|239.2 1142.9 1287.5 1167.6 1316 U8e.5 1339.0 1208.9 1359 1381 86'2 247.6 F20.0 t27 4.5 1147.4 1304.3 1173.1 t334 l1e5.e 12r6.2 I I

10.4

140.{i 172.6 148.1 1187.0

I

I

n

t33.0

133.2

tl |

49.5

L

lco

hsz.s

125.9

I I 1262.5 I I I I I 7.0 178.9 | 76.7 I 196.3 t106.0 .|217.0 1129.4 24OJ lr5I.7 261.8 1170.3 l24o.7 1187.1 l2es.z 1202.5 1189.8 179.1 209.1 1109.5 1230.5 1133.9 256.0 1156.6 279.a 1176.7 l29s.s lls4.3 t319 1210.5

7.a 1224.2

32.3 38.0

a

I

I

I

1132.5

I

85-8 80.9 92.2 90.4 98.6 100.5

|

107.5 1r30.0 117.8 1136.7 124.5 1149.4 r25.0 1103.0 | 134.0 1r 12.0 131.3 1162.4 136.3 1108.3 | 146.0 120.0 S 1138.1 lr77.o 147.6 1113.5 | 159.0 l12ti.2 tI44.9 t192.6 159.0 1118.8 | 172.0

114.7

I

152.4

I

20.0 25.2 30.7 36.3

41.7 47.3

|

88.4 155.8 t107.0 171.3 1124.1 t85.2 1138.8 1197.8 1151.8 lron.o lror.r 91.9 167.2 lru.s 184.0 t129.5 199.0 1145.1 1213.0 1158.8 l22s.o 1171.0 6.4 148.4 33:3 | 163.3 s5.4 1179.1 1116.0 193.0 1134.9 213.0 1151.4 1228.5 1r65.8 124r.8 [78 6.6 158.2 71.9 I 174.2 98.S 11r1.0 1120.5 212.2 1t40.3 224.O l1i7 .7 1245.0 lr72.s l2ss.5 hse.o t279.O 6.8 168.4 I 74.3 | r45.2 1102.4 1204.0 1125.0 226.4 |it45.7 244.2 1164.0 lre4.b 1180.0 I 7.4 1200.9 7.6 t212.4

15.53

31.2 36.2

I

I

45.2 187.0 90.8 196.5 96.3

|

| |

|

I*u 79.7 | 77.5

I I

|

| 45.7 61.7

68.7 | 5e.5 9?-11 oo.o 74.1

I

64.8 I 141.6

6.0 129.6 6.2 138.8

13.1t

t2.97

I

|

L

I9.4

104.7 106.2 72.4 | 87.2 I 117.8 105.0 112.0 76.6 I 96.3 | so.8 I 105.4 e2.5 Lr2.4 101.9 lllS:3 111.4 124.2 118.7 129.8

85.2 I 89.5 93.9 134.0 | 98.3 144.6 l].02.7

|

I

22.O

5 7

94.4 .02.0

I

53.3

|

I

t

I

2.73 10.3 5.29 14-4 7.45 18.6 r0.41 22.9

10.1 14.0 18.1

|

84.2 95.0

|

|

37.7

| |

I

|

28.8 33.4 38.0 42.7 47.5

3:t

5.2

|

_-l 12.3 26.1 I 1ti

I I I

|

k.

43.0 50.8

51.6 55.6 59.8

|

|

13.9 17.9

5.0

l,

D in inches

61.5 67.8 7 4.2 80.7 87.3

41".2

I

I

| 35.3 I

|

I

l l

|

| tl 64.0 | 64.0 6e.1 | 72.5 I 7r.1 | 68.2 78.r | 77.5

57.0 60.4 63.8 67.3

|

|

e.e2l

2.671

.

"

10

kt

kb

2.641 4 Rll 13.3 7.1 I 17.o e.5 | 20.8

|

ku .

I

Ict

9.291

4.781 12.8 6.981 16.3 9.201 19.8

|

48.7 | 35.8 | 48.7

I

I

I

|

2.581

8.821

12.0 15.2

I

72.5 | 15.8 | 10.6 | 23.4 | 27.3 |

L.

lrh

feet

7

6

5

in

.L

:

260.0 268.9 277.4 246.7 295.7 305 314 323 332

342 351

5 4

8.( 8.t 8.! 8.(

8.t 9.t 9.i 9., 9.1 9.1

EXPANSION AND STRESSES

u

srrAPE

wlTrr

TANGENTS ?2 = 2

Reacting Force

TIn: k"'c'-fi

Reacting tr'olce

Fn

l\{axirnum Bending Stress

* = ko' ,'2L

13 in

L

--'

t

1.0 1.4

4.4 6.4 8.4

1.5

10.4

2.0 2.2

12

:.

':.

-r ri

3.0 3.2

.4

16.0 19.7 23 27

.4 .1

30.9 36.3

-1

41,7

3.6 3.8

46.1

-1.0

58.0 65.0

3.

1.2

50 52

1.0

1.7 2.0 2.7 3.0

4.0 +.+ 4.8 5.2

94.0

7.O

103

t12

ti

12L

7.5 7.9 8.3

131

i.0 a2 eti

;0 :2

;.{

;.6 ;.S

!.0 !.2 !.1

:d

1.10

9.2 9.5 9.9

150 161 171

10.3

182 192

23.3 26.6 29.0 33.2

2.t3

13.ti 20.3 24.1 28.0 32.0 36.1

.11.0

47.3

.17.0

50.9

53.0 60.0

58-0 62.0 65.0 60.0 72.0

2.1

69.0 77.O

86.0 95.0 104

76.0 80.0 84.0 88.0 92.0

113

\57

96.0 9$.0

168

3.6 3.9 4.0 4.9

6.6

'7

1

10.5 10.9

1.1 3

1{3

1t.7

r0 ,2 '+ ,ti

323 339 355

75.2 15.{;

: ,.0

387 403

16.0 16.4 16.8

747

160

122 132

r32

248

137

261

14.5

280 299 319 338

14.9

752 157

\62 167

377

16.6

3r8

17.0

1t'2 176

384

18.0

181 186

402 421

18.4

4'10

:J48

4ri0 169

4E0

775

500

10.4 10.9 11.3 11.8 12.3

199

16.1

312 330

9.1 9.5 9.9

13.6 14.1

15.6

13.9

86.0 92.0

232

295

2)i,

4.2

100 111

120 412

105 111

r22

11)

.2 19.6

201

19.4 19.7 20.1

562

20

20.0 20 .4

205 210 215

587

20.9 21.4

.5

16.5 20.0 2+.0 28.0

3.8 4.2

30.0

21.5

33.0

5.6

40.8

6.0

47.0

41.O

7.0

65.0 76.0 87.0

9t.0 109

8.4 8.9 9.4

59.6 68.0 75.0 83.0 91.0 100 107 115 122 130

1-d

41.8

2.0 2.2

48.2

6.0

61.0

2.6 2.8

.5

6.5 6.9

67.0

3.0

46

5.1.0

{i2.0 71

.0

81.0 92.0 105 118

7.8 8.3 8.8 9.3 9.8

74.O

81.0 88.0 95.0 103

11r 120

3.4 3.6

4.0 4.1

146

5.0

12.2

lL2

206

12.$

5.6

13.0

163 171 180

212

13.5

188

6.0

261

1,1.0

198

6.2

283 306 329

14.5

208

6. -1 6. [i

224

6.8

na

7.0

138

179 186 193

u.7

1.r.l 1.1.5

20L

292

15.0

208

310 329 348

15.5

3E6

17.I

215 222 229 236

15.9 16.3 16.7

30e 125 450

.5 .g 18 .4

251

$

2 r-7

5til

19.3

286

592

19.8 20.2 20.7

295

624

3t2

ii89

21.1.

1-22

21.|i

320 329

22.O

337

408 430 453 476 503

17 17

244 251

531

257 2t\4

5E8

277

1.6

30. ti

11.3 1L.7

10.8 11.3

13.6

2 t-0

25.8

159 3.i2 188

717

618 616 675

t.2

21.O

1-1ti

10.3

560

4.9

1.0

128

13.1

237

4.0

11.4 16.2

10.3 10.8

211

22+ 23L

L.6

2.1 2.6 3.0

L n

732

9,E

120 133

258

L

39.5

49.1

221

2L7

5L2

11.0 14.0

153 100 166

211

8.2

24.8 29.5

146

180

3.0

2.9

171

201

487

D in inches

ha

10.9 L3.6

12.b

16.6

19i;

20.L

206

1118

191

10.9 15.5

140

1.)2

18.4 18.9

2.0

134

128

16.2

1E.0

8.2

f-

:"2

10

153 1?3 189

15.8

r8.8

613

gs.0

1E6

77.1

:.9

61).0

80.0 90.0

127

1.{.8 15.2

62.8 80.0

12.7 13.1

271)

46.8 51.9

7.8

13.2

2t4

31.5 36.6

72.O

2t6

125 128

.2

7,1.0

r23

121

136 140

10{

23.O

57 .O

6.3 6.8

118

14.4

132

02.0 07.0

40.7 48.0 56.0 64.0

11.8 12.3

1'1.0

13.1

3.6 4.0 4.5 4.9

43.0 53.2 57.7

1rJ.8 27

185

2+lJ

252 2{i6 280

20.6 25.6 30.0

2.7

113

23+

210

10.7 14.6

1.8

r1.4

117

\2.3

r.4

t72

114

11.0

kt

2.2 10.2 12.9

feet

kt

k!,

108

11.

216

33.'1

94.0 99.0

13.6

1

23.3 28.3

9.6

146

193

t7 .7 20.4

71.0 76.0 80.0 85.0 80.0

10.0

2.4

.5

8.0 8.4 8.8 9.0

12+

1lJ0

9.9 12

18.7

5.7 6.2

10.7

r1.5

371

E.0 10.E

206 220

309

,E

14.6 t7 .5 20.+

103 107 110

201 228

1.1 1.6

4.7

7r.7

40.1 43.7

5.9 6.3 6.7

5. r

;.

0.5 o.7

79.0 86.0

72.t)

1.6 1.6

kt

116

Z in

8

6

2

L

inchcsa

: hv' c'

lll.

259

20a

502 530

304

754

12.l

15.0

16.0 16.4 16.8 17.2 17

.7

2ta

217 256 265 274

4.8

5.4

7.1 7.6

7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4

18.2 18.6

283

19.0 19.5 20 .0

303 313

324

8.8

20.6 21.0 2l .4 21.8 22.2 22.7

335 345 354

9.0

293

8.

ii

36.1

9.4 9.6 9.8

384

10.0

]TT (;ITINNELL

-

PIPING DESIGN AND ENCINUI'RING

SHAPE WITH TANGENTS L]

U

F,: b' c 'J 1,'

Reactirrg Force

T^

Reacting Force

'"v . IJ' ,t

nlaxinum Bending 12 in inchesa

-D 3p:kt.c.j

Stress

Z in

feet

11.8 16.6

L

D in inches

t5

1.0

|

0.7

1.6 1.8

|

2.2

2.0 2.8

30

20

24

15 18

17

38

5L 59

tt4 69

68

7a E3

10.0 10.7 11.5 12.2

a7

89

90 107 118 130

12.8

95 101 108

13.6

5U

64

67

4.0

62

6E

09 76 E4

73

i3

a2

92

92 102

87

1r1

92

120 131

13.2

154

1+.5 15.2 15.E

| 96 12.4 100

82

5.E

13.0 I 13.6 |

109

166

6.0 6.2

14.2 | 774

179

d.6

| 121 Id.4 | 129 17.1 I 134 15.7

6.8

8.E

232

19.1 |

260

20.4 | 1i3

276

2tn 305

32L 338

s.0 9.2 9.

-1

9.6 9.8 10.0

119

17.8

2f6 8.0 8.2 s.1 s.6

105

208 220

372 389 406 423 440

18.5

|

139 14+ 149

19.8 ti5

21.1 2r .8 22.5 i 23

r63

17

219 234

17.8 18.5 19.1

250 26tt 282 2i)9 335

188 192

r97 202 207 212

3!2

8.6

66 72

15.I

It5

t5.E

18.1

|

3.6 4,3 5.0

19 22

5.8 6.6

40 4tt 52

2E

66 72 79 86 93

52 00 ?0

10.5

80 90

11 12

100 108 115 122 130

17. 0 141

r8.8 148 216 231

.1

219 285

10.8 | 147

304 323

314

172

1t2 187

192 197 203 209

2t4

2r9 224

1q.7 |

20.3

155 161

2r.c | 7,4

|

18.7 22O

I9.4

214 262

20.1 20.7 21.4 22.1 22.9

2E0

300 321

23.6 21.2 21.a 25.5 26.1

178 185 193

| 101 | 1t5

9.8

tl.1

.8 ,4

13.1

13.8 15.3 16.0

1i2

16.7

tE8 205 222

17

211

19.6

262 283

20.3

196

21.O

205 215

1.1.5

.4

18.1

I8.8

330 353

219

376 403 430 457 485

24.2 21.9 25.6 26.2 26.9

260 208 277

513

27.6 28.3

286

605

235 212

430 506

28.2 29.0 29.7

294

30.5

303

31..2

412 321 330 339 348

109 | 4.0 117 I 4.2 125 | 4_4

lt2J 113 | 137

207 209

26.7

32.0 32.7 33.4 31.2

8.2 9.0

21.8 22.6 23.4

410 432

532 560 588 619 649 680

2.2

2tr lu 3r l14

16.5 17.2

177

41t

7.1

9.3

60

387

1;3

rE3

31

139

t9l

201

1u8

.2 | r78

23.9 I

6.3

59

4+

56

14.9

4+ 49

22 26 31 39

50 55

55

)

30

26

3.3 6.0 9.0

| 21 .4 |

18

2t

38 1+

5L

71.2 11.8

4.2 4.9

47

50

5.0 5.2 5.+ 5.6

11

26 31

5L 59

+.E

8.4

2.8

39

4l

3.4 3.6 3.8

1.2

| 25

3.9

30

5.8

2l

47 39

2.6 z. rj

20

34 43

3.0

| 11.4 15.6 15.6 l| 20 3.3 | 20 2.0

10 15

23

26 16

2.6

9.3

t.1 | r2.7 1.5 I 16.1 1.8 | t,J.E

573 037

2S.0

29.7

30.4 31.1 31.7

13{ 4.6 r42 | 4.8 752 161 170

178 147

221

233

7.2

283

7.6 7.4

294 303 313 323

,4

34.3

383 395

33.0

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8

243 253 263

353 363

32

5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8

7.O

8.0 4.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.4 9.6 9.8

EXPANSTON AND STRESSES

u

STIAPE

l{rTH

TANGENTS

,;:4

Rerr, ting

Force

F,:

k, '

c.#

Reaciing

Force

Fu

:

1,"'

"

"o

-

Ao

"

.Naximttrn Bendine Stress

Ip in inches*

!-l L;

z

t',

1.0 2.6 12 t 45 lrl b.7 1d | 89 i.E | 11.:

l;u

0.8 1.3 1.8

2.3

.

159

18.0

170

18.9

181

19.7 20.6

19-1

208

..0 222 .2 236 .1250 ;. d 201 ..! 279 :0 296 :2 313 :+ 330 idi3.17 :.s 364

22.1 23.2 24.2

.I

24.5 33.0

2.9 5.0 7.7 13.3 16.3

1.8 2.5 3.3

4.0

5.4 6.3 7.2 8.0 8.9

ii4

ti5

12.3 L3.2

69

71 83

1.1. 1

79

15.0

84

93 104

89

1I6

15.0 15.8

Iii.7

93 $9 106

17.6 18.5

1t2 11E

19.4 20.3 21.2 22.2

125

61

56

66

ti-1

7L

72

76

81 90 100 111 133

112 123

171 185

129

199

110 116

215 230

128 99 10.1

19.4 20.3

107 117

16.8 L7 .7

21 .1

22.0 23.a

215

152

260

26.1

158

276

27

103 169

2U3

109

t1{

ll$

33..1

4E4

3-1.3

r89

430

34.6

l9+ 199

2l()

173 496

36.3 3t'.2

209

61138

31.4 32.3 33.2

519

31.1

231

38.1 3{).0

2r9

35.0 30.0

5f2

'157

210 216

5ti6 590

s

0

+00 +19

1 .176

222

204

.10.0 .11.0

3

562 590

221 229

680

235

710

104

201

2r.6

219 238

22

.1 23.3

I60

25a

21.2

182

25 .1.

26.0 26.9 27 .9

191 199

181 188

277 206 316 340

36.0

255

37.0 37.8 38.7 39.6

262 268 275 282 2E8

41.3

296

404

9+

12.8

183

126 133

168

208 216

22.a

r17 164 173

233

768

-10.5

312

800

41

33.1

200

o.6 6.0

33.4 34.3 35.2 36.0 36.9

299

341

8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8

741 a2r

37.8 38.6 39.5 40.3

858 896

42.0

352 362 372 382 392

9.0 s.2 9.4 9.6 9.8

5.10

310 318 326

5.2

7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6

265

37.4 38.1 38.9 39.7

,1. 8

249 259 269 279 289

399 427

32.a

2E3 2\)2 331

4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6

1E2

209 26

.1

2a.2

211

,iJ

3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8

219 229 239

490 519

.3

2l .9

2t-.3

.{83 511

701

20.1 21.0

3.16

2+9

$ t-2

130 138

2.6 2.4

6.2 6.4 6.6 0.8

257

6.r0

.4 18.3 19 .2 17

21.5

32.O

36.4

L12 121

278 299 321

4ti3

31.6

t5.7

191

31.2

578 608

11.0 82

200 218 236

2|t

65

89 96

150 158

24E

.2

72

t.2

52

72 80 88 g6

142

235

2.0 2.2

11.S

1S.8

215

38.6 15.2

7.6

ii3

170 185

1t'4

1.6 1.8

10

t18

160 107

22.a 28.0 33.2

8.4 9.3

.2 18.1 18.9

1-16

4.2

30

123 138 153

20.7

1.0

6.7

68

75 82

L n

.5

20 24 37

kt 12

5.0

108

132 139

L

2.5

72 16

111

228 510 s36

49 56 62

6.2

104 17

D in inchcs

k'l

16.4

412

'160

32.E

13.6

208

30.2 31.0 31.8

31)0 .110

102 113 126 110

12.7

2U.6 30..1

t'2 393

184

70 80 90

10.I 1l.E

28.8

,115

32.0

8L

ti0

389

177

370

52

367

I71

187

63 69

9.1

10.0

105

161

27 .O 27 .9

29 36

7.1 8.3

202

106

I

46 5L 57

29..1

.4 28.3 29.2

.151

382

11

311

31.0

r98 201

?.9 8.8 9.6

2a.7

238

12.2 17.1

19

40

330

1+0 151

30.

I

4.0 4.8

309

26'J

350

2.4

6

21.0 21.9 25.9 26.8 27.8

1+1

330

r92

7.O

23.1,

131 130

181

28.8 29.7 30.6

200

125

26.0

25

168 183

3.4 12

.4 12.3 13.1 14.0

10.6

.10

-1

30

10.5

s.8

.19

31

.8

20.9

48 56

43

56

102

3.9 4.7

11

l{i

59

51

t22

1I

23

3.1

50

36

91 96

1U

2.3

6.2

42 .O

86

5.2

15

18 22 27 33 40

46.5

E1

10.8

?

10

1t6

1.1

20 25 30

ir feet

8

kb

2r0

r.0 I :.2 | -..+ | ..

9.7 11.0 15.0 19.0

6

k!

kr

23.0

rol13.5 3.2 l.r | 17.5 3.8 il|21.5 4.5 I ,r I 25.5 5.1 r. s 29.7 5.8 :t 0 3.1.2 ) 2 40.4 7.1 J+ 17 7.8 i. ii 52 8.5 .i.3 59 9.2 10.0 =.0 66 10.8 72 =.2 r.1 80 ll.ti 88 12.1 =d rs 97 13.2 ;0 107 14.0 i2 rt7 14.8 11 t27 i.6 137 10.4 r.3 148 17 .2 .,0 .. 2 r. 1 r. d 'r _\

4

1,

Ifi

570 603 637 710

29.2 30.0 30.9 32.6

{t.2

309 319

330

.103

10.0

ITT GITINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

II

SIIAPE WITI{ SINGLE TANGENT

Fx+

Reacting Force

F": k,'"'T

Reacting Force

I. .r'.,: I;,,-('=; L'

Marimun lSending Stress I-p in

1.79

1.4

2.83

2.0

3.6

6.2

6.4

26

99 109

81

20 22 2+

105

26 2a

134

s1

2l

15.0

118

128

27

t2&

18.0 19.9

128 138 148

23 25

139

2t.a

89

30

11.0 12.0

100

11r

152

t79

36 38

27 .O

199

209 225 242

28.5 30.2

209

18S

31.9 33.6

35.4

253

.2

266 277 289

39

41.

r

305 329

403 430 460

173

93 101

3.6

2+.6

110

3.8

26.5

116

4.0

2S

r27

t44

31

136

154 164

33

233 216 259

zffi

47

224

305 330

50

236 249

341

493 523

580 610

77 79

409

398

6.10

a2

4r2

679 718

85

797 837

95

435 451 468 485 502

66 69

9S

39

234

4l

259 280

70

78 80 83 85

359 371 383 395

726

88

76s

91

409 421

805 845 885

94

434

97 100

447

925

103

464

46

302

48

2rl

32+

51

220 229 238

317

37t 425 453

.l8l

58 ti1 63

5r0

461 476

4.6

5.8

80 75C

a2

788 426 864 902 940

a5 87 89

92

94

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.O

267 277 287

7.4

308 318 329 341 350

8.0 4.2 8.4 8.6 8.8

68

70

370 383

4.2

5.+ 5.6

397 286 299 311 324

3s6

88 92

262

2.8

154 198 218

43 45 48 50

406 435

12.1

1r4

45

370 384

470

23 .0

8.8

s6

260

340

67 70

3.0

q

520

426 440

77

43

4S1

60 63

.2 19.0 21.0

240

29s 313

1.8

2.1'

20s

58 60 63

1.6

62 69

22r

380

t.2

5.1

13.8

197

285

1-0

2.0 2.2 2.4

IUJ

272

li

40 48

39

426

58

'l

203

46.8

526

30

150 167

301

4S.0

94

t2l

43.0 45.0

497

617 649 681

220

244 263 283

7l 108

29 31

24.4

439 468

tr4

15.8

159 169

165 1?9 193

9.0

10.0

18

102

302 322 342 364 3a7

9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8

17

62

108

7.0

8.0 a.2 8.4 8.6 8.8

17 82 90

19

26L 281

7.4

66

80

59

6.6 6.8

7.4

11.0

63 70

8.8 9.9

79

6.0

10.5

14.I

4.0

5.8

42 49

52 60 ?0

39 45 69

5.0 5.2

38 4+

7.1 8.4 9.8

4.2 5.0 5.9 6.8

3.8 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8

6.3

20

2.6 2.4 3.0

30

4.0 4.9

2.3r

1.8

2.7 3.$

tr

D

D in inches

,L in fcet

18.3

1.41 2.24 3.15

0.75

1.0

inchesa

sB:kb c';

7.4

L0 9.4 9.6 9.8

EXPANSION .\N D STR

II

SIIAPE UNEQUAL LEGS

tr ,x

L

i

0.2 0.4 0.8

k"

L.1

0.07 0.60 1.15

2.4

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

6

I

1.6 1.8

13 19

2.0

27

2.2

4A

2.8 3.0 3..+

3.6 3.8

{.0

81 99 118 138 160

1.6 1.9

2.6 2.9

303 336

2l

28 36 45

Reacting Force

Ia:

Maximurn Bending Stress

s3:t,.".l

6.1

6.9

6.2

Z in feet

in inchesa

7

0.53

8

1.4

2.2

1l

3_0

4.8

3.8 +.4

20

8

4.9

26

10

11 18

4.8

5.4

50 62

22

6.0 6.6

90

9l 110 130

152

20r

206

222

239 273 310

266 288 311 334

11

1.8 2.O

29 39

160 180

244

kt

3.6

60

t42

h,

8

80

124

4.4 4.8 5.2

3.6

37 48

3.8

4.I

0.29 0.75 1.9

178

351

398 445

f-

lcy.C'Lz

D in inches

h

4 lco

58 68

3.5

239

27I

3.0 5.8 9.5

s3 108

184

210

4.8

t,: tr".c-E

2

Ict

1.0

t.2

Reacting Force

Ir

4/3

ESSES

h 0.69

34 4A

18

26

.8.1

4.6 4.8 5.0 o.o 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

18 23

o.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

29

1.0

38 49

10.0

62 76

1.6 1.8

11.0 12.0

92 110

2.O

13.0

129

14.5

150

2.4 2.6 2.4

2t9

41

9.0

106

7l

10.0 11.0

a7

9-0

123 142

105

10.0

162

128

185

10.5

183 20tr

151

160

17 19

178

t7

209

189

20

12 13

230

208

19

220

246 273

240

20

259 288

254

23

301

74

280 307 335 365

292

24 26 2a

331

.rr0

318 349 380

306

428

8.0

16 17 18 19

13.5

2l 318

23

88 104 121

60

140

94

162

114

25

4I4

378 424

461

26

512

2a

450 480

481 537

361

L

29

30

t7l 193

362 396 432 469 506

3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0

27

ITT GRINNEI,I, PIPING DI.]SIGN AND ENGINEERIN(;

I' L

SEAPE-EQUAL LEGS

&b

o.2 0.3

0.0377 0. 1165

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0.469 0.765 1.191

1.0 L.2

3.00 4.88

1.8

10.55 14.48

0.617 1.308

0.256

0.4

3.370 4.580 6.430 8. 1I0 10.39

1.68 2.34

1.4

2.0 2.2

19.2 24.6 31.4

2.6 2.8

39

2.4

12.00

F*+

22.26 28.56 43.20 52.32 60.72 70.56

.2

T^

8t.24

48.0

92.64

3.0 a.2 4.4

104.5 118.2 130.8

69.1 82.2 95.6

3.8

111.0

138.4

4.0 4.2

!24.L

160.0

4.4 4.6 4.8

Xlaximum Bending Stress ss

r

147 .O

176.

166.6 189.0

208.8

h,'c';-

Reacting Force

lp ln rncnes-

192.0

"L

L-

to

,D : /cb'c';Psr D in inches

in feet

213.0 246.O 264.O

239.0

5.0 5.2

266.0

I'

SIIAPE-MODIFIED

Reacting Torce

T. k"'r'fr

'r-

f-

ho.".-fi

Reacting Force

Maximum Bending Stress s3

i

kh

2.63 3.38

o.75

242

lt.2

3.6S

1.85

16.5

3.30 4.37

2.24 2.79

12.6

1.01

10.50 14.45

4.12 5.50

1.15

13.5

4\2

13.3

4.5

o

.42

14.5

2.60 4.70 7.75

21"

0.86 2.44 4.65

4.50

22.O

r.o

4.17 5.46

1-26 2.66 4.70 7.60

13.8

28

1.4r

h

k,

10..15

9.30

hb

h,

0.51 0.69

.20

k!

kt

2.62 a.42

7

7,

Directron

4/3

1

2 3 6

"'

D in inches

.L in feet

l]) ln lncnes

L

,D : nt'

14.1

7. 10

28.7

9.33

.5 28.2

5.30 7.08 9.40

7

.87

r 2t.3 16.

28.2

s.+

2.r+

17.6 17.3 2a.2

ol Fyn Force

I J

EXPANSION AND STRESSES

II

T'WO PLANE

u-^ f. :"zlb

Reacting

Force F'

:

h..

c.

Sendlng

Stless

:

/f6.

ct

ss

D

.D 'Iolslonetblress st :,cr'c' Jp )n lncnes_

-L

Psl

ZPsl D in inches

in feet

'Where no value for &; is listed the torsional stress is

negligible. tr'or method of combining stress see pages 4 and 5. NorE: f,ette!6 indicete locetion of maximum combined stress,

L

0.25

L E 1

2

ka

0.040 0.050

I

0.50

c 0.55 c 0.62

I

0.67

).

.42

0.72

0.27

0.76

6

0.061

0.78

7

0.063

0.80

0.31

0.3{

2.

t4

2

.40

3.31

1.73

4.40

11.2

3.0

6.36

11

.3

4.9

L

lu

h,

kh

kt

tr

kb

kt

7.09 0.75

2.05

9.12

0.65

2 26

9.8

o

.0

24.8

3.4

19.5

33.4

7.8

36.7

12.0

2.63

1.72

7

2.69

1.86

6.34

1.99

6.95

2.i1

1

2.08

7

4.71

.16

7.80 B

2.22

8.10 8.40

15.6

20.0

22.O

19.3

tr .4

21.0

26

.8

28.0 23.4

32.0

!

.5

B B

11

34.5 B

44.6

44.7

44.9

.5

B

7

I

49.0

51

.4

8

a

B

37.6

56.0

I

59.3

10

B 29

16.0

40.0

B

24.5

B

10.9

12.2

B

24.4

B

10.2

B

2.28

22.2

B

B 2

16.6

t7.6

B

.40

10.5 B

B

B

0.40

.70

B

B

n

11

6.8

12.9

B

B

0.39

18.9

.52

L

i

B

B

0.38

0.825 0.396

0.0647 0.84

7.24

B

0.37

B

10

1.54

B

0.36

B

0.064

0.75

3

B

0.0635 0.81

3.43

1.90

B

8

0.70

B

B

0.060

i./

c

B

0. o58

At

c

0.195

B

0.055

,

ko

L

t

3

2

40.6

!

2S

ITT GRINNELL

-

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

TWO PLANE U_WITS TANGENTS

:

T^

k". c .'fipsi

Reacting

Force F,

Bdnding

Stress sz: h. "."7

D

Torsional

Stress

s,

: tri.c.? psi

D in inches lf ln lncnes_ Z in feet lVhere lo value for i;1 is listed the torsioral strcss is negligible. For method ol combining stress

Norx: Lctters i4dicaie location

see pages

4 and 5.

of maximum combined stress.

k"lkb DI

D

0.51 J 1.26

1 10.20 1.63

2 t0.28

D

I 0.30 |

2.O1

o ."+e

D

3 t0.32 2.r5

6.6

e. zz

1.07

9.3 21.O

13.3

22.O

2.76

7.00

19.6

26.4

4.86

7.86

24.4

29.6

7

.20

51.0

8.50

28.5

31.6

9.58

66.7

D

D

D

5 t0.35 2.32

15.0

5.70

D

4 | 0.34 2.27 0.36 2.36 D

|

O

.37 2.38

9.38

31.6

8.96

8 | 0.38 2.10

I

40.0

9.30

I

9.00 108 D

D

10 I 0.3C 2.43

D

4.35

0.67 3.20 D

1.35 5.80

D

4.30

1.70 7.00

6.23 13.8

D

1.88

7

.44

9.96 D

D

D

7

.44 16.9 D

D

8.94 18.8

2.01 D

D

2.09 8.00 D

D

2.t5 8.13

10.3

D

D

2.17 8. 14

10.7 11.0

30

22.2 D

D

2.26 8.36

2r.7 D

D

2.23 8.30

2t.l

r1.3

22.6

15.9

38.0

9.80

I

z.o

6.3

|

9.3

15.0

rols lo.ss I zr.z

24.O

s.z lo.is

^t 11.0

I

I

c

DIDI 21.5 l7 .40I 36 .2 30.0 D IDI 3t 4 17.75152.6 31.0 DIDI 37 0 17.70 16S-5 .10.5 D IDI 41.6 17.70185.7 49 .4 D IDI 45.0 I 7.14 1100 +slo lohlrre DIDI 50.6 16.45 1127

D

64.0 D

7t.5

z.rsl

43.2

D

43.1

0.38 2.42

81.8

9.20

D

D

10.5 117.7

r55 r8d 6

1

|

6.75

60.2 34.5

171.0136.8 182.8138.8

48.1 D

8.70 119

z".ol | ,

03.6

40.0

D

D

D

16.0

31.4

D

6 7

2.O

1145

DI

14.1 |

10

EXPA\SION AI{D TWO PLANE

STRESSES

U WITH

TANGENTS

Iieacting

Force tt" : r,".

.D ss: /ib.c.Zpsr

Bending Stress

Turii,,ral SnFss s, lp ln lnclles_

/cr

. Ar.c t) nsi l_ D in iuches

in feet

,/-

Where no value for

" 2v.

is listed the torsional stress is

negligible.

For method of combining stress

see pages

4 and 5.

No'rlr: Lotiers indicate location of maximum combined stress.

I'/a : 'I

I

0.25

L

L.

kt

D

D

n

I

1.00

3.3{ 1.16

2.79

8.58 1.50

4.06 12.0

+

4.81 1.1.0

5

5.41 15.6

0

5. ii5

4.10

5.86 11.15

1n. o

5

D

D

D

D

23.9

35.0

5.18

25.4

5.89 16.4 D

8

I

6.06

27

.3

D

28.6

6.22 17.0

32.6 4t3.7

38.

60.9

49.3 17.0 104

l0

4.87 D

40.8

4.59

D

D

.5

86.0

47.4

13.7

:l

L

ka

c

E

c

I

2.38

8.

c

12 35 26.0

2

c

30.8

43.0

60.0

60.0

c

c c

94.4

68. c

r38

r25

68.0

72.0

68.6 18.3

D

D

18.25 209

8ti.5 D

D

84.0 18.15 211

100.5

100

174

77 .O D

D

e;0

6

c

c

59.5 18.0 137

96.6

D

45.0

73.9

15.7 D

D

4.29

2!.

c

;l

c

D

4.02 r06

29.8

0.31 r7 .2

74.0

11.

D 1

D

D

42

st.z

D

D

38.3

D

D

26.1

D 27 .O

D

7

19.5

16.4 10.7 D

33.0

10.7

19.3

D

19.9

D

D

D

.12

2. ."1

c

8.65 14.3

D

25 .O

Iri.0

c

2.2

c

D

D

1.39

kb

1.90

1.7 D

D

3

kt c

1.50

4

3

2

hl

ka

D

2

ti

.50 220 D

r 1,1

',.25

113

7

214

13i

8

c

I

.75 D

189

c

D

c 312

128

c

1274

c

137.5 8.9 382

1330

1148

t. hoi.:

c

7.1

10

L/a-8

i

0.5

0.25

L

I

4.2

1.69

D

lJ.6

3

D

8.75 20.0

D

19.0

7.84

D

D

2.62 23.4

29.0

9.2

31.6

38.6

9.7

D

D

2.79 15.1 D

23.0

11.0

25.0

38.7

7

11.8

26.0

.15.0

8

I

r2.3

27 .O

50.0

D

12.7

27.8

54.0

D

l0

r3.0

28.,{

23.2

57.3

59.6

1

1.9

29.6

28.4

.8

30.6

D

61

23.0

88.8

D

I

9.8

D

D

64.0

9.4

D

D

9.05

2ri.3 r28

8-1.0

D

D

107

67

24.5 c

39.0

D

5.1.0 10.

c

40.9

.2 28.9

t71

40.5 c 57.0

zt. o c

130

82.

1

31.2 225

95.5 3r.9 279 D

l,;; l:;r Iror

c 10'1

D

t09.5 33.6 335

c

8.8 c 17 07 86 107

r29

145

i{06

l*'

108

108

6

161

225

c c

1312

ris.9

c 1-19

c

34.3

c

c 133

2

2A

119

l270

1

c

c 5

]ue 1206

D

r52

l,^

E9.0

D

D

D

c

c

46.8 10. 1 D

8.3

9.9

D

D

6.3 c

D

D

D

10.2

D

9.36 5.60

4. 10 10.0

c

c

1.8

5.201 D

D

L

i

kb

cl t.22

D

2

kl

l^

i

4

3

2

1

299

li

I

390 475

6

li:;

10

ITT

G1TINNELL

-

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

THREE DIMENSIONA' 90" TIJRNS

r.. > Ls

L": L2

Bending

Stress

Torsional Stress Reacting Force

* : fr' .'f :

,r

f,:

nr'

22.40

1.36

4.0

1.68

2.80

lr"'"'Ifi"tU

ll)

n,"'

Reacting

x{oment .df- =

Reacting

Moment tr[u,

lD lncnes-

Z in feet

0.31

1.37

41.40

2.09

0.45

t.a2

30.54

3.03 3.33

10.0

t,"','Ifitt-n'

: ka, , ']rr-ri. D in inches

t.4l

6.9

0.60

o.74

5.0

1.01

1

1.10

1.11

6.92

t.a2

1.95

4.7a

L.29

2.00

2.13

22.14

2.80

4.8

2.0

2.53

18. 12

3.70

0.98

2.00

2.8

13.50

.42

1.27

0.45

2.06

1.0

0.66

0.45

0.85

0.29

2.38

0.70

0.66

1.66

21.0

0.39

0.65

o.2l

0.56

0.68

2.01

4

25.3

0

1.20

1.40

1.65

0. s4

0.94

1.98

0.74

0.74

2.t7

0.62

0.62

6.4

0.9

0.37

4.10

0.8

0.58

5.66

0.64

0.65 0.72

8.6

o

.52

0.17

3.10

0.45

0.63

2.38

5

.4+

0. 14

3.43

0.39

0.68

2.76

6

o.72

3.13

7

3.50

8

3.84

I

0.53

0.53 t2.6

0.48

0.77

10.2

29

.4

70.0

2.43

o.47

o.47

0.43

0.81

11.6

33.5

0.51

0.39

o.t2

3.79

0.35

0. 11

4.16

0.32

4.50

0.28

79.2

2.70

0.42

o.42 15.7

0.39

0.91

13.2

37

.6

0.63

0.35

88.2

2.76

0.38

0.38

0.35

0.93

14.6

41.4

0.53

0.31

0.76

4.20

035

4.9

2

o

2.31

40.3

I

1.30

o

61.0

1.78

1.14

.42

0.51

3.3

7t

2.5

I. 1I

0.35

.07

4.4

34.5

2.41

" 'Ifitt.n.

3.78

26.7 43.4

of

X"'c'IrJrn

4.9

ln = lr" ' 'Ifin "

Force f ": Reacting Moment Jlf", :

,'flVS|,

3.2

19.20

Torce

Reacting

combining stresses see page 4 and 5

0.95 1.66

tn

n

n",lFor Method

30.21 19.62

Reacting

9.5

1. 10

0.59

5.0

6.7

1.64

0.84

6.8

10.5

0.84

!2.O

0.85

1.13

8.4

0.52

t.r2

24.7

5.0

o.77

4.7

1.68

0.96

6.7

22.3

4.86

0.54

3.6

L

.62

0.74

6.0

4.80

0.37

1.10

1.48

0.13

0.80

0.09

0.65

0.49

2.3

0. ?0

o.72

3.9

2.0

0.61

1

0.51

2

9.3

0.15

o.22

1.1

1.00

0.71

3.6

10.4

o.24

0.13

0.60

0

-74

0.70

0. 10

0.76

o.42

0.64

0.6 0.4

0.88

o.47

0.66

0.45

4

t2.o

0.11

0.

o.44

0.69

0.82

0.09

13.7

o.21

0.

0.34

0.58

0.95

0.16

0.35

0.67

0.3

0.58

0.50

1.06

o.L2

0.27

0.70

o.24

0.51

0.54

1.18

0.10

0.23

o.74

0.20

0.50

0.59

0.20

0.80

0.18

0.48

0.65

8

0.83

0. 17

0.49

0.69

s

0.88

0.15

o.75

10

o.22

0.

0.30

0.20

0.

o.25

0.57

19.5

0.21

0.

o.22

0.56

7.25

0. 15

21.6

0.21

0.

0.21

0.59

t.42

0. 10

0.18

23.6

o.2l

0.

0.19

0.61

0. 10

0.16

NorE: Letters iDdicete loc.tiion of maximurn combined

streBs.

0.01

EXP.\.\SION AN D

S'I'IITISSES

THREE DIMENSIONAL 90' TURNS

0.25

88.2

;0

0.

0.ori 18.f a

iz

rz.u 7.8

1.13

0.71

1+.7

2.2

o.12

102.3

0.67

0.

c5

0.9

2,IJ

0. 61

69.0

10.77 13.7

.42

0.

10.30 (}.1

r7.0

7

0.9ii

0.tr2

0.5E

0.82 I I.4

3.6

8.75

0.35

0.79

7.4

3.4

6.10

0.23

0.67

5.2

3.

8.19

2.

I 0.3E 1

0.53

0.75

30.3

8..lri

12 l

c.i

0.60

14.

.1

28.14

s.'1g ;.s

0.28

0.90

4.7

2.7

0.56

31

8.01

4.t5

0.09

0..10

9.0

4.9

1

.70

0.07

0

0.00G1 0.77

0.06

0.57 I 1.4 0.47 1 0.7

1.5

6. 21

1.0

0.31

5.3-1

0

0.80

0.04

0.36

0.70

1.1 i0.25

6.24

0 05; 0.47

0.037

0.43

0.7G

0.30

5.50

0.03

0..16

0.026

0.32

0.41

0.80 I 0.23

6. iig

o."r-,;;l o. aa

0.026

0.42 I 0.20

0.63

0.31

6.06

0.03

0.32

0.010

0.30

0.29

0.67

0.22

0.22

0.5i

1

0.21

0.4i

1

0.21

2

,4 '5

r.6

o

0.

{

t-

.5

7

.11

0.057t 0.25

0.021

0.33

6.24

0.24

0.015

0.30

0.21

7.98

0.017

0.19

0.50

0.35

6.50

0.04

0. 18

0

.011

0.2i

0.16

8

E.60

0.069 0.21 0.075 0. 17

0.43 0.45

0.5.+

7

0.015

0.47 | 0.15

0.45

0.37

6.80

0.04

0.16

0.0105 0.31

0.14

9.50

0.0501 0.15

0.012

r{

0.45

0.41

7.02

0.070 0

0.010

0.48 0.52

0.13

0.45

0.44

3.3

0.3.1

132.0

0.49

E8:8

0.49

56.0

11

0.41

38.0

u:4

10

10 08

025 r17.0 0.50

I

14

0.

.4

0.85

10.5

81.0

13.35 1ti.0

0.53

0.76 13.6

50.6

12.06

9.8

0.30

0.72

8.4

35.1

11.07

0.20

0.60

5.8

9.87

23

4.0

2

9.78

1.8

0.05

0.37

1.6

1.9

0.27

3

4.95

0.85

0.03

0.30

0.75

1.3

0.22

T

0.27

9.3

7.3

0.17

6.4

4.2

0.38

0.45

1.0

0.16

0.011

0.29

0.78

0.14

0. 21

0.63

0.16

0.55

3.90

6

4.75

0.23

0. 011

o.22

0.21

0.59

0.16

3.95

4.80

0.18

0.0092 0.22

0.16

0.51

0.167

4.10

0.15

0.0083 0.23

0.13

o

.47

0.176

4.20

0.13

0.0065 o.23

0.

11

0 .42

0.183

4.45

0.

0.0055 o.23

0.10

o.32

0.186

4.62

0.235

o

z

0.0051

__1L

25

1+7.0

0.69

0.255 161.0

50

96.6

0.40

0.38

106.0

61.8

o.24

0.39

67

1

41.5

0.15

0.35

45.6

2

I

12

.2

I.4

0.0.1

0.23

3

5.1

0.019

0.15

5.46

+

3.9

0.012

0.116

3.8

3.2 3.6 3.8 4.0

.6

0.62

0,41

19.4

0. 37

0.55

.7

o.21

o.52

15.3

0.09

0.49

0.034

0.28

0.016

0.20

0.012

0.16

0.007

0.

17

8.25

t

0. 102 0.007

0

0041

0. 110

3. 12

0.104

3.26

0. 106

I,r.ltterc indi@te location of maxinrunr combined stress.

1.+

0.13

0.102

0.108

.12

0.013

4.10

0.17

7

o

0.50

0.19

0.71

\orE:

r0.7

0.19

0.9

t0

10

12.12

T

0.29

8

14.8

0.26

0. '13

6

0.43

0.46

1.4

o.23

3.6

0.26

5.1

r7.2

2.2

-:L

,l ,l

3.8

-27

1.8

0.26

11

O

0.82

0.014

+

0.12 I

0.023

0.010

10

0.4+ 10.26

0.046

0.32

z

0. 11

0.75

.46

11

.12

0.91

0.49

5.20

0.33

0

2.0

1.70

5.00

0.12

.32

0.33

4.29

4.90

s

o

0.47

4.92

5

8

0.14

0.52 1

1.6

.47

6

ig

1

3.4

0.12 .!P

0.

11

0.

11

.12

o

.47

0.10

0.43

0.0{,)

0.39

ITT GRINNT]LL PIPING DI.]SICN AND ENGINEERIN(; EXPANSION BENDS The tables for steel expansion bends on pages 34 to 45 permit the sclection of bends designed to absorb expansion betrveen tl'o fixed points. The tabulated defleclions and anchor forces produce a maximum bending stress of 10,000 psi rvith a nodulus of elasticity, E, of 29 X 106 psi rvhen the tl'o ierminals of the bend are restrained from rotation, as shorvn in Figure 1.

Unrestrained straight runs of pipe on one or both terminals, as sho$'n in Figure 2, rvill increase the fleribility of the system thus reducing anchor force ard

Therr

Acturl F,

the bend is approximately midrvay betu'een the anchors'

The follol'ing ratios rvill permit adjustment of the tabular values for any given set of conditions:

Restrained Bends Select a bend u'hich has a

Tabular Deflection

=

Thermal Expan"io' X'

-. ].]&

Allorv. Stress

.\ttttll Itt Ho' t iotr -l'abular F, X ;. 'l abular I)eflectiort ,

Unrestrained Bends Select a bend so that

Tabular Deflection X

:

bending stress. Since flexibility and thermal expansion are both functions of the overall length, the derivation

of the maximum overall length for a given allo*'able stress involves cut and try calculation. The use of the Q factors, l'hich are tabulated for each "straight run" bend type, rvill result in a close approximation of this maximum length \\ithout further calculation provided

:

Q

t0'Y

Thermal Expansion X ;-., ,, ,,\llo$- iitress

Then

Acrual

f, :

Trbular

\""t*l Dcflpct ion f, x -t rorrlrr , f)efrcction X Q

(Alihough this value is not exact it is sufficiettly accurate for archor design. ) For sizes or radii not tabulated, equivalent values for tleflection and anchor force may be derived from equations listed belorv bend details. Exact solution for unrestrained bends is obtained rvith the help of the "properties of expansion bends" tlhich are also listed

belorv each bend detail. Values for Q have been verified for all tabulated bends Their use rvith other bends should be checked by the exact sohtion for unrestrained bends.

<-

Fx+ -Fx

Fx

E\PANSION AND

STRESSES

Example 1 (Selectron ot a single restrained bend)

II.

Giaen: A fully guided 6 inch schedrrle 40 carbon steel pipe line operating a\ 425" F is to be installed bets een tn'o fixed points 85 feet apart. Assume that the bending stress must not exceed 22,500 psi (for method of determining see page 3).

Solulion:

The anchor forces.

Erprnsion '

-

4.60X

: at 600o

F

:

4.60 inches/100

ft.

(see page 7)

Find: I. A. suitable bend lhich rlill absorb the explnsion in the restrained line l-ithout excceding the illorvable bendirrg stress.

I

I

Type

Found

of Bend

page

Itad. in

\

36

8

1

40

8

nnrLlte

|mseL

1':Rl

1.7'1 inches

Refer to the tables to lind bends rvhich will accommodate a deflection of 1.7.tr ilches. In this crse three bends are shol.n rvhich fulfill this requirement. Final choice will depend upon space llmitations, economy of materials and labor, and the intelsity of the anchor forces.

II

Tabular

Actual

F., lb

4l

2nl

* Actual F.

-

I, :

Deficc-,

2.18

3 .91

r037

16-lE*

13.7

11

I

11t31

2338

12.0

r

lr79

2012

12.0

2.03

6

x

x

ffi

fii

=

ro+s

Anchors, feet

lb

:

4.00

::ipansion

absorb the

in the unrestrained line l'ithout

exceeding

:Le allorvable bending stress.

I

I

Found

;i

on page

Bend

\ I

U\

: tp. u \ -ip. u (

102.1

12.0

r03.8

'l'abunr Defleclion X {/ > 3.9t X -

:2nl

Tabular

I

Tabular

Actual

Tabular

in

Deflec.,

Deflec.

Deflec.,

XO

mches

t,

1.38

1.84

3.Sl

1626

Ito

2.01

| .29

2.24

.30

2.11

39

10

40

8

41

_r\crual

a

lnches

1.33

36

|.75

1

ft:-

Tab.

- a^

1.7.1

I+g 22,300

inches

Refer to the tables to find bends rvhose values for deflection times the appropriate Q value rvill accommodate a deflection of 1.74 inches. As in Example 1 there are several such bends from r,rhich to choose, five

Rad.

D,

3.CI inche.

of rvhich are listed below.

The approxima.te anchor forces.

Typo

.

0.0

X .^^ TUU

: flnd: I. A suitable bend rvhich r-ill

.:p.

111 ..1

Solution: Expansion

::se!

.3

(F, for anv other choice of benr] is obtained similarlv)

Giuen:'lhe same conditions as in Example 1 except :iat the pipe line is unguided (i.e., the line is unre::rained).

)ruble

l)eveloped

Lgth. bet|reen

F\n, '^:::^' n.i.n E, i' l" , Er

Trb. F. X 1037

J

Erample 2 (Selection of a single unrestrained bend)

II,

\I'idth,

Height,

Deflec., lnches

I

Iirp. U I

:

D"

Actu&l

19 999

22,i00

I

Lrp. U 1'

Tabular

3.Clinnhes

Trbuler l)eHer"rior, Z 3 sl X

Deta: Thermal Expansior

-100 -

J

II

width

Approx,

Height, ID

in

Lgth. beiween

lb

feet

feet

Anchors, feet

3070*

dl')

7.r

101.5

1180

2030

t2

20

100.4

1181

1825

T2

l6

102.1

1388

2215

10

10

100.7

F. x-, - E\pansion - ,8, ^^ x-,Er lab. Ded.

- 1626 .. 3.91 .. 25.7 F,=ffixfri\;ff--3070

(I"

for any other choice of bend is obtained similarly)

Developed

ENGINEEIIING ITT GRINNT]LL - PIPING DESIGN AND Solution:

restrained bends) Exampie 3 (Selection of multiple 80 carbon steel Giuen: A fully guided 3 inch schedule betrveen installed be at 550" F is to oiJ" li""

i."i" i; ;

i."a "p".tiittg Joints 2i5

;i';*

f"eL

ExPansion

4.11 X

4100

usr, no,. The headroom clearance IImlts lnl height to aPProximatelY 5 feet' m

-'l::*,,:i ;::.i::, l';':"lH;;|.

Datt: F

= n.tt t".n/tootjj;

ou*" ,l bends Find: I "Ihe mimmum nurnber of suitable line restrained .rrrriir?rir' urrs.J ,1" expansion in the

*ilnoot

"*"."di"g

ai

5n0"

the allorvable bending stress'

I

I

I

Rad.

TvDe

;i

Height

II

of

Tabular

Anchor Spacing,

inches

1b

tb

Bend

D"

tn feet

Douhle\

5.1

.47

10

23

.5

721

o

0.966

6

0.45

10

23

.5

742

5

0.966

6

Offset .f Exp. U\

Bends

feet

Trbrlrt-t;""ti*

4

Developed Length

widih

Actual

feet

llach Ilend

Total

1488

4.3

33.4

334.0

1592

6

30.9

309.0

Tabular Deflection X Q X

bends) (Selection of multiple unrestrained in Example 3 exeepf Ctuen: Thesame couditjons as (i unguided e'' the line is unre-

Example

No of Bends

>

9.66 X

that the bends are

r -! D^-rBends '. Z Number of

strained).

The minimum number of in the unrestrained which will absorb the expansron bending slress' rhe allo\\ahle ii""'t"itf,""t, exceeding ""ir."i'n"-"*lrt"r tiacing and approximate anchor Find,:

suitable bends

l.

oaE

ExPansion = 4'f1 X ""9 100

I

I ;f

Tvpe

Rad.

Bend

D"

Double\ Offset ,

6

Exp.

Ul

1n

6

I

Hqieht tq feet

5

Tabular Deflec.,

:

"i'*J,n" irorn A"u*pf"

966 in"hes

a

inches

'Iabula,r Deflec , XQ

I

II

No.

Anchor

of

Spacing,

Bends

4

Gbuhr

10.000

f=2,b':

n.to'n

29

-

Deflection X

Q

deflection and Refer to the tables [o find the tabular (Allimitation sprce the. suit to O fr"t"t .f a bend ,'r.^,,,1, hon.ls o[ the same heighl, wlll shorv approxithe Q frctors vary .""iv ,f-r" same tabular d9fl5crjon factor rvill lonrid"ruUtv. The bend with the Iargest Q *"";ttum anchor spacing ) The two bends

forces' Solutian:

+.zs

+.29

>

II

Act. Deflec. Ea. Bend

in

inches

:

*at"tial..)

I

't anular Deflec.,

1,1.991

22,500

deflection of Refer to the tables to find the tabular (All bends of a r U"ttJ t" suit the space limitation lhe same values Iill short' approxirnalely eilen hcight -n"'^i.1"i"" and labor of economy d"p"tjs upon .".",rr"i illustration' for here shoivn Two bends are

forces' The anchor spacing and anchor

IL

9'66 inches

> e.66 - "- x '' Number of Bends

Th"einial Expansion

:

Tabular Deflection X No' of Bends

As5ume thar the bend-

apart

:

feei

Actual Deflec. Eeno, inches

-btla,,

o.47

1.40

0.66

7

33

.57

1.38

0.45

1.31

0.59

8

29.38

t.21

3 are used here tor illusl'ration'

Tabular

lb

II Approx.

lb 1514

widrh 1n

Developed Length

feet

Each Bend

Toial

4.3

43.4

303.8

36.8

294.4

EXPANSION AND STRESSES

Example

5 (Exact solution for unrcstrailed bcnds) A- (i" schedule 120 A.S.T II A 106 Grade

Giten: B Doublc Offset Expalsion l3cnd, bcnt orl a-10 inch radius is to be installed il a lirte 6'-r fcct krrig operatirrg at 625' F. -{ssume that the beridirrg stress shall not

Locate gravity aris X-X.

31.1 X569:178 Ilend Straights 55.5ij X 0: 0 178 80.96 r7R

ercecd 22,500 Psi.

Finrl: The alchor force 1. and determine I'hether or rot the system is overstresscd Data:

: /c : t:

l?

floment of Ilertia 1" (about X-X axis)

12.52x (3.33)3X 1.00 :

1.00

Transfer to X--X axis

1.00 1'1.98

vo

Bend about X'--X' aris

3.33 feet

S- : 1r : c

6t).

31.4 X inches3 (from Page

13)

:785

(from Page

X-X

Straights about

49.61 inchesa (from page 13)

55.56

axis

X (2.05)'?

Tolrl .I,

11)

\Iomeut of Inertia of the bend about its o$'n gravrty t\ls (from Page 38) I,:12.52Brk

LcIp I"

05

X

785

X

Fx.-

:

9.425-Ek

:

9.425

:

31.11

X 3.33 X

49.01

:

: -

416

234 t l12 fr'

2276 pounds

11,72

I,Iaximum Bendilg Stress sg Greatest Bending Nloment

Solulion:

\Iodilicd Lergth ol Bend

:

(3.64)':

462

: 2276x9.33)/.12 254,821 inch pounds

1.00

1,t

254,821

,.'

r.1.98

1.00

:

17,011 psi

=-Fx

ITT GRINNI,]I,I, PIPINIi DESITIN ,\ND UN(IINEERIN(I DOUBLE OFFSET EXPANSION BEND No. 10 Bend

Genqol: I,cn7th

:

g.+25R

l{odificd l,errgth

_

I

:

9.1251?h

LcI p

^,IiI 17281"

I.

:

/,

i'or

(aboLrt glavity tris -Y-X) 12.52n3k Slrcss o/ 10,000 psi, E oJ 29 X l0': |

: 0.;2En:/i lncllcs D. - : 9161p pourds 1']. .t,

,(llrccrlon

,? in feel l) irr irr,.ho. 1a in itrchesa /, distance bett'een anchors in feet c erpln:riou frcior -.see page 11 A" total thcrmrl c\p&Dsiou in inches

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X

106

lllrlirrs oi lJenrl

/?

6D, Deflec-

2',

40 EO

40

80 4{J

80

40 80 40

80 40

80 40 80

8',

10,

12'

40 80 40 60

std. XS

14' 16"

std.

18',

Std.

20'

38

srd. XS

xs xs

std.

xs

r5.1 I 0.218 0.203 I 0 276 0 2t (i 0.300

0.

0.22r)J 0.3 18 0.2371 0 337 0.258 I 0 3i5 0.280] 0.132 I 0 322 | 0.500

] 0.365 0.500 0.375 0.500 0.375 0.500 0.375

0.28 0.21

0.32 0.28

Iiorce,

tior,

!D

lD.

329 429

0.33

498

0.39 0.39

627

l)eflecrlon, rn.

0.70 0.71

312 392

1.10 I .09

24t)

0.83 0.83

420 542

.30

1.30

336 431

0.99 0.99

501

1 .5,1

401

588

800

0.69 0.56

667

0.85 0.65

784 1012

1.15 1.15 1.63

102

471 625

798

2.27 2.27

638 870

1.23

1064 1.151

].45

1088

1.33

162{i 2386

1.63 1.01

1382 1988

?13

1037 1491

2259 3586

2.44

2051

.52

2990

|

3. 12

II

3364 5323

3.91

2.42 3.56 ,r.69

525

.80

0.82

1

3r4

1 8tl

r7 41

r.27

16.1

215

78r

1277

1.90

1

ti57

0G7

0.84

I'orle,

523

1051

94I

ln.

416

0.57 0.3e

125r

tion,

lb

0.85 0.85

724

?l

Deflec-

Force, 205 268

053

0.48

-A.nchor

0.54 0.55

o17

0.

10r,,

273 359

868

2992

| 0.500I 0.375 0.500 0.375 0 500

AncLor ror.e, I ro

0.44 0.32

2.45 2.05

I

0 .31

8r"

1

4619

3379 5,r00

Temper-

3549

4.25

5.5r

37r6

6.34 5.75

3855 6181

5.00

0 Factor 10' 20'

2',-8', Pipe 300 400 500 600 700 800

1.50 1.46 1 .42 1.38 1.34 1.31

I'ipe

.4ti 1.41 1.37 1

|.29 1.25

EXPANSION AND STRESSES CIRCLE BEND

No. 11 Bend GcneraL:

Leugih

:

0.2838

Nlodified Lerrgth

-

:

6.283Rk

X-X) -

.{. 1ul'out grrrilY 3\is

lor

x-

p LcI p 17281" I" L.EI

Slress oJ 10,000 Psi,

Defleclior r

-

E of 29 X

0.312n:l

3.14R3fr 106:

.

feet D in inches 1r itr inches4 ir feet I see factor c expalsiolt Page 11

lnchcq

E in

-/); It)lr/-l

/l- :

disiance betl een anchors

P

Dorrnds

RDi

A, total thermal erpansion in inches

-

For Stress of 10,000 Psi, E of 29

X

106

Pipe Size

D"

2" 2+',

'10

0.154

0. 12

80

0. 218

0.09

,t0 30

0.203 0.276

0. 11

0.12

66S

.10

0 0

0.19 0. 1{

718

SO

216

300

532

926

40 80

o.226

0.21 0.17

1,368 1,795

,{0

0 .237

80

0.337

0.30 0.21

1,60ii 2,137

40

0

0.375

0.44 0.29

2,1E1

EO

40 80

0.280 0.432

0.57 0.36

2,782

40 80

o

0.81

3,851

0.500

0.55

6,132

10"

40 60

0.365 0.500

1.05 0.

5,113 7,89+

12"

std.

0.375 0.500

1.31

XS

14',

std. XS

0.375 0.500

1.68 1.53

16',

std. XS

0.375 0.500

2.Or

18"

0.375 0.500

2.36 2.14

20"

0.375 0.500

2.72 2.47

5',

0 318

258

322

L

illl

.2l

356

1122

2,971 4,072

5,719 9,081

2"-20" Pipe inclusive

39

ITT GITINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND UNGINEEITING EXPANSION U BEND No. 9 Bend. GeneraL:

Length:0.283fi Modificd Length

For

:

6.2838&

" LtI :," I r'281, I,

lt

- '-_ _ L^EI

,1r

\rbour gravlty rxis X-X) -- 3.l4R3k

'Shsss

o/ 10,000 psi, E of 29

.

[JeHenllon -

Fr

0.312.R:t.

:

II

D-

\,

106:

fcct D in inches 1r in inchesa ,I, distance betrveen archors in feet c expansion factor see p&ge11

rcllcs

E irr

r00;1p Pounds

Brr'

A, total thelmal erpausiol in inches

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29

X

106

6D,,

40

0 t+

0.12 0.09

-10

0.15{

80

0

l0

0.203

80

0

276

'10

0

.210

80

0.300

40 80

0.226

4',

40 80

0.237 0.337

0.30

0.2r

2,137

s',

40 80

0.258 0.375

0.4.1

2,131

40 80

0.280 0.432

0.36

8"

40 80

o.322

0.81

10"

40 60

0.365 0.500

0.88

7,E94

12"

std. XS

0.375 0.500

1.31 1.21

5,719

14',

srd. XS

0.375 0.500

1.68

16"

std. XS

0.375 0.500

2.01 1.82

18"

std. XS

0.375 0.500

2.36

2.tl

10,

20'

std. XS

0.375

2.72 2.47

10,563

z',

.213

0 318

500

167

023

0.13

610

0.23

030

0. 14 0 .12

017

710

1,071

0.17

8!3

0.30

0.19 0.14

1,150 1,483

o.23 0.26

s58 1236

0.36 0.36

0.24 0.17

1,3ti8

0.29 0.2.{

1110 1495

o .42

1,795 1,606

0.37 0.28

1339 1780

0.49 0.49

0.53 0.35

1817

0.70

2177

0

2,782 1,072

2360 3394

0.93 0.75

3,85,t

0.29

0.500

0

al)"

105

0

3501

L

6,132

5109

1

5,113

1793

9,0E4

I,230 6,0ij1 9,691 6,346

r63

6,5E13

5337

7877

.42

.62

.42 .03

13 r ls J 1.

1415

2037

EXPANSION AND STRE-CSES EXPANSION

U BEND-TANGENTS : 2

FT

No. 9 Bend GenerqL:

Lerrgth :0.2838 + 4ft trIodilied Lclgth : 6.2t3nir

-

L"EIp LcI p ri28I, I,

+ 4fi

1" (about grar"ity axis ,Y-X) : 3.11n3/i * S/i'!i * 6.28nft + 1.33 psz, !- o/ 29 X 106: 10,000 For Stress o/ (0.3t2n" + u.;gin- + 0.02.r n)ft

. uen.crron

(/i l b; !t132 -1' (R + I)Di 1n.1r".

10671P 1.,: ,-^ ^ \tt i | )ut

-8 in feet D in inches Ia in inchesa .L distance betlreen anchors in feet c expansion factol-see page 11

pounds

A. total thermal expansion in inches For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X

106

Iladius of Bend Pipe Size

ll'all

Sch.

5I

ThickDeflec-

D"

tion, ln.

-B

6D"

i

8D"

Deffec-

10D"

Deflec-

Deflec-

ID

tion, ln.

1b

255 332

0.43 0.30

233 305

0.56 0.56

200

0.43

394 495

0. 63 0. 63

333

0. 43

712

orce,

Force,

tn,

tion,

ID

Anchor

"iffo

EO

0. 154 0. 213

0.41 0.32

40 80

0.203 O.2t'6

0.39 0.34

40 80

0.216 0.300

0

40 80

0

0. 313

0.38

40

0.237 0.337

0. 03

0.43

1004 1335

0.69 o.52

0.258 0.375

0.80 0.53

147 4

1

2009

0. E9 {J.59

1293

EO

1770

40 80

0.280 0 .432

0.96 0.61

1984

1

.09

1771 2547

1416

0.68

|.32

1180

2915

1.07

2038

16S8

40 80

o.322

1

.22

2961

1

.50

2799

0.500

0. E2

4713

0. s2

4085

1.85 1 31

3227

40 60

0.365 0.500

r .47

41i8

1

1.22

3990

6364

.89 I .40

std. XS

0.375 0.500

|.77

4797

2.30

456E

75rig

1.92

t4'

srd.

0 375

16'

std.

40

EO

5',

8',

10" 12"

40

xs 40

18' 20'

.47

639

0.35

824

.226

812

l.6l

2.11

r.95

4921 7876

0.375 0.500

2.45 2.26

5264

std.

228

418

0.87 0.87

288 362

0.67 0.67

17E 618

0.94 0.94

411

951

0.71

599 7E6

1.05 1.05

509 668

E93

0.81

731

0.81

971

1. 1.

l6 l6

619

1r86

.05

10,18

0.94

1430

0 .51

0. 60

0.48

0.500

0.76 0.76

726

261

1.36 1.36

Temper-

E122

Q

2',-a' Pipe

xs

0.500

2

.60

E962

300

r .42

0 0

3.21 2.94

400

Srd.

1.37

5388

500

1.33

9,r31

600

r.29

XS

500

821 879 1199

5481

2.86 375

529

Factor 10"-20" Pipe 1.29

|.24 1.19

4L

ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING EXPANSION

U BEND-TANGENTS No' 9 Bend

:

R

Gmeral:

Length

:

8.283R

Modified Length

A'EIp

-

:

2R

_

(8.?lbk

X

106:

LcIP

17281, I"

.r, (about gravity axis x-x) For

+

6.283Rk

Stress

of 10,000 Psi, E of 29

Deflection

rc.577k

:

1ltllp

F. = -

+

0.ol I )R'z

---

+

0.167)ng

.

feet D in inches Ip in inchesa Z distance between anchors in feet c expansion factor-see Page 11 A- total thermal expansion in inches R in

Incnes

Pounds

For Stress of 10,000 Psi, E of 29

I

Scb. I No. I 2'

10"

42

well

| tion, I in. I

Deflec-

ness

0.154

40 80

0.203

0.218

o.23 0.17

487

0.276

0.26 0.22

713

40 80

0.216 0.300

0.36 0.26

766 988

40 80

o.226 0.318

0.46 0.32

1196

40 80

o.237

o

0.337

0.38

40 80

0.258 0.375

0.82 0.54

1071 I 1424 | 1453 I 1982 I

40 80

0.280

1.07

185r I

40 80

o.a22

4{)

0.365 0.500

0.4:J2

0.500

.57

0.67

911

2714 | 2571

1

.03

,!085

0.99 0.66 1.31

0.82

Force,

lb

0. 69

0.44 0.44

234 305

0.69

0.57 0.57

354

0.89 0.89

283

447

474

1

618

1

.05 .05

383 494 456 598

0.67 0.67 0.80 0.80

570

748

t.25

0.93

669

| .45

0.S3

8m

1.45

1211 | 1.31 1651 I r.u 1573 I 1.75 2264 | L.42 2335 | 2.66 3409 | 1.94

909 1238

1.84 1.84

726

1181 1697

2.22

1358

s90 944

1751

52ffi

std.

0.375 0.500

2.45 2.26

3836

14'

srd.

xs

0.375 0.500

3.12 2.84

3841 6153

16'

std.

0.375 0.500

18"

srd.

xs

0.375 0.500

4.38 3.98

20'

std.

0.375 0.500

4.59

xs

0.69 0.52

3r2 | 407 | 473 | 59b I 638 | 824 | 760 I 9s5 | 893 I 1186 |

Anchor

3406

L2'

XS

106

Thick-

40 80

60

X

6053

4035 6458

2',-8' |

10'-20'

t.32

1.28

t.25

L.22

EXPANS]ON AND STRESSES EXPANSION

U BEND-TANGENTS :

2R

No. 9 Bend General:

Lerigth:10.2E38 \{odilicd Lerrgth : 0.28344 + +R

--

A,EIp LcI p i28l , I,

1" (about. gravity axis X-X) For Srress o/ 10,000 psi, E of 29 uenecl

.rorL -

l?z

:

(0.8u;f

|

=

(17

X

106:

.42h

+

1.333)R3

0.0tic2)R'.

D;

lnches

-

8331P

Pounds

F.1)

B in feet D in inches 1p in iuchesa

L distance betq'een anchors in feet c expansion

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29

X

D,,

Sch.

\Yall Thick-

No.

l, in.

)" Deflec-

in. .10

5',

8',

10,

aD"

Anchor

Deflec-

Force,

tion,

lb

10

DeflecForce, Ib

Force,

ln.

tb

0.35 0.27

280

.10

0

203

0..r0

425

EO

0.276

0.35

40 80

0

0.300

0.68

479

0 .12

712

0. 60

40 80

o.226

o .72

68.1

0.318

0.50

0.87

896

0.71

o.237 0.337

0. E8

80

803 1067

| .o7 0.83

669 889

1.47 r .17

40

o.258

1090 1!t85

908

1.05

1238

2.07 1.86

.04

1179 1697

2.25

1272

0.39

1.27 0. 85

40 80

0.2E0

1.65

1388

.132

2

1.06

2037

1.29

40

0.322

2.34

1928

0.500

1.60

3.08

EO

3062

r .93

40 60

0.365 0.500

3.00 2.51

2553 3943

0

233 305

0.70 0.70

41ti

0.90 0.90

613

570

0.51

0.51

216

0.61

0..:13

0 375

EO

6',

0151

rB

6D"

0.218

t0

3l',

see page 11

106

Radius of Bend Pipe

factor

A, total thermal expansion in inches

r7a

D"

Deflec-

Anchor

t1On,

Force,

rn. 1.09 1.09

140 183

266

1.41 1.41

212 268

1.06 1.06

359

1.66 1.66

287 370

1.27

428

1.98 1.98

342

501 667

2.30 2.30

401

682

2.9L

928

2.91

|.27

229

463

448 534 743

885

2553

0 Factor

Temperature,

2',t0'

Pipe Inclusive 5 & 6D" .40

300 400 500

1

600

1.30

1.36 1.33

8 & 10D,, 1. 48 1. 45

1.42 I .40

ITT GIIINNELI, PIPING DI']SICiN AND ITNGINIi]'III\(I EXPANSION

U BEND-TANGENTS : No.

I

4R

Bend

GenErctl:

Length:14.283R Modified Length

L,EI

p

:

6.283R&

+

8n

:

(44'27ic

LcI p

17281, I, 1, (about gravity

X-X)

axis

+

10'66)R3

For Slress o/ 10,000 Psi, E of 29 X 106: (1.4651 + 0.3$)R'9 .

--.

Deflection::

DJUI

f- :

P

RDi -

rncnes

Dounos '

R in feet D in inches I p ln lncnes-

in feet factor-see Page l1 A, total thermal expansion in inches

-L distance betrveen anchors

c expansion

For Stiess of 10,000 Psi, E of 29 X

106

Wall

I'ipe

-thich-

Size

D"

t, in.

Deflec-

Deflec-

tion, j in.

tlon, tn.

-{nchor

Fqf."' 113

2. 13 2 .13

178

2.71 2.74

40 80

0.15,1 0. 218

0.67 0.53

187 2+1

0.83 0.77

1.30 1.36

2i'

40 80

0.203

o.77 0.69

283

0.99 0.99

1.76

|.7b

223

40 80

0 216

2.08 2.08

239

40 80

0

0 .318

40 80

6"

105

384

1.30

0.t1

495

1

1.34

456 599

1.66

0.97

0.237 0.337

1.05

536

2.03

446 593

40 80

0.258 0.375

233

727

2

.87

606 820

40 80

0.230

301

0. '132

2.O2

0.300 .226

i.18 162

1

.t7 .39

162

992

2.04

927

3.76 2 .5r

1359

380 498

tion,

Ib

2',

0.276

Deuec-

li'2

309

3.25 3.25

247 2.47

335 145

8

44

& 10r"

EXPANSIO\

A\D

STRESSES

DOUBLE OFFSET U BEND No. 8 Bend General:

Length = 6.283R Modified Length : 6.2838ft

J.EI p LcI p '"- 17281,- 1,

1" (about gru'ity axis X-X) : 3 61R3tr For Slrcss o/ 10,000 psi, E ol 29 X 106:

. :

-Detlectron

0.2ri0nrA.

-

,

Incnes

- : r20gI P Pounos li. .Rt L distance betu'een anchors in Ieet

in feet D in inches 1r, in inchesa .B

c exPansion

factor

see Page 11

A, total thermal expansion in inches For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X

106

Radius of Bend A Pipe Size

D"

lVall

Sch.

Thick-

No.

ness

Deflec-

Anchor Force,

lb

tion, ln.

407

0

.12 0. 1l

339 442

0.19 0.19

0.14 0.14

648

0.19 0.17

Deflec-

tion, rn,

0.10 0.08

Force,

Deflec-

Defiec-

tion,

Force,

255 332

0.30 0.30

201 266

0.25 o.25

386 486

0.39 0.39

308 389

694 897

0.29

521 672

0.46 0.46

538

427

0.35 0.35

621

496

El4

ti51

728

tb

Force,

in.

lb

40

0.154

EO

0.218

2i'

40 80

0.203 o.276

0. 11

617

0.10

776

3"

,10

0.216 0.300

0. 16

834

.12

1075

1301

0.25 0.20

1084

0.31 0.23

129\

0.41 0.41

0.44 0.29

1318 1796

0.58 o.52

1317

0.78

1284

0. 63

1847

80

0

992

40 80

0

.226 0.318

0.20 0.14

40 80

0 .237

0.26

0.337

o.r7

1.55U

40 80

0.258 0.375

0.36 o.24

2157

4{)

0.280

0

.47

2015

80

o.432

0.30

2S58

0.58 0.36

1712 2463

40 80

0.322 0.500

0.68 0.46

2755

0.89

2511 3702

t0'

40 60

0.365

0.87 0.73

3705

12'

std.

xs

0.375 0.500

1.11

417 4

.00

6592

std. XS

0.375 0.500

1.39 | .27

4181 6692

std. XS

0.375 0.500

r .67

1.52

4392 7030

srd. XS

0.375 0.500

1.97

4596

srd. XS

0.375 0.500

2.27 2.06

31"

D"

6',

8',

14', 16', 1s',

20'

0.500

1

1582

4416

971

0 .29

968

s89

tb

117

0.64 0.64 0.81 0.81

791 1078

1.79 7660

45

ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING LINE INERTIAS When determining the location of the centroid of a systern and the value of the inertias it is necessary to consider each uniJony segment individually. The value of each segment is a function of its length, shape, and location applied at its center of gravity. For convenience appiy all dimensions in feet and decirnals. CENTER OF GRAVITY OF LINE SEGMENTS

(O.9.)

C'NTROID

The centroid of a system is located by the algebraic summation of the individual products-segment value times the normal disiance tt om axis to c'g.

Norr: Alecbraic summ:Ltion ltcans trormal distance may be plus or minui rnd r[ust bc ooDsidered in adding rcsults, Straight Line in Plane of Projection (Eq.

r)

I

Straight Line

rL>l tl c,9.-

L-l--t\"n 90" Bend

Straight Line Perpendicular to Plane of Projection

:1.3L.x'

(IIq.

II)

Any Benil

Norp: The factor 1.3 s,ccouDts for the torsional displacement of ihe merDi)el. A_

2l? si\

+ (02

(oz

-

-

0t)

90" Bend in Plane of Projection

or)

- 7"!l2 ", : l.57kRr,

B:/sin+(or+dl) C:Acos+(02+oL)

Y'

D:R-C Nore: \fhere dr errd d"rppnnr irrdepcndenr of sine or e'rsine th.y crc crl)fcss"d in rrJi-rrs. l' = 0.01;-15 rcdrxrrq. Angre

Sine

0 to 90' 90 to 180' 180 to 270"

+

270 to 3ti0"

46

J

(Eq.

a,/-c

s

Cosine

: T'

Note: Ior

values of

I

see pages 12

to

16.

III)

EXP.\\SIO\ AND

Straight Axis

Any Bend in Plane of Projection

:

l;(02

-

STRESSES

(Eq.

Ar)|lx'

line tr

Plane of Projection Parallel to Either

Iv)

(moy be

+or-)

x-

-T I,u

1'

NorE: 0r &nd ,!

:

s.r'e eripressed

in

:

(lilq.

Lr.rJ

vI)

radians.

0.017.15 radians.

Straight Line in Plane of Projection Inclined to Axes Y

90' Bend Perpendicular to Plane of Projection

:

1.15

=2

r' :

1,81.8rl

(Eq.

v)

(moy oe

t

or-,

I

. -" sin20 tzu:t" 24 +txU NoTE: Sin 20 rnay be a,xis tow&rd the +ts

+X or"

sin 29

-I-

see pagc

(Eq.

vII)

+ or -. Measure angle d from the a,xis Io! the proper sign. For values

or.

Straight Line Perpendicular to Plane of Projection

f:r:l [ra -/---/

PRODUCT OF INERTIA

The product of inertia of an element is its length multiplied by its distances from trvo axes. The product of inertia of an entire branch is the sum of all of these products. Since distances r and y may have f or signs the result will be positive or negatir.e. The following formulas give product of inertia for various line segments:

Lro\oted

x

c9-

Y

-Tl,,nou o",

|t .i,r-)I

L-+

---

I

I"o :

L.3Lrg

(Eq.

YIII)

ITT GRINNELL

-

PIPING DESIGN AND I]NGINI'],]RIN(I

90'Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes through c.g.

*

Case 1: Where both

90'Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes not through

axes intersect arc

+Y (moy be + 0r -l

I c.Q>* ]\

or where both

-".-+*X

+

axes intersect

radial lines.

I,u

:

+k(0.r37}") +

:

+fr(0.137B3)

+XSee

Eq.

IX

,4 or Eq.

+

t*

'

*a (Eq.

1.57k&ry

IX B abov€ for proper

sign.

I

+Y

I"v:

(Eq.

-h(0.137R8)

IX

,a)

90o Bend Perpendicular to Platre of Projection Case

2: Where one one

*

*

axis intersects arc and

axis intersects radial line.

--J-

^l

*X'.'-

I,u

:

+k(0J37R3)

@q.

48

Values of 0.137-P4 are tabulated on page 51.

I

Ixa) -z

Nors:

le f (moy +at-) |

:

l.8lRry

(Eq.

xI)

E\PANSION AND

STRESSES

MOMXNT OF INERTIA

Any Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes through Center of Curvature

The momcnt of inertia of an elemert is its lelgth multiplied by the square of its distance from an axis. 'Ihe momerit of inertia ol the entire branch is the sum of all these products. The moment of inertia has a positive sigu orly. Thc follon'ing formulas give moment of inertia for various line segments:

--x t,"

: rt+ (si'z g, (may be

*

or

sin'dr)*

(Eq.

xII) Straight Line in Plane of Projection

-)

Y I

Any Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes not

c.s--l1----:--J

throush Center of Curyature

I

I

-f

I

I" : La" I3

I" :;+

T,U

: rlor, +

-R'(sin 0e

,,r)ry

-

-.R2(cos

sin dy)y

+

d2

-

cos

d')r

f; t.i"'a -

sir'rt

(Eq.

(parallel to

Zr2

axis)

(Eq. XIY,a

(perpendicular to

axis)

to

or;]-

XIII)

I

I

I

90'

90 to 130" 180 to 270" 270 io 360"

* \orE: Nleasure dr and d, from the *X axis tolard the *Y sris for proper signs. \Ihere ,r end tr appcar independent of sire and' coiine tLev are erpressed in radius. 1" : 0.01715 radians.

(Eq. XIVB)

Straight Line in Plane of Projection Inclineil to Axes

Angle

0

)

r,: r,"'ff + ru" ru: Norr: For

r,"ff

+

r,"

(Eq. xv,4 ) (Eq. XYB)

values of slnz a/12 and. cos' d/12 lee page

51.

49

ITT GITINNDLI,

-

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEUITING

Straight Line Perpendicular to Plane of Projection Y

Any Bend in Plane of Projection about Axes through Center of Curvature

'---

':':-1--L -

-a

- - -x

I, : l.\Ly'zI Iu - l.}Lr2l

(Eq.

XVI)

l

r":

r,l@,

-

e,)

-

(sin

2d2

t

sin

2d1

)l R" 2

XIxa)

(Eq.

90' Bend in Plane of Projection

z,:r[to,-o,t+

(sin 2d'

sin 2d' )-l RB

-

t

-_,-)

(Eq.

XIXB)

in Plane of Projection about Axes not through Center of Curyature

Any Bend

Length of Arc ' (ge - sr)R

L=

1- = lc(0.119n3)' *

: 1, :

* ft (0.149R3) I

ft(0.149R3)

NorE: For valucs ol 0.I

k!^t) 2"u2

(Eq. xVILa )

r.57kRu2

19R3 sea pagc

XVIIB)

(Eq.

r.57kRr2 5L

90o Bend Perpendicular to Plane of Projection NorE: For values of B and C see page

.

(sin 2d2

, | ,"

'L''',

1.:Kl\Vt-Vt)-

46.

-

.-rolol.d

-

L(8"

(Eq.

XVIIL{)

: l.8lBy2 (parallel to axis) Ic : 1.15(0.149R8) * 1.8lfir'z (perpendicular to axis) (Eq.

AU

XVIIIB)

L(Cz

)l

)

- 9?)l

f lsin 2d2 IIt=kl(or-erl+ff

t,: t.t|n-t2 a'z

sin 2dr

2

/i3 2

(Eq. XX.4)

sin 2dr)-l Rg

- z')l

I2

(Eq. XX-B)

NorE: ln the above tno bends measure angles from l,be +X axis roqard the +y ayis for proper sign llhen the lerms ,r rnd d, appear independenl of sine or,osino lhey xre c\pr$seo in radians. 1' : 0.01715 radiens. Angle 0 to 180" 180

to 360"

Sine

+

EXPANSION AND

FUNCTIONS OF

nld

Sirrr 0

L

Cosr -n

O

+#

d

|

n'aiun"

0

0

0.08333

0

0

15"

0.00558

0.07775

+0.02083

0.26

30

0.02083

0.06250

+0.03608

0.52

45

0.0.1107

0.01107

+0.04167

0.79

60

0.06250

0.02083

+0.03608

1.05

60

0.07775

0.00558

+0.02083

90

0.08333

0

0

7.37

90

105

0.07775

0.00558

-0.02083

1.83

120

0.06250

0.02033

-0.03008

135

0.0.t1ti7

0.04 167

-0.0+167

2.36

150

0.02083

0.06250

-0

03ri08

2.62

165

0.0055E

0.07775

-

02083

2.88

180

0

0

3.

0

0

08333

.

15"

r20

2.09

180

1.1

FUNCTIONS OF R (.4,) Table of 0.149.R3

(1,,) Table of 0.137,li3

Pipe Size

10 2

3l

2.0

1.7

3.3 5.0

4.7

6 8

2l 4I

10

l4 l6

i.o 2.5 5.0

30

70

47

1t1

70

165

.:l:: 1

1.2

10

1.3

1.r 1.1

2.3 ,1.0

1' 5.5

41 79

11

217

30

I9

t9 324

18

99

20 21

4ti1 633

236

1094

Places

left blank are less tban uDity.

1.8

63 86 149

30 51 81

51 76

121

108 149

236

257

.108

t72

r

1.6

2.3

| 2.6 | 4.0 I 7.8 I 14 23 132 4+163

3.6

1.

:.

'i

1.8 2.8 5.5 9.5

76 I 180

r21 |

2

3*

11

5

19

6

44 86

10

108

r49

t2

172 257

236

8

16 18

20 24

DI

INI)

ITT GRIN}JI'I,I, PIPI\(I I)IISI(iN

It-\:(I]NT]I']iI\CI

SINGLE PLANE SYSTEM

Gir:ut: A 10 inch pipirrg s1'stem in accordalce the sketch -shol n abole.

: : Ly : tr.

l'ith

llaximum Operaiing Prcssure P XlaximumOperatirtgTemperatnre 7n0'F Pipirrg Spccification A.S.T.II. A 100 Gradc A 400 pst

Data:

the distarcc in X directiou flom points a to .40

: 0.500 inchesl ,,,..r i)u : scncqule Ip:212 inche;a S- : 39 43 irrches'.1-f c,r r;0" : 996 Sa 5 17,675 psi

page 2 and 14

Page 11 page 3

Reaction forccs 1r, and Fs at poillt e. (At point q reactiorr forces ale equal :rnd opposite.) Reaction moments at points o ard €. Amount and location of flaximum l3cndilg Stress, s3. Solulion.' Assume point o fired ald point, e temporarily released. The thermal explnsiou rvould thett mo1'e point e in the directions and by the amounts l" arrd A, io a nerv locatiorr e/. Establish axes *X' and * I' at point e opposite to the direction of A, arrd Ao respectii'ely. Determirtc the Iocation of the centroid using axes X' and I' as

Iind:

coordinates. Lay axes *X and f )' through the centroid parallel to and in the same direction as *X/ ald + I'l. Calculatc the lirre inertias about axcs X and f. Sollc for Ir. anr) 1r, by substituting the line inertias in the lollorvilg equations;

|u:

I,L, -f I,uLn , r r

El33 lDUl

page 14

r-t-cLP

T T -Lf, r u"r T -f n 2 ctP

t{u -r- rra

9019

-

x

10

(90.19)'z

x

990

x

e

212

porrnds

y

E-r33

I

X i2 +

El33 X 20,-112 3OEE

J

^ tt:

20,112

e

52fect

lhe distarrcc il )- dircction lrom poilts o to 2-1 - 11 : 10 feet

F d

+ 12 :

l0

x i2^, 9o6x"r, ""'

guJe

-

> 20,112 (ri0+9)z' poLlricts

Pass these reactiorr forces tbrough the

centroid. The

ald thcir

respectile dislances from any point giles the berrdirrg moment at tlut product of these force-s

poir:rt. Assumc

count erclocks

clock$-ise rotatior-i

Soli-e

isc rotation as

+

rs -.

aDd

for reaction moments at poiDts a and e

as

follorvs:

r11"r,: -(3088 X

:

r'tf.t":

0.90)

+

(1561

X

18.22)

-

(1501

X

33.78)

+25,+77 fr lb

+(3088

x

9.0.1)

: - 21,815 1r lb

I, the resultant of F, arrd Ir, l'hen passed through the centroid, giles the position of the rteutral axis. 'l'he maximum bclding mometit occuls l,t that poillt rvhich is furthest from the neutraL axis. Irr this case it

is point d.

rlf,rd: : :

+(30E8 X 9.04) +37,625 fr lb 37,62-o

M sP--" s- -

X

12

:

451,500

-

39.43

+

(156i X 0.22)

451,500 inch Pounds

-

11,'151 PSi

The maximum bending stress s6 is 11,'151 psi lvhich is less than the allorvable stress range of 17,675 psi.

EXI \\SI( )N AND

STRESSES

I

12

22-

To find c.g. each seg-

of

ment see page 46.

ab

=

: cd : d,e : bc

14' 72' 24' 40'

Centroid (calculated with origin at point e) Flq. No.

Frl

i.'t.

Lcngtlr /,,

+fti

t2

2l

+40 +20

4ll

:fr'.=

>f=gO

:

b(

\rI VI

.1e

\iI

\rI

\I\ra XI\TA crl

IIVA xIv,4

=

39!,ruo

:

+288

0

zLat =

-+811

+e.o{ft

:++ -+ I'a : * : : : : rr :

-+14X7.e6',

i;

+28E

= :+

1rx13.22X7.1)0 12 X 12 22 X 11.1)0 24X6.22X2.116 {0( - 13 781 X (-9.01)

12

+238

+17 +21

+:OrO

i : fr :

+aa ;s rr

L,L'

a

+ 72E + 552 + 0(i0 + 300

+52

t-I

I

Lt'

r'

X 14.96, +21 x 2. e61

l0 x L04,

2030

2t94 qt2

4983 9649

1116

2686 1362 3269

$is3

1,,

bc

ul.

x 18.22j U .,- '-r, t ,,, '- ,t" -t2

-\IT,T

1-t

XIVB XIVA XIVB

21

4ri4E 1936

X 6.22'

;+10

12929

< 13.78'

I!: Ior

equation ieference numbers see pages 46 to

50.

20112

ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING SINGLE PLANE SYSTEM CONTAINING CIRCULAR ARCS

Giuen: A. 10 inch piping system the sketch shorvn above.

in accordance with

400 psi Maximum Operating Pressure Maximum Operating Temperature 750" F Piping Specification A.S.T.M. A 106 Grade A

Data:

: : Ip--l: I

0.500 inchesl schedule 60

Solve

page

:

I

page 74

I

)

II

75q'

:

996

page

8e

:

17,675 psi

page 3

lined on page 50 except that the flexibility factor k must be included for all curved segments of the system. Solve for F, and Fo using the equa,tions shown on

2r,369 x 52 + 10,457 X l9 r,- _ 9415X21,369-(1O,457F

: o4t

X l0 +

x

2t,369

1467 pounds

10,457

-

(1467

X

17.37)

(1467 X 34'63) lb ft -23,970 F; the resultant of F" and 1r, rvhen passed through the centroid gives the position of the neutral axis. The maximum bending moment occurs at that point which is furthest from the neutral axis. A scale drawing will show that this point is located betrveen / and g at a normal distance of 9.4 feet from the neutral axis. The bending moment and bending stress in this curved

section of pipe are determined as follows:

M

x

O467P X e.4

:

2e,672rtlb

*i: ffi

The maximum bending moment in straight pipe M^ro

996

x

212

Xjz x 996 X 212

(lo,4or.1-

: \'@W+

: 29,672 X 12 : 356,064 inch Pounds t,: M 356,06{ X 1.00: e030Psi

-- +

: :

(2795

X 9.60)

+

(1467

X

1.21)

+28,607 fr tb 28,60?

M sp=-:s^

Z/95 pounds 9415

+

occurs a,t point g.

L,:40+12:52feet Lt, : 24 - 14 : 10 feet

g4l5

X 0.40) +24,364 ft lb (2795

:

Solution: Determine the location of the centroid and calculate the line inertias in the same manner as out-

_

as

M"rh: + (2795 X 9.60) -

Find: Reaction forces F" and Fu at point [. (At point a reaction forces are equal and opposite.) Reaction moments at points o and h. Amountand location of Maximum Bending Stress, s3.

',,.n -

and

for reaction moments at points a and i,

M*" : -

2 and t4

l

inches''

: 1.74 .ru""a : 1.00

:

+

-,

clockwise rotation as

I

212 inchesa

/c5""6

page 50:

Assume counterclockwise rotation as

point. follows:

S- = 39.+3

c51

Pass these reaction forces through the centroid. The product o{ these forces and their respective distances from any point gives the bending moment at that

X

12

:

343,607

.

3r{3,284 inch pounds

:8714psi

39.43

The maximum bending stress is 9030 psi, occurring member /9 and is less than the allowable stress range of 22,500 psi.

in

EXPANSION AND STRESSES

To {ind c.g. of each segmcnt sec page 46.

: 9.84 ft : 3.68 ft e/ : 15.08 ft tir : 35.84 ft' oc-,. {)1 , Ll(lcllus ojll"".t" : 4.16 ft al, cd

/-aENreotD

\r/

l

_r

rr. zzgs!

:L

tll

)

Centroid (calculated with origin at poht ft)

ab cd dc .I(/

gh

I III I III I III I

1.71 X '1.16

=

11.37

1.57 >,.1.71 X 4.16

=

7.57

x

I: lir

Cl

\.I \B \.I

.\B gh

\-I

>L

+52 +50.19

81

11.37

3133

vI

9

:

1.57 X 1.71 X 4.10

3. 68

+.16

+11.51

+10

15.6E

+38.,t9

11.37 35.

:

0

+11-.92

E4

99.15

+ 511 + 574.1 + 169.2 + 172 + 627 + 437.6 + 613 : :Lr' +3133 I

t

fi

+3.1.63

9.84X17.37X5.32

=

HT:

+ 1.57 X 1.74 X 4.16 X 15.86 X 12.89 -1.74(0.137 3.68 X 11.37 X 1-1.10 +1.74(0.137 X 4.101 + 1.57 X.1.74 X 4.16 X 6.88 X 12.89 15.68X537X2.40 +1.7{(0.137 X 1.16' + 1.57 X 1.74 X 4.16 X 3.86(-8.09) X 4.103)

35.81(-16.71)( 9.60)

+ 11.92

+ 1,t7

+21.O

+88{

+

+

+255.7 +18s

+22.49 +12.0 1.51

0

__:: +

9.

>I'a' = +952.0

:+ 909 : + 2307 :+ 603 : + 1025 :+202 :- 33E : + 57J9

3. 68(14.40y

1.74(0.149 X 4.16D

+

35.81(9. 60)2

.tu

+ r.57 X r.74 X 4.16(12.Eg)'? + 1.57 X1.71X 4.16(12.SSF

1s.68(2. {0)'

1.74(0.i49 X 4.163)

II\''1 \\'II R

+

1.57 X1.74 X 4.16(8.09X

XI\: B

!.81(17.37)1 1.74(0.149 X 4.163) + 1.57 __::_::: + B. C8(11.37)?

X|II B \I\-.4 IVII A

1.74(0.149 X 4.161 15.68(5.37)' 1.74(0.149 X 4.163)

XIY B

ff

For equation reference numbeN

+10.157

Ell5.32)'

1.74(0.149 X 4.16t

T

.2

0

+e 6ort

1,, = !u

17

*35

y't.71X

4.16(15.86)'z

2969 2479 180

+

1.57 X1.74 X 4.16(6.E8)'

+

1.57 )<1.71

x

4.16(3.86)'

452 183

8+tt6 71)'

see pages 46

to

50.

DD

ITT GRINNE'I,I, - PIPING DESIGN AND F]NGIN]iEN]\(i MULTIPLE PLANE SYSTEM

a

l*"*
rAY

't o:,J,/

4"'\+ It

Giuen: .L 10 inch piping system the sketch shot'n above.

in

accordance rvith

Maximum Operating Temperature 750' F 350 psi Maximum Operating Pressure, P A Grade Piping Specification A.S.T M. A 106

Determine the location of the centroid and calculate the line inertias for each projection. Calculation of the line inertias results in two moments of inertia for each axis rvhich are added.

I, : I, : Total 1, :

Data:

t: : d: 1r, : S- : .4r : -4,lr : cat zso. : Sr :

0.365 inchesl schedule 40 j

from page 2 and

14

2013

To\al

2617

:

5724leeLz 4887 feeta

fntroduce these values into the lollorving equations

1,'"-***

996

from page

17,675 Psi

from page 3

and solve for

Fn, artd F".

- F"1.": L"cIP -F"I.a + FrI, - F"Iu":: LvcIc -F"1." - FoI,. * F"I" L"cIr L, : distance in X direction from 0 to e : 14 feet Zs : distance in Y direction from o to e : 20 - 8: 12 feet tr, : distance in Z direction from a to e : 18 feet

11

of Maximum Combined Stress, s'

Solution; Assume point n fixed and point e tempo-

rarily released. 'fhe thermal expansion rvould then

FoI"o

-

L,cIp:14 X 996 X 160'8 :2'2+2,195lblta LucIr: 12 X 996 X 1608: 1'92l,882lbJtB

move point e in the direction and by the amounts A", A,,, and a, to a ne\- location e'.

EsLoblish ax"s -1- X', I Y', and -vZ' at poinl e opposite to the direction of A,, Ar' and A, respectively' Project the piping system into the three planes forrned by ih""u at"". The three planes are denoted as the XY, XZ, and YZ Planes.

[.,

+F,1.

e.

Amountand location

1998

: f 1461 feet3 1"": *2360lee's In" : * 529 leet3

160.8 inchesa

11.91 inchesz

+

5544 feets

1,,

10.02 inches

29.9 inches" 78.9 inchesz

2889

+ 3531 : + 3077 :

Products of inertia from the calculations are:

Find: ReacLiort forces F'", Fu, and F ", at point e' (At point @ reaction forces are equal and opposite ) Reaction Moments M,o, M.", and M, at points o and

Total

i.cl p :

(l

)

(2)

(3)

18

X

+F,5544

-tr'"

146i

-F"236O

996

-

+

X

160.8

Fa1'467 Fa 5724

-

2,882,8221b lr3

:2'242'195 - F"2360 : f ,921,882 r)29 F" : 2,882,822

- Fa 529 + I'' 4887

EXPANSION AND STRESSES

PROIECTION

IN XY PLANE

To lind c.g. see page 46. ab bc

cd

of

each segment

:

201

:

18',

de

l*

; i

Centroid (calculated with origin at e) Lerrsth L. l,.t

Eq. No.

T'

I

I I II II

20

bc

cd d.e

ab

0

0

8

zlt' : i37a

:,L = 6L4

:: ab

+7

t1

1.3X18:23.4

VI VI

VIII VI

XIV B XIV ,4

cd

XVI

d.e

XIV A

ffi:

Lr' ) -t- | +280 +98 I 0-8 o I

u'

+2

-8 -4

I

tor t

La'

+40 - tr2

-187.2

-32

>ty' : -Zgt

Y

,:-ffi;:-445'

+r.zs,

: +1062 :+481 :- 2l 1," : +1461

20x3.22X6.45 14X1.22X(-3.55) 1.3 X 18X (-5.78) X (-3.55) 8X(-5.78)X0.45

; +20 < 6.45' 14 x 3.551 r.3 x 18 X 3.55' ;+8X(0.15):

1,198

295 44

,013

I, ab bc

cd iLe

XIV ,,I XIV B

20 >< a.222

xvr xIv "1

1.3X18X5.78'

1350

i+14xr22, 8

250 780 267

X 5.78'

2647

For equatioD reference numLers sce prges 46 to

50.

ITT GRINNELL-PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PROJECTION

IN XZ

PLANE

To find c.g. of each segment see

Page

46.

: 20' bc : 14' cd: 18' de:8'

ab

I Centroid (calculated \rith origin at e) Lx' 1.3 X 20

:26 14 18

1.3X 8:10.4 2L

-

+18 +18

+9

0

68-4

462

:+964 :+ 18 -+473 :+905

1.3 X 20 X 7.25 X 5.r1

14X0.25X5.11 18X(-6.75)X(-3.89) 1.3 X 8 X (-6.75) X (-12.89)

xvr xrv ,{ XIV B

xvI

678 365

1.3X20X5.1l'z 14 X 5.11' ; + 18 '1 3.8s' 1.3 X 8 X 12.89',

1730 3531

r.3x.20x.7.25',

$+r+x 6.753 18

{o.zrP

X

1.3X8X6.76' 1,

/6 to 50' For equation reference nrmhers see pages

58

= -

230

=

2389

a20

EXPANSION AND STRESSES

PRO TECTION

IN TZ PLANE

To find c.g. of each segment see page 46.

: 2Ol : L4' cd : l8l

ab

bc

,^l ae-

6

Centroid (calculated with origin at e)

Ilq abI bc

"tl

Length

No.

,, Ft

20

L.3,/ tl : 18.2

II

18

8l

+

>L

I

Lz'

LA'

: 612

+40 | I

)-, -8 -8 -4

1

| 1

-145.6

zLu'

|

_.':n n: 41i 61 2 =

-r14 -32 |

= -281n z

'

+ts

+

I 0

t

=ffi

-

+a27 .6

+18

+162

0

zZ"' :

+US S

= +tt.za

I!"

abl 6c crl, de

vl IIII \'l \I

: +607 = -3r4 +i76 = :,40 I"' : +5n

20x6.38X4.76 13X 14X (-3.62)X-1.76 18X( 3.62)X(-1.24) 8 X 0.38 X (-13.24) I!

ab

XIV ,{

bc

x\rI

cd

\I\:

B

de

XIV

/

:

x 4.76? x 14 X 4.76! r;+18x4.24'

20

r .3

8

453

: 810 : 1402 I" = ffi7

X 13.24'

I, ab

XIV B

bc

XVI

cil dc

XIV ,4 XIV B

?9-"ov^ 12'--'--' 1.3 18

rc,

1480

X 14X 3.62'

238 236

(0.38)'

44

X 3.62'

;+8X

1998

For equation reference numbem see pages 46 to

50

59

ITT GRINNI'I,L

__

PIPI\G D]'S]G\ A\D ]iN(]I\I.]]'III\(I

SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS Line

(l) (4) (2) (5)

+5544

1161

+0.26.1

1

-

1,161

+5721

+1-161

_3E5

(6) (7)

0

+5339

(3) (8) (e)

-23dJ +23/io

(10) (11)

0

-2360 +0.426

-

-529

+4887

+rr51

-248

-

-

622

0

Line

-2,212,195 +.10-t

(1) (4)

1,921,8E2

(.2)

-591,939

(5)

-2,513,821

(6) (7)

-2,882,822 -955,175

(3) (8)

5.12,985

(s)

-4,380,982

(10)

-

622

+0.216

-1

Constant

1005

+17L

-

+3631

+r200

-l

(114)

+1206 +1206

(118)

a)

+0.216

(7 (7 B)

(44)

(4r)

+0.264

x

+0..126 +514

It

rvill be noted that coemcients located symmetrically opposite in reference to a diagonal drarvn frorn the upper left to the lorver right are equal. Equations of this shape can be solved rnost conveniently by the folloli'ing procedure: Insert the coefficients and constants for equations (1), (2), and (3) in ihe lines marked (1), (2), and (3). The constant takes the opposite sign because each line reads as the left side of an equation, and ":0" is omitted from the table. Fill lines in the order indicated by the numbers at the left side of the table as follorvs: Line (4): Divide figures in line (1) by the negatiYe coefficient of ,l7, in line (1) (i.e., by -55aa). Line (5): Multiply figures in line (1) by the coefficient of F, in line (a) (i.e., by +0.264). Line (6): The algebraic sum of lines (2) and (5), f', coefficient becomes 0.

Line (7): Divide figures in line (6) by the negative coefficient of .F, in line (6) (i.e., by -5339). Line (8): Multiply ligures in line (1) by the coefficient of F" in line (a) (i.e., by +0.426). Line (9): X{ultiply figures in line (6) by the coefficient of F, in line (7) (i.e., by +0.216). Line (10): The algebraic surn of lines (3), (8) and (9), F, and /, coefficients become 0. Line (11): Divide figures in Iine (10) by the negative coefficient of F, in line (10) (i.e., by -3634). Line (11,4): Line (11) restated as an equation. Line (114); The solution of equation on line (I1,4) deriving a value of 1206 pounds for l7,. Line (7,4): Line (7) restated as an equation substituting the value for -F, found on line (118).

60

x

1206

+260

+171 +.171

x

1206

(

0 1206 0

731

(11,4) (11/J) (7

^)

(7 R)

(.44)

+404

+ 404

11)

11 11

(.18)

Line (7-B): The solution of equation on line

(7,4)

deriving a value of 731 pounds for lrr. Line (4,{); Line (4) restated as an equation substituting the values for F" and F, found on lines (118) and (7B) respectively.

Line (48): The solution of equation on line (4,4) deriving a value of 1111 pounds for F".

I{aving determined values for the reaction lorces F", Fo and F,, return to the plane projection diagrams and apply the respective reactions at the centroid of each plane. The forces at the ccntroid multiplied by their distance from point e give the reaction moments at point e. The forces at' the centroid multiplied by the distance from any other point give the bending moments at that point. These moments are listed in the follorving table rvith positive sign for counterclockl.ise rotation. Each point of the system is subjected to a torque produced by the moment in the plane perpendicular to the line segment. A corner point (such as b) must be considered first as part of one line segmeut ob and secondly as part of the other line segmcnt bc. The moment causing torque can be readily identified as the one rvhose subscript does not contain the letter designating the direction of the line segment. For example:

the torque at point b is M., then b is considered as a part of segrnent ab (ab being parallel to the f axis), and considered as a part of segment bc X axis). has been determined, the the torque moment Once resultant bending moment is found by the vectorial sum (square root of the sum of the squares) of the other two moments at the point in question.

My, n'hen b is

(bc being parallel to the

EXPANSION AND STRESSES MOMENTS

IN FOOT

POUNDS

+1206X16.39-731 X 4.76

:

M -1111 X 3.55 :

: \/O6,n'

+ (t?"2('i,

:

2o,s8o

,1206 X

731 X 8.22

-

+16,275

3.62

731 X 4.76

-9953

As pori, of

al

ru : /(7Eltt + O'J53)' = 12,675 -1111

X3

+?31 : 55+2S1

As plrlt of

+r

X 5.78

Srmc as

ol

X

5.

:

tl + 1206 x 6.75 + 13,318

As

6c

(231X : 13,321 ,v - {13/91s)-'+

As part

111

-1111 X 12.89 :

c

cd

+

1206

X 6.75

-l\s

,u = r.{ursoPdsst.:Y

:

,1

stso

part of

:

:

+S169

M

:

de

+1206X438+731 X = +14,96t

-Gr80

\/O4S6D'+Gl6f

From inspection of the Moment Tabulation:

: 17,547 s,

--

?

:

al pojnt r. Having computed the maximum bending moment and the maximum torque, the maximum expansion stress is determined in the manner outlined on page 3: Case

: : T-

M

'"

20,380

ft lb

20,380

X

12

fi Ib 3066 X 12 :

:

I

(at Point a)

244,560 inch Pounds

3066

36,792 inch Pounds

M 24+,560 _ : s- 29.9

6t/y

T 36,792 8r:2s^:2xrg-s -

Case

: : ?: :

M

13.24

6180

\Gl I litt :

Case I: The maximum resultant bending momedt is 20,380 ft lb occurring at point a I'ith an accompanying

torque of 3066 ft lb. Case II: The maximum torque is 7845 ft lb in line bc and the larger accompanying M is 13,821 ft lb occurrtng

15,8s0 r:28r

y'Gal3)t+ (281)' :5320

Same as d

+111r > 4 45+731 X 5.78

=

-1206X3.62+731 : +5313 ''13.21

-6180

cd

=

prrt of

+ (7s15x ,M: V(13--13,.3r-sI

't' :7846

ft Ib 13,821 X 12 :

II

v(8l?9r +

4(6157

:

8271 psi

(at Point c)

13,821

7845

ft lb

7845

X

M

s-

12

:

94,140 inch Pounds

105,852 29.9

,Zl -: qt

165,852 inch Pounds

bb4/ pst

1tro

"' 25- 2x-29.9 : l.)/4 s" : r4rrtT (rrt : \/ 15547P + 405?4)' DSI

4

:

6352 psi

psr

615 psi

The maximum combined stress s is 8271 psi' occur-

ring at point o, and is less than the allowable stress range S of 17,675 PSi' OI

ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING MI'LTIPLE PLANE SYSTEM CONTAINING CIRCI]LAR

ARCS

Bend R:5D. :4 10' L.R.EII E: r.5D,: r'25'

{N,

*'

Gium:

L

10 inch piping system

in

accordance

with

o u-rra lr.

the sketch shown above. 350 psi Maximum Operating Pressure P Uu*ito"- Operatin! Temperature 750' F Piping Speciication ASTM A 106GradeA

Data:

I=

0.365 inchesl

d : 10.02 inches Ip : 160.8 inches{ S- : 29.9 inches3 -4r : 78.9 inches'? 4u : 11.91 inches'z hu."a : 2'44 i*"a : 1.17 ka5.* : 8.15 schedule 40

page 2 and 14

J

75e'

Allow. Se

the.three Soluiion: Project the piping system into planes, determine the location of the centrold and as outialculate the line inertias in the same manner k' il""J-"t otg" 56, except that the flexibility factor' plane i" *"'ira"a for all curved segments in the

-r.i

of projection.

+ 3283 : Tora| Io :2802 + 3841 : Total I :3091 + 1978 :

I" : "

1993

I's :

996

page 11

=

17,675 Psi

page 3

point o reaction forces equal and opposite)'

5069ft3

4lt3 706lt3

177

:14 X 996 X 160'8 : 2,24:2'795lb !t3 : 1,921'882 lb ft3 L,ucI p : l2,X 996 X 160'8 i""t : tS Xs96 X 100 8 : 2,8b2,8221b lt3 " (1) F,5278 - Fv 1400 - F"r779 = 2'242'195 (2) -F"1400 + tr'r 6643 - F" 706 : I'921'882 (3) -F"r779 - Fu ?06 + I" 5069 :2'882'822 L"cI p

:

5276 lI3 6643 ft3

1334 ft3

1"" : Ir":

page 14

point h (ar Find; Reaction forces f., Fu and F" at

62

Stress, s.

Total

iau"* = 2'61 c61

to""t

M.r, M," and Mu" at

points Combined and location of Maximum

moments Reaction --

See pag€ 66

for basic equations.

EXPANSION AND STRESSES

PROIECTION

IN XT

PLANE

To find c.g. of each segment Lengths:

: : el : gh -

ab

cd'

see page 46.

15.84'

8 59' 12 59' 3.841

Radii:

bc-R:4.!61 de-R:1.25' ls-R:4.t8'

Centroiil (calculated with origin at point h)

I lII I

ab bc

cd de

el

ls

gh

12 1.81 X1.25 1.3 X 12.59 1.81 X4.16

41X 4 16

1.57

II I

+46q I

15 84

:226 = 16 35 :7.51

15 94 8.5S

3.84

+14

rr,

+ +

+222.O 4q

+ +

5.55 0.45 0 0 0

XZc'

>z -70.x

15.84,<732X853 +i.q+ro.rr7' +.iot) tt 57 / 2.44 x4.16\5.81(-2 8.5S( - 1 13)(-3.55) l.8l r.2s(-6.23)(-3 55) r 3 x^12.s9(-6.68)(-3 55) 1.81 x 4.16( - 6.68)( -2.04) 3. 84( - 6.68X2 .53)

bc

cil d.e

eI

Is 9h

bc

cd dc

el

XIV B xvlr .{ xlv ,{

XVIII

xvI

,4

Tg

XVIII A

9h

XIV B

ab bc

cd de

el

Is

gh

Ior

x

4.163)

8.59(3.55X 1.81 X 1.25(3.55)',

i(3 ?'6]iat'f,ili'J'r -8J)'

4

+ r.57 x2.44 x + 1.8r x 4

4.16(? 04F

-8 -8 -86.49 - 1.92 -

64.6

- 18. r -130.8 - 48.9

469.8

-312.8

04)

:+989 = + 34.4 500 =+ : + 388.0 : + 102.5 : - 64.9

15.8{{7 32)r

i-.+i[d.us z 4 l0') t- t.5? > 2 14 v 4 16(5 81v tal' #+s ss(t 1.15(0.r19 X 1.25i) + 1.81 X1.25(6.23X 1.3 X 12.59(6.68)' 1.8l X 4. 16(6.68X 3.81(6.68)'

50.

92 .5 108.3 28 .5 206.3

16(2.04x

3.6a12.53y"

equa,tioo reference aumbers see pages 46 to

-103.5

1484

9#*15.84(8.53)' 2.[4e.149

0 0 0

+

-6.49

t:ffi:-44srt -

r=ffi:+6.b6rr

ab

:

47.7 1.0

+4.08

29.3

ITT GITINNI'LL PIPING DESIGN AND I'\ (iI\I'I.]Ii I\( PROJECTION

I

IN XZ PLANE

To find c.g. of each segment

see page 46.

Lengths:

ob:15.84'

: : sh:

ij,;sror----,

cd

8.59'

ef

72.59' 3.E11

Radii:

bc-R:4.161 de-R:1.251

fs-R:4.16'

Centroid (calculated with origin at point ft)

ab bc

cd d.e

el

ls sh

Ls'

Length L, Ft

Eq. No.

II

1.3

I III I

1.57X8.15X1.25=16.00

x 15.84 x 4.16

=

1.8r

8.59

X4.16 1.3X3.84 1.81

II

20.60

12

.59

= 7.54 = 4.99 2L : 77 .85

+r4

+288

+ +

+

bc

5.55 0.45 0

0 0

'La'

VI

12.59(

gh

VIII

ab bc

XVI

cd. d.e

el Js

gh

xlv

,: #

1.3 X 15.84(4.06)'

,4

XVII ,4 XIV B XVIII B XVI

+137

1.51

0

0

.O

>Zz'

:

*10E5.6

= +13.e4rr

-+ 296 246 + 525 + 390

8.r5i0.137

el

,4

+

0

:

+17.55 +10.46

x 1253) + 1.57 X 8.15 X 1.25(-5.16)(3.61) -5.61)( -3.49) 12.43) 1.81 x 4.l6( -5.61)( 1.3 x 3.81( -5.61X - 13. S1)

X,B

XVIII

0 0

+r8

+ +

1.3 X 15.84 X 8.3S X 4.06

8.59(-.06)4.06

ile

47.2

'-* + 135.8 + 15'1.8 + 280. E + 131.8 + lr.4

+18 +18

1.81 X 4.16 X 6.88 X 4.06

VIII XI VI

cd.

+94 I + 47.7

+12.49

- 437 0 : +o.or rr r:zli ab

Lz,

1.8l X 4.16(4.06)'

8.59(4.06r

8.15(0.149 X 1.25)

+

ff

+

1.57 X 8.15 X 1.25(3.61)!

701

210

340 124 142 211

12.5s(3.4eX

1.15(0.149 X 4.16' 1.3 x 3.84(13.94)'

+

1.81 X 4.16(12.43X

1176

970 3283

I, ab

b. cd.

de

el

ls

gh

xvI

XVIII B XIV B XVII B XIV,{ XVIII ,{ XVI

1.3 X 15.81(8.39I 1.15(0.r49 X 4.169

r:r]::_+859(06)' 8.r5(0.149 X 1.259 12.59(5.6r)' 1.81 x 4. r6(5.61X

1.3

x

1450

+

1.81 X 4.16(6.88)!

+

1.57 X 8.15 X 1.25(5.16X

369

425

396 237

3.84(5.61)1

30r1

For equaiion reference Dumbers

see

psgea 46 to

50.

E\PANSION PROJECTION

IN TZ PLANE

To find c.g. of crch scgment

see page 46.

Lengths:

ab:15.81'

: 8.59' : 12.59' glr = 3.811 c:d c.J

Radii:

bc- R:4.t$' de-R:I.2-o' f(J-R=+.16'

Centroid (calculated with origin at point ft) !lq. \o. bc

aj de

gh

I II I III I

Lensth

r, l t

X't

181

10 59

1.3 X 8 1 31 X 1.25

:

15 E{ 7.51

=

11.18

=

1.57 '12.44 X 4.16 =

:,

-

12.59

6..19 8 8 8

15.11-1

6.49

2.26 3.

E-1

bc

VI

-1.92

= 6919

gh

>fr' : -SOS S , = ftH:

^*

+18

135.8

rlR

201 .5

+ 17.55 + 10. {6

131

39.7

+ l5r

0

>Lz'

x 1.25(-3.61) X 5.72 -3 61)(-1.37) 4.163/ I 1.57 X2.44 X4.l6r-2.10( 4J\0.137

12.59{

X,1

-2

10.32\

r,, ab bc

cd de

9h

XIV 1

X\iIII XVI

XVIII B XIV -B XVII B

IIV

: + 7oo 603 2E7

15.81(6.17)l)

,{

A

1.81 X 4.16(6.17)'

1.3 X 8.59(6.17)?

1.15(0.1.19 X 1.253)

+

fr

126

+

1.81 X 1.25(5.72)! 190

12.5er1.37)?

2.44(0 149 X 4.163) 3.81(11.83)'

ala.3

-+8277 :-219 167 = :+- 623 - + 321.4

3.81 X 2.47(-11.E3)

VI

:

*".rrn

1.3X8.5C(-3.61)X6.17 1 8r

.7

21.1

1.81 X 4.1{j(-2.10) X 6.17

VI

Js

-103.5

Lz'

X 8.17 X 617

15.8.1

XI VI II XI

+ -.139 _ 89.5 13 1 - 100.11 6{.6

+.r.08

i:=+:-439fr eb

L,J' _

]J,

+

1721

1.57 x'2.44 X 4.16(10.32)'1

3811

ab

XIV B

lj;::: + 15.84(s.47)'!

bc

X\TIII B

1.15(0.149 X 4.16)

cd

XVI

!s

XVIII ,{ XIV ,1 X\:II ,{

gh

XIV B

de

1.3 X 8.59(3.61)? r .81

X

x4.16(2.10)2

1.25(3. 61)'

12.59(3.61)' 2

+ r.81

.44(O.149 X 4. 16)

+ r.57 X 2.14 X 4. 16(2. 10)':

'' 1;' + 3.81(2.47y

For equation reference numbers see pages 46 to

: 1468 :46 1,16 = : 29.5 : 164.0 : 96.5 r. :

1973

50.

65

ITT CI]TINIiI'I,I, PII,ING DESIGN AND I,]N(IINI'IIITI \C. SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS (See page 60)

F" 1774 _0.330 706

Line

(l)

+5276

(4)

-1334 +0.253

-l

+6643

(2) (5)

-l

(3) (8)

-

+1r55

(10)

0

0

(1lA) (l1B)

+0.253 X Lt44

(4'{ )

(48)

f'

jo,

= 8s3lb

:

571

+o

571

960

|

(2) (5)

-1921'cs2

sc7.275 |

-753,378 -455,516 -'t,olt,zto +goo

336

(1)

I

| | |

I | I

I

xe6o - I

iizs"'

I" :

lb

-2'212't1s | 125

ro.rE3 |

ll,l*'n*

-t"

Line

Consi.ant

-z.lvr.tsz tro;

-r -F' i;:

l1)

(7 A) (7 B)

] |

-s009 -5S6 -2rr +4262

-706 449

(s) (

re y55 -

+ 6306

0

|

4

+1334

(6) (7)

I |

|

-2,8c2,q22

(6) (7)

I

I

(3)

|

(s) (s)

1

|

(10) L

(

l1)

I

*ooo = | re6og .eco=]

llr-1

**" =| ++z;:1

(11/) (11-B) (7

,,,1

(.7

A) B)

(44)

-s

(4R)

+8e3

lb

MOMENTS

IN FOOT POUNDS

(See page 61)

-571 X 6.17 +

9d0

= +t2,21r

u:

t/ (n,stoY

i

16.39

tlz,ztr)' = ta,ttt

:

4710

(435Y : ,/-(4s71)+

49s3

M = ",(B6a5I + (2sssy

M=

X

+893X4.06+960X436 : +7Elr

+893 X 2.81 + 960 X 5.61

=

+7895

ar = Vi?dEB)iTl6IEI

-

10,086

-960 X3.61 = *914

+571 X7.67

+893X0.61 +571 X6

:

-893X13.94+960X5.61

68

=

+4359

M=

-7063

(2283)' : .,{$ss),-+

8488

M = r{n ss),IL,e6sP = rg,+re

EXPANSION AND STRESSES

I.

II.

III.

From inspection the maximum bending moment, M, is 16,111 ft lb occurling at point o rvhich is straight pipe. The accompanying torque ? is 4429 ft lb.

The maximum torque ? is 6989 ft lb in line cd and the larger accompanying bending moment, M, is 7811 ft lb at point d rvhich is cun'ed pipe with an i factor of 2.61. The maximum bending moment, M, in curved pipe u'ith an z factor of 2.61 is 10,085 ft lb ai point e rvith an accompanying torque ? of 644

fi IV.

The maximum expansion stress is determined in the manner ouilined on page 3 as follorvs: Case

I

(at point a)

it Ib :16,111 X 12 : 193,332 inch pounds T :412Sft,lb : +429 X 12 : 53,148 inch pounds i6,11r

: M 193,332 : o*oop"t 29.9 "" sT 53,148 8r:9.c = l.,,,ro o - 66YPSI sz : r/Gaf +-+Gzf- : vre1o6y1 4(88rt

:

6706 psi

7811

ft lb

7811

X

6989

ft lb

6989

X

M ",:i_t: t":zs-T

lb.

The bending moments in curved pipe rvith an i factor of 1.17 are relatively small (points b, c,, and g) and therefore nced not be considered.

M:

: : ?: :

M

"E

Case

.

12 12

II

(at point d)

:

93,732 inch pounds

:

83,808 inch pounds

93,732

,*

.. ^. X ^2.6I

83,868

2 x2g.g =

- .,{;Jul('rt :: Case

III

-

8182psi

l4uzPSr

VEt8tT -! ,t{llgtt 8649 psi

(at point e)

: 10,085 lt lb - 10,085 X l2 -- l2l,020inch pounds 7:644ftlb : 644 X 12 : 7728 inch pounds ^ ^- : r0,564psi : M : i21,020.*26r ;;; "u r, T i728 lzYPsI

M

-.l.!,9qq: "r - oq

'u: {',f-+-4G;7::

vft0-5641 + 4(-l2ef 10,567 psi

The maximum expansion stress sr is 10,567 psi, occurring at point c, and is less than the allorvable stress range Sr of 17,675 psi.

VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP The velocity of a fluid florving in pipe is detcrmincd by thc equation:

a

v -- 114 -AI rvhere I/ : velocity (feet/second) Q : rate of florv (cubic feet/second) Cr : inside area of the pipe (sqnarc inches) Reasonable vclocities for rvater ancl st'eam are

Empilical equaticrns and charts have bccn dcviscd to calculalq: this pt'cssut'e dlop \\'itll I eNonalte a(icul a(:y' Thc llational soltrtion, irasccl upon the Fanning or Darcy equation, has tlte most ltnivetsal applic'rtion and has been shorvn to plodllce ii'icur&te tesults after countless expcriments. 'l'hc basitl oclualion (1) requires conversion to motc famiijal terms .\lternate arrangencnts of thc basic equation, (2), (3), and ('l), are exprcssed in tcrms more {amiliar t'o the piping cngtneet'

indicaLed by the fullorring rrngns: Service rvater mains General service l'ater PiPing Boiler feed rvatel PiPing

Lorv pressure steam heating and process piping Lorr pressure otcam meins

2lo 4to 6to

- fLv' n,:,iio

5 feet/second

10 " 13 "

15to 70 " 70 ro

l6i "

165io400 " High pressure steam mains 100to150 " piping Steam engine and pump 150 1o330 " Steam turbine piping

" "

Eflective Length of a pipe line is the sum of the total length of the line plus the equivalent length of all the fiti"ings, valves, etc., rvhich iend to alter ihe straight flow.

Equivalent Length of Fittings in Commercial Wrought Pipe Liaes

90' 5 Diam Bend (including length of PiPe) Gaie Valve

: /r. : lzo :

where Dy

.f

- o.oo2745lL|;s'

(3)

- o.ool2gsr;a

(4)

(2)

",

1

1.D

2 5 1 1

pressure drop (feet of fluid florving) pressure drop (inclies of rvater) Pressure droP (Psi)

(a dimensionless function of the ReYnolds number -R', see chart on Page 72) effective Icngth of the pipe linc (feet) velocity (feet/second)

= friction factor

L: 7: g

:

acceleration -due feet/second')

D : inside diameter tl : inside diameter

: so :
E

to gravity

(32'17 4

of the pipe (feet) of the pipe (inches)

specilic graYity of the liquid (rvater specific gravity of ihe gas (air : 1) specific volume of the vaPor (cubic feei/Pound)

:

1)

I 1.3

The Reynold.s number

I

o tte

72

+ 7

6

Equivalent Length .L (feet) : Nominal Size (inches) X Factor 68

h

fte

Globe Yalve

Angle Valve Angle Radiator Valve Su'ing Check Valve Radiator, Convector or Heater

-

"

line.

Reducer

2.2+ra:

h, '{

The friction of fluid flou'ing in a pipe line causes a drop in the initial pressure, rvhich drop is approximately proportional to the square of the velociiy, and directiy proportional to the llflect'ive Length of the

90" Scren-ed Elborv 90" L. T. Screrved DlborY 45' Screrved Elbol' 180' Screrr'ed Return (oPen) l80o Screrved Return (closed) 90" L. T. \Yelding Elbol 90" Flanged Elborv Tee (outlei)

(1)

Ii"

is found from the equation:

:dl'o : dV -dV --DYP r2p l2Pa l2Y !

: density (pounds/cubic foot) p : absolute viscosity (pounds/{oot second) v : p/p : kinematic viscosity (feet2/second)

where p

(ViscositY of fluids see Page 72)

\:EI,OCITY AND

Example :

f irirl: I'rossttrc drop of kcroscttc flolirtg at l relc of :)0 gpm (!,70'f- il 1]" std. stcel pipo, clli'r'tii e lerrgth 1i0

1cet.

PRE,C.qf

RE DROP

will r.ary in proporiiott rvith the frctors shorvn on page 76. To siurpiify thc conlcisiorr dilidc the rcrlrrirecl stcam lold by thc rppropriate fector itr thc trl)lc, thcn apply thc ldjrrstccl lord dilccil;- to thc grrph. To dctcrnirtc the lclocity: IVa ll'r,-' r:0.010 1 :0.0;09 d,

Dola:

d: ,4r : 1 gpm : u: s:

1.61 inches (from Page 249) 2.036 square inches (from page 249) 0.002228 cnbic feet/second (from page 240) 0.000024 feet'/second (from page ?2) 0.813 (from page 72)

Solution:

0:

30 X 0.00222E

:

0 066E'1 cubic fcet,/second

o 0.000E1 li - l1-:,'l - 11.1^^.Ml) / n": ^dvl% ,f

:

:

0.02E

* u.,,,ffi 'ry, (from chart

1.05

than Strrdard \\'all.

Iloiv of Loiv Prcssrtre Gas in Standard Wall Pipe on pagc 77 indit:rtcs thc flol- of free air (1 atmosphcre and (i0'F) rihen thc iliiiril prcssttre does not much

104

page 72)

J' \|2

h,, -d- 2.2t

y l"'. " ln.r. 0.028

x

121

150

x 1.

:

102.E inchcs

rl,or.el (1.65)'?

X

II' : flos (poitrrds''hoLrr)
The Actual I.D. iudcx at thc top and to thc right of the graph may be used to dctcrmirc valucs for pipe othcr

fcr.i 'en"rrd

:26,000:2.6 x

s'here tr/ : velocity (fect/sccontl)

0.813

til

of rvater

Under ccrtain limiting conditions, suflicicnt accrtracy in pressure drop calculations is obtailed l ith simplified equations rvhich perniit a direct plot of florv against prcssure drop. Graphs of this nature are shol'rr otr ihe

folloiving pages for l\rater in Pipe, \Yater in Tubing, Steam in Pipe, Lorv Pressure Cas in Pipe, and lligh

excced l psi or 28 itrches of \\'ater, gage prcssure. Reasonable accltracf is obtlrined for temperliurcs \yithirr the range of -10'to 100'F and rvhcu thc pressure drop docs not ercced trvo-thirds of the initial gage prcssufe. For guscs other thau air the irrdicated pressure drop rvilL vary directly \rith the spccific gravity of the gas (air : 1) (see trble on prge 212). The Actual LD. irrdcx at the top ard to thc right of the graph rnny be used to deternire valucs for pipe other than Standard \\'all.

IIol'of lligh Pressure Gas in Standrrd \Yall Pipe is usually accompalied by a considerable pressure drop antl decrcase of the density along the entire line. The fleq is eyplns:nd hv thc equrtiot.-

Pressure Gas in Pipe.

Florv of Water in Standard Wall Pipe on pagcs

to 7l is

Q:33.e5

70

based upon an avcrage n'ater temperature of

140'F. Rcasonable accuracy is obiained for rvatcr tcmperatures within the ralge of 50o to 200" F. The prcssure loss scale is 10/6 greater th&n the pressure loss in clcan neq, pipe. The Actual I.D. index at the top and to the right of the graph may be used to detcrmine values for pipe other than Standard \Vall. Florv of Water in Type L Copper Tube on page 73 is based upon an average 11ater temperature of 1-10'F. Reasonable accuracy is obtained for n &ter temperatures within thc range of 50o to 200" F. The Actual I.D. indcx at the right of the graph may be used to obtain values for any smooth drarvn tubirrg. Florv of Steam in Standard Wall Pipe on pages 74 to ?5 is based upon saturated steam at f psi gage (approximately 214'F). For a giver pressure drop at other pressures and temperatures t'he indicated load

(f\ \'F1'z

/=-

N

0 : flol'of

frcc gas at 60" F (cubic feet/minute) d : inside diarneter of the pipe (inches) Pr : initirl prcssure (psi absolute)

Nhere

: : L:

Pu

so

final pressure (psi absolute) spccific gravity of the gas (air : 1) effectir-e lcngth of the pipe lirre (feet)

The graph on page ?8 indicates values of Jpt' - p"' psi absolute for various \.alues of P1 and P2 psi gage. The graph on page 79 irrdicates Q in cubic feet/minute for values ol \,TP:- It / \T.L for various pipe .sizes. Reasonable accuracy is obtailed for temperaturcs rvithin the range of 40" to 100" F. For values of so (see page 212). The Actual LD. index at the iop and to the right of the graph may be used to determine values for pipe other than Standard Wall. 69

ITT CIRINN]II,L

PIPING DESIGN AND I'\(iINNI,]ITI\(

-

I

oat t0 /,,,,t,,,,j lNcHEs

ACTUAL

FLO'

POUNDS/ HOUR

e e RR3 ?8

9 9 R*" +"

8

E HnB g

H

oe g

/

4l

too a,o

ao €.o 5,O

4.0

50

FLOW OF WATIR

WALL PIPE

3.O

to 0.0

8TU/ HR.-

IN

AT

STANDARD

r/n"Elrv |

4p 10 cr"

FLoW (LB/ nR)x'tEV PERATITRE DROP(f) op. o,6

o6

o5

o5

o4 q3

03 0o-

o

o

I

i9

o2

_c 0,1

_q K "jd

{ f,

e

R

ng

?

o,o6 o.o5

3 I

oo3

\y ,e

0'o2

_9

o.0a

I (I

o E o E

f

E

(Il

ool

\9

,,P

0.o04

o006

ooo5

/3

ooo3

/nl

o.oo?

lf /3

o00l o,oooa o.oo06 o.@o5 o.aoo4 o.@o3

oo@2

ooool

g gsE g s

g BEggB:

FLOry GAIONS

/

MINUTE

3

o 6'o o n d dci

0 0 o -

VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP

FLoW PoUNDS/ HoUR

oY J

/t'tt/,

oq

3E

Iq

o9| / $t /,/,/"9 "9 -9t

/

e R3 36:^q

j

|,

>9

/,'/'/-""t't1'/'t

\9

t

e

tt/tt"/

r"

e t /t.o /t^

9

/r,

8 /-o

3.o

/$ /v t.o

oa o6

/\e

1'"

o5

19= \'v

/&' /^v

0-oa o,o6

t 0--

o,05

o h 0.o3 H

ii oo2 \ I

o.ot =

0 o oms 0

0.004

0'006 cr

ooo4

& l

o.oo2

H

o-oooa 0.0006 o,o005 o.ooo4

oooo3

g c ggg Eg @9 oi o s!a(j

6

.to

o9 oa .o7

o6 .o5

-o4

o.o3 * .o?5

Y"-2"

z

a

\2

UJ

t-?

N

6

.O2

/2- a

o-

to-20" SMOOTH

TUBES

"/a- 4

alo5

2 34

REYNOIDS NUMBER

s= SP GR. AT

60-

R"=ry=#

E

o E.

30

.20

gccc ooo

rt! ,/

d

g

gE

d

.:

secoNo

99q

cgs

9 g

VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP PRESSURE DROP INCHES

/

FOOT OF TUBE

3 d33 33 ocio

d

n 4a

q o

300

OF WATER IN TYPE L COPPER TUBE AT I4O" F FLOVr'

200

ro0

ao

50

30 2a

t0

a 6 5

F

3

-

2

I

oa o6 o5

Q3

o.2

A^ EQUTVALENT RESISTANCE OF "" FITTINGS (F€Er oF ruBe)=NOM|NAL 40 TUBE srzE (NcH€s) x FAcToR (sE!ow)

ol .oa

30 gOoELBow 9oor.r.El6ow 20 45oEL6ow IAO. OPEN FETURN TEE OUTIEI FEDUC€R caTE VALVE AN6LE FAOI^TOR VALVE lo GLobE v^LvE coNvEcroR HEATER

.05

2

ruee

30

I 1,5

? A I 1,5

6

34 e a A

qE€.€EB H gEEEEU 3 e3333-' o doo oi'o" ,ic"is/.ooior EnessunE

50 40

20

fl-v-

ACTUAL tNCHES

o

i

()0

6

Q

I,O.

ooooj / r t tt / , t t t / t t t t / FLOW POUNDS/ HOUR o o o oo o .! o @: R n ]f)(o

/

oooo\ t

/

oq t

/

'

/t

/

t

/

R - R9P + ;6 RF 6 :i/

o5 o.4

FLOW

o3

IN

OF STEAM

.?

STANDARD

WALL

PIPE

ol o.oa 0.06

0.o4

/^2

o.o3

tr

c

o.oz

o 5

p

oooe

o

v.w! J

L,.r

o.oo4

ca

l

S d 0

o.oo3

o.oo2

o9

R 3 933 38 POUNDS,/ FLOW

74

HOUR

\IIiLOC]ITY ,\ND PRF]SSURE DITOP

Q^Aq\o / ' / t / r /t/ aoo,ooo

rt ow porvns -- --/ ,r/ uorrp --'

ro.ooo 2

3 4 56

I

t35

t r 5

6X

d /^o

4.4 o3

o.l

JN

o.oa o.o6 o.o5

a.o4 o.o3 (L

aaz' o F

o o.or r! o.ooa _' 0.006 o.oo5

0-

3 d

o.oo4 0 o.oo3

c

0.002

d

o.ool o.ooo8 o.0006 0.ooo5 o.ooo4

o0003

oom2

aoo t,000

a lo,oo0

2

3 4 56

a

10"

FLOW POUNDS /HOUR

75

ITT GRINNELL-PIPING DESIGN AND I]NGINI'EITINC' TLOW OF STEAM CONVERSION T'ACTORS

,*I )a 5

1.000

0$a

1129

r

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1.567 1.657

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1.847

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350

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2 381 2 313 2 611 2.560 2 880 2.78e

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1,532

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1.1.13

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1.591 1.686

1.5rii

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1.856 1.052

1.551 1.652 1.718 1.838

r.622

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1.613 1,718 1.81? 1,912

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1.889 2.086 2.267

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200

0.9t.1 1.0'.lr

9.18

1.706

223a

175

811

0

1 759

70

3 070 3 285 3 .r8?

0 832

1

60

150

0 855

t38 r.818

r r

972 2.110

125

txr

ilii lili

624 803

0 8a0

s50

.15{J

350

23'1

8 893

8.363 8.612

9.523

9.1i9

8 858

8 370 8 603

I8t3

9.,121

9.103

8.831

812

,223

7.099 7.930 8.158

8

381

8.600

5.t02

;.

5.6{12

6.853

1.824

196

_722

5 622

5.819 5.973

5.716

6 095 6.2r5

5.93{i 6.10J

6 333

6 219

6

6

.t50

5.8ti'i

333

6.827 7.0d6

6.6S0

6 561

6.11.1

6.921

7.r47

6.?88 7.007

6.662

7,29i

7_366

7,221 7.131

7.793 8.00t)

7.636

8.?l.t

8.034

7.085 7.288 7. 188 7.683 7.875

7.718 ?.966 8.181 8.392

ffipIessrLrcsaturlte.lsteam'.\tincreasedpresstlesendtempel&ttIessteampipewill

7 837

6 877

in.chart' !1 !r*!u' drop as inciicatccl nith pressure urup rl'ove, $'rin (xj convcrsion lactor alroleJ conrcrsior''lactor rrv loa,l indicated in chari times (X) load as indic-ated 'uludruu carry c;rrected by dividing same by proper factor above' To simDlifv the use of the chart r! ls suggested thrt the steam Ioads rn question bc Then apply ionected loed directly to low pressure chari.

VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP

l

PRESSURE DROP INCHES OF WATER : I {P P d o ! o o o

E EEE3E3 E

/

ESEEES

FOOT OF

PIPE

3 3 3 33

r000ooo aoo.000 600000

:L' .CL. q400,000 _ 600,000 500,000 -

FLOW OF LOW PRESSURE GAS IN STANDARD WALL PIPE

-\o

'.9

30q000

'.6 20o,coo

7

to0ooo

ro0,0o0

/6

60ooo

/b

aooco 6q0oo 50

5o.ooo,

4o,l]00

40,000

_

zo.ooo

j

20,000

-

30,000

0000 8,000

. Q

6.000

s.ooo

I u.o- ""t1 ,000

!,o00

ao0

800

600

600 500

500

3oo

300

LO0

ao 60

50

30 ?a

g sE€g$: g 3ggE3' €gE€se 6 q qC 0 o d cr d o

pREssuRE DRop TNCHES oF WATER ,/ Foor

oF

PIPE

ITT GRINNELL- PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINIIEITI\(' DISCHARGE

P

RESSU RE

6to2030

q

PSI, GAUGE

40 50 60 60

too r.250

300

too

,oo P l o-'

tt F l J

O @

o

6o

<60

50

40 30

lr-r^-

h,"

ti

li!-

to

6102030 DISCHARGE

P

RESSURE

60

40

50

B

PSI,

ao

GAUGE

Example:

at 100 psi (gage) Qiuen: 3,000 CFM (free air) at 125 psi (gage) entering a 100 loot pipe line and discharging Find: The required pipe size. Solution: Fromchart above, for inlet pressure of 125 psi and outlet pressure of 80 \/T- Pr" : vT x 100 \/ r.L

From chart on page ?9, for this value of 8 and 3,000 CFM find 78

iOO psi,

8

2|" Nomilal

Pipe Size'

ruE

77 :

gO'

I

i

YDLr

)r'I'l'l- ,\ND PIiESSIIRII

DITOP

oB'\ tol

SYtO 6XICF

AX to' 6X to'

5X

-!o ,e

FLow oF HIGH PREssuRE ons

tou

rot

IN STANDARD WALL

to

PIPE

iilii 3X

2X lo to aq@o

/tti

6o,0c0 50.@o

40000 30000 20000

oooo &ooo

-''9

6,OOO

5

OOO

1o9

4,OOO

'o9

3,OOO

',o1

z

.\Flpoo "

_

o.6

'.ap

eoo

o 600 = -5ee 400 300

"^a i z

2Aa

I

!

100

ao 60 50

40

1,

3O

IQ

a 6 5 3 2

03

o.4 0.506 o

8

L.O

2345

30 40 5060 80 IOO

,F=-

-+:

79

ITT GRINNFJ],L PIPING DDSIGN AND ENCiINT]EIi,I\C;

HEAT TRANSITI'R The major factors l-hich govern the transfer of heat through pipe l'alls include ihe temperature differcnce bet11'een the hot and cold fluids, the convection of both fluids, the surface condition at the inner and outer l'alls, and the conductivity of the pipe material. For the average practical probiem, rvhere fine economies are not the paramount consicleration, thcse factors can be combined jnto one coeficient designated "Li". The basic equation for determining heat transfcr is:

8: AUlbsQ : Total heat transfer (BTU/hr) ,4 : Total area of heat transfer surface (ft2) U : Overall coefficient (BTU/hr. ft'/'F) h""- : Log mean temperature difierence betl'een

hot

GTD

c.m

:

Greatest temper&ture difference ('F) betrveen boih fluids STD : Smallest tempera,ture difference ('F) bcts-een both fluids As GTD and STD approach the same r.alue the log mean temperature difference approaches the arithmetic

GTD

mean lempera{urp. When

GTD

*r,,

is 2 or less

it

is

crrs-

tomary to use this arithmetic mean temperature:

/r, . i.\

.

: : L: L: l" l"

//" -t i r\

'^:\r )- \

z

tr'luid Gitine-

Heat

Uo

"U"

or G

-

tt)

rJ k

ti)

500c(t.

/ro"-

U4*(t"

:

500G

:

quantity of rvater (gal/min)

,

(see

aDo'el

The area of pipe rvall available for heat iransfer is io be thc surface next to the cold fluid. If the cold fluid is inside the pipe ihe internal surface rvill bc ihe transfer area. If the cold fluid is outside the pipe thc external surface

l'ill

be the transfer

area.

The

latter condition is usually preferable since this area can be extended by the use of 6ns, ribs, etc. Exact, coefficients can usualll' be found only by experimentation under oper.iting conditions. Approximate ranges of valucs for U have been compiled for general use. 'fhcir application requires a ccrtain amount of judgement l-hich should bc bascd upon the ollorving considerations : (1) Maximum valucs should be used only rvhen the velocity of the cooling and cooled fluids is high and rvhen con'osion or scaling of the pipc is negligible. f

(2) The colurnn headed "Free Convections" are thosc obtained l'ith pipe coils and pipe immersed in liquicls under normally static conditions. (3) 'I'hc column headed "Forced Convcctions" covers pipe coiis and pipe immerscd in Iiquids that arc agitated either by mechanical means or by a continuous flol' of

)

initial temperature of the hot fluid ('F) final temperature of the hot fluid ('F) final temperature of the cold fluid ("F) initial temperature of the cold fluid ('F) Overall Coelficients

, ^:

A{I

considcred

and cold fluid ('F) GTD _ STD

Z.J rog10

\Vhen rvatcr is thc cold fluid theequ.r.tion Q : may be rvdttcn

the fluid through the vessel. (4) Il in doubt select the lol-er value of U to give a higlrer r u,lue of coil area requireu.

Expressed in BTU

Hr Ft'?/'F-Ordinary

Ranges of U*r

Fluid Receir-inE

Hert

L-

5-10

t+lt.

Li

I

20

50

Steam lloilers

Steam

+ 1

to Air

;! onnensers, :--------feeo :--::.. \\ Srcr He&teIS Tlca-rf pC ln li;;-T Heatcrc

Under special conditions hieher or lower values may be realizeci. W. H. NicAdams, "Heat, Trinsmission" (Mccrew-ilill Book Co., Inc,) by A. P. Colburn (Copyrighi 1942).

PRESSURE

TEMPERATURE RATINGS

-

- TEMPERATURE RATINGS OF PLAIN END PIPE OF TYPES COMMONLY USED IN POWER PLANT PIPING SYSTEMS

PRESSURE

Pressure-temperature ratings tabulated on the follorving pages of carbon steel and lorv alloy steel pipe commonly used iu power plant piping systems within the scope of the Code for Pressure Piping, ANSI 831.1 198C) and Section I on Power Boilers of the ASME Boilel and Pressure Vessel Code. No al1980 lowances have been included in these ratings for

fabrication tolerances, such as thinning due to bending. The allowable stress values and formulae used are in accordance with all addenda, interpretations, andr/or revisions applicable to these codes in effect Dec. 31, 1981. Pipe wall thicl
-

19?6.

-

The follov'ing formulae were used for the pressure-temperature ratings published in this bulletin:

B3i.i

1980 Pipine Code, Parasraph

I': Where

2,\t,:tt,. l)" -

211t,1-

ASME Power Boiler Code, Section I. Parasfaph PG'27.2.2

10,1

i/,,, (') D,. '2tt\t,,t - (. ) 2.{/.-

_1)

- ,l

I

= Minimum pipe rvall thickness in inches (87rlol" ol nominal wall thickness). P = Maximum internal service pressure in pounds per square inch gage. Where the calculated maximum allowable working pressure exceeds an even unit of 10, the next higher unit of 10 may be used.

1,,,

OE

=

Outside diameter of pipc in inches.

An efficiency factor for longitudinal welded pipe. Pressure-temperature ratings shown in this bulletin are based on .D = 1.00. Reference must be made to the applicable Code to determine the t factor for all pine other than seamless.

S = Allowable stress

in material due to internal

pressure,

at the design temperature, in pounds

per

square lnch.

*C = Allowance for threading and structural stability. .065 inch for r.. to 3 _ inch pipe size. .000 for 4 inch pipe size and larger.

*A:.000" for plain end pipe, or

depth of thread or groove for threaded or grooved end pipe.

*NOTE:No allo$ ance has been made herein for corrosion and,lor erosion i{such allorances a.erequired, asdetermined by the design addtd to (' in tho applicablc turmLrlac above and tht r(luc€d allouable !rcssu.e |.alculared therL{nder.

, = a coefficient having values Temp.

"F Steels

Ferritic

er, they shalt be

as follows:

900o and below 0.4

950'

1000"

10500

1100'

0.5

0.7

0.7

0.7

NOTE:4 mat be interpolated ber$een the;0"1' intervals in th€ above tabte.

ratings are not tabulated for temperature levels where The Code for Pressure Piping831.1, states: "(1) Upon prolonged exposrue to temperatures above ??5o allorvable stress values are not given at the same F, the carbide phase of carbon steel may be converted temperature in the Code for Pressure Piping. The applicable Code should be checked to assure to graphite, and (2) upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 8?5oF the carbon phase of Car- that selection of pipe to any specification is rvithin on-Molybdenum steel may be converted to graphite," the code limitations. In view of these limitations, pressure-temperature For permissible allorvances for variations in presratings ar.e not tabulated in this bulletin for temper- sLrre and temperature, reference should be made to atures above these values. Also, pressure-temperature paragraph 702.2.4 in the Code for Pressure Piping.

81

PI

PRESSURE

l'I\(i I)lisl(i\ -\\l) l'.l\(iI\ Illll:tl\(

.IEI'1PI]RATL]RI.]. DEGITE I']S F.

RATINGS

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM A53 Gratle .zrl TO

--

B and ASTM A.106 Grade B

0iir

i;11

;01)

12.t0(r

11.30{)

L5.l)txl

ALI,OWABLE STRESS'S' PSI

l

I L.Eril

-

Irilre

\'l

SchedLrle

Sizc

(0.E.11))

Numb€r

Dcsisnaln)n

.10

STD. XS

t60

10

0.1);0)

i)

(.1.000)

(1.5111)l

5;26

92i9

8il;2

i6i2

il39r;

STI).

t).133 0.1?!t

2itl?

2i t1

2119

2219

il9{n)

:\i1;

il.10t)

3t:8

5.195

195?

t;5:l

1i.108

STI).

0.110 0.191

2il(;3

2253 3129

:082

t86t

;12E2

2823

259;r

112;

t218

3t05

j1,195

0 250

\XS

0.jt82

? 19.1

6E;8

618?

5683

0.1t5

211t

202\l

1a22

I

STD, XS

0.2(10

298rJ

2E.11

2;65

235{i

0.2lil

l3iJJ

l llll

372{i

t\.t23

X\S

0.100

ti.t81

6179

;5t-l

5120

sTt).

0.15.1

1?87

1?0iJ

i53ti

I]LL

2;i9

2158

22t',i

20u1

XS

().:1N

0.3tr

.12j1I

10:il

ild39

lt:1.12

0..111(;

55iJri

52tl.j

19;.1

l8lill

l68l

15.,11

\S

0.203 0.21{i

270t

2;81

2328

2r2t)

3?ii6

3590

:l2il9

29i5

;8211

5551

;00?

.1600

XXS

0.llii) t).iiiz

S1'D,

0.21{i

1(;giJ

161.r

\S

0.301)

2398

22t6

l33t lsor

t3:l

XXS

il59E 5111

:ll3r-)

0.{;i)0

l15r; I 21r".. I :ro9l .1398 I

STD.

122r

xs

l;.16 22il I

2tii

196.1

1801

rl0

r.226 0.31t

1330

,10

r.2:li

1133

1.1,13

1232

r

0.337 0.138

2t.tit;

1979

2?.10

2ti12

2:\5t)

2l6J

0.tl I

33i9

t\222

290(;

26?0

0.6;.r

.1391

ll89

t\?i9

3{71

0.25iJ 0.;175

1201 I??O

1083

9gtl

1596

l.l{i6

r).;(l(,

r2(n) 1856 2r2]1

210u

21till

1991

0.62;

:t2t)2

3052

2'.i6t)

2529

0.?50

39Oti

3359

3086

160

{i0

xs

IIS

1ii0

80

0

1{nl

120

1fl1

10

80

xis S1'D.

IS

120

(5.5ii:i)

6126 9?12

(;12{i

21ti

0.Jt)8

STD. XS 1

2ri31 :1697

8t20

10

I

.1099

2;0

il0

(j.,-nxl)

2916

,1299

9ir0l

XXS

STD.

(2.ti;)

3059

I

().iJi8

ti0

t

10.1i

0.tt

0

z 12.r,i

;52r

6il6; 1r586

x!s

8t)

(1.900)

11.19

6012

0.1l:l I

29'jj

3219

5ir;.1

J0 I

;00?

STD.

0.211)

l rit)

l',

il;68

;252

X\S

XS

(l.tni0)

3?J3 {i992 1213:l

l{;0

I (1.3 r ir)

0.lli r).188 0.29 t

\S

rJr)

0109

iimum wofkin,{ l'rcssrrre. I'SI

t(it)

XIS

ri9(i8

.18?,-)

i.1?

I

li(:2

ri;1

lriiS

28li l01l)

132

1{;.10

PIPI\G }IATERIALS PRESSURE

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

RATINGS

Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM A53 Grade B and ASTM -4106 Grade B 20 TO

TI]M PI.]RATURE. T]E(;REES F,

15,000

AI,I,OWAT]L!] STRESS "S'' PSI

N

umber

6

l2t)

(6.625)

l tiO

Desisnation

!10

60 80

I1,13

903

:'

l ?9.1

1090 1710

983

o.132

r542

t.362

2369

2258

2037

1.t1? 1871

0.719 0.861

11082

2938

3767

3591

2651 3210

2435 2976

0.25t)

?78 It61

74r

ti69

6t4

t).2i7

821

0.:122

100?

960

710 866

680 ?96

0.406

t2i'i

121?

1098

1009

0.;00

1588

r

51.1

r366

1251

STI].

:

l90t)

1812

1634

1501

0.719

2323

22\5

140

0.E12

252,1

1998 2277

2092

0.875

2i:14

2.166

2266

160

0.906

2977

2838

2560

2352

2l) 30

0.2;0

621 766 912

?30 869

659

n.500 0.591 0.719

726,1

t20;

1087

99E

1510 1842

1,139

1193

1?56

1298 1584

0.84.1

2t82

18?7

t724

1.000 1.125

2612

2080 2190

2246

29G3

2825

2548

2063 2311

0.250 0.330

522 693

198 660

,149

STD.

0.1175

78ll

XS

0.106 0.500 0.562

xis

sir.

T

100 120 140 160

XXS

20 30 40

ii0 80 100 12t)

0.307 0.:165

.l9l

592

75r

78.1

596 6?8

72t)

113 517 622

81,1

735

1060

1010

9ll

ll95

1139

1027

9,1.1

14011

1266 1568 187:l

1163

0.688

675 83?

0.8.1.1

r823

1.000

2178

1738 2017

1,1t)

\.125

1949

1.:112

2352 2115

2t22

1ti0

2468 2911

26n3

2299

t0

0.250 0.312

475

453

409

59,1

STI].

0_3?5

?16

683

616

0.1118

839

0.;00

9till

800 918

ti0

0.59.1

1148

1095

722 828 988

663

XS 80 100 120

0.750 0.938 1.094

1.160

1392

t256

1154

1846 2169

1?60

2068

1587 1866

1458 1714

140

1.250

2501

238,1

t60

1..10ii

2835

2703

2150 2438

2210

tis

20 :10

(11.000)

r835

2618 2868

8l)

t,1

Inches

0.;91

l0

12

11,850

r20

l0t)

1r)

(12.?50)

12,900

0.2E0

20 30

(10.750)

1.1,300

STD.

XXS

(8.625)

775

Maximum Workinr. Pressure, PSI

Schcdnlc

8

750

-

Pipe Inches

r-00

6;0

4U

511

1.1.10 11-21

169 566

't60 90?

1975

83

PRESSURE

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM A53 Grade TEMPERATURE. DECREES I', AI,I,OWABI,E STRESS "S" PSI

-

RATINGS

B and ASTM A.106 Grade B

20 TO 650

?00

?5t)

,-i 5

15.000

1.1.30i)

12.900

11.850

I'ipe Size Inches

1ti

(16.000)

Schedule

Numb€r

t0

0.2;0 0-312 0.375

625 810 1108

800 1056

722

1.031

1771

I'Ji2 lii88

\23i

1r)0 120 110

1.219

211:i

1817

1..13E

25I',i

2015 2400

2165

1988

lti{l

1.591

2at2

2680

2418

2221

Lll

t.25\)

369

t).t],t2

.161

31? 396

0.1175

555

lt51 139 529

291

2l

4i-

t-

138

0.1:t:3

6,19

ii19

'744

558 640

513

0.5011

STD.

4U

XS

60

ull

STD.

0.?50 0.988 1.156

107.1

968

890

t420

t:t;4

l22l

tt22

1766

1681

1519

1395

2118

2019

t

\22

16?3

1.1{)

1.:l?5 1.562

2:lt2

160

1.781

2426 2790

2660

2086 2399

0.250 0.3?5 0.500

33I

:116

21J5

262

199 669

4i5

529

lJ91

575

528

.10

0.59.1

79',1

685

60 80

0.812

1098 1404

?59 1046

629 lttiT

11t38

t2t7

1109

100 120

1.281

1?60

11J91

20't9

1678 1982

1514

1788

1642

1.10

1.500 1.750

2,146

2332

210.1

1982

160

1.969

2776

2646

2:l8r-

2r93

0.250

30r 453 607

247 432 579

259 389

2lt8

0.375 0.500

522

,179

60

30

STD. XS

1.031

li) 20 30

STD. XS

i2l

662

1916

22t4

353

0.875

1071

7024

921

8,19

80

]'t25

t392

t:lzi

u9?

1099

t00

1.3?5

1715

1635

t4'75

13t5

l2t) I4i)

r.625

2045

19,19

1?58

1615

1.8?5

2380

2:269

2t46

160

2.t25

21t9

2552

2338

1880 2118

0.250 0.375 0.500

276

263 395

30

0.562

625

59i;

4U

768

7;12

ti0

0.688 0.969

1091

1040

9ll8

80

1.219

1U83

1189

r00

1.5i11

r20

1.812

1?53 2093

1318 1i;71 1995

1800

1092 1385 1654

2247

2063 2367

2174

60

l0 20

STD.

XS

140 160

R4

:J6,1

8,lE

]|)

(24.000)

1399 1669

112ii

2t)

24

t523

663 875 11ll?

0.562

:'

I2t)

(22.000)

116 538

710 799

I0tl

22

328 410 494

0.500 0.656 l).u41

u0

115 519

3i7

396 495 596

]E

20 (20.000)

Maximum Workins Irressufc, PSI

Thickness Inches

20

i {18.000)

l)esignation

2.062 2.84,1

415

5:10

2399 2752

2623

2:17

356 178 538 660

l50E

218 327 439 494 60? 862

1895

PIPING }IATERIAT,S PRESSURE

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

RATINGS

Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM -4106 Grade C 20

TF]MPERAl'!:RI]. DE(}REES T'.

Pipe

Size In.hes

I I

SchedLrlc

Nunbcr El)

(0.8.10)

I I)esienatjon I wall

STD, XS

160

XXS

80 1.050)

(

STD, XS

160

XXS

80

1 (

1.315)

STD, XS

160

XXS

1il (1.6ti0)

l.: (1.900)

.10

STD.

80

XS

12.315)

(2.8?5)

80

7t5

16,600

l.l.?0i)

13,350

Maximum Workin!. Pressur€, PSI

4742 5812

;1668

B3lt1

5ll7

.1671

6851

6221

1.1179

't7:17 134.19

119ri9

10814

0.15.1

3569 5016

3385 4758

2998 1213

2122 3826

0.219 0.308

tql

7111

I1331

r07 41

6296 9517

E612

3322 1620

iJl5I

0.109

.136?

0.1.17

612E

0.18rl 0.294

8157

0.1lu

0.lillJ 0.1?9 0.250 0.358 0.110 0.191

i

1382

2?90 3880

25:l{ 5129

10290

6;]79 9760

861:l

7IJ48

2i;7

261;

2:l15

2103

3829

i1632

3216

292r

1336

}937 G402

6i25

5162 8393

7961

70,19

STDXS

0.1,15

2',i

t2

2314

20?6

0.200

3480

3301

292:l

26il i1856

0.21t1

5055

1795

12'16

0.100

i662

it72

5351

STD. XS

0.151 0.218

208.1

191-1

3008

2853

2;2i

2294

.1116

3765 4928

1590

0.1111

19116

XXS

0.136

6461

1682 6128

STD. XS

0.203

221311

2162

1915

0.2i6

3159

2996

2ti5ll

2409

0.375

'1168

3691

3;l5l

XXS

0.552

1391 6793

STI].

0.216 0.300

1975 2?98

0..13u

6443

5426

6i0i

187,1

1659

2654

23i0

2134

3981

3525

i659

5011

3201 .1550

1376

XXS

0.fi10

4197 596ti

.lu

STI].

t?lL

1;15

G.000)

XS

0.226 0.318

1804

80

25i6

2143

2163

.t

80

STD. XS

(.1.500)

t20

r60

80

(5.563)

t20

0.23i

1612

1586

l4u.l

t275

0.3:17

2421

2291-

0.,1i18

319r-

3032

2t)34 2685

24:l1J

t84?

0.531

39.13

:t7.11-)

3:111

XXS

0.671

3r2i

1863

4;106

300? 3910

STD.

0.2511

1.1?0

1:t94

1234

1121

T

0.375 0.50t)

2166

1819

2911

2054 2790

1652 2243

0.625 0.750

:t735

lt5lll

XXS

1551

1:t23

1ti0

5

1885

XXS

XS (3.500)

:3;24

;648

0.382

160

.10

t-;0

\\rall Thickness Inches

t.2it)

160

:lu 2\.t

1?.500

?00

XXS

160

80

650

.1896

160

80

T0

160

24iO

2849 3828

3.176

85

ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIG\ A\D 1]NGIN]'I'RT)'iG PRESSURE

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

RATINGS

Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM -4106 Grade C TEMPERATURE, DEGREES F. ALLOWABLE STRESS "SI PSI Pipe Size Inches

(6.625)

Wall

Number

Designation

40 80

STD.

120

20 30 40

13,350

Maximum workine P.essur€, PSI

Thickness Inches

t't5i

1596

0.562

2621

2327

2108

0.719 0.864

3596 4395

3411 4169

3020 3692

27

0.250

907

0.2't'7

r005

STD.

0.322

1175

860 953 1115

762 844 987

896

1490

1413

1251

1136

XS

0.406 0.500 0.594

T

0.280 0.432

1017

4:l

3:152

692

1853

t757

22t'7

2103

1862

1691

0.719 0.812 0.875

27l l

2571

2217

3089 3346

2930 3174

2594 2810

2067 2356 2552

1iio

0.906

34?3

3295

29t7

2649

20

0.250 0.307 0.365

125

609

1064

688 848 1009

894

811

t471

1398

7124

80 100

30

40

STD.

89.1

1,113

751

0.500 0.594 0-719

1?61

1671

1238 1479

2748

2038

180.1

0.8,14

2546

24t5

1.000

3047

1.125

34''.t

2891 3215

2138 2559 2903

0.250 0.330

0.u75

610 808 919

8'.12

40

0.,10ii

99?

945

1236

t173

60

0.500 0.562

1394

1322

60 80

T

100

120 140 160

xis

20 30

STD,

T

1942 2325 263',7

165 616

70t 760

837 1038 1170

1063

13i0

t?8?

1622

1629 2018

2541

2411

2135

1938

2879

2731

2,118

3396

322r

2832

2196 2590

526

466

160

\.125 t.312

10

0.250

20 30

0.3t2

140

5t2 679 772

1343 1639

2t27

171',7

xis

578 766

682

1442

0.688 0.844 1.000

80 100

120

423 529

793

582 702

9?9

929

822

1123

1065

943

1340

l27l

tt25

1616 204:l

1809

720

0.750 0.938 1.094

t704 2l:r4 2531

2401

2726

1300 1643 1930

140 160

1.250 1.406

2977 3307

2',t67

2450

2225

3t37

277r1

2523

STD.

0.376

T

0.438 0.500 0.594

4t)

I4 (14.000)

11,700

1120

XXS

(12.750)

16,600

1985

140

t2

17,500

t265

120

10

775

1334

60

(10.750)

750

2092 2763

XXS

8

?00

Sch€du1€

160

(8.625)

-

-20 TO ti50

60 80 100

693 836

717 857 1022

PIPING ]IATDRIAI,S PRESSURE

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

RATINGS

Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe to ASTM .4.106 Grade C

I'.;t,ow,{uLE qTRI.'Sq 'q' lql -I

TI.]MPER,{1'URE, DEGREES

I'ipe Size

Schedule

Number

wall

10 3l-)

a-.

.10

XS

t6 (1(;.000)

J

Designatio. I

8Lr

?00

750

775

17.;0t)

16.600

1,1.r-00

13,:150

wall

Nlarimuln Workins I'r€ssure, PSI

Thickn€ss

l

ches

0.2;0

48:l

0.312

60;

0.:175

129

0.500

981.)

0.E.l{

129iJ 1679

82il

i47

1086

980

1592

ll

l-)

1280

201iii 2.1ti6

1960 23:19

1736 20?1

157ii

293?

2r-t6

1817

l6?7

I

120

110

tio

1.;91

3280

i1112

2156

2502

l0

0.251-)

J:10

l0t

361

B2IJ

0.ill2

53? 61?

510

4L2

J10 191

758 869 9?8

719 1121

7:J0

66:l

928

,t22

it6

1311

12.16

11011

1002

S;. XS

0.3i5 0.188 0.500

0.;62 0.750

60

61,1

l88l

t5i2

1392

126.1

2060

1951

1?ili)

1571

2111

231.1

2076

1885

28:r0 3215

2681

2:li7

215t3

308;

2131

2442

0.2;0

it87

367

:125

295

0.3?5

582

552

.l,t'1

0.t00

?80

710

189 655

882 t 215

?8t

709

60

0.591 0.812

929

1076

9ii

80

1.013

i;5:r

l:]r-5

12.19

100

205,1

1918 2300

li25

156ti

12t)

1.281 1.500

2t):17

18{9

1,1u

l.?50

285.1

239?

zti7

Itil.)

r.969

3238

2i0i :l|i2

2i20

2470

0.250

351

333

295

268

0.lt?5

528

501

l.ll

,103 5.10

0.9:18

1.1;6

100

t2t)

r.i62

i10 160

t0 2A

STD.

xs +U

10 2\) 30 22

ri(l

(22.000)

80 100

STD. XS

1281 1638

2425

595

0.50t)

70E

672

;95

0.8?5 1.125

t257

1189

L0;3

956

t(:21

15.10

I2:lll

1 il75

2001

189i1

1ilfi,1 1681 200.1

1820

2118

120

|.62i

2386

2263

1,10

1.E75

26iJ,1

160

2.125

2i76 3\72

3009

23:t2 2661

1526

2t2t)

0.250

',122

:105

270

245

0.:175

,184

.r06

:t69

0.500

6.18

459 615

0.562 0.688 0.969

729

692

6lll

896

850 120?

75ll r069

68.1

l2?3

80 100 120

1.219

161u

1530

1.531

2t16

19.10

1.812

2112

2316

1355 1718 2051

12i10 156t) 1862

1.10

2.t62

2:l;l

2rB5

2.:111

2799 3211

26(:5

1ii0

B0!,6

2696

2449

10

,l

30 .1U

(24.000)

61:l

369 162 556

508

L219 1.lllE

1

21

929 1226

.106

1.031

20

20 (20.000)

159 5i,1 692

l)0 I

(1U.000)

20 fo ri;u

60

STD. XS

{95

9?1

87

ITT GRINNELI, PIPING D]'SIC]\ AND IiNCiI\EDITIN(i PRESSURE

_ TEMPERATURE RATINGS OF PLAIN END

SeamlessChromium-Mo|ybdenumAlloySteelPipetoASTMA3SSGradePll (T/t% .HROMIUM

TEMPERATURE, DEGREES F. {SI PSI ALLOWABLE STRESS

Size lnches

Schedule

Wall

Number

Designation

40 80

STD.

XS

]4%

MOLYBDENUM)

-20 TO 800

850

900

960

1,000

1,050

15,000

14,400

13,100

11,000

6,500

4,000

1079

-

Pipe

-

wall

Maximum Working Pressure' PSI

Thickness Inches 0.109 0.147

3',143

3593

3269

5252

454'l

2815 3992

1753

5042

0.r88

6712

6107 10614

5378 9698

3522

2543 2767 4281

xxs

0.294

6992 12153

11667

3059 4299

2537 4127

2612

2290

1412

XS

0.113 0.154

869

STD.

3755

3246

2038

t254

0.219 0.308

6426

6169

3195

1966

9712

9324

5612 8482

4923

xxs

5223

32t4

0.133 0.179

2447 3960

2733

2487 3458

2L2a

3802

2983

1308 1864

805 7147

0.250

5't64

2823

7',137

8820

8467

5034 7'703

4396

0.358

6472

4641

2455

2363

2264

2064

1761

1075

3242

3151

2866

2461

t522

661 937

nazs

3864 6283

2104

t294

7194

4248 6906

3344

xxs

0.140 | 0.191 0.250 | 0.382 |

5541

3641

2241

40

STD.

0.145

2719

2084

1850

tYz

0.200

2983

959 13?5

590 846

XS

2605

2232

80

2864

160

0.28r

4333 6481

4160 6222

3784 5660

32',72

(1.900)

2056 3227

1265 1986

803 1178

494 '725

(0.840)

160

%

40 80

(1.050)

160

40

STD.

1

80

XS

(1.3r5)

160

xxs

40

STD.

rYl

80

XS

(1.660)

160

2

40 80

(2.375)

160

40

2A

80

(2.875)

160

4968

6958

xxs

0.400

STD.

0.154

178',7

0.214

1?15 2475

1560 2252

132ti

2579

0.344

4231 5538

4062 5316

3695 4836

3193 4217

2003

1232

2699

1660

770'.1

542

XS

1924

xxs

0.436

STD.

0.203

1954

0.276

2708

1876 2599

2365

1452 2022

881 724t)

0.375

3616 5590

3289 5085

2833 4442

2856

xs

xxs

0.552

3766 5823

40

STD.

XS

1625 2303

1256 1187

1092

80

1693 2398

1479 2095

3

0.216 0.300

0.438

3454 4909

2703

1680

160

3142

(3.500)

4466

3882

2468

t48l

1350 1928

1146 1643

1001

r25\

1061

1813

3y, (4.000)

xxs

0.600

3598 5114

40 80

STD.

XS

0.226 0.318

2208

2179

40

STD.

0.237

1433

80

T

0.337 0.438

2076

13?5 1992 2630

2393

1543 2047

2535 3320

4

r20

(4.500)

160

40 80

5

120

(5.563)

160

2'.140

691

639 938 1256 1571 2088

467 672 1034 1519 425 616 393 173 966

3379 4394

3244

xxs

0.531 0.6?4

2951

4214

3838

STD.

0.258

1100

932

T

1260 1856

r209

0.3?5

na2

1621

0.500

2521

2420

2202

1378 1880

560 835 1150 1482

912

1836

1130

xxs

0.625

3202

3074

2796

2399

0.?50

3906

3750

3411

2941

maximum range of 1050 F Note: Economics and general practice dictate a

88

'759

1086 1757

1245

5t4 708

PIPING I,IATERIALS PRESSURE

-O['TEMPERATURE PLAIN END

Seamless Chromium-Molybdenum

Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM

(1]{% CHROMIUM TEMPERATURE, DEGREES F. ALLOWABLE STRESS (S' PSI Pipe Size Inches

Schedule

Number 40 80

6

120

(6.625)

160

20 30 40 8

(8.525)

-

950

r,000

1,050

15,000

14,400

13,100

11,000

6,500

4,000

312

Wall Maximum Workins Pressurc, PSI

STD.

0.280 0.432

1143

0.562

2369

0.719 0.864 0.250 0.277

1098 1722 2274

998 1566

1331

507 806

2069

r765

to17

3082 3767

2959

2692

2308

1423

361?

3290

2834

876 1086

578 635 744

342 380

21r

445

274

944

t4lt

568 711 856

349 437 527

1?31

1056

t794

778

746

679

827 967

732 880

7226

1115 1387 1660

STD,

0.322

T

0.406 0.500 0.594

7277 1588 1900

2323 2644

2230

xxs

0.?19 0.812 0.875

2868

160

0.906

2977

20 30 40

0.250 0.307

621

t20 140

10

60

(10.750)

80 100

t20 I40 160

766

7524 1824

1976

12tI

650 745

2758

2029 2372 2505

2144

1318

811

2858

2600

2228

t372

844

596 735

543 669

458 337

168 207

2542

912

875

796

673

402

248

T

1264

r2l3

1842

1449 1768

934 1118

562

1510

1103 1318 1608

829

346 415 510

2182

2095

1906

608

26t2

2281

1194 840

735

2845

2507 2588

1624 1949 1365

989

1.125

0.844 1.000 2963

522 693 ?88

229

141 187

STD.

0.250 0.330 0.375 0.406

854 1060 1195

t**

xs t2

60

0.500 0.562

(12.750)

80

0.688

t472

100

0.844 1.000

1823

xis

21'.78

502

456 605 688

384 510

420

'746

1017

925

377 469 530 657

404

820 987

505 607

1286 1592

1090 1354

t902

1621

2369

2155 2542

1840 2177

1t25

692

1339

424

415 519

350 438 528

208

r28

281

160

619

228

849

370 425 509

1275 1612 1895

1082

652

1371

831 983

2184 2476

1865 2119

1.312

10

0.250 0.312

475

456

594

0.375

716

571 688

0.438 0.500 0.594

839

806

963 1148

1102

0.?50 0.938 1.094

1460 1846 2169

1.250

2501 2835

(14.000)

80 100

120 140 160

1.406

232 289

1043

160

xs

213

581

1413 1750 2091

2468 291L

40

304

630 783 883

r.t25

s;.

2217

665

t40

60

234

0.500 0.594 0.?19

40

t4

1177

496 663

0.365

,j

20 30

845

STD,

20

120

Pll

900

861 1007

60 80 100

.4.335 Grade

MOLYBDENIM) 850

Thickness Inches

xis

-

%%

20 TO 800

Wall Desigration

XS

RATINGS

2794

924 1402 1772 2083

2401 2722

626 733 841 1003

711

1614

326

194

282 313 401 511

605

It4l

702

1302

801

Note: Economics snd genenl practic€ dictat€ a maximum t€mDerature of 1050 F.

E9

PRESSURE

Allov Steel Pine lo $-SlM A335 Grade Pl1

Seamless Chromium-Molvbdenum (1%%

aHROMIUM

-

%%

MOLYBDENUM)

-

To 800

- Wal Prpe I wall I Thr'kness size I s"nearte I Inches I Nu-lre. I Desisnarion Inches 10

20 30

16

(16.000)

S;,

f

40 60 80

(r8.000)

840 1108 1439

806 1064

733 968 1257

619 819 1065

491

228 302

642

395

r54',7

796 956

2198

1877

11.19

490 588 707

2456

2101

7291

794

124

0.500 0.656 0.844

1381

t20

2517

24t6

160

1.594

2812

10

0.250 0.312 0.375

369 461

555 649 '744 838 1126 1420

6t) 80 100

0.75{J

120 140 160

1.375

2tr8

7.562

2426 2790

0.938 1.1sti

1.781

t766

354 442 533 623 7r5 805 1081 1363 1695 2034 2329 261A

] I I | I I J

27t

toz

339 408

r61 201 243

4',18

285

549 618

.327 3ti9

202 :107

484 567 650

732

150

22',1

984 1240 1542

832

.199

1051 1311

638 ?93

390 488

1850

r576

2118 2436

1808 2085

959 1105 1280

590 680 ?88

318

289

244

145

89

4t9 642

367 493

218

6119

435 584

134 181

797 1098

1054

811

351 486

1.031

1404

13r7

1039

626

299 385

80

696 959 1226

587

ti0

0.594 0.812

1760

1690

1537

130ii

791

487

2t79

1996

r815

1546

;78

2446

2344

2136

1824

940 1115

2665

2424

2074

r274

7'34

263 395 530

227

131

333

198 266

t22

176 620

29"\

47t

(20.000)

r00

120

120 140

1.281 1.500 1.750

160

1.969

2776

10 20

0.250 o.315

30r

289

ST D.

.153

30

XS

0.500

60?

435 583

60 80

100 120 1,10

160 10

20

STD.

XS

216

686

8l 16,1

0.8?5 1.125 1.375

10?.1

1031

1392

1215

1?15

1336 1647

1.198

727:l

170

1.625 1.8?5

2045

1963

1786

92.1

2380

2285

2078

1520 177:l

1083

6ti6

2.t25

27

t9

2610

2371

2031

t246

767

216

265

24r

203

398

862

30t

120 181

lll

485

409

243

150

5,16

460

274

953

806

338 483

169 208 297

1328 1683 2009

1208

to21 r301

6lii

379

?87 947

.184

2303

2095 2103

1092

672 776

0.250 0.3?5 0.500

625

60 80

1.219

1383

100 120

1.531

1.812

1753 2093

110

2.062 2.344

2399 2752

ltii)

251

794 r030

0.562 0.688 0.969

30

600

1091

938

671

?68 1047

2642

temperatu'e range of 1050 F Note: Oconomics and general practice dictate a maximum

90

99

322

499

STD. XS

.10

24 (21.000)

2699

15'72

370

331

20 30

22 (22.000)

18,16

274

0.250 0.375 0.500

10

20

140 169

17'71

4l)

l8

112

625

0.500 0.562

4,000

18r

0.375

0.438

050

227

277:l

xs

6,500

1

305 382 460

1.219 1.438

30

0u0 I

363 453 54ti

415

1.031

STD.

11,000

l

399 498 600

0.250 0.312

100

20

13.1'10

950 I

Maximum Workrng Pressure, PSI

1700 2029

140

90u ]

L 850 15.u00 I rl,aoo I

20

TEMPERATURE. DEGREES F. ALLOWABLE STRESS'S" PSI

RATINGS

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

1531

1828 1788 205ti

t262

?,a2

74

582

PIPI\G ]IATERI.\LS PRESSURE TEMPERATURERATINGS OF PLAIN END Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM A335 Grade P22 CHROMIUM 17" MOLYBDENUM)

Seamless Chromium-Molybdenum (2y1%

l

TENTIPER,\TUItll, DIlCREES F.

20 TO 800

850

900

950

ALLOWAI]LE STRESS "S" PSI

1;.00r:)

11.100

r3,t00

11.000

-

t'ipe

1.050

1.

7.i100

5.rJot)

J.200

156.1

1133

L0t)

Wall MariimLrm Workins Pressure, PSI

Schedule

Size

ri0Ll

Desisnalion ,10

\'

1il

.\ (1.050)

.10

80 )

;l59il

3269

281t

i,252

3012

.15E7

3992

0.188

6992 12153

6712

6106

1166?

10611

5378 9698

3059 1299

29117

26i2

4t27

1t755

6169 9324

XXS

0.29.1

STD. XS

0.11ti

1.660)

(

1.9n0)

12.:ti 5)

2\t (2.875)

(1t.500)

3\'2

l (1.500)

t2{i0 ]li 19

1i]1?

5612 8182

,1923

1183.1

2851

2i)ti1

6268

16(n)

337{

11ri7

912

2128

1;70

29llil

2236

l66il

3388

2il9

1821

556t

.11l0

299u (i9.1

9712

t20l

O.zirtl

5761

55:t.l

503,1

1396

XXS

0.il;8

IJ820

tl6?

770:l

6'J72

STD. XS

0.110 0.191

23riii 3242

22til{

201i4

1?61

290

9;9

3151

2866

2lii

I

t82i

1:i58

9l{:l

0.2;0

1,125

252,1 .1370

187?

1:159

719.1

3864 628:l

:i:11,1

0.382

1218 6906

2tt9

20iu

1rJ50

rl55

286,1

2605

1576 221t2

1lt0

2983

1650

t226

lfl8

1l(;i)

ll78l

32',i2

216i

18i11

1328

6222

5660

1968

3872

2879

2085

1326 1921

963

?lri

5I9

111.1

1051

761

0.200 0.2111

55.11

L

2U;2 ii 19

XXS

0.10t)

STD. XS

0.15,1

178?

l?15

1560

0.218

25i9

24i5

2252

0.311

.12111

,1062

3193

210{

178?

1291

XXS

0..1116

55118

5:l16

:t695 1836

421i

i]2118

2108

lTrl

STD. XS

0.203

1951

1876

170?

2599

2365

1058 1.r89

i69

2708

1152 2022

786

0.216

110?

801

0.3?;

3616

!289

2E33

2r 18

L;75

11.10

$90

5085

4112

:t42'.7

25,18

18.15

1693

6?8 971

191

108i,

6181

XXS

0.552

376€ 5823

STD.

0.216 0.300

1179 2095

91I

2398

Lti25 2303

i256

XS

1?87

1310

3598

r1,15.1

;i1,1

.1909

31.12 ,146ii

2it):\ 38t2

2016

XXS

0.438 0.600

2982

1J99 22t)2

STD. XS

t.226 0.:lt8

83t) 1201

llgil

647

STD,

T

li06

161-)

XXS STD. (5.563)

2116

:145E

160

ti0

1695

J2'16

214',i

160

120

2290

2i:l:\

llil.)

EO

1.195

3802

160

:lu

6207

89 l

XS

(,1.000)

83r9

2847

STI),

10

2215

0.133 0.179

80

AU

i11.12

STD. XS

:ltl

:lu

1611J

1227

6126

160

2

221;9

0.219 0.308

XXS

I'r

0.15.1

2101 3052

XXS

Itit)

AU (

374;l

0.I47

16t)

I 1.315

0.109

XS

l6t)

(0.8.10)

(

STI).

XS

120 160

XXS

7O,)

1595

1516

1.1iJil

13;0

l116

2208

2119

1928

L6lll

0.2:31

1.1:lll

1061

16i

20i6

1375 1992

t25l

0.1137

1813

1;43

112ii

570 83?

0.138

2710

26110

2393

2t47

r507

1121

812

0.531 0.67d

3379

:121.1

2951

2535

18E5

l{01

1015

,139.1

.1218

38llu

3;i2(l

250t)

1863

1:1.19

12iio

1209

1100

932

u62

r

?82

1ti21

r378

'14-D

i4(l

2i2l

2420

2202

1880

672 100:l 1it80

500

1856

1026

7

3202

1107.1

2796

2399

t779

1323

95rl

i1906

3750

li4t1

2941

220:l

1638

0.258 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750

447

{1;J

1

4:\

186

Note: Economics and general practice dictat€ a ma-{imlrm temperature range of 1100 F

91

PRESSURE

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

RATINGS

SeamlessChromium-MolybdenumAlloySteelPipetoASTMA32sGradeP22

-

-20 TO 800

850

900

950

1,000

1,050

1.100

15,000

14,400

13,100

11,000

7,800

5,800

4,200

TEMPERATURE, DECREES F' ALLOWA,BLE STRESS Pipe Size ' lnches

!S' PSI

-

Wall

Number

Designation

Thickness Inches

STD.

0.280

6

40 80

(6.625)

720

T

0.432

XXS 20 30 40

8 (8.625)

60 80 100

'1

2692

376'.t

'718

746

6',79

0.250 0.277

xs

0.?19 0.812 0.875

998 156ii 2069

2959 3617

3082

0.406 0.500 0.594

1098 1722 2274

861 1007

827 96?

329i)

944

1588 1900

853

1824

1660

1411

t02'l

2323 2648

2230

2029

1?31

1267

942

23t2

1976

r08l

682 ?83

27

2744

1i76

852

2868

1454 1582

222

1646

1224

88ii

458 565

327 105 483

243

176 218 2ri0

93,1

674

501

1118

809 994

602

36ll .t3ti

739

535

1621 1949 2217

118?

882

639

1,133

1066

7i2

1638

1218

882

384 510

21r)

204

t48

365 416

272 310

22,1

452 563 636

336

213

,119

1043

630 ?83 883

303 3.{3

1286 1592

1090 1354

984

1902

1621

2542 53

1213

1103

14,19

1318 1608

12ti4 1510 7842

"*a

0.844 1.000 1.125

2182 2612 2963

sin

0.250 0.330 0.3?5

522 69s 788 854

azo

xs

0.406 0.500

1060

60

0.562

1195

1017 1147

80 100 120

0.688 0.844 1.00i)

t472

14r3

1823 21?8

1750 2091

1..125

2468

2369

2t55

1.10

160

1.312

2971

2794

10

0.250 0.312 0.375

594

5it

0.438 0.50i) 0.594

839 963 1148

120

0-750 0.938 1.094

1460

1.25i) 1.406

2501

240r

218,1

140 160

2835

2'i22

2476

XS 60

14

80

(14.000)

10i)

Note:Ec;;;,"a

-"""ra'

1768

1906

2095 250?

2281

2845

2ir88

502

456

665

i;05 688 'i

46

925

301

359

17:l

197

586

425 530

1184

881

6:18

18.10

1350

100'r

2542

2t7l

160?

1195

721 865

350 438

688

415 519 626

806

?83

924

841

619 711

1102

1003

8,19

510 611

1402

t2i5

1082

1846

\'l'12

1612

13?I

2169

2083

1895

1614

of 1100 F' dictate a ma-ximum lemperature ranse

"'.a"tice

367 459

288

tt77

0.500 0.594 0.719

40

507 634

2t3

1387

912

sio.

221

1115

0.307 0.365

20 30

305 339 397

t524

669 ?96

xis

411

920 11.11

1226

596 ?35 875

72

2308 2834

\2',70

727'.I

621

40

696

1708 2119

521

681

0.250

,j

961

535

20

20

1293

744

2600

160

1?65

880

2858

60 80 100

452 719

845

152

2977

s;. T

608 967

328

1331

635

0.906

120 140

02.750)

1794 2369

160

40 10

Ma:.rmum Working Pressure, PSI

0.?19 0.864

0.322

xis

30

(10.750)

0.562

STD.

120

1%

Wall

Schedule

160

MOLYBDENUM)

(2X% CHROMIUM

524

1865 2119

249

186

313 3?8

233

131 168

28r

20:r

330 380 451

2:19

182

542

42r

991 1179

74\ 87?

635

1:t69

1018

73',i

1162

842

21|) 329

PIPING }{ATERIALS PRESSURE

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

Seamless Chromium-Molybdenum (2%7O

TEMPERATURE, DEGREES F. IS" PSI ALLOWABLE STRESS Pipe Size lnches

1,000

r,050

1,100

15,000

14,400

13,100

11,000

?,800

5,800

4,200

Wall

MOLYBDENTJM)

Maximum Working Pressur€, PSI

s;.

415 519

625

498 600

0.500 0.656 0.844

840 1108 1439

806 1064 1381

100 120

1.031

t77l

i.219

140

1.438

2113 2517

160

1.594

10

363 453 546

30s

218

162

382 460

2'73 329

203

619

444

141

245

t1'7

239

968 1257

8r9

589

1065

770

330 438 573

1700

754'.1

1314

2029 2416

r846

?10 853

514 618

2198

t5'72 1877

955 1147

r378

1025

742

2'312

2699

2456

2101

1549

1162

834

0.250 0.312 0.3?5

369 461 555

354

322 102

271

193

144

104

242 292

180 217

130

484

339 408

0.438 0.500 0.562

649

623

567

4?8

342

838

805

650 732

618

393 443

254 292 330

239

0.750 0.938 1.156

1126 1420

1081

952

445 565 708

409 513

120 140

1.3?5

2118

855 986

160

1.781

2426 2790

1150 1326

619

7.562

1142

827

60 80

sir. xs

40 60 80

0.250

10

20 30

STD, XS

0.375

0.500 0.594 0.812 1.031

40 60 80

442

744

1363 1695

1542

2034 2829 2678

2118

1808

2436

2085

289 435 584

244 367 493

331 499 669

318 419

797 1098

765

1404

832

984 1240

642 1054 1347

1051 1311

r850

599 760

317

4t5

184

2t2

774

173

t29

93

262 352

195

262

141 190

421

313

696 959

811

1221:

1039 1306

949

70i;

1546

1128

839 995

584

227 314 40,1

511 607 720

1537

2079 2446

1690 1996

140

1.281 1.500 1.750

2348

2136

1824

1338

160

1.969

2'.t't6

2665

2424

207 4

1528

289 435 583

263 395 530

221

1031

1.125

1074 1392

1030

744

553

1.375

1715

1647

938 1215 1498

r273

924

ii87

497

1.625 1.875

2045

1963

1786

1520

824

2380

2285

2078

2.t25

2719

2610

23',14

2031

1109 1299 1495

1lt2

597 ?00 805

0.250 0.3?5 0.500

276

265

144

107

78

398 533

241 362

203

415 556

217

162

11?

485

305 409

292

2t?

30

0.562

625

600

546

460

245

17',7

40 60

0.688

768

7:37

6?l

1091

1017

953

806

302 431

218

0.969

329 406 580

80 100 120

1.219 1.531 1.812

1383 1753

1328 1683 2009

1208 1531 1828

to24

'7

40

1301

945

398 509

1136

550 ?03 845

70ti 815

100 120

0.250

301

0.375

XS

0.500

453 60?

0.875

60 80 100

120 140 160 10

,j

140 160

1760

STD.

lLr

20 30

(24.000)

950

0.250 0.312 0.375

100

22 (22.000)

900

Designation

30

20 (20.000)

850

Number

! (18.000)

,20 TO 800

Thickness Inches

XS

18

.4.335 Grade P22

-

T%

Wall

30

(r6.000)

Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM

CHROMIUM

Sch€dule

10 2t)

t6

-

RATINGS

STD.

XS

2.062 2.344

2093 2399 2752

44'1

157

823 11? 1'77

319

238

t12

425

307 401

966

2303

2095

1788

1311

974

2642

2403

2056

1514

1126

Note: Economics and gen€ral practice dictate a ma-\imum temperature range of f100

F'

85

234

r28

3t2

612

ITT

GRIN\I]LL

PTPING DIISIGN

Temperat,rre, Degrees

F

Allowable Stress "S" PSI

-

Allov Steel Pipe to ASTM A312 & 4376 Grade TP-304 & TP-304H

-20 TO 100

200

300

400

500

600

650

?00

17,?00

16,600

16,100

I5.900

15,900

15.900

15.900

18,700

2970

2970

2910

395.1

3954 5568

3954 5568

- Wall

Pipe

ScheCule

Size

Number

Thickness

10s

3493

80s

.083 .109 .147

160

.188

8?

40s

'/4

1

1%

4651

6548

4128 5818

3007 4004 5688

2970 3954

8250

it37

7504

?4lr

14341

13450

1304,1

12882

12882

?411 12882

?411 12882

2606 3610 5073

2444 338ti

2371

2841 3243

2341

2341

2341

3243

3243

4758

3284 4615

4557

3243 456?

7582 11460

7111 10748

6897 70424

2714

2546

2469

3151 4382 63?9 9761

.083 .113

160

.2t9

XXS

.308

10s 40s 80s

.109 .133 .1?9

2868 3550 4937

3360 4673

160

.250

XXS

.358

7186 10996

6802 10408

10s 40s 80s

.109 .140

2243

2123

1991

1931

2946 4092

2?88 38?3

2rl15 3632

2536 3523

5221 8489

4897

4',7

49

4690

7962

'7722

7626

4690 1626

1316

2345

1276 2214

3301 4795 7\'.73

.Lr4

2753 3814 5360 8011 12108

.191

160

.250

XXS

.382

8969

10s

.109 .145 .200

1483

264r 3?19

1403 250t) 3520

4657

r0295

6811 10295

6811 10295

6811 10295

2438 3018 4198

2438 3018 4198

2428

3056 4250

2438 3018 4198

6187 9467

6110 9349

6110 9349

61li)

1907

190?

2505 3479

2505

190? 2505 34?9

2505

4690

4690

7626

7626

6811

3018 4198 9349

34?9

6110 9349 1907

1260

1260

1260

2246

2246

3202

2246 3162

3162

3162

1260 2246 3162

4651 695?

4593 6870

4593 6870

4593 6870

4593 6870

t312

1331

1314

1314 1894

1314

1894

2733

2133

2783 4485 58?0

160

.2al

5402

XXS

.400

8080

7648

10s 40s 80s

.109 .154 .218

1545

7977

1918

32t5

1463 2108 3043

254

2768

1314 1894 2?33

i60

.344 .436

6904

4682 6129

4541 5944

4485 58?0

4485 5870

4485 5870

XXS

4993 6535 1332 2306 3195

1249

1211

1196

2163

2097

2071.

2996

2906

2071 2870

I196 2011 2870

1196

.120 .203 .276

1407

1196

t0s

2071 2410

3992

3992

40s 80s

10s 40s 80s

2227

2436 3375

.375

4695 '7259

4444 6871

4168 6444

4043

6250

6t'12

6172

.120

t874

990 1817

977 1795

.300

2990

1088 1998 2830

1020

.276

1150 2111

2654

257 4

2542

917 1795 2542

3814

XXS

2870

3992

977 1795

971 1?95

2542

2542

3814

3814 5420

160

.438 .600

4485 6375

4245 6034

3982 5659

5489

5420

3814 5420

10s 40s 80s

.120

1003 1928

949

890

]a25

1711

863 1660

853 1639

853 1639

1639

2752

2605

2443

2370

2340

2340

2340

.226 .318

Note: These ratings refle"t th" or" of tt "

ilhl oil*o

values permitteal under

"tr"ss

ANsl B 31.1 Porver Piping,

5420 85s

see

1894

3992 6172

3a62

xxs 3,q,

310I

10s 40s 80s

160

3

l6

3306 4402 6198

.294

80s

2t,

Maximum Worhing Pressure, PSI

XXS

40s

2

\Illilt I\ (i

RATINGS

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

PRESSURE Seamless Stainless

r\ND ItN(lI

6172

853 1639 2340

note in introduction'

PIPING \IJTERI,\LS PRESSURE Seamless Stainless

T€mp€ralure Degfees F Altowable srress Pipe Size

is'

Sch€du1e No.

7

PSI

_

t l,i

Ilr

zti

15,500

800 15.100

850 14.900

900 11,600

950

l.r i]00

1.000 13.700

1.0i0 12,100

1.100

1.150

1.200

9.700

'i,700

6,000

Wall Maximum Working I'ressure, PSI

|

2559

2260

18.1ti

11556

1i009

2114

5007

:140? 4797

4237

ti6ti5

6386

47

I 1586

11100

5640 9804

2783 3705

2727 3631

267

52ai

52ti

5112

7038 12214

6945

ti805 11829

.083 .109

2895 3855

2821

80s

.t41

542t1

160

.188

7225 12558

t2012

3520

1524 2069 3013

2348

42

4112

32i,1

8552

8242

6422 921 r303

118? 1612

10s 40s 80s

.083

2242

2223

2105

20t ?

t7u2

1,150

1186

3161

8080

2194 3039

2150

.tlll

2978

29t'.t

2794

2020

.15.1

1448

.1328

42'tr

.1185

4099

3921

2468 3468

2862

1673 2415

160

6610 10036

6.169

6388 9647

6254

6t26

4311

i1785

2949

945:l

9259

s869 88?0

;183

XXS

.219 .308

ii188

4821

t0s

.r09

2377

2912

2239 2771

2193

1238 1550

1208

80s

.133 .179

4092

2316 2866 3986

2245

40s

385.1

3775

160

.250 .358

580:l 8879

5726 8?61

5610 8585

5.195

XXS

5956 9114

l0s

.109 .140

1859

1811

1715

2442

2:t79

.191

3392

3304

2300 3195

2253

80s

1?87 2347 :t260

1751

,10s

4154 1242

7146

160

.250

4572

XXS

.382

7,134

10s 40s 80s

.109

t229

.200

2189 3082

160

.281

xxs

.400

4477 6698

10s

.109

1281

10s 80s

.t54 .2t8

9777

2828 3934

1877 2630

2208

t720

33,15 5,197

2ii06

958

i47

3191

1451

1178

3129

4307

12t8

4041

7002

6858

6571

t269 1898

3823

2979

111t2

1000

508

1441

2080

808 1169 1ti97

653

1632 2355

951 1396

1087

3861 5058

3413

2816

2373

18,19

3197

2491

9r0 t576

6309

1248 1?98

1231 17'75

12t7

1846

1182 1703

2664

2596 4259

4203

.1118

4034

5501

5390

521-9

l2l

1099 1902 2635

10?6 186:l

1031

258r

2473

3591

3440 5318

I 1941

.276

2798

2726

2689

xxs

.552

3892 6017

3791 5861

:]'7

10s 40s 80s

.120 .216 .300

953 1750

2478

928 1704 2474

2382

898 1648 2335

160

.438 .600

3718

3622

357 4

3502

5284

5148

5080

.120

831

.226 .318

1598 22'31

810 1557 2222

3666 1667

5551

487 885

1628

6438

1136 1967

3361

2435

6525

1166 2019

t942

4314

2885 4381

4131 61?9

.t20 .20t

2192

.1887

3495 5228

2841

42t'.i

10s 10s 80s

2948

3951 5920

2903

4U04

5t22

1405

2'.724

2963

4:172

180:l

625

4362

.436

992

21i0

1136

1086 1935

2454

t273

775

11:J4 2021)

2561

3569 5803

446t

741

785

593 1044

2t134

1280 1783

1469

162 813 1145

3038 4697

2498 3917

2091 3383

1629 2636

482 900 1293

'701 1008

879

812

714

600

1614

1545

1366

i 107

2287

2t9r

1935

1576

3430 4875

3286

2902

2384

1990

4977

4670

4725

3421

2924

1551 2278,

?99 1536

783 1505

ii49

523

7474

t4t2

327 638

2749

2105

2016

10li) r449

420 819

2rg1

724'7 1781

186

924

91ti 1682

761

stress values permitted under ANSI B 31.1 Power Piping, Note: 2. Grade 304 may be used at Temperatwes over 1000 F. provided the carbon is 0.04 pelcerlt or higher.

Note: 1, These ratings rcflect the use oflhe highe! of two

4284

1390 1968

1157

2062

1739 2510

1906 2648

96,1

959 1709 2106

1181

2104

5?84

1511

16,{:l 2158 2998

1197 2l:13 3003

4l

1856

7ll5

8409

1881

229',7

3876 6060

.344

10s ,{0s 80s

2101 2601 3617

4650

160

xxs

2714

?834

5265 8056

XXS

160

31,

5{)

Thickness

XXS

1

Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM .{312 & A376 Grade TP-304 & TP-304H

40s

10s

RATINGS -OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

see

r

note in

irttoduction.

95

PRESSURE Seamless Stainless Temperal.ure Degrees F.

Altowabt€ str€ss "s" PSI

Size

4

5

_

Schedule

\{ all

Number

Thickness

10s .10s

.120 .237

80s

.ll:17

120 160

..1:18

XXS

.674

.531

.A.376 Grade TP-304

200

300

10i)

500

c00

18.700

17.700

16,600

16.100

15,900

I5.900

889 1?86 2587 3416 12Ltl 5478 :100

.2,48 .:375

1;?0 2311

L20

.500

160

XXS

.625 .754

700 15.900

15.900

3143 3991 48?0

842 1691

789 1586 2291

766

75ii

156

i56

156

15118

1519

i 519

1519

l5t9

2226

22n0

220\:)

2200

2200

2901

3n27

1J582

3582

2904 3582

5185

,1863

.1r-

2904 3582 1658

2904

i1988

3032 :17 40

1658

1ii58

{6;8

680 1335

68t) 1335

680 13i]5

2,1,19

3233

,i57

?10

16

2054

689 1352 1993

1968

l9ti8

19611

r968

2',790

2i06

26i2

2672

2672

3??8 4609

3543 1323

:1436

3394

2612 :lil94

.119::l

.1141

4141

{ 111

.1t

577

570

5?0

570

5;0

t227 t925

t212

t2i2

t212

12t2

1901

1901

1901

1901

251t

25t\

25tr

25tr

3267 3993

326i s993

3993

326? s993

1486

139.1

2191

zSi5

680

41

10s

.1:11

670

40s 80s

.281r

1.{25

13,19

.432

22;lr:

2ll6

1265 1985

t2a

.562

2953

2i95

2621

160

.it9

XXS

.861

.1ii97

3637 4445

3111 4169

2512 3308 4041

10s

.1,18

571

.191

.185

,185

,18t

.25t)

860

835

E21

1016

9;3

924

913

821 913

82.1

.2i1

969 1073

540 91?

5,07

20 30

9lll

9.1:l

I189

1115

1081

1068

1068

l0ii8

106u

.106 .500

1256 1592 1980

r507

1413

1353 1683

1353

1ll5:l

1757

l3?0 t704

11153

1871

16U:l

168i1

.594 .719 .812

2369 2896 3301

2242 2712

2103

2040

2014

201,1

2571

2463

2930

2494 2842

2014 216u

3124

2011 2463 2807

280i

2807

:1576 :1712

3381 3513

:t174

3078

30.10

:10.10

8295

:1196

3156

3040 :t156

.3010

160

.875 .906

3156

1t156

l0s

.165

506

436 66?

131

1:t1

131

733

:t0

.30r-

955

90,1

450 688 8.{8

,131

.250

ii5

479

20

822

659 812

659 812

659 E12

659 812

40s 80s

.365 .500

113? 1575 1882

1076

1009 1:198

979 1356

967

1.191

r339

967 1339

1;Jil9

1781

16?1

ti20

1600

967 1339 1600

1600

l60t)

2tt:l

2038

t952

24r5

2:t1:l

1952 2313

1952

2515

19',i7 2:112

2769

60

t20 1,10

XXS

r

683

280?

824

2l6ll

967

80

.r94

100

.it9

t20 l4i)

.844

2296 2721

i.000

3256

3082

2891

2803

2769

2i69

1952 2313 27t:9

160

1.125

3694

:1,196

11279

3180

3141

31.11

3141

It1.11

r0s

.180

168

r13

.116

103

:198

.250

651

5,54

398 551

863

578 766

56r

.3s0

617 81?

398 554

898

20 30

7.13

'i81

7:14

t:31

1:34

40s

.375

982

930

,372

8,16

.,106

100E

.50t)

945 1173

917

80s

1065 1321

835 906

835 906 1123

8lJ5

.10

835 906 1123

60 8l)

.562

1489 1835

14ll-)

.688

100

.8,14

22i3

l2i)

1.000

2716

t4i)

t.t2n

160

1.312

30?6 3629

1250

1137

1123

l2a2

2t52

1322 1629 2018

1957

1933

1933

19311

25ir

2,111

2309

2309

2972

2'731

2338 2649

26t6

3.135

3221

:1724

3085

2616 3085

2309 2616 3085

t737

1580

1266 1560

t266

1266 1560

l;60

Note: These ratings reflect the use ofthe higher of two slress values permitled under ANSI B 31.1 Pover Piping,

96

& TP-304H

MaximLrm Working Pressure, PSI

.134

100

\2

RATINGS

.29 TO luo

t0s

80s

l0

Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM ABl2 &

10s 80s

.10s E

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

s€e

90ii 1123

t266 $.t60 193il 231)9

2{;t(; 3085

note in introduction,

PIPIN(; ]IATLR].\I-S PRESSURE Seamless Stainless

-OFTEMPERATURE PI,AIN END

Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM

RATINGS

& ,\376 Grade TP-304 & TP-304H

.4.312

Tempcrat,rre Degrees F

750

800

850

900

950

j.000

1.050

1,100

I l;rl

1.200

Alloqable Stress 'S" I'Sl

l5,5lio

15.100

1.1.900

1d,600

11.1100

13 700

12.100

9,?00

7,?00

ti.000

Schedule Size

4

Number

Thickness

l0S

.r20

709

694

680

ii5l

575

463

371

.23'.7

7:l'1 1480

'718

,10s

r442

1423

1395

1:166

1309

1156

I5'i

80s

.337

2t45

2089

2062

2020

1979

1896

167.1

9iJ5 1361

12

289 590 866

120

.438

27

2612 3222

2502 308ii

2210 2726

1488

1159

2236

18(nl

1.150

4511

4.{24

:l:157 ,1;lti5

2667 3289 4277

1805

.53r

58 3.102

2722

160

2831 3492

,1189

.1013

2927

21i:l

t92i

637

625

6r2

586

518

411

t226

1201

1151

I0lii

822

18.1,1

1807

t77{)

1ii96

1497

1216

331 663 990

2t;0

t251

2033

lti5u

1062

258:l

2116

1363 1756

31;

zi,s4

2115

1it68 1695

:t.19

279

2li

601 955

168

XXS

8

l2

trlaxinrum Workins Pressur€, I,SI

l0s

.1114

66ll

10s 80s

.258 .375

1302

t9t8

616 1268 1869

120

.500

2605

2538

2504

2454

2.10:l

160

.625

::l:108

3223

3l8t)

:J116

3052

2302 2924

XXS

.?50

40iJ6

3932

3880

3802

3i24

;l56l.l

523

l

10s

.1:11

555

5,11

1it4

.280

I151

I 136

1113

104,1

922

.432

1181 1853

BT2 1090

491

40s 80s

1806

1782

l71i;

l?r0

1638

t447

1171

120

.562

24,18

2384

21105

2258

1556

.?19

3103

11000

2939

.86,1

11792

3i

t2

366?

3591

llllI

2186 8039

2035

XXS

3185 3893

2163 2815

19i1

160

2353 3062

10s 20

.l{E

47:l

161

136

{18

.250

80ll

712 855

i51

'7

4t

710

1276 1686 2091

29i

,al1

i11

744 995

l3 t.l r630

iJL)

.277

890

783 867

838

821

78ii

369 627 695

40s

.322

1041

1011

1000

980

960

812

52'3

12tB

t 166

15i1

15,16

1511

1151)

1030 1281

8:t3 1038

6?3

16,1I

1285 1599

t26E

80s

.106 .500

l3l9

6;ti

{i0

t2Ii

920

t0t)

.59,1

lgtil

r

913

1850

1812

l7llfi

l53ll

l2{6

.7t 9 .812

2.101

2339

2261

2215

2122

187,1

1526

1011 1251

?90

120 110

2736

2tiiis

1888 2308 2630

257i

2521

2418

2136

1713

1135

1118

XXS

.87;

2964

2792 2898

2620 2719

1891

24t2

1961

1562 1625

12ti

11076

2819 2957

2311

.906

2887 2997

27U4

1ti0

10s

.lti5

420

,109

,r0,1

1ii,1

617

592

50r

263 403

2t0

625

252

.i107

71r

323

30

642 792

31-l 5ii?

328

.250

395 ti05

it87

20

761

.10s

918

906

80S

.365 .500 .591

1306 1560

t272 1520

10Lr

.719

1903

1851

120 l.1t)

.8,1.1

1.000

2255 2699

l6l-)

1.125

3062

10s

.180

.230 ;lLr

.33t)

716

10s

.375

81.1

2838

185

,105

:116

,150

3s0

812

Jll 521 656

975

1266

?30

?00

618

.198

399

il11

888

E69

833

736

1230

1205

115.1

1019

1169

1139

1379

1218

665 799

518

1500

593 824 986

1829

li92

1682

1.186

1206

2t97

2t24

981

2r68

765

1993

1760

913

2595

2542

21186

2101-

1132 1719

l17t

2629

1756 2080 2190

1,115

tr02

298:l

2913

2884

2825

2706

2i190

1955

161?

1260

388

il78

il1:l

365

ll58

31:l

30il

243

19,1

526 697

519

i09

15t

5.10

.198

12r

3lJ9

271

iiSll

2tr

671

660

117 633

559

150

361

281

78:l 819

767

751

il20

81.1

512 556

.111

832

636 689

ti90

44ti 556

3.18 .133

189 60?

..106

8llll

793 860

80s

.500

1095

1067

10511

1031

1010

60 80

.562

1231

1202

1187

11ti3

.688

r;21

1.182

1.162

1139 110;]

72A ?80 9ri8

372

1091

964

7t9

628

13,14

961

7i9

l194

97r

100

.lJ:ll

1881

18:.t6

l8l I

t77,4

1r-38

16ti5

I187 1,1? I

120 110

1.000

22i,r

2193

1990

)7

24a4

2352

Itit)

t.ll t 2

2550 3008

2120 2442

2071

Lt25

216.1 2,151

293t)

2E9t

28;13

2775

2251 2659

Note: 1. These ntings rcflect the

2:a t-

505 560

5i

62ll

1169

911

1991

r129 r622

I332

1038

2318

1920

1587

12:16

use of the higher oftwo stress values permitted under ANSI B 31.1 Power Piping, Note: 2. Crade 316 may be used at Temperatue$ over 1000 F, provided the carbon is 0,04 percent or higheJ.

see

note in

irtroduction, IJ?

t,tt)t PRESSURE Seamless Stainless

Ttmperalrrre Desrtss F Allowable Strcss Pipe

"S

Number

Thickness

2

500

{i00

6;0

?00

18,700

18,701.)

18.30t)

18.000

l?,900

1?.000

16,600

Iti.lt00

3176 1228

;lt0l {128

it0.15 J05.1

59;3

5813

570E

7921

i'i37 Iit.150

7597 13206

Ma\ imurrr

.1651

80S

.147

6548

.188 .294

{n)

8716

319:l 1651 651E 8716

Prcssure. PSI

3.118

3362

illl,11

,1551

4476

6108

6ll0:]

1152 6268

u5:l(l

8390 115ii4

14503

2650

2636

250:l

2111

2400

3671

3651

:1.167

3;186

382.1

1,1827

15151

$irkins

2494 :ti:J2

834r1

10s

.08i1

2753

2753

.ll)s

.l l3

381.1

:181,1

EOS

.15,1

5360

5360

5159

5131

18?3

.{758

4672

801I 12r08

?839

77tr

1282

71Ll

698t]

118.19

1r655

?66u 11590

11007

l0?.18

105;1

.219 .308

8011 12108

10s

.109

2868

2868

2806

2?60

2516

.t;3

3;;0

;]t5t)

:1174

;llL7

2'i 45 3398

2607

.l0s

:1227

3t5l

2500 3095

80s

.I;9

4937

49117

4831

4752

4i26

,1.188

4:182

.1:103

6264

160

.2,60

6917

6879

iis33

.3;8

7186 10996

7{):12

X\S

7186 10996

6iJ79

10761

1058,{

r0525

9996

9761

9585

10s

.109 .110

22,13 29,16

224:3

2t95

2r59

2147

2946

2883

2aj2{)

2615

1955 25ri8

80s

.191

4092

1092

400,1

2836 3939

2039 2678 3720

1991

'l0s

3632

34,67

160

.250 .882

5310 8633

i280

XXS

5516 8969

5015 8153

489? ?961

1808 ?818

10s

.109 .115 .200

1948

1948

1906

1875

1865

t77l

1729

1ti98

10s 80s

26.11

2114r

2585

2528

2:,\O2'

3?19

3639

3560

2401 3381

2343

l]?l9

2542 3580

:t301

u24l

160

.281

54t2

4795

4709

8080

5200 7t 18

49ll

.400

5286 790?

5171

XXS

54t)2 8080

773,5

?3,16

7173

70,13

r09

1545 2227

154i,

1479

1405

13?2

2227

1512 2180

1.188

.15.1

2t44

2782

2025

.2t8

3215

:t275

:J146

3094

,1077

2922

r977 2854

.344 .436

;275

52',78

i162

6904

ri156

5049 6608

46132

6904

5071 6645

4795

XXS

6276

- 6129

10s

.120

1407 24:16

1.107

2436

3375

3375

tB11 2384 3303

1249 2163 2996

2942

4595

1t04

10s 40s 80s

80s

.

.20:l .276

5398 8969

8'.117

3917 8585

1941

2802 4598 6018

t226

1354

1347

1279

2345

2332

22t5

32,{9

3231

3069

1520 6987

.1495

4168

409:]

6948

4269 6599

6444

632',1

r002

4695

XXS

.375 .552

,1695

7259

7259 1150

t125

1107

1100

1045

1020

2l11

2066

2[32

2t20

1919

187.1

1840

299{)

2926

2878

21162

27tlt

2654

2606

4389

431t

4293

6

t3i;

6t02

4078 5795

3982 5659

3910

62:19

9t2

890

1752 2502

t? 11

874 1680 2399

160

10s

.t20

,l0s

.216

80s

.300

1150 2111 2990

160

.438 .600

4485 6373

4485 6375

.120

1003

1003

981

.226

192r1

1886

965 1855

960 1845

.318

2',152

1928 2752

2693

2649

2685

XXS

3'i

.100

J'l9:l

40s

3

300

.r09

XXS

RATINGS

200

.083

160

2t,"

-OFTEMPERATUR!] PI,AIN END

-20 TO 100

10s

Iti0

I'r

i\ .\\I) ll\(l1\llllliI\(i

Alloy Steet Pipe to ASTM 4312 & 4376 Grade TP-316 & TP-316H

l0s

xxs

ljl

l)1,:sl(

SchedLile

I

I

PSI -

\(I

10s 40s 80s

Note: These ratitgs reflect the use of the higher of two str$s values permitted undet ANSI B 31,1 Power Piping,

2443 see

note in introduction.

PII'I\Ci ]I..\TEItIAI,S

Seamless Stainless

Trmperatu.e Desrees F Allou able Slress Pipe Size

S

Schedule

' PSI

900

950

1.000

1.050

t.t{)0

1,1;0

1.200

16.000

1;.800

15.700

i5,500

15.10t)

1;.300

11.500

12,10n

9.Ii00

7.100

1.161

Maximum Workin!. I'ressure. PSI

.(,83 .109 .117

2989 3979

2951

293:r 390J

2895

2709

23(;r)

19i19

it85;

2a t-i 3i130

2858

3!29

llli0r)

:\t;2

2ri3l

19rJ9

;603

;5t;l

;.19r'l

;.128

5il9;l

53;i

3606 507?

1195

383+

289i)

l(i0 XXS

_188

7158 12963

?318 12720

6u62

5310

1010

12801

t25r'r8

I718

109:t2

i0190

;921

l0s

.083

.10s

.1t3

.291

2:J56 3263

2:12(:

:t222

2:l12 :12t2

J;86

1529

1501-)

i22;

?178 1211

t-

7131

12396

I

228,2

226i

22,4:l

2l35

1t;il

I510

1111)

:161

31.11

;1121

2342

{.l.lii

1,11.r

1385

2957 1156

:1659

2129 307i]

2il2l

11iOri

160

.219

6t68

6?26

655.1

62li

55;0

18t?

.308

i0360

102110

1016;

6610 10036

659?

XXS

99;1

9906

988rl

ililll5

?87;

5916

l0s

28.16 290.1

2224

l9il

I

1575

1

2:199

t9?3

1.190

l0:19

2132 3828

3362

28l0

2122

5ll?9

55i2

1955

12,;i

321.1

899?

8526

ii J]

6997

52811

t221

l9t)

.109 .138

21151

2:t i?

2362

303;

2123 2999

2108

40s 80s

29U0

2942

_179

1224

41?

I

1115

4092

292;t 1066

161-)

.2;O

6l.1ll

t:072

6033

XXS

.1158

94011

9291

9232

5956 9111

5918 9055

10s

.109 .110

1919

1895

1817

r835

17:t9

lSli;

2520

21!2

2426

1985

1219 162t)

.191

3501

:1.135

:l:t92

lJ;170

2410 3318

22111

80s

2189 u157

188:l 27i:3

1$9

.10s

3173

2ii

221.)5

l;;J3

160

.25tJ

'1.i20

.16iJ1

,1572

t313

t27l

.382

'i6i

7;30

i !u4

7ll8{i

695.1

iJ7ii9 621?

:11i2

XXS

1513 7338

2:195 l L.lrt

160.1

1591

151{l

t:105

105.1

?96

21i

2018 2881

t7 t6

11,15

I091

:1062

2161 3013

25t6

2ti:)

1565

3689

3100

23{t)

5iirjo

I

1661 ?5?8

t

5190

921

10s

.109

1ri67

1616

1G35

.10s

.1.15

2260

2232

22t1

80s

.200

3182

3t42

:3t22

2189 3082

16t)

.281

.15ti.1

1120

.100

682?

6?E.l

1177 6698

4.1.19

X\S

4622 6911

(i65.1

6611

1189 6265

10s

.109 .151 .218

1306 1882

1298

1281

L2?3

126,1

1198

l03ll

u31

1906

1E?t)

18,16

1822

t727

27,50

2i16

2699

266,1

l8il.1 2617

2€30

2193

1195 2169

1210 17?6

I311

l6t) XXS

4157

1129 5796

l3?2

4090 5:t5il

3599 1?5il

2280

5686

1316 5619

3020

.13ti

4513 5907

{0ii9

)oi2

10s

.r20

t2t4

1189

1159

910

151

570

2081 2888

2058

20r9

1329

1003

2831

2798

2762

1889 261?

1637

2852

2006 27ut)

11;1 r993

t09l

.20:l

11E1 20,15

1lG6

10s 80s

3892 6017

:t867 59?8

38.12

3611

5939

5628

947 173i1

911 1727

891

17i0

161];

2116

2319

36?0 5216

80s

.276

t322

t0l7

160

XXS

.552

6211

10s

.r20

98.1

40s 80s

.216 .300

1806 2558

160

.138 .600

:t8lt8

XXS 10s

x',i

8at)

t0s

.10s

2\,

ll0(l

-

80s

2

75r)

Thickness

EOS

1l;

Alloy Steel Pipe to ASTM A3f2 & A376 Grade TP-316 & Tt'-316H

Number

.10s

I

RATINGS

-OFTEMPERATURFJ PI,AIN !]NI)

PRESSURE

.10s

80s

.120 .226 .318

58ll:l

3967 613:l 971 1783

3912 609.1

5122

5

1772 2510

2478

3790 538ti

3?66

:1718

i1691

5852

5281

s250

2s26

rl6?

1

627 914

22i9

lrl?t)

ll12

319.1 4457

2661 3796

2009 2866

761

61.1

{ti3

1116

2015

1115 1616

865 121:l

31?8

30{7

25llil

1913

49,1B

.1:t?6

:\722

2810 ,103

858

8{7

il26

820

7?iJ

6ti9

5lJ,t

1629

812 1618

831

1ii{9

1598

1587

t371

1,195

t292

10.12

?87

2355

2323

231l

2241

2:2$7

2252

2134

1852

1509

t 139

stress values permitted under ANSI B 31.1 Power Piping, see note irl introduction. Note: 2. Grade 316 may be used at Tempelatuies over 1000 F. provided the carbon is 0.04 percent 01 higher'

Note: 1. These ntings Jeflect the use of the higher of two

99

ITT

PIPI\(i I)llsl(l\,\\l) il\(il\Illlltl\(l

(iI \\l.ll,l. PRESSURE

Seamless Stainless Temperature Degrees F

Allosable Stress "S" PSI Schedule

Size

Number

Thickness

10s

.120 .237

120 160

5

.100

500

600

650

700

r8,700

18.700

18.300

18,000

17.900

17,00{J

16,60i)

Iri.300

Maximum Workins Pressure, PSI 889

889 1786

870 1748

856 l? 19

10

808 1624

789

L?

'175 155?

258',7

25,12

2491

2471

2352

2297

2255

3270

3032

297i

5214

3105 3830 4980

3740 1863

fil5

727

.438

3416

i1416

3343

.531

12t3

42t3

4t23

53iil

3288 4055 527:l

851

.10:13

3672

.67.1

5478

t0s

.13{

40s 80s

.258

800 1570 2314

800 1570

783 1537

1512

1503

1128

?10 1394

1369

231,1

2265

2228

22t5

2104

2054

2{)\1

3075 3906 4766

3025

285i

2790

2739

3842 4687

3008 3821 4661

3629 4127

:t543 4323

34?9 4245

609 129ii 2033

595 1265 1985

1212 1949

.s',t5

12(l

.500

31.13

31,13

160

.625

3991

XXS

.7-o0

.1870

3991 4410

77t)

69?

58.1

10s

.13,{

656

.280

670 7425

670

.10s

1.125

1395

645 1372

e41 1364

80s

.,t32

2236

2236

2188

2t52

2740 2821 3678

2684

262r

2574

4,196

427{)

3411 4t 69

3:150 409.1

519 881 9?6

860 953

845

1742 111't

1r 15 1413

1095 138?

r60

.i,62 .719

XXS

.86'1

10s

.148 .2iu .277

2953 3843 4697

2953 3843 4697

2890 3?61 4596

2842

5?1

571 969

558 949

549

546

93:l

r073

1051

1033

928 1028

1209

\202

1532

969 1073

t229

3699 4327

40s

.322

1256

1256

60

.40ii

7592

1592

80s

.500

198i)

1980

193?

1906

1524 1895

2369 2896 3301

2:118 28:J5

2280

2268

2?88 3777

2173 3160

100

720 140

.594 .719 .812

2369 2896 3301

:t230

2065

2571

2525

3001

2930

21377

31?4

3442

3423

]'.t12

3632

357:)

3553

33',74

3295

3117 3235

485

715

496 ?58

487

775

746

741

460 704 868

450 688 848

441 675 832

1033

1009 1398

20

.250

30

.307

95;

955

9:15

919

914

10s 80s

.365 .500

113? 1575

1112

1094 151ti

1088

80

.59,1

1137 1575 1882

140

2103

37 12

.165

120

r.882

1842

18ll

1801

1711

16?1

991 13?3 1640

2270

2198

200r

2662

2604

24r5

2377

3256

3256

3i87

2619 3134

311?

2087 247:l 2960

2038

2i21

2296 2121

2247

2891

2838

3279

3220

416

408

2296

1541

1432

160

1.125

3694

3694

3615

3556

3536

3358

10s

.180

468

468

458

.250

651

65r

426 592

30

.330

863

863

451 627 831

4,18

2t)

40s ,10

80s 60 80 100

720 140 160

.406 .500

.562 .688 .844

982 1065

982 1065

1321

1321

1489 1835 2213

1489 1835

2273

1.000

2116

2716

1.\25

307ri 3629

3076 3269

1.312

\'726

1800

2154 2623

3576

10s

.719 .844 1.000

9ll6

3576

160

100

49'l

3251

.875 .906

XXS

l2

300

XXS

2t) :t0

10

20Ll

5,178

120

8

-20 TO 100

2587

80s

4

Allov Steel Pipe to ASTM .4312 & A376 Grade TP-316 & TP-816H

-

Pipe

40s

RATINGS -OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

961 tD42 1293

t457 1796 2225 2658 3011 3551

946

t025 r212

621

766

826 940 1019

893 968

812 945 1173

856 928

1t52

7265

1201

1433 t'7{:6 2188

7425 1757

t322

2176

1354 1668 2066

2018

1298 1600 1981

2614 2961 3493

2600

2469

2471

2367

2945 J474

2797 3299

2'137

2682

3221

3163

i629

pelmitted under ANsl B 31,1 Powe! Piping, see nole in introduction' Note: These €tings reflect the use of the higher of two stress values

100

PIPING I{ATERiAI,S PRESSURE Seamless Stainless

-OFTEMPERATURE PLAIN END

RATINGS

Allov Steel Pipe to ASTM .{312 & A376 Grade TP-316 & TP-316H

Temperature Degrees F

75{l

800

850

900

950

1,000

1,050

1.100

1,1jio

1.200

Altos.able stress "s" PSI

16,000.

15,800

15,700

15,500

i5.400

15,300

14,500

12.400

9.800

7,400

592

-

Pipe

Schedule

Size

Number

Thickness

.t20

,1

10s 40s 80s 120 160

xxs

.674

10s

.134

40s 80s

.254

5

1500

1480

1471

1461

2214

21Sti

2t72

2145

2t31

2t17

690 1385 2006

.438

2923

2868 3537 4599

2813 3469 4511

2795

2649

3605 4687

2886 3560 4629

2831

.531

u447

3267 4248

663 1302 1918

685 1344 1980

751

676

612

r327

1318

1955

19,13

2655

728

73',7

2638 3351 4088

3492 ,1541

2605 3308 4036

4482 655

659 1293

r.285

1906

1894

2588 3287 4010

2571

473 964

357

1196 1740

1.115

1068

2307 2858 1'.i 42

189,1

2368 3148

1430 1?88

2119

t734

2704

2239

3776

3315

2768 355 '164 1215

2ii8

1624

1227

2746 2662

2010

302 516 572

390 432

.134 .280

573

56ii

362

555

552

t48

519

446

t219

1t7 4 1841

1166

1105

952

1913

119? 187?

1181

.422

1201 1889

r.829

1131

1501

120 160

.562

2495

2479 3226

2448

2432

24t6

2290

.719 .864

2527 3288 4018

3185 3893

3165 3868

314.1

3813

2980 3642

1989 2602 3195

10s

.1.18

,188

2t) 30

.250

829 918

482 819 907

4?3 803 890

470 798 884

1041

1034

13lt

.217

3247 3968

3943

81,1

901

844 1260

1554

10s 40s 80s

4l l4

321 638 951

2437 3095

.750

3266 3984

237i

533 1050

XXS

.625

425

728

620 1218 1795

2689 3415 4167

1310 1688 2090

''.t7 918 1621

161

,142

793 878

752

380 646

832

776

974

838 1065

672

t327

1072

507 646 809

1591

1291

975

22u

1074

1061

1362

80s

.322 .406 .500

169,1

1345 1673

r662

1319 1611

1630

1027 1302 1620

100

.594

202',7

2002

1989

1964

1951

1938

120

.719

2447 2?89

2,101

2385

1951

1592

1,202

2111

2'736

27 t13

2370 2701

2246

.812

2478 2424

2432

140

2559

2228

t827

1379

2964

2945

2925

24r7

305?

303?

1988 2068

1501

3076

2773 2878

337 516 63?

268

202

4n

310 384

t22l

758 1053

607 847

1459

1261

I0l?

639 768 943 1126 1360

60

1054 1336

1284

.875 .906

3059 31?6

3021 3136

3002 3116

10s 20 30

.165

433 663 817

428

425 650 802

120

4t7

4).4

393

6;4

612 792

638 786

634 781

601

40s 80s

.365 .500

936

1306 1560

t297

.59,{

954 1322 1580

942

80

973 1348 1610

930 1289 1540

100 120

1961

1940

1927

l4{)

.?19 .844 1.000

2328 2786

2299 2751

2244 2134

160

1.t25

3161

3121

3101

10s

.180 .250 .330

401 55',7

396 550

739

729

XXS 1ijo

20

30

.250 .307

80? 961 1331

1590

1878

2699

2682

1780 2110 2525

l54l

2226 2664

2197

7249 1491 1801

3062

3042

3022

2864

2499

2058

393 547 '125

388 540

385

383

311 433

716

?11

?06

363 505 669

814 883 1095

809 871 1088

804 871

762

1081

t024

t27t3 1502 1860

t423

1130

1r 16

825 894 1109

60 80

.562

7274

1258

t250

1234

1226

.688

1570

1541

r52l

15tt

100

.u4

t945

1921

1908

1884

1872

1.000

2295

2280

r.3t2

3105

2599 3066

2583 3047

2251 2550

2231

t.125

2324 2632

3008

2988

80s

120 140 160

508

1891

830 900

841

881

2511

2241

9ll

40

74{l

856

1903 2255

.375 .406 .500

40s 12

1509

.50i)

40s

10

761 1528

.2:17

120 160

XXS

8

Maximum Workins Pressur€, PSI

2222 2517 2969

1831

82rl

1562

,158

187

2i;0 459

346

523

395 429 534

710 882

568 707 780 991 1236

604

1763

995 1229 1526

2r06

1827

1488

t724

2385 2474

2074

r696

r2al

2454

2019

Note: 1. These ratjngs reflect the u6e of the higher of two stress \aalues permitted under ANSI B 31,1 Pover Piping, Note: 2. Grade 316 may be used at Tempentures over 1000 F, provided the carbon is 0,04 petcent or highet.

see

note

748 934

ir introduction. 101

ITT GIIINNELL PIPING D]'SIG\ AND U\GINI']F]IIIN(' A.S.T.M. CHEMICAI REQUIREMENTS OF VARIOUS PIPE AND TI'BE MATERIAISX

-i'

i; E

.,\335

0.10 to 0.20

0.30 to

0.t0

0.10 to 0.50

U.l(l to 0.20

0.30 to 0.{iL

0.10 to 0.30

0.3010 0.iiO

0.1, mt|i

0.:10

0.81

0.{1to 0.65

1.00to

{i.00

0.{:) to 0.ti5

6.00

0.+5 to 0.05

6.00

0.+5 to 0.ii5

0.50 to 1.0o

to 1.00 to {i.00 to

8.00

0.{-l to 0.(i5

3.00

0.030 0.030

I

0.030

0.J0 m,tr

0.30 to 0.(;0

0.1,1ntrr

0.30 to 0.00

0.25 to 1.00

miri

0.30 to 0.60

0.50 to 1.00

i;

rl)r

1.00

1.00 to 2.00

\

0.

0.50

mrx

0.50

to 0.60

0.0i

to

0.30 to 0.00

0.I5 n1,rr

0.-l-l io

i

0.15

to 0.30 to 1.00

0.50 mllx

0.6I

0.1; mx\

0.30 to

0.1; Ir1ax

0.30 to 0.00

0.030

0.i; ma\

0.30 to 0.60

0.i; mr\

0.30 to 0.00

0.030 0.030

0.09 mo\ ().il i to 0.10

2.00 n1r)(

1.15

0.00 to

to 10.00

i.10

1.50

0.1{ to 0.65

L25

0.11to 0.65 0..1-1to 0.65

to 1.05

to 1.90 to

2.65

0.50 max 0.50 m&x

3.35

to

1.13

.

.

20.00 .. 18.00to20.00 1

|

.

.

ll

2.60

87

2.00

n:rri

1 0.7i m.rr 0.030 0.75 mlr

2.00

m&\

0.030

TI'3C1)

2.00

mr\

0.010

0.030

0.75 mL1\

Tt,3r0

2.00

mr\

0.0

r0 I

0.030

0.75

2.00

mr\

0.010

0.030

0.75 mex

TP 316H8

2.00

ma\

11.0

to 1J.0

10.00

TP 316L TP 316N}, TP 317

2.00

ma\

10.0

to 15.0

16.00 to 18.00

2.00 to 3.00

to 20.00

3.00 to.1.00

TP

304

TP 301}I TP 3O4L

Tt,31d

I

TP 321 TP 321H TP

3.17

TP 347H TP

rr.r\"

0.03ii

3-1IJ

0.030

|

0.75

2.00 msx

0.0t

mar |

0.04 kr

I

mex

|

0.013

0.0;i0

2.00 ma:i

0.llj

{).03 m&x 0.(l'1 to 0.10

2.{)0 max

:1.00

ma\

TP 34iJH 0.0'1 to 0.1{)

0.7; m:rx

|

0.04t)

|

m.rr

mtr

8.0 to 11.0 E.0

to

ll.0

8.0

to

13.Q

13.00 to 20.00

12.0 to 15.0

22.00 to 2.1.00

to 22.0

2'1.00 to 26.00

11.0 to 11.0

i.ti.00 to 18.00

111.0

11.0 to 11.0

1E.00

to

1E.00

0.75 max

9.0

to

13.t)

17.00 ro 20.00

nld\

9.(l

to l:].0

17.00 to 20.00

{1.7;

0.030 t,.0;U I

0.75 max

9.0 to

lr.7ir max

9.0 to 13.0 17.00 to 20.00

0.030

0.75 max

9.0 to

13.1)

17.00 to 20.00

to

13.0

17.00 to 20.00

I

u.75

ma\

9.0

13.0

i

13.00 to

tr.03ll

0.u;lr)

'.

1..

2.00 to 3.00 2.00 to

3.00

.

.

I

.

.

17.00 to 20.00

a For rmalt diameler or rhin wals or both, where many drawing passes art required, a taJbon maximum of 0.040 perc€ is necessaJv in Eades TP 304L and TP 316 L. SmaI ourside diameter and [8ht $ ail tubes are defined as lhose less than UJ(ru Inch rn oulsoe druneler ano lers 'rian 0.049 inch in averase wal thickn€ss (0.044 inch minirnum wall rhickness). The titadum content'shall be not less ahan five times the carbon content and not morcthan0.70 perc€nt- - -c iiriuntiurn oiui riniatm contenr shall be not less rhan refl times lhe carbon content and not more than 1.00-per€en1

t

itii

dciadepscsha'iraveatitaniumcontentofnotlessthanfourtimesthecarboncontentandnotmor€than0.70percent,oracolumbum

contenr ofeishr to len limes lhe carbon conrenl.

ftri cotuitium ptuiianiuLr. cont*t thull be no! less rhan eighr rim€s lhe carbon conlent and nol more lhan 1O0 peicent. ./ rhe riranium coritent shatl b€ not less lhan four limes the carbon contenr and nol mole than 050 percenl. ;-

I

For welded TP 316 and TP ll6H Dip€. the nickel ranse shall be 10.0-14 0% -are-iainiicir iir ctremtsr;es 16 tp lo4 ana Tp 3t6, respecthrly. excepr thal lhev also contain 0.10{.16% hvdros€n ip lo+r.r'-ir-rp lleN The m€thod of nitroeen analvsb shall be a rnatter of agreemeni belween the Purchaser and the manulaclurer' for ' From 1980 A.S.T.M. Specifications Steel Pipins Vaterials.

l,

to2

PIPING MATERIALS SELECTION OF MATERIALS Sclcction

of

nraterials

for a

specific application

requires a knorvledge of currcnt, industry-rvide practices.

Rcscirrclr,,rgrnizr,rior.s ilro crrnsltl,lly seeking irnpror"cd mctliods for haudling the eler increasing problems encouute|td iri ihe fluid transportation of moclern

indnstry. I'rcssurcs no\r co\"cr the rarge from high vacuum to severrl thousand pclunds per square inch. Temperature-s of 300'Ir to i500'F are nolr eDcountcrcd rather frerluently and these extremes may be

excccdcd

in tomorros''s discoveries, Solids, semi-

solids and slurries are conveyed in piping n'ith considerable succcss. All manner of corrosive fluids and soh'ents are pipcd l'ith comparative case and safety.

The entire piping industry has met these challenging problcms l-ith a l-ide &ssortment of metallic and nonmetallic piping mtterials and protcctive coatings. The scvere servicc conditions found in main steam and reheat lines of central pol'er stations have been successfully handled s'ith a varicty of materials. A list of piping matcrials ar-ailable is shorvn on ihis page.

Pipe and Tubing Materials General Applications*

A.S.T.M. Designation

Mate aI and Common Name CARBON STEEL Welded

Electric Resistant welded

Steam and water piping as encountered in steam power plant piping such as main steam lines, bleed steam Lines, boiler feed lines, boiler blow{ff lines, drain piping;up to 7500 F. Non{oFosive gas and air lines ill proce$s piping.

Al35

Al34 Electric Fusion Welded

A139 A.671

Seamless

A53 A106

SpiJal Welded

A2!l

LOW ALLOY STEEL Carbon Moly 1/2/.

Moly I% ChJorne - Y2% Moly l%% Ctuom. - 1/2% Moly Clvome

-1/2%

zlaVo Chrcme - 1%

Mo\y

A.335 P1- 4.69l CM-XX 4.335 P2. .4369 FP2.

4.69l

lz Cr A335 P12. A369 FPl2, A69l l Cr A33s P11. A369 FPl l. A691 l/a Cr A335 P22. A369 FP22.A691 2%Cr A'335

4-6% Chrome w/Silicon

ZCUehJome wtriiarium 4{7, Chro4ete/Columbiqlr 1/o Ctuone -lz% Moly 9% Cl|.Jollre - 1% Moly 3/r% Nickel seamless and rcsistant welded

A67 2

as

For se ic€$ wherc temperatures are above 7500 F encounteled in high pressure and temperature main

steam and rcheat lines. The particulal selection depends on operalilg temperatue and corosion considerations.

P5

A335 P5b

Al35

P5c

A335 P5c A335 P7 A335 p9 A333 crade 3

Prccessing as encountered in oil rcfinedes, air p!eheaters where highly corrosive conditions exist, cata-

lytic processirB units.

Low termpela1ure process piping where impact toughness is requiled.

STAINLESS STEEL 18% Ch$rne - 87o Nickel 187a Chrome - 12% Nickel 18% Chrome - l2% Nickel 18% Chome - 10% Nickel 18% Ctuome - l07a Nickel

A312 TP 304 & H & L. A3s 8 TP 304 A312 TP 316 & H & L. A358 TP 316

4312 TP 317 A312 TP 321 & H A312 TP 347 & H. A358 TP 34?

COPPER PIPE COPPER TUBE

842

ALI]MINUM ALLOYS

8210,8241

888

Piping for nuclear and fossil central station work, '.,{ianr

oi,narhAerar.

in}anql

exnau$ DrDes. cotto$ve serqces.

^^hhn{ti^n

enainF

Process steam, air and water piping. Instrumental lines and domestic use.

Corosive services * General applications aie subject to the various code limitations, and specific service conditions.

103

ITT GRINNT]LL - PTPING DESIGN AND DNGINF]I]III\C Flanges, fittings, bolting material and gaskets are covered in succeeding pages. If structural stability is a factor of consideration, the limiting temperature in general practice for use of carbon steel is 7500F and for carbon moly steel is 850a F, whereas, if stability is not to be considered, 900-1000' F for carbon steel and 950-1050" F for carbon moly steel are the limiting temperatures. Temperature ranges as practiced in fossil type central power stations for low alloy steels are: % Chrome y: Moly ?50-950o F, 1 Chrome % Moly 850-9750 F, 17n Chrome % Moly 900-10000 F and 21/a Chrome 1 Moly up to a design maximum of 10500 F.

The intermediate alloy steels have limiting temper. atures for short time service between 1200-13000 F and the austenitic stainless steels have been used up

to 1600" F for special services. In oil refinery work the "chrome steels," 4--4/o, 7V.9%, and 13ti Chrome, have found considerable favor for high temperature service for oxidation and corrosion resistance, Suitable materials for the sub-zero, or low temper-

ature, applications include fine grain carbon steel, nickel alloys steels, and austenitic stainless steels. The corrosive conditions found in the chemical and process industries have been successfully overcome

Fitting and Flange Materials Classifrcat

Material Specification

iotl

Dimension

S

Deciflcation

Ceneral Applications

CAST IRON ScJewed Fitting$

A.S.T.M. A126 A.S.T.M. A126

ANSI BI6,4

Steam, aiJ, gas and

ANSI816.1

Flaryes and Flanged Fittings

(25-800 rb)

MALLEABLE IRON

ANSI B16.3

(l50-300lb)

A.S.T.M. A47 or Al97

Screwed Fittinss and Flanges

CAST CARBON STEEL Screwed

Flanged

Screwed

Flaiged a.d Flange-d Fittings

\rater, power^. refinery to /)u- f or ln

ANSI B16,5

A.S.T.M. A105 A.S.T,M. A10s A.S.T.M. A181

ANSI B16.5 ANSI B16.5 ANSI B16.5

excess according to adjust€d ratings in ANSI B16J.

Refinery, gas. power ald^non coEosive piping up to 750" F, Above 7500 F alloys are used. Carbolr steel for steam, watei, power, refnery, gas and non cot-

WELDINC*CARBON AND ALLOY STEEL Butt Welding Fittinss

Fittins.

ANSI RI6

q

A.S.T.M. A234 A.S.T.M. A105

ANSI 816.I

A.S.T.M. 862

ANSI B16,15

I (125-2s0lb)

Sdewed Flanges and Flanged

Fitthgs

A.S.T.M. 862 (1501b)

ANSI816.24 ANSI B16.24

Solder Fittinss

Forge-d Stainless

Heat Resistant COPPER

Fitinss AIUMINUM Butt WeldirS Fittit8s Solder

104

rosive piping up to 7500 F. Above 7500 F alloys are used. Steam, water, gas and oil piping,.

A.S.T.M. 861 up to 5000 F. A,S.T,M. 862 up to 4000 F.

A.S.T.M. 862

ANSI B16.I8

A.S.T.M. A217

ANSI B16.5

sure steam,

A.S.T.M. A182 A.S,T.M. A182 A.S.T.M. A297

ANSI B16.5 Made to ordet Made to orde!

temperature and corrosion con-

High tempelatue and prer-

AI,|JOY STEEL Cast

Air and gas piping betow 5500 F. .Stearn, ano gas plpulg up

A.S.T.M. A216 A.S.T.M. A216

FORGED CARBON STEEL

Socket Weldins and Threaded BRASS OR BRONZE Sciew€d Fittings

oil piping

not over 4000 F.

No established stardarfu A.S.T.M. 8361

No established standards

oil and corrosion rcsis-

tance sewices. The padicular selection depeflds on operaling sidelations,

With copper pipe and tube. With aluminum pipe

PIPING }'IATERIALS

with a variety of metallic and non-metallic piping materials. In the interest of economy and structural strength many of these materials are applied to pipeing by the techniqLres of cladding, plating, lining or coating. The table of pages 107 to 112 indicates the relative resistance of several piping materials to the corrosive effeets of certain chemical substances which ale commonly encountered in this class of work, The severe erosive effects of slurries and semisolids are adequateiy offset with the use of soft rubbel linings. The true measures of proper material selection are safety and economy. Knowledge of the research and practical experience of the piping industry is the key to this objective. Pipe and tubing ale made in tlie follo$ ing matelials in addition to those mntelials shogn in the table. Pipina )lukrial ,{, -i."1i.. \r^+"1

Bmss IJronze

Cr-.t Iron

Ccncnt lsl)cslos Clar' .Scrrcr (\'iiri{iccl

Chy) (lorcrctc-Sorcr l)o\\'mctd ( llrss Illl,.lelloy LcrrrL \Ioncl fluntz fletal Nir.hrome Niclicl-( oppcr-Zinc Ni|licl-\langrrrcse l)Lutic PorcclLin Iieinforccd Concretc

IJses

Cor.osion Resistence Corrosion Ilesistance Corrosion Ilcsistrnce Ur'tltrsrorrrrd r\'rter end qas Corrosion Resistrnte Conosion Lnderground Server LndergroLrnd Server Corrosion llesistance Corrosion Resistance Colrosion Ilesistance Conosion llesistance Corrosion Rcsistrnce Corrosion Resistance High Temperuture and Colrosion llcsistence Corrosion llcsistance Corrosion Resistance Corrosion Resistrnce Conosion Resistance

-

Iinderground

rtplnq tlotenaL

LIses

Rubber

Conosion and Erosion Resistance Non-ContaminatiDg Corrosion Ilesistance Corrosion llesistance

Tin

1\rood

Zinc

Bolting

For the average lorv and medium pressure irrstallations, bolts are made up in staggered sequence l'ith open end u'relches rvhich rvill usually result in adequately tight joints. For the high pressure and temperature joints it becomes increasingly more important to make up each stud to a definite tension. Torque u'reriches are sometimes used lor this purpose. In exceptional cases n'here a more positive method is desired, the studs may be tightened until a definite elongation has been attained. For thjs condition an initial cold tension of 30,000 to 35,000 PSI in each stud is recommended. Since the \'Iodulus of Elasticity of stud maierial is 30 X 106 PSI, a tension of 30,000 PSI r.ould result in a unit

of"

30,000

: 0.001 inches per inch of lO X tOu effective length. The effective length is the distance betlveen nut faces plus one nut thickness. Special studs rvith ground ends are required to make micrometer measurements for this purpose. After the joint has been in service periodic checks of the actual cold lengths as compared rvith the tabulated lengths rvill elorrgation

detect any permanent, elongation of the studs. Permanent elongation ivill indicate over stressing and creep. trVhen these conditions become severe ne*' studs may be required to properly maintain the joiut.

Boltine Material

Matedal and Appearance

Steel Machine Bolts

Matedal Specilication

Thrcaded

to

Dimensional S

pecification

Applications

Gercral

A.S.T.M. A307 A.S.T.M. Al94

ANSI81.1

SleelNuts

ANSI 81,1

ANSI818.2.1 ANSI 818,22

Nuts for Carbon and Alloy Steel

A.S.T.r\,I. A194

ANSI B1,1

ANSI B18.2.2

Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel

A.S.T.M. A193

ANSI BI,1

ANSI B18.2.1

Hgh Pressure a]Id Temperature

HEh Pressure

Bolts and Studs

Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs and Stud Bolts Nuts for Alloy SteelBolts, Studs and Stud Bofts

Service

:md

Temperatule A.S.T.M. A32O A.S.T.M. A194

ANSI B1.1 ANSI B1.1

ANSr B18.2.1

Low Temperature

ANSI B18.2.2

Service

r05

ITT

GIiIN\I'I,I,,

PIPING ])I,]SI('IN AND ENGI-\I'EITING

Gaskets Standards of design and material for gaskets are ANSI 816.20 for ring joint gaskets and ANSI B16.?1 for nonmetallic gaskets. A wide assortment of metallic and nonmetallic flat ring or full face gaskets are available for the

wide variety of commercial applications. Gasket materials are usually softer than ihe flange faces in order to preserve the flange. The gasket is therefore expendable for continued makingand breaking of the joint. In most "soft" gaskets their mechanical

strength is lou/, dictating a minimum thickness consistent with adequate sealing properties. Extremely soft materials, such as rubber, are made full face to

gaskets for raised face flanges have an outside diameter which matches the inside edge of the bolts or studs. The inside diameter is determined by the size of the "hole" in the flange plus an allowance for distention inward at the

time of make up. This allowance varies with different

malerials making it necessary to rely

and groove and male and female gaskets are cut to fit the female part of the union. Modern design practicetends toward the elimination of flanged joints with the substitution of all welded lines. This procedure overcomes the flange maintenance problems.

reduce unit pressure and minimize crushing. Flat ring

Gasket Materials Iluid

l'cmps. uD to 1000' Stcam (Fligh Pr.ssure)

Temps. up to 220"

Hot-f

flaterial

SDiral \Yound Comp. Asb€stos

Sicel, Corrugated or Plain llonel, Co useted or Piain I Il'droqcn-,\nncalcd Ful.nituf e Iron Siainless Stccl I2 to 117. Chromium, Corrugatc(l

l'

Tomis. ui to looo' F Tcnps. up to 1000' l' Temp-. up to 750' F T"rn]ls. up to 600' F Temps. up to 600" f

Slc.!m (LoN-Pressufe)

Clasket

Application Temps. up to 1000" F Tcmps. up to 1000' F Tcmps. up to 1000" F

Ingot Iron, Speei.rl lting-'Lypc Joint Comp. Asbestos

_

F.

lcclium and -iIigh Plc;.sules

Hot Lorv Pressutes Hot.......

l-opp"r. Currue:rtod or Plain Red

Ilubber-\\'irc

Inserted

Black Rubber, Red Rubber-\1:irc Inserted I'trorvn llubber-Cloth Inserted Comp. Asbestos

Ilcd Rubber-\\iire Inscrtcd Blacli Rubber Solt Rubber Brown llubber-Cloth Inserted Oils (lIot) O;ls (Cold)

TenT ps.

up to 750'

I

Comp. Asbestos

Ternps. up to 100C" F Tcmps. up to 212'

F.

Cas

Acids

Cofli Fiber

\coprenc Comp. Asbesros

Temps. up to 750" F Temps. up to 220' 1". Tenps. up to 1000'

Comp.,\sbcstos Iled Rubbcr .spiral \Yound Comp. .\sbestos

Temps. up to 1000' r' remDs. u]r Irr

I 'trr 'firmis. up to ij00' F-.

Asbestos-NIetallic

'l'cmps. up to 220" F

Ited Rubbcr

(\'ades-See -.ection on Corrosion) Hot or Col.l \lilleral Acids . . . . .

Shrrrt Lead or Allov Steel Comp. l3luc ,{sbesios \lover llluc -{sbestos

Ternps. up to 1000'F Tenps. up to 700" F

Asbcstos-Nfetrllic Comp.Isbestos Iled Rubber Thin Asbestos

\\'clrk Solutiorls

Hot.. .... Cold.......

106

Ineot hon, Special Ring-Type,Ioiut

Tcpps. up to 300' F.

I

...

upon

recommendations of the gasket manufacturer. Tongue

Sheet Lead

PIPING XIATERIALS

CORROSION

Corrosion occurs rvhen an electric potential forces ions of the corroding material into aqueous solution. This reaction l'ill contilue so long as the material is in contact lrith 11,ater, or r-ater vapor, and the material reniains anodic (ncgative voltage) to its environment. The voltage may lesult flom, (1) the electrode poteniial of the material, (2) exterlal sources, orJ (3) from a combination of the t\ro. Electrode potential is the characteristic of any naterial to be anodic (negative) or, caihodic (positive) in relation to other nraterials. The rate of corrosion may be economically retarded

These materials include the stainless steels, lead, nickel,

by:

corrosion resistance.

1

Selection of costlier "corrosion resistant" maielial, Application of protective coatings.

2. 3. Deactivation of thc corrosivc fluid. 4. Cathodic protection of the base maierial,

Piping matclials are subject to internal and/or external corrosion. Internal corrosion can usually be predicted and controlled sincc the nature of the fluid is knorin. External corrosion is the more difficult to foresee due to the variety of atnospheric and soil conditions rvhich may exist around a single pipe line. Noiable among these are the striiy currents and acid soils encountered by underground lines. Corrosion resistant naterials are usually best adapted to specific uniform conditions rvhich can be predicted.

CHEMICAI RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIALS

copper,

tin,

aluminum, and their alloys. Various

plastic, mineral, and oiher nou-metallic materials are in.hr/la.l in thic or^rrn

Protective coating, cladding, lining, plating and painting may be readily adapted to internal and external protection of the ldss expensive base materials,

Coatings include cement, asphalt, tar, and rvaxes. Cladding rvith stainless steel and lining l'ith cement, rubber, porcelain, plastic and synthetic rubbers or plaiing lith metals offer many possible solutions to Deoxidation or de-activation of the corrosive fluid may be economically justified in many process applications. An example of this is the deaerating of boiler feed rvater.

Cathodic proteciion of piping has been successfully applied to some underground installations by imposing a direct cuuent positive potential to the pipe in relation to the ground. A more receut commercial application of the same priricipal is the use of an expendable anodic

naterial in mildly corrosive systems. The follorvirg table indicates the corrosion resistant qualities of some of the more common piping materials to various chemical reagents. NIore detailed information is available from the chemical supplier or from the manufacturer of the verious piping ma{erials. G-Good

D-Depends on Conditions

l. 'l'he inlormation gileD in this tsbLe has been tabulated lrom larious references, Ior use as a general suide. Belore specific applications are"made all se.rice coDditions, such as pressures, tempe.atures, concentrations, operatins cl cles, etc., should be reliewed !ith the manufscturer * Spaces left blank in the "Exposure Conditions" column indicate informRtion on exact test conditions udavailsble.

r07

I'1'T

GItI\\EI,I,

PIPIN(I DESIGN AND F]N(IINF]I.]RI)i(i

CHEMICAI RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIALS

(Conti.nueil)

G-Good D-l)epenils on Conditions

F-I'air

U-Lrnsuilrbie

1. The inlomration gi'en h this table hes bean tabulatod from varjous references, for use as a son€ral.auide. arc made alt service con-rditions, such as prcssures, temperatures, concentrations, operatins cvcles' etc.' should be re

' . Staces

i08

left blank in the "nxposure Conditions" column indicrte inftrmai,ion on exac6 test conditions unayail&ble.

:e specific applications with the manufrcturer

IIPI\G,\I-\TI]]1I,\LS CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIAI-S (Continued)

G-Good

F-!'air

D-Dcpends on Conditions

ti-llnsrliteble

t. The iniormation gii,c jr this t&ble has beeD tablrlated lroDr various relerences, {of use rs ll genaral auide. Befo are made all service conditions, such as pressures, taupefatures, concentrations, operatin!. .]ycles, etc., should be reviewed

the manutacturer

* Spac€s Ieft blank in the "Exposure Conditions" columo indicate inlormation on exact test conditions unavailable,

109

ITT GRINNELL -PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING CIIEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIAIS (Coniinued)

C-Cood

I'-Frir

l)-Depcnds on Conditions

tr-lhsrritrble

has been tabulated from 1'erious references, Ior use as:r eeneral.suide.. Bcforc specific applications l. 'fh"j"to"^rti." et""" t" thts table ;ti;;;i"ttoiaii;ons. such as pressures, temperatures, concentrations, operatine cvcles, €tc , should ba revioved vith the manufacturer ".;;;e; jt]i?,?:",:t "' or'"o r rhe ,,Exposurc conditions" cotumn indicatc informr.tion on exact test conali'"ions unavailable,

110

PIPING lIATERIAI,S G-Cood

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIAI-S (Continue't) 2S

nxposure Conditions

Chemical

llumi-

Palmitic,{cid

Phenol (Cerbolic

Acid) I'hosphoric .\cid

[,olRed lt1st cop- Lead CarIlrass Iron per

()\'er 500 )r'pr I000"1,' Rm -212"1,'-\Iorsturc

U

U

II

G

D

l)

D

t)

c

C

(;

Picdc

212"-b

DT

-\la\ D

Potassium

II

(;

T)

G

Sodium Bicarbonqta hqkino sndr Snrli,, m Risrrlnheie

t)

SodiLrm Carborste

G

G

G

T

Ci

c

G

G G

G

G

(l Cl

G

L

D U --e--l

D

G

G

I

G

G

G

G

D

G

G

c

G

G G

G I_)

D

G G

!'

I

G

G

G

(;

D

G

G G

Ci

--r -?=-

Po\\ders

D TI

rtt

F'

lv

T)

U

-ttt -Tt

Propane

Sodium Chloride

(]

(-,

--trl

Il

Over 0 I 'ii.

("

CI

-l-l

U

q,,tnL.1

r'

G

al

--rT

Pot,rss;rn (ilrloride I'nirssirrm Cvrnirle D^i^""i,,-

(i

1,-D

G

lcid

(;

U

2piiried.70"I le\;

D

Soft Rubber U

l

aerated,

f,

\Yrotghl, 3lass n llerd Iron

G

n

-l0r'o

U-Unsuitalte

301 316 U

r2?7; 212'I.;

t5%;

D-Depends on Conditions

\atrF \atu-

Stainless Stccls

lloncl

Stcel

Urer 1000"1'

Crude

tr'-Fair

G

200"

Sndirm Cvrnide Sodium Hydroriide

rt. st

,F'

\{eianhosnhBtc

Sodium Perborate

T)

-r G-.1)

IJ

Sodium

Sodium -Nitrate

t

I Xll'1,

Sodium Hypo-

cnlorlte

212"

'/"1 122"t'

Sodium Phosphate, Sodium Phosphaie, diabasie

Sodium Phosphate,

TI

D-F

D

G

D

G

D

G

G

G-r

t

G

TT

r'

D

T

G

G

r' I

G

G

G

G

(

G

G

II

D

D

D

G

G G

G

D

G

G G

Sodirrm Silicate Sodium Sulphide

c-t ) Sodium SuIDhite

G

G

50%: 320'F G

1. The information given in this table has been tabulated from l'arious references,. for use as a geleral.suide.

Before.speciffc spplicationg

. such as p"essurcs, temperatures, concentrations, operatins crcles, eic., should be revie$ed with the manu{acturer a.;;;J; ;n ";.vi;t;;iaittons, "'jtil??l"i;t, tt*t i" the "nxposure conditions" column inilicate idormation 04 exact iest conditioDs unavailable.

111

ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING C-Goocl

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PIPING MATERIALS (Continued) T,ou

I:)rposLrre

Chemical

Conditions

2S (,opCrr- floncl ,\lumi- llcd Casi Iron Ier Lead num

St.,el

Sodium Sul!hile

Strrirloss

ILI'nsuil,,lno

\\ioughi

Stlcls

Iron

\lltuGlsss

301 31ri

rtL

Irrtl

\uHC(\;

ral

Soft lhLbber tlrrbber I

c

(,1

7.5% + 2%

D-Depcnds on Conditions

Ii-lflir

G

G

Solution in pulp and Sodrum

Thiosulphate

r

s.,/-

s.t n .

c G

c

(i

(

(l (i

( (

ic Chlnrnle

Stccm

Less th3n

)u:

500'l' I

llnil

Sulphur

c

r)- L

Solid

I)

I)

I) I)

T)

D

D

T)

t)

:en:501J"1,'

Sulphu

r

lJio\ille I

)rv

] Ioist SrLlphuric Acid

l)rlritc

(

{

(1

t,

t'-a]

TI

t' Tr

t,'

SLrlphur'Irioridc,

D

lrichloretl,ylcne

G

G

G

G

c

II

II

G

G I,'

c

c

a

G

G

c

X{oist

D

D

G-I) lliater. acid mine. cont g o\lolztng

D

D

D

G

G G

D

G

C

c

D

c

G

U

II

c

G

U G

G

t1

G

U

U

(i

G

G

G

G

G

t,-

(1

U

G

G

G

G

D

G

G

G

G

I)

c

(i

G

(;

c

II Ir

G

G

G

G

U

(l

c

G

G

G

I)

I)

l, Zinc Chlnrirlo Zirrc S|llphate

U

D

U

G

I)

U

U

C1

tl,

al-J)

(i IJ

G

G

1, The info.nation siven in this t.ble has beoD tabulated lrom va.ious references, for use as x seneral euide. Before specific apDlications are"rnade all service conditions, such as pressures, teDrperatures, concentrstions, operating cydes, etc., should bs rarienod \yith the manulacturer + Spaces

112

lelt blank in the "Exposure Conditions" column indicate informotior on ex&ct iest coDditioDs unafailable.

PIPI\G \IATERIALS

_

TEMPERATURE RATINGS FOR CAST AND FORGED STEEL PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS. PRESSURE

Introductory Notes: 1, The pressure

temperature ratings in Tables - inclusive apply to all products 2-150 to 2-2500 covered by ANSI 816.5

2.

All ratings

ar.e

-

1977.

the maximum allowable

non-

shock pressures (psjg) at the tabulated temper-

atures (oF) and may be interpolated between the temperatures shorvn.

3.

It

is assumed the tempelerture of each mater.ial shorvn in tal)les 2-150 to 2-2500 inclusive is the tempelatule of the contnined fluid.

Information in the Introductory notes, Table 1 on Mat_ e als and Pressure-l'emperature Ratings, was extracted {rom

American Standard Steei, pipe Flanges, and Ftanged Fittings 19?7) rvith the permission of the publisher. IANSr 816.5 The Ame can -Society of Mechanical EngineeG, 10 East 40th Street, New York 14, N. y,

4. The use of these ratings requires gaskets forming to the following requirements:

con_

(a) Materials and dimensions for ring joint gaskets shall conform to ANSI Bi6.i0 (b) Materi:Lls and dimensions for gaskets, other than ring joint gaskets, shall confirm to ANSI 816.5, Annex E and ANSI 816.21.

5. General. The products coveled by this standard shall be either steel castings or steel forgings and the bolts, nuts, etc., shall be steel, all as

listed in the respective ASTM specifications leferred to in Tables 1A and 18. 6. Ptoducts used within the jurisdiction of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and the ANSI Code for Pressure Piping are subject to the maximum temperature and stress limitations upon the material and piping stated therein.

7. High Temperature Service. In addition to the fo|egoing considerations, the user should recognize that, at temperatures in the creep range, gradual lelaxation of flanges, bolts, and gaskets may progressively reduce bolt loads. It may be necessary to alrange for periodic tightening of bolts to prevent leakage. Joints subject to substantial thermal gradients may require the same attention,

Low Temperature Service. In addition to the foregoing considerations, the user should recognize that some of the materials listed in the

rating tables undergo sufficient decrease in im_ pact resistance at low temperatures that they cannot safely sustain shock loadings, sudden changes of stress or temperature, or high stress concentrations.

8. Bolting. Boiting listed in Table 18 shall be used in flanged joints covered by this standard. Bolting of other material may be used if per_ mitted by the applicable code or governmental regulation.

113

I'fT (}RI\NDLI, PIPING 1)I'SICI\ .\\D U\(}I,\]]]UitI\(;

TAETE

1A

tIST OF MATERIAT SPECIFICATIONS Applicahle ASTM Specilications PBODUCT FORMS

GROUP 1 MATERIALS

MATERIAL

NOMINAL DESIGNATION

cBOUP No.

a1o5 arsr-Il

1.1

PLATES

CASTINGS

FORG INGS

SPEC.-GR

NOTES

(1)(3)

SPEC.-GR

NOTES

A216-WCB

(1)

A216-WCC

(r)

(1)(3) (10)

SPEC._GR A5l5-70 4516-70

NOTES (1) (1)

4537-C 1.1

C-Mn 5i 1.2

A203-B A203-E

4352-LC2

t/2 Ni 3-1/2 Ni

2

A352-LC3

A350-LF3 A

1a1,1

(

a515-60

{3) (10) 1)

(1)

4516-60

A182-Fl

c-r/2 Mo

12)

A217-WC1

12)14)

A352-LC I C-1/2 Mo

1.7

7/2 Cr-l/2 Mo

Ni-Crr/2

a2!7-WC4

Mo

Ni,cr-t Mo 7 Cr-L/2 Ma

1.9

1-1,

l.to

/4 Ct 7/2 Mo

1.13

2-t/4 C4-t Mo 5 Ct-|/2 Mo

1.14

9crtMo

A1A2 FL2 a182-F r r A1A2-F22

(4) (4)

A217-WC5

(4) (4)

A217-\NC6

t4J

4277 -WC9

4l

A2a4-A A204-B A204-C

A38

7-l I

(2')

(2) (2)

C1.2

A3A7-22 CL.2

a2t7-c5 A2t7-CI2

A182-F9

General Notes:

(a) (b) lc) {d)

Materials shall not be used beyond the limits specified in the governing Code. For temperature limitations see footnotes in Tables 2 and in Annex G of ANSI 816.5. Plate materials are lisred only for use as blind flanges {see 5.1). Additional plate materials listed in ANSI 816.34 may also be used. with corresponding 816.34 Standard Class latings. Material Groups not listed in Table lA are intended for use in valves. See ANSI Bl6.34

Notes:

{1) Upon prolonged exposure to temperature above about 8000 F (4250 C), the carbide phase ol carbon steel may be converted to graPhite. (2) Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above about 8750 F {4700 C), the carbide phase of carbonflolvHenum steel may be converted to graphite.

{3) Only killed steel shall be used above 8500 F (4500 (4) Use normalized and tempered material only,

114

C}.

PIPING NIATERIALS

TABLE

1A

LIST OF MATERIAT

SPE CIF

ICATIOIIIS

Applicable ASTM SPecif ications PROOUCT FORMS

GROUP 2 MATERIALS

MATERIAL

spEc.-GR

STEEL

GROUP No. 2.1

FoRGtNGslcnsrrr'icslPLATEs rrrores seec.-cn NOTES I SPEC -GR I

NOMINAL DESIGNATION lSCLaNi

A

182-F304

A

182-F304H

(5)

A351-CF8 a1a2-F316

16Cr 12Ni2Mo

A182-F3l6H

l8e'Jy_

_

a35r-cFaM

2.4 2.5

t Bcr-t 0Nicb

2-7

(5)(7)

A240-316L

Ar82-F321

(5)

A!A2.F32LH Ata2-F347

(5)

182-F344 A182-F34aH

,3E;

A240-317 A240-304L

A182-F316L

A

Cr12N

(5)(7)

^i

25Cr_2oNi

Al82-F31O

A351-CF8C

(5)

(5)

i

-

(6)

Ar 82-F304L

_

16Cr-12Ni-2Mo 18Crl oNi-Ti

25

4240-316

A351-CF3M

18 C19Ni-2Mo

?.6

(5)(7)

(5)

(5)

r8 c;rNI-3M-.

2.3

A24O-3O4

a351-CF3

lACr-8Ni 2.2

NOTES

(5)(9)

A351-CH8 A35I-CH20

(5) (5)

A351-CK20

(5)

A240-32L A240-321P' A240-347 A?40-347P' A240-348 A24O-348H

(5){7)

A240-3095 4240-310S

(5){7) (5)(9)

17)

(5)(7)

l7) (5){7)

l7)

percent or hiqher' (5) At temperatures over IOOOo l (5400 c), use only when the carbon content is o'04 p€rcent ancr above' aooo r lazso i;, Use ontv wtren the carbon cont€nt is o 04 heatins it to a temperature of at i;i ;;;i;;;";;;,;"oove it the materiat is heat rreared by r7\ F^r rembeDrure. above loooo l- oio"-'ii,"..i'" " i"itt igOo. F (1O4Oo C) and quenchinq in water or rapidlv coolins bv other m€ans' ,io. i iqss" c), it ti .""o--"no.a that kirled steels containine not less than o to (s) For service temperatures "o.," percent residual silicon be us€cl.

{9}Forservicetemperaturesollo5oUF(5660c)andabove,assurancemUstbeprovic|edthatqIainsizeisnotfinerthan

ASTM NO. 6. (10) To be used onlv for Cl.ss 150 and Class 3oO flanges'

llc

TABLE

1B tIST

OF BOtTIItIG SPECIFICATIONS Applicable ASTM Specifications

BOLTING MATERIALS HIGH STRENGTH SPEC._G R

LOW STRENGTH

SPEC._GR

NOTES

Al93-E}7

A320-L7 A320-L7A 4320-L7B A320-L7C

4320-L43

A193-88 C 1.1 a193-B&C C 1.1 A193-B&M C1.t a193-B&T C 1.1

A193-B5

A193-Bl6 (4)

A193-86 4193-B6X

(4)

a 193-B7M

(4) t4') (4)

A193-Ba CI.z Ar93-BaC Ct-2 A193-B8M C1.2 AI93-B8T C1.2 A32O-E|8 A32O-B8C A32O-B8F A32O-A8M A320-B8T A354-BB A449 4453-651 4453-660 4453-662

4354-BC

4354-BD A453-665 A540-E}21 A.540-822

4540-823 A'540-824

NOTES

t7l 17l

t7) t7) t7)

(6) (6) (6) (6)

A A

193-B8A 193-A8CA A193-BAMA A193-BATA

(7) (7)

(6)

A307-B

(8)

(6)

A320-E}8

(6) {6)

A320-B8C A320-BAM

(7)

t6)

A32O-BaT

(7)

(6) (9)

17,

l7l

t7)

t5) (5) (5)

(a) Boltans materials shall not be used beyond temperatures timits specified in the governing Code-

(l)These boltinq materials may be used with atr tisted materials and att qasket', (2)These bolting materials may be used with att ,isted materiats and a gaskers, provided at has been v€rified that a sealed joint can be maintained und€r rated workjng pressure and temperature_ (3) Th€se boltins materials may be used with all tisted materials but are rimited to crass 150 .nd Crass 3OO loints. See 5-4.1 for recomm€nded sasket practices. (4) This ferritic material is intended for tow temperature service. Use A194 Gr 4 or Gr 7 nut5. (5) This special alloy i5 intended for high temperatur€ service with austenitjc staintess steet. (6) This aurtenitic stainless material has been carbide solution treated ancl strain hardened. Us€ A194 nuts

ot corresponding materiat.

(7) Ahis austenitic stainl€5s materiat has been carbide solution treated but not strain nardened. Use A194

nuts ot corresponding materiat.

(8)This carbon steel fastener shalt not be us€d abov€ 4ooo F (2ooo C) or berow -2Oo F (-29o c). see

Note 3. (9) Acceptable nuts tor use with quenched and tempered botts ar€ a194 Gr 2 and

6

cr

2H_

atso

PIPING ]{ATERIALS

TABLES 2 PR ESSU

RE.TEMPERATU RE RATINGS

TAEtE 2-I50 CTASS 150 Pressures are

Mar'l Group Materials

1.4

1-2

1.1

Carbon stoel

Temp, oF

285

z9o

|

23s

l,

i

265

|

in 1.r0

1.13

5Cr1%Cr -1Mo %Mo

,hMo NiCr. -%Mo

260 1260 1215 I 230 l23ol21ol

200 300 400

%CtlAMo

c-

rrr".-.lnish I Lo.,

-20 to 100

'1.9

1.1

1.5

PRESSUB E.TEMPERATU RE RATIIIIGS pounds per square inch, gage (psig)

2%Cr

29o 260 23o

1.14

2-2

2-1

2-4

2.6

2-7

275 1275|

Tompor-

Typo 310

oF 100

260 23o

275 | 275 235 | 24O

230

l80 ll95

160 145 140 125 110

170 140 110

500 600 650 700

95

95 ao 65 50

750 800 850 900

2O5

200

2.3

Type Typos 9cr Type Type 304L Type 347 itpe 32'l 348 309 1Mo 304 316L

| 2r5

500 600 550 700

170 140 L?5 110

L70

750 800 850 900

95 ao 65 50

95 a0 65 50

950 1000

35 20

35 20

140

125 110

195

175

-_

235

I245 I 2ro | 225 I r90 |

200 300 400

22O

200

725

_a_o_.

35 20

r

950 ooo

NOTES: 1

.

2.

Msteri.h'

Saa

ro!p 1,1

{Spr-GrEd.} Al05, ArSl-IL A2l6-WCB, A515-70

(a) (h )

t.2 1,4

A350-LF2, A537-Cl.l A203 B, A?03-€, A2l6 WCC A350-LF3. A352-LC2. A352 LC3 a I a1-I, A5r5-60

1,5

A I

1.7

A352-LCl a2 04-c

Mrt'l G

Ratinqs shown apply to other material groups where column dividing lines have been omitted. Temperature notes for all Material Groups, Tables 2-150 through 2-2500:

1.9

t.to

A516-70

A5l6-60 a2-F

al82-F t l, A 182-F 12, A3a7-11 a2 l7 -wc6 at82-F22,4387-22,Ct-2 A2 t 7-WC9

]'

t3

l' l4

4,

So6

{Spe-Gr.do)

2.t

Ala2-F3O4,AlA2-F3O4H A240-304, A35l-CFa a35l -cF3

2.2

at82-F3r6, Al82-F3l6H, A24O-316

2.3

A35t-CF3M Ata2-F304L, A240-304L

{9t (r)

Ala2-F3l6L, A24O 3l6L

t9)

P.ta2-F

(h)

{d)

32I, A240-321 a182-F32lH. A24O-32tH

(9)

Ata2-F347, A?40-347

(h)

(h)

aLg2-F347ts', A240-347H Ala2-F348, A240-348 a182-F348H, A24O-F34aH

(h)

(a){s) (d) (a) ( h)

(d) (a) (h)

(.)(s) (d)

t. A204''A, A204-A, A2t1-WC 1 (b){h)

Ala2-F2, A2l7-WC4

Mat..ialr'

Mr{l Group

, C 1-2

{i) (i)

,i,

A240-317, A35l-CFAM

2.6

A240-309S. A35l-CHa, A35 1-CH20

2.7

AIa2-F3lO, 4240-3lOS a35t-cK20

Al82-F5a, a2l7-C5 AtA2-F9, A2t 7 -Ct2 (a) p€rmisrible but not r€comm€nd€d lor prolong€d use above about Sooo F (tr) permissibls but not rocorhm6nd6d lor prolonq€d ure above about 85ooF (c) p.rmisslblo but not r6commondad lor prolonq€d use above about I looo F (d) not to bo u3ed over 65oo F (l) not to ba us€d over SOOo F (q) nol to be used ovsr a5oo F (h) not to be ured ovsr loooo F (i) not to bs uied ov6. lO5oo F (l) not to be used ov€r llOOo F (k) for sorvice ternperature 105Oo F and above, assur.nce must be provlded tiat grain size is not finer than ASTM No. 6. See Tabre lA lor additlonar inlormation and not€s relatinq io speciric mat6rials.

tt7

ITT GRINNELL PIPING DESICN AND DNGIN]IDIIING TABTE 2-3()() CLASS 3t)() PRESSURE.TEMPERATUBE BATINGS Pressures are in pounds per square inch, gage (psig)

Mat'l Group Materials Temp,

-20 to 100 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 ao0 850 900

1.2

1.1

1.9

1.4

H

65s 1730 I

620 560 55o 530

635 1705 | 5oo I 665 | 5OO 550 605 455 535 L 590 450 535 | 570 1450 505 1505 1445 410 l41O 1370 2to

695 | 750 750 L 75O 680 | 7sO 710 | 715 655 i 73o 1675 1675 640 17O5 1660 1650 640 620 1665|

530 510 485 450

165

1150

1350 1400

1450 1500

35

Materials

-

I.l *

1.4*

Carbon st€el

Norm.l Hish I Low

-20 to loo 200 300 400 500

600 650 700 750 800 a50 900 950

loo0 I050

990 900 475 845

1000

1000 970 940

925 750 730 705

800 730

7lo

885 405 785 755

665 610 600 600

670 550

670 550

590 495

715

355

230

1.1

t250 1300 1350 1400 1450 t 500

118

720 635

670

100

605

495

590 555

570 535

200 300 400

460 435 430 420

520 490 4ao

4ao 465

415 415 410 405

460 455

385 355

345 365 360

3ao 360 350 345

400

335

390

425 415 405

385

395

370

375

19O I 29O r40 | reo r05 | I r5

325 310

385 365 360

260

325

345 300

195 155 110 85

275

235

205

r80

180 140

140 105

!25

60 50

105 75 60

ao 60 50

70 50

260

70 50

395

35

430

_33_0__

320

oF

6lo

4ao 450

720

430

325 275 170 95

35

25

1.14

1.13

%Ct%Mo

2%Cl 1%Cl %Mo NiCr- -YzMo '1Mo YzMo

Mo

s25 | rooo 10oo I looo

| lOOo 950 955 I a7o 970 | 8e5 I 905 855 | 94o | 88ol 865 1 830 1885 1 855 | J

505

435 425 415 345

500 600 650 700 750 ao0 450 900 950 1000

290 1335 225 | 29O

1050 1100

r7o ] 245 130 205 roo Ll60 8o lr2o

1150 1200

60lso 45 1 55 30J40 25 125

125 0

1300 1350 1400 1450 1500

2.1

2-4

2.2

2-5

2.6

Type fypes 9Cr' Type Type 304L Type 347 Tvpe Tvpe 321 3U) 310 316 1Mo 304 348 316L

97o s4o

705

605

725

630

645

550

660

960 850 7a5 740

885

1o0o lOoO

960 800

960 425

400 675

960

al5

oF

895

to0

805

760 710

200 300 400

585

635

ao5 745

555

755

540

600 590 575

510 480 470 460

610 58s 570 560

690 655 640 625

670 635 620 610

500 600 650 700

565 555

450

555

)25

550

520 510

540 525

!!o_

615 610 590 575

595 5ao 565

750 aoo a50 900

500 430

515

530

710

675 650 600 355 265 7C

*Do not ul

Type 310

435 415 410 405

665

55

'1.10

1.9

140 70

I150

309

CTASS 4t)O PRESSUBE.TEMPERATURE RATINGS Pressures are in pounds per square inch, gage (psig)

1.5

9Os

Types -3_ql Type 32'l Type 348 316L

2.400

1100 1200

1

2.7

600 505

720 600 530

NOTES: 1, Ratings shown apply to other material groups where columns dividing lines are omatted. 2. See Temperature N ote 2, page 117 .

TABTE

Mat'l Group

I 380 ) 2t5 I 225 27O 140 200 95 | 115 50 lro5

2-6

720 620 560 515

750 750 730 705

5OO | 5rO 440 | 485

280 1345

105 50

2.4

2.3

2.1

9Cr- Type Typ€ 316 1Mo 3(}4

605 590 570

1100

1200 L250 1300

1.14

1, 21/.Cr 5Cr1%Cl %Mo NiCr- -%Mo -1Mo %Mo

170

950 1000 1050

'1.13

%Mo

ish I Low

740 150 675 I 750

.10

%Ct-

Carbon steel

Norm.

1

45

1665 l67s 585 | 6sO 470 | 600 | 35o I 4e5

| 255

390

1190 l2s0

15ol14o l15o 14o | 90 llOO 75 1 60 I 70

NOTES: 1. Ratingl i shown apply to othet material groups :olumns dividing lines are omitted. 2, See Te nperaflrre Note 2, page 1',17.

430

540

4lo

445 4ao 430

515 475 460 400

260 205

365 275

315 240

365

lto

165

145

185 140

a5 65 45 30

140 100 80 55

110 a0 65 50

90

515

485 440 430

555 515

465 390 | 445 3oo | 3eo 230 | 33O 175 | 275 r35 I 215

45O

I

230 L25 70 55

45

ll60 8o lro5 60175 40t50 3()l30

1O5

I

950 1000 1050 1100 1150

l'oo

r250

1300 1350 1400 1450 1500

PIPING }IATENI.\LS

TAEtE 2-5|||) CLASS 600

PBESSU

E.TEMPERATU RE BATITIIGS

R

Pressures are in pounds por squsre

1.tr

Mat'l

1.2

1.4*

Mat€rials

1.7

1.5

1.10

1.9

1.13

1.14

1500 r 500

I245t1330t1285rI280

l3 30

500 600 650 700

12

1075 1065

1175 1135

995 915 895 495

750

1010

1o

to

485

8AO

825

t

00 1330 o95 1210

850

825 535

900

345

950

205

I O00

105

1200 12 50 1300

1350 1400 l4 50 1500

t2to lt75 1065 1015

*D^ n.t ra. AqTl A

I zts -----l rgo 38o

a1a1

I

I

+oo

zzs

] 70

ros

475 830

795

5601 685 | 755 3301 425 | 445 I 535

----l

1440 1200 I 055 940

815 805

995 880 7o5

975 900

lo50 1lo0 I l5o

1455 1410

ttl

zos

| ll0

2.6

2.7

9Cr' Typc TvPo 99,1r TYp. Typ.3 Typ. Type 317 1Mo 304 316 Type 321 309 310 348 316L

Norm.lHish I Low to loo l4ao 1500 I235 139O1 15O0 r 50O ll5O0 -20 200 1350 1500 t1?5 13601 r5OO r425 | 1430 300 1315 1455 1095 r 3051 1455 r345 11355 400 1270 t 4l0 1060 r28Ol I4t0 1315ll29s Temp.

2.4

Typ.

'ACtI 'AMo 1%Cl 2%Ct 5CrlAMo 'AMo NiCF -lAMo -1Mo

Carbon steel

inch,g.gc (psig)

llOl5 975

| | 52O | 38s I 2ao 205 140 90 I

eoo 74O

585 380 225 150

ro5

790 780 770 750 645 620 515 390 310 220

845 830

8lo

.

too

910 r090 425 990 11tO

1210 1140 t 065

200 300 400

lo10 930 910

500 500 650 700

895 870 850 830

750 800 850 900

765 720 700 685

915 I035 475 985 855 960 840 935

670

830 425

920

at5

890

_6_5_q.

645

790

8lo

775 725

775

715

720 645

605

5s0 410 365

125

205

90 70 50

ls0

9lo 865

775 725 720 645 550

275

NOTES: 1. Ratings shown apply to other materialgroups where columns dividing lines are omitted. 2. See Temperature Note 2, page J 17.

oF

1345

\240 lo15 t220 1270 955 905 490 865

ttura

1440 1440

1440 1200 1120 1030

Tempcr-

365

345

2ao 210

245

zoo

185

160

125 95 75

950 665

looo lo50

ses

1100

495 4rO

1200

7oO

I I

I

aas 345 260

I

||

I| r rs I 90

rzs

105 80 70

115 0

\?50

240

1300

160

1350 1400 1450 1500

I

t65

115 85

775

670 585

| rlo 60l 75 50l so

TAETE 2-S{)O CTASS 9(}O PRESSURE-TEMPERATUBE BATIiIGS Pressures are in pounds per square inch, grge (nsi!)

Mat'l Group

1.1

1.2

1.9

1.7

Mai€rials

1.10

1.13

Carbon steel

I l%Cl 2%C. %Mo 'AMo NiCF -%Mo

200 300 400

2025 2250

500 600 650 700

17

r640 11815 137 0 r 6l0 lr765 1345

1815 1765 1705

750 ao0 450 900

r5ro

1s 95 1s2 5

!970

1685 1640 t 585

1Mo

2250 2250

203512250 12135 l2r50

re5sl2r8s l2o2o 12030 l92Ol 2rr5 11975 11945

218 5

95 11995 1495 18651 l99s 11925 11920

199 5

2tA5

1900 2l l5

1600 li 705 1345 1151o

l2 35 1123s

7325

lllo

805 515

950

310

1000

155

1050

I100 1150 1200 12 50 1300

1460 1350 845

1030

i 495 | 640 __-l sos I ------l

|

I I tl rs5 II lo5 I qro

2eo

2l l5

1490

1525 t 3l5 1460 1060 1350 ]

1l3O

670

805

sgs 3ao

3ro 16s

78O 11r10

s15 420

| | 3r0 | 2o5 | r35 I

NOTES: Ratings shown apply to other material groups coiumns dividing lines are omitted. 2. See Temperature Note2,page 117.

l.

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

25

2.6

2.1

Typ6

9Cr

%Mo

Norm.lHieh ] Low -2O to 100 2220 2250 ta50 2085 | 2250 12250 12250 Temp.

1350 1400 14 50 1500

1.14

hcr-

TYp€ 3()4

316

T6mp6r.

TvP€ Typ6r 347 3G' Typ6 321 348 316t

gqt!

TYpo 310

oF

2160 2160 laoo 2160 1800 1860 1520 l8 30 l5a 5 168 0 1360 16 35 141O 1540 1240 1485 1 310 1435 1145 1375 1245 r 355 1080 1310 t225 1330 lo50 1280 l2l o 1295 lo30 1260

2760

2015

loo

O

t 815

65 1665

1705

200 300 400

1555

l5t0

500

1475

14

60c

1440 1405

35 1395 l3 70

I195 t?70 1010 1245

1385

1340

1240 1370 965 1225 1330

1305

750 ao0 850 900

I tao I245

I165 1215 1150 1ta0 1125

r160

875 565 340

965 l090 925 to80 770 965

22s

585

155

465 330 245

la5 145 105

'to

l9I 17

_9_8_5_

1215

t295

1160 1160

1600

1275 ),245

ll60

I OOO

I

szs

l loo

515 390 3o0 I 235 | 175 |

740 620 485 360

ll50

235

1350 1400

1090

1040

108 0

905

965

ezo

825

710

425

620

545

515

370

410

420 320

310

245

225

185 145

205 155

175

r25

ll5

r25 105

950

r0ro lto5o

107 0

2AQ

650 700

875 IlOOO

I

rr:

1050

1200 1250

l30o

I res 95 rl5

1450

70

1500

70t|

r19

ITT GRINNELI,

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEEITINC;

-

TABLE 2.1500 CTASS 15(}O PRESSU RE.TEMPERATU RE RATINGS Pressures are in pounds per square inch, gage (psig)

Mat'lG.oup

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.7

Materials

_-I

Carbon steel

emp.

-20 to

-.1

| ,-o*

200 300 400

3375 3280

500 600 650 700 aoo 850 900

2995 2735 13025 l 22A5 264512940 | 2245 2665 l2A4O lt2245 2520 | 25zo | 2z!o 2060 12060 1185O 1340 a6o

950

515

3r70

750

rooo

1

--r1.13

%Mo 2%Cl scF %Mo Ni-Cr- lY.Ct -lMo %Mo -%Mo

|

1.14

| gcF

| lMo

2.2

2,3

2,4

3750 3750 3640 3530

Type Typ€ 304t 304

Type 321

3165

3600

2.6

3095 J2530 12795 1227O ll2570 12065 12390 | 1910 J2255 l18oO | 2220 1!750

2640 2350

2r85 2O4O

272512940

247o 1277o 2290 | 2590

1610

38o

26fl

NOTES:

i 350 1400 1450 r 500

'|. 2.

loo 200 300 400

2520 2390

2r85 12460

2735 | 24OO 21oo 12340 2075 12305

500 600 650 700

2330 22aO

2230

2540 l249s | 2540 \97O 12075 11645 2065l22aO 2435 12795 | 2435 1sa5 l2o3o h6f6' 2O4O 2220 | 224s 1e2o | 1e7o f2030 l2l60 l'1765 l|2245 il r4o5 lr7r5 | 1885 ltsos lteso r87O | 193O l l930 | 1930 _g4l 1065 ltt15 lr34o I e6o I ra6o r51o | 1820 r 785 lr820 I e45 | 685 I ee5 I 705 i e45 1545 Jrsoo 1730 | l8O0 480 56s 5r5 s65 12851

I I | | *Do not use ASTi t4181 l260l 5r51345J I tTo l 275 | 225 |

1200 1250 1300

oF

310

3360 3025 2845 2665

3O5O 13180

2or5l2160 1r715 1990l2rro lr680

Temper-

309

750 aoo 450 900

2170 2125 207 5

1930 1680 lr75O

|

r150

2.7

Type

347 348

l3600 l3ooo 3600l3600

3OOo |

2O7s

2660

2.5

Type 316t-

| ,"r.

3025 2940 2440

2-1

I

260

1050 1100

1.10

Mo 13085 3470 | 3750 13750 | 3750 | I 37so l28lo 33e5 I 3750 13560 l35so I 13640 12735 3260 13640 13365 133a5 | I 3530 12645 32oO J 3530 13290 | 3240 J | 332s | 2490 sros I aszs I .rro l."oo

",nn 3705 13750

IOO

1.9

%Ct-

Ratings shown apply to other mate ar groups where columns dividing lines are omitted. See Temperature Note 2, page t 17.

TAEtE 2-2500

I

I e8o lr37o | 77Ol1O3O l 55ol elol 41ol 6e5 | 31ol 515 I

I 2eo I

z+ol

seo

||

205

t1o t20

|

I

|

l I

I I

I I

|

950

tooo to50

14Go

r5r0 r61o rr15 lt66s l1460 J 11s5 | t37o

^-^t-_705 I 615 530 455 | 4ro | 34s 310 | 255 24O | 2O5 t90 | 170

1100

eoo lrz.:s 650 J r030 495 | 805 3es 600

1150 1200 1250 1300

rss I 275 225

1350 1400 1450 1500

zso

|

| 155 I t20 |

t9O 120

CTASS 25(|(} PRESSU RE.TEMPERATU RE RATINGS

Pressules are in pounds per square inch, gage (psig)

Mat'l croup

|

1.1

|

1.2

|

1,4

Caabon steel

Temp. 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 aoo 450 900 950

rooo 1050 r

loo

r 150

1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450

1500

1.9

c Y2Mo

%CtlAMo

Ni4i-

1.10

1.13

1.14

lYaCr 2%Cr .lMo

5Cr-

9Cr-

%Mo

lMo

1

.,AMO m.l High I Low Mo 6170 J 6250 1s145 5785 J62so 5625 | 6250 14680 56601625016250 6250 lse3o 15965 5470 | 6070 14560 s435 6070 5605 | | 15640 5280 | s88o 14405 5330 lssso 1s485 l54oo 4e9o I 5540 l4t50 5I80t5540 15350 15330 4560 | 5O4O 13805 5040 447514905 13740 4905

4440 | 4730 13740

47 30

42OO

4430

I42oO 13685 3430 | 3430 13085

| | |

|

|

6250 6250 6070 5880 5540

2-2

2.3 Type

2.4

Tvpe Type 304 3165

i;;; 316L

TYpe

6000 I6000 5ooo I5160 44oo 14660 392o 14280 3640 J39so 3460 13760

5000 6000 l6000

3180 3000

3360

2460

34OO l37OO

l3600

4220 3780 3440

2920

321

2,5

2.6

2.7

Types

Type

Type

347 348

Temper-

I 5o8ol53ooi 4540 l49oo | 4120 14620 I 3a2o | 4320 | 3640 l4rOO I 3560 I4OOO |

3Ul

35ool3eool

I

I

I

I

oF

too

5600 5o4o 4740 4440

200 300 400

42oo 3980 3880 38oo

500 600 650 700

3320 2800 3460138401 3720 4230 141451423c 32AO I135?o 3460 2740 3440 38Oo 2230 4060 13660 | 4060 :z+o l::eo a68b- 34OO |l37OO |I 3620 3540 t43o 3745 32oo 3380 3460 l|2e4513745 13280 l3600 | 860 2345 l2a6o | 3145 l2r7o | 3os5 3r2O | 3220 3220 13220 | 3220 430 137O 11770 lta60 12230 ll600 J2430 2685 2970 I 3o3O l28OO | 2915 l3O3O -----l r57o lrras ltoso lrrzo irszo 2570 I3OOO 2885 | 3OOo 12430 | 2770 eoo eas aeo sas 2t45l'2685 2sr512685 lttl430 lr860 12430 860 J 570 | 630 153o 12285 1970 122A5 | r43O I 2O5O | | iDo not us€ ASTI\ I AlAl I 285 | 460 j 370I 430 128 5 lr7l5 r51s I r43o lroas I tzrs 915 lr5.r5 1170 11030 1 83011345 685 1145 8s5 770 660 NOTES: | | | lrooo 5i5 I 860 1. Ratings ! hown apply to other material groups 685 1 57ol4s5 I 660 400 | 63.) 515l43Ol37Ol 460 where ca lumns dividing lines are omitted. zas nas 4OOl 345 l260l 3r5 2, See Tem oerature Note 2, page I 17. 200 | 345 315 1 285 l2ool 2oo

--_l

atu re

310

750 aoo 450 900 950

looo 1050 1l oo

I150 1200 1250 1300 350 1400 1450 1500 r

PIPING X'IATERIALS

TAELE

3

HYOEOSTATIC TEST PSESSUBE

SHELL TEST PFESSURES BY CLASS_ALL PAESSURES ARE GAGE

MATEAIAL

t50

GROUP NO.

300

400

1125

\.2

6()0

103

I125 950

1250

a6

2225

154

3350

230

2250

155

3375

233

5625

la75

724

t92

4650

216

5225

2100

r.7

450

30

tl25

2250

155

t,9

tt25

1500

2250

156

3375

1500

2250

156

3375

30

rt25 II25

1500

156

3375

30

I125

2250 2250

156

lloo lloo

2.L

425

29

2.2

425

29

2_3

350

2.7

63

a3

3Aa

9375

3aa

93 75

599

5625

3aa

9375

5625

348

9375

233

5625

3aa

9375

3375

233

5625

3Aa

9375

3250

224

2tJ5 2tJ5 laoo

t25

2700

2175

149

3250

233

2500

9275

3375

l_lo 1.14

't500

900

62t

3250

la7

425

29

425

29

l10o

1450

2L75

3250

27

1025

1350

93

2025

3025

209

to25

1350

93

2025

3025

209

373

627

311

517

373

621

373

621

348

5ao

5050

5AO

Note: Thes€ pressures are subject to the limitations in Section 8 of ANSI 8165.

L2r

ITT GR]NNELL PIPI\(i

I)F]SICIN AND EN(IINI'ERINO

ALLOY-STEEL STUD BOLT DIMENSIONS Lensthr of Srrxi Bolt

L€ngth'of Stud Bolt Nominal Pipe Size

Numbet

Diameter of Bolts

Ring Joint'

of Bolts

1r'16" Raised

Diametef of

Number of

Bolts

Bolrs F

Flat Face

l, t1

't

1

tr\ IL./z

1l

2 2v)

\

2.i5

4

:t.50

3.00

I

4

3.15 1.00 4.25 4.25 1.25

3.25 3.50 u.?5

8 8

:1.75

E

1.50 4.50

4.00 4.00 4.23 4.75

8

5

E

6

8

ri

Size

Bolts

5.5i)

12

I

16

'i.it

1f; 16 20

20

i;.0t)

IL I 11,

6.2,4

lLr

20

7.;i)

7.00

,rInch Rins Jointl

Raised

Face

I

I

lli

ts

|1

4

2

I

ztl 8

3ti 4

5 6 8

t0

ii th 1ls

t

lti

t2 l6

1.1

rtl

2t)

16

Ita

20

0D 0D 18 0D 10 0D 24 0D

3.25 3.50 8.75 4.00 4.25

3.00 3.50 .1.00

4.25

4.25 4.15 5.00

4.50 5.00 5.25

;.50 5.;i) 6.00 6.25 7.00

6.00 6.75 7.60 8.00

8.25

T2

9.2;

tl/s

t\, r11

8.50 9.00

24 24

10.0i)

1t.25

tix!.acted lfom Anrefican Sianda.d Sleel Plp€ Flanses and

24

uale&Female D;am€ter

also Tonsxe

of Bolts

Number of

Ring

i.i5

8.25

L25

Bolts

,Jointrr

t,lnch Raised Face

8.25 8.75 9.00 9.'.l5 10.75

l

3.00

.1

'3.25

I

)jal{,&l'emale also

Tonguc

3.50

4 4

{

4.00

8.00 3.50 8.75 4.00 4.25

3.25 3.50

3.0i) :t.25 it.50

.1.00

:1.75

{.5{J 5.0t)

1.25 4.7i) 5.00

4.00 4.00 .r.50 4.15 3.25

],'

4.75 5.25 5.25

8 8 8

t;

E

,/i

E

5.15

5.5t)

5.50

1

6.75

6.;i)

6.2r)

1

8 72

7.01)

6.?5

6.50 7.25

1't

t2

7.75

'7.75

6.5(l 7.50

11i

16

8.

t-i

1ti

2t)

9.00

8.50 8.75

8_25

1.i5 8.00 8.5i)

1lz

20 20 20

9.50 10.25 11.00

9.00 9.75

9.50

1l;

11.75

10.;0

Lir

24 24

9.25 10.00 10.75 11.50

l:t.25

13.0t)

4.00 .1.50

lansed l'ittings ANSI

Blli

i-

5.25 5.75 6.00

8.50

10.;0

tt.25 t2.i5

1gti

mrr

be chaDrlercd. round€d or

sheaFl

ol pipe. but lhe lap thar scrvls as lhe male lacc musr no1 bc ltss as a mrte lacer for mate amt fcmat€ taDpe{:t joinr made in rhe 1aps. add two thickhess.s ,$ hen f.oov. is made ln the lap. add ihifkiess of piDc lor each Lap

122

?.00 7.50

Lensth' of Stud Bolt

Dimension siven in inthes. ,These lenFhs .to nor in.hde rhe hei!.hr ot th€ poinrs. -{ poinr is thar pa.t ol a snid b.Lt b€yond ihc th.ead and

All

5.00 5.50 6.25 t;.75

600 Pound Flangesl

E

8 72

{.50

8.25 8.50 9.00 10.25

24

400 Pound Flanges'

l l I

.1.5t)

lii

Number

oi

5.25 8 72

Lensth' of Slud Bolt

Diameter of Bolrs

4.25

2\')

0D lri oD 18 0D 20 0D 24 0D

Nominal Pipe

5.U0 5.2r)

1,,,

1f,

:1.50 .1.00

.1.7r-)

llr

t2

"t.75

1.2i

5.21

I I lis

,1.25

5.75 6.00 6.50 6.75

12

l2

lai Face

2.15 3.00 8.25 3.26

3.?5

6.25 ?.00 ?.50

L

lli rl.

4 4

!,s

:1.75

t.7r)

8

t2

l

3.5t) :J.?5

:1.25

3t/, 4

14

3.00

.l

t%

4

\

I

4

B

8 IO

2.50 2.50 2.75

4 4 4

1

Raised

300 Pound Flans€s'

150 Pound Flanses'

l"

l' I ii"

Rins

rhar

I Inch

PIPING X{ATERIALS ALLOY-STEEL STUD BOLT DIMENSIONS (Continued) Lengthr of Stud Bolt

Len!|thr of Stud Bolt

Nirminal Diam€ter I'jpe of UolL\ Size

'/i Inch Male&Female also Raised Fac€ Toner€

NLlmber

Rins

of Bolls

Joint:]

Diameter of Bolts

Number of Bolts

Ring Joints

%Inch Raised Face

Male&Female rlso

ard Groore 1500 Pound Flangesl

9U0 Pound Flansesi

1i 1

4

r'./r

rt, 2 21/,

3 4

I h I

1,1

16 18 20 24

0D 0D 0D 0D 0D

4 8 8

Is

1t(

lfi 6 8 10 12

4 4 4

1N

r.x I.lr

8

t2 t2 16

4.25 4.50 5.00 5.00 5-50

1.25 1.50 5.00 5.00 5.50

4.00 4.25 4.75 5.25

%

I

.t

5.75 6.25 6.00 ?.00

5.75 6.25 5.75 6.75

5.50 6.00 5.50 6.50

,/,

8

7.75 7.75 9.00 9.50

7.50 7.75

t; -A

I

u;

5.75 6.25 7.00 7.75

5.',75 6_25

5.50 6.00

7.00 7.75

7.50

t2 t2

9.75 10.50 12.00

72

13.25

Iti

15.50

9.?5 10.25 11.50 13.25 14.75

16 16 16

17.00 18.50 20.50 22.50 25.75

lk

8

9.25 10.00

1% 1%

20

10.24,

20 20 20 20 20

71.25 11.75 13.50 14.25

10.75

10.50

2l;

lt.25

ll.0{J

zlt

72.75 13.50

12.50 13.50

23i

t7.75

r7.25

1?.0{J

' t

2 2t/t

4.00 4.25 4.75 4.75 5.25

7.25 ?.50 8.50 9.00 9.75

lts

4.25 4.50 5.00 5.00 5.50

4.25 4.50 5.00 5.00 5.50

t\

t,/"

1il

4 4 4

8 8

1%

17i

Tongue and Gr@ve

9.50 10.00

1t.25 13.00 14.50

16.00 17.50 19.50

21.50

17.25 19.00 21.00

24.50

24.00

Lensthrof Stud Bolt

Nominal Diameter Pipe oI Bolts Size

Number of

Ring

Bolts

Joint3

,1 Inch Raised Face

Male&Female also

Tohgre and Gr@ve

2500 Pound Flanges' )/,

''/4

% 1

%

%

4 4 4

r%

1

1

ry,

Ut

4

I

2y,,

rls

8 8

3 4

rlz

8 8

2

5

tr\ t3,\

2

8 10 12

2 21/z

2lt

8 8 12 12 12

5.25

6.50 7.25 '7.50

8.25 9.25 10.75 72.7 5

14.50 16.00 20.50 22.50

6.25 5.25 5.75 6.25 7.00

5.00 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.75

7.25 8.00 9.00 10.25

7.00 7.75 8.75 10.00

12.00 13.75 19.50 21.50

tl.75 13.50 15.00

t9.25 21.25

Extracied from Ame.ican Standard Steel Pipe Flanses and Flansed Fittihss ANSI B16.5 - 19??. Al1 dimension eilen in inches. jThese lenclhs do not include the height of the points. A point is thal part of a shrd bolt beyond the tbread and may be chahlered. founded or sheared.

,Bolrlensthsforlappedjoi.tSmaybedet€rminedafollows:For1appedlapped'a to|,jinchma1efaceonfange'addthicknessof]apand|inch;forlapped'ofemalefaceonange'addihfknesso|

s

a male face; for male and female lapped joint made in the laps. add two thicknesses of pipe, but the lap thai servs as lhe male face must not be less tban 3when gr@ve is made in the lap, add lhickness of pipe for each lap.

il

inch.

t23

ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING RING-JOINT GASKETS

rffi^' l_c_l / Redius Rr: Xa in. for ring widths % tn. and smallerj 1{: in. for ring widths 1 rn and larger.

Tolerances J

P A

B ard

C 23" Rr

I Rjng Number

R

3

Pitch l)iameter of Ring

width

P

A

of Ring

4

11

he 7n

R16 R17 R18 R19 R20

2

%"

2yi 2%

%t 9\"

2'ku

R 21

ti6

s%

R22 R23 R24 R25

0.170 0.206 0.206

it"

lz

%"

t\,

3),1

3%

i1,

4

(radius of

ring)

%

1\"

% %

ot

Yta

%

%"

),1 l:rt

h,: %a

%

11"

%

0.206 0.206 0.200 0.206 0.206 0.206 0.305

',1, i16

'\t

't" 1\,i

%

0.206 0.305

% %

0.305

0.206

flansie shal] carrv the groove number prefixed bv the letter "R'' sask€t shal l car ry the m anufacturer's trademark, gasket nu mber prefixed by the letter "R" or "RX" and fol lowed by the material

.i"e:oint

"*[ ot"i"t "u.t*" identification.

Purchasers must specjfy oval or octagonal shaped rings as deBired when ordering rings' i,lat".tat ;a"ntiti"ailon ihall conform to the following standards unless other specified on the purchase order' Rins Gaeket MatertaL Riw Gaaket MateriaL lvpe 304 Ste€l D Soft Iron Type 316 Steel s I-ow Chrome SteeL DF-5 Type 347 Steel 4-6% Chrome l/& MolY Steel s410 Type 410 Steel (A NSI 816 20-1973) Flanaes Exr racred from Ameri.an Standard Rins-Jornr Ga-kets and GroovPs o F 5 designates A.S.T.M Spec Al82 ch"mical (-omposilron Kequ "pmPnls onlv

For application of rins joint gaskets

1'L

cteg.

0.206

All dimensions given in inches.

iL Jn" ir,.."6.

L0 u(r\

*i/2 +)i',

R'ng

%

%

1%

Ocfa,gonaL

C

1"t "1"

(angle)

FIa{ of

H

1%u 1,%

rwidih orr flriof orlag"rral ring'

Width on

t3

111,42

R14 R15

!q7 'q lrr.urrd

Oct&gonal

Oval

R12 R13

ring

+ A Dlus tolerance of 3/64 in. for heights B and H isp€rmitted providins the variation in the heisht of anv given ring does not exceed 1/64 in. throughout its entire circumference.

5

Height of Ring

H

(widrh ol ring rhciqhr of rirrs)

bead near rhp .errer rf oval "r,,r1cgon rl 'heped r:rrg' A "mall rhal ir will ,ot errtcr the groove. ij I.ol ohjp.liorrablc Iocated.o

Table 1. Dimensions of Ring-Joint Gaskets 2

\avpregc pir.h diamarcr o[

see

Table

II.

s304 s316 s347

PIPING X{ATERIALS Table

1

4

3

1

Iting

Number

Pitch I)iameter

$iidrh

of Rirrg

Ring

of

26

R27

R28

lt

It

29 30

R 3l

R32 R33 R

It

3,1 ::]5

R36

It

37

R38 R39

It

40

R41 R

,12

,,tt

4

1r1

4_74

% Y"

i\" i\"

,\^

1\, ,,1"

%"

't"

R46

8Xu

%

,,1"

%

%

1

5/\t

T" %

1%

P"52

12

l\a

)1"

It

56

R57

R5E

,',1a

1\6

%

%

r%

l5

t7,1';

{J.305

R73 R74

'/2

1).206

lt

76

261,6

%

0.305

P"77

2t'%

0.413

0.305 0.206

R78 R79 R80

27% 27%

% "/1,6

%

% % "/1" \116

'%a

0.305

0.31)5 0.4rJ5

R87

6% 10%

0.206 0.305 0.413 0.780

%

0.305

1% %

0.413 0.681 0.206 0.305

16%

,,1"

,,1"

161/,

%

%

16lk

v,"

%a

,,1"

,,1,

tE"1

%

%

t,lo %

%

0.377 0.305 0.305

0.341

% t"/B

% % %

RC2

I

R93 R94 R95 R96 R97

2s%

R98 R99

R 100 R t01 R r02 R 103 R

n

r1\u

1%

%"

%

0.583

.'"11"

1% "(, 1% %

r%

3\A

R91

3r%

% % % %

i1"

40%

"4"

%

'11" 'i16 ,,1" 1Y.

0.413 0.485 0.485 0.583 0.879 0.305

% '%" ,",1" ,',\" rY'u

llu %

tt/4

r34

1%

t%

104

:18

1% L% 1%

105

40%

134

33% :lti

0.341

rl\o %

s%

:ltrz

'v* ,,\"

l\/t

r%

33% 36 38

0.341

0.206 0.413 0.681 0.977 0.206

86

R90

0.730 0.206

%

ti

.0.4r3

% ,ho

%

0.305

RE9

r%

0.4t5

%"

2th

31%a

,i\"

0.780 0.206 0.305

%

R85

4%

%

0.413

11"

0.206 0.305

R88

,4

a-

0.485 0.879

1\"

0.485 0.206 0.305

'91,

13/4

Riue

11/4

|t" ,,1"

R84

%

H

r%u

r%

t

I

Octagonal

'71"

%

2%

1Y,u

%

R81

1l

R82

r%

R61 R62 R63

R64 R65

0.206

% %

rilo

i|,

16

1

%"

1%

\554

%

1i\"

ttA

R59 R60

i1"

21

1\"

%

,,1"

7r1,

15 15

2l

t%

0.206 0.305 0.583 0.206 0.879

%"

11"

1\"

22 23 23 23

%

%

2034

% 1i\u h6 ,,1"

2l

%

ll

r%

R72

'v'"

R5r

%

18%

R71

%,

%

1811

0.3.11

%

i1,i

13%

R66

Width on Flat of Octagonal

Oval B

0.305

1\'t

I

Ring A

R67

6

Height of Ring

%

t"

,,/\"

0.341

of

4

'){"

'ii. %

%

12%

\

% ,',\"

8%"

R54 R55

{1.305 0.3{J5

%

i|"

12x4

% %

,,1"

R45

R53

H

"/1"

s%

|\r4

Number

71"

7"

s%

Rntg

Riug (:

0.206 0.305

5%

r0"4

Oclagonal Octagonal

%

'I" llie

I

width

'X,

i\t'

7% 7%

Pitch l)iameter of Ring

\\ridth oir Flat of

i\, )', o

6%

3

R68 R69 R70

5i1^

63.1

2

"1"

5x,,

61"0

I

%

1\^

4%

P"44

R48 R49 R50

'11o

134

R43

R47

'){.

,,1"

1t1

fConcluded)

J

Heighl rf Rirg Oval B

d It

Table 1. Dirnensions of Ring-Joht Gaskets

Dimensions of Ring-Joint Gaskets (Continued)

r% 1V r%

r%

0.413

0.485 0.485 0.485 0.58:l 0.583 0.583 0.305 0.780 0.879 0.879 0.879 0.977 0.977

A1l dimensions given in inches.

This standard shows only flat bottom sroov€s, becaus€ both oval and octagonal rinss may be us€d. The former round bottom sroove rcquires the use of an oval sasket. Th€ eds€ of each rins joint flange shall calry th€ groove number prefixed by the letter "R".

The outer surfac€ of €ach sasket shall carry th€ manufacturcr's trademark, sasket number prefixed by the letter "R" or "RX" and

followed by the material identification. Purchasers must sp€cify oval or octasonal shaped dngs as desjrcd when odering rings. Material identification shall conform to the following standards unless other specified on the purchase order.

Rins Gasket Materidl Soft Iron

law

D

Chrome Steel

4'6% Chrome

IdmtiJicati.on

%Y.

Type 410 Steel

Moly Steel

S

oF-5

R;nsGask?tMotPiol Type 304 Steel Type 316 St€el Type 347 Steel

ldmt;.l,.ot;on 5304 S316 S347

s410

Extracted from American Standard Rins-Joint Gaskets and Grooves (ANSI B16.20-1973) Flanses. E F-5 d€sicnat€s A.S.T.M. Spec. 4182 Chemical Composition Requirements only.

126

ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINI]EIII\CI Table

II

Application of Gaskets and Grooves to Referenced Standards*

ANSI B16.5 R

Nuflber

rEnd Flang€s ApI 6D and API 600 use caskers and Grooves lor equivalent Pipe Size ANSI 816.s or MSS SP-44 Flanges. tR3O for Lapped Joint only.

PIPING ]I.\TERIALS Table

II

Application of Gaskets and Grooves to Referenced Standards* (Concluded)

use Gaskets and'Gfooves for equivalent Pipe size ANSI B16.5 or MSS SP 44 Flanges. Flanges to API 6A are obsolete. Data for informalion onlv.

.End Flanges API 6D and API 600

ttroooo lb

727

ITT GRINNELL-PIPING DESIGN AND ENGIN!]ERING SUGGESTED SPECIFICATIONS FOR POWER PLANT PIPING MATERIALS Butt or

Prpe

Ma"\. Pressure

Max. Tubing Tqmp, (A.S.T.M. Spec.)

P.SJ.

A335 P22 1060

(Matedal

Fittings (A.S.T.M.

Spec.)

Sp€c,)

Fittings

2%

thid(ness

isthe only limiting

wP22

A1a2 F22

condition 1020

of max.

A369 FP11

A691

plessrue

l%Cr A335 Pl2

A369 FP 12 975 A691

2" and smaller

2h"

nnd larger

21h"

atd

over

:

2" and smaller A234

wPll

At82 F22

A2t1 WC9

4'182 F11

A2l? wc6

At82 F12

A217 WC6

Al05

A216 WCB

Butt Welded

Ct

4335 P11

Gaskets

Bohing

Joiflts

A234

A.369

FP22

Flanges and Socket Weld

A69l

fhe wall Steam

Welding

A182 F11

Socket Welded except Welding Neck Flarues at cormec-

Studs-A193 Gr. B7 Monel,

Nuts-A194

nealed

tions to flanged

equipment

A234

wPl2

A182 F12

lCr

Steam,

Water,

oil

2Y2"

Above 600 The wall thickness

A234

is the

only limiting

A105

A106

115

Cr.B&C

co4dition of max.

r

dovet:

Butt Welded 2" and $nall€t:

WPB

&

wrc

pressurc

Socket welded ex" cept Welding Neck Flanges at connecuons ro flanged

2" and smaller:

4234 A53 Water,

oil

250 up to 600

Nuts Al94

MetallicAsbestos

&

wcc

Gr,2H

equipment

2" and over Butt Welded Steam,

Studs-A193 Cr. B?

Gi. B 750

A106

WPB

A105

Gr. B

Above 160 PSI

Studs A193 Gr. B7

Socket

Nuts-A194

Welded ex-

Gr. 2H

cept Weldhg Neck Flanges at coflnections to flanged

Comp.

Al05

Asbestos

A216 WCB

equipment

2lz" and ovet: Butt Welde-d

2" and smaller:

4234 Steam,

125

Water,

to

oit

A53 Gr. B 450

250

Al06

WPB

A105

Gr. B

Socket Welded except Wetding Neck Flanges at connecrtons to l'la ged

C,S. Bolts

A307 Gr. A, Sq. Hd.

with

Nuts A563 Gr. A, Hex.

Comp. Asbestos

Al05

A216 WCB

equipmenl overi Butt^nd Welded 2" and srrallet: 2Yz"

A234

Socket

A53 Gr. B Water,

oit

128

up to 125

450

A106 Gr. B

WPB

4105

Welded ex_ cept Welding Neck Flanges

at connections to flanged equlpmenr

C.S. Bolts

4'307 Gr. A, Sq. Hd. nith Nuts AJ63 Gr. A, Hex.

A.216 WCB

A105 Comp. Asbestos

125 Lb. Cast

kon

Flanged

PIPE FABRICATION

PIPE FABRICATION PIPE FABRICATION PROCEDURES Since publication of the first etition of Piping Design and Engineering and the printing of this issue, many advances and changes have taken place in the

fieldofpipe

fabrication. New piping components have been developed, a greater variety of material compositions have become commercially available, and the requirements of the piping Codes have become more demanding. All of these conditions have resulted in variations in acceptable fabricating procedures depending on the service conditions involved. A comparison of various fabrication requirements in these Codes will show awidevariation inwelding, testing

have not included, therefore, any suggested specifications for fabrication of piping materials since ihe inclusion of these specifications could result in confusion andpossible

misapplication. It is suggest€d that the piping designer consult with those experienced in the fabrication of the class of materials he will employ and also review the

current recommendations of the Pipe Fabrication

Institute. This action will provide assurance that the specified fabrication requirements will result in procedures which are suited for the fupe of service involved.

The following pagrs provide information with respect

and heat treating requirements. As a result of these

to

variations, nouniversal fabrieatingspecification could be

fabricating details which essentially apply to all types of nine fabrication.

compiled that would encompass the minimum

dimensional tolerances, end preparations and

requirements of each Code for every type of material. We

129

ITT GRI\NELL PiPl-\C; DESICiN ANI) U\(}I \ IiIJ]tI\(; PIPE BENDING TOLERANCES RADII - MINIMUM TANGENTS BENDING MINIMUM Form Tolerances roundness in production carbon steel and low alloy steel

When the radius of a bend is 5 nominal pipe diameters or greater, and the ratio of the nominal diameter to the nominal wall is 35 or less the difference between the

bends. This investigation resulted

in

minimum

recommended bending radii for various ratios ofoutside diameter to the minimum wall thickness. These limits are shorvn in Figure 1. For the convenience of users, these limits were extrapolated to 36" O. D. There is not sufficient data available at present, however, to assure reliability for large diameter bends. The limits given in Figure 1 are for sand filled hot

maximum and minimum diameters shall not normally exceed 8olo of the average measured outside diameter of the straight portion of the pipe. Where special operating conditions or code provisions require an ovality less than 87o it may be necessary to use larger radii or heavier pipe walls to achieve such requirements. To assure compliance with these requirements the Pipe Fabrication Institute conducted an investigation of outof-

bends only and are not necessarily applicable for machine

or other types of bending.

TABLE

1

Minimum Pulling and Holding Legs For Pipe Bends

Nod. Pipc Sir., loch.r

Mio.

h|liu E!4 b.[.r

MiI, Holdhs

lr4 !!A.'

d' l0' t2' r1' r6' rd

tw

!' rVl'

rYz'

6

6

6

6

E

E

I

l0 lo

!6 m

21

6

6

6

6

I

a

I

lo t0 lo

t2

rt

2U2'

!l!r,B

!€c@elrded !{lnt!@

rY'

10"

2t!,

T Contettts

130

of this pag taken ftom PFI Standard

36

2t'

$

u

A 2f !o

g

,2'

{E

x

@

a

,t x

12

15

$

AdjsceEt

Bendt

L2r

22"

10"

ES'

26'

2

teg4l !etu.@

ouc-of-Pl&e ?tPe

U@. llp€ Stze, Iu.hed

2a

t

by courtesy of the Pipe F4bication lhstitute'

32n

,c

5a

'L

tl

PIPE FABRICATION

Tangents On Pipe Bends While it is possible to make out-of-plane pipe bends with little or no tangent between adjacent arcs, this praetice involves a difficult bending setup for the out-

In order to pull a hot bend projierly, minimum straight tangents are required on either end ofthe arc for holding

and for pulling. These are given in Table 1. Longer tangents should be used whenever possible. However, in special cases bends with plain or bevelled ends can be furnished by cutting back the tangents upon completion of bending, and with the recognition that out-of-rounded conditions may exist at the open ends.

ofplane bend due to the clearance requirements for the holding shoes on the portion of the pipe arc already formed. For this reason whenever adequate clearances exist in the design, the minimum tangent (T) shown in Table 2 is recommended between adjacent out-of-plane bends.

Etp.ri.nc* tince 1970 in b.idiig l6rq. diln€t.r pip6 l'.v. donor.rrttad rh..r1.rpol.tsd r.ri6 oI toD€ ii rhit.r.a vill ior .6.es.rily pr.vid. rh. nign.$ egscl n'css.ry {or rh6 rorh.t limit.fion, oi ov.liry i.r.d in p.r.g.aph 4.t 1.r Sendr ro rh. r.dii

.id d.p.

rhoyn. th6.€tor6, tor t€iJr in pip. ,ir.r er..r.r rt.n 2,r inch8. tha r.jio.1 Ji.m,r6f ro miiimuR wdrl rhicli€$ tor 3 rcquir.d b.ndins r.diur .nd +6.ili.J ov.iiry Inr€6^i^91 limir.rio^ $ould br luhi.ct i. .qr.em.nt b.t{.6n rh. purch.io. lid rho

-!

= ci o lr.l

;sl

L !) UJ

12

o-

ato

MIN. WALL THICKNESS, (IN.) FOR MoS"r SEAMLESS ptPE MtN. WALL " NOMTNAL WALL X .e?5. FOR MosT FUStoN WELDEo ptpE MtN. WALL . NoM[,tAL WALL - .OtO.

Flgure

I

Contents of this page taken frotk PFI Standdd ES-24 by coufiesy of the pipe Fabrication Institute

,

ITT GRINNEI,L

PIPI\C'i DI'SIGN AND UNGINEERING

__

Since there are occasions when buckles cannot be avoided, the following restrictions should apply: (a) All wave shapes shall blend into the pipe surface in a gradual manner.

(b)

The maximum vertical height of any

wave, measured from the average height of two adjoining

crests to the valley, shall not exceed 37o of the nominal pipe size. (See Figure 2, Note 1). (c) The minimum ratio of the distance between crests as compared to the height between crests and the included valley shall be 12 to 1. (See Figure 2, Note 2).

Buckles which exceed the above recommended tolerances will be subjected to corrective action to bring them within tolerance.

Application of Pipe \Wall Ruckling Tolerances

Nale I

Depth of average crest to valley

the sum of the outside

is

diameters of the two

adjoining crests divided by two, minus rhe outside diameter

of the valleY'

(oD)l + (oD),, l)cpth

Nare

2

=

-

(orr)"

Ratio of distante between ctests to

dePth- is:

>rz

Contettts

132

of

Depth (per Note

l)

Figure

2

I

Institute' this p48e tdken Irom PFI Siandar.t ES'24 by cowtesy of the PipQ Fabtlcotion

PIPE FABRICATION

METHOD OF DIMENSIONING PIPING ASSEMBLIES In order to assure full penetration to the root of a weld, the ends to be joined are set up with a small gap betrveen

In making his assembiy, the fabricator takes these factors into account. In welds marked "W" in Fig. 1A ancl 1B it may be necessary to vary root spacing, select parts or, if necessary, trim a component to produce overall required dimensions. As an alternative approach, the adjustment in dimension L occasioned by welds marked W in Fig. 1A and 18 may be reflected by appropriate

them called root spacing. This root spacing may vary from 0 to l" depending on the welding technique. Shrinkage of the weld metal occurs in cooling. This shrinkage varies with rvelding process, technique, piping material and pipe wall thickness. On steel the weld shrinkage usually amounts to 1/16" to l(". Consequently the fabricator must make allowances for shrinkage. All standald rvelding fittings and fianges are subject to tolelances on terminaj dimensions (end to end, face to face, or.center to end, etc.). The tolerance on overall length of flanges, as given in ANSI B16.b is

+.06" l: .72"

erances

fol sizes up to and lncluding 10', and fol larger sizes. ANSI 816.9 gives tol-

for butt welding fittings:

compensation to relevant dimensions in the pipinglayout. All the above mentioned variables are beyond the control of the Purchasers' Engineering Department. The Pipe Fabrication lnstitute recommends that allowances for u'eld gap be eliminated from the Engineer's design drarvings, and overail dimensjons of close assembljes of

fittings or fittings and flanges be detennined on the of the net sum of the nominal dimensions of the component parts. basis

For 900 and 450 elbows and tees these are:

Tol. (in)

Size 1/2,,

_

+.06 +.09

B,

10,,

I .09 + .12 I .19

12,' - 24" 26" - 30"

82"

_

48"

L

.IG

L

DIMENSION

ENT DIMENS ION IMENSION NCE

O

IMENSION

'OIMENSION G POINT WP

FIGURE IA

FIGURE IB

Contents of thic Wge tokeh from pFI Standard ES-2 by coufiesy of the pipe Fabication lfistitute.

133

ITT GRINN!]LI,

-

PIPING DF]SIGN AND I.]NGINI]1.]1],IN(

I

FABRICATING TOLDRANCES

The tolerances on linear dimensions (intermediate or overall) apply to the face to face, face to end, and end measurements of fabricated straight pipe and headers; center to end or center to face of nozzles or other attachments; or center to face of bends; as illustrated on

minus 1/16"

2.'

)

INOICA-TEO

I

APPLICA?ION OF PIPE FAERICATION TOLERANCES

L34

ofthis

poge

take from PFI Stsndad

ES-3 by

as

stated on Fig. 1. When closer tolerances than those given are absolutely necessary, they shall be subject to agreement between the Purchaser and Fabricator.

FIGURE

Contents

in diameter over 36".

weld end preparation and on rotation of flanges are

(3E€ PARAGRAFII

IHE

euch 72"

Angularity tolerance across the face of flanges and

Fig. 1. These tolerances are not accumulative. Linear tolerances on "A" are ! ls" for sizes 10" and under, I 3/16" for sizes 12" through 24" and I /4" for sizes over 24" through 36". Linear tolerances on "A" for sizes over 36" are subject to tolerances of t /4" increasing by plus or

FROM

for

Due to the cumulative effects oftoleranceson fittings or flanges, when joined without intervening pipe segments, deviations in excess of those specified above may occur.

co ftesy ofthe Pipe Fabi@tiott lwtltute,

PIPE FABRICATION

BUTT WELDING END PREPARATION I'OR

Manual Shielded Metal-Arc and Automatic Submerged Arc Welding

Frc.

1

For wall thickness up through

,g' noninal

Wiih a splii back ring or without a backing ring. When the internal misalignment of pipe rvall exceeds diameter should be trimmed.

f"

the pipe with the smaller internal

Frc. 2 For wall thicknesses over 1$" through 1.0" nominal With a flat or 10' tapered continuous backing ring.

Frc. 3 For wall tl.ickness over 1,0'/ nominal When tbe thickness- at the welding etrd of a valve, fiitinq, or ^ nange rs greater rha-n that ot tbe pjpe aDd tbe additional thick;ess outsrde drametFr, a taper weld hav{g &- slope Dot lg:iil::.-T: exeeedrng J to I m&y be employed or, altematively. the ercater

oulsrde chameter ma,y be tapered,

at tho same maxiiiun 6lope or

from a poinl, o.n the welding bevel equat to the O.D. of the mating pipe. Similarly, wbcn the greater lhickness is Drovided on l,he- inside of thp valve, fitting. or flange, it shall lie taperoonecl lrom tbe wetdrng end at a slope nol, exeeeding 3 to l. less,.

135

ITT GRINNELL

-

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

BUTT WELDING END PREPARATION FOR

Manual Inert-Gas Tungsten-Arc Root Pass Welding

Root Facc Spacing

:

9.69'

:

0.00'

:

g.gg'

Frc. 4 For wall thicknesses of * to 1o With or without consumable insert rings and/or I.D. purging. gtrz.

lzlz" Root Face Spacing

2-'42 A

Frc.

5

For wdl thicknesses over f, through i" With or without consumable insert rings and/or I.D. purging. Nore A: I.D. machidng should be performed rvhere the inside misalignment of wall would otherwise exceed +" without insert ring useage or 11" r,v'ith insert ring useage.

Root Face Spacing

Flc. 6

f'

For wall tlicknesses over or without consumable insert rings and/or LD. purging. With When the thickoess at tbe weldire end of a valve. 6tiinq. or sreater thatr that of the DiDe and the additioDal thickDess -tsper incresser the outside diametcr. i weld bavillq a slope not exceeding 3 to 1 may be empl6yed 6r, altematively-, ibe lreater out€de clxuneter tlray D€ tapere4 et tbe salne lnaxlmu& $ope or fla.Dse is

136

less, from a point on the weldinc bevel eoua-l

to tbe O.D. of the

oipe. Similarlv. shen itre ereat€i lhichess is Drovided o! tbi iDaide of the valve, fitting,1r flange, it shall 5e tspeF bored lrom the welding end st a slope trot e;c;eding 3 to 1. maiins

i!

PIPE FABRICATION BUTT WELDING ENDS1 TO ANSI 816.25 AND PFI ES-l AND MACHINED BACKING RINGS FOR BUTT WELDS TO PFI ES-l

\ominal Pipe Sizc

Schedule

\rLmber or \fall

\ominal O.D.

\ominal I.D.

\ominal \Yall Thickness

]Iachined I.D. of Pipe "C"

rol"ran"n *fi

O.D. of Backing Ring

TaperedRing"DT" Straight Ring "DS"

ffi r"l*,""" 43 3?3

2.-109

2.119

3.279

3.289

.625

4.124

-1.438

.750

.1.209

4.219

5.600

5.610

'r'ol"**"

a3

3?3

5.327 5.O72

100 120

7.327

xxs

7.1ri3 7.053

160

ti.993

7.063 7.00E

7.053 6.998

7.r73

80

.594

9.671

9.681

9.67r

r00

.7r9

9.{52

t20

L452

.84.1

9.23.1

9.162 9.244

r40

r.000

8.959

8.959

160

1.125

8.7f0

8.969 E.750

Ir.620

.562

11.37.1

.638

1r.725 11.507

11.735 11.517

11.725 t 1.507

lt.211

1r.231

10.96S

1.r25

11.234 10.959 10.740

1.31.2

10..113

10.750 10.423

10.959 10.740 10.413

.59'1

12.921 12,646 12.3r9 12.016

12.931 12.656

12.921 12.646

12.329

12.319 12.046 11,771 11.498

r00

t20 1.10

160

60 80 100

0.D.

7.5,16

7.327

r.10

60 80

14

5.082

120 1.10

160

.002 10.750 10.500 10.126

.8-1-1

1.000

.750 .938 1.094 1.250 1.406

11.771

1r.498

12.056 11.781 11.508

9.231 8.7.10

All dimensions are in inches. thelp or the a,tual pjp..to bc fbLri.ated.is greater rhan required for minimrrm ring seating whcn machining to Dimension .,j),h:,n ''I tnc mFlal requrrad lor ma' hrnrng may ba providrLl by depoSiring $eld me(al orr ihc LD. of thc pipe in ihe arel to bp machined. $'h.€n sclerting.a $all. thirknels for- design, allowance should be included to compensate for pernrissible manufactudng tolera,nces

on both nomrnal plpe !\ all thrckness and outside diameter, so that machining to &bove iiimensions wjll in no ress rnan lcqurred ror max)mum ocstgn condrtlons. Note 1: Limited to seamless pipe with under tolerance on outside diameter not greater than )6,, (0.031).

ca€e

result iq a w;ll thickness

ITT GRINNELL _ PIPING

DESTGN

A\D ENCI\EENI\C

BUTT WELDING ENDS' (Continued)

Nominal Pipe Size

16

0.D.

Schedule

60 80

16.000 16.000

14.688

.656

14.811

14.3t2

.844

r4.484

100 120

r6.000

13.938 13.562

1.031 1.219

14.155

t3.827

14.165 13.837

14.124

r.488

13.412

13.452

13.442

12.8t2

1.594

13.171

13.181

13.171

18.000 18.000 18.000 18.000 18.000 18.000 18.000

16.876 16.500

.562

16.975

.938

15.688 15.250

1.156 1.375 1.562 1.781

16.985 16.656 16.329 15.946

16.975 16.646

16.124

16.646 16.319 15.936

15.235 14.852

15.225 14.842

20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000

18.812 18.376

.594

18.921

u.s38

1.031 1.281 1.500 1.750 1.96S

ld.tDo

18.931 18.548 18.165

17.7r7 17.334

17.344

16.896 16.515

16.S06 16.525

22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000

20.750 20.250

.625

20.865

20.865

19.750 19.250 18.750 18.250

1.125

r9.990

r.375

19.125 18.688

r9.115

17.750

2.r25

19.553 19.115 18.678 18.240

20.875 20.438 20.000 r9.563

24.000 24.000 24.000 24.000 24.000 24.000 24.000 24.000

22.476 22.624 22.062

.562 .688

Number or Wall

160

0.D.

40 60 80 100

120 1,10

160

40

60

20 0.D.

80 100

120 140

r60

22 0.D.

60 80 100

120 l4{) 160

30

4

60

24 0.D.

O.D. of Backing lting llechined I.D. of Pipe "C" Tapered liing "DT" Straighi Ring "DS' +3 3i3 r^r.."^.-"-- *"'- *0 000 r"re.""* +3.393 -0.010

Nominal I.D.

r40

18

Nominal \Yall

Nominal O,D.

80 100

t20 140

'160

16.000 16.000 16.000

14.876 14.438

17.438

r7.000 16.500 16.062

2r.562 20.938 20.376 19.876 19.312

Thickness

.8r2

r.r*."*

15.225

A.a42

18.921 18.538

20.424

1.625 1.875

14.821 14,491

r8.250

r4.811 14.484 14.155

8.a27

16.319 15.936

18.538

1l'.ltc 17.717 17.334 16.896

16.5r5

20.424 19.990 19.553 18.678 18.240

22.975

2t.427

22.985 22.767 22.275 21.837

2r.280

2r.290

2r.2&

1.812

20.744

20.748

2.062 2.344

20.350

20.798 20.360 19.869

.969 1.219 1.531

22.975 22.757 22.265

19.859

22.737 22.265

2r.a27

20.350 19.859

All dimensions are in inches, Wten the l.D. of the actual pipe to be fabricated ir grealer than requfued fo! minimum tirg seating whe[ machining to Dimensiofl ..C", the metal required for machining may be plovidod by depositing weld metal on the I.D. ofthe pipe in the arca to be machined. When selecting a wall thickness for design, allovanco should be included to compensate for permi$ible manufactudng tolerances on both nominal pip=e wall thichess and outside diameter, so tiat machining to above dimensions will in no case tesult itl a wall thicknoss less than requtued

for maximum design conditions,

Note 1: Umited to s€amless pipe with utrde! tolela$ce on outsid€ diametet not grcatet than 1/32" (0 '031).

138

PIPE FABRICATION

TPICAL DETAILS OE' BRANCH For all 90' nozzle connections, preference shall be given to the extruded type because of its increased strength and smdoth florv iharacteristics. The selection of an extruded type nozzle is limited by a slight reduction of the outlet wall thickness. The final

CONNECTIONS

outlet wall thickness will be no less than ZbTo of lhe run wall thickness. Nozzle connections shall be either the welded or the extruded type. Both types of nozzles shall be reinforced when required by Codes.

Extruded Nozzle

w eloec I\ozzle

Branch size is one-half of run size or less. (See Note 1.)

Welded Nozzle

Branch size

is

ore-half of run size.

greater than (See Note 1.)

R€NrcRONC

NorE 1: \Yhen additional reinforcem_ent

is required by code, use a saddJe

\vhen svatlable

as a

commercial Droduct.

othefwise use & special designed ng or p:rd,

rFjllet thickness

less than the smRller

"T"

shall not.be

of la inch or

times thc minimum required

thickness of the branch.

0.7

wall

139

ITT GRINNELL. PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEEITING

BRANCII AND FLANGE CONNECTIONS Snall Braach Connections Preference shall be given

nections which

to the F.S. Coupling con-

will be furnished

unless otherwise

specified. E S, SCREWEO COUPLING

Noro: The height of welded pads or bosses above the outside diameter of the run pipe should never be less than required by ASA Standards for full threads or full socket depth. Socket Weld Fitting

I'.S. Welding Neck Flange

@or welding with or without backing ring.) RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM CLEARANCE BEFORE WELDING

F.S. Slip-on Flanges

Refer to applicable

Code

for limits on

Slip-

use

of

Standard Construction

on Flanges.

F.S. Screwed Flanse

140

Fabricated Lap Joint and F,S. Lap Joint Flange

PIPE FABRICATION

ITT GRINNELL COMMERCIAL SPLIT-TYPE BACKING RING IT1' Grirurell backing rings save up to B0 per cent on time- The alignmerrt of pigre is simplified, re. quiriug only that the ends butt up against the nubs which detcrmine thc proper spacing recommended by good code welding practice. Ring tension holds the ring irr place and helps guide thc pipe ends into place, giving assistance that is a necessity in the field and a great time saver irr the shop. No tack welds are necesset-up

shott nubs illustrated

sary when these backing rings are used. With these backing rings it is easier for operators to produce welds of code quality. The outside face of the ring, which forms the bottom of the welding groove, is flat, while the inner face is smoothly contoured for minimum florv restriction. Thus the maximum rinE thickness is coneentrated below the root gap, permitting the use of higher welding current for better penetmtion, cleaner welds and higher weldirg speeds with a mini-

mum danger of "burn tbrough". The uniformly spaced nubs ou ITT Grinnell backing rirrgs are spot welded and melt dorvn with the weld metal to produce complete peuetration and perfect lusiorr. X-Ray inspection proves that their location cannot be detected in the finished weld.

ITT Grinnell

sizes

backing rings are available for pipe from 1 to 24-inch inclusive for both standard and

extra strcDg pipe. Gap is approximately f6" l'hen ring is in place. Short Nubs

Fig.

1992

Fie. 1992L

Extra Strong

!ig.

1993

Fig. 1993L

IiP"

I r% rlz

Ring Diameter D Standa.rd

Extra Strong 6ra

t3,{4

Thickness

T

* Rings with long nubs can be furnished on special order.

., Dbort nubs are regularly fumi€hed.

width

w

%

Nub Diameter S

Nub Leneth

Stardard Xxtra StroDg

Sh*tTI"trc

1%

%

% % %

2Yn

1t3/-

2rt4

22tA

,4

%

3

SYra

22s'42

3%

33i(l

3134

4 5

4r,{,

35941

53,(4

4r%a

%

tYro

6 8 .10

6r/t6

51r.4

rvt6

763.44

7%

%

2

2%

t34

r%

101.44

19""

r34s

13 15

13

13% 15%

18

17%

77

23%

23

ls%

rs46

1r%

16

24

% %

r{t6

12

20

% %

9%

12

inches.

Long Nubs*

Standard

Nominal

All dimensions are ia

r34 ,&

19

%

1316 1346

rYn

7a

I.7

%

%

2.O

%

)6 % %

% % %

3.0

5.0

%

7a 7a 7a

% %

Ys Y6 %$

% %

1.7

7e

346

4.2

11.5 25

25

Y16

%6 %6

Weight

(Approx) lb

%

%

%

Carton

% % %

% %

%6

Standard Packaging

Lings Per

14.0 18.7

10 %6

%

%6

7a 7e

10 10 10

7a 7a 7a

10 10

Y6

t{6

3/n

3

% %

% %

l0

15.0 17.5

20.0 21.5 21.0

ITT GRINNELL

-

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINI'EITING

ITT GRINNELL CONSUMABLE INSERT RING This consumable insert ring is used in welding a variety of piping materials by the inert-gas tungstenarc welding process. When used in the proper composition and dimensions, this ring produces rvelds of the highest quality. In stainless steel piping for atomic reactors weld joint perfection is of - where exireme importance virtually all welding authorities concerned with such fabrication agree that only with the consumable insert ring can accepta,ble welds be made.

Eccentric Placement for Iforizontal Welding When used for horizontal fired-positiorr rvelding, the consumable insert ring is placed in the eccentric

position:

This eccentric placement enables the ring to compensate for the downrvard sag of the molten rveld metal. It also aids in obtaining a smooth, uniform root contour along the inside diameter of the joint. The two photographs below show horv this consumable inseft ring protrudes: at left, into the groove at the top of the pipe; at right, into the inside of the pipe at the bottom of the pipe.

When this consumable insert welding ring is used, considerably wider misalignment of pipe butt joints can be tolerated than would be permissible with other

techniques. Under average welding conditions, an ofrset of about 3l inch and a gap of + inch can be readily welded. With expert welders, greater oflsets and wider gaps can be bridged without defects in the weld.

-

Five Primary Functions

(1) To provide the easiest welding conditions and thereby minimize the effecrs of undesirable- welding variables caused by the human element. (2) To give the most favorable weld contour to resist cracking caused by weld metal shrinkage and hot shortness, or brittleness in hot metal. (3) To produce metallurgically the soundest possible weld metal composition with desirable properties of strength, ductility- and toughness. (4) To eliminate on ma,ny sizes the need for separately supplied filler metal, also the necessity of one or two additional weld passes. (5) To minimize concavity or sink on the lower I.D. section of the interior of abuttins ends.

The contour of the root-pass weld made with this insert ring in stainless steel piping is shown below in three positions: top, side, bottom.

F ITT Grinnell consumable inserts are available for use u'ith urost all weldable quality piping materizr.ls.

PIPE FABRICATION STANDARD PIPE BENDS over-all dimensions are rvithin the limits of transportation facilities.

n

Each bend should be checked for availability of pipe in the required over-all leugth, arrd to determine that

6

DEVELOPED LENGTH No,

I

=

I.571 R

QUARTER BEND-9Oo

No.4 CROSSOVER EENO

DEVELOPED LENGTH (in degrees) x R x

No. rj BEND -

=

0.828 R

DEVELOPED LENGTH = 2 x DEVELOPED LENGTH oF NO. 5 BEND

I

DEVELOPED LENGTH

=

6.283 R

No 8 DOUBLE OFFSET U BEND

ANGLE

0.01745

46'T0 89' FOR DIMENSIONS . SEE NEXT PAGE

No.5 OFFSET BEND DEVELOPED LENGTH = 6.283R No.9 EXPANSION U BEND

+

2X

(tHEtX|slFooTonlE3i)

A o

s No.

2 SINGLE OFFSET

OUARTER BENO

DEVELOPED LENGTH

=

6.12?B

No.6 SINGLE OFFSET U BEND

l*+o3o3R

Et(b.,os'

Euffl\ DEVELOPED LENGTH No.

3 45'

=

0.785R

rn "L(/.m

1l 1

DA'AP ---- -

F

DEVELOPED LENGTH No. lO

I

'j =

9.425R

DOUBLE OFFSET EXPANSION 8€N0

BEND

DDVELOP LENGTH

=

No.7 U- BENo-

DEVELOPED LENGTH

-

ANCLE

(hdegrees)xRx0.01745 N0. 3tBENo -LESs THAN 45.

DEVELOPED LENGTH

3.142R

lSOo

=

ANGLE

(indegrees)x8x0.0U45

No.7i BEND-

.z,z:\

gfro t79'

PIPE DIAMETER

No.

ll

CIRCLE BENO

143

ITT GRINNELL

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

-

CAI,CIJLATION OI' PIPE BENDS

R

@iuen: To

rt,ntl: T

T: Arc

arrd a.

Giam: L, O and R.

and. arc.

n>o

R Lan! 2

:

To

Angle (in degrees)

x

x

R

and arc.

CD:R_O

0.01745

AB

,/

Oipen: R and O,

AAD

:

+^.-1

5 OFFSET

a:

cos-'

BEND

L : \/-AC2-

Arc:

.BC

BCa

:

BC tan

\/CDr}:Tt --n, IACB

CD

ZACD

: tan-'ff

- IACB

tr'or ? and arc see first calculatron. (

7

:

L

la:

find: L, a and arc. BC:2R -O AC :2R, To

No.

f.nd; AB, e, T

I

It R
<,

Angle (in degrees) XnX0.0l?4b

Qium: R1, R2, and O.

Giuen: R, O and, L.

To

f,nd.: L, a, arq,

o <2R

and arc2.

BC:Rt+R2-O

Tofind: a,X and arc.

AC:h+nz

BC:2R-O AD

:2R

: \8,+ BC,=ZA, ICAB : tao-'Bf

L:

\/TC'

- Be:

cr:

BCtano

Arcl :41"1" (in degrees) Xlilx 0,01745 Arc2 :4tr"1" (in degrees) XRrX 0.01?45

cc:90"-(tDAC+ICAB) @iren:

Arc:Angle (in degrees) XAX0.01?45

It O>2n then BC:O-2R, and a:90"+ ICAB. Other values remain the sa,me. A

To find,: L,

a;;.d

a

To

CoiS.t:

B

IACB

arc.

lP-+acz stn-l

Arcr: 4nt1" (in degrees) XArX Arc2: 41"1" (in degrees) XErX

ar

-A

0.01746 0.01746

If O> al +R2 BC:O-(fu*82), and c= - ( IACB + IACD). Other values remain the

180'

same.

t44

and, O.

: tao-t#

: IACB - IACD IACD : AD: x:'VAe - Ai+E* e

t

^o CosP:t

L

f,nd; a, X and

tc :

and P

L: \/E +T

8.2,

BC-Rt+n2-O

B

E:\/ETT

Ry

O1ff:'*Rz'

IDAC

Qium: O,

.BC ,n

COS-'

PIPE FABRICATION LENGTHS OF ARCS FOR RADIUS

llirutcs

Degrees

'

0"

0.000000

60"

1

0.017453 0.034907 0.052360 0.069813 0.087266

61 62 63 66

1.134464

0. 10.1720

ti6

122173

67 68 69 70

2

6 7 8

s 10 11 12 13

I4

17

ln 19

20 22

23 24

o

0.139626 0.157080 0.174633 0.191986 0.209440 0.226893 0.244346 0.261799 0.279253 0.29$706 0.314159 0.331613 0.349066 0.366519 0.383972 0.401426 0.41E879

0.436332 26 27 28

1.047198

120"

2.094396

1.06,1651

121 122

t23 124 126

2.146755 2.164208 2.L81662

1. 15r917 1. 169371

126

2. 199115

1 . 18682,1 | .2012 t-7

128

2

.231021

6 7 8

129

7.221730

130

2.251175 2.268928

l0

l

082104 1.099557 1. 117011

7l

1.239184 1.256637 1.274090 1.291544

76

1.308997

76 77 7a

1.326.150 1.3.13904

136

1.361357 1.378810

80 81 a2 83 84 86

2.408554 2.426008 2.44346L

r8 20

r.413717

r4r

2.460914

2I

112

2..178368

22 23

143

2.495821 2 2

146 147 148 149

2.548181

26

2.565634 2.583087

28

2.600541

29

160

2.6L7994

30

r51 152

2

.635417

31

153 154

roo

2.670354 2.687807 2.706260

156 157 158 159 160

2.722714 2.740167 2. t- 57620 2.775074 2.792627

36

4l

96

38 39

42 43 44

0.715585 0.733038 0.750492 0.767945 0.786398

46 46 48

49 60

52 53

0.802851 0.820305 0.837758 0.855211 0.872666 0.890118 0.907571 0.925025 o.94247a 0.969931 0.977384 0.994838 1.012291 1.0297 44

60

1.047198

1.588250 1.605703 1.623156 1.640609 1.668063

97

1.675516 1.6S2969

98

L710123

99 100

r.727476 L.746329

101

1..762783 1.780236

161

r.797689

163

.5132i 4 .630727

1.815142 1.832696

rti4 165

t.879793

166 167 168 169 170

2.897247

110

1.850049 1.867502 1.884956 1.902409 1.919862

111

1.937315

112

r.954769

171

113 114

1.972222 1.989675

106 107 108 109

IIO

2.007129

116

2.O215a2

1r7 118 119

L20

2.042035 2.059489 2.076942 2.094396

L62

172

173 174 L76

t76 177 178 179 180

21 26

2. it52900

2.809980 2.827433 2.a4Ja87 2.462340

103 104 106

19

144 L46

1.483630

0.628319 o.645772 o .663225 0.680678 0.698132

r02

l3 T4

r.466077

gl

36

133 134 135

11

12

1.4,18623

0.541052 0.558505 0.575959 0.593412 0.610866

94

131

132

2

33

34 36

38 39 40

4/l 46

.914700

2.932153 2.949606 2.96?060 2.984513 3.001966 3.0r9420 3.036873 3.064326

48 49 60

52 53 OD

3.071779 3.089233 3.106686

58

3.141693

60

a.D4r3g

Scconds

0'

0.000000

0.000291

1

0.0005E2

2 3 1

0.000005 0.000010 0.000015 0.000019 0.000024

0.000873 0.001464

138 139 140

1.535890 1.553343 1.670796

JO

0.00116'1

1.396263

1.518.13{t

92 93

1

16 17

88

32

2 3

2.3736-18 2.391101

1.500983

33

I

2.12.9302

r37

87 89 90

2.111848

16

86

30

0.000000

2.286381 2.303835 2.321288 2.338741 2.356194

0.453786 o.471239 0.488692 0.506145 0.623699

29

0'

2.216568

72 73 71

1.€r170

1

0.001745 0.002036 0.002327 0.002618 0.002909 0.003200 0.003491 0.003782 0.004072 0.004363 0.004654 0.004945 0.005236 0.005527 0.006818 0.006109 0.006400 0.006690 0.006981 0.007272

6 7

8

I

10

1l 12 13 1'1

16

t7 18 19

20

2l 22 23

24 26

0.000029 0.00003.1

0.000039 0.000044 0.000048 0.000053 0.000058 0.000063 0.000068 0.000073 0.000078 0.000082 0.000087 0.000092 0.000097 0.000102 0.000107 0.000112 0.000116 0.000121

0.007563 0.007854 0.008145 0.008436 0.008727

26

2t) 30

0.0001.r1

0.009018 0.009308 0.009599 0.009890 0.010181

31

0.000150 0.000155 0.000160 0.000165 0.0001?0

0.010472 0.010763 0.011054 0.011345 0.011636 0.011926 0.012217 0.012508 0.012799 0.013090 0.013381 0.013672 0.013963 0.014254 0.014644

2A

3,1

38

39 40 41 43

41 46

48 49 60

0.000126 0.000131 0.000136 0.000146

0.000175 0.000179 0.000184 0.000189 0.000194 0.000199 0.000204 0.000208 0.000213 0.000218 0.000223 0.000228 0.000233 0.000238 0.000242

0.014835 0.015126 0.015417 0.015708 0.015999

51 52

0.000247 0.000252 0.000257 0.000262 0.000267

0.016290 0.016581 0.016872 0.017162 0.017463

56

0.000271 0.000276 0.000281 0.000286 0.000291

59

60

ITT GITINNIILL PIPING DT]SIGN AND ENGINEERING

NUCLEAR PIPING

INTRODUCTION

No book on the subject of piping would be complete without some discussion of nuclear piping. While much of the information in this book is applicable to all piping, many of the requirements for design and stress analysis of nuclear piping are beyond the scope of this book. The following discussion is included to acquaint the reader, in general terms, with the subject of nuclear piping and the nuclear piping Codes.

Nuclear Codes Prior to the publication of nuclear piping Codes the piping in nuclear power plants was generally designed and constructed to the rules of 831.1 and additional requirements specified by the designers to achieve the dependability requirerl for the critical nature of nuclear piping. Starting in 1960, a series of Code Cases designated as "N" cases were issued to supplement B31.1 for nuclear piping. The first nuclear piping Code "B31.7 Nuclear Power Piping" was pubiished in 1969 and was replaced in 19?1 when these piping rules were included in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III. This Code is revised semiannually through the publication of addenda. Once every three years a new edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is published incorporating the previous addenda. Nuclear piping must comply with the Code requirements of the Code edition and addenda which are mandatory on the date of the purchase order or contract. Section III, Division 1, contains rules for vessels, pipiug, pumps, valves, metal containment structures, tanks, component supports, and core support structures (Section III, Division 2 contains rules for concrete vessels) and is published in seven separate

volnmes as Subsection Subsection Subsection Subsection Subsection Subsection Subsection Appendices

146

follows

NCA Nts NC ND NE -

NF NG -

-

:

General Requirements Class 1 Components Class 2 Components Class 3 Components Class MC Components Components Supports

Core support Structures

Section III, provides rules covering materials, design, fabrication, installation, examination, and testing of three classes of nuclear piping which denote three levels of quality and are referred to as Classes 1, 2, and 3. It is the responsibility of the designer to select the class that will provide the quality required

for the intended serwice, Requirements and guidance on this subject may be found in publications of the Nuclear Regulatory Comrnission and the American Nuclear Society.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission The rules and regulations of the United States Nuclear

Regulatory Commission (NRC) are published in the Federal Register under Title l0-Atomic Energy. Of particular interest to the nuclear piping designer is 10 CFR 50. 55a "Code and Standards" which limits the time periods for which applicable Code editions and Addenda for a component may precede the date of the application for construction permit. At the time of this writing, piping cannot be constructed to Section III rules in effect more than six months prior to the formal docket date of the application for construction permit. Also of interest to the nuclear piping designer are NRC's Regulatory Guides. Compliance with Regulatory Guides is not mandatory; however, thev are issued to describe methods acceptable to the NRC for imple-

menting specific parts of the Commission's regulations, and to provide guidance to applicants for construction permits and operating licenses. Regulatory. guides sometimes refer to ANSI Nuclear Standards and state that compliance with the referenced ANSI Nuclear Standard is an acceptable method of meeting the requirements ofthe Regulatory Guide. ANSI Nuclear Standards cover a broad range of subjects concerning nuclear, material and nuclear power generation. The N45 seriesofANSI standards which deal with quality assurance, cleaning, packaging, shipping, handling, storage and housekeeping are some of the ANSI N standards which are related to nuclear piping. Design of Nuclear Piping The principal differences between nuclear and nonnuclear piping lie in the more sophisticated and

NUCLEAR PIPING

demanding design analysis. additionai non-destructive

examination (NDE), quality assurance. and Code inspection and stamping. The tl'pe of piping materials and piping product forms used for nuclear piping are essentially the same as those used lor non-nuclear piping. ASME II1 requiles the owner. to plovide, or cause to be plovided, design specifications for components,

(the term component inchtdes jtems such:rs vessels, piping systems, pumps, va)ves and storage tanks), appulten2tn(es, core srlppol.ts, or component stlppot ts. Sepalate design specifications ale not reriuir.ed fol palts, piping srrbassemblies, appur.tenances or component suppofts \!hen they are inclLrded in the design specific:rtions for the comporenrs; lro\l.ever, applicable data in the form of dlawings in srrfficient detail to ptovide for fabric:rtion in accordance with the Code must be provided to the part or piping subassembly manufacturer. The Code requires design Specifications to contain sufficient detail to provide a complete basis for construction in accordance with the Code and must contain the functions of the items coveled, the design requirements, the environmental conditrons including radiation, the Code classification of the items covefed, definition of the component boundalies, and the material requirements including impact test I'equirements as applicable, Design specifications are required to be certified to be correct, complete, and in compliance with the Code by one or more registered professional engineers competent in the applicable field of design and related nuclear po$el plant requirements, Copies of the desigal specifications, in their entirety, must be filed with the enfolcements authorities having jurisdiction at the nuclear plant location L,efore the components are placed ln service and, except for parts and piping snbassemblies, they must be available to the authorized Code inspector at the manufacturing site before fabrication is started. All loadings must be considered in nuclear piping design including, but not limited to. pressure. $.eisht of the component and its conienl s. pressure .l ue to.t at ic ancl dynamic load of liquids, superimposed loads due to other

components, operating equipment, insulalion and linings, wind and sno*' loads, vibrations and earthquake ]oads, reactions of supports. and temperature effects.

The specific combinations and values ol mechanical loadings to be considered in conjunction with design pressure and temperature must be desiqnated as the design mechanical loads and includcd in the desisr, specifications. These loadings, movements due to boih earthquake and anchor movements, and the number of cvcles f.o be used in analvsis must also be part of the

design specifications. Design specrflcatrons are required to categorize the operating conditions to which piping may be subjected as Nonnal, Upset Enery1ent,u, Faulterl. and Zcst conditions.

These terms are fully described in ASME Ill and are mentioned here merely to point out that the stress limits rrhich mrrst be satisfied are different for each of these conditions. For Class I nuclcar piping, ASME Ill requires the llreparation of a stress leport rvhich must include both

thc rlesign drauings and

complete stress

anal-vsis

calcuiations establishing that the design shown by the

rlra$ings uscrl for construction complies rvith the requirements of the design specifications and the rules

of ASME III. Anl computer programs used ih the calculations must be fuilf identified and described in the

stfess leport. The o*ner, or his agent, is required to relre\r the stl.ess feport and certify that the stress report satisfies the requir.ements of the design spec_ ification. CoDies of this cer.tificatior must be attached to copies of the stress repolt and filed with the autholized code in-spector and the enforcement au_ tholities haviug iulisdiction over the nuclear. Do$.€r pllnt installation. The Code includes tables of stress values for the materials permitted lor use under the rules of the Code. Fol Class 1 materinls the tables give allowable design stless inteilsity vlhres; for the other Code classes the tables give allorable str.ess values. Ilecause of the mole vigolous design analysis requirements of Class 1. (omponents the allouable stress intensities are higher thxn the allo$able stress values for the same mlteriris rlhich appear. in the tables fol. the other

Code classes. It should be noted that only those materials included in

the stress tables may be used as pressure retalnlng malerial texcept for I in. and smaller line fittings which may meet other special requirements) and that these materials are to be in accordance with SA or SB specifications which appear in Section II of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Hou,ever, ASME III

permit the use of material produced underan ASTM designation provided the corresponding SA or SB specification is designated as being identical with the does

ASTM specification for the grade, class or type produced.

Materials Essentialiy all material, including welding and brazing material, must be identified and certified. Identification consists of marking the material with the applicable specification and grade of material. heat number or heat code or, alternatively, a symbol or code which identified the material with its certification. The required certification in most cases is a Certified Materials Test Report which must include the results of all the required tests and examination performed. There are few exceptior:s to this requirement. At this time. a Material Manufacturer's Certificate of Compliance may be provided in lieu of a Certjlied Materials Test Report for piping material 3l in. nominal size and less and non_ 147

ITT GRINNELL

-

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERIN(;

plessufe retaining material which is welded to pressure retaining material which is welded to pressure retaining material. The only non-certified material is material used for temporary or minor permanent attachments such as nameplates, insulation supports and locarrng lugs. A Certificate of Compliance is the material man-

ufacturer's certified statement that the material complies *'ith all requirements of the material snecification and the additional requirements,

if

for nuclear piping, are significantly more to stress corrosion cracking than non-

sensitized (solution heat treated) stainless steels.

Regulatory Guide 1.44 addresses the subject of control of

the use of sensitized stainless steel covering protection against contaminants, cleaning, solution heattreatment,

welding practices and testing for verification of nonsensitization.

any, speci-

fied by the purchaser. Results of tests and examinations are not required to be included in a Certificate of Compliance. Fracture toughness requirements for materials are included in ASME III. While impact testing of nonferrous materials and austenitic stainless steels is not required, the Code is very specific and detailed regarding

impact testing for other materials. The requirements depend upon size and thickness ofthe material, and vary from no impact testing requirements for small size or

thin material to very extensive requirements for thick material. The required impact test properties are related to the lowest service temperature to which the material

will be

subjected, and the number of impact tests required depends upon the material product form. It is sometimes necessary for the designer to specify finegrained material such as SA333 in lieu of SA106 in order to meet the impact test requirements. To reduce the possibility of the occurence of microfissures in austenitic stainless steel welds, the Code requires that weld filler metal contain delta ferrite and states the minimum acceptable delta ferrite content as well as how the determination of delta ferrite content must be performed. Regulatory Guide 1.31 also deals with the subject of delta ferrite and precautions to be taken during welding to assure the presence of delta

ferrite in completed welds. Unstabilized austenitic stainless steels in a sensitized condition, including AISI types 304 and 316 frequently

148

used

susceptible

Inservice Inspection In addition to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III, the designer ofnuclear pipingshould be familiar with Section XI "Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components". Section XI contains requirements for inspection and repair of nuclear components throughout the life of the nuclear plant. Although the nuclear components are constructed in accordance with Section III, it is important for the designer to provide the accessability and space necessary

for performing the required inservice inspections. In addition, welds which require ultrasonic inservice inspection should be ground flat orotherwise conditioned lo facilitate this rype of examination. It is important for the nuclear piping designer to have knowledge not only of the nuclear piping Codes, but also of piping material product forms, dimensional standards,

and piping fabrication and installation practices. If the designer is not specific regarding items such as ovality in pipe bends or type of branch connections, re-analysis of the piping design may be required because the piping fabricator used a product or fabrication detail having stress intensification factors different from those used in the piping anaiysis. Costly re-design and analysis can be avoided if the designer has a thorough knowledge of the practical aspects of piping product forms and fabrication details, and his specifications are sufficiently detailed to assure construction which is compatible with his design analvsis,

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

THE DESIGN OF PIPE HANGERS

INTRODUCTION

It has become rvidely recognized that the selection and design of pipe hangers is an important part of the engineering study of any modern steam generating or process installation. Problems of pipe design for high tempemture, high pressure installations have become critical to a point rvhere it is imperative that such aspects of design as the effect, of concentrated hanser

loads on buildirrg siructure, pipe weight loads on

equipment connections, and physical clearances of the hanger components with piping and structure be taken into account at the early design stages of a project. Engineers specializirrg in the design of pipe hangers have established effcient meihods of performing the work required to arrive at appropriate hanger designs. llolvever, the engineer who devotes varying portions of his time to the design of pipe hangers often must gather a, considerable amount of reference data reculiar only to the hanger calculai ions for his current projecr. It is the purpose of this article to present a compilation of all information necessary for the design of hangers, including a technical section devoied to the listing of piping material, weights, and thermal expansion data. Also, the discussions of the various steps involved in designing supports, presented here in their proper sequence, should serve as a good reference source for the engineer who only occasionally becomes involved in the essentials of hanger design. The first of these steps is that of determining and obtaining the necessary amount of basic information before proceeding r,i.ith calculations and detailins of the pipe supports. No design is complete unless the engineer has had the opportunity to review the equivalent of the fol)orving project data:

The pipe hanger specification, when available (A typical hanger specification is shown on pages 1Zg and 1?9.) A complete set of piping drawings. A complete set of steel and structural drawinss including equipment foundation and boiler structure details.

A complete set of drawings shorving the location of ventilating ducts, electrical trays, pumps, tanks, etc. The appropriate piping specifications and data, which will include pipe sizes and composition identification, r'all thicknesses, and oper&ting tempereturcs. A copy of the insulation specifications rvith densities. Yalve and special fittings lists, which will indicate weights. The movements of all critical equipment connections such as boiler headers, stearn drums, turbine connectlons, etc.

The results of the stress, flexibility and movement calculation performed for critical systems zuch as Main Steam, High Temperature Reheat, etc. The steps in which the engineer will apply this basic information are as follows:

(1) The determination of hanger locations. (2) The determination of the thermal movement of the piping at each hanger location.

(3) The calculation of hanger loads. (4) The selection of hanger types, i.e., spring

as-

sembly, either of the constant support or variable spring type, rigid assembly, etc.

(5) The checking of clearance between the hanser components and nearby piping, electrical cable trays, conduits, ventilating ducts, and equipment.

The final step will not be discussed to any gres,t degree. Obviously, this aspect of design is governed solely by the requirements and layouts of the individual job. Instead, attention rvill be devoted to steps 1 through 4, where the scope of good hanger practice can be generally defined for any installation. Recognizing that each new piping design presents an abundance of new problems to the engineer. no attempt is made to state fixed rules and liriits which would be applicable to every hanger design. Rather, the intention is to illusLrate ideas which will serve as a guide to a simple, practical solution to any pipe support problem.

THE DETER]IINATION OF HANGER LOCATIONS HANGER SPANS

In

order to avoid crcessive ovcrhang of the pipe beH-l and II-2, the doclc4rcd lcrrgth of pipe bet\\'ccn t.hose harrgcls is madc ltss than tlrrcetrvecn harrgers

Support locations are dcpcndent on pipc sizc, piping

colfiguratiol, the locatiou of heavv lalvcs and fittings, ard thc structure that is availablc for thc sr.rpport of thc piping.

No firm rulcs or linrits eri-qt l-hich lill positivcly fix the location of cach support on a piping systcm. hlsiead, thc errginccr must exercise bis ol n judgcncnt

in

each casc

to

detelminc thc appropriatc hanger

locatton. 'I'he suggestcd maximum spans lrctlecn hangcrg listed in table belorv reflect thc practical con-.idcrations involvcd in dctcrmining support spacings on straight runs of ,qt&udard l'all pipe. 'I'hey are normally used for the support spacings of critical systems. 'l'he spans in table bclorv are bascd on a combircd belding and shear strcss of 1500 p-si rrhcl the pipc is lillcd rvith s-aier and .o inch dcflcction is allorved betl'een

supports. Thcy do not apply rvhere conccltrated rveights such as valves or heavy fittings or where chargcs in dircction of the piping systcm occur be-

trvcen hangers. In case of conccntrated loads the supports should be placed as close as possible to thc load in order to kecp bending stresses to a minimum,

\Yhere changcs in direction of thc piping of any critical system occur betrveen hangers, it is considered good practice to keep the total length of pipe between the supports less than three-fourths the full spans in table belorv. Whcn practical, a hanger "
Pipe Size

Span 150

1 lt,z 2 21: 3 31, 7

12 14 16 18 20 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 19 22 23 25 27 28 30 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 4

810

fourths thc suggcstcd nrrinurm span irr table bclorv, In considcring t,he vcrtical scction of the pipc on which I-l-3 and H--l arc shol n. it should 6r.st bc notcd that this sectiol of ihc pipe could bc supportcd by one hanger rathcr thal t\\'o as irrdicatcd. 'Irvo hargcrs, certainly, rvill prolidc grcater stability than s.ill a single hanger. Arothcr dr:cidirg factor as to s'hcther one harrgcr or a multiple of haugers should be uscd is the strength of the supportilg stcel membcrs of the stmcture. The use of tl.o hangers n.ill pcrmit the total ri,.cr ueight to be proportioned to tir.o elcvations of the structlrrc, avoidiug thc conccntration of all the riser load at onc buildiirg elclation. The location-q for hangers I-I-5 and II-6 are governed by thc scggested maxintuur -span as lell as thc position of the concentratcd valve s'eight. Conscquently, II-6 has been located adjacer.rt to the valve, and II-b at a convenient location betryecn the valve and the 12 inch riser. The location of hanger H-7 u'ill be determined by calculation to satisfy the condition that no pipe load is to be applied to terminal connection C. It is obvious that by moving the hanger along the 12 foot section of pipe, the amount of load on connection C rvill vary. One support location exists rvhere the entire section will be "balanced", and the load at C equal to zcro. 'Ihe calculations performed in dctermining the exact location of H-7 are shorvn in the scction entitled "The Calculation of llanger Loads". Consider next the 6 inch section of pipe on which H-8 and H-9 are shorvn. One of the requirements for this hanger problem is that the load at terminal connection B shall be zero. By placing H-9 directly over connection B, ve can easily assure that this load will be zero. Also, this hanger location eliminates any bending stresses in the pipe that l'ould be caused by the weight of the valve and vertical pipe at point B. If H-9 could not be located at this point due to structural limitations, it I'ould be desirable to place it as close as possible to the 'veriicel section of pipe to keep the cantilever effect to a minimurn.

42 36

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

Hanger H-8 is located at a convenient distance betrveen H-9 and the intcrsection of the 0 inch and 12 inch

pipes. In this instance, the location of

adequate

building structure rvill determine the hanger position. The meihods involved in locating hargers lor this problern are typical of those employed by thc haugcr engineer in ihe design of pipe supports. Although the individual piping configurations and structure layout l'ill vary in practically evcry instance, the general methods outlined above rvill apply for any critical piping system. For economy in the support of lorv pressure, Iorv temperature systems, and long outdoor transrnis-sion lines, hanger spans may be ba-"ed ou the allol'able total stresses of the pipe and the amount of allorvable defleciion betrveen supports.

In

steam lines rvith long spans thc dcflection caused

by the rvcight of thc pipe may be large enough to cause an accumulation of condensate at the lorv poilts of the line. \Yater lines, unless properly drained, carr be

frcezing. Thcse conditions can be avoided by erecting the line l'ith a dos'rru-ard pitch in such a manner that succeedirg supports are los'er than the points of maximum deflection in preceding spans as damaged by

represent safe values for any schedule pipe from Sch. 10 to XS pipe.

For fluids other than water, the bending stress cal be forrnd by fir,st flndi1g the added stress causcd bv rvater from ihe Chlrts on pages 209 and 210and niultiplying by the specific gravity of the fluid. Add this to the stress value of the pipe empty. For lines l'hich are thickly insulated, find the deflection or bending siress resulting from the l'eight of pipe bare and multiply by a ratio of the neight of pipe per foot plus insulation to the rveight of bare pipe per foot.

To illustrate the rrse of the deflection charts, consider the follorvirrg examples: Problem

ald

stres-.

:

Find.: The maximum economical hanger spacing for a 10 inch nou-insulated steam trausmission liue, 1200 fcct long, lhich rvill prolide sr.tfficient dlailage lith minimum deflection l'ithin an allol'able bending -stress liruit of 10,000 psi. The maximum dif{erence il elel'a-

tions of the ends of the line is 5 feet. Solution: Maximum Slope

-

Maximum Slope

-

shoryn:

<{r *roi-/{+ 12 rI/ ru.

v r!.

^

1200 1

{t.

in In 20 ft.

From the Chart on page 208, find the intersection of the Curve l inch in 20 feet, and l0 inch nominal pipe size. Read left to find the allol.able pipe sprr of 40 feet.

From the Chart on page 210, the bending stress for 10 inch pipe rvith a support span of 40 feet i s 3249 psi,

which is below the allorvable 10,000 psi. ,4ns. Span

The stresses indieated in the Chart on page 208 rnd the Chart on page 210 are bending stresses resulting

from the weight of the pipe betl'een supports. It should be realized that this stress must be considercd with other stresses in the piping, such as those due to

-

10

ft.

Extract From Chait on page 208

the pressure of the fluid rvithin the pipe, the ber.rdiug and torsional stresses resulting from thermal expansion, etc., in order to design the system for lolol allorvable stress.

The stresses and deflections indicated in the Charts on pages 208, 209 and 210 are based on a single span of pipe with free ends, and n.rake no allowances for coucentrated loads of valves, flanges, etc., between hangers. The stress and deflection values shorvn in the Charts on pages 208, 209 and 210are based on a free end be&m formula and reflect a conservative analysis of the piping. Actually, thc pipc line is a contiuuous structure partially restrained by the pipe supports, and the tme stress ard dcflection values lie betrveen those calculated for the free end beam and a fully restrained structure. The deflections and bendins stress valrres indicated

Problem

:

Ffndr The maximum economical spacing to pror-ide sufficieut drailagc for ur 8 inch s'ater filled line ij00 feet long. The allorvable bendiug stress is 6000 psi, I

DT

ITT GRINNELL

-

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

and the difference in elevations between the ends of pipe line is 5 feet. Solafion.' Max. Slope 10

ft.

=

5It. x 12 in/ft. 600

fr.

the

:1in.in

Problem: From the Cha,rt on page 208, find the intersection of the curve 1 inch in 10 feet and 8 inch pipe, and read left to a span of 43 feet. From the Chart on page 209, for an 8 inch water filled line with a support span of 43 feet, the bending stress is 8289 psi, which is greater than the allowable 6000 psi. Therefore, the maximum span should be based on the allowable bending stress of 6000 psi. Referring to the Chart on page 210, the maximum span for 8 inch pipe and an allowable bending stress of 6000 psi is 37 feet.

Ans. Span

:

37

ft

Problem: Find.: 'Ihe maximum spacing and slope for a 6 inch water filled line where the allorvable bending stress is 10,000 psi. The difference in the elevations of the ends of the system is not limited. From the Chart on page 210, the maximum spa,n for a 6 inch water filled line with an allowable bending stress of 10,000 psi is 42 feet. On the Chart on page 208, read from the 42 foot span value to the 6 inch pipe curve. Interpolating between the slope curves 1 inch in 10 feet and I inch in b feet, read the slope 1 inch in 6 feet.

das. Span

!q!E:

ALLOWAALE LOAD AT CONNECTION A IS 50OLBS. ALLOWABLE LOAO AT CONNECTIONS B AND C IS ZERO.

OPERATING TEMPERATURE

aLL P|PE rS

SCH.

t60

8ENDS.

IS IO50'

F.

A 335 Ptz,

lr'e

Figure H-1

152

42

ft

Pipe is sloped at 1 inch in 6 feet. elevation of 7 inch between supports.)

.(/

ALL BENDS ARE 5 OIAMETER ALL ELBOWS ARE L.F. ELLS.

:

(A difference in

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

TIIERMAT MOVEMENT CALCIILATIONS

I

i I

i

The ne>,-t step in the design of pipe hangers involves the calculation of the therm'al movements of the pipe at each hanger location. Based on the amount of vertical movement and the supporting force required, the engineer can most economically select the proper type hanger (i. e. Constant Support, Variable Spring, or Rigid Assembly). The determination of piping movements to a high degree of accura,cy necessitates a highly complicated study ol the piping system. The simplified method shown below is one rvhich gives satisfactory approximations of the piping movements. Whenever difierences

occur between the approximations and actual movements, the approximation of the movement will always be the greater arnount.

Figure II-1a

Step

I

Draw the piping system of Figure H-1 and show all knowa vertical morlements of the piping lrom its cold

to hot, or operating, position (see Fig. H-la). These movements will include those supplied by the equip ment manufacturers for the teminal point connections. tr'or the illustrated problem, the following vertical movements are known;

Point A 2t' up, cold to hot Pont B -16't up, cold to hot Point C * 11" down, cold to hot H-+ - 0" , cold to hot The operating temperature of the system is given as 1050'F.

ITT GRINNEI,L

-

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

Referring to the thermal expansion table (page 7), the coefficient of expansion for low-chrome steel at 1050' F

is .0946 inch/ft.

Calculate the movements at points

D

and

Step

IV

T

E lry

rnultiplying the coefrcient of expansion by the vertical distance of each point from the position of zero movement on the riser DE;

ft. X 20 ft. X 55

Step

.0946 .0946

inch/t : inch/ft

:

5.20 inches w at D 1.89 inches doun aL

The next section of pipe on which there are two points of known movement is the length

,E-"I. The movement at -E was calculated as 1.89" dolvrr. The movement at "/ is equal to the movemeut at the terminal point C (rltt down) plus the amount of expansion of the

ffi

E

46'

tr

Ieg C-J:

.125 inch

Make a simple drawing of the piping between two adjacent points of known movement, extending the piping into a single plane as sholvn for the portion of the system betrveen .4 and D.

+

3.5

ft X .0946 inch/ft

.46" down

As

A,:7)/.1.43:.72'l +z

The vertical movement at any hanger location will be proportional to its distance from the end points:

LH-7:.12t'+.46t'

4 a1 :5i x 320 ar : '41"

The vertical movement

tll-l- :

at H-l

:

.41't

AI1-7

:

17

+ 2'l

aH_6:.58+.46,1

2.41" up

411-6

AH-2

:

LF:7.02 1.46

:

2.27tt

AF

+ 2"

1.48" dowrr

2'

1.43: all-5:1.09+.46 AII-5 Step V

the coefficient of expansion.

to the

ft X .0946 inchft

:

-

as:1x +z

To calculate the vertical movement at IH, multiply its distance from If-4 by

AH-3

1.04" dowr 30

4.27tt up

40

:

Ar:aXL43:t.02tl

227"

The vertical movemerr!, at H-2

.58// dow:r

Ae:l^X1.43:.58'/ +z

22 Az:orX3.20

Az

:

--

.J.

:

1.55// down

Draw the section G-I{. The movement at G is equal movement at F minus the expansion of the

Leg

GF:

/6 lncnes AG

3.78't wp

AG

Elevation

154

1.09"

: 1.48// down 4 ft X .0946 inch/ft :1.10" down

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

TIIERMAT MOYEMENT CALCWATIONS (Contiaued) The movement at, I/ is equal to the movement of the terminal point B (t/a" up) plzs the expansion of the leg B-H:

After calculating the movement at each hanger location it, is often helpful, for easy reference when selecting the appropriate type hanger, to make a simple table of hanEer movemeuts. Hanger Nurnber

: aH :

AH

.0625tt up .91" up

+ I ft X .0946 inch/ft

Since I1-9 is located at point 11,

AH-9

:

AH

:

.91" up

1'

A,,: x2.01 : - 23. =r All-8:1.10-1.04 AIl-8

:

.06// dorvn

r.04tl

H-1 H-2 H-3 H-4 H-5 H-6 fr- / H-8 H-9

Movement

2.4r" ,tp 4.27tt ttp 3.78" up

0" r-aD oown 1.04// down .58" down

.06" down .91" up

ITT GRINNELL- PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING IIANGER LOAD CAI,CI'LATIONS The thermal expansion of piping in modern high pressure and temperature installations makes it necessary for the designer to specify flexible supports, thereby

requiring considerable thought to the calculation of hanger loads.

Turbine and boiler manufacturers are especially concemed about the pipe weight on their equipment and sometimes specify that the loads at pipe connections shall be zero. The hanger designer must be certain that the loads on the equipment connections of a piping system do not exceed the limits specified by the equipment manufacturers.

The majority of supports for a high tempemture system are of the spring type. The designer must work to a high degree of accura,cy in determining the supporting force required at each hanger location to assure balanced support, in order to select the appropriate size

and type of spring support.

We have prepared a sample problem, illustrated in Figure H-1, in rvhich all of the hangers except 11-Z have been located. This illustration is limited to as few pipe sections as possible but incorporates most of the problems encountered in hanger load calculations. The calculation of loads for hangers involves dividing the system into conyenient sections and isolating each section for study. A free body diagram of each section should be drawn to facilitate the calculations necessary for each hanger load. Most of the free body diagrams

presented here are those which include as large a section of the piping system as is practical for a simple arithmetical solution to the problem. The solution that follows is not intended to illustrate the only method which could be applied. Rather, it isintended to show a composite of various accepted methods which, for the problem under consideration, produce a well balanced system. Of the approaches that could be made to the solution of any problern, there will be one method that will produce the best balanced

Figure

H-2.

Plan View

Note that the value Ior H-2 on this section of thc piping system represents only a part of the total hanger force at

H-2. For clarity,

rve have labelled this force for the next section of pipe beginning al H-2, we will call the hanger force at this point I1-2l/. That is:

E-2'. In the calculations

H-/ + H-dl

+t

r

system. Although the individual loads may vary, the total of all hanger loads rvould be the same in every case. The first step in the solution of a hanger load problem is to prepa,re a table of rveights. For the pipe line shown in Figure H-1, the table on page 165 has been

Also, note that we have considered the weight of the' 90'bend acting s,t the center of gravity of the bend. The distance B is determined from the Chart on page 151 which bas been drawn for convenience;

B:

prepared.

Draw a free body diagram of the piping between point ,4 and 11-2, shorving all supporting forces and all valve and pipe xeights (Fig. 2). We .will consider the

A, H-l and H-2 acting about the axes r-rl and. y-yt. We will apply the three equations LM.-,, - 0: EMr-u, : 0j and loads and supporting forces betrveen

>v :0.

roo

Step

Radius

X.637,

or

5'X.69Z

:

A.185t

I : :0

Taking moments about axis A-A', EMu-u, 1.81(1418)

+

2567

8(1084)

+8672:

H-2'

:

1r(H-2') rl(H-z',)

-

70221b.

0,

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

Weight

Description 12" Schedule 160 Pipe 12" Schedule 100 L.

lt.

160.3 lb/ft,

375 lb 3370 1b 4650 lb 843 lb 1258 lb

Dlbow.

12" 1500 h Check \-alve 12" 1500 lb Gate \.alve

12" 1500 tb \\.. N. Flange 12" 5 Diemeter Bend

6" Schedule 160 Pipe 6" Schedule 160 90' L. It. Elbow 6" Schedule 160 45" Ilbow 6" 1500 tb Gate \'alve

Tolrl $-ciehi

k/It

180.7

61.2 tb

436.2 lb 3533.2 lb

163.2 lb

4813.2 lb

30.6 ln

873.6 lb

160.2 lb

1418.2 tb

53 26

t7.2 Ib

rb

lb

6.9

1595 lt'

lb/ft

( a'icularions 180.7

436 lb 3533 lb 4813 lb 874 lb 1418

li

56.8 lb//|t

70.2 lb

70ln 33 lb

ti

1676 lb

80.5 lb

Next, consider the section of pipe betrveen 11-2 and

LM,4 : O, 1.81(1418) + 6.5(512) -7 (H-I) +e.5(3533) - i1(,4.) :0 2567 + 3523 + 33564 : 7(11-1) + 11Q4) 3e654 : 7(11-1) + 1i(.4)

I1-3 to determine the l.eight distribution, betrveen these trvo points, of the four foot sectior of pilre and the five diameter bend. H-2"

I

+

III

tV : 0, A + H-L + H-z', - 3i33 Adding forces,

1,118 : -6577 tb -

542

A + H-r + H-2',

1084

:0

Substituting the value of 11-2l, calculated as 1022 lb in Step I,

: 6577 1b ,4:5555-t/-i

A + H-r

+

1022

Step IV

List the three equations developed in the preceding

Figure

H-3,

Elevation View

steps:

(1-) H-z',

lbilft

56.8 rb/fr

32.9

1b

\\i,isht tsed in

Ii/fr

163.2 lb

11.5

Taking moments about axis r-xt ,

Step

20.4

45.3lb/It

II

Step

Tnsrrlarion ,Ca-Si)

\\ eighr

:

1022

(2) 39654 :7(H-r) + (3) ,{ : 5555 - A-1

Step Step Step

LL(A)

I II

III Solving Equation (2) by substituting for .4 : bb55 H-r, 39654 : 7(f1-1) + 11(5555 _ 11_1) I1-1 : 5363 lb Substituting for I1-1 in Equation

: A: A

55551b

_

LMx-z',

:0, 2(723)

5363 lb

rvhich is belorv the allorvable load at ,4 of 500 lb.

:

o

9(H_2") : : H-2't 848llt

o

7.1e(1418)

l1-B' :

_ e(rl_3/)

t29B lb

ZM s-a' :0, 1.81(1418)

B,

l92Ib

+

+

7

H-2:H-zt+H-2tl H-2 I1-2

:

L022lb 1870 lb

+

848 lb

(723)

ITT GRINNI'LL

-

PIPING DESIGN AND DNGINI,DITING Chart A

pro203040506070

E IN DEGREES

99 90 too 0 l2o llo t4o t5o t6o t?lc

l,l

o l

LC

ct

E

,g

I()

.€

= LJ

z o

,7

.l

.G

I

3n

,9

,8 ,7 ,6

.5

,'

,4

.4

trl

-o =

z_

.3

lrJ

(!

.2

o

.l

fo 2o so 40 ro eo-zo ao eo roo ro po J6l;;"6-Jgol;*i;o CENTER OF GRAVIW OFAN ARC

o l

6 tt !

o = IrJ

z o E o uo lrJ -o = = o o

dt

o r0 zo go 4o 50 60 70 80 90 roo lo tao t3o t4o t5o teo Fo 9

158

IN

DEGREES

tgo-

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

In the next free body diagram consider the 65 foot vertical section of the piping system to determine the supporting forces for I1-3" and 11-. .

It is apparent that the combined forces H-3" and. H-4' rvill equal 65 ft X 180.7 h/ft. Further, both H-3tt and. H-4' could be any value, provided the relationship H-Ttt + H-4' : 11746 lb is maintained. It is not recommended, horvever, to select arbitrary values for these tt'o forces; instead, the load for each hanger should be such that the elevation of the pipe attachment is above the mid-point of the length of pipe supported by the hanger. Thus, the support will be located above the point rvhere I \_ one could consider the rveight Figure H-4. of the pipe column acting, Dlevation View thereby avoiding a condition where the location of the support Iends itself to the (tippirrg" tendency of the pipe when the support is located belorv this point. Since there is 10 feet of vertical pipe above I1-3l/, and 40 feet of pipe betrveen H-Ztt and. H-4t,let H-Zt, support l0 feet plus 30 feet of pipe load: H-3" G0 fr + 30 ft) (1s0.7 1tlft)

Consider the piping betrveen H-4' and II-b to determine the weight distribution of the b diameter bend and the 5 feet of horizontal pipe:

ZM

a-+"

:0,

1.81(1418)

ZM a-s'

+

7.5(e04)

H-5' :

+

8.19(1418)

H_4,,

f1-4

: :

935

:0,

2.5(904)

H-4

- tb10(E-5l) :0

H-4t + 5905

H4" :

:

- 70(H4t'):0

1387 Ib

4518 1b

+

1387

ib

1b

:

H4" : 7228 Lt) : H-3' + H-3" : and I1-3t 1298 Ib (See Fig. H-3), H-3 : 1293 lb + 7228 lb /1-3 : 8521 lb s-4'. : (L0 ft + t5 fi)(180.7 tblft) H4', : 4518 tb since I1-3

Figure

H-6.

Elevation View

tr'igure H-5.

159

ITT GR]NNELL

It

-

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEF]RI\G

is obvious that some portion of the rveight of the

6 inch pipe betl.een the 12l'line and I1-g must be supported by H-5" and 11-6. Therefore, be{ore

proceeding thru 11-5 and 11-6, calculate this pipe rveight load l?1, and irtroduce it into the free body diagram for I1-5 and f1-6.

LMu-y' .07 (33)

: +

o,

+ 4.81(70) + 5(2031) _ 5(r1_9) II_9 : 2258 lb

2.34(341)

:

0

,M,.", :0, .

(70)

19

+

+

2.66 (3.11 )

20.73(70)

-

+

5.03 (33)

:

2rR1

0

-

9

(r1_8)

+

12.78 (S49)

13387: e (r1-8) + 2r(R)

tv :0,

Rt-| H-81H-9 R1

-

2031

+

I1-8

-

+

70

- 3.11 - BB -849 - 70:0 : 3394 Ib

11-9

Since I1-9 has been calculated as 22b8 lb, ar + 11-8 3394 lb 2258 tb 1136 lb

:

:

-

I1_8:1136_8r Substitutiug this value for IJ-8 in the 13387:9(11-8)*2L?r,

Equation

13387:.e(1136 _ R) + 27Rl Er : 264 lb Since I1-8

:

1130

-

11-8 : H-8 :

Er, 1136 lb 872 Ib

_

264 1t

Figure

FTx55.3.185 R" 264

r60

t/2wEtcAr tz" ELL.

II-7.

Plan View

H-9. Plan View Dimension .a is determiaed from the Cbart on pa,qe 166. For the sample problem. E : .726x1.5ft:1.09ft. Figure

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

The free body diagram shorvn in Figure I{-8 extends from 11-5 thru the 12l/ 90" elbow. This is intended to illustrate that the rveight of the 90" elbow may be considered as supported on a beam rvhich passes thru the center of gravity of the elbow and rests on the extensions of the tangents, as shown in Figure H-g:

In Figure I1-8, EM s-s,, : 0, 2(449) +5(1807) + 11.5(4813) 18.e1(218)

LM s-a : 3.5(4813)

-

:

15

(H-6)

f/-,

10(1807)

:

+

13(449)

0

-.75(994) -3.91(218)

:2t8lb +

1626 1t

: .1DID ID

+

436 lb

: -tI-5 :

X:

3.b2 feet

Support Force€ Plus Terminal Point Loads, lb

TVeight of Piping System, lb

ft of 12" Pipe @ 180.7 lb/fr.. . .19787 (3) 12" 5 Dia. Bends @ 1418 lb. . . . . . 4254 (2) 12" 90' L. R. Ells @ 436 lb . . . . . . 972 30.45 ft of 6" Pipe @ 56.8 1i/f1...... 1740 (2) 6" 90' L. R. Ells @ 70 ft. . . . . . . . 140 109.5

The following diagram shows a method for arriving

at the location of I1-7 which will allow zero load

on

connection C.

.

(1) 6" 45'EII @ 33 lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 (1) 12" 1500 lb Check Valve @ 3SB3 lb 3bBB

(1) 12" 1500 lb c&te Valve @ 4813 li. 4813 (1) 12" 1500 lb WN Flange @874Ih. 974 (1) 6" 1500 lb Gate Valve @ 1676 1b.. 1626

Total Weight of Piping Sysrem. . . .37212

2FTXl8o7' 361

l/rwercat or -zla

ELL=

1626

Figure H-10, Elevatioa View

I2

FLAN€E=

:0

As a final step, check to ensure that the weight of the entire piping system is equal to the total supporting forces of the hangers plus the pipe weight load to be supported by the equipment connectrons:

H-5' + H-|'t :g3b Ib + 2610 lb 3545 lb

1235 lb

x(H_7) : 12369 x(3515):12369

H-5tt :26!011) H-5

+

Solving for distance X, t M" : 0 .54(436) - X(H-7) + 6(1626) + 10.91(218)

+ 15.75(994)+

0,

+

H-7

0

rl-o : cDl l lo

75(H-5't)

The value, in pounds, for I1-7, is equal to the weight

of the piping section:

I74

r;;;Fi735

.A Il-1 :

H-2: E-3

Il-4 Il-5 H-A

H-9

192

5363 1870

: = :

5905 3545

: =

a72 2258

852r

Tolal = 377L2

ITT GITINNI'I,I, - PIPING DI'SIGN AND IJNGINI'I,]IiING SELECTION OF THE PROPER HANGER Selection of the appropriate type hanger for any given application is governed by the individual piping configuration and job requirements. Job specifications

covering hanger types, horvever, are of necessity written in broad terms, and some emphasis is placed on the good judgenent of the hanger engineer to ensure a satisfactory, yet econornical, harrger system. The type of hanger assemblies from which the hanger engineer selects the appropriate kind are

generally classified as follorvs:

(1) Flexible hangers, which include hangers of the constant support and variable spring types.

(2) Rigid hangers, such

as rod hanqers and

are not required. The inherent characteristic of a Yariable Spring is such that its supporting force yaries rvith spring deflection and spring scale. Therefore, verticrl exprrrsion of the piping cluses a corresponding extension or compression of the spring and

l,ill

cause a

in the actual supporting effect of the hanser. The variafion in supporting forcc is equal to ihe produr.t of the amount of verticll expansion and the spring scale of the hanger. Since the pipe rveight is the same during any condition, cold or operating, the change

variation in supporting force results in pipe rveight transfer to equipment and adjacent hangers and consequently additional stresses in ihe piping system. lVhen Yariable Spring hangers are used, the effect of this variation musi be con,idered

stanchious.

(3) Rollers The location of anchors and restraints is not usuallv considered r responsihility of the hanger designer.

it is necessary to determine the location of anchors and restraints before accurate and ,final stress analvsis is possible, ihey are considcred a part oI piping design. Since

VARIABLE SPRINS HAiIGER

Flexible Ifangers When a pipe line expands vertically as

thermal expansion

it

is

necessary

to

a

result, of provide flexible

pipe supports rvhich apply supporting force throughout the expansion and contraction cycle of the system. Flexible hangers are of tryo types: Yariable Spring and Constant Support.

Constant Support hangers provide constant supporting force for piping throughout its full range of vertical expansion and contraction. This is accomplished through the use ol a helical coil spring rvorking in conjunction with a bell crank lever in such a way that the spring force times its distance to the lever pivot is always equal to the pipe load times its distance to the lever pivot.

Variable Spring hangers are recommended for

general use on non-critical piping systems and where

vertical movement is of small magnitude on critical systems. Accepted practice is to limit the amount of supporting force variation tro 2b/e for critical system applications on horizorrtal piping To illustrate the difrerence in the effect of usins a Vari:rble Spring as.ompared rvith a Constrnt Support hanger, refer to the sample problem shown in Fisur"

H-I. page

160.

The load for hanger H-l was calculated as bB6B lb. The verlical movcmenf ct H-l was calculated as 2.il inches up, from the cold to the hot position of the pipe. If a Yariable Spriug hanger were used at H-1, the effect of the variation in supporting force would have

to be considered. The amount of variation can be

Fd =PD

CONSTANT SUPPORT

Because of its constancy in supporting effect the Constant Support hanger is used rvhere it is desirable to prevent pipe weight .load transfer to connected equ;p-

ment or adjacent hangers. Consequently, they are used generally for the support of critical piping systems.

Variable Spring hangers are used to support piping subject to vertical movement, where Constant Supports L62

determined by multiplying the spring scale in pounds per inch by the amount of vertical expansion in inches. Iit,r exum1,le. if rhc ITT Grinrrell I.igure ts-268 Variable Sprilg hanger were considcred, the proper spring size would be number 16 which has a spring scale of 1800 pour.rds per inch. (For convenience, neglect the weight

of the pipe clamp, rod and hex nuts. In designing hangers for an actual pioblem, the weight of components should be added to the calculated load.)

The amount of variation is 1500 lb/in. X 2.41 in.

lb.

:

3615 Standard practice is to calibrate the hanEer in such a way lhat rvhen the piping is ar its hot posilion

the supporting force of the hanger is equal to the calculated load of the pipe. This means that the

HANGF]RS -\ND SIIPPOITTS maximum lariation il supportiug force occurs l'hen the piping is ai its cold positiou, ri-hcu stresses addcd to the piping as I lesrrlt of r-ariatious in supporting forces are lcss clitical. 'I'he hot load for thc r.ariable spr.irrg, then is 5363 h. As the dilectiol of rnor.ement fi'om cold to hot is upl'ard, the cold lord i-q 5303 tb + 3615 Ib, or 8978 lb. Iig. H-a shot s thc pipe ard spring at the cold condition, aird Fig. H-b lt the hot conditiorr. Thc purposc ol the colrsidcratiorrs given to the variatiorr in supporting cffcct is apparelt lten it is recalled that the pipc rrcight docs not change throughout its cold to hot c1'clc, lhile the srrpporting force varies. Irr Fig. I-IJI, thc supportirrg force is equal to the pipe \-eight. Howe\-er, i:r Fig. ll-a, the supportirg force is

ib lhilc the pipe *cight is 53(jB lb. The halger trould exert au nnbalanccd force on the pipe equal to the amount of r-ariation, or B61i Ib. llost of this forcc r-orrld be inrposed directly orr conlection A, rvhere limits are establishcd for the force r*hich may 897E

be applied.

Further', safe piping design rnust be based on rolol pipe stress rvhich includes bcnding, torsional, shear, loDgitudiual, aud circunfcrcutial stresses. The additiol of largc forccs resulting fronr sprirrg variations can raLlse strcsses lrhich liil grcatly reduce the factor of safctt' of thc entire pipilg systerr.

supporting force is too great for the cilical location at H-1. The approoriatc harrger t5.pe for H-l is a coustant support iranger. This hanger 1\.ould be calibrated to the calculatcd pipe l'eight. It I'ould apply a con-stant supportiDg force, iDsuril1g conplcte support of the pipe throughout the pipirrg cxpansion. That is, its suppoltilg folce lould be 5363 lb lhen the pipe l-as at its cold position, and 5363 lb also rvhen the pipe las at its hot po,sitior. Hangcr I{-2 has a calculated load of 1820 h. The vertical mol.cment at tliis location is 4,2? inches up, cold to hot. -\lthorigh the load may be considcred slight, the magnitude of the vertical movement is great, and a corrsideralile amount of supporting force chalge n ould occur if a variable spring l'cre used. For example, the appropriate size variable spring is a f12, Fig.9E (the 4.27 inch travel is beyond the travel capacity of the Fig. 8-268), r,hich has a spring scale of 225 lb/in. The amount of variation equals 4.21 inches X 225 h/in., or 917tb. This variation, expressed as a percentage, is 947 Ib

1gi0 Ib

X

100, or greater than

50/6.

Unless the hanger

engineer were rvilling to perform some rather elaborate

stress calculations to determine the effect of this variation, it rvould be safer to apply the accepted rule rvhich limits variability to 25/6 for oitical systems, and rule out the selection of a variable spring in favor of the constant support type h&uger. The vertical moven.ieut of the pipe at H-3 rvas calcu_ lated as 3.78 inches up, and the load as g521 lb. Irr selecting the spring type for this hanger assembly, it should be recognized that any variation in supporting force rvill not produce bending stresses in the piping system. As the supporting forces at H-B and H_4 are concurrent, no bending is produced as a result of spring

Figure H-b.

variction at H-3. Raiher, any supporting force variation rvill merely resrrli in a corresponding load change at the rigid hanger H-4.

The hanger type for H-B may be a variable spring necessary that the variable spring have a travel capacity l'hich is some amount greater than the calculated pipe movement of B.Zg inches. _ Such a variable spring hanger is the Fig. 9g, thich has a rvorking travel range of 5 inches. As this assembly is of a riser ,,trapeze,, type, t$,o spring units rvill be used, each supporting one_half the total load of 8521 h, or 4261 Ib. 'Ihe appropriate size hanger is a 115 Fig. 98 l'ith a spring scale of 540 lb/inch. The amoult of variation per spring is 3.Zg inches X 540 lb, inch, or 2041 lb. The hot load setting for each hanger is equal to one-half the calculated load, or

type. It is only

It is lrossible to reduce the amount of variabilitv bv using a variable sprirrg rvhich ha. a smalJor spring scale, an IT1' Grinnell Fig. 98 (Variabte Spring Hanger). . ]he /16 Fig. 98 hrs a spring scale o[ 7j0 lb,in., orre_ helf that of {he 8-268. The amounl of variabiliiv rvould be reduced by orie-half, or 2.1I X ZS0 : l80g h. Horvever:, it should be obvious that elven this chanEe in as

163

ITT GITINNI'LI,

-

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERINTi

lb. As thc direction of movement, cold to hot, is up$?rd,_the cold Ioad sctting $-ill be 4261 Ib + 2011 h, or 6302 lb. Figures I{-c and H-d shorv the supportilg forces at H-3 and H-.1 rvhcn the pipe i-q st its cold ancl its hot position. The rveight of riser clamps, rods, etc., are not included, for conveDience. 4261

CoLD LOAD = 4?6t + ?O4t = 650 21+ (EACH)

H-3

5905- 2X204t tez3 {+

the sprilg varirtion cffcct can be corrsiclcrccl rrcgligibJe. The load las calculatcd as 872 Ib, the mor.crncut as

ilch dorlr.r. Thc amonnt of variability for a /8 Fig. 8-26g is .06 irrch X 150 lbf ilch, or g lb. For prnctir:tl purposcs, a 9 1} charrgc in supportirrg force coulcl bc rcgkrctcd, ard a lariablc sprilg sclcctcd for Hargcr I.I-E. Thc selcction of hangcr typcs for stippor.ts H_1 through H-9 in the samplc problcm ilhrstrates the manl.corrsidcrations l.hich should bc givcn il sclccting the appropriate flcxible halgcr at each support location for ary major pipirrg s1-stcrn. In ,"p1s.1h* flcrible hangcr t1'pcs thc crrginccr sliould consider that: .0(i

trYherelcr constatt support hangcr.s arc uscd, the supportilg forcc equals the pipe I.cight throughout its eutire exparr-siorr cycle, and no pipe l.cighl reacttons arc imposcd at equipment conncctions

LOAD:

H-4

and movcment at this hangcr location arc so -qlight that

=

and anchors. ToTAL SUPPORTTNG FORCE

2x63O2+ tA23 = t44ZTit

=

Fieure H-c.

HOT LOAD = 426ti+ ( EACH)

H-3

LoAD

: 5905 {+

Rigid I{angers

TOTAL SUPPORTING FORCE:

ZX426l + 59O5

=

14427.rF

Figure H-d.

The design load for H-B should allow for a calculated cold load of 6302 1b X 2, or 12,604 lb. The load at rigid hanger H-4 is 1823 lb cold, 5905 tb hot. All hanger components should be designed for the larger load. Variation in supporting forces at Hangers H-b, H-6, H-7 and H-9 ilill produce reactions at connections B and C. As one of the requirements of the problem under study is that weight loads at B and C.shall be zero, these hangers must be of the constant support type.

Although

variation L64

it

l'ill

\\'hercvcr variable spring hangers are used, the elgiuccr must check to a-s-qurc that the totll lariation in snpportirig effect docs rrot result iu halmful stresses ard forces l ithin thc pipitig system. Where piping stresses and reactiorrs are knorvn to be close to allowable, the simplcst and, in the long run, most economical type of flexible support is obviously the colstant support hanger. Where piping stresses and end reactions are knol'n to be lorv, variable sprirg hangers can be used satisfactorily for most nor-critical piping support, and for the support of critical systcms ryhere vertical movements are of smlll nragrritudc.

holds tme that at H-8 any hanger force cause ri'eight loads at B and C, the load

Rigid hangers are normally used at locations ryhcre no vertical movement of the pipilg occurs. The design considerations for a rigid harger are pipe temperature, for selection of appropriate pipe clamp material, and load, for selection o{ components suitable for the pipe weights involved.

Pipe clamp material is usually carbon steel for temperatures up to 750" F, and alloy steel for teDlperatures above 750' F. Malleable iron pipe clamps may be used at temperatures up to 450' F. For piping systems of Iorv operating tempcrature, rvhere vertical expansion,is usually not a factor, the rigid hanger assembly components are sclccted aud designed on the basis of calculated or approximatcd loads.

In some instances, however, the rigid hanger is used in a manner rvhere it does more than merely support, the pipe rveight, but acts as a restraint agailst ve$ical

HANGERS AND SUPPOITTS

piping movements. It is in thesc cases that the enqineer should csercisc crre in lhe locnllen oi tho rigld bengcr and the design load he uses in the selcction of components.

The location and effect of any restraint, guide or anchor on a high tempcrature and high pressure system is of necessity a function of the stress a.nalyst. The

irdiscriminate placing of a restraining device on a piping system could alter the piping stresses and end reactions to a serious degree, changing a conservatively designed system into one rvhich exceeds the limits of good design practices. The hanger engineer, though not as rvell acquainted rvith the total stress picture of a piping system as is the stress analyst, must usually decide if the problem is of

this "critical" nature, or whether the system under study is such that the effect of adding a restraint for his convenience rvill be negligible. His decision is based on the factors of operating temperature, operating pressure, and the configuration of the system. Recognizing that pipe design is based on total pipe

Figure ll_e.

: AA

stress, he must determine rvhether the stresses produced

by the addition of a rigid hanger, or vertical restraht, are crilical.

This article is rzol intended to present a short-cut method for the stress analysis of a piping system. In any instance where it is not obvious to an engineer that he is dealing rviih a non-criticai case, the probiem should

either be revierved formally from a total stress viewpoint, or the decision to use a rigid hanger should be changed and a flexible support should be utilized. This article is intended to provide the engineer rvith a simple and quick method of deciding horv he can

rrost

economically treat vertical thermal movernent on a long, horizontal section of a non-critical piping system.

Often, his problein can be expressed

in the

simple

terms of r,vhether he will be able to use a rigid hanger

(See

40 feet

X

.0182

inch/ft.

.728 inch dorvn

"The Calculation of Hanger l{ovements,,, page l6t)

From the Chart on Page 208, using values of 6 inch pipe and a deflection of f; inch, read 17.b feet. This is the minimum distance from the riser where the first rigid hanger may be placed for this problem. If the locations of the hangers are fixed, as they are

for this

case, then

H-2 must be a spring hanger

as-

sembly because it is Iocated only 12 feet from the riser. Therefore, the nearest rigid hanger will be hanger H-8, located 29 feet from the riser. The amount of vertical movement at hanger H-2 will be proportional to its distance betrveen H-3 and the riser, and can be approximated as shorvn in Fig. H-f:

rather than a flexible hanger without,

producing obviously harmful stresses in the system. Consider a simple example, shonn in Fig. H-e, where the hanger engineer is confronted with the problem of how he can best treat vertical movement resulting from thermal expansion of the riser. The horizonlal sections at, both the top and the bottom of the riser are of anv considerable length. He must determine which of r,hl hangers H-2, H-3, H-4, etc., should be spring hangers and rvhich rvill be rigid hangers (vertical restraints in

this instance). He must satisfy a condition that the bending stress produced by the restraining action of the hanger is no greater than some acceptable amount. say, in this instance, 10,000 psi. For an operating temperatu_re of B00o F, the expansion factor for carbon steel pipe is .01g2 inch Der foot.

AH-2"17/29X.72en

A

H-2 =.43"ooWN

Figure H-f.

Thus, H-2 would be selected as a variable spring hanger for .43 inch of dorvnrvard vertical movement, and H-3 would be designed as a rigid hanger. In the above problem the hanEer locations were fixed. If this were not the .".", unJ th" hangers could be placed at any convenient location subjeci to usual 165

ITT GRINNELL

-PIPING DESIGN AND EN(I]NI'I'ITIN(;

hanger span limits, then H-2 would be placed at any distance 17.5 feet or more from the riser. This rvould

satisfy the condition that a maximum bendins stress 10,000 psi would result from the restraining effect of the hanger. If the allorvable effect rvas given as a higher stress, then the hanger could be placed closer to the riser; if lower, the nearest rigid hanger would be placed a greater distance from the rrser. If the hanger were located closer to the riser, a greater restraining force would be applied to the pipe by the hanger. As the location is changed to a greater distance from the riser, a lesser force is required. As illustrated in the following sample problem, this force can be an important factor in the design load of the

of

rvill exert suficient force to deflect the pipe ] inch, producing 10,000 psi berding stress. (See Fig. H-h). To find the lalue of force P, refer to the Chart on page 213. For a pipe size of 10 inches and a span of 18.5 feet, read P as approximately 2700 lb. This force is applied by the pipe hanger H-1, and,

H-2

hanger.

1""

Problem: Gium: l0-inch Sch. 40 pipe, and allowable bending

I'

{,

o'*"*

"-n'

therefore, must be included in the design load for H-1. rvhere the piping movement is in the dovnward direction, the force P is added to the pipe weight to be supported by Hanger H-1. If the pipe weight for H-l were calculated as 2000 lb, then the design load for the hanger components is 2000 h plus

fn this instance,

2700 lb, or 4700 lb, as shorvn in Fig. Ii-i. To solve for Lr, refer to the Chart on page 211, and,

using values of ]-inch deflection and lO-inch pipe, read L2 as 13 feet, the distance to the proposed rigid hanger H-3. As discussed for H-l of this problem, hanger H-3

Figure H-g.

stress

of

10,000 psi produced

by the restraining effect

Figure H-i.

nf +ha hqnoarc

Find: (7) L1 and L2, the distances to the nearest rigid hangers H-1 and H-3, see Fig. H-g. (2) The forces rvhich the hangers must apply to the pipe to allorv the ]-inch and ]-inch deflections resulting from the thermal expansion of the vertical pipe.

Solution: From the Chart on page 211, using values read L1 as 18.5 feet, the distance from the riser to the rigid hanger H-1. This means that at a distance of 18.5 feet, the hanger

of |-inch deflection and l0-inch pipe,

r66

'

PIPE WEIGHT:2OOO+ + P" 27Ooi+ T OIAL = 470 0

ii

must apply sufficient force to restrain the pipe vertically against the force resulting from the thermal expansion of the Yertical piping above H-2. The force P which is required at H-3 can be deter-

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS mined from the Chart on page 213. Using values for lO-inch pipe and a l3-foot span, P is approximately 3800 lb. Silce this force restrains the upl'ard mole-

calculated as 3000 lb, then the net force is 3000 lb 38001b, or E00 1b rrp* ard, as shol'n in Fig. H-k. The hangcr, il this case, rr-ould not be considered as a support for the pipe, but a vertical rcstraint against

fe r--

l-igure H-k.

ment of the pipe, it should be checked against the pipe rveight load to assure that the harger assembly can exert a force equal to the diflerence of the force P and +la6 hihd ...6;nLf

t^.,1

To illustrate, assume that the pipe load at H-3 I'ere calculated as 5000 lb. The difference betl'een the pipe rveight and the force P rvould equal 5000 lb 3800 Ib, or 1200 lb, as shol'n in Fig. H-j. The design load used for hanger H-3 should equal 5000 lb, or pipe rveight only, in this instance. Where the vertical movement is in the uorvard direction. and

{ I |

prpg wEroHt= sooo{ts

FoRcE p = 38oolt ruer roRce= eoor+

uprvard movement. Therefore, either a greater span should be used in ordpr 1o redune rhe force P, or a spring hanger should be used if L2 is maintained as 13 feet, in order to provide support and allow the piping to move uprvard ai this hanger location. Using the values of L1 and Le as determincd iu the original problem, the forces P at each hanger are as shorvn in Fig. H-1. The forces at H-l and H-3 have been discussed in some detail, but it should also be noted that the design 3800

1+

r

t

H-3

1

i .rooo

+

Figure H-j,

1

{

PIPE WEIGHT= 50OO+

FoRcE Pr3800+

Hn ronce'

raoo

+

the force P approaches the pipe weight load, ihe rigid hanger will tend to unload. That is, as the pipe expands upward the net force applied to the pipe by the hanger becomes less. If the force P becomes greater than the pipe rveight at the hanger, the net force on the hanger becomes compressive rather than tensile. When the system has expanded its full amount, the pipe till tend to lift from the hanger, and the supporting effect of the hanger s,ill be zero. If thc pipe weight for the sample problem had been

Figure

II.l.

e7004*

rvell. For this example, the design load for H-2 equals the pipe weight plus 3800 lb, minas 2700 Ib, or design load : pipe weight load plus 1100 1b. load for H-2 should include these forces as

ITT GRINNEI,I,

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEEITING

-

In the

preceding problems, the allorvable bending to the restraining effect of the hanger l'as given as 10,000 psi. This allolable stress l'ill, of coruse, vary rvith the indilidual case. Where the stress is other than 10,000 psi, use the Chart on page 211 to read the minimum span, and multiply the span in stress due

leet by the factor indicatcd in the Chart belorv for the specific

strciJs.

Correction Factor for Stresses Other Than 10,000 psi For Bending

Ilultiply

Stress Of:

Length By:

2000 psi

2.24

3000

1.83

{000

1.58

5000

10000

1.41 | .29 1 .12 1 .00

12000

.91

6000 8000

I

15000

.82

20000

.71

llustr cltiue P roblem

plying 29 fcct by 1.83, the span for 4-inch pipe l'ith 3-iuch deflection at 3000 psi is 29 X 1.E3, or 53 feet. 'l'hus, 1,, the minimum distauce to thc first rigid hanger, is 53 feet.

The first rigid hanger in the above problcm rvill be H-5, locatcd 60 fcct from the riscr. The force P rcquired to restrain the piping vcrtically carr be detcrmined from the Chart ori page 213 as about 83 pounds, using yalues of 4 inch pipe and a span of 60 feet. The effect of this force rvill be considered negligible for this problcm. The vertical movements at hanger locations bet\yeen H-5 and the riser are as shol'n in Fig. H-m. The above results are based on an approximate but conservaiive analysis. Wherever the appropriate charts &re uscd, the values listed should assist, the engiueer il arrivilg at an ecolomical, safe design for any rigid hanger assembly. The examples dcscribed tcprcsent situations not frequently encountered in pipe support design, but do point out that the rigid hanger in some instances is more than a simple pipe support, and that good design must allorv for all applicable corditions. Rollers

:

The pipe attachment and structural attachmelt of a hanger assembly should be such that thcy rvill permit the hanger rod to swing to allorv for latcral novement

of the piping rvhere horizontal pipe

expansion is

anticipated.

In

some instances, rvhere piping expansion is slight

and hanger rods are long, the suirrg permitted by thc pivoti[g of the rod at the upper and lorver colncctions is sufficient, &s sho\rn in Fig. H-1.

A : 3 inches, and 3000 psi maximum bending stress through the resira,ining cffect of.the first rigid hanger. Giaen.: 4-iuch Sch. 40 pipe,

Find; L, lhe distance from the riser to the first rigid suppori.

From the Chart on page211, using values of 4-inch pipe and 3-inch deflection, read a span of 29 feet. This span is besed on a stress ol 10,000 psi, and, to correct

for 3000 psi, refer to above Chart. For a stress of 3000 psi, the correction factor for spans is 1.83. Multi-

lLr-

AH-l.i3x3=2.4" x3 = l.a"

A

H-2=

18

A

H-3.

:t x3

=

l-2"

AH-4.:*x3".6'l 168

Figure H-u

IIANGDRS AND SIIPPORTS

In other instances the angularity caused by the horizontal piping movements can appreciably effect the position of the piping system, and can cause harmful horizontal forces rvithin the piping system.

T

I

hangers located on the same long section of pipe, the

effect of the total horizontal force can be serious. (See Fig. H-q.)

zt):

L,,,.

f

Figure ll-o.

In Fig. H-o, note that,

Total horizontal force 860 Ib.

-

86

+

772

+

Certainly, for any sysiem subject

of the large axial piping movement and short hanger rod, the pipe is pulled f; inch ofr elevation when it expands 6 inehes horizontally. The condition described also places a horizontal force component into the piping system, For example, assume a pipe weight of 1000 lb for the above hanger, as in Fig. H-p. because

258

to

+ 344:

horizontal

expansion, the rod angularity from the vertical will

result in a horizontal force component. The point where this angularity becomes critical cannot be defined for every ca.se, but accepted practice is to limit tbe srving from the vertical to 4". Where this angle is greater Lharr 4", a pipe roller should be considered.

Pipe roller supports are of two basic types: those which attach to overhead structure, and those which a,re placed beneath the pipe as base supports.

It

should be noted that where rollers are required,

the pipe operating tempemtures usually are sufficiently high that pipe insulation is used to reduce heat loss and for personnel protection. In these cases a pipe covering protection saddle should be used

in conjunction with the rollers to

Figure H-p.

l,oooo

|

,oooo

The 258h horizontal force by itself may not be of great consequence, but where there is a series of

keep the insulation from crushing. Where the piping is not insulated, the pipe will rest directly on the roller. This is common practice for the support of long transmission lines where the gas or fluid transported is not of elevated operating temperatures, but where the pipe run is subject to some change in ambient temperature, as from summer to winter variances. For example, a pipe Iine 300 feet long subject to

TT tl tlttl

tftl

r5a--t---\-r5

+rnv--'--\+ TYPICAL ROLLEN HANGER ASSEMBLIES

TYPICAL BASE ROLLER SUPPORTS

169

ITT

(i]tI\\ IiI,I, PIPI\G

DESIGN

A\D I!\ CIINTiI'IIIN(;

ambient changes from 70oF to 110'F expands only .00300 inch per foot from the lorv to high tcmperature. ){ultiplied by 300 feet, hol-ever, the total axial expansion is 300 fect x .00300 inch,ifoot, or .918 inch. In instalccs of this nature, rollers l'ill be used, but,

amount of cspansion up to thc full rccommcncled n'orking range of the spring, proliclecl the change in supporting effect, of the variab)c spring is addcd to ihe design load of the rigid -.upport

the pipe covering protection saddlcs s-ill not be required.

\\'hcre transfer of load to adjaccnt hangers or eqrripment is not critical. and rvhcre the lertical movemeDt of the piping is lcss than f ilch, variable sprirrg harrgors may bc uscd, providcd

assenlblY.

A TYPICAL PIPE SUPPORT SPECIT'ICATION 1. Scope Thi-" specification shall apply for the design and fabrication of all hangers, supports, anchors, and guides. \Yhere piping de,.,ign is such that exceptions to this specification are necessary, the particular system irill be iJentified, and the exceptions clearly listed through an addendum rvhich s'ill be made a pari of the specification.

2. Design (a) All supports and parts shall confor m to the latest lcquilemeuts of tlie ANSI Cotlc for Prcssule Pipirrg I331.1, anil \ISS Stlndarrl Plictice SP-i8, except rLs srrpplerncrilccl or modifictl by

the r.ariation in supportiug cffcct docs

its total vertical traYel. (h) The total travcl for constant support h&ngcrs nill be equal to actrral travcl pliis 20/6, It no case s ill the difference bctrvccn actual mrd total tralel be less than ] ilch.

(i)

stops lill be factory installcd so that the halger Ievcr is at the "cold" position. 'l'he trtrrcl stops rvill be of such dcsigu &s to pcnnit fllture reengagemcnt, eYen iri lhe cvcDi the lever is at a

thc requiremeuts of this specificltiott.

po,"ition other tharr "cold",

be beam clamps.

(g) For critical, high-temperature pipiug, at hanger locations rvhere the vertical movenent of the piping is f inch or more, or rrhere it is necessary to avoid the transfer of load to adjacent hangers or connected €q-lipment, pipe ha)Igers

tr

alrproved cottsttrtt sul,polt dcsigtr, as I'I1'Grinrcll Fig. 80-\'arxl ltig. 81-H, ot eclual An exception may be made in the instance where the piping movement occurs at a hanger supporting a portion of a piping riser on $hich a shnll be of

rigid support is also located. In this case, variable spring hangers may be used for any

170

l'ithout having to

makc hanger adjustments.

(j) For non-criticalr low

tempera.ture systcms, rrhere vertical movements up to 2 inchcs are

anticipated, an approvcd prccomprcsscd lariable sprilg dcrign similrrl to I1'T (irirrrrell Irig. 13-268 nrlry bc tist'rl. \I'hel: tlrc vcttir:rtl movcnrcrl is grcxlcf thrrn 2 irtchc,.', l vutiairk'slrt'irtg hrrrrgel sinrilur' 1o I'l"l' (ilirrrrcll l is. 1)8 nlry bi: trscd. \\rhclc rno\'('rn(rl1s rLto of lt smitll Iultgttitrirlc, slrtitrg lrltLgels siurilrtt to I'l'11' (ilirrrrell Irig. 82 ol light duty I''ig. 217 rnrLy bc rt-*ccl.

to

determine the required supporiing force at each hanger location and the pipe l'cight Ioad at each equipment connection, (d) Pipe hangers shall be capable of supporting the pipe in all conditions of operation. They shall allorv free expansion and contraction of the piping. and prererrt exce..ive stres" resultitrg from transferred l'eight being induced into the pipe or connected equipment. (e) Wherever possible, pipe attachments for horizontal piping shall be pipe clamps. (f) Wherever possible, structural attachments shall

made

Constant supports shall be furnished l'ith travel stops which shall prevent ups ard and dorvn-

l-ard movcment of the hanger. 'I'hc travcl

(b) Designs generally accepted as exemplifying good engirreerirrg pnctine, using srock or production pafts, shall be utilized rvherever possible. (c) Accurate $'eight balance calculations shall be

not

excccd 25fi of the calculated pipiug load through

(k)

All rigid

hangers shall provide vertical adjustment af ter erectiol.

a

means of

(l) \\'here the piping s1'stem is subjeci to

shock

loads, such as scisniic tlisturbanccs or thrusts imposed by the actu&tion of s&fety valves, hanger design shall inclrde provision of shock absorbing devices of appror.ed dc-"ign, such as

(irirrrLcll Irig. 200 shoclt riritl srlay sulrltres-sor, oI equal. (m) Selection of vibration control devices shall not be part of thc hanger contractor's rrork. If vibration is encountercd after the pipir.rg systcm is in operation, appropriatc vibration cortrol equipment sill be installed at the direction of

I'fT

the engineers.

(n) Hanger rods shall be subjected to terrsilc loading only. At hauger locations rvherc latcral or

HANGF]RS AND SUPPORTS axial moyement is anticipated, suitable linkage shall be providod ro pclnrit srling.

(o) lVhere hodzontal piping movements are greater than I irrch, or l'here the hanger rod angularity from the vertical is greatcr than 4 degrees from the cold to hot position of the pipe, the hanger pipe and structural attachments shall be offset in such manner that the rod is vertical in the hot position.

(p) Hangers shall bc designed so that they cannot become disengagcd by movements of the support€d pipe.

(q) Hangers shall be spaced in accordance with ANSI B31.1. (r., Where plactical, riser piping shall be supported independently of the connected horizontal piping.

Pipe support attachmenis to the riser piping shall be riser clamp

lugs.

\Yelded attachments

shall be of material comparable to that of the

pipe, and designed

in

accordance

rvith gov-

erning codes, (s) Supports, guides, and anchors shall be so designed that excessive heat I'ill not be transmitted

to the

building steel. The temperature of

supporting parts shall be based on a temperature gradient of 100" F per inch distance from the outside surfrce of t he pipe.

IIANGER DESIGN SERVICE Ilangers for piping 2| inch and larger, and all spring support assemblies, shall be coi:rpletely engineered.

(a) Engineered hanger assemblies shall be detailed on 8] inch x 11 inch sheets. Each sketch l'ill include a location plan shorving the location of the hanger in relation to columns or equipment. Each sketch rvill include an exact bill of material for the component parts making up each assembly.

(b) Each engineered hanger assembly will be individually bundled and tagged as far as practical, ready for installation. Hanger material for piping 2 inch and smaller shall be shipped as loose material, identified by piping system

ouly. A piping drardng marked with approximate hanger locations and types, and hanger sketches showing typical support arrangements will be furnished..

L7r

ITT GITINNELL - PIPING Dt slc-\ AND IIN( I I Nllllttl-\ t' WEIGIITS OF PIPING MATERIAIS

'Ihe tairuhtion of

rveights

of standard piping

materinls has bcen arratlged for conveniertce of selection of data that formerly consun,ed considerable time to develop. For specirl rnaterills, the three formulae listed telou'lor l'eights of tubes, l'eights of coutetrts

of tubes, and

rveights

of piping irsulation rvill

SPEC

ASrl!

AS t'\l

tr\reight of rube

:

F

x

10.68

X T X (D

-

T) 1b/tt

? : lall thickness irt irches D : outsidc diametcr in inches i' : relatile rveight factor leight of tube furnished in this piping data is per based ol lorv carl)on steel s'eighiug 0 2833 poultds The

cubic inch.

Relative Weight Factor F

Aluminurn " " o'35 Brass "" ' 1'12 Cast Iron "'' " 0'91 | 14 CopPer. Ferriticstainlcsssteel..... 0'95 l02 Austenitic stainlcss steel ......... i.00 Steel.... ." 0'98 Nrought iron Weight of contents of a tube

Gx.3lo5:xiD-2T)2 lb/It G : specific grar'ltY of contents 1' : tube lall thickrress in ir.rches D : tube outside diameter in inches

TOL!]RANCI'

IFICATION

be

helpful.

t72

The leight per foot of stecl pipc is subject to the follol'ing tolerlnces:

A;l li,*, -i7 I ilo,,\t A-120 irS ri r -' i0-o. l0-o -

|

*";x",'

ASrNr

A-1oo

.A.srr{

A-385 l?*1;9,*o* *oil",' -tui?

33fi ii;1?1.

-i:.:?"

|sli i_313 r2'landurrder +$.57a, -2.57a API

5L

+6.57a, -3.s7o

All sizes

The l"eight of l-elding tees and latcr&ls are for full size fittirgs. 'l'he l eights of rcducirrg fittings are approrimately tbe same as for fuiL size {itiirrgs'

The leights of rvelding reducers are for ole size reductiou, alcl are approximately correct for other reductions. \Yeights of lah-es of the same type may vary because of indilidual tnatrufacturet's dcsigtrs Listed valve leights alc lpplorimate otrly. Specilic valve u'eights should be used rvheu available.

\l'here speciiic iusulatiort thicklesses and densit'ics differ fron.i those shosl, refer to "Weight of Piping Insulatiorr" formula belolv or to Table on page 207' Weight of Piping insulation

I : ?: D: 1

X.021E

-

x?x

(D

+

1')

Iblft

itisulation delisity in poutrds pcr cubic foot' irrsrriatiou thickness in itrchcs outside diameter of pipe in inches

HANGIIIIS AND SUPPORTS

1t' ptp" r.3r'' o.D.

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

{/ /.4

u-r' z F

z E

i /> uJ

{i\

E=:I

z,\

E_=_:ir t_i___-J

ku Temperature Range 'tr'

Magnesia

2 Calcium F

Combina-

z

tion

FiberSodium

Boldface

iype is

weight io

ffi

pounds. Lightlece type beneath

MM d

Insulation thicknesses and weights arc based on average conditions end do not constitute

tNf.sF

ihicknesses ol materials. IiT sulation weights are based on 85le magnesia and hydrous calcium silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The lisied thicknesses and weishts of

weight

z

Njs

z F

a

A)

IA

recommendation

for

for

specific

combination coverine ar1 the s]lms of ihe inner layer of diatomacecus e&dh e,t 2l lbs/cubic

#

foot and the outer la,yer at 11

,\.

z

is weighi factor

insulation.

/tN

lbs/cubic foot. Insuletion lveights include al-

for wire, cement, canvas, bands and p&int, but not lowances

1

special surface finishes.

To find the weighi of covering

on flanges, valves or fittings,

@ ,r\ +€

rc

Flaneed Bonnet

checl

* 16 lb cu. ft. densiiy.

multiply the weight factor by the weight per loot of covering used on stnight pipe. Valve weights &re &pproximate. When possible, obtain

weights from the manufacturer. Cast iron valve weights are for flanged end valves; steel weights for $'eldine end valves.

All

flanged fitting, flanged

valve and flange weights include the proportional weight of bolts or studs to xoake up ell joinb,

173

]TT GR]NNELL - PIPING DIISIGN AND ]'N (] I \

l/a"

ercn

1.660, o.D.

F]I,]]iINC;

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

Wall Designation

r'2

la

{_!_/

z

trt. w {t\

|.

r-:-i

z

.4'd.

/N

f-+r

\JJ Temperature Range "F

z

Magnesie Calcium

Nom. Thick.,In.

3 .l Combina-

z

iron

FiberSodium

2

z

ffi SW fs-i,N$ $:si,sB

AI

z

T}

L

.A N />

z

Boldface type

is l'eight

in

pounds. Lightface type benea,th

weight

is weight factor

insul&tion.

for

Insulaiion thicknesses and '$eights are based on average conditions and do not constitute

a

recommendation

for

specific

of mate als. Insulation weights are based on 85% magnesia and hydrous calcium silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The thicknesses

listed thicknesses end x'eights of

combination covedng are ihe sums of the inner leyer of diatomaceous earth at 21 lbslcubic foot and the oute. layer at 11

lbs/cubic foot. Insulation weights include al-

lowances for wire, cement, csn-

vas, bands and paint, but not special surface finisbes.-

{={3

@

3

ltl' )

+
rc

174

Io find the r|erght ot covenng on flanges, valves or fittings,

mrrltinlv the rveicht factor bv the ueighi !er foot 6f covering used on strargnt prpe.

Valve $ eights are :rpproximate. lYhen Dossible. obtain

weights from th6 manufacturer. C&st iron valve weights arc lor flanged end valves; steel weights for xelding end valves. AII flanged fitting, flanged valve and flange weights include thc DroDortional lve;qht of bolts

or si,udi to make up all joints.

* 16 lb cu. ft. densitY.

IIAN(-:iENS AND SITPPORTS

WEIGIITS OF PIPING ITATDRIALS

r.eoo" o.D.

l/2"

etea

is

weight in

z1 at

z F

z

w t^ w {i\

L::I

: -4,L,

E

/i\

L]--,-)

\U Tcmperoture Range "F

2

Magnesia Calcium

F Combina-

z

tion

tr'iberSodium

Soldface type

M$ z

strri$

Njs $:1Is z

,'A

L

/A

z

/}} B' .tl

,N

,k{3 Fr

@ li|1

+<J

KU

* 16 lb cu. ft. density.

pounds. Lightface type beneath

*erght rs lvelgnE Iacior Ior insulation.

fnsulation thicknesses anil weights are based on average

condiiiods a,nd do not constitute a recommendation fot specific thicknesses of rnaterials. Insulation weights are b&sed on 8570 maenesia :rnd hvdrous crlcium silicjte at 1l lbsliubi. foot. The listcd thiclinesses and u'eights of combin:r.tion covering are the sums of the inner laver of diatrom&ceous earth a6 21 lbs/cubic

foot and the outcr layer at

lbs/cubic foot. Insulation weights include ol-

11

lowances tor wire, cement, can-

vas, bands and paint, but not specjal surfr.ce fi nishes. To 6nd the weight of covcring

on flrnges, vrlves or fittings'

multiply the we;ght fector bl' the we;ght per foot oi covcring used on shra;qhi pipe.

lre approxi-obto;n possible, \yeiqhts from the ma,nufacturer. Cast ilon volve $eiqhts rre lor flcneed cnd velves; steel weights for ileldinE end valves. valvt

w,lidhts

mate. When"

All

flaneed

fitting,

Ranged

valve end flInee weiqhts jnclude tle prot,ortion;l wciAht of bolts or siudi to make up cll ioints.

t75

ITT GITINNII],I, -- PIPING DESIGN AND I]NGINI]ERING

2" pwn zB7''o.D.

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

fr

4J-{

tu?

z

w

F

{T\ E=:I

z = E

/T\

L_t_,

\t"J Temperature Range "F Magnesia,

2 Calcium F

Combina-

z

iioD

FiberSodium

ffi z d.ll1l.\$

N]s $i:N AI

L}

z

.A

F

,N.

/N

z

]}', 'it

1-{]

@ |lll

+
type is weight in welgnl ls wergh! laclol ror Boldface

pounds. Lightface iype beneath

insulation,

fnsulation thicknesses and weishts ere based on averaqe

coniitions and do not constituie

s, rccommenda,iion for

specific

thicknesses of ma,terials. Insulation weights are based on,857o maqnesla and nvorous calclum siliAte st 11 lbs/cubic Joot. The listed thicknesses and weighis of

combination covering are the

sums of the inner l&yet of diatomaceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic

Joot and the outer l&yer

e,t

11 lbs/cubic foot.

Insulation weights include alfot wire, cement, canvas, bands aDd paint, but not

lowances

surface finishes. special -

To find the weight of covering va,lves or fittings, multiply thg weight factor by the wergnt per looc oI coverrng useo on straight pipe.

on flanges,

Valve weishts are

approxi_

AII flanged fitting,

flanged

mate. When- Dossible,

obtain weishts from the manufacturer. C:&st iron valve v.eights a,re for flanged end valves; steel weights Ior weldine end valves.

valve and flanee weiehts include the DroDortion;l weisht of bolts or siudi to make up all joinrs. * 16 lb cu. ft. derxity.

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

2.878 o.D.

2/2"

ewn

n

(J-/ z F

z

l

{!.}

{i\ Ei:l //\^ /\

!-l__,

s*lJ Temperature Range

z

'F

Magnesia Caicium ,

,t Oombin&-

z

tion Fiber Sodium

ffi

z

& Nl-$s

N (,

z

r.4

# ,N

z

d.4

+.€ .t

@ n

+
* 16 lb cu. ft. density.

Boldface

type is *'eight in

pounds. Lightfece type benc&th

{,eighi is weigh6 Jactor for insulation.

Insulation 1hicknesses

and

weights are based on average

conditions and do not constitute

a

recommendation

for

specific

thicknesses of metedals. Insutstion lveights are based on 85% magnesia and hydrous c&lcium silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The listed thicknesses and \reights of combination covering are the sums of the inner lalrer of dia-

at 2l lbs/cubic foot and the outer layer at tomaceous earth 11

lbs/cubic foot.

Insulation *'eights include a1.lowances iot $1re, cemen[, c&n-

vas. bands and Daint. but not

speiial surface finishes. To 6nd the weight of covering on flanges, valves or fittings, multiply the n'eight factor by the \aeight per foot of covering used oI1 straight pipe.

Valve weights are approxima,te. When possible, obtain $eights frorr the manufacturer. Cast iron valve weights are for flanged end valves; steel \reights

for welding end valves.

All

flanged fitiing, flanged

valve and flange weights include the proportional weight of bolts or studs to make up all joints.

3

tt prpn B.boo' o.D. Schedrrle No.

Wall Designation

Thiknegs-In.

WI'IGIITS oII 40

srd. .2t6

3 i/!|

a5

L.R. 90" Elbow

L!r' {h

S.R.90'Iilbow

:Z {r\ t*rJ A 4',4. ttrf,t-l

ri\ {-t \JI

L.R. 45" Elbow

.300

.433

.600

14.32

18.58

3.20

2.86

2.35

4.6

6.1 .8

E.4 .8

10.7

.8 .5

.5

4.4

5.4

F

z

.8

.3

.3

7.4

9.5

12.2

14.8

Tce

.8

.8

.8

.8

Lgteral

t.ri

l3

l9 t.s 2.9

3.7

Reducea

.3

.3

.3

1.4

.1.8

3.5

.5

,5

.3 .5

100-190 200-299 300-3$9 400-4$0 500-599 600-699 700-790 800-899 900-sr9 1C00-1099 1100-1200

i

2

2%

3.01

3.01

4.07

5.4

(ittnl)ir)a- \onr. 'Lhir,k., ln.

2)1

3

3

3

3\/4

31,t

uon

5.07

6.94

6.94

6-94

9.17

9.t7

Calcium

\om. T|ick., In.

I}s Iit

\om. TLick., Lr. Ll,s,/|t Prcssure Rating

1

1.25

1.25

,@ Srirs N-l-s $s
r#) ,'11

<-:: E ts' tfl

3

3t/4

3%

1.6r

l.6r

1.61

2.74

2.74

3.9E

3.98

6.99

6.99

8.99

8.99

(jast lron

Steel 20

20

1l

l9

Welcling Neck

1.5

t7

Lap Joint

9 1.5

19 110

20 53

250

9

t0

1.5 11.5

S.R- 90" Elbow

3.9

46 t32 4 | 3.9

30

50

L.R. 90' Elbov

4.3

26

4l 45" Elbow

3.5

3.6

39

61

Tee

5.9

Ilanged Bonnet Cate

66 7

7.4

Flanged Bonnet Globe or Angle

7.2

7.6

Flanqed Bonnet

46

r00

Bolnet---Globe

6.65

3

t7

Pressure SeaI

6.65

2

9 1.5

Bonnet-Cote

5.24

2

Slip-On

Pressure Seal

s.24

1%

600

Blind

3%

r%

400

ot

3%

1

300

Scren ed

3

I

125

Chec-k

178

2.08

3

1

RN

6/\

1t

150

psl

9 E

1

Il;s.'l't

Sodium

-

80

.3

'l'

I,S

2

Maglesia

Fiber-

3

l

.3

Tonll)er&ture Ruge

!

2.4

cap

}I.\TI.]III'\

160

r0.25

Pipe-Lbs/Ft,

\\'rter-Lbs/Ft

80

I'IPI\(i

tt2 r2l

40

63

4.3 46

3.5

6l

2500

6l

102

1.5

l.D

38 1.5

6l

rl3

1.5

1.5

l9

t9

36

60 1.5

99 1.5

24

38 1.5

6l

r05

67 4.1

9E

150

4.4

4.6

is weight in weight iactor for

Boldfece type

beneath Dounds. Lichtface tvpe -

*:eight

is

insul:rtion.

1.5

Insulation thicknesses

rc based Dased on $eiqhts are

and

average

constitute conditions and do not constitute

specific endation for sPecific recommendation materials. Insula,_ Insulaof materiels. ts are based on 85% tion \i'eiqhts calciurn hydrous calcium macnesii and hydrous foot, The The 11 lbs/cubic foot. siliAh at ll (nesses and weights ot of listed thicknesses )n covering are the combination 're inner layer of dia_ diasums of the tomaceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic

a

thicknessesr

layet the outer laYet foot and ihe

60

93

r35

3.8

3.9

4

r02

151

23E

5.9

6

6.2

10

125 4.4

t55

I

1500

27 1.5

1.5

4.3

900

6.9

4.8

260 5

410 5.5 495

60

95

4.3

4.5

4.8

5

60

70

120

I50

4.3

4.4

4.8

4.9

5.8

20E

235

3

3.2

t35

1E0

440

3

a,t

ic foot. 11 lbs./cubic

rn *'eights include alInsrllation can\\'ire, ccnlent, cen\ent, cirnor \\'lre, lo$aDces for a.nd ptillt, vas, bandsr and ;!aint, but not face finlshes. finrshes. surface sDecial 'To find the ueight of covering hLtings' i, valves or nlungs, on flanges, by ihe the factor bY ie weight fa,ctor multipltthe usecl weight.per' foot of covering used DiDe. on s[rarghiI prpe. approxia.re approxl' viilhts are Valve weight"s possrDle, oo@rn obtain hen possible, rnate- When rm th6 manufaciurer. manufacturer. weishts from valve weights are for C-"ast itonn vs,lve weightl steel weights d valves; stiel flaneed end for i'eldineE end valves. flanged iged fitting, fla4ge.d All flanged jnclude weiqhh jnclud€ flanse weighk valve and flange

bolts 'tion;l $eiEht $eight of boltr the proportionat up all ioints, o mal(e uP or siudi to ioints. * 16 lb cu. ft. density.

IIAN(-i]'ITS AND SIIPPOIiTS WEIGHTS OF PIPING T,{AT]'RIALS

4.ooo"

o.D.

3/2"

rwo

Pipe-LbsTFt

Weter-Lbs

ft

Uf z

[

,.>

t!L_.4J

ft

E.;f

z

,t\ !__

t

_--t

Temper&ture Itange flegrresia

'F

Nom. Thick.,In.

Calci[m

Combina-

z

Nom. Thi(k., In.

tion

FiberSodium

typc is rvcight in $ eight is *eight tsctor for Boldface

pounds. Lightf.lce tl pe bcneath

N;lS O

z

insultrtion.

Insulation thicknesses and Neights arc basecl on average

$rrtM

conditions :rnd do not constitute

Nls

r

{N.is .-x

specific

(iombinstion coverilg arc thc

sum-. of thc iDner

,-a

tomaceous eerth

l:rler of

di.!-

at 21 lbs,'r:ubic

foot anll the outer loycr

dt

11.lbs cubic foot.

,N

Insulation $eights include al-

/9s

z

for

magnesia end hl drous crlcium silicate at 11lbsr'cubi| foot. The listed thicknesses .rnd $ cishl.s of

/11

z

recommendrtion

thickncsses of materials- Insulatiorl lveights are based on E5%

lorvanr.cs

foLLrirc, ccment, cxn-

va.., bdncls and paint, but not

*

special surf ar:e {inis}rcs.

To finrl the geight of covering

on flengcs, valves or fittiIlgs, multt)l)-the \reight ftrctor bI tho

|{ a

wcight per foot of covcring use,l on.'truighl pip"-

@ fil

\

cu.

ft.

ts jlrc

rlrpro\r-

All

rc li

\\'crgr

Lrlrtxin rveights from the m.rnulacturer. Cast iron vslve $cights are for flanged end valves; strlcl \leights for rvekling end valves. I1:rnged fitting, flangcd valvc and flange rveights include

+<J * 16

rl\.c

mrte. lVhcn possible,

the ploportionll weight of l)olts or studs to make up all joints. density.

I'iT (iIII\\I]I,I,

4" ,t

"

4.soo" o.D.

PIPING DI'SIG\

A\I) I]\(;I \

I.]1'II,I\

(i

WEIGHTS OF PIPING X{ATERIAI,S

d)

Ltr z

{ ,^\ u.e

tF

ft

(.)

E--'-I

z

g\

i

dllr -JI

\IJ 'l'empcruturf lilrngo'lr N{agnesia

-\om. 'I'hi(ik., In.

z Calcium,

(lomlrinr-

z

tion

Fiber-

\om.1'Iick., In.

Sodium

(llsi, Iron

ffi z

$fi$ N_l_s trl\ir,sN -41 /A

z

A

L.L

N />

2

E44A

Boldface tvpe

pounds. Lightface

lveight

is weight in tlpe

beneath

is $eight factor

lor

insul&tion.

Insulation thicknesscs

and

weights are based on average conditions and do not constitute

recommends,tion lor specific of materi&ls. Insulation weights are besed on 85% magnesia and hydrous cakium silicate a,t 11 lbs/cubic foot. The listed thicknesses a.nd \reights of combinatioo covering are the sums of the inner layer of diotomaceous earth at 2l lbs/cubic

a

thicknesses

foot and the outer 11 lbs/cubic foot.

ls,l

er at

Insulation lveighls include al-

lowa,nces

lot vire,

cement, can-

vas, bands and paint, but not speeial surface finishes. -

To find ihe reight of coverinB

F{3

@ r\ lAi

+
t4

on flanges, valves or {iltings, multiply the weight ir.tor l,J'

bhe

weight per foot of covering uscd on straight pipe.

Valvc weights are approximate. When possible, obtain

\\'eiqhts from thc manufecturer. (hsi iron valvc wciqhts are for Ilanged end velvcs; stiel rveights Ior n eldine end valves. ALI flanged fitting, flanged valve and fiange weights include the orouortionirl rveieht of bolts

or studi to mrke up all joints.

* 16 Ib cu. ft. density.

180

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS 1VEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

\f nter-I

bs7 t

{a

F

o.D. 5

tt

prpn

t

u-/ z

5.563"

15.6

|

t7 .7

{l\-" _t

1-

z

.4'A t---i

,

\1"' Tcmperature li.:r.nge "F

z

o

FiberSodium

,l Combina-

z

tion

Ilo)dface iype

z

is

s-eighi in

pounds. Ligbtface t1'pe beneath

4q-$

\reight,

${r..;M

Insulation thicknesses and \reighis arc bascd on :r.verage conditions and do not constitute

N-IS$ Els'i:s

4 /,4

z

,41

|.

/r4 ,N

/?s

z

is $eight f&ctor

for

insulation.

recommendation fot speci{ic of materials. Insulation lveights are ]rased on 85% mngncsia ancl hldrous calcium siliCatc at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The listed thicknesses and rveights of combinetion covcring are the sums of the inncr laier of diatomaceous earth at 21 lbs,/cubic

a

thicknesses

foot &nd the outer la,r'cr at 11 lbs /cubic

foot.

Insuhtion \reights inclrrde al-

lorvances

lor

\\_ire, cement, can-

ves, bands and pdini,, but not special surface finishcs.

1-{

@ lll)

l
lb cu. ft. density.

To lind thc rvcight of covering

on flanges, vrlves or fittings,

multipl-\' the \\eight factor bt'the $eight per foot of coverirrg used on -qtraight pipe. Valve l'eights arc approxi-

mate. lVhen possible, obtain

weights from thc manufacturcr. Cast ilon valve Ycights :rre for flanged end velvesistcel $ eights for r"eldins end valves. ALI frrrigetl fitting, flangcd vrJve rnd t nge rveighhs inrlude the proportional weight of bolts

or studs to makc up all ioinis.

6" ptpn

6.625, o.D.

WIiIGII'I'S OT PII'INCI XI,\TI1RI,\LS

\\"ster--.Lbs Ift

U,tz

fn {i\ fJ:I

z tl

a-j-,

z

E--

/\ fr-D

\JJ 'l empcraturc lhngc "F

z

l{agnesia

\om. TLick., In.

o Calcium

z

Conrbinrtion

\om. Thilk., In.

FiberSodirm

4d-x$ z

i #r-rM

N+S 0s:s'

/41

/,4

z

Boldface type is *eight in pounils. Lightfa.e tl pe bene.rth \r'.lght rs \elgnL rscrnr ror insulation.

Insula.tion thicknesses

magnesia and hydrous calcium silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The listcd thicknesses and veights of

combination covedng &re ihe

sums of the inner layer of diatomrceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic

foot rnd ihe outer l&yer at

\

11

lbs,tubic foot. Insulation Neights include al-

lorvanccs

z IP

LI]

F4l

@

v2

U

+<J

rc

r82

and

weights are based on cvercge corditions and do ltot constitute a rccommcndation for specific thickne-.ses of meterills. Insulation rveights tre bascd on 85/p

for \rire, cement,

can-

v:rs, bands and peint, but not soecial surface finishes.

' To find the {eight of cqvedng

flsrrges, valves or fittings, the \\'ejghi fr, tor bJ- the \\ergh! ler looi ol covcfltlg useo on straight pipe.

on

multipll

\ralvc $'eights are &pproximete. When pos-.ible, obtain

\Yeights from the manufecturer. Cjast iron valve \rcights arc for flangcd end valves; stcel rveights fol rvclding cnd v:rlves.

All flnnged 6tting, flrngcd vxlvc and flrnge \\'.iglris include tlre rrror)ortionxl lv.ight of irolts or siu,l! to mrkc up rll joints. * 16 lb cu. ft. density.

HANGERS ,\ND SUPPORTS

WEIGI]TS OF PIPING MATERIALS

8.625"

o.D.

8"

prpo

$ratcr-Lbs/l t

f,,7

ta

z

z

L!./ ! /) x_p

{i} LJI

-4\

i tr::t

di\

\IJ Tempcrature Iiange Nlagnesia

'F

Nom. Thi, li., In.

2 Calcium o F

)

z

Clombine-

Nom. Thick.,

In.

tion

FiberSodium

7 El

F

is

ffi

ilsulation.

sm$

rveiglrts ale besed

Nis

a

(x!\Nl z

Ilolclf.rce t-\'pe

A 4l

rveight in

p,,un,ls. Lighth, e t.vpc l,enccLh

\ cighl is

\\

L,ighb

Jirtor

for

Insuhtion thi(knesses :lnd on average

coDditioDs and

do

recommendstion

ot constiiuic

for

spccilic

of matcrirls. hsulation Ncights arc bascd on 85!i thicknesses

magncsia aDd hldrous calcium silicate it, 11 lbs/cubic foot. Tbe listed thicknesses and rveights of

combination covering are the sums of the inner layer of diatomeceous earth

at 21

1bs,,/cubic

foot and the outer ldl.er at z

I

,N />

c3:9E

11

lbs/cubic foot.

Insulation rveights include al,lowances 1or \\ lte, cement, caDve,s, ba,nds and Daint, sDecial surfecc finishes: -

but not

To find the $eieht of coverine

{.<3

t4

t

m

+
* 16 Ib cu. ft. density.

on flanges, vdves or fittings,

multiply the $ ejght factor by the \eight.per foot of covering used on sirarghl prpe,

\.alve s.ciehts are aunroximate. l\rhcn- possible, 'cjbtsin

'\rcights from the m'rnufttctluer. Cast ilon valve Neiehts ere for flangcd cnd valves; stiel veights for * elding end valves. .\11 flanged fittins, flansed v&lvc and lirrnge veiglrts in.lude thri troportionrl \leight of bolts

o! studs to makc up all joints.

I'IT GITINNI'LI,_ PIPING DESIGN AND

10tt ptpn ro.zbo" o.D.

z

z

ENGINI]ERINC;

WEIGHTS OF PIPING X{ATDRIALS

,A.

{-p fl.r EJ:I

,l F

f,1-t L-r----,

\]J l'empcrr,ture lirngc "tr' Mggnesia

z Calcium

Combin&9 tion

z

FiberSodium

ffi z

s{-F$

Nls $::i:.{} z

.A z

,t

N

@

m

+<{

rc

Boldfa.ce i"1'pe is $'eight ir bcneath oounds. Liehtfcce tIDe -

i\eight

is

rveight

Jsctor for

insulation.

Insulation thicknesses

and

weiqhts are based on average conilitions end do not constituie a recommendation for specific thicknesses of materi&ls. Insulation weights are based on 85% mcsncsia and hvdrous celcium silicrte at 11 Ibs/cubic foot. The listed thicknesses and weights of combination covering are the sums of the inner layer of diatomeceous earth s,t 2l lbs/cubic

foot and the outer layer at 11

lbs/cubic foot.

Insilation weights include allowances {or \tire, cement, can-

vas. bands and Daint, but not surfoce finishes. speiirl To find the veight of covering on flanges, valves or fit[ings, multiply the r-\'eight factor bv the werghl per loo! or coverlng useo on strcight pipe.

Valvc rrcights sre rppro\imrtc. Whcn possible, ol)t$in \\'cights lrom thc manuf3cturcr. C{st, iro \'rh.c \\'cights are for

flauged end vrlvcsr steel $'eights

fol rveldine end valvcs. .\ll ftanged fitting, flonged velve and lluqe reislrts include tle DroLortionll rveicht of holts or s'uu,l! to make up all joints. * 16 lb cu. ft. deisity.

HA\GERS AND SUPPORTS WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATI'ITIALS Schethrlc

\o.

20

30

40

\\'all Dt:signation

ui

nw zf\ F flII

E PrT\ o t-+-+

3 g'r.

F:

\

L

Thickness In.

.250

.330

Pipe-Lbs/Ft Water-Lbs/Ft

33.3E

43.8

49.6

51.10

49.7

49.0

.562

.687

73.2

47 .0

46.0

88.5 44.0

L.R. 90" Elbow

157 3

S.R.90'Elbow

80 2

l04

60

7E

1.3

1.3

r32

t67

Tee

100

120

.8{3

r.000

| |

107.2

41.6

375 3

lEl 360

2.5

2.5

44 ,7

94

30

3E

E9

'F

100-1!9 200-299 300-399 400-409 500-599 600-699 700-799 800-899 900-9c9 1000-1099 1100-1200

Nom. Thick., In.

1j;

1t'

Ilrs/Ft

6.04

6.04

tion

I-bs/Ft

Fiber-

\om. Thick.,In.

Sodium

Lbs/Ft

r%

8.

2

21/l

t3

10.5

ll/t

1rz

1%

3

1%

Cast Iron

3

3%

4

4

4t/t

414

12.7

15.1

17.9

17.9

20.4

20.4

3

3\l

4

4

411

4k

17.7

21.9

26.7

31.1

31.1

2%

2t4

4

4

5

5

14.20

14.20

24.64

4.64

32,fi

32,fi

Steel

Pressure RaiiDg psr

125

250

150

300

400

600

900

1500

2500

Screwed or

7l

r37

72

140

164

26t

388 1.5

E20

16ll

W-elding Neck

88 1.5

163 1.5

212

4s4

843

1919

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

Nji$

Lap Joint

I6,t

rE1

1.5

286

433

902

1573

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

{3<sNN

Blind

IIE

209

261

341 1.5

475

92a

1775

1.5

669

8r5

1474

5.8

6.2

Slip-On

a.4 a /t ? /11

S.R. 90" Elbow

=

L.R. 90' Elbow

L{

45' Elbow

1.5

96

265 5

453

6.2

414 4.3

4.3

4.3

403

684

5r3

7.8

808

9.4

j!|J

Flanged Borrnet Check

Bonnet-Clobe

159E

6.2

383

Fbnged Bonnet Globe or Angle

* 16 Ib cu. ft. densrty.

624

6.2

4.3

, F{3

Pressure Seal

485

235

687

1298

7.8

Bonnet-Ga.te

509

6.2

Tee

Pressure SeaL

345 5

6.2

Flanged tsonllet

rc

r77

375

1=43

+
34.9

33 .7

f,

<-::, E IP

39.3

Reducer

Combina- Nom. Thick., In.

B,N (J /9N

1.312 160.3

5.4

Y

/A

1.125

139.7

Latera.l

Maqnesia Calaium Silicate

zs{i$

1G0

2

2.5

?

,ffi

140

ptpn

180

Tempcnr.turc Rlnge

-

48.5

.500

65.4

119 3

L.R. 45" Elbow

80

12"

XS .406

Crp

;z

60

srd.

rz.lilo'o.D.

5.2

4.7

4.8

754 7.8

943

1361

1928

8.3

4.7

s.3

10r5

1420 5.5

21s5

2770 7.2

4

5

1200

710

1410

9.5.

5

674

1160

9.4

9.5

560 6

7

Insulation thicknesses and rrc Lrse,l on evcrnge

\YPiqhts

corrclltrons

a

r

crL.L

FcolnmL,r

'

ilo not constitute

lxtion Jor

tion lreights ale

1410

6.5

listed thir:knesses and treiqhts of combinatiol coverinE are thc .qums

of tbe inncr hr:er of dill-

2i lbs/cubic foot and the outer la\.er at tonLlccous e:uth et 11 ll)s/cubic foot.

hsulation lcights include al,lo\tences lol \\'lrc, coment, cllll-

vas, blrncls and Drint, but nob

4650 8

3370

7.2

2600 8

1975

2560

4515 7

6

on 85%

brLscd

magncsia ltnd hldrous calcium

spu(irl sur'facc lini-sLes. To find the \eight of covering o|1 fl3nHcs, l.rlvcs of ]ittinss. multit,l.r th! \\ciglrtf.L,.toL l,.r' the \"rAht t,rr'foot oI covc|ing uscd orl strll rarrL pllr(,. Vrtve 1v;iih ts

720

stre,,itic

tLi, kI csq,s of matc|j]]s. Insuh-

silicite at 11 lbs,/cubic loot. The

tt24

469

4.5

is rr,,ixht jn tytr b$erth \\ crglLt js $ ciglrt futtor for Boldfrce t1'pe

pounrls. Lightfeco

I

rrc

er,rlori-

m;rt". 1\'hpn 1,os*ilrts,,rlrtrrin

\'eights from tirc mamufroturer. Oest iton valve rveights are for fl.Lrrjje,l,, n,1 vulvrs: sterL rrciglrLs tOt

\\ eLLl

,1ll

Ing Cnd

flc

r,Aed

virLVCS.

fitting,

flrnged

rnd Ilxngc \\'ciglrts inrlude proportioncl \rejg thc l)rolrortioncl \rejght of bolts or studs io make up all joints. v:Ll\ c

I6D

ITT GIiINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINODRI]{G

14" *r*" 14" o.D. Schedule No.

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATDRIALS 10

20

.250

.312

30

Thickness-In.

Pipe-Lbs/Fi Water-Lbs/Ft

W f4

.

{Jj

Eh, F{#

E {i\ I t-+-l 3 4',4^ EE-

s6.71 62.06

.438

45.7

54.6

60.92

59.7

63.4

140

.593

.537

1.093

1.250

1.406

34.9

106.1

130.7

150.7

170

r89.I

50.0

47 .5

55.9

5E.7

160

2

42.6

45.0

r54 3.5

L.R. 90' Elbow

r02

135

2.3

2.3

S.R. 90' Elbow

100

L.R. 45' Elbow 203

159

Tee

2.8

2.8

218

340

Lateral Reducer

63 1.1

83 1.1

\jJ

cap

t.7

1.7

46

Temper a,ture R&nge "F Magnesia

E g,il::Yi

Fg

.1 LOmotna-

6 ilon

1100-1200 100-1s9 200-29S 300-399 400-499 500-5s9 600-699 700-799 800-E99 900-99S 1000-1099

Nom. Thick.,In.

Lbs/Fi

6.16

1%

2

2th

3

3

3%

4

4

4%

4%

6,16

8.3E

10.1

13.1

13.1

15.8

1E.5

18.5

21.3

21.3

3

3%

4

4

4)A

1E.2

22-a

27,5

]2.4

Nom. Thick.,In.

Lbs/Ft

FiberSodium

\om. Thick.,In.

1t1

1la

Lbs/Ft

7.90

7,90

Pressure RstiDg

,ffi 3$N -

dN-iM

{fiw o

r$l 2M F

-tt rA

fiA zh4

.!l E It' ll---iJ

ru

*@ 3U

+4J

rc

186

120

.500

Ll-,

I

100

XS

srd.

Wall Designation

EO

60

40

psl

Screwed

o!

C".l I-.

2

3

3

4

4

11.r8

11.18

18.00

18.00

25.42

25.42

St"l

I

125

250

150

300

400

600

900

1500

93

lE4 | 1.s |

96

195

235

31E

460

1016

1.5

1.5

113 1.5

217

642

110

220

254

1.5

1.5

1.5

Slip-On

Welding Neck Lap Joint

Blind

7.90

2

406

1.5

617

497

632

664

91E

1549

5.9

6.4

767

622

6.6

6.6

6.6

497

377

587

63E

EE3

1246

4.3

4.4

4.6

4.8

4.9

683 8

96E

1131

1652

2318

8.9

9.6

1920

2960

4170

6.3

7

8

312 192

4.3 563 8

956

Tee

Flanged Bonnet

92r

1762

7.9

8.8

Flanged Bonnei Globe or Angle Flanged Bonnet, Check Pressure SeaI

BonBet-Gate Pressure Seal .

Bonnet-Globe

8.4

905 4.9

.nd do not constitute con-ditions and specific ndation for sPecific a recommendation lnsula" materials Insulathicknesses of materials.

E5% tion rveiqhtsr are based on E5%

I1 lbs/cubic: foot.

alweigbts include aL n rveights Insulation can rr wlre, cement, caD_ wire, cemeni, lowances for no' p3jnt, but bub noi vas, bends and paint, finishes ace finishes. sDecial surface

6425 8.8

'To find the coverint eight of covenng he $$eisht fittings vulvEs or fittings, on flanses, valves

th' frctor bY the multiph: thee weight factor use( foot of covering usect l'eighi per fooh pipe. on straight p1pe.

'eichts are approxl approxl_ Valve weiqhts

9.9

9.9

and r thicknesses and Insulation weiqhts are, based on average

crlcium hr drous calcium nd hldrous meenesii :rnd Th€ foot Tbe silic;te at 11l lbs/cubic foot. of lesscs end \Leights ol lisi,ed thicknesscs the covering are th€ covedng r jnner combin:r,tion dia ls1er of dia_ sums of the: inner layer lbs/cubic serth at 21 lbs/cub( iomaceous eerth

1.5

ttll EE5

Boldface ivpe is rteight in l,iqhthce t\'pe bcneith ireight is - \\eight lactor for Dounds.

al l&Yer at outel l&yer foot and the outer

8.3 6

1076 1.5

437

r42

45' Elbow

Gote

574

354 1.5

239 1.5

292

477

267 1.5

126 1.5

S.R. 90' Elbow

L.R. 90' Elbow

349

5

insulation. 1241 1.5

1.5

2500

5

32.4

obtair eri possible, mete. When Possible, obtain m the th; manufacturer. manulacturer. weights from

1010 11155

sls.2

2620 ti

3475

6380

ro $elghts are for Cast ilonL valve weishts welght sheel weights flanged endt valves; sGel for weldins i end valves. frenged ged frtting, frenge' flanged lnclud eights lnclude lcnse $$eights valve cnd frcnge t)olt of bolts \eighL.ot tionrl \eisht the proportionrl uP all joints. m:l,ke up Jolntr or studs ior rnake 16 lb cu. ft. density

All

'

I]ANGI]RS AND SUPPORTS

tu'o.o.

1YEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

16"

prpo

A

u_/ z F

z

*

f>\ u,r {i\ L-I

g\.

A

Tempcreture Rcngc

z

'F

Megnesia Calcium

F Combina-

z

tron

FiberSodium

ffis

z

&

Nlrs N z |.

A rA ,N

2

/F

tvpe is rveight in r\cight is $eight factor for lnsulaitonInsulation thicknesscs end \4eights 3re bascd on cverage Boldface

pounds. Lightfrce tJ.pe bcnerth

conditions and do not constihule

a

recommendation

for

specific

thicknesses of rnateri.rls. Insulation weights are based on 85/6 magnesia and hydrous calcium silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot. The listed thicknesses and weishts of combination covering ar-e the sums of the inner layer qf diatomaceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic

Ioot and the outer la,yer 11 lbs/cubic foot.

s,t

Insulation wcishts include allowances for wira, cement, canvas,,bands &nd paint, but trot speelat surtace nnrshes. To find the weieht of coverins

on flanqes, valvis or fittinesl

multiplttlie

@ hJ

+
t4

* 16 lb cu, ft. density.

weight facior by t-he weight per foot of covering used on-sIrfLrgnt prpe,

valve \4clghts are &rJDroxtmrte. When- possible, obtrin weights from ihi manufacturer.

Cast iron valve weights are for flanged.end valves; stiel reights IOr Wetorng eno valves.

AII

flanged fitting,

flanged

velve and flanee weiehts include the proportion-el weight of bolts

or studs to make up all ioints.

ITT GITINNI'LL PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINI]I'RIN('

18tt pt""

18'o.D.

\\'ater-Lbs

!'t

to

z F

{p

z

EJ-I

F

/

WEIGHTS OF PIPING ]\{ATERIALS

{;\

-rt.,\,

B

A \J-J --

'f0mper.rturc llllngc "F

z

o

)

z

M&gnesia

Calcium

(lombireiion

FiberSodium

ffi

z

ffi Ssjs Enw

ttfe is rcight in ir.igl,t is- $cigl't irctor for IJollhce

nourrils. I-ielLthL e tvnc beneith insul&tion.

Insulation thi.knesses

and

$'eiglrts arc brscd on average conilitions and do not constitute

a lccommc[(htion for

spcciGc

thiekDcsscs of mri,cri&ls. Insul&_ tion \\ciqhts ue )rased on 85/6

maqnesii nnd hrrilous calcium

silicate ct 11 lbs/cul)ic {oot The listcd thickncsscs and rveights of

combination covering erc the

z

rA

t-

A

z

sums of the inrrct h1'er of diatomaceous etith at 21 lbs/ctrbic

foot and the outerr laYcr at 11 ]bs,/cubic foot.

hsuhtion Neights includc alccmenl, ca,nfor $;rrc, \';irc, ccment, lorvtnces ior lowrn(es

vus,.l,rnrls cnrl. l,nint, Lut not \iia r'rI sulfrcc srtl l:rcc nnlsllcs, s1r'iirl 'to rir',1 tt,c reiglrt of coveling

on lling"s, vJv"s or fittings,

$ cight Jxctor l'J the rreigl,h por foot oI coverints uscd on straight l)ipe. Vnlvc Neiglrts 3re spproxrmate. 1\then possil,Je, obtain $eiehts from the msnufa,ctuler. Cast iron vllve rveights are for fl:r,nged end vaivcs; steel \teighis for ;et(line end valves. All fltneed fitting, flanged valve en.l flrnge \\'uights include the uoDc,rtionirl rreiEht of bolts or siudi to m;rke up all joints. * 16 h cu. ft. deDsity.

multil'll:ihe

t

@ ltu

i-
rc

188

I]ANCERS AND

STTPPORTS

20-

TTEIGHTS OF PII'ING }I'\'IDRIALS

z F

z

o.D.

20" ,t

u

&?

f^

i_:-.t

{i\ trJ:I

g\ E=_r L!_'

T, rnfrrxiurc llrr,A,

z o

Magnesi&

z

\om. Thirtr., In.

Calcium

F

)

'F

Combir)tr-

Nom.l'hick.,In.

tion

FiberSodium

z

ffi $4-iM

\rcights ele brsccl on average rrr ditions and do not constitute

N+s trNrN! z k

Roldface tvpe is \\'cight in

rrounds. Lightface tl pc l-.eneath

A /,\ ,--l /A

/> ,L\

ir'eiehi is l\'eiglrt fLiclor for in-rul&tion.

Insul&tion thid(nesscs

a recommcn(ll.ti(nr for

end

specjfic

thichncsscs of matcri$ls. Il$ulDtion weighls .rrc bescd on 85?'o

megnesia rnd lrldlous rralcium silioete at 11 lbs,,(iulric foot. The listed thi(ikness$ ancl rvoights of

combin&tion .overirg l|tc the sums of thc inner l:r-ver of diatomilceous ellrth at 21 lbs,/cubic

foot .rnd the outcr la)'e! at 11 lbs,/cubic foot.

Insulation \\cights inrlude allo$urces for rvirc, cement, c{Lnvas, barrds cn(l print, but not speciLrl surface linishes.

To fnrd thc xeight, of covering

on flangrs, vllvcs or fittings,

2

@ r\ J<{

rc

* 16 lb cu. ft. deDsi',y.

multil)h thc \veight frctor bt'the $eight l)er foot of .ovcling used on slreight pipe.

\-rrlvc 1\'cights rfe sptrfo\imrto. \1lren possil,le, ,,l,trin

cights fiom the manufactlucr'. Cast iron valve rreights arc for flanged end vrlves; stcel Neights for Nelding end vrlvos. All flansed fittine, flanged velvc rnd Hrng" $eights in,lu.lc $

DroDortionLrl \\eiqlrt of l,oLts or siuJi io m.rke up rl1 joints.

thc

ITT GITINN]'I,I, PT?I\(i DUSI(I\ AND I'\(}IN]JUR,IN(

24"

ptpn

24" o.D.

i

1YDIGHTS OI' PIPING TI.A.TI'RIALS

Wai,cr*l,bsi/1,'t,

{6 t\-

z

{/>

{i\

1-.:i

z

8\. E.:-J

F

t----l-! '-l'cn1per:rturc

Maqnesia

llLu)ge'l'

Nom. Thid<., In.

2 Calcium o

F f

z

Combina-

tiol

FiberSodiuDl

z

ffi

Boldface tr.pe is $ciqlrt in luunds. Ligl'Ifi,.e tJ pe bineatlr \1eight is \reisht Iactor for

slt-|ts

$cights rrc brsetl on

Nls

a

qAsir$

Insulation thicknesses

and average

co.diLions rnd do not constitute

recommendation

tLicknesses of

for

maierirls

specific Tns,,llr-

tion rfeights are bascd on 85ol mrgnesia and h1'drous c:rlcium

sili{rrte .'t 11 lbs/cubic foot. The listed thicknesscs and lveights of combin:rtion covering are the sums of the inner laver of dirtom&ceous earth :rt 21 lbs/cubic

z N

/>

Z

lPq tt---.u

1=<3 J

insulation.

@ ff1

J-
rc

190

foot and ihe outer laver at 1l

lbs/rcubic foot. Insulation i{eights include allo$anccs for wire, cement, canvasj bands and print, but, not specisl surfuce finishes.

To find the rveight, of covering

on fianges, valves or fittiogs,

multiplJ' the weight, factor by the weight per foot of covering uscd on straight pipe.

\'alve,neights are

mrtc. \lhen

approxi-

possible, uLtain

weights from the manufacturer. Cast ilon valve $'eiehts :!re for flanged end v.rlves; stlel rveights for rrelding end valves.

,{11 flarged

fitting,

flanged

valve and ffrnge rvcights include the proportional $eight of bolts or studs to make up all joints, + 16 lb cu. ft. density.

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS \\ EIL;HTS OF PIPINU MATERIALS

za"

o.n

26"

prcn

fr?

uj 11.

F

w

{i\ E::I -f/\ t-'-l rl\ r-h \"J Temperature Range "F [I{Lgnesia

Cslcirrm

"

F

3 combinaA E

tion

;r=::;FiberSodium

Boldface type is weight in pounds. Lightface type beneath weiEht is weight factor

Sqr$ G

#rI1$

Nls

Insulation thicknesses and weights are based on average conditions and do not constitute a recommendation for specific thicknesses of mate-

rials. Insulation weishts are based on 85% magnesia and hvdrous calcium silicat€ at

{N z

for insulation.

/

,11

,-11

11

lbs/cuDrc roof,. I ne llsreo f,ntcKnesses and weights of combination coverine are the sums

of the inner laver of diatomaceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic

foot and the outer layer at 11 lbs/cubic foot.

,N

z

itN eE:E D',

.{

F
@

I

ltl' )

+
rc

* 16 lb cu. ft.

Insulation weights include for wire, cement,

allowances

canvas, bands and paint, but not special surface finishes. To find the weight of cover-

ing on flanges, valves or fittings, multiply the weight factor by the weight per foot of covering used on straight pipe. Valve weishts are aporoxi-obtain

mate. When Dossible. weights from- manufacturer. Cast iron valve weishts are for flanged end valves; steel weishtsforweldinsendvalves. A-il flanged fitting, flanged valve and flange weights include the proportional weight of bolts or studs to make uD

all joints.

ITT GItlNNI,ll,l, PIPIN(; DltSItlN A\D

28" *rr,

28" o.D.

lrN( iI

\ Itltlti)i(

i

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

{F

n

u-f

f^

7

t-lJ

{T\ .fA f,-JI

z F

ds {---1-r \IJ

Temper&ture Range'F Magnesirl

Calcitm Combina-

tion

FiberSodium

Boldface type is weigbt in pounds. LiEhtface type beneath weight is weight factor

for insulation,

Frr$

2

Insulation thicknesses and $eishts are based on avelage conditions and do not consti-

&

tute a

Nis {N

z ti

F

l6s/cubic foot. The listed thicknesses and weights of combination covering are the sums

A

of the ihner layer of diatomaceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic

d

foot and the outer layer at 11 lbs/cubic foot.

Insulation weights include allowanees for wire, cement, canvas, bands and paint, but not sDecial surface finishes. To-ffnd the weight of coverins on flanges, valves or fit-

,N

z

/> E!!4

tPtl lHl

tings, multiply t}le weight factor by the welg:ht pe.! root or

{=<3

covering used on stralghl PtPe. Valve weights are apptoxi-

@ m +€

mate. When possible, obtain weiehts from manufactulet. C-ast iron valve weights are for flanged end valves; steel

weishts f orweldinEend valves. A'il flanged fitting, flanged v-alve and flange.welgnls. lnclude the proporuonal \,r'elgnl of bolts or studs to make up

t4

792

'16

recommendation for

sDeciic thicknesses of haterials. Insulation weights are based on 857a magnesia ahd hvdrous calcium silicate at 11

all joints.

lb cu. ft. density.

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS WEIC}H'IS

0!' I'IPIN(}

MATERIALS

so"

o.D.

30tt

"t""

t1

W

w

!f\/>

t-

1L4J

{\ LiJ

; r_t__)

\JJ Temperature Range "F \lagnesia Calcium Com

tron

FiberSoditm

ffi e{'J$ N+S 0;::p

for insulation.

Insulation thicknesses and weights are based on average conditions and do not constitute a recommendation for specific thicknesses of mate-

rials. Insulation weights are based on 857. magnesia and

/.4

hydrous calcium silicate at 11 lbs/cubic foot.The listed thicknesses and weights of combination covering: are the sums of the inner layer of diatomaceous earth at 21 lbs/cubic foot and the outer layer' at 11 lbs/cubic foot.

/9\

allowances

,-q

z

Boldface ti'pe is weight in pounds. Lightface type beneath weight is weight factor

B' .{ LHI

Insulation weights include

for wire,

cement,

canvas, bands and paint, but not special surface finishes. To find the weight of cover-

Fl

ing on flanges, valves or fit-

GD+

fr

mate, When possible, obtain weights from manufacturer. Cast iron valve weights are for flanged end valves; steel

eD+

all joints.

@ * 16 lb cu. ft. density.

tings, multiply the weight fac-

tor by the weight per foot of covering used on straight pipe. Valve weights are approxi-

weights forweldingend valves. AU flanged fitting. flanged vaive ano nange werghls tnclude the proportional weight of bolts or studs to make up

193

ITT GITIN\I.]I,I,

32" *tr"

Bz" o.D.

I'I I'I N(i

I)l,lsl(l\ A\I)

I'lN( it

NllllltlN(l

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

f.2

{U

w

7

z

{l\ tr:J

F

tr-l

/T\ rrl

\IJ Temperature Range

'F

Ma,gnesia

z

Calcium

{ uomDlna5 lron

:

+Asbe!tos

FiberSodium

Boldface tYPe is weight- in

pounds. Lightface tYPe

ffi

sffi fsim dl:jN

/.4 z F

ot

maEe'

are rjals. Insulation weights ano

85q magnesla hvdrous calcium srllcale al rr lbs/cubic foot The listed thrck' nesses and werghts or comolnation covering are- the sums of the inner layer ot dlalomaceous earth at 21 lbs/cubrc

based on

foot and the outer layer at

N

allowances

/>

tr'.s tB---{t

{.
@ fi)

+
sDecific thicl
/'11

acA

n

be-

ireath weight is v/eight laclor for insulation Insulation thicknesses ano weichts are based on average conditions and do not cons"tltute a recommendatron ror

- 16 lb cu. ft. derl"sitY'

11 lbs/cubic foot

Insulation weights include for wire, cement, canvas, bands and PaDt' bu!

not special surface hnrshes' To find the weight or covering on flanges,.valves or "nriin-es. multiPlY the weight facof loot ol toabv the weight pe.r Per foot ioi-'6v--it'",idisttt

used on stralgnt PrPe' covering -Valve-wei ghts are-aPProxi-

mate. When Possible-, oolaln weiEhts from manutalturer' Cast iron valve weights are steel for ffanged end. valves;valves' weiehts fol weldingend

A-ll flanged fitting' flangeo

valve and flange weights. ln_ clude the PropoltionaL wergnt

of bolts or studs to make uP all joints.

HANGIIRS ANI) SUPPONTS

WEIGI{TS OF PIPING MATERIALS

34"

o.D.

34"

prrv

Water-Lbs/Ft

A tlf

f-2 (!-/

f\ w

F

{l\

Fi

z

EJ-l

B

-','>^

A

[*_lJ Temperature Range'F Nom. Thick., In.

.N{agnesia

Caicium

FiberSodium

Boldface type is weight in Dounds. LiEhtface tYPe beireath weighl is weight factor fo! insulation. Insulation thicknesses and weiqhts are based on average conditions and do not constitute a recommendation for specific thicknesses of mate-

ffi z

slit.$ Nj_s$

rlals. lnsulation weights are based on 85% magnesia ancl

(N

lbs/cubic foot. The list€dthicknesses and weights of combi-

z F F

hvdrous calcium silicaie at

,-rl /A /.\

nation covering are the sums

,N

allowances

of the inner layer of diatoma_ ceous earth tt 21 lbs/cubic

foot and the outer layer at 11 lbs/cubic foot.

Insulation weights include

/D

z

11

for \tir€,

cement,

canvas. bands and paint, but not special surface finishes. To-find the weieht of cover-

ins on flanqes. Glves or fittinss- multi;lv the weiEht fac-

tor"by the fueight per foot of coverrng used on stralgnl pIpe.

+=
Valve weights are approxi-

@ If)

mat€. When possible, obtain weiehts from manufacturel. Cast iron valve weiEhts are for flanged end valves; steel weiehts forweldinEend valves. A'il flaneed fitting, flanged

+<J

v;lve and flange weights in-

rc

'

16

lt

cu.

ft.

clude the proportional weight of bolts or studs to make up

all joints.

density.

195

ITT Gn,INNllt,L PIPIN(; l)llsI(lli

36tt

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

86'o.D.

"trp Schedule No.

I

std.

tr'i"t'"* I* T:rz T lrs I

xs .500

F o"--it.r r t T-r I 4ttl 189.6 r e. I

w.t".-Lb.VFt f425.9l

UJ

L.R.90' Elbow

{J} f>, gtt F

{i\

F

S.R. 90" Elbow

L.R. 45' Elbow

f,.J-l

Tee

.4 E-- '.

Lateral

I

422,6

4t6.6

1040

r380

12

12

692

9r3

5

5

5r8

686

4.8

4.8

t294

t6lo

340

360

.625

|

.

/50

236,r | 2A2,4 4r r.o

|

405.1

3.6

3.6

Reducer

.10

30

20

10

Wall Designationl

"r'"4

,\\I) I'l\(;l \ I'lliltl )i(i

235 cap

6

6

100-199 200-299 300-399 100-499 500-599 600-699 ?00-799 800-899 900-999 1000-1099 1100-1200

Temperature Range "F trlagnesia Nom. Thick., In. Calcium. Lbs/Ft z srhcate

14.2

14.2

2

2Yz

3

3th

4

19.2

24.2

29.5

34.8

40.3

F^L omDrna

Nom. Thick., In.

31/2

5 tion

Lbs/Ft

49.4

Fiber =TR6;ffi

Nom. Thick,, In.

<

Sodium

40.84

Lb-s/Ft

Cast

Pr€ssure Rating psr

z

s$ 6{trM

Welding Neck

s$ls dfsv F F

z

Biind

r22.O

4%

4rt

5

40,84

40.84

40.84

40.84

40,84

1500

|

71.48

Steel

r50

300

480

1200

1325

600

900

1600

3350

1.O

1.5

1300

1750

3450

2500

it' tHl'rl

Tee

1.5

for insulation.

Insulation thicknesses and *.eiehts are based on averagp and do not consti"onditions tute a recommendation for sDeciflc thicknesses of mate-

2275 2525 2950 4900 1.5

hvdrous calcium silicate at 1I

lbs/cubic foot. The listed thicknesses and weights of combi_ nation covering are the sums

of the innet laver of diatoma-

at 21 lbs/cubic foot and the outer layet al ceous earth

11 lbs/cubic foot.

Insulation w€ights lncluoe

Gate

Flanged Bonnet Globe or Angle

Flanged Bonnet Check

Bonnet-Gate P!essure Seal

mate. When possible, obtain weiEhts froru manufaeturer. c-ast iron valve weights are fo! flanqed end valves; steel weiEhts ior weldingend valves.

all joints.

Bonnet-Clobe

ft.

cement,

A1l flanEed fitting, flanged valvi and flange weights. include the proportional wergnl of bolts or studs to make uP

Pressure Seal

16 lb cu.

for v"ire,

canvas. bands and Paint, but not special surface finisles. To find the weight ot covering on flanges, valves .or -tr!!ings. multiPlY tne welgn! 1actor by the weight Per oo! or covering used on straight PlPe. Valve weiqhts are aPProxl-

Flanged Bonnet

i

71.48

Boldface type is weight in pounds. Lightface tYPe beneath weight is weight factor

allowances

45'Elbow

@

ll l.o

40.84

I125

/F E4€4

+q]

100.2

rlals. Insulation weights are based on 85% magnesra and

L.R. 90' Elbow

llt' )

a9.7

3

Lap Joint

/A

F€

69,3

3

520

S.R.90" Elbow

l.<1

7

3

Slip-On

/.'ll tA) ,N

6Yz

,J

250

Screrved or

6

3

400

63.s

45.9

5%

3

Iron I

6

5

densitY

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

WEIGHTS OF PIPING MATERIALS

42"

o.fr.

42"

prpq

Water-l,bs,/Ft

lr) L.R. 90' Elbow

UI

tr2

S.R.

!0

Elbow

[^

d.u

F

{l} L:J

-f\ tr-:-\_u T€mperatur.e Range'F E5,,i

I'J

Nlagnesia CalciLrm

z F

om. Thicl., In.

Combin a

tion

tz

FiberSodirlm

Boldfa(e tyPe i" weieht, in nounds. I iqhtface tYPe beneaih \eighl is weight factor for insulation.

ffi rlTT\* z qFL I lvl Weldlng Neck

nesses and weights

L4 z1

L.R. 90" Elbo*i

tP

.!t

ll-rl

1.
@ fi1 | ,-1Y

Flanged Bonnet Clobe or Angle

of

combr-

r<[J cu.It

foot and the ouier layer ai 11 lts cubic foot. I nsulation \!eights include allowances for wire, cemen!,

canvas. bands and Paint, but not sDecial surface finishes To fin,t the weight of coverinE on flanqes, valves or fittirigs, multiply the weigtrt factur by the weight Per loot or covering used on stralght PlPe. Valve weiEhts aIe aPProxlmate. When possible- obtain

weishts irom manuracturer. Cast iron valve weights are for flanEed end valves; steel

$'eiohts iorweldi ns end valves.

\

T=u-rJ * 16 Ib

mate_

nation covering are the sums of the inner layer of diatoma_ ceous e3rth at 21 lbs/cubrc

?.

I

ol

"ilicate 1bs/cubiu foot. The listed thick-

rfl;:::is

F

sDecific thicknesses

rials. Insulation weights are based on 85ti magnesra ano at 1l hvdrous calcitrm

N+S

z

Tnsulation thicknesses and weights are based on averag€ conditions and do not- cons-trtute a recommendatlon ror

Plessure Seal

Bonnet-Globe density.

A'il flanged fitting, fianged '.,alve and llange weights. Include the Proportrona I welght of bolts or studs to make all joints.

uP

197

ITT GRINNI]LI, PIPING DI'SIGN AND IINGI\D!]IIING THERMAL EXPANSION OF PIPE MATERIALS

^l *l

;l

I

I

I

I

I

I

F

; a

I

n

O

z I I

F]

3

? -I ---t :^ F-{

;l

c

.-l

z

o

z

al tl i6 .J

j

I

;t

X

J

i do U)

F

>o :L-

i

e^

61/;,

I

O

!

F

-

INCHES PER FOOT

HAN(iERS'\ND SUI'PURIS CHARTS AND

TABLES

INSULATION WEIGIIT FACTORS

To determire the leight per foot of any piping

insulation, use the pipe size and nominal insulation thickness to find the insulation l'eight factor F in the chart shorvn belorv. Then multiply l? by the densiiy of the insulation in pounds per cubic foot'

i'_ominal Pipe Size 1

r'/1

tll 2

2r/l 3

3% 4

l) 6 8

--t':-\

1 l-^

,

.057 .051 .066 .080

.10

.091 .10 .15 .13

.19

I

-n-1 ,1

.1,1

.21

.36

.27

.31

.40

.30 .38 .37

.39

.,13

t2

.50

14

.5r

9.211b/tr.

Thirl,n'ss

1%"

.4ti

.70

.44

.68 .66

.7E

.63

.77

.96

r.04 r.13

.97 1.10

1.20

.?\

.88

.38

.64

.83

.97

1.36

.93

t.t2

1.17 1.32

1.07 1.11

1.23 1.34 1.49

1.52

1.7 4

18

.ti-1

20

.70

.96

24

.83

1.13

.80

.88 .90

l.0r

t.21 r.37

1.t2

1.50 1.77

1.23

6"

5%"

.83 .81

.,)d

.6ri

, I

.59

.34

.68 .70 .78 .87

.57

:

,48

.39

.17

10

12

1"

.23

.15 .17

.22 .29

.30

X

3"

2t/r"

.25

.17

is .77

\ominal In.ul"'ioq

.16

.11

Erample. For 4" PiPe rvith 4tl nominal thickness rl the insulation densit'Y is Insulftlon, | =.1i. then the insulation rveight foot, per cubic pounds 12

1.34 1.75

1.79

2.10

1.99

1.99 2.07

2.50 2.62 2.88 3.14

3.40 3.92

1.74 1.92

2.0r 2.2r

2.29 2.51

2.24 2.34 2.58 2.82

2.09 2.44

2,40 2.80

2.73 3.16

3.06 3.54

1.81

1.ti4

1.76

ROD LOAD CARRYING CAPACITIES OF THREADED HOT ROLLED STEEI, A.-36 CONFORMING TO ASTM

Nominal Rod

Diameter, in. Root Area of Thread, sq. in. Max. Safe Load, lbs. at Rod Temp. of 650"F

Vz

.068

1/z

3/+

.126 .202 .302

%

.419

1

.552

1r/s

1l+

7Yr

.69 3

.889

1.293

13/+

1.'i 44

2

21/4

21/2

2.300

3.023

3.?19

4.619

3

3Y4

3h

5.621

6.720

?.918

20?00 21200 33500 41580 50580 60,18C 11240 610 1130 1810 2',tt0 3770 4960 6230 8000 11630 15?00

199

ITT GIIINNI']LI,

-

P]PING D]']SI(IN AND IINTIINDEITING

DEFLECTION OF EMPTY PIPE, STANDARD WEIGHT, CAUSE D BY LOAD BETWEEN SUPPORTS_

BASED ON SINGLE SPA.N WITH FREE ENDS.

^,#++

w.lVElGHt ll{ Poul{OS PER LlflEAR lt{oH 0 = oiiilrce BETwEEI{ HAt{GERs lll ll{cxEs

= OOULUS OF ELASTICITY I - o EIt oF |I{ERTIA

E

l!r! I

z

DEFLECTION

-

INCHES

r*I$,"**i:rft*iJjjsLr"fri{fu:trliiJif"{}k.;r,"i:';i#h1iiirl:ii;}:}xf*}i$""l;f,{lt.l:fi"i;:fsiiiiLrili"'1"#Jffi tor dlainage.

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

BENDING STRESS

IN EMPTY

PIPE,

STANDARD WEIGHT, CAUSED BY LOAD

BETWEEN SUPPORTS - BASED ON SINGLE SPAN WITH FREE ENDS,

^ W

=

WEIGHT

IN

,[ . orsrarcr

w

1!

POUNDS PER

LINEAL

INCH

BETTvEEN HANGERs rN rNcHEs

Srr = SECTION MoDULUS

F

LU LU

LL I

z. o-

a

MAXIIVUM BENOING STRESS

-

PSI

201

ITT GITINNIII,I,

.

I'IPING

DT']SICIN

AND ]'NGINEEIIIN(i

BENDING STRESS IN WATER FILLED PIPE, STANDARD WEIGHT, CAUSED

BY LOAD BETWEEN SUPPORTS BASED ON SINGLE SPAN WITH

_

FREE ENDS.

"= W = WEIGHT -E-

'

lN

wle

POUNOS PER Lll{EAR lttcH

OISTA'{OE SETTVEEN HANGERS

Sm' SECTIOX

II{

INOH€S

ITIODULUS

F I

z 3

e E sps 202

a:333 ; ; o oo ;

MAXIMUM

BENDING

;

@

F@

STRESS- PSI

HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

MINIMUM DISTANCE TO FIRST RIGID HANGER

, : \-i@;s:lo,ooopsi ---- 1ss

"

I'ipe Size DeflccI

r/7

t).1

2

2k

3t.,

3

80

%

1.5

50

5.5

0.0

65

73

%

0.5

70

7;

3. ir

c.5

10.5

tl

'/+

8.0

90

rJ.5

10.4]

11

.5

13

l1

tl

t2

I3.5

15

16

t2

13.5

l5

16. 5

I

9.0

10

.5

1%

10

11

rt,

ll

t2 .5

135

l5

1r;

t2

13.5

1l .5

l6

2

13

14. 5

15.5

t7

2\ 21/,

r5.5

3t'

2+i

205

23

26

2S

2l

22 .5

2t,

29

32

29

20

22

23.5

2iJ

30.5

2!5

32

.5

26

.5

27 .5

29

25

27 .5

29.5

38

29

.5

31.5

.{0.5

20.3

20 .5

22

21.5

27

2t .5

23

26

2E

24.5

27

30

325

39.5

.5

33

285 36

.5

{1 .5

39.5

435

37

38.5

40

52

47

.5

01

33.5

.5

39.5

3t.5

.11

43.5

37

39

12

.1.1.5

47

41 5

425

4C

55

29

36

5()

19.5

25

34.5

4-l

o

.17.5

5{t

50

49

52.5

5l

55

1E.5

43

23.5

37

385

25 .5

.5

23.5

11 5

28

5

39

20

17

27 .5

10

2t)

19

30

22 .5

26.5

23

.5

20

22

21

26

10

2l

t9

22

22

19

21

0

2l

305

22

21 5

20

27

20

5%

18. 5

24.5

18

20.5

16 5

22

17

5

I3

21

15

19

16

195

23

4!'t

i5

28.5

2l

IE

1.1

1.1

25

I'J.5

t2

l3

17

.5

10

11 5

10

23

\7

4

l2

95

20.5

16

1.7

3.5

195

ll.5

3

8

6

+

i

55.5

61

5g

63

66

63

67

70.5

t-l

75

60

Li3

67

ii3

66

70.5

66

69.5

09

72.5

79

83

77

.5

82

86.5

203

rTT GRINNELL

-

PIPING DESIG{

Al',rD',

uxgxxlltt}ig

BEAM DINIENSIONS TW

ta :a ta L(a

r-'v\n

l

r"';11:'i:ttr'i;:r"":

|

s.r

3 .25

5.0 6.0

I'h 4

5.{ '1.25

l; I

6

13.0

2,h

9.8

7

t2.25

l{.75

I 9

14.?5

3y1

12.5

314

t7.25

3%

.375

.375

zt\

r3?s

I3.4

2%

15.0

zyz

3?5

-1;F 12

30.0

"" \

i\"t_

.438

51L

5'/r

.688

5%

.688

15

18

25.0 30.0

:.

33.9

3'A

40.0

3'/,

50.0

3'/.

42.7 \ 4s.8

I sr.s sg I|

I

s0 .813

20 .938 .625

4 4

24 .625

I s0.0

r0o.0

4%

ros.e

{Y.

120.0

J

J

I|

?

.8?5

7%

i

i;i

7 !/.

r% 8

103

1623

I688 I 748

12%

;s i;r 7f, I

rrta .465 540

.516

.64r .576

.64I .606

I

.736 .?96 .856 .921 .986 106 1.236

1486 1716

l

I

.383 .453

lb%l

'\2 | 12 | I4v, I l[v' | rqyt |

ll4

I

.400

.6?

J \ Br. \

8%

8v,

tt1/

1248

lg le I 4s l8 | s:lsl6sg tjl lru r, I+ Il6s llo I

Ll25

1 563

l3: 18 l;?

868 .998

3 3

87

l5%

fl

.808

I 106 I tzy. I rzo I tz't' I 133 I 12% lzYl

74 ?8 84

2ll

.428

9i:

;;; 87s

I l:: lllll *;

.JlJ .528 .593

I

7s.e

873

.s63

iii

| l4o l8 lrsso la8'l. I I ls3 llo ls8 lro I 6s I l2 12 | 72 \tz l?s l12% I 8s I l2r. I s2 I r2". | 99 lrzvl

38

t4% |

I ;;l? | sor I qs1: cn I ?,/. L628

::i:

I

I

l

I ztg l tsz. 228 l ls7, l I 237 ls% I 7 |

433

I

lsr

I

Pd {r ' lldns' lot llonee

,^ | se jei,J '" ffi I I ?i iiit i | Iz8L8tI

Itox I ro7.

Il2

w.iq ht

.340

I i;;: I lo% I loz. I I ro% I

I 16I I

20.7

t2

378

L

5th

I5

3os

-ln\av' l3r36 l6'/' 6%

l5%

40.8

2%l

25.0

.50

35.0

50.0

20.0

72 77 89 100

25.4

3s.0

.438

ll:

66 .438

23.0

t0

.456

zr \ 5r4 25 \ s',/, I 2e I s% 133 l8 J3s l8 l4s l8 l4e llo

4

at

\_

6

10 1:1

18.4

'37s

"" ,r, \

6

oea eoa

r3

20.0

20.o

IO

3

i5.3

7

5

433 4e3

21A

.375

!*1,"1 ,% I I I ltr^l,,l_ r5.3

|

I8.5 25

I I I .3s8 I zs I e'2, 1 .lo: 181 ^ l3t b lss le I ssa Iao IaT. I I ra I e'2. 1 I se I e'2. 1 e'2. I ez I I s:g

313

":, 2

2%

5

rz I sv. I -l I zo I sz. 2a 67'

.3

6

l0.s

7.7

10.0

l1/r

8.2

2'h

s.5

5

\

9.0

.25

75 I

3'I3

67

5

|

2%

I I

I lle I la% I s38 \ r27 ta/, I ss8 I 136 t41/. II 063 142 l5% I 063 tso ts,a L I izs I lss I ls.^ 1188 I l5'/. I 1248 ',r+ iL tez rre ls% I l3l3 184 ls% I 378 I438 I I93 1 rs% zo2 ls% I I.s03

*l::' ;::l: *t*' !"tt{ *l'""' *tl:

4-l l1/z

1lb

\n

Americdn Sionddrd chonncls

2

,omi^dl

.718 .?18

.774 .688 .748

.813

199 ,)r \ 82 -^

I I I

.686 .751

.83I

.83I

ll../.

.9Il

th

.99 r

8,A

.615

at/.

.685 .740

tt

at/.

s6

I I

lI2

I3

\27

I3

taz

t3,/r

176 184

tll .6ss

I 9

.795 .935 .865 .985

L095 .682 .772

Irn loo

I )l | I

1Z

\)o

1Z

.885

120

12'/t

.930 .900

I|

l:3 150

I

l{

.872

L020

t4,/t

l.t3s

Llo \ .747 llo | .s27 lr{ llo%l .932 27 ras lla I .e?s 160 l14 I l.o7s rz7 l I4', I Lt90 I lo8 I lo% .?so I It6 I lo% ij .8?s I 124 I to7, .s3o ?nll3zlloT'il.m '- I rrz lts I lo6s I leo Ils I ltss | 2lo I lsY. I l3l3 e4 roz

SUPPORTS

HANGERS

F trl ulo

LL^ I

z.a o-7 U)

FORCE 'P" BASED N SPANS OBTAINED IN CHART ON PAGE 168 AND SCH 40 PIPE FOR OTHER SCHEDULES OF PIPE, MULTIPLY "P" BY THE RATIO OF THE MODULUS OF THE SCHEDULE PIPE TO THE SECTION MODULUS OF SCH 40 PIPE.

5 o

o !o(oo a (t o o oooo o o o o oooo

o o {o('o o o oooo

FORCE

-

lbs.

x :

333333 a a 3a 33:333

ITT GITINNELI,

-

PIPING DT]SIGN AND ENGINI'EIIIN(I

THERMAL EXPANSION OF PIPE MATERIALS INCHES PER FOOT Intermediate Temp.

"F

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM (Standard Barometer 14 696 Psi)

Gauge Pressure'

Alloy Steels (57 Thru

Copper

Brass

Aluminum

lb/sq in.

-.0373 -.0310 -.0244 -.uL Io

0

97. Cr Mo)

,.0275

-200

-.0231 -.0183 -.0132

-IDU

-100

-50 0

50

0?87

0247 0190 0137

-.0079 -.0022

-.0081 -.0023

-.0104 -.0030

70

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

100

.0022

.0034

.0035

.0046

150

,0058

0091

,0093

0123

200 250

,009 4

0151

.0L52

0200

.0132

0208

.0214

.0283

300

.0171

.0267

.027 6

.0366

.0210

0327

0340

,0452

.0250

03

88

.0405

.0539

.02e2

,0449

.0472

.0628

.0335

.0512

.0540

.0717

350 400 450 500

I i |I

550

0379

0574

.0610

.0810

600

0424

0639

.0680

.0903

650

0469

,0703

.0753

700

.0514

.0?68

.0826

750

,0562

0834

.0902

800

.0610

.0900

.09? 8

850

.0658

.0967

.1056

900

.0707

.1037

.1135

.1216 .1298

950 1000

56

.1105

,0806

.r\75

1050

.U6DA

1100

.0905

1150

0952

07

1200

1000

1250

,1053

1300

.1106

1350

.-LIOO

1400

.1205

5

10

20 25 30 40

60 ?0

80

90 95 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

600 650 ?00 ?50 800 850 900 950 1000 1050

GI,]N]i]

RAI, T.\RLES

TEMPERATI'RE BY COLOR In moderate difiused daYlight

930'Ir laint

tiio.l' Salmonl 1630'F Darl' Orangee I725"F Oruge

1275"F l{edium 0}rcrrY 1137;i'l' Ohert 1' 1.1J0'F I} ight CircrrY

Red

107;-r'| lllood llcd 1175'F Dalk CherrY

r Sealing

1830'F

Lemon

197;'t' Light Ycllorv 2200'! N hite

! Frce Seeling Ileat

Ileat.

BTU CONTENT AND THEORETICAL AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR COMBUSTION OF VARIOUS FUELS Air lt{xluircd

Coal and Coke

for 0omllusl ion, cu [t l)ef lb fuel 125.7

BTU per llr 12,500 13.500 8,300 12,900

l.4ti .5

Gas (Continued) Natural

(l&s,0hio

X"iu.rt C*, P--rvLvatria.

OilGas... RetorL 0o.rl G!,s.....

. '

1025

10.70

1025

11

.1.

510

5.00

t1. I

Fuel OiIs

146.8

RTU per srl

I}'f U

Dcr cu lt

(i,orv )ict

.. '. Anthracite Produccr Gas Bilurninous I'rodu(rcl- (;rs. . . . . . . Bluc \\'ltcr (ias. Cirburl'ted \!xter Grj Cohe Oven Grs. )i rtural Gss, California . .

.

-.. N.rtural Gas, llid-ContiDentrl .. .

)

for Cornbustion' cu ft aif Per cu ft gas

'195

320

gal fuel

226

1.18,500

1468 1498

11.26

127,800

.05

1370 1395 1.131

L52,000

4.37 5.19

1085 E70

Air ltequired foI C.lombustion, cu ft :rir per 1312

1.21

1+0

280

91

130,000 138,500 111,000 1+5,000

1

125

.70

51o

79,500 135,200

9.17

I{EAT LOSS FROM I{ORIZONTAL BARE STEEL PIPES li'fL pcr Hour per Linear !'oot lmbient Air Tetnpe|rture 80' F' be used' may

pipes the follorving lel:iliorr To calculate the loss in fuej auc tu trcat loss irrrougn rrorzo.t.r U"re

Fuellostpe]'hou]'()b,gal,orcuft):ffiiencyo|Boiler

Temperaiure Difference

Nominal Pipc Size,

820

7r6

1,013 1,252 1,565

30,1

206

373

884

255

4ti.1

1,103

115

289

526

1.11

355 123 508

6,r7

3tl

228

5

310 364

612 742 920

464

1178

24

581

167

202

16 18 2A

394

r36

55 67 82 102

168

8 10 12 11

Pipe to Atr

.r00

inchcs

6

'F

I i rl7 | 1699 I 1810 |

030

4E3

1,,+82

2,139

2,851

6,04.1

6,002 7,517

5,4'18 6,761

6,894 8,562

8,673 10,700

8, t-11

10,317 12,507

12,90,1

i'1

3,61'J

4,C't5

2,231

1,373

5,850

2,533

3,61tt

.1,968

6,6.19

8,7

2,E36

4,051

5,570

7,458

9,7E0

11,222 12,599

3,1i2

4,965 5,870

6,83.1

9,16r

12,022

8,075

10,8-18

1,1,248

7,570 9,350

10,'1.13

11,O24

18,.136

t2,912

22,a33

15,213 10,718

r7,355 20,505 22,330

2{i,993 29,1t'2

3.1,89r

38,059

37,525 44,402 4a,352

25,439 28,60,r 31,638 37,817

33,551 37,7.t1 ,11,768 ,19,955

43,346 18,771 54,056 64,620

55,091 61,953 68,738 a2,244

1,853

1493 1691 1892

4,100

1,780 2,199

3,217

5,280

2iil,8

.1318

6,512

3137

5086

7 ,tJ7

5 E,388

11,031

82.1

6309

0,5.10

13,682

18,949

925

707tj

15,368

1021 1213

7815

10,70E t 1,E38 15,652

17,003

21,297 23,540

20,253

24,t17

9303

4,778

2,967 3,722

3,869 4,809

2,639 3,186

12.10

3118

3,1r5

1,242 5,260 6,330 7,6ii3

1,5-16

3506

729

2,275

t2,o22

3,882

2,469 3,064 3,805

1,929 2,391

1,022

1,252

2169

671

1,835

3,013

841 1036

2312

1,120 1,381 1,709

9,863

,1,E25

15,651

1.1,236

17,822

15,988

20,022

15,500

19,680

19,763

23,317

24,659 29,267

23,801 29,500

30,261

37,955 47,089 55,7 42 60,7 47

6S,237

77,a87 86,364 103,342

207

ITT GRINNEI,L PIPING DESIGN AND DNC'iI\T]ERIN(i WIRE AND SHEET-METAL GAUGES (Dianeters ard ihick

esses

in decim&l pafis of an inch) U.S. standard gsugc for sheet

Birmi qham flre (-B \\'.C l or \\ ashburn, rd saux. -(l,rr steel \!ire St,rPL $ LIe ga,ug€,.

stccll

1

0.460 0.410 0.365 0.325

0.3938 0.3625

0.289 0.258

0.2830 0.2625

o.229 0.204 0.182

.3310

0.3065

0.2,137

0.2253 0.2070

0..169

0..$E

0. -l0ti

0.454 0.425 0.380 0.340

0.375 0 .3.+,1

0.312

0.284

o.227 0.219

0.259 0.238

0.207

0.300

o.212

0.220

0.204

0.203 0.180 0.165 0. 1'18

0.201 0.199 0.197

0.180 0.178

0.1196 0.1046 0.0897 0.0747 0.0673

0.175

0.062 0 .05{i

0.0598 0.0538

0.168

0.0,178

0.161

0.050 0.0438 0.0375

0.0418 0.0359

0.032 0.028 0.025 0.022 0.020

0.157 0.155 0.153 0.151 0. 148

0.0344 0.0312 0.0281 0.0250 0.0219

0.0329 0.0299 0.0269 0.0239 0.0209

0.0181 0.0173 0.0162 0.0150

0.146 0.1,13

0.0188 0.0172 0.0156

0.134

0.01.11

0.0t4d

0.018 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.012

o.\27

0.0125

0.0179 0.0164 0.0149 0.0135 0.0120

0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005

0.120 0.115 0. 112 0.110 0.108

0.0109 0.0102 0.0094 0.0086 0.00?8

0.0105 0.0097 0.0090

0.0063 0.0056

0.0132 0.0128 0.0118 0.0104 0.0095

0.0050 0.0045 0,0040 0.0035 0.0031

0.0090 0.0085 0.0080 0.0075 0.0070

0.004

0.106

0.0070 0.0066 0.0062

0.0067 0.0064 0,0060

10

0.128 0.114 0.102

1I

0.0s1

0.144

0.1920 0. 1770 0.1620 0.14E3

0.1s4

0.1350

0.134

0.191

to

0.120 0. 109 0.095 0.083 0.072

0.188 0.185

0.057

0.1205 0.1055 0.0915 0.0800 0.0720

17 18 19

0.051 0.045 0.040 0.036 0.032

0.0625 0.0540 0.0475 0.0410 0.0348

0.065 0.058 0.035

0.0285 0.0253 0.0226 0.0201 0.0179

0.0317 0.0286 0.0258 0.0230 0.0204

0.0159 0.0142 0.0126 0.0113 0.0100 0.0089

0.081 0.072

0.064

22

2+ 25 26 27 2a 30

0 .0080

33 35 30

38 39

{} 41

42 43

44 46 48 49

50

0.2391 o.2242 0.2092

0.125 0.109 0.094 0.078 0.070

8

2l

0.281 0.266 0.250 0.234 0.219

0.150 0.141

0.162

20

lb

0.1943 0.1793 0.1644 0.1495 0.1345

6

I

0

ll

0.500

0.4900 0..1615 0..1305

.180

per cu

(for steel wire)

0

.0071

0.0066 0.0062 0.0060 0.0058 0.0055 0.0052 0.0050 0.0048 0.0046 0.0044

0.04s 0.0.12

0. 182

o.t72 0.16,1

0.13'

0.103 0.101

0.0s9 0.097 0.095 0.092 0.088 0.085 0.081 0.079 0.077 0.075

o.072 0.069

0.203

0.1t8

Q.Ii2

0 .0082

0.0075

GDNERAL TABLES

DRITL SlZ ES \unrl,rer and Letter Sized Drills

rli,., 7g 78 77

73

7l 70 69 68

ti7

iiti 65

64 63 62

r'

.257 .201

H

.26ti

B

38

.I015

.0i80

.00025,1

37

.1040

.00810 .00850 .00893

n

.00950 .00968 .01002

.000i65 .00020I

.0200

.00031+

3ti

. 1005

.0210 .0225 .0210 .0250 .0260

.0003+6 .000398 .000453

35

.1100

.000531

.0280 .02925 .0310 .0320 .0330

sq rn,

.l110 .1130

33

3I

.1200

.0l130

.000615 .000672 .000755 .000805 .00085ri

30 29

.

1285

2E

.1'105

27

.14.10 .1,170

.01298 .01152 .01550 .01629 .01ti97

.0350 .0360 .0370 .0380 .0390

.000s62 .001018 .00107i;

25 21

.1360

ztJ

I

.0r055

.1t6U

.000'191

K L XI N

.302 .316

a

.323 .332

t7

.1695 .1730

x

1ri

.1770

.02.161

.1170 .1236 .1278

15

.1800 .1820 .1850 .1890 .1910

.o2512 .02ri03 .02685

.413

.13-10

.00385 .00419

.1935

.029'1

.

1960

.0302

.0015.1

.

rs90

.0311

46 45

.0820

.00528

.0E60

.005E0

.0890 .0935 .0960

.00622 .00686 .00723

I{ L3

t2

Ll

.00"184

.00515

t{i10

It

.023,18

Y

.2010 .2040

.0316 .0327

.2055 .2090 .2130

.0332 .0343 .0356

0.0r9 0. 112

;

0.125

6

0.13E

7

0. 151 0.164

8 9

0.t77

28 26 22 20

it

t6

l4

Dianleier, lnch

Threads per inch

1.1

o.212

16

0.268

I

0

.294 0.320

8 8

0.372

7

18

24

ijv_2r*, !s's

2r+',

frurn to B,

.11I6

TAP DRILLS FOR ANSI PIPE TIIREADS

l3

20

Lo

.0409

0.190 0.203 0.216

t0 1l t2

Lr'-lz;-r', I ,"s irom

.038'1

.2280

Number

r6{ s frorLI

L(" to 1r+

.0280s

.22t0

Threads per inch

Ltj

.02E05

AMERICAN NATIONAL WOOD SCREWS

4

.2s5

()

.386 .397 .404

.0700 .0730 .0760 .0785 .0810

3

.0020 .0660 .0ri83 .0716 .0784

.290

.02258

.00213 .00238 .00278 .00317 .00352

2

.2E1

Sizes Av.rilable

.0601

.1063

.0520 .0550 .0595 .0635 .0670

0 .086

.05E0

.368

.00170

1

.2i2

U

.001.15

0

.0519 .0535 .0556

.02039 .02162

l8

rncn

r

T

I9

0.060 0.073

0+'J

.339 .318 .358

.15.10

.00 r 13.1

Diametet,

.0{00

.0820 .086ti .0901 .0050 .1005

t620

.

. 1660

Number

I

l_r14..

J

.01755 .01812 .01863 .01935 .01985

.1495

.

4I

.

.O0t'77

20

48

.250

.00755

.001257 .001320 .001385

50 49

.0-r75

.u

.0080 .0995

.0400 .0410 .0420 .0430 .0465

53 52 51

.216

40 39

2l

55

.0.1,10

.000143

.00r195

56

.0430

.238 .21'2

.0135 .0115 .0160

.1570 .1590

60 59

.231

Size

22

til

;n.

Area, sq lD.

ul. EO

I)id.,

Fractional Drill -{rea, sq xr.

-_. DIze

Size of

Pipe Tap % % %

t2 t1

l0

% %

Size of

Tap Drill 'tY3z

%

|r42 234

riln

1

r%

1v

rr4

2

214

r%

lztiz

209

TAP DRILL SIZES FOR IINIFIED AND AMERICAN SCREW THREADS Str(rss Arca,

0

.000)

80

1

.073) 073) .0Etj)

64

1

2 2

0E6)

NI' (,1

Nt'

4U

45

3 3 4 4

.099) .009)

{5

NC)

56 40

NC

5 5

Nl'

,1,1

.1.12)

.18

NF

4l

.125)

40

NC

37

0.

36 33

0. 1065

.lt2)

10

t2 t2 12

NC)

r38)

:.r38) i. rii4)

,10

NF

32 36

NC

(.1$0; (.190. ( .2l rj.

21

i.l6'rl 10

42

A.F

.r25)

..

8

0505

0.0ri25 0.0730 0.0730 0.0820 0.0E00 0.0935

lla

NF

\

0

53

NC

72 56 b+

0.0.1ti9

%

(.2rtj

23

32

NC N.t'

20

0.1{05 0. t5{u 0.l610

2+ 2a

NIT

1J

0.1770 0. iiJ50

U)i

20 28 32 18 2.t 32

t!

t1 %

5/s 5/s

,k

N.U.t'

UNO

UNF N

]t!'

UNC UNF 1\- LF UNC

2+

'/8

CJ

U.\F

l6

%

l6

I'IT

N

(.2 r6

i.3 ''4

32

,,'

20

UNI'

12

UN

lz

20

'!

II 10 I

l4

7t6

lrt

NO UNF UNC UNC UNO UNC UNC

i3 12

% 3rt

%

8 7

1

114 1%

1l's l3/4

tlh l|/t t% r%

2% 3 3

3\4

U

2;A

2ia 2ea

3ta \%z

%

6W

tr(1

0.4219 0.4219 0.4531

tlh

UNC

13i,44

8 8

8N 8N

l"/+

8

8N

ta

8N

2tA 2%

8N

234

1.4352 ,1.9326

2% 2% 2%

5.41ti4 5.9ti59 6.4957 8.3268

r%

UNC

8

UNC 8N

l,

UNC

t_4

lq Ira la

8N

3%

fi:"f,*tYX'".} ,i",:T"nft:%k;; Kilil;'".tffgift'33T1.:;iiT NC

j

or!

.oarse ,.^

5r;ier,,r. i, UNC I nii,d \rrior'rl ( NatioDal Fine NF

Hi

2 an'l Clcs.ns -

%"

-

F Rl',Ti"illiff''lT" S*i". ijilln"ii*"J

13

wi'

l5

or

3,"u;

p''viJ- i"]":i,Til"rf"::

3 nroli r r"l' r'ln'Ps hu

no

,llo$xlc.' ' "rr h 'i' ( '"'{ z $:rs 'onr f" s"r "rur ,r"'rriL e an'J :i'i;|'; b:i,,,;'ul

( i:br 3 $i l' JIrltfi'!\rm3r^r) ./u-o i:i""'. f'","',i'.; 'i,' r'r'']'' "i'rl "t"s" 6t' aPPLicl1tiors.

tirn' cs r'loolins,\'r'

bpen

Lnril "'rch tl'"..':'i :.'t' llll[";f ifl; u,iin1'ri-r',,11 LHi:l lll i,ii'i'' "li"''.** ",-" !l*

j:l

8.950.1

a/a

"-

lirn"s lh" t"lerar a I( for special close iiL xpplrcrltrons'

2

2t(,

UNC

",""i T"' l;,i'-l;ll. i,'"'iii.1". ""'"''

Clas"rs 3A crrl 3l{

t-1)2

.4971 2.7665 3.2404 3.5519 3.0976

scm* rllow-

i;;',:lT,,,'ii

2.1t07

12"/r2

i/'i lc rl''r;'.)' rii:liil

p"ovi

fit,rPPlications' ';t'"

1.E983

2.0

r.'" 'h!r'|

' "-lili \ l,n l lR I'ra\ile.lolF"trr''' ',\,:'13'

1.4899

5000

l.\ r'"1 2\

Cla*ns I

1.40.11

1.3750

€rtcrnai ti'realls

iDg Pra{itice'

.2319

1

t%

UNC

4

t .2500

r'r$

rFi'h Clas'c- 2l:n'1 2U pr"riJ" r""rrrr's ''" .'. .'L "rcrtl r"r'g'r'"ml b'l ".',:i't"*,t

0.3340 0.4612 0.6051 0.7627 0.7896 0.9084 0.9985 1.1538

1 . 1250

.

'

o.2256

0.7656 0.8750 0.9844 1.0000 1.1094

1

CL"se" -

0.1597 0. lE16

0.5312

2R.

A oi h,.." lr-c-,rr L.us'-l 'n,iil""oJJ 1' binrtjon. Clxs+s 1 1r!l ,+ Irorn strr,lr rJ \\ tre dr.cr'rttuLueo'

0.1'l!6

0.48i14

l3/8

,'rnd

0. rrES 0. i374

0.390ti

8N

i ' r".

0.10ii0

0.6.106 1%!

r|l 3B \?r' rl'o ''inl.'lr'l tlr" "J : rrL r' " ' 'u 5tlliilLru | i,,r,,.;'el tl,re* "'nr" r"' uld ar. I3 s l nrrir' 1,fr"rr' Ch-.".2 ,* * ,,i .,, r, L^r" .r" ,.url' r"' rr'r' rr" l

C'3...' ll{r

0.0ti22

0.36t0

z,/at

1.3281

214 214

(J

6 8 8

8

2y

0.3.137

0.0773 0.0876 0.0929

o"'{t

tLrr:rrds oIlY.

0 .0362

.2720 0.2812 0.3.riio 0.3320

1.2031

4%

0.0199 0.0210 0.0257 0.0269 0.0317

'',

i'll;l; i I!l u, tlrr 't l'rt,.l S\rrrl'rL 'ti'h :.,'.,.;-.',,,;,,i. ', :,1, ,, -r! ' ,' u I' rlrn.tr rsr'rr' r"r",l ,'t rl'' -:trr'F 'le ,,,,,f tl', ' t"''ai'" ",,'.,' allo.anccs ttt,tttt,. of toleranccs ancl .r,cf1'" i i'r rrlr"l' 'lis,','l',':.,'.,", ,r rlrr"''r 'ror' rn" l "r' 'ii'*l'l'1, "i':,,"". d ir' rl'" I \,2 \, ir'd 3A rr"r"n rrl'rr'lr .\" Cl1''-..' r'rl """ ,.,.,,: -'r,,,t .,.t rnJ r'.' f lu

01.'6

0.0i7r

o

1% t txl

4h

0

0.26r0

113/.64

2

0 .0139

I

8N

2

0.0079 0.0082 0.0090 0.0101

0.0377 0.0522 0.0579

8

5

1% 1%

0.00i15

0.22r0

8N

8N

0.00ii0

0.2187

vn

UNC

0.0052

2

1

UNC

0 . t)0-18

0.20{0

6

8N

UNC

7 8 6

0.0039

0.IE90

12

UNO

8

r% r%

C)

0 .0036

0.1130 0.1160 0. r3ti0

2t

.';.,i,',,4 I r''ri' l ',',''ri,",'i tr't ltr.r', \\1"'

002tt

0.0027

l0l0

N.tl

Nfl

0

0 .0960

32 2g

'L'liis irrfolrn.rlnr|\ urL' extj.lrfLe(l fronr ]\merr.r'l \rrr' r,i':,r' <"teu

0.0018

coa-

"

GENERAL TABLES

SAFE LOADS FOR ALLOY STEEL

CHAIN SLINGS,IN POUNDS

Chain Size,

Inches

1/R

Single

Double Sling

Branch Sling -

Horizontal Angle

at 90o angle

at 600 angle

I

at 45o angle

3,250 6,600

5,650

11

,400

4,550 9,300

900

11

zso

19,500

15

s/R

16,500 23,000

28JsO

28,500 39,800 49,800

23,300 32,500 40,600

I

38,75 0

67,100

1.1/8

44,5 00

77 9oO

54,800 63,000

r-rl4

57,500

99,500

81 ,000

1-3l8

67,000

I i 6,000

94,000

1-112

80,000

i

38,000

1-3l4

100,000

112,500 140,000

18

at 30o angle

-[lAlal^

r12

'7

I

t't2,000

32s0

6,600

11

,250

16,500

23,000

28Jso 38,75 0

44,500 5?,500 67,000 80,000 100,000

Reporter' and Additional data can be found in OccuPational Ffetv {aJth u'r wastungton' ' Ailairs' of Nalional publisned by The Bureau

zrr

SAFE LOADS FOR IMPROVED PLOW STEEL WIRE ROPE SLINGS. IN TONS (2OOO LBS.)

Trao-Leg Btidle or Basket Hitch

Single Leg

Digtueter (in.)

s

MS

HT

s

MS 6

3B 112

5la 314

7la 1

1

1la

1.3 2.3 3.6 5.1 69 9.0 1i.0

12

1.2

2.2 3.4

2S

4.9 6.6 8.5

4.2 5.5

10.o

9.0

3.0

72

1114 1

3la

1 112

13t4 2

2114

*lf

13 15 18 25 32 ,rO

14 17 20 27 34 43

slinss are used

to

d: il;.H;#i;"';pf

1l 13 16 21

28 34

MS

HT

s

MS

s

HT

MS

S

HT

Wire Rope Core (Illy'RC) X 19 Ctdssifrcation Collstruction with lttdependent

92 1.6 25 3.6 48 6.3 79 6

s

HT

0 Degrees

45 Degees

0 Degees

Vertical*

Choker

Veftical

Rope

92 1.6 2.5 3.6 43 6.3 79

92 1.6

2.5 3.6

4.4 6.3

79

25 45 72 1o.o 14p 18.0 225

2.4 2.4 4.4 43 63 6.0 9.8 aA l3O 110 17.O 14.0 20.O 18.0

2.3 4.0 62 a1 12.0 6.0 19.0 ,f

2.1 38 59 8.5

29

15.0

121

1',1.0 17.O

35 52 73 9.5 16.0

1B 3.3 5.1 7.1 99 13.o 't6.0

1:t 3.1 48 69 9.3 12.O 140

7A

h)ire Rope Care (IhtRc) X 37 Azssification Construction with lndependent

9J 12 14 19 24 30

9.7 12 14 19 24 30

91 12 14 19

24 30

28 26 34 30 40 36 54 50 686/.56 86 80

22 26 32 42 68

24 23 2€2623 35 3t 47 43 59 55 74 69

be.used to plolect the handle loads wlth sharp cornets. pads oI saddles should be used' should ratins t'itch cr'o*"' iittre raoius oi"be-n[ ii srnal"'l

19

2a 36 48 59

Iope' The

20 18 24 21 29 25 38 35 4a 45 61 57 radius

13 23 3,6 5.0 7! 9.O

1.7

23 42 53 10.0 13.0

|

1.O

14 17 20 27 34 43

t6 1A

23 30

40 4a

,lts

-:-

12

22

34 49 65 8.5

10.0

13 15 18

25 32

40

of bend should not be smaller than five

"

S = Socket or swaged terminal attachment MS = Mechanical sleeve attachment HT = Hand-tucked splice attachment Tableisbasedonadesignfacloroftiv€,slinganglesfolmedbyoneleganda'verticalLinethroughthecranehook,andrrnifofmloading.rolthleelegbddle!i *o t* rt* teg bridle slings' multiplv bv 2'0' mutriply safe load l.,rn!,, ,o, ,*o ,"g o""li ffiJi'l Additional data can be found in occupltional safety

a.nd

National Mfairs, washington' D' Health Reporter, published by The Bureau of

c

.: .: :r.

_F

{IENEI]

\I,

'IABLES

SAFE LOADS FOR EXTRA IMPROVED PLOW STEEL WIRE ROPE SLINGS' IN TONS (2000 LBS.) Two-Leg Bri(lle or Basket Hitch 0 Degees

X I9 C.lassificatiotl Construciott

6

1.5 2:1 4,1 5'9 8.0 10.0 13.0

'2 -3 -3

1.4 2.5 3.9 5'6 7.6 9.8 12.O

13 2.3 3.5

4.4 6.4 8.3 10.0

1.',l 19 29 4.1 5.6 72 9.1

1.1 19 23 4.1 5.6 72 9.1

1.1 ',19

29 4.1

5.6 7.2 9.1

3.o 5.4 a2 12.O 16,0 20.0 26.0 6

16 15 19 18 23 21 31 28 103732 49 46 T -:-

:

s

are useal

24 40

11 13 16 21 2a 35

to handle loads with shalp

; .;#;ilh";;;iittre - ;lcket or

13 15 18

swaged

raaius or

rcni

11 13 16 21 2a 35 col

11

13 ',16

21

2A 35

ne$, pads ot

2a 25 5.0 4,6 78 73 11.0 9.6 15,O 13.0 20.0 17.0 24.O 20I

23 4J 7.1 100 14.O 17.O 23p

2.4 4.3 6A 9.7 13.0 17.O 219

2.3

4S 6.1

8.3 11.0

143 17.0

2.1 38 5.8 8.3 11.0 14.0 18.0

1,0 1 a 3.5 3.3 55 49 71 6.8 11,O 9,0 14.O 124 17 .O 14.O

'f.5 21 4.1 59 8.O 10.0 13.0

1.4 1.3 2-5 2.3 33 3.5 5.6 43 7.6 6,4 9.8 8.3 12.O 10.0

23 27 33 44 57 69

21 25 30 40 52 65

16 19 23 31 40 49

15 18 21 2a 37 46

X 37 Classification Constructton

32 38 46 62 80 98

30 36 42 56 74 92

26 30 36 48 64 80

sadalles sho uld be used

2a 26 33 31 4[3631 54 49 @6455 85 80

23

26 42 69

to plolect the Iope' The latlius ol b en'l

sho

la 21

25 35

45 57

uld not be smallel

24 32

40

is smatler, a choker hitch ratins should be used'

terminal attachment

leg line thlough the clane hook' al1d unifolm loadine' FoI thle€ on a alesign factor ot tive, sling -sffis angles folmeal by one leg and a-vertical by 2,0. multiplv bi t 5 ana for iour leg bridte slings, *= -t ,"i"-f*i fi",itr-f"r two leg bridli Bureau of National Affairs, washington' D c' ,!r-:.:nal found in occupational safety and Health Repoder, published by The

i

1A

tha[ five times

{ . !rechanical sleeve attachment - - -and'tucked sPlice attachment .rLo

13 15

b

dle slings'

baseal

clata can be

2L3

IJ

..1

(-)

;

v-).

\ \\lr U\CI\l,l.l{l\t'

t'- co o:

r"O-s"

oc.ls\o

zl al =l

xt zl

'l

9-T

leRg.8"

I ?. |

6

ts;6X5 f_- r.,- <: s^

;;i66

6 E "^ lH-^'.o f€--r^-_

E

^{ o^

IF"X"X.5" licr.nm

:a;x5 or-- \\

@^ oo^

o\ q d-

'o^ c.l

\o t-- co o

.n \o

\i F- o

\o^ N-

a

888 \o- .1 r-:

.q-

1

q.1

z o

(a

p9

;666 o-(.i$-\

3^q€"8"

'o^

.l

o-

co-

1v1 o) s-

xF65 co- .o^ co. o:

:.i-

4

5.

F^

/A* ^z

8eZ geE

(J

Fooo:

si \O F-

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@-

eesR o-t $: + F- |I 3R33

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F

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l(.ooa l\oNcrl^ loo t <..--

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888 ;Fi6

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HV66 F-- t-^ 1

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t:

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;:

loooQ l\D<_@v -----to^ lo..l"1

o:

v6v;6 r"l \ .t r-^

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9-t

.o

.o-

6i661sr-tm-

\ cl

;F6d6 o-\vl s-

a"q8" ;6F6

\o Cl Ct

C.l

GENERAL T.\.BLES

I

x66; o-r 1

6-

a"€"G"3"

^v-

I

6 v.6"

c!. o-

co-

I

O

I I I

| 'r,

x:ai5 \o^ o- \o- rl

".r^

56:6

YX:65, .-i r-- oo.

t: lE

o^ .'1. -*

YX'NF

\o- s^

x6.;. O:.o\O

;;

E;6^4 codlo

co^

^t

41".

:d;66 s..L $-

\OO\tn\O

+-

+- F^

RXRFJ

\

v

,;

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al

lo tq

5I

Hi6;65 fo^ o^

R-;. F.3"

tx zl t-' q.t l.'\ |

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1o\

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6-

ts^+^-.4

d

VV;66 o\ dl oo- r--

ts;5i; 6- c\ c.l s-

6.

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I

I

H:'iF (^a-o..cL

vx;+

x66;6 a-vlv^1

U F o- s-

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6-;. V.6

a€"s"8"

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:*

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qs"e

:x:x xi 65^

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o^

\o-

t:lo

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F t9

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"t

I I

co^

I

ql

$- \ -1 ''^ \OF o.'O

c{ o- s^

F^ -6^ xFO'cl

1o\o:@^ o, o c.,r $

x

v-;6.

.i 5^

565 tz

;-

b6-

E

I I

R

3:3

YXV6 oo o\ ..Lv^

c-s"l

c"

f:

l\o lic\6'i

:co-\o

co^

vi<=d^ \ 1vl

i6 x;6;6 \O- o\ sf- co-

X

x66i6 rl c'! c.I

eg{<sr

\o t-- o\

o

e.{

e.

tsi45 .{ o: o^

t: t<

215

ITif (iR]\\ I!I,I, PII'I\G

DI|SIGN

FOR DIAMETERS AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES IN UNITS AND FRACTIONS Circum. 1'/|6

i:it

l3

r! I :,i

341

Lr ll53 Irl . lr;ri Tolll

r+

37

1i ll62.3ol15.160l

Ys

rr ,12

.589049

ur6

I3

e76l

38 | 4

4301

'aj

r,; | 56.7{

lj

1165 131.15.5531

xr | 60

1j

1170.87116

r

l)73 7El+0

76 1167 elll{s

I

'ls

li

I

%

1k

,6

5sl541l

%

8.05033

r7.1751

l; lr70 71117 r\ ll71r ;L I I ll82 'r7lf7 6;117

,16

,;

Lr 167.201

,t/s

i .07$92

rXz

731 1

%

%

8

r" 1

.17810

t.27627

rii t',{,

I

1

.37.145

|

47262

rrk ?s | 6 llll r,/t6 6 7771 |

% \t/t6

l0

1 .570E0

ii2l:i

fi6

.66897 I .76715 1 .86532

10.0r38

L 96350

0.2102

L

'x1,

*l

lE

:\

r

ttl

10.6029

3.i

0.7992

%

0.9956

).t

21h

%

L

%

rX6lt0.680

rX6

3,/

111.0-15

%

16

.9773 12 . t737 11

fi

12.9591 3. 1554 916 113.772

%l %l

r/4 114.186

f,

"rl

"41

113.364

,i6 ll5.466

% |.767r

r

\6 %

l

%

2 l1b.g04

e16 lt 6.349 ss 116 800

1103 87

%

9{ li06.14

% %

lAl ."

86

%

3s 1120.28

78

I

y2 1122.72

I

l6 u25.le sl lr27 68 ,8 1130.19

% %

^ul

%6, %

4.1372 4.3335 .1.5299

Y2 ,46

%

1113 10

i1 lr t7

31132.73 rs lr35 30 ,r ll37.89

%

%

l9

%

1k 1143.14 5s l14b.80

% %

5.3153 15.5116

% ri

]|118 .4') lr 51 .20

tn

l18.I90

%

%

118.665

Lr$ 119 147

%

l8

% %

% )5

%

4.9226 5 .1r89

1316

,h

%

r.,

I

I

% %

rYra

4.2201

ul ."., ,1

%

t\6'|17.257 11.7262 117.721

.k

%

lrl %

,t

rs l1t5,r7

3s lt40 50

tyt6 \%6

h

tl

%

I

,/:

% 114.607 % 115.033

nul

ot

12

:tt

%

38 l10t 62

31 1108 13 7s l1t0.75

%

'l:

) ''l

% % %

1346

112.566

Y.,9

\

8131

1 .0095

rs/ra

y* le .saz

7

%

lr.0 32I

l1t ,+I6 % llr .7e3 Li16 lr2 r77

li1:1,

Il | 95.

t8

r3

2W

t\

.1919

1

lri

t1

h

,zl

10..1065

2 1 9.621

li

I

l6

78.

| 80 5l 182 5l I t4.511

rr

|

:;l

2y',n

rYt6

::

1

,d

,l 111

ii6

?A

1188 6ll+8 6e1 % 1191 751{11.0871 % llrl.83l{9 -1t01

%

lt % %

GENERAL TABLES

AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES FOR DIAMETERS IN UNITS AND FRACTIONS (Continued) Dia.I

Dir.

ill0

,\ 'ln

t1 5,A

E2

5,llL00

8r6

861101 .31 823.21 101 .

)1

1.1

,rr.,-

:".

tn I

1|1

lr |,z lx

t(

1r7r

1.!

33

\1

Eri8 31110+.

871 E5 10,t

trt7e.

39

11194.

1a

t81

;/t

r

1t225

:'r 901 .261106.421

r

7.1

3

Jl241

t25.271

I

5'10 1599.

60 .221

79 o71

160 614

163,t

.

16,13

.

1652.

r44

51

1707 .4

l|l],2

l]

41

l01l.

,1

!)82.8,11111.1

ti

%

%

tA

I,A

1

1017 0

lli'\,.

1025 0 1032.1

li;

03c.2

t4 1046.3 ,1 1053 5 % 1060.7 % 1068 0 1075 2 1082 5 1097.1

',

% %

711

111 910

010.8

12

184.961

12E.41

%

tn

t4

680.0 16E9.l 145.601

s lt28o.3

%

1A

975 9l 110

t% |;:

%

15ti.

1661. 1670.

1125(l

t.i

%

I

tA

1572

11

,4

29

)1 %

t4

15ti{

1626

.

1233.

%

%

176.7r

1608

s Ll26{ + 11272

\

%

122.91

s li 248.

r

%\

% % 19C3.1

130 801 '/+

11210

:.i

f.i

0i

!, 11217.

t/,

11 105.

13C

120.951 .

11

,1 851

ti ,i

r5 11202.

1i

50

)lt

ib l lE6.

"1.\

tA

381

r8ll1i6

,t0

:1

l9

1( llr11 r1 lt r10.1

14 11161.

5i

% 74

lr l3-r l l

38

32

26

Dia.

Die.

Arca

.31

%

l2l

501

131

.10I

ili 11 11352 . 1360.

!(

%

11361)

7A 1377.

42

31.554

114t0

r, ss

1E00

r837.

.

1876.

.

% % %

35.481 35.E71

1895.4 5,1 331 1905. 1gI'1. l55 .l r

%

lg24

t4

193.1

l r19.2

%

1943. 1053.

7

I

43

.8

1a 1126

189.281 1E9.67

1.71.2r

133 51 1427. 133 9l

11104 5 1111

170 .,131

li 418

1443

168 86r

I

1828.

% lr433.

'%

50.011

1809 1819.

1385.

rr 113e3 ,1 t102. 3A

187.31

1781.

.

t

\71.751

93 60r

FOR DIAMETERS AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES IN UNITS AND FRACTIONS (Continued) Dia.

Area l('ircum

*'.,]l,

74

19.11194.77911 68 1s 131195 t

71l

i;l

% %

/:.1

'

ltl ftl ,rl

%

.871 l4s2s .e1233 263

114315

)<

%l

92

4/6

I4SUU.lJlrJz .4|1232

)l

tA

11344 5 233

,

14359 .2 234

lr7

.0't9

%

14373 8 234.141

75

14417.91235.61

ss

e2.611s7.13511 % 04.91197.5281t %

63

29 61198.3131 1{

l42.olls3.706l

%

rz

%

%

% lnor,

166.91199.49111 %

%

ri li*ni

% %

11 \1506 .7'

26

lr$6.5J238

%

%

469

.

Y4 €O17.61275.675

761

liisi

ilzsn ,;o

14566

412tse

.

% \52t'7 % l'3r3

ls

.11258 .31258

',"

14581 3123e.

% lss29 11258.789

t,: li: tn

)1

145s6 .3\240

,

|

"*

t;

1461i.4 2,10 s.4 .11626.4\241 t1.7 % 11641 51211.51o

77

7l

'l^

',% lioii

%

l:

1,1656.6

241 903

*jzCI

14686.91212

|

%l

%

'il

)4

!b

91

,:l

%

% %

/ul

i

tj6u

14717 31243.4 11732 ;1243 14717 .8\211 .

l8

11?63.11211 6s2

% %

% %

%

%

% %

e16lL 1,

14128 21227 765

s9 1120e.70lll 34 14156.8122s 5i1 rz llzto ov+lL ?s J4r7l 11228 944

%

7A

z9

li, \'" \,:

li: I i'' 2L8

x

y1

r.6{i5

|

%

.14870.71247 14886 .21247

11917 11932 .71248

%

% t4

Y2 74

2l

% %

% % 90

%

,8

%

%

%

%

%

% % % %

9r

85

lc5o3.91285 885

t % 3.4

11228.51230.51

s,1.

l

%

%

s8 4257 1231 ,4 1979.5250.1.49 i zlztz.+sol 'i j;;l;i;;nll] 11995.2250 .512 iiit stis' t"z rs alzr:.2:o

1615r.11278.031 16168 81278.424

14 16186 21278 816

% %

.

.9r1

%

)/4

.

.21248.57!

l,

89

83

% %

l4cot 71248 1

.11276 853

?8 15394 31260 359

84

66

% ,4

ls3+s 6125s.181

bs 1s3ff1 81259 57-l

%

16 14702.11243.081 r

,

16090

.

%

'/,+.

.81273 711 8.S1274.104 1

% 16013.21274 r8 16030 41275.

i"

l+szr .rlzzs.

i'

25'l

.

*

%

1s153.o

too

iii 2iJ1

% %

18 15168 912s4. I'3s 15184.9 25s.2;4 ls2oo.8J255 647

.

n\rr,

%

y4 1bt21,.2253 684 7s 15137 I125+

2;3

81

11417 .41231i .

ya lssaz .z)psa

2')1

lb1o.-) 4

42a6 3 232 085

%:oro.gzso.gls

t(

15758.3 268.evv

% \stz;.t',zog .sgz

287.848 165e3.5 3/4 66rr.5'Paa.241 % jeozo.a zsa oa+

%

G]]N]IRAL TABLES ENDS TABLE FOR GAUGING I{ORTZONTAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS-FLAT

|aD : %C

Percentage of Total Diameter of Tank

:

Percentage of Total Capacity of Tank

%p

%D 0.1

01'f49

0.0053

0.2

03 0.l

0 .0152

0.5 0.6

0.0279 0.0129 0.0ri00 0.0788

0.7

0.0f)1r2

08 09

1.0 1.2

l.ti 18 20 22

11

6

.4

3060

(i.,t08i

11 8

6. (i320

12.0 12.2

6

0.7970

13 .0

7. ti3{r0 7 . 8110

0.2t00

13.4

7.9840

25.5 20.0

0. 3,r19

L

1580

26.5

13.8

8.3330

4773

14.0

8

5094

27 .O 27 .5

0.7001

1'1.6

9.0.140

2.8 3.0 3.2

0.7886

14.8 15.0

I .221t'

t5.2

1 0533 15.ti

3.6 3.8

1.1.170

4.0 4.2 4.1

1.3418 1.412C

1.54ti1 1

.6515

1.7j11).1

5.0

1.8093

t'2

9.956

10 703 10. E92

16.E 17.0

11.082

11.273

17

.2

11 .465

2.2116

17.0

11 851

3.0771 3.2082 3.3408

4

0276

31.802 32

.412

33.025 33.638 34.254 34.869

41

.5

39.233 39.860 40.490

3.6106 3.8869

28.781 29.330 29.981 30.587 31.192

13.832 14.035 14.238

19.8

3.7.180

28.18,1

35.491

19.6 20.0

202

14.41-1

14.649

.4 20.6

M.454 15.060

20

8.6

4.1696

8.8 9.0 9.2

4.3131 4.4582 4.60,r5

20.8

9.6 9.8

4.9015

21

5.0523

21.8

10.0

5.2044 5.3580 5.5126 5.6690 5.82tt2 5.984E

22.O

42.O

425

15.ti83 15.892 16.101

460

16.312 16.52,r 16.73? 16.949

47

22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0

17. 161

17.376

47 .O

.5 48.0 48.5 49.0 49.5 50.0

55.0 56.0 57.0 57.5 58.0

61

0

61.5 62.0 62.5 63.0 03.5 6.1.0 6.1.5

65.0 66.0

670

74.4 78.6 78.8 79.0

8,r. 108

.a

77

78.0 78.2

8,1.525 84 733 8,1.940

9,1. 1738

94.3310

89..1

89.u

9,1 'lui 4

89.

E

9.1.6-12{)

90.0

9,1.795{i

so .2

9+.9"177

90.4 90.6 90.8

95 0985 95.2+75 9.5 39t55

95 5,llt

91 .0

9t .2 91.4

95.6369 95.8304

85.351 85.556 85.762 85.965 86.168 86.370

91.6 91.8 92.0

95.9721

80.8 81.0 81.2 81.4 81.6 81.8

86.571 86.771 E6.970 87. r09 87.367 87.563

92.8 93.0 93.4 93.6 93.8

97. 1789

65.746 66.362 66.975 67.588 68.198 68.808

82.0 a2.2

E7.760

94.0 91.2

97.5503 07.0703

94.6 94.8 95.0

97.90+-1 98. 1086

69.413 70.019 70.620

83.2 83.4

95.2 95.4 95.6

98.2.106

96.0 96.2

98.6582 98.7568

96.4

98.8530

.2

99.1258 90.2114 99.2939

792 .4

85.146

58.251 58.884 59.510

00.767 61.396

?9.6 79.8 80.0 80.2 80.4 80.6

62.023 62.645 63.268 63.890 64.509 05.131

60.

i.l0

79

42

.4

82.6 82.8 83.0

87.954 88.149 88.343 88.535 88.727

71.816

840

44.2

88.918 89.108 89.2rl7 89.485 E9.673 89.859

84.4

90.044

71

.2r9

68.0

836 83.8

36.732

69 .5

7

?0.0 70.5 71 .0

71.767

850

75.319 75.924

a5

7t.5

76.506

72.0 72.5 73.0

77.O77 77 .647

38.604

81.317

50.989 57.621

73.004 73.593

4.182

E4.6

84.8

90.224 90 .412 90.59.10

96. 1131

96.2520 96.3894 96.5251 96.6592

922 .4 92.6 92

93

96.7918 96.9229 97.0517

.2

97.3048 97.4285

944

958

96.6 96.8 97.0

99.3733 99.4499

86.0 86.2 86.4 86.6

91.4906 91.6670 91.8420 92.0160

99 .7777

43.011 4ts .644 44.274

74.5 75.0

79.897 80.449 80.670 80.890 81.108 81.325

86.8 87.0 87 .2

92.1890 92.3010

98.8 99.0

92.531,1

99.

E7.4

92.7010 92.8695 93.0370

99.2 99.3 99.4

81.543 81.760

88.0 88.2

s3.2030 93.3680 93.5315 93.6940 93.8551 94.0152

99.5 99.6 99.7

75.4

47 .457

76.0 76.2

48.093 48.729 49.366

76.8

50 .000

77 .O

46.819

98.9,167 99 0375

97.6 97.8 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.6

79.339

45.550 46.188

98.557r

91.13.19 91 .3133

97.4

74.O

44. 913

98.3485 98.4539

85.6

85.,1

42.379

75 .2

98.1307

97

.5

73

97.7E8{

90.7754 90.9560

.2

78.215 78.778

44.5 45.0 45 .5

.6

21.2 2r .1

5.1.0

55.087

89.2

68.5 69.0

41. 11{i 41..749

15 267

51..450

82.839 83.051 E3.263 83.476 83.688 83.899

36. 110

43.0 43.5 44.0

2l .0

53.8r.2

53.0

59.5 60.0 00.5

.233 25.818 26..r07 26.996 27 .589 25

38.5 39.0 39.5 40.0 40.5 41.0

3.4749

53. 181

24.651

12.633 12.831 13.030 13.229 13 .429 13.630

19.4

52.0

59.0

12 .437

18.4 18.6 18.8 19 .0 rtJ .2

2.9.+83

35.5 36.0

.0

24.O72

37.0 37.5 38.0

2.6952

2.a2Il

34.5 35.0

22.353 22.923 23 .494

12.210

12.0-10

b.4 6.6 6.8

2 .57

11.657

3,r.0

2t.745

18.0

t'

.4,\97

.0

1(i.,t 1ti ti

1.8914 2.095{i 2.321)

31

32.5 33.0

t5

10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0

t'

70.327 10.515

18.2

84

L

16.2

16.0

6.0 6.2

E.2

9.588

29.5 30.0 30.5 32.0

2

7.6 7.8 8.0

L4060

28.0 28.5 29.0

10.14r

1.2432

4.E

7.2 7.4

250

13.6

I.1.4

7.O

21

0.,t077

0.ti207

58

2L .222

0. 111(i 0.1(ilr2

8

0.962i)

51

r8.022

19.3:t0 19.551 20.103 20.061

7 .1036

0.87.12

17 .806

18.8S2 19. 110

7.29110

0

50.5

18.210 13.4s7

IJ

12.8

o.2223

17.590

21.0

23

126

0.5501

5.6

236

0 . 1212

2.1 2.6

46

234

21.4 21.6

?.1305

8. ti8ii7 8. E65i

'1

.2

'J{i30

1,1.2

3.

23

50.634 51.271 51.907 52 .513

87.6 87.8

1

9S.8

99.9 100.0

99 .5227

99.5923 99.6581 99.7200 99.8308 99.8554 9S.8788 99.9008 99.9212 99.9400 99.9508 99.9571 99.9848 99.9947 100.0000

2r9

GRI\NELI,

I1'T

PIPINT] DESIG\ T\ND r]NGINI'FJRI\G

WEIGIIT PER FOOT OF SOLID STEEL ROUNDS \\'eightsshowIr&refo|s()lxlIoLllrC1speIfoot()flellg1h''fodetel.miethe\r.eigh1

footoftheI.l).fromttre*'eigtrtpe,iuuioiir'"ri'il..,,qrr,'"igr'l"ar'ebasedonst.eel*'eighiIrg0'2833pourldsp of other metals see relxlive \{eight factors on 1'g 177

16.6E8

,#\

t7.532

96.120 98.136

gV\

Y:l

20.1S2

r.04.30

27.t20

106.39

1x46

wl

22.O70

108.51 110.65

rYra

,rl

*l

Yxl

i*l ';\

0.1669 o.2712 0.2607 0.3155

24.030

T^\

v\

o.37 55

0.4407 0.5111

ial {^\

i\tl

1.0430 1.1499 7.2620 1.3794

"rr\ '%l

;)

1.5019 7.6297

\34:6

1.7627

i\

^r#\

214

:)\

%

n\

\Vr6 st 1 Yt6

%

|

.'''

135.55

%

137.94

rYt6

140.34

% r'/a

40.09r 4r.397

747.7\)

42.719 44.066 45.432 46.819

150.19

323.O7

152.70

326.7 5

48.227

%

fi^

N6

%

757.79

Y\6

160.37 162.97

% "/s

%

%6

t/t

%

IT

73.595 75.356

204.12 207.36

% % % %

Tl,

74.942

I

13.517

t:

|

ll

77.t40

?),

1%6

l\ rx

80.768 82.614 84.480 86.370

,46

%

ryt6

872.57

%

376.51

ro/ra

2t9.29 222.32 225.34 228.46

1321.8 1336.7

1381.9 1397.1

74t2.5

ln l\% Y",

%

t..

% %

l2 t% t'" lso

:l n\

2323.6

78

2403.0

%

1458.9

%

r474.5

1,4

1490.2 1506.1

% % %

2443.1 2463.5

%

2483.8 2504.2 2524.7 2545.2

%

2565.9 2586.7 2607.5 2628.4

1602.7 1619.1

%

2649.3

%

261-O.1

1635.6 1652.r

%

1537.9 1554.0 1570.1 1586.4

%

v,

31

lg %

%

3364.9 3388.7 3412.5 3436.3 3460.5 3484.6 3508.7 3532.9

36

% %

I* |

"{i

3557.0 3581.5 3606.0 3630.8

l"'r l{a

3655.2 3680.1 3704.9 3729.7

'.4

|t% t^-

242it.r

7427.n 1443.3

t522.O

,#\

2245.5 2964.9 2244.4 2303.9

29

1292.3 1307.0

'/"+

I

,u'" {) 926.22 938.70 951.24 963.89 976.60 989.42

t2 % %

210.3r 2r3.28 276.27

%

%

| 'r' ll Y" \* ll%

ll* %l

UI 7^3.

269r.6 27 t2.a

\

32

1685.5

rA

"n*l %

t702.3

%

%

1719.2

%

%

r736.2

% % %

77 53.2

% %

1770.4 1787.6

% %

1804.9

26

1002.3

1668.8

2820.2 2842.O

2907.7

33

% %

4165.9

%

2863.8 2885.7

%

427l.S

40

%

%

297 4.1

Ya

4325.7 4352.5

%

2996.4 3018.8 3041.4 3063.9

% % % %

4379.4 4406.6 4433.8 4461.0

1839.8

1857.4 1875.0 r892.8

1081.4 1094.9 1108.4

l"',r(); |

%

%

459.97 468.77 477.b4

%

3155.0

l7a

% %

446.62 495.66

1t22.1

r:

% %

3178.0

|

504.81

5t4.O2

1135.8 1149.6 1163.5

|

1910.6

l%

t\

ll

Yt

4298.8

2951.9

% %

% %

r.068.0

to64.7

4245.4

%

7422.4

451.23

1041.5

4192.4 42).4.9

2929.1-

%

.j.

4061.2 4087.3 4113.5

4\35.7

1028.3

%

3957.8 3983.3 4009.1 4035.0

%

1015.3

%

I

nl

425.60 434.06 442.55

% %

3855.5 3881.0 3906.5 3932.0

'll ,"1

4\7.20

13

3779.7 3804.8 3830.3

I

201.51

\

222t).2

1366.8

337.92 341.69 345.47 349.29

7r.851

X6

2207.O

t",

330.46 334.18

%

5

% %

12i7.7

|*

319.41

t55.24

187.28 190.09

1263.1

% %

l'3

308.56 312.75 315.78

192.91 195.76 198.64

%

'ts/tn

lr;

15.864

133.18

,6

184.49

2168.7 2187.8

\,, 123

294.37 257.49 301.42 304.98

66.751 68.431 70.130

1Yt6

12.Osi12.777

15.061

tA

368.62

\;

th

%

%

7.6032

).4.278

I|

?4

181.73

10.680 r1.358

r:.

"s

t76.27

%

t:.

60.244 61.839 63.454 65.092

6.0074 6.5187 7.0504

8.7716 9.3870 10.023

/t

rn6

123.92

170.88 173.56

%

r248.6

IY

%

%

164.22

t234.2

l"'N

t42.77 t45.22

49.658 51.106 52.578

%

%

10

121.\7 126.20 128.50

1219.9

\

%

%

1205.1-

% %

'/2 i.7

%

178.99

t7;

|

'46

r7t6

%

l7;

37.549 38.810

%

4.1720 4.5997 5.0481 5.5176

a.777

2a.202 29.297 30.414 31.550

%6

\Yt6

lY;

119.4r

v,

2.6700 3.0142 3.3793

3.765r

lr*

27.118

7,'. )

-

2093.3 2112.0 2130.9 2149.8

28

1177.5 1191.ti

%

353.12 356.9ti 360.83 364.72

%6

l^u

25.O12 26.O74

112.81 114.99 117.19

130.83

0.6675 0.7536 0.8448 0.9413

Y"l

702.22

2l

Y-rq

100.17

23.039

lnches

inches

18.398 1S.285

o.t27a

IVeisht, pounds

Diam.,

Weishl,

% % %

3086.6

34

%

%

%

%

310S.3

3132.r

3201.1

3224.2 3247.5

U

| ., '{2

tn

4598.6 4626.2

4654.1 4681.9

GENERAI TABLES

Weisht,

Diam., WoieLt,

Dram., Weisht,

Diam..

Diam., Weieht,

Diam.,I lveieht,

oi"-.,lw"igr't, rnches

I

Diam., Weieht,

eounds I

]

87rs | 20,210 | 20,268 % | 20,326 3,6 I

42

% %

% '/2

% %

,14 43

%

% % % %

% %

4709.fr 4738.0 47 66.2 4791.5

4s)4

4822.7 4851.2 4879.8 4908.3

50

% %

% % %

%

4936-9 4965.8 499'{.4 5023.2 5052.5 5081.4 5110.6 5139.9

% % % % 51

%

% %

44

%

519E.7

% %

5228.2 5257.8

%

5247.4 5317.0 5346.9

%

% % 45

%

5376.E

5406.7 54:t7.0

% %

51t)

% %

5527.7

%

5588.6 5619.2

% 46

t-

.2

54\)7.2

% %

641.1

11,108

% % %

11,151

%

11,194 11,238

%

%

8,675.1 8,713:2 8,751.3 8,789.3

1,4

8,827.7

65

6708.4

,6

8,E60-9

6712.1 61-7 5.7

% %

6541.5 6575.5 6608.5 6641.8

6809.4 6843.1 6876.7 6910.7

7041,.7

% % % %

7359.5 7394.5 7129.5 7464.4

% % %

% %

%

5898.0 5929.6 5961.2 5992.5

% % % %

7930.6 7967.0 8003.7 8040.1

% % % %

6280.8 6313.1 6345.4 6378.0

55

% %

8076.8 8113.5 8150.5 8187.3

% % % %

4224.3 8261.4 8298.8 8335.8

%

11,411

tA

9,0:0.8 9,059.6

9.|17.4

,i

%

11,455 11,499 11,543

%

11,5E7 11,631

66

9,176.5 9,21ti.0 s,255.1

% % %

9,294.5 9,333.9 9,373.4

11

9,4r2.8

%

9,452.6

% % 67

11,719 11,763 11,807 11,852 11,897 11,941

11,986

% % % %

9,612.0 9,652.1 9,692.3 9,732.7

% % % %

12,165 12,210 12,256

61

% % % % % % %

9,773.2 9,813.3

% % %

% % %

I,E54.r 9,894.5 9,935.3 9,976.1

% %

10,017

%

r0,058 10,099 10,140 10,181

10,222

10,264

62

68

10,305 10,347

10,388

% % % %

10.430 10,172 10,514 10,555

% % %

10,597 10,639 10,682 10,724

% % % %

10,766 10,809 10,851 10,894

%

72

%

tl % % %

12,075

72,r20

73

% % % % % % %

13,986

%

14,034 14,083

16,875 16,928 16,982 17,035

% % 80

17,088

77,t42 17,195 77,219

14,131

14,180

76

% % %

t2,620 12,666

% % %

12,758

%

12,804

% %

% % % %

72,457

12,850 77

12,943 12,SS0

%

% %

13,036 13,083 13,130

13,t77 t3,224

%

13,271

%

13,318 13,365

%

t3,412

% % % %

77,572 17,627 17,681

14,572

15,019 15,069 15,119 15,170

12Aa3

17,518

%

t4,522

% % %

12,437

% %

14,473

14,820 14,869 14,919 14,969

% % % %

17,464

81

% % % %

12,34{t 12,392

72.529 12,574

%

14,37 5

14,671 14,72\)

12,301

17,303 17,356 17,410

%

14,229 14,277 14,326

% % %

%

%

7s%

14,62r

69

70

13,841 13,8S0 13,938

% %

\4,770

t5,220

17,735 17,785 17,844

%

17,953 18,008 18,063 18,118

82

% % % 1,4

18,173 18,228 18,283 18,338

% 83

18,394 18,449 18,505 18,560

15,270 15,321 15,371

15,422 15,473 15,524

15,626 15,677 15,728 75,779

%

18,676 % 54 || 1.8,672 3l | 1e,728 % 1 18,784 84 | 18,840 % | 1s,8s6 Y.a I rs,ssz 3/e | 19,009

15,831

rZ

49

6410_6

%

,i

%

6443.6 6476.2 6509.2

63

8373.2

%

84r0.6

% %

8448.0 8485.7

% % % %

8523.5 8561.2 85S8.9

8637.0

64

% % %

10,937 10,979

lt,o22 11,065

7l

7a

13,460

% % %

13,507

\A

13,650 13,698 13,7 46 13,791

% % %

zo.q+z

3l I| 20,559 ,4 | 20,618 88 | 20,677 :,4 1 20,786 tt I zo,zs+ 2o,5or

15,882 15,934

J+

16,037 16,089 16,141

16,193

/a

85r

1s,065

119,178 | 19,234 I

19,2S1

|

19,3a8

l/8 |

19,462

r+6

13,602

% %

16,215 16,297 16,349

%

16,401

% % % %

16,453 16,506 16,611

119,405

r," I19.519

5; l1e,s76 /1 | t9,633 | 19,690 86 I 19,748 )4 | Le,8o5 % l 1s,863 34 | 19,920 \4 | !s,s78 9/s I 20,036 3l | 2o,os4 '% | 2o,t sr I

I

79

% %

%

16,664 16,717 16,769 16,822

20,8s3

|

| 20,91.2 20,971 3l || 21,03r Ji | 2r'oeo

t/,42

51

8e y8

% %

%

23.907 23,971 24,034 24,097

95

% % %

24,16t

% % % %

24,351 24,415 24,479 24.543

24,224 24,288

24.607

96

% % %

| ,r.tnn

% % % %

| 1.1 | 3; | 21,428 )/4

23,844 |

2r,2os 2r.268

24,67r

21.85

24,300 24.864 24,929 24,993 25,058

I

| 21,38a 21,447 I 'tt | 21,507 21,567

% | 3/4

eo |

21,687 | "t.un rZ I 2r,1- 48

Ys

t1 |

_l r2 |

2r,8oa 21,868

| 21'92s | 2r,985 7s zz,oso ] 91 | 22.111 Y8 | 22,172 li | 22,232 31 | 22,2s3 ,l5 | 22.354 I 22,415 3,4 | 22,476 1; | 22,588 '/8 3A

25,122

97

%

% % % % % %

95,187 25,252

25,3t7 25,382 25,447

25,512 25,574 25,643

98

%

% %

25,708 25,774

25,840

I

% % % %

25,905

25,971 26,037 26,103

I

26,169

99

% % %

26,235

% % % %

26,434

26,301 26,368

I

rs |119,121

I

4a

t, I 3;

%

941,4

20,384

|

I

9,532.1 9,572.3

% % % %

7606.6 7642.3 7678.0 7 t'l4.O 7i 49.7

%

12,031

60

7 570.9

% % % %

8,943.;l

% % %

% %

7 500.2

%

% % %

59

% %

%

7785.8 7821.8 7858.2 7894.2

6151.9 6183.9 6216.2 6248.1

%

%

5773.2 5E04.5 5835.4 5866.7

6024.4 6056.0 6088.0 6119.6

%

7279.7 7251.4 72ti9.4 7324.4

52

% % % %

% % % %

% %

% % %

%

8,90,1.11

11,324 11,368

9,09E.7

7116.0 7150.4 7185.1

% %

% %

% %

11,281

% %

8,982.1

6944.7 6978.7 7013.0 7017.4

5649.8 5680.4 5711.3 5t- 42.3

tA

% %

rs | :z,oor \a | 22,722 J3 22,784 | 1/4 | 58 | 3/4 | %|

22,846 22,907

22,969 2z,oz1

93 | 23,093 23,155 X ta |I 23,218 3,4 23'280 | I

L

| | 3/4"

Y2

./a

23,342 23,4O5

| 22,467 '% 23,530 | 94r/4 | 23,593 | 2\,6ss r/4 | 28,7].8 % zs'zzt | | I

26,501 26,567

26,634

I | |

I |

I | |

I | | | | I

| I

| | I

| |

ITTGITI\NIit,I, PIPI\Ii RATES EQUAI,IZATION OT' PIPE DISCI{ARGE 14

%

21

'-*

.l 2.

2.

42 86

1

t)

18

7. 16

24

2 2,

244 384

104 164

286

3

668 968

4t4

65 94

4

1336

67!

130

24 3?

46 71

1689

Fr

-l

;;i';

2.

1.6

3. 6.

10 18 29

1.52

2.4 3.8 1.1

20

74

t't2

l5

',,

1.8

'1 5.6

10il 77

52

19

ll

15

1.

2.

I

6.

F

2l

I3

2.

:

30

19

7.

3.

'1

81

52

29

5.

111

6.2

223

721

t9i 2.D

j

443

I

3.0

68 r08

7490 13849

6240 2923

335 l53l

29 151 ?1 t5 26 IL

2

11 9.2 4. 30 116 7. 44 123 111 60 32 116

lt'tL

1635 809

8.

151

2.

rar,

3l Ili

1.

231 362

2377

10

31 1t i 5.8 6.81

li

5ii

i1 -1 ool

7.

t3292

39 632 1867 11525 2'11{ 2!7 l{07 7lo 11133 1e,i lr 0r r?5 531

120

2.9

129

8

t

4

1l

6

t8 .liil 4l I t-1 19 3ti

16 30 ri0 7.7 1-1 I 2E 3 6L o. rj t3 2.01 3

1.

10

l. I 1 1 l';

3.

5.

2.

3.

8. 5.

1.

2.

t.

1.

1.

2.

EXTRA STRONG WALL of a larger pipe under the same size required to equal the delivery The iabulateil velues show the mmber^oJ piqes of one

' f$i:i-J,'*1*!'#'H"jr*i"t;;** ,iflf"tln:;ril,*',1'j

lfr:".1"*.1$-:"J1il5.',\.'ji'i';:s l:

3i

'l'jin"ia"

he&d' Thus

ai""'"'

DISCIIARGE RATES EQUALIZATION OT' COPPER TUBING Tube in. % % %

t.0

2 2Y2

L7 26

90

8.6

3.6

4.8

2.O

1.8 2.6 6.4

la 8.2 3.3 I

3.1 6.4 |

2.L

8.s I

6.6 8.2

61

1?111

4

2a4

146

5l 1.5

l

rz

206

I

46

13

2.6

30 44

9.4

23

1.7 1 L 1.5

11 19

3r/4

140

2.5

8.8

21 46 7L 104

3

--

2.4 4.9

1

1% 114

1.8

31/4

214

%

Size,

10

7t)

L21

13

68 27

1i 9.0

3.1 2.O

250

,10

55

20

28

8.3

-1

5..1

1.7

2.7

2.3

1.6

3.

3.6 2.7

14.I

180 99

t7 1I

3.9

5.,1

1.5

2.O

1.6

2.0

1.4

r

GENERAL TABLES

SAFE LOADS ON STEEL PIPE COLUMNS Allorvnble Concentric Loads in

KII'S

(1000 ib)

STANDARD \Y'ILL PIPE

Nominat Pipe Size and $'all Thickness inches Etrective Lensi,h,

Efiectiv( Lenslh,

t2

fr

0

0.3:2

8 10 13

12

1l 16

19

t4

18

20 22

23

30

2t) 17 15

27

2l 19

24

140 13rl 13{i 13:l 129

200

,46

198 196 194

211 212

125

187 162

116 110 104

17E

231 227 222

167

26 2t3

r90

21D 237

231

1li

200 237

la

296

2t)

293

217

254 25r 245

22 24

161

2t2

2.!Ll

2ii.l

154

20ti 200

r47

30 32

ft

375

139

t31

193 186 179

36 38 40 42 44

171 163 154

46 48 50 52 54 56

235

2:9 2:3

289

2t0 2i5

26 28

2t-O

30 32

217

204

34

210 203

258

36

19tt

2'16

1tis 179

2:)9 231

171

224

7$2

216

252

20E

199 190

38

40

46 50 52

50

NorE: Yalues below heavy line are for //Eo tatios sreater than

120'

EXTRA STRONG WALL PIPE Nominal Pipe Size and 1\iall Thickness inches

l4 0.218

0.500

I8

325 323 320

lt I 252 216 210 232 221

36 32 29 25

18

20 22

0.500 6

8 10

t2

317 313

4l

16

0.500

309 304 299

344

16

339

18

391

20 22

329 323

386

286

26 28 30 32

216 207 197

279 271 263

317 310 302

376

26 98 30

1E6

254 245

294 245

370 363 356 348

36 38 40 42

163

234 224

276

213

257

341 332 323 314

36 38 40

304

44

46 48

294

46 48

52 54

261

267

246 235

4

Norr:

2S3

381

284 273

Yaluea below

hesw liDe a.e for l/,&e ratios great€r than

32

52

120.

223

I1'T GRINNI.]LL PIPINCI D]ISIGN AN]) ENGINEERI\C AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD TAPER TIIREADS irformalion is abstracled from Ihc \maricxlr Nariunal Slerrdard PiDe Tbread- ANSI 82.l whi.h ha- bcan csrrbhjbed to cover

pii. rhrpad'for variorLL prrrporc\. This:rarrdsrd wt! orte of thp hri e"tal,li.hed arrd rs als6 rhe muir comm,'nlv rr-ed O'her rhreaJins. randard- ir'.ludc Ameri.an Pel r,,lerlm I nolilrlly StB ndard- No. i.t, 6 \ arrd iL, \al,i.h cover oil field I'rb'rl!r marerial su,.h as lirre pipe and .a.-ing Ibrerd. Lirra pipe.rhreld' h5v" Ihe same form i,rd raper an Amerlcsir Nall"r'31 Slalrdard rlpe

THEEADS DUE

TMPERFECT

Tbreads, -{.NSI 82.1.

in inches a -\lso lenqth of thin ring gage and lelrgth from gaeing notch to small e A of plug gage.

OF THREAD

]

IN

]6

,\ll

dimensions

a o

-q.ho

pilch di&neter &t

g.r.ging

notch (halr(l-tight pla'ne)'

lurgth oi plug gage. o Thc lpnr:'1, L5 from rl," "nd oi rl ' r'ilo 'lPrernrirrcs rlt' planp rhp'l,rc,,l r,,r rs irnl''rf'' t rl th" rr'5r' lh' rte\l bcr'"r,,r 'rhi"h ptsrfp, rr rl 'rr"or \r rrri Itl:tir^ rl" "o'le f"rrtcd ,"" ii'*,,4". , Psrs I'rcr"rrs lr," c\lirrJ'f Iurr irrg IhF e\r'"rrrl bv ,rr. rhrpr'l

MEASURED ON DIAMETER

,Uso

s,lrface of the pipe. Lb

: L, -

2P.

0 \rrcn'h t \rn$-\uvr lcror ruri.rl SpF.rficuriorts arp f iseiIj,or'Jirn"nsions ihr.. rl.r"-,ls 3jincl,"s und snrrll"r' 'u ',,.1"-uo are: :iz; 2 r,.inch 2.ii:,6.1r -i2.3 i,.1,33l7l1r'

PLUG GAGE TO ENTET UNTIL NOTCH 15 fTUSH WITH fIRST IHREAD STANDARD TOLERANCE

IS

:

ONE THREAD

DINIENSIONS

Diam. of Pipe

Length

Lengih

0.11t 1 0.1667 0.1667 0.21,t3

0.1E98

+07R 0.5337

0.3800 0.5025 0.6375 0.791s

0.5457

1.001E

0.2113

1.2563 1.6013 1.3,f13

0.2609 0.2609 0.2609

2.3163 2.7006 3.4156 3.9156

0.2601)

0.5826 0.8875 0.9500

0.2500

1.0000

0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500

1.0500

D 0.2ffiq

0.405 0.540 0.675 0.840

|

0.40r8I 0

1.050 1.2136

1.315 1.660 1.900

1.7961

2.375 2.875 3.500 4.000

I

4.500 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750

0.D. r6 ().D. 14

14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 24.000

T-

Lt

8 8 8 8 8

8 8 8 8 8

13.9156

15.9156 17.9156 19.9156

23.9156

0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500

0.2907 0.2967 0.3909 0.4029 0.5088 0.5329 0.5496

0.3017 0.3017 0.3017

t.2625 r.4625 1.6750 1.8750

0.4337 I 2 6937 0.4337 | 2.E837

0.4$7

I 3.0837

0.4337 | 3.2837 0.4337 13.6837

\.T T,\BLES

GF]NET?

AMERICAN NATIONAI, STANDARD STRAIGI{T THREADS Ldormeliori is abstr:rcted irom i,he ,\;:-:ricau Netional Standard Pipe Thrceds, ANSr l]2.1 l straight thread grger :tre useri to grge mechanical joint, straight pipe threads' * Americen Nrtional Slotr.lxrd taper ],ipe thre3(l plug gagss 3re used io_ ga,ge .'ri,igl -. p'p" rhrp:rd. rr, ,n'rt, irg- sir' il' -grgir'e-n,rclr eomirrx flu"h,rith the c,lco .t the thr''.r'l "r s llr rl, l' 1l nr ul "lrc_nlcr, Il 'hrmlereq. allowrng z hrlf t].llns lar8e or small ldierance oi one &ud one

The actu:rl pitoh ciiameters oi the tappe,l hole E'ill be slightly srna,ller than the velues given.

BASIC DIMENSIONS

I'itcl t)irr StrAiglrt Pipe

Threads * in I'ipe

fiPu Dlze In. %

I

% % % %

Threads Per

'1'hread

llax I

xfin

\Iax

NIin

\1ax

27 18 18

0.0370 0.0556 0.0556 0.0714 0.0714 0.0870 0.0870 0.0870 0.0870 0.1250 0.1250 0.1250 0.1250

0.3782

0.3713

c.t748

0.3713

0.3782

0.37.18

0.-1951

0.4899 0.6270

l4 rr)4 LlY2

2

Ill,4

,'/2

trll

2t4

8

3% 4 5

8 10

l2

lnlernal

Inch

rrl 3

ti\l( rn3l

Tnternel

I'itch ot

Straight Pipe Threads for Locknut Connections (Loose Fitting l{echanical Joints)

Straight Pine Tlrreads F,,r lTechariic!,] Jointst (!'ree Fitting)

Couplings (Prcssure Tight Joirts)

\ominai

eter

8 8 8 8 8 8 8

8

0.r250 0.1250 0.1250 0.1250 0.1?50

0.r$5r 0. +8.17 0.6322 0.6218 0.7851 I 0.7717 0.9956 i 0.9822 1.21rj8 I1.230; 1.5vr5 | 1.5752 r.8305 | 1.R112 2.3011 | 2.2aar

2.ii39

3.-1002

3.9005 4.3988

2.7505 3.3768 3.8771

-1.3754

0.1899 0.(i270

0.7784 0.98E9 1.2386

1.5834 1.8223

2.2963

2.it'22 3.3885 3.8888 4.3871 5.4493 6.5060

| 0.6218 0.7717 0.9822 | 0..1847 r 2305 t.5752 r 8142 2.2881

0.6322 0.7E5r 0.9956

| 1.2468 | 1.5915 1.8305 | 2.3044

I 2.1505 2.7735 .j.3768 I 3.4002 3 8771 | 3.1005 +.37s4 | 1.3988 5..1376

l

5.4610

0.4943 16.5I77

tr{ax

o.7784 0.9889 1.2386 1.583.1

Intemsl

Errternal

I{in

NIin

0.3840 0.5038 0.6409 0.7963 r.0067 1.2064 1.605r

0.6357 0.7896

0.3808 0.5125 0.6496 0.8075

1.0000

1.0179

t.2523

r.2739

1.2658

r.5970

1.6187

1.8576 2.3315 2.8129 3.4393 3.9396 4.4379 5.5001 6.5567 8.5508

1.6106 1.8495

0.380s 0.'19Ett

|.8223

1.8441

2.2963

2.3180

1.8360 2.3099

2.7622 3.3885 3.8888

2.7534

2.78\7

3.4198 3.9201

3.,10E1

-1.3871

4.,1184

.1.4067

5.4493 6.5060

5.4805

5.4688 6.5255 8.5196

6.5372

3.9084

8.5313 10.6522

10.6405

12.6491

12.6371

10.6717 12.6686

0.3863 0.5073 0.6444 0.8008 l 0112

2.3234 2.8012 3.4276 3.9279

4.4262 5.4841 6.5450 8.5391 10.6600

12.6569

GENERAL INFORMATION

The symbols recommended for use in designating the various types of pipe threads are as follows:

NPT:

American National Standard taper threads

NPSC: American National Standard straight pipe threads in pipe couplings NPTF: American National Standard taper pipe threads for pressure-tight joints for use without lubricant or sea,ler * NPSF: American National Standard straight pipe threads for pressure-tight joints for use lvithout lubricart or sea.ler* (Dryseal)

NPSI:

American National Standard internal straight pipe tbreads (Dryseal) NPSM: American National Standard straight pipe threads for mechanical ioints NPSL: American National Standard straight pipe threads for lochnuts and locknut pipe threads NPSFI: American National Standard straight pipe threads for hose couplings and nipples NPTR: An.rerican National Standard taper pipe threads for railing fittings. +

I..iubricant may be used

in making up

these joints

when desired, 225

tTT []lU \\l.lLi,

l:,lI'l\(

I

BRITISE STANDARD TAPER THREADS

lniorrrn,ru r "l'-'r.r'',,1 trom lIn Rririqh Engino"riog llPp.rr \o. 2l-lrr3R'

S

i.1rJ\ \\!".iirion

Whitworth 55' forru of thrcad. Total taper: )i inch Pcr toot. IIand Tigltt I'itch Diemeter Engrgemeot l'e.il"gi"',irlgof i$;crr Ii\t''rrrrl

Pitch oI

I'lrterrr:LlThread

Thn,erl

Approriimrte

D

oD.

l I

Jrirl I'rrcfrrrLl Threrds Lr

0.25.15

0]l&'t

.,t0(t3 .5313 .6375

013t14 0.3947

0.052(l

0.0;26

-

0.071.1

,31:i3

0.07I,t

1.0i125 1.3-138

1.90ii3

0.571,1 0.65111

0.0909 0.0c09 0.0909

1.6S75

051?8 0.7500 0.7500

2.2883 2.9013 3.401Il

0.0$00 0.0909 0.0909

3.E91S

0.01109

0.090{}

4.3918

0.0909

53918 6.3e13 7.3860

0.011t9

0.1000 0.1000 0.1000 0.1000 0.1250 0.1250

8.3t60 9.3360 10.3360 11.3700 12.3700

All dimensions in inches

NORMA' ENGAGEMENT FOR TIGHT JOINTS (Lcngth of PiPe Enterine Fitting)

ThF lpnsth of rngagam.nt

bptwepn. male and

'nrk. liP.hl lorn'- rs l"rcao on ih. rh'.".1. bning manhincJ ro rha Amprrcan ii"ri"ra tor pip" ;t'*adq or t h' \PIbr'sndafdror iine ;i;; rhr;xll" rnd has bo"n r-'rahl\sh"d trom pt""r ical\ orkrng 'ondir iuns For i".i.'"ira. rt rc "",t.'m.l3lc and q:rll lhrckn^sscc various sizps, to ;;;"*;;.;,; annlt difror"nr to"qurs in ordPr l;"s'i' or "nscs'menis lisred in the ;-;-ii'; rable. ln consi,l".ing rhF lFng1h ol engrg'menr for s"rp*ed "omt:rnron flangFsrhrs lahla ''oP' nol ;;oii .i";; ;h";'is, c"mcniwill depond. upon 'he Iemale rhr.ads ro

American Standard and API line pipe thretuls

Shoulder tyPe fitting threeds

drainE.ge

Railing fitting thread assembly

r,i.

211

All dimensions in inches

226

pe of

joinr, pr^s'ure cooditioos aod lhe

oI the flanges.

3r.1

*

15

16

I7 16

llsi

n_Flgnr

GENERAL TABLES

TRIGONOMETRIC FORMIJLAS Oblique-Angled Triangle

For Radius,

,{E :

AG: BC : AC :

FG: sina DE : tat a AD : sec a

AB:c AC -b AD:M

1

cos

a

cot a csc

a FormLrlas

Given

srn a

sin2o*coszo:1

cos o

A,B,a I C,b,c

sec2o:1*tan2a

csc2a:llcoL2a

I

. : cos a .srn o

$no

ian o cot a

b, c,

cot q,

1

Vt -

I sin'a

Bln 4

V1 - sin' o V1 - "i":stn

A B,C,a

a,c,A I

C,

x ; ;B

-

1so"

-

(d

+c);

..sinB

cot o

orE__Two values for C, B, and b arc possihie.

1

cosx a

.A t

I

sln

tan o

a,

h-

lt," i,a :r, - rjrn ! B +c' ^i i{' la' : 6r * c2 -2bccosA; orh - csin.4; [n=ccosA; n-b-m; &' = h1 +tu'

B,b sinc = sin4

1+ten'a 1-

BC:a BD:K DC:n

a,b,

c

cos

A

t

.i. .unt Right Triangle a,b,

B

c I n,n

c, +b2 - a, ____26 i ^ -

n--

62

+

b2 2b-

c2

C

+b2: & h l-eot.A: l:tan,4 -cotB ba a2

: s6sg 9: ca-.io4 !: : cb "o"4 "1n6 !:

9

csc

tanB

A:

secB

:

cscB

sec.

227

I'fit' (inI\\l,ll,l,

PIPI\(l l)ltsI(l\ '\\D

llNclINl'll'lltTN(

NATURAL FUNCTIONS OF ANGI,ES Sin

0' 00'

oooo

1.0000

10 20 30 40

0020 0058 00E7

L

50

1" 00' LO

.0000

.0029 313.8 00;lE l7l.9

1.0000

.00iJ7

0116

0.ltl199

01.15

0.9999

.0116 .0116

0175

999iJ

02{)+

1)91)E it(.197

20

O2:J|J

30

02ri2

40 50

0291

I1.1. ti

85.91 rjS.75

I

57 .2tJ 1l). 10

.0175

020l

,12

lL

38.11)

.029I

0320

9997 999{i t1]95

.02ti2 .0320

34.37 31.24

0319

.999-l

0311)

28.6{

t0

0378 0107

.91)U3 .991)2

0378

20 30 40

0436

.9U90

0-137

0lri5

.9989

0-+66

0.104

.01188

0+il5

3" 00'

0523

.998ti

10 20

0552

.99E5

30 40 50

0610 0610 06ii9

2" 00'

4' 00' 10

20 30 40 50

O5IJI

.9983 .9981 .9980 .997E

20.13 21.51 22.90

0.107

11" 00'

)0" 00'

I

.0000 r .0000

2t.17

" 20.21 0521 I 19.03 0553 r8.07 05E2 r7 .17 0612 1ti.35 00.11 15.60 0670 I 14.92

50

It)

40

20 30

30 20

l0

i1)ti,-)

.9805

.l91J+

.2022

.

.2051

50

i3'00'

.1903 .1937

.9816

12" 00'

.2079

40 50

.21{)3

.1)7;7

2217

+.{19

30 2t)

.2221

.9750

22 r-8

4.390 .1.331 4.2r-5

10

2250

97-14

2309

50

1U

22la

2339

40

20

30 20

30

1)72-t

!)717

.2.101 .2 t:J2

l0

50

230ri 2331 23ri3 23t I

9737 9730 9710

.2.ltr2

.9?03 .0ri96 .9089

2193

88" 00'

13" 00'

40

87" oq

14" 00' 10

50 40 30 20

t9

211t' 2I7tJ

26

r7

:1.821

50

2500

.9007

2ii.18

3.77b

25E8

9059 9052 9644

.2679

3.1'32

.271t

3.0t9

.2712

3.6-17

.10

.27i3

3.60{i

9ti28

.2805 .2836

3.siir;

30 20

3.526

28tr

3.4E7 3..150

16'00'

2tt r-2

2700 2728 .27 56

.0875

9959

.090.1

I1.06

50

10

20 30

0921)

0!157 995.1

.01)3,1

40

20

.24t2 .28-10

0987 1{Jl6

9951

.011'J2

30 20

30

40 50

40

i 9C+5 9942 9939 993ti 9932 I !929

.1022

10.71 10.39 10.08 9.788

.2E68 .2896

30 40 50

7' 00' 10

20 30 40 50

8" 00' 10 20

30 40 50

.1219 .1248

.1276 .1305 .1334 .1363 1392

1421 1449 1478 1507 1536

.

1110

.1139

.11i'9 .1198

10

50

18'00'

.3r85

3.1.r0

.3217

3.10t

9511

3219

3.078

3281

3.0i17

3314

3.018

.10

33.16

2.989

30 20

3.172

13r7

.3173

9911 9907

1346 1376

40

9474

3378

2.960

t0

50

.3201 .ts228

9465

3.111

2.932

9903 9899

1405

989'1

1465 1495

.9890 ,9886

r521

.98S1

40 50

1u5t

9E33 9827

1880

9822

1883 1914

11'00'

1908

.9816

1944

98.13 rJ838

Sin

1703 1733

Cot

6.314 6.197 6.084 5.871 5.769

5.485 5.396 5.30S

5.226 5. 1{5

Tan

82" 00'

19" 00'

3256

10

4U

20

3283 3311

30 20

30

3338

40

33ii5

50

3393

10

81' 00'

20" 00'

50 40

20

30 20

10

30 40

40 30 20

20 30 40

3584 3611 3638 3665 3692

10

50

3719

?9' 00'

22', 00'

10

71" 00'

2.501 2.877 2.850

50

.357 4

2.821 2.798

30 20

.3607

2.773 2.747

3511

9336 9325 9315 9304 9293 9283

2L" 00'

50

3476 3508

9397 9387 .9377 ,9367 .9356 .9346

80' 00'

10

72' 00'

34,13

3448 3475 3502 3529

l0 10

.9455 .9446 .9436 .942tt .9417 . s407

3640 3673 3706

3420

10

9528 9520

9537

30

7.115 6.968 6.827 6.691 6.561 6.435

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20

30 20

1,135

IO

74" 0A'

3.201

95.16

30t9

7.596 7 .429 7 .269

10

50

3121 3153

3057

12E7

50

00'

3.2r-l

9563 9555

9918 9914

83" 00'

10

t5"

?3'00'

9502 9492 9483

\a22

228

40

3.3rJ5

20

30

Cos

30

20

3026

4U

1763 1793 1823

20

30

3.556 8.345

3.376 3.340

7.770

9848

10

a.7i7

299.1

3090 3118 3145

1736 1765 1794

10' 00'

20

3.112

8.144 7.953

1614 1644

40

40

2952 2979 3007 3035 3062

2899 2931 2962

1257

1534

30

2924

10

9613 9605 9590 9588 9580 9572

t-

I22a

9872 s868 s863 9858 9853

20

17" 00'

50

9621

9922

987?

10

.2 t-84

gii30

3.8ri7

9925

1564 1593 1622 1650 1679 1708

9" 00'

1U

84" 00'

50 .t0 30 20

.9ti7l

9002

514

7G'00'

.96E1

0901

1]'255 9.010

I{)

2532

0872

L

3.1)11

30 20

2;0{

12.23 11.83

.1080

.10

4.2t1) 4.165 4.113 4.061 4.011 3.9ri2

j

q0

40

0810 0846

86" 00'

2ij21

l0 77' 00'

30

30 20 I{J

2370

I

2555 2586

20

10

21

12.7r

.10i1

50

l0

0787

.1074 .1103 .1132 .1161 .1190

00'

.5I

2t)+1

.10-15

-1.{i3E

215(i

78

-1

2iil6

10 20

l0 .1.705

2217

20 30 40 50

6' 00'

20

.201)5

1)7ti3

10

99.1E

:ii-l

-1.8{3

.2161

16'00'

.0963

l0

l5

30

30 20

50 40

094r8

.1)

l.;7.1

86' 00'

11 . ,13

0781

2l2i]

l

2130

10

6" 00'

.9793 .9737

.20ii5

i

ir0

l.9E1)

117611

14.30 13.73 13.20

I

.2035

73'oo',

.213(i

0729 0758

0843

.07!9

200{

i.otiii

20

0690

08I4

I

'10

9974

0785

.11)74

.9ill

.210s

9C76

.9969 .99ti7 .99ri4

Cot I

rs4

10

O72

9971

l

.

in)

0698 t-

r-'

Sin

Cot

Cos

I

.10

10

70' 00'

2.723

50

2.699

40

3739

2.675

30

3772 3805

2.651

20

2.b28

10

3839

2.605 2.583 2.560 2.530

3872 3906 3939 3973

4006

2.5t7 2

.496

.3746

.9272

..1040

2.175

Cos

Sin

Cot

Tan

69' 00' 50

40 30

20 10

68' 00'

GENDRAL TABLES

NATURAL FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES (Continued) Sin

u2i2

22' 00'

23'00' l0

40.10 ,107i!

3E00 3827

9261 9250 9239

3854

9224

4108 4L12 417it

3881

921ri

42r0

3!07

9205

42

3034

919+ 9182

4279

10

20 30 40 50

Tar

Cos

.455 .431

50

2.111 2.351 2.375

30 20 .t0

2 2

:tU

9r7 9159

4318 4383

2.282

91{7

14r7

2.2t1

4007

9r35

4152

2.2.1tJ

409.1

tJ

t21

44E7

50

20

4120

1522

30

411t-

9I 12 9100

2.229 2.2LT

.194

30

40

4173

1)0E8

20

4200

9075

1592 4628

t-7

5{J

2.161

10

4226 4253

9003

42i9

9038 9026

3961 3987

,10

4014

50

24" 00'

l0

.101i

26" 00' 10

20 30 40 50

26" 00'

4305 4331 4358

4384

|

9051

8988

4877

2.050

4913 4950. 4980 5022

2.035

4950 4975

30' 00'

l0

20

30 40

31" 00' 10 2\) 30

40 50

.

i0 20 30 40 50

37"

OO'

l0

20 30

1.804

8746 8732

87r8 8704 8689

5619 509ri

8675

L.744

.t0

8616 8587

5890 5930 5969

1.709 1.698 1.686 1.075

8572

6009

8557

6048

8542 8526 8511

6088 6128 6168 6208

8.180

{i249

10 20 30

5324

84ri5

5348

8{50

40

5398

50

5122

8,r34 8-f18 8103

6289 6330 6371

.5446

.8387

6112 6.153

.6494

Cot

1.664 1.653 1.643 1.632 1.621 1

.611

1 . 5-10

67" 00'

Tsn

l0

6248 62i L 0293

7E26 7E08

7790 7?71

75tiii

IO 20 30

6-106

7753 7735 77ItJ 7698 7679

7ri23 7604

,10

7089 7133 7177

722r

50

1.455 I .4-10

30 20 10

1.'137

l

'128

7581

1.319

1'627

1

.311

50 40

7673 7720

1.295

30 20

b3" 00'

7860 7907

r.303 1.2E8

10

1.280

62" 0U

1.265

40 30 20

795.1

L257

E002 8050

1.250 | .212 1 .235

51" 00'

1.224

50 40

83-12

r .220 1.213 1.206 1.199

8301

r.192

60" 00'

8{11

1.185 I. I78

50

8541 8591 8612

1. 171 t6.1

30 20

8098 8146 81'J5

82r3 82'J2

8l9I

.7 52a

6ri0.1

.7509

6626

.7 490

88{7

6618 6670

.7470

88119

.7.151

669I 67r3

.7.131

1.157 1.150

30

8152 90{J4

1. 111

1.098

6777

9217

1.035 1.079 1.u72

10 20 30 40 50

6$67 6988 7000 7030 7050

46' 00'

.70;1

r

v325 9380 9435

r . 006

72'o1

9.190

r .0i.1

72t1 .7153

.7133 112 . t'092 .

927

1.091

7314 7294

.7I93

t-

.70r-

Sin

|

10

49" 00' 40

40

0{J

,10

1.130 1.124 1.117

1 r0l

50

10

1.r37

9057 9110 9163

6884 6905 6$26 ti947

30 20

1. t+-1

6734

6802

10

I

20 30

6841

l0

1.335

d583

10 20 30

30 20

1.3r3

10

43" 00'

40

7415 7490

20 30 40 50

.7333

50

7'100

8093 8744 8796

6799 fi820

66" 00'

1.419 1.411 1.402 1.393 1.385

50 40 30 20 10

65tir

10

,10

1.308 1.360 1.351

6539

44"

1..173 1..1$4

64" 00'

50

42" 00'

l0 56" 00'

I.37{t

7265 7310 7355

4L 00'

,10

50 40 30 20

6225

7ti6{)

10

68' 00'

6180 6202

7898 7880 7862 7844

ti428 6450 6172 619+

59' 00'

1.000 1.590 1.580 1.570 1.560 1.550

I57

40" 00'

10

40 30 20

ti

79i6

6338 6361 6383

60" 00' 50 40 30 20

.6134

71J34

ii3I6

61' 00' 30 20

.6I l1

79Eti 7969 7!)51

10

10

.10

1.732

5299

20

E107 E090

20 30 40 50

62' 00'

1.780 1.7b7 1.75ri

5851

Sin

39" 00'

IO

50

8631

8,196

50 40

r.792

5050 5075 5100

E601

'10

r.868

1.816

.585.1

.5995 .6018 .60+1 .6065 .6088

1

54$7 5505

8r24

800,1

5317

87ri0

.5831

E021.

50

8829

4771

8lt1

.5972

{0

64' 00'

40 30

7046

8073 805ri 8039

20

r .842 1.E29

EI75 8 r58

.5925 .5948

1.907 1.894

5392 5430

.5ii07

i002

t0

8857 8813

8802 87E8

.57rio .57E3

61112

20 30

30

8810

12

6910 6959

.5t78 .500r

1.$21

.88I

.5ri88

.10

.492

r .4E3

8211 8225 8208

36" 00'

5206 5213 5280

5169

.56-10 .506-+

.5i

63' 00'

32" 00'

33" 00'

ii830

1.963 1.949 1.935

|.720

.5225 .5250 .5275

82;8

5095

5812

.5200

0703 67+5 6737

L

8290 8214

10 20 30 40 50

8fi60 8646

olou

.E307

10

2.020

5000 5025

50

55ii8 .5592 .5tt16

1.9t'7

4592

40

30 20

5059

8897 8884 8870

30

1.501

38" 00'

89r0

20

tio01

20

45-10

l0

.8323

1.991

45I4

4848 487 4 4899 4924

1.5r1

2.006

50

29' 00'

6619

50 40 30

8936 8923

4823

.E339

50 40

10

8949

10 20 30 40

66' 00'

2.0ii6

4488

4695 1720

2.115 2.128

48.11

44tr2

28' 00'

55I9

l0

900.t

30 40

4ri69

50

20 30

1.530 1.520

66" 00'

90r3

8962

4643

6536

t0

2.097 2.081

4436

4ti1/

.l

30 20

30 20

4.110

30 40 50

4663 4699

2 2

.E371

l0

4U

2.tt2

10

10 20

14

1734 4770 4806

20

21'Oo',

,13

5l7l

20 30 40

50

b7" oo'

10

50 00

6?" 00'

Lrot 1.5+U

ti.l94

5116

68' 00'

2.350 2.337 2.318 2.300

20 30

t5

Cot

r.000

l

0{8

9601 uti57

1.0J2 1.036

9713

1

9770 9827 9884

1.024

9912

1.0000

Cot

.030

1018 1.012 1.006 1.000 an

20 10

4E-

rJo',

50 40 30 20 10

47" 00' 50

40 30 20 10

46" 00' 50 40 30 20 10

46' 00'

I{ARDNESS COMPARISON 'lcnsilc

10r,1m,3000

Slrengt h of StecL psi X1000 9.r0

t{i1

920 900 880

{30

159

1i)3

860 810

.1.85 .t 90

'1

115

l+6

5.00

l{3

66

ti5 65

820 800

t-22

2.30

il3

6.1

698 ti82

780 700

2.35

63 03 Ir2 61 60 59 59

i20

0.-r3

ti38

.45

2

()27

020

.30 .55

601

2.60 2.65

555

2 2

5.50 5.55 5.00

116

t)5

J29

46

3.00 3.05

.115

4b 43 42 40

120

217 210 202

{01

1115

3ES

188 1E0 175 170

i0

3.15 3.20 3.25

217

363

39

3s2

3E

375 363

331

37 36

350 339

321

3+

330

311

3.35 3.40

63 62 00 59

309 297 289

221)

3.

2

70 08 67

118

47

101 3E8

2.40

t2t

,lll

2

12+

.15

,t6l

16it 1(i0

76

1I't

102

2.50

100

t07

2

.55

99 97 96

105 103

2.$O

93

2.65

90 89 87

112

101 9U

2.70 2.75

2.80

310

t56

30i, 29ii 28t' 219

150

2 t-7

33 32 31 30 29

3.70

269 2n2

28 27

274

133

t29

3.80 3.85 3.90

255

263 256

12(,

218

t22

311 302

293 281

21

248

2tr

l.t5

l{1

118

9I

86 85

5t 50

81

48 47 45

80

;9

77 76

35

3.05

71 70 69 08 67 06 65

2a 26 25 23

2.95 3.00

s9 s8

22

115

2l

Il0

310

i 217 | 2r2

97 96 9ri

20 18

105 103

3.15

t7

100

ti3 ti2

|

207

95

3

.20

1202

9+

3

2it

61 60 59

3.30

57

50 a55

4

4U0 4 tji 4.70

93 92

lRi

9l

| r83 | r;,J lL;+ lr;0 I I lio | 103

90 89 88 87 86 E5

89 87 85

tr_1

310

8.1

82 81

13

4l

3.95 235 4.00 i 221| 4.05 223

11)6

49

i5 i4 i3 i2

2.90

23

192

32

83 82

100

98 96 95 93 91

59 57 56 55

E}

21r

4.10 4.15 4.20 4 25 4.30 4.35 4.40 4.45

65 6+ 63 62 00

78

2.45

"127

3.45 3.50 3.55 3.60 3.65

i1

.15

109

5.90

1-7

74 72

64

5

477

285 290

79 78 76 75

72

5..10

5.80

84 83 u2 81 80 79

2.3:t

2.23

121)

319

259

of steel

t-+ 1-3

321

264

2.20

r3L

070 0rio

2a4

Dl'lt I

2.30

t3l

329

51

Yickc$l Strensth

lllll\

70 68 66 65

137

tit0

57 56 55 55

41)5

1-l!)

128

5.30

;00

rrt.,

1t0

l -10

5.10 5.15 5.20

52 52 50

2.70 2.75 2.80

l{I-\ lrrl'

6E

ti6

070

Irdeni.,

68 67

2.44

10nru 500Iig

10mnl,3000 Di,rm.

3.50

56 55 5+ 53 52 50

39 38 37

3.1

33 31 30

2l

55 52

105 103 | 10r I s9 I

51 50 50 49

GENERAL TABLES

PROPERTIES OF COMMON MATERHLS Weight

lb/cu

Timber, U.S.

seasoned,

l5 20% by

Moisture

1leight Ash, rvhite -red . . . . . .

Birch..... Cedar, white Chestnut.

red.

4l

Cypress... Fir, Douglas .qpruce.

.

.

Fir, Eastern . . . . . . . . . .

Hickory...

30 32 25

3,960

48

10,420

43 33 54 59 41

7,840

:tii

7,7 50

2,920

.

llaple,hard.......... Nlaple, white. . .. .... f)ak, chestnut. . . . .... .

Oak,live.

7,600 9,560 3,030

40 32 22

.

Xlaho any

ft

.

.... ......

Oak, red, bhck. . . Oak, white. Pine, Oregon. . . Pine, red . . Pine, white. . . . . . .

7,270

30 26

...

2,720

Pine, yellow, lorrgJezr,f . 11 f ine, yellolv, short-le&f 38 Redwood, California. . 26

4,280

2t'

1,940

Spruce, white, black . . Teak, African........

3,570 4,1rjo

62

Teak,Indian. . .......

48

Walnut,bhck...-.... Wa,laut,s/hite.,......

26

Specific Gravity

(Air

Gases

Air, 0'lC-760 mm. . . . Ammonia.

:

t)

0.0807 0.0478 0.1234 Carbon Dioxide...... 0.0781 Carbon Monoxide. . .. Gas, Illuminating. . . . . 0.028 0.036

0.59 1.53 0.97 0.35 11.45

0.038-{.039

0.47-0.48

0.00559 0.0784 0.0892

0.068

Natura,l......... Hydrogen..,........ Niirogen. ..,. ,...... Oxygen..,.,......... Gas,

Aluminum, broDze...

.

Brass, Tacopper Tazlnc 20

80 70 60 50

30 40 50

Bronze copper 95 io 3070. .I tin 5 to2lYa..J Copper, cast, rolled. . .

169 481

0.97 1.10

100,000

536.3 523.8 521.3 511.4 552

.00

Tensile Strength, psi 13,000- 24,000

Metals

Aluminum,2s...,....

1

.0

73,000 76,000 80,000 83,000

50,000 145,000

32,000 60,000

Iron

Graycastiron...... Malleable. . . . . . . . . .

WrcughtIron......

Lead................ Monel. ..............

Nickel . , . . . . . . . . . . . .

450 461 480 710

18,000- 24,000 25,000

42,000- 52,000 3,000 160,000

120,000

231

WEIGI{T IN

],tsS,/FT3

OI' AIR AT VARIOUS

Rcprintcd from "Compres.cd Air

PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES

Deta." Courl"sy

of C^lnprosscd Air Mrgzzioe.

Gauge Pressure (s,bove atmosphere)

Air

rf

0

-20 -100

.0882 .1

.1485 .2

.086,|.11

.1.155 .2

10 20

.1

30

.0811t.1 .0795 .1 .0780 .1 .07G4.1

40 50 00 70 80 90 100

.7

.701

.139;.1

.687 .673

r3381.1870 13101.r3311

.660 .649 .635

.1738

.622

.1707 .1676 .1645 .1018

.611

.1500 .1565 .1541 .1482 .L427

.570

.07

.0 .071

120 .067

1'10

150

175 200

.599 "589

.552 .531 .511 .491

225 250

.0941

275

.054

300 350

.0491

400

.1

.458

.0910.1

.415 .3S1 .36S

.0621

.150

500

47

.716

.1,125.1

110

130

1.010 1.16511.31 08J 1.139 1

.0900

.351

.041,1

.333

600

Thed,,r,qiryforrnyc-rsurrrl.r.rry,.u.,JrtionsofpressrrreandlFmppratureisAqualtotlreproductofsa,(th.spe.ificgr:rvilyofthe rir at thp parri'ular coodr(loos ol presiure ano lemp'r&lure

relared t,r [r;c air), iin,es the der'sitv ot

SPECIFIC GRAVITY S. OF GASES RELATED TO FREE AIR (t'ree air Specific -s

Gas

Ammoni&. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arqon. , , .

,....... Blue Water Ga,s. Carbon Dioxide............. CarboD Nlonoxide........... Cerburetcd Water Cas...... Chlorine. . Co{rl -lletori Gas........... Coke -Oven Gas. .. ........ Dichlorodifl orometharle F-12. Ethr]ene................... ttllst-t lrrnace lias.

,

.

Ethyl Chioride.

Helium.....

Acid.,,....,., Hydrogen..,,.,...,.,....., Hydrochloric

232

Gravity

(Air =

Acetylene.......,......,... Arr,.....,...........,.....

0.899 1.000 0.590 1.378 1

:

.000

0.530

l.530 0.967 0.6.10

2 48ii 0.,120 380

0

4.250 0.96S 2.2(t0 0.138 1.260

0.06s6

Air at I atmosPhere and 60'F) Specific Gravity

Gas

s (Air

1)

Ilydrogen Sulphide.......... Methane. . . . Methvl Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . N

atural Ges

Neon...... Niiric

Oxidc

.. ..

...........

.

,

Refinerv (;rs:

D\ibbs..... lloudrie. .

0.696 1.038 r .522

Pintsch Gas.... -.. ......... Producr:r Gas, Coal.........

.

Sulphur Dioxide.

1)

0. 57-0.71

0.970

Nitrogen. - . . Nitrous Oxide. Oil Gas..... Lrxyger!.,,

Propilne..

:

1.190 0.544 L.744

0.480 1.105 0.840 0.870 1.560

0.s60 1.510

2.213

GENERAL TABLES

TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS Fin.l eiven value in mi.l.lle columni if in degrees Centigrade, load Fahrcnheit equilalent in risht hand column; if in deerees Fahrenheit, read CeodsreJc

erui!alrr' r.

lerr har,

C

!' I

-2i3 -20t -26:

-3 -2 s -.! I i

Jia -4.14

-.lJa

-257 -251

-

l ''lrrnrr"

('

424

2-t6

-ll 1

-2.10

-:3.1 -229 2.!;t

.JSA

Stia

:

-JlA

-.,.10 3JO

3

J10

.1

;

-,J00 ,294

-173 -109 -168 -162

2;3

-2ta

-264 -254 2),0

-151

-

a0a 194 164

112

-164 164

-107 - lLl I

-

-96 -90 _79 -73OIJ _ -v2

-

114 130 124

1ta 1AA

90

-84

{5.1

7

)

- ilJ6 t tli

3

-400

I I

;i(i4

10.0

ti0

E6.0

0i)

E7.l 19.6

,J2

9l.4

106

-

ll.1 11

71

7i 62

93.2

.ia

95.0

gti ii

93 99

95. {i IOO..1

10?

2

100

loi.

107.0

r04

11

ltl.!

110 116

45

1i3.0

r2l

L

127

l09.!l

.li i0 ti1

n2

.7

211:

t2.2 54

271

l:.f.

l.t.li

110. 6

1IE.4

t32 r3E

31O

177 182 1S3

-202

15.{l 59

13ri.4 136.2

l8+

15.{i 00

1.10.0

201

141.E

210 216

)1.1

tLr.I u1 l1i.7 ti2

7t)

40 40

na

5a 40

ri.2

63 17.ti 64

147 .2

r99

22\ 221-

260 266

161.6 163.4 165.2

2t-I 242

J7lr | 950 J?l] | s6E bso | 956 stto

107.0

288

650 ll\22

70

7

71

17.6

a

32

2:l 3 71

\7 .2

I I

33.8 35.6

23 21 25

I I

77

170.6

39.2

il5

6

26

I

79

),74.2

2$9 304 310

2li

7

EO

176.0 177.6

316 321

!1

22 22

Iti.7

a 4

37.4

.0 42.E

15. O

6

:11

11.1 13.9 13.J

7

44. (i

8

12. u

I

12.2 11.7 11.

r

10.6 10.0

6.7 6.1

5. {i

5.0

61

83

1A 11

50.0

29

t2

51.iJ 5;1.6

30

r4

57

.2

59.0 60.8 17

62.6

l9

6ii.2

2A 21

6E.0

ti4.4

69. E

76

27 6 a2 2iJ 9

8.9

7.4 7.2

2i

73

4E.2

9.4 IJ.3

4(i.4

i2

I

a5 86

30 c

3l I 3l 7

a8

32 32 33

90

3:)

91

92 93 94

35 35

95

96 97

22

7r.6

2:J

7:1.4

36 I 36 'i

24

7

37 2 99

5.2

l{tE.l{ Ii-2.4

r79.6

1rJl.4 18J.2

lli5.0 rIJ6.E

2 t-7

293

327

332 338 3.13

349

l6a_ 0

35.1

190.4

360

1,92.2

366

194.0 r95.E 197.6 199.4 201.2 203.0 204.8 206.6 20rJ.4

210.2

I I

E7u s96

| 9r4

,* | n"t

11004

,';, llo4o 'uo ll0s8 580 6e0

11076

600

)lll2

.jto

lr0e4

lTtJU tizO l114tt

.Bo l\166 640 lrrE4 650 11202 66A 1220 67tJ l23E

68A 1256

6ta

1274

7AA 1292

377 3IJ2

71A 7370 72A l32a

393

73tJ t346 7,10 1364

399

75A 7342

388

404 410

4rt

421

760

1400 770 )7174

780 l\436

7

7454

577

604

ti10 616 {t21 627

632 636 643 649 654 660 666 t)77 682 6EE

693 699

i04 710

7t0

721 727 732

738 74:l 749

754 760 766 71-7

777

742

fiaa

SS2

Etiii

ii93 8il9 90.1

td70 ld60

910

1234 1244 1254 1284 1274 128A 1294 13AA

lala 1324

1354 1a60 1570 1380 13eO | 14OO | 1|ta I

r360

1744

1

42O

14SO

)

|

1760 il20t) 17i0 3218 17E0 32:16 1790 3254 1800 3272 1810 3290 182A 3308 1E30 :1326 1840 3344 1850 3:162 1800 3:lao r87' 33{}8 1880 :1416 1890 3131

9ti0

9!iii

I

1010 1016

102i

,

7043

to4\)

1051 1060

|

1066

I

r0t-7 lO t-7 IOa2

r0s8

]

2372

ll2i lt:12 llSti

2494 2518 25:t4

tlo4 Tlto

1116 1727

1900 1910 1920

816 1500 2732 82r t5t0 275D 827 1;20 276a 1332 t53O 2786 838 16@ )| 2AU

t4I6 r121

3686 3704

1443 1449

22SA

471J4

2',t30

4S46

2740

496,1

2760 2760 2770 2780 9790

4942 5000

r516

r538

4E20

4838 4856 487 4

5018 5036

5054

2800 2810 2820 9830 2810

5072 5090 510ti

5162

t577

2850 2880 9870

1582 1588

2890

5198 5216 5234

2900 2910

29m

5252 5270

161{J

e$o

5288 53iJ6

1616

29/!O

5324

1621 1638 1643

2954 2964 2970 2980 2990

5342 5360 5378 5396 5414

1649

gAn

5432

1543

1593 1599 1604

t627 r632

I

1243 | 2270 4r1a 1249 1 2980 ) 1136 7254 12290 14t54

473\)

4748 4766

1.199

r566

4046.

4676 4b94

2591)

4892 4910 4928

t177

3812 3830 3848 3866

| 22.1A 4OU \232 | 2250 4082 723a | 2260 4100

465E

2584

2700 2',/ 10 2720

1471

1560

ltil.i 2rr, I193 PrE' lTgtt 21t0 1204 2200 3tg2 r2IO 2atA 4rtq l2lti ) 2p2a l4o2a

25iA

1488 1493

r466

r549 r554

31r:ll :i93ri 3U;6 3974

4622 4640

4802

3791

3'.tO2

2560

2650 2660 2670 2880 2690

37;8

3E84

4568 4586 4604

2614 2.i20 9634 2640

t43E

1521 1527 1532

2A4A

26&

26A0

366E

2420 2a3a

2514 2524 2530

1,4:12

1510

2A1A

217O

t427

3622 3650

\766 | 2130 1171 | 21/0

1

1399 l:104 1410

2000

1149 12100 7754 ) !|tA 1100 i2t9d

1227 1227

l38E

r3s3

r504

I

788 145A | 2642 793 U6A | 266A 799 1t7A | 267r\ Eo4 I riso 2696 810 1490 2714

13E2

36r4

25t.1tj

2606

4532

1980

1t70

1177 2t 60 1182 Pl,rd

l.UA | 2624

25AA

t377

reeo

3722 3740

)

1371

14E2

1950

1960

2050 20(i0 207a 2080 20s0

1143

2480 2490

3542 3560 3578 3596

1940

4424

1366

1,454 1,160

19iJ0

4262 .1298

4442 4460 4474 4496 4514

3452 3470 3488 3506 3521

)570

2552

3lA4

1750'3142

954

7093 7099

2161)

4352 1370 4388 4406

241O

3146

9.13

2282 2:lt)0 2318 2336 2354

2462

43:14

2.!A)

:lt2a

1i2A r7J0

93fi

1038

240A

4316

2394

1349 1354

1714 :trlt)

\J:12

1032

13SA 2426 134A 2444

r321

2S8A

2450 2460

2lO2

2:1.10

1316

42E0

13.13

2Oa4

222a 2216 22€4

1299 1304 1310

4190 4208 4226 4211

2350 2360 2374

3092

1021

2211)

r293

17AA

201a 2066

27\]2

2340

927

993 999 1004

12AA

t2a2

1288

2$A

2120 2/t30 2140

t95A

121A 129A

2314 2320

t2i7

1327 1332 1338

982

1174 2l3a 1184 2156 1194 2ri 4

r266 r271

3038 3056 30t-1

7922 1910

116A 2l2t)

2SA0

1690

10n0

1114 1124 11SA 1144 1164

F

C 1260

916 921

966 971 977

rg t'6 1994

2972 2930 2914 2946

1(i10 1A2A 163A 1640 | 2s84 teso I zooz 16ti0 3i20

ai7

1O.1O 1904

20:t0

158.0 r59.E

2l I

17O 48O 19O

560

11AA 20t2

734

866

i38 1000 rr32 51:l lrt, I 1rJ50 549 irrz, i 1rJ6E 55-1 lOJ' 1666

593

| t)a | 752 /,10 | 770 120 | 78E 13, | 8oo uo I a24 io | A60 460 | "n"

li60

949

599

19..1 67

l4

16.1

3n

lt5{

532

582 588

,nn I uu" i6o I c8o 37O I 698 s8o I 716

li49

lt-94

527

60u 626 b14

232

2A 1A

2J

I

5:l

t06a 1070 1084 ) 1090

23E

254

493 499

571

1;O.E 152.6 154.4 156.2

21:l 249

4Ea

591)

149.0

20.0 68 20.6 09

4

143.6 l:15.4

llJb

sta 320 s30

ll:i.3 65

lE.9 66

22

I ort 230 146 2/+o 161 I 250 42 26A 500 ,;o 5la 28A 536 29A 5,54 nuo

\77

1,27 _4

482

I

1550 2 22 1560 2a10 li;o :ssrJ 1580 2at-6 1590 2a91

843

'-t---t----

510

r29.2

195.0

t3.l.0

ia

601

4t3.6

30o | 572

132 .8

6A

212

S;0 15C2 8r0 tib0 a;0 1J9E 68' 1616 894 r$u4 9AA i 1652 910 rC t-O ,90 l6rJE ,J0 1706 94O 1i24 950 1i42 9ti0 | t-AO r7 t-, 970 gEA

149 l5-1 160 166

131.0

- 166 - lilE 130 -ll2

15.r foo 400 1;1 1t-7

| 284

1::.0

nn

-::0

,ro | 160 I 32O "o, 170 334 180 356 194 :li+ 2AA 392 21A 410

11O

14u

13.3 13.9 ti7

-256

8oo 1472 stl) t{ir0 32' L 1;0r.t dJO 15:6

1?0.?

r:3.8

F I'-

{t; 132 438 .143

I

ri

CJ

100 2t2 i'rg ?rii 13a 2lrB

l0+.0

.1

-3:S 310

51

29

-

a4.2

30

1!

l

57

1A 3A

I I

ti

jll6

-r29 - 193 118

s

:19

,13

l:l.-l

35 :l 36

il59. il

-3f:

-r'16 -140 13:t

6 0 (i

lio.0

23 29

I I I I

-J;A

- 218 -!l: -20i -:lol - 190 - r90 1E4 - 179

1

3li

78.r

il

T

C

77.0

2E80

5126

5741 51E0

ITT GRINNT]LL . P]PING D]ISIGN AND

ENGINEFJRING

PRESSIIRE CONVERSIONS Final qiven value in middle column; if in feet of *-ater, reed PSI equivalent in left, hand columo; hand column. Valucs based on w&ter at 65'F.

Water

0.43 0.86 1.30

2.16 2.59 3.03 3.46 3.89 4.33

Water

PSI

2.3t

6 |I

9.23

s | 4 6 7 8 I 10

4.62 6.sB

11.55

26.42 26.85 27 .29 27 .72 28.15

61 62 63

65

140.91 143.22 145.53 147 .84 150.15

28.58

66

t52 .46

13.86 16.17 18.48 20.75 23.10

68 69

154.77 157.08 159.39 161.70

29 .02 29 .45

29.88 30.32

70

6.06 6.49

11

13 14

25 .41 27 .72

30.03 32.34 34.65 36.96

6.93 17

39 .27

18 19 20

41.58 43.89 46.20

9.09 9.53

21

22

48.51 50.82

10.39 10.82

24

55.44

L\ .26 11.69 12.12 12 .55 12.99

26

7 7

.36 .79

8.22 8.66

L96 26 27 28 29 30

60.06 62.37 6,1.68

66.99 69.30

30.75 31.18 31.62 32.05 32.48

71

72

'/3 71 76

164.01 166.32 168.63 170.94 173.25

| | | I |tl 35.08 | 35.52 | 35.95 I 36.39 | 36.82 |

76 | 175.56 77 | \77.87 78 1180.18 7s 1182.49 80 I 184.80 8.1 | 187.11 82 | 189.42 8s 1191.73 84 I 194.04 85 1196.35

37

.25 37.68 38.12 38.55

86

38.98

87 88 89 90

32.92 33.35 33.78 34.21 34.65

198.66 200.97 203.28 205.59 207.90

I |

325.71

87

328.O2

330.33 332.64 334.95

146 147 118

337 .26 339 .57

I

| | | | | 65.40 | 65.84 I 66.27 | 66.70 | 67. 14 I 67.57 1 68.00 | 63.43 | 68.87 | 69.31 | 69.74 | 70.17 1 70.61 | 71.04 | 71.47 | 71.91 | 72 34 | 72.77 | 73.20 | 73.64 I

1.49

160

I

13.42 13.86

t4.29 11.72 15.16

31

3S

34 36

7t.7r

as .42

91

zto.21

73.92 76.23 78.54 80.85

39

.85

92 93

212 .52

96

219 .45

40.28 40.72

4t.r5

214.83

2t7.14

36

17.75

41

18. 19

42

18.62 19.05 19.49

43

19.92

46 47

37

38 39 40

22L.76 221.07 226.34 228.69 231.00

83.16 85 .47 a7 .74 90.09 92.40

41.58

98

42.O1

97 98 99 100

94.71 97 .02 99.33 101.64 103.95

43.75 44.18 44.61 45.05 45.48

101

45.91 46.34

106 | z+q.so 10f | 247.r7 108 1219.48 109 | 251.79 110 | 254.10

48.08

.45 42.48 43.31 42

44

16

20.79

48 49

21.65

60

106.26 108.57 110.88 113.19 115.50

22.09

61

117.81

22.55

53

23.39 23.82

61

20.35

2t.22

4ti.78 47.21. 47

.64

109 10s 104 106

111

48.5r

112

122.43

48.94

115

124.7 4

19.38 49.81

114 115

r20 . 12 t27 .05

237 .93

240.21 242 .55

256.41 258.72 261.03 263.34 265.65

74.07 74.50 74.94 75.80

181

182

183 181 185

I

291.06 293.37 295.68 297 .99 300.30

341.88 344.19 346.50

1s0

429.66 431.97 434.28 436.59 438.90

1sl

44t.21

1e2

443 .52 445.83

186 187 188 189

1es 1s4 196

448. 14

84.90 85.93 85.76 86.20 86.63

196 197 198 199 240

452.76

.07

201

87.50 87.93 88.36 88.80

202 203 204 205

89.21 89.66 90.10 90.53 90.56

206 207 208 209 210

475.46 478.17 480.48 482.79

211

487

212 213 214 215

489.72 492.03 494.34 496.65

| | | I |

24.69 25.12 25.55 25.99

234

66

60

129.36 131.67 133.98 136.29 138.60

50.24 50.68

116

267 .96

117

270.27 272.58 274.49 277 .20

CI.II

118

51.54 51.98

119 120

76.23 76.67 77 .rO 17

.97

450.45

457.38 459.69 462.00 464.31 466.62 468.93 47 r .24 473.55

485. 10

.4l

169 160

360.36 362.67 364.98 367 .29 369.60

93.56 93.99 94.43 94.86 95.30

216 217 218 919 220

498.96 501.27 503.58 505.89 508.20

161

371.91

221

162

a7

510.51 512.82

166 167 158

348.81 351.12 353.43

164 166

378.84 381.15

95.73 96.16 96.60 97.03 97 .46

166 167 168 16s 170

383.46 385.77 388.08 390.39 392.70

97.90 98.33 98.76 99.20 99.63

226 227 228 229 930

171

395.01 397 .32 399.63

100.00 100.49 100.93 101.36 101.70

231

4.22

163

172 173 174 176

,i01.94 404.25

222 223 22.1

176 177 178 179 180

406.56 408.87 411.18 413.49 415.80

702.23 102.66 103.09 103.53 103.96

5\7 .44

225

| I'1 |

522.06 524.37 526.68 528.99 531.30

236

535.92 538.23 540.54 542.45

236

545.16

238 239 240

549.78 552.09 554.40

232 233

I

24.26

418.11 420 .42 422.73 425.04 427 .35

358.05

169 153 154 156

I

233.31 235.62

284.13 286.44 288.75

78.40 78.84 79.27 79.70 80.14

91.39 91.83 92.20 92.69 93.13

161

I

15.59 16.02 16.45 16.89

Head

1/,2 1/t3 144 145

I

62.37 62.81 63.24 63.67 64.10 64.54 64.97

\Vater

141

.07 I 61.51 | 61.94 | 61

tr'eei of

314.16 316.47 318.78 321.09 323.40

I

28t.82

of wat€r in dghi

PSI

302.61 404.92 307 .23 309.54 311-85

279.51.

I

4.76 5.20

read feei

| | | | | 80.57 | 81.00 I 81.43 | 81.87 | 82.30 | 82.8 | 83.17 | 83.60 | 84.03 I 84.47 |

| 121 | 122 | 12s | 124 I 125 54.58 I 126 55.01 | 127 55.44 I 128 55.88 | 129 56.3i I 130 56.74 | 131 57.18 | 152 57.61 | 1s3 58.04 | lsl 58.48 | 135 58.91 I 156 59.34 | 137 55.77 | 138 60.21 | 139 60.64 I 140

52.41 52.84 53.28 53.71 54.15

I

I

| | | | I

PSI

Head

IIead

1 | 2 |

Feet of W&ter Head

Feet of

Feet, of

PSI

if in PSI;

psl

GENERAL TABLES

PRESSURE CONVERSIONS (Continued) Fincl eivenvaiuc iD middle colurnn; if ir feeL ol \rater', rcarl I'SI ccluiv;rleDt irr lelt ha[d columnl if in PSI, read feet oI rvater in right hand coiLrmn. \'atucs blsrd orr \\rrt1'.rl ti5" F. Feet of Feet of leet of Fect of

PSI

PSI I I

llcud

104.39

241

104.E3

242 243 244

r05.20 105.6!) 106. r3

106.5ri

roti.99

550.71 559.02 5ril .33

113.06

505.9;

121.29

113.l9

Il0.91i l l$. 12

5ii3. (i1

2j6 2j7

568.20

123 .15

21E

572.E8

125.62 r27.7E

2t|9

57o.19

12C.95

107.43 107.86 103.29

2i0

r08.73

251

109.16 109.50 110.03

252

110.,+6

255

110.89 111 .32 111.76

256 257 253

t2n3 25.1

25t

112. 19

It2.tr2

260

'ii.50 57it.81

r3{.28

582.

r3it..16

t2 58t.43

.l3E.62

586.74 589.05

1-10.79

591.3ti

r45 . 12

593. ii7

117.28 149.45

142.95

595.98 5t)8.20 600.rio

r51.61 153.78

I tl,t"t I llead

261 I ri02 91 262 160i].22 2it:) 623.70 275 (t35.25 2s0 L 6.16.80 .

2si ass. rs 2!)0 J 6{i9.90 2t5 90a I 30i |

PSI

PSI

. 1{l

3t5

83r .60 813.15

160.27

370

E51.70

I ri2 . .15

375

6I

330

806.25 877.E0

1ti6. 7iJ

3u5

E09.35

364

155.'J-l

l5il

10+.

gta s9t

r6E.94

693.00

r71.11 r73.27

70.1.55

184. 10

./125

31A 7r0.10 Jli I 72:. C5 sta I i3c.20 ,t2J I 750.75 350 7ii2.30 s35 I 773.85 S/tt-) 1785.i10 3.15 I 79rj.95 350 E08.50 355 L 820.05

195 . 0t) 205 .77

454

2r6.58

500 525 550

6Et.15

l

IIe.rd

Hcrd

40t)

4i5

.12 238.25

22 t'

2{9.09 259.90 270.73 281.56 292 .40

303.22

700

31,1.05 32.1.88

?25 750

335.i2

900.90

I t2.45 924.00 981.75 10-10

i733

';i5

1790

800

1E48

825

1906

368.20 379.03 389.86 400.70

854

i964

900

2021 2079

925

2r37

411.54

95A

2195

.133.18

9i5

2252 2310

92.45

r097

1617 1(i75

1213

ti49.7

1000 1540

1271

866.3

9040

'1620

3000

6930

600

1328 1386

6i25

1414

650

1502 1559

1300

3465

PROPERTIES OF WATER AT SATURATION PRESSIIRE T€mpefctule, ".F'

32 .10

50 60 70

80 00 100 110 120 130 110 150 160 170 180

rg0 200

2to 2t2 220 230 210 250

Srturxti(nr Pressure,

psi (abs)

500

550 600 650 700

Density,

Conversion,

lb,'g.Ll

fi oI $ ater/psi

Absolute Viscosiiy,

tbi,It3

2.307 2.307 2.307 2.309 2.311

0.001203

0.000513 0.000460 0.000415 0.000376 0.000313 0.000316

0.0885 0.1217 0.1781 0.2563 0.3631 0.5069

62

.12 62.43 62.41 62.37 62.30 62.22

8.3,16 8.3,17

8.3r9

2.3r5

0.{i9E2 0.9492

62.12 62.00

8.305 8.289 8.2ri8 8.253 8.228 8.208

2.318

8.182 8.157

2.353

|.275 1.692

2.222 2.889

61.8'1

61.73 61 .51 61.39

8.344 8.330 8.330

2.328 2.333 2.340 2.3.16

3. 718 4. t'41

61.20

5.S92

60.79 60.57 00.35 60.13

8. 128

8.098 8.069 8.039

2.386

5S.88

8.006

2

59.81 59.63

7.S97

7.510 9.339 11.53 14.12 14.696 17.10 20.78 21.97

ii1.01

5C.38

29 .82

59.10 58.82

.42 67.01 134.6

58.09 57.31 55.59

122.6 680.8

,19.02

45

300 350 400 450

Dcnsiry,

1045

2208 3094

45.47 42.37 37.31 27 .10

2.360 2.369

2.395 .405 2.408

.973 7.939 7.002

2.415

7.86'1

2.448

7 i67

2

7

7.662 7 .132 1'.773 6.892 6.554 6.133 5.665 4.98E

3.623

2

.425

2.436 .479 2.513 2.591 2.684

lb/sec. ft

0.0010'12 0.000E80

0.000753 0.000657 0.000579

0.000290 0.000269 0.000250 0.000233 0.000218 0.000205 0.000193 0.000191 0.000181 0.000171 0.000163 0.000154

2.938

0.000136 0.000124 0.000108 0.0000874 0.0000806 0.0000672

3.139 3.399 3.860 5.314

0.0000605 0.0000538 0.0000470 0.0000269

2.793

235

ITT GRINNULL-PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING DECIMAL EQUWALENTS

€ I 3

DECINIAI"S of a FOOT

s 0

w

5 %,

7

I I]

'/B Ysz

36

15

% %

17

th 19 s/s

2l

rt42

% 25 t34z

27

0.0833 0.0846 0.0869 0.0872

0.6667 0.6680 0.6693 0.6?06

0.7600 0.7513 0.?626 0.7539

0.8333 0.8316 0.8369 0.8372

0.916? 0.9180 0.9193 0.9206

0.0052 0.0065 0.0078 0.0091

0.0886 0.1?19 0.2662 0.3386 0.4219 0. 6062 0. 6886 0.6719 0.0898 o.fi42 0.2565 0.3398 o.4232 0.5065 0.5898 0.6732 0.0911 0.L746 0.2678 0.3411 0.4246 0.50?8 0.6911 0.6746 0.0924 0.1758 0.2591 0.3424 o .4258 0.5091 0.5924 0.6758

0.7662 0.7565 0.?678 0.7591

0.8386 0.8398 0.8411 0.8424

0.9219

0.0104 0.093? 0.r71L 0.2604 0.0117 0.0951 0.1784 o.2rit7 0.0130 0.0964 0.179? 0.2630 0_0143 0.0977 0.1810 0.2643

39

4l

0.3333 0.4167 0"6000 0.6833 0.3346 0.4180 0.5013 0.5846 0.3369 0.4193 0.6026 0.6869 0.3372 0.4206 0.5039 0.5872

0.3437 0.3451 0.3464 0.3477

5

0.9246 0.9258

7

0.4284 0.5117 0.5951 0.6784 0.7617 0.8451 0.9284 o.4297 0.6130 0.6964 0.679? 0.?630 0.8464 0.9297 0.4310 0.5143 0 .5977 0.6810 0.7643 0.8477 0.9310

17

0.6E23

o.0247 0.1081 0.191,1 o.2747 0.3581 0.4414 0.2?60 0.2773 0.1120 0.1953 0.2786 0.1133 0.1966 o.2799

0.0260 0.0273 0.0286 0.0299

0. 1094 0. 1927 0.1107 0. 1940

0.0312 0.0326 0.0339 0.0352

0.1146 0. 1159 0.1172 0.1185

0.1979 0.1992 0.2006 0.2018

0

.5247

0.608i 0.6914 o.7747 0.8581 0.9414

0.3694 0 .4427 0.6260 0.6094 0.3607 0.4440 0.5273 0.6107 0.3620 0.4463 0.6286 0.6120 0.3633 0.4466 0.5299 0.6133

0.692? 0.6940 0.6963 0.6966

0.?760 0.7773 0.7786 0.7799

o.2412 0.3646 o.4479 0.6312 0.6146 0.2826 0.3659 o.4192 0.5326 0.6159 0.2839 0.3672 0.4606 0.6339 0.6L72 o.2852 0.3685 0.4518 0.5352 0.6185

0.69?9 0.6992 0.7006 0.7018

o.74L2 0.8646 0.9479 o.7426 0.8659 0.9492

0.1198 0.2031 0.2866 0.1211 0.2011 0.2878 0.1224 o.2067 0.2891 0.1237 0.2070 0.2904

0.3698 0.4631 0.6366 0.3711 0 .4544 0.5378 0.a724 0.466? 0.6391 0.3737 0.4570 0.5404

0.8694 0.8607 0.8620 0.8633

0.8698 0.9631 0.8711 0.9544 o.4724 0.966? 0.8737 0.9570

0.7917 0.7930 0.?943 0.7956

0.8?60 0.8763 0.8776 0.8789

0.9683 0.9596 0.9609

0.3802 0.3815 0.38S8 0.3841

0.4636 0.6469 0. 6302 0.?136 0.4648 0.5482 0.6315 0.7I48 0.4661 0.6496 0.6328 0. ?161 0.461-4 0.5508 0.6341 0.7174

0.?969 0.8802 0.7942 0.8815 0.7995 0.8828 0.8008 0.8841

0.9636 0.9648 0.9661

0.2188 0.3021 o.2201 0.3034 0.2214 0.3047 0.2227 0.3060

0. 3864

0.7188 0.8021 0.8864 0.7201 0.8034 0. 8807 0.72L4 0.8047 0.8880 0.7227 0.8060 0.8893

0.9688 0.9701 0.9?14 o.9727

0. 041?

0.0621 0.0534 0.0647 0.0560

0.1364 0.1367 0.1380 0.1393

0.4688 0.6621 0.3867 0.4701 0.5534 0.3880 o.4714 0 .6647 0.3893 0.4727 0.5560

0.6364 0.6367 0.6380 0.6393

2Yr2

%

r5

61 63

236

0.06?7 0.1610 0

o.3!77 0.4010

.4a44 0.0690 0.1523 0.2357 0.3190 0.4023 0.4857 0.0?03 0.1636 0.2370 0.3203 0.4036 0.4870 0.0716 0. 1549 0.2383 0.3216 0.4049 0.4883 0.0729 0.1662 0.2396 0.3229 0.4062 0.4896 0 .o7 42 0.1576 0.2409 0.3242 0.4076 0.4909 0.0?66 0.1689 0.2422 0.3266 0.4089 o .4922 0.0768 0.1602 0.2435 0.3268 0 .4102 0.4935

0.0781 0.0794 3r4 0.0807 0.0820

0.1616 0.1628 0.1641 0.1654

234!|

o

0.667? 0.5690 0.6703 0.5716

0.6610 0.6523 0.6636 0.6549

% s/s

21

t/"2

% 25 tY,*

29

%

0. s674

% t74 Ys rsiz

39

4I

0.8229 0.9062 o.8242 0.9076 0.8266 0.9089 0.8268 0.9102

59

0.2448 0.3281 0.4116 0.4948 0.6?81 0.6616 o.7444 0.8281 0.9116 0.9948 0.2461 0.3294 0.4128 0.4961 0.5794 0.6628 0. 7461 0.8294 0.9128 0.9961 0.2474 0.3307 n /l1n 1 0.497 4 0.6807 0.6641 o.7474 0.8307 0.9141 0.9974

61

o.2447 0.3320 0.4154 0.4987 0.5820 0.6654 0.7447 0.8320 0.9154 0.9987

0.43?600

0.453r25

0.600000 0.515625 0.631260 0.546875 0.662600 0.578125 0.693760 0.609375

2/"2

0.812600 0.828125 0.843760 0.859375

114a

63

0.376000 0.390625 0.406260 0.421a75

0.760000 0.765625 0.781260 0.796875

%

29(z

0.9935

0.312600 0.328125 0.343760 0.359375

254

%

o.9922

0.260000 0.265625 0.281260 0.296875

0.687600 0.703125 0.718760 0.734375

51

0.9896 0.9909

0.18?600 0.203125 0.218760 0.234375

234

o.7344 0.4177 0.9010 0.9844

0.6729 0.6662 0.7396 o.5742 0.6576 0.7409 u.0 tDD 0.6689 o.7422 0.5768 0.6602 0.7435

0.126000 0.140625 0.156260 0.171875

0.626000 0.640625 0.666260 0.671875

%

17

0.7357 0.8190 0.9023 0.9857 0.73?0 0.8203 0.9036 0.9870 0. 7383 0.8216 0.9049 0.9883

0.062600 0.078125 0.093760 0.109375

214

15

49

0.015625 0.031260 0.046875

0.468760 0.484375

31

o.9622

0.0586 0.1419 o.2253 0.3086 0.3919 0.4753 0.5586 0.6419 o.7253 0.8086 0.8919 0.9753 2342 0.069s 0.L432 0.2266 0.3099 0.3932 0.4766 0.6699 0.6432 0.7266 0.8099 0.8932 0.9766 0.0612 0.1445 o.2279 0.3112 0.3945 o .4779 0.5612 0.6445 0.7279 0.8112 0.8945 o.9775 % 0.0625 0. 1468 0.2292 0.3126 0.3968 0.{t92 0.6625 0.6458 0.7292 0.8126 0.8968 0.9?92 0.0638 0.1471 0.2305 0.3138 0.3971 0.4805 0.5638 0.6471 0.7305 0.8138 0.8971 0.9805 25h 0.0661 0.1484 0.2318 0.3161 0. 3984 0.4818 0.5661 0.6484 0.7318 0.8161 0.8984 0.9818 0.0664 0. 1497 0.2331 0.3164 0.3997 0.4831 0.5664 0.6497 0.7331 0.8164 0.8997 0.9831 r%6

l9

0.?839 0.8672 0.9506 o.7452 0.8685 0.9518

0.6198 0.7031 0. ?866 0.6211 0.?o44 0.7878 o.6224 0.7067 0.7891 0.6237 0.7070 0.7904

%

)'i

0.9463 0.9466

t% 0.0673 0.1406 o.2240 0.3073 0.3906 o.4740 0.6673 0.6406 0.7240 0.8073 0.8906 0.9740

49

l5

o.9427 0. 9440

,i) 3l:6

0. 0208

0.4683 0.5417 0.6260 0. 7083 0.4596 0.5430 0.6263 0.7096 0.4609 0. 6443 0.62?6 0.7109 0.4622 0.5456 0.6289 o.7122

43

l1

0. 1042 0.18?6 0.2?08 0.3642 0.4376 0.6208 0.6042 0.68?6 0.7708 0.8642 0.9376 0.9388 o.0221 0.1055 0.1888 0.2721 0.3555 0.4388 0 .5221 0.6055 0.6888 0.772r 0.0234 0.1068 0.1901 0 _2784 0.3668 0.4401 0. 6234 0.6068 0.6901 0.1734 0.8668 0.9401

0.1823 0.2666 0.s490 o .4323 0.6990 0.1836 0.2669 0.3503 0.4336 0.5169 0.6003 0. 1849 0.2642 0.3616 0.4349 0.6182 0.6016 0.1862 0.2695 0.3529 0.4362 0.5195 0.6029

'/t6

,s

13

0.0990 0.1003 0.1016 0.1029

'4)

3,iz

0.4277 0.6104 0.6937 0.6771 0.7604 0.8437 0.92?1

0.3760 0.3763 0.3776 0.3789

%

3

o.9232

0.1260 0.2083 o.2917 0.0430 0.1263 0.2096 0.2930 196 0.0443 0.L276 0.2109 0.2943 0.0456 0.1289 0.2122 0.2956 % 0.0469 0. 1302 0.2136 0.2969 0.0482 0.1315 0.2148 0.2982 rsa 0. 0496 0.1328 0.2161 0.2996 0.0508 0.1341 0.2174 0.3008

2tAz

0 1

0.7666 0.8490 0.9323 0.6836 0.7669 0.8503 0.9336 0.6849 0.?682 0.8616 0.e349 0.6862 0.7695 0.8529 0.9362

0.0166 0.0169 0.0182 0.0195

0.0366 0.0378 nh 0.0391 0.0404

% 33

0.1667 0.1680 0.1693 0. 1706

0.2600 0.2513 o.2626 0.2539

11"

0.0000 0.0013 0.0026 0.0039

%6

29

€ 9"

5',

0.876000 0.890625 0.906260 0.921875 0.937500 0.953125

3t4 0.968750 0.984375

GENERAL TABLES

METRIC CON\TERSION TABLE

0 Vrzs

Yaa Ttza 3,(4 7.42s

Convert 3.7643 metors to fcct, inches end frrctious 3.76-13 mctcrs

0.0000 0.1984 0.3969 0.5953 0.7937 0.9921 1.1906 1.3890

:

3.6556 t0&

ZO

Convert 15'-6146" to meters

:4.5720 meterc : .163513 meters 15, 6Z*, : J3E51B meters

l5'

1211

626"

m*

107.95 : 412 in. t4r' : .75 3.7643 meters : tZ' +%r

-4

INCIIIJS AND FITACTIONS-[,IILLIX,tETERS Millimeters % % Yra

%

52.3876

3. 1750

2%

53.9751

t-tr25

2yt6

55.562ri

i}.3500

2%

4

% %

2yt6

L

1i.

5250 1125 7000

Inches

% 4r:A

6tA 6yt6

157. 163

8%6

8%

209.550

2t/t6

58 737d

4"1e

106.303 107.950 109.538

61ls

8Yt6

214

211. 138

60. 3251

1'/s

153.750 160.338

63.j

161 . 925

2!la

61.9126

4\6

111. 125

8%

6yt6

1)1

163.513

03 .5001

112.713 114.300

6%

846

165. 100

81/4

212.725 2t'1.313 215.900

65.0876

u.247 5 15 8750

2%

66.6751

4r 4%

115.888

%

I

2tyt6

68.2626 69.8501

1tyt6

1%

tYt6

19.0500

2%

20.6375

2tyt6

%

22 2250

2%

23.8125

2tYra

25.4001

3

1%

26.9876 28.5751

314 3%

13,(a

30. 1626

3%6

1s/ra

lYn

1% 1'/t6

I'A

\n6 1%

115/a

2

50.8001

1.% 11Yt6

r%

Ityt6 1%

166.688

8ry'.6

2r7 .48a

168.27 5

119.063

8%

61Yt6

%$169.863 171.450

8%

6t"/t6

219.075 220.663 222.250 223.838 225.425 227.013 228.600

71.'1376 73.0251

4\yj6

4%

74.6126 76.2002

1ty't6

125.4r3

5

127.000

7

77 . r'87

t-

5%6

128.588

TYra

79.3732 80.9027 82 .5502

5%

130.175 131 763

7%

5%

133.350 134.938

b\6

6rYt6

6%

9Xa 91.4

t-Yt6

170.388 180.975 182.563

7%

184.150

e%

7y'ta 7 r.6 77

185.738 187.325 188.913 190.500

95/t6

53/4 5%6

88.9002

514

136.525 138.113 139.700

3!16

90 .1a77 92.O7 52

5%6

141 . 288

7%

5ryt6

142.875 144.463 146.051

t47.63E 149.225

7t3/t6

7t,/,t 8

3% StYtr

3%

3t94 3% 3r016

93.6627 95.2502 96.8377 98.1252

5% 5t%6

100.013

5ty't6

101.600

150.8 r3

6

152.400

8%

8t/6

.312i

a7

8tyt6

176.213 177.800

3:4

3716

81t4

r73.038 174.625

7rA

71t16 7 3/t

t'%

Inches LMillimcters 255.588 257 .176 254.763 260.351 261.938 263 .526

207 .963

6Y6

120 650 122 238 123.425

a5.7252

3{i.5126 38.1001

t:),i

6%

t17.4t'5

84. 1377

34.9251

39.6876 41.2751 42.8626 44.4501 46.0376 47 .6251 45.2126

1Yt6

3ti

31.7501 33.3376

8%

4t 4%

Yra

%

,04 JS8 206.375

153.088 155 575

1501

57

2\/t

. 4t325

%

6%

%

t-

Millimeters

103. 188 101.i t'5

12

1\6

Inches

230. 188

265. 113

266.701 268.288 269.876 271. .463 273.051 27.1.638

276.226

277.8t3 279 .401

llYn

280.988 282 .576 284.163

t7"/t6

287.338 288.926 290.513

lrrA t1:' rryl

s\6

23]..775 233.363 234.950 236.538 234 .125 239.713

9r/r,

2,11.300

I1716 11r,4

192.088

er{6

s% 9\t 6

242.888

71Y16

193.675 195.263 196.850

214.47 5

11%

246.063 247.650

198. '138

9ryf,

1t%

200.025 201.613 203.200

s%

93/t6

9rA

s%

2$ .23a 250.825 252 .413

91X6 10

254.001

Ilzls

t71yt6

lttyt6

rr'%

Ilt"/16 12

285.75r

292.IOI 293.688 255.276 296.863 298.451 300.038 301.626 303.213 304.801

FEET INTO METERS Feet

Meterg

Feet

Meters

2

0.3048 0.6096

16 17

3

0.91,14

18

4.8768 5.1816 5.4864

19

5.7912

20

6.0960

I 4

t.2t92 1.5240

6 7 8

I

1.8288 2.1336

2.4384

10

2.7 432 3 0480

l1

3.3528

12 13

14

3.9624 4.2672 4.5720

Feet

Meters

Feei

MeteN

Feei

MeteN

9.4488

46

14.021

18.593

9..7536

47

14.326

10.058 10.363

48

14 630

61 62

49

l0.668

50

.14.935 15.240

10.973

51 52 53

7.6200

36 3t38 39 40

26 27 28

7 .9218 8.2296

41 42

12

2S

8.8392 9. 1440

22 23 24 25

30

6.4008 6.7056

7.0r04

7.3t52

11 278

l1

582

1r.887 12.1.92

16.764

.197

56

13. r06

8. 534,1 41

66

13.411

13.716

59 00

17.069

lt'.374 r7.983 18.288

20. r17

77 78 79

84

71 72 73

2t .611 21.946 22,250 22.860

23.470

27.736

92

23.774

93

28.041 28.346 28.650 28.955

25

21.031

22.555

MeieIs

91

24.689 24.994 25.297

20.726 21 336

Ieet

23.165

24.079 24.384

68 69 70

20.422

MeteN

80 81 82 83

15.850 16. 154 16..159

t2.402

64

18.898 19 .202 19.507 19.812

Feei

.602

25.907 86

26.212

87

26 .317

88

26.822

89

27 27

90

.126

.432

94 95 96 97

29.260

98

29.565 29.870

99 100

30.480

30.

t74

ITT GRINNI'LI, PIPING DESIGN AND I'NGINI'I'IiIN(i CONVERSION FACTORS To Obtaitr

Multiply Absolute viscosity

BTU,/minute

1

Gram/second centimeter

Absolute viscosity (centipoise)

0.01

Poise

Acceleratio due io gravity (9)

32.

980 6

Feet/second' Centimeters/second'

acres

0.4047

H€ctares

10

Square Chains Square Feet

(poise)

4017

0.001562 4840 160

Areg

Bushels

2150..1

Oalories (Kg)/Kilogrant Oubic inchcs

Liters

35 21

I'ecks

a2

Quorts (dry)

Cables

120

Fathoms

Calories (gm)

0.003$68 0.001

tsTU

0. 0011628

Litels

1.558

4185

X

0..12ti5

L1628 Cal (gm)/sec/cm'/'Cl cm

Calories (Kg)

3.968

BTU

l0s

)Ietels

0.001558 .1185

Joules

0.01

Hectares Square Feet

42tr.5 0.0011628 1.1628

r

1000 3088

14.69ti3 1.058 1013 15 235.1408

Pounds/Squrre inch Tons/Square foot

Calories

(Kg)/Iig

Calolies

(Xg)/minute

Bags of cement

94

Pounds of cement

Barrels of oil

42

Grllons of oil (US)

Berrels of cement

376

Pounds of cement

Barrels (irot leg&l)

31

Callons (US) Gallons (US)

Boerd feet

144

Boiler hoNe power'

33,479

33.9.1 10,333

or

X I in.'

9.803

34.5

252.016 0.252 777.51 0.0003927 1051.2 107.5 0.0002928 8.89

Iics. Squar. meter Xlillibars

Cubic inches Kilowatts Pounds of w&ter evaPo_ rated/hour at 212'F

Calo cs (gm) Calories (Kg)

238

51

'13

09351

r2.96

Foot pounds/second Homc power

Horse pov'er

N{illigram

Centares (Certiares)

1

Square m€ters

Centigram

0.01

Grams

Centiliters

0.01

Liters

Oentimetels

0.3s37

Inches

0.01

fleterc flillimeters

0 032808 10

CcntimcteN of Hg at 32'F

0.0r316

0

4461 136

27.45 0. 1934 Centimeters/second

Feet

Atmospheres Fcet oi rvater at 62' F Kgs/Square meter Pourds/Square Iuot

rourcls/squere

1.963

Feet/minute

0.030

Iiilometers/hour )Ieters/minute

0.$28r 0. ti 0 02237

"t

Cal (Ks)/Hr/v'1/"C/

Foot pounds/second

200

C.rlories (Kg),rCu meter 32" F

1.49

BTU/Hr/ft'/'F/foot

Carlts (diamond)

Joules

Kilowatthours

BTU/Cu foot at 0' C

Kilow.rtts

Horse power houm

Kilogram meters

Iiilogram meters Kilowatt houN Watt houls

BTU/pound

1.8

0

Calorica (gm)

0.06972

Foot pounds

Cal (gm)/Sec/cm'?l"C/

0.0r757

(Ks)/IIr/lI'/'C/N{ 0 671

BTU/hour

0.00.113

0.02356

Cal

Ounces/Squarc inch

r

0.0003728

fliles/hour llil€s/minute

Ccntimet€rs/second'

0.03281

Feet/second'

Meter

Centipoise

0.000672

PouDds/sec fooi

2.42 0.01

Poise

Kilowatts

Chains (Gunter's)

1 66 100

cn

Feet/second

cm

* For thickness less ihan 1 in. use actual thickness in decimals of an inch.

hours

BTU/t{r/ft'l'F/ft

Ca]ories (I{g) /Cu meter 0.112'1

BTU/minute

liilowatt

Foot pounds , tlorse pol!er nours

29.92r

/Hr/rt'/'F /rt

Ifilogram meteN

212.13

Cnls of Hq at 32" F Inches of IIe at 32' F Feei. of \\'alcr tt 62' F

B"rU

Joulcs 6

Cubic fcet/N1inute Gallons/N'tinute

76.0

BTU/Cu foot

X r0

pounds

IIorse po$,er hours

10-6

726 5430.86

o .0247

BTU

Ioot

Cubic Feei cs.llons (US) Cubic f{eterc

1076.39

Atmospheres

Oalories (Ks)

3.08E

325,851 1233. '19 1,233,4S0

angsiroms

0.556

Square XIeteN Square flilcs Seuere Yards S{uare Rods

43,560

Acre-feet/hour

BTU/pound

4 4

17

43,560

Acre.feet

To Obtain

Multiply

Pounds/hour foot

Feet

Links

GENERAL TABLES

CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued) To Obtain

Multiply

by

To Obtain

N{etdc horse Dower

Cubit

0.98632

Horse power

106

Circular mils

0. 7854

Square inches Square mils

18 1440 24 86,,100

Inches

Days (mean)

Days (sideresl)

86,164.1

Solar seconds

Square mils Circula,r inches

Decigmms

0,I

Granrs

Deciliters

0.1

Liters

Cubic feet Cubic inches Cubic rneters Cubic yards Gallons (US)

DecimeteB

0.1 Meters 60 Minutes 0.01745 Radians 3600 Seconds 0,5556 Degrees C 1 lplus 460] Degrees F -above

Multiply Cheval-vapeur

CircuLar inches

I

Kilogranr meiers/second

785,400

Circular mils

0.7854 10-6

X 10-5 3.531 X 10-' 7.854

Cubic ceniimeters

0.06102

106 1.308

x

10-6

0.0002642

Cubic feet

0.001 0.002113 0.001057 0.03s1

Liters

2432O

Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic

Pints (liq. US) Quarts (liq. US) Ounces (fluid)

1728

0.02832 0.03704 7 .48052 28.32 . 59.84 25.92

2.296

X

10 !

alrsolut€ u

Degrees C

1.8 I

lplus 32] De$ees F lplus 273] Degrees C above abso-

Degrees/second

Quarts (liq. US) Acrc feet

Dekagrams

0.01745 0.1667 0.002778 10 10 10

lute 0

Radians/secoad

Revolutions/minute Revolutions/oecond Grame

Pounds at 39.2" F Pounds at 62' F

o.1247

Cubic centimeteN/sec Gallons (US)/second

Diameter (circle) (approx) (approx) tapprcx./

3. 14159265359 Circumference 3.1416

Gallons/24 hours Acre feet/24 hours

Diameter (circle)

0.88623

o.707r

Side of equal square Side of iiscrib6d square

Gellons (US)/24 hours Gallons/minute Acre feet/24 houls

Diameters (sphere)

0.5236

Volume (sphere)

Litels/second

.472

62'F Galons (US)/minute

Pounds \r'ater/min at

0.033058 646,317

448.831 1.98347 16.387 0.0005787 1.639 X 10-6

2.143

X

0.004329 0.01639 0.03463 0.01732 106

61,023

1.308 264.2

10-5

Cubic centimeters Cubic feet, Cubic meters Cnbic yards Gallons (US)

DekameteN

Diaro (major) X diam (minor)

0.7854

Area (circle)

Diameter, (sphere)

3.1416

Su

Diam (inches) X RPM o.262

Beli speed ft/minuto

Quaits (liq. US)

Digits

o.75

Inches

Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic

Drams (avoirdupois)

27.34375 0.0625 L.77lU5

Grains Ounces (avoir.) Grams

Pints (liq. US)

centimeters feet inches

yards

2t13 1057

Quarts 1liq. US)

764,600

Cubic centimeters

27

202

Cubic feet Cubic inches Cubic rneters Gallons (US)

764.6

Liters

807.9

Pints (liq. US) Quarts (liq. US)

0.45

Cubic feet/second

3.367 12.74

ace (sphere)

Liters

Feet

1616

3.14

Arca of ellipse

Fathoms

0.7646

Meterc

0.7854

Liiers Pints (liq. US)

46,656

Literg

Diameiert (circle)

GaJIons (US)

1000

Cubic yards/minute

F

62.4266 62.3554

7. 4805 10,772

Cubic ya,rds

Degrees

Uess 321

yards

Bushels

62.36

Cubic meteN

F

Seconds

Dekaliters

o

Cubic inches

DegreeB

mete$

Litels Pints (liq. US)

Cubic feet/miauto

Cubic feet/second

inches

Gallons (US)

0.803564 Cubic feet of water

centimeiers

Degrees (angle)

Minutes Houls

Gallons (US)/second Liters/second

tr'eet

30.48

t2

Feet of water at 62

Feet/miDute

Ceniimeters trnches

0.3048

Meters

+

Yards

0.06061

Rods

0.029465 0.88162 62.3554 0.43302 304,M

Atmospheres

0.5080 0.01667 0.01829

Centimeterr/second Feet/second

Inchesof He at 32o F Pounds/souire foot Pounds/s
Kilogram/sq metcr

Kilo4et€rs/hour

239

ITT GRINNDLL -

PIPINC,i DIISIGN

AND IrlNGINltltltIN(;

CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued) To Obtaitr

Multiply

by

To Obtain

0.3048 0.01136

N{eters/minute

Grains/gallon (US)

17. 118

Parts/million Pounds/millioo gallons

30.48 1.097 0.5921 18.29 0.6818 0.01136

Centimeters/second

Multiply Feet/minute Feet/second

142.86

Miles/hour Kilomcters/hour X{eteIs/minute Miles/hour Miles/minuie

30.48 0.3048

Centimelers/second'?

Flet of a hexagon

1.155

Distance across corners

Flat of a square

1.414

Dists,nce across cor[ers

Foot pounds

0.0012861

BTU

Feei/second'

Nletcrs/second'

o.32412 0.0003241

5.05

X r0{

1.3558 0.13826

3.766 Foot pounds/minute

Xilogram meters 10-7

Furlong

\l-ati hours

0.001286 0.01667

BTU/minute

Gallons (US)

3.03

Horse porver Calories (Kg)/minuie

10-6

Pounds/cubic foot Pounds/cubic inch Grains/100 cubic ft

Grsins/gallon (US) Pounds/100 gallons (US) Pounds/cubic foot,

1000

Parts/million

32.174

Feet,/second,

980.6

Centimete.s/second!

4

Inches Centimeters

HectareE 107,639 100

Square feet

Ares

100

Grams

Kilowa,its

Hectolitels

100

Liters

,10

Rods

llectometers

100

Metels

220

Yards

660

Feet

Hecto\vatts

100

W:rtts

0.125

Nttiles

Kilometers

Hogshead

63

Gallons (US)

Cubic inches

I{orse power

23a.1759

Liters

4.543

Gallons (US)

3785

Cubic centimete$ Cubic feet

0.13368 0.00.1951

Cubic inches Cubic meters Cubic yards

3.785

Liters

Pints (liq. US)

X

10.7 o.7457 745.7 Horse power (boiler)

Gallons (US) of water/ minute 6.0086 0.002228 0.13368 8.0208 0.06309 3.78533 0.0044192 1 1 1

0.0648 0.0020833 o.0022857

33,479

9.803

34.5

Acre feet

Ilorse power hours 8.3357

.44

1.014

Quarts (liq. US) Callons (Imperial) 10-6

42

33,000 550

1.20095

3.069

240

Pounds

Ilectograms

0.83267

Grains

5a .417

10.16

Kilowatts

Calories (Kg)/minute

8 4

Gallons (US)/minute

Pounds/inch

Ounces (troy)

Ilorse porver

0.003785

at 62" tr'

0.0056

8.345 o.062427

Gravity (g)

Kilogl'ams X{iliigrams

Ounces (avoir.)

0.036r3 4.37 Grams/liter

!Jno"

0.03527 0.03215 0.002205

Grams/cubic centimeter 62.43

Hand

BTU/minute

o.o77L7 0.001818 0.01945 0.001356

231

Gallons (US) of water

Grums/centimeter

Foot pounds/second

0.2012 Gallons (Imperial)

Kilowatt hours

0.0003766

0.0003241 2.26 X 10-5

Foot pounds/secoDd

Calories (gm) Caiories (Kg) Horse power hours

1000

JOUteS

X

X

980.7 15.43 0.001

Knois

(US)

rounds oI

w:t

641,700

ter

641.1-

1,980,000 2,684,500

Tons of water/24 hours Cubic feet/second Cubic feetlminute Cubic feet/hour Liters/second

273,7 40

Inches

Liters/minute Acre feet/24 hourc Grains (evoirdupois) Grains (apothecary) Grains (troy) Grems Ounces (iroy) Ounces (avoir. )

2546.5

BTU/minute

Foot pounds/minute Foot pounds/second Nfetric horse po*er (Cheval vapeur) Calories (Kg)/mio

Kilolvatts

Waiis BTU/hour Kilowatts

Pounds of water evaporated/hour at 212" F

BTU

Calories (gm) Calories (Kg) Ioot pounds

Kilogram meters

0.7455

Kiloivatt houN Watt hours

2.51

CentimeteB

0.08333

Feet NIils Lines Points

1000 12

Inches of Hg at 32" F

Litels

0.03342 345.3 70.73 0.49117 1.1343

Kilograms/square meter Pounds/square foot Pounds/s
F

GENERAL TABLES

CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued) Inches ot Hg at 32'

Multiply

To Obtaitr

Multiply

I

Inches ol \raier at 02" F Ounccslsquare inch

r3 .611{

7.85872

IDches of waier at 62" F 0.002.155

0.073.{7

10-? 7

980,665 2 205

Lines

0.083-33

Inches

l{iloiYatt hours

Links

7

Wult

Liters

secoDd

32 . 1507

0 009302

BTU

0.0023.1,1

L 80ii

X

Fooi pouDds 10

6

Horse poiver hours

Xilowatt hours

I(ilograms/cubic meter

0.06243

Pounds/cubic foot

Kilograms/meter

0.6720

Pounds/foot

Kilograms/sq centimeter

71

Kilogram/sq nreter

9.678

.223

X 10 6

lvatt

0.003285 0.002896 0.2048 0.001422 0.007356

Atmosphercs Fcet of \reler at 62' F Inches of Hg ar 32" F Pounds/square foot Pounds/square inch Centimete;s of IIg at 32" F

Kiloliters

1000

Kilomei,ers

100,000

Kilometers/hour

KilometeIs/hr/sec

Kilowatts

14,250

i3t'.6 1.341

Kilowath hours

Centimeters/second

0.06

Kilometers/hour

Feet/minute Feet/second

0.03728

lliles/hour

0.03728

NIiles/minute

I{eters

llcters/second

N{iles/hour

l{icrons

10-6

Meters

0.001 0.03937

X{illimeters

0.001 0.0254

Inches

Fcet/second

25.1

Nlicrons

Nteters/minute tr{iles/hour Knots

160,934

Centimeterc

5280

I'eet

Feet/minute

Centimeters/sec/sec Feet/sec/sec N{eters/sec/sec

BTLi/minute

Foot pounds/minute Fooi pounds/second

r000

Calories (Kg)/min W&tts

3413

BTU

1+.3.1

1.667 3.281 0.05468

Centimetels

Centimeters/second

56.92

Kilometers Millimeters

Kilometers/hour Kilometers/minute

27.7a

o.2774

1000

0.06

Yards

0. 9113

Centimeters Feet Inches Yards

Gallons (US)/minute

Liters

1094

27.t-8

100

T

Gallons (US)/second

Feet/second

I{iles

0.5396

Cubic feet/second

Feet/minute

Feei

0. 6214

Pounds of water at 62'

0.0005886 0.004403 0.26418 3.281 39.37 1.094 0.001

Meters/minute

Cubic ceni,imeters Cubic fect, Cubic inches Cubic meters Cubic y:rrds Gailons (US) Gallons (Imp) Pints (liq. US) Quarts (liq. US)

196.8

o.62L1

0.9113 16.67

Liters/minute

Inches

3.2E1

1000 3281

54 68

8.107 X 10 t 2.2018

hours

Pounds/sq inch Nletdc rtmosphere

.22

.114 1.057

Joules

.721 Y. tO-6 0.002724 2

I

0 2

Caiories (gm) Calories (Kg)

2.311

7.233 3.653

6r.02

Clrams

Ounccs (avoir.) Ounces (troy)

35.271

1000

0.001 0.001308 0 .2612

l'ons (shori)

1000

.92

0.03531

Dynes Pounds

0.001102

Kilogrnm mctcrs

N{iles

Foot pounds Ilorse po\,i'er houm Xilogram meters

I

Kilograms

3

ots

Calories (gm)

0.101s7

I

I-eagues

Ca,lories (Kg)

X 10 0.0002778

K

Kilogram meters Wei.t hours

r.4932

BTU

2.778

If

Horse power hours

Nautical miles/hour Miles/hour Kilometels/hour

0.239 0.000239 0.73756

X

1000

Calories (gm)

Crlories (Kg) Foot pounds

1.1516

0.00094869

3.72

2,655,200 1.341 3,600,000 367,100

Xilogran$/squdre mcter Ounces/stluarc inch Pounds/square foot Pounds/squale inch Inches of llg at 32"

860,500

860.5

Atrnosphcres

25.37 0.5771 5.1963 0.03609 Joules

Kilowatt hours

Miles/hour

N{ils

Nlillimeters

63,360

Irrches

1.609

Kilometers

1760 80

YDrds

320

Chsins Rods

0.8684

Nautical miles

44.70

Centimeters/second

88 1..167

I'eet/minute

1.609 0.8684 26.42

Kilometers/hour Knots Metels/minute

Feet/second

24r

ITT GRINNELL - PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued) Multiply

by

To Obtain

Multiply

Miles/minute

2682 88 I .609

Centimcters/second

Poncelots

Feet/secold

60

Miles/hour

Kilometers /minuie

Milliba,rs

0.000987

Atmosphere

Milliers

1000

Kilogra,rns

Milligrams

0.001 0.01543

Grame

Grains

Milligrams/liter

1

Parts/millioo

Milliliters

0.001

Liiers

Million gals/24 hours

| .54723

Cubic feet/second

0.1

Centimetels lnches

Millimeters

0.03937 39.37

Microns

Miner's inches

1.5

Cubic feet/miaute

Minutes (angle)

0.0002909

Radians

Nautical miles

6080.2 1.1516

Feet MiIes

Ounces (avoirdupois) 437.5 0.0625 24.349527 Ounces (fluid)

Ounces (troy)

Drams (avoir. )

7000

0.0005 453.5524 1.21528 14.5833 Pounds (troy) 240 12

373.24t77 o.822a57 13.1657 0.00036735 0.0004114:| 0.00037324 Pounds of water at 62"

F 0.0f604 27.i'2

Drams (avoir.) Grains

Tons (short) Grams Pounds (trov) Ounces (irov) Grains Pennyweights (trcy) Ounces (troy) Grams Pounds (avoir.) Ounces (avoir.) Tons (long) Tons (short)

Tons (metdc) Cubic feet

0.120

Cubic inches Gallons (US)

0.0002673

Cubic feei/second

Pounds/cubic foot

0.01602 16.02 0.0005787

Grams/cubic centimeter Kilograms/cubic meter Pounds/cubic inch

Pounds/cubic inch

27.68

,728

Grams/cubic centimeter Kiloerams/cubic meter Pounas/cubic foot

Pounds/foot

1.488

Kilograms/meter

Pounds of water/min at

62' F

LiteIs

0.25

Gills

Pounds/inch

178.6

Gm,ms/centimeier

480 20

Grains Pennyweights (troy) Pounds (troy) Glams

Pounds/hour foot

0

.4132 0.004132

Centipoise

14.881 1488.1

Poise grams/sec cm

0.016037 4.882 0.006944 0.014139 0.0004725

Feet of water at 62' F Xilograms/square meter

0.068044 2.30934 2.0360 703.067

Atmospheres Feet of water at 62' F Inches of Hg at 32" F Kilosrams/square meter Tnchis of waier at 62'F

0.0625

12725

0.004253

Cubic centimeters

Ounces (avoir.)

Pounds/square inch Inches of ;ater at 62' F

Pounds/sec foot Pounds/square foot

Centimeters of water at 62' F Inches of Hg at 32' F Atmospheres Pounds/squsre inch Inches

Palms

0.0584 0.07016 8.345

Pennyweights (troy)

Grains/gallon (US) Grains/gallon (Imp) Pounds/million gal (US)

0.0041667

Grains Grams Ounces (troy) Pounds (troy)

4

Gills

0.05

0.5

28.875 473.r

Ounces (fluid) Quarts (liq. US) Cubic inches Cubic ceniimeters

Pipe

126

Gallons (US)

Points

0.01389

Inches

242

Ounces (avoir.)

Cubic inches

o .

Poie€

16

1.805 0.02957 29 .57

1'732 4.39

Pints (liq. US)

Horse power

Ounces (troy)

31.103481 1.09714

Parts/million

Xilogram meters/second

1.315 256

Grains Pounds (avot.) Grs,ms

100

0.9r15

0.08333

Ounces/square inch

Pounds (avoirdupois)

Mils

1000

To Obtain

by

27,6&

27

Quadrants (angul*r)

.9r2

rolse gfams/sec

cm

uenllporse

Pounds/square inch Inches of IIg at 32' F Atmospheres

Degrees

90

5400 324,000

|.75r

Minutes Seconds

Radians

Quarts (dry)

67

Qua s (liq. US)

2,

Pints (liq. US)

32

946.3

Ounces (fluid) Cubic inches Cubic centimeters

i01.28

Pounde

.54 101.43 101.41 220 .46 roL .47

PouDds

Quintal, Argentine Brazil Castile, Peru Chile

o.0672

Pounds/sec foot,

242 100

Pounds/hour foot

Metric

Ceniipoise

Mexico

.20

0.9463

125

Cubic inches Liters

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds

GENERAL TABLES

CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued) by

Multiply Quires

To Obtain

Multiply

by

To Obtain

Sheets

Square miles

27,878,400

Souare leet

2.590

S
Hectarea Square yards bqu&re rooa

57. B0 3438 206,625

Degrces Seconds

259 3,097,600 102,400

0.637

Qu&drants

1

Sections

Radians/second

57.30 0.1592 9.549

De$ees/second

0.01

Square centimeters squafe rncnes -qLlare mrls

Radians/second!

573.0 0. 1592

Revolutions/minutet

Radints

Reams

RevolutioDs

Minutes

Reiolutions/second Revolutions/minute Revolutions/secoud'

500

Sheets

360

Degrees

4 6.283

Quadrants

0.00155 1550 1973

Square

Square yerds

Radia,ns

Radians/second Revolutions/second

Stere

Revolutions/minute'

0.001745 0.0002778

RadianB/second' Revolutions/second'

Stone

Revolutions/second

360

Degrees/second

60

Revolutions/minute

6.283

Radians/second' Revolutions/minute'?

Feei Yards

Rods Seconds (angle)

4.848

Sections

I

Side oI

Tons (long)

Radians/second

3600

r

square

X

10-6

Tons (short)

Radians

Diameter

.4142

of

inscribed

equal srea, Spaa

I

Inches

Square ceniimeiers

0.001076 0.1550 0.0001

Square feet pduare inches Dquare melers Square millimeters

2.296

X

10-6

929.0

lM

Square kilometers

Square ceutimeters Squs,re Sq:uare

Square rniles

E

1,000,000

feet millimeters Cfrcular inches Circular mils Squa.re mils

247.r

Acres

10,760,000 1,000,000

Squarc feet Squarc metels Square miles Squa.re yards

1,1s6,000 Square metels

0.0002471 10.764 1.196

10

I

Pounds

Kilograms

1016

2240

r.l2

Kiloqrams rounos Tons (shori)

1000

Kiloarems

2205 1.1023

Tons (short)

2000 32,000 907. 185

12,000

1

Acrcg lQuare feet, DQUare v&rqs C6ntare!

640

Acrcs

t,ounds

Pounds Ounces

KilogIams Tons (meiric) Tons (long)

BTU/hour BTU/24 hours Pouads of water/hour

Gallons (US)/minute Cubis feet/hour

BTU/minute Foot DouDds/minute

Ioot lounds/second

rtorse Dower C,a,loriris (Kg) /minute

I

Joule/second

3.413 860.5 0.8605

BTU

2655

Watk/squa.re inch

Square feet Square meteN Square miles

6.35029

0.056s2 44.26 0.7376 0.001341 0.01434 0.001 Wa,tt houN

?

Cubic meters

I .3263

leuare incbes

0.0069,14

0.3861

X

Tons of water/24 hours 83.33 at 62' F

Squa,re centimeters

6.452

7,273,89

0.0002066

288,000

Acres

0. 1111

645.2 1.27324

Square inches

0.16510

Dquare me,iers es Dquate S{ua,re yorde

0.0s29 3.587 X 10-3 Square inches

Tons of refrigeration

Diameter of circle wiih

100

10--6

0.90718 0.89286

circle

7.1284

Squere feet

Tons (metric)

Squaxe miles

1

Circular mils Square millimeters

3.228

0.1047 0.01667

6.283

0.0006452

0.8361

DeErees/secoDd

Revolutions/minute

Revolutions/secondt

nils

Circular mils

Calories (gm) Calories (Kg)

Foot Dound6

0.001341

Hor,se power hours

3600

JOtUeS

367.1 0.001

Kiloqram meters

Kilo;a,tt hours

8.2

BTU/square foot/ Dinute Foot pounds/sq ftl

0.1931

Horse power/square foot

9L.44 0.9144 0.1818

Centimeters Feet Inches Meters Rods

8760

Hourg

iunute

Year (365 days)

244

ITT GITINNDLL PIPING DESICiN AND I'\CI:{EERING PROPERTIES OF PIPE Tbe lollowing lo.Inulds ore used showa in tbe toble:

t wetght ol pipe

i

per foot

i lt€ lerritic

steels DC.I' be dbout 5% l*s, atrd the du.stelitic stdi:rless steek qbout 2 qreoter thdn the vqluos shown in this tdbl€ which dle bd5ed on weigbts lor. ccrbon steel.

the computotiod ol the vclues

(pounds) = 10.6802(D-0

weight oI wqte! p€! Ioot (pou!ds) square feel outside surface per toot Bquore feet iDside surroce p€! loot inBide qred (squdre inches) d!€d o( meldl (squdre idches) moment oI irledid (inches.)

= = = :

0.3405dt 0.2618D

= =

0.785(P-d?) 0.049r(D.-d.)

* scbedule nurBb€rg Stoadcrd weight pipe dnd schedule 40 ale the sdtre j! dll sizeg tbrcugh lo-indr; tlom l2-!rch lhrough 24-inct, Brdndord weight pipe bds d wdll thiclcress ol %-i:rch.

0.26f8d

0.785d

Enro strolg weight pipe old schedule 80 ale the sdme in dll sires thtough 8-inch; flom f-inch through 24-inch, extrq sttong weight pipe hqs d wdu lbicktess of %-inch.

Bec{ior Dodulus (iDcbeBr)

Double extrq strorlg w€ight pitr€ hos no coresponding schedule nueber.

rddius ol gyrotioE (inches)

1{- = qreq oI metol (aquore irches) d = iNide dio'neter (idches)

D : Fa = t = |to!rinql PrPe

aite

outtide didmeter,

gchedule

lrcll

lurnbera

thick-

c

b

% 0,405

40 80

std

% 0.540

40 80

std

iD.

10s

40s 80s

l0s

xs

7a

0.675

oulsid€ didmete! (inches) lodiu3 of gFatiotr (ircbes) pipe woll thicloess (inches)

40 80

srd

xs

40s 80s

sq

neaa,

i|r.

in-

pe!

0.049 0.068

0.307 0.269 0.215

0.0740 0.0568 0.0364

0.0s48 0.0720 0.0925

0,410 0.364 0.302

0.1320 0.1041

0.095

0.065 0.088

0.I19

ss

0.065

r0s

0.065

40s 8os

0.091

0.126 0.065

%

0440

40 s0

;;; XS

r0s

0.083

40s 80s

0.109

r60

0.t47 0.187

xt(s

0,294

0.065

t/ ,.050

40 80

J; xs

l0s

0.083

40s 80s

0.113 0.154 0.218 0.308

xxll I t.3t5

40 80

;;;

t.660

80

xs

sq

lt

irside

li

perlt

0.r06 0.r06

0.0804 0.070s 0.0563

0.0970 0.1250

0.r41

0.1073

0.141

0.0716

0.15t4

0.141

0.0s55 0.0794

0.?10 0.545 0.493 0-423

0.396

0.1582 0.1245 0.1670 o.2173

0.220 0.177 0.L77

0.1859

o.t77

0.1106

0,710 0.674 0.622 0.516 0.466 a-252

0.3959 0.357 0.304 0.2340 0.1706

0.1583

o.220 0.220 0.220 0.220 0.220 0.220

0.920 0.884 0.424

0.565 0.614

0.742

0.432

0.614 0.434

0.2s6r 0.14?9

0.5r0 0.t18

t.r03

0.2553

0.2333

0,1910 0.1405

0.lxs9

0.533

0.rg-74

0.2503 o.320 0.383 0.504 0.2011

0.2s21 0.333 0.435

1|'eight

weight ol wdter p€r Il, perll, surldce, sudqce, out!ide

lbt

0.00331

0535

0.0310

0.00378

0.0r032 0.01230 0.01395

0.538 0.423 0.568 0,739

0.1716

0,0I197

0.0285

0.l0rr

0,00586

0.0173?

0.0827 0.060s

0.00?30 0.00862

0.02160

0.2150 0.2169 0.2090

0.02554

0.1991

0.1859 0,1765

0.s38

0.171

0.0I20

0.0285

0.671

0.1s47

0.01431

0.m4t

0.r628

0.851

0.13r6

0.01710

0.1433 o.1220 0.0660

r.oB8

0,1013 0.0710 0.0216

0.020r0 0.02213 0.02425

0.0407 0.0478 0.0s27 0.0577

0.27s0 0.2692 0.2613 0.2505 0.2402

0.215 0,275 0.275 o.215 0.215 o.275

0.2409

0,684 0.8s7

028A2

0.02{51 0,02970 0.0370 0.0448 0.0527 0.0s79

0.0467 0.0s66 0.0706 0.0853 0.1004 0.1104

0.349 0,343 0.334

0.443 o,428 0.421 0.407 0.387

0.1427 0.1295

0.23t4 0.2t57

1.304 1.714

0,2661 0.2301

0.1875

1.937

o.1284

0.1r3t

2-111

0.0541

0.310

0.868

0.478

1.404 1.679

0.409 0,374

0.0500 0.0757 0,0874

0.0760

0-2872 0.2746 0.2520

2.t72

0.31r

0.r056

0.1606

0.2r34

2.444

0.2261

0.1570

3.659

o.t22t ,

0.1252 0.1105

0.19m o.zt37

0.1038 0.1605 0.1948 0.2418 0.2839

0.1250

0.56{

0.193{

0.341

0.411

0.550 0.540 0.524 0.506 0.472

0.1s80 0.2469

0.1663

0.2818

1.076

0.065 0,109

1..530

1.839

0.s26

0.434

0,401

r.107

0.7s7

t-442

1.633

u.531

0.434

0.378

1.805

0.1cl

0.140

1.380

1.496

0.669

0.434 0.434 o.431 0.434

0.361

2.213 2.997 3.765

0.548

0.{97

0.463

1.214

1.067

0.49?

0.{40

2.085

0.962

t% r0s

0.065

t-770

0.109

r.682

2-461 2.222

0.375 0.613

t.534

0.2t92

L,414

0,599

0.896

0.1215 0.1146

1.t31

0.s22

0.382

0.00122

0,1943 0.1607

0.8r5

1.107

0.16s4 0.1628 0.154?

0.00279

0.0451

0.250 0.358

0,88r

0.t27r

0.0572

0.957

1.283

0.00437 0.0052s 0.00600

0.330 0.425

0.3r5

0.I79

1,057 0.631

in.3

qrrqtion, i'r"

0.000€8

0.133

1.27A

ina

rddiua

0.00r06

40s 80s

1.160

ineliid,

modulua,

0.0246 0.01s7

0.413 0.494 0,839 0.838

0.191

teclion

ol

0.032r

0.945 0.864 0.719

0,250

Etorled

0.r86

0.109

40s 8os

ruEbers

0.215

0.106

l0s

xxs

244

836.19 Btainless steel pif'e Bcbedule

0.344 0.344 0.344 0.344 0.344 0.344

t60

r.900

c: ANSI

lun$€rs

lomirql woll dickness designdtiod.

1.I85 r.097 r.049

r0s

s;;

036,10 st€el pip€

0.06s

xxs

10

3q. iD"

b: ANSI

5S

r60

1%

i..

836.10 sl6el pipe schedule

tt

ingide iasido rnetdl diqtnelet, cq.

d: ANSI

0.335 0.304 0.2346

0.458 o.2132

0.ll5l 0,132s

0.2345 0.29r3 0.342

0.259S

0.321

0.304 0,2840

0.361

0.649 0.634

GENERAL TABLES PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued) noEircl

schedule

prpe 3ir(

lulrber'

outside

dioEeter

c

10

srd

80

xs

40s 80s

rh

180

xxs

.1.@

ingide

thick-

didlll-

nea&

b

in.

*qit iD.

2.375

;;

srd

80

xs

40s 80s

150

xxs

;; ;; 80

1.338

1.406

1.429

0.400

1.

r00

t.885

0.525

0.850 0.600

0.950 0.567

2.247

0.283

2.551

0.497

0-472 0.776

0.622 0.622 0.822 0.622 o.622 n-622 o.622 o.622

0.588 0.565

0.7s3 0.753 0.753 0.753 0.753 0.753 0,753 0.753

0.065 0.109

2.245

0.15{

2-067

3.35

0.218 0,343 0,436

1.939

2.953 2.240

t.229

3.199

0.781

3.641

5.76

0.728 1,03S

t.704

3.334 3,260

8.73 8.35 7.39

0.89r t.274

0.083

3.834

tii

l0s

o-t20

3.760

{0s

r<s

80s

0-226 0.318 0.636

4.334 4.260 4.124 4.026 3.826 3.626 3.500 3.438

14.?5

40s 80s

ns

0,083 0.120

0.t88 40s 80s

0.237

1

80

4'Jco

120

0.337 0.437 0.s00

r80

0.531

ro(s

0.671 0.800 0.s2s 5S

;; ;;; xs

t20

':o

2.709 2.635 2.469 2.323

2.190 2.656

0.083 0.120 0.216 0.300 0.437 0.600 0.725 0.850

;;

80

1.25I 1.00I

t.774

5.2t2

l0s

5.56'

1.689 1.503

l,075 t.411

t,276

t60

40 80

0.083 0.120 0.203 0.276 0.375 0,552 0.675 0.800

2.t57

t.275

xs

r;;

r0s 40s

t::

Frft

0.281

1.826

10s

audsce, per It

0.4s? 0.497 0.497 0.49?

1.525

80s ':'-

xxs

4n

0.49t

1.068

1.171

;; -..

3h

0.799

2.254 2.915 4.03 4.663

160

80

2.036 r.767

Burlcrce,

1.610

4.79 4.24 3.55 2.464

t(s

xrs

3 3.500

{0s

sq. !n"

lt

inside

1.500

0.687

2% 2.875

aq. rn.

Eg

oulside

0.145

0,562

los

It

rnetql

0.200

0,650

t0s

irl.

aq

ilside

0.10€ 0.134 0.258 0.375 0.500 0.62S

0.750 0.875 1.000

2.t25

0.s7I

1.163

0.979

t.312

I.104

10.882

0.769 0.533

t.442

t.2r40

12.385

0.341

r.5r30,

12740

0.64t0

0.709 0.690

2.475

2.493

0.494

3.531

2.36t

0.710 0.988

0.68?

0.646

5.793

2.076

1.530

1.064

1.837

1.925

1.339

r.067 o.192 0.554

2.353 2.872 3.0890 3.2250

0.988 0.975 0.947 o.921 0.894

1.998

0.8{4

2.1490 2.2430

0.8140 0.7860

3.78

I.301

0.714

1,208

3.61

t-822

1.041

3.20 2.864 2,345 1.80r

3.02 3.90 s.03 5.99

t-724

1.164

2.226 2.A78

1.136

3.4S

1.047

4.859 6,408 7.7

t0

8.678

o.4t2 0.246 0.123

1.604

2.638

1.582

0.5i1

3.653

r,455

0.508 0.442 0.393 0.328 0.282

5.022 7.444 9.029

1.280

0.608 0.556 0,464 0.399 0.334

1.004

l.l0

1.463

3.548

9.89

3.36d 2.728

8.89

2.680 3.68 6-721

1.04t 1.04, t.047

5,345 5.295 5.047 4.813 4.563 4.313 4.063 3.813 3.563

3,631

10.0t 13.70 15.860

17.129 3.03 4.33 7.58 10.25

t4.32 18.58

0.420

0.56r 0.73I

0.623 0.605 0.581

0.549 0.5200 0.4980

1.09{

2t.487

1,431

6.S010

3.7ts0

1.0140

24.057

1.103

6.8530

3.9160

0.9840

0.980

r.385 1.372

1,047

0.715

22.850

2.394 3.14 4.9240

1.337

12.51

2,756 4.19 6.28 s.8480

1.378

0.929 0.881

5.01 4.81 4.25 3.85 2.530

1.960

0.984

3.47 4.91

1.152

1.178

r.t35

3.92

2.81t

1.249

1,562

t4-25

1.651

1.115

1.549

2.547

2.600!

1,5250

12.73

3)1

1.178

1.054

3.96 5.8500 1.29

t.762

13.357

1.178 1.178

3.2I

1.510

I1.50

4,41

1.t78 r.178

1.800

2.900 2.650

iE,

0.817 0.802 o.787 0.766 0,729 0.703 0.6710

1.047

0.9I6

UoD"

ir!.3

0.2652

1.021

5.{7

0.882 0.?65 0.608

9Yrs-

lua,

0.315 0.499 0.666 0.868

6.317 7.073

5,42 4.15 3.299 2.543

2.300 2.050

2.224 3.02 4.21

2-7tS

inertio,

rcdius

0.326 0.412 0.508 0.s98 0.6470 0.6670

0.916 0.916 0.916

3.068

It,

reclion rnodu.

0.310 0.391 0.483 0.568 0.6140 0.6340

0.873 0.853 0.803 0.759 0.687 0.502 0.537 0-471

2.900

0,916 0.916 0.916 0.s16

0,421 0.393 0.350 0.288 0.223 0.157

weight momolll weight oI wcte! oI perIt. per

I

5.845

r033

1.082

Lll

8.560 10,79

1.002

14.98

r8.96

31.613

4.98 1.45 4.160 4.02 3.38 2.464

16.6610

353r8

2.3S1

17.7130

9.73 9.53

6,95

9.294 r0.384

t.t78

0.949 0.915 0.900 0.825 0.759 0.694

r.868

1.456

1.399

1.456

1.386

20.01

2.255 4.30

6.35 7.?7

l.{56

1.321

t4.62

I8.19

6.ll

1.456

1,260

16.35

1.456

l.l9s

20.18 27.04

14.6t

7.95 9.70

1.456

1.129

t2.91

11.34

ll.4t3

12.880

1.456 1.456

9.966

14.328

1.455

9.621

9.28 7.80 6.602

5.5I3 22.14 22.02

6.283 6.62

1.178

8.10

1.178 1.178

t.r78

r.064 0.998 0.933

6.40 6.17 5.800

21.360 22.51

27.54

32.95 38.55 43.810 47,134

1.2100

9.61

4.21

11,55

5.18

t.477 r.445

12.71t0 t3-27

5.6760

r.4250

15.29

6.79 7.4050 7.8720

8.43

2,498 3.03

15.17

7.89 7.09

1.307

20.68 z5-71

1.416 1.374

r.$80 1.3060

r.920 r.878

7.43 9.25

1.839

30.0

10.80

l.?60

33.6 36.64s0

t2.r0

1.722

4.951

r3.1750

4.232

39.lll0

14,0610

5.62

1.799

1.5520

ITT CiIiINNIII,I, PIPINCI DESI(I\ AND ]iJNGIN]'I'ITIN(' PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued) pipe siz€

wdll

gchedule

thick-

inside didm-

inside

rbet(rl

sq. rn.

sq. llr.

b

6

40

st;

40s

80

xs

80s

t20 160

xxs

sudcrc

pe!

Il

2_304

4.35

30.100

1.620

rs.020

22.6600

6.065

28.89

5.58

L734

1.s88

18.97

r3.100 12.5r

6.8400 8.s0

2.255 2.2700 2.245

5.761

26.0'7

r-734

I.508

28.57

11.29

2.195

1.440

36.39

21,I5

r3.33

1.358

45.30

17.81

2.153 2,104

18.83

15.64

1.734

1.282

53.r6

r0.30 9.16 8.17

14.98

66.3

16.792

t7.662

t.734

l.2ll

60.076

72.1190

20.03 21.7720

2.0200

1.125

5.189 4.897 4.625 4.375

t.734 t.?34

40.5 49.6 59.0

12.23

23.',|',|

8.40 10.70

15.025

19.429

t.734

1.t45

66.084

76.5970

23.t244

r.98s0

0.I0s

8.48',7

2.201 2.180

24.07

26.45

6.13

3.01

13.40

23.59

35.4

8.21

0.219

8.r87

2.Is0

rs.640

3.00 2.S700

2.t27

22.38

22.900 22.48

51.3200

6.58

2.258 2.258 2.258 2.258 2.258 2.258 2.258 2.258

9.91

8.329

55.5 54.5 s2.630

2.916

0.14s

2.u3

24.70

22.t8

2.089

28.55 35.64

21.69

2.045

20.79

s7.7 63.4 72.5 88.8

L996

43.39

I9.80

1.948

s0.87

23.942 26.494

2.258 2.255 2.258 2.258 2.258 2.258

0.219

0.280 0.432 0.562

5.501

0.718

3.94 5.800

51.2

0-322

7.981

0.406 0.500

7.813 7.625

50.0 47.9

100

0.593

7.439

I20

0.718

7.I89

I

140

0,812

7.001

8.625

160

0.906

6.8I3

1.000

Ll25

6.625 6.375

0.r34

10.482

86.3

4.52

2.8rs

r0.420

85.3

2.815

0.219 0.250 0.307

10.312

83.52

10.250 10.136

4;;

0.365

80s

0.500 0.s93 0.718 0.843 0.875

r0.020 9.750 9.564

82.5 80.7 78.9 74.7

5.49 1.24 8.26

l0s

IO 10.750

60

s0 100

120

8.40

r0.48 12.78

43.5 40.6 38.5 36.5 34.454 31.903

I4.96 17.84

I9.93 2r,97

I.882 I.833

11.9000

I3.39 14.69

t6.8I

2.060

2.962 2.953 2.938

20.58

2.909

105.7

24.52

2.874

18.84

tzt,4

25.t4

2.847

17.60

140.6

32.6

2.807

I6.69

Is3.8

35,7 38.5

2.777 2.748

4r-0740 44.2020

2.7r90 2.68t0

1.784

74.69

15.80

t.734

81.431

14.945

177.t320

1.66S

90.114

13.s38

190.8210

15.15

3',7.4

3.75

36.9

14,30

3.74

24.63

36.2

63.7 76.9 r00.46

I I.85

I8.70

18.69

3.72

28.O4

35.8 35.0

113.7

21.16

3,7r

137.S

2s.57 29.90

3.59

34.I

10.07

2.8I5 2.8I5 2.8I5

I.9l

2.815

2-744 2.728 2.10 2.683 2.654 2.623

I6.10

r

7.284

2A.V

34.24 40.48 s4.74

32.3

I60.8 2t2,0

64.33

31.1

244-S

45.6

246.2

53.2

89.20 92.28

324

60.3

2.36

29.5 28.0 27.6

333.46

62.04

3.60 3.56 3.52 3.50

71.8

18,S2

2.8r5 2.8r5

2.553 2.504

9.314

68.1

22,63

2.815

9.064

26,24

2.8r5

9.000

64.5 63.62

2.438 2.313

27.t4

2.815

39.4

140

1.000

8.750

60.r

30.6

2.815

2.391

104.r3

26.1

68.4

3.47

160

r.125 r.250

8.500 8.250 7;150

56.7 53.45 47.15

34.0

2.81S

u5.65

74.3

2.81S

3.43 3.39

2.03

r48.I9

42A.r7 478.59

79.66

2.8I5

24-6 23.2 20.5

399

37.31 43-51

2.225 2.18

89.04

3.31

I9.20 22.V3 30.1

4.45 4.44 4.42

1.500 0.156

12.438

tzt.4

6.17

3.34

12.390 12-250

120.6

1.tl

1r7.9

9.S4

I2.090

1I4.8

I2.88

r2.000

113.1

14.58

11.938

ul.9

ts.74

1r.750

I08.4

l9-24

3.34 3.34 3.34 3.34 3.34 3.34

io

0.180 0.250 0.330 0.375 0.406 0.500 0.562

11.626

106.2

2r.52

3.34

3.08 3.04

80

0.687

r1.376

t0I.6

26-O4

3.34

2.9'18

I1.250

99.40

28.27

3.34

2.94

100

0.750 0.843 0.875

11.064

96.1

3r.5

3.34

11.000

32.64

t.000

10.750

95.00 90.8

36.9

3.34 3.34 3.34

10s

;i 30

;;

40

-s t2,750

lion,

in.3 3.58

51.8

iixs

Ius,

irl"a

14.40

8.071

30

inertio,

tb

u.85

8.12s

40

per Ii,

13.74

0,27',|

20

qYra-

r3.s8

0.250

5S

lbt

modu-

9.29

20

80s

p€r It,

ol

5.37

30

80

lt

radiua

weigrht

1.664

I

;;; 4;;

per

weisht

t.677

32.2

8.625

40

It

inside

1.734 1.734

3t.'1

1.000

60

sq

t.734

6.407 6.357 6.187

0.134

0.864

10s

It

outside

2.231 2.733 4.410

0.109 IOS

sq

r20 t40 160

80s

126.82

3.26 3.24

20.99

52.7

122.2

24.20

52.2

140.5

3.21

33.38

sl.l

191.9

3.17

43.71

45.7

248.3

39.0

4.39

3.14

49.56 s3.53

49.0 48.5

279-3

43.8

300

47.1

65.42

47.0

362

s6.7

4.38 4.37 4.33

73.I6 88.5I

46.0

401

62.8

4.31

43.1

510.7

2.A97

96.2 07.20 10.9

4I.6 41.i

562

2.88

578.5

2.4t4

25.49

39.3

642

I00.7

4.t7

2.749

39.68

37.5

70r

109.9

4.13

35.8 34.9

755.5

118.5

4.09

781

t22.6

4.07

3.I3

I.t25

10.500

86.6

4l,r

1.250

10.250

3.34

2.68

10.126

82.50 80.s

45.16

1.312

47.1

3.34

2.651

44.O

74.5

4-27

80.1 88.1

4.25 4.22

90.7

4.21

GENERAL TABLES PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued) nonbol FiF aize

Bcbedule

outsr'de

rluErbsrt

wqll lhick-

ibsid€ dicm-

in.

tE"

eter, b

in.

c r0s

l0 2n

l4 14.@0

;;

i;

6.78

0.2r0

13.580

144,80

9.10 9.48

0.219

13.562

144.50

0.250

13.500

I43.1

10.80

0.281

13.438 13.376

141.80

l2.ll

140.5

13,42 14.76

4.82 4,80 4.79 4.?8

3-42 3.40

t2.814

24.98

3.35

0.625

tzr.7

84.91

12.750

26.26

89,28

12.s00 12,12A

t22-7

31.2

3.57

3.34 3.27 3.17

3.67 3.67

3,09

r50.67

3.0I 2.929

3.67

i;

15.624 15.s00

188.7

12,37

4.19 4,19 4.19

0.312

15,376

t85.7

15.98

4.I9

0.375 0.500 0.656

15.250

182.5

18.41

15.000

t78.7

r4.688

169.4

r4.3ll.

24.35 31.6

160.9

40.r

13.938

r52.6

48.5 s6,6 65.?

4.19 4.19 4.19 4.19 4.19 4.19 4.19 4.19

144.5 135.3 129.0

9.24

4.71

4.63

r0.52

4.71 4.71

4.61

0.165

t7.670

0.188

r? -624

0.2s0

t7.500

245.20 243.90 240.3

0.312 0.375

t7,376

237.l

17.34

17.250

20,76

0.437

t7.t26

24.t\

4.71

0.500

17.00

0.562

16.876

233.7 230.4 227.0 223,7

4.71 4,71

60

0.750

16.500

80

2I3.8

0.937

r00

204,2

r.r56

t20

16.r26 r5.688

1.375

15.250

140

1.s62

14,876

160

173.S

1.781

r4.438

163.7

30

xs

io

l0s l0 20 30 40 60 s0

r00

;.. xs

0.188 0.218 0.2s0 0.37s 0.s00 0.s93

13,94

27.49

1,71

30.8

4.7

40.6 50.2

4-7r

4.58 4.55 4.52 4.48 4.15 4-42 4-32

4-7r

4.22

193.3

61.2

4.7

L

4.1I

182.6

71.8 80,7 90.7

4.71

3.99 3.89 s.78

| t9.634 1302.40 | re.s64 J300.60 | lg.soo j 2ss.6 I l9.2so | 2sr.o | le.0o0 | 283.s | rs.sr4 | 27s.0 0.sr2 J 18.376 I 26s.2 0.87s | 18.2s0 | 26r.6 1.031 I 17.s38 I 2s2.? r.281 | 17.438 | 23S.8

1I.70 15.51

23,t2 30.6 36.2

48.9 52.6 61.4

75.3

|

4.71 4.7

|

5.24 | s.l4 s.24 | s.rz 5.24 | 5.11 s.24 J 5.04 s.24 | 4.97 s.24 J 4.93 s.24 14.8r s.24 4.78 s.24 || 4.t0 5.24 |

4.S7

117.8

930

159.6

1.48

257

32.2

5.60

292

36,5

384

48.0 59.2 70.3 91.5

28 32 42.05

136.46

473 562

732 73.4 69.7

933

164,83

t92,29 3.44 3.35

825

l0l7

107.50

13.126 12.814

4.7 4

s4.1

42.6

3,85 3.75 3.65

13.564

80.3

589 687

r89.t2

79.r

1-437

65.3 69.1

132.8 146.8

82,77

r40

6t.2

tt21

64s8

1.2t8

4.85

t70,22

53.2

3.93

120

4,86

40.,1

50.0 47.5 45.0

106.13 130.73

3.9S

1.031

36.5

4.73 4.69 4,63 4.58 4.53

52.36

r00

5S

55.3

83.0 81.8 80.s

'.0.843

l0s

58.7 58.0

4.10 4.09 4.06 4.03

80

^'.

32,2

53.3

98.s

20

225.1

4.88 4.87 4,87

373 429 456.8 484 562

45.68 50.2 54.57 63,37 67.8 72.09

0,593

'12.1

2t6,2

4.90

59.t

3.44

192.90

60.

62.8

27.8 30,9

4.81

ll.l88

xs

23.2

194.6

4.83

t5.570

40

r62.6

m.r

44.9

3-47

191.70

63.7

4S-2

3.67

8-21 9,34

ItL

344.3

3.67 3.57 3.67

44.3

Uo|1,

in.3

3.67

3.67

r6.05

50.1

lu&

285-2 314

18.62

109.6 103.9

in.a

61.5 60.9 60.3

r37.9

19.94

in6rtia,

4t.2

135.3

2t.21

It,

3-52 3,50 3.48

t3,126

134.00

prer

ID

6ection tqdius nrodu- 9yro-

62.1

139.20

13.062

23.0 27.7 30,9

moEr€al

ol wqter ot

32.2

13.312 13.250

r3,000

tbt

weight

36.71

0.16s 0.188 0.250

;;

3.S7

weight p€! Il.

3.53

160

;;

20 20.000

3.58

3,67 3.67 3.67

ll,8l4

l0s

p€rlt

lt

p€r

fl

132.7 129.0

160

)8.000

inaide audcce

11.500

30

l8

8.t6

6q

outeide audqce,

1,250 1.406

20

t6

r47.20 r45.80

:q lt

1.093

r40

r6.0@

r3.688

0.750 0.937

100 120

aq. iD"

13.624

0.500

80

sq. iIt.

0.188

0.344 0.375 0.437 0.469

40

!n€tql

0,156

0.312

;; ;;;

itrside

223.64

62.6 58.6

245.11

l3l t^^

98.2

116.6

ll57

144.6

r365

170.6 194.5

I760

220.0

1894

5.57 5.53 5,48

5.43 5.37 5.30 5.24 5,17 5.12

106.2

368

40.8

6.31

105.7

4t7

46.4

6.30

47,39 59.03

104.3

549

61.0

6.28

I02.8

678

?0.59

101.2

807

89,6

6,23

82.06

99.9

93I

103.4

6.21

93.45

98.4 97.0 92,7 88.5 83.7 79.2

1053

117,0

104.75

138.U r70.75 207.95

244.t4

1172 1834

t30.2 168.3

6.I0

203.8

5.04 5.97 5.90 5.84 5.77

2I80

242.2

27?.6

274,23

75.3

308.51

71.0

2459 2750 3020

40

131.0

s74

57.4

46

t30,2

52.73

129.5

757

75,7

306 336

7.00 6.99

7S.60

126I)

I

l14

lll.4

6.94

104.13

122,A

1457

145.7

6.90

122.91

120.4

1704

1?0.4

225?

225.1

1t3.4

2409

240.S

108.87

109.4

2772

ls6,l0

277 -2

103.4

3320

332

I66.40 r78.73

6.79 6.77 6;12 6.63

ITT GRINNELI, PIPING DI'SI(iN ANI) I,]N(iI\I'IITING PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued) nonrinal pip6 siz€ oulstde

achedule

wall

aumber'

thicL-

inside dicm-

neaa,

etet,

in.

b

i!. 20

20.000

per lt,

rqdius

ol

9Yrci-

inertid, lur, iu-.

' Uo!,

in. 6.56

227.0

87.2

2I3,8

100.3

5.24 5.24

4.45 4.32

296.3? 341.10

98.3 92.6

3760 4220

376

r6.500

422

6.48

1.968

16.064

202.7

III,5

s.24

4,21

379,01

87.S

4590

45S

6.41

0.I88

2t.624

367.3

12.8S

5.76

5.66

0.218

2r.564 2I.500

365.2 363.1

I4.92 I?.18

21.250

3s4.7

25.48

346.4

33.77

338.2

41.s7

330.1

50.07

l0s

20

;i;

30

xs

0.250 0.375 0.500

s.63 5.76 5.76

60

0,875

322.r

58.07

80

I.125

19.750

306.4

73.74

IS.250

291.0 276.r

89.09 104.02

5.76

4.9I

tI8.55

5.76

247.4

132.68

5.76

4.78 4.65

0.750

5.76 5.76

1.625

18.750

140

1.875

160

2.t25

t8.250 I7.750

261.6

23.500

434 425 415

18.65

6.25

27.83

6.28 6.28

4ll

41.4

406

45.9

402 398

s0.3 54.8

436.1

16.29

388.6

63.54 70.0 s7.2

0.250 0.375 0.500 0.562 0.52s

IO

std

xs 30 40

0.687

;:

0.750 0.218 0.875

24.000 60

0.968

23.2s0 23.000 22.876 22.750 22.626 22.500 23.56{ 22.250 22.084

382

36.9

6.28 6.28 6.28 6.28 6.28 6.28 8.28

303

126.2

4758

432.8

7.31

354

119.6

493.8

7.23

403

113.3

5432 60s4

550.3

?.ls

451

t07.2

602.4

7,07 8.40 8.35

295.0

180.1

2550

I40.80

l7s.I

2840

237.0

8.29

5.95

I56.03

tl8.2

3140

26t.4

5.92 5.89

I7I.l7

t74.3 t72,4

3420

285,2

8.27 8.25

37r0

It52

309 96.0

8.22

188.9

186,2d

8.31

8.41

5.83

216

168.6

42S6

354.7

8.18

5.78

238.11

165.8

4650

388

8.28

5,65

296.36

158.3

413

5.48

367.40

I49.3

5670 68S0

5.33

429.39

7S30

571 652

183.13

141.4 134.5

8630

719

541.94

t2'L0

9460

788

8.15 8.07 7.96 1.47 7,19 7.70

19.876 19.314

310

142.1 159,4

6.28

5.20 5.06

510.7

I9.85

6.81

6.68

1646

126.6

9.10

505.8

25.18

6.8I

6.64

67 86

221.4

0.3t2

25.500 25.376

2t9.2

0.375

25.250

500.7

30.19

6.61

103

211.1

159.7 190,6

9.08 9.06

0.500

25.000

490.9

40.06

6.81 6.81

2016 2478

2t2.4

32SS

250.7

24.150

49.82

r69

208.6

4013

308.7

9.02 8.98

0.750

24.500

481.I 47t.4

6,54 6.48

136

0.62S

5.41

202

204.4

47

44

0.875

24.250

461.9

235

200,2

5458

364.9 419.9

L000 I.125

24.000

23.750

0.250

27.500

0.312

0.875

27.316 27.250 2?.000 26.750 26.500 26.250

r.000

26.000

0.250

std

0.375

XS

0.500 0.625

0.750

30

4029

125.4S

2-062

xs

t32.8

6.02

I40

20

139.6

161.9

6.28 6.28 6.28

std

197

251

257.2

109.6

126.3

l0s

7.56 7.52 7.47 7.39

2400 2829 3245

l9{3

t08.1

l0

2t8.2

7,65

l3l6

326

30

7.61

r83.8

344

20

t?7.5

188.0

20.376

l0

I953

7.70 7.69

63.41 94.62

1.812

28.N0

1490

150.2

885

6.09

120

20

153.7 146.6 143.1

365

;i;

81

9t.8 I35.{

170

20.938

IO

r0l0

143

21.564

293

58

5.37 5.30 5.17 5.04

r.218 1.53r

2-343

7.71

rs9.1 158.2 157.4

5.43

80 100

160

69.7 80,4

44

5.50

21.000 20.750 20.500 20.250

20

30.000

tbf

per tt,

ilotnent

17.000

r20

30

aud(ice, sUdOCe, per lt pe! ll

weight

I.750

100

28.000

aq in.

weiEht

1.500

0.625

2A

aq !n"

sq It oubide ingide

rq It

140

22

26

rnetdl

120

i;

22.000

inside

59,49

6.8I 6.8I

8.S3

6.81

452.4

69.07 78.54

6,8r

5,35 6.28

267

1S6.1

6149

473.0

8.89 8,85

443.0

87.91

6.81

6.22

299

r92.1

6813

524.1

8.80

594.0 588.6

21.80

7.20

74

257.3

2098

149.8

9.8I

1.t7

s2

185,8

7.33

7.07 7.00 6.94 6.87

t47

3105 4085

22t.8

43.20

5038

359.8

2t8

255.0 252.6 244.0 243.4 238.9

2601

32.54

7.33 7,3s 7.33

426.0

253

234.4

5964 6865

490.3

9.79 9.77 9.12 9.68 s.64 9.60

6.8r

288

230,0

7140

6.71

323

552.8 613.6

9.51

572.8

562.0

27.t4

53.75 64.21

541.2

74.56 84.e2

7.33

7.13

tIl

183

2S1.8

9.5S

1.125

25.750

520.8

94.98

7.33 7.33

0.250 0.312

29.500

683.4 671-8

23.37

7.8S

7.72

79

2S6.3

2s85

172.3

99

293,7

3201

213.4

10.50

29.250

29.19 34.90 46,34 57.68

7.69

0.375

7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85

lI9

291.2

3823

254,8

10.48

158

2A8.2

5033

335.5

t0.43

196

281.3

62r3

414,2

10.39

0.500

0.625

29,376 29.000 28.750

530,9

672.0 650.5

649-2

7.59 7.53

8590

GDNEIt,\I, IfAI]LES PROPERTIES OF PIPE (Continued) woll

pipe size

inside

lhickb 40

in,

in.

sqn

inside sq. in.

inside sq. in.

per

Il

weight

9vrd'

per Il.

rbf

lb

in.l

in.

0.750

28.s00

637.9

68 92

7.85

737l

491.4

30

0.87s

28.250

620.7

80.06

7.85

7.39

272

211.B

8494

566.2

I0.34 'I0.30

30.000

1.000

28.000

615.7

7.33

3t0

267.0

10.26

604.7

7.85

7.26

347

262.2

s5s1 10653

639.4

27 .7 SA

91.11 102.05

7.85

].l25

7t0.2

ta.22

0.250

3

24.93

8.38

8.25

85

337.8

196.3

t r.22

3

t.500 r.376

779.2

0.312

'7?3.2

31.42

8.38

8.2r

t06

335.2

38St

243.2

Srd

11.20

0.37s

31.250

766.9

8.38

xs

12'7

332.5

4656

2S 1.0

1

31.000 30.750

7

L38

Li8 8.ll

168

327.2

6140

383.8

n.14

578

473.6 518.6

I1.09 I1.07

l0 2A

32

30

0.500 0.625

32.0AA

40

0.688

30.624

742.s 736.6

l0 srd 20

XS

32].9

7

230

3I S.0

8298

316.7

8990 10372

561.9

I

L05

648_2

l

t.0l

8.38

7.38

250

7t8.3

85.52

8.38

291

i.000

30.000

706.8

97.38

8.38

7.92 7.85

331

306.4

u680

730.0

10.95

1.125

29.750

8.38

7.',/9

371

301.3

13023

814.0

10.92

0.250 0.312

33.500

88t.2

26.50

8.S0

8.77

90

s82.0

3773

22t.9

I1.93

33.376 33.250

874.9

32.9S

8.90

4.74

u2

379.3

4680

2',15.3

lLst

867.8

39.61

LS0

135

376.2

ss97

855.3 841.9

52.82 65.53

8.S0

179

370.8

7385

329.2 434.4

l1.89

33.000

8.70 8.64

8.90

8.57

365.0

9t24

536.7

835.9

72.00

L90

8.54

223 245

362.1

587.8

I1.80 I1.78

8.51

266

637.0

t.0I

8.90 8.90

9992 10829

I1.76

8.44

310

354.I

0.37s 0.500

32.750 32.624

10s.0

It.85

32.500

829.3

78.34

0.875

32.2s0

816.4

9

L000

32.000

804.2

103.67

8.S0

8.38

353

s48.6

1.125

31.750

79t.3

lr

6.t3

8.90

8.3r

39S

343.2

1250I 141t4 I5719

0.250

3s.500

989.7

2g.Il

s6

429.1

35.376

34.35

s.28

119

std

426.1

0.375

42.41

L42

9.23

xs

143

314.2

s62.1

55.76

9.42

9.I6

IS0

423.I 4t7.1

6664

0.500

35.250 35.000

s82.9 s75.8

9.42 9.42

9.2S

0.3I2

8785

488.I

12.55

0.625

34.750

69.s0

9.42

Ll0

236

411.1

10a72

604_0

12.51

9.03

12.46

l0

30

rL12 830.2 924.7

1t.63

11.67

4491

249.5

t2.64

556s

30s.r 12.59

0.750

34.500

948.3 934.7

L97

282 328

716.5

920.6

3.42 9.42

I28S8

34.250

83.01 96.50

405.3

0.875

399.4

14903

827.9

12.42

1.000 L I25

34.000 33.750

907.9

109.96

9.42

8.90

3?4

3S3.6

1685t

936.2

12.38

894.2

123.19

9.42

8.89

4ts

387.9

18763

t442.4

t2.34

41.500

t0.s9

586.4

xs

10.99

i67

57S.3

0.500

41.000

1320.2

49.08 65.18

10.86 10.80

rt2

4l.250

1352.6 1336.3

32.A2

srd

0.250 0.375

10.73

222

s72.3

0.625 0.750

40.750

81.28

10.6?

276

40.500

I304.1 r2aa.2

10.60

1.000

40.000

1256.6

1.250

39.500

1.500

39.000

t225.3 I194.5

128.81 160.03

to.47 I0.34 10.2I

40

40

20s

LO2

730.5

0.688 0.750

42.000

8.05

30.250

40

30

8.38 8.38

30.500

34.000

42

61.59

0.750

0.625

20

4S.48

0.875

30

36.000

1.18

54.7

67.68 73.63

34

20

234

97.23

190.85

r0.99 I0.99 10.s9 10.99

I0.99 10.99

t26

339.3

14.73

506.1 668.4

14.71

565.4

t4627 t4037 t'7373

827.3

I4.62

330

558.4

20689

985.2

14.59

438

544.8

27080

I4.50

544

531.2

649

517.9

33233 39181

t28S.5 t582.5 186s.7

I4.33

7

14.57

t4.41

INDEX

A

Page

68 231

Absolute Viscosity. Acids, hoperties of Air, Properties of. Air Requirements for Combustion of Fuels Air, Weight of . Alcoho1, hoperties of

231

.......

207

.....

231

Allowable Stress Range. Alloy"Steel Stud Bolt Dimensions. Aluminum, Properties of. . . . American National Wood Screws A.P.I.-A.S.M.E. Unfired hessureVessel Code . . . . . American Soew Threads, Tap Drill Sizes . . .. .. ..

4\

122

231 209 .

viii

.

210

viii

A.S.M.E.BoilerCode. . . . . . AN.SJ. Pipe Threacls, Tap Drills for

.

A.S.T.M. Chemical Requtuements . American Standard Straight Thrcads

209 102

.

225

224 208

Anerican Standad Taper Threacls American Wire Gauge. . . . . . Ammonia, Properties

of . . .

.

Anchor Forces Anlhracite,Prcperties of. . . . Arc, Length of, for Radius I . . . Area of Circles Ash Timber, Properties of . . .

5

231 .

145

216 .

B

Rings. Materials. Beam Dimensions Bending, Minirnum Tangents . . . Bending Moments Bending, Radii Bending Stress Bending Stress in Empty Pipe Bending Stress in Water Filled Pipe . Bends, Pipe - Calculation of. Bends, Stanclard Pipe . . . . . . Birch Timber, hoperties of . . Birmingham Wire Guage Bituminous, Propedies of . . . Branch Connections, Typical Details. Brass, Properties of Brick, hoperties of Brinnell Hardness British Standard Taper Threads B.T.U. Content of Fuels . . . . Bronze,Propertiesof ...... Brown & Sharpe Wire Guage .. Butt Welding End Prepantion . Butt Welding Ends. Backing

Bolting

.., 137,141'142 '....... 105 204 """" .....- 132 . . 4,18,52,54 .......'..132 ... 3,4,5,52,54 ...'....200 , . . . 202 ........lM ,.'.....143 .....,..231 ....208 ........231 .. .. . .. . 139,140 ...'...231 .......231 .. .....230 .......226 ........207 ...... -. 231 ...,...2O8 ....'.. 135 .......137

c

. Bends.... of

Calcium Silcate Insulation . . Calculation of Pipe Carbon Dioxide. Properties

250

.... 173-L97 .......144 ,.......231

Page

of. . Center of Gravity Center of Gmvity of Bends . . Center of Gravity of Elbows .

. -.... 231 ........231 46 ........ 158 ........ 158 Centigrade, Conversion to Degrees Fabrenheit. . . . . . 233 ... 17,46 Centroid. . . 211215 Chains and Ropes, Safe Ioads for. ........231 Charcoal, Propefties of . . . . . ........102 Chemical Content of Steels . . Chemical Resistance of Piping Materials. . . . . . . . . . 107 ........231 Chestnut Timber, Properties of .......231 Chlorofom, Properties of .... 39 Circle Bend 216 Circles. Areas and Circumferences of. ........... ........216 Circumferences of Circles . . . 3 Circumferential Stress ..... .......231 Coke" Properties of ....... viii Code RequLements .......... 5 Cold Springing .......223 Columns, Pipe, Safe toads ... .... l'73-19'7 Combination Insulation . . . . . Commercial Split-Type Backing Rings. . . . . . ... .. 141 18 Comrnon Shape Comparison . ......5,1732 Common Shapes 20 90o Tum. 20 Hooked Z Shape 2l Z Shape. . 22 U Shape - Equal Tangents 23 U Shape - Tangent s. "\= z f 24 U Shape - Tangentr. r'-t= 3 I!" 25 U Shape - Tangenh. +: 4

Carbon Monoxide, Ftoperties Ce
Timber, hopedies

of.

122

... - Single Tangent. .. l*gs. . Unequal U Shape - Equal Legs ...... U Shape - Modified Ushape

26

.

27 28 28 29

U Shape

Two Plane U Shape Two Plane U Shape with Tangents. Three Dimensional90o Turns .

30

-

Concrete,Propertiesof. . . .

231

.

t62

Constant Support Hangels. . . Consumable lnsert Ring Conversion Factors ConYersion Factofi, Flow of Steam.

Copper,hopertiesof

..

....

142

238 76

.

Copper Tube Discharge Rates, Equalization

Cork, hoperties of Correction Factor for Stresses . Corrcsion, Cosine Functions of Angles. . Cotangent Functions of Angles CraneChainand RoDe . . . . .

of . . . . .

222 231 168

107

228 228 211

Page

Page

. 219 ........231 .,...... 231

Cylindrical Tanks, Horizontal, Gauging . . . . . . . . . Cypress Timber, Properties

of Coal ard Coke, Properties of .

D

Fluids. . Decimals of a Foot DeflectionofEmptyPipe... Deflections. Design of Expansion Bends . . Design of Pipe Hangers . . . . . Discharge Rates, Equalization of Double Offset Expansion Bend Drill Sizes Drills, Tap, for A.S.A. Pipe Threads Darcy Equation Flow of Decimal Equivalents. : . . . .

34

......,.149 ......222

38

..209,210 -..

.

2O9

of

231

End heparation for Welding . . 135 Engagement. Normal Pipe Thread . 226 Equalizationof Discharge Rates. . . . . ; 222 Equivalent Length of Copper Fittings Equivalent Length of Wrought Steel Fittings. . . . . . . 68 Etler , Properties of 231 Expansion and Stresses. , 167 Expansion Bends. 34 Expansion Bends. 34 Double Offset . 38 Circle Bend 39 Expansion U Bend . 40 Expansion U Bend -Tangents=2ft. 1l Expalsion U Bend Tangents = R. 42 Expansion U Bencl Tangents = 2R . 43 Expansion U Bend Tangents = 4R . 44 Double Offset U Bend 45

-

.....

Expansion Factor Extra Improved Plow Steel Wfue Rope. Extruded Nozzles

... .... ...

139

Falrenheit, Conversion to Degees Centigfade. . . . . - Flow of Fluiils Fir, Douglas Spruce, Timber,hoperties of . . . . . . . Fir, Eastern, Timber, Properties of Fitting Materials

.

kp

FlowofFluids Flowof Gases. FlowofSteam

.

..

. . 69 ,79 ....., 231 .. 69,77 .. ....,... 231 .......231 Gases, Properties of .......... 106 Gasket Materials ,.-.,.124 Gaskets - Ring Joint ...,.,,231 Gasoline, Properties of . . . . . . 219 Gauging Hodzontal Cylindrical Tadcs .........,. .,....,208 Gauges, Wires and Sheet Metal. .,,,......206 General Tables Glass, hoperties of .,,....231 Granite, Properties of. . . .. .. ....... 231 Grooves - Ring Joint ...124,L25

H

.,.,,...149 . ..... .,......171 . ,.,,....156 Selection. ........162 Halger Spans ...........150 Hanger Weight Balance Calculations .... 156 Hardnes Comparison. . . . . . .,....,.230 Heat Loss from Pipes - . . . . . . . . , , . . . 207 80 Heat Transfer Through Pipe. . . Hickory Timber, hoperties of . ..,....231 Hooked lZ" Shape 20 Hangers and Supports.

....

Ilanger Design Service Hanger I-oad Calculations . . Ilanger

Hoop Stress Hydrogen, Properties

of . . . .

........231

I Improved Plow Steel Wire

Pipe Iron, hoperties of.

Rope. .

.,..., 212 , 1t,12,244 ........ L99 ....... 231 .

K

.

231

Kerosene, hoperties of. . . .

104

Kinematic

Viscosity

.

........231 .,,.. 68,72

L

104

140 . 140

.

.

Joint . Flat Split Welding Rings . Flexibility Factor

Pipe . Pipe.

High Pressure in Standarcl Gas, Illuminating, Propefties of Gas, Low Pressure in Standard Gas, Natural, Properties of Gas,

140

..

Screwed.

233 68

,..... 68,69,70 ...,..205 .... .. , 2Q7 ...,....207 .......,228

G

Inside Area of Insulation, Weight Factors. .

Fa fng Equation

Slip-on

. Natural.

11

F

Flaage Cormections Flange Materials Flanges -WeldingNeck. . . .

.

68

........236 .... 199,236 ........ 200 .... 151

E Earth, hoperties

Waler.

Flow of Force applied at llanger . . . . . Fuels, Air Requirements for Combustion of Fuels, B.T,U. Content . . , . Functions of Angles,

.

.

1ln r40 L4t 8

. 68,69,77,78,79 ... ..... 77.79 ... 68,69,74,76

kp

1N

Joint Flaage .

Irad , Properties of I*ngth of fuc for Radius 1 . . . Lignite,Propertiesof . . . . . . Limestone, hoperties of. . . . Line Inertias . Liquids, Propedi€s

of. . . . . . .

231 .

145

23r 231 46

.......231

25L

Page

Columns. .......- 223 Stress .......- 3! Lye,Soda,Propertiesof.... ........ 231 Linear Tolerances 13},l3l , l3Z I-oads on Steel Pipe

l,ongitudinal

M

.. 133 Insulation .... 173-197 Mahogany Timber, Properties of. ......231 Marila Rope. ...........214 Maple Timber, Properties of . ........ 231 Masonry, Properties of . . . . . ........231 Matedal Selection ........ 103 Pipe and Tubing .......103 FittingsandFlanges....... ...... 104 Bolting.. ...........105 Gaskets.. ........... 106 Maximum Spacing Between Pipe Supports . . . .. .. . 150 Metal Area ofPipe. .....11,244 Metals, Properties of ...... ........ 231 Metric Conversion Table . . . . . . ......23j Milk, Properiies of. .... .. . 231 Minimum Bending Radii . . . . . .......132 Minimum Distance to First Rigid Hanger . . . . . . . . . 203 Minimum Tangents for Bending -......132 Minimum Wall Thickness .... ...... 2.81 Moduli of Elasticity and Torsional Rigidity . . . . . . 6,34 Molasses, Propedies of . . . . . - -...... 231 Moment of Inertia - Line Element 48 Moment of Inertia of Pipe. . . ......11,224 Moments,Bending. ....... 5,17,52,54,61 Monel, Properties of. . . . . . . ....-...231 Multiple Plane System ..... 56 Multiple Plane Systems Containing Circular Arcs. . . . 62 Method of Dimensioning Welded Assemblies. Magnesia

N

. .

.. -... . 231 ........231 Tum 20 ....... 32 . ........231 . 2 . .-.....139 Nozzles, Welded ...-.-...139 Nuclear Piping ....... 146-148 Number 8 Bend. .......-. 45 Number9Bend.... . . . . . 40,41,42,43,44 Number 118end.... 39 Nurnber 10 Bend. 38 Nylon Rope ....215 Nichrome, Properties of . .. Nickel, Properties of . . . . . Ninety Degee Ninety Degree Turns - Three Dirnensional. Nitrogen, Properties of. . . . Nomenclatue and symbols . Nozzles, Extruded

o Oak Timber, hoperties of . . Oils, hoperties Oxygen, Properties of. . . . .

of

252

. .

..... . -. 231 ........231 .,...... 231

p page Pine Timber, Properties of. . . ........231 Pipe Bends, Calculations of . . ........144 Pipe Bending, Standards . . . . ..... 130-132 Pipe Columns, Loads on . . . . ........223 Pipe Corrosion .--.......107 Pipe Discharge Rates, Equalization of . . . . . ... - -. 222 Pipe Fabrication ...-.-..- 129 Pipe Fabrication Procedures . ....-.-. 129 Pipe, Heat l-oss From. .....2O7 Pipe, Heat Transfer Through . 80 Pipe Materials .....-..... 103 Pipe Materials Specifications . .......- 128 Pipe Materials, Weights of . . . . . ...--.172 Pipe, Minimum Wall Thickness. -.....2,81 Pipe Properties ........11,244 PipeThread Engagement,Normal. .. . . . . . ... .. . 226 Pipe Thread Symbols . . . . . . ........225 Pipe Threads, Tap Drills for. . . .......2O9 Pipe Wall Thickness - Determination of . . . . . . . - 2,81 Plow Steel Wire Rope. . . . -......-..211 Pressure Conversion ......- 244 hessure Drop. .......... 68 Pressure Stress .,........ 6 Pressure - Temperaturing Ratings of Plain End Pipe ...... 81-101 Prestressing 5 hoduct of Inertia 47 Properties of Common Materials. ......231 Properties of Pipe .. . 11-16,244 hoperties of Saturated Steam . .-.....206 Properties ofwater .. .... . 235 Pressure-Temperature Ratings of Flanges, Fittings, ValYes . ....... 113 o Q

Value

Expansion Bends

R

Stress. ... Radius of Gyration Red Wood Timber, Properties of Relatiye Weight Factor... Restrained Bends. Resultant Fiber Stress . . . . . ReynoldsNumber Rigid Hangers. Ring-Joint Gaskets. Rockwell llardness Rockwool, Properties of. . . . Rollers.. Rope, Malila Rope, Nylon. Rope, Steelwtue Ropes, Chains, Safe l,oads for . Rubber Goods, Properties of. Radial

Radii, Minimum Bending

3

..... 130-132 ...-...244 ......231 .........I72 34 ........ 4,5 ...... 68,72 ..........164 ...-...124 -......230 .-...--.231 ..... 168 ... 214 ...........215 .. .... 212,213 ....211215 -.-....- 231

S

page

- 211215 of .. - -.. . 231 Sandstone,Propertiesof..... . -..... 231 Screwed Flanges ..--.....140 Screws, Wood, American National ...,. 209 Section Modulus of Pipe . . . . ......11,244 Selection of Matedals. .... . ....,... i03 Pipe and Tubing ....... 103 Fittings and Flanges. . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Bolting.. ........... 105 Gaskets.. ........... 106 Selection ofProper Hanger .. ........162 Shear Stress ....3,4 Sheet Metal Gauges .......208 Shellac, Properties of . . . . . . -.......231 Silver, Properties of .-.....231 Sine Functions of Angles ... ........228 Single Plane System 52 Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs . . . . . . 54 Slipon Flanges .......... L4O Socket Weld Fitting... ....140 Solder, Properties of ...... ........ 231 Solids,hopertiesof. . ... .. .-......231 Solution of Equations .... ...... 60,66 Specifications - Power Plant Piping Materials . . . . . . 128 Specific Gravily ofcases .... ,......232 Split Type Backing Ring . . . . ........I41 Spruce Timber, hoperties of . ........231 Steam in Standard Pipe. . . . . . . ..69,74,76 Steam, Sarurated. Propeties o[ ...-.-.206 Steam Velocities ......... 68 Steel, hoperties of .......231 Steel Rounds, Weight of . . . . ........ 220 Steel, Wire Gauges. .......20g SteelWire Rope ......212.213 Straight Threads, American Standard ........... 225 Stress, Bending, in Empty Pipe. ..-....201 Stress, Bending, in Water Filled Pipe . . . . ZOz Safe toads for Chains and Ropes Sand, Propefties

...

.. ..

--.

Stress Calculations Single Plarc System Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs

Multiple Pl.ane System ..... Multiple Plane System Containing Circular

52

...

.

54

)t)

Arcs.... Strcsses . .

.......-. 62 3 StresslntensificationFactors. ...... 8,9,10 Stress Values, Allowable . . . . gl Stubs Steel Wire Gauge. . . . Sway Brace

.

208 170

T

.. . Bending.

of Common Shapes Tangent Functions of Angles . Tangents, Minimum for Tables

.......17-33 -......22g ... l3O-132

Page

.......... Z1g Threads . . . . 209 Threads. . . . - . 21,0 Standard. .... ZlO Standard. .-....226 Teakwood,Propertiesof ... ...... - - Z3l Temperature by Color . . . . . ......-.207 Temperature Conversions . . . ....,...233 Thermal Expansion Data. . . . ... 7.198"206 Thermal Movement Calculations. ...... 16l Thread Engagement, Normal Pipe Thread . . . . . . . . . 226 Threads, American Standard Straight ........... 225 Tlueads, American Standard Taper. -...224 Ttueads, British Standard Taper. ......226 Ttuead Symbols, Pipe. . . . . . ........225 Tfuee Dimensional 90o Tums . 32 Timber, hoperties of ....... ,,.....231 Tin, Properties of ........ Z3l, Tolerances, Linear. . . -..13e-132 Torsional Rigidity of Ferrous Materials .......... 6 Trigonometric Formulas . . . . . .......227 Tubing Materials ......... 103 Turpentine, hoperties of ... ........ Z3l Two Plane U Shape 29 Two Plaae U Sbape with Tangents 30 Typical Pipe Support Specification. ....170 Tanks, Horizontal Cylindrical, Gauging Tap Drills for U.S.A.S. Pipe Tap Drill Sizes for Screw Taper Tbreads, American Taper Threads, British

U U Bend

Expansion

ft.. .. . Expansion-Tangents=4R . Double Offset. U Shape - Equal Tangents . . . . U Shape - Tangents. !r : 2 L, U Shape - Tangents. !r = 3 Expansion Expansion Expansion

-

Tangents = 2 Tangents = R Tangents = 2R

q 41

42 43 44 45

22 23

L"

U Shape U U U U U

-

Tangents. !.:.

Shape Single Tangent Shape Unequal Legs

Shape Shape Shape

-

-

=

4

..... -..

Equal Legs Two Plane. . . . Two Plane with Tangents.

Unified SrewThrcads. . . . . US. Standard Sheet Metal Gauge Unrestrained Bends

25

26 27

z8 29 30

2t0 208

v Variable Spring llangers . . Velocity and heszure

...

Drop. Velocity of Steam

..,....162 ......... 6E ...... 6g,69

253

Page

ofWater Absolute Kinematic llardness.

Velocity

68 68

Viscosity, Viscosity, Vickers

72

........23O w

. ...... . Velocities . Air

Walnut Wood, hoperties of .

.... .... 231 .. ... . .....69,73 ..... ......... ........ ...........232

Washbum & Moen or Roebling Wire Gauge. . 208 Water in Copper Tube Water in Standard Pipe . . . . . 69,70 Water, Ploperties of. . . . . . .....231,235 68 Water 156 Weight Balance Calculations Weight of

264

Page

weight of Solid steel Rounds. Weights of Piping Materials . .

........220 .... - 172,244 Welded Nozzles. ......... 139 .......'. 140 Welding Neck Flange . . . . . . 141 Welding Rings - Commercial Split Type ......... Welding Rings - Consumable Insert ....142 ....208 Wirc Gauges ..212,213 Wire Rope .....2O9 Wood Screws, American National. Woods, Properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... - 231 Zinc, Propedies

of.

Z Shape. . Z Shape,Hooked.

z

.......

231 21

20

BIBLIOGRAPHY Books (handbooks)

Author Piping Handbook Handbook

Sabin Crocker

of Engineering Fundamentals

Kent's l\4echanical Engineers, Handbook

Vol. l- Power Vol. ll - Design, Shop practice

Published by

McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.

Ovid W. Eshbach :

Marks' Mechanical Engineers, HandbooK

R. T. Kent, Ed.-in-Chief

Lionel S. Marks, Ed.

Welding Handbook

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

McGraw-Hill Book Co.. Inc. American Welding Society

l\4etals Handbook SAE Handbook (annual)

American Society of l\4eta ls Society of Automotive Engineers American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers

Heating, Ventilating, Air Cond. Guide (annual)

A.S.R.E. Refrigerating Data Book American Gas Handbook Machinery's Handbook

'American Society of Refrigerating Engineers

Handbook of Chemistry & Physics

Erik Oberg & F. D. Jones Charles D. Hodgman,

Handbook of Fire Protection Handbook of Welded Steel Tubing

Crosby-Fisk, Foster

Ed.-in-Chief

Seamless Steei Tube Data

American Gas Journal, Inc. The Industrial Press Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.

National Fire Protection Association Formed Steel Tubing Institute &amless Steel Tube Institute

Bending Seamless Steel Tubing

Seamless Steel Tube Institute

Thermodynamic Properties of Steanr Thermodynamic Properties of Air

Keenan & Keyes

Air Data Cameron Hydraulic Data

F. W. O'Neil, Editor

Compressed

Shaw & Loomis, Editors

Ingersoll-Rand Co,, Cameron pump Division Ingersoll-Rand Co., Cameron pump Division Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning C,ontractor National Association

Edw. P. Goehring

Cornell Maritime press American Institute of Steel Construqton John Wiley & Sons, lnc.

Compressed

Keenan

& Kaye

Cameron Pump Operators Data Standard lVanual on Pipe Welding,2nd Ed. Marine Piping Handbook

A.l.S.C. Handbook The Corrosion Handbook

Herbert H. Uhlig

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Air

Magazine

Books (textbooks) Strength

of Materials Part I Elementary Theory

& Problems

S. Timoshenko

Strength of Materials Part ll Advanced Theory & Problems Design of Piping for Flexibility with Flex-Anal Charts

D. Van Nostrand & Co., lnc.

S. Timoshenko

D. Van Nostrand & Co., Inc,

H. A. Wert and S. Smith

Piping Stress Calculations Simpl Design of Piping Systems

S. W. Spielvogel

Blaw-Know Co., Piping Division McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.

if

ied

The M. W. Kellogg Co.

BTBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)

Books (textbooks) (Gontinued) Publi$ed bY

Author Hydrau lics

Elementary Mechanics of Fluids Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings and Pipe Materials and Processes

R. L. Daugherty

McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.

Hunter Rouse Technical Paper 409

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

J. F. Young

John Wiley & Sons, Inc,

American Society for Testing Materials

@mpilation of Available High Temperature Creep

Characteristics of

Crane Co.

and

Metals and Alloys

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Hot Water Heating and Radiant Heatinq and Heat Transmission

W. H. McAdams

Technical Book Co. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.

Logarithms and Squares Principles of Chemical Engineering

C. K. Smoley

C. K. Smoley & Sons

Walker, Lewis. McAdams & Gilliland

Mccraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.

Radiant Cooling

F. H. Giesecke

lnternational Gitical Tables

Clarence J. West

Corrosion: Causes & Prevention

Frank N, Speller

McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Mccraw-Hill Book Co.. Inc.

Periodicals {trade magozines)

Title Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering

Combustion Compressed

Air

Magazine

Heating. Piping & Air Conditioning Heating and Ventilating Materials and Methods (ex. Metals & Alloys) Marine Engineering & Shipping Review Oil and Gas Journal Power Power Engineering Steel (weekly) Welding Design and Fabrication Trans. ASME (8 Pub. Per Year) ASME, Applied Mechanics, Journal (4 pub. per yr.) Mechancial Engineering

Journal ASNE, (quarterly) Metal Progress The Welding Journal Refrigerating Engineering Ref rigeration Abstracts (quarterly) Civil Engineering

Trans. ASCE (annual)

Journal AWWA lndustrial and Engineering Chemistry Industrial Radiography AGA Proceedings (annual) ASTM Proceedings (annual)

Publi$ed bY McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., lnc. Combustion Publishing Co., Inc. Compressed Air Magazine Co.

Keeney Publishing Co.

The lndustrial Press Reinhold Publishing Corp. Simmons-Boardman Publishinq Co. Petroleum Publishing Co. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co:, Inc. Technical Publishing Co.

Penton/lPC Inc. Penton/lPC Inc. American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Societv of Mechanical Engineers American Society of Naval Engineers American Societv of Metals American Welding SocietY American Society of Refrigerating Engineers American Society of Refrigerating Engineers

American Society of Civil Engineers American Society of Civil Engineers American Water Works Association American Chemical Society American Industrial Radium & X-Ray Society American Gas Assocation American Society for Testing Materials

Piping Engineering

Read more

Piping Engineering

Read more

Piping Pipe Drafting And Design

Read more

Design of Piping Systems

Read more

Carrier Piping Design

Read more

Psychology (6th Ed.)

Read more

Psychology (6th Ed.)

Read more

Advanced Piping Design (Process Piping Design Handbook - Vol 2)

Read more

Psychology (6th Ed.)

Read more

Psychology (6th Ed.)

Read more

Mcgraw-Hill - Building Design And Construction Handbook - 6Th Ed

Read more

Advanced Piping Design (Process Piping Design Handbook) (v. II)

Read more

Process Plant Layout and Piping Design

Read more

Physical Chemistry 6th ed - Levine

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