r"
''*
"AI
U
Ess
SILVER?
Tooman
d& fok
Tooman
COPPER Sbabee
Sbabee PERSIAN COINS.
Page
96.
\RLBOROUGH'S
SELF-TAUGHT
(IN
SERIES
ROMAN CHARACTERS) WITH ENGLISH
PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION.
CONTAINING
THE ALPHABET, TRANSLITERATION & PRONUNCIATION; OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR ;
CLASSIFIED VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS
;
TRAVEL TALK, TRADE AND COMMERCE PERSIAN HANDWRITING THE NUMERALS, MONEY, WEIGHTS & MEASURES; ;
;
&c., &c.
SHEYKH HASAN, LONDON E.
MARYBOROUGH &
Co.,
:
51,
OLD
1909. [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.]
BAILEY,
R.C.
PEEFACE. is primarily intended to supply & working and knowledge of the Persian language, for the benefit those who have not the time or the inclination to master
volume
THIS practical of
grammar, and yet require
to use the spoken tongue for purposes of business or pleasure. With this object in view it supplies many vocabularies of words carefully selected to suit the
the
needs of
those holding
communication with
Persia
and the
Persians, classified according to subject, and a large number of colloquial phrases and sentences of a practical character, similarly classified. Throughout these sections of the the Persian words are given in the romanized form,
volume and the
English phonetic pronunciation is added (in the third column) in accordance with Marlborough's system of phonetics for which, of course, the Publishers alone are responsible a system which has grown out of long experience, and
is
of so
simple a nature that,
by means of it, a stranger to the language, who knows English only, can read off the words at a glance, and thus easily make himself understood amongst Persian-speaking people. An outline of the Grammar is added for the use of students of the language.
The work thus forms a useful and valuable handbook of Persian and travellers, commercial men, naval and military We may add that the Persian officers, students and others. language is very sweet, and compared with other languages is for tourists
easy to master. It has a complete literature of its own. It is not spoken in Persia alone, but in Afghanistan and many parts of India, and is the official language of some of the courts of that It is also used in Turkish Arabia (Baghdad), and by country. educated people in Russian Turkestan. .
The study
of Persian is
learn Hindustani and
almost essential to one
modern Turkish,
who wishes
to
as the former of these
contains about 40 per cent, and the latter about 25 per cent, of Persian words.
SHEYKH HASAN. Cambridge, 1909.
CONTENTS. THE ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION,
Pages 7 to 11
.
The Alphabet The Persi-Arabic Characters Remarks on the Alphabet The Romanized Characters, with Phonetic Pronunciation
7
8
10 11
PRELIMINARY NOTES
12
VOCABULARIES. Pages 13 to Animals, Vegetables, etc.
52.
15
Animals, Birds and Fishes Flowers, Fruits, Trees and Vegetables
...
17
Insects and Reptiles
16 18 33 36 28
Colours
Commercial and Trading Terms Correspondence House and Furniture ^Tankind Relations
21 22
;
Human
Body, The Cooking and Eating Utensils Dress and Dressing Food, Drink and Smoking Health
26 26 24 23 38 40 39
Numbers: Cardinal Collective
and Fractional
Ordinal Parts of Speech.
18
15
Pages 41 to 52.
Adjectives
Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Prepositions
Verbs Post-office,
Telegraph and Telephone
Professions and Trades
...
Times and Seasons
The Persian Months Town and Country Travelling by Land
37 30
18
20 ...
...
20 31
CONTENTS. 32
Travelling by Sea
Washing List World and its Elements, The Land and Water Minerals and Metals OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR. Pages 53
28 13
13 14 to 64.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Conjunctions
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Adjectives
The
55
64
Adverbs
64
54
Izafat
Noun
53 63
Prepositions Pronouns Personal, Possessive, Relative, Interrogative
5659
:
The Verb
59
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES & SENTENCES. Commercial and Trading
Pages 65 to 92. 88
91
Health In Town
82 70 69 69 80 84
Money-Changing
91
Notices
83 82 86 81
Correspondence, Post, Telegrams, etc. ... ... ... ... ... Enquiries ... Expressions, Useful and Necessary Idiomatic Expressions of Emotion, etc
...
...
65
...
Post, Telegrams, etc
Shopping Time, The
...
Travelling. Arrival
Hotel,
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Pages 71 to 80.
The
74 75
...
78
Meals Railway, The ... ... ... ... Steamboat, The Useful and Necessary Idiomatic Expressions
71 ... ...
65
... PERSIAN HANDWRITING Specimen of Persian Handwriting (The Lord's Prayer) ... The Lord's Prayer in Romanized Persian, with lifceial
95
...
English, American and Persian
...
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES POSTAL CHARGES
93 94 95
translation
MONEY: Persian Coins Equivalent Values
73 69
96
96 ...
96
PERSIAN SELF-TAUGHT. THE ALPHABET. THE Persi-Arabic
letters at first sight
appear very be-
and are a frequent cause of to who would find a knowledge of stumbling many the language of immense importance to them. It is tomeet this difficulty that the Eomanized characters have wildering to Europeans,
been adopted in this work.
who
Students
to study the wonderful literature hand, must, however, overcome this initial difficulty, and to do this the best plan is to copy each letter repeatedly, and with care, until it is fixed in of the
East at
desire
first
the memory, only two or three being dealt with at a time, and not the whole alphabet. In this way one is surprised how soon the characters in their various positions become familiarized to the mind.
Having mastered the alphabet, the words given
in the
should next
be learned, pronouncing the phonetic aloud, and writing the word from memory in the Persi-Arabic letters, which can then be corrected by
vocabularies
reference
to
the
following
tables.
In this way the
rudiments of the language will be easily acquired.
The
letters
and sentences are written and read from
as in all thi Semitic languages the PersiArabic being one of these although it should always be ,-iyht
to left,
borne in mind that the Persian language proper is not of Semitic origin, but is akin to the old Sanskrit.
THE ALPHABET
IN PERSI-ARABIC
WITH ROMAN CHARACTERS. Letters
Kaine.
marked with
*
are Arabic characters, and the words in which they occur are Arabic.
Name,
sin
1U
REMARKS ON THE ALPHABET. The Persian alphabet contains no vowels, properly The short vowel-sounds are indicated by (*) zabarr,
The
(') pish.
short
()
like the
;
sound of ou in should, or of
plume pronounced short me.'i,
men.
When
beginning of a over
I
as in
( ) zeerr,
a short (a) as in at; the second (zeerr) the third (pish) gives the short (u) sound
first is
as in effort
something
so called.
u
in the
French
ex. I, *, I,
pronounced respectively ma, the long vowel-sound a, as in art, occurs at the
word
:
indicated
by the sign (") madd, placed amad, but elsewhere in a word it is as in jli, shad (glad). There is no sign in
it is
*y adam,
j^l
indicated simply by Persian for the vowel (o) as in -no'e, but (a) with (') zabarr, followed by (v) is pronounced as (o) ex. .^.1 oder (paternal uncle), 1
:
(i..l
orang (throne).
U
(y) following
any
letter
with
(_) zeerr,
is
pronounced as
as double ee in sheep ex. eerdn (Persia), >_^~>.i long j\^\ deeshab (last night). There are two other signs, namely () I, i. e.
:
(
The first of these is placed over any s in followed by no vowel-sound, as over ,-^J, raftan (to go); the second doubles the letter over which it is placed, as over j; in (_pUi3 pronounced naq-qdsh (artist). These
djazm, and letter
which
(") tashdeed. is
>
vowel-signs are in fact never used in Persian writing, but their omission causes no ambiguity, as any doubtful word i& determined by the context.
11
THE ROMANIZED CHARACTERS, PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION.
WITH
Phonetics used
PRONUNCIATION.
Like the English a in at
As a long
in art
Like ai in rain
As b in but ... As ch in church As in English As e in egg As / in friend Like the g in ambiguity in good, very guttural Like the English Aspirated, as in English
As As As As As
A
i
...
in bit
ee in
j in 2 in /i
deed
jam
... ...
azure ...
in keep
...
guttural aspirate like ch in the bcotch lodi
As As As As As
A
in English in English in English o in hope
...
in English
As
deep guttural in English very
A
sibilant, as in sister
As in As in
;
always to be pronounced
shine tutor
Short, as on in should, or u in French plume
As As As As *
oo in ;//oon in
English
in you in zodiac
...
Pronounce " eu " as one sound, and
short.
12
PRELIMINARY NOTES.
Persian equivalents. It is necessary to point out that in the third part of the book, "Conversational Phrases and Sentences," the Persian equivalents of the English phrases are given in the second column, and not merely a translation of the English How different the equivalent and the literal translation words. may be is shown by the few instances where both are given. (See
i>.
65.)
The student will do well to master the The use and value of each pronunciation at the outset. phonetic sign adopted are shown on page 11, and should be Pronunciation.
carefully noted.
Marlborough's system of phonetics is based on the principle one sign, one sound, and conversely, one sound, one sign. The particular use of each English letter in representing the sounds of the Persian characters should be learnt, and each must always be pronounced in the same manner (one sign, one of
sound).
To facilitate the correct pronunciation of the short vowels, the words in the vocabularies have, to a great extent, been divided up by hyphens, but these divisions do not always true syllables correspond with the e.g., sad urn, pronunciation " " sa-deum written " sad-eum (properly ") neyah, pronunciation " " written " ;
;
neg-ah (for ne-gah "). In such words as " daste man," where the
letter e stands for represented by i in the third column (dast-i-man) to remind the reader that it is Izafat. Where " e " in the c does not stand for the Izafat it is denoted by the third column also. Izafat, it will
be noticed that
it is
The conjunction va (and)
in such words as dast va pa (hand rooz va shah (day and night), is pronounced eu in in plume conversation, like the French (dasteu-pa, roozeu-
and
foot),
*.i
;
shah).
In all questions the intOrrogative (aya) is inserted. In conversation, however, i/> is often omitted, the question beinp inferred from the inflexion of the voice.
VOCABULARIES. The World and
its
Elements.
(Jefidn va anaser-i-oo.) English.
Air
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
14
15
Animals, Birds and Pishes. (Hayvdndt, inurqhdn va mdlwyan.) English.
Animals
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
16 "
English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
17
18 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
19 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
20 English.
summer
Persian (romauized).
Pronunciation.
21 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
22 English.
Persian (roinaiiized).
Pronunciation.
23 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation
24 English.
Persian (romauiised).
Pronunciation.
25 English.
1'ersiau (romanizcd).
Pronunciation.
2G
Cooking and Eating Utensils. (Zeuroof-i-tabkh va team. (For Shopping, see p.
English.
Basin
Persian (romauized).
S'i.)
Pronunciation.
English.
dress materials
Persian (romauized).
qumdsh
Pronunciation.
qeumash
28
English.
English.
seat
Persian (romauized).
Pronunciation.
31 English.
Persian (romaiiized).
Pronunciation.
82 English.
Persian (romaiiized).
Pronunciation.
as English.
mast oar pilot port,
harbour
porthole - for
gun
rope sail
seaman,
sailor
sea-sickness
ship
steamboat steersman stern
steward
voyage
Persian (ronmnized).
Pronunciation.
Persian (rcmanized).
English.
Pronunciation.
bearer
haunl
ham el
bill
JlMdb bardt
hc-.-^siib
(account) of exchange of lading
bariit i
bond, in bonded goods
suratc-anbijdc
soorat-i-ash-yae'
mui/di/yad mdle-ni iiqayt/ad-dar-
meu-qay-yad
Jcar,
ddd-va-setad
kar, dad-eu-set-ad
Mareedar
klmrldar
carriage (freight) cartage catalogue charter a ship, to
claim clerk (customs) commercial travel"ler
complaint
mdl, ashyde', wati~e gdrl kerayalie-a rrddah
insurance and
{
mal, ash-yae', matae' garee keiTa-ya-i-arrada feh-rest
felt rext
kaahti IccrayaJt-kar- kashtee kerra-ya-karrtalab [dan talab [dan
nurzd
meerzi
tajere-saiydr sherkat, kumpdnl da' rd, xhek&yat
ta-jerri-sayyar shurr-kat, kompanee da'va, shek-a-yat
contract, a
rneuqfi-vel-a
kha r]f-];v r,]ija/i ra
-
-
Ar/Hirrj
i
-
kerra-ya-eu-
beema
bliiiah
freight (c.i.f.) credit balance
tateniina/ic /tcxdb
tatemma-i hessab
creditor
talablidr
talabkar
customs duties
gumruk, bdj [zeyan geurn-reuk, baj
damage
zarar, Ichasdrat, mutdlebalic zarar
damages, to claim date, at 3 months' debit
and
d a r r-
daftar-ddr
buyer cargo
cost,
-
\llyah daftarr-dar [lee-ya ujrate dalldlt, dalld- euj-rat-i dallalee, dalla-
book-keeper brokerage business
company
m all- meuqay y ad geumreuk
r/innntk
credit
-debtor
deed
se-mdhah
zararr, /c/iasarat, zeyan meutaleb-a-i zararr-
[kardan sem-a-ha qarrzeu-talab
[karrdan
qarz-va-talab
maqrooz
qarzddr, ntaqnlz
qarrz-dar,
sanad
sanad ta..s s leem-karrdan
deliver, to
tasliw-kardan
delivered free
bl-kerdyah tasllm bee-kerra-ya tassleem kerdyahe kaxhtl, ar- kerra-ya-i kashtee, arrraiss, mudir [ziyah ra-eess, meudeer [zeeya kardan tanzeel; tanzeel karrdaiy tanzil ; hessah, bahrah hessa, bahra kerdyahe anbdr va kerra-ya-i anbar eu ess-gala csijdlah
demurrage director
discount dividend
;
to
dock and harbour dues
-
English.
3G English.
negotiable, saleable
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
87 English.
Persian (romanized).
PrannneffttlOn.
38 Persian (romanized).
English.
ring up, to
x&ng-zadan
telegram
telyerdf
,
cost of
,
zang-zad-an
ndmah
tel-gerraf naina
pfde telgei'df
telegraph form
-
Pronunciation.
pooli tel-gerraf
kdgliaze telijerdf
k&gh&z-i tel-gerrfif
messenger
telyerdfchi
office
telijerdf-hJtd n ah
tel-gerraf-chee tel-gerraf-AVtana
to
telgerdf-liardan
tel-gerraf- karrdan
telefon
telefon
telephone call-office
telefon-khdna
number
numrahe
to
telefon-Mana neum-ra-i telefon telefon- karrdan vazn san-een
li.
telefon
telefon-hanlan
weight
;
over
razn
-
;
sangln
;
Cardinal Numbers. du seh
chaJtdr
pan/ 6 7 8 9
.
haft
dak
11
ydzJalt.
panj shesh
o
20
r
.
21
r
i
33 34 35 36 37 38 39
neuh dah
40
panz-dah shdnzdah shanz-dah hefdah hef-dah
41
hijdah
heej-dah
51
nuzdah
noo/-dah
blst
beest
GO 70 80
pdnsda/i
,,
When
42 50
beest-eu-yek
du
,,
seh
,,
chahdr
,,
panj
,,
pronunciation
,,
hasht
,,
neuh
see
r
yek deu
,,
chahdrdah cha -har-dah
blst-va-yek
haft
, ,
haft
'
i
(A'dad-i-meutlaq.)
bist-va-xlwsh beest-eu-shesh
31
..
yaz-dah davazilah davaz-dah see/-dahv
12 18 14
22 23 24
27 28 29 30
seh cha-har
hasht null,
10
16 16 17 18 19
26
yek deu
yek
deu seh cha-har panj is
omitted,
r
o
,,
seh
, ,
,,
chahdr
,,
cha-har
,,
panj
,,
K/ll'-xIl
,,
shesh
,,
haft haxht
,,
nnk
,,
elicit el
.
sell
panj
,,
haft has! it
,,
neuh
,,
che-hel -eu-yek -eu-deu
-ca-yek -va-dn
,, ,,
panjdh
pan-jah
pan j ah -en -yek -
-ra-yeJf sJiast
haftdd hashtdd
shast haftad liashtad
90 navad 100 sad
na-vad
101 sad'va-yek 102 sad-va-du* 110 xad-va-dah
sad-eu-yek
it will
sad
be found given previously.
(
3J Persian (romanized).
Ill aad-va-ydzdah 11
'2
Kod-va-davdzdafi
Persian (roiuj
Prouauciatioo.
40 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
41 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
42 English.
Persian (romanizetl).
Pronunciation.
43 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
41 English.
Per ,ian (romauized).
Pronunciation.
45 .
English.
Persian (ronianized).
Pronunciation.
46 English.
Persian (romauized).
Pronunciation.
47 English.
Persian (roniauizcd).
Pronunciation.
48 English.
Persian (rouianizeii).
Pronunciation.
TJ English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
50
Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions,
etc.
(Zarrf, harrfe-atf, zameer, va ghayreh.) (For
English.
About
(nearly)
Grammar
gee pp. 63
Persian (roinanized).
6.)
Pronunciation.
51 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
52 English.
Persian (romauized).
Pronunciation.
OUTLINE OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR. THE NOUN. All nouns in Persian are of one gender. They form their an or the former for persons, the ha, plural by adding ^j)
U
latter for things.
EXAMPLES. mard, man.
$.*
e^-V* warffrra, men.
U
i_>\^ ketdb, book.
But
U
ha
is
now
The accusative
i_>L5 ketdb-hd, books.
generally use/L for both classes. is
formed by adding
1.
rd to the singular or *
plural.
EXAMPLES. JS qalam, pen.
U
1^
JS qalam hd, pens.
U
\.
Js qalam rd, pen. J5
qalam
Jid rd,
pens.
This termination has also the force of the definite article.,
EXAMPLES. ..Ap
1.
cb
td^'/i
ra didam,
cb bdgh didam, ^jjj
I
saw
(j,
pronounced
garden.
saw a garden.
I
In the singular the indefinite article ending
<7i
is
indicated by the
e.
EXAMPLES. I.
a horse.
se/Ic? as6i,
But when
the adjective follows the
a white horse.
noun
^ is
attached to
EXAMPLE. asb-i-sefldl, a
white horse.
it also.
54
THE IZAFAT The izafat and
is
(denotes possession).
signifies possession
it is
;
denoted by the sign
used in the following three wuys
(__)
zlr
:
1. The genitive is formed by adding the izafat to the governing noun, which usually precedes the governed noun.
EXAMPLES. j$
\J&
o^o
Up.
key of the door.
Jialld-i-dar, the
derakht-i-khurma, the tree of the date.
But when the word ends
a vowel or ^ v
in
l
semi-vovvej,
ii
takes the form (j pionounced yi.
EXAMPLES. ^jl^a.
b.i
khuda-yi-jehan, the
tclji.
God
of the world.
roo-yi-daryd, the surface of the sea.
15..
When
several adjectives form attributes to the same noun are connected they by the izafat or by the conjunction J va. 2.
EXAMPLES. j-jy*.
^j->.
a f.j, J.) oJ>-,J derakht-i-gul-i-surkli-i-kltocll, rose tree. -. ..
J.f oi-.o derakld-i-gul-i-surlih
red rose
good red
va kJwobl. a good
tree.
3. Personal pronouns are connected with nouns by the izafat, thus forming possessive pronouns.
EXAMPLES.
^
cj^.> dast-i-man,
Ui ^U 1
When
(/)
j[)?s/j
is
my
hand.
pay-i-shuma, your
followed
byj
t),
it is
foot.
pronounced as
oo
i
ADJECTIVES. Adjectives usually follow nouns, and in this case are connected \vith
them by
tiie izafat.
EXAMPLES. >
,.
ketdb-i-arabl, the
i_j'o5
Arabic book.
Jlj! ico kdyhaz-i-engefatfi, the English paper.
The termination
rd
\.
for
the accusative
is
added to the
adjective only.
EXAMPLE. ^A.jJ*.
1.
,
cij.
I_A:L>
ketdb-i-arabl rd kharldam, I bought an
Arabic book.
But
if
there are several adjectives
I.
rd
is
only added to the
last.
EXAMPLE.
arabl rd kharldam, I bought a large well-written Arabic book.
A
few adjectives sometimes precede the noun, to which is then generally added the indefinite article (y), and the izdfat is mostly omitted.
^
EXAMPLES. y>-
JJ
khoob mardl, a good man.
bad
bad town.
tihahil, a
Adjectives often precede nouns, forming compounds.
EXAMPLES. (jli.
jo
bad. khulq, of
bad temper.
kJiush rang, of fine colour.
56 The degrees
of comparison are formed
and
tar for the comparative, tions^?
by adding the termina-
,-OiJ tarln for
the superlative.
EXAMPLES. buzurg, large.
I2ifjj>
bu.yurgtarm, largest.
CJJ/ s^Stp.
Than
J,
is
(
>
^)'r
-
buzurgtar, larger.
cH/^- behtarln,
best.
expressed by jl az.
EXAMPLE. *"**
J'
J
az kama, younger than
c'l>^ djavanl.ar
The superlative construction,
as
in
is
English,
all.
with the
genitive.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. ij*
man,
I.
U>
jj
?Z,
jt
ma, we.
U- shuma,
!?, thou.
he, she,
it.
c-'^
you.
hdn, they.
1
.'
is used when speaking to inferiors in rank or age, otherjS wise Ui, as you in English. The personal pronouns are declined as nouns except that the ,
accusative of
^ man
(I) is L*
mard
instead of
I.
^
rnaji ra.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. These are either the same as the personal pronouns or the following shorter forms can be used, as also for the accusative of the personal pronouns :
ist pers.
2nd 3rd
Jt
uyl ,,
<_pl
am, my, me.
^U
^
at, thy, thee,
ash, his, hers,
its,
him.
^
..1
EXAMPLE. dast-i-man,
]
my dastam,
hand.
man,
our, us.
tan, your, you.
sAa,
their,
them.
57 The short form of possessive pronoun added has
verb
preceding the
the
of the
force
to the
word
accusative of the
corresponding personal pronoun.
EXAMPLES. vil-ash kun,
)
!-let
u-rd
oio"
by the addition
\.
J
him
go.
kun,)
^ miblnam-at, t> \.
^u> ^>
The accusative
vil
)
T
II see you. tu-rd-m~il>inam,)
of possessive pronouns is formed as in nouns ra.
EXAMPLE. 1.
o-j^ dast-i-man
..w
^-o
To form the plural
la
rd,)
_
.
I.
dast-am-rd,
Aa
is
|-my hand.
j
added to the nouns.
EXAMPLE.
^
L/U ^^-^ sluimslur-hd-yi man,}
hny
^U ,^i. The possessive case
shamshtr-ha-m, is
often denoted
swords.
J
by JL* mdl (property).
EXAMPLKS. OA-.I
..w*
JU>
o-'^- JU The +sj*.
&.Sl-.
c'j
^pl
m khdna mdl-i-man
pronouns are
khudam, myself.
ci)j- khtidat, thyself.
^jy*.
house
^1 'an bdghmdl-i-slmmdst, that garden
six reflexive
kliudash,
ast, this
himself, her-
is
is
mine. yours.
:
,jL.sy:.
khudimdn, ourselves.
eJ^ff" kliuditan, yourselves. ^ll.iy*.
khudishdn, themselves.
self, itself.
N. B. Personal and possessive proi;ouns must be replaced by reflexive
when they
refer to the
same
subject.
58 EXAMPLES.
man khudamrd
I.J.S
J/s-sy*-
j-M.
(j*
rriishuyam, I
man padar-i-khudamrd father (not
wash myself
dldam. I saw
my
-.jj ^).
..jj^l
The following are demonstrative pronouns, declined
as nouns
:
^pl In, this.
^1 an, that.
OV^A lamlv, this same one.
^UA human, v^s.**
,-v^*.
that same one.
chunln, hamchunln, such a one as
this.
ehundn, hamclmndn, such a one as that. Jtamcliu. soj such.
chandtn, chanddn, so much.
RELATIVE PEONOUNS. &b
/?-;',
that, accusative
who,
X^
<5,
or ^pl
.
.
.
.
6
Id
.
.
.
.
I..1
^
. .
.
.
5^. cA?, V
S;
which,
^?'
....
ash.
EXAMPLES.
w ^* war<^ tl.e
K sarashrd shikastn man whose head
budand, they had
broken. i3C-Jo
koliska ki
charkhashrd sdJchtand,
the carriage, the wheel of which
they made.
The
relative pronouns
&
ki and
.
chi are often connected
with the demonstrative pronouns.
EXAMPLES. j.b
Jo
J
..^.l
In Id
p
iil
who has money. one who is poor.
ddrad, this one
ki faqlrast, that
59
When a
(j
a noun
is
yi
followed by a relative sentence defining
is
it,
added to the noun.
EXAMPLES. &S &j
mardl
(jij*
!,
the
ki,
pisarl ra
(jf~>.
ki,
man who ..... who ....
the boy
(accusative).
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. These are the same as the relative pronouns: &
ki,
who;
what.
is. chi,
EXAMPLFS. dmad, who came ? chi khurdld, what did you ki
si
JLJ>|
>.
jj^.^>.
eat
1
THE VERB. In the Persian verb theiv
is only one conjugation. All verbs are formed from two principal parts, the infinitive and impei ative. To these the same terminations are added for
all verbs. 1.
The auxiliary verb coy budan, to be, has infinitive coo imperative (_pb bas/t but some tenses are derived from
budan
:
;
the radical
^^A
hastan, and in this respect are slightly irregular.
INFINITIVE o TO BE. ojj budan, Indicative (icea/cer form).
Present.
J ^1
am, I,
I
am.
thou
im,
we
are.
Jo!
Id,
you
are.
Ail
and, they arc.
*;!
art.
ast, he, she. it is.
Prettinf (stronger form).
^
hastam, I am. hastl, thou
art.
/
it is.
* liastim, we are.
J^~A
hastld,
you
are.
JJ^~A hastand, they are.
Present negative. nistam, I
am
not.
<~^^
wi*,
tlmu art not, &c.
60 Preterit?.
AMv*
I was. jy. budani, jj>
6tfl, thou w^ist.
jy.
6iZd, he, s-he, it
*>**>.
we were.
.xoy budld, you were.
fyf>
wasi
biidlm,
'
JJ
/
jjj
budand, they were.
Imjyerfect.
~3j~.A
mibddam,
used to be. &c.
I
Perfect. >
6<7(Za
am, I have been.
v>!
o
6 c/a
i, thou hast been,
6itc7a it?, jol x.jy
i,
he has been,
x^.j 6w
we have
^m,
been.
you have been.
have been. j^> 6(i
jjl
biidam. I h;id been, &c.
Future.
Future formed with the auxiliary verb the shortened infinitive
^y
Vkl^>.
^jj
khaJiam bud, I shall
^^^
^>
be.
oo
^W* jJiL-fc
.^\y^ khaslan, and
A;7ia/m6;7^,weshall be.
khalu bud, thou wilt
jo
juJkL-*.
be.
jc
(
6uc?.
khdhld bud, you
will
be.
khahad bud, he
will
^
AJiAly*.
khdhand
biid,
they
will be.
be.
Infinitive.
(j^j budan,
} i-
;4
M
to be.
hastan,
Past Participle. s.jy_
,
present
is
/
be
!
Imperative. for the other persons verbs.
(thou),
used, so for all
buda, been.
subjunctive
61 Subjunctive present. basJiam. I
^U ^.b
bashl, thou
jui>U
bashad, he
*^ J^b
be.
may
!j .
mayest be.
we may
be.
bdshld,
you may
be.
jj^b bashand, they may
be.
mny
bdshlm,
I.e.
Imperfect.
^L*j> mlbasham, I might
For the pluperfect basham, jU &dd, a wish 2.
:
may may he,
ex.
^b jL>
lie
..^y.
be, &c.
^j^> mlbudam,
budam,
^ib
^j>
used.
used as optative to express bad, may your life be long.
she, or it be, is
i^c
umrat diraz
The auxiliary verb ^j^ shudan,
to become,
is
regular,
present indicative and subjunctive from the imperative ^i. sho, but the other tenses from shortened The final v in ^, sAo is pronounced as infinitive j-i shud.
and therefore forms
its
^
v before a vowel
ex.
:
^
sJutvatn.
f
INDICATIVE. Present.
I become, &c.
PJ.?J> inltliavam,
Preterite. ..j^
r
shudam,
I
became, &c.
Imperfect.
mishudam,
j^ shuda am,
became, &c.
I
I
have become, &c.
Pluperfect.
iAi shuda budam, I had become, &c. Future. aU:>.
kliiiham shud, I shall become, &c.
INFINITIVE. .xi.
shudan, to become.
62 Present Participle. sjjji,
shavanda, becoming (very seldom used).
Past Participle. sJJI.
shuda, become.
GERUND. (JA.2.
shudanl, what ought to become.
Subjunctive present. I may become, &c. sTiavam, p*2*
Imperfect and pluperfect the same as in the indicative, and so for all verbs.
THE REGULAR VERB.
3.
All infinitives end in
^ dan, ^ or
tan.
To conjugate a verb we must know its infinitive and imperaThe imperative of verb whose infinitives end in ^jj Idan
tive.
are formed
From
off this
by cutting
Idan, to present
;
termination: ex. ^j^i^- bakhsh-
imperative j^s^- bakhsh, present. [
the imperative are formed
:
(i) The present indicative by prefixing the termination ~J^I, .x. ad, &c. ^ am,
^
:
12) The present subjunctive bi-bakhsh-am.
3-
-ml
by prefixing w from the
All other tenses are formed jwy^s.-
j>
and adding
^ ml-bakhsh-am. bi,
as
.^^s.-^
shortened infinitive
bakhsJud.
PARADIGM OF THE REGULAR VERB Active voice. \
Infinitive
r+^f
1
Tmpertitive 1
In colloquial Persian
tive,
as^-JO
biglr,
&c.
..J
it is
giriftan, to take, to size.
yir
f
take!
usual to prefix
i_> b
before the impera-
63 Indicative present. I take. &c.
*.A~* mlglram,
Preterite.
I took, &c. t^jj giriftam, Imperfect. I took or I used to take, &c. f^sj^jo mltjiriftani, Perfect.
J
I s^jy girifta-ai/i,
have taken, &c. .
I had taken, &c. i^jgirifta budam,
j
Future.
^A^
klialium girift, I shall take, &c.
.^9^5 giriftan, to take.
Present Participle. 5
J^J^ ylranda, one
Pas
who
is
taking.
Participle.
taken. izjji girifta,
GERUND. J~^iJ^ giriftarii,
what must Le taken.
(
PREPOSITIONS. Space will not allow us to give in detail this part of Persian grammar, but the following list gives a few of the most important j
*
ji &j
^
:
Jar,
at.
tu, in. Li, to. /-it,
on.
\
~$
,jlla!
.
j
dar
church.
in (into) the room. (jy tuylutdq,
^jS s^> bi ;..*
kiltsa, at the
_c
;
hama
kas, to everybody.
r?7?/t mt^;,
on (at) the
table.
64 M
sar i
sar, on.
b 6a, with. _>*
&Z,
L.J
without.
jl
\5
o
o**-; -^
CB^
a^, from.
w
* j^l
,J *-^
p .-J jl
O'tasJt,
mem
b 6
on the
fo'v/a,
57 zalimat,
fire.
come with me.
without trouble.
az tabrlz dmadam, I came from Tabriz.
ta, to. it
far from
is
Teheran
to Rasht. 15
td
up
bi,
to.
y
bottom.
sb pain,
td bi blriim, until we
may see.
at the
bottom
pdlni
kticlia,
of the street. ilb
bdldyi dirakht,upon the tree.
bald, upon.
blrun, outside.
blruni
..^1
shahr,
outside
the
town. barayi, for.
barayi tu ferestddam. I sent
-.j
for you.
CONJUNCTIONS. For
these, see
Vocabulary, pp. 50 to 52.
ADVERBS. There are no adverbs properly so called in Persian. Their is taken by nouns, with or without prepositions, or by
place
adjectives.
EXAMPLES. u.^-,
j
In sabab,
without reason.
-s*. bi khubi, well.
Arabic adverbs with terminations
asudagl, safely. I
an, are also used.
EXAMPLES. takhmlnan, approximately.
UJu yaqinan, certainly.
Ulc yhaliban, mostly.
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES AND SENTENCES. Useful and Necessary Idiomatic Expressions. (Kale mat va jeumlahdy-i-meustalah meufeed va Idzem.) English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
66 Persian (romanized).
English.
It is
asbdbe khush
lucky that...
Pronunciation.
bakh- asbabi
tlst keh...
As you know It must be done
/cAeush
teest
ba/t/i-
lie...
chenan-che meedaneed ba-yad beshavad che rneekeunee ? What are you ( che meekeunecd ? | doing ? Please come back lutfan zud bargard leutfan zood barrgarrd Come here [soon bey a Injd bey a eenja man bardye kdr man bara-yi kar amaI have come on chendncheh mlddnld\ bay ad beshavad chehmlkunl? [To inf.] cheh mlkunld? [Sup.]' !
\
\
business
When
[come?
will
you
Will you come
?
Where are you Go and look [going? What is the matter ?
dam
dmadam kai kkdlild
kay Maheed amad
bero negdh keun
a-ya /c/iaheed amad keuja meeraveed ? bero negah keun
dmad? aya khdhid amad? kuja miramd? cheh khabarast cheh shud ?
As soon as possible har qadr zud
?
What
does
this
don't know [mean? I don't quite underI
stand haven't
the
I
have never seen
I
haven't seen you for a long time
Who
it
said so ?
speak to him about it
I will
che
/c/tabarast ?
keh harr
in ya'nl cJieh?
qadr
zood
ke
meumken-ast na
!
chen-een neest
agarr meumkenast een ya'-nee che ?
man nameedanam man namlddnam man durust naml- man deureust nameefahmam fahmam man hlch namlfah- man heech nameefah-
mam
slightest idea
?
sheud ?
mumkenast Oh no! thatisnotso nah! chenln nlst If possible agar mumkenast I
che
?
mam
[dam
man ura
hlch nadl-\
man
[dam
oora heech nadee-
muddatlst shumdrd meuddateest sheumara
nadeedam
nadidam kl (juft
'
kee geuft
?
man bd u dar khusu- man ba oo se u harf khdham soosi oo zad
ham
[kard
He won't hear of it U qabul nakhdhad He cannot be relied beh u khdter jam'
zad
darr harrf
MeuMa-
[karrd
qabool na-Ma-had oo Materr jam'nameetavan sheud en namitavdn shud He is honest and u bd namus va kdr oo ba namoos va kar keun-ast kunast hard-working You must not do nakun, shumd nabd- nakeun, sheuuia nababethat yad een kar yad In kdr rd keunecd bekunld oo be
67 Persian (roinaniied).
English.
Do
not
tell
do
anyone
bekasl
Pronunciation.
bek-assee
magu
magoo
har cheh mumkenast harr che meumken-ast Ma-ham karrcl khdham hard I can do without it bi u mumkenast bee oo meumkenast It will do after- ba'd bekdr mlkhurad ba'd bekar mee-A-Aeuwards rad It will do at your har vagt bekhdhld harr vaqt beAV
Be
my
best
careful
I will bring
it
for
you Do you want this I don't want that
deq-qat keun, deqqat kun, mutavajjeh bash meuta-vaj-jeh bash man ilrd bardye shu- man oora bara-yi sheu-
md khdham dvurd ?
want an answer
What
[answer your
is
(man)
ham
like this ?
I like it
How it ?
very
much
do you like [at once
Kindly
let
me know
You
yek
javdb
(man) yek ja-vab mee-
Ma-ham
mlkhdham
?
Wait a minute
Do you
aveurrd
(man) dnrd naml- (man) anra
khdham I
ma Ma-ham
(dyd) Inrd mlkdhld? (a-ya) eenrameeMa-heed
javdbe shumd chlst? javab-i sheuma cheest? yek daqlqah sabrkun yek daqeeqa sabrr keun eenra meepasandeed ? Inrd mipasandld ? man urd besydr ml- man oora bes-yar mee-
pasandam pasandam dyd Inrd (urd) tm- a-ya eenra (oora) meepasandeed ? pasandld? [bedeh zud khabar. leutfan zood
lutfan
sheuma May lee baMteed
[bedeh
Mabarr Meush-
are very fortunate [anxious You need not be
shumd
It is too difficult
In besydr mushgelast een bes-yar meushgelast In (u) besydr khubast een (oo) bes-yar Moob-
It is well
done [address
What
is
My address Give
He So
it
is...
me his address seems
muztareb nabdshld
adrase shumd chlst ? ad-rassi sheuma cheest? In adraxe manast... een ad-rass-i man-ast... ad-rass-i oora bedeh adrase urd bedeli
u
dar...eqdmat ml-\ oo darr...eqamat meekeunad kunad [shavad [shavad\ hamche ma'lum ml- ham-che ma'loom mee-
Yes, I suppose so
drl, ball, (juijd
Do
(dyd)
you speak English ?
I
am
Ensrlish
meuz-tareb nabasheed
ast
?
your
lives in...
khaill khush-
bakhtld
engellsl
mlzanld
man
?
enqellsam
aree, baiee, goo-ya harf (a-ya) engeleesee harrf
meezaneed
?
man engel-eesam F"
68 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
Persian (romanized).
English.
Please wait
lutfan sabr kunld
You come
shumd ham beydld
am
as well
man
Pronunciation.
leutfan sabrr keuneed \
sheuma-ham beya-eed
man shanee-dam oo dlruz baryasht turned yesterday deerooz barrgasht That is the impor- In nuqtah muhem- een neuqta meuhemmast tant point mast In that case it is dar In surat kdr darr een soorat kar all right khubast khoob&si [it There is no help for clidrah nlst chara neest It is extremely in- In besydr ndrdhat- een bes-yar nara-hatast convenient [ful ast You must be care- bdyad deqqat kunld ba-yad deqqat keuneed I did not break it man urd nashekas- man oora nashekasI
he
told
re-
shanldam
u\
.
tam
tam
Under
what
dar be-che sharrt? darrcumstances ? cheli khusus 1 che fcAeu-soos ? What is the reason? becheh sabab ? jahat be-che sabab ? ja-hat cir-
becheh shart
?
chlst ?
cheest
?
There is no mistake dar u hlch shubhah darr oo heech sheubabout it ha neest nlst You were certainly shnmd sezdvdre sar- sheurna, sezavari sa,rrto blame zanesh budid zanesh boodeed [ion?
What
your opin- fekre shumd chut ? fek-ri sheuma cheest ? a note lutfan yddddsht kun leutfan yad-dasht keun Mr.... [of it dqd bebln cheh aqa...beb-een che mee-
is
make
Please I say
!
.
.
.
Without ceremony bl takllf [miguyam bee takleef [goo-yam bulandtar leutfan beulandtarr Speak louder, lutfan harrf bezan harf bezan please Look negah keun negdh lean ! Is it not beautiful? (dya) qashank nlst t (aya) qashank neest ? It is indeed grand haqee-qatan bes-yar haqiqatan besydr Moob-ast khubast !
!
Expressions of Emotion,
etc.
(Bayanat-i-meuhaiiyej vn gliayreh.)
What? Indeed Stuff
What
!
cheh !
nonsense
1
a statement
That is impossible That cannot be
!
?
haqiqatan ! vdqeati blhudah ! bima'nl cheh harfe ajlb! In ndmumken ast In namlshavad
che? haqee-qatan! va-qe-an! bee-hoodal bee-ma'nee! che harrf -i-ajeeb! een na-meumken ast een na-meeshavad
70 Persian (romanized).
English.
You
me
surprise
Pronunciation.
shumd mard mnta- sheuma mlkunld deqqat kun ! bepd ajjeb
Take care
My Oh [
!
it is
!
am
nothing
sorry (asking pardon) What a pity It is a sad thing What a shame
How How I am
well done fortunate excellent !
!
off!
kam
oh dear
In khub
Get out
My
nut
mercy
?
[To superior] [To inferior]
1
cheh miff ill
Will you kindly Do you understand
dyd mlfahmld
me ? [mean ? What does that What is that ?
In ya'ni cheh ? In cheh chiz ast
Can
engelisl
Mr....? is
?
lutfan
?
mitavdnid
...kujdst /
[sho berro 1
!
[beeroon !
che meefarrma-eed
?
?
a-ya meeshenaveed ? leutfan
a-ya meefahrneed
?
harf bezanld 1 dqd...rd mishendsld ?
the...?
ja-hannam
che meegoo-ee
/
dyd mlskenavld
Where
!
ay /feudal
(Seuaiat.)
cheh mifarwaid?
Do you hear me ?
you speak English ? Do you know
!
!
I
do you say
bes-yar frAoob
;
[sho !\ een khoob neest hero berro geum sho
Enquiries. What
Moob
gum sho ! azlze man [biriin azeez-i-man emdad ! amdn ! emdad aman bero
dear I
javab nadeh
ai khudd! ai khuda! ay /c/ieuda i.e. Oh God! gum sho ! jahannam geum sho
!
no good
Help
klxishmnak- bes-yar Mashm-nakam lirf bezan [am kam harrf bezan
javdb nadeh khub ; besydr khub
All right
It is
!
besydr
Hold your tongue Don't answer
Be
!
!
!
!
!
!
very angry
dear
!
!
'.
halam hdlam a farm! bdrakalldh! afareen bara-kallah cheh khushbaklit ! che /cAeush-baWit cheh qadr a'ld! che qadrr a'la
I
!
Oh
man meuta-assefam bebafr/i-sheed
.'
very glad
Bravo
man mutaassefam bebakhshid '.
!
am
!
!
taq-seer-i-rnan cheezee neest
haif afsu* hayf af-soos In asbdbe taaxsufast een asbab-i-ta-asseufast aib ast aib rust ! ayb ast ayb neest man besydr khnxh- man bes-yar. /c/ieush-
!
I
!
taqslre man chlzl nut
fault
mara meutameekeuneed deqqat keun bepa aj-jeb
?
een ya'nee che ? een che cheez ast ? meetavaen-gelee-see need harrf bezaneed? mee-shenaftqfi ... ra seed
?
...keu-jast ?
71 Persian (romanizedj.
English.
What do
Inra dar fdrsl cheh eenra darr far-see che
they call
that in Persian ? What is that good Who is that? [for? Who are you? Who is there ?
What do you want? What have you got? What is the matter? Can you
Why Who
me?
tell
that ? sent you
miguyand ?
mee-gooyand
,
.
,
i
?
shud ? sheud ? [begoo-eed ? [guld ? mltavdnld hem an be- meetavaneed beman cherd [tad ? {tad? chera ? shunidra kl ftinta- sheumara kee feu-reus-
What is your name? name shuma
chlst-
,
did you go?
l
cherd raftld
Xh.6 Railway. the station
|
room ter
my
regis-
packages are there? Where is the wait-
mg-room ?
shi beferestam be...
lna*t belli j
-
room? . .
?
Are you going by the express ? Show me a time-
chand
par-
ku- eutaqi keuentezar jast? [hand? belltrd kujd mida- beleet-ra keuja meedaeutaqi mashroobat keuutdqe mashrubdt ?
[hand?
jast ?
hujdst?
- train for.
ash-ya' san-geen-ast ash-ya-i marra beyar een-ast beleet
entezdr
utdqe
khald kujdst
?
ash-ya' mee-A.7ta-ham ashya-i Meudra sefareshee beferestam be...
man
asbdl'hd chand pdr- assbab-ha cha ast ? chah ast 1
jdst
booking-office? - refreshment-
ash-
ashyd' xanglnast ashyde mara beydr
Get my luggage Here is the ticket
How many
1
yde khudrd sefdre-
luggage
[weight The luggage is over
table
;
man mikhdham
for...
lavatory
SI.)
gar; be estdseyon be gar be estaseyon een ash-ya-i man-ast in ashyde manast Inra bebar be-utdqe eenra bebarr be-eutaqi
ashyd
wish to
?
?
(Rah-i-ahan, or Shamandaferr.)
be
Here is my luggage Take it to the cloakI
nami sheuma cheest chera rafteed
?
(For Vocabulary see page
To
?
In bar dye cheh khiib een bara-yi che A-/ioob u kist / [ast ? [ast ? oo keest ? shuma klstld ? sheuma keesteed ? dnjd kut? kist anja? anja keest? keest anja? cheh mlkhdhld ? che mee-A-//a-heed? cheh gereftld ? che gerefteed ? cheh khabarcut? cheh che Mabarr-ast ? che
is
Why
Pronunciation.
khala keujast
?
qatdre. ..kujdst
?
?
qatari...keujast ?
dyd bd qatdre surat aya ba qatari mlramd ? meeraveed ? yek fehreste (jadva- yek fehresti le) vaqt bedeh vaqt bedeh
seurat
(jadval-i)
72 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation
73
74 Persian (romanized).
English.
No,
I
shall
go
Pronunciation.
76
Xh.C Hotcli
(Hotel,
Mehmanklidnah.)
(For Vocabularies see page 20
English.
Is
the
proprietor
Persian (romanized).
SO.)
Pronunciation.
70 English.
Persian (romauized).
77 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
78
Meals.
(Kheurak.)
(Tor Vocabularies Bee pages 24 to
Persian (romanized).
English.
Show me
the
bill-
21.)
Pronunciation.
79 Persian (romanized).
English.
cook
the
Tell
to
bedshpaz begu qadrl\ be-ash-paz begoo qaddbe murr/h duriist ree abi meurr
make chicken broth [cook is not a good
He I
have nothing to eat
Is the
(;i/taza)
soup ready
[served)
i
\
i.e.
me
a
ee (#/taz-a)
. .
If it is
fresh
lutfan qadrl eltefdt leutfan
little, j
kun
please
Will you pass the
nad-aram
ash (abgusht) aya ash (ab-goosht) hdzer ast'ha-zerr ast ? shdm hazer ast sham ha-zerr ast ay a mail ddrld? aya...mayl dareed ? agar tdzah axt agarr tazah ast .
I
fresh
Give
naddram
ay a
?
Dinner is ready (or Do you like...? I must have them
Pronunciation.
;
(bedeh)
khardalrd
lutfan
qadree eltef-at
keun (bed-eh) leutfan Marrdalra
el-
mustard ? tefat keuneed? [keun eltefdt kunld? Pass me the sauce chdshnlrd eltefdt kun chash-neera el-tefat nan Waiter, some bread nokar, qadrl ndn no-karr, qadree
What wine will you take, sir ?
Show me
the wine
list
beydr cheh shardbl mail ddrld? shardbrd fehreste '
beyar che sharabee mayl dareed ? feh-resti sharabra beyar
beydr
Have you English dyd dbe joye (blrahe) aya beer?
Open the bottle and bring
it
here
abi joy-i (beerah-i)
en-gelees dareed? engeUs ddrld? va keun shishahrd vd kun sheesha-ra
beydr Injd
beyar eenja
dyd in db tasfeyah aya een ab tas-feya tered ? shudah ast/ sheudah ast ? Is it good for dyd In db bardye aya een ab bara-yi khurdan khub ast? A-Aeurrdan khoob ast? drinking ? What meat is there? cheh gushti ddrld? che gooshtee dareed? Give me a slice of yek pdrchah gushte yek parcha gooshti ham khuk bedeh /c/iook bedeh Have you any roast dyd kabdbe gushte aya kab-abi gooshti gav Is
this
water
fil-
beef?
Do you prefer welldone or underdone?
What will you now ?
take
dareed ? gar ddrld' kuddni rd mail ddrld keudamra mayl dareed
pukhtah yd nlmpukht? hdlii
chclt
rid.'
mail dd-\
peu/r/itah
ya
neem-
peuA-At ? hcila
che mayl dareed?
80 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
81 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
82
88 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
84 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
85 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
86 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
87 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
88 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
89 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
90 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
91. English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
92 English.
Persian (romanized).
Pronunciation.
93
PERSIAN HANDWRITING. At first sight there appears perhaps little or no difference between the written and printed characters of the Persi-Arabic There
alphabet.
is
a certain
amount
of variation, however,
and
the student will carefully examine the illustration of Persian penmanship, given on the following page, he will readily perHe should particularly note ceive the points of difference.
if
In manuscript the usual signs of tashdeed
1.
(")
and djaqm ()
are generally omitted.
The combined form of the
2.
thus: initial of 4, jii.
i^-il^i
X
With same
^ A^J.
instead of A, as ,j.iUi iU*
ja> ;
letter
*
final
&
as -
generally written
is
&
;
medial
instead of
o instead &3l>.
s.,
s
as
these exceptions the letters are written very much the In the Shikastah or cursive
as in the printed characters.
hand many peculiar forms and combinations of letters occur which can only be learnt by practice. Letters which should not be connected with a following letter are ^ ^ : ^ i .s they are and dots in the combined Shikastah written only, generally 1
;
distinguishing the various letters are frequently omitted.
/y ^ Specimen
of
94
Persian
Handwriting.
[THE LORD'S PEAYEB.]
95
THE LOED'S PB&YEB.
[TEANSLITEEATION.]
[The following is the romanized form of the words of the Prayer, as given on the preceding page, with the literal English translation interlined.]
pedar-i- ma keh dar asemani muqaddas bad nam-i tu. Father of us who in sky Thou art, sacred let-be name of Thee. dar tu Ejra-shavad eradat-iBeyayad malakut-i- tu. Let-come glory of Thee. Let be carried out wish of Thee on
Ay
zamln chenancheh dar aseman-ast. the earth
in
even as
the sky it
is.
Emruz
ruzey-i-
mara
To-day daily-bread of
us
bema berasan va gunahan-i- mara bebakb.sk chenancheh ma we even as and us send sins of to us forgive gunahan-ithe
mlkunand takhattl bema keh do who against us trespass va mara emtehan Mara bemaqam-imayar trial Us to a place of bring-not and us
anhara
sins of
those
mlbakhshlm. forgive.
sharir
az
Chera keh
khalasi bedeh.
the Evil-one
from
release
give.
turast
malakdt
Because that Thine is Sovereignty
ela abad-el abad. va jabarut va jalal and Power and Greatness to all eternity.
Amin. Amen.
MONEY, WEIGHTS & MEASURES. MONEY.
(Pool.)
= = = =
Shahee, a COPPEE coin qeran (20 shdhee), a SILVER coin
(the Russian rouble), SILVBE (10 qeran}, SILVEB ashrafee, a GOLD coin leerd (about 50 qeran), the English sovereign,
manat
tooman
GOLD
=
about a farthing about 4|d. about 2 shillings about 4s. about 8s. 1
= about 1 ... emperidl (the Russian imperial), GOLD ... black as known are coins i.e., money, and silver pool-i-seydh, Copper coins as pool-i-sefeed, white money. Bank-notes are in circulation, of the value of 1, 5, 10, 25 tooman, etc. and fluctuates considerably. The English sovereign is usually exchanged about 50 qeran or 5 tooman. It is on this basis that the table on page
The standard
is silver
THE RATE OF EXCHANGE. for
96
is
calculated.
L
f
96
&
English ENGLISH. 8.
American Money, with Persian Equivalents.
AMERICAN. dols.
d.
50 5 1
10 5 2 1
AMEBICAN.
c.
t.
250 00 25 00 5 00 2 50 1 25
dols.
d.
q.
= =
tooman
6
25 12
3 1
10
65
10 queran
(t.)
= =
50 25
5
(q.)
PEESIiN.
e.
250 25
t.
= 0* 200 shahee
8.
O 2
=
5 2 10 1 5 12 4
1
=
2
14-=
:
q.
(s.)
[The above equivalents are subject to fluctuations in the rate of exchange.]
MEASURES OF LENGTH. Bohr (A
of a zarre') of a zarre')
gerah (J!B charyek or charak
neem
(
....
of a zarre')
...
(Meqyas-i-tool.)
= IJinch
'-*
"...
==
inches
2
...
zarre' (% zarre')
= 1-1377 yard = about 3| miles farrsang or farrsakh (6,000 zarre') A farrsang is "the distance a mule can walk comfortably in an hour." zarre'
WEIGHTS. Gandeum neukheud
(a
wheat corn)
...
...
(Vazn.) ...
small chick pea gandeum) mesqal (24 neukheud) seerr (16 mesqdl) chdryek or charak (160 mesqdl; J TWOTO) ... (a
;
wow
(Tabriz 1,000 mesqdl)... .. (Saqat 640 mesqdl) (Shah 1,280 mesqdl) kharrvdrr (100 Shiraz man)
...
...
83
=
grain m ounce
=
88-32 gr. (nearly 2-944 oz.
=
1-84 Ib. (lib. 13oz.7dr.) 11 lb.8oz. 7-36 Ib. (71b.5oz.12dr.)
4
=
*
=
14 Ib. 11 736 Ib.
oz.
oz.)
8dr.
The Saqat is the standard of weight throughout Persia. the Treaty man. CAPACITY. There is no measure of capacity in Persia, everything being sold by weight or number. The mesqdl
man
is
POSTAL CHARGES. LETTERS. For INTERNAL Letters About 3 mesqdl (or about \ oz.) costs 5 shahee (about l^d. For INTEKNAL Post-cards, the postage is 3 shahee (about fd.) For FOREIGN Letters: About 3 mesqal (about oz.) costs 18 shahee (about 3Jd.) 6 ... For FOREIGN Post-cards (about :
TELEGRAMS
(INTERNAL).
For 10 words, including address, 2^ qerdn (about Is.) For every additional 10 words or less than 10, 2 qerdn (about William Brown & Co. Limited, Printers,
Ac.,
London, E.G.
9j
