mm@ With Answers
PHOENIX EUf incolporalinq
PRENTTCE HALL MACMILLAN
New
York London Toronto
Sydney
Tokyo
Singapore
O CONTENTS lV
Unit
Page
2
BE and HAVE
2 J 4
4
HAVE and HAVE GOT HE LIVES THEY DON'T HE IS PLAYING
5
10
6
1,2
7
14
I KNOW SHE IS SITTING HE COOKED HE COOKED
8
1,6
SHE'WAS
RIADING
9
18
I'WENT
I WAS GOING
10
20
Review
11
HE HAS FINISHED FOR AN HOUR SINCE 10 I HAVE GONE I'WENT
Review Review Review
All
22
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
46 48 50 52 54 56 58
CAN COULD MANAGED TO 'WON',T WILL sHouLD MAY (SHOULDN',T) HAVE TO SHOULD DON'T HAVE TO HAVE TO SHOULD(N',T) CAN('T) DON',T HAVE TO MUST BE CAN'T BE CAN COULD MAY 'WOULD YOU LIKE
Ability
Review
All modal
30
COFFEE IS MADE AT 11 THIS CAN BE DONE COME IN GET DOWN
Passive Passive
34 35 36 37
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74
38 39 40
76 78 80
I'WANT TO GO AFRAID OF FLYING I ENJOY PLAYING SOCCER I LIKE TO PLAY/PLAYING SOCCER I-WANT YOU TO GO HE SAID HE LIKED HER SHE TOLD HIM TO GO, SHE ASKED'WHAT THE TIME'WAS
1,
1,2 1,3 1.4
15 76 17 18 79
20 21
31
32 JJ
41,
42 43
6 8
82 84 86
47
DOES SHE LIVE?
90 92
Present simple Present continuous Present simple and continuous
simple - 1 simple - 2 continuous simple and continuous Present and past, simple and continuous
Past Past Past Past
I HAD-WORKED
Present perfect - 1 Present perfect - 2 Present perfect and past Past perfect
USED TO
Repetitive past
AM
JUST
I AM DOING I DO GOING TO I'LL DO IT STAND
UP
'WAIT
HERE
UP DOWN OUT
Future - 1 Future - 2 Future - 3 Imperatives
STOP
Al1 tenses -
DOWN GET OVER BE OVER PUT OFF LOOK TASTE SOUND SMELL BREAK
FEEL (LIKE)
Review
AT TO IN FROM
TOWARDS
UNDER ABOVE BET-WEEN BEHIND IN FRONT OF IN
AT ON
tenses
1
A11 tenses
2 3
Probabiliry Obligation - 1 Obligation - 2 Deduction Invitations, requests etc.
-
verbs 1
2
verbs verbs verbs verbs Linking verbs Passive, phrasal
Phrasal Phrasal Phrasal Phrasal
ON
Review
44 45 46
LIVE
1
2 3
4
verbs and look, taste etc
Verb + to-infinitive Preposition t ing
To-infinitive
/
-rng
Verb + object + to-infinitive Reported speiech - 1 Reported speech
-
2
Verb complementation, reported speech Prepositions of place
-
1
Prepositions of place Prepositions of place
-
2 3
48 49 50
96 98 100
BY IN ON AT TO HOW LONG? FOR FROM . . . TO DURING IN INK
51
1,02
IN PLIBLIC
52 53
104
A'WARE OF Review
54
108 110
55
706,
Prepositions for travel
'WHILE Prepositions of time-__i)
A THE SOME A SOME ANY TREES THE TREES 'WOOD
THE WOOD THE BLIND THE FRINCH BIG ONES THE ALPS LAKE VICTORIA ARGENTINA THE and OF WITH NAMES OF INSTITUTIONS,
Prepositions and nouns - 1 Prepositions and nouns - 2 Adjectives and prepositions All prepositions
Articles Articles Articles Articles Articles
-
Articles
-
1
2
56 57 58 59
118
60
720
61
1,22
62
124
63 64 65 66
126
NOT... MUCH NOT... MANY SOMEBODY ANYTHING EVERYWHERE
1,28
'S, S' and OF
67 68 69 70
1,34
OLDER THE MOST INTERESTING
136 138
AS BIG
71,
1,42
72 73 74 75
144 146 748
FASTER THE SOONER THE BETTER QUICKIY STILL ALREADY YET JUST THE WAICH SHE GAVE ME WHICH / THAI 'WHERE -WEARING/CALLED/OUTSIDE A MAN
150
Review
Sentences
752
QUESTIONS
1,54
YES, I
Questions and answers Questions and answets Questions and answers
1,1,2 1,1,4 1,1,6
STREETS ETC.
76 77 78 79 80
130 732
1,40
156
SINGULAR, PLURAL and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS A LITTLE A FE'W A LOT OF PLENTY OF AIL OF MOST OF NONE OF
MINE MYSELF YOURS
3
4 5
6
Quantifiers
-
1
Quantifiers Quantifiers
-
2 3
Possession
YOIIRSELF
Review
AS NOT AS BIG AS
FASTER AND
BIG
HE DID SO/NEITHER AM I DIDN'T SHE? ARE YOU?
HAVE
160
IF YOU GO, I'LL GO IF YOU WENT, I WOULD GO
81
1,62
IFIUNLESS/AS LONG AS
82 83 84 85 86
1,64
158
Reflexive and emphatic Nouns Comparison of adjectives Comparison of adjectives Comparison of adjectives Adjectives and adverbs Adjectives and adverbs
Relative clauses Relative clauses Relative clauses
-
Conditionals
AND BUT SO BEFORE AFTER 'WHEN AS SOON AS WHILE SINCE UNTIL
168
PUNCTUATION and CAPITAI LETTERS
770
SPELLING Review
Sentences
172
-
-
-
-
1
-2
1
2 3
1
Conditiona,ls Conditionals Linkers - 1 Linkers - 2
'166
4
2
1
2 3
-
1
2 3
1
2 3
INTRODUCTION TO THE TEACEIER The Series The Multilevel English Grammar Programrne is published in four books, which correspond approximately to the following levels:
In the region of 50 hours of learning Book 1 Elementary Book 2 Inuer Intermeiliate In the region of 150 hours of learning In the region of 250 hours of learning Book 3 Intermediate Book 4 Upper Intermediate In the region of 350 hours of learning (preparation for the First Certificate in English)
The books can be used for self-study or in the classroom, and you will not need to follow the order of units; you are free to choose the order which best suits you and your students. The items have been divided into sections on different grammatical areas, and at the end of each section there is a unit (or rwo) of review and further practice. These can be used for revision, and to check if students are now confident in their handling of the items. There is a cassette for each level, which contains the presentation texts and most of the examples from the boxes Use and Form.
The Teacher's Book In the Introduction to the Teacher's Book, you will find: 1 A Preface for each book; 2 A General Introduction on learning grarnmar. The Teacher's Book gives you, for each unit: 1 Notes on the presentation; 2 Suggestions for handling the exercises;
3 4
Common errors; Detailed notes on each grarnmatical point.
I-earning Gratrurrar 'When
you learn to handle the grammar. If itt your own language - and sometimes if the conditions are right - you learn by "osmosis", so to speak. You acquire the .When you learn a foreign language after the age of puberry language piecemeal, most\ by listening to it. you often learn it more formally (and often in a classroom): you listen, you read, you study the grammar, you learn vocabulary and phrases, and you seek opportunities to use the language. you learn
a language,
a second language
Your students will need to learn the gramrnar of English. This means learning how to use
a
number
of
- verbs, prepositions, articles, conjunctions - which constantly reappear in every bring general meaning to the sentence: about time and place, or obligation, or how and which sentence, often things happen, and many other features. cornmon words
They will learn, we hope, how to use the items, not how to talk about them, and for this reason we keep the use of grammatical terms to a minimum. We also suggest that you invite students to make up examples of their own, from their own experience, in order to bring the language to life for them.
In the General Introduction in the Teacher's Book we discuss the teaching and learning of grammar in 'We hope you will read it. more detail.
tv
INTRODUCTION TO TITE STUDEN]T Studying Alone If you have a teacher, s/he will guide you in your work, and suggest how you can best use this book. you have not, here are some ideas for you to think about:
1
2
If
You can choose the grarlmar point you want to study. It doesnt much matter which point you study first. However, some units are in small sets (eg (Jnits 6 - 9 on the past tense), and you may want to study them in order.
Now lobk at the Ttresentation at the top of the left-hand page of the point you have chosen. You will of the new grarrunar in the text or conversation, and there will often be a picture to help you understand. Read the presentation fvvo or three times, and listen to it on the cassette. see examples
3
There is often an exercise after the presentation, which will help you to understand the point. Do the exercise, and check your answers in the Key if you have the edition with a key.
4
You can look at the f..Ise or Form boxes if you want to; if you understood the presentation and could do the first exercise, you may not need the gramrnar box and can go on with the next exercise. However, the grammar box often expands the information given in the presentation; this extra information will help you with some of the exercrses.
5
The Good English? exercise is an opportuniry for you to identify mistakes. You may want to think about your own language while you are doing this, to see which are the mistakes you often make.
6
Now you can do the exercises on the facing page. They are varied, and are usually easier at the beginning. If you are working alone, we suggest that you check each exercise against the Key before you go on to the next one.
7
If you find you are making a lot of mistakes, look at the gtresentation agarr,. You may be able to see where you are going wrong.
arrd
the Use or Form boxes
General Suggestions
1
Instead of completing the exercises in the book, it is usually better for you to write out the sentences in your notebook. That way you will remember the item better, and the vocabulary that goes with it.
2
Go over the work you did yesterday, and last week. You could do one of the exercises again quickly, just to remind yourself and be sure you can do it. This will help you to remember.
3
Say the sentences out loud;
it helps with pronunciation and remembering. You can even record your
voice if you want to.
4
Listen to the cassette that accompanies this book.
5
'Work
with a friend if you can; you will encourage and support each other.
These ideas work for us, but they rlnay not work for you; everyone has to find their own best way of learning and teaching.
And rernernber! Grarnriaar is an irnportant part of language, but there are many other elernents too: you need to learn words and phrases, practise the sounds, and above all find opportunities to use the language by talking, listening and reading in it.
BE and HAVE Look at the picture, and study the sentences below.
Robert is 30 years old. He was an accoutttant. Now he is d manager. He isn't cold, but he's hungry.
He's haaing his lunch. He had a shower this morning. He's haaing a talk with a client.
ln this unit we distinguish between BE for states and HAVE for actions.
BE is for states. A "state
1 2
(Notice: "^".)
Professions andjobs: States of the body
or mind:
B
O
A BE Two of the phrases underlined in these sentences are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Are Susan here?
2 3 4
No, she isn't. 'Where she is? Oh. She was here this morning.
HAVE Three of the phrases underlined
in these sentences are wrong. Tick
(/) the correct
one, and rewrite the others. 1 Norway has a cold climate in winter.
2 3 4 5 HAVE or
Does George has tea in the morning? When did you had breakfast? 'We not have meat every day. -We
have bread and jam.
BE?
ln two of these sentences, the wrong verb is used. Tick
and rewrite the others.
1. Can I borrow a sweater? I have cold. 2 She is tr,velve. 3 'We had spaghetti for lunch yesterday. 4 He has L6 years old. 2
(/) the correct
ones,
' ' "
CountrieC and Cities, Pist arid
'':
Preseht
'-l.',.,,".-',i
@ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of BE. Make sure your sentences are true; use the negative if necessary. 1 India .............. in Africa; it .............. in Asia. 2 St Petersburg the capital ofRussia in the 19th century but now the capital ..............
3 4 5 u
Moscow. About 2000 years ago, Rome the most important city in the world, and London a small town, Iran and Iraq in the Middle East. Brasilia the capital ofBrazil now Years ago, the capital Rio de Janeiro. *::-":'.\;;;;;;;j:#*"" citv i,, the usA' but it the capitar' rhe capitar
A Party @ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of HAVE. 1 ............,. you ..............a nice evening yesterday?
.
2 Yes, we did. We .............. some soft drinks, and then we a few dances. 3 .............. you ..............anything to eat? 4 Yes, we ("o0 .............. a meal like that every dayl a big meal. I'm glad I 5 What you .............. for supper? 6 We .............. soup first, then we .............. fish. 7 *.............. you .............. any meat?" "No, it was a fish meal."
@ Complete each sentence with the appropriate form of HAVE or 1 Did you a good time in Oslo?
BE.
2 Yes, we a good rest. 3 What the weather like? 4 The weather cold, but we warm, because we warm clothes. 5 .............. you .............. a look at the shops? 6 Yes, and we lunch every day in the main square. It .............. very beautiful. 7 What did you do on the first day? I .....-........ a shower, and then we breakfast in the dining room. It .............. a big room.
8 9
.............. the meals good? We
only
breakfast in the hotel, but
it
.............. good.
10 And then we a stroll round the ciry 11 Who you with? 12 1.............. with a young friend of mine; he .............. 20 years o1d. 13 At 11 o'c1ock we a break because we .............. tired. 14 Wp ........... a cup ofcoffee and a cake in a nice cafeteria. 'Word Order
\fith HAVE ard BE
@ Put the words and phrases in brackets in the right order.
1 a b 2 a b 3 a b 4 a b
(your/this/is) book?
No, (not/itlis) (have/where/you/ did) lunch? ................ (iunch/home/had/at/I) (the Pyrenees/in Spain/are) or in France? (pardy in Spain/arelthey) and pardy in France. ..................... (having/time / are / good,/ yot/ a/ ? -...... -........... Yes, (fu n/parti es / have / yoor / I / atla1way$ .............. -
---
3
HAVE and HAVE GOT Look at the picture, and
sentences below.
>
She's haaing a wallz. He's hauing a rutl.
She's got a drg. He hasn't got a dog.
I
I
USE
A
-We
use
HAVE for actions: eating and drinking, looktng after the body.
He's having
B
'We
1 2
lunch.
She had a shower. (You can see a note and examples in
Unit
1.)
use HAVE GOT for "connections"; You own something. Examples: I've got a bicycle. He's got a new coat. It's "a part of you". I've got a headache. Examples: Shet got red hair.
3 Itt
a characteristic. Examples: England has got a damp climate.
IJncle Victor has got
a
bad temper.
C
But notice: HAVE GOT is very common. But we only use it in the present tense, and only for "connections" 'W'e use HAVE for everything: "actions" and "connections". -We also use HAVE in all tenses.
D
Here is
a table
to summarise:
Past had Actions Connections had
Present
Future
has
will have will have
has gotlhas
FORM -We
form the negative and interrogative like a walk. Did he have a walk? He didn't have a walk. Het got a car. Has he got a car? He hasn't got a' caL
He had
I)iote on CET: Don't confuse the verb GET and the expression HAVE GOT. GET is an ordinary verb, sometimes used alone, but often as a phrasal verb: I'm getting a new car next week. She got up a7 o'clock. Get on here, and get off at the next stop. HAVE GOT is an expression which is different from GET.
Good English?
O
Two of these sentences are correct, two are wrong, and two are optional (HAVE or HAVE GOI. Tick (/) the correct sentences, put an "0" by sentences where you have an option, and rewrite the corrections. 1 Yesterday I had got lunch withJohn Moore. 2 He had a bicycle, but he lost it. 3 I have ten pounds; do you need any money? 4 I have got a swim on Saturday mornings.
5 I will have a new job next yeaL 6 I have got some time tomorrow afternoon. @ Look at this table, and then complete the following sentences with the appropriate forms of HAVE and HAVE GOT in the affirmative, negative and interrogative.
Note: Use Susan
HAVE GOT if possible (look at the USE box on the previous page). Susan & Barry Smith Barry Smith
Smith
PAST 1988 dark brown hair (dyed 1,992)
a
4 grandparents
a
a flat
motorbike
(moved 1989) aba} daughter
(sold 1989) job rn a factory (sacked 1991)
(2 died 1e89-90)
PRESENT (NO\XD job in office
in Hastings
blonde hair
flvo cameras two pairs of running
FUTIIRE (SOON) a degree in Economics
a computer
a small house
shoes
a
Renault
in Bitton
(car)
two children
Harry ....1'4..... aflatin Hastings, but now they 1 .............. the Smiths .... e cer now? Yes, a Renault. . a motorbike. a car in 1988, but he Barry brown hair now? No, she .............. brown hair now; 2 .............. Susan
Exam7tle:
In 1988
Susan and
she
blonde hair. ..... rvvo children in 1988; they . cwo children. .. soon and they Barry ...... a computer now? No, but he ....
3 The Smiths
4 5 Susan 6 Susan
one. But Susan is expecting a baby,
.'...
one soon.
a degree now but she '.. four grandparents in 1988, but now she .............. only a degree soon.
Their friend Jo asks questions :
7 8
Jo
...
Susan No, I Jo You ..
you
... a cafiaera, Susan?
...... a cafiaera, but Barry .......'...... rwo. 'What
Barry I sold it. We
a
happened to it? motorbike in 1988. ..... a car now because we .............. soon
children.
@ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of HAVE or HAVE GOT. Use HAVE GOT if possible. 1 "'Would you like ........ ...... a walk this afternoon?" "That sounds nice, but I .............. time, I'm afraid." a rest! .... four children. They never 2 The people next door milk!" ....... arry "I'm I ....... Sorry terribly 3 "Perhaps we can ...... tea no'w." .. time for lunch. 4 I usually ..... lunch at 1 o'clock, but some days I 5 I .............. a shower in the evening, because there usua\ isn't any hot water.
He lives They don't live Does she live?
(present simple)
Study the sentences.
The Johnson family: where do they liae?
Dennis and Victoria liae in Hampton. (Jncle Victor and Auntie Mabel don't liae with them; they liae in Barchester. Fred often aisits his grandparents, but he doesn't liae with them. "Does Carol liue with her parents?" "Yes, sh,e does."
O
Now complete this table with the forms of the verb WORK and the auxiliary verb D0.
he/she/it I/you/we/they She Afirmatiue We work. ...... he Interrogatiue ......you..............? He doesn't work. They I\egatiue .
......?
@ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms (affirmative, negative or interrogative) of the verbs in the box. ...... in an office. 1 Robert .... .. to school; he live study
2 3
...... Carol
......
LJncle Victor and Auntie
languages? Yes, she does.
Mabel
g0
work
...... in a nice house in Barchester.
This unit is about the PRESENT SIMPLE tense.
USE .We
use the
PRESENT SIMPLE:
A
For things which are always true: Examples: The bank opens at 9 arn. Penguins live in the Antarctic.
B
For things which we do regularly: Examples: I go to work every day. How often does Carol see Tom?
FORM Don't forget these points about the present simple: 1 Remember the final -s with he / she / it: Examples: I work here. He works here. She works here.
2
Remember to use DO and DOES with questions and negatives: 'What do you mean? I don't mean that.
Does he speak French? He doesn't speak Danish.
Good English? @ ln these sentences, three of the verbs are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.
1 Speak )zou German? 2 She likes Italian food. 3 I not go to school 4 Does she know Carol? 5 She live in Geneva. 6 The), don't play tennis on Mondays.
Anirnals (and the Final -r) @
A
Complete each sentence with the appropriate verb from the box, adding -s if nece ssary. 1 A polar bear . ..... 1n very cold water.
2 Kangaroos ..... . rn Australia. 3 The trger rs a big cat; it . ... about 150 kilos. 4 A horse ...... grass. 5 Baby animals ...... milk. 6 Rabbrts ...... long ears and a short tail.
B
weigh
drink
have live
SWiM
eat
Now write the opposite of these sentences, The first one has been done for you. 1 A polar bear .hm.? ru,b in very hot water
2 Kangaroos ..... 3 The tiger 4 ...... a horse 5 Baby animals 6 Rabbits
....... in England. .... about 10 kilos. ...... water? .... meat. .... short ears and long tails.
The Sky
o
Which of the following sentences are already complete? Use D0 NOT (don't) or DOES NOT (doesn't)
to complete the others.
1 The sun (. .....) rise in the \ .est. 2 The sun ( ) rises in the east. 3 The planets (. .....) revolve around the sun. 4 The planets (. .....) revolve around the earth. 5 People ( live on Mars. ) 6 A total eclipse of the sun (. .....) hrppen every year. Elections For the President Of "The Royal Society For the Protection Of Everythirg" @ Using the informatron about the candidates in the table and words in the box, complete the
sentences below. The verbs may be affirmative, interrogative or negative. CANDIDATES
Name
Job
Home
Party membership
lnterests
Max Wood
biologist novelist lorry driver
Norfolk
Liberal Conservative Conservative
pran0
Oxford Luton
Julia French Charlie Fabian
do does not belong live
1 Max Wood ..... as a biologist. 2 Max Wood and Julia French ...... the piano. 3 ...... Julia French ...... in Oxford? Yes, she 4 Julia and Charlie ... ... to the Conservative parry. 5 "'What ......you ...... at tlie"weekend, Charlie?" "I .... .. to football matches." 6 Julia ...... as a novelist. 7 Julia ...... to football matches at the weekend; she .. .... the piano. 8 "...... you . ..... to the Liberalparqr, Max?" "Yes, I ..... 9 Julia and Charlie ...... to the Liberal party; they are Conservatives. 10 Charlie Fabian ...... the piano. Ll, Max and Julia ...... in Luton.
piano
football matches play
do
work
g0
He is playiag
(present continuous)
Look at the picture, and study the sentences below. ,,, o ()
Jur --r-l\
-:x-(
"Hello, Sue, what are you doing?" " ?tn, deliaering pizzas."
O
"And what are you doing these days?" "I'tn. utriting my thesis."
Now complete each sentence with the present continuous of a verb from the box. 1 Carol ...... (not) ...... Chemistry; she ...... French. Change 2 "'What ..... ?" "Can't you see? I ..... . a fyre on my car." j "No gO (not) "Do I . ..... thanks. 3 you want to see a film?" i out tonight."
=----r
dO
StUdy study
i
iI
__]
This unit is about two uses of the present continuous tense.
USE
A
'We use the
PRESENT CONTINUOUS when we are talking about something happening now:
Look! That plane's taking ofll You're reading this sentence.
B
We also use it for something temporary or only happening fo. a short period. Look at the difference befween these fwo sentences: (Permanenr. It's my home.) I live here. I'm living here. (Tbmporary. I'm staying here for a limited time.)
I
f.-porary events may not be happening now, but they are happening these days, or this month, i 'W.hat are you doing these days? o, in this season etc: (rwo friends in a cafe): i I'm finishing a project for the company. I :____ i
Good English? in these sentences. Two of them are correct and four are wrong. Tick rewrite the others. fiwo of them are the wrong form, and two are the and sentences, right form but the wrong tense.)
@ Look at the words underlined
(/) the correct
1 I not am studying. 2 The kids are watching TV 3 'Where you going? 4 How much is this sweater costing? 5 It's not raining. 6 Cows are eating grass. not meat.
Here is the plan for Operation Drugs. Study the plan, and then do the exercises. OPERATION DRUGS: DETAILED PIAN lVlonday lst April: 2.30 pm - 2.50 pm
Agent
1 2 3 4
Assignment Dress (wear) Equipment (carry) Follow suspect on foot Dark glasses Revolver, radio Search flat Uniform Revolver, radio in Fish Street Watch airport No uniform Radio Wait in customs hal! Watch airport No uniform Radio Sit in car outside
@ First, complete these sentences with verbs from the plan in the affirmative or negative. What are they wearing?
1 2 3
Agent 1 .............. dark glasses. Agent 2 .............. a uniform. Agents 3 and 4 .............. uniforms.
What are they doing?
4 5 6
Agent 1 .............. the suspect on foot. Agent 2 .............. the flat in Fish Street. Agents 3 and 4 .............. the airport. Agent 3 .............. in the customs hall and agent in the car outside.
4
What are they carrying? 7 Agents L and 2 .............. revolvers. 8 Agents 3 and 4 .............. revolvers. 9 All the agents radios.
@ Now you have to complete these conversations on the radio.
t
Control
2
Agent
you .............. Calling Agent 1, calling Agent 1. What the suspect on focit. He is walking to the taxi stand. Now he .............. a taxi. I think he .............. to the arrport. you .............. ? Calling Agent 2.Whrt I .............. the flat in Fish Street. Calling Agents 3 and 4. Are you at the airport? I .............. in the customs hall, and Agent 4 .............. in the car outside.
1 I
3 Control 4 Agent 2 5 Control 6 Agent j
@ Victoria is away for two days, but she likes to phone home to find out what everyone is doing. Complete these sentences with suitable verbs. 1 "Flello, Robert, is that you? What you all .............. ?"
2 "I .............. a book, and Carol the prano 3 Dad is in the kitchen. He .............. the supper." 4 "And what's Fred up to?" "I think he .............. TV:' 5 "'Where's'Winston?" "He his supper." 6 "And what ?" "Sally? She .............. on the sofa." the cat 7 ".............. you all .............. a good time?" "Yes, we're fine, dont worry about us."
I know She is sitting
(present sirnple and continuous)
Look at the picture, and study the sentences.
Jessica Blake writes nouels, and sometimes she paints pictures.
painting now?" "This. Do you lihe it?" "I don't hnow. What is it?" "It's a tiger. It's sitting in a tree." "What are you
O
Now complete each sentence with a verb from the box in the right tense.
1 Fred, why
...
...
you
come walk
...... at the front door?
2 I .. 3 ....
.... for my friend Tim. he usually ...... to see you on Thursdays? 4 Yes, but he always ...... past the house on his way to the Youth Club.
stand
wait
ln this unit we compare the present simple and the present continuous tenses.
USE
A
Both tenses are based on present
t1me.
The present continuozs (she is taking) is limited. It is in the present time, and rnay go a little way into the past and the future. The present simple (she takes) is not limited. It goes into the past and future, perhaps for ever.
NO\v
PAST
Now
[---ir*-l reading this. I
FUTURE I
I am staying wit
Short Period
my brother.
Indefinite B
-We
?
use some verbs
I want some ice You cannot
say:
<- - -
'We
live in
London.
- - -> ?
in the present simple tense only: I know that! cream. that. rY He is wanting this. X I arnknowing
Here are seven of these "stative" verbs:
know
like
understand see mean want
hear
Good English? @
ln these sentences, three of the verbs are correct and three are wrong. Tick
and rewrite the others.
10
1 "'Where is Robert?" "FIe watches TV" 2 Are you wanting some more potatoes? 3 The bus leaves at7.30 am every day. 4 Are you working at ICI these daYs? 5 I am walking to the ofEce every day. 6 "Does Peter like the film?" "Yes, he does."
(/)
the correct ones,
Jobs: What They Are Doing and'W'hat They Do @ You have to write out these ten sentences, using a phrase from the box to complete each one.
e
The
nurs
The
secretary
Our architects
a
are
plannirg
b plan
The electrician
A the new offices. B tomatoes every year. C burglar alarms quite often. D about 10 X-rays a day. E the new air condiitioning unit. F letters and reports every day.
a is taking b takes a ls rypmg b fypes
a
..
.
G H
is installing ......
b installs
Local
farmers
a
I J
are growlng ....
b grow
potatoes this year. an X-ray at the moment. the letter for Jules & Co. all our building projects.
The Sweet Tooth Cornpany Has Problems @ You have to complete the following sentences, using the three verbs given at the end of each sentence.
1
"Sweet Tooth" is a biscuit company. It .... moment the company . ....., and they .
.. biscuits and small cakes of all kinds.
At the
..... a new factory in Manchester. (build, expand,
make)
2 3 4
Normally the company . ..... more biscuits than cakes, but this year the opposite seems to be true. The sale of these cakes . ... (+ 15%), but the sale of biscuits..... . (-10%). (drop, increase, se11) Most employees ..... . some extra work every week, and half the staff ...... on Saturday mornings. At present the union ...... for a 20% increase in wages throughout the company. (ask, work, do)
The Board of Directors are worried about this. The company ...... a small profit at the present time, but they feel that the unions ..... . for more than the company can pay. Of course, the union ...... to get the best possible wages that it can for its members. (ask, make, want)
A Telephone Conversation @ Complete this conversation with the verbs from the box in present simple or continuous. They may be affirmative, interrogative or negative. Some verbs (e.g. cook) are used several times.
cook know come want mean play do like take
go
Jane
Malden 4328. Peter Hello. Jane, this is Peter. Is John in? football. In fact, he always Jane Hello, Peter. No, he isn't here at the moment. He .. ...... football on Saturday afternoons. Peter And what ..... (yor) ... ar the moment, Jane? ..... supper for tonight. Jane Me? I Peter .....you always ...... the supper? No, ..... supper quite often, but I ..... today because some friends Jane John and I ...... it to be good!
Peter 'What
Jane
......you
......?
It's from an Italian recipe book.
I .............. Italian
food, but I
.... (not)
Italian! ...... you ...... what "friggere" ..............? Peter Yes, I ......, because I'm taking Italian classes. ..... to class? Jane Really? How often ...... you 7t
He cooked
(past sirnple
- 1)
First look at the table and then the sentences below it. Who did the housework last week? Clean the
Monilay
Cook the
Wash the
Iron the
house
lunch
dishes
shirts
Robert
Victoria
Fred Fred
Carol
Dennis
Tuesilay Weilnesilay
Carol
Thursilay
Robert
Friday
Victoria Victoria
Dennis
Carol
Robert
Robert
Fred
On Monday
Did Robert iron the shirts? No, he didn't iron the shirts, but he cleaned the house. 'Who cooked the lunch? Victoria did. Did Fred wash the dishes? Yes, he did.
o
Now you have to complete these sentences in the same way, using information about the family from the table: On Tuesday
On
Wednesday
2
.....
Carol
the shirts, but
...... the shirts? No, she
she
the
house.
... the lunch? Yes, she ...... Victorra ... 3 'Who Denms dishes? ...... the 4
On Thursday
Robert
5
the lunch; he
..... the lunch? No, he
shirts.
Fred
6
the
dishes? Yes, he
On Friday
..... the house? Yes, he... Robert 7 'Who ..... the lunch? Carol 8
W'e
... , and he
form the PAST TENSE like this: Regular *ed clean cleaned work worked Irregular several different ways, e.g:
boy bought see saw go went
Put
Put
(See next page and next unit.)
Interrogative and negative Main verbs He worked. He went.
Did he work? He did not work. He didn't go. Did he go?
Rember that auxfiary arrrd modal verbs don't use DO or DID: Was he ready? FIe wasn't ready. He was rcady. You cant go. Can I go? She can go.
12
the dishes!
the
Good English? @ ln these sentences, three of the verbs are correct and two are wrong. Tick(/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.
1 Did she went to the shops or did she stay at home? 2 He worked for the company for five years. 3 They didn't like the film very much. 4 What you watched on TV last night? Irregular Verbs @ You have to complete each blank in the table below with one of the irregular verbs in this box. Do the easy ones first!
: i I
bring build catch
caught shut lost won hit built lent shone brought found sent
lend ...... cut find.............. lose hit send ......
cut
shine shut
wln
A Patty @ You have to complete each blank with the past tense of a verb from the box.
I
1 Carol
lose *ll
.. three games of tennis with Robert last Saturday. She she ............. the second and third games. She was very pleased! -
2 Fred 3 Victoria
-gr;
-
tinO
-
pluy
the first one, but
bring send
cut
.... a pocket knife in the street, but it was very sharp and he his finger with it. a friend home and ............. her a cup of tea. But there wasn't any milk, so she ...... Fred to buy
4 5
some.
build shyt
hil
Dennis worked all day. He ........ ..... t new garage for the car. But he had an accident, because h.,............ his finger with the hamrner. Auntie Mabel went to her room and ............. the door.
A Rock Concert @ Robert went to a rock concert Iast night, and Carol asked him about it. Here are Robert's answers. You have to write Carol's questions. Example: What time ........./i4.&.M......... ? ' It started at 8 o'clock.
1 Where 2 'Who 3 4 What time
.....-...? 'We sat near the front. ... with? I went with Sue. ......? Yes, Sue enjoyed it very much.
.................? It finished
et L0.30.
@ Wally also intended to go to the concert, but evefihing went wrong. You have to put in the correct form of these verbs. 1 W"lly (not, see) Robert, because he.............. (not, get) to Robert's house in good time. 2 He .............. (not, arrive) at Robertt house on time because he .............. (not, be) ready. 3 He .............. (not, could) find the hall because he (not, know) where it was. 4 He .............. (not, could) get in because he .............. (not, have) a ticket!
t3
He cooked
(past sirnple
- 2)
The Story Of a Holiday
O
Carol is asking her friend Mary about her holiday. The verbs are all past tense, but they may be affirmative, interrogative or negative: HAVE you .............. a good holiday in Spain, Mary? A C M Yes, we did. C Tell me about it. CATCH the night ferry to Santander. M -Well, we ..... BE bad. was The voyage .............. very nice, because the weather
BM
Anyway,
TAKE
I .............. a sleeping pill,
for a couple of hours. and I IJnfortunately John , which was a piry . very tired. because he ...
SLEEP SLEEP
BE
CC
the holiday .............. ? How much M Well, it .............. us anything, for everything, because John's father . a lot of moneY on the triP. but we
COST COST PAY SPEND
DC
HAVE
you .............. any trouble with passPort control? M Yes!John .... his passport for 10 minutes, it again finalIy, so it was OK. but he
E
'Where M John's father C
you ..............
LOSE
FIND STAY
?
MAKE TELL
..... reservations for us in an
old hotel in San Sebastian; they .............. us it was 100 years old. It was very nice, bathrooms in the rooms! but they
HAVE
DO GO
And what .............. you .............. ? M On the first day we .............. to the market. you .............. a lot of money there? C much money, because we .... M No, we a seashell necklace for me. much money!John C
SPEND
SPEND/HAVE BIJY
you .............. to the beach? G C sunburned! M Yes, every day. I you .............. any nice people? C M I .............. to a lot of people; theyre very friend1y.
GO GET MEET SPEAK
More lrregular Verbs @ You have to complete each space in the table below with one of the irregular verbs in the box. Do the easy ones first!
I
L
bite break fall 14
rang
fTlI
rose flew
bit
broke grew
threw
rode
hid fell
i
i I
fly
hide
rrse
forget
ride rrng
srng
grow
sang
throw
Mixed Bug @ Here are nine sentences. ln each blank you have to use the past tense of one of the irregular verbs presented on the facing page. lf you can, cover the facing page and do the exercise without looking! . a song. 1 The bird . ..... into the air and .... ... the bel1. 2 He came to the front door and .. 3 She dropped the glass on the floor, and it 4 Fred got on his bicycle and ...... to school. Unfortunately, he ... ... offl .... me! 5 Ow! That dog 6 Fred picked up the ball and ...... it to Robert. 7 The sun ...... at 6.35 arn yesterday. 8 Fred's jacket is too small for him now; he ... ... 5 cm last year. ... where she put it, 9 Carol ...... five pounds in her room, but then she .. and now she can't find it!
Matching @ Write ten sentences by matching items from the three columns, and using the past tense of the verb. 100 metres in 10 seconds DRIVE The fat lady he could j,r-p across the stream The exam candidate RUN The driver The small boy The runner
The dentist The police The teacher The porters The pilot
KNOW EAT THINK CARRY OUT CATCH FLY TEACH
TAKE
a huge
amount of food
his taxi all day yesterday the answer to question number 2
the helicopter over the ciry psychology from 1985 to 1992
my tooth last Thesday the thieves two days ago the luggage to the bus
Past Or Present?
@ Here are eight sentences. Five of them are in the past and three are
in the present. Put in the
correct forms of the verbs given. (learn) French these days; what have you been doing? 1 I ...... 2 LIncle Victor ..... (teach) Maths at the local FE college when he was young. 3 -What ...... (you, wear) for the parry tomorrow night? 4 I .............. (sell) my old car; do you want to buy it? . (not, understand) him. 5 He spoke slowly, but I 6 He said "tomorrow", but he ... ... (mean) "never"! 7 I .............. (learn) French when I was young. 8 She . ..... (sell) her flat and went to live inJapan.
A Last Check On the Past Tense @ Complete the missing parts of these sentences in the past tense (affirmative, interrogative, negative).
KNOW
..... She. She
.n't. she ......
..... the answer. theanswer. the answer? Yes, she ...
15
She was
reading
(past continuous)
Look at the picture,
the sentences below.
Carol u)as reading a rnagazine when the phone rang. Dennis and Fred u)ere watching TY.
O
Now complete these sentences with a verb from the box in the past continuous (see Unit 85 if you are not sure about the spelling). 1 Victoria .............. supper in the kitchen. cook 2 'W-inston ..... the cat round the garden.
3 LIncle Victor 4 Ophelia
and Auntie
Mabel
leave swim
.. the house.
chase
quietly round and round in circles.
USE PAST CONTINUOUS (she was coming) to say that something was going on at a particular time in the past. It does not say whether the action was finished or not: I was having supper at 7 o'clock. Carol was living with her parents at that time. See LInit 85 for spelling.
A
W'e use the
B
We often use the PAST CONTINUOUS with the past simple, when the second action interrupts the first. The first action may or may not contlnue: I was walking down the High Street when the accident happened. (You probably never finished the walk!) I was having a shower when he arrived. (One action interrupted the other, but you probably finished!)
C
Some verbs are almost never used in the continuous tenses.
Here are seven of them:
know
understand
mean like
want
hear
Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct and four are wrong.
Tick(/) the correct
ones, and rewrite the others (two of them are the wrong form, two are the wrong tense).
t6
1 We were iust leaving. 2 I sat in the kitchen when the explosion occurred. 3 Was she practising the piano when you arrived? 4 They not were doing anything wrong. 5 I wasn't understanding what you said 6 You were waiting for us?
Victoria At School Yesterday,
Victoria was in her school, where she teaches English and History.
This was her timetable.
9 10 1,1 11.30 1,2.30 2.00
10 1,1, 1,1.30 12.30 2.00 4.00
Teach Teach
English History
(1st form)
(3rd form)
Break (coffee) Teach Eng Lit
(5th form)
Lunch Supervise games
@ Now you have to complete the following sentences, in the same way as the example. Example: At 9.30 Victoria 1
2 3
At 11.15 she At 12 o'clock
she
4 5
Verbs and Prepositions, and the Past Continuous @ Here are eight sentences to complete. You have to choose the right verb from the box, and put it in the past continuous. get
off
get
on
Iook
up
listen to
1 'When I arrived, John ...... a progranlme on the radio. the bus at the bus stop, it suddenly started to move. 2 As the passengers ..... 3 Fred ...... his bicycle to go to school when he saw'W.illiam. 4 'While you ... ... that word in a dictionzr!,I wrote a whole letter! climb
in
wait
for
lie
down
put on
5 'W.here were you at 1 o'clock? I ... ... you outside the cinema. 6 Victoria ..".. on the sofa when Dennis arrived home. 7 Fred ...... his shoes when his mother shouted: "Flurry up, Fred!" 8 Sally ...... the window when Winston saw her and started to bark. Mixed Bag: Past Simple and Past Continuous @ Choose the right verb and the right tense for each of these sentences.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
he sawJimmy Robert .... .. in the street when he ... sitting in a taxi! STAND THINK just.. to rain. BEGIN LEAVE .. the office when it.... At six o'clock I ..... TAKE SIT ... her handbag. man Carol ...... in the park when a jeans ...... a pair of blue with holes in them, Carol had a new teacher yesterday. He LEARN WEAR ...... a lot! but she ...... not ..... what he meant. ASK KNO\M He ..... her a question, but she ...... Russian. SAY UNDERSTAND ...... not The man ...... he OFFER DRIVE .. me d500 for my car! I .............. home yesterday when a man the other half of it, and ...... He wasn't very careful with his money; he . half to the poor. GIVE SPEND . television in the a friend home last night, when the family Robert 'WATCH BRING living room.
t7
I went I was going
(past sirnple and continuous)
Study the text, and look at the picture below.
Jessica Blah,e wrote two nouels last year. This year she was writing her third nouel when she brohe her wrist. Now she can't write at all.
--'1
d@
o
Now complete these sentences, using the correct past tense. (ring)? 1 'W.hat ...... (you, do) when the phone 2 It .... .. (rain) when we .... .. (go) out. ...... (hear) him. 3 The thief ...... (climb) through the window when the dog .... (come) home. 4 Fred ...... (watch) the television when Robert rUSE Torl
A
Both tenses are based on past time. The past simple is complete. It started in the past and finished in the past. It may be a single event, or many. The past continuotts ts incomplete.It started in the past, and was interrupted, or wasnt finished. PAST SIMPLE I
I *.rt home.
I
PAST CONTINUOUS I was leaving the house/when the phone rang.
B
-We
use some verbs in simple tenses only (see also Unit I didn't understand that. He liked her.
5):
He wanted some ice cream. You cannot
say: X He was liking her. I
He was wanting ice cream.
@ ln these sentences, five of the verbs underlined are correct and four are wrong or strange. Tick the correct ones, and say what is wrong with (or strange about) the others. 1 A new secretary came in but I wasn't knowing her. 2 Fred was climbing a tree when he fell. 3 'W.hen she arrived I listened to a concert on the radio. 4 I was liking your friend very much. 5 I drove to Scotland when I had the accident.
(/)
Choose the Right Alternatives @ You have to complete these sentences, by choosing the best alternative. a shark
bit him. biting him.
a shark was
tyre burst. g lunch.
4
Robert opened the door and Fred{ walked in' t was walking in.
5 6
-we
7
) The sun shone so the children went to the church' The sun was shinirg i ' tlt was,making several mistakes' 'while Marilyn was ryping the letter, {
8 g
the lake' went into the woods and saw some bovs who { were swimming in
' t swam in a lake' " i the -"^ parade a shot. ^^-^;...,-^fired somebody when we watched j 'we were watching
I sne maoe several mistakes. *'-' coming' They were having breakfast when the postmrr, { t came.
A Chapter Of Accidents @ Now you have to look at this table, and then complete the sentences about each person or group of people.
Name
Activity
AccidenVevent
Brian Smith The Browns Barry Short
go home drive to Manchester mountaineering practise karate cook lndian food walk in park
see/accident car/break down break/eg twisVankle the cooker/explode fall down/hole geycramp
Delia Harris Donna and Mike Wall Tim Black Tina Turnbull
Example:
B?,fu.$r:;lt
1 The Browns 2 Barry Short 3 Delia Harris 4 Donna and Mike Wall 5 Tim Black 6 Tina Turnbull
SWIM
w gbc hr*.4,1%.k
rqy,lk.as/pra-
A Little History @ Each of these sentences is about a historical event, with two verbs. You have to (a) decide which the right verb for each blank, and (b) choose the form of the verb.
1 2
J
4 5
6
is
The native Americans .............. already ... in America when LIVE ARRIVE Columbus ..... in 1.492. Cortes .... to Mexico rn 1.51.2 and .............. the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan. DEFEAT SAIL Isaac Newton discovered graviry when he ...... under a tree and an apple SIT FALL .... on his head. Kirrg'William II of England .. .... animals in the forest when an arrow HIT HUNT .. in the eye. GO BEGIN Lenin ...... to Russia rn 191,7 and the revolution .............. KILL WALK .... him. Gandhi ... in the street when a fanatic T9
Review: present and past, sirnple and continuous
These exercises give opportunities to practise these four tenses: I come (he comes) Present Present conttnuous I am coming (he is coming) Past She came Past She was coming (you were coming)
simple simple
continuous
Past Tenses Of Irregular Verbs
O
First you have to complete al! these sentences with he past tense of the right verb.
bite forget
, 1 He and it 2
... his dog with him to my house, but
send win he
build
...... a new house, and ,
nightingale ... to the top of the tree and ... to the ground. ..... and the bird
Carol
...... to give the dog anything to eat,
him!
He ..... d100,000 in the lottery and d10,000 to his mother. The
he
bring
--
bieati......
a
- -ft
r;ta_--
airs
beautiful song. But the branch
lend throw
..... a copy of the book they all wanted in a drawer, and 1t away. ... the book or ... friend
she
find ......
lose
it to her
friend, but her
Ctimn 5
The
policeman
..... behind a tree and
.
..... the thief
as
he
catch
hide
...... out of
the window.
Robert, Dennis and Fred @ Complete these blanks with the right form of the verb given in brackets.
A
Dennis
usually because he .... Dennis
..... (go) to the supermarket on'Wednesdays, but he .............. (not, go) yesterday .. (have) a lot of things to do. He .............. (g") today. Look, there he is! He
;,;;,;.t JI1',5liJ': :::::-il:::}l[,i:i'j.ii;;;;;;i1",:r,:'xl,#:b;;;
(carrv)
a
Robert
...... (write) the answers and This morning Robert ...... (find) r*o faxes on his desk, so he (not, do) that work, but several of the .... (send) them to Spain. He .............. usually .. (say) the same thing: "If you staff . ..... (b.) away today. And his boss always ..... (want) something to be done, do it yourself!" Fred
. (shine) .... (not, have) school. Last Saturday the sun ..... On Saturday mornings, Fred ..... (ride) to his friendt house. He .. brightly, so he ..... k.0 on his bicycle and . (ring) the bell, but they .... (hear) the sound of music ...... (not, answer) the door. He .. ... (find) his ...... (go) round and .. which ...... (come) from the back garden so he friend in the garden. "'Why (ring) the bell?" he asked. .... (yor, not, open) the door when I ..... "I ...... (listen) to the radio and I ... (not, hear) you," his friend answered. 20
I
Robert Steve. Steve
(walk) home from the office one day when he ..............
(t..)
an old friend called
(stand) at a bus stop.
"Hello, Steve!" said Robert. "-W'hat .............. (yor, do) these days?" "Robert! What a surprise! I .......... . (*ork) at'Wilson's for the time being. How about you?" (feel) hrppy "We11, I .............. (start) working at Dixon's about 5 years ago, and now I there. I ......... .... (*o.k) in the accounts department."
Hello, come in.
-W'hat's
your name,
please?
Steve Jones.
'What
(yor, do) at present?
Well, I .............. (work) at'Wilsonb, but I .............. (look) for a permanent job. I .............. your advertisement, and here I am!
(see)
'W.hat school ...... (yoo, go) to? Good. I .............. (go) to Buxton Comprehensive. 'What ... (you,study) there? I .............. (study) Maths and Science. Yes,
I
(yor, get) good results in your "A" levels? (geQ two "A" levels, with a good grade in Maths.
And what .............. (yoo, do) after you .............. (leave) school? (stay) with an old friend in his (come) to live in London, and Well, e yeat ago I flat. I ..... (sleep) on the floor for a month, but then I .............. (bry) a small bed and we .... b"0 it in the spare room. I .............. (not, stay) there now because about six months ago (move) into a larger flat with a group of two other friends. Thatb where I .............. Gtry) I ...... ... (have) a now. We .............. (share) the rent between the three of us every month. We ... room each. ... (you, apply) for this job? And why Well, I .............. (want) a job where I can have the mornings free. I .............. (prefer) working in the afternoons. This job is from 1 tiIl 8 pm, isn't it?
lestaurant Fill inr the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given.
(look) for a waiter. Excuse me, I believe you ...... Yes, that's right, ... (yor, want) a job? Yes,
I
(want)
a
job
as a
waiter.
(yor,speak) French? Yes, I
(speak) French.
Right. Here is our menu; it's all in French (you,understand) it? Yes,
I
(understand) most of it, but
I
(not, know) what "poisson" .............. (mean).
(think) you knew French! L..... (study) it at school. (know) a little. I ..... ..... (yoo, not, go) to the fish and (not, learn) much at school did you! Why You chip shop down the road and ask them for a job? That's the French for fish!
We1l, I ..............
He has finished
(present perfect
- 1)
Robert, Carol and Fred are going to a campsite in France for three days. They are leauing tomorcou) mornirug; haae they finished their preparations? Look at this table and the three sentences below.
Carol
Robert Collect tickets Pack rucksack
Fred
,/
x x
,/
Change money
'Wash
/
socks
Carol has collected the tickets. Has Carol changed her money? Fred hasn't packed his rucksack.
o
Using the table, complete the following sentences with the right form of the appropriate verb. ...... (Carol) her socks? 1 Robert ..... his rucksack. 3
USE -We
A
PRESENT PERFECT tense to join the past and the present. It does this in r'tvo ways. The action started in the past and continues to the present.
B
I have lived here for 10 years. The acti'on was in the past, but it has an EFFECT in the present:
use the
Present time
Past time -We
I
I've made coffee. fX/ould you like some?) don't use present perfect with yesterday /last week etc.
i
i
*l l
FbRM * verb*ed or an irregular form. He has finished. Have you found it? She hasn't forgotten.
'We use have or has
--
I
,
i
Irregular Past Participles @ You have to complete each blank with a past participle in the box.
r , ,
taken broken hidden written brtten eaten bite bit break broke bring brought bry bought catch caught
cut do
cut
did
drink drank 22
rung won flown bought lent drunk done seen caught sent found found grown brought cut
forgotten ridden given
eat find fly
ate
found flew forget forgot
glve gave grow grew hide hid lend lent
ride rmg see
rode
rang saw
send sent take took take took wln won wrlte wrote
--t
Good English?
(/) the
@ ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct and three are wrong. Tick
correct ones, and rewrite the others. (Two are wrong form, and one is wrong use.) 1 He has gave me the first letter. 2 Have you seen the new fi1m? 3 I have seen her three days ago. 4 He didn't has done that. 5 They have flown across the Atlantic three times.
It Has Happened @ You have
to read the sentence(s), then write a suitable sentence using the verb given.
Example: Fred was using a knife.
1 2
Now his finger is bleeding. (cut) . .H:bt"1.h.A*.'to.',
3
Carol is looking for her bag. (lose) . Fred has just got a new bike. (not, ride) Victoria didn't want to cook. But there is some supper.
4
(bring home, pizza) lJncle Victor picked up the vase. Now it's on the floor.
5
Robert is running the 100 yards race. He is at the end of the race!
6
(win) Dennis is getting a new car. (not,
(break)
'We Have
see)
Our Reasons
@ Now you have to answer these questions. Use the present perfect of one of the verbs in the box, and any other words you need.
I
Oo fly
lend ri ng
see
I can't; . . !'.rq(al'ye+ 1 Do you want to see this film? No, I don't; 2 Can you ring the bell again? Why? 3 Why don't you like that dog? Because 4 Didn't you recognise Fred? No! 5 "Why don't you want to fly to Greece for your holiday?" 6
an airline pilot" Fred, why aren't you doing your homework? Because
l
. . d10 already! . . nvice already.
Example: Can you lend me d5? No,
"I'm
grow bite
. . . three times already. . . me twice already! 6 inches
in the last
year!
. to Athens 50 times this year."
....already!
Mixed Bug @ You have to complete each blank with the right verb in the present perfect.
1. ..
baby .... his milk? .... .. (not) his food. EAT DRINK
.... the
Yes, but he
2 Fred 3 4
5
..... my book somewhere. Oh, here it is. L..... it. HIDE FIND It's my birthday; .....you ...... ? No, of course I havent, and I ...... you a present. 'What is it? BUY FORGET Ooh!
'W.here's
Fred?
He can't come; he .... .. a terrible cold. .... him some aspirin? I'm sorry to hear that. . ..... you Yes I have. He .. .... four today already! I think that's enough. TAKE GIVE CATCH got a stamp. Carol ...... a long letter to Susan, but she ...... (not) it, because she hasnlt .WRITE SEND
For an hour Since 10 ann Just
(present perfect
-
2)
Look at these pictures, and study the sentences.
He has sat there sinee Monday. He has just his fast.
O
He has sat there for fiue days.
started
Now complete these sentences with SINCE, FOR, JUST or HOW LONG. 1 "John is late." "No he isn't; he's .............. arrived." 2 I've been here.............. half an hour. 2 o'clock! 3 'Well, I've been here ..... 4 And ...... have you been here, Carol?
A
We have been here since April. We cannol say:
B
'We use
FOR to indicate
APRIL
X
She is here since 3 pm.
I
He was here since 3
p-.
the perioil of time.
MAY
JUNE (now)
for three months 'We
have been here for three months. We have been here for wvo days. Not: X since rwo days 'We can use FOR with several different tenses. 'We can also say: I stayed there for e week. I am staying there for a week.
I will stay there for a week. C
'We use
JUST to mean "a few moments ago It's 5.27 pm and the plane has just taken off.
Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the phrases underlined are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. ....... 1 I have lived in Paris since three months. ....-.. 2 I have lived in Paris since August.
....... 3 She has been a senior partner ftaJ34g4ry. ....... 4 She hx been a senior partner for six months. ....... 5 How time have you lived here?
24
Frorn Past To Present @ Complete these sentences with FOR or
SINCE.
1 'We have sat here ... . more than an hour. 2 Peter has worked at Dixon's .. six months now. March. has lived in her new house ..... 3 Sal1y 4 "I haven't seen her .... Monday." ...... three weeks. 5 John has been in his new flat 6 TheJohnsons have lived in their house ...... 1962. .. at least a month. 7 They will stay here . 8 I haven't had a meal ...... noon. 9 The builders have been in the house ...... last Thursday. less than an hour. 10 It was a short concert; they played ...
Do You Know the Answer? @ Complete each sentence with FOR or SINCE, and one of the phrases from the box. Only one phrase is correct for each sentence. Tip: read all the sentences before doing them.
A 1 2 3 4
i
.....
The Second 'World 'War lasted The United Nations has existed .. Europeans have lived in Amerrca .....
1789
years
i
i
France has been a republic
,
lrFA
about 50
years 1860
t_ l_716 B 1 2 3 4
about 500
6 years 1945
_
I
i
about 20!_!
vears i
The USA has been independent .... Christianiry has existed Italy has been a single country There hasn't been a major European war ......
The Johnson Family @ Complete each sentence with FOR or SINCE and a phrase from the box.
i i
SO
years tea-time
9o'clock
1 Robert has been working for'Wilson's ... r,. -________ 2 Fred has been trying to do his homework .... this morning. 'Where have you been?" 3 "'W'e've been waiting for you ............... :' 4 "My grandparents have lived in the same house
__-_
___,__-l
New News @ You have to respond to these statements in the same way as the example, using Example: Carol is going to be late.
JUST.
No, she ..k, i4r44.."yi!,4' .. (arrive)
1 2 3 4 5
'We've missed the first 20 minutes of the film.
No, we're OK, it .... (start) Are you ready to go home? Yes, I ....... (finish my work) The ba\ was born last night! Yes, I ...... (hear the news) Did you know about this yesterday? No, they ...... (tell me) They must leave soon, or they'lI be late. ....... (leave) It's all right, they .......
,
3years
25
I have gone I went
O
(present perfect and past)
Put a tick (/) in the right column for each of the verbs in the conversation below (two have been done for you). 1n
1 Where do you live now? 2 I arn living in London. 3 Didn't you live in Madrid for a long time? 4 No. I lived in Barcelona when I was a boy. 5 How long have you lived in London? 6 Five years. But ['ve been back to Barcelona 7 several times. I went there last weekend, 8
PAST
joining PAST & PRESENT
1n
PRESENT
,/
./
actually. Yes, I've rnade two trips to Barcelona
myself this year.
9 10
Did you enjoy the trips? Yes,
but
I prefer
London.
USE
A
-We
in
use the
PAST TENSE (I went,
she walked)
to describe activities which starteil
anil
finisheil
the past.
We often use expressions like these with the past tense: yesterday half an hour ago last week ten years
B
last year
-We
use the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (I have done it, they've left) to describe activities which join the past to the present. 1 Activities which continue from the past to the present: Robert has worked as accountant for five years. (and he still does) 2 Activities which have finished, but have an EFFECT in the present: I have seen that movie. (=and I don't want to go again) Have you ever met John? (-thr[ I introduce you now?) -We
I
ago
often use expressions like this with the present pe
until now t o far
t( already today up to now this week u
since
Good English? @ Look at the verbs underlined in each of these sentences. Three of them are the wrong tense. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 I live here for six years.
2 -We met John last night. 3 Have )rou seen that progralrune on TV last night? 4 Have you seen Peter latelY? 5 I wrote three letters so far this evemng. 6 She hasn't spoken to Tom since April.
26
i
Five Pairs @ ln each of these pairs, one verb is in the past tense and one is in the present perfect. First mark each sentence P (past) or PP (present perfect). Then write in the verbs in the right tense.
They
La John and Sue are going to Mallorca for their holiday.
1b
before. Last year they
.....
...... (never/be) there
. (go) to Lisbon.
2a My mother's father died before I was born. I ..... (never, meet) him. (see) him rwice so far this year. 2b My fathert father lives in Scotland. I ......
3a
...... (yor, do) your homework? Yes, here it ...... (yor, do) it? Last night.
3b 'When
4a Oscar Wilde
was born
in Dublin, but he
...
is.
... (live) in London or Paris for most of
his life.
4b Queen
Elizabeth
II lives in Buckingham
Palace. She
....
5a There was an elephant here yesterday; ...... (yor, 5b I .............. (never, see) an elephant in my whole life.
.. (live) there all her life.
see) it?
The Johnson Farnily @ Complete these sentences about what the Johnson didfiave done. Use the information given in ital ics.
t
Victoria sings in a choir. She started
..
She
2 3
Dennis used to playfootballfor an amateur team. He .. .. from 1975 - 1985. The Johnson
They 4
family liue in Hampton. since 1980.
Fred was born in their present house.
He........ 5
Fred
goes
.......... life.
to secondary school now.
Before that,
6 7
in 1985.
. many years.
he
. to primary school for four years.
Carol studies in art school. She . there for rwo years. Robert is an accountant.
He
........
his final exams f"vo years ago.
A Conversation @ Put the verbs given in the conversation between Sue and Carol in the right tenses.
S C S C S C S C S C S C
Hello, Carol, I .............. (not, see) you for ages! Thatt right. We last ... G..) each other at school rwo years ago. Are you at college now? Yes,
I am. I
. (start) in
1.994.
Oh, so you .............: (be) there for two years, then. And how's Robert? Fine. He .............. fust, start) a new job with an accountancy firm. (he, be) before that? Oh. And where He .............. (*o.k) in a bank for a yeer, but he ..... (not, like) it. How long (he, be) with his present firm? He .. .... (*o.k) there for six months now.
How He ..
(he, get) the job?
.... (answer) an ad in the
newspaper. 27
I had worked
(past perfect)
Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below. (Haaing breakfast in the Zoo . . .)
tNhen the clown woke up, the monkeY had already eaten his breakfast.
e
They couldn't find the lion tamer because the lion had eaten him.
Now complete these sentences with the past perfect of a verb from the box.
Robert couldn't find his pen because Fred ............-. it. .. the ice-cream. 2 Dennis opened the fridge, but Carol a ...... the cleaning before Dennis got home. J Victoria ...'.. already .... 4 The jug was empty because uncle Victor
eat
1
drink the milk.
USE
A
'We
use the PAST PERFECT when one action comes before another in the past:
"beJore-past"
past
. .when I woke up. I was surprisedshort. her hair had cut She She had already
left .
B With BEFORE and AFTER, we can rtse the past perfect, but we don't have to use it: I arrived after he left. He left before I arrived. He had left before I arrived. I arrived after he had left. I
FOR}I We form the past perfect with HAD * past participle: Affirmative: He had eaten his suPPer.
Negative:
He had not eaten his supper. Interrogative: Had he eaten his supper?
We often use the past perfect with NEVER, JUST and ALREADY I didn't see him because he had just left. She was nervous because she had never flown before.
28
do
take
-J
Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the verbs underlined are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others (one is an impossible sentence). 'l 'W.hen I returned he had finish the job.
2 'W.hen I telephoned they had alreadlz gone home. 3 I didn't had seen her until that day. 4 He left 10 minutes before I had arrived. 5 He had just finished packing when the porter arrived.
The Family I{ave Different Schedules @ Complete these sentences with the right form of the verb (they are all past perfect). 1 Robert got up at 6.30 am. His mother ..... . (already, make) coffee. 2 Fred got up at7.30 am. Robert .. (already, leave) for the office.
3 4 5 6
Fred left at 8.30 am. Carol .. (not, get) up. Robert came home at 7 prrr. Fred ..... (already, come) back from school. Dennis arrived at7 .30 pm. Victoria and Robert ...... (make) the supper. Carol got home at 10 pm because she was working in a cafeteria. The others .............. (already, have) therr supper.
Mixed B"g @ Complete these sentences like the example, using JUST, NEVER or Example: Susan offered to iron my shirts, but I M./rl/,,,/./r/.h41*4 them. Robert was late for work yesterday. That surprised everyone. He ... before. I missed the train by about 30 seconds.
lt ....
3 4
ALREADY.
...... (leave).
She asked me to have lunch with her at 2 o'clock, but I I always have lunch early. She got into the driving seat nervously. She .. t car before.
Two Secretaries: One Lazy and One F{ard-working @ You have to put in the right tense of the verb (past or past perfect). 1 'W.hen Rose ... (g.0 to the office at 9 o'clock, Susan had already started work. 2 Rose typed fwo letters before 10 o'clock; Susan (already, rype) ten. 3 They both had coffee at eleven, but when Rose (return) et 1,130, Susan had already gone back to her desk. 4 Susan finished her morning's work at L prn. By that time Rose (go) to lunch. 5 'When Rose ..... (come) back from lunch at2.15, Susan had already done half an hour's work. 6 'when Susan finished work ar 5.30, Rose .... (already, leave).
The Mad Professor Goes To oxford
ro
Give a Lecture
@ You have to complete the second half of the sentence, putting the two verbs in the right tense (past or past perfect). 1 The mad professor got to the station, but he (forget) to bring any money so he (go) back home.
2
He ran back to the station;
he
.. (not, catch) the right train because
it
(already, leave).
3 4
He eventually arrived in Oxford, but the meeting (already, start), so he (sit) down and listened. It was his turn to speak, but he ...... (not, have) his notes with him because he (leave) .. them on the train.
29
I-Jsed
to
(repetitive past)
Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below.
When he was at college, Dennis used to ride a bicycle. He used not to driue a car. (and he wasn't bald!)
O
Now he driues a car. (and he's bald!) Does h,e ride a bicycle? Not now, but he used to.
Now complete these sentences in the past (with USED T0) or the present.
l 2 3
'W.hen She
Carol was Fredt age, she
....
...
.-- (climb) trees.
.. (not, climb) trees now.
Fred and Robert sometimes
..
.. (pl"y) football.
USE USED TO is past tense only. There is no present tense. use USED TO for continuous activities in the pastExample: I used to play football when I was a boy. He used to cry a lot when he was a babY.
-We
She used to wear a hat, but now she never does. .A/ole: we cannot use USED TO in the present. 'We normally use the present simple tense e.g. This baby cries a lot.
Negatiue; I never used to go to the theatre. I used not to go to the theatre. (more formal) I didn't used to go to the theatre. (less formal, but very comrnon) Interrogatiue: Did you used to go to the cinema? (Iess formal, but very comrnon)
Answer.
Do you play football much? Not now but I used to.
@ ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct and three are wrong. Tick
correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 I use to get uP at seven o'clock. 2 They used to come and see me quite often. 3 I not used to like her, but I do now. 4 I was used to have supper with Fred, but now I don't. 5 "Are you a good tennis PlaYer?" "I used to be." 30
(/) the
Tell the Truth, Dad! Fred\ father, Dennis, wants Fred to study more.
@ Complete these sentences with forms of USED T0. Dennis Come on Fred, you've got to study more. Fred ...... study a lot when you were young? Dennis Certainlyl ...... I study every everung. Victoria Ahem!! (cough)
Fred
Go on, I bet you . I ..... . (not
'Wel1
.....
(not)
...... study EVERY evening, Dad!
. study every evening, but I ) evenings a week, and you don't even do that! Fred Mum, ...... my dad . ..... three evenings a week? Victoria Er, I'm not sure you . ..... study so much, Dennis? Dennis Well, I ..... . study one evening a week. Victoria Dennis, tell Fred the truth. You ...... (not) ...... at all!
Dennis
...... study two or three
Forty Years Ago Things 'Were Different In England @ Read the example. Then write the second sentence in the same way (Forty years ago . . .). Example: Today meat costs d5 a kilo f,,1,/
m *. P
:d l?t : tu: .... (50o) \-"r/
1
Everyone goes to New York by plane these days.
2
Now people take their cars everywhere.
(shiP)
3 ;;;; ;i.,;i;,;; ;;;pi. ;il ;";il; ;;;,10""') 4 ;;#;il .;; ;;,il.",J r";,h;t; i;i;r, i"#1: ffil:t
PeoPIe)
. (only a few people) There are thousands of cars on the streets of London today.
5
(verY rew)
6 *.;; ;";.;;;;;
j;;;,h.;;;r; (most women' not)
7
p.;;i; ;";;;;;;;;
'n;
;; (people, not)
Titnes Change @ Now you have to complete these sentences with USED T0 and the verb in brackets, or the present tense. "When
I
was a young
1 "In
girli'
dffirent. But times change," ...... (go) to different schools, but today
said Auntie Mabel, "things were
those days boys and
girls
school together." "In those days most
they
2 girls ...... (not, go) to universiry but today many girls 3 "In those days girls (not, ...... drive) cars, but today girls and boys both
...... (go) to ...... (go)." ...... (drive)
CATS.,,
4 "In those days most girls
...... (study) the piano, but today they
.
.. (g") to discos with
their friends."
5 "In those days girls ...... (stay) at home, but today they . .... (d")just what they like." "In 6 those days girls ...... (wear) hats and gloves when they went out, but today young girls often ...... (wear) blue jeans." 7 "In those days girls ...... (not, wear) trousers, but today many girls . .... (wear) trousers." "In B those days girls ...... (not, work), but today they . .... O.) career women."
37
I arn doing I do
(future
- 1)
Look at the picture, and study the sentences be low.
fd
better go. to Hamburg tonight. The plane leaaes at 7.45.
I'm flying
e
Now complete each sentence with the present stmple or present conttnuous of a verb from the box.
leave start open g0
1 I ...... at the end of the week. . in SePtember. 2 The new term 3 The Rembrandt exhibition .............. on February 17th. to New York for her holidaYs. 4 She . USE
A
'We
use the
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (I'm flying) when we talk
,il;;;il;r,,;--l
a
I
made:
'What
are you doing on WednesdaY?
I'm seeing Helen; we're having suPper together.
B
W'e use the
PRESENT SIMPLE when we talk about fixed arrangements for the present and
future, such as airline timetables, bus and train schedules, cinema and theatre times etc: The progranune starts at7.35. The bus for Manchester leaves in ten minutes.
C
You can sometimes use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS for timetables etc. when you speaking of a particular case:
are
My bus is leaving in 10 minutes. ,
I
i i
V"" cannot use the present simple for your own plans: X 'What do you do next week? X I have supper with Helen.
L
Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are "normal" and three are "strange". Tick
normal ones, and say why the others are strange. 1 The train leaves in five minutes. 2 'W.hat do you do tomorrow?. 3 The London train is arriving in Glasgow at 6-43 arn4 They're driving to Spain for their holidays' 5 W. gq to a disco tomorrow night with Sue andJames. 32
(/) the
Robert's Plans For the Veek Robert always knows what he is doing the next
day.
@ Look at Robert's diary, and then complete each sentence, with the verb
in the present continuous
tense.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
On On On On On On On
1 Tue 2 Wed 3 Thu 4 Fri 5 Sat 6 Sun 7 Mon
Monday, Robert Tuesday he Wednesday he Thursday he Friday he Saturday he Sunday he
Schedules, Timetables.
FEBRUARY
See director 9.30 am
Concert
Supper-Sam&Mary Cinema Carol 7.30 Study for exam Disco Jane (time)? Church parents 11 am
..
@ Now you have to complete each sentence with the right verb from the box, in the present simple tense.
'
have open start arrive begin close stop leave
finish
1 The coach for Edinburgh ...... London at 8.30 pm and . ..... in Edinburgh at 6.45 am. 2 The concert .. .... at7.30 prn and .............. at 10.15. 3 Next term we ... ... maths first thing in the morning. 4 We ..... working at 1 pm for lunch. After lunch we ..... . classes again at 2.00 pm. 5 I think the library ..... . at 10 am today and .... .. at 6 pm. Simple Or Continuous? @ Now complete each sentence with the best form of the verb (the present simple or present continuous). Some alternatives are possible. 1 -What time ... the first performance .............. 'What 2 you ...... for next weekend?
?
3 Mrry and George ..... . to Corfu for a fortnightt holiday soon. 4 "Classes ...... at 8.30 am, so don't be late." 5 "'W'i11you be in on Monday?" "No, I ...... at home next week."
(begin) (plan) (go) (start)
(work)
The Ghost Of Hamlet's Father Robert is an amateur actor, and next week he is acting in Hanl.et.
@ Read this dialogue between Sarah and Robert, and put in the best form of the verb (present simple or present continuous).
S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S
.What I .....
(do) next week? . you . (act) rn Hamlel every night next week. 'What 'What fun! part ...... you .... (play)? The ghost. I'm Hamlets father. 'What time .... . the play ...... (start)?
At 7.30.
parents
..... (come) to see you? (come) ...... on Thursday. And what time ...... the play .. .... (finish)? your
Yes,
At
they
11.
Oh dear, thatt late. The last bus ..... (leave) at 11 o'clock. The play ... (close) on Friday. Carol . (come) on Friday. Good! Expect me on Friday! I .............. (g") shopping with Carol on Friday afternoon. ......you ...... (not, work) on Friday? No, school .............. (finish) at lunchtime on Friday. I'm free from 1 o'cIock, and Carol can take me home afterwards.
33
Going to
(futarc
-
2)
Look at the picture, and study the sentences below.
5
\ -/ That car's going to crash in a minute.
O
I'm going to the police.
s/
call
Complete these sentences with GOING T0, affirmative, interrogative or negative.
1 'What ..... do tomorrow? It's Saturday. ..... do any work! 2 I'm feeling tired, so I . 3 I ..... . visit a friend of mine in the country. . be a nice day. The weather man said so. 4 'We11, it .... USE IA
'We
GOING TO when we are talking about our TO, or INTEND TO. use
desires or intentions. It's similar to
VANT
I'm going to see that film on Friday. (want to, intend to) I'm going to call the police. "'What are you going to do tonight?" "I'frr going to stay in and watch a film."
B
'We
GOING TO when we can see that something evidence of it in the present: also use
is going to happen, because there is
Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain. That cart going to crash in a minute! Pete Sampras is playing brilliantly as usual; he's going to win this match.
C
-We
can also use
It's late;
GOING TO with GO:
I'm going to go home.
Good English? @ Look at GQING TO in these sentences; two of them are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the
34
correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 She's going to play tennis tomorrow. 2 I don't going to wait for you; it's late. 3 Are you going to go to the concert? 4 -W.hat you going to do next week? 5 'Where you are going to park the car?
The Road To Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions @ Sue is very busy, and her boss, Jane Rainier, is impatient. Fill in Sue's replies to her questions, using GOING TO etc. Have you typed the report yet?
1
2 3 4
No, ............................ (now). Have you done the accounting? Not, yet, L........................... (this aft ernoon). Have you bought the coffee and the biscuits? No, I ............................ (in my lunch hour). Have you posted those letters yet? No, I ............................ (after work).
@ Jane has some more questions. Complete them.
1 When
file all these papers?
Er, late this afternoon.
2 When Er. I'lJ
ry
3 When 4
tidy up your
desk?
artd do iL romorrow morning. pay the telephone bill?
Er, tomorrow afternoon,
And when Er, oops, sorry.
ifl
can.
stop sayng "er"?
Ten Situations: What Is Q6ing To Happen?
O
lmagine you are in these ten situations. What do you say? 1 You have a ten ninute walk to ger home, and it is beginning to rain. What do you
say
to
yourselfr
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
"I
............................
(-e0
"We ............................ !" (late) You are in a plane. You look out ofthe window and see a mountain straight ahead. What do you say? *We ............................ I" (crash into) You see a dog running towards your ftiend, barking and snarling. 'W'hat do you say? "That dog (bite) !" Your boss rudely tells you to sweep up the mess on the floor. What do you say? "I ............................ (not) ............. !" Gweep it up) You are travelling with your friend in his car, which is very old. It starts to make noisbs. What do you say? "This car !" &reak down) Your favourite football team is t'wo goals ahead, and there is only five minutes left. \Vhat do you say? "I thinl< they !" (win) You watch your friend slowly packing her bag and talking. You notice that it's late.
)"::i::::.1:i1 ,,,
(missyourplane)
You are driving, and see a child at the side ofthe road. The child starts to move. \Vhat do you say?
"That
10
I"
You and Jim are hurrying to a 10 o'clock meeting. It is 9.55; the journey is about 15 minutes. What do you say?
child
!"
(cross)
You are at the beginrring ofa concert. The pianist looks at the audience. Your ftiend is talking. What do you say? "Shhh! He !" (start playing)
35
I'll do it
(future
- 3)
Look at the picture and study the sentences below.
/') J.., -.' /
4S
Wae
E\rr,
"This bag is too heauy for me. oDon't worry, Itll canXt it for yolt,."
o
Complete these sentences in the same way.
2 a
J
A
I must do the washing up. I .............. (do) it for you. I think it .............. (rain) tomorrow. I've got to take Janet to school , and I haven't got tlmeDon't worry I .............. (take) her for you. Ladies and gentlemen, the concert .............. O.gin) in five minutes."
w;,;.
vi;;;;-*.
.fib;;. pr.,r* ," J;=*;.,.
;-.;.;lr,s,
It's cold, and I haven't got a warm sweater. Don't worry. I'11 lend you one. (Not: I I lend you one.) Shall I switch the light on? (see C below) (Not: I Do I switch the light on?) This is an offer now to do something in thefuturc.In some other languages, people use the present tense for this. B
'We
use
VILL for the future when we are sure something will happen, or we are predicting that
it will happen: We will start the new millenium in the year 2000. Jane will go to universiry when she is 18. This is similar to present simple, which is especia\ used for schedules and timetables (see Unit 16). It is different from GOING TO or present continuous, which express intentions or plans (see Units 1.6 and 1.7). C
SHALL and'WILL Today, we don't often use SHALL for the future described above in B. offers in the first person singular, when they are expressed as questions: Shall I help you? Shall I open the window? What shall we do this evening?
In affirmative sentences, we mostly use the contraction 'll, or will.
36
'We
use
SHALL for
The Perfect Secretary @ Janet is a good secretary. She wants to do everything her boss needs. Her boss, Anula, asks her to do these jobs. Fill in Janet's replies. Example: Can you rype this report, Janet?
...!!4.W.4.t*t!,..
Yes, Anut^,
1
(now)
I'd like you to write to Professor Smith. ....... (this afternoon) I We have to buy some coffee and biscuits. (my lunch hour) I ........ Can you post these letters for me? ..... (after work). Yes, I Can you do the accounts? .... (tomorrow) Yes, I
Yes,
2 3 4 5
'We
need to send this parcel to France.
I .....
... (o, Friday)
Offers and Promises @ Now you have to complete these offers and promises with the verb given, and SHALL or 'LL
1 I
can't open the window; .
you?
itt
(WILL).
stuck.
(helP)
2 I can't read this; I haven't got my glasses. I ...... ... 1t to you. (read) 3 Robert, I can't reach my book; it's on that shelf. . it for you. (g.0 OK, Fred, I ... 4 I have to give this package to your wife. I ..... ....... rt to her if you like. (give) Predictions A: the 'Vorld @ Now complete these sentences using expressi )ns from the box and WILL or WON'T, as in the example.
Example: .....1..4p*.7.il,;th14,... the President of my country .1.'*.*t*g.. he .-.+tlo*|L...
1, .. 2 3 4 5
,o^,
to
...t4b1.(..... come
see me!
people .. people
...... travel to Mars next year. ...... travel to Mars in 10 years. ..... people .............. travel to Mars one day. ..... start tomorrow. ..... the third world war . ..... start in the next century. ..... the third world war . ....
to
see me;
in fact
lthink l'm sure
i I don't think iL_____=__.._l
@ Now you. Using the same expressions, complete these sentences about yourself, using expressions from the box above and WILL or WON'T, as in the example.
k.w*'L..
1 .. 2 3 4 5 6 7
do well in my next examrnatlon. ... play in the Olympic Games. ... learn to speak English one day. .. be a famous ballet dancer in 10 years. get a, better job next year. ... get married one day. ... be a politician one day.
i
i
Ptedictions B: You and Your Farnily
Example: ..|.'.ctrky.t
I
get married in the next six months.
37
Stand up 'Wait here Stop
(irnperatives)
Look at these pictures, and study the phrases.
Stop!
First, switch
Don't cry,
the computer
dear.
o Now t ... 2 3 4
on,then...
se sentences with the appropriate verb in the box.
listen
wait
... at those beautiful picturesl ......; the dog doesn't bite! ......, cafi you hear that noise? ..... a minute; I'11 go with you.
(not) worry
look
Let's Let Me Look at the pictures and study the phrases.
"It's su,nny! Let's go for a walk." "Don't let's go out; it's cold."
"Let me carry that."
@ Complete these sentences with LET'S or LET ME. ...... stay at home. 1 Do you want to go out? No, 2 Go to bed, John. Oh, ...... stay up for half an hour, Mum! 3 ...... go to Canada next ye^r; we need a long holiday. 4 ...... help you with that. No, it's all right, I can do it.
USE
A B C D
Orders from authoriry: These are the orders you must obey, from the police or the pilot of an airplane etc: Stop at major road ahead Do not smoke during take ofr Helpful suggestions or emergencies: These are from your friends or well-wishers, who are giving you an order for your benefit Have a nice evening! Look out! Be careful! Enjoy yourself'! Instructions on bottles and in manuals etc: Now turn to page 33 Shake the bottle Suggestions for the individual or the group: Let's go! Let me open the door for you.
FORM Irlegatiue Don't work too hard. (more for speaking) Do not work too hard. (more for writing) ContractionLet's : Let us
Authority, Helping, Or Instructions? Here are nine examples of imperatives. Read them.
1 Cut along this line. 2 A11 stand for the President. 3 Help yourself to a biscuit. 4 Stop and report to the oflice. 5 Mix the flour and the butter. @ Now write the number of each sentence
ABC Authoriry
6
'Wear a warm coat, dear!
7
Sit down and keep quiet.
8
Enjoy yourselves!
9
Read this manual carefully before you start.
in the appropriate column. One is done for you.
Helping
Instructions
@ Complete each sentence in these three sets with a verb from the box, and DON'T if necessary. One set is like A above, one like B and one like C. Which is which? Set
look be burn hold touch fall
L
1, ...
..... yourself,
itt
very hot!
2
careful!
3
that wire; it's live! (electric current) into that hole! out! There's a mad bul1 in the field! on tight; we're going down!
4 5
6 Set
2
1,
...
2 3
4 5
6
put wipe read touch mix answer
the instructions in the booklet carefully. these wires before switching off the electriciry. three questions from part one. the disc into the computer, then press "return". the computer with water; use a cleaning fluid. the flour and the water, then add the butter.
Set 3
enter stop walk keep fasten write
1 For official use only. below this line. 2 Danger! ...:..... out. 3 .! Police check point. 4 . on the grass. 5 ...... your seat belts. 6 Operation in progress! . ...... this room. Suggestions
.t), :.i.
!1",6
lt:,
,tz q ,.
'".,'":t.o,'-A.l;,:
o..
,.
@ Complete these sentences with LET'S, LET ME, or DON'T. 1 ... ... go out for the day; I don't rvant to stay in. 2 OK, but ...... finish this letter first. 3 No, . ..... finish it; you can do it tonight. 4 All right, but . ..... drive to the coast. I feel like a swim. 5 -We11, you can swim if you want to, but .... ask me to swim; the watert too cold. 6 ...... swim if you don't want to. Now, ...... see, have we got everything? 7 Yes, I think so. But ...... forget to bring a bottle of water. 39
Review: all tenses
-
1
ln Units 20-22, we practise all the tenses you have studied in the first 19 units. Present simple and continuous; He walks He is walking Past simple and continuous; He walked He was walking I have done I had done Present and past
Future:
perfect:
lmperatle:
She is leaving She will leave She is going to leave StoP!
Note; ln some of these sentences,
alternative answers may be possible. Notice how the meaning changes with a different tense.
Mixed Bag
e
-
1
You have to put the verb given in the correct tense.
..... (ring). 1 I was washing my hands when the telephone . 2 ......you ...... (se11) yourhouse? Yes, I am, if I can get a goodprice forit. 3 John ...... (study) medicine at present. 4 I ..... . (watch) a film on TV when she arrived. (have) a bath. 5 I feel hot and tired; I ..... ...... (chase) the poor catl 6 Look at-Winston! He ...... (have) lunch when I arrived. 7 They ...... all .. (lose) your way! 8 You are late; I thought you .. .... (see) me at the theatre last night? I was sitting at the front. you . 9 10 ......you ...... (like) spaghetti? Yes, I love it. 11 Victoria ...... (g") to the post office once a week. 12 My aunt was walking along the street when I ..... . (meet) her. .. (spend) our holidays in France. 1,3 We usually 14 When we got home, he ... ... already ...... (leave). .... (have) a shower. 15 'Wheret Fred? He .. ...... (plry) football when you were at school? 16 ...... you often 17 We . ..... (visit) my cousin in Amerlca next year. 18 She .. .... (plry) tennis when she twisted her ankle. 19 The boys ...... (start) studying French next term. 20 Carol ...... (drive) home when her car broke down. .. (t"y) something silly. 21. Every time he speaks, he ... 22 When the doctor arrived, the patient ...... already ..... (die). ..... (wear) that warm coat? It's not cold today. 23 Why ..... you (forget) his wallet. 24 He suddenly realised that he ..... 25 ...... (not, go) in there. It's not safe!
Used To Or Doesn't? @ You have
to complete these sentences with USED T0, DOESN'T or
DON'T.
...... ride now; he's too fat! 1 Dennis ...... ride a bicycle, but he ...... like it. I find it boring." ..... , but now I 2 "...... you like dancing?" "I . ...... chase it now. chase the cat, but he 3 'W.hen Robert was young he ... now I ..... he said, but everything I believe 4 ...... 5 Victoria ...... play the violin very well, but now she ...... have time. 40
Staternents, Questions and Negatives @ You have to complete these sets of sentences, by writing in the two which are blank in the same tense as the one given. Example: a She went
b c
She
shop
...
1. a
Tuesday.
(Negative)
on
Wednesday?
(Interrogative)
mushrooms.
: 'nlo:::T:T:iil:lr 2 a b c
(Affirmative)
on
cau,inower?
"Snow-White". "Gone with the'W-ind". Has she seen 'Jurassic Park"?
3 e He goes to the disco on Saturday nights. b c ...
on Monday morning. on Friday nights?
Present Perfect Or Present? @ Complete these sentences with a suitable form of a verb from the box. ---__l I live play i watch work
1 I ...........;.. for this company since 1,991. 2 'Where'sJohn? He ... . football on TV 3 -We .... in this house for three years. 4 The children ... ... Monopoly in their room at present.
5 6 7 8
.
John
.
you ever
Mary Hurry up, Sam. Sam and
Mixed Bag -
.
...... to a customer? Yes, he's on the phone now. .... such nonsense in your whole life? fi"rlly ...... their dream house. ..... for you!
heaf Wait tatt< buy
2
@ Now complete these dialogues with the right tense of a suitable verb. There may be some alternatives.
1. ". 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
... a minute, I'm not ready yet." .... you ..... Robert to come to our parry tomorrow? Yes, I ..... to him yesterday. I .............. to a concert tonight. Oh, how nice! 'W.hat ...... they.............. ? A Beethoven symphony, and a concerto by Mozart. ..... on that seat; the paint's wet! you . ..... the new film at the Odeon? No, I haven't. I ..... . to see it tomorrow. .... you
...... to come?
Thank you, I'd like that. Carol is now 20 yearc old, and she .............. her degree soon. She ... ... an interview tomorrow for a job as an assistant in an estate agency. She .. not ..... interviews! She is not sure what they . ..... her at the interview, and tomorrow she .. .... with her father. If she gets the job, Carol .............. for a few years, but she ...... to get married later.
41
i
I
I
i
Review: all tenses
-
2
In Units 20-22, we practise all the tenses you have studied in the first nineteen units. Present simple and conttnuousi He walks He is walking Past simple and conttnuousi He walked He was walking I have done I had done Present and past She is leaving She will leave She is going to leave
Future:
perfect:
lmperative:
StoP!
The Johnson Farnily
O
Read this information about the Johnson family, and select the correct alternative from the three grven.
The Johnsons
{ are liuing
/haue liued /liued} rn Hampton
for many years now.
Dennis {worked/has worked/used to work} in a bank, but he {has worked/is working/work} rn the Citizens' Advice Bureau. He {starts/is starting/has started} at 8 am and lfinish/finishes/finished} at 2 pn. H. { doesn't work/isn't work/hasn'f) every day, because the job is for three days a week.
Dennis and Victo na are married. They {got /get /haue got} married 30 years ago, and they had/has gor) three children.
{ haue got
/haue
Robert is the eldest son. He {work/is work/works} as an accountant. He {goes/go/is going} to the office every day at9 arnand {stayed/stays/is staying} there for 8 hours. He very often {stays/stay/is staying} in at noon and { eat/has eaten/eats} lunch at his desk. Carol, their daughter, is at universiry. She {was/has been/i.s} there for two years, and she {finish/will finish/is
fnish\ university next
year.
Fred is their youngest child. Yesterday, he {played/was playing/were playing} football with some friends when they { broke/broked/were breaking} a window in the neighbour's house. Mr Smith, their neighbour, {come/was coming/came} out of the house and {shout/shouted/had shouted} at them. IJnfortunately, they {haue broken/broke/were breaking} windows before, and they {were/are/was} wel7 known in the
neighbourhood. Today is Monday, and Fred is at school. He {didn't do/isn't doing/doesn't do} very well in his maths exam last month, so for the last three weeks his teacher {giues/has giuen/would giue} him extra tuition on Mondays after school at 4 pm.
The time is now 2.15 prn, and Fred {has /is haue /is hauing} a history class. They ljust finisherl /had just finish/haue justfinished\ lunch. They always {haue/was hauing/had} lunch at the same time, from 1 pm to 2 p^.Fred {sits /is sit/is sitting} at his desk in the back row; he {k feeling/feel/felt} sleepy because it is a warm day and he {is hauing/has/haue} a full tummyl The teacher often {makes/make/is making} Fred move to the front row, because she {is knowing/knows/know\ that he is inattentive. How-ever, when the class {start/starts/started} at 2 pm, she {forgot/forget/kforyotten} to move him, and now she doesn't want to. She {think/k thinking/thinks} it will be disruptive
42
if
she imoues/moued/is mouing\
him now.
I{itch-hiker
" Student"
@ ln this exercise you have to do two things: (1) decide on a suitable verb for each blank,
and (2)
decide what tense the verb should be.
A
last Monday morning, I ...... my car along the road to Swindon when . a young man standing at the side of the road. He .. .... a raincoat and .... a black briefcase. He was wet because it . ..... hard, so I .. .... the car and
At 9 o'clock
I .....
:n:--o;I .
:;wr,...' ?,,r. "I ... ... to go to Swindon." "...... you . ..... a lift?"
..
"Yes please!"
man .
The young
seat. Then he
B
...... the door. He ..... in the car.
..
..
.... his wet coat and
I soon ...... that the young man ...... a strange accent. He English like a native speaker. I was curious.
..
...
it in the back
.... not
"-W'here ......you from?" I ..... . him. "We11, I ..... in France but now I .............. in England." "...... you .. .... friends in Swindon?" The young man .... not ..... lmmediately. Then he said: I am at the universiry there." "Oh, really?" I ....... "-W-hat "Yes.
......you
...... ?"
man
The young "Last year
I
I .....
.
..... lmmediately. Then he said: ...... not ...... Mathematics, but next year I ..... something different."
C
... that there isn't a universiry in Swindon. Flowever, I .. .... (not) say anything to the young man. His clothes were strange too. Students usually ...... jeans and a tee shirt, and . ..... rucksacks, but this young man ...... a suit and tie and ...... a briefcase!
D
At that moment I ..... . the sound of a police car behind me, and . the flashing red light in my rnirror. I ..... . the car at the side of the road. The young man, who . very nervous, ... ... out of the car and ..... to walk quickly away. 'We The policeman .... : "Hey, ...... ! .... .. to talk to you!" But the young man . ..... away up the street and one of the policeman ..... after him.
E
The other policeman
I
..... to me. ... ... and you ..... that young man, sir?" never .... him in my whole life!" ...... he ...... in your car, then?" he ... ... in the rain at the side of the road, and I
"How "I ...... "-What "-W'ell,
in Swindon for many years, and
......
.... the car and
him a lift." "-W'e11,
that was very kind of you, sir, but we think this .... .. the money in that bag, we think."
man
.... a large shop last
night. He
F
At that moment, the young policeman "This is the one, sergeant."
....
.. back,
with the young man in handcuft3.
..... . the black briefcase from the young man and .. .... it. Inside .... a great pile of banknotes. Thousands of pounds! "-W'ell!" said the sergeant, ".............. at all this money!" ".............. you ...... to buy hamburgers for all your student friends, then?" "No, I ..... to buy a birthday cake for my auntie." " .............. that to the judge!"
The sergeant
there
Review: all tenses
-
3
As a final review of verbs and tenses, here are two stories, one about John Smith, the novelist, and one about Angela, the university student. You have to complete all the blanks with the right forms of the verbs given. You will find that some of the verbs are interrogative or negative. You will also find that there are some possible alternatives, which sometimes change the
meaning slighty.
John Srnith, the Novelist
O
These facts about a novelist's life are divided into five sections. Before each one there is a box with the verbs you will need, one for each blank. frp: look at the whole paragraph before you decide. become
A
work
spend
leave
g0
study
...... his childhood in India in the John Srnith, the author of this book, is 55 years old. He ... back never he ..... old, and he was 13 years ... India when 1950's but he since then. From 1958
he .............. law at the lJniversiry of London, but after graduating he ...... a lawYer. Instead, he .............. on a passenger ship for some years as a cabin steward.
to
1.962
...... not
wonder
B
start
come
think
notice
allow
On the ship there was a strange couple: the wife was a young Egyptian woman and the old that they had a big bag in their husband ...... from Central America. One day he .... ..... anyone to touch. "How strange!" ..... not cabin which they . John. "I . to use his imagination. A novelist had been born. ..... what's inside!" And he publish
describe
live
have
marry
SCII
recent novels he .............. that experience. All Smith's novels have been very successful. ...... it rwo million copies since this company first His first novel, "The Tower", eight years ago. Ma{orieJones, and since that time they ...... Ten years ago, John Smith met and .... rwo children, Roger andJane. in a farmhouse on the Sussex coast. They
C In several
play
win
write
work
SWM
teach
D John is a consistent writer; he ...
at least 2,000 words every morning, and then he and in the sea in suruner. ..... tennis or .. English Literature at the Universiry .. also For the last three years, John Srnith on a new novel. His novels already .............. fvvo now ...... Essex, and he
Marjorie
of
international prizes. spend
put
say
allow
want
not .............. talking about the future."I think we will do better if we . However, it is no secret that he .............. to the future to look after itself]" he always .. six months trying to write his first play.If he is successful, he write a play. Next year he it on at a London theatre.
E John 44
enjoy
Angela Has Finished LIniversity: Vhat Happens Next? @ Here is the story of a young woman who is starting her life. Complete each space appropriately with
a verb from the box.
wait want apply know get A
live
Angela Parkinson is now 22 years old. She has just finished her first degree in Archeology and is not sure what to do next. At the moment she .. .... with her parents in West Hampstead, but she .. .... to stay there. She ..... for ajob in Peru, and. ..... for the answer now. She . not ...... if she .. ... the job or not, but she's hoping for the best.
Three years ago Angela .... .. secondary school and . ... to Oxford Llniversiry, where she .. .... three years. It ...... her parents much money, because she .............. a scholarship. So now here she is, at the age of 22: what ...... she ...... next? be
C
work
decide
want
find
look
Two months ago she .. .... to get a job. It ...... easy, but she ...... in the paper every day, and after a month she .. .... her first job. At the moment she .... as a porter in the Hampstead Royal Free Hospital in London, but that is only temporary; she really ...... to go
to Peru. write
study
finish
leave
g0
recerve
D Yesterday Angela saw an advertisement in her local papers for temporary workers on an archeological site near her home. She .. . a letter of application in the evening. This morning she .. .. just .. out when someone called her for an interview. She ... the house at once and went to see them. Here is part of her interview: "Good morning, Angela. .... you ...... your studies at university?" "Yes, I .............. my results last week." "'W'hat ...... you ...... ?" "Archeology."
The interuiew continued . . . "-W'hat plans do you have for the future?"
"Well, I .............. to go to Peru later on, to work on a site there." "I see. How long ...... you with us if I ..... you a job?" "'W'e11, at least three months. Work on the site in Peru ...... in March next year." "Right. Right. We . .... the job forthree months. I thinkyou...... the work. You can report to the site tomorro'w."
tell give matter go begin wear findl F
Angela left the office and . .... home to tell her mother. preparing lunch. "Mum, they . ..... me a job for three months." "Thatt wonderful, dear; when ..... you .... ?" "Tomorrow. They ...... me to go to the site." "FIow exciting! 'What .... you :.. ?" "Oh, clothes .. not .... ! I can wear anything."
She
...... her in the kitchen,
45
Can Could
Managed to
(ability)
Look at the picture, and study the text.
Edmund Hilary and Sherpa Tensing could climb uery well. In 1953, they tnanaged to get to 7-r 1--\ ) he top, and from
29 May 1953: which mountain? t,--'u-f-' (--vY -'-(
t'-Y-t
*'j
(
r! -*-?,-^--\- 'u''
I---
(t-'
here they could see hundreds of miles.
o
Now complete the sentences in the same way, with COULD or MANAGED T0.
1 2 3
Victor
...... play billiards very well when he was younger. ...... beat him. However, last night Robert ...... hear very Carol went to a concert. She sat at the back, but she
Uncle
w'e11.
A COULD/MANAGED TO (Past tense) These words mean two different things: 1 An abiliry with no reference to doing: 'W.hen I was young, I could run very fast. (a general abiliry; there is no mention of
2
particular occasion) An achievement on a specific occasron: I was not a good swimmer, but I managed to swim to the riverbank. achievement on a particular occasion)
SEE, HEAR, FEEL, TASTE ("petception" These verbs take COULD in both meanings. General abiliry: 'When young,
I
was
a
(a specific
uerbs)
I could hear better.
Specific occasion: I could see very well at the theatre last night. C
coul-D NoT
(COULDN',T) In the negative, we do not make the above distinction: 'When I was young I couldn't run very fast. FIe was not a good swirnmer, and he couldn't swim to the riverbank.
Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct, one is wrong and one is "strange". Tick
46
(/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 He worked hard and he could pass the exam. 2 Last year the company managed to sell more radios than ever before. 3 He managed to swim well when he was a young man. 4 He could speak three languages, but he never used them.
Couldn't and Managed To @ Complete these sentences using COULDN'T and the same verb which is used in the first half of the sentence. ...... in the fog. 1 'We managed to drive in the dark, but we 2 She managed to finish the food, but she ...... her coffee. .. the text. 3 She managed to read the headlines, but she ... ten. I .............. 4 I managed to walk five miles, but
@ Rewrite these sentences to say the opposite, using
1 2 3 4 5
MANAGED T0.
He couldn't pay his bills. Although he was "broke", he ... She couldn't walk home. In spite of her accident, she .. I couldn't persuade him to help. Although he is a difficult person, I ..... I couldn't find the ring I had dropped. Although it was quite dark, I ..... She couldn't persuade him to wait. Although he was very annoyed, she
@ Choose between COULD and MANAGED T0 according to whether the sentence is about a general ability, or a specific achievement on a specific occasion.
1
Mozart
....
2
Maria Walewska
.. play the piano brilliantly when he was only 5, and by the age of 16 he
...... find employment in
.....
Salzburg.
.
. translate Hamlet into Polish, which meant she
....
. read
English well. .... brry a second-hand car. .... drive well, and he saved up his money and .. 3 Peter she ... ... dance Ballet School; in the Royal 4 Maria Braun ...... get a place beautifully, which explains why. . climb out of his cot on ...... walk by the time he was one year old; he ..... his second birthday. Sergei ..... play football like a professional, and he .............. get a place in the Dynamo
5 Fred 6
team.
7 I .............. translate the poem, although I .....
only speak German to an intermediate
1eve1.
@ Choose between COULD and MANAGED T0 according to whether the verb is one of the "perception" verbs or not (use COULD if possib,e). ..... see the procession because I stood on a box. 1 I am rather short, but I ...... gelthe work finished on time. 2 I didn't feel at all welI, but I .. hear what she said on the phone to his brother because she spoke 3 Stephen very loudly. reach America. 4 After facing great difficulties, Christopher Columbus ..... 5 "Did you like the soup?" "Yes, I .............. taste the onion in it." 6 When the car broke down, I ..... . repalr 1t. ...... feel every bump in the road. 7 The springs on the car were so bad that I
47
\Vill Should May (Shouldn't) 'W'on't
(probability)
Look at Robert's guest list, and study the text below.
Qy,Z Nigel and Fiona will definitely come to the party; Samantha should be there too, because she usually comes. Alan and Athene tnay eotne, but it depends on the baby-sitter. Mrs Jenlzins won't conxe; she hates parties.
O
Now complete these sentences in the same wdy, using WILL, SHOULD, MAY or WON'T.
1 2 3 4
Susan Ji- . Peter Eddie
... pass; she's a terrible student. ..... pass; he's not very good, but he's better than Susan' ... pass; he's a reasonably good student. ...... certainly pass; he's an excellent student.
USE 'We use these words
A
'We
B
-We
'We
to say if we think something will happen or not:
'WILL or 'WON'T when we are sure of something: The sun will rise tomorrow. Don't worry, my dog won't bite You!
use
use
SHOULD when we think something
is probable, but we are
not completely sure:
Your car should work now, Mrs Jones. also use
SHOLILD in the negative:
You shouldn't have any more trouble, Mrs Jones.
C
-We
'We
MAY when we think something is possible, but we don't have a clear idea: The weather is changeable; it may rain. (or it may not!)
use
in other ways too: For'WILL compared with other future forms, see Unit 18. For SHOULD in "You shouldn't smoke", see USE box in Unit 25, note B. For MAY in "May I sit here?", see USE box, IJnit26, noteD.
use these words
Good English? ln these sentences, three of the verbs underlined are correct, two are strange in meaning and two
arewronginform.(1)Markeachsentence/(right),?(strangemeaning)orX(wrongform)'(2) Rewrite the stran ge/wrong sentences. 1 She not will be late. 2 That should work because it's broken. 3 She won't finish in time; it's already too late. 4 He malrs be here in half an hour. 5 They may want another helPing. 6 He can swim well . . . so he will drown. 48
True Or Not? @ First, you have to complete these sentences with WILL or
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fred
...... be
1.4 years
WON'T.
old next month.
Mabel ...... go to Fredt birthday; she hates parties. ...... see him again tomorrow; he's always here. I am sure I You .. .... like what I am going to say, but your room is a mess. They ...... be here at 6 as they said because the plane has been delayed. ..... arrive at about 7 o'clock. If there isn't a "securiry alert" on the underground, I
Auntie
Certain, Probable, Or Possible? @ Now complete these sentences with WILL, SHOULD or
MAY.
1 "I'm really worried about my exam; I ... ... fail." 2 "Mr Smith, I am worried about my exams; do you think I ..... . pass?" ..... pass, but you can never be sure." 3 "'We11, you've done quite a lot of work, so you . .... find seats at the concert; I haven't bought the tickets yet." 4 "I hope we .. .... get in because het not as popular as he 'was." 5 "-We11, I think we .. 6 "However, 'we ...... have a problem. If we do, we can go for a meal instead." Frorn Certain To Irnpossible @ Now, you have to rewrite these sentences, using WILL, SHOULD, MAY SHOULDN'T or
1 2
WON'T.
The Queen is certain to arrive at2.1,5. The Queen ... She is certain not to arrive late; she is always punctuai.
She
.
3 I think your car will be ali right now. 4
Your car .. I don't think you'l1 have any more trouble with it. You Rain is possible, so take your umbrel1a. .
5
It 6 7
...
About d20 wlll probably be enough for your expenses. About d20 I don't think he'll be late today; het usually on tlme.
He.
B
He is certain not to cry; he never does.
He
..
A Conversation On the Telephone @ Read this conversation, and complete it with the most suitable word. Some alternatives are possible.
will should may (not)
won't
I V
Hello, Mrs Johnson, is Carol there please? . definitely be home later, but I'm not sure what time. No, Jill, she's not. She ... I think. eight, ...... be home by
I V
...... she be in tomorrow morning? ......; shet going to have her hair done. I'm not sure what-herplans are in the . . You never know with Carol! .... be in, but equally she ..... She -We11, going out tomorrow afternoon, I don't I ..... . be her then; call I ..... . probably
I
She
No, she afternoon. think.
,".49
Have to Should Don't have to
(obligation
-
1)
Read these paragraphs, noticing especially the words in bold type. 'When
you go on a trip from London to Paris, you have to buy a ticket. You should change some money before you go, but it's not vital. You don't have to buy insurance if you don't want to. You don't have to take the ferry to France these days; you can take the Eurostar through the tunnel. You have to board the train 15 minutes before departure, and you should take enough clothes to wear
in Paris. If you write to your friends in Paris, you have to put a stamp on the letter. You should use the postcode if you know it. You don't have to write your address on the back, but some people do.
O
Now complete each sentence with the best phrase from the box, in your opinion. Use each phrase once. When you go to the swpermarket,
1 you 2 you . 3 you .
.....
bry anything if you don't want to.
.....pay for your goods. ..... be polite to the cashier. This unit and the next one are about how you talk about rules, obligations and optlons.
USE Imagine a line from
A
OBLIGATORY to OPTIONAL-
We have to be there at 6.30 to catch the plane. You have to stop at a red light.
OBLIGATORY
There is nothing to discuss! (We often use HAVE TO and MUST to mean approximately the same.) You should clean your teeth after a meal. Fred should wash his face; look at it! These are desirable, but not obligatory; there's no law about cleaning teeth!
DESIRABLE
You don't have to wear a suit.
OPTIONAL
She doesn't have to eat it all. These activities are specifically not obligatory.
I
+
MUST, HAVE TO and HAVE GOT TO These three phrases mean approximately the same, but you can only use
MUST and HAVE GOT TO in the present tense: He'll have to fly to Paris next month. He has tolhas got tolmust fly to Paris today. He had to fly to Paris last month. See also MUST (deduction) in Untt 27 . i
Good English? @ ln these sentences two of the underlined parts are correct and two are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.
1 Mary will have to do that tomorrow. 2 I must go; it's late. 3 I had got to finish last night. 4 You haven't to wear a tie if you don't want to. 50
Dtiving When you are driuing, some rules are obligatory and others are optional.
@ Complete these sentences with HAVE T0, SHOULD, or DON'T HAVE T0.
1 You 2 You . 3 You . 4 You . 5 You . 6 You . 7 You .
...... stop at a green traffic light. ..... stop at a red traffic ligh ..... stop at an amber traffi.c light if you have time. ..... wear a seat belt in the UK. ..... wear a suit when you are driving! ..... drive more carefully when itt raining. ..... keep your headlamps on during the day if the light is poor.
Playing Football When you're playingfootball, you haue to do some things, but others are optional. What is your opinion?
@ Make up sentences with HAVE T0, SHOULD, or DON'T
game time
have a shower after the keep quiet all the
HAVE
T0, and phrases from the box.
boots rules
wear football obey the
play as well as you can stay for the party afterwards
2 3 4 5
6
.....:..
fn the Oftice When Robert is in his ofice, he has to do some things, and he has a choice with others.
@ Complete these sentences with HAVE T0, SHOULD, or DON'T
1 He 2 He .. 3 He .. 4 5 6
He He He
HAVE TO and a verb
...... conscientiously all day. .... on time; if he doesn't, his pay is deducted. .... after work to do overtime.
... .. ..
from the box.
barrive stay
do be
... polite to his colleagues. ... in silence. .... what the manager tells him to do.
work
work
Fred At Horne When Fred is at home by himself, his mother leaues instructions about what he has to do, and some choices.
@ Rewrite these sentences with HAVE T0, SHOULD, or DON'T
1 Close the front doorl 2 It doesn't matter whether you draw the curtarns. 3 It's better to switch the lights off. 4 Don't worry about the cat: I'11 feed her later" 5 Take your key with you! 6 I prefer you to do your homework before you go out.
HAVE T0.
.
.
.
51
Have to Should(n't) Can('t) Don't have to
(obligation-2)
Study the sentences below.
'You cant't smoke in the library." 'You shouldn't talk loudly-" 'You haae to carry your paSS." 'You don't haae to wear a tie." 'You should tallz quietly." 'You can. bring uisitors."
o
Now complete these six sentences, in the same way, using each phrase in the box once: When you uisit the British Museum
..
.
...... take the exhibits home with you! 1 You .... stay as long as you like. 2 You .. bry a ticket; admission is free. You . ..... 3 4 You ..:........... make a lot of noise. 5 You .... .. leave at 6 prn, when the museum closes. ..... always talk quietly in a museum. 6 You .
This unit and the previous one are about how you talk about rules, obligations and options.
Imagine a line from
OBLIGATORY through OPTIONAL to FORBIDDEN.
A
We have to be there at 6
B
They should be more friendly.
C
You don't have to wear a suit.
D
You can sit here.
to
catch the plane.
(Unit 25) (Unit 25) (Unit 25)
FIe can watch us if he wants to. These are optional activities; you can do them or not In formal situations, we sometimes use MAY in this way.
as
you wish.
You shouldir't make so much noise. They shouldn't stand there; we can't see. These activities are not desirable.
You can't park there! Tel1
him he can't smoke in here! These activities are not allowed.
For note on MUST,
HAVE TO
and
HAVE GOT TO,
see
Unrt25.
Good English? @ ln these sentences two of the underlined parts are correct, two are grammatically correct but sound
strange, and two are grammatically wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 You shouldn't be polite to your family. 2 You don't have to get up early on Sundays. 3 He doesn't should do that! 4 They has to be here at 6 arrr. 5 You have to show your passport at Passport Control. 6 You have to wear a hat in London.
52
Ledbury: Do's and Don'ts In Public Places Here is a chart of five places in Ledbury where you can gol The Cinema, The Art Gallery, The Park, The Football Stadium and The Concert Hall.
No/ Obligatory Cinema
buy
a
Desirable
ticket
Allowed
obligatory
Discowraged
smoke
arrlve on
talk
Forbidden
tlme
Art Gallery The Park
copy the palntlngs
follow
fixed route
parntmgs
keep
walk on the
walk on the
pick the
children under
grass
paths
flowers
leave bags etc. at
cloakroom use the litter bins
provided
talk loudly
a
touch the
control arrlve ln good time
Football Stadium
Concert
Hall
arrlve on tlme
bring your own
shout abuse at the other
refreshments
spectators
bring
wear a sult
throw bottles at the referee
talk
chocolates
@ Look at the chart, and then complete the sentences below with appropriate forms (affirmative or negative) of words from the box.
I The Rex Cinema ......
A 1 You 2 You .... 3 You . 4 You . B
The Ledbury
should
can
bry a ticket before entering the cinema.
..... arrive on time. ..... talk during the film.
Art
Callery
make copies of the paintings if you wish. follow a fixed route through the gallery. talk loudly while in the gallery. leave bags and umbrellas in the cloakroom. . touch the paintings.
...... .... ... ....
Ledbury Park
1 You 2 You .. 3 You . 4 You . 5 You . D
to
. smoke in the cinema.
1 You 2 You .. 3 You .. 4 You . 5 You ... C
have
...... pick the flowers. ... walk on the grass if you wish. ..... walk on the paths. ..... put all rubbish in the litter brns. ..... keep children under control.
Ledbwry Football
t You 2 You ... 3 You .... 4 You .....
Stadium
.... arrive in good time. ... bring your own refreshments if you wish. . shout abuse at other spectators. . throw bottles at the referee.
E
Ledbury
1 2 3 4
Hall
Concert
You
You You You
. .
..
53
I
I
-;a
^^
Rf
"What can, that noise be?" "It must be a train." uNo, it can't be a train. They don't use this track a.ny more."
O
Now complete the following sentences in the same way, with CAN, MUST or CAN'T. Sssssssssssssssssssssssss / / /
1 -What ...... that noise be? 2 It .... .. be a snake! 3 Don't be silly; this is London. It .... .. be a snake. 4 'We1l, it .... .. be Robert; het too grown up. be Fred! 5 I know; it .... This unit is about guessing, or deduction.
USE
A
-We
use CAN to ask a question about the identiry of something or somebody; it's an invitation for the other person to guess: (There\ a knock on the door.) Who can it be? 'W'hat on earth can it be? Look at that strange animal!
I\ote: "-What on earth..?" is more emphatic than "'What..?"
B
'We
C
'We
use MUST when we are guessing, or deducing, from what we can see or hear: Who can that be? It must be John. Nobody else would wear such a funny hat. -What's that noise? It must be the wind.
IT
when we are identi$ring a person or a thing: rt/that be? flMho can he be?) It must be John. (I He must be John.) It's John. use
Who
can
Itb a manuscript. It must be a manuscript.
Good English? (^ v ln these sentences three of the underlined parts are correct and three are wrong. Tlck correct ones, and rewrite the others.
1 'What that can be? 2 It must be the wind. 3 And who can that be? ;...... 4 I can hear something; he nrust be the milkman. 5 It's 6 o'clock; that can be John. 6 -What can that funnlr smell be?
54
(/) the
Mixed Bug @ You have to complete the following sentences with MUST or
CAN'T.
1 That ...... beJohn; itt too soon for him to be here. 2 Peter ...... be home by now; itt already gone seven. 3 This . ..... be Tinat house; there's her car outside. 4 There's a pram outside the house next door; our new neighbour ...... have a baby. 5 The babyt not eating her food; she .. .... be hungry. 6 He never leaves the house until nine, so his class . ..... start at nine; it .... .. start later. 7 She is reading a French newspaper, so she ...... know French. 8 You've just slept for ten hours, so you ...... possibly be tired! 9 The manager has given her a 20%o rrse; she .. .... be a good worker. Vhat Can They All
Be?
@ Here are three scenes, all starting with a question: what, or who is it? Complete these sentences with words or phrases from the box: 1
.What
2 a
No,
J 4 5
6
.
...... this be? ..... be a carneta. ... be a carnera;
it hasn't got a lens!
'What ...... that be? I know! ..... be a giraffe. Don't be silly; ..... be a grraffe' its neck is too short!
7
-Who's
9
Don't be sill1,,
that?
I don't know. -Who be? B It .... .. be Charlie; he usually comes on Thursdays.
dear;
..... be Charlie; today is'Wednesday.
Strange Noises In the Johnson House! It is euening in the Johnson household, and strange noises
can be heard. What/who can
it
be?
@ Complete these sentences with words or phrases from the box. 1
2 a
J
4 5
6 7
't:::: :: ":: ::t:: #i::.:3
;il; ;,*" il, ;;;;
o"
can can't must on
earth
it
No, no, .... be Fred; het asleep. Look at the time. Oh, in that case .... be Robert. He's probably singing. Singing! He ... ... be dying, to make a noise like that! I know, ..... be Dennis, playing his harmonica. How awful! He .. .... possibly play so badly!
@ Finally, you have to write questions or answers for these four sentences, using CAN, MUST etc.
as
appropriate. Use the information given in brackets.
1a b
2a b
3a b
2
I don't know. I think ii
U. ifr.
*ira t, ,fr. ;;r. ?
It may be Susan. She said
i ,rri"r.,rr.,
4a /.... b
-r,
she
,* .rri-p*r..r, ../..
might come round.
u", i'; r"; ,r.;.
..../.
(not radio; haven't got one; probably television) 55
Can Could Muy 'Would you like
(invitations, requests)
This unit is about invitations, requests, offers, and asking permission. We use similar expressions in all these situations.
INVITATIONS
'When
we want to invite someone to something, we often use expressions and responses like
these:
'Would you like to have lunch with me? Thank you, I'd love to! Thank you, I'm afraid I can't.
Not: X
Do you like . . ?
REQUESTS 'When we want to ask for something, we often use expressions and responses like these: Can I come with you? Could you (possibly) show me how to save a document? Yes, certainly/of course . . . I'rn sorryr l'rn aftaid not/I can't. etc. M"y I . . ? is a formalway ofsaying "Can I . . ?" OFFERS When we offer to help someone, or give them something, we often use expressions like these: 'Would you like a cup of coffee? 'Would you like me to help you? Thanks, I'd like one. Thanks, that's very kind of you. etc. No thanks, I've just had one. No thanks, I can manage. No thanks, I'rn OK. etc.
PERMISSION
'When
we ask permission to do something, we often use expressions and responses like these: Can I sit here? Could I sit here? Yes, certainly/of course . . . f'rn sorry, I'tn afraid not. Do you rnind if I sit here? (= "y.t, you can sit here") No, not at all. Yes, I'rn afraid someone . . . (= "no, you can't sit here")
on SAYING "THANK YOI-J" When we say "thank you". . . the way we say it depends on how important the favour was, and who we are speaking to (a stranger, a friend, a superior, a colleague):
A
note
Xll ,,0..u o you.
56
e
ln these situations, you have to (1)complete the invitation or offer etc., and (2) choose an appropriate answer from the box. Yes, madam, they're over there. 0h yes, l'd love to. l'm afraid I can't on Wednesday. Yes please, thanks. Yes, of course, you Yes, certainly.
can.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Robert is going to a concert tonight. He wants to ask Sue to go with him. . .......... ? Would you ... Carol requests perrnission to sit next to a lady in a lecture. ...... ? Excuse me, could Fred is lost. He wants to get to Stratton Street, and he asks a man in the street. .......... ? Excuse me, can you . Robert sees a friend without a car, and offers him a ride to the tennis club. ........... ? Hello, would you . Auntie Mabel wants some airmail envelopes, and she asks the shop assistant. ......... ? Can I Victoria wants to invite her friendJosephine to come round for lunch next-Wednesday. 'Would ..... ? (No) you ..
@ ln these situations, you have to (1)write outthe invitation or offer etc., and(2) choose an appropriate answer from the box. Yes, certainly, madam.. Yes, l'd love one.
All right, but just today.
Yes, I don't need it this morning.
How nice! All right, but don't lose it!
1
Fred has forgotten his pen, and wants to borrow one from the teacher.
2
...... ? Robert wants to leave early today, but he has to ask his
3 ;;,,,au.i;;i;;;;;
;;;i;; il';;'.*;: ...
4
A friend of Victoriat
5 ;t.;;;,"*;;;;
;;
has
boss's permission.
.o*.,,a;;;*,.r,;h;;. '.
the weekend
?
just arrived. She offers her friend a cup of coffee.
;i;;;,; ;; ;;;; ;;i;il;; i",,,;; lr,.;;;;;;; .....
-,r..
her request
?
6 Itt raining, and Victoria wants to borrow Carolt umbrella for the morning. 2
@ rnthese,it,ution,;;;
;;;; ,; ,;;;';;,;;;;,ion0,..,,.,.,.,,,0,r,
.n.,seany
appropriate answer (in number 6 the answer is given).
1
Fred is sitting in the doctorb waiting room, which is full. offers him his seat.
2
Carol is inviting Stephen to go with her to Brighton for the
..............
3 ;.;;,;
i;
#;;,;;i;
how to get started.
4
lJncle Victor
has
*,ir,
?
An old man comes in, and Fred
(Y.r)
... day.
r,i,;;;;; -; i""!Yf;;;, ,,a;;t;;i;,can exprain
..... ? [.r) ... forgotten his pen, and he wants to borrow one from his friend Arthur.
s R;;;;;; ;;; ,..u.,*;;;;h. ;il; i; ;.;,i *,,fT],;.; -; "nb;,,. nap him 6
........... ? Er).... Victoria wants to park in front of the shop, and she asks the shopkeepert permission. ........... ? No, not at a11,. (: Y.r) Do ........
Review: all tnodal verbs ln this unit we review all the modal verbs and other items presented in Units 22
- 27
.
)bligatton Probability Ability have to don't have to will won't can't can't could couldn't may should shouldn't shouldn't managed to lnvitations and Requests Deduction yes, certainly/of course can could may must be can be? you like / l'dhke no, I'm afraid not would can't be
can
Ability
o
Complete these sentences with suitable words or expressions of ability. .... carry this; it's too hear,ry for me! 1 Robert, I .. 2 -When he was young Dennis ...... swim very well. 3 Fred ...... pass his exam last week - nobody knows how! 4 Carol ...... drive when she a young girl, but she can now.
Probability @ Complete these sentences with suitable words or expressions
1 2 3 4
of probability.
.... be here on time, and then "Is Carol punctual?" "'W.eI[, you never know with Carol; she .. .... not!" agarr. she .. "Is Robert punctual?" "Yes, usually; he ... ... be here on time." You don't think he'll be ... be late!" late?" "'We11, he ... "Is Victoriapunctual?" "Yes, always. She. ..... be here on time, you canbe sure of that." "Is (Jncle Victorpunctual?" "No, never! He .. .,.. be here on time, you canbe sure of that."
Obligation
o
Complete these sentences with suitable words or expressions of obligation.
1 2 3 4
.... go in there, it's not allowed. I'rn sorry, you .. ..... a jacket and tie if you don't want to. The atmosphere in my office is very informal. You . You . ..... eat so much; you'll put on weight. "Can you stay for supper?" "No, I ..... . go now or I shall be late home."
Deduction, Invitations and Requests @ Complete these sentences with suitable words or expressions
reguests.
of deduction, invitailons and
......John, he always gets home about this time." 1 I can hear someone knocking." "It 2 "'W'hat's the time?" "It's 5 o'cIock." "-What? It ..... . 5 o'clock! Have we been here that long?" 3 "Dennis is home!" "No, he ... ... home yet; it's too early." ...... about 6 o'clock." 4 "'W'hat's the time?" "I'fil. not sure, but it ..... I sit here for a moment? 5 Excuse me, .
58
?,.
rn
i;'u"!
)),if,
ri
"
ll;'a>;, ra,l.
;;i!;:)
An Invitation To a Graduation
,,.
@ Complete this dialogue with suitable words or expressions from the expressions listed at the top of the previous page.
A
There is a knock on the door at the Johnson's house.
'Who Dennis It ..... Victoria
that
....
It\
10 o'clock at night.
...... ? It's late!
my old friend Charles. He said he would come round with an invitation for his sont graduation party. (He opens the door,)
Dennis Hello, Charles!
Charles
come in? just for a few minutes; it's late. but ,
Victoria
a cup of coffee? a cup of tea instead? I
Charles
me awake.
'What Charles
Dennis
...... we do for you, Charles? come to my son's graduation parfy next weekend?
Victoria How nice!
Dennis Is it a very formal
'We11, men
occasion?
wear a dinner jacket, because itt in the morning, but I think most ..... wear a jacket and tie. Victoria Of course, Dennis, you .. ... go to a graduation parry in a bathing costume! Dennis .... take Auntie Mabel and (Jncle Victor with us? Charles No, .. . ; I've only got four places for your family. But .. .......... to invite Robert and Carol. Charles
Victoria I'm not sure about Robert; he .... come. He .... go to Paris on business next weekend. Charles 'We11, you ...... ... tell me about Robert now, but . . you phone me tomorrow morning and tell me? Victoria I ...... ..... (NO), because ... to teach all morning, but I 'Will phone you in the afternoon. that be all right?
Charles Victoria I .....
, but how about Carol?
go. Next weekend she ...... Carol ...... weekend; she's taking an exam on Monday.
Victoria
........
Charles Right, "2
e
:i: 4 '. "')
,i;; ;ia
[ES)
I must go now
and thanks for the coffee!
'3:!.';,'a' tq?.t @ ..r,t ror
t
4":"
@ Complete this passage and dialogue with suitable words or expressions from the expressions listed
at the top of the previous page. 'When Fred likes climbing trees. he was younger, he often tried to climb the big tree in Monica's garden, but he ... . But yesterday he ... . get to the top of the tree. At that moment, Monica came out. "Fred!" she said. "You ....... .... be up there. You ..... come down at once! Your mother .............. .. be very angry when I teil her!" "You .. tell her," said Fred, "I . ... hurt myself. I climb "r;, ::....:::::....:::: :'::. down now!" Monica shouted, and Fred started to climb down. He
,;
:;:ltffi'-."J1;,3T.lTl"',i;;;:; il;;;;;;ffi.t:L:::llJfJli;rr.d
her shoulders; that was how
he
.... get down.
on
Coffee is rna de at lL
(passive
- 1)
Look at these pictures, and read the sentences below. OT{ PARL€ FRAN(AIS
French is usually spohen here. Tbday, Eruglish is being spoken.
The phone wire was eut while the meeting usas being arraruged.
USE
A B
C
-We -We
use the
PASSIVE when the important question is'WHAT IS DONE? (not: who does it?):
English (is) spoken here [by somebody, but the person is not important].
when the important thing is'WHEN? or OF WHAT? etc: The lights are switched on every day at nightfall. This watch is made of plastic and glass. The house was being painted when we arrived. 'We also use the PASSM when we want to put the person who did something (a famous scientist, writer etc.) at the enil of the sentence: Radium was discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. also use the
PASSM
Present sirnple The porter
the main door.
The main door
Note:
I,Jegatiue:
Interrogatiue:
The window is not unlocked Is the side door unlocked?
Present continuous Dinner Past sirnple They The work Past continuous They The work
the work
in good time. in good time.
the work when we arrived.
when we arrived.
Good English?
o
60
Look at the underlined parts of these sentences. Three of them are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 4 Portuguese is not spoken in Ecuador. 1 Are the offices cleaned at night? 5 The windows is closed in the evening. 2 It not is made of glass. 'Wheat is grown in Fairfield. 6 ....... watered? plants are Do the 3
First, the morning
..
.
@ You have to rewrite these sentences in the passive.
1 2 3 4
Somebody unlocked the main door. The main door They switched on the lights. They switched off the answerphone. Somebody opened the windows.
. . (ln the euening, the opposite was done.) you have to complete these sentences to show the same four actrons @ Now will be the opposite). 1 The windows were 2 The answerphone 3 The lights 4 The main door Itlow, the euening
in REVERSE (the
::::::::(crose)
@ Look at this map of Sylvania, and complete the sentences.
SyrvANrA
TTOOEFIELD
O BBNToN
MOUNTAINS
*e,
QH., -
4-."n 14\ t1 /\
R.IEHMOND
o
ffi
ry
O W = SrLvt'R S @ = coPPEE = 641v166r,AS @ ffi
t 1. ... 2 3 4
KEY : WIIEAT
@ \f8 =vECaErAtsL*s @ & = APFLEs' @ ,fift = sr"rEE-P @ Sm = cATTLE @ 4{ts =' HoRSes @ :iflt -- c1oLD
PENW-ICF
are reared
O 6@ = cAR's @ # = FqRNrtt{P€ 5 Cameras ...... in Wilson. 6 Vegetables ...... in Benton. 7 Sheep ...... in Moorfield. 8 Silver ...... in the Wilcox hills.
in Richmond.
... are made in Penwick. ...... is mined in the Kent mountains. .... is grown in Fairfield.
9 Furniture 10 Apples 1,1, Copper
1,2
Florses
@ Write out the information as complete sentences. Use the passive and 1 The Jupiter Symphony / compos ed / Mozart
/
2
The part of Henry Y
3
The Schubert songs
4
"Gone'With The Wind"
5
Canterbury Cathedral
pleyed
/
Kenneth Branagh
/ will sing / Kiri Te Kanawa /
wrote
/ bs:Irt /
/
Margaret Mitchell
1.4th century
/
Medieval craftsmen
BY.
verbs
This can be done
(passive
-
2)
Look at the picture, and study the sentences below.
u|'
It ean't
be dane.
it ean,. No, it ea,tt't.
Yes,
o
It ean be done! It should be done!! It rnust be done!!
Now complete each sentence with a phrase from the box, accordingto the meaning (grammatically, all phrases are the same). will be must can should
be
be
1 2 3 4
"'When will you do this?" "This is urgent; the car
"The speech "Your desk ......
"It ..
easily
be
done tomorrow, madam." delivered tomorrow at the latest." changed if you don't like
it, Mr President."
kept reasonably tidy."
USE
A
See
unit
B
'We
use modal verbs (*i11, should, can etc.)
30 for the way we use the passive, and the form of the passive in present and past tenses.
in the same way in the passive as we do in the active: This work can be done; it's not difficult. The children should be looked after better. We expect that more radios will be sold next year. Do$ rnust be kept on a lead in the park.
FORM The form is similar to the passive in Unit 30: They might finish the job by 7 o'clock. The job rnight be finished by 7 o'clock.
In the same way: could
help =----r-
could be helped
@ ln the following sentences, three of the underlined phrases are correct and two are wrong. Tick
62
the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 The game must be played according to the rules. 2 I think this boat can to be built in three months. 3 He was badly hurt, but it couldnt be helped. 4 Your luggage may be inspected by a customs officer. 5 The disease could be curing if we had the right medicine.
(/)
@ Complete each sentence with BE and the past participle of a verb in the box.
r i 1 "I would like to ...... up at7 o'clock tomorrow morning, 2 The police are looking for the boy everywhere, but he cant 3 The fax machine isn't working; it'Il have to 4 'When she twisted her ankle she couldn't walk, so she had tci 5 This work will not . ..... for a mont at least.
; i
6
finish wake repair canv f11d j
i
please."
hotO expect o rtain
tell send
Application forms for the post of personal assistant should
7 8 9 10
...... 1n to the personnel ofEcer by 15th August. Interviews for the post will ...... in the first week of September. Further information about the post can . ..... by telephoning 063 7645. Candidates will ...... of the result of the interview r,vithin 48 hours. The successfu candidate will . ..... to start work on 1st November.
@ Complete these sentences with the passive of the verb in brackets. Use any tense, and SHOULD, MIGHT or WILL if necessary.
1 Rolls Royce makes luxury cars. The first car with this name ...... (nrake) in 1906. 2 Ifyou leave your car unlocked it ...... (steal). 3 The next conference ..... . (hold) in Rome. 4 In Medieval tirnes, cathedrals ..... . (build) slowly, over nlany years. 5 My car ...... (repair) last week, but it'.s not working very well. 6 That light switch ...... (mend); it's dangerous like that. 7 The new governor's ofEces ...... (paint) last week. 8 Potatoes and tobacco ... .. (bring) to Europe from Arnerica. 9 French and Flemish .. ... (speak) in Belgium. 10 "Is the plane ready to leave?" "Yes sir, the luggage ...... (load), and we are ready to take off."
The Mad, Mad Export Cornpany: Annual Report @ Read this, and then complete the paragraph below it, with suggestions for what to do next year. You CAN USe SHOULD BE and WILL BE.
This year 150 refrigerators were exported to Iceland; unfortunately only one was sold. In addition, 2,000 oil heaters were exported to Singapore, but there was no demand. And finally 50,000 umbrellas were sent to Libya, but they were not bought because it didn't rarn.'We decided not to dismiss the manaser -We
would like to hear suggestions for our export plans for next year. . . ... to Singapore, and then many
1 I think the refrigerators more
2 I think the oi1 heaters .. to Iceland. 3 I think the umbrellas .. .. to Assam. It rains a lot there. 4 I think the manager .... 5 Then perhaps the company . ... able to sell its products. 6 'With a new manager, the company ... successful next year. 7 If we don't do something, the company .... finished rn 1.2 months. !
63
i
Corne in Get down
(phrasal verbs
-
1)
This is a sequence of four units , 32-35, in which you will practise verbs with: back
in on up out off down away
32: We present verbs of movement with prepositions which give the direction. Unit 33: We present verbs with UR DOWN, OUT and ON, where the meaning of the Unit
Unit
34:
preposition is extended, but the verb keeps its meaning. We present24 verbs, where the verb and the preposition together have a new
Unit
35:
meaning. We present a furth er 24 verbs, as in Unit 34.
ln this unit, we present the prepositions of movement as four pairs.
IN/OUT out
put his hand in his pocket, and took it out again. She went in the room, and carrle out a few minutes later.
He
ON/OFF off
on
He took his clothes off and put his pyjamas ott,. They got on at the bus stop, and got offnear the market.
UPlDO\vN down
up
What goes up must come down! (saying) He went up the stairs to the second floor, and
\ lme
dousn again.
A\VAY/BACK back
away
You can take those books
o
away with !ou, but you must bring them baek next week.
Now you have to complete these sentences with an appropriate word from the box. Each pair of sentences takes one pair of words.
inlout
1. a b
64
upldown away/back
It's warm in the house; you can take your coat ... It's cold outside; you d better put your coat .......
a b
Fred climbed he couldn't get
a b
Don't throw those papers and you'Il never get them
a b
They opened the door of the restaurant and walked but when they saw the crowd they soon walked
on/off
. the tree, but then
...... ; you may need them, if you burn them!
again.
@ Now complete these sentences with an appropriate word from the box.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n
i-
b;;k :. .^..
They come every day and take the rubbish i .. to the top floor They took the lift and went i The bus stopped and several people got ... "There's table cloth in the drawer; can you take it ...... ?" in the house. You should take your hat ...... .... his pocket and found a five pound note. He put his hand 'When you've finished using my bicycle, bring it ......'...'... ! "Fred, are you upstairs?" "Yes." "Can you come .............. ?"
Hullo,
'When
I i
-?I9I ---l
corne
..... and have a seat. the child turned and ran guard, he saw the
...... his bicycle and leaned it against the wall. 1,2 "Goodbye, come ...... and see us next year if you can-" 13 At 10 o'clock, Robert left the living room, and went ...... to his bedroom. ... the sofa in the living room. 14 He left his book lying 15 He went ...... the stairs agarfl, to get his book. 16 Carol wasn't at home; she had gone ...... with her boyfriend. Fred got
1,7 When she heard the sad music, a tear welled up in her eye. She brushed it 18 It is dangerous to push someone ...... the swimming pool.
......
Four Paits Here, you have to choose one of the two prepositions and one of the four verbs for each sentence (use the right form of the verb).
@
@
0N/0FF 1
Shall
2 3 4
'We
I take the dust cover offthe computer?
Here comes the bus, be careful when you . must be near the centre of the town now; let's . ...... with that knife. You can ...... the paint
......
i
it
__.,_i
1 ...
i
..... the bus at the next stop.
lN/OuT 2 3 4
o
No,
i
i-- - watk--pra
againl
i
, John! It's good to see you .... for me? .... it The wine is in the fridge, can you He was so angry, he stood up and ... the garage, it'll be safe there. You can .... your car ...
uPlDOwN
-ta!e
: I
99'-t --]
i---.,* *Ja:t I
1 If prices keep ...... , we shan't be able to afford to eat! the tree. 2 To get away from the dog, the cat 3 He .... .. the stairs to the office below. 4 Robert, what are you doing on the roof.2 ...... at once! @
AWAY/BACK 1 2 3 4
L
qqt
j
- 99-
i--- .ome-dl,i6--j
'When
they heard the police, the thieves ....... L _l't.... to her old home. After fwo years in CanadL ny daughter for another year. ..... all the decorations After Christmas, you ..... home in the afternoon. We took the car to Brighton in the morning, and
i
---r.}..!
65
Up Down Out On
(phrasal verbs - 2)
These four words, UP, DOWN, OUT and ON, all go with certain verbs, when they have a general meaning of movement (see Unit 32). ln addition, we use them in other ways, with other meanings.
Here are the most common ones:
UP
:
"to approach, to go near": A little boy ran uP and sPoke to me. The car drove up to the door and stopped.
:
"to finish, to complete": Drink up your milk. He saved ap d200.
DO\vN
:
:
"writing, making a note": He wrote down every word she said. If you car't remember, put it down on
paper.
"to destroy, to reduce to its component parts": They pulled down the old house to make way for a supermarket.
OUT
_
"clearly or loudly":
All his life he spoke out
against injustice. You have got good ideas; you should write them out.
ON
=
"disappearing, fading" ; The noise gradually died out. (or down, or away) Those trousers are \Mearing out.
_
"distributing": I d like to hand out these papers. (opposite: collect in) They're giving out bowls of soup at lunchtime.
_
"extending": The girl put her tongue out rudelY. "Hold out your hand; I'11 give you a present'"
:
"to continue, or progress": Don't stop nowi go on. Carcy on with your work'
:
"connected, happening":
Switch the light on. (opposite: switch the light off) on for tonight?
'What's
There are rwo structures in these examples:
1 2
Verb * preposition: go on wear out carry on Verb * object * preposition: switch the light on preposition t object: switch on the light
hold your hand out hold out your hand
Mixed Bug Now you have to complete all these sentences, with verbs and prepositions from the boxes, puttlng the verb in the right form.
o
r i
1 He looks like Dumbo! His ears .............. please. 2 ..... the kettle all our things; we shall be leaving soon. 3 Lett ..... 4 Can you speak more slowly; I haven't got time ... everythit g .... to ... !
@
1 2 3 4
o
1
1
The administrator
.
.... the results at 6 o'clock
yesterday afternoon. If the task is too big,
up
copy down stick out
up
,
do take
i ,
go give
down
or
!.
2 3 4 @
..... the television ..... ? Can you . .... the cake among all of us. Let's . .... the names of the people who are here? Can you ...... your jacket; it's cold outside.
on
put pack
out
out on
share turn
i
:
out down
rub break
i
'
l
...... into smaller parts. ..... it I fell asleep. and The play ...... for three hours, 'W.rite in pencil, so if you make a mistake, you can. ..... rt noise or of the norse road an. and rrle The lorry drove downn rne the roao
write
the rne
. englne 2 I want you to ...... these points in your notebooks. 'What 3 ...... tonight? 4 Panting and out of breath, he ... .. and delivered the letter.
down
tylr_q_
out ue_ on
die
l
r
o
,
2 I ..... . the names now so please listen carefully. 3 Your speech is fine, but itt rather long; shouldn't you .... . it .............. ? 4 She .. ... to the President and said "he11o!"
o
The
3 4
'What
1
2 3 4
dolphins
...... to our boat, and we looked at
time ... the film .............. ? The fire soon spread, and the whole house
down
on
@
1
cut
be shout
them. I
out
switch
Ourn
swim
on
Oo*,
I
up
i
.... in three hours.
on,
morningr i
.... the news.
' i
:ffJtlr"t |,HI:l --- - -----'- )
come .... , it's seven o'clock in the If you are tired, .. on the sofa for a few minutes. -----.--.--,-If you .. , you'll be able to buy a cer. ..... until 6 o'clock. I know you're tired, but you'll have to
i
-" '" -
@
1
,
can you
ro hear radio .............. """" """ ?t I want to '. the radro
out pull down drrnk up plt on
'i
wear
... ; when are you going to buy a new pair? 2 Those shoes are .. 3 They ...... their milk and went to bed. 4 The government ..... their house and built a block of flats. 67
i
i
ETUII
34
Break down Get over
(phrasal verbs - 3)
ln Unit 32 we practised verbs of movement with eight prepositions. The meaning of these phrasal verbs is clear from the meaning of the verb and the preposition. ln Unit 33 we practised more verbs with four prepositions. Here the meaning of the preposition was extended, but the verb keeps its meaning. phrasal verbs. Here, the meaning is different from the meaning of the verb or the preposition alone. The two words together have a new meaning. ln this unit we practise
Example: Verb
24
CARRY
Preposition Phrasal verb
OUT CARRY OUT
hold, or have in the hand opposite of lN execute, perform
Here is a list of phrasal verbs with examples.
break down: Ihe bus has broken down; we'll get on: He got on the bus and wentto Pimlico. (opposite: get off) have to watk. (people can break down too) break off : She was spea king, but she broke get over lt took many months f or her to get over her illness, but finally she recovered. off suddenly when she saw the car. bring up (mention): "l'd tike to bring up the get on with: "Well,l must get on with my work; l've got a lotto do." subject of my salary, sir." bring up (educate): They brought up their
ltalian. children to call on: "l now call on the treasurer to give his report." speak French and
carry on: "Don't stop; carry on with what are
doing."
you
come across: By chance, she came across the jacket she had been looking for.
come on:
"Com e on! Hurry up!"
cut down: You drink too much coffee; you should cut down the amount you drink.
cut out: He's stop ped drinking coffee; he cut it out completely. could do with: "l could do with a glass of water; l'm terribly thirsty!"
do without: "You'll have to do without your lunch today, because I didn't cook any."
give away: He gave away all his money to the poor, and now he has none.
give up: She had to give up smoking,
go on: "l'm talking too much." "No, go on, l'm interested."
let someone down: He promised to help me, but he let me down: I got no help from him. make up for: "lt's late; we'll have to make for lost time." run out ol'. "Can I have some coffee?" "|m sorry, sir, we've run out of coffee."
be run down: "l'm feeling run down." "You 'need a rest, or a holiday."
take after: Children sometimes take after their parents: but is it nature or nurture?
take over: When Dennis rettred, John took over his iob.
68
on
doctor's orders.
up
Now you have to complete all these sentences or paragraphs with phrasal verbs from the boxes, Make sure you use the right tense!
O
Meetings
cut
out up
bring them .............. ? "In my opinion they're a waste of time! I think we should .............. .. them. Lots of subjects are .. "I don't agree.'We can't at any other time."
them that
I don't
... altogether!" hear about
on of
@ Speakers
call run out
.... suddenly when he heard the noise. .. ".............. !" said the chairman. "You haven't finished. And I hope you havent the next speaker until you have finished." yet. I don't want to .....
The speaker
o
do without cut down
...
break off
go on
ideas
take after take over bring uB carry
Father and Son
on
'When
oldMr
Sims died, his son
same way. His father had
...
Charlie him .
...... the shop, and. ... well, and he
..... with the workin the .... his father in many ways.
for get on with
@ A Broken Promise
make up
break down let down
Robert promised to help his friend Steve paint his room on Sunday morning, but unfortunately although it wasnt his fault. ...... his friend Robert's car ...... , and so he ...... lost time the ..... the work, and they could He phoned Steve. Steve said he would
following Sunday. @ The Flu
be run
get
over
down get on across give uP
come
... an old friend of mine. I was walking in the park when I ... "FIow you ....... ....... ?" I said. "Not very we11," he said. "I had the flu last month and I've been feeling rather ..... "Oh detr,I'm sorry," I said. "Dont worry," he said, "I'11 .............. it." "'W-e11, don't ... ;' I said, "you've got to keep fighting." @ Buying a TV Set
"They're
practically
cheap." "Oh really,
"Well,
come break ... TV's down at Dixons,"
on
down
do with give away
I told my friend Charles. "They're incredibly
..... e new TV; this one keeps I could ... :' I said, "what are we waitingfor?"
..... :'
uuE
35
Be over Put off
(phrasal verbs - 4)
This unit is similar to the last one, We present and practise another 24 phrasal verbs. The meaning is different from the meaning of the verb or the preposition alone. The two words together have a new meaning. Example:
BREAK = DOWN = verb BREAK DOWN = Phrasal
Verb
Preposition
separate into parts
opposite of UP lose control (of feelings)
Here is a list of phrasal verbs with examples.
be over: The film was over at 10 pm, they left the
cinema.
and
go off (explode): There was a huge explosion when the bomb went off.
be in: "Hello, is John in, please?" "Yes, he l"ll call
is;
be on: "What's on this evening?" "There's lecture at
a
look uF (word): llooked up Aardvark in the encyclopedia, and it was the first word on the
call
first page!
him." 6."
be out: "l'm afraid Peteris out. back
later?"
Can
you
let off: He was late to work, but his boss didn't punish him; she let him off .
break down (weep): when she heard that she had lost her job, she broke down. break up: They broke up when they each realised they had absolutely no interests in
common.
make out (document): He made out the bill and sent it to the customer' make up (face): She had a shower, got dressed and made up her face'
put someone up: "The hotel is full!" "Don't worry, we'll put you up for the night."
call for: The head teacher called for silence. put off: 'We'd better put off the meettng until "l have an announcementto make," she told Charles comes back because we need him the
class.
here."
call off: They called off the show they hadn't sold any
tickets.
because
run someone down: "He's lazy." "Stop running him down."
carry out: Ihey carried out the tasks they take off (plane): "Flight 703 will take off at had been given, and the boss was so pleased 7.30 pm." he promised to give them a rise' take up: when she stopped spea king, peter do up: "Do up your shoes, Fred; they're not took up the same subject. laced
up'"
find out: Years later, they found out what had really
happened'
go out (light): The lights went out in the dormitory every night at 10 pm.
70
turn up (appe ar): Old'friends often
turn up
when you least expect them."
turn down (refuse): He offered to take them home in his car, but they turned down his invitatton.
Now you have to complete all these sentences with phrasal verbs from the boxes. Make sure you use the right tense!
O
on
Game Cancelled!
be find
call off put off
out
.... the garme forhalf anhour, butthe rain gotworse andworse and Itwas raining, so they 'What ... altogether. "Too bad," said'Charlie. "I know! finally they . ..... the game ... (soon) '............. !" ...... at the cinema this afternoon?" "I don't know, but I
out
@ Two Unexpected Events
He
was
and left him
His
in
work
go turn
look up
up be over
. a word in the dictionary when the light darkness. He couldn't do any more.
.... for the day. At that moment the doorbell rang; his old friend Tjcm
unexpectedly!
@ Too Expensive!
be
out
turn
"In order to .............. the work, we shall need an
advance, so could you
down
please
make out carry out ...... a cheque
for d500?" . their offer, and phoned a friend of his, who was an He didn't like the price, so he architect. But unfortunately his friend
up
@ A Moment 0f Sadness
She
do make
up
break up break down
...
..with her boyfriend a year ago, but when someone at the parry mentioned his name, she ...... After a few minutes she recovered, and went to the bathroom to .............. her face. It was
a mess.
Also
she
...... her collar, which was unbuttoned.
Here are foui mini-paragraphs, with two phrasal verbs in each.
take call
off
for
A
'W.hen
yet another terrorist bomb .. decisive action by the police.
B "My plane me
..
.... , the prime minister
.. at 6.30 tomorrow morning. You live near the airport; do you think you could .... for the night?"
run
let
dolvn
off
take up be in
...... ! I don't where he goes every evening!" .. never ..... the poor man .............. ." sure he's not doing anything wrong. Stop .
"'W'here'sJohn? He
"I'm
go off put up
...
Victoria: "No'w, young Fred, I'd like to
Dennis: ".............. him
....
the subject of that broken window."
.... , Victoria; he's only
a
kid." 7L
Look Taste Sound Srnell Feel (like)
(linking verbs)
Look at the picture, and study the sentences below.
Well, he loohs cheerful. He loohs lihe a cheerful boy. In fact, sometimes he loohs lihe a cheerful puppy!
What
USE
A B
-We
use these verbs
to describe people and things:
LOOK TASTE SOUND SMELL FEEL -We
(and BE)
can use these verbs with an adjective: That soup srnells delicious! Susan looked very nice last night. The food tasted terrible, but the wine was good. This silk blouse feels so soft! The music sounds beautiful.
I thought
C
'We
can also use them with like and a noun: This place smells like a pigsty!
like a university student and It tastes like rice. This feels like wool. Is it wool? That sounds like a Mozart syrnphony.
Carol looks 'What
she is.
is this?
D
'We
can use BE in the same ways: That soup was delicious. etc. This place is like a pigsty! etc.
LIKE
(verb) and
LII(E
E
There are usually fwo possible questions: How do you feel?
What does it feel like?
(particle)
Be careful of these fwo words. They look sirnilar, but they are not: Verb: 'W.hat does Fred like to eat? He likes ice-cream! Aiberb: 'What is Fred like? He's like most thirteen-year-old boys.
O
ln these sentences four of the underlined parts are correct and three are wrong. Tick
ones, and rewrite the others. 1 This Die tastes like terrible. 2 It looks like a piece of wood.
3 It smells bad too. 4 You look tired; in fact you look like a man who hasn't slept all night. 5 This dress feels silk. 6 It feels like very expensive! 72
(/) the correct
Mixed Bug @ Complete these sentences with LIKE if necessary.
1 I can hear a noise; it sounds ...... John. 2 The bed looks ...... comfortable; 3 I wonder what it feels 4 This soup tastes ..... nothing I have ever eaten. 5 Father sounds ...... angry; have you upset him? 6 This chair looks ...... one we had at home when I was a boy. Food and Drink @ Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of a verb from the box, and LIKE if necessary.
i 'Would
2 No, it isn't. It ...... coffee, but it's actually dessert. 3 Yes, please. Hnrmmm, it ...... delicious. 1 It .... .. the dessert we had at that restaurant last night.
L __
smell
taste
i |
you like to try some?
A Thief In the Night @ Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of a verb from the box, and LIKE if necessary. . ----
Did you
see the
thief last night, madam? Yeq
I
I
did.
1 'What ...... he ...... ? 2 He .. .... very respectable. He was wearing a dark suit. 3 He .. .... a business man. 4 And how about his voice? ...... he ...... a Londoner? 5 No, he ...... Scottish. He had a Scottish accent.
--
Lqol
lornL I.
At the Clothing Store @ Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of a verb from the box, and LIKE if necessary.
look feel
1 Come and look at these blouses. This one ...... nice. 2 Yes, but it .... .. one you've already got, doesn't it? 3 Yes, but touch it. This one . ..... different. 4 Yes, it .... soft. 5 Actually, it .... .. fine wool; it's so soft. 6 Yes, but hold it close to your nose. It .... .. funny. 7 .What does it ...... ? 8 It ...... a wet blanket!
smell
It's a Mad, Mad'World! @ At the fancy dress ball, John and Peter are wearing gorilla costumes. Unfortunately, a real gorilla escaped from the zoo the same evening. Complete Mary's dialogue with the gorilla and John.
M G M
Hello John, you .. ... arnazingi you ...... just Glub bobble glob glug! Ha ha ha! You ...... just ...... e gorilla ,ost (she (John walks in, dressed like a gorilla)
..... a gorilla! smells him)
M Hello Peter, doesn'tJohn ...... arnazing? I'm not Peter, I'm John. I M No, no, this isJohn, he ..... . just .... a gorilla, doesn't He doesn't ..... one, he IS one!!! I J and M (running dway) .Pyaaaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhhhhhh!!!!!!
You
even
'-l
..... a gorilla!
he?
73
Review: passive, phrasal verbs and look, taste etc.
ln Units 30 to 36, we presented the following: Passive French islwas spoken. The meeting islwas being arranged. It canlshould/musywill be done.
Linking verbs It looks/tastes/sound s/smells/eels good! Phrasal verbs put inltake put onltake
write down out go inlcome out put down off go uplcome down get on/get off take away/bring back drive uP save uP run up drink up speak ou7write
go
on
carry
out
on
die ouTwear
switch
be in be on be out be over break down (weep) break down (go wrong) break off bring up (mention) bring up (educate) call for call off call on
carry 0n carry out
hand out/give out
what's on?
come 0n cut down cut out do up (could) do with do without find out get on get on with get over give away grve up go off (explode)
g0 0n go out (iight)
COMC ACTOSS
O
on
out
let someone down let off look up (word) make out (document) make up (face) make up for put off put (someone) up run (someone) down be run down run out of take after take off take over take up turn down (refuse) turn up (appear)
Complete these sentences with a suitable linking verb and an adjective from the box.
2
'We
had beef stew for supper last night, but
it at all. It
I didn't like
i ---
....
..... to the touch. 3 I think I'11 buy this jumper. The wool 4 Have you seen this picture of the children on the beach? .... ! It must be all the fresh air and sunshine. They ...... very 5 Your guitar ..... ! Is it out of tune or something?
74
@ Complete these six sets of sentences with a phrasal verb.
A
1 .............. your answers to these questions on a blank sheet of paper. 2 The waiter came in and ...... the dirty plates 3 'When she heard the news of the accident she .. .... and wept. 4 I think I'm eating too much; I really must ...... fatqr food. 5 I ..... . an old friend of mine in the park today.
B
1 If you don't know what a word means, ...... it ...... in the dictionary. 2 The bomb ...... and many people were killed. 3 He .. .... his three children alone, because his wife had died. 4 He suffered a heart attack, but he ..... it and went back to work. 5 I don't who did this, but I'm going to .............. !
C
1 The plane ...... at 6.35 and flew across the Atlantic. 2 I'd like to go out tonight; what ...... at the cinema? 3 If you can't find a room at the hotel, we'll ..... you ...... for the night. 4 -We were standing at the gate waiting for a taxi, when a black car .. 5 I could hear their voices, but the sound gradually ...... as they walked away.
D
1 If you ...... your money, you'Il be able to get a new car next year. 2 He promised to help me, but he ..... me He didn't turn up at all! 3 The thief turned to face me, and ...... a knife ..... of his pocket. 4 Come on, let's ..... the work, or we'll never finish. 5 If you ...... the number 11 bus here, it will take you to where you want to go.
E
1, .. .... your pullover if you're feeling hot. 2 Sue, can you . ..... these papers ... , please? Itt one for each person. 3 I haven't got time today; we'lI have to ...... the meeting ...... until tomorrow. 4 You can borrow this book, but make sure you .... it .............. 5 Look how tall Carol is growing! She ...... her mother. !
F
1 I'm sorry to ... ... this subject Carol, but you haven't done your last assignment. 2 I sent in a proposal, but they . ..... it 3 Can you .. these plates ...... the table, Fred? 4 As you were away for two days, you'lI have to .... the time you lost. 5 can somebody ...... the light ..... , please? I can't see anything.
@ Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of the verb in the PASSIVE.
1 2 3 4
The opening . (arrange) for 6 pm yesterday, and the minister ...... (invite) to attend the ceremony. "'W'here is my suitcase?" "The plane .. (unload) at this very moment, madam." Every morning the workers .. (take) to the factory by bus, and they ... 1bring) back again in the evening. "'W'hat do you want me to do?" "Don't worry, you . ..... (give) your tasks shortly."
@ Rewrite these sentences, with the same meaning, in the PASSIVE.
1 2 3 4
Do you think they can finish the work today? You must not leave your suitcases in the aisles or doorways. ..... They will hold the meeting at 10 am tomorrow mornrng You should not leave your bicycles in the driveway.
75
I want to go
(verb
*
to-infinitive)
Look at the picture, and study the dialogue below.
.'-r
L).
7
Fred: I want to driae!
silly, Fred,. You don't hnow uthat to do, and you don't hnous where to go. Anyway, first you must learn how to driae.
Robert: Don't
O
be
Now complete these sentences in the same way, using the verb given and HOW or WHERE if necessary.
1 2 3 4
wants
BE
...... a concert planlst. ...... the piano! But she doesn't know ..... some shirts. Robert wants ...... them. But he doesn't know Carol
PLAY
BIJY BUY
USE
A
Some verbs often have a second verb with them in the infinitives (to go etc.): I want to sit down. He decided to go home.
Here is a list of verbs which often have second verbs:
expect agree intend offer deserve hope aLrrarlge pretend refuse cant't afford
want decide
forget
Notice the negative form of the second verb: We decided not to wait for her.
B
Some verbs often have a second verb I dont know 'WHAI to ilo.
with them, plus how, what, where etc:
Do you know WHERE to go? Here is list of these verbs: learn know understand as
C
'With
the verb
LEARI\, hou
is usually optional:
I am learning (how) to speak French. Robert learnt (how) to drive when he was 17.
D
Notice the meaning of expect, hope and waitfor: I expect to see him at 6. (I am sure he is coming.) I hope to see him at 6. (I want him to come, but I am not sure.) If he's late, I'll wait for him. (I'11 stay there until he comes.)
E
Notice the meaning of pretenil: Fred pretended to be asleep. (but he wasnt) Carol pretended to enjoy herself. (but she hated every minute of it)
More About the Farnily @ Now you have
1
to put in the right forms of the two verbs in brackets in each sentence.
Victorra ... her neighbour was
.. (arrange, take) her neighbourt child to school last week when i11.
2 Carol 3 Robert 4 Sally the cat 5 Dennis 6 -W-inston was a good
..... (forget, hand in) her essay, and her tutor was annoyed. ..... (decide, apply for) a job at Curry's, and he got the job! ..... (intend, eat) Ophelia the fish, but she failed! ..... (agree, take) Fred and his friends to the cinema last Saturday. .. (deserve, take) for a nice run in dog, and he ...
the park.
o
The Johnson Farnily: Plans and Expectations You have to complete these sentences with appropriate forms of the verbs
1 2
in the boxes.
..... to study hard every day for Carol has her end-otyear exams in a month's time. She . month, a and she ...... to do well. Carol ...... to drive last year; she had a driving lesson every Thursday. Also, her father ..... to help her, and they used to go driving together for an hour every afternoon.
Robert 4
.... to take him. Robert's friendJohn Simpson did not agree with the new tax, and he .. to receive a visit from the police one of these days!
...
... to pay it. He
Sirnilar (and Sornetirnes Confusing) Verbs @ Complete these two pairs of sentences with appropriate forms of HOPE/EXPECT.
Remember: I expect = "l believe it will happen. I hope = "l want it to happen, but l'm not sure it will."
1 2
..... people
. to go to primary school. But that is not true of ...... to go to universiry but only a few get there. universiry; many young Robert was a very confident student, and always ...... to pass his exams. Carol is more nervous; she ... ... to pass, but shet not at all sure!
Most children in England
@ Complete these two pairs of sentences with appropriate forms of PRETEND and WANT.
1 2
Victoria ... ... to get Fred out of bed. He heard her, but he ... .. to be asleep. On December 25th, when the children were little, Dennis ...... to be Father Christmas. He ... ... to make his children happy.
WI{ERE, 'WHAT and HOV @ Complete these sentences with WHERE, WHAT or HOW.
1 I'm sorry, I don't understand ..... . to do this. 2 'We must decide ...... to take with us on holiday. 3 Do you know ...... to go for lunch? .... to do next. 4 If we're not sure, we can ask .. 5 I want to learn ...... to use a computer. 77
Afraid of flying
(preposition
* -irg)
Look at the picture, and study the sentences below.
"What's this for?" "It's for cleaning my trumpet."
He's
good at playing
the trumpet. USE
A If a verb comes after a preposition, we always use the -ingforrn. It s FOR clean ING. He's good AT play ING. B Here is a list of phrases with adjectives and preposltlons: She's afraid of flying. OF
C
I'm very fond of playing the piano. I'm tired of watching this stupid programme. He's good at swimmlng. AT I'm hopeless at sw1mm1ng. ABOUT She was pleased about getting the tickets. He was annoyed about not passing the test. Here are four prepositions which often take verb-ing: By clirnbing through the window, Fred got into the house. BY He made friends by being nice to people. Foy making short journeys in the ciry you can use the bus or the underground. FOR This little stove is for heating the food. BEFORE Check the expiry date before taking the medicine. Before entering a room, always smile. AFTER After waiting for a )rea\ he married someone else. She bought the Renault after looking at a lot of second-hand cars.
Good English?
O
ln these sentences, four of the underlined phrases are correct and four are wrong. Tick
correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 She is verv sood at cook. 2 The small knife is for peeling potatoes. 3 He is afraid b). driving in Paris. 4 I was annoyed about not getting a place. 5 'We went home after to watch the game. 6 I'm not verv sood at sinsins. 7 They used this knife for to cut the paper. 8 Shet fond of going to the movies. 78
(/) the
@ Complete these sentences with the right preposition.
1 He's not very good ...... painting! 2 Shes fond ..... dancing, and she likes music. 3 He drove back to the ciry .... . spending the weekend with friends. 4 I'm hopeless . .... usmg a computer. 5 Carol was pleased .... getting a place at college. 6 ...... waiting for rwenfy minutes, he decided to leave. 7 'Whatt this brush for? It's . sweeping the floor, Fred! 8 Please knock .... entering. 9 I'm not afrard ...... flying, as long as it's a big plane! 10 .. going on a long car journey, you should check the oil, the petrol and the tyres. 1,1, They got into the house .. climbing up a drainpipe. 1,2 The doctor was fwo hours late, and the patients were annoyed ... having to wait. 1,3 Robert is tired .. working in the same place. 1,4 He closed all the windows ..... leaving the house. 15 He got the information he wanted .............. asking the right questrons. @ Read the first sentence; then add it to the second sentence as Example: You got the job. You must be pleased He makes paper aeroplanes. He is good I listen to music.
I I travel in
'a[*il;"*ili
in the example.
1;1,:
am fond
sma1l planes.
I am afrerd I can't dance! I am hopeless I ryp. dozens of letters every day. I am tired I got a bad result in the test. I am annoyed
Starting
Vith
a Preposition
. .,, .,, q /6 ,.... tr, ,..a
..
._
6t
.,
f'a.r,.
@ Write these sentences starting with the preposition given. Example: He had a shower, then he got dressed. Before *4** /"144t1, /9.kJ.a a/*'two' 1 I had a good breakfast, then I left home.
2
Before He phoned the operator. He managed to obtain her number.
3
You want to cut up vegetables. You can use this knife.
By For
.
4 I waited for half an hour, then I went home. After
5 6 7 8
She made an extra effort. She got the work finished.
By I witnessed the accident, then I phoned the police. After You want to drive around town. The Citycar is ideal. For . He decided what he wanted to say, and then he phoned Carol. Before 79
M
40
I enjoy playirg soccer I like to play /playing
soccer
(to-infinitive/-ing) Look at the picture, and study the sentences below.
want to go to the cinema. We enjoy going to the cinema.
We
we
to.so rike {t€otng \ ,o ,rr" cinema. )
Now complete these sentences in the same way, using the verbs given. Give two forms if possible. ...... football on Saturday. PLAY 1 Fred wants ..... / GO ...... out on Sundays. ..... / 2 Carol likes . PLAY tennis. ...... 3 Robert enjoys ...... / STUDY 4 He started ..... . / ...... French last week.
USE When we use two verbs together, the second verb may take one of several forms: To-infinitiue: I want TO GO.
-ingform: I enjoy EATING ice cream. He started TO PLLY /PLAYING. Either
A B
-We
use the
'to-infinitive'with some verbs
(See Unit 38) 'We use '-irg'
with some verbs, like this: They enjoy going to the cinema. He dislikes waiting in queues.
Here is a list of these verbs:
enjoy dislike cart't stand
finish stoP
Practlse
PostPone
C With some verbs, we can use 'to -' or '-irg'
for the second verb, and the meaning
is
approximately the same:
I like swirnrning. I like to switn. Here is a list of verbs:
hate start continue
like love
Good English? ln these sentences, two of the verbs underlined are correct, two are wrong, and two have alternatives.
Tick
80
(/)
the correct ones, correct the wrong ones, and write the alternatives. 1 I'11 have to postpone seeing him until next week.
2 FIe started working at six. 3 She finished to cook lunch and left the house. 4 He continued to work until seven. 5 I r,vant to get this finished tonight. 6 I can't stand to lislcu to that noise!
Verbs Plus
-irg
@ You have to answer these questions in a similar way to the example. Example: Did you watch the news on TV last night? Yes, I enjoy ulilz(&fu taua 9^1V.
1
Have you played the piano today?
2
Flave you fyped those letters yet?
Yes, Yes,
3 4 5 6
.. everyday.
Ipractise I
finished
a
Do you watch quiz programmes on TV? No, I can't stand Do you still bite your nails? No, I've stopped Are you going to play cards with us? No, I dislike Have you andJaney moved house yet? No, we've postponed . .
...
7
Has Fred had his shower yet?
B
Have you cleaned the kitchen, Carol?
9
Justaminute, Muml Ihaven'tfinished Have you washed Winston?
.;
few minutes
ago.
we can't afford the mortgage.
...yet.
To, -ing Or -ing /to? @ You have to complete each sentence with one of the verbs from the box, and you have to indicate if the next verb is to, -ing, or either. Look at the example:
continue
practise
Example: She .. l'""*A-r,t to$ay/playing the violin for hours every day, oo+'tr'fu*a....... to play/playing when everybody has gone to bed. and she
1 I. ..... to see/seeing Carol and Robert next week; always ...... to meet,/meeting them. 2 Robert he .... 3
She
..
enjoy
...... to get/gettrns to the airport in good time; .. to arrive/a:-:-lrng at the last minute.
1.1
finish
o'clock.
4 I .....
I .............. to
5 They
they
. to see/seeing my friends, but watt/warting for them for hours.
..... to eat/eating supper, but doldoing the washing up afterwards!
like
...... to
. to .listen/listening to the guitar, so don't
He
... to belbeing here at six o'clock yesterday, but then he ... ... to meet,/meeting us until seven.
to see/seeing Peter andJoe; let's have/having tea with them on Sunday."
.
hate
stop enjoy
...
8 "I ....
start
can't stand
love
to play/playing!
7
want
hope dislike
.... to type/qrping the letters at9.30 am, and
..... to type/qrping them at
6 I .....
I
..... to
postpone
like
promise
arrange 81
I want you to go
(verb
*
object
*
to-infinitive)
Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below.
He begged her to maruy him.
O
He told her to marry him.
He wants her to marry him.
He ordered
her
to maruy him.
Now complete these sentences in a similar way.
1 "Come with me!" 2 "John, go away" 3 "Now you can speak French." 4 "Soldiers, stand up!"
"I want
. !"
"He told
))
"I
))
taught "He ordered
t"
Some verbs are commonly followed by an object (him, John, the table) and a to-infinitive:
I taught hirn to speak English. He told rne (not) to go. Here is a list of these verbs:
ask B
tel1 order remind invite teach
forbid
with or without an object: I would like Peter to go. I expect hitn to be there. I expect to be there. I would like to go.
Some verbs can be used
Here is a list of these verbs:
like expect prefer (See also
lc
Unit 38, verb
*
want
to-infinitive.)
I
I
t_
With TEACH, you can also say HOW TO: I taught hirn to play the piano. I taught him how to play the piano.
I
Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the phrases underlined are correct and three are wrong. Tick
correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 I want that )rou go. 2 I taught him how to ride a bicycle 3 They prefer to go by plane. 4 They invited to go to dinner with them. 5 I {orbid }rou do that! 82
(/) the
Unscrambling Sentences @ You have to put these words in the right order to make a good sentence.
1
"every manlhis dtty/ do/expects/Eng)and/to"
2
herself/wo rk/ the /
3
night/me
4
play /Frunces/ they /cards/like /
5
expect/house/hour / tn/ to / an/ the / we /leave
she / to
/ prefers/do
/ to / the/ they / stay /asked
wth/ to
MeTo...
He
@ You have to complete the second sentence to mean the same as the first, as in the example. Don't forget to use an object. 'Would Example: you like to come for tea? She 1
2 a
J
invited
............
.f
.h. t.tut.
.1.":.**
..
Do not leave the room He ordered... Do not leave the room He forbade ... Can you help me move the piano? She asked
4
Don't forget to be at the concert hell, at 7 .1.5 She reminded
5
Please be quiet, you fwo.
He told 6
"This is how you cook vegetables." ..... . (how)
She taught
I
o
'W'ant
To . . . Or I W'ant You To . .
.?
Now you have to complete the sentence in the same way as the first, using an object if necessary.
1
Can I have some orange juice, please?
2
Flere is some orange juice for you.
I would like
3 4 5
I would like . Why don't you take the plane to Mallorca? I want Can I take the plane to Mallorca? I want Carol thinks she will be at the office by 9 am. She expects
6 7 B
.
..
Carol thinks R-obert will be at the office by 9 arn. She expects .. She will be pleased if you pick her up by car. She prefers .... She will be pleased to go by cx. She prefers ....
83
He said he liked her
(reported speech
- 1)
Look at these pictures, and study what Auntie Mabel says.
What did she say? She said she was going to her dancing class. She said she went on Fridays. She said she could dance the waltz. She said she might learn to dance the Twiddle.
"I am goirtg to my dancing class." "I go on Fridays." "I can dance the waltz." "I may learn to dance the Tbiddle."
O
Now complete these sentences in the same way with words from the box:
1 2 3 4
Carol said she Fred said he
...... play the piano. ...... going to school. ...... go to the cinema this evening. Victoria said they Dennis said he ...... the shopping on Thursdays.
r ------
I
was did
could might
Reported speech is very cofirnon; we often need to repeat what someone else has said. can do it in two ways:
'We
Compare sentences a and b: Ia Fred said, "I am hungry."
2a -When
Robert said, "I'11 be there."
we start with
1b 2b
HE SAID, as in sentences
Fred said he was hungry.
Robert said he would be there.
1b and 2b above, we usually change the verb, like this:
When we report what someone said in the past, we sometimes change the verb, but not necessarily: Robert: "I went there yesterday."
Robert said he went there yesterday. Robert said he had gone there yesterday. These tvvo sentences mean approximately the same.
Good English? @ Look at the underlined parts of these sentences. Three of them are correct and three are wrong. Tick
(/) the correct
1 2 3 4 5 6 84
"I left
ones, and rewrite the others.
at six."
"They are leaving."
"I
may do
it today."
"She'll come soon." "I didn't enjoy the foodl' "I see her every daf'
He said he left at six. He said they would leaving. She said she might do it today. He said she will come soon. He said he hadn't enjolred the food. He said he would see her every day.
l
'What Fred Said. .
.
@ Now you have to read these four things that Fred said, and report them by completing the sentences below.
1 2 3 4
Fred said
.
He said He said And he also said
'What Robert Said. .
.
@ Now you have to read these four things that Robert said, and report them by completing the sentences below.
1
1 2 3 4
96p'1 ulFE 1BAKED BEANs
Robert said He said He said And he also said
What Carol Said. .
.
@ Now you have to read these four things that Carol said, and report them by completing the sentences below. ,:eLi
S 60 AND 5E E
I7
Carol said
.
I
1 2 3 4
MAY
*1aiv*a\
She said She said
And she also said
The Politician Said. . . (But Nobody Believed Him!) @ Look at these statements by a very famous politician. Now complete the sentences below.
"I
arn not,
but definitely not, going to raise taxes."
"I will fight to defend our currency!"
"I rnay expand the health service." "I believe in this countryt future!"
"I He He He He He
don't take bribes!"
said he sard he
said he said he said he 85
She told hirn to go She asked what the tirne
was
(reported speech
-
2)
Look at the picture, and study the te xts below.
tirne?" "I don't hnow." "Go and see." "Dort't be long."
him what the time was. He said he didn't hnow. She asked him to go arud see. She told him not to be lortg.
"What is the
O
She asked
Complete these sentences in exactly the same way.
1 2 3 4 A
'Where 'What's
is
She asked him where .......
John?
He asked her what He told her .. She told him .
the answer?
Sit down.
Wait here.
'When
1 2
we report questions, 'we make two changes. We change the verb, as in other reported sentences (see Unit 42). 'We change the question into an affirmative, because rt's not a question any more: Exampile: 'W.hat is the time?
He asked what the time was.
B
'W.hen
we report imperatives, we make one change. The imperative changes to the infinitive. Be quiet!
Example:
( asked ( She
I C
him to be quiet.
told
'We
use She said. . . for reporting a statement (affirmative). use He asked (her). . . for reporting a question (interrogative). -We use She told hirn. . . or She asked hirn. . . for reporting an order (imperative). -We
With TELL, we have to say who we tell: She told me. . . With ASK, we sometimes say who we tell: She asked (*.). . . 'With He said. . . SAY, we do not say who we tell:
@ ln these six sentences, three of the underlined parts are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the
86
correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 She asked Robert where he was going. 2 She told him go home. 3 They asked me what was the time. 4 He told us to wait in the ha1l. 5 Mary askedJohn when would he be ready. 6 John asked me if I could help him.
SAID, ASKED, TOLD . . . Plus Object? @ Complete these sentences with SAID, ASKED or TOLD, and put in the person you are telling (me, him, her etc.) if necessary.
1 John ...... he was leaving. 2 Peter ...... to wait for him. ..... what time the train would leave. 3 Sue . 4 Brian ...... he was buying a new car 5 The policeman ...... to puIl my car over and stop. 'What Victoria Asked. .
.
@ Victoria wanted to know what all the family was doing, so she phoned up and asked. You have to report the questions she asked.
1 2 3 4 5
Victoria asked She also asked
And she wanted to know And she asked Finally she asked
Vhat Dennis Asked. . . @ Dennis wanted to know what all the staff at the office were doing, so he phoned up and asked. have to report the questions he asked.
,JV'IAT DOES IHE
po
1 2 3 4 5
You
T'1(l}E}l(*E
ol r4olpAvs ?
Dennis asked
He also asked And he wanted to know And he asked Finally he asked
The Spirit Of the Sergeant Major! @ ln the army, they tell peoBle what to do. They don't ask them; they tell them. Report these orders, and don't forget to change the pronouns. 1 BE QU|ET! 2 STAND UP STRAIGHT!
3 PUT YOUR SHOULDERS BACK 4 DON'T MOVE!
The Sergeant Major told Private Snooks. .
5 PULL YOUR STOMACH IN! 6 DON'T LOOK AT ME!
.
1,. 2 3
4 5
6
87
Review: reported speech, to-infinitive and -irg (verb completnentation)
ln units 38 - 43, we presented the following:
to-infinitive Verbs + -ing promise agree enjoy dislike deserve arrange finish Practise can't stand hope offer stop can't afford refuse Postpone decide forget Verbs + to - or -ing (different meaning) (same meaning) remember forget hate start love like continue Verbs G obiect) + to Verbs + object + to like exPect tell ask prefer want invite teach remind order Verb G how) + to Verb + how/what/where + to learn know understand teach
Verb Gnot)
+
ask
Preposition + -ing good fond tired afraid pleased about annoyed about before after [tlleaning of expect and hope Reported speech statements ;
of by for
Past
of
of
at
hopeless at
tense "l went there yesterday."
Questions:
Robert said he went there yesterday. Robert said he had gone there yesterday. What is the time? He asked (her) what the time was.
lmperatives: Be quiet! She told him/asked him to be quiet.
O
88
Complete these sentences with the verb in brackets and to or -ing. 1 He promised ...... for us if we were late. 2 He finished ... ... the newspaper and put it down. 3 "I hope ...... to Greece agern next summer." 4 I enjoyed ...... your cousin very much. 5 They refused ...... me, so I reported them. 6 She dislikes .... .., but she has to do it. 7 It was a nice day, and they decided . 8 Robert offered ..... for lunch. 9 If you practice ...... English whenever you have the chance, you will improve.
(wArr) (READ)
(Go) (MEET) (HELP)
(rYPE) (wALK) (PAY) (SPEAK)
@ Three of these verbs must be to, five can be to or -ing. Complete them in two ways if possible. 1 I started ..... (PLAY) tennis seriously when I was 12 years old.
2 They agreed 3 The children like 4 "You didn't forget 5 I love 6 You can't afford 7 She hates 8 If you continue
..... half of the work. .... TV but we limit them to an hour a ..... the sandwiches, did you?" ... to him; he speaks beautifully. ..... that; don't even think about it! ..... to loud music, especia\ if it is in a disco ..... that, you'll get yourself in trouble.
(DO)
day.
(.W.ATCH)
(BRING) (LISTEN) (BUY) (LISTEN) (DO)
@ ln these sentences, you have to insert a number of different "WH] words. A ln this set you have to insert WHAT or WHERE.
1 I'11 show you . ... to find the coffee 2 I don't understand ..... . this word means! 3 If you are going to be a receptionist, you must learn 4 Could I ask ..... you keep the coffee?
B
ln this set you have
...... to
say.
to insert HOW. ln two of the sentences it is optional; put the word
HOW
in brackets.
1 My elder brother taught me .. .... to play football. 2 He doesn't know ...... to do that! 3 She learnt ..... . to play the violin when she was six. 4 I don't understand .............. you arrive at the answer. @ Complete each sentence with a phrase or preposition from the box.
of at of
afraid
good tired
of
fond pleased annoyed
before
about for about by
1 You mustn't be ... bees; they won't hurt you. 2 I think this cupboard is ...... storing old fiIes. 3 Her assistant was late for the third day in a row; she was .. that, and spoke to him sharply. 4 Carol is ..... . animals, and especially loves their cat. 5 You can get to the school .............. walking along this path. 6 She's very . ..... long distance running, and won the race ageln this year. 7 My daughter passed her exams, and we were very . ... that. 8 You should wash your hands ...... eating. 9 "I couldn't finish because my pen broke." "I am ... listening to your excuses."
o
Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of EXPECT, HOPE or WAIT FOR. Some alternatives are possible; the important thing is to see the possible differences in meaning. 1 "-W'e've been he's not long." ... John for half an hour; I .... "Het not usually late; I ...... he'll be here soon." 2 "I ..... . I passed my exam!" "Oh, I ..... .you will; you always do well. Are you the results now?" "Yes, and
I'm scared!"
@ Rewrite these as reported speech. 1 "l will write your reference this afternoon." He said 2 "-Where is Fred?" She asked 3 "Turn left at the next corner." He told me 4 "I arn waiting for the doors to open." She said 5 "I left the house at four o'clock." (rwo alternatives) He said 6 "'W'here is Dennis going this eveniflg?" She asked me 7 Please don't open the window." He asked me 89
At In To Frorn
(prepositions of place
- 1)
Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below.
f9,':t4 // I
"Where's oHe's
A
Mr Bowden
?"
in the office."
'We
-We
He goes from his house to the office by train.
"Where's Dad?" uHe's
at the office."
AT when we think of the place as a point on a map: Dad's at the office (itt miles away; we don't think of it as a room). use
The plane stopped at Bombay to refuel. use AT when we think of the activity in
a place:
-Where
were you? I was at a meetrng. Carol is at universiry (she studies there). I was at the cinema last night (watching a film). Carol was at Steven's (house) yesterday afternoon (enjoying themselves). We usually use AT with these expressions (without THE): at
home
at
school
at
work
at unrversrfy
'We
use IN when we think of the place "as a place": Mr Bowdent in his ofhce (it's the receptionist speaking; the office is close by). The thief was hiding in the cinema (in the building). Dennis and Victoria live in Hampton. -We usually use IN with these expressions (without THE): in hospital in town in prison in bed -We
usually use THE or A (or some other word like HIS etc.) with these expressions: in the house (hall, theatre, kitchen, park etc.) in my ofhce atthe/a station (bus, railway) or airport
-We
use FROM and TO for movement: He drove from London to Manchester in two hours.
E HOME 'W.hen
we are going to "the place where we live", we say HOME without a preposition: I'm going horne. Peter came horne yesterday. But when we are already in "the place where we live", we use the preposition AT: I was at horne when he phoned. Let's stay at horne.
Good English?
c
Three of the phrases underlined in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick
'0"'::
on':'
:lo
'iT:'J:::yffir*
. 2 3 4 90
no\M, and
stay at home
'r1 at work. in hospital; he hurt himself I'11 see vou in airport. "Yes, Mr Smith is at his oflice; it's along the
Peter's
ha11."
(/) the
Points,
:ies
.F
@ Put in AT or
Or
Places?
lN, and THE if necessary.lf THE is not necessary, don't use
it. Some alternatives are
possible.
1 2
Peter was ... ... work this morning. He spent two hours ..... . his oflice, and then he was . ..... Directors' meeting for an hour. "Flow's John?" "FIet ...... hospital, I'm afratd. He was playing football ...... school
when he felI down." my plane
3 I caught
4 I'11 meet you .... 5 I'm staying ..... 6 7 8 9 10 11
...... Heathrow airport. I had to
wait
...... airport for two hours,
...... statlon. .. ticket office . Sue's for the weekend. She lives . stops ...... Oxford and Stroud.
..... Birmingham. I'm taking the train at 3 o'clock; it 'W.imbledon Simply Red is playing .... football stadium ...... next week. Would you like to go with me? "Is he still .. ... bed?" "No, het . .... kitchen making himself some breakfast before he goes to work." ...... prison for six months. He was caught stealing handbags John Maxell has been .... alrport. I saw a very good play ... ... theatre last night. I'11 be ...... town this afternoon, so I'11 meet you .. . office. Petert ...... universiry. He lives ... ... universiry hall of residence.
Going @ Now you have to complete these sentences with FROM, TO or AT if necessary (plus THE if necessary). Some alternatives are possible.
1
"Shall we
go
.... cinema tonight?"
"OK,
...... home. I want to
stay
I'11 see
you
.
..... box o{fice just before
the show."
2 I think I'11 go 3 -We travelled ... 4
6 8
City
...... home this evening. ..... Acapulco by bus, stoppirg ..
.... Taxco on
the way. If we walk way. 'We
7
... Mexico
can buy a newspaper .... statlon.
.....
. newsagent's; we shall pass it as we
walk
..... home
Every morning Victoria drives ..... her house .... the school where she works. She often buys food ...... corner shop on her way back ...... school in the evening. "Does this train go .............. York?" "Yes, madam, and it stops ... Grantharn."
Home, Sweet Home @ Now you have to complete these sentences with
AT, FROM, or (
-
) (nothing).
1 It's nice to spend winter evenings ...... home. 2 She drove ...... home after work and put her car in the garage. 3 "I'l1be .... home al1 day tomorrow, if you want to drop in for a cup of tea and e bit of a chat."
4 5 6
went ...... home to the office by car Carol decided to go . home, because it was getting late. "Goodbye, I'11 see you..... . home this evening.
FIe
91
tlnder Above Between Behind In front of
(prepositions of ptace
- 2)
Look at this picture of a page from a newspaper, and read the description below. Here is a page from a newspaper, in three columns. The title of the article is aboue columns 1 and
2, and
there
is a subtitle under the title.
In
the photograph there is d woman
standing
infront
oJ a man. Behind
the man, you can see smoke and Jlames.
There is a photograph between j, under the text in
columns 1 and column 2.
O
Here is a picture of another page. This time you have to complete the text according to what you see on the page. Here is another page from a rnagazine. The title of the article .. column 2,btt the is .... subtitle isn't . .... ; it's the text in column 1. There is a photograph in . the text and column 3 ..... ...... an advertisement for
In the picture there are two ..... them is a women, and . ..... them you small boy. . can see a house.
soap.
USE
A
The physical positions indicated by these prepositions
are:
ABOVE
UNDER 'We
also use these prepositions
in other
ways:
BETVEEN the women IN FRONT OF the women
UNDER and OVER The boy is under 18 and the old man is over 65. (less than and
more than)
She is underweight (too thin) and he is overweight (too fat).
BEHIND and AHEAD Johnny's falling behind with his work, but Sue is ahead. The French economy is behind Germany, but it's ahead of Spain.
92
Hide-and-Seek @ There are eight "people" hidden in this picture. They are Victoria, Dennis, Robert, Carol, Fred, Uncle
Victor, Winston and Sally. You have to complete the sentences on the left to say where they are. 73r .?l';i/
r\4
,
\
,.fIi : '*1.)
1 2 3 4
5 Uncle Victor is .... 6 Carol is .... 7 'Winston is .... 8 Sal1y is ....
Victoria is Dennis is .... Fred is
Robert is ....
More Than Or Less Than?
o
Here is some information. You have to complete the sentences by saying if the prices, weights and temperature are OVER or UNDER.
1 2
Sir, this luggage weighs ..... . 20 kilos; you'll have to pay. Madam, your luggage is all right: it's .... .. 20 kilos. This sweateris cheap; look, it's... ..d10. Butthere are some expensive sweaters here;
these are ... .. d50 each! 3 It was cold last night, ... 5o Centigrade;
but today it'll be hot. They
say
it'll be ...
30o Centigrade!
Tourist London @ Here is a tourist map of a part
of London. You have to complete the sentences, by saying where the
buildings are. srr.1Affiln5 IN THE FI€LD5
! V?") en 'Yl.e rQuARe
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nelson's Column
is
.
Nelson stands The four lions St
Martint
.....
You can see the Coliseum The cafeteria . There is a tourist bus
93
AT
IN
ON
(prepositions of place
-
3)
Look at these pictures, and study the texts below.
There is a man in a turban
Look at this page.There is a photograph at the top on the right, a graph at the bottom on the left, and a box in the middle.
in the bo,ck
rowlat the bach. There is a woman in a hat
rowlat the front.
in the front
USE 'We
'We
use
AT with
use
ON with
these expressions: at the front at the top at the back at the bottom these expressions:
on the left on the right 'We
use
on one side on the other side
IN with these expressions: in the back row in the front row in the second row in the middle
A11
'We
these expressions take OF if you add the place: at the bottom of the street at the front of the class can say
at the front or in the front.
Good English? Three of the phrases underlined are correct, and three are wrong. Tick rewrite the others. 1 He was standing on the lc of the plcture. 2 She was sitting on the front row. 3 There are some more chairs at the back. 4 He is in middle, between his sisters. 5 Let's sit at the front. 6 They were marching on the front of the column. 94
(/)
the correct ones, and
The President Visits the People @ Complete these sentences with the prepositions AT, 0N, lN or 0F. A big crowd came to see the President when he uisited our uillage. 1 I was standing ..... the back, so I couldn't see very well.
2 3 4 5
The President was sitting
...... the middle ...... the platform. ...... his right was the Minister ...... Justice. There was a tall woman ..... . the front row. ...... my left I could see the presidential guards.
There wds a big pister behind the President.
6 It said "Long Live Ruritania!" ...... the top. 7 ...... the middle there was a picture of the President. 8 ...... the bottom it said: "Together We'Will Solve Our Problems" 9 ...... one side . ..... the platform there was a tank, and .. a
... the other side
militarv band.
'Wally's Classroorn @ Complete these sentences according to what you can see in the picture. You will need to use items from the USE box on the previous page.
A The Students I There is a girl with long blond hair sitting ........ 2 There with short black hair sitting ........ a J There ..... with long black hair sitting ....... 4 ....... with glasses 5 ....... with a briefcase .........
....
1n
.... in ..... rn 1n ....
ln .....
B The Board 6 7
it says: "My name is-Wally". itsays:2+ 2 = 5. Butit..... the board,
8
.......2+ 2 -
4.
... "Africa"
9
Your Roorn @ Now write five sentences about the room you are in, like this:
1 At the back of the room, there are 2 3
4 5
95
By In On At To
(prepositions for travel
-
4)
Look at these pictures, and study the dialogues below.
"What time did you get to his house?" "We arciaed at the station at 4 o'clock, but we didn't get to the house until 8.30.'
"We u)ent by train, and tlten we went in John\ car, but the car brolze down and we
finished the journey on foot."
Means of transport 'We use
BY when we talked about transport in by train by bus by Plane bY shiP
'We
general:
ON when we talk about a specific bus or train etc: on the 5.30 train on the plane on the ship
-We
use
BY and IN for cars: by car (general) in my car/rn the car (specific) use
'We
use
ON for walking:
on foot
T[avelling 'We
use
TO for travelling:
walk to
school
drive to the office
fly to Paris
cycle to the cinema
Arriving 'We
use the following:
get to a place -We
arrive at a place
arrive in a place
as a point on an imaginary map: planes. changed and They arrived atParrarna airport 'We use arrive in if we think of the place "as a place": 'We arrived in London and made our way to the hotel.
use
arrive at if we think of the place
D BE TO and GO TO
The difference berween these fwo verbs is: where is the person now? If the person is going or is there now, then use GO; if the person is HERE (i.e., has come back), use BE: Has he been to New York? (I know he is here now; has he gone and come back?) Has he gone to New York? (is he in New York now?)
Good English?
e
ln the following sentences, three of the underlined parts are right and three are wrong. Tick
right ones, and rewrite the others. 1 "Have you ever gpnelq New York?" "No, I haven't'" 2 She arrived to the hotei at six, and went to her room. 3 "Let's go by car!" "OK, do you want to come b)' m)t car?" 4 -We went to Halifax bY shiP. 96
(/) the
Husband and
Vife Go To Rotne
@ You have to complete these sentences with BE T0 or G0 T0. Make sure you use the right tense.
1 I. ..... Rome for my holidays next week! 2 How exciting! ...... you ...... Rome before? 3 No, but I ..... . Florence, tnd I speak a little Italian. 4 And . ..... you ...... Rome with your wife? 5 Oh, she ...... Rome yesterday. She has friends there. She .. .... Italy many times before. Mixed B"g @ You have to choose between AT and lN in these six sentences (sometimes you can use either, but one is usually better than the other).
1
On the flight from Rome to San Francisco. we stopped York Ciry for fuel.
...
... Kennedy Airport in New
2 I was standing ...... the bus station rvhen I saw Brian. 3 -We stayed ...... a lot of different hotels on our trip. 4 The nicest one was in Cordoba, where -uve slept ...... a beautiful room rvith a view. 5 -We arrived ..... . the crossroads at midday, and waited. 6 -We arrived ..... . London on the 15th, in time for the wedding. Robert's African Journey @ Now you have to complete these sentences with appropriate prepositions. You can use
AT,
0N,
lN,
BY or T0. Robert spent his long sununer holiday trauelling in A-frica.
1
First. he
2
He arrived ..... . Cairo on 15thJuly, and from there he 'Wadi .. the Sudan. ...... Haifa, which is ....
3
went
...... Cairo
.....
. boat.
went
...... the steamer, he met two Australians who were going to .....
Khartoum
go
...... river steamer
...... Wadi Haifa
...... foot, and he decided to go with them.
4
They started the journey, but it was a long way. An old bus came along the road, and they ... the bus. They got .. decided to travel ...... Dagash ... .... Dagash late in the ...... a cheap hotel. evening. They spent the night
5
continue ...... foot, and they went ...... j..p to Atbarah. The Australians had been ...... Atbarah before, and had stayed ..... . a nice hotel there. But the hotel was full, so they went ..... another one.
6
In Atbarah there was a train, and they
They decided not to
the Australians hadn't
...... Caito
7
.....
been . plane.
travelled ...... the trarr_ ...... Khartoum, which ...... before. By this time they were tired, and they went back
It was a good journey.
...... the ...... Cairo, they stayed at a small inexpensive hotel When they were back ...... the pyramids. They went ...... bus, centre of the town. The next day, they went ...... a camel! They travelled the lait few hundred but they did part of the journey yards ...... foot.
97
How long? For Frotn...to During Vhile
(prepositions of tirne
- 5)
Look at these sentences.
How long did you stay in Cornwall? How much time did you spend there? We stayed there for a weeh. We stayed there the second time We stayed there We stayed there
O
from Monday to Thursday.
twice during the children's sutttmer holidays. twice while the children u)ere on holiday.
Now you have to complete each sentence with a word from the box.
1 2 3 4
I metJohn ...... I was having lunch in the canteen. ...... five. ...... nine I usually work ..... a year and ahalf . I have been working here . I metJohn ...... my lunch break.
'We
HOV, LONG. . .? to ask about length of time: How long did you stay there? For three months. We can also use HOW MUCH TIME . . ? to ask a question about the time How much time have you gotldo you need? Half an hour. use
available or needed:
B
'We use FOR to describe a period of time: 'We stayed there for three months.
C
We use FROM . . . TO to describe the beginning and end of a period of time: We stayed there fromJune to August.
D
'We use
DURING to
describe an event or events which happened inside a period of time,
but not for all of the period: -We went there for the summer (we stayed the whole summer). -We went there during the summer (we were there for a perhaps but not the whole summer).
a
few days in summer,
E DURING
and VHILE are similar in meanrng. However, DURING is a preposition, and takes a noun: . . .during the summer . . . during working hours WHILE is a conjunction, and is followed by a subject and . . .while I was waiting . . .while he was in the cafe
a verb:
:.-_
i
Good English? @ Two of the underlined phrases are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones and rewrite the others. 1 I stayed during a week in Turin, from the 7th to the 1,4th. 2 How long time did you live in Spain? For many )zears.
3
98
'We
saw plenry of sun during we were away.
Surnrner Breaks Look at this table.
The Surnrrer
Greece 2 weeks Greece
Robert Carol Fred Dennis
o
August
J"lv
June
1 week
& Victoria
2 weeks ItalY 1 week Scotland
2 months summer camP (SPain) in Hampton (make 3 or 4 day trips) home Staying
Now complete the statements, using the information above and prepositions from the box.
for from to during
1 2 3
4
..... . He will be in Greece ..-...24th ... and Italy . Robert is going to Greece ... ......31stJuly, then go directly to ltaly. She will Carol is going away twice. She is going to Greece ...... and Scotland be away she will In all, month. the of ....20th be in Scotland ...... 13th .. ...... August. .J"ly and a week three weeks; two r,veeks ..... .....29th August. ......2ndJrly . ...... , Fred is going to a camp in Spain er' thev are pranning to so out
':"':: 1",15'i;:'ixl;:].1"
-i'iil?r;;.;,;
,T;il'
For, During Or Vhile? @ You have
to complete these sentences with FOR, DURING or WHILE.
1. a Robert was at university ...... three years. ...... his time there, he met all kinds of people. b .... he was at universiry he met all kinds of people. c .. 2 a Dennis and Victoria met a nice couple from Birmingham ..
.... they were on holiday
in Dorset.
b c 3 a b c
...... their holiday in Dorset. They met the couple ...... three weeks. They were in Dorset (Jncle Victor fell asleep twice ...... the concert. ... three hours and a half. The concert went on ... .Auntie Mabei tried to stay awake ...... the musicians were playing.
A Business Trip To St Petersburg /A
(U Here is a conversation. You have
to fill each blank with an appropriate word.
... did you spend in St Petersburg? 1, .. 2 I was there ...... ten days. It was a business trip. ...... did you come back? 3 4 Very recently. I've only been back ...... three days. 5 Did you do lots of business .... .. you were there? ..... two of my visits, I signed good contracts. ...... my stay I visited five factories. . 6 -Well in each factory? spend did you time ..... done! 7 'We ..... one to travel a long way . had 8 I stayed ...... half a day at most of them. ..... I was in one of them, the President-came on a visit. factory ...... another. . ..... did he staY? 9 Ho'uv exciting! ..... he was there he said hello to us. just an hour. But. half stayed...... 10 Oh, he 99
In ink
(prepositions and nouns
-
1)
There are many expressions in English where we use a preposition and a noun together. Here is a list of useful ones. They are in groups, and you will see that sometimes the meanings of the phrases are connected. (See also Unit 51.)
USE
A IN a group / FIe was
tearn
/
club
/ class.
in the tearn for the whole
IN ink / pencll Dont sign the cheque in pencil;
season.
sign
it in ink.
B IN stock OUT OF stock Have you got this kind of disk in stock? No, I'm sorry it's out of stock.
IN trouble OUT OF trouble FIe was in trouble with his boss. He did some extra work to get out of trouble.
C IN time (: with enough time; before the time agreed) He arrived in tirne to catch the train.
ON time (: ,t the time agreed) The lecturer arrived on tirne,
and the class started punctually.
D ON a trtp / journey / flight 'Wheret
Shet on a
Jane?
trip to Honolulu.
E ON purpose BY accident She didn't break the glass
F BY sight /
on purpose;
she broke
lnt. it by accident.
narne
I know her by sight but not by narne. BY letter / post / rrLarl / fax / hand / phone If a document is urgent, send it by fax; otherwise If it's very urgent, you can send it by hand.
G FOR breakfast / lunch 'W.hat
it by post rost.
etc.
would you like to eat
FOR good
send
for lunch?
(:
permanently, forever) He's emigruting to Canada; he's leaving this country
for good. 1.
FOR sale My car is for sale; does anybody want to buy it? Also practised in these exercises:
on on on
100
duty business holiday
at home at school at the office
in a mess bY train in trouble by heart in danger by mistake (from Level
1)
rarnily
e
You have to complete these sentences with lN, 0N or BY. . time for class. 1 Fred's ...... trouble with his teacher; he's never 2 Carol broke a vase. I'm sure she did it .............. accident, but her mother's furious. .. name. 3 Fredt school is quite small, and the head teacher knows all the pupils 'When heart. ...... . the play, she had to learn her part Carol was ... 4 . fax, and sends the others .............. post. 5 Robert sends urgent documents .... ... holiday, she sent postcards to all the family. 6 'When Carol was .. 'W-hen . school, he has to wear the school uniform. Fred is ..... 7 8 "Fred, your room is .... .. a mess; tidy it up!" 9 Robert was ..... . the company football team last year.
@ You have to complete these sentences with lN, 0N, OUT 0F, BY or
1 2 3 4
FOR.
. good time. The plane leaves at7.!5, so make sure you get to the airport .... "They tell me you won't be here next week. Are you going .............. holiday?" "No, I'm good." leaving the company ...... . breakfast tomorrow mornlng. kippers have to I'm going I think "Ordeal Firing" by Deborah Wainwright. Have you any by He1lo, I'm looking for a copy of
...... stock? .... a big group. 5 Itt more fun to go .... .. a picnic trouble." "Pry ...... keep your debts and 6 7 "-Would you like to go to 'Maximino's' ..-... e meal?" 8 Doctors in hospital are sometlmes .'.... drty fot 24 hours. 9 Robert sent the report to the wrong person ...... mistake. 10 'W-hen he worked in the mines he was often ."... danger. ..... the ofiice today." 1,1, "Is Mr Smith there?" "No, het . ...... a trip in Germany. ..... sight; we met 1,2 I know him.
@ Now you have to complete each space with a preposition from one box and a noun from the other.
in
on
out
for
of
stock train sale ink home purpose
at
by
...... ." sorry, I didn't do it "Do you have a book called 'The Adapted Mind'?" "I'm tfraid not, madam; it's Please write your answers
t "Be careful!" "I'm 2 3
4 5
6
...... ."
"Flouse Good price." The quickest way to go from Paris to Lyon is ........ ...... today; I'm not feeling well. I think I'11 stay
trouble
lunch
mistake the plane
7 "Let's meet ...... at 1 o'clock at the restaurant." 8 'When you travel ...... , the company will pay your expenses. ..... flying from London to New York. 9 I met Sue . . this evening? 10 .What would you like 1,1 I picked up somebody else's suitcase ..... today! 1,2 Fred, please try and keep
dinner business
uuE
51
In public
(prepositions and nouns
-
2)
These prepositions and nouns are in groups, and you will see that sometimes the meanings of the phrases are similar or contrasting. (See also Unit 50.)
USE
AT present/that time/the same time At that time he was the Director, and at present (you can't be both at the same tirne). public /prlate Some people say you shouldn't comb your hair
he is Chairman
IN
you should only do that
in public;
in private.
IN tears IN love'WITH She was in tears, because
she was
in love with
a man
who didn't like her.
red blouse (: wearing) ('WITH a suit/a coat/a red blouse : wearing or carrying) Look at that man in a grey coat (wearing). Look at that man with a grey coat (wearing or carrying).
C IN a surt/a coat/a
IN
black
She was speaking to a girl
in black.
.WITH
a suitcase / a htndbag Look at that man with a suitcase.
\[/ITH
brown hairlblue eyes She was a lovely girl with brown hair and blue
Note:
-We
cannot
eyes.
say X in a suitcase, or X
in brown hair
D IN person/ON
the phone "John Parks would like to speak to you." "Is he on the phone?" "No, he's here in person."
ON foot (similar to by bicycle, by car etc.) He usually goes to the office by car, but it's not far and he sometimes goes on foot.
ON dutyloFF drry You must wear a jacket when you're
on duty, but you
can take
it off when you're off duty.
FOR the first/second/last time -We went to Rome for the second tirne this year. FOR the time being You can stay here
for the tirne being, but not for good.
FOR example/instance There are some very smal1 countries in Europe; Luxembourg, Red is FOR danger (: means, or indicates). -What's an English word for ennui?
.W'ITH
interest/pleasure/
dis
gust/horror
I looked at the pictures with interest,/horror.
102
for example.
Queen Victoria
O
Complete these sentences with suitable prepositions.
1, ..
.... that time the Queen was seldom
year, and she spent much of her
......
2 3
love
time
.
seen
...... public. Her husband had died that ..... tears, because she had been very much
...... him.
miles
...... foot to see her, but no one saw the Queen .... private every day. person, except her loyal Scottish servantJohn Brown, who saw her .. ...... the same time, the Industrial Revolution was transforming the country. Many ...... the telephone". people now travelled ...... train, and wealthy people were no'w " People came many
The New Police Oflicers: the First Duy @ Complete these sentences with suitable prepositions.
1 2 3 4
"Pay attention, everybody. Tomorrow you'll be ... ...... uniform .. ... drry the first lme. "In six months you can start using police cars, but ...... the time being you'll patrol the c1ry. ..... foot. "'Watch out for car thieves. .... .. example, if you see a young man trying the door ...... a car, ask him who the owner is. "Your radio is .... ...... ordering cofTee when you are . getting help; its NOT
s ,;;;;; :Fxl:;Hiln:
::i'""', o,o you,re still a police officer, even if you,re not
. uniform."
In Or \Vith? @ Complete these sentences with suitable prepositions. ..... disgust. 1 He reacted to the film about cannibalism . 2 "Look at that girl dressed..... . white." "-Which one?" "The one over there, ...... a ..... blue eyes." white dress. That one, the one . 3 "Hewas speakingto aman ...... ablue coat." "The one. ..... the hat?" "No, the one
4
...... the umbrella." Tiaditionally, many Chinese people
iion
.
dress
...... white for funerals, and they go to a happy
..... red.
Mixed Bug @ Now you have to make up phrases by combining a preposition words in the box on the right to complete the sentences.
rn 0n for with
in the box on the left with a word or
public horror
duty
suit person the first time private brown hair suitcase
a
L "I'n ...... at the ticket counter from 8 am to 4 pm." 2 Itt a formal reception; you'd better go ... 3 A man ...... got on the bus; he put the suitcase down in front of me. 4 Politicians often say one thing ...... and something quite different 5 'We had been to Milan once before, and we went last summer .... 6 "'What is she like?" "She a tall woman ...... and green eyes." 7 "Can we discuss this on the phone?" No, itt very hush-hush; I'd rather see you 8 She stared ...... as the man slowlypulled a gun out of his pocket. 103
Aware of
(adjectives and prepositions)
There are many expressions in English where we use an adjective and a preposition together. Here is a list of useful ones. They are in groups, and sometimes you will see that the phrases in the same group are related in meaning.
A
aware OF People are much more aware of the environment today.
careful OF
Be careful of the cars when you cross the street! sure OF I am not sure
of what I am doing;
can you help?
full OF This jar is
full of
rice.
nice / polite / rude OF It was nice of you to help me. It was rude of him to say that! kind / nrce / pohte / rude TO You should be nice to people when they visit you. He was very rude to me, so I won't go back there!
B
kind
C
engaged
/
/
TO to Peter, but they are not married. Susan got married to John last year. close TO She was standing close to the door when I opened it rnarcied
She is engaged
D
surprised/shocked
AT/BY
I was surprised at (by) what he said.
E
pleased/disappointed/annoyedWITH 'W.ITH a person; You are pleased etc. I was pleased with Simon; he did very well. pleas edl disapp ointe d / annoyed AB OUT You are pleased etc. ABO(JT something: I was pleased about what happened; thatt good news.
F
sorry ABOUT You can say: Sorry
I'm sorry! I'm sorry about what happened. I'm sorry I said that.
Also practised in these exercises: aftaid of good for good at fond of bad at bad for
terrible
at
ready
for
suspicious
jealous
of
generous to
of
friendly to rude to cruel to (from Level
L04
1)
O
Here are six words and three prepositions. Put the most suitable word on the left, with a preposition on the right, into each blank.
good married aware engaged full suspicious
to
of
at
Victoria; they have been together for many years. 1 Dennis is ... Sue, and they will get married later this year. 2 Robert is .... ..... old papers; isn't it time you cleaned them out? 3 These desk drawers are any serious problems still to be solved. 4 I am not . ...... strangers. 5 Some people are always ..... football; he plays for his company's team. 6 Robert is ....
@ Here are six more words and three prepositions. Put the most suitable word on the left, with a preposition on the right, into each blank.
sure close good generous afraid ready
to
of
for
..... babies. 1 Milk is ........ . the dark. 2 'When I was a child I was ....... the President when the gun went off. 3 I was standing ....... the answer to this question?" "No, I'm doubtful." 4 "Are you ...... .... the next course?" "Ooh, I couldn't eat any more!" 5 "Are you .
@ You have to complete the second sentence to mean approximately the same as the first, using the word given. BAD .! 1 Stop smoking! .! CAREFUL 2 Don't throw your money away! FOND . 3 She'll be a good mother. .! CRUEL nicely! Treat that dog 4 BAD . 5 I can't draw. . NICE 6 He treated me well. NICE .! 7 You were very kind! (ThaQ . SURPRISED he I not what said. 8 was expecting
@ You have to complete each sentence with the most suitable word on the left and a preposition on the right.
pleased annoyed 1 2 3 4
was FIe was FIe was He was
Dennis
disappointed
with
about
....... Carol, because she got a very good exam result.. ....... the burglary because they lost their new video, TV and hi-fi. .... Robert's new job, which was a promotion. ..... his secretary Helen, because she could have been more helpful, but
he wasnt angry.
5 6
He He
was was
the Council, because they never answered his letters. ....... Fred's exam results. Fred did his best, but the results weren't good!
105
NE Review: all prepositions
53
ln Units 45 to 52, we presented the following: These prepositions of place:
from towards under between behind in front of
to
above
These prepositions of time: how These and other similar at the
long? for from to during expressions: These verbal expressions: arrive at at the front get to top go to on one side be to on the left in the front in front by on the on
row
train train foot at home
e
in
in the middle
by car in my car in/on time
mess trouble present danger trip time in pencil purpose in private in tears stock aware of engaged to careful of close to duty
on on business at the office on holiday at on a at the on out of trouble out of
arrive
in a in in
heart sight
for lunch by by mistake for good for sale by by name by post by hand please abouTwith surprised al/by
Complete these sentences with appropriate prepositions from the box (sometimes there is more than one possibility). in front of above under behind between
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
the bed. Your shoes are on the floor you and me, I don't like this class very much! 'We can't see the plane; it's flying the clouds. The duck was swim*irg along the river with five little ducklings ...... the door. Look, there's Susie; shet hiding ...... . the cinema. She was standing in the street The library is on the first floor. The director's office in on the second floor
8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
You can't see my house from here; it's .... ....... those trees. I'11 buy it if the price is .... ....... ten pounds! I want a hanging lamp ... that table. her ....... brother and her sister-in-1aw. She was sitting .....
.. her.
the library.
106
There was a black car parked
......
...... the restaurant.
Adrian is in the front row and Richard is sitting .... him, in the second row. .... the class and showed them a big picture. The teacher stood "-W-here are my gloves?" "They're on that chair, .. my coat." "That's me in the middle of the photo, ... John andHarcy." If it's . ten pounds, I cerr't buy it. . the orchestra and raised his arms. The conductor stood .... a black Ford Sierra and a white Jagaar. I parked the car I'm sorry my pencil had rolled
@ Complete these sentences with AT, 0N, lN or 0F. A 1 In the family photograph there were five people. ... . the left, two were There were two people .....
2 3
... the five, four were smiling. ...... the right and Dennis was
...... the middle between the others. ..... the left, Fred was There were three people in the back row: Carol was ...... the middle. the right, and Robert was -Winston ...... everyone. ...... front floor the on sitting was
B 1 Look
FOREIGN NE'WS. .... Bill Clinton.
2
.... .. the middle
atpage 3 of the newspaper.
...... the
bottom
..... the page there is a title: .. the top . ...... the left there is a big photograph ..
...... the page there is an advertisement for very expensive Swiss
watches.
3
...... one side
.
..
..... the advertisement there is a short article, and .... .. Lady Thatcher.
.
..... the
other side there is a picture
@ Now you have to fill in the blanks with prepositions (ARRIVE ATlN, BE T0, G0 T0).
1
(BY, lN, ON) or verbs and prepositions
...... the railway station at7 arn, They decided to go to Manchester ...... train. They ... ... time. left, exactly ...... good time for the train. Lt7.15 am the train .... the ttarrt?" said Mr Simpson. "Shall we have breakfast ...... Manchester before?" "-What a good idea! Have you ever
2 3 ...... Manchester last year'" 4 "No, I haven't. My wife Manchester at 8.45 am, and a young man from the office met them at 5 The train the station. "Shall we go
...... taxi?" asked Mr Simpson. 6 7 "No, we can go ... ... my car," said the young man, "unless you prefer to go Iti not far."
@ Now you have to complete these expressions with 0N,
---... foot.
AT, lN, BY FOR, OUT 0F, T0, WITH or ABOUT.
1 Fred's ...... trouble; he hasn't done his homework. .... home. 2 Phone me this evening; I'11 be ...... purpose; he did it hit you didn't "I'ryrsorry, Fred Mrs'W'illiams. 3 .... Sale. 4 This House is . ..... post, they won't get there until Monday. 5 If you send the documents .
...... accident." I'11
deliver them
..... hand.
6 7 8
..... holiday?" "Are you in Cyprus ...... business or years. for three .... universiry Robert was .. ...... stock. I'm sorry "I'm sorry, madam. I'm afraid the book you asked for is that."
9 "Let's ask that woman over there ..... . the briefcase." ...... name. ..... sight, but not 10 I know her . ..... pencil' ..... ink, not . 1.1. You should fil1 in the form t2 "'W-here's Victoria?" "She must be ... ... the ofiice, but I'm not sure movements today." .....- stock. 13 I'11 buy you the new CD if it s t4 You have to learn this ... ... heart before tomorrow. 15 Fred's room is usually .... a mess. . prlvate. t6 I think we should have our meetit g .... here' working ...... present we only have three people 17 "I'm pleased """ that'" ... you." 18 "I'm falling ...... love 1,9 The little boy was ...... tears because he couldn't find his ball. ..... that time Carol was only 13 years old. 20
-..... hel4
107
A The Sorne
(articles
- 1)
Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below.
))
He bought a n, apple and sofite banaruas.
e
Unfortunately the apple had a maggot irt it and the bananas were rotten.
Now complete these sentences with A, THE or SOME. ..... pear tree was ...... apple trees. .... pear tree and In the garden there was . in flower. ...... young students walking by .... teacher and I looked up and saw .. teacher was a woman about 35 years old.
@ lnthese sentences, five of the parts underlined are correctandfourarewrong. Tick({) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.
1 I saw man and a woman outside; a ryLet was about 50. 2 He was carrvins some book and an overcoat. 3 Is that a tiser? No I think it's the lion. 4 I have to buy some shirts and a pair of shoes. -
the answers? Tip: is Washington a city or a state (or both)?
city capital state country continent island
1.
2 a
J 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1,1,
T2
t3 t4
Peru is ..... . in South America. Europe is .... ..... between Holland and France is Belgium. Sio Paolo is .... biggest ..... in Brazll. Corsica is ...... in the Mediterraflean. Texas is ..... . American .... Asia is in the world. ...... biggest .... Edinburgh is ..... . of Scotland. .. of Washington is on the West Coast of the USA. St Helena is .............. where Napoleon died. Stockholm is .... of Sweden. Luxembourg is .... smallest .... .. in the European I.Jnion. Barcelona is .............. in Spain, but it is not ...... of the country.
ihopping - and an Accident Acr @ You have to complete these sentences with A(N) or SOME. My husband and I went shopping in the High Street today to buy ...... clothes for our holiday. He bought .............. T-shirts and ...... straw hat, and I bought ..... blouse, ..... skirt and .. . comfortable shoes. 'We are planning to go for ..... long wa1ks, and I shall need . comfortable pair of shoes. It sometimes rains in Scotland, so we are
taking
..... umbrella
and
.. extra shoes.
... ... accident in the High Street when we were there. .... lorry transportirg ..... cows to market crashed into .. . house on the corner of Potter's Road. people were standing there, and they saw the accident. One of them said: "I saw children standing on the corner. Then I heard ..... noise and saw ...... 1orry going too fast." The cows were not hurt, but ... of them rarr away down the road. ..... man and .. ... boys stopped the cows and brought them back. There was
@ This is a story about two people who went to visit the Komodo dragons. Complete each blank with A(N), THE or SOME.
dragon is there are
......
.... animal in fairy stories which breathes fire. They don't exist, but animals like dragons which live on .. island called Komodo.
Douglas and Mark went to visit ...... Komodo dragons. They took ..... small boat from Labuan to Komodo island journey took 4 ..... boat was quite small, and .... hours. There were chickens on the boat, and .............. small boys who'looked after . boat.
They arrived at
It ate one
of
.....
. island
in the afternoon, and soon saw ......
chickens! Later they
the village. .............. dragons ate ..... Douglas didn't enjoy the experience!
small dragon.
saw
big dragons in ...... field near goats and ..... other smal1 animals. Mark and
109
A Sorne A.y
(articles
-
2)
Look at the picture, and study the sentences below.
I'ue got a cahe, sonte biscuits and son.e coffee. Haue you got (some) any milh? No, I hauen't got any milh. Didn't you bring (some) any? No, and I didn't bring a cup.
o
Now complete these sentences with A, SOME or ANY.
1 2 3 4 A
..... . tiger in the cage, with .... clients waiting for us? Are there ..... time to spare. FIe doesn't have .. minute! And I haven't got ... There's
'We
...... tiger cubs'
A(N) with singular nouns: a book an animal We use SOME/ANY with 1) plural nouns: some books use
2) uncountable nouns: some
any apples
time
any milk
Note:-We cannot count MILK (for example), so MILK is an uncountable noun. 'We can count BOTTLES, so they are countable, and can be singular or plural.
B .
'We use
C
-We
D
SOME in afErmative sentences, and ANY in interrogative and negative sentences @ut see C below). Here are some examples: We bought sorne rnilk. Have you got any (sorne) rnoney? We haven't seen any planes. usually use
ANY in interrogative
Would you like sorre coffee? Can you show me sotale sweaters? Here is the same information in a table:
ffirmatiue Interrogatiue I'{egatiue E
sentences, but not if we expect the answer "yes": ("Yes, please.")
-We
use
srngular a book a book? (not) a book
("Yes, here they ere.")
plural some books any (some) books? (not) any books
uncountable some time any (some) time?
(not) any time
"a" with professions and activities:
John Smith is a pianist.
( X
John Smith is pianist.)
ln these sentences, two of the phrases underlined are correct and three are wrong. Tick
correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 I haven't got any Pen. 2 Would you like some cream in your coffee? 3 I haven't got some coffee Yet. 4 Flave you got anlr free time this week? 110
5
John is dentist.
(/) the
@ First you must choose between A and
1 I don't want 2 I need something
ANY.
..'. tea either! .... sandwich, and I don't want ... old pieces of paper, or ..... to write on. Have you got
notebook?
3 4 5 6 7
...... bite to eat all day! ...... food? I haven't had . trees, and soon there won't be ..... .... grass and there aren't There isn't.. single inhabitant left. ... word from her in "Flave you had ..... letters fromJane?" "No, I haven't heard over two weeks." ..... penny." "Is there .. money left?" "No, there isn't . daughter." ...... son and . "Do you have . ..... children?" "Yes, I have
Did you bring
@ Now you have to complete these sentences with A, SQME or ANY in the dialogue between Dennis and Victoria.
D V D V D V D V D V D V D V D
Victoria, I'm just going to the shops. Do you need anything? tomatoes. .. bread, please. Oh, and we don't have ... Yes, Dennis. Buy too. ... coffee OK. And I'11 buy . coffee in the cupboard, isn't there? Thereb ... coffee in it. What about sugar? There's a coffee jar here, but there isn't . .... sugar the day before yesterday. I bought ..... mushrooms. I want to buy ...... mushrooms in Sainsbury's; I looked this morning. There aren't Oh. And we haven't got '..... milk. 'What would you like for supper tonight .... potatoes' sausages and fry I could grill ...... ...... potatoes left, are there? But there aren't ...... potatoes and a lettuce. You're right. I'11 buy 'Will you be long? 'We11, I'11 have to go to the cash point before I go shopping for food; I haven't got ...... money.
phone
calls hospital stamps restaurant
umbrella
..... on this parcel for me. 1 Please put . 2 "It's rainiflg." "It doesn't matter; there's ...... in the ha11." .. at the moment. 3 I'm working as a waiter in ... 4 Do you mind not making .............. ? I'm waiting for Dennis to phone. .... in this town. 5 Carols is not feeling at all well, but I'm tfrard there isn't . trains parking spaces food milk ...... in my coffee, please. 6 I d like 7 Here are .............. for you to read. .... on Sundays. 8 The railway station is closed today. There aren't 9 Let's park here; I can see ...... t0 Don't leave ...... in the fridge when you go away.
books
It7
Trees The trees 'W'ood The woods
(articles
-
3)
Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below.
Water is good for you.
e Complete these sentences with THE or (-) (nothing). ...... hotel we stayed at was bad. ...... hotels, but 1 I like ...... music last night was lovely, didn't you think? 2 ... dogs. 3 I can't stand ...... cats, but I love ..
USE Notice the difference between these pairs: \a "People who live in glasshouses shouldn't throw stones." GLASSHOUSES PEOPLE IN IN GENERAL GENERAL
STONES
IN
GENERAL
1b "The people who live in the big house own the red car-" THE PARTICULAR THE PARTICULAR HOUSE PEOPLE 2a I love children.
This means "a11 children", or "children in general".
2b I'rn taking the children
"My children", or "certain
to
school.
children", not"alL children"
3a She doesn't like rnusic.
"All music", or "music in general"
3b I couldn't stand the rnusic
No/
"a11
music"
last night!
SPECTFIC the children
GENERAL Plural
lUncountable
children
the music
music
(For Countable and lJncountable, see
Unit
55.)
Good English? @ ln these sentences, four of the phrases underlined are correct and five are wrong. Tick
correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 -Women are different from men. 2 The doctors who work in this hospital are the nice people. 3 -Women in the play were wonderful actresses. 4 "Did you see man who came to see Julia?" 5 The eagles are the beautiful birds. 112
(/) the
No Article In These Sentences!
o
Complete these sentences with words from the box. Don't use THE.
L__lu
1 2 3 4
|
9
eglqo_Ler_
!
ug.'
marriage good weather
For many young people ...... is still an important aim; very few people want to live alone. 'Where there is ..... , a country will never progress as it should. People who come to England from the tropics dream about ...... ! ...... can bring great benefits, but it's also a danger.
Food and Drink @ Here are some sentences about food and drink. You have
to complete each sentence using THE if
necessary.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10
make ...... cheese from milk. pass ...... sugar, please? I want some for my cofTee." You usually have ...... pasta in an Italian meal. Isn't it true that ...... bread is made in a bakery? "Can you pour ...... wine while I serve the vegetables?" In many parts of Asia, ...... rice is the staple food. "Can you get ...... cheese out of the fridge?" "'W'here do you keep ...... bread? I want to make a sandwich." In large amounts, ...... sllgar is bad for you. "I'11 do the stir fry if you boil . ..... rice." You
"Can you
General and Specific @ You have
to use each word twice, once with THE and once without.
coffee music 1
2
I usually like
but
.
..... in this class are very difficult to manage. ...... we had for breakfast was too strong. I hate ...... in the morning anyway; I prefer tea. I often listen to but I didn't like at the concert last night.
I 4 5
6
children
classes
tyres__ U.okt
cx need changing. But ...... are very expensive! .... I need to read this month. I can'tlive without.............. ! usually start in September, but ...... you're taking don't start until October.
...... on rt)r These
are..
Putting Back the Articles @ ln this passage, the word THE has been taken out. You have to put it back six times in passage
A,
and five times in passage B. A
LJniversiry students usually buy books, but number of books they buy depends on course. I have asked five students: students in Maths Department don't buy many books, but students in Literature Department buy dozens.
Terrorism is becoming more common these days. Reasons for this are complicated, but is that people are hungry in some pa(ts of world. Another important reason is that people want freedom. They want government of a country to be elected by people who live there. perhaps most important reason
113
The
blind The French Big ones (articles - 4) "I'd like a green one and two red ones, please."
----\-
o
USE SINGIJLAR
A (+adjective) *noun : A + adjective + ONE : It's a big one Things: It's a big truck. girl. People: She's a nice PLURAL
adjective
Adjective f noun = Adjective * ONES = adjective Things: They're big trucks. They're big ones. People: They're nice girls.
THE *
'We
adjective use "the
Also:
She's
nice
They're big. They're nice.
blind" to mean "a11 blind people" (plus plural verb).
the deaf the
Itt big
unemployed
the old
the disabled the living the rich
the handicapped the dead the poor
the injured the young
NATIONALITIES "Nationality words" are sometimes adjectives only: Adjective: Shet French. (Shet a French woman.) Also: English Spanish Portuguese Swiss Sometimes they are both adjectives and nouns:
,
Adjective: She's Italian. Noun: They're Italians. Also: Russian(s) Italian(s) Mexican(s) African(s) To describe the nationaliry in general, we use the adjective (if there isn't a noun) or the noun (if there is one): The English eat a lot of beef. People say that the ttalians love going to the opera. Notice the verbs: they are always plural.
Good English? Three of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and four are wrong. Tick
(/)
thel'nTi.
onttl.::o
i:-iite 2 3
need good education, especiany the verlr youns ones. There's an old bus coming." "Is it a big?" "No, it's a small." "Bry two second-hand ones and 1eewone."
r"rr*,
the correct
@ Rewrite these sentences twice,
as in the example.
Example: They're big books
1 Thatt a large house. 2 She's a tall girl. 3 This is an old picture. 4 Those are nice flowers. 5 He's an interesting man. 6 Those boys are fast runners. 7 They're good apples. 8 He's a cute little baby.
*,,,",*,.
'* ",*,,* : : : :::::....'......'
..........::..:..:.:....
:::::::::::::::::
@ You have to use each of these words twice, once with THE, and once without. rich Louis Braille, who was ...
2 3 4 5
"Braille". I was invited to go to a disco, but I'm only 18. FIe's Auntie Mabel is ..... , and subtitles for .. ln some countries .... are looked ...... you have to live alone. Peter Craddock is a millionaire. He hasn't got a penny! This is unusual.
blind
poor
a system
of writing
deaf
Discos are to
for
od
for
y0ung .... called
.... . John went;
he's
television; programmes should have
in many places if you
are
...... . She who is mix don't with
@ You have to complete each sentence with a word from the box. Use THE, and make the word plural
if necessary.
European German
British 1 .... 2 3 4 In 1991, ...... 5
American
French
are slowly developing a single economic communify.
in the Common Market who live on an island. to make the best food in the world. .... knocked down the walI which divided their country. have the largest economy in the world. are the only people are said
Japanese Swiss Norwegian Russian
Chinese
.... have changed the named of Stalingrad to St Petersburg. 6 7 .... make more electronic goods than any other country. 8 In 1955, ........ . decided not to join the European LJnion. 9 .... form the largest population in the world.
1L5
The Alpt Lake Victoria Argentina
(articles
- 5)
This unit is about geographical names. Some kinds of names never take an article, some kinds always take an article and some kinds sometimes take an article.
USE
A
'WORDS'WHICH HAVE NO ARIICLE Continents, cities and towns do not take articles: HamPton Rome Asia
Edinburgh Stratford do not take articles: mountains Lakes and Africa Lake Lake
Victoria Michigan
Mount Everest Mont Blanc Aconcagua
Windermere
B
'WORDS
WHICH HAVE AN ARTICLE
Oceans, seas, rivers and mountain ranges take articles: The AlPs The Thames The Atlantic
The The
Baltic Pacific
The The
Nile Danube
Canals, channels and tunnels take articles: The English Channel The Panama
The PYrenees The Andes
Canal
The Simplon Tunnel
The Channel Tunnel Many unique items take articles: the
world
the
sun
the
stars
the
earth
the
moon
the sky
C WORD ORDER Notice the different word order in these three names taken from the lists above: Lake Victoria The Atlantic Ocean The River Nile
D
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS WHICH MAY FIAVE AN ARIICLE Most nations do not take an article, but a few do: ("the I-JSA") India The United States France China The United Kingdom ("the LIK") Braztl.
Argentina Mexico etc. Regions of the world, and regions in countries, sometimes take an article; it depends on how you say the name: The Middle East South East Asia -Western The Far East Canada The South of England Southern Africa The West of Canada Northern France The Highlands/Midlands South Africa The Lake Distrrct West Germany Groups of islands take an article, but single islands do not:
The British Isles The West Indies
Mallorca Iceland
]ood English? Four of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct, and four of them are wrong. Tick
the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 I live in South of England, in London ....... 2 Mount Fujiyama is in the Far East
(/)
Andes are in the South America. The Rhine flows through the Germany.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The main religion of .............. Middle East is Islam. 'Western . Canada has a much milder climate than The fast growing economies in .. world are in
.
..... East. .. South East Asia.
.. north of .... .. Scotland. ...... Higtrlands are in .... sun, .............. moon and . stars. Poets like to talk about ...... .. Marseilles are cities in .............. France. ...... Lyons and ... South America. ..... Aconcaglra is the highest mountain in ... Indies. West ... Jamaica is an island in ...... ..... Spain. ..... France and .... Pyrenees lie berween
@ You have to complete each sentence with a name from the box, and THE if necess ary (you need to use THE seven times in the 12 sentences). Lake
Michigan
Alps 1 2 3 4
SirEdmund Hillary andTenzing Norgay climbed..... Switzerland is a small country in ... .. flows from Hampton Court to London. Chicago is on the edge of ........
.
Thames
Mount Everest
for the first time in1953.
Brussels
5 6 7 8
Seine
in Llganda, Kenya andTanzanua. The mountains of South America are called The river in Paris is called The capital of Belgium is called is
Andes Lake Victoria
Kingdom United States Russia Pacific Luxembourg
United
9 10 1,1
il. i;;;;i ...,,,ii,tr:Tfffl:'::* ::i::: i:1
1,2
London is the capital of ....
t.'-'"'
@ Now you have to complete these sentences with words from both boxes in the right order, and if necessary.
lake isles river sea
ocean
THE
North Victoria
Atlantic English
Nile
channel
British
Mediterranean 1.
2 a
J 4
The "chunnel" is a tunnel which goes under ...... from Britain to France. . , which consist of two big islands, Britain and Ireland, and several smaller islands, surrounded by water. ...... is befween Britain and Norway. ...... flows from the Sudan through Egypt, and comes out in a big lake, called ..... from London to New York. We flew over .....
in .....
.
It
has its
is
origin
Lt7
THE and OF with names of institutiofls, streets etc.
(articles
-
6)
For the use of articles with countries, cities, rivers, oceans etc., see Unit 58. When we talk about a famous institution (a museuffi, o newspaper, a theatre), or a city street or a monument, there are several ways of doing it: with or without THE, and with or without 0F. Here are
the most common ways, with examples.
With ciry streets etc., the most common way is to give the name and Streets etc: Fifth Avenue Trafalgar Square Oxford Street Cavendish
the description, and no article:
Road -Waterloo Bridge
'We don't normally use the article
Tower Bridge with roads and streets, but we must use the word
road or street etc:
Oxford is a ciry. Oxford Street is a road in London. However, in London and New York etc., there are some famous exceptions to these rules: The Mail; The Strand; Broadway
Park Covent Garden
Parks and markets:
Hyde
Public buildings:
Westminster 'Wembley
Universities:
Lancaster
Shops and banks: Bridges:
-Waterloo
Camden Market
Abbey Buckingham Palace Stadium Kings Cross (station)
LJniversity Oxford (Jniversiry
Harrods National-Westminster
Bridge
Tower Bridge
For theatres, cinemas, concert halls etc., use sometimes omitted):
THE, a name and a description (the description
The Royal Opera House The Festival Hali The Coliseum (theatre) Theatre The Drury Lane The Barbican Hall The Odeon (cinema) The Royal Albert Hall lJote with cinemas and theatres, we sometimes omit the word cinerna/theatre. But if you're not sure, use it!
C
'When
D
We
the first word is an adjective (or sometimes a noun used as an adjective), we use THE: The National Gallery The British Museum The Ford Foundation The'White House The Smithsonian The Eiffel Tower
usua\
use
THE with political parties, organisations,
newspapers, nagazrrres etc:
The Royal Sociery of . . . The Labour Parfy The National Association of . . . The Republican Parry The National Geographic The Daily Mail The Readert Digest The New York Times (But notice: Time, Newsweek, Options, Cosmopolitan, Hello) 'We
use
THE * noun * of * noun for a few famous places: The House of Commons The Tower of London The Museum of Mankind The Bank of England For universities, we can also say (or usually write):
The Universiry of
118
Lancaster
The University of Oxford
is
Vhere Are They?
o
Here are some notes made by Robert to say where the places are. Write out the notes in full, as the example. Hse Commons/Parliament Sq. Self rid ges/Oxford Street Nat Galle ry /Trafalgar Sq. Roy. Soc. Arts/Adam St. T
b
g";dkl"
l'l rur,o"n
h
in
b^ P,r^+til.l. Sl,'ruZ.
@ Each of the phrases is given in short form, for notes. Write out the complete form in the blanks. (Trafalgar Sq) to ....... (Nat. 1 I walked across (Time$. ..... ... of I a copy my way bought Gallery). On ....... fltrhite House) and If you go to Washington, you must visit.. ...... (Nat Art Gallery). And you should read (Time) or .... ...... (New York Times) to keep up to date with the news. London)' vo" w,l see
l:]:: :: ll
4
i**.;u;; '**'r
.... (Nat Assoc Teachers) has its ofhces in ... ...... (Liberal Party). (Lambeth St), next door to the ofEces of ....
Giving Directions //n \9/
Look at the map, and complete these directions.
'r€r
\;*-:-
3}16
E|EN
Tourist
Excuse me, could you tell me the way to Buckingham Palace, please?
Londoner
Yes,
Tourist
Yes.
it\
a long way. Do you want to walk?
Londoner Right. You go over
.....
.. and you come to a big street called You walk along there, passing a theatre on your right, called
;;;;; i;;;J;;,;;;;;;,L";"1*:H;':T:::i:1 o;;.;;
'Walk .... . across the square, and yo, *ill ,.. right you will see .. an archway on your left. Walk through the arch, and you are in a wide avenue called . At the end you will see ......... on your left. you are near the palace, you.will see ......
@ Now write a new set of directions to go from the Aldwych Theatre to The National Gallery. L19
Singular, plural and uncountable nouns
A
Most nouns form their plural with -s:
cup
cups
tree trees house
houses
A few nouns form their plural with -es or -ies: opportuniry opportunities sandwich sandwiches bus buses A few nouns ending in -f form their plural with -ves:
knife knives wife wives Hfe lives half halves
Here is a list:
leaf scarf
leaves shelf scarves thief
shelves
thieves
'We can count many
things: a house two houses There are also many things we cannot count: music X two musics Here is a list of nouns which are usually uncountable in English. Read the list carefully, because some of the words may be countable in your first language: traffic information nature accommodation furniture
love hair luggage health homework marriage
age beaury food Some nouns are always
news paper
travel
weather
permission work
plural:
e.g. clothes: His clothes are expensive. stairs: The stairs up to my room are very steep.
Here is a list:
congratulations savings tropics (kind) regards (many) thanks These nouns arc always
plural:
People: The people were waiting. Police: The police are always They have singular equivalents:
person
>
busy.
people
A few nouns have a finaI -s, but are singular: e.g. The news is good this week. Aerobics keeps you healthy. Here is a list:
news aerobics economics mathematics physics politics Some nouns are normally plural because they exist in pairs: 'Where are my glasses? e.g. These trousers need washing. Here is a list (th.y are all things you wear except one):
trousers jeans tights leggings shorts pyjamas glasses sunglasses
scissors
Here are some of the ways we use these words: Cloth (singular or plural) : a piece of material often used to clean something I need a cloth to wipe up the milk I dropped. Clothes (plural only) : things we wear "'W'ear some nice clothes; we're going to a parqr."
Clothing (uncountable) : clothes in general Modern clothing is different from what it was 50 years ago.
120
Singular, Plural and LJncountable
O
ln each of these sentences, one of the words is plural and one is uncountable. Complete each sentence with the two words, making them plural if necessary.
1 I need several ...... of 2 Itt tiring to make so many 3 4
(paperlsheet)
...... , but unfortunately
foreign
...... is part of my job.
Qourney/ travel)
Can you all hand in your ...... ? I hope you've done the three ...... I asked you to do. (homework/exercise) ...... seems to be getting more popular; I've been to three ...... this month! (wedding /narnage)
5 6
Most of the people at football matches are .. .... , but in cinemas the ...... is mixed. (public/man) You need ...... to visit the factory, but itt not diffrcult; you go to the office and ask for a (permit/permission)
7 Lookatthosetwo. B
the..
..... andthatcoffeetable;
.... intheroomisverynice.
(armchair/furniture) There are several ...... available at the bottling company, so if you're looking for you should go and see them. (oblwork)
@ Complete these sentences with MUCH or MANY or the correct verb form from the two given.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
..
.... congratulations on your success! ...... mathematics at school. -We sent him . ..... kind regards. There isn't . ..... news today; nothing has happened. Economics .... (islare) a very difficult subject. His savings .... (was/were) .. lost in the stock market crash. I think her clothes .... .. (is/are) quite unusual. Politics ..... (play/plays) alarge part in his life.
I didn't study
@ Replace the part in brackets in each sentence with
I i
a word from the box, making it plural if necessary.
information thief lrggag1 manner
food accommodation traffic half _
1 We are looking for ...... (a place to stay). 2 The . ..... (p.ople who stole the TV) broke into the house during the night. 3 The . ..... (quantiry of vehicles) made it difficult to drive across the ciry. 4 I wonder if you could give us some ...... (facts that we need)? 5 'When they were joined together, the two ...... (parts) of the picture made one. 6 'We found plenry of .... .. (things ro ear) in the fridge. 7 I was very pleased with his .. .... (behaviour ar the table). 8 He brought a lot of ..... . (suitcases and brgr).
i
__l
i
@ Complete each sentence with a word from the box, without changing it.
cloth clothes tt-
policeman
clothing
polircewoman
..i pohce
I
1 Men's ...... has usua\ been different from woment. 2 I need a ..... to dry these cups with. 3 You don't wear the same ..... in the evening as you do in the office. 4 'When we had a break-in, the .. .... were there in two minutes. 5 You can always recognise an English .... .. ; they wear distinctive helmets. 6 A .... was hurt during the arrest; she is still in hospital. 121
l
i
uuE A little A few A lot
61
Not. . .ranany
of
(quantifiers
-
Plenty
of
Not. . .nluch
1)
Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below.
He has a little moruey, apd he has a lot of
friends!
O
She has
plenty of money, and she has
a few friends (but she doesn't lenow it).
Now complete each sentence with a suitable phrase from the box.
1 2 3 4
. had
... luggage; he took six suitcases with him! .... rain yesterday, but not much. ... cokes?'We need two or three more. Can you bry . .... rooms. He lives in a big house with
He had
'We
Now look at the picture, and study the comments of the two people.
"There's a little tea and a few sandwiches; would you like some?"
"Loolt, there's not much tea and not many sandwiches. There isn't going to be enouglt."
@ Now complete each sentence with a suitable phrase from the box. L
1 2 3
not not
much many
a little a few
.. envelopes left; we can't send the letters. There are .. -We'11 'Wait manage. .... more envelopes. a minute, here are .... here in the pot. "-Would anyone like some more coffee? There's milk, so you may have to drink it black." But I'm afratd there is ....
USE
A LOT OF or PLENTY OF for large amounts or numbers: He listens to a lot of music. (uncountable or countable; see lJnit 60) He's got plenty of records. In questions we often use MLICH or MANY: Have you played much tennis lately? Did you visit many places while you were there?
We use
-We
-We
use A LITTLE for smail amounts (but enough): He has a little money and he manages quite well. (uncountable) I like to have supper with a few close friends. (countable)
NOT . . .MUCH or NOT . . . MANY for small amounts (and not enough): didn't have rnuch time and we didn't finish. (uncountable) Not rnany people came to my pa;tf , it was a flop. (countable) use
'We
122
A Little Or a Few? @ Complete these sentences with A LITTLE or A FEW.
1 She only speaks ... ".. words of English. 2 'With ...... 1uck, they'll be here on time. 3 "...... knowledge is a dangerous thing." (old proverb) 4 "-W'hat's she like?" "I've only seen her .. .... times." 5 LJncle Victor retired ...... years ago. 6 He finishes the job with ...... help from his friends. Much Or Many? @ Complete these sentences with (NOT)...MUCH or (NOT)...MANY.
1 It was a quiet d^y; . ..... people came into the shop. 2 Has there been ...... snow this winter? 3 "There are .. .... cars on the.road today; it's very quiet." 'We 4 will ..... see ...... sun this afternoon; it's going to rain. 5 "Did you see ...... camels when you were in Egypt"? 6 I don't think we've got .. .... time; it's already late. Mixed Bug @ Make sentences using the word in brackets, and PLENTY 0F, NOT MANY or NOT MUCH.
1
'We
can only stay here for another hour.
(time) 2 3 4
We
.
We may have difficulry finding somewhere to (hotels) There I don't think we can make a meat stew. (meat) There Don't buy anything at the supermarket. -We (food) .
stay.
5 I don't think 6
Carol can do the job. (experience) She I don't know why he hasn't asked her out! (opportunities) He's had
7 I can't make a Spanish omelette. /o.'.'5) \- bb.
I ....
A Foolish Young Man @ Complete these sentences using suitable words from the box. Use A LOT 0F only if you cannot anything
1 2
3 4
else.
r=
use
'When
Uncle Victor was young, he won d5,000 in a lottery. That was ... .. money to him, but it didn't do him ...... good! FIe went to the Riviera, where he found that .. .... people soon became his close friends. However, these new friends consumed ... ... food and drink, and they didn't pay bills because they didn't have . ..... money. His friends paid . ..... bills, but Victor paid most of them. But he didnlt have. ..... time to think about that. There were ...... parties to go to, and Victor didn't have . ..... worries, although he did sometimes think about the future. After three weeks he had spent ...... money, but he sti1l had . ..... of it left. He noticed, however, that now he only had . ..... friends. That is life (sometimes)! 123
All of Most of None of
(quantifiers
-
2)
Look at the picture, and study the text below.
Most people leaue home when they are 78 years old. I dont agree; most of the people I know stay with their parents until they are in their twenties.
o
Put the four phrases in the box into the right blanks in these sentences,
1 My students are all Italian; ...... them are English. 2 .... parents love their own children. ...... our friends haven't got children; the majority are still single. 3 ...... babies cry a lot and others don't. 4
most of none of
most s0me
USE
A
'We can use these words
in a general way without OF: must report to reception. Most people go to the cinema from time to trme. Sorne dogs bark a lot; others don't. A few dogs bite people; most don't. He's got no money (general only).
All drivers
He hasn't got any money.
B
'We
can also use these words in a specific way, with (o0 the people I spoke to wanted to come.
OF THE, MY
etc:
A11
Most of these rnen are willing to work. Sorne of your plants need watering. A few of his friends took him out for the evenlng. None of rny friends wrote to me (specific only). I didn't send postcards to any of rny friends.
C NO
or NONE
: NOT . . . Af{Y.
We use no in general sentences , and none
of the in
specific sentences.
Good English? @ Three of the underlined parts in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick correct ones, and rewrite the others.
1 Most people get married. 2 Manlr mlr friends are French. 3 A few of houses in my street are for sale. 4 A few birds stay in Europe in the winter. 5 He's got anlr clothes to wear! 6 He has been a student all his life.
(/) the
... British people speak English, although ".............. men are mortal." (proverb) ".............. dogs are allowed in this shop." There
a small
number are speakers of other languages.
were
..... people present at the lecture, but the room was nearly empty. . men are between 1m 50 and 7rn 90 in height. . men are more than l-m 90 in height.
@ Complete the second sentence using the words underlined in the first sentence, and 0F etc.
1 Most
like chocolate.
... I kn like chocolate. 2 All office workers are punctual. I don't agree. .. I know are sometimes late! 3 All Scotsmen wear kilts. Thatt nonsense! ...... ..... I know wear trousers, except Yes, that's
true.
perhaps when they go
dancir g.
4 Most 5
complain about their bosses. Yes that's true. . ... rn my company complain about the boss from time to time. Some women wear skirts and some wear trousers. Yes, that's true. ...... ln my ofhce wear skirts and ....... ....... wear trousers.
The Hampton Police Force has a total of 223 officers. Study this table. Sex
Height
Ag,
Men 83 89 15
total1.87 over 5'9"
_ 5'9', under 5'6" 516'r
(all officers)
'Women
tall medium
31.
5
total36 over 5t6tt
_ 5r6il under 5'3" 5r3il
over 60 15
s0-60
63
35-50
1,45
20_35
under 20 @ Now complete these sentences according to the information given in the table, using NO/NONE, A FEW, SOME, M0ST or ALL, and 0F (THE).
1, 2
3 4 5 6 7 8
.............. ofEcers are men, but . .... them are women. . men are tall. and . .... them are of medium height. under 5t6". ... women are tall, and .............. them are medium height under 5'3".
men are
....... them
are
officers are over 60 years old. over 50 years old. between 35 and 50 years old. between 20 and 35 years old. under 20 years old. 125
uuE Sornebody Anythirg Everywhere
63
(quantifiers
-
3)
Look at the picture, and study the text below.
I'm sure there's sotnebody here. Hello, is anybody at home?
I
thiruh eaerybody's gone out.
Now study these two dialogues.
"Can nNo,
I haue something to eat?" there isrt't anything left.
They'ue eaten
O
eaerythirtg."
"I can't find my glasses anywhere." "They must be somewhere." nNo, they aren't. I'ue loolzed euerywhere."
Now you have to complete these sentences, using one of the words in the box for each blank.
1 2 3 4
..... ; I can't find it I've left my pen . ...... ? Money, ticket, passport? Have you got "'Watch what you say; there are spies ...... !" ...... to give me Is .... .. driving to Hampton? I need
everywhere anybody somewhere somebody
anywhere a
everything
lift.
Like SOME and ANY, we use SOMEBODY etc. in afTirmative sentences and ANY.WHERE etc. ln negatlve sentences. In questlons we usually use ANY-, except when \,ve are offering something, when we use SOME-: I'm not going anywhere. Would you like sornething to eat? Can you see anybody? -We
-We
-We
use SOMEBODY etc. for people: I think sornebody is coming - I wonder who? I don't want to see anybody tonight use SOMETHING etc. for things: I need sornething to do. I don't want anything else to eat.
There are enough
Everything I do
seats
for everybody.
is wrong!
use SOMEWHERE etc. for places: Let's go sornewhere different for our holidays! There are papers everywhere! I don't want to go anywhere! Let's stay at home.
Good English? @ ln these sentences, two of the underlined words are correct and two are wrong. Tick
ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Would you like something to drink? 2 I don't want an)rbod), else to eat. 3 FIe didn't want to see somebodlr. 4 You can find shopkeepers everlzwhere. 126
(/)
the correct
Mixed Brg @ Complete these sentences with SOMEBODY EVERWHERE etc.
1 She's very nice; .............. likes her. 'Why would ...... want to harm her? ..... I say is wrong! 2 ...... there must be a place where people like me; here, must have told you I know something, but I don't! I swear; ..... 3 I don't know 4 I've looked ..... . , but I can't find my boots 5 Could you give us ... ... to drink please? Two Burglar - One Of Thern Nervous! @ Now you have to complete this conversation with SOMEBODY EVERWHERE etc. Burglar Burglar
7 2
Is
there
...... in the house?
I don't want to break in if there's ..............
there.
..... here. And there isn't No, don't worry. (they enter the house). There isn't . ...... to steal, either. 'Wait under the bed. It's a suitcase. a minute! I've found ..... Burglar 7 Burglar 2 Is there ...... in it? and I can't find Burglar I No, it's empry. The whole room is empry. I've looked ....... ...... to steal. Burglar 2 'Well, look ...... different. There must be some money .. in the kitchen! Burglar 7 Shhh! I think I can hear .... . there. Oh!! Burglar 2 I was in the kitchen fwo minutes ago; there isn't ... -Were .... in particular? you looking for Policeman Good evening gentlemen.
Advertising For "superstore" (Do You Believe It?) @ Now complete these sentences using SOMEBODY EVERWHERE etc.
1 You can buy .... you want in "Superstore"! 2 ... is welcome in "Superstore"! 3 There are "Superstores" ...... you go! ..... in "Superstore"! ..... is buying 4 Every second of the d^y, . "Superstore" ...... 5 There's isn't a better store than .... happy! 6 Itt "service with a smile" in "Superstore". We make !
Finishing Sentences @ Now complete the second sentence to follow the first. Use SOMEBODY
1 I don't know what to do. -We11, you'd better think 2 This room is absolutely full of books. There
3
etc. in each.
..... to do!
are
There isn't a place to park.
I
4
EVERWVHERE
can't.
The house is empry.
-Where
has 5 I don't know who to give this to. 'We11, please 6 Don't leave the office in a mess! Put . 7 Somebody has moved all my things! Now I don't 8 I've got to do this alone. I don't.
.........
?
..........
!
. place!
...... is! help me. 127
,S
S' and OF
(possession)
Look at the picture, and study the phrases below.
The legs of the table Fred's legs The boys' heads Tbo hours'work
o
Now complete these sentences with 'S, S' or 0F THE. ..... house is leaking. 1 The roof . atJohn '..... cafe. breakfast have 2 Let's ..... school. 3 He goes to an excellent boy . ...... time. 4 I'11 see you in half an hour
We use 's for singular and s' for plural: the students' places the student's place for singular and plural: use rve 's For irregular plurals, the children's coats a childt coat -We
use 's especially for people: Not: X the table's leg the man's leg 'We use of for things: the door of the car the leg of the table Here are some examples of "human groups": companies, organisations, societies, cltles,
governments, countrles.
'With
these, we can use 's or of:
this country's resources the resources of this country the aims of the institute the institute's aims -We use 's or s' for periods of time: three months' effort a weekt holiday We often use 's for the names of shops, restaurants the nern'sagent's Jim's cafe Luigit No/e: Apostrophe 's is only used in two ways in English: 1 For possession, as in this unit. 2 For contractions: he's she's it's (is/has) Let's (let us)
3 It is not used in these cases: Not: X my sandwich's X
this is your's
X
it's tail
Good English? @
ln these sentences, three of the underlined phrases are correct and three are wrong. Tick
correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 The women's clothes have been washed. 2 The coat of Sa11), is in the cupboard. 3 France public transport is very good. 4 He took six weeks' holiday. 5 The back seat of mlr car is full of papers. 6 The room's door is open. 128
(/)
the
Mixed Bug @ You have to complete these sentences using 'S or S'. 1 Let's go to Peter....... place for an hour or so. 2 The boy....... bedrooms are in such a mess! 3 Can you tell me the way to the gentlemen....... toilet? 4 Careful, don't catch the baby....... fingers in the door! 5 This is the best girl....... school in the town.
Can You tlse 'S or OF? @ a) Rewrite the underlined part of these sentences using 0F ,f you can. b) Which sentences cannot be rewritten? t Japant hi$qy is very diff,erent from rhat of Europe. 2 We had better prepare a list of the Societlz's members.
3 Johnt children are delightful. 4 I wish I knew what the @ are. 5 The driver's coat was caught in the door. 6 Londont Bolicemen are the envy of many other cities. Carol's Friends' Addresses @ Complete each sentence with the two words or phrases given in brackets, using'S, S'or 0F. Be careful of word order!
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10
Carol was checking the list She noticed
of
.. (her friends/addresses) .. (Susan/address) was wrong.
that
The . The .
. (street/name) was spelt wrongly. . (house/number) was wrong too! ....... (her parents/room).
Carol went to ... She wanted to ask her mother for
..
(her friend/address)
But the .. (her room/door) was shut. She knocked. Her mother said: "Don't open the door; I've got .. (Fred/new puppy) in here!" Carol could hear the .. (, p,rpp),/sound) as he ran about the room. She opened the door slowly. "oh, look!" said her mother, "He's got .. (father/slippers)!"
Selecting the Right Phrase @ Now you have to choose the right pair of words from the box for each sentence, then write them in using the correct form
a weekAoliday the house/back
three days/work the children/bedroom the company/intentions
1 You can park your car at the .. 2 Before working for Smith and Son Ltd, we need to find out 3 I'il pay you d200 for 4 .. is in such a mess, I can't even open the door! 5 I'm tired; I need .
her new
dress,/colour Carol/boyfriend
citylmiddle
three
weeklime
the schoo/facilities
6 -We drove into the 7 I can't see you this week, but I'11 see you in 8 .. was pale pink. 9 The sports fieids are large, and in general 10 "-What is the name of ....
.. and had lunch.
. are good.
..... ?"
"I think it's Stephen." 129
Mine Myself Yours Yourself
(possessive, reflexive and ernphatic)
and study the dialogue and sentence below.
He wanted to open the tin. himself, but he cut himself doing it
"Are these yours?" oNo, they're not mine; they're Peter's."
O
Look at this table, and complete them with the words given hers our
I
You He She It We You
They
A
B C
D
'We
use
me you
myself yours
my
his
theirs
herself himself
mine
yourself
hs
her
her
it
its
US
them
themselves ourselves
your
him
you
in the box.
y0ur their
itself ours y0urs
yourselves
rnine etc. like this:
Are these yours? Those are tnine. Those trainers are tnine. Are these trainers yours? Notice the word order in the questions. 'We use rnyself etc. with reflexive verbs:
Did you hurt yourself when you fell down? I shook hands and introduced rnyself. 'We also use rnyself etc. for emphasis: I did the work rnyself (nobody else did it). She carried the boy upstairs herself (nobody helped her). Notice that rnyself etc. goes at the end of the sentence. 'We use each other when both people do the action: We understood each other (he understood me and I understood him) They helped each other (he helped hea and she helped him).
@ ln these sentences, three of the underlined phrases are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 This is my bathing costume; where's )rours? 2 She bought myself a very nice watch. 3 They want to wash themselves. 4 I liked him and we understood ourselves. . 5 She tried to do the work herself. 6 Is this book )zour? 130
W'hose Property Is It?
o
Rewrite these sentences in two different ways, as in the example, using MINE etc. Example:
Are these your books? Are these your (books)? 1 a Is this my pen?
b Is this my (pen)? 2 a Is that their house? b Is that their (house)? 3 a Are these your shoes? b Are these your (shoes)? 4 a 'Was that her passport? b 'Was that her (passport)? 5 a Are these our tickets? b Are these our (tickets)? @ Complete
these sentences MY MINE etc. The personal pronoun is given for each sentence, as
the example. Example: He left his coat and took ..f*.t.... by mistake 1 What did you do r,vith ...... pen? 2 Is that your coat? No, it's. 3 -We don't know where we ieft ...... sandwiches. 4 This is your ticket, Sue, and this is John. 5 The boys took ...... rucksacks with them. 6 -We nor,v have two towel racks at home: "His and ...... handbrg." 7 "Don't w-orry, Jane; I've got
O
in
(yor) (D
(h.)
(*.) (yor) (they)
"
(she)
(yor)
Complete these sentences with MYSELF etc., or EACH OTHER. 1 I'm sure history sometlnles repeats .... 2 "Did you like .... ?" "Yes, we made friends at once." 3 I asked .... a big question: "Can I do it?" 1 We thought we'd be bored, but we enJoyed ... 5 They spoke to ... . on the telephone. "FLed, be not .... w'ith that knife." 6 careful to cut 7 The two dogs clinrbed or-rt of the river and shook ..... 8 'We saw .... last week and had a cup of coflee together. 9 She prides ..... ....... on always getting her work done. 10 "Have you two met?" "No, we don't know .... ."
Reflective Or Emphatic? @ Now you have to 1) select a suitable pronoun
(MYSELF etc.)
for each sentence, and 2) mark where
it goes in the sentence, as in the example.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
I help?" "No, I can do it ." "Be careful not to cut ." "Don't wor.ry, Mum. I can cut it ." They carried the heaw suitcased upstairs "I'm going to give a holiday ." I think they can finish that job "Help to some more food ." She car, save trouble with this machine "I delivered the parcel ." "Shall
137
Review: nouns
ln Units 54
I
-65, we presented the following:
disk disks
a/the some/the
a a
book book?
not..a
book
books books
some some time anylsome books? anylsome time? not..any not..any time
children/the children music/the music the
young the old the rich the poor
Names of countries, towns, places, street, buildings, institutions, newspapers etc. with or without THE
of little
a lot a
of a few plenty
not...much not...many
all
customers
most people some friends a few friends no friends not...any
friends
all (of) your friends most of these friends some of your friends a few of his friends none of my friends not...any of my friends
Nouns with 'S and S'; nouns with 0F
Countable and uncountable, singular and plural nouns.
Mixed B.g
O
Complete these sentences with A, THE, SOME or ANY.
1
"Have you got ...... money?" "No, I haven't .W.ill time. that help?"
got
...... money, but I've got
2 "I'd like ..... pears, please. You can put . ...... apple and . ..... apple in this brg." 3 I've bought you ...... shoes." "But I don't need ...... shoes." 4 Today we've got .. .... new cashier. ...... previous cashier left to get married. 5 "Haveyou got ...... tapes?" "I've got.. .... CD's, but I haven't ...... tapes. I borrowed ...... CD's from Charlie." ..... paper, but he doesn't need 6 He needs ...... pen and . ..... books. @ Now you have to complete these sentences with THE and a suitable word from the box. Read all the sentences before starting the exercise.
blind unemployed young poor rich old deaf
1, ... ... are more physically active than 2 .... can use hearing aids; ...... need guide dogs. 3 ...... need government help, while ...... can look after themselves. 4 It is hard to find enough jobs for .
@ Now you have to complete these names of countries, towns etc. with THE if necessary. . Egypt is a large country in ... ... Middle East. ... England. It runs through ...... Avon is a river in ... ..... Stratford. joins in ...... Panama. ...... Panama Canal is It ...... Atlantic and Pacific oceans. ...... Brighton is on ...... south coast of ...... England. ... North Africa! ...... sun always shines in ...
1, ... 2 3
4 5 132
@ Now complete these names of streets and buildings with THE if necessary.
1 ... 2 3 4 5
... Royal Opera Flouse. ... Covent Garden is near it's in store; ..... Oxford Street. ...... Selfridges is a big department ...... House of Commons and ......-Westminster Abbey is near 'Westminster Bridge. ... Buckingham Palace to evaluate A man from ...... National Gallery went to ... the pictures. .. London, and Times" is an English newspaper published in ... ... United States of America. Time is a news rnagazine published in ...
@ Now complete each sentence with a suitable word or words from the box. Read all the sentences before starting the exercise.
not
1 2 3 4
many
not any not much
most
...... time. ..... got We'd better hurry; we have ...... Italians eat pasta every day. "Canyou iend me d5?" "I'm sorry, I have ......got ...... money." There were ...... people in the cinema; it was practically empry.
some of none of
the
the
all the all
5 "My baby is crying!" "That's normal; ..... babies cry from time to time." 6 "You can fool all of the people ..... . time. . ." (old saying) 7 I don't think anybody is going to the dance; ...... people I spoke to are going. ...... students who have finished the examination may leave. 8 a lot
of
most of
a little some
the
.... left in the bottle." 9 "-Would you like a drop of lemonade? There's .. like. 10 I can give you if ...... cake, you 11 "...... men go to football matches on Saturday afternoons in England." 12 "Do you think so? .. ... men in my family stay at home and watch football on TV"
@ Now complete these sentences with S, ES, 'S, S'or
0F.
1 In two year ...... time, he'll have obtained his degree. 2 The handle .... .. this suitcase is broken. 3 I'd like to buy two ham sandwich ...... , please. 4 Germany ...... economy was deeply affected by the reunion of East and West. 5 He sells clock ...... and watch 6 I think they sell men . ..... clothes here, and women ... ... clothes upstairs. 7 There is a student... ... cafeteria at the corner ...... the street. 8 She's got some lovely cloth ...... ; I really like what she wears. Singular Or Plural? @ Complete these sentences with lS or
1
ARE.
The news on crime ...... doing their best to keep it ...... bad, but the police under control. ..... nice, but the cloth ..... not very good qualiry. I think your new trousers .
2 3 Politics .. sometimes a frustrating subject. 4 "A lot of people ...... waiting to see you, doctor." 5 "Your luggage ...... in the hall, madam."
133
Older The rnost interesting
(cornparison of adjectives
- 1)
Look at the picture, and study the sentences below.
The sofa is the most comfortable of the three chairs
Victoria is slim, but Carol is a lot slimmer (she's slimmer than her mother) !
O
Now complete these sentences with comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives in the box.
1 Lewis is tall, but Uncle Victor is .... .. Lewis. 2 Sit here; this is ...... chair in the room. ..... runner in the school. 3 John wins all the races; het . 4 I think Paris is .... .. London, but it's a matter of opinion.
i
i-
fast beautiful g-gmfgi-t1|. tgrL-
i
-l
This unit is about using adjectives to compare items.
USE ,i
A
One syllable adjectives. We use -er and -est for the comparative and superlative: Also: long short tall big small fat Victoria is tall, but Dennis is taller. This jacket is OK, but I prefer the bigger one. She's the
thin etc.
i
i
tallest girl I know.
-We
often use THAN to complete the "-er" comparison: Uncle Victor is older than Auntie Mabel.
B Adjectives
-We
use -er and -est for the comparative and superiative: is intelligent, is prettier. ALso: easy early prety silly but Sue Jane Frances is the prettiest of the three girls.
ending in -y.
tidy untidy
etc.
syllable adjectives. 'We use
MORE and MOST for the comparative and super-lative: Also: beautiful intelligent interesting FIe was more intelligent than I expected. This is the most interesting book I've read for years. comfortable.
C Three
D Ail
adjectives ending superlative.
in -ed or -ing.
-We
use
MORE
and
MOST for the comparative and
Dracula was more frightening than Frankenstein. Brian was the most excited of all of us.
Also: bored
interested
embarrassed
And: boring
interesting
embarrasing etc.
excited
amused
frightened etc.
Notice the meaning difference between -ed adjectives and -ing adjectives: The film was slow and boring; I was rrlore bored than usual. _______l
I
Good English? @ Three of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Het the biggest bo). in the class. 4 You are rnore experienced than 2 This is the more interesting book I have read. 5 Carol is taller that Fred. 6 This is easlrer than I thought. 3 She is the most intelligent person in the office. 134
me.
@a@ Complete these sentences with the comparative or superlative of the adjective, using MOST, -ER, -lER, -EST and THAN
as necessary.
1 2 3 4 5 6
.. places in the world. (wet)
1 2 3 4 5 6
MORE,
The Victoria Falls is one of sights in the world. (arnazing) is ..... Europe. (big) The Ukraine has Russia. (temperate) ... climate The Atacama desert is one of ..... . and ..... places in the world. (hot, dry) Southern Spain has a dry climate, but Lybia is .... .. . (d.y)
Asia
New Guinea is one of
Robert's room is Carol is ..... Dennis is .....
....
....
Carolt; infact
itt the
... room in the house. (tidy)
Fred. (ta11) person in the family. (faQ
The ..... . room in the Johnson's house is the living room. (comfortable) Robert usually gets up .... Carol. (.r.ly) TheJohnson's house is not very tidy, but they think comfort is ..... appearance. (important)
@ Complete each sentence with a comparative or superlative form of one of these adjectives.
bad tall small crowded early 1 2 3 4 5 6
You're 1ate. I thought you d be here Fred is tall for his age, but Carol is .... .. and Robert is .... Bed and breakfast places are cheap; hotels are usually Fred: "I hate broccoli, cabbage is .............. and spinach is .... These shoes are too large.
I
need a ..............
expensive
.. of all! [Jgh!"
s1ze.
There arerr't many people here. I expected it to be
...
Complete these sentences with the adjective given, in either -ing or -ed form.
1 I was very ..... . when I read that story. It's a .... book. (boring/-ed) 2 The ending of the story is unusual and ..... . I was very ..... ! (surprising/-ed) 3 'W.hen Carol went to'W.imbledon with Robert, she felt very . .... . Tennis is an 4
sport to watch. (exciting/-ed) It's ...... to watch the news on
TV I am always
...... in world affairs. (interesting/-ed)
@ Complete these sentences with a comparative or superlative form of the adjective in brackets. Use
each adjective twice. TheJohnson family went skiing last winter. It was ...... going to the beach. Fred was ..... of all (exciting/-ed) Carol fell down when she was dancing. It was ...... thing that has ever happened to her.
been ..... in her 1ife. (embarrassing/-ed) Fred thinks Chemistry is .............. subject on the curriculum. He gets ...... in Chemistry classes in Mathematics. (boring/ed) Carol thought Peter was . ... than his friend Simon, but Sarah was . . by Simon. (amusing/ed) "I think Spanish is ..... . subject in school, but Simon is ..... . in French," (interesting/ -ed) She has never
135
As big as Not as big as
(cornparison of adjectives
-
2)
Look at the picture, and study the dialogue. "Da,d, is Auntie Mabel old?"
'Yes." "Is she as old as Uncle Victor?" oNo, she's not as old as your Uncle Victor. He's 92, and she's only 70.'
O
Now complete these sentences with VERY NOT, AS or ONLY. 1 "Is a hippopotamus ...... big, Dad?" "Yes, it is." ...... an elephant?" ...... big 2 "Is it
3 "No, hippopotamuses are ...
big
..
.... elephants;
they
...... weigh
about 4 tons."
@ Three of the underlineel parts in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.
1 Peter is the same age as Susan. 2 Finish the work as quicker as )rou can. 3 "It wasn't as bad as you expected, was it?" 4 Fred is as big like his cousin. 5 Come and see me as soon as you can. 6 Your new house is the samelha! the old one. 136
@ First you have to complete these sentences with AS or THAN. 1 The test was not as difficult ...... I expected it to be. 2 But it was longer ...... I thought. ...... Peter. 3 -When we got the results, I did as well 4 I did better ..... George. ..... Joanna. 5 But I didn't do ...... well . @ Now rewrite these sentences with NOT AS . . . AS, using the same adjective and keeping the same meaning. General De Gaulle was taller than'Winston Churchill. -Winston
Churchill
Tea is usually cheaper than coffee
in England.
Coffee
Moscow is generally colder than London. London
@ Now rewrite these sentences with NOT AS . . . AS, keeping the same meaning, and using the adjective in brackets. Example: Fred is younger than Carol. (old) 1 Carol is shorter than Robert. (ta11) 2 Victoria is slimmer than Dennis. (plump) 3 Dennis is more hardworking than LJncle Victor. (lazy) 4 Sally is faster than'Winston. (slow)
@
A
Complete these sentences appropriately, as in the example. Example: Southern Spain is dry, but it's not .. .../4i*1,il,44" the Sahara Desert. . Central America. 1 It can be hot in Naples, but it's not . lceland. 2 It's cold in St Petersburg, but it's not ..... Now write four sentences of the same kind, using this information:
1 2 3 4
Germany
-
snowy
-
Switzerland
Northern France - foggy - London 'Wales - wet - Zaire British Columbia - warm - California
. . . AS in each sentence. Example: You ordered a salad. I ordered a salad.' . . . .l on"/uzllL.n.W.".qnf+-. . 1 Dennis arrived at7.30. Victoria arrived at7.30. 2 Robert is 24. His friend Peter rs 24. 3 Your dress is green. My dress is green. 4 He took the 8.10 train. Susan took the 8.10 trarn. 5 Your coat is blue. My coat is identical.
@ Combine these two sentences into one, using THE SAME
@ Rewrite these five sentences, using one of the expressions from C in the USE box on the previous
page in each one.
1 2 3 4
Mother likes hearing from you, so please write whenever it is possible for )zou. You car looks like a new car now that you've washed and polished it. Come to the parry at the earliest time possible. We understand that you are not experienced on computers, but do the work
5
to the best of ).our abiliry. We would aooreciate a resDonse to our request at vour earliest convenlence. 137
Faster and faster The sooner the
better
(comparison of adjectives - 3)
Here are some other ways in which we use adjectives and adverbs to compare items.
lusEj A
faster and faster can use two comparative adjectives to show that something is getting steadily bigger (or smaller): The noise in the disco got louder and louder.
-We
Food is becoming rnore and rnore expensive
B
C
as
time goes
by.
the sooner the better can use this structure to say that the second adjective changes as a result of the first adjective being more (or less): The older I get, the happier I am. The rnore you earn the lalore you spend.
-We
more
-We
than
less
than
:,
can use MORE/LESS THAN without an adjective: This coat cost rrore than d50! This one was amazingly cheap; we paid less than
D good bad GOOD
and
{5.
old
BAD
have irregular comparative forms:
BETTER THAN THE BEST (of all) .WORST (of all) THE WORSE THAN in the whole group. fact itt the best rn mine; than Your work is better Behave yourself'! You're worse than a child!
GOOD BAD
We also use BEST in some common expresslons: Let's hope for the best (:..g. let's hope the bus arrives). I'll do/try my best (: ..g. I'11 do the job as well as I car). All the best! (= Goodbye, I hope everything goes well). Vith best wishes (used at the end of a letter).
OLD
two comparative forms: THE OLDEST (of all) OLDER THAN -We use this one for most meanings, with or without a noun: (Jncle Victor is an older man. John is older than me. Your car is older than me! has
1 OLD
2 OLD . MY ELDER BROTHER
THE ELDEST DAUGHTER -We use these ELDER and ELDEST to show difGrences in age within a family. THAN: and without words with nouns only, Robert is Carolt elder brother. He is the eldest boy in the family. -We cannot say: X He is elder than Carol.
-We
use
Good English?
o
138
Three of the parts underlined of these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 4 My brother is elder than me. 1 At midday the room got hotter and hotter hours. 5 Susan is stronger as Mary. two than for more He 2 waited 6 This is mlr eldest son. 3 She is growing taller the taller every day.
Bigger and Bigger @ You have to choose the right adjective from the box, and put it in, as in the example.
diffi(ult hard good interested thin fast Exarnple: As the years went on, I found the work
1 2 3 4 5 6
He
drove
!Yf.d.y.f.
bad
difEcult.
...... until she told him to slow down.
I get older, I find climbing the stairs 'We had a wonderful parry last night. It started well, As
and
it got
..
Poor Fred didn't do well at Chemistry last year. He started badly, and his grades got.............. She ate less every day, and every day she got .. He became ..... . in her, and started to telephone her every day.
I
Better Or'W'orse? @ Complete these sentences with BETTER, BEST, WORSE or WORST. Use THAN and THE if necessary.
1 2 3 4 5
..... today, thank you. John slept well last night, and he is . The weather is really bad; it is .... .. it was previously. Let me do the job; I'11 do it ..... Michael will. These buses are always late; this must be
The food is not very good, but
...
itt ...
... bus company in the world. ... you'll find in this town.
The Bigger They Corne, the Harder They Fall @ Now you have to fill the blanks with an appropriate form of an adjective from the box.
bie soon old busy small Example: T/,4 k-/-, a job is, the more interesting it is. 1 ... ... the parcel is, the cheaper it is to send. 2 ...... we finish this job, the sooner we'll get paid. 3 ...... he is, the happier he is. 4 ...... the house is, the more it will cost. 5 ...... I get, the younger I feell The Ages Of Brothers and Sisters @ Complete these sentences with OLDER, ELDER, OLDEST or
1 2 3 4
ELDEST, and THAN
if
necessary.
I have three children, and my ..... son is eighteen years old. My brothers are ...... me; I am the youngest in the family. I also have an ...... sister; she is three years ...... me. Of my three children, the .. .... is Luke.
More Than Or Less Than? @ Now you have to match the two halves of the sentence, and fill the blanks with MCRE THAN or LESS THAN.
1 It's been ...... 5 years . . . 2 'we paid ...... dl for this book . . . 3 This is ...... a hobby . . . 4 You can't fit ... .. four people . . . 5 They stayed here for ...... a week . . . 6 I can do that in .... .. two days . . .
A ....... in my little car. B ....... itt a way of life. C ....... since I last saw him in 1987. D ....... in fact they stayed for a fortnight. E ....... if I work fast. F ....... it was amazingly cheap. 139
Big Quickly
(adjectives and adverbs
-
1)
A
LOOK: Peter looks healthy. Susan is clever. feel (Not: X This tastes deliciously.) 'We also use adjectives after GEI in sentences like these: The road suddenly got wider. Look at Fred; he's getting talIer every day!
'We
use adjectives after verbs like BE or
Also: sound taste smell
It usually gets cold in October. Also after GO, in sentences like these: The milk has gone sour. bad. (Not: X The milk has gone badly.) fear. with went white She like these: in sentences Also after BECOME, In the 50's and 60's Japan becarne rich. The course becornes more difficult as it advances. This food has gone
C With most other verbs, we use adverbs: Please speak loudly and clearly. It is raining heavily. (Not: X She sings good. X He ran slow.) She ran quickly to school. adverbs go after the verb, and after the object (if there is one): She plays welI. She plays the violin well. A few adverbs ("frequency adverbs") go before the main verb and after the verb BE:
D Most
He has often come to
E 'We often form FIe was
F
see
us.
He is usually early. Also: never always
adverbs from adjectives by adding -1y:
generous. He gave money generously.
Some words are both adjectives and adverbs without changing: He has a fast car. (adjective) He drives fast. (adverb) Also: first second etc. next early right hard last A group of these words end in -ly:
late
wrong
He buys a daily paper. He goes there daily. Also: weekly fortnightly monthly yearly
G Note on'WELL and GOOD WELL is sometimes an adverb (: "in a good way"): He did the work well. She plays well. It is also sometimes an adjective (: "healthy"): I am well, thank you. She looks well. 'We use GOOD as an adjective: He's a good worker. We also use GOOD to tell somebody they have done something well: "I've done it!" "Goodll'
O
Four of the underlined phrases in these sentences are correct and four are wrong. Tick
correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 He went h"ppy to the ofiice. 2 It's settins warm this week. 3 He did ver). well his work. 4 He did the work good. 140
-
5 I need a monthly magazine. 6 They often came to see me. 7 That music sounds nicel).. 8 I'm sorry, I did this wrong.
(/) the
Mixed Bug @ Complete each sentence with a word from the box, changing the word to an adverb if necessary.
i
1 2 3 4
He spoke French I'd better eat less; I'm getting ..... The sun was shining, so they strolled home Your new stereo equipment sounds ......
5 6 7 8
Your blue suit looks very . The girls were playing ...... in the garden. She was very embarrassed, and went bright ...... 'When you're enjoying yourself, the time goes ...
i L
__-.,___
_o.rutifui iri fluent stow
I j )
red nice lYt:f_
!
i I
lllry _ :
--.*it.o _. g;;;.ui- -l L__ i3:v_!4__ __ _
9 10
Oh dear, I'm afraid the butter has gone He always gave ...... to the poor. -Winston 1,1, Listen to barking! Het getting very . 12 She was a fast runner, and she won the race ..
i-
_i
@ Mark the place in the sentence where these adverbs normalty go.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Carol comes to visit us She likes playing the violin Robert has arrived late at his
SOMETIMES LOUDLY NEVER VERY MUCH PASSIONATELY
office
He enjoys his work "I love you !" he declared He has treated me very well
AL'WAYS
@ ln some of these sentences, you must put in a word from the box as an adjective, and in some an adverb.
i
last
wrong right late
next
early
as
hard
I
Adjective or adverb? 1
2 a
J 4
He obviously enjoyed the partfi he arrived .... , and he stayed Michael earns his money; he's a ..... . worker. "This is the ...... time I sha1l wait for you if you're late. ...... time, I'11 leave you here."
@ Complete these sentences with G00D or WELL, and say whether the word is used as an adjective or an adverb.
1 "How are you, Dennis?" "I am . , thank you." 2 I think Dennis is a very ..... cook. 3 Fred answered the question ..... 4 At the end of the day, his teacher said: ".............. done, Fred!,, @ Complete these sentences with an expression of time (see F in the USE box on the previous page), and say whether the word is used as an adjective or an adverb.
1 They deliver the milk 2 He buys a .............. sports magazine. 3 In this office we pay salaries 4 I like to read a ...... newspaper. 5 You'll have to come to the clinic for your treatment 6 Wages are usually paid ..
.....
(every day) (published every 7 dayg (12 times a year) (sold every morning) (every 2 weeks) (every
7
days)
141
Still Already Yet Just
(adjectives and adverbs
- 2)
Look at the picture, and study the text below.
Haue you typed the letters I gaue you? I hauen't started yet. I'm still doing it. I'ue just finished. I'ue already finished.
O
Now complete these sentences with YET, STILL, JUST or ALREADY. ...... waiting for you to give me back my money. 1 I'm ..... heard the results of their test. 2 Peter andJohn have . 3 He hasn't ironed my shirts ..... arrived." 4 "Where'sJim?" "F{e's here; het .
USE
A
-We
use
ALREADY to
emphasise that something has happened or is happening, and sooner than
we expected: 'When
Robert leaving? He's already left. only had lunch an hour ago, and he's already hungry! See also Unit 11 for form of present per{ect. 'We
B
-We
is
useJUST for something which happened
(see also
Unit
a
few moments before or at the time of speaking
12):
The president
has
just walked in.
(2 seconds
before) I'm just coming!
C
'We
use STILL for an event which continues at the time of speaking: Has he finished his lunch? No, he's still eating rt. I haven't spoken French for many years, but I can still speak it.
D
'We
questions and negatives only: Has he done the work yet? He hasn't done rt yet. use
(now)
YET in
E WORD ORDER -We
putJUST or STILL before the main verb and after the verb BE, like frequency adverbs (see also Unit 12): I just saw him. I've just seen him. I can still see him. He'.s stil1 there. We usually use ALREADY in the same way, but not always: He's already finished the job (he's finished the job already). -We usually put YET at the end of the sentence: He hasn't finished yet. always
Good English? @ Three of the words underlined in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. (Tip: lt may be the wrong word, or it may be in the wrong position in the sentence.)
1 She has finished alread), all the work. 2 I haven't had a chance to see mv boss )ret. 3 I'm still waiting for an answer to my question. 142
4 5 6
I've done everything yg! FIave you alread), had lunch? t:US! have seen Peter! Het over there!
@ You have
to complete these sentences, using STILL, YET or
ALREADY.
1 HasJohn left .. ? No, he's . ..... here. 2 Isn't she quick! She's ..... finished all the cleaning. 3 I can't understand this ... . I need to check the manual. 4 Is Peter ...... there? No, he's . ..... left. 5 I can't see the runners They're .... hidden behind the trees. 6 "I'm only halfway through my lunch and you've ...... finished!" @ Now you have to unscramble these sentences. Make sure you put STILL, YET, ALREADY and JUST in the right place in the sentence.
@
1
arrive
2
driving/you/ old/ are/ car/that/st1ll/?
3
y et
4
ro
You have
d/I/ don't/yet/has/Marylthink
/ her/ h. /, ; ;;
oml
de c
i;'i i ii^' r''"^'r' r, t' i^i';
oratirg/ fi rstlfi nishe d / the / just/ they've
to respond to these sentences as in the example, but this time using
ALREADY.
Example: "-What time is the plane due to land, please?" "Hb
1
larfu.ll"
won't get the job done in time. she ........... ! If we hurry we'Il catch the train. I'm afraid not, sir, it ....... ............. ! "If he continues like this, he'll win a gold medal." "Didn't you know? He ....... !" "I suppose your little boy will be starting school soon." "Soon? He .. ........ !" "You'll soon be 2l years old, won't you?" "Oh, come on, LIncle, I ... ......... !" Sue
Well, the fact is,
2 3 4 5
(land)
(finish) (leave)
(win two medals) (start)
(be 2t)
Five of the sentences in these dialogues are incomplete. Complete them, putting in the missing words and the tense of the verbs.
1
"Have you moved to your new house?"
"No, I:re / one / the / I / sttll,/ old/ rn. be moving next week." "'When will you start painting the office?" " tt/ men/ abeady / the / parnt." .... "'We hope they'll finish the work some time next week." " get/Peter / office / to /yet/hts?" . . . . I'11
2 3
"No, come/he /yet/not." ...... " inl Susan / her / y et / offtce / b e? " "Yes, shet sitting there talking to a client."
143
The watch she gave me
(relative clauses
-
1)
Study the sentences below.
C)Oo.
She must be the nicest person
This is the watch she gaue me
Itue euer met.
(OR; This is the watch that she
(OR; She must be the nicest person who/that lbe euer met.)
gane me.)
This is the watch that was Uing on my ilesk.
She must be the nicest person who/that euer liueil.
O
Now complete these sentences with WHO or THAT. lf there is more than one alternative, put all of them. There are four possible answers:.ryUOIHAT), (THAT), WHO/-HAT or THAT. Example:Most of the people h"l'"/il4a)--.... I know have left. looks unusual' 1 You must report anything
2 3 4
These are the people PeterJones is a man
That's the
amuse her most.
I
coat
dislike.
.. I want.
Relative clauses tell you more about the noun: A man . 'Which man? The man WHO CAME TO DINNER . . . The fi.lm.'Which film? The film (THAT) I SAW LAST NIGHT . . . -We often use WHO for people, but we can also use THAT: A
who/that live in new houses look after them. THAT for "non-PeoPle": There are many things that are wTong with this cornpany. We must use WIIO/THAT when it is the subject of the relative clause: It was Simon who/that did it. I went to a parry that lasted until 2 atnIt ts common to omitIVHO/THAT when it is the object of the relative clause: I d like to introduce some people I rnet in GreecePeople
'We use
B
That was one of the things
@ In the underfined parts
I'll
never forget-
in these sentences, one is correct, three are right but also have other
(/
the correct ones, rewrite the wrong ones, and write in alternatives, and two are wrong. Tick the alternatives. 1 This is the book thatJohn gave me. 2 Flere are tvvo men want to go to the football match. 3 John and Sarah were the two people that I invited. 4 'Where is the mug that was on this table? 5 I spoke to the woman who was sitting in front of me.
6 Thecat@wasfat. 144
@ You have to complete each sentence with the right sentence from the box. Make changes, but don't use WHO or THAT.
girl. I know a man.
we met a
here. song.
You left the keys I have always loved the
You saw a woman. lt needs water.
1 You must give the plant the water 2 The girl ... was quite nlce. 3 'We found the keys 4 I'll speak to a man 5 That's a song 6 The woman ... is my elder sister. @ Complete these sentences, but this time you must use WHO or THAT. Again, make changes. He was playing the guitar. The company sells insurance.
The woman came into the room. The man came up to her.
1 Students .... 2 I work for a company 3 The woman ....... 4 She didn't recognise the man .. 5 I saw a young man with a beard 6 I don't like films
Films are too violent. Students arrive late.
.. will not be admitted. . was ta1l and slender.
@ Join these pairs of sentences together, using WHO or THAT if necessary. 1 He is the only person. He can help us now.
2
The man had broken into the house. The man was arrested
3
The man
*r, ori, t6 ,.r.,
old. Th;y
a
few minutes later.
rr..rr.a , -"n.
4 Who owns the bracelet? It's lying on the table.
5 pi,, i, ;;-.""; , rrr.r', ,..rr;rii; ;;
, iorrg
it-..
6 A report has been produced.
We are very pleased with the report.
7 w.;r; ,r.., pi.rr.a *l;
*o-rrr. Th. *o-r, rr^ u.., ,pporrr.a io ,rr. p;rr.
rh.
8
She wears the finest clothes. Money can buy the finest clothes.
g
Th";; p.opt. *rr, ,rr. ir* .rrrrg.a. rh. p.op;
10
Anyone may be in danger. Anyone lives in this
1,1 Look, ,hr;i irr. gtri. 1,2 Your health
Sh.
;;
area.
-rrrtJ *t.nr.i;onrrror.
is the thing. The thing matters most of all.
,,rn r.a r.o- th. .ff..t,
"rir-ri,
.;;;.
Vhich /That 'W'here
(relative clauses
-
2)
Look at the pictures, and study the sentences. These are the things
whichlthat
annuse her most.
These are the people
wholthat amuse her most.
I'll
show you where he worhed.
She asked for a rlewspdper. Is this the newspaper she asked for?
O
Now complete these sentences with wHlCH, WHERE or nothing (-)' Use (-) if possible'
1 Do you know.............. he comes from? ..... you came with. 2 I would like to speak to the man . 3 This is a company ..... makes big profits. 4 That's the man ...... I would like to meetUSE
A
We often use WHICH for THAT when we are talking about "non-peop1e": I heard something yesterday THAf/WHICH made me cry; the company THAI/WHICH looks after our machines has gone broke!
B
We use WHERE in relative clauses when we are talking about places: Thatt the chwrch where they have lunchtime concerts.
'
This rs the place where she was born. Notice that "THE PLACE" is often omitted: This is where she was born. ("the place" is understood) Be careful when it is a question:
'We
say:
Do you know where he comes from? Do you know where does he come from?
Not: X C
usua\ stay with the word that comes before them in the simple sentence: (. . . keys to . . .) That's the man I gave my keys to. to a rnan (. . . looking for . . .) Is that the man you're looking for? am looking for a man.
Prepositions
I I
gave my keys
Notice the difference between these two pairs of sentences: Thatt the girl who spoke to me. The girl spoke to me. That's the girl I spoke to. I spoke to a gir1.
@ One of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct and four are wrong. Tick ones, and rewrite the others. 1. Japan is the country which has the biggest credit balance. 2 Do you know where does she live? 3 This is the man which came to see me. 4 There are the people with who we went. 5 I d like you to meet the people I am working with.
(/)
the correct
@ Complete these sentences with WHICH, WHERE or nothing (-). Use (-) if possible. (Notice that you can always use 'that' in place of "which".)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9
... ... we have time for. The thing .."... interested me most was her fluency. That is the hotel ..... we are staylng. The UNO is the organisation ... ... tries to keep peace in the world. The car ...... I like best is the Renault. Salzburg is the town ...... Mozart was born. Tennis is the game ...... he plays most. Today this is all
"This is ....
.. I live."
The most flexible company is the one
.
.....
will do
best.
Joining and Cornpleting Sentences @ Now join these pairs of sentences together. Do not use relative pronouns.
1
That's the magazine. FIe's been looking for the rnagazine.
2
You should use words. You are familiar with words.
3 i;; ;.;;r; ;;"il, ;;; ;;;i'il i ;;il ;; ;;wh: 4
The house is on the corner of the street. I live in the house.
s i;.;.;;il
;;.
;,;;'.;;i;
iri";
;i;;;;i.
@ Now you have to complete each sentence. Do not use relative pronouns.
1 This is the town 2 The job .... is very hard. -We 3 need to take care of the house 4 Peter was the only man 5 I spoke to the woman 6 The orchestra . ... is the best in Europe. 7 Did you like the young man .. .......... ? @ Now join these pairs of sentences together, Use WHO/-HAT, WHICH/I-HAT, WHERE or (-).
1
This is the universiry. I studied.
2
The first person will get the prize. The person gives the right answer.
3 il; ;;-;; ;';;;; ;;;h. ;;;;.; iil;,,i.a, *";;; 4
The shop sells postcards. I am looking for a shop.
s ir,r,l,rr. r,"'pl,ri. i iia ;; 6
;.;t;t;;.
Coke is a drink. You can buy Coke anywhere.
7 i;.
;t'i
r,
i;;
H;;, ;;t"; ;; -;;;; *;;i "
8 I want to see a film. A film has a hrppy
ending.
A rnan wea ring/ calledloutside
(relative clauses
-
3)
Look at the picture below, and st udy the th ree phrases.
A man wearing a blaeh coat and hat
l{$il,
A man called laa nouich
I
O
A man outside my house
Now complete these four sentences with an appropriate form of a word from the box, 1 Look, there's a man ...... on the sofa. 2 The woman ... ... the kitchen wants to talk to you. cry park 3 There's a car ...... in front of my house. 4 Can you hear a baby ...... ?
tn
sit
USE Here are three differen-t ways of giving more information. Each way is similar to a relative clause, but part of the relative clause is absent. A -We often use the -irg form alone, without the other words: I met a man wearing a black coat and hat. (I met a man who was wearing a black coat and hat.) We often use the -irg form to give more information about what someone or something is (or was) doing: There's a man sitting in the corner. Is there anybody
B
C
waiting to see Dr
Smith?
There's a door leading to the bathroom. We often use the -ed form alone, without the other words: I met a man called Ivanovich. (I met a man who was called Ivanovich.) 'We use the -ed form to say what was done (the meaning is passive):
The cars rnade in Japan were the best (The cars which were rnade . . .) The child hurt in the car crash soon recovered. (The child who was hurt . . .) We often use the prepositional phrase alone, without the other words: I met a man on the same Plane as me. (I met a man who was on the same plane as me.) There was a dog in the back seat of the car. (There was a dog which was i, . . .)
Good English? @ Three of the underlined phrases in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick
correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Three men in a flat usually make a mess of it. 2 The money stealing from the bank was never recovered. 3 The man seen running away was probably the criminal. 4 I saw a man walking down the road. 5 The woman was under the tree was my slster. 6 There was a young girl sat on a charr. 148
(/)
the
SorneoneCorning... @ Put an -ing clause in the first sentence, using the information from the second sentence. 1 I can hear someone. Someone is shouting outside in the street.
2
I've got
a
3 i i".f..a 4
brother. He works for British Airways.
round ,rrd
Yesterday
I
,r* ,"-.U"a,
Somebody
*r, follo*irr* ;..
received a letter. The letter invited me to an o1d
friendt wedding.
5Ae1";1-o:o,l'.,orh1r1an..::,,.o.;.:*;".yfoodsul,uJ,. SotneoneCalled... @ Put an -ed clause in the first sentence, using the information from the second sentence.
1
We supply video recorders. The video recorders are made inJapan.
2
This bookseller sells books. The books are printed in other languages.
3
rrrt
4
'When
5
The two boys founa
,riglrt r
#
rn old i,rtrr,
I got home I
Sorneone In the . .
saw a car.
fii-. rfr. m- *rr .rri.a ':ur.r.t. The car was parked in my
, .rrr, ,.glr,.r. I; ;r, ;;.i;"
r.o.,.
Thievesl'.
drive,uvay.
, .r.r.by;;;rrr;r;
.
@ put one (or two) prepositional phrases in the first sentence, using the information from the second sentence. 1 The rescue services give help to peopie. The people are in danger"
2
The man asked the boy to help him. The man was on the roof and the boy was in the garden.
3 ffr.r.t 4
a shop
*h... ,or'.rn
buy a t r--..
,"a ,afr. in. ,fr"p i, ,.;.r; ,fr. ,,r*,
The man is taller than the girl. The man is at the front, the girl is behind him.
5 Th. t*o do:;"r; **. air.,rrrirrg, pr,t.rr,. irr., *.re in the *rra. Mixed Bug @ lnsert an -ing clause, an -ed clause or a prepositional clause into each of the following sentences, using the information given in brackets. 1 The house is being repaired (it was damaged in the storm)
2
'W'ait!
3
r
4
There was a rnan. (he stood there and looked at me)
I
can see a cat! (it's under your car)
-.ria rr.r. r, ,tr.- u.ll!
5 Th. ;;y
(it rang trrtr,.r,iry
n^ u.., returned. (ro-.body ;;"i; t, r"* *..t .ra) 149
Review: sentences
ln Units 66
- |
-74, we presented the following items:
Mick is taller (than Jill). She's the thinnest girl I know. She arrived earlier than usual today. Dracula was more frightening than Frankenstein. Brian was the most excited of all of us. The weather isn't as bad as it was yesterday.
as soon as you can faster and faster the sooner the better hope for the best look nice get cold go bad become rich The man who/that came to dinner . . . The things that/which are wrong with this company . , Some people (who/that) I met in Greece . . The things (thatlwhich) I'll never forget . . . That's the church where they have lunchtime concerts.
.
.
wearing a black coat and hat. I met a man called lvanovich. I met a man on the same plane as me. I met a man
Cornparisons
o
Complete each sentence with the comparative, superlative, or "AS... AS..." form of an adjective
from the box.
1.
2
3
comfortable pretty intelligent
That chair is rather hard. Sit here; you'Il be ... Sally is clever, but she's short and plump. Shet not. girl in the class. "You're crazy! That's ...... thing I've ever heard!"
..... the other girls, but
silly
she's
interesting
4 5 6
This is ...... book I've read this year. .. the other girls, and they are all Mary is very smal1 for her age. She is .... ...... you want? ...... cake Have you had
her.
@ Write in the possible ways of filling eac.h blank. There are either one, two or three possibilities each case. The five possible forms are WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHERE or nothing (-).
1 The man . ..... I spoke to was smoking a cigar. 2 South Korea is the country ...... has grown most in the two years. ...... I spent my youth. 3 This is the town 4 I need to see the people ..... . are waiting. ..... I have rented. 5 I am very pleased with the flat 6 The man ...... came to see you last week is here again. 7 The company ...... produces most will employ most people. 8 This is the place ...... we arranged to meet. 9 The woman ... ... you interviewed yesterday is the best person for the job. 150
in
Expressions
o
Complete each sentence with an expression from the box. I
I
1 2 3
"'When should we eat if you leave it." He drove The mechanics
did their best as good as new go bad the sooner the better faster and faster
... until he crashed. . , and a month later the car was
The 'Week's Filrns: the Critics' Choice @ Look at this chart, then complete the sentences below with comparative and superlative forms of G00D and BAD.
'( The Day of Judgement *** DesertWind **** The Golden Eagle . The Missing Link ** The Roman Tragedy *
:k
Key * = AWFUL (poor) ** = BEARABLE (fair) *** = G00D
****
1 2
The Day ofJudgement is .... .. The Missing Link, but Desert\Yind is .... .. The Day ofJudgement, but it's
4
The Missing Link is awful.
5
Itt ..
= UNMISSABLE (excellent)
it's
.... film of the week. It's
Judgement, and that's bad enough!
A Roman Tiagedy is ....
.. The Day ofJudgement, and it's
...... Desert'Wind. ...... The Golden Eagle.
even
...... The Day
much
of
...... The Missing Link.
YET, STILL OT ALREADY? @ Answer each question three times, in the same way as the examples, using YET, STILL or Examples; Has he finished the
Has Fred finished
work?
dressing?
No',
h.k-w't41/'',1L1f4'.
.
fu*:4-.
.
ALREADY.
/"4t"1 .. .: ..:..
No,
I think Yes,
Has Dennis done
washing
the
No,
up?
I think Yes,
Have the boys finished
playing
Monopoly?
No,
I think Yes,
Describing People and Things @ You have to complete each sentence with a word from the box.
1 The radios 2 There's a man 3 I saw a girl 4 The people ....
...... in Japan are the best.
...... a pile of papers waiting for you outside. ...... a pair of beautiful red shoes. .. under the awning won't get wet.
IL
i i I
with
standing
wearing made l
151
uuE
76
Questions
(questions and answers
-
1)
USE
"YES/NO" QUESTIONS
-We
make questions by putting auxiliary the verb before the subject: Has he done it? He has done it. Can you do it? You can do it. If there is no auxiliary, we use DO, DOES or DID: Does she like the theatre? She likes the theatre. Did she go to the cinema? She went to the cinema.
"'\x/'FI-" QUESTIONS and then put the auxiliary We make questions with a question word (usually starting with verb before the subject: 'We Vhat did you have? had a ptzza. I can see Mary. Also: 'Who can you see? FIe arrive d at 6 arn. arrive? did you Vhen
.WHAT -We
OLOUK / SIZE / TIME 'WHAT with a noun to ask some questlons: use Vhat colour is your new skirt? C
Vhat
size shoes do you take, madam? (or: What is your size?) are you leaving? (or: At what time are you leaving?)
What tirne -WHAT -We
WHICH use VHAT if the question and
can have almost any answer: Vhat is your name? (could be any name) -We use VHICH if the question can only have one of two or three answers: There are three names here: Sue, Leonora and Fran.
\ffhich
is your name?
HOW OLD/TALL/BIG
,We
F
G
often make questions with HO.W' and an adjective: It's got one bedroom. How big is your flat?
HOW MANY/MUCH use these words to ask questions about COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE items: Two. How many sisters have your got? Theret plenfy. How rnuch milk is there? 'We often use HOW' MUCH to ask about the price of something: 80p a pound. How rnuch are the tomatoes?
-We
HO\V OFTEN
-We
use HO.W' OFTEN to ask about thefrequency of events: Twice a week. How often do you play football?
H HO\Vand-WHAf...LIKE -We
752
use
.W'HAT
. . . LII(E to ask for descriptions of people, places etc. Het talll clever/friendly Vhat is John like?
etc.
Good English?
o
Two of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick ones, and rewrite the others. I Who is your wife? Very well, thank you. 2 'What is she like? She's shorr and lively. 3 FIow many )rears is Fred? Het thirteen.
4 5
How much time have you got? How much people came to the parry? About 20 or
(/)
the correct
so.
SorneoneCorning... @ Complete each question with the right word from the box. Use each word once. 1 .. .... are you doing? I'm puttlng on my coat. 2 ...... are you going? -fo see someone.
3 4 5 6
when
...... are you going to see? My girlfriend. ...... are you going to see her? Because I like her! ...... are you coming back? About 11, I think. ...... are you going to get there? By bus.
what
where who
why how
Mixed Bug @ Complete each question with the right word or phrase from the box. Use each phrase once.
1 .. 2 3 4 5 6
will the game
start?
At 2.30
pn.
jt.----. ho* often iI
old
... do they play? Every Saturday afternoon. L---"-... is the pitch? It's22 yards. .... clothes do the players wear? They wear white. .... is the game? Oh, it's hundreds of years old. .... is the game ...... ?'We11, it's slow, but the English like it!
@ Complete each of these sentences with HOW MUCH or HOW MANY. 1 ... ...... elephants did you see in the safari park? About
2 3 4
how
colour what time what . . . like hOw big ---
three.
.... time have we got? About half an hour. . is this coat? It's d45, sir. ... times must I tell you not to do that? OK, OK.
Anna and the Prince @ Read these passages, and then complete the questions below.
A
-
Many yedrs ago, there was a beautiful princess called Anna. She was born in Park, and she liued in a palace with a biggarden. Anna was '1B years old, 1m 70 tall, had longblonde hair, and she went riding euery day. 1 .. ....? Anna
2 3 4 5 6 7 g B
....;
.......? .......? .......? .......? .......? .......? .......?
Beautifulandintelligent Paris
Apalace 18
lrn7O Blonde Everyday
One day, she went out riding. She felt maruellous in her red coat. Suddenly, she saw a handsome young man on a white horse, and shefollowed him. Princesses dre sometimes uery silly.
1.. 2 3 4 5 6
i
what
....? .......? .......? .......? .......? .......?
Marvellous
Aredcoat Ayoungman Handsome
Shefollowedhim Sitly 153
i
i i
Yes,
I have He did So/Neither atn I
(questions and answers
-
2)
When we respond to a question or a statement, we often give a "short" answer. ln this unit we study three kinds of answers. Most of them use these auxiliary verbs:
am rs are was have has had
do does did
were
can could may might wilt would shall should
USE
A
ANSWERS TO "YES/NO" QUESTIONS (see also Untt76) All "yes/no" questions start with an auxiliary verb. 1 Sometimes we answer "yes": Will you be here? Yes, I will. Did Susan arrive on time? Yes, she did.
2
Sometimes we answer
Did
Susan arrive on
"no":
time? No, she didn't.
B
ANSWERS TO "'WTfO" QUESTIONS The answers to "'W'ho" questions are often like this: 'Who is coming with me? I arn' 'Who will help me with this? Fred will.
C
AGREEING 'We can agree
I
-Will you be
here? No, I won't.
etc.
with afiirmative or negative statements, like this: I don't play the piano. Neither do I. So can I.
sing.
can
D GIVING AN OPINION: I THINK SO/I HOPE NOT 'W.henwe
answer
a"yes/no" question, we sometimes want to give an answerwhich
is not
exactly YES or NO.
1
"Close to YES"
'W.ill
2
3
I hope so (- I want this to happen). early? I think so (: I believe this will I expect so (- I think so).
Fred pass his exam?
Is Dennis coming home
happen).
"Close to NO" Do you think Robert will be late? I hope not (= I don't want this to happen). Will Victoria go out before breakfast? I don't think so. "Close to SORRY" Have the shops closed?
l'rn
afraid
so.
Are the shops open?
l'rn
afraid not.
@ Four of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and four are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 Have you telephoned Sue yet? No. I didn't. 2 Can you do this for me? Yes. I can. 3 Is it six o'clock yet? I think so. 4 I enjoyed that very much. Neither did I. 5 Do you want to see this film? Yes. I want. 6 -Will you have to work all night? I don't hope
7 8 154
WillJohn accept the post? I'm afraid not. She'll be here tomorrow. So willJohn.
so!
Answering YES,/NO Questions @ Here are eight questions. Answer them, using an auxiliary verb.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Can Peter help us tomorrow? Yes, ............................ Did they get here on time? No, ............................ .
.
Has the car come back? Yes, Does he come here every day? Yes, ............................ . Are Fred and Carol ready to go yet? No, ............................ Was the weather nice in Wales? No, ............................ . Should I post the letters today? Yes, ............................ .
.
8Ifyouhadthemoney,wouldyougotoParis?Yes,............................!
An3wering
"VT{-"
Questions
@ Answer these questions briefly, using an auxiliary verb.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Who Who Who Who Who Who
was 6rst home this
evening?
Dennis ...............
left all their books on the table? is ready for supper? is going to cook the supper? can lay the
Carol ................. We ......................................
!
Mum .................
table?
I
........................
will do the washing up afterwards? Fred ...................
Agreeing @ Now you have to agree with these statements, as in the examples. Make sure you use the right auxiliary verb.
comedies. Peter didnt go to the party. I'll go again romorrow. Peter didn't like the show. I'm having a good rest this weekend. Fred must study harder. I dont like peanut butter.
So ....!/".1..............
Examples Jane loves musicals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Neither...l#.[-.......
............................. I. ............................. Jane. ............................. we. ............................. Tim. ............................. I. He won't speak to her after what happened. ............................. I. We prefer classical music to pop. ............................. we. I have seen that film already. ............................. I.
Close To *YES,/NO/SORRY" @ Read the question, then answer using a word in the box.
think hope expect be afraid 1 .Will Carol get here in time for the show? (probably) 2 Can rve book a table for tonight please? (sorry) 3 This bus looks rather old; will it crash? (we don't want that) 4 'Will Fred be able to carry that huge rucksack? (doubtful) 5 Will I need an operation, doctor? (sorry, yes) 6 'Will everyone we invited come tonight? (doubtful) 7 Will Robert pass his accountancy exam? (we want him to) .
155
Didn't she? Are you?
(Questions and answers
-
3)
Study this text and the two examples in the USE box.
USE -We
use QUESTION TAGS to confirm something about which we are not sure. Imagine, for example, that your friend said he was coming to see you, but it's getting late and he doesn't arrive. You think there has been a mistake. You phone his house, and you say: Robert, you are coming round, aren't you? You did say 6 o'clock, didn't you?
FORM
A
-With
auxiliary verbs in affirmative sentences, we form question tags like She is waiting for us, isn't she?
this:
!
He can do it, can't he?
B
'With auxiliary verbs in negative sentences, we form question tags like this: He hasn't done it, has he? They didn't eat that, did they?
C
'When
1
there is no auxiliary verb in an affrrrnative sentence, we form question tags like this:
Present tense
She likes you,
2
doesn't
she?
Past tense
You saw him, didn't you?
D
The subject of the tag is always a pronoun: Sue is coming, isn't she? That tree is very tall, isn't it?
E
-We
for two slightly different purposes. They are always written in the same way, but can be pronounced in two difterent ways. Some writers distinguish them by using a question mark with one and a ful1 stop - or even an exclamation mark - with the other. use question tags
First purpose
This is pronounced with a RISE at the end, like a question. We are doubtful about something, and we want you to confirm it: You are coming, aren't you? (The speaker thinks you may be coming, but she is not sure; she wants confirmation.) Second purpose
'We have an opinion about This is pronounced with a FALL at the end, like a statement. knou'yours: like to and would something, This is a superb view, isn't it! (The speaker has a strong opinion, and wants to share it with you and find out yours.) I
_
Good English?
O
Three of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 4 Marv is comins tonisht. is he? 1 You're coming tonight, isn't it? 'W'e're 5 Simon didn't like the film, did he? we! aren't time, having a great 2 6 They liked me, aren't they? 3 That was a good throw, wasn't it! J9
156
i
__l
Packing For a Trip @ Dennis and Victoria are going away on holiday together. They are checking before they leave. Complete each sentence with a suitable question tag.
Victoria You collected -We've
the
tickets,
got the passports, You'l1 lock up the back door, You told the police we're going
Dennis
............ ? ............ ? ............
away, my bathing costume, ....
?
............
?
You've packed ........ ? You picked up my suit from the laundry, ... ......... ........ ? We bought some extra toothpaste, .... You told the newspaper boy, ............ ? the suitcases downstairs, ............ can't catch a bus to the station, ..."........ ? You'll phone for a cab, . ........... ? -We haven't forgotten anything, .... ........ ?
lr'ictoria You can carry
?
?
'We
Dennis
You won't leave the front door open, ............ ? You gave Robert the hotel's phone number, ............
You didn't leave your handbag upstairs, -We're going to enjoy ourselves
............ ......
?
?
?
Mixed Bug @ Now complete these dialogues with suitable question tags. You may want to say them aloud,
and
discuss different ways of saying them.
1
That was a wonderful dinner, Yes, you always eat well atJane's.
2 3 4 5 6
-We
need to leave at 9 to be there at 11. Do you think so? It doesn't take two hours to get to Brightofl, I always enjoy watching Helen play tennis Yes, shet a wonderful player, ....... Oh dear, I'm so busy today. But you'll get my letters ryped, I really enjoyed our trip to Paris. Yes, we had a wonderful time, John will be here, -Well, I'm not sure. He keeps changing his mind.
..
Staternent Or Question? @ Finally, you have to read these sentences, add a question tag, and say in your opinion whether they should have a question mark at the end or not. You will need to practise saying them aloud. Some of them can be said in two different ways, with slightly different meanings. Which do you think they are?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
It's a lovely day today, You're enjoying the concert, ... She won't miss the train, He's tall for his age, .
That was an exciting race, . He won't buy a new car now ....... He did well in his test, 157
If you Bo, I'll go
(conditional
- 1)
Look at the picture, and study the dialogue below.
)
'Yes!" "Are you scared?" 7 ,tt jump?" ICS! "Are you going to *OIt if you ju*p, I'll iump." "Ooooeeeeaaaahhhh!!!!" c
O
Now complete each sentence with a verb in brackets, in the present or future tense. 1 If I finish in time, I ..... . (g") with you. ...... (not, drive) faster, we'll be late. 2 If you 3 If Peter ...... (phone) me, I'11 tell him the news. (wait) for You. 4 If you hurry up, I
-We
use this
form when there is a real possibiliry of the event happening;
itt
not imaginary.
Flere, we show three ways of saying this: If you go, I'11 go. (definite) 1 Future: You can also say: If you go, I may go. (possible) If you go, I can go. (permission) If you go, I must go. (obligation) 2 General (always true): If you heat water to 100"C, it boils. 3 Imperative (telling people what to do): If the door is locked, ring the bell. Wb can say all these sentences in reverse: 1 I'11 go if you go. 2 'Water boils if you heat it to 100"C. 3 Ring the bell if the door is locked.
Good English? @ Look at the parts underlined in these sentences. Seven of the parts are correct and three are wrong.
Tick
158
(/)
the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 If you will knosk on the door, they will let you in. 2 I will explain if you listen carefully. 3 If he comes, I talk to him.. 4 If I am tired, I usually go to bed. 5 Come and see me if vou will have tirne.
General Tiuths @ Now complete these sentences with the present tense of an appropriate verb from the box. rncrease
1 2 3 4
If I get a headache, I usually ...... a couple of aspirins. ..... if they take strenuous A person's pulse rate generally . If people ...... dirry water they usually fall i11.
Children
exerclxe
...... cold easily if you don't wrap them up well rn wrnter.
Cornrnands @ Now you have
to complete these sentences using the imperative or the present tense.
1 .. .... up if the President speaks to you. switch off the machine. 2 If the red light 3 Stay in bed if your temperature 4 If I'm late, . ..... for me. .
i I
I
wait
rise
show stand
I I
Real Possibilities @ You have
to complete these sentences with the appropriate form of a verb from the box.
Use WILL, MAY, CAN or MUST.
1 2 3 4
If you eat less, you . ..... weight. You . . .... with me if you want to. ...... smoking! If you want to get rid of that cough, you IfJohn goes, I ..... too, but I'm not sure.
Mixed Bug @ Complete each sentence with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets. Use WILL, MAY CAN
or MUST if necessary. 1 If you want a ticket for the concert, you. ..... (g.t) one today .... (help) you? 2 ...... (you, promise) to do the work if I .. ...... (want) to see the President. 3 ...... (wait) here if you . .. (g") to the doctor. ...... (not, be) wel1, you . 4 If you 5 Students ...... (learn) fast if the teacher ..". . (b.) competent. ...... (not, get) 1ost. ...... (follow) the instructions, you 6 If you ..... (watch) TV later. 7 If you ...... (d") your homework now, you . ...... (phone) you this evening, but I'm not sure. 8 If I ... ... (have) time I ...... (attend) the meeting. 9 You . ..... (hear) all about our plans if you ..... (understand) how the computer works. 10 If you ...... (read) the manual, you .
Completions @ Finally, you have
to complete the second half of each sentence, using the word in brackets your imagination! 1 If the plane is cancelled, .. .... (bus). 2 The sea freezes if .... .. (belorn, -5"C) 3 I shall be very annoyed if .... .. (late) 4 Fred, if you get lost in the store, ...... (assistant) 5 -We'11 never get to Leeds if .... .. (car) 6 If you say that again, ...... ! (scream) ....... (marry) 7 If Susan likes him ...... ! (trouble) B Arrest those men if
-
and
159
If you went, I would go
(conditionals
-
2)
Look at the picture, and study the dialogue below.
IFONLY...!
If I had
the chance, be a great dancer.
I would O
(If pigs had wings, they would fly.)
Now complete these sentences in the same way, with the verbs given in brackets. 1 If Dennis ...... (take) more exercise, he would lose a bit of weight. 2 I would be a great pianist if I ... ... (practise) eight hours a day. 3 If you asked Sue, she ...... (give) yo, a good reference. 4 Fred ...... (plry) for his school team if he were a better football player.
USE
A
-We
use this structure for imaginary events. The verbs are in the past tense (or "would") because the events are imaginary, not because they take place in the past. The time is usually the
lmagrnary present: If I were you, I wouldn't do that. (This is imaginary; I'rn not you.) IfJohn came to work early, we wouldn't have this problem. (This is imaginary;he doesn't come early.)
B
C
-We
can say the sentences in reverse: I wouldn't do that if I were you. 'We wouldn't have this problem ifJohn came to work
'We
say
If I were you,
not: X If I was you
IfIwereyou... If you were . .
.
Ifhe/shewere...etc.
early.
@ Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1 This soup (taste) better if it had more salt in it. 2 If you (speak) to the waiter more politely, he would be quicker. 3 Ifshe really tried, she .............. (easily, pass) the exarn. (see) her now, you would hardly recognise her. 4 Ifyou 5 I .............. (go) for a swim if the weather were a little warmer. 6 Do you thinl< he would lend me d10 if I .............. (ask) him nicely? 7 Ifhe dressed better, the manager ............,. (think) better ofhim. (have) their addres. 8 I would write to them ifl
Carol's Dreams Carol has a happy hJe, but sometimes she dreams
oJ
the things she would do if she could.
@ Fill in the verbs given in the sentences below, as in the example. Example: -lf I ...!!14..... (be) taller, I .....!'!.4U.4f1*..... Gpply) for a job
1 2 3 4 5
as a
model."
"If I .............. (have) more spare time, I .............. (take) French classes." *l .............. (get) a good result irr my final examinarion if L............. (make) more of an effort." "If I .............. (play) the piano for an hour every day, I .............. (oon, be) a good player." *l .............. (sometimes, go) away for the weekend if I (have) a car." "lf L............. (have) more money, I .............. (go) to a Greek island for a week."
Cwendoline is a mess. Bwt shefeels she could do better, and be happier, if she only got organised!
@ Using the information given, write out complete sentences as in the example. Example: get up earlier / have time for exercises in the morning.
.&,
1
.frL *l:. ! y,n*U /a,n |yy Ip. 1 .1411yn11 .b.U*. catch an earlier bus / get to work in good time.
2
get to work in good time
3
take a short lunch break
.U.!
/
nfu,.l.
.
/ not have arguments with the boss keep up to date with the work
; i;;;;;;.;;;iJ, /;;;;";. i;;;;;; 5
learn how to use the computer
; il;;
i. ,r,. u.;;l i;;;i;;; i
/
not delete files by accident
;;;;;;; ;;;;#;;
Cwendoline is also worried ab;owt her priuate life. She wishes she could change some of her habits. @ Using the information given, write out complete sentences. 1 go to bed earlier / feel fresher in the morning
2
do exercises in the morntng
3
not eat so many biscuits
/
":"""'
/
feel a lot healthier
lose some weight
4
not drink so much coffee
5
drink more water / look better
6
eat more green vegetables
/
not feel so nervous
/ have a better
skin
161
If/Unless/As long as
(conditionals
-
3)
Read these dialogues and think about them.
He I'll pay the mortgage tomoruow
if you lihe! She What with? We're broke. You would pey the mortgage if we had any money, but we hauen't!
He
She
He
We'll go to Greece in July if you want to! We'll go to Greece as long as you'ae got a jobWhat?
She I said: we won't go to Greece unless you'ae got a job!! USE
A
You can compare two kinds of conditional sentence:
1 2
The real sittation: I'll go to the cinema with you if you want to go. (This will really happen if . . .) The imaginary situation: I would go with her if she wanted to go, but she doesn't' (This is imaginary; Lt probably won't happen.)
Flere are some more examples: If I have dl.Oleft at the end of the week,
(This is a real possibiliry.) I'll post the letters tonight if (He'11 probably finish them.)
I finish
['ll buy a pullover in the market.
them.
If I had d20,000,I would buy a house for my parents. (This is imaginary; she hasn't got d20,000.) I would post the letters tonight if I had any stamps. (This is imaginary; he hasn't got any stamps.)
B
AS LONG AS, IF ANd UNLESS 1 AS LONG AS is more emPhatic than IF: I'11 help you if you like. I'11 only help you as long as you promise to be quiet!
2
AS LONG AS = not . . . unless
Look at these pairs of sentences; they mean approximately the same. I'11 go with you as long as you change your clothes = I won't go with you unless you change your clothes. I'11 do it as long as you ask me nicely : I won't do it unless you ask me nicely.
Good English?
O
Fourteen words or phrases are underlined in these sentences. Ten of them are correct and four of them are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others. 1 l'm leaving now unless you want me to stay. 2 You'Il be all right as long as you drove carefully. 3 I would see him if I can. 4 The tea would taste better if it would be hotter. 5 I won't so if vou want me to.
Dauid is 16 years old, and he thinks he can do anything. His mother is more realistic! @ Complete David's statements with an appropriate form of the verb in brackets.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
o
I.
..... (pmr) the exam if I study! I'11 be a guitarist in a rock band if I .. .. (practise) every day! (win) the lottery, I'11 go to Mexico! If I ...... L............. (d") a paper round if I get up early! If I get a job, L..... (earn) a lot of money! If I earn a lot of money, I ..... . (b"y) a motor bike. I ...... (become) a racing driver if I buy a motor bike.
Now you have to write his mother's opinion on each of David's statements. The first one has been done for you. 1,
He
un^^!."[p*u.il"
e.e/;t+h
4
k
4LrJ;nl, l,^,1/."
bo*'L.
J
won't practise. won't win.
4
doesn't.
5
won't get ajob. but he won't. but I hope he won't.
2 a
6 7
@ You have to complete each sentence with UNLESS or AS L0NG AS.
1 You cert't go out .... you tidy up your room. 2 OK, I'll lend you dl} ...... you promise to pay it back absolutely no later than next Monday. 3 "Carol, you can borrow rrry cer you drive very careful7y," said Dennis. 4 You are not allowed to park here . .... you are a member of the staff. 5 "I'm leaving .... you want me to stay." 6 "You can go out .... you're back by six at the latest, Fred." 7 You can't smoke here .. you open a window. @ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of the verbs
in
brackets, and lF, UNLESS or AS
LONG AS.
1 It would 2
be easier to read your writing you want to inspect this house for
.... sa1e,
you
... (write) in ink.
I ..............
(have to) get permission from the
owner. ..... .....
3 I ... (g") now I shall miss my trarn. 4 you ...... (follow) the instructions you wouldn't have these problems. The (not 5 dog .. bite) you ...... you move. 6 ... I weren't so busy I ...... (go) to the shops with you. 7 Robert says it's a long journey, but he will come .............. he can stay the night. 8 I ..... . (keep) out of his way ...... I were you; he's in a bad temper. 9 If you ..... (g") to the doctor he would give you something to take for it. 10 You .. .... (never,get) better you go to the doctor. 1,1, Carol will get you some cash .. ... she ...... (g") to the bank. 1,2 He'l1 never get in . he ... .. (have) a ticket.
163
And But So Before After 'When
(Linkers
-
1)
This unit is about the way we join sentences together with LINKERS:
USE
A
AND
-We
use AND to join words: Crime and Punishment bread and butter two shirts, a pullover and a jacket 'We do not use a comma when we join two wolds with AND: X John, and Mary -We
also use
AND
to
join
sentences:
Fred went home and watched TV Fred went home, and Carol spent the evening with him-
B BUT 'We
use BUT to join sentences when the second sentence is a contrast Fred went home to watch television, but the TV was broken. Carol wanted a coke but there wasn't any in the fridge.
with the first:
CSO
'We use SO to
join
sentences when the second sentence is a consequence of the first:
It was raining It was raining, so
>
She opened her umbrella.
she opened her umbrella.
> She walked out of the cinema. She didn't like the film She didn't like the film, so she walked out of the cinema.
D BEFORE/AFTER -We
can use these words as prepositions: after lunch before six o'ciock after the meetlng 'We can also use them to join two sentences: He had a shower ) He had breakfas He had a shower before he had breakfast.
He had breakfast after he had a shower.
E \VHEN -We
use
WHEN to join two
sentences
in time. The two actions may happen at about the
same
time, or at two difGrent times: 1 'W.hen the time of the two sentences is (more or less) the same, we use the same tense for both: I arrived (at 6 am). He left (at 6 am).
2
'When 'When
I arrived
'When
I arrived he had (already) left. Unit 84.)
he left.
the time of the two sentences is different, we use different I arrived (at 6 am). He left (at 5.30).
tenses:
(See also Punctuation,
Good English?
O
Two of the underlined linkers in these sentences make good sense, but two of them do not. Tick
the ones that make sense, and rewrite the others. ....... 1 "I'11 see you 14hc! you get back. Robert." ....... 2 Victoria gave Fred an ice-cream 24{ he didn't like rt.
....... 3 Fred cleaned his teeth after he had breakfast. ....... 4 Robert was tired, lgg he went to bed. 164
(/)
Fred, Carol and the Jurnping Frog @ You have to complete these sentences, using each word in the box ONCE.
and and so
when
.
..... he was walking home from school, Fred found a frog ... he put it in the washbasin in the bathroom. He knew Carol would come home about six, . ..... he wanted to scare her. Fred likes animals. One d^y,
...... took
it home. He didn't know where to put it, ...
and and so so so after but into Carolt bedroom. It jumped onto the rvindow sill, ...... it couldn't get jumped onto the bed ...... hid under the pi1low. The frog was tired
out,
.....
it went to
it
sleep.
and and after before but Carol came home at six o'clock, ...... went into the bathroom to wash her hands ...... they had supper. Fred listened at the door, ...... he didn't hear anything. ...... Carol left the bathroom, Fred went in .... .. saw that the window was open. "Oh, he's jumped out of the window," said Fred to himself. "'What a pity!"
and but after when so and ...... they were having supper, Robert came home. ...... they finished eating, Carol felt tired ..... she went upstairs to bed. Caroi pulled out her nightgown from under her pillow; the frog woke up ... ... jumped onto the floor. ...... Carol wasn't scared; she liked frogs. They all sat down for supper,
and and when so Carol guessed that Fred had put the frog there, bed. . .... half an hour, Fred went up to bed. jumped up ... ... landed on Fred's face.
.
after
...... she took the frog ...... put it in Fredt ..... he pulled back the sheet, the frog
and when 6
so
Fred screamed; Robert thought he was hurt, saw the frog on the
...... he ran into Fredt bedroom ....... he floor he laughed..... . said: "Fred! You're not scared of a little frog, are
you?"
@ Join these sentences with the words given in the box, making any changes necessary (the last one has three sentences). There are some alternatives, but try to use each word once. Sam asked Carol to meet him outside the college at 6
pm. She agreed.
c;;;i
but and after so
but
;;i;; ri;; 6 ;; o id: S;- Jia"'f ;;;i*
3
Sam arrived. She had left.
4
Sam asked her again. She was annoyed
with him. She refused.
165
As soon as
Vhile Since Until
(Linkers
-
2)
Look at these pictures of people saying something. Who is saying what?
O
Put the correct number in the box for each picture.
1
Would you like some u:hile you wait? Stay there until I come back. I'ue been sitting here since 4 o'clock! coffee
2 3
@ Now you have to complete these sentences using a word from the
since
1 He's been waiting ...... lunchtime. 2 -We can leave ...... the taxl comes. 3 I listen to mttsic ..... I work. .... I return? 4 Can you wait for me ..
until
while
as soon as
USE
A
SINCE
-We
SINCE when we refer to the beginning of a period of time which starts at a time in the past (yesterday,last week, 4 o'clock, 1.991) and finishes nowCompare: I have lived here since 1992 (and I iive here now). I lived here from 1991, to 1,992 (and now I live somewhere else). use
Because the period of time is from past to present, we usually use the present perfect tense with SINCE: I have been driving a car since 1987. (Not: X I drive a car since 1987.)
B UNTIL 'We
UNTIL to refer to the end of a period of time. You could say it SINCE: It is 5 o'clock now. He has been here since 4 P^. He will be here until 6.1,5. use
C AS SOON -We
of
AS SOON AS when we want to describe one event starting immediately after another: They ran out of the house as soon as they heard the explosion. (immediately)
use AS
D \VHILE -We
is the "opposite"
use-WHILE to describe fwo events happening at the same time: She washed the car while John cleaned the windorvs. "I'11 make some phone calls while you get dressed."
Good English? @ Two of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and two are wrong. Tick ones, and rewrite the others.
1 2 3 4
(/)
the correct
"I'11 wait here while ).ou come." Fred can clear the table while ).ou wash the dishes. He is living here since December. Let's get away on holiday as soon as we can.
1 There have been a lot of changes you left. 2 I was alone here ..... Mason arrived. 3 We have had trouble with the house ... we bought it. 4 'We'11 wait for you . ... 8 o'clock. 5 They stayed in the cafe . ..... the rain stopped. 6 The house has been much happier ...... my mother came back. 7 Fred had to wait at his friendt house ..... his father came to pick him up. 8 They've been sitting here .... .. I came in! 9 Food has been short .... the war began. 10 They talked quietly to each other the concert started. @ Now you
1. Can you help me with this . ..... you're waiting? 2 I'11 see you ..... I'm free. 3 He crept out of the room ...... his morher felI asleep. 4 I'11 phone you . I arrive. 5 I read two chapters of this novel .............. I was waiting for the train. 6 You can do this job for me .. ..,. you're on holiday! 7 They took offtheir wet clothes .... .. they got into the house. 8 Finish this work .............. you can. 9 They worked together on the house: he painted the ceilings ...... she washed the floors. 10 Robert got his driving licence ... he reached his seventeenth birthday. 1,1, I'll sit in the waiting room ..... you're seeing the doctor. 1,2 It was a cold night, and Carol got home she could.
Would you like a drink The children ran out of the classroom ....... They stayed in Southern Italy They have been friends
A
Let's wait here
A...hefinishedit.
B
C
D
. the bell rurrg. . the weather got warmer. . you wait? . they were ten years old.
B 1,
2
J 4
.
Dennis has loved Victoria He handed in the report Dennis cooked the supper .....
B . . . Victoria laid the
table.
C...
myfatherarrives. D . . . the first day he met her. "167
Punctuation and capital letters USE
A
We use CAPITAL LETTERS with these words: 1 Names of people and their titles, towns, countrles etc: Ms
Jones Paris India
2
Names of languages and nationalittes, both nouns and adjectiues: She's French. That's a French car. He speaks French.
3
Days and months (but not seasons):
Tuesday Thursday Sunday March July December (But: spring, summer, autumn, winter)
B
4
Names of shops, companies, famous buildings etc: Harrods Woolworths Kelloggs Panasonic The British Museum
5
Titles of films, books, newspapers, rnagazines, chapters etc: Gone W* The Wind The New York Times
6
Street, road, avenue etc.,
-We
use
if it
is part of the name:
Oxford Street Camden Road
PUNCTUATION to help people unCerstand what we write. It helps to show where one
phrase or sentence ends and the next one begins.
1
The two most important items are COMMAS (,) and FULL STOPS (.). 'We use COMMAS to separate a phrase from the rest of the sentence: You can ieave your bag here, but don't be 1ong. -We
use
FULL STOPS to separate sentences:
The suitcases are all ready and packed. I think we should leave now. I waited for an hour, but no one came. I didn't know what to do.
2
168
Here are the other main punctuation marks.
'We always use this at the end of a question: QUESTION MARK. 'What's your name? He's nice, isn't he? How are you? APOSTROPHE.-We use this when we want to show ownership (see also Unit 64): This is John's. A girls' school. 'We use these to show that somebody is speaking: QUOTATION MARKS (quotes). "Excuse me," he said. "'What's the time, please?" -We use this to introduce a list: COLON. The boat leaves on the following days: Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays. SEMI-COLON. 'We use this to join two sentences which are closely connected (it's almost like a full stop). -We went to the station together; we were very interested in continuing the conversation. EXCLAMAIION MARK. 'We use this for something surprising: Look at that! My goodness! Be careful! 'We use these for information which is not really part of the sentence: BRACKETS. Last month flune) u'e went away for a week.
e Put in the capital letters needed in these short passages. 1 robert and carol went to the cinema last thursday. 2 it was spring, and it was a lovely day. 3 they went to see a film called jurassic park. 1 summer courses for foreign students run for four weeks in july and august, starting on
A
B
mondays.
2
french and spanish students prefer july, and there are more korean and japanese students in august.
3 4 5
they usually visit the tower of london or buckingham palace. the course finishes on a sunday afternoon.
the director is dr dean, and the director of studies is ms
susan bletchley
@ Look at these punctuation marks. What are their names? Put the correct letter under each one.
r) a
a) b) c) d) e)
exclamation mark
r)
quotation marks brackets (USA: parentheses) full stop (USA: period) colon
s) h)
semi-colon question mark comma
i)
apostrophe
@ Complete each sentence with capital letters where necessary, and the punctuation given. There may be some differences of opinion!
1 we went to greece for a week which was very nice but it rained! (TWO COMMAS) 2 i enjoyed meeting peter and sue very much peter was very nice and she tried to be helpful. (ONE FULL STOP, ONE COMMA)
3 Carol was on time for once 4
we started to play unfortunately I lost every game. (BRACKETS, ONE FULL STOB TWO COMMAS) we wondered if you were coming did you get our message. (ONE SEMI-COLON, ONE QUESTION MARK) she's always late so
@ Now you have to complete these passages with appropriate punctuation and capital letters. Some parts are spoken, one phrase can go in brackets, and there are some lists (use a colon). There are several alternatives, and probably some differences of opinion!
1 robert and carol went to the shops and they bought a lot of items robert bought two shirts and a pair of shoes and carol bought a sweater a blouse and a necklace they got home quite late
2 the last time that i saw robert was early july he still had long hair when are you going to the hairdressers i asked him don't you like it he said well not much i replied then he asked me for the name of a hairdresser and i gave him the name of one my own i hope he goes 3 john
i were walking down oxford street when a stranger came up and spoke to us me he said can you tell me where I can buy some film for my camera john and I looked at each other im not sure I said perhaps you could try in selfridges no i dont think they sell film there said john look theres a camera shop over there ori the other side of the street'why dont you try there the stranger thaqked us and walked across the street and
excuse
Spelling ln this unit we will help you with some of the problems of English spelling.
BEFORE FINAL -S W'e use -S for fwo reasons: J to make words plural 2 for verbs with HE/SHE: he makes, she goes etc. These spelling rules are the same for both. 1 Most nouns and verbs simply add an -s:
cat cats coke cokes dog dogs mile coat coats bake bakes head heads time
2
miles times
Words ending in sibilants add -es:
gas gases box boxes catch catches sandwich sandwiches
3
4
Words ending in a vowel + y simply add an -s: d^y days say says (but: said) way ways pay pays (but: paid) Words ending in a consonant + y, change to -1es fly flies country countries Words ending in -f or -fe usually change to -ves:
wife wives knife knives scarf leaf leaves shelf shelves thief
scarves
thieves
Note: some words do NOT change:
chief chiefs roof roofs safe safes For other irregular plurals, see Unit 60. For spelling of 's or s', see LInit 64. BEFORE -ED, -ING, -ER and -EST 1 'With most words, simply add the ending: walk -ed walk -ing old -er o1d -est 2 'With words ending in -e, drop the -e:
believe believed believing fine finer finest words like these, with short vowels, double the final
'With
3
fat fatter fattest sit sitting drop
consonant:
dropped
Note: dinner (rhymes with "thinner") = food diner (rhymes with "miner") : aL eating place (or a person who is dining) SHEPHERD, SHIP, SHEEP and SHAPE: pronunciation and spelling of /e/, /r/, /t:/ and /er/ /e/ canbe speltwith "e" (set, met, bet) , or"ea" (bread), or "ie" (friend) or"a1" (said) or even
a (any/ /i/ tsusuallyspeltwith"i" (sit,bit).Butnotice thttasilent"e" aa
,,
/
\
attheendchangesthe
pronunciation to /ar/:
sit (but: site) mill (but: mile) bit (but: bite) fil1 (but: file) /i:/ can be spelt with "ee" (sheep, feet) or "ea" (seat, meat) or "ie" (field, piece) canbe speltwith "a" (date, cake, Cambridge) or "ay" (way, pay) or "ea" (break) CAT, CUT, COT and CAUGHT: pronunciation and spelling of /ie/, /t/, /o/ and /o:/
/er/
/ae/ is usua\ spelt "a" (cat, bad, sand, Saturday) /tt/ canbe spelt "u" (sun, Sunday, funny) or "o" (son, Monday, month, love) or "o11" (country, enough) /o/ canbe spelt "o" (cot, pot, doll, knowledge) orsometimes "ott" (cough) /o:/ canbe spelt "ou" (bought, brought) or"a:u" (caught) or"a" (talk, chalk)
O
Make all nouns and pronouns plural in these sentences, making all other necessary changes.
A baby doesn't
eat a sandwich!
(2 plurals)
r;;il;;il;;;;;;;;;;
(3 plurals)
J
a
-,""';""':"" The dentist examined the child's tooth.
(3 plurals)
4
He kept the fly in
(3 plurals)
5
The man comes from a different countrv.
(2 plurals)
6
.............. There was a safe in the office and the thief opened it.
(4 plurals)
7
The mant wife put the tie in the
8
The chief of the tribe had a different
1,
2
a box.
suitcase.
(4 plurals)
belief.
(3 plurals)
@ Write out these words with ending given. Be careful of the spelling. mlne -1ng
float -ed
big -est
run -lng
funnv -er
swlm -lng
happy -er
sad -est
call -ed
play -ing
wonder -ed
rude -est
@ Put these words in lists with the same vowel sound. (Iip: you have to put six words in each list.)
say leave friend eight fill date seat field said sit set break ceiling bridge raise any mean win paid bread people dinner Thames /I/
shrl
/
e/ well
/
live
er/ wart
@ Put these words in lists with the same vowel sound. (Iip: you have to put six words in each list.)
cough mat bought colour mad water doll talk collar bad call man knowledge door pot born fat country sad dog love does /ae/
cat
/
tt/ cut
/o/
cot
month Sunday
'""'::*;
17L
Review:
sentences
-
2
ln Units 76 - 83, we presented all the following items:
WHERE WHAT WHO HOW WHEN WHY BECAUSE WHAT COLOUR WHAT SIZE WHAT TIME WHAT WHICH (colour do you prefer, the blue or the red?) HOW OLD HOW BIG HOW HOw OFTEN WHAT . . . LIKE? HOW
TALL
/
MANY HOW MUCH
has. Yes, she did. Yes, I will, etc. No, he hasn't No, she didn't. No, I won't etc.
Yes, he
. So can l. I
am . .
I hope I hope
Fred will . . . etc.
Neither do
so.
I
think
l.
so.
I expect so.
not. I don't think so.
isn't she? can't he? has aren't you? isn't it?
l'm afraid
so.
he? did they?
I'm afraid not.
right?
lf you go, I wlll/may/can,/must go.
lf I were you, I wouldn't do that. l'll help you as long as you promise to be quiet. l'm leaving, unless you want me to stay. There are no review exercises for Punctuation and Spelling (Units 84 and 85).
Conditions
o
Here are a number of conditional sentences for you to complete. First, complete these sentences with lF, UNLESS or AS LONG AS. (Tip: use AS LONG AS if the condition is emphatic.) . you go. 1 I don'twan't to go by myself; I shan't go ... .... you like. 2 You can come to the concert .... you pay me in good time, I'rn willing to do the work; otherwise, I'm not. 3 .... you explain it to him. 4 He'll never understand your probLem .you don't make a lot of noise. 5 A11 right, Fred, you can come with us ... .... I were you. 5 I wouldn't do that
A
B
Now you have to complete each sentence with an appropriate form of a verb from the box. I
I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 172
explain say phone wash read boil go
..... your hands. If you're going handle food, a warmer climate, attitudes would be different. If England ..... ..... at 100"C. If water is heated, it ..... ...... "he11o". If I met her at aparty,I...... .... by bus. You would save money if you "If I ever go to New York, I ...... ...... you." .... the instructions carefully if you want to use this program. "Ifyou .... the job to me properly, I wouldbe able to do it."
have I
@ You have to fill the blanks with words from the boxes. You can use each word once.
when where after before
until
Peter moved to Sweden in November 1,991, .. that, he had lived in France ...... he was a hotel manager. He stayed in France for 10 years, ...... 1,991,. A few weeks ...... he arrived in Sweden, he went to Linkoping to visit the Kroner Hotel. Flowever he arrived, he found that the hotel was closed for the month ofJanuary.
but so
as soon
as while
since
He decided to wait for them to open. he was ,uraiting, he phoned some other hotels, .. most of them were closed. .. the Kroner Hotel opened, on 1st February Peter went to see the manager. He wanted to make a good impression, .............. he wore his best suit! To his delight, he was given a job, and he has been working there the day he went for the interview.
@ Now you have to complete these dialogues with suitable words and phrases; they are all questions and answers.
A
Robert has just come backfro* Toronto, where he spent a month on bwsiness Dennis went to the airport to
meethim. .
.
Dennis: 'Welcome back, son! Robert: Thanks, Dad! .... people came to meet me? Dennis: Just me. .. luggage have you got? Robert: Two suitcases. Dennis: Have you got everything? Robert; Yes, ... Dennis: Right, let's go home.
B
Thry arriue
home.
Victoria: 'Welcome home, darling!
Robert: Thanks, Mum. Victoria: They're fine! . Robert: Boring but OK.
C
Robert: Mum, I met
a
....... are Carol and Fred? was the flight?
girl in Toronto.
Robert: She's ta1l, with blond hair.
Victoria:
... is
she?
Robert: She's 22. Victoria: Is she nice? Robert: 'We11, ... , and I hope you do too! Victoria: Is she coming to England? Robert: I'm not sure, but
Victoria: Robert: Fred: Robert: Victoria: Robert: Victoria: Robert:
.... is she coming?
Mryb. next month. At
least
.
Did you buy me a pistol in Canada, Rob? No, ..... ...... , Fred. I don't think Mum would like that very much. Anything more to tell me about that girl? Like what? Any plans? 'We11,
we've discussed
Can you guess what the girl and Robert discussed?
Here are the tenses of the English verb, with outline notes:
The present sirnple She works
Points to watch out for: o 'We use -S after helshe Different ways of adding -s:
walks /s/ catch -es catches /tz/
walk -s
o
bry try y
-s -ies
buYs /z/ tries /z/
We use DO/DOES to form the negative and interrogative: He doesn't take sugar
Do you like coffee?
The past sirnple She worked
Points to watch out for: o We use DID to form the negative and interrogative:
o
She didn't hear what you said Did you enjoy the film? The different past tense forms: See Appendix 3
The present continuous (progressive) She is working
The past continuous (progressive) She was working The present perfect She has worked
The past perfect She had worked
The future:
will
She
present,/future going to
She
The passive It is made It was made
L74
will work is working
She is going to work
2
I-Ise of the Tenses This is
a simple account of the way we use the tenses at this level. As always when we are talking about language, "it is more complicated than that"!
THE PRESENT SIMPLE
9
-We
it
mostly use the present simple when we don't see a time limit for what we are describing. 'We use for permanent or regular events, or for things which are always true, like these: 1) She works for Dillons bookstore. 2) They usually go to the cinema on Monday nights. 3) -Water boils at 100oC at sea level.
THE PAST SIMPLE
-We
for events that started and finished in the past, like these: in 55 BC. They delivered the new furniture last week.
use the past simple
4) 5)
Julius Caesar came to England
Past tense verbs often have an advert of tirne: last week, 5 years ago, yesterday etc
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
oT
PROGRESSIVE
This tense contrasts with the present simple: we mostly use the present continuous when we knorv that the activiry is short-liyed, or happening now, or anyway has a time limit on it, like these: 6) Nick is studying Italian these days. 7) You are reading this Appendix.
THE PAST CONTINUOUS
oT PROGRESSIVE 'fhis tense contrasts with the past simple. 'Whereas we use the past simple for events which finished, we use the past continuous for events which are not finished, like these: 8) I was getting dressed when the phone rang. (I was interrupted) 9) I was writing my report last night. (I didn't finish)
are
THE PRESENT PERFECT This tense is a "linking" tense: it joins past time to present time. It may be an event which started in the past and goes on to the present, like these: 10) She has worked here since 1992. 11) I have known her for years.
Or it may be an event which happened in the past, but has an eflect on the present, like these: 12) I've read that. (I don't need to read it again) 13) She s passed her First Aid certificate. (so we can offer her the post)
THE PAST PERFECT This tense is "before-the-past". If we need to make clear that one thing happened before another in the past, then lve use this tense, as in these sentences: 14) I had finished my work when the manager came back. 15) Robert had gone out with a few other girls before he met his present girl-friend
175
THE FUTI.IRE There are different ways of talking about the future, depending on what we want to
say.
1 WILL
'We
use this
o .
2
form especially for predictions, or expressing certainry:
\d/s will all die one day. Fred won't drive his father's car; he's too young.
Present -We
continwows
'
use this especially for plans and programmes.
past,
3
in
It
suggests that the arrangements were made
in the
sentences like these:
. Class three is piaying football on'Wednesday afternoon. . I am leaving at 10 on Tuesday next.
Coing to
This is another "linking" tense. Just as the present perGct links the past and the present, so GOING TO links the present and the future, in sentences like these: ' I'm going to be an engineer when I grow up. But note: 'We often use the three different future forms indiscrimately, so students should not spend much time worrying about which one to use. People will usually understand any of the three.
THE PASSIVE
-We
use the passive when the grammatical subject is not important, and we want to emphasize something else, e.g. the time or the place or the grammatical object, in sentences like these:
. . . .
He was hurt in the accident last year. (This car was) made in England. English is spoken here.
The floor can be laid in fwo
days.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
'When
we use IF in a sentence, 'we use some of the tenses to express difltrent times from those they usually express. Here are the most common kinds of conditional sentences: I will go IFUTURE] if I have time. IIMAGINARY FUTURE] I would go [CONDITION] if I had time. IIMAGINARY PRESENT] I would have gone [PAST CONDITION] if I had had time. [IMAGINARY PAST]
776 I
I
Vhen Do
'W'e
LJse
Contractions?
SPEAKING
'When
we are speaking, most Etrglish speakers use contractions most of the time. It doesn't matter what background we come from, or which country; it doesn't matter which region we come from, how educated we are, or what our social background is. 1) Hello Jim, are you all right? 2) Yes, I am! I've got a new job and I'm moving to Bath.
EMPHATIC SPEAIilNG Sometimes, if we want to say something particularly forcefully, we don't
use contractions.
Here are fwo examples: 3) (parent to child) "I do not want you to open the door while I am out." 4) (political speech) "-We h'ave always been true to our promises; we will not raise taxes."
VERY INFORMAL SPEECH Sometimes, when we are speaking quickly and informally, the contraction becomes the elision'of word. Here are some examples:
5) Hi, Jim, all right? 6) Dunno. 7) Know what I mean?
a
(: are you al1 right?) (: I don'know) (: do you know what I mean?)
As a student, you will want to understand what is happening when native speakers use these forms, but you should be careful about using them yourself. Very informal speech is difficult to handle in a language until you are close to being a native speaker!
WRTTING
-When
-When
we are writing, we sometimes use contractions and sometimes not. we are trying to write in a friendly, informal style (as in this Appendix, for example), we use quite a lot of contractions. People vary in their sfyle, but many writers in popular rnagazines seem to use -We contractions a lot with negatives, but they don't use them so much in affirmative sentences. are not sure why, but it seems to be the case.
But if we are writing formal prose, for example in an academic article or
a
formal business letter,
then we use contractions much less, if at all.
777
These words are contracted:
* Don't forget that we only
1 Contraction 2 Contraction 3 Possessive:
of of
use 's in these three ways:
is:
Itt
has:
He's gone. the girl's coat.
a boy!
There are usually fwo ways of contracting BE with NOT: I'm not Het not He isn't 'We We're not aren't You're not You aren't They're not They arerr't
'When
we say "irregular" verbs, we simply mean verbs that do not form their past tense and past participle with -ED. They include many of the most common verbs in English, so it's useful to know them.
There arc 130 or so of these verbs which are regularly used; we give 61 rn Books 1 and 2.
A Here are the verbs, first in a list in alphabetical order: begin bite
bring build
bry
pay
meant met paid
meant met paid
put
put
put
read
read
read
rode
began
begun
mean
bit brought built bought
bitreo brought built bought
meet
catch come
caught
caught
ride
came
come
rlng
tang
ridden rung
CoSt
CoSt
CoSt
rlse
rose
rlsen
cut
cut
run
tan
run
do
did
cut done
say
said
said
drink
drank
drunk
see
saw
seen
drive
drove
driven
sel1
sold
sold
eat
ate
eaten
send
sent
sent
find fly
found flew forgot
found
shine shut
shone shut
smg
sang
shone shut sung
got
got glven
s1t
sat
sat
sleep
slept
went grown
gone
speak
spoke
grown
spend
had heard
had heard
stand
spent stood
take
took
slept spoken spent stood taken
hid hft
hiddcr.',
teach
taught
taught
tell
knew-
hit known
learnt
learnt
told thought threw
told thought thrown
-stood woke wore
-stood waken
forget get glve go
gave
grown have
hear
hide
hit know learn
flown forgottr,a
think throw
(learned)
(learned)
lend
left lent
left lent
lose
lost
lost
understand wake wear w1n
make
made
made
wrrte
leave
B Here are the same verbs,
1
won wrote
worn won wrltten
this time divided into easy-to-remember groups:
Examples: hear, heard, heard build, built, built
"Almost regular"
have hear make pay say 2: build learn lend send spend
SET 1: SET
2
Example: put, put, put
"ItJo change"
cost cut hit put
shut
179
3
"The uowel
changes"
xample: get, got, got
find get meet read shine s1t wl 4
"The uowel changes I
-t"
leave lose sleep
5
"The uowel changes +
sell tell stand
-d"
xample:
seII, sold, sold
understand
Example: bring, brought, brought
bring bry catch teach "The uowel
leave, left, left
mean
6 "--ght"
7
xample:
changes
think
twice": to /e/ or /ei/, and then to /x/
Example: begin, began, begun
begin come drink ring run
8
"The uowel
changes twice, and
smg
you add -en or
-i
"
Examples: drive, drove, driven break, broke, broken fly, flew, flown
SET SET SET
1: 2: 3:
drive ride rise break speak
wrrte
wake
fly grow know throw OTHERS: bite eat forget glve s :e take
9
wear
"Euerything changes!'
Example: go, went, gone
go ,
be
o KEY T0 B00K TWO UNIT
UNIT
1
1 A 1 Is Susan 2,/ 3 is she 4,/ B 1, ./ 2 Does George have 3 did you have 4'We don't
have
4
studying 2 areyou doing? . . . changing 3 am not going
is not studying . . . is
am
5
1 I am not studying 2,/ 3 are you going 4 does this sweater cost 5 ,/ 6 cows eat
C 1am 2,/ 3,/ 4is 2 1 isn't . . . is 2was. . . is 3 was . . . was 4 are 5is...was 6is...isn't...is 1 Did . . . have 2had. . . had 3 Did . . . have 4had. . . do.. . have 5 did. . . have 6had. . . had 7 Did. . . have thave 2had 3was 4was...were...had 5did...have 6had...was 7had...had. .was 8 Were t had. . . was 10 had 11 were 12wx.. . was./is 13 had. . were l4had 1a Is this your 1b it isnt
1 is wearing 2 is wearing 3 are not wearing 4 is following 5 is searching 6 are watching. . . is waiting . . . is sitting 7 are carrying 8 are not cerrytng 9 are ca;Iryrng
doing .. . doing 1 are . . . doing 1 are . . .
3
are
2 tmfollowing . . . is taking . . . is going 4 arn searching 5 am waiting . . . is sitting
2 am readirg . . . is playing 3 is making 4 is watching 5 is having 6 is . . . doing . . . is sleeping 7 Are... having
'W.here
did you have 2b I had lunch at home Are the Pyrenees in Spain 3b They are partly in Spain 4t Are you having a good time? 4b I always have fun at your parttes 2a
o
UNIT
3a
5
I lare...standing 2xnwaiting 3Doesn't. .come 4 walks
UNIT
2
2
I thad 2,/ 3O(havegot) 4Ihave 5./ 2
OIhave
1 Have . . . got. . . didn'thave . . . had 2Has. . .got. . . hasn't got. . . has got 3 didn't have . . . had. . . will . . .have
6had...has...got
2have got . . . have
3'have... haven'tgoi 4have... haven'tgo 5 don'thave
UNIT Do
.
3
4
5
6
5 I walk
4aE 4bC G 5b B
5a
UNIT
6
3
work
J'::i:
wo
don't work 2
4,/
isplaying... plays. . are... doing... amcooking...Do cook... cooks. . amcooking. . arecoming...want... are. . cooking. ..like. . . do. . .know. . . Do. . . know . . . means. . . do. . . do. . . go
7 Have. . . got . . . haven't got . . . has got 8 had. . . have got. . . will. . . have
got
watching 2Do you want 3,/
1 makes . . . is expanding . . . are building 2 sells . . . is increasing . . . is dropping 3 do . . . work . . . is asking 4 is making. . . are asking. . . wants
4 Has . . . got . . . willhave 5 hasn't got . . . will have
1 to have . . . haven't
1 He is
6'/ 1aH 1bD 2aI 2bF 3a A 3bJ
works 2 Does . . . study 3 live 1 Do you speak 2./ 3 I dont go 4 ,/ 5 She lives 6,/ A 1 swims 2live 3 weighs 4 eats 5 drink 6 have B 1 A polar bear doesn't swim in very hot water 2 don't live 3 doesn't weigh 4 Doesn't/Does . . . drink 5 don't eat 6 dont have 1 doesn't 2,/ 3 ,/ 4 don't 5 don't 6 doesnt 1 works 2 play 3 Does . . . live . . . does 4 belong 5 do. . . do. . . goto 6works Tdoesn'tgo.. .plays 8 Do . . . belong . . . do 9 do not belong 10 plays
1 1Did... cook... didn'tcook... cooked 2Did... iron didn'tiron... cleaned 3Did... cook... did 4washed... did 5Did... cook... didn'tcook... ironed 6Did...wash... did 7Did... clean... did.. .washed 8cooked...did
1 doesn't go . . .
11 do not live
2
5
6
../ 2./ 3 ,/ 4 didyou watch brought cut lent shone built found lost shut caught hit sent won 1 played . . . lost . . won 2 found. . . cut 3 brought . . . gave . . . sent 4 built . . . hit 5 shut 1 did you sit 2 did you go Did she enjoy it 4 did it finish 1 didn't see . . . didn't get 2 didn't arrive . . wasn't 3 couldn't . . . didnt know 4 couldn't . . . didn't have 1
Did
she
go . .
181
UNIT
1 a shark bit him 2 Sheila was driving 3 were having lunch 4 walked in 5 were swimming in the lake
7
watching 7 The sun was shining 8 she made several mistakes 9 carne
6 We were
. have. . . caught. .wasn't Btook. .. slept. . didn't sleep . . . was C did . . . cost . . . didn't cost . - . paid . . . spent DDid. . .have. . .lost. . .found Edid.' .
A Did..
.
1 were driving to Manchester when the car broke down 2 broke his leg while he was mountaineering 3 rwisted her ankle when she was practising karate 4 were cooking lndian
stay... made... told... didn'thave Fdid.. ' do... went. . . Did. . . spend. . . didn'tspend. . . didn'thave . . . bought GDid. . . go. . . got. . . Did. . . meet. . . spoke
food when the cooker exploded 5 fell down a hole when he was walking in the park 6 got cramp when she was swlmflung
nz bit
hid rose flew broke forgot rode sang grew rar,g threw fell 1flew...sang 2rang 3broke 4rode...Gil 5bit 6threw Trose 8grew thid...forgot
3
4 The fat lady ate a huge amount of food The exam candidate knew the answer to question number 2 The driver drove his taxi all day yesterday The small boy thought he could jr-p across the stream The runner ran 100 metres in 10 seconds The dentist took out my tooth last Tuesday The police caught the thieves fwo days ago
1
5 went . . .
UNIT
6 was walking . . . killed
10
. . bit 2won. . . built. . . sent . . . fell 4found. . . lent. . - lost . . broke 3 flew. . . sang. . . . threw S trla . . . caught . . . climbed goes . . . didn't go . . . had. . . is going. . . is workitg. . . is carrying. . . doesn't want
walking. . .
A
1 am learning 2 txtght 3 are you wearing 4 atn selling 5 didn't understand 6 meant 7 learnt 8 sold
C doesn'thave . . . shone . . . got. . . rode . . . rang. . . didn't answer. . . heard. . . was coming. . . went. . . found. . . didn't you open . . . rang . . . was listening . . . didn't hear
isn't
Bfound...wrote... sent...doesn't... do. ...want
1 was
1,
5
doyoudo... work. . amiooking... saw... didyou 3 were leaving
to 2 were getting off 3 was getting on looking up 5 was waiting for 6 was lying down 4 were 7 was putting on 8 was climbing in listening
looking . . . do you want. . . want . . . Do you speak. . . speak . . . Do you understand . . . understand . . . don't know . . . means . . . thought . . . know . . . studied . . . didn't learn . . . don't you go
. . . thought 2 was just leaving . . . began 3 was sittng . . . took 4 was wearing . . . learnt 5 asked . . . didn't know 6 said . . . didn't understand 7 was driving . . . offered 8 spent . . . gave 9 brought . . was watching
UNIT 1 t
1 was standing
rang 2 wasraining . . . went climbing... heard 4waswatching... came
1 were you doing . . .
,/
3
,/ ..
. was listening
has
11
packed
2ha;sn't
3
4
ridden bitten eaten rung broken found seen brought flown bought forgotten sent taken caught given won grown cut wrltten hidden done drunk lent t has given me 2,/ 3 I saw 4 He hasn't done 5 ,/ 1 She has lost it 2 He hasn't ridden it yet 3 She has brought home a pizza. 4 He has broken it 5 He has won it 6 He hasn't seen it yet
L82
changed 3 Has Carol washed
4 has washed
9
1, ,/ .. . didn't know 2 ./ . 4 liked 5 was driving . . . ./
go
are
1 was teaching History 2 was having a break 3 was teaching English Literature 4 was having lunch 5 was supervising games
3was
.
.
2 I was sitting 3 ,/ 4 They were not doing I didn't understand 6'W'ere you waiting
UNIT
says
. . went . . . didyou study . . . studied. . . Didyou get . . . got . . . didyoudo. . . left. . . came . . . stayed. . . slept.' . bought . . . put . . am not staying . . . moved . . . atnstaying . . share. . . have. . . didyou apply. . . want. . . prefer
./
1 was
'..
walking. . . saw. . was standirg. . . are you doing. . amworking. ..started. . . feel . .. work
8
cooking 2 was chasing
. are
was
4 was swimming
2
began
The teacher taught psychology from 1985 to 1992 The porters carried the luggage to the bus The pilot flew the helicopter over the ciry
UNIT
1
siled. . . defeated
l brought. . . forgot.
knew. . . didn'tknow. . . Did. . . know. . . did. . . wanted . . . didn'twant. . . Did. . . want. . . didn't
5
were . . . already living . . . arrived 2
3 was sitting . . . fell 4 was hunting . . . hit
1 I've seen it 2 I've rung it 5 I've flown 6 I've done it
het
bitten 4 He's grown
6 1forgot... went 2didn't catch... hadalreadyleft 3 had already started . . . sat 4 didn'thave . . . had left
1 Has . . . drunk . . . hasn't eaten 2 has hidden . . . have found 3 have . . . forgotten . . . have bought 4 has caught . . . have . . . given . . . has taken 5 has written . . . hasn't sent
UNIT
12
I l just
2
for
UNIT 1 2 3
since 4 how long months 2 ,/ 3 sinceJanuary 4 ,/
for three
3
2
1
3
for 2for 3since 4since 5for 6since Tfor since
9
A
5 how long
8since
years 2 since 1945 3 for about 500 years
4 since 1789
B
1 srnce 1.776 2 for about 2000 years 3 since 1860 about50years
t
has
just started
2
3
just heard
4
just told
UNIT
5 have just left
UNIT 1
I 13
2
2 (present) 3 (past) 4 (past) 5 (past/presenr) 6 (past/present) 7 (past) 8 (past/present) 9 (past)
3
10 (present)
2 t have lived 2 ,/ 6r/
3 Did you
see 4 ,/
5 have written
been p 1b went 2a p never met 2b pp have seen 3^ pp Have you done 3b pp did you
pp
1a have never
lived
4b pp has lived 5a p have you seen pp 5b have never seen 4a p
do
to
5
,/
go 2 didn'tused
to go . . . go 3 didn't
16
leaving 2 stated 3 is opening 4 is going 1 is leaving 2 are you doing 3 ,/ 4 ,/ 5 are going 1 am
1 is seeing the director at 9.30 am 2 is going to a concert 3 is having supper with Sam and Mary 4 he is going to Cinema with Carol tt7.30 prn 5 is studying for exam 6 is going to Disco withJane at 9.00 pm 7 he is going with his parents to Church at 11 xn 1 leaves . . . arrives 2 begins . . . finishes 3 have 4 stop . . . start 5 opens . . . closes
1does... begin 2are... pianning
3
aregoing 4stxt
5 am working
t has sung 2 played 3 have lived in Hampton 4 has lived in their present house all his 5 went 6 has studied 7 took haven't seen . . . saw . . . started . . . have been . . .just started
. .washe... worked didn'tlike... hashebeen...
4 used
usedtodrive... drive 4usedtostudy... go 5 didn't usedtostay... do 6usedtowear. . wear 7 didn'tused to wear . . . wear 8 didn't used to work . . ere
tea-time 3 since 9 o'clock
just finished
3 used to play
1 Didyou usedto . . . used to . . . didn'tused to . . . didn't usedto . . . used to . . . did. . . usedto . . . didn't usedto
1 used to go . . .
4...
1 for 3 years 2 since 4 for 50 years
climb 2 doesn't climb 1 used to 2,/ 3 didn't used ro 1 used to
1 Forty years ago everyone went to New York by ship 2 Forq years ago people went everywhere by bus 3 Forry years only wealthy people played golf 4 Forty years ago only a few people went abroad for their holiday 5 Forry years ago very few cars on the streets of London 6 Forty years most women didn't have jobs 7 Forry years ago many people didn't work from home
10 for
1 for 6
15
has
6 are. .doing... start...Are.. . . . leaves . . . working
worked . . . did he get . . .answered
UNIT
UNIT 1
2 3
T4
1 are you going
t had taken 2 had eaten 3 had done 4 had. . . drunk t had finished 2,/ 3 hadn't seen 4 arrived 5 ,/ t had already made 2had already Ieft 3 hadn't got 4 had already
17
come
5 had
made
6 had already had
t had never been late 2hed already left 3 had already eaten 4 had never driven 1
got
5
came 6 had already left
2 had already
fyped 3 returned
to 2 trn not going to do 3 arn going to
4 is going to 1,
,/
2 am not going
to
3
,/
4.What are you going to
5-W.here are you going to 1 am going to 2 tm going 4 em going to 1 are you going
to 3 arn going to
to 2 are you, going to
3 are you going to
4 arc you going to
4 had gone
1 am going to get
wet 2 are going to
be
late
3 are going
183
to crash into the mountain 4 is going to bite him 5 'm not going to sweep it up 6 is going to break down 7 xe gorng to win 8 Are you going to miss your plane 9 is going to cross the
UNIT 1 2 3 4
road
21
10 is going to PlaY
18
will do 2 will rain
1
UNIT
3
will take 4 will begin
will write to Professor Smith 2 wil. buy some coftte and biscuits 3 will post them 4 will do them 5 will send it 1
I 2l'll. retd 3 I'11 get 4 I'11 give 1 I don't think wilt 2I don't think will 3 I'm sure will
1 Shall
4 I don't think will happen 5 I think will happen
UNIT
19
1 1 Look 2Don't worry 3 Listen 4'Wait 2 1 let's 2letrne 3 Let's 4 Let me 3 A2,4,7 B3,5,8 C1,5,9 4 L Don't burn 2Be 3 Don' touch
4 Don't
6 Hold 1
Read 2 Don't touch
6
Mix
1
Don't
3 Answer
write 2Keep 3 Stop
4
Put
4 Don't
fall
5 Look
5 Don't wash
walk
5 Fasten
has. . . gone. . . studied. . . did. .
6 Don't enter 1 Let's 2letme me 7 don't
1.
3
don't 4let's 5 don't 6 Don't . . . let
rang 2'Will . . . sell
3 is
studying
.
did. . . allow. . . thought. . . wonder
. says . . . wants . . . will sPend
4 was watching
will have 6 is chasing 7 had. . . had 8 had lost 9 Did . . . see 10 Do . . .like 11 goes l,2rnet 13 spend 14 was . . . leaving 15 is having 16 Did . . . play 17 ate
5
. applied . . . is waiting. .
to 18 was playing 19 will start 20 was driving stys 22had. . . died 23 are. . . wearing 24hd forgotten 25 Don't go 1usedto... doesn't 2Do... usedto... don't 3 usedto ... doesn't 4usedto... don't 5usedto... doesn't going 21.
1 a They like c Don't they like 2 a She has seen b She didn't see 3 b He didn't go to the disco c Does he go to the disco
t have worked 2 is watching 3 have lived 4 xe playrng 5Is...talking 6Have...heard 7 are -..buying 8is wartrng . . inviting . . . wrote 3'm going - . . ue ...playing 4Don'tsit 5 Have... seen...'mgoing.. ' Wouta . . . tlt. 6 is taking 7 is . . . having 8 does . . . like 9 are going to ask . . . is going out 10 \Mill work . . . wants
UNIT
1'Wait 2 Are.
I 2 3
184
23
could 2 rnanaged to 3 couldn't 3 could swim 4./ 1 passed 2,/ 1 couldn't manage to drive 2 couldn't manage to finish 3 couldn't manage to read 4 couldn't manage to walk 1
.
1 managed to pay his bills 2 rnanaged to walk home 3 managed to persuade him to help 4 rnanaged to find the ring I had dropped 5 managed to persuade him to wait
1could... managedto 2mantgedto... could 3 could to 4 rntnagedto . . . could 5 could . . managed 6could... managedto 7 rnenagedto... could 1 could 2 managed to 3 could 4 managed to 5 could 6 managed to 7 could . . . managed
UNIT I 2
won't
1
will not
6/ 4 5
UNIT t 2
2 rnay 3 should 4 will
be 2 won't won't drown
work
3
,/
4 may
be
5
,/
be 2 won't 3 will 4 won't 5 won't 6 will 1 may 2 will 3 should 4 will 5 should 6 rnry 1 will arrive at 2.15 2 won't arrive late; she is always punctual 3 should be all right now 4 shouldn't have any more trouble with it 5 may rain, so take your umbrella 1
3
C
.
24
1
can 2 have to 3 shouldn't 4 have to 5 can't can't 2can 3should 4must 5should D should 2can 3shouldn't 4can't E should arrive on time 2 can bring chocolates 3 you 't have to wear a suit 4 can't talk B
will
will. . . should. . .'Will. ...should...wont
UNIT I 2 3
.
to
to 3 should 1, ,/ 2,/ 3 had to finish 4 haven't got to wear 1 dont have to 2 have to 3 should 4 have to have to 6 should 7 should 2 have
to come for the weekend? How nice! 4 Would you like a cup of coffee? Yes, I'd love one 5 Could I look at the flat on Saturday morning? Yes, certainly, madam 6 Could I borrow your umbrella? Yes, I don't need it this morning 1 Would you like to sit down? Yes, thank you 2 Would you like to come to Brighton with me today? No, I can't 3 Can you tell me how to start my computer? Yes, I can 4 May I borrow your pen? Yes, of course you can 5 Would you like some help? Yes, thank you 6 Would it bother you if I parked my car here? No, not at all
1 He should work 2 should arrive 3 doesn't have to stay 4 should be 5 doesn't have to work 6 has to do
You have to close the front door! 2 You don't have to curtains 3 You should switch the lights off 4 you don't have to feed the cat: I'11 Ged her later 5 You have to (should) take your key with you 6 You should do your homework before you go out 1
draw the
UNIT 1
1
26
can't 2 can 3 don't
2
have
to
4 shouldn't 5 should
6 should
At
have
3
4
1 should be 2 ,/ 3 shouldn't 6 dont have to wear
do
4 have to
to 2 can't 3 should 4 can't
be
28
1 Can I borrow a pen? A1l right, but don't lose it! 2 CanI leave early today? All right, but just today 3 Would you like
5 don't
You don't have to have a shower after the game 2 You should wear football boots 3 You don't have to keep quiet all the time 4 You have to obey the rules 5 You don't have to stay for the party afterwards 6 You should play as well as you can
1
it must be the television.
1 like to come with me? Yes, I'd love to 2 I sit next to you Yes, of course, you can 3 tell me how to get to Stratton Street? Yes, certainly 4 like a lift? Yes please, thanks 5 have a packet of envelopes? Yes, madam, they're over there 6 like to come round to lunch next Wednesday? Thank you, I'm afraid I can't
1
UNIT
'What
UNIT
won't. . . should. . . maynot
25
1 don't have
can 2 must 3 can't 4 caLn't 5 must 1 can that 2 ,/ 3 ./ 4 it must be 5 that must be 6./ \can't 2must 3must 4must 5can't 6ctn't...must 7 must 8 can't 9 must 1 ctn 2 It must 3 can't 4 can 5 [t must 6 it can't be 7 can it 8 can't 9 it must 1 earth can it 2 It must 3 it can't 4 it must be 5 must 6 it must 7 can't 'What 1 can that noise be? 2'Who can that be? 3'What can those animals be? 4lt carrr't be the radio; we don't have 1.
one.
6 should be enough for your expenses 7 shouldn't be late today; he's usually on time 8 won't cry; he never does
27
5
,/
29
can't 2 could 3 managed to 4 couldn't 1 rnay. . . may 2 should . . . may 3 will 4 won't 7 can't 2 don't have to wear 3 shouldn't 4 must 1.
1 must
be
2 must
be
3 can't
I'm afraid not 6,7 &.8 open
be
4 must
be
5 could . .
A can. . . be. . . mustbe. . . Please. . . Thankyou. . B Wouldyoulike . . . Could I have . . . don't . . . can. .
.
.
.
185
Would you like to . . . you don't have to . . . will .' can't . . . Canwe . . . I'mafraidnot. . . I wouldlike . . . can't must. . . don'thave to . . . cenyou. . can't. . . I have. .
UNIT
33
.
Yes, itwillbeallright... don'tthink. . can...
carrL... to . . . of course . . . Can . . . Yes, you can
.
has
1 couldn't . . . rnarruLged to . . . shouldn't . . must . . . will . . . don'thaveto .won't. . .haveto. . . must. . . managed to . . . couldn't. . . Can . . . managed to
6
l lstickout 2Put. .on 3packup 4copy...down 2 1 turn . . on 2 share out 3 take down 4 Do up 3 lgaveout 2brcak...down 3wenton 4rub-..out 4 1 died out 2 write down 3 is on 4 tan up 5 1Switch... on 2larnreadingout 3 cut... down 4 walked up
UNIT ,/ 4./
1
2 it is not made 3 Are the plants being watered? 5 The windows are closed 6,/
1,
2
up 1 wake up put . . . on
6 7 8
30
on 3 The 4 The windows are opened
1 swam
out 3 is .' . on 4 burned down 2 stretch out 3 save up 4 carry on 2 worn out 3 drank up 4 pulled down 2 shouted
1is unlocked 2The lights are switched
off 3 1 closed 2 was switched on answerphone is switched
3 were switched
off
4 was
4
1 Cattle 2 cars 3 gold 4 wheat 5 are manufactured 6 are grown 7 xe rcarred 8 is mined 9 is manufactured 10 are grown 11 is mined 12 xe reared
5
The Jupiter Symphony was composed by Mozart 2 . . . played by Kenneth Branagh 3 . . . were sung by Te Kanawa 4 .. . was written by Margaret Mitchell
Kiri
5 . . . was built by 14th century Medieval craftsmen
1. should
be
2 should
repaired 6 should be mended 7 should . . . have painted 8 were brought 9 are spoken 10 has been
5 was
been
5
up
2 broke off. . . Go on. . runoutof. .' callon 3 tookover... carriedon. .brought... up... tookafter 4 broke down. . . let. . . down. . . make up for. . . make up 5 cameacross... are... gettingon. . rundown ' '. getover ...glveup 6 giving away. . . do with. . . breaking down. . . come on
31
be 3 can. . . be 4 should be 1 ,/ 2 can be built 3 ,/ 4 ,/ 5 could be cured 1 be woken 2 be found 3 be repaired 4 be carried 5 be finished 6 be sent 7 be held 8 be obtained 9 be told 10 be expected 4 1 was made 2 cotld be stolen 3 will be held 4 were built
t 2 3
1 should be exported . . . will be sold 2 should be exported 3 should be sent 4 should be dismissed 5 will be 6 will be 7 willbe
UNIT
32
I 7a offb on 2t tp b down 3a away b back 4a tn b out 21away 2up 3off 4out 5off 6rn 7rn 8down 9 in 10 away 11 off l2back 13 up 1.4 on 15 down 16 out 17 away 18 in 3 1leave...on 2getol 3getoff 4scratch...off 4 1 come in 2 ttke. . . out 3 walked out 4 put. . . in 5 1 going up 2 climbed up 3 walked down 4 Get down 6 !ranawry 2cxneback 3put...away 4droveback
186
35
1 1putoff. .. called... off... is on. . willfind. .. out 2 lookingup . . . went out. . . was over. . . turnedup 3 ceruyout. . . make out. . . turned down . . . was out 4 broke up . . . broke down . . . make up . . . didup 5 A wentoft...calledfor Btakesoft-...put...up C is . . .in. . . running. . . down Dtakeup. . .Let. . . off
UNIT 1
UNIT
34
1 1cut... down... cut... out... dowithout...brought
locked
UNIT
UNIT
1 tastes
36
terrible 2,/
3
./
4
,/ ,/
5 feels like silk
6 looks like it's very expensive
21like 2very 3like 4like 5very 6like 3 1 smells 2 smells like 3 tastes 4 tastes like 4 1 did he look like 2 looked 3 looked like 4 Did he sound like 5 sounded 5 looks . . . lookslike . . . feels . . . feels . . . feels like . . . smells . . . smell like . . . smells like
6 look. . . look. . . like . . . look. . . like . . . smelllike. look. . . looks . . . like . . . look
.
.
UNIT 1
UNIT
37
1 smells delicious 2 ttsted disgusting 3 feels soft 4 look . . . healthy 5 sounds terrible
1
2 A 1'Writedown 2took...away 3brokedown 4 get off 5 came across B 1look...up 2wentoff 3broughtup 4gotover 4turnedup 5ran
D lsaveup 2Let...down 3took...out 4geton with 5 get on E lTakeoff 2hmd...out 3put...oft 4bring... back 5 takes after F lbrrngup 2turned...down 3put...on 4make up(for) 5put. .on 1 was arranged . . . was invited 2 is being unloaded 3 arc aLre
brought
1 want to see . . . enjoy meeting 2 hopes . . . dislikes arriving 3 started to type/typing . . . finished ryping 4 like to see/seeirg . . . cafl't stand waiting for them 5 love to eat/ erting . . . hate to doldoing 6 enjoy listening . . . stop playing 7 promised to be . . . postponed meeting 8 like to see/seeirg . . . arcarrge to have
4 will be given
1 Do you think the work can be finished today? 2 Your suitcase must not be left in the aisles or doorways
3 The meeting will be held at 10 am tomorrow mornlng 4 Your bicycles should not be left in the driveway
UNIT 1
1
41
you to come with
3 you to speak
UNIT 1
2
38
play 3 to buy 4 where to buy 1 I arranged to take 2 forgot to hand in 3 decided to apply for 4 intended to eat 5 agreed to take 1 to
be
2 how to
6 deserved to be taken
l
intends. . . hopes 2learnt. . . offered
3 wanted . . . agreed 4 refused . . . expects
hope 2 expected.
4
1 expect . . .
5
1'wanted . . . pretended 2 pretended . . . wanted
6
t how
UNIT I
2
what
3
where
4
. . hoped
what
5 how
me
2John to go away
French 4 the soldiers to stand up
1 I want you to go 2,/ 3 ,/ 4 They invited him to go to dinner with them 5 I forbid you to do 1 England expects every man to do his dury 2 She prefers to do the work herself 3 They asked me to stay the night 4 They like to play cards with Frances 5 We expect to leave the house in an hour
1 me not to leave the room 2 me to leave the room 3 me to help her move the piano 4 me to be at the concert hall at 7.1.5 5 us two to be quiet 6 us how to cook vegetables 1 to have some orange juice please 2 you to have some orange juice 3 you to take the plane to Mallorct 4 to ta,ke the plane to Mallorca 5 to be at the ofhce by 9 am 6 Robert to be at the office by 9 am 7 to be picked up by car 8 to golgoing by car
39
cooking 2 ./ 3 of driving 4 ,/ 6,/ 7 to cut 8./ 1 at
study
1 playing the piano 2 typing them 3 watching q;jz programmes on TV 4 biting my nails 5 playing cards 6 moving house 7 having a shower 8 cleaning it 9 being washed
down
taken . . .
play 2 going/to go 3 playing 4 studying/to 1, ,/ 2 (to work) 3 cooking 4 (working) 5,/ 1 to
6listening
5 find out
C ltookoff 2ton 3put...up
40
5 after watching
1 tt 2 of 3 tfter 4 tt 5 about 6 After 7 for 8 before 9 of 10 Before 11 by 1.2 about 1.3 of 14 before 15 by 1 at making paper aeroplanes 2 of listening to music 3 of travelling in small planes 4 at dancing 5 of typing dozens of letters every day 6 at getting a bad result in the test 1 I left home, I had a good breakfast 2 phoning the operator he managed to obtain her number 3 cutting vegetables you can use this knife 4 waiting for half an hour I went home
5 making an extra effort she got the work finished 6 witnessing the accident I phoned the police 7 driving around town the Citycar is ideal 8 phoning Carol he decided what he wanted to say
UNIT
42
1 lcould 2was 3might
4did
1, ,/ 2 He said they were leaving 3 ./ 4 He said she would come soon 5 / 6 He said he saw her every day
t he was going out withJimmy 2 he would be home by six 3 he might go and see LIncle Victor 4 he could walk (because) it's not far
t
he wanted to go to that
concert
beans 3 he had told Fred not to
2 he didn't like baked 4 he would see
wait
everyone later on 1 she enjoyed the film 2 she might go and see it agaLrr, 3 she didn't see Mike at the office 4 she wouldn't take the car; she could walk was definitely not going to raise taxes
187
6 from
would fight to defend our currency
might expand the health service believed in this countryt future
4 la;t
.
2
..to 7atthe...from 8to (-) 3(-) 4 frorn 5 (J 6 at
tt
didn't take bribes
UNIT UNIT 1 2 3
43
1
1 John was 2 the answer 4 to wait here
1
,/
2 to
go
3 the time
5 he
would
2 6
said 2 asked me 3 asked 4 told me 5 ordered me 1 what Fred was doing 2 when Robert would be home for supper 3 what time Dennis could come and pick her up 4 how much milk Carol bought 5 what the cleaning lady had to do what Susan was
doing
2 what the messenger did on
Mondays 3 who made c.offee for the staff 4 who would take the letters to the
post
1
5 when Brian could finish the
behind the
tree
.
2 wder the car 3 hidden above the computer 5 between the two cars
gar.a.ge 4 behind the
,/
1
1
above . . . underthe title . . . above. . . above. . . LJnder. .
between...behind
was 3 to sit down was 4 ,/
46
6 in front of the
mirror
7 behind the
tree
8 under a chair
under 2 under . . . over 3 under . . . over 1 in front of the National Gallery 2 above the square 3 xe under the statue of Nelson 4 is between the National Gallery and South Africa House 5 behind St Martin's in the Fields 6 is under the church 7 is behind South Africa House 8 in front of the National Gallery 5 1 behind ahead 2 a,head 3 behind 4 a.head 5 behind
3 4
1 over . . .
report 1 to be quiet 2 to stand up straight 3 to put his shoulder back 4 not to move 5 to pull his stomach in 6 not to
look at him
UNIT 1
44
wait 2 readrng 3 to go 4 meeting 5 to help ryping 7 to walk 8 to pay 9 speaking 1. to play/playing 2 to do 3 to watch/watching 4 to bring 5 to listen/listening 6 to buy 7 to listen/listening 1 to
6
UNIT 1
2hope. . . expect . . . waiting for
t he would write your reference this afternoon 2 where Fred was 3 to turn left at the next corner 4 she was waiting for the doors to open 5 he left the house at four o'clock he had left the house at four o'clock 6 where Dennis was going this evening 7 not to open the window
UNIT
45
1 t home . . . r/ 2 r/ . . .,/ 3 at the airport 4 in his office 1*... in.. . atthe 2tn...at 3 at... atthe... inthe 6atthe...in 4inthe...atthe 5at...in...at 7 in...inthe 8in...atthe gatthe 10in...atthe 1,1, at .. . in the ltothe...atthe 2 ...at 3from...to ...at 4 frorn. . . to the . . . at the 5 at the . . . from . . . to the 188
1 ,/ 2 in the front 6 at the front
row
3
,/
4 in the
middle 5 ,/
21.at 2in...of 3On...of 4in 5On 6at 7lr, 8At 9On...of. .on 3 A l inthesecondrow... themiddle 2rsa girl ... onthe left... thethirdrow 3 isaboy... ontheright... the third row 4 There is a boy . . . sitting on the left . . . the first row 5 There is a boy . . . sitting on the right . . . the first row
8 to doldoing
A lwhere 2whtt 3what 4where B 1(how) 2how 3(how) 4how l,afraid of 2 for 3 annoyed about 4 fond of 5 by 6 good at 7 pleased about 8 before 9 tired of l waitingfor... hope.. . expect
47
B 6 At the top of
7 On the left of the board . . . should 8 of Africa on the right of the board . . . it should say 9 At the bottom of the board it says: I am your
UNIT I
48
to 2 aruled at . . . / 3,/ .. . in my car 4,/ 2 1 am going to 2 Htve. . . been to 3 have been to 4 arre .. . going to 5 went to . . . has been to 3 1at 2at 3in 4in 5at 6at 3On...to...in by 2tn. by...to...in 41to. 5on. .by...to...in ..by 4to...in...to...in by 7rn...in...to ..to 6in...to...to...to. by. .on...on 1 been
UNIT 7
2 3
49
1while 2frorn...to 3for 4during 3 while 1 for aweek . . .,/ 2 How long . . . / l duringJuly. . . duringAugust. .. from. . . to 2 durrngJuly . . . during August . . . from . . . to
.
for
say
A 1 Of. .on...on...in 2on...on...in 3in...of B 1At...of...In...on...of 2At...of 3 On. . . of . . on. . . of 1 by. . . arrivedat. . . in. . . on 2on 3beento 4 went to 5 arrived in 6 by 7 rn . . . on 1in 2rt 3on...by 4for 5by...by 6on. .on 7at 8outof...about 9with 10by...by 11in... in 12 tt .. . about 13 in 1.4by 15 in 16 in t7 Lt 18 in . . . with . . . about 1.9 in 20 At
4 for
. for . . . during 4 la for b During c 'While 2a while b during c for 3a during b for c while 5 1 How long 2 for 3'When 4 for 5 while 6During. .. On THowmuch 8for. . . from. . . to. '!7hi1e 9 How long 10 for . . . while the summer . .
UNIT
.
.
50
11in. .on 2by 3by 4in...by 5by...by 7rn 8in 9in
6on
1in 2on...for 3for 4in 5on...in 6outof for 8 on 9by 10 in 11 in 12by. . on 1 on purpose 2 out of stock 3 in ink 4 for sale 5 by train 6 at home 7 for lunch 8 on business 9 on the plane 10 for dinner 11 by mistake 12 out of trouble 7
UNIT
UNIT
I 1a... some... The 2a... some... The 2
1some. .some .a. .a. .a. .some. .some...r. ..4n. .some 2an...4. .some ...t...Some. .some. .a. a. . . some. . . A. . some 14...an. .some. .an 2the...a...The...the... some . . . some . . . the 3 the . . . a. . . the . . . some a...The. .some...some
1At...in...in.. . in... with 2on... in... in 3At. by. .on 1on...in...for 2for...on 3For...of 4for...for. .on 5on...in lwith 2in...in. . . with 3in. . .in. . .with 4in...in 1 on duty 2 in a suit 3 with a suitcase 4 in public . . . in private 5 for the second time 6 with brown hair 7 in B
.
UNIT 2
52
3
I
1 married to 2 engaged to 3 full 5 suspicious of 6 good at 1 good for 2 afraid 6 generous with
of
3 close
to
of 4 awue of 4 sure
of
5 ready for
that dog! 5 I'm bad at drawing 6 He treated me nicely 7 Thtt was nice of you! 8 I was surprised at what he said
with 2 annoyed about 4 annoyed with 5 annoyed with 1 pleased
3 pleased about 6 disappointed about
19
UNIT I 2
53
1 lunder 2Between 3above 4behind 5behind 6 in front of 7 above 8 behind 9 under 10 above 11 between 1.2 rn front of 13 behind 14 in front of 15 under 16 between 17 above 18 in front of befween 20 under
a. . some 2 any 3 any 4a 1 a pen 2 ,/ 3 any coffee 4,/ 5 a dentist 1.a...arly 2any .a 3any. .a 4any...any...e 5any...t 6any...z Tany .a...a some...any. .some...some ...ar]y. .some. .some ...4ny...Lfly. . some. . some...any. . some...any 1.
1 some stamps 2 an umbrella 3 a restaurant 4 any phone calls 5 a hospital 6 some milk 7 some books 8 any trains 9 some parking spaces 10 any food
1 Smoking is bad for you! 2 Be careful of throwing your money away! 3 She is fond of children 4 Don'be cruel to
UNIT
55
with horror
I
UNIT
L arnxt. . .,/. . . theman 2 abook . . ../ 3,/...alion 4,/r/ 1 the capital 2 a cowtry 3 a continent 4 The country 5 the . . . cify 6 an island 7 an .. . state 8 the
continent 9 the capital 10 The State 11 the island l2thecapita,l 13 the... country 1.4acity... the capital
51
person
54
3
4
(-)
56
2The 3 (-) . . . (-) 1,,/. . . r/ 2,/. .. nicepeople 3Thewomen 4 the man 5 eagles . . . beautiful birds. 1
1
..
.,/
marriage 2 hunger 3 good weather 4 nuclear power
1(-) (-)
9
. . . the
2the 3(-)
4(-)
5the 6(-)
Tthe
8the
10 the
1 children. . . the children 2The coffee. . . coffee 3music... themusic 4Thefyres... tyres 5 thebooks . . . books 6 Classes . . . the classes
189
University students usua\ buy books, but the nurnber of books they buy depends on the course. I have asked five students: the sttdents in the Maths Department don't buy many books, b:ut the students in the Literature Department buy dozens. Terrorism is becoming more common these days. The reasons for this are complicated, but perhaps /he most important reason is that people are hungry in some parts of the world. Another important reason is that people want freedom. They want the government of a country to be elected by the people who live there.
UNIT 2
Trafalgar Square . . . the National Gallery . . . The Trmes
2The 'White House . . . the National Art Gallery . . . Time . . . The New York Times. 3 The Tower of London . . . Tower Bridge. 4 The National Association of Teachers . . Lambeth Street . . . the Liberal Party. 'Waterloo Bridge . . . The Strand . . . The Adelphi . . . Charing Cross . . . Tiafalgar Square . . . The National Gallery . . . The Mall . . . Buckingham Palace . . . St. J'ames's Park
Open
UNIT
57
1the...the 2a...a...one 3ones ...a...one 1 Theyoung . . .,/ 2,/. .. abigone. . . asmallone 3 ,/. .. a new one 1 That's a large one . . That's large 2 Shet a tall one . . She's tall 3 This is an old one . . This is old 4 Those are nice ones . . . Those are nice 5 He's an interesting one . .
1
1.
.
1
60
1 sheets . . . paper 2 jownies . . . travel 3 homework . . exercises 4 Marrtage . . . weddings 5 men . . . public 6 permission . . . permit 7 armchairs . . furniture 8 jobs. . . work
21Many 2rntch 3many 4much 5is 6were
.
Tare
8 plays
.
Het interesting 6 Those
1 accommodation 2
are fast ones . . . Those are fast
7 They're good ones . . . They're
good
one...He'scute 1
blind . . . the
blind
2 theyoung . . . young 3 deaf . .
Germans 5 The Americans 6 The Russians 7 The Japanese 8 The Norwegians 9 The Chinese 10 The Swiss
58
1 the South ofEngland . . . / 2,/ . . .,/ . . . South America 4 r/ .. . Germany
3 The Andes
UNIT
61
t 1. a lot of 2 ahttle 3 a few 4 plenty of 2 1 not many 2 afew 3 a little . . . not much 3 lafew 2altttle 3Alittle 4afew 5afew 6alittle 4 1 not many 2 rnach 3 not many 4 not . . . much 5 many 6 much 1 do not have much time 2 are not many hotels 3 is not much meat 4 have plenty of food 5 doesn't have much
lthe 2(-)...the 3the .(-) 4The...the... (-) 5the...the...the 6(-) ...(-) ...(-) 7(-) ... (-) 8(-)...the eThe ... (-)... (-) 1
5 policeman
6 policewoman
.
thedeaf 4theold. . . old 5 rich. . . poor. . . Therich ...thepoor 1 The Europeans 2The British 3 The French 4 the
UNIT
thieves 3 traffic 4 information
food 7 manners 8luggage 1 clothing 2 cloth 3 clothes 4 police
5 halves 6
8 He's a cute
experience 6 plenty of opportunities 7 don't have many
eggs
l alotof ... much 2rntny...alotof . . . many... much . . . afew 3much. . . many. .. many 4alotof . . .a little...afew
Mount Everest 2 the Alps 3 The Thames 4 Lake
5 Lake Victoria 6 the Andes 7 the Seine 8 Brussels 9 The United States . . . Russia 10 Luxembourg 11 the Pacific 72 the United Kingdom
Michigan
1 the English Channel 2The British Isles 3 The North Sea 4 The Nile . . . the Mediterranean . . . Lake Victoria 5 the Atlantic Ocean
UNIT I 2
62
1 none 1,
,/
of
2
3
59
4
1
in Oxford Street. 2The Royal Society ofArts is in Adam 1 Selfridges is
Street.
3 The House of Commons is in Parliament Square. 4 The National Galley is in Tiafalgar Square.
190
3 Most
of
4 Some
friends 3 A few of the houses 4 ,/ clothes 6./
2 Many of my
5 not got any
UNIT
Most
lMost 2Ail, 3No 4tfew 5Most 6Afew 1 Most of the people 2 A11 the oIIice workers 3 All the Scotsmen 4 Most of the workers 5 Some of the
women...some 1 Mostofthe. . . some of 2 Some ofthe. . some of. . .A few 3Most...tfew...Noneof 4No 5Afeware 6 Some are 7 Most are 8 None are
UNIT
6
63
1 somewhere . . anywhere. 2 everything 3 everywhere 4anybody...somebody
,/
2 anythrng 3 anybody 4 ,/
2
1,
3
1 everybody . . . somebody 2 Somewhere . . . everything 3 anything . . . somebody 4 everywhere . . . anywhere
UNIT
5 something
anybody . . . somebody . . . anybody . . . anything . . something . . . anything . . . everywhere . . anything . . somewhere . . . somewhere . . . somebody . . . anybody
1 No, I can do it myself 2Be carefil not to cut yourself 3 I can cut it myself 4 They carried the heavy suitcases upstairs themselves 5 I'm going to give myself a holiday 6 I think they can finish that job themselves 7 Help yourself to some more food 8 She can save herself trouble with this machine 9 I delivered the parcel myself
66
1 some/any. . . any. . some 2an.. . some. . . the 3some ...ar-y 4t... The 5any... some. .. any.
.
.
..
some 6a...some...any
something
1
Theyoung. . . the old 2The
deaf . . . the blind
5
1
everything 2 Everybody 3 everynvhere 4 somebody . . . something 5 anywhere! 6 everybody
3 The poor . . . the
6
something 2 books everywhere 3 park anywhere 4 everybody gone to 5 give it to somebody 6 everything
Stratford 3 The Panama Canal . . . Panama . . . the Atlantic . . . the Pacific oceans 4 Brighton . . . the south coast . . . England 5 Thesun... NorthAfrica!
1 of
its
back in
UNIT 1 2
rich 4 the unemployed l Egypt. . . the Middle East 2The Avon . . . England. .
7 know where
anything 8 want anybody to
1 Covent Garden . . . the Royal Opera House 2 Selfridges . . . Oxford Street 3 Westminster Abbey . . . the House of Commons . 'W'estminster Bridge 4 the National Gallery . . . Buckingham Palace 5 "The Times" . . . London . . . Time . . . the United States of America
64
the 2John's 3 boys' 4 hour's 1 ,/ 2 Sallyt coat 3 The public transport of France 4 ./ 5 ,/ 6 The door of the room 3 1 Peter's 2 boys' 3 gentlemen's 4 baby's 5 girls' 1 of
much 2 Most 3 not . . . arry 4 not many the 7 none of the 8 All the 9 a litt1e 10 some 11 A lot of 12 Most of the 1 years' 2 of this 3 sandwiches 4 Germany's 1 not . . .
5
t
5 clocks . . . watches 6 men's . . . women's 7 students' . . . of 8 clothes
her friends' addresses 2 Susant address 3 name of the
puppy
of the house 2 the company's intentions 3 three 4 The children's bedroom 5 a weekt holiday 6 middle of the city 7 three weeks' time 8 The colour of her new dress 9 the school's facilities 10 Carol's boyfriend
work
UNIT
,/
2
rne 3 ,/ 4 each other
5
,/
.
6 yours
1'(a) Is this pen mine? (b) Is this mine? (a) Is that house theirs? (b) Is that theirs? (a) Are these shoes yours? (b) Are these yours? (a) Was that passport hers? (b) Was that hers? (a) Are these tickets ours? (b) Are these ours?
5
-y 2 his 3 our 4 yours 5 their 6 hers 7 your 1 itself 2 ea,ch other 3 myself 4 ourselves 5 each other 6 yourself 7 themselves 8 each other t herself 10 each 1
other
1
3is 4arc
5is
67
1 taller than 2 the most comfortable 3 the fastest 4 more beautiful 1
./
2 the most interesting 3 ,/
4
,/
5 taller than
6 easier than
2 3 4 5 4
UNIT
2
65
myself . . . yours . . . his . . . himself . . . hers . . . herself . . our . . . ourselves . . . theirs . . . themselves 1,
1is...are 2xe...is
10 father's slippers!
1 back
days'
2
6 some of
ofJapan 2 members of the Sociery 3 (cannot be rewritten) 4 plans of the government 5 (cannot be rewritten) 6 The policemen of London street 4 number of the house 5 her parents' room 6 her friendt address 7 door of the room 8 Fredt new puppy
1
all
1 The history
9 sound of the
.
arnazing 2brgger than 3 a more temperate . . 4 the hottest . . . driest 5 drier 6 the wettest
1 the most
than
1 tidier than . . .
tidiest 2 taller tha;n 3 the fattest
comfortable 5 earlier
than
.
4 most
6 more important than
1 earlier 2 talTer. . . the tallest 3 more expensive 4 worse . . . worst 5 smaller 6 more crowded 1 bored . . . boring 2 surprising . . . surprised! 3 exciting . . . excited 4 interesting . . . interested
1 more exciting . . . the most excited 2 the most embarrassing . . . more embarrassed 3 the most boring . . more bored . . . than 4 more amusing than . . . more amused 5 the most interesting . . more interested
.
191
"I love you!" he declared passionately 6 He has always treated me very well 5
UNIT 68 1 1very 2as...as 3notas. .as . .only 2 1 ,/ 2 as quickly as you can 3 ,/ 4asbigas 5./ 6 the same 3
Next 5 right! 4lwrong 2early...late 3hard 4last 5 1 well (adjective) 2 good (adjective) 3 well (adverb)
as
4 Well (adverb)
1as 2than 3as 4than 5as...as
6
is usually not as cheap as tea in England is generally not as cold as Moscow 1 Carol is not as tall as Robert 2Yrctorra is not as plump lJncle Dennis 3 Dennis is not aslazy as lJncle Victor 4 Sally is not as slow as'Winston
UNIT
1 as hot as 2 as cold as 1 Itb snowy in Germany, but it's not as snowy as Switzerland 2It can be foggy in Northern France, but itt not as foggy as London 3 Wales is wet, but itt not as wet as Zaie 4 British Columbia is warm, but it's not as warm as
California
71
1 1still 2just 3yet 4ilretdy 2 1 already finished 2,/ 3,/ 4 ahetdy 5 ,/ 6 have just
3 1yet....still 2akeady 3yet 4still ...already 5yet...still 6aheady 1 I don't think Mary has arrived yet 2 Are you still driving car? 3 He hasn't yet asked her to marry him 4 They've just finished decorating the first room
that old
1 Victoria arrived at the same time as Dennis 2 Petq is the same age as Robert 3 My dress is the same colour as yours 5 My coat is the same 4 Susan took the same train as
t
him
as
(adverb) 2 weekly (adjective) 3 monthly (adverb) (adjective) 5 fortnightly (adverb) 6 weekly (adverb)
as
A B
colour
1 daily darly
4
4 was not as tall as General De Gaulle
has already finished
it
2 has already
left
3 has aheady
won two medals 4 has already started 5 am aheady
yours
2L
1 No, I am still living in the old one 2 The men are already painting it 3 Has Peter got to his office yet?
1 as often as you can 2 as good as new 3 as early as you can 4 as best as you can 5 as soon as possible
No, he hasn't come in yet.
UNIT 1,
Is Susan in her ofiice yet?
69
,/ 2 ./
5 stronger
3 taller and
than 6 ,/
taller
4 older than me
1 faster and faster 2 harder and harder 3 better and better 4 worse and worse 5 thinner and thinner 6 more and
more interested 1
better
2 worse
than
3 better
than
4 the worst
5 the best 1 The
smaller 2 The sooner 3 The busier 4 The bigger
5 The older
5 leldest 2olderthan 3elder...older 4oldest 6 1 morethan. . . C 2lessthan.. . F 3morethan. . .B 4morethan. . . A 5 morethan. . . D 6lessthan. . . E
UNIT
70
t happily 2 ,/ 3 He did his work well 4 well 5 ,/ 6./ T mce 8,/ 1 fluently 2 fat 3 slowly 4 beautiful 5 nice 6 happily 7 red 8 quickly 9 bad 10 generously 11 excited 12 easrly 1 Carol sometimes comes to visit us 2 She likes playing the violin loudly
3 Robert has never arrived late at his office
4 He enjoys his work very much
192
UNIT t 2
1
that
72 2
who/that 3 (who /thtt) 4 (that)
1 (thaQ 2 who/that want to go to the football match 3 who/that I invited 4 ./ 5 who/that was sitting in front of me 6 that sat on the mat 1
it needs 2 we met 3 you left here 4 I know 5 I have
loved 6 you saw 1 who arrive late 2 that sells insurance 3 who came into the room 4 who came up to her 5 who was playing the guitar 6 that are too violent 1 He is the only person who/that can help us now 2 The always
man who/that had broken into the house was arrested a few minutes later 3 They arrested a man who/that was only 16 years old 4'Who owns the bracelet that is lying on the table? 5 Julia is someone I haven't seen for a long time 6 We are very pleased with the report that has been produced 7 We are very pleased with the woman who/that has been appointed to the post 8 She wears the finest clothes (that) money can buy 9 Those people who/that have suffered from the effects of this crime want the law changed 10 Anyone who/that lives in this area rr.;ay be in danger 11 Look, that's the girl who/that married MichaelJohnson 1.2 Your health is the thing that matters most of all
UNIT
UNIT
73
where 2 (-)
7
1
2
1, ,/
3
2 where she
which 4 (-)
lives? 3 who/that
1
taller 6asmuch. .as 2 1 who/that/ (-) 2 which/thtt 3 where 4 who/that 5 which/that/(-) 6 who/that 7 which/that 8 where 9 who/that/ (-) 1 The sooner the better . . . go bad 2 fxter and faster 3 did their best . . as good as new 1 better than . . . not as good aslworse than 2 better than . . . not as good aslworse than 3 the best 4 the worst
with 5 who/that I work with 1 (-) 2 thtt/which 3 where 4 that/which 5 (-) 6 where 7 (-) 8 where 9 thatlwhich 4 we went
1 That's the rnagtzine het been looking for use words you are familiar with 3 The people I talk to usually speak English 4 The house I live in is on the corner of the street
2You should
5 The people I live with are very friendly (Suggested
answers)
1
5 better than . . . better than
I come from 2I
trarned for 5 you were talking about
3 we live in 4 I could talk to 6 he plays for 7 I introduced you to? 1 This is the university where
t
I studied 2 The first person
I did my training 6 Coke is a drink (th"Q you can buy anywhere 7 He is going to marry a girl who/that is French 8 I want to see a film which/that has hrppy ending
heb still doing it he's already done it 3 they haven't started yet they are still playing it they have already finished playing
2
a
UNIT
sitting 2 in 3 parked 4 crying? 1, ,/ 2 The money stolen 3 ,/ 4 ,/ under the tree 6 a young girl sitting 1
I
61made 2with 3wearing
74
1
5 The woman
1 2
can hear someone shouting outside in the street
2I've got a brother working for British Airways 3 I looked round and saw somebody following me 4 Yesterday I received a letter inviting me to an old friend's wedding 5 A plane carrying emergency food supplies landed at 5.30
4 5
1 supply video recorders made inJapan 2 This bookseller sells books printed in other languages 3 Last night I saw an old Italian film called "Bicycle Thieves" 4'W'hen I got home I saw a car parked in my driveway 5 The two boys found a cash register stolen from a nearby
How 2 ,/ 3 How old 4 ./ 5 How many people 1 What 2'Where 3'What 4'Why 5'When 6 How -What 1 time 2 How often 3 How big 4'What colour 5 How old 6'What . . . like 1 How many 2 How much 3 How much 4 How n;a;rty 'W.hat A1 was her name? 2What was she like? 3-Where was she born? 4'W'here did she live? 5 How old was she? 1
6'W.hat are princesses like sometimes?
UNIT
him
5 The two doctors in the ward were
weekend has been returned.
77
1 1No, Ihaven't 2./ 3,/ 4SodidI 5Yes, Ido 6 I hope not 7 ,/ 8,/ 2 t he can 2 they didn't 3 it has 4 he does 5 they aren't 6 it
discussing a patient 1 The house that was damaged in the storm is being repaired 2 Wait! I can see a cat under your car 3 I could hear an alarm bell ringing insistently 4 There was a man standing there looking at me. 5 The money stolen by somebody last
76
B 1 How did she feel? 2'What was she wearing? 3'Who did she see? 4'What was he like? 5'W.hat did she do?
restaurant
girl behind
4standing
6 How tall was she? 7 What colour hair did she have? 8 How often did she go riding?
'We
1 The rescue services give help to people in danger 2 The man on the roof asked the boy in the garden to help him 3 There's a shop across the street where you can buy a hamrner and nails 4 The man at the front is taller than the
dressed
he's already dressed 2 he hasn't started yet
hospital where
1
he hasn't started yet
het still getting
who/that gives the right answer will get the prize 3 They asked a woman who/that didn't know the answer 4I arn looking for a shop which/that sells postcards 5 That's the
UNIT
comfortable 2 x pretl1 as . . . the most intelligent silliest 4 the most interesting 5 thinner than . . .
1 more
3 the
came to see me
75
3
4
wasn't 7 yor should 8 I would
was 2 did 3 are 4 is 5 can 6 will 1 So will 2 Nor did 3 So are 4 So must 5 Nor do 6 Nor will 7 So do 8 So have 1 I expect so 2I'rn afraid not 3 I hope not 4 I don't think so 5 I'm afraid so 6 I don't think so 1
7.We hope so
193
UNIT
UNIT
78
1 1 aren't you 2 ,/ 3 ,/ 2 didn'tyou . . . haven'twe
4 isn't
she
5
,/
6 didn't they
. . . won'tyou . . . didn'tyou haven'tyou... didn'tyou.. . didn'twe. .. didn'tyou can'tyou . . . can we . . . won'tyou . . . have we
willyou... didn'tyou... didyou. . aren'twe 3 1 wasn't it 2 does it 3 isn't she 4 won't you
3will ...,/ 2,/...,/...drive t 1,/...,/...,/ (/ ... could) 4,/ .../ ...were 5,/ ...unless . - -,/ 2 1 wili pass 2 practise 3 win 4 will do 5 will earn 6 will buy 7 I will become 3 2 He would be a guitarist in a rock band if he practised, but he doesn't 3 If he won the lottery he would to to Mexico, but he won't win 4 He would do a paper round if he got up early, but he doesn't 5 If he got a job he would earn a lot of money, but he won't get a job 6 If he would earn a lot of money, he would buy a motor boke, but he won't 7 He would become a racing driver if he bought a bike, but I hope
5 didn't we
6 won't he
4
1 isn't
6
will
it 2 aren't you? 3 will she? 4 isn't he? we 7 didn't he
UNIT
5 wasn't it?
he won't
79
3
4
1
Stand 2 shows 3 rises 4 watt
5
1
will lose 2 crn come 3 must stop 4
2
6
1 I'11
9 will hear . . .
attend
1
unless 2 as long
6
as
long
.
has
rnay go
1 can get 2 Will you promise . . . help 3 Wait/You must wait... want 4aren't... mustgo 5will learn... is 6 follow . . won't 7 do . . . ca;rtwatch 8 have . . . may
phone
as 3 as long as 4 unless 5 unless as 7 unless 51if...wrote 2lf ...will haveto 3Unless...go 4If . .. followed 5 will not bite . . . unless 6If . .. would go 7 as long as 8 would keep . . . if 9If . .. went 10 will never get . . . unless 11, if .. . goes 12 unless . .
4
go 2 don't drive 3 phones 4 I'11wait lknock ...,/ 2,/ ..../ 3,/ ...willtalk 4,/ ...,/ 5 ,/ .. . have 1 take 2 increases 3 drink 4 catch
7
81
10 read . . . will understand
UNIT
82
I 1,,/ 2bttt 3./ 4so 2 1 when.. . and. .so...and 2fufter. ..so...and... but . . . so . . . and. . . so 3 and. . . before . . . but. . After. . . and 4when. . . After. . . so. . . and. . .But .
UNIT
80
l
1
2
...,/ 5got...,/
took
1
6so...'When...and
give 4 would play 3,/ ...wouldask 4,/ ...,/
2 practised 3 would
2,/ .../
lasked
1 Sam asked Carol to meet him outside the college at 6 pm and she agreed 2 CarcI waited from 6 to 6.30 but Sam didn't arrive 3 Sam arrived after she had left 4when. . . After. . so. . . and. . .But
would taste 2 spoke 3 would easily pass 4 saw
5 would
go
6 asked 7 would
think
8 had
5 Sam asked her again but she was annoyed refused
t
had . . . would take 2 would get . . . made 3 played . . . would soon be 4 would sometimes go . . . had
5had...wouldgo 1 If I caught an earlier bus, I would get to work on time 2 If I got to work in good time, I would not have arguments with the boss 3 If I took a short lunch break, I would keep up to
date
with
the work 4If I kept my desk tidy, I would not lose letters
5 If I learnt how to use the computer, I would not delete files by accident 6 If I listened to the boss's instructions, I would not make so many mistakes
If I went to bed earlier, I would feel fresher in the morning 2If I did exercises in the morning, I would feel a lot healthier 3 If I didn't eat so many biscuits, I would lose some weight 4 If I didn't drink so much coffee, I wouldn't feel so nervous 5 If I drank more water, I would iook better 6 If I ate more green vegetables, I would have a better skin 1
194
.When. . . and
5 so . . . and. . . After. .
UNIT
so she
83
I
From left to right:
2
1
3
with him
3,2,
since 2 as soon as
1 until you
come
2
1.
3
while
,/
4 until
3 He has been living here since
4./ 8
since 2 :ur;rtll 3 since since 9 since 10 until
1
while
1
2
as
soon
as
3
4
as
until
soon
6 while 7 as soon as 8 as soon 11 while 12 as soon as
A 1 while C B 1 until C
5
until
6
since
7 until
as 4 as soon as 5 while as 9 while 10 as soon as
2 as soon as A 3 untilB 4 since D 2 since D 3 as soon as A 4 while B
UNIT 1A
1
bridge wln dinner live
84
Robert
2It
Carol ...Thursday
3 They. . .Jurassic Park
B
1 Summer. . .Jr1y. . . August. . . Mondays 2 French. . . Spanish . . .Jrly. . Korean. . .Japanese . . . August 3 They. . . Tower. . . London. . . Buckingham Palace
4The...Sunday 5 The . . . (Director) . . . DrDean. . . (Director) . . (Studie$ . . . Ms Susan Bletchley.
2 h) d) s) 0 b) e) f) a) 3 1 We went to Greece for a week,
.
UNIT
c)
which was very nice, but it
rainedl 2 I enjoyed meeting Peter and Sue very much. Peter was very nice, and she tried to be helpful. 3 Carol was on time for once (she's always late), so we started to play. (Jnfortunately, I lost every game. 4 We wondered if you were coming; did you get our message?
4 1
Robert and Carol went to the shops and they bought a lot of items: Robert bought fwo shirts and a pair of shoes and Carol bought a sweater, a blouse and a necklace. They got home quite late. The last time that I saw Robert was ear\July. He still had long hair. "When are you going to the hairdressers," I asked him. "Don't you like it?" he said. "'W'e11, not much," I replied. Then he asked me for the name of a hairdresser and I gave him the name of one (my own). I hope he
2
mat bad man fat mad sad
set bread Thames a;ny
ceiling mean people
field
date
break raise
paid
cough doll collar knowledge pot dog
month colour Sunday
country does
love
bought water call
door
born talk
86
1 A lunless 2if 3Aslongas 4unless 5aslongas 6if B 1 you must wash 2had 3 boils 4 would say 5 went 6 will phone 7 Read 8 explained 2 A Before...where...until .. .after...when B'While . . . but. . . As soonas ..so. .slnce
3A Howmany... B C
Howmuch
..I have . . .
How...How...
'What. . . like . . . How old. . . I thinkso . . . I hope . When. . . I hopeso . . I didn't. . .???
so
goes.
3
John and I were walking down Oxford Street when a stranger came up and spoke to us. "Excuse me," he said "Can you tell me where I can buy some film for my camera?" John and I look at each other. "I'm not sure," I said. "Perhaps you could try in Selfridges." "No, I don't think they sell film there," saidJohn. "Look! There's a carrlera shop over there on the other side of the street. Why don't you try there?" The stranger thanked us and walked across the street.
UNIT
85
1 Babies don't each sandwiches! 2 The boys told us good stories. 3 The dentists examined the children's teeth. 4 They kept the flies in boxes. 5 The men came from different countries. 6 There were safes in the offices and the thieves opened
them.
7 The men's wives put the ties in the suitcases. 8 The chiefs of the tribes had different beliefs.
mining. . . floated. . . biggest. . . runnirg. . . funnier . . . swimrning . . . happier . . . saddest . . called . . . playing . . . wondered . . . rudest . .
fill sit
leave seat
friend
say
said
eight
.
.
195
First published 1995 by Phoenix ELI Campus 400, Spring Way Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead Hertfordshfue, HP2 7EZ
A division of Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd @ Text,John Shepherd, 1995 @ International Book Distributors Ltd,
1995
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 9HE. Typeset in Bembo.
by Microset Graphics Ltd., Basingstoke Printed and bound in Great Britain by The Devonshire Press Ltd, Torquay, Devon
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data British Librery Cataloguing in Publication Dara
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Llbrary
ISBN 0 13 238767 0 (with key) ISBN 013 238759 X (without ke,
54321, 1999 98 97 96
95
level has a Teacher's Book, which contains an introduction on langua ning. Then for each unit there are suggestions for the presentations a lists cf common errors, more detailed notes on the,grarnmar
