Lefkandi IV: The Bronze Age: The Late Helladic IIIC Settlement at Xeropolis (Supplementary Volume)

LEFKANDI IV THE BRONZE AGE THE LATE HELLADIC IIIC SETTLEMENT AT XEROPOLIS Edited by D. EVELY withcontributions by

J. CROUWEL, D. EVELY, E. FRENCH,J. MUSGRAVE, fM. POPHAM, D. REESE, H. SACKETT, tE. SCHOFIELD, S. SHERRATT

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 39 Publishedby

THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 2006

Published and distributedby The BritishSchool at Athens Senate House, Malet Street, London WCiE 7HU SeriesEditor:Olga Krzyszkowska

© The Council, The BritishSchool at Athens ISBN ο 904887 5i ο

We gratefullyacknowledge a grantfromthe BritishSchool at Athens Foundation towardthe cost of printingthisvolume

Designed and computertypesetby Rayna Andrew Printedat Alden Press Limited, Oxford and Northampton,Great Britain

ForM. R. Popham, in thehopethatthisdoes himjustice

Contents ListofFigures ListofTables list ofPlates Abbreviations

viii χ χ xiii

Preface

xvii ι ι 3 4 8 87

Chapter ι

The siteand itsexcavation(MervynPopham,Don Evely,Hugh Sackett) Introduction The dispositionof thetrenches The orderand mannerofpresentation and finds The Main Excavation:stratigraphy and finds The Trials:stratigraphy

Chapter2

The pottery(MervynPopham,ElizabethSchofield,Susan Sherratt) Phase ia Phase lb Phase 2a Phase 2b Phase 3 Potsthroughthe ages (MervynPopham,ElizabethSchofield,Susan Sherratt) The potteryin a widercontext(Susan Sherratt)

137 137 141 150 166 175 180 218

Chapter3

Late Mycenaeanpictorialpottery(JoostCrouwel)

233

Chapter4

The terracotta figurines(ElizabethFrench)

257

Chapter5

The smallfinds(Don Evely)

265

Chapter6

LH IIIC Lefkandi:an overview(Susan Sherratt)

303

Bibliography

311

Index

319

Plates The followingare on theCD (insiderearcover): Appendices 1 The humanburials(based on MervynPopham,JonathanMusgrave) 2 The shells(David Reese) tablesand depositcommentsforthepottery(MervynPopham, 3 The statistics, ElizabethSchofield,Susan Sherratt) Concordances ConcordanceI ConcordanceII ConcordanceIII

CD-3 CD-20 CD-30 CD-87 CD-88 CD- 113 CD- 116

vii

viii

ListofFigures i 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 ι.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 2.1 2.2 2.3

Positionof sitein relationto Euboea and Greekmainland. Xeropolis,Lefkandi:contoursand trenchpositions. Positionoftrenchesin area ofMain Excavation. Main s-N sectionthroughMain Excavation. Subsidiarys-N sectionofearlyphases at south(SouthHouse) of Main Excavation.Asterisks markends ofsectionson relevantPhase plans. Main w-E sectionthroughMain Excavation;and keyto figs. 1.3-1.5. Trianglemarks ends ofsectionon relevantPhase plans. Phase ia: Main Excavation,overallplan ofstructures. Phase lb: Main Excavation,overallplan of structures/burial. Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin WestHouse, Rooms 11 and 12. Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin WestHouse, Room 10. Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin WestHouse, Room 9 (lowerlevels). Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin WestHouse, Room 9 (upperlevels). Rough plan ofBurial 15. Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin East House, Rooms 3 and 2. Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin East House, Rooms 4 and 7. Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin East House, Alleyway/Area1. Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin East House, Rooms 5 and 6. Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin SouthHouse. Phases lb and 2a: simplifiedplans of structures. Phase 2a: Main Excavation,overallplan ofstructures/burials. Phase 2a: Main Excavation,detailand findsin NorthHouse, Room 2. Rough plan ofBurial 13. Rough and sketchplans ofBurials9,10 and 11. Variousscales. Phase 2b: Main Excavation,overallplan ofstructures/burials. Phases 2b and 2b/3: simplifiedplans of structures. Phase 2^3: Main Excavation,overallplan of structures. Phase 2: TrialC plan, detailsand finds(a) at Floor 1; (b) at Floor 3. TrialC, westsection. TrialS: {a) plan,details;(b) east section.TrialT: (c) plan, details;(á) east section.TrialP: (e) plan, details;if) westsection. TrialE: (a) plan ofPhases 1 and 2; (b) ofPhase 3; [c) and offinalPhase; (d) westsection. TrialF plan, details:note LH IIIC, Phase 2 inhumationburial. TrialF: [a) east section;(b) westsection. TrialW: detailsof (a) plan at Floor 3 (Phase 2), (b) at FloorsIV-V (Phase 1) and VI (ΠΙΑ). TrialW, northsection,showingFloorsI-VI: I - SPG III late,II - SPG I?, Ill - Phase 2, IV-V - Phase 1, VI - ΠΙΑ. TrialIII: (a) plan; (b) westsection;(c) east section. TrialIV/V: (a) trenchplan. A = TrialIV, B-E = extensions1965, F-G = TrialV and IIIC buildingin dottedlines; baulk IV/V, H-K = 1969 extensionsat westand north-east. (b) sketchplan, showingwall phasingand teststo earlierlevels. TrialIV/V: Phase lb: detailsand findsin theNorthand Northwestrooms. TrialIV/V: Phase lb: detailsand findsin theSouthRoom and SouthArea. TrialIV/V: teststo Phase 1a floors. TrialIV/V: Phase 2: detailsand findsin SouthArea. TrialIV/V: {a) westsection;(i) east section. TrialIV/V: [a) southsection;(i) northsection,NorthwestRoom. TrialIX: plan. Variousareas. LH IIIC Phase ia, mostly.Cups, carinated;bowls,angularor carinated; cups,lip-band;cup, spouted;deep bowls. Variousareas. LH IIIC Phase ia. Stirrupjar; basin,spouted;basin; scoop; amphora;jug, lip-handled;jug, one-handledcookingpot; tripodcookingpot,rounded. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase lb destruction. Cups, lip-banded;deep bowls; kylikes.

xvi 2 3 5 6 7 9 14 15 19 21 24 25 27 31 34 37 41 44 45 50 53 54 66 76 77 88 90 95 99 103 105 107 109 113 116 118 122 125 128 129 130 134 139 140 143

LIST OF FIGURES

ix

Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase lb destruction. Mug; bowls,conical;jug; juglet;alabastron, miniature;stirrup jars. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase lb destruction. Jug,one-handledcookingpot; dipperjug; scoops;jar/crater, cookingpot. bridge-spouted Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a (early).Fill ofpit,beforeRoom 4 construction. Pot profiles:cups,lip-banded;scoop; bowls,conical; deep bowls;jug. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. FromRoom 2, depositsover floorsand dumped soils in area ofRooms 5-4. Cup, lip-banded;kylix;cup, carinatedand high-handled;kylix;basin; kalathoi. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. FromRoom 2, withlatestfloor;Yard 8/9; Room 4, fill over floor.Amphora;dipperjug; jug, two-handled,largecookingpot; cup, handleless;cup, one-handled;bowl, one-handled;deep bowl. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. VariousdepositsfromYard 8/9. Amphora;deep bowl; kylix;jug; kalathos;craters. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. Room 6, sherdsfromfillover floor.Kylix; deep bowls; tray;ring-handlefromcoarsejar; crater. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a-b. Room 2/1,main fillsand over Room 2/1. Cups, lip-banded;tray;lid; crater.Phase 2b/3. Over Room 2/1. Cups, lip-banded. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2b. Room 2/1,finaldeposits:deep bowls. Phase 2b/3. Over Room 2/1: deep bowl. Over Room 4: lekythos(?); crater. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 3. Build-upof debrisoutsideSouthHouse. Bowls,conical; deep bowls; stirrup jar; scoop; craters. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 3. Build-upoutsideSouthHouse. Amphora;jug; jug, one-handledcookingpot. FromSouthHouse: jug, handmade. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Cups, lip-banded. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Cups and bowls,one-handled;vertical-handled deep cup; typecup, reconstructed. Variousareas. LH III C Variousphases. Kylikes. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Kylikesand lineardeep bowls. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Bowls, conical and one-handled. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Monochromedeep bowls. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Monochromedeep bowls. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Decorated deep bowls. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Craters. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Craters. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Basins;jar/crater, bridge-spouted;cup, spouted. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Trays. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Miscellaneousshapes. Alabastra;spoutedjug; ring-vase;kalathoi;lids. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases.Jugs,lip-handled. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases.Jugs,neck-handled;amphoras. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Amphora; hydria;jar, collar-necked;jug, neck-handled,?import. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Amphoriskoiand miniatureamphora and jugs. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Dipper jugs; scoops; stirrup jars. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases.Jugs,one-handledcookingpots. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases.Jugs,two-handledcookingpots. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Tripodcookingpots. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase ib. Tubs. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase ib. Tubs. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase ib. Tubs and bath. Variousareas. LH IIIC Phase ib. Pithoi. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Miscellaneous.Bowl; ring-handlesfromcoarse jars; pyxis;mug; 'firebox';pithos. Trials.LH IIIC Phase 1b. Pithoi. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Handmade vessels.Jars; cup; cup, carinated;jug. Mycenae,Citadel House (TrenchGamma 32). Selected featuresby phase.

2 16 217 222

4.1

Figurines.Human; animals.

260

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Stone tools. Pounders;pounder-grinders; pounder-hammer. Stone tools. Pounder-grinders; grinder;'pestle'; emery. Stone tools.Polisher-grinder; whetstones. polishers;polishers/whetstones; Stone tools. Querns.

267 269 270 272

2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.1 1 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.4 1 2.42 2.43

144 149 152 154 156 158 159 168 171 177 180 182 183 185 186 187 189 190 191 192 194 196 197 198 200 201 202 204 205 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215

LIST OF FIGURES/TABLES/PLATES

x

5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.1 1 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 A.i A.2 A.3 A4 A.5 A.6 A.7

Stone tools and objects.Quern; weights;anvil; hammer;axe; tools (?). Stone tripodmortar. Obsidian and chert.A collectionof pieces frompre-LH IHC and IIIC contexts. Preparatorydebitage;blades; prismaticblades; possible workedpieces; arrowhead;flakes. Stone buttons,beads and others(includingfaience).Buttons;seal blank; amulet;beads. Copper and bronze objects,and of gold. Tools: punch; point;drill;rod; needle; chisel; sickle;saws. Personal:razor (?); cosmetictool; pendant;rod; ring;gold ring. Copper and bronze objects.Knives; rivet;studs;eye; sheet;triangle;sheet;hook; wires; shaft;point. Stone moulds; crucibles;chunk;lead objects. Objects associatedwithmetal-working. Bone/antlerpoints. Bone/antlerobjects.Points;needle; plaques. Bone/antlerobjects.Pins; handle; sundry;tube; ivorybutton. Clay reels.FromMain Excavationand Trials(3 and 9); Phases 1 to 2 in date. Clay reels and cylinder.FromMain Excavationand Trials(11); Phases 1 to 2 in date. Clay objects.Ring-weight; pyramidalweights;pierced discs; roundel;sundry;sphere;ring; whorl. Clay buttons,beads and whorls.

273 275 278 280 283 287 289 291 292 295 297 298 299 301

Plan of distribution and phasingof intramuralburialsin the Main Excavation area. CD-5 Burials,(a) Burialin TrialF: Phase 2; lookingwest; (b) pre-LH IIIC childburial. CD-6 CD-8 Burial 1: Room 10, Phase 2a. (a) withassociatedfinds;(b) fullyexcavated.Looking north. as first Burials 10 and 11: Room 2, Phases 2b and 2a respectively, covered revealed, (a) by CD-9 (b) Burial 10 - more fullyexposed; (c) Burial 11 - body revealed.All pot fragments; lookingnorth. CD- 10 Burials,(a) Burial6: Room 4, Phase 2a; (b) Burial 12: Room 4, Phase 2a. 1 1 . 10 and Various scales. CD-i 2 and sketch of Burials 9, Rough plans CD- 13 Rough plans of {a) Burial 13 and (b) Burial 15. Variousscales.

ListofTables 2.1

Lefkandiand Citadel House, Mycenae (cf.fig. 2.43). Comparativetable offeatures.

A. 1 A.2 A.3

burials. Basic detailsoftheIIIC intramural Male staturein ancientGreece (mainland). Some statistics on theprevalenceofdentalcariesin ancientGreece.

CD-4 CD- 14 CD- 15

C. 1-3 C.4-8 C.9-1 3 C. 14- 17 C. 18- 19 C.20-22

forPhase 1a contexts. Statistics StatisticsforPhase lb contexts. StatisticsforPhase 2a contexts. StatisticsforPhase 2b contexts. StatisticsforPhase 2b contexts. StatisticsforPhase 3a/b contexts.

CD-3 2 CD-35 CD-48 CD-59 CD-67 CD-80

228

ListofPlates 1 2 3 4 5 6

{b) view across bay to Xeropolis,fromnorth-west. (a) Aerialview of Xeropolis,fromnorth-west; Workin progress:{a-b) Main Excavation; (c) the deep soundingin TrenchCC; [dj a Trial. Overall view of Phase lb levels in Main Excavation,fromnorth-west. Main Excavation: Phase lb, WestHouse - Room 11. (0) bath againsteast wall; [b) blocked door in east wall; {c) overview,withRoom 12 at left.All fromwest. Main Excavation:Phase lb, WestHouse - Room 9, {a) findsin upperlevels,fromsouth- Room 10, (b) emptiedroom,fromnorth-west. Main Excavation: Phase lb, East House - Room 3. (a) generalview of floorlevel, withRoom 2 at top,fromsouth;(b) detailofvases on floorby east wall,fromsouth;{c)generalview offloorlevel,with Room 2 at right(Burial 1 in baulk),fromeast.

LIST OF PLATES

7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

xi

Main Excavation: Phase lb, East House - Room 4. (a) general view of floorlevel, fromsouth; (b) detail of clay bins and disc weightsby west wall, fromeast; (c) general view, fromnorth-west, also Room 3 to left,and Alleyway1 in bottomrightforeground. Main Excavation:Phase lb, East House - mudbrickfallin Yard 8/13. (0) generalview fromnorthwest,withpartsofEast and WestHouses and Alleyway1 acrossbottomofshot;(b) close-upofmudbrick fall (bottomwall is of Phase 2; smallerline of stonesat top marksborder of yard attachedto South House). Main Excavation,(a) Phase 2b, NorthHouse - Room 7, structure in the room,fromnorth;(b) Phase 2a, NorthHouse - Room 2, floorlevel in north-eastcorner,fromwest. Main Excavation:Phase 3, South House, (a) generalview across northernrooms (1, 3, 4 and 6: from ofstructure, fromwest;(b) detailofRooms 3, 4 and 6 (readingrightto left),fromnorth-east. foreground) TrialC. (a-b) clay oven (Phase ia), as foundand afterclearing;(c-e) Phase 2 vase deposits(c) in water erosionchannel,(d-e) group,includinggriffin alabastron(2 and 3), on carbon patch (?table/support). Trials,(a) IV/V: clay oven in sw cornerofNorthRoom; (b) C: fortification wall,fromeast; (c) V: South Room upper floorfall(Phase lb) withvases and finds,fromwest; (d) IV/V: generalview,fromnorth. Trials,[a) IV/V: SouthArea in foreground, withPhase 2 floor,wall and finds;at top is NorthRoom of Phase lb; (b) W: two dressedstones(?pillarsupports),associatedwithFloors IV-V and Wall E; (c) IX: burial of Phase 2. (d) F: ?intramural generalview,fromnorth-west; Trial Ε (/J&Q).LH IIIC Phase ia. Amphora; hydria;jug, one-handledcooking pot; tripodcooking pot,rounded;jug, dippercookingpot; stirrup jar. Variousareas. LH IIIC Phase ia. Sherds. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 1. SherdsfromYard 8/13. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase lb destruction. Cups, lip-banded;cup, carinated;bowl,two-handled; deep bowls; kylix. Main Excavation (except 5). LH IIIC Phase lb destruction. Jugs,lip-handled;jugs, neck-handled; amphoras. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase lb destruction.Hydrias. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase lb destruction.Hydrias;amphora,lip-handled. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase lb destruction.Amphoriskoi;alabastron;askos; juglet; dipperjug; spoutedjug. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase lb destruction. Tripodcookingpots; stirrup jar. In earlyhearth,ia: jar/crater, spouted. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase lb destruction. Jugs,two-handledand one-handled,cookingpots. Variousareas. LH IIIC Phase lb destruction.Pithoi;tub. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase lb destruction.Sherds: fillsfromRoom 3; and Room 10. TrialIV/V: NorthRoom. LH IIIC Phase lb destruction.Deep bowls; amphoriskoi;cup, handmade; jug; basin, spouted. Trial IV/V: South Room. LH IIIC Phase lb destruction.Deep bowls; kylix;cup, one-handled;ring vase; jug, import. TrialIV/V: SouthRoom. LH IIIC Phase lb destruction. Jugs,one-handledand two-handled,cooking pots;jar/crater;pithoidjar. TrialIV/V. LH IIIC Variousphases.Feedingbottle;amphoriskos; jug, trefoil-lipped; deep bowl,vertical handles; tripodcookingpot, carinated;jug, two-handledcookingpot; jug, two-handled,large cooking pot; 'firebox'. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. Sherdsfromfillof pit,beforeRoom 4 construction; sherdsfrom Yard 8/9, associatedwithvessels. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. Room 2, over laterfloor.Kylikes;amphoriskos;crater. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. Room 2, pictorialsherdsover floors.All fromcraters. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. Room 2, sherdsover floors.Kylix; ?feedingbottle;crater. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. FromYard 8/9, (largelyGGExt 13). Craters. TrialC. LH IIIC Phase 2a. Jug,lip-handled;alabastron;stirrup jars; deep bowl; jug, one-handled. TrialW. LH IIIC Phase 2?a. Jug; sherds. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. Room 7; two,successiveoccupationdeposits.Jar,collar-necked; amphora;juglet;juglet,globular;deep bowl. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. Sherdsfromdeposits.Room 6a (late); Yard 8/9 (early);Room 7. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. SherdsfromRoom 4; deep bowl. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. SherdsfromYard 8/9. Main Excavation. LH IIIC Phase 2a. Room 6, sherdsfromfillover floor.?Amphoriskos/jug; kylix; ?amphoriskoi;tray;kalathos. Main Excavation.LH IIIC. Various depositsin Yard 8/9. craters;craterand stirrupjar; stirrupjars; pyxisof Cretantype;deep bowl, miniature. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a-b. Room 2/1.Bowl,conical; bowl,one-handled;jug, two-handled. Main Excavation. LH IIIC Phase 3. Build-up of debris outside South House. Deep bowl; crater; tray;sherds.

xii

45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

LIST OF PLATES

Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 3. Sherdsfromdifferent partsof South House; sherdsfromYard 8/ 9 and SouthHouse. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. SherdsfromTrialIV/V, South Room fill(lb); cup withhigh handle; CypriotBase Ring sherd;bowl, conical; animal-headedprotomes. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. TrialW: crater;deep bowl; kylix;feedingbottle;strainer jug; stirrup jar, import;amphoriskos. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Trays;ringvase; stirrup jar. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Cups, handmade; handmadevessels,mixed sourcesand dates. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Handmade.Jar. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Decorated cratersherds. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Decorated cratersherds. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Decorated cratersherds. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Decorated cratersherds. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Decorated sherdsfromcraters,deep bowls and tray. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Stirrupjar: sherdsfromminorlevels; westCretanimport. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialvase. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherds. Pictorialsherd. Female figurines. Female figurines. Unusual figurines.Head; attachedto vase; male; rider; ?horse; sheep; chariothorses; quadrupeds; wheelmadefigures;askos. Animalfigurines. Stone tools. Pounders;pounder-grinders; support. Stone tools. Pounder-grinders; pestles. Stone tools.Polishers,whetstones. Stone tools. Querns. Stone tools. Querns. Stone tools. Querns,undersides;?stand;whetstone. Stone objects.Tripodmortars;'anvils'; hammer/axes;tools. Stone objects.Weights;personalornament:beads, buttonsand blank. Stone objects.Buttons. Obsidian. A collectionof blades frompre-IIIC and IIIC contexts. Obsidian. Blades, includingcrestedblades, fromIIIC contexts;stonelentoidseal. Stone scarab. Copper/bronzeobjects,tools. Chisel; punch; drill;saw; point;sundry;knife. Copper/bronzeobjects. Knives; sickle; rivet;?razor;rods; cosmetictool; studs;ring;'hook'; sundry sheet. Copper/bronzeobject: pendant.Lead objects: sheet;clamp; button? Stone moulds; stoneslab; copper chunk;ribbon. Objects associatedwithmetal-working. with associated Crucibles; ?crucibleslag; ?remnantsof charges. metal-working. Objects Bone tools. Points. Bone objects.Tools: points/awls;needle; rod; plaques; handles. Bone objects.Button;pointsand pins. Antler. Antler;shells. Clay reels.All fromMain Excavation,and Phases 1 to 2 in date. sundry. Clay objects.Ring-weights; Clay whorlsand buttons. Clay whorls,buttonsand others. on clay pot-bases. Graffiti Environmentalremains.Room 6: Phase ib. Olive pips; carbonisedfigs.

Abbreviations 1. JOURNAL ABBREVIATIONS AA AAA AD AASOR AE AJA AM AR AS Annuario BAR-IS BCH BSA BICS Hesperia Jdl JHS OpArch RDAC PAE PB F PPS

SIMA

Archäologischer Anzeiger ΑρχαιολογικάΑνάλεκτα εξ Αΰήνων ΑρχαιολογικόνΔελτίον Annual of theAmericanSchooh of OrientalResearch ΑρχαιολογικήΕφημερίς AmericanJournal ofArchaeology Instituts.Athenische Abteilung Mitteilungendes DeutschenArchäologischen ArchaeologicalReports Anatolian Studies Annuariodella ScuoL· Archaeologicadi Atenee dettaMissioneItaliane in Oriente British Archaeological Reports - International Series Bulletin de correspondence hellénique Annual of theBritishSchool at Athens Bulletin of theInstituteof Classical Studies Hesperia.Journal of theAmericanSchool of Classical Studies at Athens Instituts,Archäologischer Jahrbuchdes DeutschenArchäologischen Anzeiger Journal ofHellenic Studies Opuscula Archaeologica Reportof theDepartmentofAntiquities,Cyprus Πρακτικά της εν ΑϋήναιςΑρχαιολογικήςΕταιρείας Prähistorische Bronzefunde Proceedingsof thePrehistoricSociety

Studiesin MediterraneanArchaeology

2. MONOGRAPH ABBREVIATIONS AegeanPainting Berbati 2 Chariots CMBW CMS LefkandiI LefkandiII. 1 LefkandiII. 2

S. A. Immerwahr, AegeanPainting in theBronzeAge (University Park and London 1990) A. Àkerstrom, Berbati 2. The PictorialPottery(Stockholm 1987) J. H. Crouwel, Chariotsand OtherMeans ofLand Transportin theBronzeAge (Amsterdam 1981) H. W. Catling, CypriotBronzßworkin theMycenaean World(Oxford 1964) Corpusder mimischenund mykenischen Siegel (Berlin 1964-2000; Mainz 2002-) M. R. Popham, L. H. Sackett and P. G. Themelis, LefkandiI. The Iron Age. BSA Suppl. 1 1 (London 1980) R. W. V. Catling and I. Lemos, LefkandiII. 1. TheProtogeometric Building at Toumba:ThePottery.

BSA Suppl. 22 (London 1990)

MDP

M. R. Popham, P. G. Calligas and L. H. Sackett, LefkandiII. 2. The Protogeometric Building at Toumba: The Excavation,Architecture and Finds. BSA Suppl. 23 (London 1993) M. R. Popham and I. Lemos, Lefkandi III. The Toumba Cemetery.BSA Suppl. 29 (London 1996) P. A. Mountjoy, MycenaeanDecorated Pottery:A Guide to Identification.SIMA 73 (Göteborg

Minoan Crafts1

R. D. G. Evely, Minoan Crafts:Took and Techniques.An Introduction I. SIMA 92.1 (Göteborg

Minoan Crafts2

R. D. G. Evely, Minoan Crafts:Took and Techniques.An Introduction II. SIMA 92.2 (Göteborg

MP MPS

A. Furumark, MycenaeanPottery:Analysisand Classification(Stockholm 1941) J. A. Sakellarakis, The MycenaeanPictorial Stylein theNational ArchaeologicalMuseum ofAthens

MPVP NichoriaII

E. Vermeule and V. Karageorghis, MycenaeanPictorial VasePainting(Cambridge, MA, 1982) W. A. McDonald and N. Wilkie, Excavations at Nichoria in SouthwesternGreeceII. The Bronze Age Occupation S. Iakovides, Περάτη. To νεκροταφειον I- III (Athens 1969-70) C. W. Biegen and M. Rawson, The Palace ofPylos in Western Messenia I: The Buildingsand their Contents(Princeton 1966)

LefkandiHI

PeratiI-III PNI

1986)

!993)

2000)

(Athens1992)

xiv

PN II PNIII RMDP II Tiryns VI Tiryns VII Tiryns VIII Tiryns IX Tiryns XI Tiryns XII Tiryns WBM21 WBM24 WBM2j

ABBREVIATIONS

M. Lang,ThePalaceofPylos in Western Messenia II: TheFrescoes (Princeton 1969) C. W. Biegen,M. Rawson,LordWilliamTaylourand W. P. Donovan,ThePakceofPylos in Messenia III: Aaopolis Western andLowerTown, Grave and Tombs. Chamber Discoveries Thohs, Circle, outside theCitadel(Princeton 1973) P. A. Mountjoy, Decorated (Rahden1999) Regional Mycenaean Pottery G. Rodenwaldt, Die Ergebnisse derAusgrabungen desInstituts. Die Fresken desPalastes Tiryns. (Athens1912) H. B. Siedentopf, W.Rudolph,H. Döhl,U. Willerding andW.Voigtländer, Forschungen Tiryns. undBerichte VI(Mainz1973) E. Slenczka,Tiryns. undBerichte bemalte Keramik ausTiryns VII Figürlich Forschungen mykenische (Mainz1974) K. Müller,P. and W. Gercke,G. Hiesel,L. Godart, J.-P.Olivier,P. Grossman, J. Schäfer, W. Rudolph,G. Hüberand H. Döhl, Tiryns. undBerichte VIII(Mainz1975) Forschungen R. Avila,P. Grossman, H. Knell,E. Slenczka,W. Voigtländer and E. Breitinger, J. Schäfer, undBerichte IX. Grabungen inderUnterburg Forschungen 19ji (Mainz1981) Tiryns. I. Weber-Hiden, A. vondenDriesch, A. RiegerandW.Böser, H.-J.Weisshaar, J. Boessneck, XI und Berichte (Mainz1990) Forschungen Tiryns. W.Güntner, XII. Figürlich undBerichte bemalte Keramik ausTiryns Forschungen Tiryns. mykenische (Mainz 2000)

TheHelleno-British Excavations within theCitadel atMycenae J.H. Crouwel,WellBuiltMycenae: 1959-69. Fasc. 21: TheMycenaean Pictorial (Oxford1991) Pottery Ο. H. Krzyszkowska, TheHelleno-British Excavations within theCitadelat WellBuiltMycenae: (Oxfordforthcoming) 1959-69.Fasc. 24: TheIvories Mycenae D. Evelyand C. Runnels,WellBuiltMycenae: TheHelleno-British Excavations within theCitadel atMycenae Fasc. Ground Stone (Oxford1992) 27: 1959-69.

3. GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS

Ae / Ae Au / au ΒΑ ce. cm cp Cu / cu Dec. / dec. D /d EH / MH / LH ext. Fe / fe f-g fl FM frag. FS ft G gm H /h hd hm ins int./ in. It kg 1 L /1 LBA 1-g m max. M.E. / ME m-g

bronze gold BronzeAge cutting edge centimetre cookingpot copper decorated/ decoration diameter EarlyHelladic/ MiddleHelladic/ LateHelladic exterior iron fine-grained floor Furumark Motifnumberin MP,236 ff fragment Furumark Shapenumberin MP,385 ff feet Geometric grammes height holediameter handmade inches interior Iakovides1977,113-19 and Peratill,277-81. kilogrammes left length LateBronzeAge large-grained metre maximum MainExcavation medium-grained

ABBREVIATIONS

MM / LM mono. mm nc Pb / pb PG ph près. r res. sh sh.d SPG TC Th W /w Wt. d Δ

Middle Minoan / Late Minoan monochrome millimetre not catalogued lead Protogeometric post-hole preserved/ present right reserved stringhole stringholediameter Sub-Protogeometric terracotta thickness width weight of rectangular/ trapezoidalsection of triangularsection

See appendixι forspecialisedlistwhereapplicable.

xv

tf

^-,

ΒΟρ

ΕUΒΟ Ε Α

'^^ )

VCHALK.S

"""-^-v.

THEBES

ATTICA

? _

)

Λ. ^<^T'

Fig.i. Position ofsitein relation to Euboeaand Greekmainland.

Preface at lastto Xeropolis,seton thetellacrossthe volumein theLefkandiseries,returns This,thefourth smallbay fromthevariouscemeteries and theHeroonat Toumba(plate i). It completesthefinal thatMervynPophamfelthimselfresponsible the for,and concernsessentially stageof publication LH IIIC phaseofoccupationon thesettlement IV is thusin a wayboththeimmediate site.Lefkandi successorand also thepredecessor ofLefkandi I, devotedto thepost-Bronze Age remains.Although thestudyofmostofthematerialwas completedlongago (in mostcases in the 1970s)and detailed drawnup and finalised, plansforitspublication regrettably Mervyndiedin 2000 and thuscouldnot finish thetaskofpublishing ithimself. He did,however, draft (andin somecasescomplete) extensively of an 1 account of the Phase the of thepottery of it, architecture, largeparts including description Phaseia and muchofPhase lb (Chapter2, pp. 137-50),and a resumeofthedevelopment ofshapes and theirchangesduringtheLH IIIC periodat Lefkandi(Chapter2, pp. 180-218),whichsetthe forcompletion ofthework.In bringing thispublication to presswithout himithas fallento template in an with to act editorial the considerable amounts of labour Evely capacity, requiredin theceramics with sectionbeingcarriedout by ElizabethSchofield, Susan Sherratt. along Sadlywe mustrecord here the untimelydeath of ElizabethSchofieldduringthe summerof 2005. The othermajor contribution was suppliedby Mervyn'scollaborator in so manyprojects- Hugh Sackett:he has dealtwiththe Trials,whose evidenceand scope is in sum nighas greatas the main excavation complexitself.Otherinputhad alreadybeen longago deliveredfromthespecialists JoostCrouwel, ElizabethFrench, JonathanMusgraveand David Reese: theyhave kindlyfurther polishedtheir in thelightofrecentresearch. contributions this will that work lack the insights Inevitably, particular would it have to virtue of his involvement with this fertile and brought by long Mervyn remarkably site.However,in all otherrespects instructive theeditorandcontributors haveendeavoured tohonour hisintentions and carryouthisdetailedplansforthevolumeas faithfully as possible.Hopefully, the end resultis thorough to allow others to take his baton. enough up The storyofthesite'sdiscovery and theaimsand courseofitsexcavationhas beenrecordedin the earliervolumes(Textand Platesalike): Theexcavations tookplaceinthesummers of1964-6underthedirection ofM. R. Pophamand L. H. Sackett, in and P. G. when workwasextended to Themelis, joined 1968(spring) 1969-70by include thecemetery areas. Whathadstarted as a smallscaleinvestigation hadexpanded intoa prolonged excavation which hadbeenalmost productive. embarrassingly A fulllistoftheGreekauthorities and workmen whotogether allowedand enabledtheexcavation to takeplace aregivenin thevariousintroductory to I Volume of the Lefkandi and the series; passages sameis truefortheirBritish as wellas forthevarioussourcesoffinance. The interested counterparts, readeris advisedto referto themthere. As statedabove,thefocusofthisfourth Lefkandireportis firmly fixedon theLH IIIC settlement, withitsthreemainPhases,eachsubdivided intotwocomponents. Theirnatureandhistory is presented inthefirst mainsection, findssetforth roombyroom.The MainExcavation alongwiththecatalogued Thissectionis followedby a series (Don Evely,MervynPopham)precedestheTrials(HughSackett). ofspecialist on Pottery SusanSherratt), withan exegesis chapters: (Mervyn Popham,ElizabethSchofield, on the PictorialStyle(JoostCrouwel),on the Terracotta Figurines(ElizabethFrench)and on the SmallFinds(Don Evely).Some treatthematerialby periods,othersinitially by thevariousmaterial - Totsthrough classes.An overarching account(Mervyn oftheceramics Popham,ElizabethSchofield) theAges'- assistsbothin pullingtogether thewiderpictureat Lefkandithrough timeand also in morematerial beforethereader'sgaze; something ofthewiderceramicpicturein LH IIIC bringing Greeceis also given(SusanSherratt). A verybriefconcluding section(SusanSherratt) to summarise someofthemostimportant attempts observations whicharisefromthevolumeas a wholeand to outlinethecontribution thatLefkandi has madeto ourknowledge oftheLH IIIC period.In theabsenceofMervyn'sownvoice,however,

xviü

PREFACE

thata good excavation thishas been undertaken witha degreeofreticence.He himselfbelievedstrongly in a that in future could ask theirown questions the results such others should report present way and draw theirown conclusions,and it is to be hoped that this volume goes some way towards meetingtheserequirements. The Appendices cover importantbut smalleraspects of the excavation; forreasons of economy theseare are presentedon a CD to be foundinside the rear cover.The Burials(Appendix 1) repeats the essence of the definitive articlepublishedin BSA 86 (1991), withminoradjustments, byJonathan Environmental issues Musgrave. (Appendix 2) are less well served: David Reese has dealt withthe shells,but aspectsof animalbone and vegetablematterare at presentneglectedas the originalstudies seem never to have been completed.Though theremay be chances to redeem this in part in the future.The StatisticsTables and Deposit Commentariesforthe Potterymake up Appendix 3. Over the years therehave been changes to both printingtechnologyand BSA volume format. it was decided thatcompositefiguresand platesmountedup by Mervynhimselfshould Nevertheless, at finalproofstage,some discrepanciesin scale were be leftsubstantially unchanged.Unfortunately, discovered.Insofaras possible thishas been rectifiedin the plate captions. and sundrybodies that As pointedout above, any attemptto listand thankall the persons,institutes ofinformation to takeplace,is nighimpossible have contributed to thisvolume,or enabledthegathering here.One is referred back to thosementionedin VolumeI. In addition,themorerecentstudyinvolved a further numberof studentsand colleagues of MervynincludingSue Bird,Don Evely,IriniLemos, Colin Macdonald, Elizabeth Schofield,Susan Sherrattand JudithWeingarten.There mustbe more, and apologies are offeredforall omissions:Mervynis not here to providefullerrecollection. Throughoutsuccessivestudyseasons,the BSA, its Directors(Hector Catling,ElizabethFrenchand RichardTomlinson)and staffhave played a dominantrole in organisingpermitsand in supporting Efi Sakellaraki] the projectin variousways. So too laterEphors at Chalkis (AngelikiAndreiomenou, and theirrepresentatives, as well as staffmembersat theEretriaMuseum,have also been instrumental in seeing thatthe studyseasons ran successfully. The Swiss School at Eretriaalso assistedin various British of Oxford and the over the The Academyalso playeda rolein enablingthe ways years. University Institute of take and the of the material to Archaeology,Oxford has continuedto place, processing and indeed death in after often the indirect, various, Mervyn'sretirement ways long support project and Alison Wilkins Esther Cameron withBob Wilkins,Ian Cartwright, Smithson, providing Lynda financialaid provided assistance.The reportwouldnothave been completedwithoutsignificant particular in the finalstagesfromthe generouscoffersof INSTAP. A timelygrantfromthe BritishSchool at AthensFoundationhelped to defrayprinitngcosts.Lastly,thegenerosityof spiritof RichardPopham, has ensuredthatMervyn'sfinalwishesand desiresconcerningaspectsoftheproject's Mervyn'sbrother, and turnedinto realities. were honoured completion For bringingthisvolumeto publication,thanksare owed to Bill Cavanagh and Olga Krzyszkowska, successiveEditorsof BSA SupplementaryVolumes,and to Rayna Andrewforher skillin all aspects of production. To all of these,and any othersleftunintentionally out, I wish to express- on behalfof Mervyn what has been for much achieved; and on theEditor'sbehalfforwhathas been gratitude Popham done more recentlyto ensure thathis life'swork has been properlyrounded off,so thatno major excavationofhis remainsunpublished.This is somethingof a triumph- and an inspirationto us all! Main publicationsof Popham concerning,to varyingdegrees,LH IIIC Xeropolis,Lefkandi:

at Leflcandi, Euboea,1964-66. A Preliminary Report.London (withL. H. Sackett). 1968 Excavations a of IIIC 'Late Helladic (Lefkandi), summary',BSA 66: 333-49 (withE. Milburn). 1971 pottery Xeropolis 25.1: 1972 'Lefkandi:a Euboean townof the Bronze Age and the earlyIron Age, 2100-700 B.C.', Archaeology 8-19 (withL. H. Sackett). 1980 LefkandiI: The Iron Age: The Settlement,the Cemeteries(2 vols.). BSA Suppl. 11 (with L. H. Sackett and

P. G. Themelis). burialsat Lefkandi,Euboea', BSA 86: 273-91 (withj. H. Musgrave). 1991 The Late Helladic IIIC intramural

volumes to completethe storyof Finally,it should be noted here thatMervynintendedtwo further witha Xeropolis,namely the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age phases of settlement, substantialarticleto reviewthe LH I-IIIB layersof the same. Don Evely March 2005

Chapterι The siteand itsexcavation INTRODUCTION Withinthemainarea of excavation,to thenorth-east, threestagesof occupationcouldbe clearly withthebuildings ofeachbeingon a somewhat distinguished: theyweresuperimposed stratigraphically, and slightly different alignment positioned(figs.1.18, 1.24). This occurrence provideda differently basisforthedivisionofthepottery intophases,whichstylistically too provedto havea stratigraphie inthatrecognisable differences andchangesareapparent fromonebuilding periodtoanother, validity despitea generalcontinuity. is The firststage,Phase/, whichfolloweda cutting downintothepreviousLH IIIB structures, in sizes one main room each. characterised of rooms of with, bybuildings composed varying perhaps, It is likelythatall had two storeyswiththe livingrooms,not preserved, on theupperfloor.The as is observed elsewhere on thetellsite. housesofthisearliestHIC settlement weredestroyed fire, by Therefolloweda clearanceandlevelling oftheruins- leaving,in general,thebasementroomsfilled withtheirdestruction thanofitssuccessors. Itwas debris.As a result, moreis knownofthissettlement in and a for floors to be re-laid the for considerable houses, longenough depth probablylong-lived; of refuseto accumulateoutside.Duringitsexistence,some structural changesweremade,perhaps due to a minorearthquake, thoughtheywerenotas radicalin theMain Excavationas in TrialIV/V. in somerespectsfromthatwhichfollowed, The pottery associatedwiththiseventdiffers a providing convenient lineforthesubdivision ofthisphaseintotwostages,ia and ib. The secondsettlement, Phase2, was builtsoon aftertheburningof itspredecessor, theruinsof whichwereflattened and theirspecificwall linesthengenerallyignored.The new buildings, set somewhatdifferently but observingmuchthe same positioning, wereplannedin a moreorderly fashionwitha tendency to use unitsofnear5 m squareforroomsand open spaces.It,too,suffered initslifetime, somedisturbance ata pointwhenitsindividual andoutstanding pictorial styleofpottery was at itsacme.Some signsofburningaccompanythisdestruction in theMain Excavationbutthey arenotso markedas in TrialsC and W. Reconstruction witha degreeofmodification to theprevious in followed main the where the not have been so severe. area, Here,somewalls layout damagemay wererepairedand othersrebuilton muchthesameline as before,whichoftenmakesit difficult to between the two some evidence was found, distinguish stages,though architecturally stratigraphie whichhas beenused once againto dividethepottery intotwostagesofdevelopment, 2a and 2b. An unusualfeature ofthissecondsettlement is thepracticeby itsinhabitants ofintramural burial, their dead not within walls the of their town but below the floorsofroomsstill inhuming just actually and one outside. occupiedat thetime.Some 15 suchburialswerefoundwithintheMain Excavation, One burial(15) is considered to belongto Phase ib. The causewhichled totheabandonment ofthePhase2 buildings is unclear.Thistimethereareno certainsignsofdestruction. Phase3, thefinalBronzeAge settlement, one,thoughallowance mayhavebeen a verycontracted mustbe madeforsubsequent erosionand laterclearancebytheEarlyIronAge settlers. As itis,there is scantevidenceofoccupation atthisstageoverthetellsiteas a whole,orwithin theMainExcavation exceptat itssouthedgewhereremainsofpartsofa buildingwerefound.Thesehad been occupied longenoughforsomechangesto theirlayoutto be made and fora considerable depthofrefuseto accumulateoutside.Even allowingforweathering, it seems as thoughbuildingstandardshad deteriorated: a situation withits veryrestricted apparent,too, in its pottery, rangeof shapesand as inferior overall. decoration, wellas beingtechnically The verysmallarea nowinvestigated leavesuncertain thecauseforitsend,thoughabandonment, thandestruction, rather is perhapsthemorelikely.Reoccupation in themainareais notattested until LateProtogeometric, havebeenrecognised fromtests thougha fewsherdsofMiddleProtogeometric elsewhere. in one oftheIronAge cemeteries, notfardistant, Burials,however, beginmuchearlierin so theapparentgap in occupationon Xeropolismaybe fortuitous. It shouldalways Sub-Mycenaean, be keptin mind,in thisrespectas in others,thatonlya smallarea oftheentiresettlement has been excavatedand tested.

2

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

§

XL

I

!

ι ! I Í | Ü

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

3

THE DISPOSITION OF THE TRENCHES The trenches,withtheirexcavationcodes, whichcomprisedthe Main Excavation area are shownin figs. 1.1 and especially 1.2. As beforein Lefkandi/,fewreferencesto these codes will appear in the generalaccount of the stratigraphical study,thoughthe potterystatisticsand descriptionsof ceramic will and be so classified. The accountpresentedbeforein Lefkandi /,concerningtheir groups deposits and the reasons for of the is disposition subsequentenlargements originalarea, repeatedhere. The Main Excavation area consistedinitiallyof a grid of six adjacent squares of 5 m withaim baulk betweenthem(AA to GG; plate 2 a). They were laid out a metreto the westof the firstyear's smallertrials,L, M and N: all are alignedon the gridmade forthe whole site.The main extensionto thisarea was the additionof two 5 m squares to the south (KK and LL). Squares AA and Β Β were both enlargedpiecemeal to investigateaspects of the post-BronzeAge settlement. Square AA was extendeda metreto thenorth(AA Νextension)and thensimilarlyto theeast Ε increasedin size,by 2 m to the (AA extension):thelastencapsulatedTrialL. This in turnwas further east (L extension).Square Β Β was twiceextendedon its northside: each timeby a metreor so (BB extension1 and 2). TrenchAB, betweenTrialsL and M, was opened onlyto investigate theLG deposits. Squares CC and GG were extended 2 m to the west (CC extensionand GG extension)mainlyto providea barrowrunfromthe deep soundingin Square CC. Squares KK and LL were extended2 m to the south(KK extensionand LL extension)to uncovermore of the latestMycenaean structures of the South House. TrenchesHH andJJto thesouthofSquare GG wereopened to see whethertherewas LG occupation in thatregion;none was foundand subsequentlyHH became partof the barrowrun fromthe deep soundingin CC. Squares AA, BB, DD, EE and LL were excavateddown to the earliestphase ofLH IIIC apartfrom smallsoundingsin bothAA and EE, and a largertestin LL wheretheLH IIIB levelswereinvestigated. KK was abandoned at the latestLH IIIC levels while GG was dug to the second IIIC phase. CC was excavatedto bedrockall over.L extension,Β Β extension2, AB andJJwere all laterfilledin. TRENCH LAYOUT exT2 "η

^__^

I

ce

ext.

AA ^-S*.

AA

I

ι

ext.

A A N ext.

ΒΒ

CC

GG

I

Β Β ext.1

1ι

Lext.

1 AB

1ι ΕΕ

GG

L

I

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M

HH

LL 1

ι

JJ

l '

0 ι

N

Κ Κ ext.

LLext.

1 ' Ι

KK

5_ ι

10 Metres ='

Fig. 1.2. Positionof trenchesin area of Main Excavation.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

4

In additionto the Main Excavation area, threeseries of testtrenchesor Trialswere opened on the limited Xeropolisplateau in the summerof 1964 (plate 2 d), and in a fewcases extensionsor further fig. 1.1. These are in and their were added later on shown 1969): investigations positions years(1965 testsconstitutedthe preliminaryinvestigationsof the site, and theirprimaryaim was to locate a and Mycenaean occupation,followingthe sequence of stratified layersof Geometric,Protogeometric evidence of surfacesurvey.Excavationwas laterextendedprincipallyin those testswherethisintent was realised,or whereinteresting finds,especiallyoftheimportantLH IIIC period,made it desirable. stratified Several trenchesproduced significant depositsin theirown right. The layoutof the trencheswas planned as much as possible to reveal a profileof the hill,in the formof cross-sections runningfromnorth to south,thoughin practicetheirpositioningdepended on thevagariesof individuallandowners'willingnessto allow excavation.Such a profilemakes available usefulknowledgeof the extentand depth of occupation at the different periods,and the resultsof corner thetrialssupplementthoseoftheMain Excavationlaterchosenforexcavationat thenorth-east Two of the of the summit,since thislast comprisesonly a verysmall sample of the whole settlement. threeseriesof tests,thatat the west and especiallythatat the centre,are placed at regularintervals on the north-southgrid line. The thirdseries,on the east slopes of the hill,includes one group of testsat the south,near the cliffedge, a second to the east of the main area, lower on the east slopes, while a thirdgroup at the north-east(TrenchesL, Μ, Ν and JJ)provided the clearestevidence of over the latestMycenaean,and led to the purchaseof thatparticular EarlyIron Age levels stratified field for excavation. This last group of trial trenches was largely incorporated into the main excavationand thusis basicallynot discussedfurther here,withthe exceptionofJJ.All testsexceptL, M and Ν were subsequentlyfilledin. The trencheswere firstdenoted alphabetically,the lettersB, C, E, G, J, P, Q> R, S and Τ being allottedto the wes ternseries,and the lettersA, D, F, K, L, M, N, V, W and Ζ to the easternseries. The centralseriesfollowedand was denotedby theRoman numeralsI to X. The lettersH, I, O, U, X and Y were not used. The originalnames are retainedin thispublication. Trials IV and V, which uncovered part of a LH IIIC house with a destructiondeposit, were subsequently joined togetherand enlarged.TrialX was sunknear thebottomof the hillto investigate Middle Helladic levels of refusedumped fromfurther and up the slope. Early been temptedto bemoan thatcertainproblems In writing up theexcavationreport,we have frequently were that rooms werenotfurther onlypartlyexcavatedand indeed no plan ofa complete investigated, remindedof the main reason forthisapparent house was recovered.We have thenbeen forcefully had accumulatedin the storerooms,forwhich which of the vast quantity pottery incompleteness: and were of already required.We consoled ourselvesat the time by study years recording,sorting task had been that once this formidable completed,it would be possible to returnto the site believing and dig a largerarea withthegreaterspeed made possibleby our increasedknowledgeand experience. both the timewhichthisprocessingwould requireand did not foresee However,we underestimated - in particularthe discoveryof the Heroon and the subsequent of otherundertakings the distraction this demanded. excavation emergency THE ORDER

AND MANNER

OF PRESENTATION

The Main Excavation area is handled first(DE), withthe Trialscoming second (HS). In the former case theevidenceofthe soils and layersis presentedwiththe earliestbeing discussedfirst;Sacketthas adopted the reverseprocedurewiththe Trials,dealing withthe layersas excavated,thoughhe often appends a summaryto assista chronologicalappreciation.All thisis supportedby Plans and Sections: more in factbeing requiredin the case of the widely scatteredTrials,whilstthe Main Excavation makes do withonly threesections(figs. 1.3-1.5) and variousoverallplans drawnout by phase (figs. were feltto exist(mainlyfor 1.6, 1.7, 1.19, 1.23 and 1.25). Where room depositsof some significance Phase lb, with one instancein Phase 2a), individualdistributionplans have also been prepared. However, as will be seen by comparingthe said plans withthe Room catalogues,as oftenas not numbersof the findswere not able to be positionedaccuratelyon the plans. The rooms are not discussedin strictnumericalorder,but have been grouped accordingto what was feltlikelyto compriseindividualhousingunitswithopen spaces eitherassociatedor dividingthe same. As a resultthereare severallyencounteredSouthHouses, a North,as well as an East and a West (precedingthe North),as well as a main yard or an Ε-w road/passageway.This choice is determined by thedesirenot to alterthenumbersalreadyassignedto the roomsin earlierpublishedplans. It was feltthatthesewere betterretainedthanchanged at thislate stage.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig 1.3. Main s-n sectionthroughMain Excavation.For key,see fig. 1.5.

5

/';-=09

)(8*=-0/']

/';-=09

)(8*=-0/']

6

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

d

1 ι

ιι 's §

1s

's -s

s

1 •S g

I 'S

I ί•s ■s

I

I

"S "ο

I

S

ι I

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig. 1.5.Mainw-e sectionthrough MainExcavation; andkeyto figs.1.3-1.5.Triangle marksendsof sectionon relevant Phaseplans.

Keytoshadingfoundon figs.1.3-1.5.

7

7

f

ecks sams

ιfill

erds Fragments surface

ιin fill

/';-=09

)(8*=-0/']

8

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

and otherfindsis Foreach roomor otherunitin each phase,theassociatedcatalogueofpottery fromι: a P beforethenumberdenotesa pot;a bare (ineachcase starting numbering givena running tobe associated, butnotsafely numberequalsa smallfind).Thosefindsbelievedfromthenotebooks of labels and locatedin EretriaMuseum(veryprobablyin mostcases owingto the destruction at theend ofeachrelevant further discussion without catalogue.Thosefinds envelopes),aregathered further on theroomplansaredistinguished (*)inthecatalogue: byan asterisk potsarepresented plotted beforetheotherfinds. to are identified In thediscursive sectionsofthetext,findsreferred by theircataloguenumber.In thisis all thatwill itssimplest form, alwaysin thetextassociatedwiththeRoom'smainpresentation, in thisreporttoidentify an item,something has to be found.However,wherethereis needelsewhere be addedtoindicateRoomandPhase.Sucha fuller forexample,couldreadthus:P4.10.1b, reference, LH IIIC whichtranslates to Pot 4 in the catalogueforRoom 10 in Phase lb of the settlement's A concordance makeuse oftheirowncataloguenumbering is occupation. Specialistreports systems.1 added at thebackto keeptrackofthesesystems. at themuseumis givenat theendofthecatalogue In additiontheoriginalnumberas card-indexed to theSF numberallocatedin thetrenchat themoment e.g. 66/P134.To getbackstillfurther entry, to a particular indexcard,on whichthisSF number ofdiscovery wouldrequirethesearcher to return andthetrench namewillbothappear.The majority ofthesewillbe foundin theArchiveRoomofthe British Schoolat Athens. in thatseveralsystems are piledone on topofthe Thisis nota totallysatisfactory stateofaffairs, thisa concordance is appended(on CD). other:somefourin potential. To assista littlein unravelling in usingthis. See theintroductory passageto thissectionforassistance in thestratigraphie in theCataloguesofFindsand Pottery accounts(below)are The measurements in grammes, and theweights unlessotherwise stated. givenin centimetres The remainder totheMainExcavation;andthentothatoftheTrials. ofthisChapteris devotedfirst THE MAIN EXCAVATION THE STRATIGRAPHY AND FINDS OF PHASE 1 The firstLH IIIC builders,hereas elsewhereon Xeropolis,veryrarelymade use of thewallsof a foundation whichwereseverelycut downin forming fortheirconstructions. previousstructures No completehouse plan fellwithinthe excavatedarea thoughsubstantial partsof two buildings wererecovered, anda smallportion ofa third(figs.1.3-1.7and 1.18top).Thesecomprise respectively theEast and WestHousesin thenorthern region,separatedfromeach otherby a N-s alleyway;to theirsouthlayan openyardor Ε-waccessroute,beyondwhichagainwas situated theSouthHouse. These houseshad two stories,as was shownby severalfactors- vases foundhighup in the destruction to supporttheupperfloorand theheightofone of debris,theburntremainsoftimbers was walls.Thus,onlythebasement roomswerepreserved, thefallenmudbrick and,sinceno entrance foundfromoutsidein thefewfullyexcavated,itseemsmostlikelythatin thesecases,at least,access wasprovidedbyan interior woodenladder.Indeeditis notclearhowand atwhatlevelthebuildings wereenteredfromtheoutside. Theircontents, wellpreservedin thePhase lb destruction, showthatthebasementroomswere forstorageand as kitchens; used primarily thelivingroomswerepresumably situatedon theupper contents in far whose cases from certain. floor, Herein,a problemof are,however, many original is encountered: whichvases moregeneralapplication the of namely frequent difficultydetermining and objectswerein use in theroomsin whichtheywerefound,and whichof themfellfromthe thestratigraphical upperstoreywiththeburningand collapseofitsfloor.Sometimes positionofthe within debris is it but be assumed when items are found the cannot decisive, always lyingon objects of thefloorthatthiswastheiroriginal The state some vases so located show position. veryincomplete thattheyhad fallenfromupstairs;others,thoughvirtually are also intact, suspect,as, for similarly the bowl in with found the bath stone instance, (Pi. 11.1b), (P15.11.1b) (23.11.1b)in Room 11 pivot

1 Thus, in the listsbelow, referenceswill be foundto CrouweFs catalogue of pictorial potteryin Chapter 3 (e.g. CjrouwelJ-Ai,

C-Bi etc) and to French's catalogue of terracottafigurinesin Chapter 4 (F1-91).

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

9

of Phase lb (plate 4 a' fig. 1.8). This uncertainty should be takeninto account when room contents listedthroughout thisaccount are consulted. Structures

and Deposits of Phase ia

Where sufficient testsand excavationwere carriedout, signs of a phase prior to thatof the major destructionof Phase lb - but still ceramicallyrelated to it - were recovered. This is naturally termedPhase ia (fig. 1.6). It is believed thatthebasic patternofthetworangesof structures (East and WestHouses witha shared southernfaçade line at the northand the confronting South House), the alleywaybetweenthe East and WestHouses and finallythe open yard or Ε-w access routebetween the two rangeshad been establishedfromthe veryfirst. Not too muchis knownofthelevelsofthegroundsurfaceat thestartofthisphase: whereexcavation penetratedthisfarit showed thatin the yard 8/13 thislevel was between 11.30 m and at best 11.50 m, whilstthatof the South House mightbe estimatedslightlylateras at 11.60-1 1.70 m. YARD OR PASSAGEWAY

In termsof the volume of deposit,it is in theyardor route(8/13) thatthe mosthad accumulated.The lefta spread of mudbrickdebris thatconstitutedthe cuttinginto the underlyingLH IIIB structures firsttroddensurfacesin an area of some 4-5 m n-s thatlay between the two ranges of houses and stretchedat least 13 m Ε-w. It has the meresthintof a slope, withlevels of 11.45 m at the east down to 11.30 m in thewest.Upon thisinitialsurfacecollected50-65 cm of debrisdated broadlyto Phase

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THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

ia (fig.1.4: 8), thoughquitea LH IIIB presencecan be notedat times.Oftenashyin texture and withvariableamountsand sizeofstoneand pebblesin it,theyellowto greeny-grey clayeysoilhad a at the and bones).Thoughapparently homogeneous, highcontentof domesticrubbish(potsherds surfaces marked westitwas excavatedin threeto fourlevels(each 12-15 cm thick)withtemporary outby concentrations ofash and carbon(fig.1.3: 13). handmadepieces,P2) and a groupofsmall The findscomprisebuta few,brokenvases(including metaland clayitems,witha numberoffigurine (humanand animal,12-20). It all seems fragments of in losses or domestic character casual disposed rubbish. entirely Pi Deep bowl frag.Rim to body frags,withnon-joining base and body sherds.Brown fabric,dark brown to black paint.Mono, int.;ext, antitheticspiralpattern.66/P239. Ps Handmade cup frag,(plate 49.3). Two large nonjoining frags,fromrim to base, other non-joiningsherds includinghandle.Fairlycoarseclaywithgritinclusions,dark grey at core; mottled black to brown surface, lightly burnished.Carinatedrim,flatbase, straphandle; quitethick walls. 69/P72. P3 Handle withanimal protome.(plate 46.5 mid.). Ends of horns and most of handle missing.Hmax. 4.6. Top of handle of cup/bowlwith?bulPshead attachment.Orange fabric,mono, red paint.69/P80. 4 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,darkblue-blackwith red-purplepatches.H. 1.8; D. base 3.1; sh.d.0.5. Complete, base angle chipped,generalscratching.69/75. frag.;copper/bronze.Lmax. 2.3; square 5 Metal shaft/tip, section0.4, alteringintoround tip (blunt).69/128. 6 Metal ?needle, frags.(6); copper/bronze,(fig. 5.9: 5). Lmax. 8.8; D. 0.1. Tip lost, also most of eye and above; bent.Eye looks to have been formedby splitshaft;always a chance thatcorrosionresponsible.69/131. 7-9 Metal items(3); copper/bronze.69/132 a) Stud, (plate 89.11). D. 1.1-1.3; H. 0.8; Th. 0.2; stem circular0.3. Complete,bar tipofpoint.Solid head, slightly domed; centralstembelow. b) Sheet frag,(plate 89.10). Lmax. 2; Wmax. 1.3; Th. 0.35, tapers.Possible scrap. c) Rod, ?partof largerobject - ?pin. (plate 89.9, fig. 5.9: 13). Lmax. 6.6; square section0.25. ?Complete.One

end blunt,otherturnedover at veryend; withhead, or not? 10 Metal ring,?finger;copper/bronze,(plate 89.15; fig. 5.9: 14). D.ext. 2.5; Th. 0.5 x 0.3. Complete,slightsplit. Hint of swellingon one side ?due to corrosion.69/133. 11 Bone point, sharp, (plate 93.1, fig. 5.12: 5). Lmax. 6.7; W. 0.9; Th. 0.3. Buttend lost.Evenlytaperingto point, and circularin section towardsit. Abrasion marks along axis, probablyfromshaping.69/208. 12 TC figurine;human; late Psi B. (plate 73.14). Hmax. 6.6. Batteredwhole. 69/543 or 9°4» F 14. 13 TC figurine;human,late Psi B. Hmax. 6.6. Head and armsbroken.69/546 or 541; Fi 5. human;columnarstem.Hmax. 5.5. Lower 14 TC figurine; body to base. 69/22; F34. horseman,(plate 74.45). Hmax. 7.5. Rider 15 TC figurine; only,armslost. 69/17; F45. 16 TC figurine;bovid. (plate 75.57). Hmax. 2.7; Lmax. 4.2. Hindquarters.69/574 or 542; F57. 17 TC figurine;bovid/?horse.(plate 74.58). Hmax. 2.7; Lmax. 6. Extremitiesbroken.69/20; F58. 18 TC figurine;bovid. (plate 75.63). Hmax. 4.2; Lmax. 5. Forequartersand head. 69/21; F63. 19 TC figurine; bovid. Hmax. 2.7; Lmax. 3.5. Hindquarters.69/18 ; F7 1. 20 TC figurine;bovid. Hmax. 3.3. Leg. 69/549 or 544; F75· friable.H. 2.2; D. 3; 21 Clay whorl,biconical; red-buff, sh.d. 0.4. About a thirdlost,deeply cracked.69/53. Plus, pieces of copper/bronzestrips,lump, rod and other fragments.

SOUTH HOUSE

withthistothesoutharepartsoftworoomsoftheSouthHouse(figs.1.6; 1.4: 14a and Contemporary itstwoto are definedby thenorthfaçadewall ofthebuilding- in parlouscondition, these shed): at thewestbywhat threecoursesofstonereaching20 cmhighat best(55 cm thick)and represented the Fromthisrunsa N-sreturn lookslikea robbertrench. wall,also in stone(40 cm thick), creating to c. 1 m Ε-wx 1.40m; theeast(Room14a) is largeratleast twounits:thewest(Room14b)survives 4 m Ε-wx 1.20 m. shedor lean-to(its Fromthenorthsideoftheeastunitprojectspartofwhatlooksto be a flimsier cobbles,seta stonethick(15-20 westend was neverexcavated):thinwallsoflargegreylimestone cm) and at timespreserved up to 70 cm high,markoutan area of 1 m x at least1.50 m longe-w. werediscovered orfurnishings Fewfittings kitchen? oran outdoor a for as it served pen animals, Perhaps to have come said is inside:a singlecookingpot (Pi), a stonebutton(2). A clayfigurine fragment thewallstones,butno detailsare available. fromamongst Pi One-handled jug, cooking pot frag. Whole profile preserved.H. 12.5; D.rim 11. Semi-coarse brown clay; scorchedon lowerbodyand on side oppositehandle.69/P4.

2 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,dark blue-black.H. 1.5; D. base 2.6; sh.d. 0.4. Complete, occasional chips. 69/78.

red LH IIIB debrisis butone mainfill:a red, In thetwomainrooms,overthefloorsof trodden, earththatis overlies(to 25 cm) a different also last This cm of debris mudbrick-derived 50 depth. make to seen soil the same of cm c. shed: so-called to the restricted up the yard greenv-grey 30 intopart over cm to 20 mudbrick same the of Some above. mentioned accumulation deep) spills (up

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

11

oftheyardtoo to thenorth.Groupsofbrickslie as theyfellin a wall'scollapse.This falland the seemsto to assessfullyfromso smalla segment, nonetheless damageitrepresents, thoughimpossible haveprovedfataltothisversionoftheSouthHouse.It was coveredover;and itssuccessorliesa little (c.50-70 cm)to thenorth. Abouttwometresor so to thenorthof the SouthHouse and runningΕ-w and parallelto it,a channelwas investigated fora distanceofsome4 m (figs.1.4, 1.6).Thisis visiblewherecutor worn intotheunderlying red LH IIIB materials. regularin form(45 cm across,10 deep),the Relatively western in a smallpit(c. 1 m across,butonly out whilst the eastern terminated partspreads shallowly, 15 cm deep) againstan earlierwall,perhapsoperating as a soak-away. Too neata feature perhapsto havebeen formedby therootsof a hedge/shrubs, thelikelypurposeofthechannelwas to control somelocalproblemofwater-logging and/orto demarcatea parcelofland. The findshereare minimal:thesaw fragment (2) is unusual- thoughat homein an otherwise domestic situation. 1 Stone'button', conical;serpentine, grey, slightly blotchy. (plate 84.19, fig.5.8: 8). H. 1.5; D. base 2.3; sh.d.0.3. a bitbattered below.Slightbevelat base angle; Complete, sh. drilledfromeach end,and do notquitemeetcleanly. 69/30. 2 Metalsaw,frag.;copper/bronze, (plate 88.4, fig.5.9: chisel 9). Lmax.3; W. 1.2;Th. 05. Backofbladeirregular,

set.69/127. cuts;teeth(c.6 to a cm),simplewithout head,(plate95.10,fig.5.14: 8). 3 Bonepin,ornamental L. 13; D. 0.5. Complete,thoughin 2 mainpieces.Head workedinto3 ridge/groove wellpolished.69/32. elements; 4 Claywhorl,conical;darkgrey,reduced.H. 2.4; D. base 3.1; sh.d.0.6. Complete,surfacedistorted. 69/29.

WEST AND EAST HOUSES

Of thetwostructures to thenorth,the West House(fig.1.6) revealsno puresoilsofthisperiod:it is assumedthattheymusthave been cleanedout at the startof Phase lb - whateverthefatehad befallenit at theend ofPhase 1a. However,justas withtheyardand otherregionsto thesouth,it seemsthatmingledearthshavingbothLH IIIB and some early(?Phaseia) IIIC ceramicmaterial - mostrevealingly werelocatedinexcavation2 inRoomu> underclearPhaselb deposits. A succession of discretelevelsare noted:perhapsthreefloors?The earliesthas mixedred-brown soilswithclay and pebblepatches;theseconda moredistinctive greyclayand pebblespread,and underitrunsNs a stone-built drain(probably forconducting waterfromRoom 12 or thereabouts outto theyard8/ see fig. the latest is harder and in red with some ash at south. 1.6); 13 colour, Occasional, spreads later,pitsconfusethezone further. arguably Laterpit cut through area Pi Pictorialsherd;deep bowl?(plate 62.C10). Animal. 69/P75;C-C10.

First'floor'

P3 Carinatedcup frag.(fig. 2.16: 9). Whole profile preserved, excepthandle.H. 5.5; D.rimc. 13. Mono,int.; ext, mono,upperhalf,unpaintedbelow.Pinkclay,red paint.66/P249. 4 Clay disc,pierced;cut-down sherd,red-brown, (plate

Second floor9

P5 Deep bowlfrag.lip to lowerbody,withhandle.D.rim brown toblackpaint.66/P200. 14.5.Mono,inandoutPatchy P6 Deep bowlfrag.(fig.2.20: 1). Wholeprofile, except handles. H. 12.3;D.rim15.5.Brownish buff brown fabric, paint Mono,inandoutexceptforreserved footonext.66/P247. P7 Bridge-spouted (plate 22.5, fig. 2.25: 4). crater/jar, Almostcomplete;handlesrestored.H. 28; D.rim 29.5. Coarsered-brown inpatches. blackened Fromhearth. fabric, 66/P112. P8 Kalathosfrag.(fig.2.27: 5). Wholeprofile preserved. H. 11.3;D.rim22. Bufffabric, unpainted. 66/P190. 2 In the regionof Room12 of the WestHouse a pictorialsherd is said to have been recovered: kalathos frag.;subject uncertain. 66/P245; C-H17 (plate 69.H17).

P2 Deep bowl frags.Mono, in and out. Orangeclay; chocolate-brown paint.66/P207. 101.11).3.2 x 4.5; Th. 0.7; hd.0.5; Wt.c.5 gm.Complete. outline;drillused to createhole. Angularand irregular 69/104. ofa copper/bronze Plus,twostonebeads and a fragment rod.

P9 Stirrup jar frag,(plate56 E). Bodysherdsandpartof handle.Lightbuff fabric, creamy slip,orangepaint.Octopus on body,as illustrated. WestCretanimport. 66/P248. P10 Tripodcookingpot frag.Rim to stubof footabout withhandleattachment. Hmax. 12.5; quarterpreserved, D.rim 12. Deep roundedtype.Coarse red-brown fabric, blackenedat base outand in. 66/P338. 11 Metalshaftfrags(4); copper/bronze. Lmax. 7.4; D. 0.1-0.15. No pointor headpreserved. 66/89. a fragment ofcopper/ Plus,a stonequernandtwo'buttons', bronzeand a claywhorl.

12

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Latest 'floor9

P12 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 60.87). Human. 65/P40; C-B7. P13 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 60.B12). Humans. 66/ Pi 89; C-Bi2a-b. P14 Shallow angularbowl. (cf.fig. 2.1: 6 and 7). Almost complete.H. 6.4; D.rim 14.4. Straphandles;raisedconcave base. Pale brownfabric,unpainted.66/P1 14. Pi 5 Deep bowl frag. (fig. 2.1: 13). Whole profile preserved,except handles. H. 12.5. Pink fabric,brown paint.Mono, in and out. 66/P165. P16 Spoutedcup. (fig.2.25: 5). Almostcomplete.H. 17.4; D.rim 19.2. Grey-buff fabric,black to brownpaint.Interior mono, except forreserveddisc at base; ext.,bands around neck,body and foot,as illustrated.66/P1 13. Pi 7 Carinated cup. Whole profile preserved, except handle. H. 6; D.rim c. 10. Probablylow-handled;indented base. Brown-buff fabric,unpainted.66/P246. P18 Conical kylix.(fig.2.17: 3). Whole profilepreserved, excepthandles.H. 20.5; D.rim c. 17. Pinkfabric,unpainted. 66/P336.

P19 Lid. Whole profile preserved. H. 4.3; D.rim 15. Cylindrical;flattop perforatedat centre.Int.,band at rim; ext., broad bands on side, broad and narrowconcentric circleson top. Brown-buff clay,brownpaint.66/P197. P20 Tripod cooking pot. About quarterpreservedfrom rim to base, with stub of one foot.Hmax. 11; D.rim 13. Deep rounded type. Coarse orange-red clay, slightly blackened.66/P337. 21-23 Stone tools (3). 69/322. a) grinder,disc; ?volcanic,black, vesicular,(fig. 5.2: 5). D. 8.3-8.6; Th. 3.9; Wt. 400 gm. Complete.More wornat edges, slightcarinationthere. b) Ppolisher,tabular; serpentine,grey-greenwithblack veins. L. 8.7; W. 6.6; Th. 2.6; Wt. 250 gm. Complete,bar corner.Traces of damage at edges, ?deliberate. c) ?stand,sub-circulardisc; schist,greyish,(plate 81.4). 13.1 χ 11; Th. 2.5; Wt. 750 gm. Complete,edges friable; discolouredred and black by heat. Plus, a stone 'button',a lump of copper/bronze,a point/ spatula of bone and two pieces of red deer antler.

That the house did indeed existat thistimeis also arguedpartlyfromthisself-samelack of Phase ia soils (in thatifan open space, it would surelyhave accumulatedearthsand debrisas did the yardto its immediatesouth),and partlyfromthe base levels of its walls thatare compatibleto those of its easternneighbour,whichhas a clear Phase ia existence. One wall (namelythenorthcomponentofthe south)marksthe originalsouthfaçade: it stands1.35 m highat the west,composed mostlyin stoneof 10-12 courses,with4-5 of mudbrickon top. At 70 cm broad, it is suitablymassiveto take the stressesimposed on it. In the East House(fig. 1.6), the evidence is scrappy- more suggestivethan actual. The best of Phase ia comes fromAlleyway1 - thisleads northfromthe open yard 8/13. Given a surfaceof pebbles,thepassagehad a low barrierofstonethatactedas kerbat thehighersouthernend,presumably to preventwaterfromcoursingdown intothehouse: some grey-brown ashy earths(5-10 cm deep) at that built ia the southare arguablyall thatremainsof the Phase up over thepebbled surface deposits (fig. 1.5: 1). The findsare fewand scrappy. 1 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,pale brown with blue-blackveins, (fig. 5.8: 16). H. 1.85; D. base 3.1; sh.d. 0.4. Slightlybattered;verticalscratchesfrommanufacture. 65/117. 2 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,dark blue-black.H. 1.1; D. base 2; sh.d. 0.3. Occasional chipsat base. 65/121.

3 Metal 'eye', sheet; copper/bronze,(plate 89.17, fig. 5.10: 11). H. 1.5; L. 2.6; Th. 07. Bent, complete. Hole/ pupil removed at centre(d. 0.35), leaving ridgearound it. 69/163. Plus,a stonebead; and perhapssome sortoffaience'button' (65/117, fig. 5.8: 12), but doubts attachto thislast.

Withinthehouse proper,a 2 m sq trialbelow the Phase lb floorof Room3 revealeda seriesofpatchy up to 10 and variablelayers(ashy yellow-grey earth,red clay and sherdand gravel concentrations, ia. Phase floorsurfacesbelongingto cm thick).Some of theseare believed to have constituted In Room4 the southwall has two components:the northernis the originaland is deeper set; the southernwentwithPhase lb levels, as is clearlyseen in the yard 8/13. The northwall standssome 1.10 m above the floorlevels, 10-12 courses of stone make it up, at 50 cm thick.Since the basal levels of thiswall are comparablewiththe mostof the otherwalls in the East House, thisis takento indicatethatthe house as a whole dates to Phase ia. However, as withboth the South and West Houses, the clearance at the startof Phase lb removedwhateveria debristheremighthave been. Rooms 4 and in Finallyin Room7, the Phase lb flooris 40-50 cm higherthanthose neighbouring a substantial that 5: thoughno excavationwas undertakenbelow thisfloor,it remainshighlylikely amountof Phase 1a soils lie beneath. The onlyfindsrecoveredfromthishouse are a miserablehandfulfromRoom 3. Pi Jugletfrag.Lackingmostof neck and handle. Hmax. 6.4; Dmax. 6. Globularbody, oval handle,ringbase. Ext, bands at base of neck and shoulder.Orange-brownclay, red paint.69/P29.

2 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,dark blue-black.H. 1.25; D. base 2.5; sh.d. 0.4. Some chips at base, complete. 69/82. Plus, stoneplaque, frag.;limestone,grey.Purpose obscure.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

13

hasbeenfirmly established. Attheconclusion, character ofthisquarter then,ofPhaseia theresidential itwouldseemthatanyPhase How longdidtheperiodofPhase 1a last?In mostcases,unfortunately, ia soilswereclearedoutornotpermitted to accumulate to anydegree.However,thevolumebuiltup in theopen yard(8/13),withitsfourpotentialzones,certainly implya reasonablelengthof time, evenifno firmnumbercan be putto it. How is thetransition fromPhase ia to lb marked?Whatcausedthis?First,no clearsignsofa fire the debris. The SouthHouse looksto be rebuilt, whilstthenorthern accompany pairoftheWestand withsomestructural EastHousesaremerely clearedandre-commissioned and repairs minoralterations. in said it should be that Room of the East remembered House thereareup to 50 cmof that, 7 Having ia soils below the lb The this at theend floor. need for reconstruction potentialFha.se agencycreating ofPhase ia couldbe eithernatural(?earthquake) or man-made. Structures and Deposits of Phase ib Whateverthecircumstances of thePhase ia troubles, rehabilitation was thorough and presumably immediate(plate 3; fig. 1.7). Only over the earliestversionof the SouthHouse and spreading northintotheyard8/13 werethereany chancesto detectlevellingactivities: thisobservation is withthefactthatonlyhereabouts was anymajorrebuilding undertaken. Elsewhereitwas compatible a matterofclearingout and refurbishing. allocatedto Onlya fewnew wallsmaybe unequivocally thisperiod,andtheyreinforce linesrather thanalterthem:walls10 and 11.southand4.south existing thesouthfaçadeofthenorthern strengthen pairofhouses.Butperhapstheywerereallyintendedto act as dampcoursesagainsttheincreaseddepthsof soilsthattendedto buildup in theyard8/13? Some walls(thenorthand east)of Rooms 11 and 10 arguefora rebuildin thatregion,butwhich mightyetbe widerspread. The floor-levels at thestartof thisPhase are remarkably consistent at thenorth.Here theWest House variesbetweenabout10.70 m (Room 12) to c. 11 m in Rooms 10 and 11: no stepswouldbe neededto movefromanyroomto another. The sameseemstruefortheEastHouse,wherelevelsof cum seem thenorm.Only the alleyway(Area 1) differs, and thatonlybecause of theheights attainedin theyard8/13in Phase ia. As a resultthealleywaydropsfromitsentrance fromtheyard at thesouth:c. 11.80m,toe. 11 mat entrance to Room 2 at thenorth. The yard8/13has a veryslightslopedownto thewest:from12.10 to 12 m. The SouthHouse is seta trifle higherat 12.20 m forRoom 14,thoughitsyard14a is thesameas themainyard8/13c. m. 12.10 namely WEST HOUSE

Thisstructure consisted ofatleastfour, five,rooms,twoofwhich(11 and9) wereofsubstantial probably size. Room77,one ofthelargest(5 m ε-w x 4.3 m - plate4; fig.1.8),wasfurnished witha centralhearth, at leasttwoclaybins,one at thenorthwall,theotherin thesouth-east corner,and a claybathtub the east wall in front of a This marked positionedagainst bricked-up doorway. emphasison storage was combinedwithevidenceforfoodpreparation and some stone tools).The vases (cookingpots fromhigherup beingmoreassociatedwithservingfoodmighthave been storedon a shelfor fallen froman upperstorey. A doorwaymidwayalongtheeastwall,of75-80 cmwidth,led intoRoom 10. Itsjambswerereinforced madeofstone. by beingcompletely The wallsoftheroomwerequitewellpreserved. The northsurvivedto a metrehigh,witha low stonesocle of twocoursesand mudbrick overthat(45 cm thick).The east wall is verysimilarin butlittle, morecourses(four) detail;and thelower(75 cm at bestsurvive)westdiffers havingslightly in itsstonesocle,withsix ofmudbrick above.The constructional detailsoftheeastand northwalls somerebuilding. The southern walladdedanotherline,at a distance mightarguethattheyunderwent of about35 cm to thesouth,to itsone alreadyexistingfromPhase ia: between60 and 90 cm in madeup of7-8 coursesofstoneand againthicker thanusualat 70 cm across.A fillof heightremain, red-brown earthwas placedbetweenthetwowalls.The reasonfortheadditionofthesecondwallis notobvious:itmighthaveactedas a dampcourseagainstthewatercollecting in theopenyard.Or it have an external an to entrance on the first floor. staircase, might supported leadingup Fromthewestwallat leasteightmorecoursesofmudbrick had collapsedoutwards fromtheroom as a block.Addingtothesea further cm at least of similar still in on 75 walling position itssoclewould a total of over an 2 thickness of 10 cm for each course.This,presumably, m, give height allowing average

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

14

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representsceilingheight.Five post-pitswere located againstthenorthwall at intervalsofsome 60 cm. It was recordedthatthesewere alternatelydeeper (20 cm) and shallower(12 cm): each had a stone post-padat its bottom,on whichits timberhad rested,as well as packingstonesholdingthe timber flushagainstthewall itself.The timbersare fairlyslight- at 10 cm across (roughlycircularin section); corneris bigger,at twicethe size. onlythatin the north-east The originaldoorway (1.25 m wide) into Room 9 in the east wall had at this finalstage been blocked witha wall of mudbricks,the surviving15 or so coursesof whichwere burntto a brightred whichhad destroyedthebuildingand consumedthewooden door frame,leaving by theconflagration a gap to show itsposition,plate 4 b. The blockingwall (plate 4 b>also plate 2 ή survivedto a height of 1.20 m; if to thisis added a further30 cm forlinteland threshold,a minimalceilingheightis reachedof 1.5 m - somewhatless thanthatarguedforabove. The narrowdoor to Room 10 (75-80 cm wide) remainedin use. The earliestfloorwas simplythetrampledtop ofearliersoils (ofmixed LH IIIB/IIIC character).A was seton this;as bathtub-larnax (Pi), placed by thenewly-closeddoor intoRoom 9 at thenorth-east hearths.This initialone was the firstand smallestof what became a successionof centrally-placed ware pot (nc), amongst (under 1 metreacross) was composed of quite sizeable pieces of cookingwhichwas a potentialstonepolishingtool (2) partlyaffectedby the heat.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

15

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Note in thisand all Room Catalogues,an asterisk(*) by the initialnumberindicatesthatthe objectis visibleon a relevantroom plan (e.g. here fig. 1.8) Pi* Bathtub-larnax.(plate 4 a, c and fig. 2.38: 3). Near complete.H. 50; L. 122 at rim,76 at base; W. 70 at rim, 33 at base; Th. 10-16. Ledge-rim(at 20 thick)on top of which a zigzag/wavyline neatlyenough incised. Clay pale beige-brown.66/P378.

2 Stone ?polisher,slab; ?marble,beige to pale red. (plate 78.1, fig. 5.3: 4). L. 8.8; W. 3.9; Th. 1.7; Wt. 130 gm. Complete, partlyburnt?Low polish generally,tip a little more so. 69/308.

A gradual accumulationof a red-brownearth (up to 15 cm thick)was overlain by anothermore obvious floorlevel of green-greyclayey soil, ill-compactedwith an intermittent make-up of small It was with red on the south and east borders. A pebbles. patched clay strongslope down to the east obviatedthe need fora step down throughthe doorwayinto Room 10. New at thisstageseem to be the installationof permanentstoragefacilitiesin the formof circularbins of unbaked clay: two are certainlyrecorded,one centrallypositionedat thenorthwall (c. 80 cm across),another- more ovoid - was jammed into the south-eastcorner (100 x 75 cm). A third,in a very damaged statenow, existed to the west of the hearth. probably

i6

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Two more successivehearthswere found,constructedone above the otherin the same central indicatingan appreciabletimeforthe occupationof the room. A large partof an amphora had used as packingforthe next and larger(1 x 1.50 m) hearth.The finalone was of clay been Sosition, P3) alone. Additionally,a fewitemsof domesticcharacteroccurredin the make-upof the latest:a stone button(7), a steppedand paintedversionin clay (11) and a biconical 'whorl',also of clay (12). From the same broad horizoncame threestonetools: one (10) a typicalpoundingand ?grindingtool with all-overworkdamage,another(9) mighthave servedas an anvil,and thethird(8) a slab ofsandstone, a possible supportor workingsurface.All are quite at home in a kitchenor storage-area. Middle hearth

P3 Body frag,of jug/amphora.Hmax. afterrestoration 15. Two even bands on shoulderwithinvertedtasselabove; one band on lower body. 66/P122.

Last hearth

P4 Pictorialsherd;deep bowl? (plate 57.A1 2). Horse (and chariot).66/P121; C-A12. P5 Cup, 2 frags,(fig. 2.16: 1). H. 7 estimated;D.rim c. 10. Handle lost. Dec. in brownpainton int.- 2 bands at lip and one at base. Brownfabric,withpaler slip. 66/P120. P6 ?Kalathos.H. 11.3; D.rim 15.8,base 7.3. Ext.has three incisedlines.65/P67. H. 1.2; 7 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,greeny-grey. D. base 2.4; sh.d.0.45. Complete,batteredat edges. 66/85. 8-10 Stone tools (3). 69/327. a) ?support,tabular;calcareous sandstone,grey,m-g. L. 12; W. 8.6; Th. 2.1; Wt. 355 gm. Cornerlost.Some damage on thinnersides; one main surfaceslightlysmooth. b) ?anvil,flatovoid; pale blue-grey,black crystals,(plate

82.3, fig. 5.5: 5). L. 8.9; W. 6.8; Th. 2.3; Wt. 245 gm. Complete. Vaguely shaped: undersideleftrougher;upper has brokenhollow at centre(4 across,0.8 deep) c) pounder,ovoid and some facets;basic,darkgrey-black, f-g. (plate 76.10, fig. 5.1: 12). 4.7 x 5 x 3.9. Complete, naturalform.All edges and all of top used to grind and pound with. 11 Clay ?button,steppeddisc; red. (plate 101.7, fig.5.18: 1). D. 3.6; H. 1.1; sh.d.0.5. Complete.Flatfacecoatedin deep red and glossypaint/slip;missingon steppedface.66/86. 12 Clay whorl,biconical; reduced grey.H. 2.7; D. 3.4; sh.d. 0.5. Complete, much of one half has surfaceflaked off.66/84. Plus, a stone ?pivot.

By the time of the finalhearth'sinstallation,the storagefacilitiesprovided by the two bins were augmentedby a large clay tub of some 47 cm wide and 33 high (placed againstthe southwall,P22). The collectionof unbaked clay 'spools', which lay near both clay bins (25) may, as theirlocation and repairofthesecontainers.In this suggests,have been handyunitsofraw clay forthemanufacture instance,both 'waisted'and cylindricalformsof spool were present. bathtub(Pi) was presumablyused as such, thoughno vessels obviously The unique, full-length suitedto filland emptyit were foundin the room. Warmthfromthe nearbyhearthwould,no doubt, have made it more enjoyable in the wintermonths.Can its positionclose to the stone-builtdrain runningN-s underthe floorbe just coincidence(see fig. 1.6)? It would seem so, since no openingto itwas detectednor any cappingof stones,suggestingthatthedrainno longereven serveditsapparent namelyto carryaway rain waterfromthe open area southof the building. primaryfunction, The subsequentfillof the room, up to 75 cm deep, consistedof the usual destructiondebris: a mixtureof burntsoils, mudbrickfragmentsand patches of charcoal and ash with the occasional carbonisedremains of fallen ceiling beams. Mudbricksand burnttimberwere especially marked as became apparent froma study of the potterycontained near the northwall. Unfortunately, in it, this fillincluded some subsequentlevellingmaterial,not isolated in excavation. Despite this contagion, to upper-floorcontentsmay confidentlybe ascribed two cups (P26-27) and, more and uncatalogued, a furthercup, three monochrome deep bowls and a scoop. To fragmentary these should,perhaps,be added those mentionedearlieras havinga possiblysimilarorigin,though foundat floorlevel (e.g. Pi 5). Togetherthey stronglyindicate an upstairsdiningarea. Noticeably were lackingare liquid containers,such as jugs, amphorasand hydrias.These, the evidence suggests, housed elsewhere,over Rooms 9 and 10. The presence of at least fourvases of cookingpot ware (P18-21) confirmthatthe room withits hearthwas also used in partas a kitchen.Othervases - a cup (P17), an amphoriskos(P13) and two - thoughfound at floorlevel, could have fallenfromthe upper floor,as deep bowls (P14, P16) the bowl whichcame to restinside the bath (Pi 5). of the case be to appears on the Most unusualwas thepreservationofa piece ofwickerwork mattingor basket(cross-hatched unbaked another thus and covered the of area western in the 1 fig. clay room, by protected .8) plan have been to it and been over had distorted, which appeared container, squashed. Though toppled cylindricalin shape witha fairlytall narrowneck: no dimensionswere recorded.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

17

A small,butrobust, has been listedas partofthefloordeposit, (24) ofcopper/bronze punch/point butitcouldwellbelongwithotherfindsofthesamematerial foundsome5 or so cmhigherin thefill, and whichare believedto have fallenfromthefloorabove. These consistof a sickleblade (42), a shaftfragment sheet(35). Further scattered acrosstheroomat various (36) and a piece oftriangular levelsin thefillwas a seriesof stoneand metalobjects.Fourground-stone tools(30-33) are well suitedto pounding/crushing/grinding activities includea coupleof re-usedstone and,interestingly, mortar (32-33).The obsidianpieces(34,39-41) aresingularly legsoftheusualvolcanicmaterials tripod and debris from andusethathadbecomeincorporated represent anonymous probably core-preparation intothefabricofthebuilding(inmudbrick or wall-packing). Ofparticular interest is a stonedoor-pivot (23) whichhadcometorestinsidethebathsetimmediately in front oftheblocking wall,implying perhapsthattheupperroomswerelikelyto havefollowedthe sameplanas Rooms11 and 9 below,beforetheirmodification. On/over floor

H. 9.4; D.rim (plate21.2).Complete. P13* Amphoriskos. 7.7.Int.ofneckpainted;ext.,mono,neck,paintedfootand Brownfabric, black handles;bodybanded,as illustrated. paint.66/P106. P14* Deep bowl, (plate 17.7). Completeexcept one handlemissing. H. 10;D.rim14.Mono,exceptforreserved disc on int.base and reservedareasunderhandles.Redbrownfabric, brown-red paint.66/P105. P15* Deep bowl,(plate 17.10,fig. 2.20: 5). Intact.H. 12.8;D.rim16. Mono,in and outexceptforreserved spot on int.base and reservedfootand area underhandleson ext.66/P99.Foundinsidethebathtub, Pi. Ρ 16* Deep bowlfrag.Lackingbase and onlya thirdof Hmax. 10; D.rim 16. Mono,exceptfor bodypreserved. reserved areaunderhandles.66/P107.Foundbelowsouth endofthebathtub, Pi. P17* Lip-bandcup. (fig.2.3: 1). Nearcomplete.H. 8.2; D.rim12.Int.,bandatlipandtwo-thirds down;ext.,badly executedlip band only.Handle painted.Unusuallyhigh foot.Red-buff redpaint.66/P97. fabric, Pi 8* Jug,two-handled cp. Near completeexceptbase H. 39; D.rim24.8. Cookingpot,reddishfabric. (restored). 65/P49. P19* Jug,two-handled cp. (fig.2.34: 3). Partofrimonly missing.H. 21.7; D.rim 15.2. Cookingpot, red-brown fabric. 66/P101. P20* Jug,two-handled cp. (plate23.2).Completeprofile. H. 25.5; D.rim19.5.Slightcarination belowrim.Cooking fabric.66/P104. pot,red-brown P21* Jug,two-handled cp. (plate 23.4). Near complete.

above Infilla little floor

P26* Lip-bandcup. (plate 17.2, fig. 2.15: 6). Near H. 8.9; D.rim11. Bandatlipinsideand out,the complete. outside bandbeingunusually broad.Handlepainted. Brown redpaint.66/P102. fabric, P27* Cup.(plate17.8,fig.2.16: 5). Nearcomplete except forhandle.H. 7.5; D.rim14.5.Markedly evertedlip.Buff fineclay,self-slipped and smooth.Unpainted. 66/P98. P28 Decoratedcrater sherds, (plate52.10).Panelsframing a stylisedwhorl-shell. Unpaintedint.Body sherdsonly. Otherpartsofthesamecrater, or ofanotheridentical one, comefromthreeothertrenches. One sherdburnt.69/P74. 29 vacat. 30* Stonepounder/?grinder, slab; basic,dark triangular blue-black, (plate 82.7, fig.5.2: 6). L. 10.4; W. 8.2; Th. 2.8; Wt. 440 gm. Complete.Alonglargerend, abrasion andscarring; atsmallersimilar haslead tolossofflakes;all overnaturalpolish.69/336. 31 Stonepounder,'axe'-shape;limestone, grey,(plate 76.7; fig.5.2: 1). L. 8.2; W. 5.8; Th. 5; Wt.465 gm.Each endhas bruising and pecking;smoothelsewhere. 69/324.

H. 32.5; D.rim21-24. Slightcarination at base of neck. fabric. Blackened on twosides.66/ Cookingpot,red-brown P103. H. 33; D.rim47. P22* Tub.(fig.2.37: 3). Nearcomplete. handles. rim;two horizontal Mouldingbelow thickened butno grit;selfinclusions, Pinkish-orange claywithchaff slippedwithsmoothsurface. 66/P370. limestone, 23* Stonedoor-pivot; grey.H. 15.5; 22.2 x discoloured 17.1- basicsizeofirregular lump.Complete, Actual byheat- pink,evenblack.Foundin thebathtub. was setin a hole 6.2 d. by 2.7 deep,witha wooden-pivot smaller offcentre(2.5across,2-3 mm secondary depression abrasionmarks;a third oftopworn deep).Bothcarryrotary smoothbypassageofdoorbase overit.Atone sideat top is smallV-shapedchannel(1.5 acrossand deep), rough ... is thisfora lockingpin?Or accidental? texture 24* Metalpunch/point; (plate88.2,fig. copper/bronze, 5.9: 1). Lmax.8.3+; shaft, squaresection0.7, fromwhich tapersto tipofd. 0.3, and to buttof 0.45 square.Partof shaftlost,buttdamaged.Shoulderedbutt.66/73. 25* Clay reels (12+); red-brown,with inclusions; unbaked- foundbynorthand south-east (12 or so) bins. FIG.5.15: 8. Waisted(4): L. 5.5-7; D. 3.5-4.1, at waistc. 3.2; Wt. 80-100 gm;yellow-beige claymore. (13): L. 5.4; D. 4.3-4.8; Wt. 160-170gm. Cylindrical Plus,matting/basketry*. see potterystatisticaltable C.8 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS 7: APPENDIX 3)

black,vesicular, 32 Stone'pestle',tapering (plate cylinder; 77.9; fig.5.3: 5). L. 10.9; D. base 6.6 χ 5.5; top4.2; Wt. 565 gm. Complete,?re-usedtripodleg. Rounded'base' smoother. slightly 69/332. 33* Stone'pestle',slightly irregular cylinder;?volcanic, darkgrey-black withwhiteinclusions, and brownmatrix, blackreflective (plate 77.8, fig.5.2: 8). H. 8.7. crystals, D. base7.1 x 6, to5 x 5.8; Wt.590 gm.Complete, ?re-used used? tripodleg. Two ends are moredamaged,therefore 69/32934 Obsidianchunk.3.4 χ 1.7 x 0.4. 35* Metalsheet,triangle; (fig.5.10: 14). copper/bronze, 2.5 x 1.8; Th. 0.15. Complete?69/156. Lmax.9.6++; D. 36* Metalshaft (3); copper/bronze. frags andbent.66/69and72. 0.35. Non-joining pieces,corroded human;Tau. (plate 72.5). Hmax. 2.7. 37 TC figurine; Upperbody/head.66/192;F5. inclusions, 38 Clayreel;red-brown, (fig.5.15: 4). L. 8.5; D. 5-5.5, at waist4.8; Wt.345 gm.Complete.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

i8

stillinfill, Higher fromupper floor

39 40 41 42

Obsidian flake. Obsidian fragment(fig. 5.7: 18). Obsidian fragment. Metal sickle blade; copper/bronze,(plate 89.4, fig.

5.9: 7). Lmax. 10.5; W. 2.6; Th. ofblade back 0.2. Business side of the blade lightlyconcave; bent at pointof fracture. Outside edge seems bent over. 66/71.

Sincethehearths and binsare a recurrent a description oftheirgeneralnaturemaybe useful feature, at thisstageto avoidrepetition. The hearths, circular located,are generally usuallycentrally roughly and flat:intendedas cookingareas,theywereconstructed ofsherdsfromlargevasessethorizontally in claywitha claycappingwhichshowssignsofburning. The circularbinsare constructed ofraw, unbakedclay,oftenseton a layerofgravel.Thoughsizesvarysomewhat, a diameter ofaround80 cm is usual,withwallsand base some4-6 cm thick.Easilydamaged,theyrarelysurviveto a heightof in Room 11 thatin thesouth-east morethan60 cm and oftenverymuchless;unusually, cornerstill in a the East House to have stood75 cm high.One well-preserved narrowing example appeared neck,forwhichshapeotherevidenceis foundelsewhere. The facilities forstorageavailablein Room 11 wereaugmented by thoseavailablein themuch χ m m fig. smallerRoom10,measuring 4.25 ε-w 2.75 (plate5 b' 1.9),whichwasentered bya narrow withclaybins(possibly two), doorway(75-80 cmwide)in theeastwallofRoom 11. It was furnished in itsnorth-east corner structure and had a largeclaytubset on thefloor(Pu). A low stone-built lowforuse as a workbenchbutcouldhaveservedas a standfor (plate5 b)wouldbe inconveniently vases,thoughnonewasfoundon itorin itsimmediate apartfroman incomplete hydria(P9). vicinity staircase. Abouta quarterof itmightmarkthepositionofa supportfora steepinternal Alternatively theroomremainsunexcavated undertheeastearthbaulk. withthatofRoom 11,was - likeit- givena secondlineto thesouth: Itssouthwall,continuous toa height of60 cm,withtwotothreecoursesofstonesurmounted stonebuilt,preserved predominately trenchcut looksto have a foundation This southern cm two of mudbrick across). (40 component by intoPhase ia soils.The northwallstandssome85 cm high,with4-6 coursesofstonewithsomeof in other mudbrick above (55 cm thick).The eastis lowerat 35 cm high,thoughcomposedsimilarly wall. the south A is recorded 1 1 that .east. west wall is of Room The against singlepost-pit respects. earthfloors,due to Some doubtsremainas to whetheror nottheroomhad twosuperimposed indicatesthata reat an earlystageof itsexcavation.The pottery difficulties encountered strongly with theearlierone later floor that the it well be but could was carried out merged upper, laying towardsthesouthwall.The possibleoriginalearthfloorhas associatedwithit to thewestvarious brownandgreeny-grey clayeysoils(upto 10 cm deep),withhintsofothercolouredearthselsewhere A numberof theunbakedclaybins further. in theroom- too ambiguousto be worthdiscussing Their the room. south of to the thefirst, existedfrom poorandcollapsedstateofpreservation positioned made theirnumberhardto establish:a couplemeasuring 70-75 cm acrossthebase seemcertain, to c. 35-40 cm high. nowpreserved the upperfloorfall mentionedearlier,of distinguishing difficulty, Againthereis the recurrent levels.Twohydrias(P8,P10), atleast,bytheirpositionin the fromthefloordepositin thedestruction be said to have fallenfromabove.To themmaybe added statecan confidently filland incomplete a otherfragmentary vases, cup (P6), kylix(P11) and a plain dipperjug (P7), as well as possibly a further of kylixand deep bowl whichwere containedin the fill.A complete large pieces have been housedbelow.The samemightbe truefortwocups (P2, could amphora(Pi), however, which are also all intact.The unusualpositionof one of thesecups, bowl a and (P11), P3) deep betweentheclaybin and thesouthwall,wouldbe explainedifit,and possiblyothers,had fallen froma woodenshelfor pegsattachedto thewall.Allowancemustbe madeforotherpottery likelyto baulk. existin theunexcavated have in sucha room,anditmight A quern(12) on thefloorin theeastcornerwouldbe appropriate of in the same found with a stone associated been (nc) generalregion.Fragments pounder/grinder the behind the of actual The too. retrieved were otherquerns(also 12) completequern(12), position forwork. itwas storedin thecorneras thespace thereis quiteinsufficient claystoragebin,suggests ofthe one constituted circular-sectioned with its unusual close knife bronze The small handle, (13) by, bits of include finds site. Less on the recovered to be size of raremetalobjects any copper/ significant bronzesheet(14, 15),a lead clamp(16),a clay'whorl'(19) and an antlerpoint(17). The lead clamp classofobjecton the couldwellbe frommendinga pot,whiletheantlerpieceis one ofa widespread once indicated seem and food mainland.Storage again. preparation

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

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Pi* Amphora, (plate 18.7, fig. 2.29: 5). Complete. H. 35.2; D.rim 12.1. Int.,band below lip; ext, bands on lip, neck,shoulderand lowerbody, as illustrated;scrollpattern on shoulder.Figure-of-eight patternon handle.Brownfabric, black paint.66/P185. Ps* Lip-band cup. (plate 17.4, fig. 2.15: 4). Near complete.H. 9.6; D.rim 13.5. Int.,band at lip and spiralat base; ext.,lip band only.Handle painted. 66/P184. P3* Cup. (plate 17.5, fig. 2.16: 6). Complete. H. 7.2; D.rim 14.8. Shallow bowl with slightly everted lip. Unpainted.Pale beige-brownfabric.66/P180.

Storedwith: P4 Deep bowl, (plate 17.1 1, fig. 2.20: 3). Near complete. H. 12.7; D.rim 16. Mono, in and out except forreserved foot;black paint. 66/P182. P5* Tub. (fig. 2.36: 4). Near complete except formuch of base. H. 34; D.rim 43. Horizontal thickenedrim with raised moulding below; two horizontalgrooved handles. Pinkish-buff clay withgrass or strawimpressionson base, similarbut less markedon ext. and int.walls. 66/P369.

- ?inassociation withdestruction upperstorey higher Slightly colfapsefrom

P6* Lip-band cup. Lacking a thirdof one side. H. 8.2; D.rim 10.7. Int.,band at lip and near base; ext.,lip band fabric,orange-redpaint. 66/P179. only.Brown-buff P7 Dipper jug frag. (fig. 2.5: 2). A thirdof body and

handlemissing.H. 17.5; D.rim 15.5. Fine,grey-green fabric, unpainted.66/P183. P8* Hydriafrag.Neck and uppershoulderonlypreserved. Hmax. 13. Int. lip band; ext.,lip and neck band. Figure-of-

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THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

fabric,black eightpatternon verticalhandle.Brown-yellow 66/P181. paint. P9* Hydria frag,(plate 20.3). Lower body and base missing.Hmax. 33.5; D.rim 12. Int.,band below lip; ext, bands on lip, neck, shoulder and body, as illustrated; invertedand pendenttasselson front.Figure-of-eight pattern on handle. Brownfabric,black paint.66/P186. P10* Hydria frag,(plate 20.1). Lower body and base

Bothfloors taken together -

12 Stonequernfrags.(2) thrown;anothercomplete byP6. (plate89.1, 13* Metalknife, single-sided; copper/bronze, fig.5.10: 3). L. 10.8;W. 1.4; Th. bladeback0.25,handle d. 0.45. Complete,thoughrestoredat handle, some corrosion. Blade edge curvesup to tip; handle(L. 2.2), corrosion in section- ?addedseparately, circular pattern makesitseemso. 66/200. (fig.5.10: 12). 14* Metalstripof sheet;copper/bronze, L. 4.2; W. 1.8; Th. 0.15. Corroded.Foldedoveron itself. 69/155· Cu/Ae. 15 Metalsheet,fragment; 16 Metal,clampfrag.;lead.Lmax.6.8; W. 1.2;Th. 0.7 at

missing.Hmax. 29; D.rim 10.8. Fabricresembles'white ware'.Int.,bandon lip; ext.,lip,neckand bodybands,as illustrated. Loopsbelowhandlewithprobablefigure-of-eight Paint rather matt,brown.66/P187. pattern. Pi 1 Kylixfrag.Aboutquarteronlyof upperbodyand withmono,int., stempreserved. Standard Phaselb version and paintedstem.Brownclay,orangepaint.66/P325. 6: appendix3) see depositcomments (Forsherdcontent,

best.Two circularprotrusions (0.75-1 across)fromends, theclampwasengagedwiththematerial wherepresumably itwasholdingtogether. 66/137. (plate93.5. fig.5.13: 1). 17 Antlerpoint,3 joiningfrags, Lmax. 17.6; W. 1.9; Th. 0.9. Tip lost;ovoid in section, surface texture. fashioned so; hintsoftheirregular roughly 66/138. human.Hmax.5.4. Stem.69/540or901; 18 TC figurine; F38. H. 2; D. base conical;red,withinclusions. 19 Claywhorl, surfacea darkbrown3.4; h.d. 0.5. Complete,burnished black.69/55bis. Plus,stonepounderwithquern12, obsidian.

in a basicred-orange The fillproperofthisroomis,as ever,muchinfluenced bythefiredestruction: and fallenstoneof mudbrick in are encountered and blacker browner ash, fragments soil, grey places smallto mediumsize. inthemselves; ofcasualloss,noneofanyconsequence Fromthisearthcomeonlyitemsrepresentative ofclay. and partofan equinefigurine a seriesofmetalfragments a stone'button', Infilly?from collapse upper storey

butwithcomplete P20 Kylixfrag. profile. Veryincomplete fabric. bowl.Unpainted. H. 9.5. Angular Fine,creamy-buff 66/P326. P21 Conicalkylixfrag.(fig.2.3: 9). Lowerstem,footand partof one handlemissing.Hmax. 10.2; D.rim 15. Pale brownfabric, 66/P195. unpainted. 22* Stone'button', (fig. conical;steatite, palegreeny-grey, 5.8: 15).H. 1.45;D. base 2.1; sh.d.0.25. Complete,some fromshaping,polished chips;base has abrasionscratches elsewhere. 66/129. 23 Stone pounder/grinder,sub-sphericalto near basic,darkgreen-grey, f-g.(plate77.5).H. 7.5; cylindrical; D. 6.5 x 6; Wt.700 gm.Complete.Endsused,and down on one); 'top' someflaking twosides(lessso - including twoplanes.69/325. all overuse,using/creating grey,f-g.(fig. regular; 24* Stonequern,saddleandfairly 5.4: 2). L. 29.5; W. 17.2; Th. 2.3-6; Wt. 3.500 kg.

Complete,butsomeloss at one end and sides.Underside ofpeckingfromshaping withremnants has evensurface, in places;top,hollowedfromuse, slightpolishat edges, butgenerally 69/520. rougher. (plate91.4).L. 5.6; copper/bronze, 25 Metalribbon/strip; Twisted W.0.5 downto0.25; Th. under1 mm.?Complete. roundonceon itsaxis.65/173. 26 Metalshaft (plate88.7,fig.5.10: frag.;copper/bronze, Th. Corrodedand split. W. Lmax. 2.6; 0.25. 0.4; 17). wherethesectionalters Perhapsthetipof an awl/point, fromsquareto circular? 66/130. Lmax.4; Wmax.1.9; 27 Metalplatefrag.;copper/bronze. ... Th. 0.15. Vaguelyrectangular piece.Sourceuncertain ?knife. 66/136. 28 TC figurine;horse, (fig. 4.1: 83). Hmax. 4.4. and head.66/133;F83. Forequarters fragments. Plus,obsidian,and severalcopper/bronze

Oftheunnumbered spacetothewestofRoom11,littleis known:some3 m n-s χ go cmwasinvestigated. This smallextension, dug as partof a barrowrun,was excavatedonlydownto itsupperfillinto of the and carbonisedmaterialfromthesuperstructure whichhad collapsedpartof themudbrick Room 11's westwall.It remainspossiblethatit couldbe an integralpartof theWestHouse - a cornerofRoom 11. south-west a doorwayin theunexcavated roomenteredperhapsthrough further animal.No details.66/19. 1 TC figurine;

arenot Room9, tothenorthbutseparatefromRoom 10,wasmuchlargerthoughitsexactdimensions itwas excavated(plate5 a; figs.1.10, 1.11, 1.3: 9). Since,however, certainas itwas notcompletely were indications and is boundedto thewestby a partywallwithRoom 11,thelineofwhich known, on x as m to ofa northwallin thebaulk,itssizemustbe close 5 4 Ε-w, suggested notedofthereturn which lb this at blocked theplan.The originaldoorwaybetweenit and Room 11 had been stage,

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

21

withRoom 12 througha door in itsnorth-west makes it likelythatRoom 9 now intercommunicated corner,an unexcavatedpartof the room. The southwall (thepartywall withRoom 10 - îo.north)and itseast wall were bothbasicallybuilt of mudbrickson a stonesocle: the east,preservedto 1 m, had two to threecoursesof stoneand four to fiveof bricks(45-60 cm across). Each retainedclear evidence of havingbeen given a mud plaster facing;tracesof wood on the southernmightbe froma timbercladding.Its westwall (thepartywall withRoom 11 - 11.east) must,like it,have been entirelystone built: it is largelycontainedin the baulk. Finallythe northwall is hintedat by mudbrickonly. A clay bin, preservedto a heightof 60 cm near the south-westcornershows thatthisbasement room,too, was used forstorage.Possibleremainsof anotherbin were noted closerto the centralaxis of theroom,an unusualpositionbut adjacentto a substantialwooden support(15-20 cm across),the stone-packedpost-pitforwhich was centrallylocated in the southernpart of the room. Two other post-holesof similarsize were detectedregularlyspaced againstthe east wall, intendedto containthe timbersoffurther supports(fig. 1.7). A timberuprightagainstthe southwall is said to be plaster-lined - and perhapswas originallyincorporatedinto the finishedwall surface.

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22

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Nearthenorthbaulkwas a considerable spreadofyellowclay,whichmighthave extendedto the northwallat aboutitspresumedmidpoint.Itslikelysizeis somemetreΕ-wby 1.50-1.75;itis only It on itssurface. 3-5 cm thick.Itsuse as a hearthis excludedby theabsenceofanysignsofburning couldrepresent thefloorofan intendedbin or oven,fortheconstruction ofwhichsomeoftheraw materials laycloseat handin theformof57 clayspoolsofpureclay. A smalltestunderthemain lb floor,alongthewestsection,showedthatithad been builtup by some20 cmoverearlierspreadsbut,contrary to expectation, includedno pottery ofdiagnostic Phase 1a character. The threestone The findsfromthesespreadsare typicalofgeneraldomesticactivities. 'buttons' are commonplace (3-5), as is theclay'whorl'(8). The likelytweezerarmofcopper/bronze at a whilstthemetalpendant(6) is ofconsiderable least indicates concern forpersonalappearance, (7) it is an importfrom intrinsic interest. Thisregardcentreson itsnon-Aegeannature,thoughwhether theEastor Europeremainsopento debate(see SmallFinds,Chapter5). 1 Pot-mark/graffito, on base of vase; in black paint. 66/ P322. on base ofvase, (plate 102.1). Linear 2 Pot-mark/graffito, stripein black paint.66/P323. 3 Stone button', conical; serpentine,deep mauve, deep red veins.H. 1.5; D. base 2.6; sh.d. 0.4. Complete,chipped at base. Some tracesof verticalscratches/facets. 66/185. darkblue-black.H. 1.5; 4 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, D. base 2.4; sh.d.0.45. Complete,angleschipped.66/186. darkblue-black,(fig. 5 Stone'button',conical; serpentine, 5.8: 17). H. 0.9; D. base 2.6; sh.d. 0.5. Complete,chipped on base. 66/187. withtang,of sheet;copper/ 6 Metal pendant,sub-circular

bronze, (plate 90.1-3, fig. 5.9: 12). L. 4.2; H. 3.2; Th. under 0.1; handle L. 1.8; W. 0.7. 3 frags.,mostthere,but corroded - centre lost, handle broken. Low boss of 1 across, 2-3 mm deep; possible circularridges(?2) around this.66/183. 7 Metal tweezers?,sheet and rod frags.;copper/bronze. Two pieces join to presentsomethingakin to tweezerarm; but otherparts(5+) show a rod-likeform,near circularin section(0.4-0.6 across),whichis notin keeping.More than one object represented- tweezerand pin? 66/167. 8 Clay whorl,waistedcone; darkbrown-black,(fig.5.18: 11). H. 2.9; D. base 4.1; sh.d. 0.6; Wt. 30 gm. Complete. Surfacesmoothto low burnish.66/184.

welldefinedat the had a hard,greyand ashysurface, The floorin use at thetimeofthedestruction is mostlikelyto in a reasonable south.A full-sized further northbutirregular condition, pithos(P25) havebeenseton theupperfloor;itspieceswerefoundon thewestedgeoftheexcavatedarea,so its remaining partscouldwelllie in thebaulk. Othervasesofthefloordeposit,manyintactor nearlyso, are likelyto have been housedin the and othercups (Pi 6), a kylix(P24), cookingpots(P26, P27 and nc) and basement- two-handled vases(P18,P22 andperhapsP26-27),whichlastmightwellbe children's someminiature playthings. thetablewares asideuncertainties, (notall catalogued)at thislevelcomprisesome represented Putting thatstoresofsuchvaseswerenotlarge. fivedeep bowls,threecupsand threekylikes, suggesting Otherthanthe clay reels (29), the only small findrecoveredwas a stone ?pounder/grinder area of the storeyhere (28). This would be happilyat home in the suggestedkitchen/storage or indeedabove. Pg* Deep bowl frag. Whole profile preserved and restored.H. 12; D.rim 15. Mono, in and out except for reservedspoton int.base and reservedarea underhandles. Burnt.66/P127. Pi ο Deep bowl frag.(fig.2.3: 4). Much missingbutwhole profilepreserved.H. 11.3; D.rim 14. Mono, in and out except reservedarea under handles and reservedspot on int.base. Brownfabric.66/P149. P11* Deep bowl frag.About a thirdof body preserved; lackingbase. Hmax. 10.8; D.rim 15. Mono, in and out with reservedarea underhandles. 66/P130. P12* Cup withverticalhandles,frag,(plate 17.9, fig.2.16: 3). Missingbase restoredin plaster.Hmax. 8; D.rim 10.3. Two verticalhandlessetbelow lip. Int.,mono.; ext, banded, as illustrated.Bands across handles. Red paint.66/P132. P13 Linear deep bowl. (figs. 2.3: 5, 2.18: 8). Incomplete but whole profilepreserved.H. 9; D.rim 14. Mono. int. and banded ext.Pinkish-brown fabric,red and brownpaint. 66/P150. Ρ 14* Craterfrag.Lip frag,withhandle only.D.rim c. 28. Rounded, projectinglip. Int., deep band at rim; ext., lip and body band withpartof spiralto lefton handle. Burnt. Brownfabric,black paint. 66/P135.

Pi 5 Craterfrag.Rim and handlefrag.only.lip band with band below; partsofuncertaindecorativedesign supporting eitherside of handle. Burnt.66/P137. P16 Lip-bandcup. (fig. 2.15: 5). Lackinghandle. H. 9.2; D.rim 12.8. Interior,band at lip and bands at base with spiral;ext, lip band only.Burnt.66/P126. Pi 7 Hydriafrag.Lackingneck and halfbody. Hmax. 33; bands above handle; two thin-thick D.base 10. Set of thickbands above and at base. even bands below withtwofurther Partoftasselon shoulderand antithetic loops betweenbody bands. Brownfabric,red-brownpaint.66/P136. Ρ 18* Small globular hydriafrag.Lip, part of neck and handles missing. Hmax. 10.8; Dmax. 11.2. Banded, as withpendenttassel on shoulder.Brown fabric, illustrated, brown-blackpaint. 66/P129. P19* Hydria frag. Shoulder and lower body only preserved.Hmax. 23.5. Two bands below side handlesand scrollpatternon shoulder.Burnt.Pink-brown fabric,brownblack paint.66/P144. P20* Hydria frag,(plate 19.2). Neck and upper body preservedwithothernon-joiningsherds.Hmax. 2 1; D.rim 12.5. Hollowed lip withone int.band. Ext., lip, neck and body bands as illustrated;two frontaltassels,one upright,

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION theotherpendent.Burnt.Buff-brown fabric,blackpaint. 66/P131. P21* Globular jugfrag.(fig.2.4: 4). Neckandlowerbody missingexceptthe base. Hmax. 14.4; Dmax. 17. Band aroundbase ofneckand evenbandswitha poorlypainted Burnt.Red-brown fabric, wavylineon body,as illustrated. brownto blackpaint.66/P143. P22* Juglet,round-based,(plate 21.6, fig. 2.31: 12). Intact.H. 7; Dmax.6.5. Globularwithroundmouth.Int., lipband;ext,bandsaroundneckand body,as illustrated. Handleext.painted.Red fabric, brownpaint.66/P117. P23* Neck-handled jug frag,(plate 18.8, fig. 2.29: 1). Lackinglowerbodyand base. Hmax. 33. Int.,lip band; ext.,bandsaroundlip,neckand bodyas illustrated; wavy linedownhandlewithoutlinedstump.Pink-brown fabric, blackpaint.66/P145. P24* Kylixfrag.(fig.2.3: 7). Lackingfootand partsof handle.Hmax. 11; D.rim14.7.Lip bandand mono,body belowhandles;mono.int.Burnt. Brownfabric, blackpaint. 66/P125. P25 Pithosfrag.(fig. 2.39: 2). Large partof rimand shoulderwithmanybodysherds.Hmax. 54; D.rim36.5. Brownclaywithmanyinclusions; smoothed mottled surface,

23

blackin places.Circularindentations belowrim;band of at base of neck. Brown fabric.66/P367. 'pie-crust' pattern smallcp frag.Handle,rimtomid P26* Jug,one-handled base onlypreserved.Hmax. 15; body and non-joining D.rim13. Coarsered-brown cookingpotfabric.66/P138. smallcp frag.Lackinghandleand P27* Jug,one-handled mostofrimbutcompletesectionpreserved. H. 12; D.rim 12.6.Coarsecookingpotfabric.66/P142. Plus, partsof threecookingpots (*one at northbaulk; in south-east *another and fragmentary corner, deepbowl. facetted 28 Stonepounder/ ?grinder, sphere;basic,black. (plate 77.2, fig.5.2: 2). 8.1 x 7; Th. 6.5; Wt. 650 gm. burnt. on oneend,and Complete, Heavilypecked/battered a margin;a littleon theothers;3 facetshavea lowpolish. 69/361. 29* Clay reels, waisted and cylindrical;red-brown, unbaked,somewithvisibleinclusions, (plate 98.4, 5, 10, 11). Waisted(35,plusfrags, ofa fewmore):L. 4.7-6.6; D. 3.7-4.5,at waist3-4.1; Wt.70-180 gm.Cylindrical (22): L. 6.3-8.1; D. 3.4-4; Wt. 100-200gm. see potterystatisticaltable C.7 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS 5: APPENDIX 3)

inthisroomwereespecially marked:thefillof1-1.25m depthcontained Signsofa fierceconflagration at severallevelstheburntremainsoffallenceilingbeams,preserved to over1 m in length, as wellas ashandcarbonmoregenerally. Someofthevaseswerediscoloured andblackened. A massofcohering mudbricks was mistakenly at first to be a cross-wall; itwas notedthatlargesherdshad been thought usedin theintervals betweenitscourses,a methodofconstruction attested elsewhere. The evidencein thiscase thatpotshad fallenfromtheupperflooris unambiguous sincetheywere at thecentrewestand wellup in thedestruction located,mostlygroupedtogether, fill,some50 cm above thefloor(plate5 a). The depositincludeda largepithoidjar (P34),twotubs(P35-36),a big amphora(P31) and a tripodcookingpot (P37),evidencethattheupperroomwas also a storagearea and probablya kitchenas well,despitesomeinherent firehazard.Tablewareswerealso presentto of a judgefroma kylix(P33) and uncatalogued parts cup,deep bowl,a jugletand ofa further kylix, containedin thefilloftheroom. Moreovernineothervases,thoughfoundon or nearfloorlevelto thecentreeastand catalogued farfromcomplete:implying froman above,aresuspiciously perhapsdescent, breakageand scattering three two and four bowls upperstorey. (P18-20), Theycomprise hydrias jugs (P21,23) (P9-12). deep Thistheorised bareofotherfittings and furniture. A stone'button'(38) upperroomseemsvirtually thesortofaccidental losstypicalofanyLBA settlement in theAegean;as does thescrapof represents metalsheet.The threeclayfigurines are (40-42),beingfragmentary, ofuncertain significance. Endsofhorns P30 Bull'sheadprotome. (plate46.5 right). Hmax.3.3. Neck,headandhornssolid.Underside missing. recessedforattachment to rimofvase. Mono,exceptfor reserved forehead. Darkbuff fabric, veryglossyblackpaint. 66/P134. P31* Amphorafrag.Mostoflowerbodyandsherdsfrom neckand lip.Hmax.22. Bandon lip and base ofneck;no otherdecoration Brownfabric.66/P324. preserved. P32 Globularjugletfrag.(figs.2.4: 5, 2.31: 10). About halfofbodyand handlemissing.H. 10.7; max. D. 10.4. Roundmouth, barson rim.Bandaround widelyseparated neckand one further thickbandat midbody.Pink-brown brownish-black fromburial fabric, paint.66/P123.Possibly and thusofPhase2. Hmax. P33 Kylix.(figs.2.3: 8, 2.17:5). Footonlymissing. 13.4;D.rim14.Mono,int.;ext,lipbandandmono,lower body and stem.Burnt.Orange-brown fabric,red paint. 66/P128. P34 Pithoidjar. (fig.2.39: 3). Intact.H. 85; D.rim30. Wellsmoothed surface. Fairlytallneck,ovoidbody,'button' inplaces.Semi-coarse brownfabric. base;no handles.Burnt 66/P366.

P35* Tub. (fig.2.37: 1). Nearcomplete.H. 36.5; D.rim 52. Smoothsurface.Horizontalrimwithrib moulding below.Twoflattened horizontal handles.Burntin patches. Semi-coarse brownfabric.66/P365. P36* Tub.(fig.2.38: 2). Nearcompletebutun-mended. H. 34.5; D.rim51. Nearstraight sides,ledgedrimslightly inclinedinward.Twohorizontal groovedhandles;incised wavylinealongrim,underit,and nearhalfwaydownthe sides.66/P381. P37* Tripodcookingpot. (plate 22.3, fig. 2.35: 2). Completeexceptendsoftwolegs.Hmax. 11; D.rim23.4. Shallowbowlwithincurved and bevelledlip.Twovertical handlesat rim.Legssquarein section.Coarsecookingpot fabric.66/P133. Plus,partsofa juglet. darkblue-grey. H. conical;serpentine, 38 Stone'button', 1.6; D. base 2.6; sh.d. 0.4. Complete,a bit battered. 66/79. L. 8.4. Partofa larger 39 Stonefrag.;schist, green-grey. surface. whole,flat,?natural 40 TC figurine; human;latePsi A. (plate72.10).Hmax. 3.1. Upperbody.66/94;F 10.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

24

"""""·

"1 ' 1

"" -

/ I

il / /

-^

~~"·-^

/ /

- -

--^

/ /r / i / !

;

;

/

/

1 /

ι'

'

Room 9

* j

L 25 J

i

I

0

L

1 I

2 Metres I

Fig. lu. Phase lb: MainExcavation, detailsand findsin WestHouse,Room9 (upperlevels).

human;latePsi B. (plate73.18).Hmax. 41 TC figurine, 6.1. Nearcomplete, damagetoheadand arm.66/78;F18. bovid.(plate75.59). Hmax.3.3; Lmax. 42 TC figurine,

and head.66/82;F59. 3.6. Forequarters ofsheetofcopper/bronze. Plus,fragment

Of Room12 littleis knownsinceonlya verysmallpartofit (c. 2.50 m ε-w χ 75 cm,itssouth-east Ifitsnorth are hypothetical. corner)fellwithinthelimitsoftheexcavation(fig.1.8). Its dimensions withthatof wallfollowed thesamesupposedlineas thatofRoom9 and itswestwallwas continuous Room 11, itssizewouldbe approximately 3 x 5 m Ε-w,somewhat largerthanRoom9. Of itsknown walls,12.southequals Room 11.north,and itseastis Room 9.west.However,thespace mayhave ofa N-scrosswallabout beendividedsince,withthelatererosionofthebaulk,therewereindications halfwayalongwiththeremainsof a brokenand cantedpithosagainstitseastface.Therewas no to itfromtheadjacentRoom 11,butitmayhaveintercommunicated by a doorin itseastwall entry withRoom9, as suggested above.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

25

was markedby a thinred skinover a layer The floorin use at the timeof the Phase lb destruction of pebbles. A possibilityexiststhatthe underlyingearths(red-brownwitha greyband within,some 20-25 cm deep) mightin partbelong to Phase ia, but no secure datingmaterialwas available. The metre'sdepth of destructiondebrisis the typicalmix of red-brownsoil and ash withcarbon. Lenses laden withcarbon close to the floormay reflectfallentimbers.To the west rows of toppled mudbrickfromthe walls were noted. In itssmallexcavatedpart,were foundfourintactor near completevases - a scoop (P5), a stirrup jar (P6), an amphoriskos(Pi) and a kylix(P4), to which may be added large pieces of a plain cup, deep bowl, amphoraand tripodcookingpot containedin thefill.Also retrievedwere a piece ofantler and (perhapsincorporatedinto the southwall) a stone ?pounder/grinder (P7). Pi* Amphoriskos. (plate 21.1,fig.2.31: 3). Partofrim H. Globularwithtwolug handleson 13.1. onlymissing. Int.,bandon rim;ext, systems body,piercedhorizontally. ofbands,as illustrated. Brownfabric, blackpaint.66/P100. Ps Deep bowlfrag.Abouta thirdof bowl fromrimto lowerbody.D.rim16. P3* Cup. (fig.2.3: 3). Abouta thirdofbodyand handle missing.H. 7.5; D.rim 14. Fine brownclay withpaler smoothslip.Unpainted. 66/P110. P4 Conicalkylix.(plate 17.12,fig.2.17: 2). Partofone H. 17.5;D.rim16.Mono,insideandout.Paint sidemissing. variesin colourfromorangeto red to brown.Signsof Brownfabric, burning. orange-red-brown paint.66/P209. Burial Burial 15 (fig.1.12) is thesoleexamplethatis believedto belongto Phase 1 - itssmallpit(50 x 35 cm, 15 deep) downintopre-LHIIIC levels.Within reaching actually lay

P5* Scoop,(fig.2.5: 3). Completeexceptmuchofhandle. H. ofbowl4.2; D.rim6.2.Thickwalled;porousbrownclay withmuchgritinclusions. 66/P109. Unpainted. P6 Stirrup jar frag.(figs.2.4: 8, 2.32: 7). False spout Hmax. 10.2; max.D. 9. Piriform. Bandson body missing. as illustrated. Brownfabric.66/P118. Signsofburning. ovoid disc; serpentine, 7 Stone ?pounder/grinder, grey andbrownmottled, withblackveins,(fig.5.5: 8). L. 10.2; W. 6.2; Th. 2.6; Wt. 300 gm. Complete.Twoverysmall patchesofwearat ends.69/333. Plus,stonequernand pieceofantler see depositcomments 8: appendix3) (Forsherdcontent,

theskeletonof,probably, a 9-10 monthold baby,seton itsback,leftarmunderhipsand legs crossedbelowthe knees.It had beencoveredwithpithosfragments.

This completesthe surveyof the WestHouse, but certainaspectsof it deservefurther consideration.

0

50 cms

Fig. 1.12.RoughplanofBurial15.

It has been assumedthatthebasementrooms,togetherwiththoseabove, may have formeda single unit,but thisis not at all certain- thoughthereis some supportingevidence. The pivot stonefallen into the bath in Room 11 suggeststhatthereexisteda doorwayabove into an upper Room 9. That lastroom,moreover,had clearlycontainedan ample provisionofliquid containers- jugs, amphoras and hydrias- lackingin thespace above Room 11. However,on thebasement-ground floor,although Rooms 10 and 11 intercommunicated, and Rooms 9 and 12 mighthave done so, there was no

26

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

circulationbetweenthesetwounitsin thefinalstagewhen thedoorwaybetweenRooms 9 and 11 had been deliberatelyblocked. No externaldoorway was found at ground level to any of the rooms. Such could exist in the unexcavatednorthwalls of Rooms 9 and 12, whichwould requiresome formof approach between the buildingand an assumed circuitwall of the hilltopto the north.Even so, no access existed at all roomsmayhave been truebasements, groundlevelintoRooms 10 and 11 at thesouth.Alternatively, have needed also some windows,or internal wooden ladders for entrance. would requiring They in in 1 1 an walls at least Room as the for , and, egressforsmokefromitshearth. lighting opening If the latterscheme is correct,thenan externalstairwayto the upper flooris required.A possible locationforthisis on the outsideof Room 10 (and perhaps Room 11 as well), where thereare the foundationsofan Ε-w 'wall', runningparallelto there-usedPhase 1a southwall and separatedfromit by only some 35 cm. This could have served as the supportforthe requiredstairway,the steps of whichwould not have been preserved. Referencehas been made in the accountabove to alterationsto thebuildingand to re-layingsofits floorswithinPhase ib. These may representno more thanroutinerepairsand changesin thefunction and intercommunication of rooms.It is onlywhen evidence elsewhereon the site,some rathermore is into account that the likelihood of some general damage, perhaps due to an taken indicative, a more becomes likelycause. Much morecertainis thattheWestHouse had been occupied earthquake, as is shown by the threesuccessivehearthsin forsome considerabletimebeforeits lb destruction, Rooms 11 and the build up of its floor- seen, too, in Room 9 - as well as by the possibilityof a relayin Room 10. It will be seen laterthatthisis not the only evidence indicatingthatthe Phase lb occupationwas of considerablelength. A N-s alleyway(Area 1) divided thisbuildingfromthatto its east: thisfeaturewill be discussedwith the East House below, and is assumed to belong to the same. THE EAST HOUSE

Many of thefeaturesand problemsencounteredin the WestHouse are repeatedin the East,not least one or moreresidentialunits.Here, too,thebasement aboutwhetheritconstituted a similaruncertainty roomsappear to have no entranceat groundlevel. door but A clear sub-unit,however,is formedby Rooms 3 and 4 withtheirintercommunicating withno entryto thethreeor fourroomsto theeast ofthem.In some aspectstheyresembleRooms 10 and 11 of theWestBuildingin thattheyconsistof a largeroom withcentralhearth,and an adjoining smallerstoreroom;additionally,theirdimensionsare verysimilar.Possiblythe same mightapply to theless exploredRooms 5 and 6 at the veryeast baulk. The largeRoom3, measuring5.10 x 4.60 m Ε-w,had all itsfourwalls preservedto over 30 cm above floorlevel (plate 6; fig. 1.13). Three - those to the east, west and south - were of the normal seton a low stonesocle,butthenorthwall was unusualin thatitssuperstructure mudbrickconstruction was of pisé, thicklyplasteredwithclay on both faces. Evidence forsimilarplastering(2-3 cm thick) was preservedalso in places on the interiorsof the otherwalls. Remnantsof timberin the formof charcoalon the northand east walls again suggestsa claddingof planks,undera cm thick. The northwall survivesto 50 cm high,itspisé set on two stonecourses (45 cm wide); the east wall is in a similarstateof repair,withthreeto fourstone courses and two to threeof mudbrick(45 cm across). The othertwo walls are more robust:survivingto 80-90 cm high,withfourto five stone coursesand threeto fiveofmudbrickabove; thewestis thickerat 50-60 cm,the south45 cm. A door (80-90 cm wide) in theeast cornerofthe southwall led intoRoom 4, thejamb ofwhichwas made up of stoneblocks. Though some materialwas recovered frombelow the floorin use at the time of the Phase lb it was littleand of uncertaindate (and has alreadybeen mentionedwithregardto Phase destruction, see ia, above). One mighthave expectedthereto be morethanone floorfromthePhase lb occupation. to defineover However, the only floorsurfacerecognisedas belongingto Phase lb was difficult much of the room,whichfactmay argue thatit saw littleuse. Where betterpreserveda clayeycover had formed,or been laid, over a depositofpebbles and gravel(2-5 cm thick).Over all was a layerof greyto whitepowderyash, some 2-3 cm deep; to the souththiswas mingledwithclay and carbon elements.By the southerndoor to Room 4 a heavierpresenceof ash withcarbonisedmaterialmight indicatea wooden threshold.A thickdepositof similarash was noted as being containedinside the

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

27

Fig. 1.13. Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin East House, Rooms 3 and 2.

as the remainsof rushor cane mattinglaid on the tub (P18), whichwould exclude its interpretation floor.It seems mostlikelythatitwas theburntremainsof similarmaterialwhichformedthe ceilingof the room and base of itsupper floor. The centralhearth,onlyroughlycircularat over ixc.i .50 m in extent,was composedofwornsherds setin red clay,thesurfaceofwhichwas baked and darkenedby firein thecentralhalfmetreor so. in thenorth-east Storagerequirements regionwere metbothby threeroundbins ofunbakedclay of with base dimensions of around 70, 50 and 80 cm, set againstthe northwall, and by an varyingsizes, unusualrectangularone, 1 Ε-w x 0.60 m, constructedsimilarlyof clay and builtup againstthe wall, usingthe plasterfacingof the last as its back (the othersides being some 8-10 cm thick).It stood to around30 cm high,thesame as itsadjacentwall,so maynotbe fullypreserved.The westernmost ofthe

28

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

a low andreduced in thebody,supporting roundbinsgavea clearerpictureoftheirform:cylindrical ofa clothwitha cordas a rollrimmayaid thesecuring neck(here30 cmacross)on angledshoulders; roundclaybin,65 cmacross,wasset a cover.Thiscluster looktobe as tallas theyarewide.A further - thecarbonised ofitscontents evidence in was the east wall, which, unusually, preserved along midway thatitsoriginal itwaspossibletoestimate remains ofsmallspeltmixedwithbarley.Fromthefragments was around cm. 55 height theroomup toovera metredeep comesfrom The bulkofthebrowntored-brown depositchoking fallenontothe beamswereidentified Distinct timber. with amounts of various mudbrick, decayed a At concentration the cm across. to are as some 10-12 as well north-east, sizeable, floor, up higher up; at the lath elements of resemble cm in to small 20 of thinnish construction; long groupsup strips retrieved. was a like south-east looking preparedplank something Clusteredaroundthebin againsttheeastwall weretwotubsand anothersmallerunbakedclay One ofthesetubs(Pi 7) was filledto thebrimwithover 120 unbaked container poorlypreserved. condition. in a verydisintegrated now some clayspools(31), forliquids,which,in thiscase,were Mostofthevasesfoundat floorlevelwerelargecontainers and thelocationin whichtheywere state their as is shown in complete by certainly position fairly found.They comprisedthreelargehvdrias(P9-10, Pi 2) and twojugs (P13-14), witha further had a seriesof plainjug of the dippervariety(P15). One of the hydrias(P10), interestingly, had brokenoff; which its neck attach to shoulder its around holes ready upper mending pierced theneckwas notfound. weretwocookingpots,one ofthetripodtype(Pigoftheuse oftheroomas a kitchen Indicative of or whetstones) of thehearth,and threegrinders south A sited so). quern(27), conveniently just to of food indicate in the latter stored sandstone prior it preparation (24-26),the tripodcookingpot, beingcookedon thehearth. Somevases,however,musthave fallenfromabove sincetheywerefarfromcomplete- at least one further jar ofwhichonlythetipand hydria(P11),twoamphoras(P1-2), a largestoragestirrup An askos shoulderexisted(P16) and a fragmentary (P4) filledwithsea shells,a cup and kylix(nc). The same spatial either to be ascribed smallamphoriskos storey. (P3) and a further cup (P7) could what extent to clear not dilemmaappliesto thelargebodyof smallfinds:it is just theybelongto to be domestic. said be could theiroverallcharacter Room3 ortothatspaceoverit.Broadlyspeaking, a weightanda coupleofuncertain Somestonetools pounders, plusan obsidian fragments, grinders, thereis,a few but loss: a ofstone(48) is probably stray blade emphasisethis.The mouldfragment 'buttons' stone here.Four no evidenceofanymetalworking (35-37, scrapsofsheetnotwithstanding, in thehouseis nc) mayindicatetheoriginalsourceofanother(22) foundin Pi 8. Textileproduction bone point(50) is hintedat by thetwo'whorls'(53-54) and thediscloomweight (nc). The solitary quiteat homein suchcompany. On/near floor

Pi Amphorafrag.Base and lowerbodyonlypreserved. Hmax. 20; D.base 12.5. Seriesof equal widthbandson lowerbody.Brown-black paint.65/P97. Pa Amphora bodysherds. frag.Shoulderandnon-joining tassel withupright bandson shoulder Setofthick-thin-thick aboveandpendenttasselbelow.Blackpaint.66/P147. (plate 21.3). Completeexceptforits P3* Amphoriskos. rim.Hmax. 10. Bandedwithwavylinein handlezone,as blackpaint.65/P157. illustrated. Greyfabric, Askos. (plate 21.5). Completeexceptforhandle.L P4* bands and decoratedwithhorizontal 11.5. Sack-shaped, Filledwithsea shells.65/P156. as illustrated. crossstrokes, P5 Deep bowlfrag.Lip tolowerbodysherd.Int.,mono.; ext, panelwithantithetic spiral.'Fromcleaningfloor',so brownpaint.65/P203. Bufffabric, floorcontent. probably P6* One-handledcup. (fig.2.3: 2). Complete.H. 9.5; D.rim12.6.Mono,in and outexceptforreservedspotat brownpaint.66/P153. int.base.Red-brown fabric, H. 9.6; D.rim13.6, cup.Nearcomplete. P7 One-handled base4.5. Buffclay.Dec. on ext.byrimbandin orange-red lipbandandonceatbasewithspiral. paint;on int.similar H. P8 Plaincupfrag. preserved. lip tobaseabouta quarter Redfabric. andsmooth. 65/P183. 6.5;D.rim11.Self-slipped andneckonly. Po* Hydriafrag.Largesectionofshoulder

Hmax. 30. Int.,bandsbelowlip; ext.,bandsaroundlip, neckand body,as illustrated; pendenttasselon shoulder. holes.Redwithfiring handle on pattern Figure-of-eight blackpaint.65/P200. brownfabric, P10* Hydria.(plate 19.4-5). Lackingneckand vertical handle.Hmax. 33. Neck and body bands as illustrated; A rowofholespiercedbelow pendenttasselon shoulder. itsbroken-off forattaching neck,notfound. neck,apparently blackpaint.66/P152. Pink-brown fabric, P11* Hydria.(plate 20.2). Nearcompleteand restored. H. 44.1; Dmax. 40.8. Int.,band belowlip; ext, bandsat on Scrollpattern lip,neckand setson body,as illustrated. tasselbelowbodybands.Buff withpendent shoulder fabric, blackpaint.65/P206. Pi 2* Hydria.(plate 19.3). Completeexceptlip. Hmax. a pendent 33. Bandsaroundneckand body,as illustrated; tassel on front.Red-brownfabric,brown-black paint. 65/P90. P13* Jug.(plate 18.1).Complete.H. 28; Dmax. 25. Int., bandedbelow;ext.,bandsaroundlip,neckand bodyas twolinked'leaves'on shoulder. Figure-of-eight illustrated; blackpaint.66/P151. on handle.Bufffabric, pattern P14* Jug.(plate 18.2).Complete.H. 28.5; D. ofmouth neck, 10.9.Int.,a bandbelowlip;ext,bandsaroundmouth,

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION and a pendenttassel shoulderand lowerbody,as illustrated, on front.Figure-of-eight patternon handle. Brown to red paint.65/P86. P15* Plain dipper jug. (plate 21.7, fig. 2.32: 1). Near complete.H. 21.2. Globularwitharchinghandle fromrim to mid body. Self slipped withsmoothsurface.65/P173. Pi 6* Storage stirrupjar frag,(plate 22.4). Upper body withhandles and spout only preserved.Hmax. 19.5. Flattopped false spout painted with spiral, slightridge at its tallerand outlined; junctionwithshoulder,real spoutslightly setofshoulderbands as illustrated;pendenttasselon either side of spout.Bufffabric,black paint. 66/P154. P17* Tub. (fig. 2.36: 1). Complete except forpartofrim. H. 33; D.rim 49. Inclined thickenedrim; two horizontal handlessetwell down on body. Semi-coarseorange-brown clay,self-slippedwithsmoothsurface.65/P96. P18* Tub. (plate 24.3, fig. 2.36: 3). Complete. H. 32.6; D.rim 47.8. Evertedrimand two elaboratehandles at rim. Coarse brownclay,self-slipped.65/P95. Ρ 19* Jug, two-handledcooking pot. (plate 23.1). Near complete.H. 26.5; D.rim 18.5. Cooking pot fabric.Burnt at side. 65/P155 (+201). P20* Tripod cooking pot. (plate 22.1, fig. 2.35: 5). Complete except the ends of two legs. H. 18; D.rim 24. Shallow carinatedbowl,twoverticalhandlesat rim;roundholes atjunctionwithbowl. Coarse sectionedlegswithfiring cookingware fabric.65/P194. P21* Jar/crater, frag.(fig. 2.5: 5). Lacking bridge-spouted lower body base and part of rim. Hmax. 15; D.rim 36. Ledged rim withtwo horizontalhandles below. Reddishbuffclay withinclusions.65/P202. 22* Stone 'button', conical; steatite,pale grey-brown. Hmax. 1; D. base 1.8; sh.d. 0.2. Top lost;randomscratches and chips.68/89. flatirregular 23* Stonepolisher/whetstone, plaque; brown-

Infill

P34 Conical bowl(?) frag.(figs.2.4: 2, 2.19: 2). One sherd fromlip to near stem,conical.Int.,mono,withtworeserved bands below thelip and at mid body; ext, lip band, below broad band and under thinnerband. Reddish-buff fabric, brownpaint. 65/P184. (For sherdcontent,see pottery statistical table C.5 and

Position unclear

Possiblysome ofthesebelongto Room 2; positionsgenerally unknown,withonly45, 46, 50 and 54 clearlyassignableto Room 3. 35 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,deep blue-black. (plate 84.1, fig. 5.8: 1). H. 2.7; D.base 4.1; sh.d. 0.5. Complete,some chipsand battering;largerthanusual. 65/ 93. ArguablyfromRoom 2. 36-37 Stone 'buttons',conical. 66/117 darkpurple;H. 1. 1; D. base 1.7; sh.d.0.25. a) serpentine, Complete,veryoccasional surfaceblemish. b) serpentine,dark blue-grey,withblack veins; H. 1.1; D.base 1.8; sh.d. 0.55. Complete,surfacemarks. 38 Stone ?pounder,depressedspherical;marble,white.D. 6 x 7. 1; H. 5. 1; Wt. 350 gm. Complete. 69/358. off-white and 39 Stonepounder,facettedsphere;?quartzite, reddish,(plate 76.8, fig. 5.1: 7). D. 6.6 χ 5.7; Η. 5.2; Wt. 375 S111·Complete; 4 planes; ends and two marginsshow bruising/crushing damage fromwork.69/359. 40 Stonepounder,depressedspherical;limestone,grey.D. 5.2 x 5.7; H. 4.3; Wt. 250 gm. Pounding wear at ends. 69/372. ovoid; greywithpalerblotches. 4 1 Stonepounder/grinder,

29

mauve,f-g.(plate 78.4, fig.5.3: 2). L. 7; W. 2.7; Th. 0.6; Wt. 25 gm.Complete,somechips.No signofanyworkingon main smoothfaces;edges carryabrasion (shaping?).66/103. 24-26* Stone polishers/whetstones (3). 69/349. a) flat,irregularslab; calcareous sandstone,pale grey,fg. L. 10.2; W. 5.3; Th. 3; Wt. 340 gm. Complete.Rounded angles,no obvious wear. b) flat,taperingslab; calcareous sandstone,grey,f-g. Lmax. 8.6, W. 6-7.7; Th. 1.5; Wt. 225 gm. Smaller end lost.One facesplit,otherflatwithlow polish;edges shaped. c) rectangularslab; calcareous sandstone, pale greybrown,f-g. Lmax. 9.5; W. 5; Th. 2.2; Wt. 250 gm. Ends and one facerougher(?an end lost);one facehas low polish and slighthollow. matrixwithwhite 27* Stonequern;volcanic,pinky-brown inclusionsand black,reflective (plate 79.2). L. 40.1; crystals, W. 16.8; Th. 6.6. Underside well formed,pockmarksin regularlines demonstratemanufacture;upper is smoother, withscratchesacross long axis denoting?use. 69/351. 28 Metal sheet,amorphous;lead, (plate 90.4). L 5.7; W. 1.4; Th. 0.2. Slightlycorroded surface,ragged edges. 66/ 150.

29* Metal, stains of copper/bronzeon bones by crater

P21.

30 TC figurine;bovid. (plate 75.78). Hmax. 3.3. head only.65/207; F78. Could be fromRoom 5 or 6 areas. 31* Clay 'reels', 122++, cylindrical;beige unbaked. L. 5.8-7.4, most within6-7; D. 3.8-4.2; Wt. 150-200 gm. waisted(3); others Only 40 or so survivenow; some slightly when newlymade were pushed firmlyonto a surfaceand so became flattenedon one side. In Pi 7. 65/13. 32 Fibres,in same bin Pi 7 as reels and anotherto ne. 33 Seed, in same ne bin Pi 7. (For sherd content,see pottery statistical table C.5 and DEPOSIT COMMENTS 3: APPENDIX 3)

deposit comments 3: appendix 3, with reference to illustrations and comment,whichconcludesthattheamount of earlierpotteryis likelyto be due to over-zealousfloor cleaning,and thepresenceof Phase 2 materialtheresultof contaminationby Phase 2 intrusiveburials).

(fig.5.2: 4). L. 9.6; W. 6.9; Th. 6.3; Wt. 710 gm.Ends carry wear,one beginningto develop planes. 69/384. tabular;basic rock,darkblue42 Stone polisher/grinder, black,f-g. (plate 78.2, fig. 5.3: 1). L. 6.8; W. 4.2; Th. 1.9; Wt. 120 gm.Complete;roundedangles;all-overpolish,with two zones of wear at angles on one face. Slightevidence of blows at one end - Pdeliberate.69/307. 43 Stone ?grinder,ovoid disc; sandstone,brown,m/l-g. L.9; W. 6; Th. 2; Wt. 200 gm. Complete, discolouredred and black by heat; not clear ifused, some crushingat some edges. 69/326. 44 Stone ?weight,pierced; pale grey,(plate 83.2). 3.7 x roundedfrom 2.9; Th. 1.2; hole D. 0.9. Vaguelytriangular, water-action; hole looks to be drilled within a natural depression.65/180. flake;darkgrey,f-g.10 x 10.5; 45 Stone ?tool,sub-circular Th. 2. Whole side appears lost, no work marks survive. 69/321. 46 Stone ?tool,depressed spherical;greeny-grey, f-g. D. 6.8; H. 3.3; Wt. 150 gm. Much lostat edges,buttwoplanes visible: none has any obvious wear; burntblack in places. 69/320.

3O

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

47 Stone,jasper pebble, natural;mauve-red,withwhite quartzveins.L. 5.1; W. 4.7; Th. 2.5-4.3. Angularfractures, along some of which wear/abrasionvisible - Pnatural damage. 69/343. schist-related stone,pale grey. 48 Stone ?mould,fragment; (plate 91.1, fig. 5.11: 1). Lmax. 7.8; W. 3.8; Thmax. 1.5. Part of a one piece of a multi-partdevice (thirdlost), of purpose uncertain,but capable of being attachedto other componentson two sides (drilled peg-holes - 0.25-0.3 across). Ext. well-enoughformed(tracesof saw/abrasion) and regular,smooth;channelnear one long edge, and 6/7 saw-cuts at end (?for assisting fasteningwires/thongs). Interiorsmooth,flat- acrosswhichis drilleda groove(0.45 across),fromedge to edge; at one (?top) thiswidens into a basin of some 2 long, 0.7 deep. All round the stone is discolouredgrey-blackby heat. 69/91.

49 Obsidian blade frag;proximal,D; L. 3; W. 1.1; Th. 0.3. 50 Bone tool,flat,Ppoint;brokenat ends and partsmissing elsewhere,(fig.5.12: 2). Lmax. 14.7; W. 2.3; Th. 0.5. From split?long bone (Pcattle),flatteron int.; evidence of being workedto formin facets.69/201. 51 TC figurine;late Psi C. (plate 73.24). Hmax. 4. Body fragment.66/118; F24. 52 Clay reel; red-brownunbaked. L. 8.6; D. 5 χ 6, to 4.9 waist;Wt. 270 gm. Complete. 53 Clay whorl,conical; brown-black,burnt.H. 1.4; D. base 2.5; sh.d. 0.3. Complete,but a trifleabraded. 66/117. H. 2; D. base 54 Clay whorl,low conical;pale grey-brown. 3.5; sh.d.0.6; Wt. 15 gm.Complete,some exposureto heat. 66/105 Plus, stone 'button' (65/18), clay disc loomweightand 2 pieces of copper/bronzesheet.

To thesouthlies Room4 (plate 7; figs.1.5, 1.14),witha floorat muchthesameleveland entered a doorway80-90 cm widefromRoom 3. through withfiveround furnished Thismuchsmallerroom,measuring 4 m Ε-w x 2.90, was nonetheless a by largepithos(P6) just claybinsof varyingsizes,set overagainstthewestwall,supplemented and toppled in thenorth-east whichhad been damagedin thedestruction insidetheentrance corner, at partlyon itsside (plate7 a and c).The bins,muchdamaged,comein twosizes:larger 75-85 cm at around75 cm.Immediately diameter across,smallerat40-50 cm.The largepithoshas a maximum brokentubs,stackedinside three(probably) southofthepithos,besidetheeastwall,werepositioned each other(P9-11). above a in theusualmannerwithmudbricks Twoofthewalls(westand north)wereconstructed stonewallfoundation, thoughit was notedthatthewestwallhad a higherstonebase (at 7 courses, and had beenpatchedat somestagewithmudbricks with4-5 ofmudbrick on top)thanis customary to about withclay,werepreserved fallenaway.Both,plastered aftersomeofitsstoneshad apparently a metreand some50 cm wide. buthalfthe Of thesouthand eastwalls,thelastsurvivedto a heightofnear 1.40 m, theformer mudbrick with traces of and courses built of stones were both (five 11-14 respectively), height: largely thelowerportionhavinga widthof50abovethaton theeast.Thislastwallhas a variablethickness: theanglebetweenitand thesouthwallis poorlyfinished. 60 cm.Further can be detectedin both.The southwall (as forRoom 10 in theWest Evidenceforrebuilding of1 m.In this elementaddedontoitssouthside,givinga combinedthickness House)hasa secondary wellbelowthefloorlevelin Room has itsfoundations thenorthern unusualfeature half,45 cmthick, half,55 cm broad,was based considerably higher.This couldimplythatin 3, whilethesouthern levelin Phase lb, whentheleveloftheyardto thesouthhad risen(by c. 70 cm fromitsbeginning or to back the to either Phase ia), it was thought wall, protectthe strengthen existing necessary Valuableevidencefortheoriginalheightand nature basement fromthedampnessthatwas resulting. ofits abovethesouthwallofthisunitwas providedby thefallofa largestretch ofthesuperstructure will be considered This state. wallin theyardto thesouth,in a remarkably mudbrick well-preserved laterundertheaccountofthisarea,yard8/13. atitsbottom; linedwithstoneswitha stonepost-pad waslocatedinthecentreofthefloor, A post-hole The floorintowhichitweis timber ofsome16 cmin diameter. fromitssizeitcouldhavehelda circular ofgreyash andyellowclayeysoilwitha patchofgravelin thedoorwaywhichextended cutconsisted betterdefinedawayfromthewalls. be expected, wasunevenand,as might intoRoom4. Itssurface debrisfilledtheroom- at thenorth-east and burntdestruction The normalred-brown preserved Some smallgroupsof cutawayto thenorth-west to 1.40 m depth,butnoticeably by latergrave-pits. wereremarked connectedmudbrick (up to 20 cm across)identified upon;beamsand cross-timbers too.Underthepithosa largesectionofsuchcovereda spillofseeds(26). ofonlyfourlip-bandcups(P2mentioned The tableware, consisting above,wasfarfromextensive, a lid and alabastron with an associated be which (Pi) (P5). Fourcookingpots,including 4, P30), may as there stored were and stone a as as well well, (nc) pounders quern(19) tripod(P13-15; P16) A scoop(P7) wouldhavebeen foruse in theadjoiningRoom3, withitscookingfacilities. presumably could ofbinsand pithos.All thevases,whichwerevirtually intact, usefulfordippingoutthecontents bins between ofthestore,assumingthatthosefoundin an inaccessible havebeen contents position and wallshad fallenfromshelvesor pegson thewalls.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

31

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32

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

of the The south-east quarterof theroommayhave been reservedforworkingon thecontents bins- notonlyis ittheonlyarealeftfree,butitalso containsa quernand twogroupsofstonetools. Thatsetin immediate physicalassociationwiththequernoughtto be used withit: recordedwhen thesenowunidentified and a polisher', excavatedas 'twowhetstones pieceswouldprobablybe better a off are further of tools. as various sorts (20-21), pairoftruewhetstones grinding Slightly interpreted the of channelsand groovesmakeplain:theyserve,at least,to demonstrate as theirwearpatterns A pounder/ existenceofthosemetaltoolswhoselow survivalrateshave been deploredelsewhere. (18) is a suitableadditiontothisclassofobject.On theotherhand,thepurposeofthe?weight grinder remainsquiteenigmatic. are to be seen in a stone'button' Typicalcasuallossesand objectscorrodedbeyondrecognition latter. and rod for the sheet and of for the first, (17) pieces copper/bronze clay discs,some 13 cm in Unique to the siteis the collectionof heavyunbakedand perforated theclaybinsin thewestof in inside and one in three lots occurred which diameter case, near, (23-24) of fewstraysbehindthepithos.Theirshapeis suggestive theroom(plate 7 a and b),witha further It was the site. on absent otherwise are and definite which clear of examples effectively loomweights, circumstances thatin less favourable at thetimethattheywereso poorlypreserved remarked they indicatesthattheyfellfroman upperfloor. Theirdistribution couldeasilyhave escapeddetection. Withthem,accordingly, fallen, mayhave come any of theconsideredsmallfinds.More definitely reels of the usual a few and a stone are however, (32). clay very polisher(31), Alsocontainedin thefillinsideone ofthebinswas partofa conicalbowl(Pa8) typicalofPhase2. of thevase (P8.4.2b)was whentheremainder Suspicionthatit was out of contextwas confirmed above foundduringlaterstudyofthebonesfromone ofthePhase2b burials(4) situated immediately thelargebinmidwayalongtheeastwall. On/near floor

Pi* Alabastron.(plate 21.4, fig. 2.27: 2). Rim only Hmax.8.8; D.base8. Twonearvertical lughandles missing. on shoulder. Int.,bandatneck;ext.,banded,as illustrated. blackpaint.66/P176. Brown-buff, P2 Lip-bandcup. (plate 17.1). Near complete.H. 8.2; D.rim13.2. Int.,band at lip,and nearbase threebands withcentraldisc; ext.,band at lip only;handlepainted. redpaint.66/P206. Brownfabric, H. 7.8; D.rim10.8.Int.,band P3 Lip-band cup.Complete. at lip and twonearbase; ext.,band at lip only.Handle redpaint.66/P141. painted.Burntinplaces.Brownfabric, fig. (plate 2.15: 7). Near 17.3, P4* Lip-band cup. H. 7.9; D.rim11.5.Int.,bandsat lip,midbody complete. and base; ext.,bandat lip only.66/P174. P5* Lid. (figs.2.4: 9, 2.27: 7). Intact.H. 3.2; D.rim9. walls.Unpainted Flaton topwithslightly int.;ext., inclining bandson sideandspiralon top.Burnt.Orange-buff fabric, to blackpaint.66/P175. red-brown H. 120; max.D. P6* Pithos.Completebutun-mended. base. 68. Ovoidwithslashedcordonatbaseofneck;button Brownwet-smoothed. Brownclaywithmanyinclusions; bufffabric.66/P380. P7* Scoop,(figs.2.5:4, 2.32:4). Intactexceptforhandle. H. ofbowl5; D.rim7. Fineclay,self-slipped. 66/P140. P8 Stirrup jarfrag.(figs.2.4: 7, 2.32: 8). Completeexcept falsespoutand handles.Hmax. 11. Globular. formissing bandaroundfalseand truespout;setsofbands Encircling brown-black on body,as illustrated. paint. Orangefabric, 66/P177. P9* Tub. (fig. 2.37: 4). Near complete.H. 28; D.rim Groove 40.5. Chaffinclusionsbut no grit.Self-slipped. below slightlyflaringrim; two horizontalhandles. stacked fabric.66/P371. One of two/?three Pink-beige together. P10* Tub.(fig.2.36: 2). Nearcomplete.H. 35.5; D.rim 46. Slightlyinclinedflatrim; two handles somewhat Coarseorange-brown flattened. 66/P373. clay,self-slipped. stackedtogether. One oftwo/?three

P11* Tub.Fromtheexcavationaccountpartsofa third in thispile. werealso preserved P12* Tub. (fig.2.38: 1). Near complete.H. 33; D.rim inclined brownclay;self-slipped. Slightly 51.5. Semi-coarse flatrim withincised wavy line on top and side; two horizontal groovedhandles.66/P372. H. 13. Coarse cp. Nearcomplete. P13* Jug,one-handled fabric. 66/P139. cookingpot P14 Jug,one-handledcp. (figs.2.5: 1, 2.33: 4). Near complete.H. 15; D.rim 12. Coarse cookingpot fabric. 66/P170. cp. (plate 23.6). Nearcomplete. P15* Jug,two-handled Burnton side. H. 21; D.rim14. Coarsecookingpotfabric. 66/P172. P16* Tripodcookingpot. (plate 22.2, fig. 2.35: 3). Hmax.12.5;D.rim Completeexceptendsoflegs,restored. 18. Shallowovoidbowlwithtwoverticalhandlesat rim. Legs squarein sectionand piercedatjunctionwithbowl. 66/P329. Plus,cookingpot nearquern(19); and craterfrags.(69/ P74 - plate 52.10). darkblue-black. 17 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, (fig.5.8: 13). H. 1.4; D. base 2.15; sh.d.0.4. Complete, chippedat base; highpolish.69/81. 18* Stonepounder/?grinder, volcanic, greywith spherical; fig. whitescattered (plate 5.1: 2). 77.3; angularcrystals, 6.3 x 7; Th. 6; Wt.420 gm.Complete,burntblack.One arearather broken,restabradedsmooth.69/386. hollowandfairly volcanic, regular; 19* Stonequern,slight pale greymatrix,whiteinclusionsand black reflective Lmax.24.8; W. 19.7;Th. 4.9. Two-thirds present, crystals. roundedbutirregular; an endlost.Underside, topsmooth withoccasionalpatchoflow polish.Marksofheatvisible in bands.69/400. 20-21* Stonewhetstones (2); 69/337. schist, (fig.5.3: 8). L. a) plaque,rectangular; grey-black 8; W. 3.1; Th. 0.9; Wt.45 gm.Complete.Manufactured shape,roundedangles;upper surfacehas two grooves

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION fromsharpening ( 1 mmacross)downmostofthelength, points. fsandstone, b) plaque,irregular rectangle; beige-grey, L. W. Th. Wt. Near 1.2; 6; (fig. 12.4; 190 5.3: 7). gm. g. shaped,one end notso; both complete.Partdeliberately mainfacesworked, actionsmostly. hollowsfromstropping disc withplano-convexprofile; 22 Stone ?tool/weight, veins,(fig.5.5: 2). D. 8.2; limestone, greywithred-brown Th. 4; Wt.430 gm.Complete.Abrasionmarkson domed top and sides,fromcreationof piece; no obviouswear marks. 69/357. 23* Clay ring/disc weights(3) by Bin 1; yellow-beige, unbaked, (plate 99.1-4). D. 13.5; Ht. 6.5; h.d. 2; Wt. 1.200kg.One complete,2 in pieces.Hand-modelled andirregular.

33

24* Clay ring/disc weights(4), in Bin 3; yellow-beige, unbaked,(plate99.1-4, fig.5.17: 1). D. 13-14; Ht. 6-7; h.d. 2.4-3; Wt. up to 1 kg. One complete, others and irregular. Hand-modelled fragmented. Also two othersbehind/between Bins 2 and 3; another behindpithosand stackedtubs. (fig.5.16: 4). L. 3.6; D. 3, 25 Clay reel;pale pink-buff, at Wt. Part of one end battered, baked waist; 2.3 30 gm. in thefire,blackenedtoo.66/191. accidentally 26 Seeds. 27 Crab,claw. anda polisher ofstone*, /bronze Plus,2 whetstones* copper foldedsheetfragments (2) and one ofrod. see potterystatisticaltable C.6 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS 4: APPENDIX 3)

From burial 4 ofphase 2 P28 Conicalbowl,one-handled, (plate 46.4; fig. 2.19: 1). Completebutonlya thirdwas foundwithinone bin; witha Phase2b Burial4 under theremainder wasassociated thefloorofPhase 2, Room4. H. 5.5; D.rim12. Orange-

buffclay. Dec. in orange-redpaint:int.,mono,except reserved spotatbase;ext.,bandatlipandmidbody.Handle painted.66/Pi69/330.See also NorthHouse,Room4 of Phase2b - forrepetition ofthispot.

PHigherup sherd;deepbowl?(plate66.F13). Fish.66/ P29 Pictorial P168; C-F13. 29 a, b Also othersuchsherds:(a) partsofcraterwith murexsherds(plate52.10). 69/P74(floor);and (b) crater (plate60.B1lb). Humans.66/P364;C-Bi lb (fill). P30* Lip-bandcup. Near completeexceptformuchof lip. H. 5.5; D.rim9. Mono,int.;ext, broadband at lip only.Burnt.66/P173. flatdiscoid;Pserpentine, blackand 31 Stone Ppolisher, L. 10.7; W. 8.7; Th. 4; Wt.740 gm.Flatter greymottled.

side carrieshigherpolish;edgeshave abrasiontracesrather thanuse?69/335. fashioning L. up to 4; D. 3.3, at waist 32 Clayreels(4); red-brown. of 2.5; Wt. 35-40 gm.Discolouredext.fromash/carbon fire. see potterystatisticaltable C.6 and (Forsherdcontent, depositcomments4: appendix3. As commented upon there,the Phase ι destructionmaterialwas seriously contaminated fromPhase2). byintrusions

WestofthesepairofRooms3 and 4 runstheN-salleyway(Area 1),leadingdownfromtheyard8/ character (Room2) at thenorth. 13,on intoanotherspace ofuncertain The alleyway, Area1,is effectively a 9 m longramprunning at an inclineofsome 1:g downfromthe to the south and into Room at the north 2 yard8/13 opening edge oftheexcavation(plates3, 7 ς fig. 1.5, 1.15).Boundedeithersideby theplastered, and apparently timber-clad to thesouth,outer wallsofboththeWestand East Houses,thepassagewas initially at thesouthnearly2.5 m wide.At thepointitmettheprojection ofthewestsideofRoom3, itnarrowed to nearer1.5 m across.A gate have lain athwart it in line with the north-west corner of Room might 3, wheretwoholeswerenoted, one on eithersideofthepassage;suchwouldhaveclosedoffthealleywayfromRoom 2 beyondat a pointwherethefloorlevelsofbothareaswerethesame. A questionexistsas to whether thisalleywaywas open to theskiesor whether a first storeyroom ranoverit,presumably of the East House. The cause of this dilemma is the of part expanse mudbrick façadefallenin yard8/13in thefinalPhase lb destruction (plate8), whichis believedto havecome fromtheEastand WestHouses.As itlies (fig.1.7),itspositionsuggests thattherewas an unbroken with that ran over the It is thatno certain window) frontage (complete right alleyway. unfortunate conclusioncan be made to thisconundrum, fora piece of architectural detailsuch as a roofed wouldbe unexpectedly passageway sophisticated. Atthesouthend,a flimsy one coursehighat up to 30-40 cm,dividedthealleyway 'wall',roughly fromtheyard8/13and seemslikelyto have servedas a kerbto impederainwater,accumulating in theyard,fromfloodingdownthepassage.The alleywayhad a greyashysurface, and,at thesouth endwheretestsweremadebelowitslatestsurface thiswas showntohavehad threedistinctive relays. each cm look to be made from mudbrick-derived soilsand ash/carbon These, thick, 10-15 deposits. It is unclearwhether thesegrewnaturally or werelaid to raisethealley'ssurfaceto thelevelofthe as refuse accumulated there. yard Inconclusive evidenceexiststo showthattheapparently widersouthsectionofthealleywaymay in have been but that the additional width was not, fact, so, occupiedby a stairway leadingup intoa

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

34

I

~~J ^

/~Ph

■quern jp&tf

/

/

/:

rW

I

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Room10 ÍSpr*

risest0 south

.i >s·

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Yard8/13

Room 3

I

' . ALLEYWAY it 1 /

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Room2

Ph

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9 Room

pithos6

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Room4

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Fig. 1.15. Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin East House, Alleyway/Area 1.

Ák

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

35

a metre-long stretch (n-s)ofmudbrick spaceoverRoom3 or Room4. Atthetimeofthedestruction, wall,threecourseshigh,existedin thisareaoutsideRoom4 and on a linewiththewestwallofRoom northofit,and a stonetumblebetweenitandthe 3; therewas also a largeschistslab,outofposition, westwallofRoom4. The widthofthestairsso createdcouldbe about75 cm;fiveto seven(at 15-20 cm riseperstep)wouldbe enoughto ascendthemetreor so to thenextstorey. It is unfortunate that severallaterintrusive burialsofPhase 2 had badlydisturbed thearea and couldhave removedthe evidencewhichwouldhavemadea decisionon thispointpossible. Destruction debriswas mostapparentin thenorthpartofthepassage,at 80 cm deep,continuing intoRoom 2 beyondit. Red-brown earthsfromdisintegrating mudbrick makethisup, withpieces ofwhite?plaster(a rarefind)and carbon/ash, at timesresolving intodiscretetimbers ofbutmodest size. However,onlyone vase was foundon itssurfacenearthesouthend,a largetubular-spouted jug (Pi), lackingonlyitshandleand so it mayhave been in positionand not fallenfromone of thebordering houses. Therewerefewotherfinds.Near theentranceto Room 2 at thenorthwas a scattering of table waresand smallfindsthatcouldderivefromkitchendutiesand generaldomesticlosses,as wellas the pithos(P6) standingfairand square in the entrance(see Room 2). The assumptionis that theyweremorelikelyto be rubbishthrownaway fromthe East and WestHouses thanused in the alleyway.A couple of stonequernsand a handfulof copper/bronze make up the fragments Phase lb material. The awl/point was of its butt a lost: (7) substantially complete,part prosaic fairly itemin itself, butnonetheless welcome. To south Pi* Tubular spouted jug.(plate21.8,fig.2.27:3). Lacking baskethandleon rim.H. 20.5; D.rim spoutand presumed 7.5.Mono,neckandfoot;bandsonshoulder, bellyandlower Brownfabric, blackpaint.66/P124. body,as illustrated. To north P3 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 57.A7). Horse (and fromPhase 2 chariot). 66/P158;C-A7. Possiblyintrusive burialsat s endofalleyway. P4 Alabastron frag.(figs.2.4: 6, 2.27: 1). Less thanhalf buta completeprofile.H. 5.6; D.rim5.2. Two preserved horizontal handleson shoulder. Bandson lip,shoulder and row of dots below rimand sets of body,as illustrated; fabric,brownmultiplearcs on shoulder.Orange-brown blackpaint.66/P157. withnon-joining P5 Deep bowlfrag.Rimto bodyfrags, base and body sherds.Mono, int.;ext.,antithetic spiral

P2 Strainer handleandfootlost. jug.Neck,partofshoulder, Hmax.23. Reddish-brown clay,palerslip,polished.Spout has3-holedstrainer atitsbase.Dec. inbrown-black paintof setsofbandson ext.atshoulder, bellyandfoot.65/P130. 66/P327. pattern. P6* Pithosat northsection- see Room 2, Pithos(P3). Plus,cookingpot. 7* Metalawl/point; (plate88.6,fig.5.9: copper/bronze, to 2). Lmax.6.9; squaresection0.3 overmost,rounding brokenatbuttend.66/107. tip.Goodcondition, probably andseveralpiecesofmetal,including Plus,2 stonequerns*, rodand sheetfragments, presumably copper/bronze. see potterystatisticaltable C.4 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS 1 : APPENDIX 3)

Room2 (figs.1.7, mostly1.13, and 1.15),unlessit was closed offfromthe alleywayby a gateas withthealleyway, sinceno framing wallfora door,such above,musthavebeencontiguous suggested as is regularon thesite,existedat theoutercornerofRoom 3. Thisraisesthequestion,to whichno firmanswercan be given,as to whether thisroomtoo was roofedor an open space.It endedat the eastin a continuation oftheeastwallofRoom 3 (givingdimensions of6.50 m ε-w χ 1.40 at least), butlittleelse is knownofitssize sinceonlya smallpartoftheroomlay withintheexcavatedarea. The wallfacescarryan orangeto red-brown mudplaster,5 cm thick;thatat theeasthas in addition thesortof carbonlayerbelievedto indicatetimberpanelling.Of thewalls,the east equals Room 6.west,thesouthRoom 3.north. A firm carbonised material. clayfloorwastracedall acrossthearea,overlainbyashandcomminuted The singlefill,ofup to a metre, is darkerthanoftenencountered: tobrown,withtheusual grey-red ash and carbon.A circularpatchofmulti-coloured ash (1-2 m across,20 cm deep) lay to thenortheast:softin texture; yellow,darkred,brownand blackin colour.Sizeablepiecesoftimber, up to 25 cm long,wereencountered, especiallyin theeast. On thefloor,orjustabove,layfivevases,twocookingpots(P4-5),thefirst a hydria beinga tripod, (Pi) and a largejug (P«), all intactor nearlyso. A base of a hydriawas slightly setintothefloor surface; possiblypartofPi. At thejunctionofroomand alleywaywas placeda largepithos,slightly cantedand smashedas a resultofthedestruction (P3=P6 in Area 1). An unbakedbinmaylie to the south-east cornerof the room,suggestedto have fallenfromabove. The positionof thepithosis

36

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

in that,positioned somewhat oftheeastwall strange againstan unrevealedcontinuation presumably the function of the of Room 9, it wouldhave considerably into Room whatever 2, impededentry have been. spacemay Pi* Hydria.(fig.2.30: 2). Almostcompleteand restored. H. 43.7; D.rim 15.1. Int.,band below lip; ext, band around rim and neck and sets of bands on body, as illustrated; pattern on pendent tassel on shoulder; figure-of-eight handle. Bufffabric,brown-blackpaint.65/P145. P2* Neck-handled jug. (plate 18.3). Near completeexcept forhandle. H. 23.5; D.rim 11.5. Int.,band below lip; ext, bands of equal widthon body, as illustrated.Brown-buff fabric,brownto black paint.65/P199. P3* Pithos. (plate 24.2, fig. 2.39: 1). H. 100.3; D-rim 41. Complete. Horizontal rim slightlyinclined inward; piriformshape; tall cylindricalneck; 'button'base. Below rim, row of fingerindentations;at base of neck, ledged

mouldingwith oval indentations.Red-brownfabric,selfslipped and smooth.66/P368. P4* Tripod cooking pot. (fig. 2.35: 4). Complete except forend of two feet,restored.H. 20; D.rim 26.4. Shallow bowl withcarinatedrim,two verticalhandles at rim;legs, oval in section;a deep incisionatjunctionoflegs and bowl. Pink-brownfabric.66/P256. p5* Jug> one-handled cp. (plate 23.3, fig. 2.33: 3). Complete. H. 15.9; D.rim 12. Coarse cooking pot fabric. 65/P89. Plus, base of hydria. (For sherdcontent,see deposit comments2: appendix3)

To theeastofRooms3 and 4, and havingpartywallswiththemlay at leastthreemorerooms:6, 5 and 7 (readingfromthe north).The majorpartof thesefelloutsidethe excavatedarea, leaving thattheydid to each other.It was,however,established and relationships uncleartheirdimensions level. at at basement least with to their notintercommunicate therooms west, Room6 too:itwas ofa unitinvolving Room5 (fig.1.16)maywellbe thesouthernmost compartment at were different withstorage.Althoughtheirfloors concernedprimarily levels,thatin Room 6 Room 6.south)mayhave beingthelowerby 40 cm,the'wall' whichseparatesthetworooms(i.e. a It survivedat bestbut course(25 cm high;some been at the finalstageonlya low partition. 50 across)above the floorof Room 5 and peteredout beforereachingthewestwall,a situation at the Wherethewall endeduntidily to damagecausedby thefinaldestruction. hardlyattributable a raft of a doorway(85 cm wide)had once existed,a claybin seton westand wherepresumably made cornerofRoom5. The closureofthiscorneris also pebbleshad beenplacedin thenorth-west thatrunsup alongthewestwallbefore and substantial a claywall-lining explicitby partlypreserved north. the round to curving join a fewyearserosionoftheeastbaulkofTrenchL/LExt,theeastwall to theroomwas Following found,witha doorway(c.60 cm across)at itsnorthendleadingeastto an unexcavated unexpectedly that blockedwithmudbricks area;thishad been deliberately by or in Phase ib. Thisfactestablished intoRoom6, northwards theroommeasured2.30 x 2.90 m ε-w. It is likelythatthiswallcontinued withcleartracesof makingitswidthalso 2.90 m. The westwall(equalto Room3.east)was plastered to be a woodencladding.The northwallis Room6.south. whathas been arguedelsewhere Two unbaked clay bins are well preserved;one lay in the north-west corner,the otheris sitedmidwayalongthesouthwall.Bothare ofthelargervarietyat 70-80 cm across;thesouthern one had partsofitsrimand shoulderarea preserved, thoughcollapsed- muchthesameformas to the norththatobservedin Room 3. A possiblethirdexamplemighthave stoodimmediately one. westofthesouthern withsmallpebbles,and associatedwitha greyashysoil. The floorwas strewn thanusual,and especiallymarked The typicalfillofup to 75 cm depthwas moreofa grey-brown a metre to some timbers burnt of the sizeable, longand 20 cmacross;onepreserves up by presence a forkedbranch.A whitishash notedinsidethehydriabase, mentionedabove,as well as in the ofthesouthern remnants claybin,perhapsderivesfromburntrushesfromtheceiling,as suggested forsimilarremainsin Room3. offoodweresuppliedby forstorageand thepreparation Apartfromitsbins,additionalfacilities two two an a vases cooking pots,of whichonly jugs (P5-6), hydria(P3), amphora(Pi), large base A hvdria a stone and a were (P4) mayhave been found, quern(14) pounder(13). parts(nc) it. Otherreels inside found and reels the for as a container use to (Ps) (19) cup clay put secondary were found 16 a further while the within scattered were in some (18) room, number, 40 (17), on the in all likelihood, willhavebeenconducted, insidethebinin theNW corner.Foodpreparation as the such sufficient where corner south-east in the set existed, by space quern,againconveniently for account activities domestic 'buttons' stone the will claim losses Casual (9-12); general pounder. of thescrapsofmetal,bone and obsidian(16). Of unexplainedpurposeis theshort,flutedcylinder to fitted once something. clay(21),

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

37

detailsand findsin EastHouse,Rooms5 and 6. Fig. l.i 6. Phase lb: MainExcavation,

or askos(26) locatedin thegap in Fallenfroman upperfloorarelikelyto be a smallduckfigurine a smallhydriaand a large as two as well thenorthwall,and also a veryfragmentary amphoras, cup fill. in Further attested found the preparatory processesaresuggested storagestirrup onlybypieces jar contributes one of theveryrareindicators a and tool The button (24) ivory by quern polishing(?) (23). stolidexistence. thattheinhabitants ofXeropolisenjoyedsomeluxuriesin an otherwise apparently On/near floor

Pi* Amphorafrag,(plate 20.4). Most of neck and shoulder andnon-joining preserved, partsofbodyandbase. D.rim 18. Threebands of equal widthon shoulderand withfiring twisted, holes,and painted. body.Lip-handles Brownish blackpaint.65/P205. fabric, P2* Cup. (plate17.6,fig.2.16: 7). Nearcomplete except mostof handle;restored.H. 8.3; D.rim 13. Unpainted. Carinatedtalllip and ratherhighfoot.Self-slipped with smoothsurface. Burnt.Reddish-buff fabric.65/P171. H. 37.5; Dmax. P3* Hydria.(plate19.1).Nearcomplete. 33. Band at lip and neck,and setsof bandson body,as scrollpatternon shoulderand pendenttassel illustrated; on belly.Figure-of-eight on vertical handle.Brownpattern bufffabric, brownto blackpaint.65/P196.

P4* Hydriafrag.Lowerbodyfromhandlesto base only. Hmax. 25. 65/P204. P5* Neck-handled jug. (plate 18.6, fig. 2.29: 2). Near H. 35. D.rim10.5.Lip,base andbodybands,as complete. broad stripealong handle.Burntin places. illustrated; Coarseredfabric, redpaint.65/P195. P6* Jug.(plate 18.4,fig.2.28: 3). Almostcomplete.H. 24.; D.rim9.5; Dmax.20.5.Int.,bandbelowlip;ext,bands aroundlip and neckand on body,as illustrated; pendent tasselbelowbothneckandshoulder bands.Wavylinedown handle.Burnt.Bufffabric, blackpaint.66/P272. P7/8*Two stirrup jars werestolenfromthisroomin the courseofexcavation. Plus,2 cookingpots.

38

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

9* Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,pale greyto greybrown.H. 1.9; D. base 2.9; sh.d. 0.5. Complete,chipped. Oblique abrasionscratcheson sides. 65/197. 10* Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,deep blue-black. H. 1.1; D. base 1.8; sh.d. 0.25. Complete. 65/192. 11* Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,black. H.1.5; D. base 2.6; sh.d. 0.55. Complete. Vertical faceting,with oblique abrasionmarks,of the fashioningvisible.66/147. 12* Stone 'button', conical; steely-greywith reflecting crystalsand black specks. H. 1.2; D. base 1.9; sh.d. 0.4. Complete,chips at base, partlychamferedthere; vertical facetswithoblique abrasion scratchesshow manufacture. 66/148. 13* Stone pounder, sphericalwithfacets;maroon, (fig. 5. 1: 8). D. 6.7; H. 4.8; Wt. 445 gm.The facetshave varying and polish; marginscarry degreesofregularity/smoothness wear. 69/379. pounding/grinding 14* Stone quern,saddle and fairlyregular;volcanic,mid grey,with white inclusionsand black reflectivecrystals. Lmax. 16.1; W. 13.2; Th. 6 at end, 3 at middle; Wt. 1.500 kg now. Half only, one end lost, chipped; black burning above. Underside has traces of regulatingpecking; end rounded;top smooth.69/501.

up3 Higher

P22 Conical bowl (?) frag.(figs. 2.4: 3, 2.19: 2). Lip to mid body onlypreserved,withouthandle. Hmax. 6; D.rim 18.5. Mono, int.;bands on ext, as illustrated.Bufffabric, darkbrown-blackpaint.66/P269. 23* Stone Ppolisher;darkgrey,f-g.Lmax. 9; Wmax. 6.4; Th. 3.4. Fragmentof larger piece. Major face polished; remnantsof two othersroughlysquared off.69/302. colour, 24* Ivory'button',mushroom-form; yellow-brown

15* Stone ?tool,large oval pebble; grey-brownto black. (fig. 5.5: 9). L. 12.9; W. 6.8; Th. 5.7; Wt. 890 gm. Complete,natural- no wear.Heat affected ?pot-boiler. 69/34716 Obsidian, chunk.2.6 x 1.8 x 0.6. (? fromRoom 6) 17* Clay reels (c. 40, scattered); red-brown,unbaked. (figs.5.15: 6, 5.16: 5-10). up to L. 4; D. 3.5, at waist 2.7; Wt. 55-70 gm. About halfcomplete.One cylindrical- L. 7; D. 3.4; two smaller- L. 3.4, D. 2.3, waist 1.9. 18* Clay reels (16 - in Bin 1); pale beige-brown,some pinkier.L. 5; W. 3.5, at waist 2.5; Wt. 50-55 gm. Half complete;ash smudged. 19* Clay reels (4 - in hydriaP4; otherslost?); yellowbeige. L. 5.8; Wt. 50-60 gm. Complete. 20 Clay reel, large; pinky-beige.L. 7.2; D. 5.8, at waist 4.9; Wt. 250 gm. Complete. 21 Clay flutedcylinder; orange-red (grey core), semicoarse, (plate 99.5, fig. 5.16: 18). H. 6; D. 3.7 to 3.4. Complete,abraded.Flutes(8) set 1.2-1.5 apart,withgrooves of 0.3 deep. At one end is a hole: 0.4 across,4+ deep. 66/ 149· of copper/bronzeand piece of bone shaft. Plus, fragment

?elephant.(plate 95.3, fig. 5.14: 17). H. 1.6; D. 3.25, stem at 0.9; sh.d. 0.5. Complete,occasional chip. Top decorated with3 circlesof drilleddots. 66/146. TC figurine;bovid. Lmax. 4.5. Body fragment. 65/ 25 208; F50. 26* TC figurine;bird askos. Hmax. 4.5; Lmax. 8. head lost. 66/194; F91. Plus, stone quern*.

evenallowingfor and empty, featureless Room6,was unusually The adjacentnorthern compartment, thelimitedarea ofit (c. 2.75 m Ε-w x at least2; fig. 1.16) whichwas excavated.See above forthe matter ofa doorto Room5 at thesouth.No claybinswerefound. The yellow-grey clayfloorlay some40 cm lowerthanthatin theadjacentRoom 5: a stepor two thedifference. wouldhavebeenrequiredto accommodate The southwall stoodto 50 cm in height;fourstonecoursesmade up the socle,withhintsof to 40 cm nearthedoorto at theeaston top (60 cm thick,apparently mudbrick slimming preserved and stateofpreservation. Room5). The westwallwas verysimilarin size,composition The upperpartof an all-overfillof a brownishcolourwithclay and carbon(1 m or so deep) ofsixcourses,likelytohavebeen a sectionofwallingconsisting muchmudbrick, contained including withpebbles,in thefill,may associated red of A wall. west the of the of clay patch superstructure part centres the from fallen structure a of remains the upperfloor.Interest clay represent disintegrated fill in the well found some mudbricks, of remains carbonised the on among up figs(plate103.2), mainly thattheyhad been storedon theupperfloor. showing One vase, an incomplete kylix(Pi) has probablyfallenfromabove. Whetherthisalso applies 'button'(2), somepossibledecayedfaienceand a clayloomweight a stone of losses (3) casual the to in thatit is one of a veryfewexamplesof thisclassfrom The lastis of someinterest is uncertain. LBA Lefkandi:one generallypresentin abundance on Aegean sites.This dearthis touched theunbakedreelsand theunbakedrings,bothofclay,and uponin thelaterdiscussionconcerning lead. of something Withthe fillcame a possiblelead weightand a faiencebead, aboutwhichnow no detailsare forthcoming.

3 The sherds in the fill over this room and Room 6, as excavated, included a considerable amountof laterpotteryfrom LG to LH I IIC Phase 2, presumablyresultingfromintrusivepits.

However, thereis a likelihood thatthe destructionmaterialin it containedpartsof two amphoras or small hydrias,and of a large hydriaor storagestirrupjar withscroll decoration on the front.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Floor Pi* Conical kylixfrag.Lackinglowerstemand foot. Hmax. 10; D.rim15.2. Mono,int.;ext.,thinbodyband below handlesand mono. stem.Handles painted.Redbrownpaint.65/P170. orangefabric, midblue-black. 2* Stone'button', quasi-shanked; serpentine, (plate83.16,fig.5.8: 22). H. 1.35;D. base 1.9; sh.d.0.25.

39

slight Complete, chipsatbase.Small'collar'attip.65/196. ovoid;red.H. 9.5; W. 7.5; Th. 2.1. 3* Clayloomweight, Complete,chipped.65/193. 4 Figs. 5 Olive,pips(plate 103.1). reminiscent offaience. Plus,material

Higherup 6* Figs(plate 103.2). andbeadinmaterial reminiscent Plus,possibleleadweight* offaience*.

Room7 is thesouthernmost in thisn-s seriesofcompartments, and verylittleexplored(some1.50 m ε-w x 3.50; figs.1.14,1.5: 7). Itshistory is lessstraightforward thanthatoftheotherunitsconsidered in theEastHouse.The first to 8 coursesofstone(75 cm clue comesfromthesouthwall,preserved a thesouthernmost andlater offset little cm to the from the line of south) across): (20 high;45 though This wall it to that same of construction. of the south of Room 4, basicallybelongs phase component is mostclearlyand additionally shownby thecomparablebase levelsofthetwo.In itspresentguise, thefloorlevelofRoom7 goeswiththislaterwall, then,Room7 belongstoPhase lb only.Moreover, a than as result some and cm the floorlevelsofitsimmediate Rooms 70 50 being higher neighbours and the limit is The difficulties do not end there: evidence for the northern 4 5 respectively. relatively - a merehandful ofstonessetin a rowwithscrapsofmudbrick, on lineat leastwiththeparty flimsy wallbetweenRooms3 and 4 (see also below).The westwallis Room4.east. An ill-defined On thisa claybin (c. 50 cm across) yellow-grey clayeyfloorwas foundthroughout. stoodclose to thewestwall,carefully seton a patchof strewnpebbles.Thereare possiblehintsof another, badlydamaged,adjacentto thenorth. A singlefillof65 cm depthwas composedofa burntsoilofmixedred-brown-black, in whichthe ash and A similar were found. soft black soil the south wall charcoal, customary against maymark timbercladding.Some completemudbrick and fallenstonein theuppermost reflect a final layers or deliberate collapse levelling. Two vaseswererecovered:a cookingpot (P2) and a nearintactmug(Pi), thelattera rarevase shapeon thesite.The smallfindsare inconsequential. Pi* Mugfrag.(fig.2.4: 1).Lackingrimonly.Hmax.12.5. Incurvedsideswithcarination justaboveringbase; handle at midbody.Mono,int.;ext.,band at rim,midbodyand aroundbase. Handleoutlined.Lightbuffclay,resembling 'WhiteWare';wornblackpaint.66/P171.

P2* Jug,one-handled cp. (plate23.5).Intact.H. 14;D.rim 11.3. Coarsebrown-grey cookingpotfabric.66/P178. Plus,cookingpot. 3 Obsidianchunk.4.3 χ 3.8 x 1.5.

J-fiaheriifa

andnondescript butnothing Veryscrappy clearlylaterthan Phase ib. One largecookingpotfragment couldbe fallen

fromabove. ofsheetofcopper/bronze. 4 Fragment

If thenorthwall of Room 7 is indeedmarkedby theline of stonespostulatedabove,thena small (fig.1.14) willhave existedbetweenit and Room 5 to thenorth:nothingmorethana compartment metre-wide corridor ε-w foratleast3 m. Perhapsitprovidedaccesstothebasementrooms extending to its north and south? It looksratherlikea predecessor to Room 12 of theNorthHouse of lying Phase2. YARD OR PASSAGEWAY

The extensiveYard8/13,betweentheSouthHouse and thosestructures some5.50 m tothenorthwas clearlyan openareain Phase lb as muchas in ia (plates3, 7, 8; figs.1.7, 1.3: 13, 1.4: 8): a yardor as a place in whichto dumphouseholdrefuse.Its essential perhapsa passagewayused primarily dimensions are unchanged, as it extendsΕ-wacrossthewholeexcavationfor17 x 3-4.50 m (as far southas thepossiblepalisadeassociatedwiththeSouthHouse).An initialand slightslopeto thewest wasgradually reversed as thesoilsbuiltup. The fillsand findsdiffer in character fromthoseinsidethe Earliestlaid downis materialfromtheconstruction of Houses,naturally. stages Phase lb: theoften loose earths, and filledwithsmallpebbles,sherdsand bone,standoutagainsttheearlier yellow-grey

4O

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

andlaterrubbishdeposits(ofgreenish-grey theaccumulation soil,ash,bone and sherd).Interestingly in lb is farlessthanthatin ia: 10-25 cm only,collecting morein theanglesagainstthehousewalls, soil whereoutsideRooms7 and 4 a roughchannel(50 cm wide,30 deep) filledwitha finer, softer have resulted from action of rain run-off from the eaves. might ina remarkable Themostpartofthisbuild-up wascarpeted withfallenmudbricks stateofpreservation downa largeportion and cohesion,clearlytheresultofthePhase lb destruction whichhad brought ofthesuperstructure ofa buildingas a singleunit(plate8; fig.1.7).The burntbricks, red,orangeand in still with an mortar between were colour, them, adheringto one occasionally grey orangeyclay 10 cm highand 35 canted at an acute downwards to the south. measured some another, angle They A rectangular at a metrelongby cmbroad,and 33 coursesofthemcouldbe distinguished. least gap cm was in this otherwise continuous to be seen on the of mass, 75 high plan fig.1.7,which apparent is suggestive of a windowopeningintotheupperfloor,thoughone sethighin thebasementsis a too.The mudbrick fallthusprovidescertainevidencefortheexistenceofa superstructure possibility some3.5 m in heightoverthestonesocleof50 cm,and establishes beyonddoubtthatthebuildings had twostoreys. wallfell. Thereremainstheproblemofdecidingfromwhichroomorblockofroomsthismudbrick is unsuitable Thewallstothesouth(fig.1.7) maybe excludedsincethenearest linearfeature (seebelow) inconstruction is isolatedandnotpartofa building. thecantofthe Moreover, and,moreconclusively, that it fellfromthe bricksindicatesa fallfromthenorth, notsouth.The obviousalternative, namely it a too since would of wallsofthebuildings north it,yetpresents problem implythatthe immediately if it at such It the was roofed over. Area be, thecornerof 1, would,moreover, place window, alleyway, the The response,however,thatthefallrepresents ratherimprobable. Room4 whichis structurally a would lateral of Room of Room and 7, 4, require perhapspart verydisplacedsuperstructure Ifone believesithasfallen ofbetween3 and4 m tothewest,whichseemsveryunlikely. displacement as a twohouseswereconstructed thatthenorthern moreorlessinsitu,thenitis observable seemingly all their unbroken in thatthebricksrun whole(whatever theirinternal divisions), frontage. along tendto createdfromrubbish,and therefore Suchexternalsoil build-upsare essentially naturally in and number The findsare nonetheless containmaterialof a damagedcharacter. quiteextensive rangeofmaterial: theylookto be typicalofthedomesticcontent metalscraps,damagedfigurines thestoneblankfora ofclay(9-11, 17) and piecesofworkedbone (7-8). Some areworthcomment: thepossibleboneneedle(6),and 'razor' sealorbead (4) hintsat a modestlevelofpersonalornament; (5) ofmetalalso add to thepicture. Likelyia contamination

Pi Pictorialsherd;crater, (plates63.E2, 70). Birds.66/ P318; C-E2a-c. Pa Cup. Completeprofile, lackinghandle.H. 9; D. 12. Ext.band belowlip; int.has lip band and probablytwo moreat base. Orangeclay.Dec. in brownto blackpaint. 66/P334. (plate 102.2). Vertical 3 Clay pot-base,withgraffito, in brown-orange stroke, paint.66/P335. wedge-shaped 4 Stoneblankfor?seal,lentoid;grey,mottled,(plate 83.11,fig.5.8: 26). D. 2.9; Th. 2.1; sh.d.0.3. Complete, regularand polished.Equallydomedeach side;drillhole orto drillused)on one side- startofstring-hole (solid-tip containdop-stick? 69/309. copper/bronze,(plate 5 Metalsheet,?razor,triangular; 89.5,fig.5.9: 10).L. 4; W. 2.7; Th. 05. Perhapscomplete; slightchipandbentat corner.69/135. 6 Boneneedle,heavyduty,(plate94.5, fig.5.13: 7). L. 8.3; W. 0.6; Th. 0.45. Complete,polished.Rectangular section,becomingroundtowardsbluntpoint;eye (0.15

Phaseib, later

lacking profile, P13 Cup.(figs.2.1: 10,2.15:3). Complete int.mono.Orange handle.H. 7.5;D.rim10.5.Ext.lip-band; Dec. in orange-red fabric. paint.66/P241. P14 Cup, spouted,(figs. 2.1: 11, 2.16: 2). Complete withsidehandle.H. 6; D.rim9.5. Dec. in brown profile, white ext. fugitive paint: banded;int.mono.Brownfabric, slipon ext.66/P240.

orfor across)willtakeonlya thinthread.Probably netting loom. on the 69/39. working (plate94.6,fig.5.14: 1).Lmax. 7 Bonerod,partworked, end lost,otherdamaged. Th. One W. 0.5. 10.4; 0.65; facetsmergingand withflattish Roughlyplano-convex, its along length.69/209. separating 8 Bone tube,(plate 94.10, fig.5.14: 16). L. 3.6; D. 1. - 0.6openingthroughout Complete,polished.Irregular 0.75 across.69/33. human;latePsi C. (plate 73.25). Hmax. 9 TC figurine; battered. 6.2. Nearcomplete, 66/172;F25. bovid.Hmax.4.8. Forequarters. 10 TC figurine; 69/542 or 903; F52. bovid.Hmax.1.8;Lmax.5.4.Extremities 11 TC figurine; lost.66/171;F69. soft,(plate 12 Clay piercedpot-base;red to yellowish, 101.9).D. 4-9»Th. 0.8; hd. 0.5; Wt. 17 gm.Brokenedges smoothed. Purposeunclear.66/174. ofcopper/bronze. Plus,severalsheetand shaftfragments

withgraffito, (plate102.3).Linearmark, 15 Claypot-base, in blackpaint.66/P242. withgraffito. 16 Claypot-base, 66/P243. bovid.Hmax.2.4. Forequarters. 66/190; 17 TC figurine; F73· Plus,stonequern.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

41

SOUTH HOUSE

Knowledgeofthe SouthHouse,alignedsimilarlyε-w to the otherrangeofhouses northofit,is limited cornerwas excavated to part of one unit,Room 14: 3.40 m ε-w by at least 1.35 of its north-west Its walls had cut and mudbrick been down, presumablyin (figs. 1.3 1.4: 14; 1.7; 1.17). severely was and south of it. Its westwall for the Phase structure which constructed above 2 preparation just was badly disturbed,only 20-30 cm remainedvisible above the floorlevel: theremay have been a door (60-70 cm wide) in it, thoughit is odd to finda clay bin positionedthere.The northfaçade wall was no higher,and some 50 cm across. Some burntmud plasterwas discoveredin situon them. A yellowclay floorwas noted. Enough information,however, was recovered to show that the room had served as a store and perhaps cooking area and that it, too, had been destroyedby fire,since it was filled with burntred-browndebris (to 35 cm deep), includingsizeable pieces of wooden beams, particularly in the easternregion.

Fig. 1.17. Phase lb: Main Excavation,detailsand findsin South House.

42

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

In it werepositionedthree,perhapsfour,unbakedclay bins alongitswestwall,by and in the allegeddoorway:thoseable tobe measuredwere75 and c.60 cmacross.Twocookingpots(nc)were foundon itsearthfloor,whichlay some30-40 cm belowthepreserved topsofitswalls. The heightof these walls on the outsideand the associatedstratigraphy in the yard 8/13 is unfortunately notknownsufficiently, ofthebuilding, sincethisaffects thetimeoftheconstruction and of theinterpretation in theyardspace (14a) attributed to thishouseto thenorth. of activities A smalltestwas made againstthenorthfaçadeto a depthof50 cm belowthewalltop,adjacentto the east baulk,and no mentionwas made thatthe base of the wall had been reached.Its earth fallfromthe Phase lb destruction containedmuchmudbrickdebriswhichis likelyto represent of the wall. superstructure in thispartof However,ithas beenarguedabovethatin Phase 1a therealreadyexisteda structure it thatthe is believed On thesitethatsuffered and was then demolished. therefore, balance, damage at thestartofPhase ib. SouthHouse was rebuiltentirely Pi Lid. Two-thirds complete.H. 4.1; D.rim 13.5. Hole in top; ext.banded twice.Lightbuff,fineclay,withpaler slip.

Dec. in red/orange-brown paint.69/P44. Plus, cookingpot.

an openarea{14a): an apparently withtheSouthHouse mustbe considered L-shapedspace Together roundthenorthand westsidesofthehouse.The fullsize and formofthisare not or yardstretching limitto itis soughtin a low e-w A northern clear,as itrunsoffbeyondtheedgesoftheexcavation. wall of Room north to the this runs of stone: linearstructure 14,at some 1.50 m distance.It parallel to about50 cm and its is its in an in-turned at the west looksto terminate entrance; height preserved widthbetween50-75 cm. thana housewall,it ofthisboundaryis unique:broaderand oflooserconstruction The character amountsof with considerable about of morea relatively resembles regularpilingup stones,packed that are The chances hollow. in as soils.It was described being places softgreyto grey-brown strong in and on erected or brushwood a fence with a lowbarrier, thatthisfeature picket perhaps represents otherwise animals, unprovided singularly it,givingtheSouthHouseitsownyard,perhapsforstabling ofthisboundaryis perhapsfurther foron thesite.The reality by a lowline(25 cmhigh, emphasised embeddedin theyard8/13soils:theirpractical 30 across)ofsinglestonessetsome30 cmtoitsnorth, rainwater awayfromthepicketfence? purposeis unclear diverting ofsoils(60 cm totheeast)revealedan accumulation tests(especially theopenarea 14a itself Within of with mudbrick, heavy deep to east,lessto thewest).Theseearthsbeginoverthelevelledremains, of with lenses soils a mixofgrey-brown Phase ia SouthHouse: theyare themselves thedemolished in the becomesincorporated, materialfromthePhase lb destruction gravel.At thetop,structural and patchesofyellowclayin a greyand ashyearth. formagainofbrokenmudbrick items.Noneofthe The findsfromtheyardare againthosedepositedas eitherlossesor unwanted a bull,is Butthescaraboflapislazuli(2),withitssceneofa lionattacking lastareespecially revealing. anothermatter (see Chapter5 fordiscussion). Use build-up

Pi Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 65.E15). Bird.66/P244; C-E15. Plus,kylix*. 2* Stone scarab, lapis lazuli, blue withyellowishveins. (plate 87). L. 1.8; W. 1.25; Th. 0.8. Surface worn and chipped; some cracks.Engraved on flatunderside:a bull with head turned back toward left attacked by a lion standingon his back and bitinghis neck. 66/173. 3 Obsidian chunk; 1.8 x 2 x 0.6.

Destructiondebris

P7 Pictorialsherd; Plarnax.(plate 62.C1 1). Animals.69/ P77;C-Cn. bovid. Hmax. 2.4. Horn. 66/134; F74. 8* TC figurine,

4* Metal pin shaft(s)frags.;copper/bronze.TotalL. 14.9; D. 0.2. 5 pieces: one perhapsa point,restshaft(?? possible blunthead). 69/134. 5* Bone shaftfrag.Lmax. 3.3; D. 0.35. Medial portion, brokeneach end. Polished. 69/8. 6* TC figurine;bovid. (plate 75.56). Hmax. 3.3; Lmax. 6.5. Ends lost. 69/10; F56. Plus, worked bone fragmentand pin-head (?) of copper/ bronze.

of copper/ Plus,a clay gutterpiece* and rod/pinfragments bronze.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

43

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND FINDS OF PHASE 2 soonafter thelb destruction: Thebuilders ofPhase2 musthavebeguntheirworkinthemainareafairly at of the mudbricks ofthefallenwall to weathering sufficiently quickly, least, prevent any(noticeable) in theyardarea of 8/13 (soon to be redefined as 8/9).These had retainedtheirsharpedgesand shapeswheretheyhad notdisintegrated. Afterthe destruction, the area willhave been a mess of brokenmudbrick filled walls,partially and rooftimbers withtheircoverscattered taskof basements and burntstructural around.The first thesurvivors or inheritors wouldhave been to levelthesite.Sincethedebristhey ofthesettlement usedforthiscloselyresembled thatwhichhad collapsedintotherooms,thefilling up ofhollowsand was in detectable the excavation. spaces rarely Whatlittlecan be retrieved ofthisprocessseemsto haveleftitsmostobvioustracesovertheWest and EastHousesat thenorth.Here excavationrepeatedly revealedthata flattish and eventophad m beencreated:onceor twicelocal depressions Room at across and 10, 1.50 (over 35 cm deep; and Room6) receivedadditionalfillsofa somewhat brownerhue.As a generalobservation, itis trueto that the Phase lb wall stubs were covered over and hidden at least 10-25 cm °f say eventually by destruction-derived debris.A veryfewfindsindeedarefoundwithinthisredistributed spoil;theyare to derive from the Rooms below or argued adjacent. Thusfromoverthe West Housecamea potand severalminorstonetools;whilstfromovertheEast Housewerefoundrathermorepotsand smallfinds. West Pi Jug,one-handled H. 12.1,D.rim cp.Almostcomplete. 10.2. Coarsered-brown fabric,scorchedon side opposite handle.66/P191. 2 Stonemortar volcanic, (dacite?). frag.; greyandvesicular Hmax. 13; Sectionof leg rectangular. of basin Fragment

East

P6 Kalathos.(figs.2.7: 7, 2.27:6).Joining andnon-joining ofrimandbody,lackinghandlesandfoot.Partly fragments restored. Hmax.c.' 1.5,D.rimc.27.Int.,elaborate decoration attop,bandsbelow,as illustrated; ext,bands.Sherdsfound Buff blackpaint.65/Pio2a. fabric, widelyscattered. of P7 Tray(?).(plate48.5). Threenon-joining fragments base.Fabricandpaintsimilarto P6 above,butevidently a different vessel.Int.,decoration as illustrated. 65/P102É). available. Plus,65/P212:no information 8 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, mid blue-grey to black.H. 1.7; D. base 2.6; sh.d.0.6. Complete,chippedat on sidesfromfashioning, base; obliqueabrasionscratches someon base too.69/83. L. 7; shaftof Pdrill, rod; copper/bronze. 9 Metalchisel/

and a legpreserved. 69/63. 3 Obsidianflake.3.2 x 2.8; Th. 0.4; ?utilised. 4 Obsidianchunk.2 x 1.4 x 0.8; (fig.5.7: 16). Lmax.1.8;W. 1.3;Th. 5 Obsidian,bladefrag.;proximal. 0.15.

to 0.7 at butt; squaresection,0.45 at centre,increasing than cutting edgehaswidthof0.85,twobevels;alsothicker atcentre. butbadlycorroded, whichmayaccount Complete, forthe extrasize at eitherend. Cuttingedge has slight at centre:ifrealwouldmaketheitema drill, protrusion butcouldbe corrosion. 65/205. 10 Metalshaft, rod;copper/bronze, (plate 88.9). Lmax. Corroded,appearsto cometo a blunt 4. 1; D. 0.4 forshaft. tipnow.Otherend lost.69/162. 11-12 Clay whorls,conical;pale buffwithgrits,(plate 100.9 and 10, fig.5.18: 14 and 16). H. 2.4; D base 3.4; sh.d.0.5. Complete,wornsurface. 69/54an<^55· a bead and 2 querns;a bone tool; Plus,2 stone'buttons', and 2 rodpieces. copper/bronze frags,

To thesouthin theyard8/13,however, theselevelling procedures appearcurtailed: perhaps10 cmof material was a few stone tools. isolated,yielding mingledyard/collapsed 1 Stone?pounder, white,(fig.5.5: 10). disc;limestone, 8.8 x 9; Th. 0.5; Wt.590 gm.Difficult to tellifworked, becauseofpresenceofconcretion. 69/367. 2 Obsidianblade,frag. Proximal, D; L. 2.7;W.0.9;Th.0.3.

Hmax. 1.7; D. 3 Clay whorl,conical;pale grey-brown. base 3.3; sh.d.0.6; Wt.c. 10 gmoriginally. Halflostattop. 66/80.

WiththeSouthHouseitself ofthisprocessremainsthatwas commented on in theexcavation. nothing It seems,however, thatactivities otherthanmererebuilding andpreparation forthesamewerelocated in thisneighbourhood. The evidenceforthisis scattered and makesno overallpattern;it involves andperhapspost-holes, detected acrossthenorthern oftheexcavation. pits,hearths againlargely portion PitswerecutdownintothesoilsoverthePhase lb Rooms10,6 and 7; cooking-hollows (shallow;30 and 75 cm across,tojudgefromtheconcentration ofashes)turnup overRoom 2; channels, perhaps fromtheretrieval of serviceabletimbers, resulting appearabove Room 6. The associatedsoilsare

44

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig. li 8. Phaseslb and 2a: simplified plansofstructures.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

45

oftengreyin toneand ashy;somethingofa troddensurface,again witha grey-blackand ashyelement, presumablymarksthe tramplinggoingwiththe new buildingcampaign.At thispointthe terrainhere risesverygraduallyto the south:the open yard8/9 being slightlyhigherthanthenorthernzone, with thesouthernbeing as muchagain higher.But to all practicalintentsand purposesit can be considered flatenough. When work began on the northernpart of the area (fig. 1.19), the site was prepared by dumping it all, in orderto keep mostofthenew wall-basesat a tolerably varyingamountsofsoils and flattening even level. Of the NorthHouse, the west section was firstestablished,with perhaps much of the easternportionremainingopen fora while. The evidence is, however,veryconfusingin thisregion and comprehensionis farfromcertain.Nonetheless,by the end of Phase 2a, it is feltthatthe North House had acquireditsessentialform.The opportunity had also long been seized by thento construct the South House. it sufferedfroma destructionwhichwas sufficiently severeto Earlyin the lifeof the new settlement, the mudbrick of some of its In the rooms. Some traces of fire are detected. topple superstructure slight NorthHouse, debristumbledonto thefloors,ashes and some burntmaterialare intermingled (Rooms 10, 12 and 4). The South House is assumed to have sufferedsimilarly.Fallen mudbrickin various

Fig. 1.19. Phase 2a: Main Excavation,overall plan of structures/burials.

46

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

was scattered abouttheintermediary yard8/9.Thisevent,attested degreesofcoherent preservation line in thesettlement, has beenusedas thedividing elsewhere destruction byprobablycontemporary betweenthetwosub-phases repairand adoptedin thisreport, namely2a and 2b. In thesubsequent thedebriswas in mostareasclearedaway,thoughin Rooms 1 and 2 of theNorth reconstruction, House,muchofitwas leftinsituand thelaterfloorlaid on topofit. of Phase 2a, thoughsomealterations The reconstruction mostlyfollowedtheplan and wall-lines in theamalgamating ofpairsofPhase2a rooms)and to the weremadeto thelayout(mostobviously use of certainareas (morehearthsand ovensare seen now).Repairsvariedin degreedepending, These buildings, on theamountof damagewhichhad been sustained. too,showsigns presumably, is withinPhase2b. A dropin standards thattheyrequiredsomerepairsbeyondnormalrequirements clear without there in main the area were before the rooms abandoned, being any apparent of a destruction. Some veryslighthintsof burningare arguedfor,but indications accompanying on anyscale. nothing anditsextensive destruction architecture EveninPhase1, withitsunusually deposits, well-preserved as has been of rooms,theiruse and even contents, remainabout the arrangement uncertainties toits in Phase2 as a resultoftheseveralmodifications noted.Difficulties aremuchgreater repeatedly or workand anyfurnishings removedduringrestoration roomcontents weregenerally architecture: and character was learnt of the much Even or so, layoutof general fittings destroyed badlydamaged. in its potterycould be followedfromwellthe mainarea duringthisphase,whiledevelopments stratified, deposits. thoughpredominantly fragmentary, As in Phase 1, theroomsat thesouthoftheexcavatedareawereseparatedfromthoseto thenorth Thistime,however, area,positionedin muchthesamelocationas previously. by an open yard-like it into division of rooms had no obvious thenorthern separatebuildings: is now termedthe range doorsbetweenRooms1, 2, 4 and 7 indicatethat NorthHouse.In Phase2a, theintercommunicating thiswas a singleunit.Perhapsthenarrow'corridor'12 at theeastend ofthisblockofrooms, initially toitsnorth- Rooms10 and 11,couldimplythatall thesewerea second withthetwocompartments Butthisis all unit.Room 5, at theeastedge oftheexcavationmightthenbe partofanotherentity. veryhypothetical. at groundlevelin theexternal ofdoorwaysexisting Once again,thereis no clearindication walls, withthepossibleexceptionofthatin thesouthwallofRoom5, at leastin Phase2b. Thereis,then,a forstorageand cooking,with intendedprincipally thattheroomsare againbasements, presumption as forsuchan upperstorey, evidence is no certain there an floor. thelivingroomson upper However, a in Room Phase of 2 the destruction was providedin the previoussettlement, 2, deposit though appearsto havefallenin partfromabove. thantheirpredecessors, forsymmetry The Phase2 buildersclearlyhad a muchstronger preference around5 units of measuring plan square showingan earlytendencytowardsan almostgrid-like more be would of their Thisaspect thereof. each andlaterinmultiples metres impressive yet planning if,as seemslikely,theline of thenorthwall of the SouthHouse extendedwell outsidetheMain c. 22 m in all. a stretch ExcavationtoTrenchHH at thewestand toTrenchL on theeast,constituting stonebases; walls on remainmuchas beforewiththegeneraluse ofmudbrick Buildingtechniques than unbakedclaybinscontinuein popularity, before,butcentral thoughratherlargerin diameter hearthsare notattested and,indeed,wouldnothave been possiblein Rooms 1, 2 and 4 withtheir centraltimbersupportfortheceiling. difference A moreimportant (withtheexceptionofno. 15 in Room 12 oftheWestHouse ofPhase ofXeropolisandthosethatprecededthemconcerns ofthePhase2 inhabitants thecustoms lb) between burial.The detailsofthishavealreadybeenpublished ofintramural thehabitnowintroduced (Musgrave willbe repeatedafterthevariouscatalogue and Popham,BSA 86 (1991) 273-96),buttheessentials burialsare sections,witha fulleraccountin appendix1. Sufficeit to say herethatthe contracted to thefloors(in theNorthHouse only)and are usuallyclose theroom placedin pitsdug through walls.Mostarecoveredbybrokensherdsfromlargevesselssuchas pithoior storage jars.Onlythree had burialgoods:nonelavishor numerous. Structures and Deposits of Phase 2A yard or passageway stillan eA suitablestarting pointis theopenyard(8/9; fig.1.19)betweenthetworangesofbuildings: of the evidence m when to and 22 main the within traceableforover13 m w feature, excavation, up about included. is west and the east HH to TrenchesΝ and Though respectively nearbysubsidiary

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

47

thesamewidthn-s as before- 5 m,narrowing to 4 m at theeast,itsaxishas shifted to thesouthby some2 m. The NorthHouse has moveditssouthern that south which is in turn much, frontage by for the loss of the with associated the South House compensated by eventually privateyardpreviously ofPhase ib. ofPhase2 thispattern had notyetbeenimposed.Ratheroverthe However,at theverybeginning lb debrisis seensome20-30 cmofa greysoil,ashiertothenorth.Thiscan be tracedunderthewalls ofall theknownPhase2a structures in thesouthand centreoftheexcavation- demonstrating that at thetimeofthefirst of a within the area the excavation 2 ceramics, trenches, deposition although levelledand in use,was open.Tracesofactivity to go withthiscan be intermittently seen,e.g. as a and a pairofpitstowardsthesouth. post-hole The findsreflect thislackoffocusthatnaturally accompaniessucha situation, thoughthepictorial sherdsand thebronzetoolhave an intrinsic merit. Pi Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate57.A3).Horse,manand chariot. 66/P346;C-A3. P2 Pictorialsherd;crater, (plate 66.F1). Fish.66/P347; C-Fi. (plate 6o.Bna). Human.66/ P3 Pictorialsherd;crater, P348; C-Bna. sherd;deep bowl?(plate65.E19). Bird.66/ P4 Pictorial P349; C-E19. sherd;crater, (plate57.A8).Horse.66/P350; P5 Pictorial C-A8. P6 Pictorial and sherd;crater, (plate57.A1).Horse,driver chariot. 66/P351;C-Ai.

darkblue-black. H. conical;serpentine, 7 Stone'button', 1.9; D. base 2.8; sh.d.0.6. Complete,bar occasionalchip at base. 66/62. 8 Metal ?drill-head, (plate lozenge-tip; copper/bronze, 88.3,fig.5.9: 3). Lmax.3.2; D. shaft0.35. Perhapsendof shaftlost;edgeofcutting portion?worn.A simplecircularsectionedshaft, froman end ofwhichwas beatenup the (0.5 across).69/157. lozenge-shaped cutting-head human;latePsi.Hmax.5.7. Stem.66/57; 9 TC figurine; F35· see potterystatisticaltable C.10 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS 1O: APPENDIX 3)

Aboutnow,thesouthern oftheNorthHouse can be seento havebeen erected:mostclearly frontage visibleat thewest(Rooms2, 1 and 6b; figs.1.3: 2, 1.5: 2). It is indeedassumedthatthewholeofthe was nowputup,thoughthereare questionsabouttheeasternflank(see below). structure Atthismomenttheyardhad surfacelevelsofabout12.20 m to thenorthand south,beingbowed and higherat themiddleby up to 40 cm. The zone to thesouthofthisyard8/9remainedforthemomentstillunoccupied(fig.1.3): a further earthaccumulating there.Overthissitsa thindeposit(10-15 cm)ofa 25 cm ofa grey,carbon-laden hardredsoil,containing of mudbrick and stone:thismaybe derivedfromminoralterations fragments or additions totheNorthHouse.Another and moreextensive boutofconstruction thenoccurred:the SouthHouse was builtat thistime,and further workon the east portionsof the NorthHouse is possibletoo. The negligible findsfromyard8/9comprisetwovesselsforholdingliquids(P10-11). Pi o Hydria.Rim to base about fifthpreserved,with verticalhandleand stubof horizontal handle.H. c. 30. holesat top,middleand base Barelyhollowedlip; firing of verticalhandle, and two at base of belly handle. Int.,bands at lip and neck; ext, tasselon non-joining shoulder standard on fragment, bodybands,figure-of-eight handle.Darkbuff smooth fabric, greyish-buff slip,blue-black paint.65/P81.

P11 Jug.(figs.2.9: 4, 2.28: 4). Wholeprofile preserved. H. c. 38. Firingholesat top,middleand base of handle. Neckpaintedinsideand out;wavylineon handle.Scroll withchevron fillon shoulder, antithetic loopswithtriglyph fillon body,as illustrated. Pinkish-brown red-brown fabric, paint.65/P82. see potterystatisticaltable C.17 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS l8: APPENDIX 3)

Construction thenormalprocessofyardbuild-up recommenced. newlycompleted, Predominately greybased soilsare laid downto thedepthof 10-25 cm as a rule>thoughbankingup againsttheSouth Housefaçadetothetuneofas muchas 60 cmtowards thewest.Atsomepointinthisa smallrectangular annex(72 x 30 cm)wascreated:backedup againsttheSouthHouse,theotherthreesideswereofclay - all seton pebbles.Itspurposeis unknown, unlessitgoes withthecopper-working debris,namely cruciblefragments, which seems Elsewherea widespreadsurfaceofpebbleshad recorded, unlikely. beenrammedhome.Further greyand ashysoilscontaining yellowclayappearedoccasionally. The recoveryof metal-working even material,let alone stonetools,is an important discovery, is unknown. It is perhapsunlikely tobe in thesurrounding houseswhence thoughthefocusofactivity came thenumerouspot fragments mostof a betterclassofwarefor presumably (nonecatalogued), food and drink at the table. serving

48

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

rawandamorphous. 13 Obsidianlump.Up to3 inlength; (plate95.9,fig.5.14: 9). 14 Bonepin,ornamented-head. Lmax. 7.1; D. 0.4. Pointlost;polished.Head has three 66/63. ridges/grooves. 15 Ceramic cruciblefrag.;red-brown,reduced; for

(plate 92.1). 4.7 x 3.8; Th. 2.4. Curved copper/bronze, ofwall.Ext.reduced;int.hasresidue(black;vitrified portion andgassy).In thisaresomeCu prills(up to 0.3 long),and generalsignsofoxidation.69/151.

as theycollapsedat the fromthesurrounding ofmudbrick Overall cascadednowelements buildings wherefour end of Phase 2a: the mostconcentrated spills(10-30 cm deep) are at the south-east and aroundarefoundbothred remnants. rowsofbricklie amidstmoreshattered individual Amongst earthswithstone(to 15 cm).A numberofwholepots soilsand otherred-brown mudbrick-derived indicatethatthismaterialis likelyto withdrinking activities connected deep (kylikes, bowls,craters) houses- perhapsfroman upperstoreyiffallenin situ,less likely have derivedfromtheflanking operation.Moregeneraldetritus perhapsto have been castoutfromthebasementsin a tidying-up further crucible fragments. yielded No details.66/P166. P16 Pictorial sherd;crater. sherd;crater, (plate69.H7).69/P85;C-H7. P17 Pictorial P18 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate68.H1).Human/animal. 66/Pi94;C-Hi. sherd;crater, (plates34.1-2,61.Ci). Goat. P19 Pictorial 66/P163;C-Ci. P20 Deep bowl,(plate42F,figs.2.9: 2, 2.20: 7). Almost H. 9.11,D.rim14.5.Mono,in and andrestored. complete lineinsidelip and on lowerbody, out,exceptforreserved foot.WhiteWare,blackpaint.66/P74. andreserved P21 Deep bowl. (fig. 2.8: 7). Rim to base two-thirds H. 12.9,D.rimc. 15.Brownpaint.Mono,inside preserved. and out,exceptforreserved spotat int.base. 66/P159. P22 Bowl, one-handled,(fig. 2.8: 6). Rim to base preserved,lackinghandle.H. 8.2, D.rim three-quarters 13.5. Int.,bands at rimand belly,spiralat base; ext., bandsat rim,belly,base. Brownfabric,blackpaint.66/ P160. P23 Crater,(plate 34.3, fig. 2.23: 4). Almostcomplete H. 25,D.rim38. Groovesatlevelofhandles. andrestored. Int.,mono,exceptforreserved spotat base; ext.,bandsat red-brown Pinkish fabric, rim,bellyandfoot,as illustrated. paint.66/P161. P24 Crater,(plate34.4,fig.2.23: 2). Rimto mid-body, withhandlestubs,preservedin threelargenon-joining pieces.Hmax.23, D.rimc. 35. Int.,mono.;ext.,antithetic red-brown Pinkfabric, as illustrated. streamer paint. pattern, 66/P162. rimand P25 Conicalkylix.(plate30.B5).Twonon-joining as sherds. decoration, ext., mono.; Int., panelled body brownpaint.66/P192. Brown-buff illustrated. fabric, P26. Conicalkylix.(figs.2.9: 3, 2.17: 7). Mostofbowl stemandfoot.Hmax.6.2,D.rim12.Int., lacking preserved, Pinkishtasselandbands,as illustrated. mono.;ext.,inverted NORTH HOUSE

to greyat surface,blackpaint. brownfabric,over-fired 66/P77. sections P27 Pyxis,(plate42.E,fig.2.40: 4). Non-joining of top,withpartof appliedhandle,and foot,othernonH. c.31. Neckpaintedinandout. joiningsherds.Estimated twoon body,as illustrated; Decoratedzone on shoulder, betweenlevels foundscattered barson handle.Fragments blackpaint.Cretan ofPhases2a and 3a. Darkbufffabric, type.66/P61. withlowerhandle P28 Rhyton. (plate30.B10).Bodyfrag, withbivalveshell Hmax.6.5. Vertical attachment. registers red-brown Brownfabric, and chevrons. paint.66/P193. P29 Stirrupjar. (plate 48.7). Frag, frombottomof on shoulder; semi-circles Concentric tomid-body. shoulder bandsanddecorated mono,bodywithreserved bellyzones, redpaint.66/P73. Bufffabric, as illustrated. darkblue-black. 30 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, (plate 84.12,fig.5.8: 14). H. 1.2; D. base 2.3; sh.d.0.5. at angles.69/80. battered Complete, slab; ?schist,pale grey. 31 Stone ?whetstone/polisher, Lmax. 3.7; W. 3.9; Th. 0.6. One end broken.Edges no weartraces.69/314. formed; crisply moderately L. 2.7; W. 1.7; Th. 0.25. Bit 32 Obsidianblade/flake. irregular. human;?male.(plate74.44).Hmax.6.4. 33 TC figurine, Head lost.66/119; F44. reduced;for 34 Ceramiccruciblefrags.(5+); red-brown, 4.8 x 3.5; Th. 2.5. Wall/basepieces.Ext. copper/bronze. int.hasclearlayerofoxidisedCu elements. 69/153. reduced; Plus,a stonequernandpounder;a pieceofantlerandone ofcopper/bronze. see potterystatisticaltable C.16 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS 12, 17: APPENDIX 3)

the divisionforthisbuildingofthesortusedto establish to discoveranyinternal Thoughitis difficult in thesensethattheyare certainroomsgo together East and WestHouses ofPhase 1, nonetheless linkedby doors.In thisrespectRoom 2 playsa crucialrole. In termsof thelevelsof itsfirstfloors,thehouseis fairlyeven (fig.1.19). Room 1, at 12.60 m rooms(6b at 12.30 m; 2 at 12.40 m) alongthe is a stepor twohigherthanitsflanking (maximum), to be a stephigherthanthenorthern southfaçade.These,in turn,have a tendency rangeofspaces To theeast>^is at a touch 6 with Room ? ο at 6a 12.1 at m). m, higher 12.25 being (Room7 12.15m; is Room 12,at as at Room is at Room maintained: m, is 5 12.30 12.40-12.60m, 4 pattern broadly and Room m for to levels the floor at the 10, whilst 12.15 m for north, dropagain, 12.25 12.35m; Room 11.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

49

Room1 lostitsnorth-west cornerand mostofitsnorthwallwhena deep G pitwas dugin thisregion - perhapsina searchforbuilding stone.Itsdimensions of5.5 m N-sx 2.20 arenonetheless reasonably certain(figs.1.5: 1, 1.19). The damageat thenorthmighthave removeda door.Anotherdoorto Room2 certainly existsat thesouthend oftheeastwall:a metrewide,witha threshold oflargeslabs ofstone.A companiondoor,butsmaller, in thewestwallis hypothesised, butperhapsis bettersuited to thesubsequent Phase2b - thoughsuspecteventhere. The southwall survivesto abouta metre,beingre-usedhereunalteredintoPhase 2b: it is of stone(50 cm thick).The eastwallstands35 cm above thefloor:fourto fiveofstone(55 cm thick). The westwall barelynow survives,projectingbut 10 cm or so above the floor.It shouldbe notedhereand throughout thatalmosteverywallhas itsbase belowthefirst flooraccompanying a course or two. The floor is of and to the south,but perhapsby 10-25 cm> yellow-grey clay ashy harderto determine to thenorth. One fill(20-30 cm) exists:a mixedred-brown debrisof mudbrick, ash, charcoaland gravel. Mudbricks tumbled from wall the west in at this the south,as does a blockof six clearly appear coursesfromtheeast,all fusedtogether. Sherdsoflargevaseshad beeninserted betweenthecourses: a constructional feature seenelsewhereon thesite,and indeedsurviving evenin recenthousesofthe same sortof construction in the Lefkandiarea. Despite such favourablecircumstances forthe of the contents of the was none found from some of a room, preservation apart fragments pithostheremainder ofwhichcouldlie withintheunexcavatedbaulkwhichstraddles theroom- and a handfulof ratherordinary domesticmaterial.An unexplainedbutlate linearfeaturewas detected, N-s,in thetopofthefill. running Room contents 1 Stonepounder(or ?2) ... ?from Room6b. Lmax. 1.3; square 2 Metal ?rivet, frag.;copper/bronze section0.5-0.4. Endslost,good condition. 66/155.

human;proto-Phi. (plate72.2).Hmax.3.3. 3 TC figurine; 66/182;F2. stone'button'and a fabricwhorl. Plus,pithosfragments,

Burial In a veryshallowpit(20 cmdeep,butover1 m long)against thewestwall,Burial14 contained theskeleton, veryslightly flexedand orientated N-s,ofa femaleofaround30 years,

andjustunder5 feettall.On itsleftside,withleftarmbent at theelbowand acrossthebody.Some animalbone also recovered.

In late linearfeature L. 4.2; D. 0.15. 4 Metalpin frags.(4); copper/bronze. Lowerportion to point,appearsbent.66/37.

5 Bone pin,frag.Lmax. 3.8; D. 0.25. Head end only, plain.66/38.

The good-sized, nearlysquareRoom2 (5.60 m n-s χ 5.10) mayclaimto be thepivotalpointofthe it as communicates on threesideswithotherrooms(figs.1.3: 2, 1.4: 2, 1.19, 1.20).To the basement, a door cm led intothecookingarea ofRoom 7; to thewest,another1 m wideto north, wide) (75 Room 1 and beyond;and to theeast,an entrance1.25 m widegivesintoRoom 4. Each had been ofstone(s). providedwitha threshold The northwallstands55 cm above thefloor,comprising a singlestonesocleand somemudbrick above (60 cmthick).The eaststands40 cm,all ofstone,threeto fourcourses(to50 cm thick);whilst thesouthis almostidenticalwithnotablylargeand tabularstones.The westwallequalsRoom 1.east. Overthetrampled hereat thetimeofthehouse'sconstruction, a floor greyand ashysoilsexisting make-upof 10 cm was spread- ofyellowish clay,withredmudbrick piecesand theusualash and carbon.The first, somewhat floorwas ofclay,further markedbygreyash and somepebbles. irregular Ontothishad accreteda hardredto red-brown earthsaidto be an informal surface. Several working wererequiredfollowing subsidencethere. re-patchings, especiallyat thenorth, At thecentrelay an ashypatch:remainsofan ephemeralhearthor a post?More certainly, posts existat the south-west and south-east cornersof the room: the formersome 25 cm acrossand 20 deep,and perhapswithsomeotherstructural feature nearby.If therehad existedsimilarpostsin the northern circumstances of preservation therehave obliterated corners,the unfavourable the evidence.Soon afterconstruction, shortlengthsof mudbrick or clay wereadded to thesouthand westwallswheretheymet(upto 1.75 m longand to 25 high):perhapsa dampcourse?Or to do with thenearbypost-hole? The ceramicfindswiththe firstfillof red and brownearths(up to 10-15 cm deep) are quite moreconcerned withtableanddrinking activities thancookingorstorage;theotherobjects numerous, aremundane,somebeingsuitedto kitchen duties.

5o

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

ei

ζ

.s

1

ι 8

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

tofloor Make-up

H. 7.4, Pi Basin,(figs.2.7: 5, 2.25: 2). Profile preserved. insideand out,as illustrated. D.rim23. Lineardecoration redpaint.66/P313. Pinkish-red fabric, P2 Feedingbottle(?).(plate 33.15). Bodyfrag,withpart Pinkishofspout.Hmax.c.6. Triglyph, bands,as illustrated. bufffabric, redpaint.66/P314. Associatedwithearliestfill sherd;kalathos.?Fish.65/P21o; C-H18. P5 Pictorial P6 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plates 32.3, 63.E3; fig. 2.9: 7). Birds.66/P71;C-E3a-b. P7 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plates 32.5, 60.B4). Armed manandhorse.66/Pi88a; C-B4. P8 Pictorialsherd; crater,(plates 32.1, 68.G2, 70). 66/Pi88b;C-G2. Human,sphinxes. P9 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 69.H12). 66/P312; C-H12. Pi o Amphoriskos. Completeexceptforhandlesandedge handlesat belly. oflip.H. c. 7, D.rim3.5. Twohorizontal blackext,mono.Reddishfabric, Int.,neckpainted; fugitive brownpaint.65/P66. P11 Carinated cup.(figs.2.7: 3, 2.16: 10).Wholeprofile H. 5.4, D.rim12. Highhandleoval in section, preserved. paint.65/P84. ringbase.Mono,in and out.Black-brown Pi 2 Crater,(plate33.19). Base and partoflowerbody, severalnon-joining Int.,verybroad (oneillustrated). frags, and bandat mid-body; streamer, ext.,probablyantithetic with three bands at two on chevron fill, (?) belly, triglyph brownpaint. lowerbody,one at base. Pinkish-buff fabric, 65/P208. P13 Storagejar. Incomplete;not mended.D.rimc. 19, base c. 15. Horizontalrim,quite tall neck; no traceof with fabric handles;baseveryeroded.Coarseorange-brown 66/P375. manyinclusions. P14 Jug,two-handled cp. (fig.2.34: 5). Rimtobase twowithone handle.H. c. 30, D.rimc. 20. thirdspreserved Holethrough bottom ofbase.Ext.surface eroded,andburnt on bothsides(noton base).66/P363.

51

(plate89.14,fig. 3 Metalsheet,triangle; copper/bronze, 5.10: 13).L. 3.3; H. 1.4;Th. 0.4. Complete,corrodedand split.66/166. H. 2.5; D. 3.1; 4 Claywhorl,conical;darkgrey,?burnt. underpolish;chipped.66/165. sh.d.0.5. Complete, flaking

15 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, pale brownand mottled, (plate84.20,fig.5.8: 18). H. 1; D. base 2; sh.d. blemish.65/96. 0.25. Complete,occasionalsurface H. darkblue-black. 16 Stone'button', conical;serpentine, 1.5; D. base 2.3; sh.d.0.5. Complete,occasionalblemish. fromabrasionin manufacture. Tracesofverticalscratches 66/123. 17 Stone polisher,vaguelypyramidal;pale grey,soft. (plate82.8,fig.5.3: 6). H. 3.3; Base 3 square;Wt 60 gm. Complete.Fromsquarebase,4 mainsidestaperup to top break facet;somesidesaremadeup ofa singleplane,others in one clearon all,generally downinto2 or 3. Scratches direction. 65/108. 18 Boar'stuskplaque,(plate 94.8, fig.5.13: 8). Hmax. 3.4; W. 2.4; Th. 0.4-0.2. One end (?top)brokenaway. forfixing (0.25 across);another Singleholedrilledthrough partialon thereverse.65/107. 19 Bone shaft,?pin.(plate 95.1). Lmax. 6.2; D. 0.35. Head lost;polished,withbluntish tip.69/213. 20 Bone tool(3 joiningfrags.), (plate94.2, fig.5.12: 3). L 18.4;W. 1.4;Th. 0.4. Complete, curveddue tonatureof thebone.Surfacecorroded, headchewedup - ?remnants ofmoulding there;roughroundedpoint.66/126. bovid.(plate 75.62). Hmax. 2.5; Lmax. 21 TC figurine; lost.65/97;F62. 6.3. Extremities bovid. (plate 75.64). Hmax. 3; Lmax. 22 TC figurine; 5.7. Hindquarters. 65/102;F64. D. 2.3reduced. 23 Claybead,spherical; palebrown-buff, 2.7; sh.d.0.5. Smoothexterior. 66/125. Plus,a stonequern.

Atthispointa clayfloorwas apparently established: on thisa singlefilldepositedsome35 cm ofa with to mudbrick and ash/carbon thiswas a considerable earth, intermingled. grey red-grey Amongst of over in vases concentrated the south-west of the some 20 room, deposit quarter clearlyfallenfrom the latter was an unusually above,othersperhapsinpositionas theirnearintactstatesuggests. Among number of seven in all one of which was in found the (P34-39), large kylikes, doorwayin thewest wall.An amphora(P27) and a hydria(nc),however, werefarfromcompleteand onlysmallportions werefoundofseverallargecraters sincetheyincludedoutstanding (e.g.P24-26),regrettably examples withpictorial and otherdecoration. vessels of medium sizewerelocatedat thecentrewest;a Storage broadrangeofotherutilitarian itemsofbone,clayand stonewererecovered. Evenmakingallowance forpottery whichmaybe containedin theunexcavated baulkin theroom,it seemsmostlikelythat thesehad fallenfroman upstairs floor. A questionremainshereas towhether thearguedforearlierandlaterfloors(plustheirdeposits)are thebasement andupperstoreys ofone and thesamestructure. Becauseoftheevennessand regularity in thewaythe'laterfloor'appearedall overtheroom,and becausenojoinswerefoundbetweenthe potsassociatedwitheach,itis herearguedthatthetwoare separatephases- thoughofcoursethe periodoftimebetweenthemneed notbe lengthy. sherd;crater, P24 Pictorial (plates32.4,61.C4). Animal. 66/P311;C-C4. sherd;crater, (plates32.2, 58.Bia). Man. P25* Pictorial 66/P319;C-Bia. P26 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plates 32.6, 59.Β2b, 71). Seatedhuman.66/P320-321;C-B2a-b. P27* Amphora.Rimto base morethanhalfpreserved, withonehandle.H. c.5 1. Twisted handles.Int.,bandatlip

and on neck;ext.,scrollon shoulder,pairsof bandson blackpaint.66/P310. body.Bufffabric, P28* Amphora,(figs.2.8: 1, 2.30: 1). Almostcomplete, muchofneckandpartofbody.H. 50, D.rim16.5. missing Twistedhandles.Int.,band at lip and insideneck;ext., bandedas illustrated; on handlewithpendent obliquestripes ribbonsbelow.Brownfabric,brownto blackpaint.66/ P344·

52

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

(plate 31.4, fig. 2.31: 4). Almost P29* Amphoriskos. H. 12,D.rim7.8. complete, lackingone handle.Restored. with Int.,neck painted;ext.,decorationas illustrated, antithetic streamer leftunfinished on reverseside. pattern Bufffabric, yellowslip,redpaint.66/P301. rimtomid-body, with P30 Deep bowl.One largefragment handle.Hmax. 12.9,D.rim23.5.Int.,mono.;ext,bandat streamers(?), lip,twoatbelly,antithetic longsplashesfrom handlebasetobellybands.Reddishfabric, creamslip,dark red-brown paint.65/P62. (fig.2.23: 1; plate31.5).Underhalfpreserved P31 Crater, H. 26.5. Int.,mono.;ext.,as illustrated. Pcomplete profile. browntored-brown fabric, Orange-buff paint.65/P207. P32* Lip-bandcup. (fig.2.7: 1). Rimto lowerbodyhalf H. 7.0, D.rim15. Int.,banded;ext, lip band. preserved. Buff darkbrownpaint.66/P307. fabric, withhandle.Hmax. P33* Jug.Rim to top of shoulder, 10.5,D.rim9.8. Hollowlip.Int.,twonarrowbandsat lip; ext.,band at lip and base of neck,spiral (?) on shoulder, on handle.Bufffabric, darkbrownto black figure-of-eight paint.66/P309. P34 Conicalkylix.(plate 33.6, fig. 2.7: 4). Largerim withhandle.Hmax. c. 6.3, D.rim c. 15. Int., fragment and wavylines,as mono.; ext.,concentricsemi-circles illustrated. Pale bufffabric,whiteslip,dull black-brown paint65/P63. P35* Conical kylix.(plate 31.1, fig. 2.17: 6). Almost H. 17, D.rim 14. complete, exceptforhandles;restored. Swollenstem.Int.,mono.;ext.,as illustrated. Bufffabric, darkredto blackpaint.66/P302. P36* Conicalkylix.(plate3 1.3).Almostcomplete, except forhandles;restored. H. 15.8,D.rim13. Slightly swollen stem.Int.,mono.;ext.,as illustrated. Buff blackpaint. fabric, 66/P303. ofbowland partofstem. P37* Conicalkylix.Fragment Hmax.7.5, D.rim15.5.Int.,mono.;ext, bowldecorated as 39 below,threenarrowbands highon stem,mono. below.Bufffabric, darkbrownto blackpaint.66/P304. P38* Conicalkylix.(fig.2.7: 2). Bowl,lackingstemand one handle.Hmax.8, D.rim14.8. Int.,mono,exceptfor reserveddisc at bottomof bowl; ext., decorationas darkbrownpaint.66/P305. illustrated. Bufffabric, P39* Conicalkylix.(plate31.2,fig.2.17: 8). Complete H. 15, exceptforone handleand partof foot;restored. D.rim12.6. Slightly swollenstem.Int.,mono,exceptfor reserveddisc at bottomof bowl; ext., decorationas darkbrownpaint.66/P306. illustrated. Bufffabric, P40* High-handled dipperjug, cp. (fig.2.8: 2). Whole withmostofhandle.H. (including handle) profile preserved, withtraces 25.3.Coarsefabric, pinkinside,darkgrey-brown ofburning outside.66/P308. P41* Two-handledcookingpot (fig. 2.8: 3). Almost lackingone handle.H. 23.3,D.rim14.0.Coarse complete, inplaces.66/P315. blackened to dark fabric, pink grey-brown

Burials

- Twoburialsdefinitely believedto belongto Phase 2a: Burial7 byeastwall,13 bythewestwall: ina shallowpit,somepithosfragments Burial7 contains, concealingthe flexedskeletonof an 8 year-oldchild, orientated n-s,lyingon itsrightsidewithlefthandunder chin. Burial13 (fig.1.21)is in a largerpit,(1 m acrossand 70 as befits cmdeep;coveredbytwolayersofpithossherds), the extendedskeletonof an adultmale some 5ft41ns, n-s. orientated roughly - MostprobablyPhase 2a, butconceivably somemight belongto Phase2b: are potentiallyinvolved: fourare Five interments

Plus,craters, kylix,hydria, pithos*, storage amphora*, jar*. conical;palegrey,soft.H. 2.1; D. base 42* Stone'button', widensat 3; sh.d.0.6. Halflost,splitvertically. String-hole top,couldbe gougedoutin part.66/164. H. 1.6; conical;steatite, 43* Stone'button', greeny-grey. D. base 2.6; sh.d.0.4. Halflost,splitvertically, battered; drilledfromeachend.66/163. string-hole darkpurple,red conical;serpentine, 44* Stone'button', veins,(plate84.22,fig.5.8: 5). H. 1.5; D. base 2.7; sh.d. 0.6. Complete,somechipsat base. 66/29. withfacets;limestone, 45 Stonepounder,spherical grey. (plate 76.3, fig. 5.1: 6). D. 6; Wt 400 gm. Complete. Aroundcircumference, remainsof 2 and more facets; all-overworkedsurface. 69/381. generally hintoffacets; 46 Stonepounder, spherical, grey.(fig.5.1: 1). D. 5.4; Wt. 295 gm.Complete.All-overweartexture, excepttwosmallregions.69/362. 47* Stoneweight, piriform; serpentine, pale red-brown, occasionalpatchandveinofblack,(plate83.1,fig.5.5: 4). H. 7.7; bodyD. 7.4,neck1.7-1.9;sh.d.0.55. Thirdloston one side;multiple Flatbase; smallneck randomscratches. and knobtop;string-hole withwearofthreadscutting up intotheknobtop.66/161. (fig.5.10: 8). D. 1.2; H. 48 Metalstud;copper/bronze, 0.4; Th. 05. Near complete.Hollowcap, withlongstrip fromedge;brokenwhereothercouldbe. 69/164. (fig.5.14: 4). 49* Bone pin,frags.(2 - non-joining), Lmax. 12.3; D. 0.6 at head,0.4. Pointlost.Plain,slightly swollenhead;polishin places.66/162. 50 Bone pin.(plate95.11, fig.5.14: 3). L. 10.5; D. 0.4. Complete,thoughmade up from3 pieces.Plainhead; a littlepolishremaining. 69/207. 51 Bone shaft, frag.Lmax.5.5; D. 0.3. Head and point lost;somepolish.66/112. 52 Bone awl/point(fig.5.13: 3). Lmax. 10.3; W. 2.1; Th.0.3. Complete, barverytip;worn.Int.showscancellous material. 69/212. fine.L. 5.4; D. 3.5, at waist 53 Clay reel,waisted;buff, Wt. 2.5; 50 gm. unbaked.L. 7.2; D. 54 Clayreel,?waisted; pale buff-red, half lost at waist Over 5.1, 4.4. 55 Clayreel,Pwaisted; beige.Lmax.5; D. 3.3,atwaist3. Halflost. fine,reduced. 56 Clay whorl?,bi-conical;grey-brown (plate99.7, fig.5.17: 9). D. c. 3; Hmax. 1.5,c. 2.4 once; sh.d.0.4. Surfacepiercedwithsmallholes(1 mmacross), in roughcirclesaroundthesh.66/1i2bis. arranged someblack. 57 Clay whorl,biconical;pale brown-buff, (fig. 5.18: 24). D. 3.5; H. 2.1; sh.d. 0.5; Wt. 20 gm. burnt.66/34. Complete;abradedand partly Plus,copper/bronze frags,and strip;clayreelsand bone points*. see potterystatisticaltable C. 11 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS 1 1 : APPENDIX 3)

at theeastwall (Burials8, 9, 10 hardtogether clustered and 11); the last (12) at the centresouthis probablya Thereappearsto be an irresolvable secondaryre-burial. confusionwithBurials8-10. The only fullyrecorded shows information (fig.1.5) unequivocally stratigraphical Burial10 to be cut downfromthe Phase 2b floorinto Phase2a soils.Aretheotherthreeofthesamedate?With we here splitBurials8, 9 and 11 extremereservations setbeingassignedtoPhase2a,thelast offfrom10: thefirst to Phase2b. fourbelongtoa single thatthefirst It hasbeensuggested sincethehollow(over1 m N-s,bynearly1 m interment, Ε-w,and60 cmdeep)inwhichtheylielookstobe a single

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION pit (figs. 1.22; A.4). Withinthisthe bodies are partly ordefined supported bystones;all arecoveredwithpithos/ Iftruly buriedtogether itwouldimply storage jarfragments. sometragedy. Burial10 is omitted here. Fromthenorth:8, flexed, skeleton on right side,oriented NE-sw- childofabout5 years;9, as 8, butyounger at 2 years;11, kneesdrawnup, orientedw-e, is probablya adolescent femaleofabout14-15 years. a LastlyBurial12 (fig.A.5 b) in a shallowdepression,

53

smallamountof bone looksto be human,anotherchild. Animalbonedominates, A conicalbowl beingintermingled. (P58) was setoverthis. P58 Conicalbowl,(plate43.1, fig.2.19: 6). H. 8, D.rim lineat rim;twolinesat rim 13.4.Mono.Int.withreserved out,two roundbody,band above base; barredhandle. PophamandMilburn1971,fig.4.11,pl. 53.4; Pophamand Sackett1968, fig.20. Bufffabric,red-brown and brown paint.66/P268.Burial12.

Fig. 1.21.RoughplanofBurial13.

Room 7 lies northof Room 2 and is enteredfromthelast at itssouth-eastcorner.As it appears on the plan (fig. 1.19), it lies at the northof Room 2 and measuresat least 4.50 m N-s, withits northern limitslyingoutsidethe excavationborders.Its Ε-w size and relationshipwiththe Room 6 complex to the westare hard to appreciateclearly. thesetwo areas of 7 and 6 is a now patchilyrepresenteddeposit,at Initiallyonce spreadthroughout best 20-30 cm deep, that apparentlycombines Phase lb destructiondebris with grey-brownand darkersoils containing2a ceramics.As seen above, thismix representsa period in whichthe region stood open, more or less. At the northa clusterof fourpost-holes,withoutany obvious pattern,were revealed. Over this furtherand varied deposits were laid or accumulated: the Phase 2a walls are generallyset on or slightlyintotheselast. No findsof especial note were recorded.

Openground

1 Obsidianflakes % TC figurine; human;latePsi D. (plate 73.26). Hmax. 6.2. 66/68;F26.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

54

r m^^^r i // Burial9

ψ) /^

ί V^y^^Burial 10

0 m

] -4f

>v ! !

)

1 Metre ι

(X'

w lit c^^^y^'

10

Fig. 1.22. Rough and sketch plans of Burials 9, 10 and 11. Various scales.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Preparationfor construction

P3 Pictorialsherd; crater,(plate 64.E13). Bird. 69/P71; CE13 P4 Deep bowl. Whole profilepreserved.H. 10.1, D.rim c. 14. Mono., exceptforint.reservedline at lip and spot at base, ext. reservedline on lower body and reservedfoot. Bufffabric,brown (int.)and red (ext.) paint. 66/P95. P5 Carinatedcrater.Fragmentofrimand upperbody with handle;non-joining frag,ofmid-bodywithcarination.D.rim c. 29.0. Squared rim,long straightneck withfourgrooves just above handle, horizontalhandle withknob at centre top, fourgroovesjust above carination.Mono, inside and out. Evidentlya grooved carinatedcratersimilarto P8.8/ 9.2b/3a (fig. 2.24: 1), but withlongerneck. Pinkishfabric,

55

dark red to dark brownpaint. 69/P40. P6 Carinated cup. (fig. 2.1: 1). Rim to lower body half preserved,withouthandle. Hmax. 8.2, D.rim 16.5. Mono, in and out. Of Phase 1a type;probablya throw-up. Reddish fabric,streakyblack paint. 69/P45. 7 Stone 'button', conical; serpentine,dark blue-black. (plate 84.15, fig. 5.8: 7). H. 2.2; D. base 3.3; sh.d. 0.7. Complete,chipped. 66/66. 8 Clay reel, frag.;beige. Half lost. (plate 101.13, 9 Clay disc,piercedby twoholes; buff-pink, fig. 5.17: 5). D. 4.4; Th. 0.6. Complete, cut down from vase; band of dark paint. Two holes (0.8 across, 0.2 hole) workedfromeach side. 66/60.

Becauseoflaterconfusion renderedbybothG pitsand morecontemporary thestory circumstances, ofRoom 7 and the6 complexis imperfectly understood a wall Remnants of today. junctionin the south-west of Trench are hard to accommodate into the of thingsas CC scheme part smoothly It ι in two so far. seems that the area of Room was west divided comprehended possible,however, 6b to the 6 whilst ι Room to the the north of Rooms and 2 south, (Room north), region mayagainbe to the east north of Room Room 6a to the west north of Room 2; 1). split(Room7 Of Room6b,onlyitseasternportionwas opened,measuring 3.65 m n-s χ at least1 m (figs.1.5: 6b, The south wall is to cm the stone,standing 1.19). high; northsurvives up 50 onlyas a stonesocleof one or twocourses(50 cm thick).The eastwallequalsRoom l.west. The floorwasmadeup ofyellowclaywithmuchash to thesouth:itappearsto riseup steeplyas it thenorthand eastwalls,butis generally 30 cmor so (buta steportwo)lowerthanthatin approaches Room 1,towhichitmightbe connected withPhase2b,ifat all).The fill by a narrowdoor(preferred colour,withmudbrick (35 cmdeeptothenorth, 65 cmtothesouth)is basicallya red-brown fragments and pocketsofash: debrisin all likelihoodfromcollapsedor demolished walls. The findsarefragmentary, releasedfromthewallsor mudbrick perhapsimplying theyarematerial as muchas in use at thetimeofthedestruction. Pi Deep bowl. Frag, fromrim to mid-body,with one handle. Hmax. 10, D.rim c. 20. Broad band at lip and midbody, loops of antitheticspiralmotiffilledwithconcentric arcs.Probablyimported.Semi-coarsebrick-redfabric,thick cream slip,darkred to brownmattishpaint. 66/P36. Ps Carinated cup or jug. (fig. 2.40: 3). Double vertical and ringhandle;incisedoblique strokeson raisedreliefband at level of carination.Coarse reddish-buff fabric.66/P84. (?). (plate 41.1). Frag, of shoulder. P3 Amphoriskos/jug Elaborate tassel and concentricsemi-circles,as illustrated. Pale bufffabric,black paint.66/P53. P4 Jug. Profilepreserved.H. 21.3. Int., band inside lip and on neck; ext.,bands aroundlip, neck,and on body (cf. the Phase lb example, P6-5.ib, on fig. 2.28: 3); base painted;pendenttassel on shoulder;wavy line on handle. Bufffabric,black paint.66/P85. P5 Jug.Completeexceptforlip and handle. Hmax. c. 27. Decorationsimilarto P4 above, butwithtwobands on lower body; pendenttassel on shoulderwithtwo plasticnipples below; curving 'tail' pendent from lower handle stub. Pinkish-buff fabric,brown-blackpaint.66/P86.

6 Stone 'button', conical, frag.; pale grey-brown,soft. Hmax. 2; D. base 3.2. Split vertically,half lost; chipped. No perforationvisible- ?blank.66/178. 7 Stoneobject.L. 5.8; W. 3.9. Naturalpiece, alreadypartly hollowed by sea/wateraction; some bruising. 8 Obsidian chunk.4 x 2.6 x 0.7. 9 Metal stud; copper/bronze,(plate 89.13, fig. 5.10: 7). D. 1.4; H. 0.5; Th. 0.1. Complete. Hollow boss, withone clear (?one lost) side projection(0.3 1,0.2 w). 66/179. And another(fig. 5.10: 10). 10 Metal ?cosmetictool; copper/bronze,(plate 89.6, fig. 5.9: 11). Lmax. 5; D. 0.25. Near complete,thoughin 3 looks and purposes: frags.;tipslost.Two ends have different flatand rounded end; pointed end. 66/48. 11 Clay reel,waisted;beige,(fig.5.16: 14). 4.4; D. 3, waist 1.8; Wt. 30 gm. Complete.One end dominant.66/64. 12 Clay whorl,conical; dark grey-brown,(plate 100.7, fig. 5.18: 13). H. 2.4; D. base 3.2; sh.d. 0.35. Complete, surfacesmoothed.66/177. Plus, copper/bronzescrap/slag;and clay reel.

Room6 too is restricted to itseasternpart,running at least4.50 m n-s x 3 m (fig.1.19). Of itstwo the southern is to Room and theeastto Room 6a.west. walls, 6b.north; equivalent - sixreadilydistinguishable - werepackedintosome20 cm depth:a A seriesofre-laidsurfaces a termed floor the excavators and phenomenon 'layer-cake' by typicalofPhase2. Thereis a tendency forthemto alternate betweenred-brown to yellowclayand a softer greyersoil:perhapsa threefold of the a of floor with debris on it?Overall this,especially repetition laying clay trampled occupation - a depositofup to 30 cm thatis also shared at theeast,lies spreaddebrisfrommudbricks with Room6a totheeast:itis easyto see thesourceofthisas theuppercoursesofthepartywallsharedby

56

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

therooms.The presenceofa softgreeny-grey soilwithcharcoalfragments overthemudbrick detritus, and accumulating to thewestin particular, maybe moreassociatedwithsiteclearanceand levelling at thestartofPhase2b. The findsareas extensive hereas in Room 2, despitetherelatively uncertain physicallimitsto the room.Once againthereis a clearandconsiderable biastowards ceramicshapes(around15 recovered) and consuming of liquids;thetwohydrias(Pi 1-12) withtheearliest dealingwiththepreparation floormightindicatesomestoragecapacitiestoo. Pi Pictorial sherd;kalathos.(plates41.10,66.F12).Fish. 66/P361ÍC-F12. Rimto lowerbodyhalfpreserved. H. P2 Amphoriskos. 11. Neckpainted, threebandson shoulder, simpleantithetic streamer twobandsbelow.Darkbufffabric, redpattern, brownpaint.66/P52. (plate41.3). Shoulderfrag.Hmax.c.9. P3 Amphoriskos. Elaborateantithetic as illustrated. spiralpattern, Orangebufffabric, pale buffslip,red-brown paint.66/P54. and stirrup P4a-c Amphoriskos jar (?). (plate 41.14). Threenon-joining frags.,all severelyburnt.Greyfabric, blackpaint,a) lowerbodytoringbase;bandon body,base painted;b) bodysherdwithtwozones of chevron(from handle stirrup jar?);c) bodysherdwithstubofhorizontal lineardecoration(fromamphoriskos?). (notillustrated), 66/P47. P5 Deep bowl. (fig.2.10: 2). Handlesmissing.H. 13, D.rim15.Mono,inandout,exceptforint.reserved lineat and at ext. reserved foot. Buff base, fabric, lip spot smeary blackto darkbrownpaint.66/P48. with P6 Deep bowl.(fig.2.10: 3). Wholeprofile preserved one handle.H. 7.5,D.rimc. 11. Mono,in and out,except forreserved ext.base.Bufffabric, blackpaint.66/P49. P7 Deep bowl.(figs.2.10: 4, 2.21: 4). Profile preserved, rimto lowerbody,withhandles.Hmax. 10, D.rim 18. Mono,in and out,exceptforreservedlineinsidelip,two reservedbandson lowerbody.Bufffabric,blackpaint. 66/P43. rimtolowerbody,with P8 Deep bowl.Profile preserved, handle.Hmax.9.5. Int.,mono.;ext, bandat lip and midstreamer body,antithetic pattern;long splasheson and aroundhandle.Reddish-buff redpaint.66/P44. fabric, crater, (plate51.1,fig.2.10: 7). Largefrag, P9 Carinated twonon-joining sherds.Hmax. 11, fromrimto shoulder, Neckmono.;narrow D.rimc.25.Tallneck,sharpcarination. withspiraltails, friezeon shoulderwithunvoluted flowers Darkbufffabric, blackpaint.66/P51. as illustrated. P10 Lip-band cup. (fig. 2.15: 10). Whole profile lackinghandle.H. 8, D.rim 14. Int.and ext., preserved, Bufffabric, redpaint.66/P81. bandsas illustrated.

Ρ 11 Hydria. Bottom ofshoulder withnontobasepreserved, thin-thick bandson joiningfrags.Hmax. 23.8. Thick-two twobandsatfoot;vertical shoulder, wavylineandcurvilinear motif on shoulder. Buff blackpaint.66/P90. fabric, Pi 2 Hydria. Several fragments, includinghorizontal handle.Scrollon shoulder,threebands of equal width below.Bufffabric, blackpaint.66/P91. P13 Trefoil-mouthed jug. Rim to top of shoulder Int.,broadband belowlip; ext.,mono.Dark preserved. brownpaint.66/P50. bufffabric, P14 Conical kylix. (figs. 2.10: 1, 2.17: 4). Profile rimto topofstem.Hmax. 10.5,D.rim14. Int., preserved, Pinkish-buff mono.;ext.,as illustrated. fabric,red paint. 66/P41. rimtobelowhandle. Pi 5 Conicalkylix.Profile preserved, Hmax.5.5. Int.,mono.;ext.,narrowbandatrim,reserved handlezone, twobandsbelow,mono,lowerbody.Buff blackpaint.66/P42. fabric, Pi 6 Conicalkylix.(plate41.2). Largefrag,ofbowl,rim to lowerbody,and a non-joining sherd.Hmax. 8. Int., withspiralfill,as streamer mono.;ext.,elaborateantithetic brownpaint.66/P45. illustrated. Bufffabric, P17 Tray,(plates41.8, 48.4; figs.2.10: 5 and 2.26: 5). One largefrag.,rimto base. H. 3. Int.,bivalvechainon arcson base;ext.,wavylineon side,broad side,concentric Bufffabric, red-brown to dark band at foot,as illustrated. brownpaint.66/P46. darkpurplewith 18 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, redveins.H. 1.1; D. base 1.8; sh.d.0.3. Complete,some chips.66/39. 19 Antlertine,point,(fig.5.12: 6). Lmax.6.2; D. 1.3. Buttend damaged, otherwisecomplete.Smooth and cancellousint.66/30. polishedsurface, to brown,holes from 20 Clay reel,waisted;pinky-red L. 5.2; Wt.3.2,waist2.5; Wt.50 gm. inclusions. vegetable 21 Clayreel,waisted;beige.L. 3.7; D. 3, waist2.4; Wt. 30 gm.(Alsootherpossiblefragments). see potterystatisticaltable C. 13 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS I4: APPENDIX 3)

in theformof a dividingwall,betweenRooms6a and 7 is, as mentioned The distinction, above, soils: confused of It restsin thisphaseon theexistencein theappropriate contentious. place highly 60 cm and to m across in form linear looks thisfeature, n-s, (c. 1.50 deep) and up suitably running If thisis mudbrick. amountsof disintegrated containsa mix of greyclayeysoilswithconsiderable laterG or even builders Phase the a N-s wall cut of 2b a trench as seen by by robbing correctly be can here divisions the room then were located whose hereabouts, inhabitants, upheld. proposed pits disturbed Fillsin Room6a, ofwhich2.80 m n-s χ 2.75mwas excavated(fig.1.19),werefurther by The westwallremainsforc. 50 cm above the anotherlaterlinearpit:no clearfloorwas identified. overthem(only35 cm floor,ofwhichthebasal twocoursesare of stone,withthreeof mudbrick Sometenor all likelihood. in out is robbed the east and 1. Room wall The south north; thick). equals wall. east the robbed-out from some so depositswerepatchily observed, deriving arguably includea highnumberof pictorial The finds,thoughratherbrokenand in disturbedcontexts, ofthequalityofproductavailableto thepeopleofthisphase. indication sherds- a frustrating

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

57

Fill Pi Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate60.B6).Human.66/P96; C-B6. P2 Ring-vase,(plate 48.6). About a thirdof ring withstubsof baskethandle.H. to top of ring preserved,

Brown bands,as illustrated. 4.3,Dmax.c.9. Zigzag,narrow smoothsurface, blackpaint. darkbrownto greyish fabric, 66/P94. animal.Hmax.2.9. 66/90;F82. 3 TC figurine;

Robbed-outwall H. 10; D.rim15. Buff P4 Deep bowl.Completeprofile. fabric.Dec. in blackpaint:int.mono.,reservedband at rimandspotatbase;ext.reserved lowerpartandfoot.66/ P38. P5 Deep bowl.Partonly,baselost.Hmax.12;D.rim15.5. Pink-buff fabric.Dec. in red:int.mono,barlip band;ext. mono,withreserved foot.66/P40. P6 Open bowl.Completeprofile.H. 4; D.rim 15, base 7.4. Bufffabricwithred-brown slip.66/P39. 7 Stonequern,saddleand fairly regular;pale beigewith

hintandgranular Lmax.28.1;W. 20.5; inclusions. red-pink H. 6; Wt. c. 5.500 kg.Nearcomplete, partofan end lost and chipsfromsides. Underside,roundedand worked somewhat to evensurface;Top,thoughhollow,is slightly - readyforuse. 69/512. roughened 8 Stonequern,frag,and saddle;pale grey.Lmax. 17.1; W. 19.6; H. 6; Wt.c. 3 kg.One endpreserved, battered at flatbaseandsmooth, withsidespounded edges.Underside, to form.Top,smoothand steepstepat end.69/506. Plus,clayreel.

Linearfeature (plates60.B10; 71). Humans. P9 Pictorialsherd;crater, 66/P93;C-B10. P10 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plates64.E4; 70). Bird.66/ P92; C-E4. P11 Pictorial sherd;crater. (plate69.Hi3).69/P2o;C-Hi3· Pi 2 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate69.H10).69/P39;C-H10. 13 StonePpounder, slightly depressedspherical;mauve withwhiteveins,(plate76.1,fig.5.1: 4). D. 8; H. 7.4; Wt. 800 gm.Someangularities, butno obviouswear.69/378. 14 Obsidianblade,(fig.5.7: 11). Medial,D; Lmax. 1.9; W. 1.1;Th. 0.3.

15 Bone shaft,frag.Lmax. 4.2; D. 0.35. Pointonly somepolish.66/50. bluntish; preserved, 16 Clay disc,pierced;greyreduced.D. 4.6; Th. 0.6. vase sherd,withbandsin darkpaint. Complete;cut-down Centralpairofholes(0.35 across),workedfromeachside. othersalso). 66/65.(Apparently burnt.L. 6; D. 3.8, reel, waisted; 17 Clay grey-brown, waist3.2; Wt.60 gm.Roundedends. Plus,clayreel. see potterystatisticaltable C.14 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS I5: APPENDIX 3)

Room7 couldwellbe squarishin form:ifitsnorthwallwereto existon thelineofthatpostulated for Room 10 to theeast,thenit wouldhave a size of about5 m each way (fig. 1.3: 7, 1.19). It was linkedto Room 2 in thesouth-east cornerby thedoor (75 cm wide),witha threshold of certainly smallstonessetin clay. Its eastwall standsto 60 cm above thefloor;itsstonesocle of threeto fourcourseshas twoof mudbrick over(60 cm thick).The southone equals Room 2.north;whilstitswestis believedto be robbedaway. The depositsare complicated and seemcontinuous in theiraccumulation: a factmoreindicative elsewhereof an open courtyard thana closedroom;on theotherhand,burialsare generally only foundwithinrooms.Thissituation cannotbe fullyunravelled. The first likelyutilisedsurface(only5 cm or so deep) looksto be no morethana thinspreadof fromthePhase lb destruction: On debris,arguably greyand brownsoils,ashesand somemudbrick. of sherds and had settled to this,scattered 20stones,patches lyingflat,plasterpieces yellowclay up source.With 30 cm deep,or been set:theirnaturesuggests theywereobtainedfromsomestructural thisgo remainsofpossibleclaybinsat northand south,and centrally placedto thesouthis a burnt a hearth? area,perhaps simple Firststage Pi Miniatureamphora,(fig. 2.31: 7). Rim to belly withone handle.Hmax.7, D.rim4.2. Band at preserved, rimand belly;handlepainted.Pale brownfabric,black paint.66/P204. P2 Collar-necked jar. (plate 37.1, fig. 2.30: 3). Almost complete.H. 31.2,D.base 14.5.Twooppositehandleson shoulderand twoat belly.Int.,broadband at rim;ext., neckandhandlespaintedsolid,setsofbandsas illustrated, surface, wavyline on belly.Pale orangefabric,grey-buff blackpaint.66/P198. P3 Juglet.(plate37.4,fig.2.31: 9). Completeexceptfor rim,partofneck,and handle;surfacebadlydamaged.H. and chevrons 8.4. Bandsofequalwidth;hatchedtriangles on shoulder, as illustrated. Pale brownfabric, black-brown paint.66/P115.

P4 Juglet.(plate 37.3, fig. 2.31: 8). Almostcomplete; lackingmuchofneck.H. 5.8. Bandatlip,verybroadband at belly.Bufffabric, blackpaint.66/P116. P5 Scoop. Lackingmostof handle.H. 4.1, D.rim7.6. Shallowbowl,highhandle.Palebuff 66/ fabric, unpainted. P199· Plus,pithos. 6 Stone pounder/grinder, ovoid; limestone,grey,f-g. (plate 77.1, fig.5.2: 3). L. 10; W. 8.6; Th. 3.4; Wt.600 gm.Complete.Endsmostworked- peckingtobattering; lessso on edges.Smallpatchesof'polish'on mainsurfaces. 69/3237 Stone quern,saddle and somewhatirregular;pale withwhitegranular element, silvery-grey/green (plate80.2, fig. 5.5: 1). L. 39.2; W. 21.1; H. 5.4; Wt. 5.250 kg.

58

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Complete,some chipsat edges.Underside,even due to naturalcleavagepatterns, lessso at edge.Top,hollow,low polishinplaces.69/517. 8 Obsidianblade,frag.Medial,D; Lmax. 1.7; W. 0.8; Th. 0.25.

9 Clay whorl,conical - slightlynecked; dark grey, micaceous,(plate 100.1,fig.5.18: 8). H. 3.8; D. base 3.8; sh.d.0.6; Wt.32 gm.Complete.Smooth.66/56. Plus,clayreel(fig.5.16: 13).

A further thebuild-up.Attempts to createsurfaces are againargued 30-40 cm ofdepositscontinued ina poorstateofpreservation fromsuchas pithossherdsandstoneslaidlevel(atsouth-west). Structures andperhapsrelatively are suggested too:an ovenor a binat thenorth-west. Finallyto the ephemeral at a a of floors red and south least, greaterdegreeoforderwas imposed: series (of greyish claysin form of stones repairsto thesesurfaces the probablythreein number)wererecognised. Temporary of pithossherdsat and patchesof pebblesare recordedyetagain.The presenceof concentrations variouspointsin thissequencemayalso indicatetheexistenceofstoragevessels. Againstthesouthwall and cutintothefloorsequence,mostprobably,was a Phase 2b oven; a at thesouth-east bowl-hearth is also likelyto be oflaterdate. in it is internally consistent Confusedthoughthe exactsequenceof eventsis here,nonetheless the image of an area used forcontinuedand repeatedstorageand, probably,foodpresenting activities. preparation/cooking therebeingfarfewerexamplesoftablewaresanda number The findsbroadlyreflect thistendency, use.The cruciblefragment ofstonetoolssuitableforkitchen (20; likethosein theyard8/9)is notin a continuing situ,butat leastdemonstrates occurring nearbyand at thistime. activity probably Secondstage P10 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plates57.A10, 70). Horse. 66/P203;C-A10. Pi 1 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate69.H6). 69/P84;C-H6. P12 Amphora, (plate37.2,fig.2.29:3). Almostcomplete. H. 24.7,D.rim8.3. Groovedhandles.Bandsat rim,base scrollon shoulder, ofneck,shoulderandbase; spiraliform as illustrated.Pinkish-brown fabric;surfacepartially blackpaint.66/P201. discoloured byburning; P13 Lip-bandcup.(fig.2.15:9). Wholeprofile preserved, withhandle.H. 8.8,D.rimc. 12.0.Int.,bandat lip,discat base;ext,bandsatandbelowlip,twobarson handle.Pale red-brown paint.66/P202. orangefabric, rim P14 Deep bowl,(plate37.5,fig.2.22: 4). Largefrag, sherds.Orangefabric, to lowerbody,severalnon-joining orange-red paint.Int.,mono.;ext.,broadlipband,antithetic withvertical streamer wavyline,lowerbodymono.; pattern around handle. 66/P339. longsplash regular;pale grey, 15 Stonequern,saddleand relatively L. 33.5; W. 19.1; Th. 6.4whiteinclusions; rareandlargish

Burial

Burial2 liesup againsttheeastwall:setin a shallowpit, ofa child covereda flexedskeleton wherepithosfragments some 8-9 yearsof age; orientedwithskullto N. Posture uncertain: probablyon side,armsfoldedacrossbody.At thewristwas a stoneamulet(21). Possibletransitionto Phase 2b darkblue-black. 22 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, Hmax.1.5;Dmax.3.4; sh.d.0.65. Partoftopandsidelost. Tracesofabrasionvisibleatbase.65/87.

andleftwith 8.2. Complete. Underside, cloven/split roughly minimalsubsequent shaping,angled.Top,somepolished at centre.69/402. areasat ends;medium-coarse 16 Bone?awl,heavyduty, (plate94.3;fig.5.12: 4). Lmax. 11.5;W. 1.4;Th.0.7. Buttenddamaged.Somepolish;point 66/61. frommanufacture/use. blunt;scratches (2joining).Lmax.6.7; D. 0.35.Head frags. 17 Boneshaft, lost.Sharppoint;polished.66/67. 18 Clay ?bead,cylindrical; pale buff,(plate 101.2,fig. 5.18: 3). H. 2.8; D. 1.4; sh.d.0.45; Wt.20 gm.Complete, Smooth.66/42. heatdiscoloured. L. 7.6; D. 4.2; 19 Clayreel,cylinder; pale beige-brown. Wt. 185-195gm.Chipat end. 20 Ceramiccrucible,frag.;reduced,(plate 92.3). 6.5 x 3.7; Th. 2.5. Partof ?lowerwallof'bowl';associatedwith itseems.69/158. working copper/bronze Plus,stonepounder,2+ quernsand 2 weights. see potterystatisticaltable C.15 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS l6: APPENDIX 3)

21 Stoneamulet, steatite, humanoid; green,(plate vaguely 83.4,fig.5.8: 27). Hmax.2.7; W. 2.2; Th. 0.7; sh.d.0.25. compass/ Tip lost.One flatsidecarries8 (3:2:3)concentric, circles.66/75. drill-made

?run;up to thick;lead.Amorphous 23 Metalsheetfrag., 6.1 L.

of the easternpartof the NorthHouse (Rooms4, 5, 10, 11 and 12) is problematic. The history Phase2a soilshadalreadyaccumulated thatthewallswereerectedafter there Everywhere areindications cutintothem(Rooms4 and trenches have foundation indeed walls or the under run 1 (fig. .5: 4): they 11). A similarsequencehas indeedbeen observedformuchofthesite;itisjustthatheretheheavier implya longerelapseoftimethanis thecase forthewestofthe mightapparently depositsremaining couldbe explainedin a numberofways,herewe raisethe NorthHouse.Thoughsucha phenomenon

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

59

thatthiseasternsectorwas added withinthecourseofPhase 2a to an existing structure. possibility Thus it is also pertinent to pointout thattwoor threewallsprovidesome,admittedly ambiguous, evidenceforhavingbeen rebuiltor extendedwithinPhase 2a. WithRoom4, theeasternpartoftheNorthHouse is entered:literally, as thisspaceis connected tothe focalRoom2 bya door(1.25mwide,witha stonethreshold) initssouth-west corner(figs.1.19,1.5: 4). UnderRoom4 (i.e.in theopenspacehereexisting at thestartofPhase2a), thePhase lb soilshad due to settling ofthedebriscontainedwithinPhase lb's Rooms4 and 1 oftheEast sunk,presumably House. A sizeablehollowwas theresult:3-4 m acrossand up to 65 cm deep (see fig. 1.5). A red debris-laden soilatitsbase wasno doubtderivedfromthePhase lb remains;somesoftgreyashfrom a firefollowed, witha generalmixofbuildingdebrisand domesticdetritus. Once filled,perhapspart the was then taken to create a surface often so, there, deliberately opportunity including pebbles;an internal divisionor somefurniture be a low mudbrick wall, may represented by alignedN-s.Other of in surfaces have been noted a at of soils: the one ofred north-east, patches likely generalbuild-up with much ash and stones over it cm stands In out. this last was a revealed sub-circular (15 clay deep) hearth(1.25 m n-s by60 cm;and a fewcmthick), composedfroma bandofpebblescaughtbetween tworeddishclays;nearbygreyash couldoriginate there.Othersoilmixesofclay,stone,carbonand mudbrick continue tobuild-upfora further 10 cmor so. All thistakesplacewithin Phase2a, arguably until in late the persisting quite day. Thereareno associatedfindswiththeinfillofthehollow,andjusta littlegeneraldomestic rubbish outsideit.The goldearring(12) is a startling, butpresumably a casualloss,mournedat thetime. Withmudbrick wall

Clayreel.

Generalfillyoutsidehollow 1 Stonequern,saddleandfairly regular; palemauve,white inclusions, (plate80.3).Lmax.33.2; Wmax.23.5;Th. 6.64.1. Perhapstwo-thirds present;one end and a side lost. workedtoroundedprofile: from Underside, roughly partly

Laterfilltone

Bird.65/P83;C-E14. P2 Pictorial sherd;crater. P3 Feedingbottle.Profilelip to lower body, lacking tubular bandon shoulder, spout.Hmax.c.9. Neckpainted, twobandsat belly.Greyfabric, mattredpaint.65/P94. P4 Miniature deep bowl.Largefrag,rimto base, three rimsherds.H. 7.0. Pinkishbufffabric, rather non-joining lustreless darkbrowntoblackpaint.Mono,insideandout, exceptforint. reservedline at rim and spot at base. 66/P342. P5 Largecup. (plate46.2, fig.2.16: 11). Wholeprofile withhandle.H. without handle11.5. Rounded preserved, shoulder withgrooves;scarofmissing attachment (probably animalprotome) on topofhighhandle.Mono,insideand out.Warmbufffabric, brownpaint.65/P209. 6 Stonewhetstone, tabular;pale brown,redderstreaks/ veins,(plate 78.12,fig.5.3: 14). Lmax.4.6; W. 1.7; Th. 0.6; hd. 0.45. Piercedend only,halfor so lostperhaps; somechips.Smoothsurface all over,holeworkedfrom both sides;no obviouswear.65/106. 7 Stonequern,flat-topped, regular;pale grey, relatively withwhite/beige elements, (fig.5.4: 1). L. 40.2; W. 28.3; H. 9.1; Wt. c. 13.5 kg. Complete,rimedges damaged. leftwithroughlyworkedin-sloping Underside, sides;Top, has quiteextensive lowpolishedpatches.69/528.

naturalsplitting patternof thestone,partpounded.Top, bevelledat existing end and signofshapingbypounding, otherwise hollowedwithslightpolish;naturallie ofgrains ofthestonegivesan effect likea grater. 69/407. 8 Stonegrinder, anda little sub-rectangular irregular; greyblack,f-g.L. 14.7;W.9.1; Th. 2.2: Wt.640 gm.Complete, naturalform. Twomainflattish surfaces: one smooth, other hasfinescratches Too heavyforrubber, running obliquely. unlesswithquern.69/330. 9* Obsidianflake,amorphous. 2.5 x 3.6 x 0.6. 10 Obsidianchunk.1.5 χ 1.4 x 0.5. il* Metalhook/wire; (plate 89.16, fig. copper/bronze, Wire 5.10: 15).OverallL. 5.1; H. 2; D. 0.1-0.2.Complete. bentroundintothisform;one endmaybe slightly pointed. 66/101.

12 Metalring,circular; gold.D. 1.7;d. ofwire0.3.Fingeror earring? 66/121. human;latePsi. Dbase 3. Base ofstem. 13 TC figurine; 69/541or 66/902;F36. 14* Clayreel,frags.;beige.Smallsize. 15 Claywhorl,conical;pale redto brownish-buff, (plate 100.11, fig. 5.18: 20, 21). H. 1.2; D. 2.5; sh.d. 0.45. Complete,smoothsurface.Looks wheel-made,but not derivedfroma vase (kylixthe onlychoice). apparently 69/57· Plus,stonequernand a bonepinfrag. see potterystatisticaltable C.9 and (Forsherdcontent,

DEPOSIT COMMENTS 9: APPENDIX 3)

It is atthispointthattheeastandnorth, andlikelythesouthwallsarebuilt:trampled soilsofash,clay and gravelweredetectedbelowthem,as wellas a possiblefoundation trenchforthesouthwallcut intoPhase 2a soils.Only thewestwall,withitslowerbasal levels,wouldbe earlier.The roomso - actually createdexhibitsthe 5 m value notedabove as an apparentunitof measurement/size 5.30 m n-s x 5 m. achieving

6o

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

The northwallstandsin fiveto sevencoursesto some70 cm overthefloor,solelyofstone(thicker thanusualat 65-75 cm)·The southtoo has some six to sevencoursesextant,buthas been partly rebuiltin thenextphase.Finally,theeastwallis lower:threecoursesofstone,30 cm highand c. 50 thick;whilstthewestequalsRoom 2.east. Within was founda modestdeposit(10-20 cm deep)composedfroma variety ofearths, especially it in ash/ is and contained mudbrick clearat thesouth-west. red-brown colour, fragments, Broadly ofthe debris.Anyfloorwillhaveconsisted carbonand yellowclaylenses,a mixtypicalofstructural in excavation. butnonewas specifically identified hardenedsurfaceoftheseearths, in thisinterior GiventhepresenceofPhase 2a pottery fill,theerectionofthepresentRoom4 is one cannotcompletely rule placedlaterin Phase2a thanthewestpartoftheNorthHouse,although outthatitwas createdat thestartofPhase2b. bias in use and smallfindsofthe An averagecomplement offindsappears:vasesofno particular in respectable numbers. usualsortspresent Someofthevases(P16,P18, P20) couldhavefallenfrom distribution. above,as suggested by theirdamagedstateand scattered P16 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate66.F8).Fish.66/P343; C-F8. Pi 7 Deep bowl,(plate39.8,fig.2.22: 5). Largefrag,lip to belly.Hmax. 14.5. Int.,mono.;ext.,bandsat lip and streamers withstemmed as illustrated. spiral, belly,antithetic Black-brown painton creamground.65/P93. P18 Miniature deep bowl. (fig.2.21: 3). Wholeprofile H. 6.8,D.rimc.9.5.Mono,insideandout,except preserved. foot.Blackpaint. forint.reserved lineat lip,ext.reserved 66/P87. handle. without P19 Scoop. Lip to base halfpreserved, 66/P88. H. 4.5, D. c. 8. Bufffabric, unpainted. without P20 Cup(?).(fig.2.8:4). Wholeprofile preserved, handle.H. 7, D.rim13. Int.,bandsat lip and lowerbody, allbands as illustrated; circleatbase;ext.,lineardecoration, Warmbuff darkbrowntoblack executed. fabric, carelessly paint.66/P341. darkbrown-red. 21 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, (plate 84.3, fig.5.8: 2). H. 2.3; D. base 3.2; sh.d.0.6. somechips.66/15. Complete, darkblue-black. 22 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, (plate84.18,fig.5.8: 10). H. 1.65; D. base 2.6; sh.d.0.8. somechipsand scratches. 69/74. Complete, H. darkred-brown. conical;serpentine, 23 Stone'button', 1.8; D.base 3.1; sh.d.0.7. Complete,occasionalchipand scratch. 66/49. (plate mid-grey, 24 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, somechips. 84.17).H. 2; D. base2.7;Wt.30 gm.Complete, in various abrasionscratches Blank,as has no string-hole; andon bevelatbase.69/312. from directions manufacture, 25 Stonequern,slightsaddle,regular;pale grey-beige, and somein veins,(plate81.1). Lmax.23.6; largecrystals W. 19.2;Th. 5-8.4.One end(half)lost.Underside, roughly roundedcontours, thougha patchof low polishtoo (?); End roughly poundedto form.Top has slighthollowwith

Burial

cornerwas Burial6 (fig.A.5 a): in a In thenorth-west ofa childofover3 skeleton shallowpitlaythecontracted yearsold,coveredin largepithossherds.It lay on itsleft

generallow polish,and slighttracesof carbonat rim. 69/408. 26 Stonequern,slight saddle,regular; palebeige.L. 4 1. 1; W. 23.5; H. 4.5-5; Wt. 7.200 kg. Complete.Underside, andespecially sometidying breakage patterns, up ofnatural at edges.Top has slighthollowwithsome low polishat (?redone)foruse. 69/522. edges;mostroughened 27 Obsidianchunk,amorphous.1.7 x 1 x 0.3. lead. 6.4 x 3.5; Th. 0.1. 28 Metalsheetfrag., 29 Bonepin,frag.(fig.5.14: 7). Lmax.3.1; D. 0.4. Head headandridgebelow. bulging byslightly only,ornamented Slightpolish.66/77. 30 Clay disc,pierced;buff,(plate 101.10,fig.5.17: 4). D. 3.4; Th. 0.4; hd. 0.7; Wt. 6 gm. Complete. irregular Cut down froman open vase sherd(brownsolid paint inside;2 bands on ext.); hole workedfrombothsides. 69/101. smallform. Halforlesspreserved; 3 1 Clayreel;beige-red. reels waisted; (plate (7), 32 Clay yellow-cream, 98.2,fig. 5.15: 5). L. 5; D. 3.2-3.8,at waist2.6; Wt.50-60 gm. L. 5; D. 3.2, 33 Clay reel,waisted;pale-midred-brown. at waist2.6; Wt.50 gm. and yellow-cream. 34 Clayreels(4), waisted;red-brown L. 5.6,one 8.7; D. 3.5-4 and 5.3,atwaist2.8 and4.8; Wt. so. 60-70, c. 120 and 300 gm.Completeor substantially (plate 35 Clay whorl,low conical; pale buff-brown, 100.12,fig.5.18: 22). H. 1.2; D. base 3.7; sh.d.0.6; Wt. 15 gm. Complete,heat discoloured.Smoothedsurface. 66/46. (plate 100.5,FIG· 36 Clay whorl,conical;pale buff-red, 5.18: 15). H. 2.1; D. base 2.5; sh.d. 0.5; Wt. 12 gm. barchipat side;heatdiscoloured. 66/43. Complete, Plus,2 stone'buttons'. see potterystatisticaltable C. 12 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS 13: APPENDIX 3)

Ε-wwithheadintocorner. dislocated, side,oriented Partly - ?bya weapon. cutthrough and therightleg apparently Someassociatedanimalbones.

northofRoom4 lie a trioofunits:a narrowΕ-wcorridor (Room12),witha further pair Immediately in the above ones (Room 10 to west,Room 11). The uncertainties of morerectangular expressed ofitscreationapplywithequal forceto thesetoo. thetiming accountofRoom4 concerning northand south WithRoom12,ithas beenobservedin excavationthattheeasternpartofitsexisting - both,ofcourse,belonging toPhase2 (fig.1.19).This toearlierwall-lines wallslooktobe additions suchrebuilding thestoryoftheserooms:whether further situation belongslatein Phase complicates shown.Be thatas itmay,itis yetfeasibleto arguethatby 2a or to Phase2b cannotbe unequivocally

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

61

or passage theend ofPhase 2a, Room 12 had theformofan open-endedand narrowε-w corridor leadingoffRoom 5. It wouldbe at least3.50 m long,by a mere75 cm wide.It does notappearto giveaccessto eitherofRooms10 or 4. and Room 10.south. Forthewalls,see Room4«north At theeasta Withinthisno Phase 2a soilshave been securelyidentified by ceramicassociations. decent30-40 cm depthofdepositswas foundovera thin(5 cm) greyand ashylayer,itselfsitedon andbelievedtocoincide ofsimilar elsewhere Phaselb debris:a situation reminiscent spreadsidentified withbuildingand pre-building activities activities. Possible re-laid surfaces to a depthof respectively earthwithashy,darkercomponents laid in 20 cm are thenarguedfroma soft,darkred-brown attenuated lenses.Phase2b soilslie overthis.The findsareminimal:one clayspindlewhorl (2) and a (1). clayfigurine 1 TC figurine; ?horse.Hmax.4.5; Lmax.5. 66/106;F72. lowconical;palered-brown, 2 Claywhorl, (fig.5.18: 19).

H. 1.7; D. base 3.1; sh.d.0.5; Wt. 15 gm.Complete,chip at side;surfacescalingoff.Smoothed.65/156.

in thearea ofRoom 10 datingto earlyin Phase 2a (priorto anyconstruction) Remainsofactivities includea numberofhollowsor pitsdugintothelb debrisand a post-hole. Someofthepitscouldbe shallowbowl-hearths or ash-pits associatedwithfires:twoat thenorthare 30 and 60 cm across,20lensofgreyash and stone(see 25 cmdeep andcontainsoftgreyash.Aboverunsthetypicaltrampled Room 12 above)believedto accompanyconstruction. Room10 properis notfullyencompassed withintheexcavation.A burialat thenorthbaulkmight indicatethattheroom'snorthern rancloseby,thoughitmightequallywellgo withtheeast wall-line - couldformthepostulated wall.The supposednorthwall- extendedwestwards limitfor northern Room 7 too. Something in theorderofa roommeasuring close to 5 m n-s x 3.15 m wouldresult. The connecting dooratthesouth-east toRoom 11 is about60 cmwideand equippedwitha threshold madeup ofa large,flattish stoneslab. The southwallis preserved to 55 cm abovethefloor,comprising threeto fourcoursesofstone(50 with a at base wider wall The east stands to thick, 85). only35 above,buthas twoto threecoursesof stonecappedby twoofmudbrick cm The west wallis thesame as Room 7.east.Almost thick). (50 was found. nothing Pi Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate60.B8).Warrior. 66/P359; C-B8. P2 Pictorial sherd;deepbowl?(plate65.E18).Bird.From wall 10.east.69/P35;C-E18. red.(plate83.10,fig. carnelian, 3 Stonebead,spherical; 5.8: 31). D. 1.3; sh.d.0.25. Complete,thoughchiplostby

one sh.Facetsandirregularities visible,as wellas somelow notfinished polish- manufacture 66/99. fully. 4 Bone awl/point, heavyduty,(plate93.7, fig.5.13: 2). L. 12.1;W. 1.6; Th. 0.7. Complete.Pointquitesharp;butt cutacross;somepolish.66/102. Plus,2 stonequerns.

Nextcomesa 10 cmlayerofmixeddebris,with2a ceramics, thatprobablyrepresents themake-upto thefirst itself of rammed home into theunderlying earths.Setintothefloor floor,comprised pebbles - at themiddleoftheeastwall- was a hearth(some75 cm square):pebbles itand spread underlay itsnorthern limit.A beyonditto thenorth,largerstonesmarkedthewesterncornersand mudbrick whiteashfillsit.Occupationdebrisbuiltup overall thisfor10 cm.The findsfromthisdebrisare greydomesticand unexciting. typically rimtobelly.Hmax. (plate51.3).One largefrag, P5 Crater, 15.9,D.rimc. 37. Int.,broadband at rimand belly;ext, withverticalchevrons,antithetic streamerand triglyph stemmed fabric off spiral,as illustrated. Orange-buff flaking at surface, reddish-orange paint.69/P32. 6 Stonewhetstone, slab; schist,pale greywithcreamy touch, f-g.(plate78.6).L. 8.7; W.3.8; Th.0.7-1.Complete, cornerschipped.One end and a side are well squared, abrasionscratches fromthisvisible.Mainsurfaces smooth, withslight wearhollowson one (stropping action).65/165. andrelatively ofËwhite 7 Stonequern,flat-topped regular; and whitemix. (plate 79.1). L. 35.7; W. 18.2; Th. 4.6. Underside, Complete. regular enoughroundedprofile; Top has smallpolishedpatches.69/355. 8 Bonepin,frag.(fig.5.14: 6). Lmax.1.6; D. 0.35. Head

only,burntblack.Ornamented bysinglegroove,polished. 65/160. 9 Bonepoints(2),splinters, (plate93.2,3). Lmax.6-6.2; W. 1.2; Th. 0.5. Brokenat tip and otherend. Rough hintoffaceting. condition, 69/214. 10 Clayreel,waisted;pale brown-beige, (plate98.3,fig. 5.16: 12).L. 5.7; D. 3.4,atwaist2.6; Wt.80 gm.Complete, bakedin thefiredestruction, also carbondiscoloured. 66/ 55bis. 11 Clay reel,cylindrical; L. 6.2; D. 3.8 x beige-brown. one side. 3.1; Wt. 100 gm.Complete;flatter 12 Clay reels,waisted;red-brown, (plate yellow-white, 98.8, figs.5.15: 7, 5.16: 17). L. 5.5-6.8; D. 3.5-4.2, at waist2.5-3.6; Wt.60-135 S111· Complete.

62

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

is patchy:morepebblesin greeny-brown Thispattern is twicemorerepeated.The first clay, re-laying soiland ashescoverthis.The secondand last and thehearthmaystillbe in use; 10 cm ofred-brown refurbishment is composedofpebblesin clayagain:atthewestaretracesofthreecircular claybinsof withinlay overall. reddishclay(c. 50-70 cm across);a layerwithburntmaterial - bothto each otherand to thosein the The findsfromall thesearefew,butkindredin character domestic. The exceptionis theironknife(16). earliestfloormake-up:thatis to saytypically slab; darkgreen-grey, 13 Stonewhetstone, f-g.Lmax. 3.9; W. 1.8; Th. 0.55; hd. 0.4. One end lost. All over use with some low polish resulting;hole workedby hand fromboth sides. 66/76.

14 Clay reel, waisted; yellow-grey.Lmax. 6.1; D. 4, at waist3.4; Wt. 100 gm. Partof an end lost.

Fill oversecond floor

15 Clay reels,waisted;yellow-beige,(fig. 5.15: 1, 3). L. 5-7.7; D. 3.3-6, at waist 2.7-5.4; Wt up to 300 gm. 3 complete,othersfrags.

Latest floorandfilloverit

16 Metal knife,curvedblade; ironwith4 copper/bronze rivets,(plate 89.3, fig. 5.10: 5). Lmax. 11.9; W. 2.5 haft; Th. haft0.5, of blade back 0.3. RivetsL. 1.6; D. 0.3. Near complete,end of handle lost (2 more rivetspreserved)and corroded/broken. Handle has flangeat top,slighterat lower 1 . 66/8 edge.

Burial

By the east wall is Burial 1: in a pit of some size (75 cm across, 50 deep) lay the skeletonof a woman of over 35 years old, covered by pithos fragments. She was

17 Clay whorl,conical; pale brown,(plate 100.13, fig. 5.18: 9). H. 2.8; D. base 3.7; sh.d. 0.7; Wt. 35 gm. Complete,thoughchipped. 65/158. Plus, 3 stone querns.

accompanied by a triangularstone (plate 83.5), a possible copper bead, a large clay reel (fig. 5.16: 3) and a number of small yellow seeds. Only partlyexcavated,as in baulk.

a little anotherunitcreatedon the'5 m square'template, Room11 is arguably thoughpossiblyfalling shortN-sat 4.50 m and a littleoverε-w at 6 m (fig.1.19).However,itsnorthand eastwallsbothlie overmuchofthisspace. lies fairlycentrally limits.An enormousintrusion outsidetheexcavation's over4 m N-sx and date: a of SPG Muchis comprised flat-based, measuring steep-sided by singlepit half the size.As a result but but is the east to Another a cm m and this, pre-dates 7 Ε-w, deep. good70 thePhase2a soilsare quitelost,exceptneartheroom'sedges. as to The southwall,on thesamelineas thatofRoom 10,is hereso damagedbylaterinterference lost.The westis as Room îo.east. be effectively in a thin(10 cm deep) are detectable activities As is expectedby now,tracesfortheconstruction thepartywallwith under runs on This a with and in and often top. trampled ashy tone, grey layer, at thesouthwallby whatlookslikethelast'sfoundation Room 10 to thewest,and is cutthrough trench (filledwitha softgrey,sandysoilwithpebbles,and someclaypackingtoo).The usualrangeof was retrieved. findsofno especialcharacter Pi Amphoriskos. (plate 47.7, fig. 2.31: 6). About a quarterpreservedin non-joiningfrags,of body and base. Int., neck painted; ext., multiple thick and thin bands, on shoulder,as illustrated. concentricsemi-circles alternating

Dark bufffabric,dark brownpaint.65/P185. 2 Clay reel,waisted;red-brown.L. 8; D. 5.7, at waist4.7; Wt. 250 gm. Plus, stone quern and an antlerfrag.

toothedepositional Thereafter storyin Room 11 closelyparallelsthatin Room 10. Firsta make-upof floor.Centrally whose placedis a rectangular character, compactedsurfacesuppliedthefirst varying and clay,and linedwitha yellowmaterial;severalsmall hearth(60 x 70 cm) madefrommudbrick of arerandomly (someto thesouthandup againstthesouthwall);and a cluster positioned post-holes are structures of Remains and the north to and linear small (?bins) of east). clay (more proportions pits The findsare comparableto thepreviousset. wall-line. closeto thesouthern suggested P3 Conical kylix.(plate 47.3, fig.2.18: 5). Rim to bottom of bowl half preserved in two non-joining frags.,with handles. Hmax. 10.2, D.rim c. 20. Int.,mono.; ext.,band

at lip, antitheticstreamerpattern(cf.FM 19:48), multiple below. bands below; handlespainted,withforkedstreamers fabric,darkred to brown-blackpaint.69/P30. Orange-buff

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION slab, regular;shale, yellow-beige. 4 Stone whetstone, (plate78.8,fig.5.3: 11). L. 8.6; W. 5.1; Th. 1.3; Wt. 110 gm.Complete,thoughsome chips.Signsof manufacture on sides in abrasionscratches;main facesnot affected. 69/338. 5 Stonetripodmortar, frag.;volcanic,greywithwhite inclusions andblackcrystals, (plate82.1).Frag.10.1 x 14; Th.base3.6;foot7.6 x 4.5.Footandpartofbowlpreserved

63

(4 deep).64/49. 6 Metal'slag';copper/bronze, (plate92.4).4.1 x 3.4; Th. 1.2. Probablycomplete;roughlycircular.A mixtureof ?earth,carbonfrags,and the oxidisedmetalin sizeable chunks:metaldebris?66/145. working L. 5.1; W.4; Wt. brownish. 7 Clayreel,nearcylindrical; 120 gm.Complete,burnt. Plus,copper/bronze lump.

Nextaccumulates, tovarying tothesouth- a depths- 20-30 cmtowestand east,almostvanishing darkred-brown thisappearstobe a fill,howevercreated.A typical, firm, earth,withgreyash/carbon: ifrestricted, rangeofitemsofa domesticnatureaccompanythis. P8 Deep bowl(?).Mono,ext,barreserved foot.65/P144. somejoining. (plate52.1).Rimandbodyfrags., P9 Crater, Ledgerimwithslashedribbelow.Elaborateantithetic spiral as illustrated. 65/P193. pattern, 10 Stonequern,frag.Lmax. 10.8; W. 15.6;Th. 4.1. End and roundedup intosides by only.Underside,flattish flat;lowpolish.69/404. shaping;Top,relatively 11 Bone awl,heavyduty,(plate 94.1, fig.5.12: 1). L. 30.8; W. 2; Th. 1.1. Complete(4 joiningfrags.), naturally curvedandcancellous on oneside.Head facetted, andsigns

ofthesameon thesides;pointquitesharp.65/170. andbeige.Waisted:L. 7; D. 12 Clayreels(2); red-brown 5.6, at waist4; Wt. 200 gm; Cylinder:1. 5.5; D. 2.5; Wt. 35 gm.Complete. L. 7.2; D. 6, atwaist 13 Clayreel,waisted; palered-brown. 5.2; Wt.250 gm. core,brownersurface. 14 Faiencebead, disc; off-white (fig. 5.8: 32). D. 0.7; Th. 0.35; sh.d. 0.2. Complete, abraded.65/98. Plus,copper/bronze lump.

On itwasfashioned a secondfloor,withpebblestothewestandgreyand yellowclays(5 cmthick)to theeast.Ephemeralevidence,barelysurviving, mightarguefora hearthof some sortto thesouthwest,and a circularclaybinto thenorth-west (80 cm across). No findsweremade. The finalcomponent to be considered withtheeastsectoroftheNorthHouse is Roomor Area5: this lies southof Room 11 and east of Room 4, withcorridor12 apparently runningalongsideit (fig. withbythecomplexofPG pitsnotedabovewithrespectto 1.19).The regionis also muchinterfered Room 11. So faras can be toldthesouthwall ofRoom 4 runson to theeast;and thewestwallis equal to Room4«east. ofsoilsaffected hereareofPhase2b date,apparently overthe However,themajority lyingdirectly Phase lb destruction debris(fig.1.5: 4): onlyto theeast and southare potential2a levels,at best some25 cm ofred-brown and greysoils. The findsreflect thestoryseenalreadyin Rooms 10 and 11. Pi Conical kylix.Rim to lowerbody of bowl a third D.rimc. 16. Int.,mono.;ext.,narrowband at preserved. lip,twobandson lowerbody.Red paint.66/P89. 2 Stonewhetstone, slab; shale/schist, pale yellow-grey. (plate78.7,fig.5.3: 9). Lmax.6.8; W. 6.1; Th. 0.45-1.2. One endonly.End modelledintoshoulderand tang;each

Burial

Ifsuchitbe: this,Burial3, involvesonlya skullofa child - in poor condition. Its position,perilously close to the laterPG pit,andthelackofall otherbonesmightindicate

side muchhollowedfromuse (all overlow polish);only marksmaybe slightledgeswherean accidentalcutwas madeor theblade'smotionceased.69/318. red-brown. L. 5.7; D. 3.3; 3 Clay reel,nearcylindrical; Wt.80 gm.

thatitis at besta disturbed LH IIIC body.The skullhad receiveda woundinlife,beingpenetrated bya smallobject: theholehad partlyhealed.

SOUTH HOUSE

Ofthisrange- comprising one ormorehouses- onlythenorthfaçadefellwithin theboundaries of theexcavation(figs.1.19, 1.3: SH13). Itslineis veryregular, traceable over c. m ε-w. 22 Parts being ofat leastthreeroomsweresampled:twowithinTrenchLL (Room 13 to thewest;and Room 14), anotherin TrenchHH to thewest(Room 15). It is surelythecase thatthosepartsseenin Trenches KK and Ν to theeastwillbelongto yetanotherroom(henceRoom 14a). The levelsoftheoriginalfloorsappearto vary.Room 14a is at 13.20 m; withRoom 13 lowerat around12.90m. Room 15 was notexcavateddownto a floor(workceasingat about13.50m).

64

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

is overlainby a greyashy The spreadofPhase lb destruction mudbrick, debris,largelydisintegrated levelofup to 25 cmdepth,thoughthisfadesawaytothesouthwhereitis replacedbya greysoilwith muchcarbonin it.This sequencefitsthepatternnotedfortheNorthHouse,namelythatthearea Onto these the Phase lb destruction. fora whilefollowing remainedopen and freeof structures is to and cm whose evenness in turn is set a hard red soil thick), (5-10 uniformitythought deposits of Phase2a. Remnants withtheNorthHouse earlywithin fromworkconnected indicatethatitresults to thesouth-east. The largerofthelast,at 20 cm othersoilsexist;so toopitsand a pairofpost-holes wood. acrossand 35 deep,stillcontainedburnt/carbonised All theabove depositspass below thewallsof the SouthHouse (fig. 1.3: at left),whichneatly thatits reconstruction was delayedafterPhase lb, beingfinallyachievedafterthe demonstrates oftheNorthHouse. How longafteris unclear,butit has been arguedthattheSouth establishment to theNorth withtherepairsand possibleeasternextension was contemporary House'sconstruction HousewithinPhase2a. Fewfindswererecorded. Pi Pictorialsherd;tray.Bird. 66/P352; C-E23. ovoid and tabular;?limestone, 2 Stonepounder/hammer, L. W. 8.4; Th. 4.6; Wt. 715 gm. 11.2; 11). grey.(fig. 5.1: Complete; burntblack and red. Each end carriesbattering

and flakingdamage - more on larger.69/334. 3 TC figurine;human; late Psi C. (plate 73.23). Hmax. 8.2. 66/59; F23·

cornerofRoom thenorth-east The largestportionofthehouseproperto be investigated comprises x to wall survives The m figs. N-s façade 40 cm,ofwhichtwo 1.19, 1.3: SH13). 3.75 m; 13 (at 3 whichare 75 cm); its at the foundations to threecoursesare stone(40 cm thick,but reinforced (thoughthissectionmayratherbelong maybe made of pisé,ratherthanmudbrick upperportions threecoursesofstone Itseastwallis some25 cm highnowand constitutes to the2b reconstruction). cm thick). (50 soilwas placedas a floormake-up, Withinthewalls,some7 cm or so ofa grey-brown supporting the 2a floor, earth.It is not at all clearwhetherthisrepresents a trampledsurfaceof red-brown at the startof Phase 2b. The findsare minimaland typicalrubbishfrom or a refurbishment domesticoccupation. 69/77. 1-4 Stone'buttons'(4), conical;serpentine/steatite. 1) black. H. 2.1; D. base 2.7; sh.d. 0.45. Verticalfacets and abrasionmarksshow manufacture, (plate 84.7). 2) pale grey.H. 1.9; D. base 3; sh.d. 0.45. Slightwaist. (PLATE 84.5, FIG.5.8: 6). withmauve and bands of black. H. 3) pale grey-green, 1.45; D. base 2.7; sh.d. 0.7. Irregularprofile,(plate 84.6). 4) mid-greyand black mix. H. 1.4; D. base 2.5; sh.d. 0.65. (plate 84.8).

5 Stone object; volcanic, pale grey,whiteinclusionsand black angularcrystals.Lmax. 13; Hmax. 9.1; Wmax. 5.5. base; Fragmentonlyofseeminglymuchlargerobject,flatter heat damaged and discoloured.?Purpose.69/33l · 6 TC figurine;human; late Psi A. (plate 72.11). Hmax. 5.7. Upper body. 69/545 or 540; Fi 1. 7 Clay whorl,biconical; pale buffto grey,(plate 101.4, fig. 5.18: 25). H. 2.6; D. 2.9; sh.d. 0.5. Complete. 69/51.

corner(1 m n-s by 1.50; fig. Room14 liesto theeastofRoom 13,in TrenchLL. Onlyitsnorth-west 1.19)was revealed.The westwallis as Room 13.east. wholemudbricks, Underand partlyremovedby the roomwas a depositcontaining arguedto have the room within oftheNorthHouse.No certainPhase2a deposits belongto the2a renovation been identified. ofwall,each traceableforonlya coupleofmetres) Thatpartofthefaçade(madeup oftwostretches KK and Ν is probablytoo faroffforbothto be readilyassignedto whichliesto theeastin Trenches andso theyarecollectively lackofexcavation above.However, Room14 as described certainty prevents termedRoom14a.Verylittleis knownaboutthis.The northwallis setdownintoearliersoils;itstands threecoursesofstone(50 cm thick). up to 25 cm overthefloor,and comprises a floor To thesouthofthewalland insidetheroomis a redclaybuild-up(10 cmdeep),supporting either could cm nature.Upon thisfloora soft,greyand stonylevel(a mere2-5 ofa trampled deep) No debrisor be partofsomedestruction/renovation markaccumulated processes. finds occupational weremade. cornerofRoom15 is definedby a n-s return unit(Trench As forthewesternmost HH), thenorth-east to a heightof30 cm,and wall givinga spaceof2.75 m N-sx 1.90 m (fig.1.19).Thisis preserved madeup ofthreecoursesofstone(55 cm thick).

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

65

Littlewas recoveredhereofthestoryofthePhase 2a structure. Perhapsonlya thin(10 cm deep) no floorwasreached.Again, marks this of and ash-flecked soil levelofgrey-brown period occupation: no findsofconsequenceweremade. Structures and Deposits of Phase 2B A good deal ofany discernable The clearingofthesiteprobablycommencedwithout interruption. withPhase lb thereis no greatdepthof fallendebrismusthave been cartedoff,forin comparison wereonlyone storey soilsleftbehindfromthelatesteventof2a. Of course,ifthePhase2 structures this is much volume but matter notcertainly known. then there would not have been so high, anyway: a the soils. This enabled walls dismantled down to little above the of evened-off The were top carefully andin almosteverycase thatcan be determined, theworkforce to see anduse thepreviouswall-lines; In onlyone case did a fewcm ofearthintervene, the2b wallis seton its2a predecessor. thoughat This tendency, combinedin the othertimesthelaterwallis seta littleto theside ofitsforerunner. case oftheSouthHousewiththenearwholesaleabsenceofany2a debris,also meansthatquiteoften thelevelofthebase ofthe2b wallis closeto,evenabove,the2b floorthatgoeswithit. ofoccupationwithinthetwoperiodsofthesecondphaseoftheLH IIIC The essentialcontinuity settlement is also demonstrated ofthestructural bythemaintenance layout(fig.1.18).Changesthere were- butalwayswiththeeffect ofenlarging and regularising, mostly bymeansofdoingawaywith internal so thattwoPhase2a roomsbecomeone in 2b (e.g.NorthHouse,where10 and 11 divisions, become 10/1 1).

It hasbeenobservedabovethatPhase2b wasrelatively withregardtotheamountof impoverished findsits depositsyielded.This may not be a totallyjustifiedremarkin thatthe volumeof earth is notgreat.Moreovera goodnumberoffindsweremadeintheconfused represented bythissub-phase levelslyingabovetheclearlyPhase2b ones- and someofthosefindsareprobablydrawnfromthe earliersoils. YARD OR PASSAGEWAY

The onlyimpactthatthearchitectural renovations aftertheendofPhase2a had in theyard8/9wasto add Room3 totheoutsideofthesouthfaçadeoftheNorthHouse,and thereby narrowtheΕ-wyard/ road thereto some 3.50 m or so in width(fig.1.23). In all otherrespectsthePhase 2a identity is at the bowed the a and down to the east maintained, middle, (fig. including profile verygentleslope 1.3: 9). Levelson thisare 13.20 to 13.10 m: moreor less equal to thebasementfloorsoftheSouth House,and definitely higher(by50-75 cm)thanthoseoftheNorthHouse. Over thefallenmudbrick and kindredPhase 2a materialsof theimmediatecollapse,a reddish also of builtup. Itsceramicsareassignedas much,ifnotmore,toPhase deposit, essentially mudbrick, thespreadingaboutoffurther 2a than2b: it maythusrepresent debrisin thecourseofrebuilding. The findsare perfectly in keeping,beingquitedomesticin nature. Pi Pictorial sherd;kalathos. (plate65.E20).Bird.66/P76; C-E20. P2 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate66.F2).Fish.69/P70;CF2. P3 Amphora,(figs.2.9: 1, 2.29: 6). Rimto lowerbody, andnon-joining Hmax.25. Int.,bandatlipandneck; frags. bandsofequalwidth, as illustrated. ext.,scrollon shoulder, FromPhase2a. Bufffabric, reddish-brown paint.66/P70. on base; linearmarkin redpaint. P4 Deep bowl,graffito

intopierced (plate 102.4).Sherdin courseof conversion disc(2 holes).D. 4.6. FromPhase2a. 66/P353. No details.FromPhase2a. 66/P69. P5 Rhyton. 6 ?Bonepin (3 joiningfrags.).Lmax. 8.9; D. 0.5. Point lost;surfacein poor condition.Head simplyrounded. 66/45. of- Lmax.2.1. 7 Metalsheet,lead; fragment see depositcomments (Forsherdcontent, 23: appendix3)

The succeedingand definite Phase 2b levelreverts to thecustomary soilsoftheyard:namelygreybrowntogrey,oftenashyand withsomecarbonised material(fig.1.3: 9). The depthand evennessof thedepositvary,thoughgenerally it fallsbetween15 to 30 cm. In partthisirregularity resultsfrom laterinterference, to the north and a where if PG/G east, especially large, shallow, pit cutsdown. Indeedsimilarfeatures, ifsmallerand contemporary, have been common in thisareanow may quite as local depressions are notedalongthesouthand east.The findsare oftypicaldomesticsort,and quiteunremarkable.

66

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig. 1.23. Phase 2b: Main Excavation,overallplan of structures/burials.

8 Graffito, on pot-base,(plate 102.7). Square of lines. 9 Stone 'button', conical; serpentine,dark blue-black. (plate 84.4, fig. 5.8: 4). H. 2.2; D. base 3.2; sh.d. 0.6. Complete,battereda bit Sides unusual,nearbiconicalform. 66/12. 10 Metal pin, frag.;copper/bronze.Lmax. 2.5; D. 0.3. Corroded.66/11.

11 Clay reel, waisted; red-beige.L. 5.1; D. 3.4, at waist 3; Wt 80 gm. A thirdlost at an end. 19-13 Clay discs (2); red and buff-red. 69/94. a) D. 3.8; Th. 0.8. Plain. bands (closed b) D. c. 4; Th. 0.8. Partsoftwobrown/black vessel). Plus, stonebead and bone pin.

ComparedwiththedepthsoffillsamassedinbothPhasesia and 2a, thefarmoremodest2b build-up limitedpassageoftime. herecouldwelltranslate as a fairly NORTH HOUSE

(FIG. 1.2 3)

toplaysomesortoffocalrole.In so As in Phase2a, Room2/1- as ithas nowbecome- continues between2/1 faras thedoorwaysgivea clue,accessalongthesouthrangeofroomsremainsdefinite so between2/1 and 6b. To the northof these,however,no roomcan be and 4 and potentially

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

67

securelyshownto open intoa neighbour:a chance existsbetweenRooms 7 and 6a. Lateralmovement N-s is feasibleonlybetween2/1 and 7. Change is, however,demonstratedby a clear desireto enlarge individualunitsby removinginternalwalls: thusare Rooms 2/1 and 11/10 created. Acrossthenorth-west corneroftheexcavationtheevidenceforphases lateï than2a, whilstexisting, has become whittleddown because of later PG/G manoeuvring:removed totallyat some points, be hazardous.It does seem,though,thatthe severelydamaged at others.Interpretation may therefore of rooms that a in this Phase 2 plethora odd-shaped typified regionhas been rationalised,leavingone at room the north and another the (6/6a) (6b) fronting yard 8/9. major The levels ofthefirstfloorsofthissub-phaseshow a split.Not thistimebetweennorthand southas forPhase 2a, but betweeneast and west.At the westRoom 2/1 remainsthe highest,at 12.90 m, but by only a whisker:Room 6b is at 12.80 m, Room 6/6a the same, and Room 7 varies from12.70 to 13.00 m. To the east,however,the generalrange forall is from12.45 m f°r Room 5 to 12.60 m for Corridor12 - a stepor two down. Room 4, slopingfrom12.50 m up to 12.90 m whereit meetsthe door to Room 2/1,providesthe linkbetweenthe two halves. Only theeasternpartofRoom6b,measuring5.15 m N-s by at least 1.10, was revealed (figs. 1.23, 1.5: 6b). This is not exactlythe same room as in Phase 2a: the northernlimithas been altered,and the room now runson to the northat the expense of the southernpart of the earlierRoom 6. The new versionis said to be linkedat the southto Room 2/1 by a narrowdoor (width50-60 cm) in the east wall,but thereare some reservationsas to itsreal existence.The 2b stonewall survivesto 20 cm high, but a courseor so, and is set over the 2a one withsome 10 cm of soil intervening. The apparentdoorin well be a the result of local loss of the later the stones,revealing earlierwall-line, gap questionmay whichcould thusbe mistakenfora threshold.It is best to reservejudgement. The Phase 2a northwall, reduced to a mere stub,was covered and concealed in some 20 cm of red-brownsoil, much of it recognisably from mudbrick- surely the collapsed remains of the NorthHouse. No floorwas laid: thetrampledsurfaceofthe Phase 2a debrishad to suffice(witha littlesoft,sandy red and greenearthsat thenorth).To whatdepththe succeedingsoft,red and greydepositonce built up to is not now known: the depredationscaused by PG/G activityhas leftbut 10-15 cm extant. Recoveredwere a fewdomesticvases and small finds. Pi Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 69.H15). 69/P38; C-H15. P2 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 58.B1D). Horses. 69/P42; C-Bib. 3 Metal chisel;copper/bronze,(plate 88.1, fig. 5.9: 6). L. 15.9; W. 1.5; Th. 0.9; Wt. 170 gm. Complete,virtuallyno corrosion.Rectangularshaft,to veryslightlyflaredcuttingdouble bevel). Side angleschamferedforease edge (straight;

ofgrip.Top of buttcrisp;ce. withslightdamage. 66/27. 4 Clay whorl,conical; buff-red, (plate 100.14, FIG·5Λ&: 17). Η. 2.4; D. base 3.3; sh.d. 0.65. Complete, reduced greyext. Smooth surface;pierced fromeitherend. 66/24. Plus, stone crystalline(green);and antlerfrags. (For sherdcontent,see deposit comments27: appendix3)

Room 6a/6 is also altered in form.What Room 6 of Phase 2a has lost in the rearrangementof Room 6b in Phase 2b is more thancompensatedforby itsamalgamationwithRoom 6a to itseast: an area is now defined of some 5.75 m Ε-w x at least 3 m, both the west and northlimitsbeing undiscovered(fig. 1.23). The east wall,in poor conditionand largelyreduced to itsbasal course of largeblocks of stone (30 cm highand 40 thick)and a littleruinousmudbrickat times,is set exactlyover thepostulatedrobbing trenchforthe Phase 2a wall. Conceivably this wall has a doorway into Room 7 (c. 80 cm wide), thoughagain theremay simplybe a fortuitous gap here,so damaged is it now. The southwall is also lost: of a course of stone largely again parts single (40-45 cm thick)barelyindicateitsline. One or two layersare prime candidatesforconsiderationas belongingto thisperiod simplyby virtueoftheirphysicalpositionupon theknown2a soils.The mostobviousperhapsis a broad expanse at thenorth-west: a greysoil (5 cm deep) associatedwitha loose layeroflargepebbles. To theeast the pebble componentgrowsless, whilstto the west and to the south all is graduallycut out by PG/G intrusions. The findsare comparableto those fromRoom 6b, thoughrathermore existsin the way of simple table wares,mostuncataloguedthough. Pi Basin-like tray, preserving complete profile and horizontalstraphandleat rim.Raised base. H. 7. Int.mono.;

ext. probably also mono, except under handle. Pink-buff fabric,dark brownto red-brownpaint. 66/P34.

68

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Alongsidethe east wall are pocketsof otherearths.In as much as theseseem to accompanya wall in a bad condition,theyshouldperhapsbe consideredto be disturbed2b soils ratherthanundisturbed. Notable is a loose, softand dark grey-brownsoil withpebbles (10-25 cm deep) thatrides up and amongstthe east wall. To the souththisis replaced by softer,brownerand red-greysoils. The finds recallthosefromthe securerdepositabove thefloor,and may be disturbedfromthe same, or washed down fromeven laterlevels. Pa Pictorialsherd; crater,(plates 64.E5, 70). Bird. 69/ P37; C-E5. P3 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 57.A5). Chariot.66/P362; C-A5. P4 ?One-handledbowl. Base and lowerbody,c. one-sixth complete. Hmax. 5.5; D.base: 4.2. Two bands on lower body in int.;threenarrowbands on lower body and band roundfooton ext. Pink-buff fabric,red paint. 66/P32. P5 Deep bowl, smallish;totallymono. 66/P37. P6 Cup. (fig. 2.16: 4). Approximately two-thirds preserved(includingcompleteprofileand handle). H. 4.5; D.rim 7.5. White Ware; fairly fine fabric, apparently smoothedwhenwet.Uneven ringbase withlump in centre below. 'Dipped' decoration,in black to brown mattpaint (ratherworn), formingsemi-circleon eitherside of rim. 66/P33.

P7 Traywithloop handle on rim.(fig.2.26: 2). Complete profileand non-joiningsherd (by handle). H. 2.6; D.rim 23, base 20. Mono, int.; bands outside; dots on rim and top of handle. Bufffabric,black paint. 66/P59. 8 Stonepounder/grinder, spherical;quartzite,red-orange. (plate 77.6, fig. 5.1: 3). D. 6.4; Wt. 450 gm. Complete. One or two areas have incipientfacets;all-overabrading to varyingdegrees.69/382. 9 Stone pounder,depressed spherical;grey,(plate 76.9, fig. 5.1: 9). 6 x 5.3; Th. 4.4; Wt. 235 gm. Complete.Wear at ends and margins.69/369. 10 Clay object, cylindrical;brown-grey.Hmax. 3.3; D. 2.7-1.7. Brokenat one end; cut down? Looks as iffroma hollowed foot(wheel-made)- ?kylix.Not clear ifre-used. 66/31. (For sherdcontent,see deposit comments24: appendix3)

In Room7, the end of Phase 2a was not well marked,but nonethelessdetectable:over the latestgreybrownsoil are set those levels associatedwithPhase 2b pottery.That a considerablerebuildingwas requiredhere is seen in the southwall - repeatingthe situationforthe same wall-linein Room 6a/6 to thewest.The resultantroom is some 5 m Ε-w by at least4.60 (figs. 1.23, 1.3: 7). It re-usesthedoor in itssouthwall to enterRoom 2/1. The stonesocle,fourcoursesand 50 cm high(also 50 cm thick),ofthePhase 2b southwall is seton the residualmudbrickof its 2a predecessor.Thus the 2b flooris set actually 15-20 cm below this junction.The east wall also holds evidence of renewalnow: the 2b socle (a meagre one course) and the two remainingof mudbrick(together30 cm high; 40-50 cm thick)are set slightlyto the east of the earlierwall. A pebble floorwas firstcreated,but stillallowingthe Phase 2a oven to function(plate 9 a). Upon this10-20 cm ofvariablematerialsettled.To thewestthisprocesswas representedby a hard,browngreysoil withsome mudbrickwhich enveloped a wide area of burntmaterialwithash; patches of pebbles may suggestthe need forlocal repairs.To the east the soils distributedare more red-brown and devoid of evidence forfire.The findsare minimal. Pi Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 69.H9). 69/P34; C-Hg. P2 Cookingpot; largepartofbody (discarded).66/P328. 3 Bone awl/point,heavy duty,(plate 53.4, fig. 5.13: 5). L. 14.7; W. 1.5; Th. 0.8. Complete,surfacedamaged. Head

facetted;point well set off,polished; tracesof facetingon sides. 66/47. Plus, clay reel (fig. 5.15: 2). (For sherdcontent,see deposit comments2 1: appendix3)

One ofthelargestspaces ofthehouses ofthisperiod,thenewlycombinedRoom2/1measures7.80 m Ε-w x 5.60 m (figs. 1.23, 1.3: 2/1, 1.5: 2/1): it maintainsits pivotal positionthroughthe access it offersby doors to the east to Room 4 (1.25 m wide), at thenorthto Room 7 (75 cm) and, leastlikely, to the west into Room 6b (perhaps 50-60 cm). The now extensivearea of Room 2/1 may have necessitatedchangesto theroofingsystem.It is suggestedthatwhatappears to be a clusterofstonesin the centreof the room was doing dutyas a post-padfora timberupright(see also Room 4). EverywherethePhase 2a debrishas been levelled,withlocal additionsofred-brownand greysoils, thus made to serve as the supportingsurfacefor the new period of occupation. The south and to continueto do servicewiththe minimumof detectable east walls were sufficiently well-preserved repair:the south,all of stone (5-6 courses,50 cm thick)stands40 cm high; the east, also of stone, is slighter(threecourses,up to 40 cm thick)and only 25 cm high.A patch of mudbrickis observed on the interiorof the south wall. The othertwo walls at west and northwere rebuilt,theirstone socles being re-laidover the mudbrickof the formerones: see Room 6b.east and Room 7.south. The Phase 2a dividingwall betweenformerRooms 1 and 2 is much dismantledand concealed in the preparationsforthe 2b floor.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

69

Quite a numberof findsof a broadly domesticcharacterwere recoveredfromthe levelled soils; anotherfragment of a crucible(12) formeltingcopper may not belong to the room properthough. Levellingsoils Pi Amphora.Wall sherd.Red fabric,red-brown paint. FromPhase2a. 65/P123. bowl,(plate43.2,fig.2.16: 14). P2 Globularone-handled Mono.Int.withreserved lineat rim;bandat rimout,two thinbandsroundbody,band above base. Pophamand Milburn1971,fig.4.5,pl. 53.3; PophamandSackett1968, fig.48. 65/P168. P3 Cup or globularone-handledbowl. (figs.2.11: 4, lineat 2.16: 15).H. 7, D.rim12. Mono.Int.withreserved rimand reservedspot; mediumband at rim out, two narrowerbands on lowerbody. Brownto black paint. 65/P57· P4 Jugorhydria. Toppartmostly. Firingholesin handle. Figure-of-eight loop on handle;tasselon shoulder.Red darkredpaint.65/P124. fabric, darkblue-black, conical;serpentine, (fig. 5 Stone'button', 5.8: 11). H. 1.6; D. base 2.3; sh.d.0.4. Complete.Base uneven.65/116. 6 Stone'button', conical;serpentine, deep brown-black.

H. 0.9; D. base 1.7; sh.d.0.35. Complete,occasionalchip at base. Small.65/124. darkblue-black, 7 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine, some brownblotches.H. 1.3; D. base 2.85; sh.d. 0.6. Complete,somechips.Roundedbevelbelow.66/154. 8 Stoneblock,squared;?marble,white.Lmax. 2.3; W. 66/111. 4.4; Hmax.2.8. Atleasthalflost.Veryregular. 9 Clayreel,waisted;pale brown.L. 5; D. 3, at waist2.3; Wt.60 gm. 10 Clay whorl/'button', shanked;brown-grey clay.(fig. 5.18: 6). H. 2.5; D. 4.1; hd. 0.5. Complete,barsmallchip on shank.Smoothsurface. 69/48. 11 Claywhorl,conical;brownish-grey, (plate 100.2,fig. 5.18: 7). H. 3.2; D. base 4.1; sh.d.0.6. Complete,except 66/124. chipat side;burnt.Smoothsurface. forcopper/bronze. 12 Ceramiccruciblefrag.;red-brown; (fig.5.11: 3). 4.2 x 4; Th. 2.4. Partof lowerwall?Ext. smoothand reduced;int.has residue(black;gassy),with one patchofoxidisedCu. 69/152.

earliest Mafa-upfor floor

darkblue-black. H. battered at edges.65/79. conical;serpentine, 13 Stone'button', 66/116. kalathos rim.(fig. human;latePsiC, from 0.9; D. base 2.8; sh.d.0.55. Complete,battered. 15 TC figurine; midbrown-black, 4.1: 43). Hmax.4. Head lost.65/75;F43. conical;serpentine, 14 Stone'button', blotched.H. 1.6; D. base 2.3; sh.d.0.5. Complete,a bit Plus,copper/bronze frag,and clayreel.

The firstsurfacepreparedis set on thelevelled and trampledmudbrickand greyashy debrisfrom2a: itself,it is composed of 5 cm or so of greyto blackish,perhaps burnt,earthwitha mixingof small stones.Close to the centreof the room,threecompletepots were set into thissurface(fig. 1.5: 2/1: one shown).To the north-west is a potentialhearth(kindledin a depression,1 m N-s by 60 cm) with fineblack soil of carbon and ashes withpebbles set at itsbase. Remnantsof unbaked clay bins have been arguedforat the centrenorthand east,withperhapsmore in theroom's centre.The onlyone to be measurablewas 85 cm across,set on a patchof gravel.A pithosstood to the westof the door into Room 7. Littlewas recovered,thoughthereare the threepots (P16, P17) set into the floor. Pi 6 Jug,two-handled cp. (plate 43.3, fig. 2.34: 6). Set intoPhase2b floor.65/P108. P17 Jug,two-handled cp. (plate43.4, fig.2.34: 4). Near fabric, complete.H. 27.5, D.rim 14. Coarse red-brown scorchedat sides.SetintoPhase2b floor.65/P65. Plus,pithosand cookingpot.

18 Stonewhetstone frag.,slab; sandstone, pale brown, f-g. (plate 81.5). L. 9.4; W. 8.5; Th. 1.4. Partlynatural form?One mainsurface, hollow,withlow polish slightly action);othermoreuneven,perhapssomehints (stropping ofuse. 66/52. Plus,bone awland 2 points.

Thereupona whole seriesof closelysuperimposedfloorsurfacesgrewup - clearestseen at thenorth and west,oftenpatchilyrepresented.At best theycould amass to some 20 cm or so - grey,red with black ash and otherburnt-looking layers,givingsome threeor fourfloors.Elsewherethe colourrange embraces pale-grey,yellow and brown with pieces of white plasterintermixed.These are further referredto above in Phase 2a. Few findswere made. examples of the 'layer-cake'arrangement, sherd;crater, P19 Pictorial (plate62.C7).Animal.69/P33; C-C7. P20 Crater2 rimfrags.WhiteWare;bands and spiral decoration. Pophamand Milburn1971,pl. 57.5. 65/P55. P21 Cup. (fig. 2.11: 1). H. 7.6; D.rim 10. Complete two-thirds lost.Int.circle;lipbandext.Dec. inblack profile; to red-brown paint:int.band at rimand broaderto base; ext.rimband,handlesolid.65/P54.

P22 Cup. (fig.2.11: 2). H. 9.4, D.rim 11.8. Mono. Int. withreserved circle;mediumbandatrimext.Pophamand Milburn1971,fig.4.7. 65/P31. Hmax. 23 ClayPloomweight, pyramidal; palebuff-brown. 2.7; Base 2 square.Toplost,wherepiercedholewouldbe. Perhapsa littlesmallforloomweight. 69/93. Plus,stonepounder(69/363);bone point(69/204);clay discand whorl(66/114).

ηο

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Onto all thishad finallyfallena relativelyminorlevel of red-brownmaterial(10-15 cm deep, up to 20 at the east, where the layer-cakecomponentis missing),fairlycompacted and withgravel and mudbrick;over again lie patches of burntmaterialand ash. This can reasonablybe taken to be structural debrisfallenonto the floorproper.Its partialcompactnessis likelyto be owed to having been firmedup by the followingcampaignofbuildinghereabouts,thoughsome evidenceforerosion is also noted.The findsare typical. sherd;crater, (plate69.H14). Possiblywith P24 Pictorial Room4. 66/P345;C-H14. P25 Deep bowl.(figs.2.12: 2, 2.21: 1). H. 13.8,D.rim lineatint.rim;reserved 17.3.Mono,inandout,no reserved lineandbase out.Foundbuiltintowall.65/P50. P26 Tray.(figs.2.11: 5, 2.26:4). H. 5.6. Mono.Int.;plain outwithbandat rim;dasheson rim.Darkbrownto black paint.65/P56. handle; P27 Tray.(fig.2.26: 1).H. 5.5.Basket-skeuomorph mono,int.;neatwavylinein reserved zoneout;dotsalong rim.PophamandMilburn 1971,fig.57. Brownpaint66/P55. chariot 28 TC figurine; group,(plate74.84).Hmax.8.8; Burial One is seen (figs. 1.22, 1.5, A.4) to belong here : Burial10. Againsttheeastwall,placed stratigraphically in a largepit(75 cm across,80 deep),was a childaround 2V2yearsold,laidΕ-won itsrightside.Twocoarsevessels wereassociated. (fig.2.40: 7). Complete.H. 48, P32 Storagejar/pithos.

Lmax.4.9. Forequarter. 65/70;F84. chariotgroup,(plate 74.86). Hmax. 6; 29 TC figurine; Lmax.4.6. Forequarters. 66/131;F86. 30 Clay reel,waisted;mixed grey,orangeclays and inclusions. L. 7.8; D. 4.7, at waist4.1; Wt.200+ gm. 31 Claydisc,pierced;buff.D. 4.3; Th. 0.8; hd. 0.6; Wt. sherd.65/68. 15 gm.Cut-down Plus,stone'button'. (For sherdcontentof thisand above set, see pottery

STATISTICAL TABLE C.I 8 and DEPOSIT COMMENTS I9: APPENDIX3)

D.rim36.8. Horizontal/squared, out-turned rim,veryshort handles.Coarsered neck,flatbase; tworoundhorizontal fabric. 65/P98. As statedaboveforRoom2 ofPhase2a, doubtsstillattach to thedatingof Burials8, 9 and 11 in thissameregion: theymightbelongto Phase2b.

is At thispoint a dilemma of interpretation and reportingintervenes.In so far as the stratigraphy and later a the destruction a be made for between case can 2b concerned, strong quasi-building period activitiesofPhase 2b/'3 in whichtimesoilsaccumulated.These soils,however,containpotteryassigned earthswere to Phase 2b. The easiestway to square thetwo observationsis to arguethat2b destruction it had out of use after hollow of Room into the 2/1 accompaniedby a little gone deposited/eroded As a resultquite a numberof 2b finds(ceramicand other)foundtheir humanactivity(a ?fire/hearth). way intothiszone. Accordinglythe 2b accountproperis ceased here,withthe accountbeing picked up in Phase 2b/3. But it should be noted that the potterystudycombines the two deposits and considersit an integralpartof Phase 2b. Room3 is a small annex (1.15 m N-s by 2.40 - figs. 1.23, 1.3: 3) attachedto the southface of the southwall of Room 2/1; it projectsout into the yard/passageway8/9. Its foundationsare set a little into underlyingPhase 2a soils. As these wall-base levels are some 30 cm higherthan those of the Phase 2a southwalls of Rooms 1 and 2, it is feltmostlikelythatthe annex was added at the timeof the Phase 2b rebuild. The east and west walls are preservedto some 30-40 cm high,withonly two to threecourses of stone(55 cm thick)extant;the southwall standsa bithigherat 60 cm, and has threeto fourcoursesof stoneand one of mudbrickabove. The purposeoftheroom is quite obscure,thoughit could perhapshave supportedtheframeforan externalstaircaseto an upper storey.So far as can be told it is filledwithloose debris and such of Phase 2b - no more thanitsupper contentswere investigated;no associatedwiththe destruction floorwas identified.No findsare recorded. Room4 (5.50 m n-s χ 5 m; figs. 1.23, 1.5: 4) retainsits formas createdin Phase 2a, whose debris, It is trampledflat,formsthe surfacenow in use; all the walls are set on theirPhase 2a counterparts. linkedagain by a door (c. 1.25 m wide) to Room 2/1 at the west. The robustsouthwall standsto 30 cm over the floorand has fouror more courses,all of stone (65 cm thick);thewestrises 10 cm or so above the floor,and itselfis preservedto 35 cm in threecourses of stone.The northwall, also of threeto fourcourses of stone (again robust,at up to 75 cm wide) stands40-50 cm high;whilstthe east wall is similar,but slighterin construction.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

71

A seriesof circularclay bins (threeretrievable)were set up along the northside: a pebble spreadof 5 cm depth oftenunderlaythem. They are largerthan generallyseen hitherto,having diameters rangingfrom ι to 1.35 m, but are preservedfor no more than 12-15 cm in height.Ambiguous evidence (clay and gravel lenses) was noted in the south centreand at the south-east.Some repair workon thesebins (new bases?) mighthave caused a local raisingof thefloorlevel roundabout them in the formof a yellow-grey clay and ash mix. A centralpost-hole(35 cm across,45 deep) had a fillof softdarkgrey-brown soil: anotherexample of a potentialsupportforthe ceiling.At the centreeast was a rectangularhearth,made ofyellowclay and mudbrick(45 x 33 cm, 10 deep) containinggrey ash; at its south side it was reinforcedby mudbrickand stone.Heat fromuse has turnedthe clay red. A fewsmallhollowsor pitsare recorded- wornor cut down throughthe floorsurface.By farthe largestlies in the centrewest,and close to a bin: it is steep-sided(60 cm across,and 50 deep). One assumesthatthiswas intendedto take a now-missingpiece of furniture. A singlefindof a whetstone was made froma pit. 1 Stone whetstone, slab and pierced;sandstone,pale mauve,(plate 78.11,fig.5.3: 13). L. 6.4; W. 2; Th. 0.9; hd. 0.4. Complete,somechips.Roundededges;one face

has hollowfromstropping action;hole off-centre, pierced fromeachside.65/95.

On thisand coveringthe bin remnantssat a relativelyregulardeposit (up to 15 cm deep) of reddish to grey-brown soil,becomingyellowierand ashyto the east. Some measureof timemusthave passed at thisstageto permita numberof delvingsto have been made. Three or foursmallbowl-pits(25-45 cm across)existwithbrownfill,greyash and otherburntmatter;largerones (up to 1 m acrossand 75 cm deep) turnup at the south.Once more it is hard to establishthe purpose of such and what they representin termsof the scale and nature of the activitiestakingplace there.The minimalfinds retrievedcome mostlyfromthe pits,witha clay reel (6) fromthe floorproper. In pits 2 Stone'button', conical;black.H. 1.4;D. base 1.9;sh.d. 0.4. Complete, 65/78. unpolished. darkred-brown. 3 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine, (plate84.13, 16).H. 2.1; D. base 2.8; sh.d.0.5. Complete.

over Deposit floor

P5 Deep bowl.Hmax.8.8, D.rimc. 16. Mono.Int.with reserved linenearbase out.Brownand redline;reserved blackpaint.66/P148. Burials Twohere:Burial4, centre, closetothenorthwall;Burial5 at thenorthwall. Burial4 is setin a deeppit(60 x 40 cm,60 cmdeep);the skeleton ofa largemaleofover45 yearsofage,c. 5ft91ns tall;coveredbysherdsfroma largejar.Fig. 1.5 showsthat thispitis cutdownfromthetimeofthelevelling processes at thestartof Phase 2b, and beforeany floorlaid. With this,thoughdisplaced,was a conicalbowl(P8). Burial5, in a pitofcomparable ofa size,heldtheskeleton maleof25-35 vears°ld, some5ft6install,lying younger on hisback,oriented Ε-w.The leftarmextendedstraight by body,therightacross,withwristand handbentback.

Facetsclear,as wellas abrasionmarks.65/76. animal,(plate 74.87). Hmax.4.9; Lmax. 4 TC figurine; 9.5. Bodyonly.65/67;F87.

6 Clayreel,waisted;pinky-beige. L. 4.6; D. 3.2, at waist 2.2; Wt.50 gm.Quarterlostat side.

himwas a jug (P7) placedcloseto theface Accompanying andthreestone'buttons' atthewaist(unseenbyDE); some animalboneswererecovered. P7 Juglet.(fig.2.31: 11). Mono,withreservedtop and foot;dottedrim.Pophamand Milburn1971,fig.5.6, pl. 53.2. 66/P156.FromBurial5. P8 Conicalbowlofmarkedly conicalshape,(plate46.4). Pophamand Milburn1971, fig.4.9, pl. 53.5. 66/P169/ 330. FromPhase2b Burial4, thoughfoundin a Phase lb level.RepeatsP28 of4; ib.

Onto thisbuiltup 10-15 cm of a softred-brownsoil markingthe end of the Phase 2b occupation here.At the centrenorth,some structural mudbrickhas collapsed,forminga semi-circular expanse of a metreor more. Stone tumblehad also falleninto the doorwaywithRoom 2. The findscontinueto be unimpressiveand domesticin character. bowl.(figs.2.12: 4, 2.16: 13). P9 Globularone-handled H. 8.7,D.rim12.9.Mono.Int.;bandatrimout,thin-thickthinandtwothinroundlowerbody.Pophamand Milburn 1971,fig.4.4. 65/P51.

P10 Deep bowl.(fig.2.12: 3). Hmax. 10.2,D.rim15.8. Mono.int.withreservedlinein at rim;reserved base out. 65/P6oa. P11 Deep bowl (?non-joining lowerpartof Ρ 10); ext.

72

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

mono,withreserved base.65/P60I). Pi 2 Crater,(fig.2.12: 6). Hmax. 19,D.rim22.5. White Ware.Bandsand spiraldecoration. Pophamand Milburn 1971,pl. 57.5. Brownpaint.66/P30. (fig.2.12: 5). H. 8.6. Dmax. 9.6. Linear P13 Lekythos. decoration on shoulder, footpainted. Buff red-brown fabric, paint.66/P29.

saddleandreasonably mid14 Stonequern,slight regular; grey,(plates80.1,81.3).L. 26.7; W. 16.6;Th. 7; Wt.3.500 kg. Complete,thoughbatterededges(?from production). Underside is roughandbattered; hollowand tophasslight lowpolish.69/526. incipient Plus,clayreel. see depositcomments 20: appendix3) (Forsherdcontent,

Only the west part of Room 5 was investigated,measuring c. 5.50 m n-s χ at least 2-2.50 m (figs. 1.23, 1.5: 5). A possible opening towardsthe west end of the south wall could have given directaccess to the yard 8/9: this would be the only case of such a directground-floor entrance in all the phases, and the otherwiseruinous and vanished state of the south wall franklyputs in jeopardy. thisidentification the Concerning walls, see Room 4.southforthe basic characterof the southwall; Room 12.south forthe north;and Room 4«eastforthe west. The apparentlack of Phase 2a soils hereaboutshas been pointed out above, and is put down to extensiveclearingoperationsat the startof 2b. The firstearthsmarktrampleddebrisfromthistime: 10 cm ofsoft,greyand ashymaterialwithlenses ofred and yellowclay: a singlecookingpot (Pi) was recovered.The northwall of Room 5 was builton this. coarse Pi Jug,one-handled cp. H. 16.5,D.rim13.Burnt, cp fabric.69/P79.

an unbakedclay bin A floorof orange-yellow clay withsome ashycontentwas laid. At thenorth-west wererecorded. or fittings was positioned(1.15 m across,preservedto 35 cm high).No otherfurniture All was choked by a considerablefill(50-60 cm deep): its red-brownto yellow-greysoil, much of thatformedby structural laden withmudbrick,and greywithcarbon at the northis characteristic concentrationsof greyash existence. Local will mark final of the and the building's stage collapse, so character seen broad domestic this. The finds the manytimesbefore. repeat accompanied 2 Stone 'button',conical;serpentine, pale green-grey, blackpatches.H. 1.9; D. base 3.6; sh.d.0.65. Complete, a bitheavy.66/36. base anglea bitbattered. Proportions W.4.5; Th. 0.7. 64/47. 3 Stoneobject;saidtobe worked. ?flake;brown.L. 4.5; W. 5; Th. 0.6. 4 Chertchunk/ 5 Obsidianchunk.L. 2.1. 6 Obsidianblade.Proximal, D; someedgedamage.Lmax. 1.8; W.0.8; Th. 0.2. 4 x 2.2; Th. 0.6. 7 Obsidianblade/flake, amorphous.

8 Bone awl/point, heavyduty,(plate93.6, fig.5.13: 6). L. 15.7; W. 1.6; Th. 0.7. Complete,worn.Tapersto now blunt,circular-sectioned, point.65/82. 9 Clayreels,bothsorts(7+; perhapsdoublethatnumber); red-brown, up toL. 6.1; D. 2.5-3; Wt.c.60-80 gm.Badly disintegrated. 10 Clay whorl,biconical;pale brownto grey,(plate 100.16,fig.5.18: 23). H. 1.2; D. 3.1; sh.d.0.3. Complete, modelledroundsh.69/58. butchipped.Smoothsurface;

Runningto the northof Rooms 4 and 5 is the Ε-w corridorof Room12, now extendingforat least 9 m, and but 60-70 cm wide (fig. 1.23). Though stillgivingeveryappearance of a serviceaccess, it yet lacks any obvious signs of entranceto any of the rooms thereabouts.It must itselfhave a way in somewhereundiscoveredto the east. The two side walls are, it seems, both rebuiltat the west and extendedeast now, in one and the same operation:see Rooms 4 and 5.northforthe southwall of Room 12; and Rooms 10 and 11.southforitsnorth. work here has compacted earliersoils thatunderliethe walls. As is the norm,the reconstruction some Withinthe space so defined, 5-10 cm of mixed earthsforma make-upto a red-brownfloor proper.The sole find,fromthe supportingsoil to the floor,is a crucible(1) forcopper-working. 1 Ceramic cruciblefrag.;copper/bronze.

Over the floora softishyellowto red-brownfillgrewup, to a depthof 10-20 cm, markedoffat the base by a thingreyash lens.Tracesofsimilaras well as darkred soilsin thefillmaymarkreplacements and patches.Only a quern (2) was retrieved. mauve2 Stonequern,saddleandquiteregular; volcanic, brown,(plate 79.4). L. 38.9; Wmax. 11.8; Th. 4.6. Half burnt.Undersideflattish, lost,splitlengthwise; curving up

intoendsand sides.Top,hollowed;coarsewithlowpolish patchesat ends.69/354=401.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

73

extensivePG/G pits and spreads confusethe picture.Yet it is certainthatothersoils and Thereafter, formed: perhaps anotherworkingsurfaceof pebbles in a yellow soil. To the west a potential layers seriesof surfaces(up to 20 cm in total)produces ashy yellow-brown, yellow-greywithgravel and a softerred-brownlevels. To the east more multipledepositsincluded a possible hearthin a small ashy is rathersuspect given the narrownessof this passage. Grey soil patch, thoughthis identification marks tumbled stone the end of the room's life.Littlewas foundhere. containing P3 Pictorialsherd; crater,(plate 65.E16). Bird. 69/P36; C-E16. 4 Obsidian chunk,broken.Lmax. 1.8; W. 1.1; Th. 0.6.

5 Metal pin, or Pcosmeticinstrument, frags.(4); copper/ bronze.Lmax. 8.1+; D. 0.2. Poor condition.One end comes to a point,otherto a swollenbulb. 66/100.

oftheexcavationlies yetanotherspace (fig. 1.23) - Room10/11- made up Finallyat thenorth-east by combiningtwounitsofPhase 2a: theirearlierdividingwall looks to have been dismantled.Smaller were made to the westwall-line,skewingit at the northa score of cm to the east. A large adjustments PG/G pit to the east would have removedany n-s wall in the area - had any existed.The apparent resultantspace is largeindeed: 4.65 m N-s by at least 9.45. The southwall standsto 50-65 cm above the floor,composed of 3-4 coursesof stone (40-50 cm thick);the westone equals Room 7.east. The storyhere, as seen already in Phase 2a, is much curtailedby the intrudingpost-BronzeAge pits.At the westa floorwas foundto consistof no more thanthe trampledsurfaceof the 2a fill;as it runseast it acquires a more persuasivepebble cover. Thereupon a series of six or seven partialreofteninvolvingpairingsof layingsbuiltup in the next 15 cm - a typical'layer-cake'arrangement, overset or in red-brown earths. These are best seen the centre southwhereas much pebbles by grey as 35 cm mightbe involved.Furthereast again themultipleseriesoffloors(5 cm each; 15 cm in total) involvedgrey/yellow, orange and greysoils,amalgamatingagain in the south-eastto a greyband. The findsare few,withonly,perhaps,a stirrup jar (1) and obsidian (2, 3, 6), a metalpoint (4) and a clay reel (5) to show. Positionunclear

1 Stirrupjar. (plate 47.6). Approximatelyhalf shoulder, includingfalseneck,spout,stumpof one handle, and little bitofbody down tojust below maximumdiameterin front of spout; non-joiningbase fragment.PreservedH. (to top of disc, but excludingbase) c. 6.5; D.base 4.7, max. c. 11. Globularshape withmaximumdiametera bitabove middle height('perkedup'); conical top disc; slightlyconcave false handle section;ring neck; funnelspout; flattened/rounded base. Decoration: spiralon top disc; deepish band at spout inside);loop connectingfalseneckand spout. lip (continuing Shoulderdecoration:on semi-circular area oppositespout:

Earliest floor

2 Obsidian chunk/flake. 2.5 x 2.2; Th. 0.9. 3 Obsidian flake.2 x 1.8; Th. 0.6. 4 Metal tip/point;copper/bronze.Lmax. 3.4; D. 0.35.

elaborateantithetic patternwithhatchedarcs and concentric triangles;on quarterarea betweenhandle and spout:set of 4 concentrictriangles,outertwo and innertwo linkedby hatching(cf. FM 61 A, FM 71); below shoulder zone: 2 lines,band,linegroup,band,line,blank,startofband below maximumdiameter.Band roundbase. Unusual darkfawn/ core same colour;white pale brownfabric,fairlyhard-fired; surfaceslip, now wearingoff;orangeybrown paint,very worn.Probablyimported.69/P3 1. (Forsherdcontent,see deposit comments25, butsee caveat there:appendix3)

blunt.65/169. Anonymousfragment, 5 Clay reel, waisted; beige-cream.L. 5; D. 3.7; at waist 2.9; Wt. 75 gm.

Localrenewal offloors

6 Obsidian blade, frag.Proximal,Δ; Lmax. 2.3; W. 0.9; Th. 0.25.

Occasional hollows (30 cm across, 10-12 cm deep) seem to penetratedown fromthisinto the Phase 2a below. On the floorat the centresouthwas placed an oven (65 x 73 cm), takingadvantageof the erstwhilewalls at east and southto providetwo of itssides; the westis made up of two stonesand the northopens out over a mudbrickcurb. Its fillwas a white-grey ash. At this point some sort of structuralcollapse occurred: a red mudbrick-derived soil (10-15 cm deep) included the occasional complete specimen.The whole was capped by a thin (3-5 cm) grey band of ashysoil containingsome smallfinds.The regularity of thislast indicatesthatit is a featureof some relevance: its ultimatesource (consideringthe presence of the finds)mightindeed have been timberand such,supportsforan upper floorover Room 10/11? The findsare not numerous,but do include a gold ring(8).

74

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

darkblue-black,(fig. 7 Stone'button',conical; serpentine, 5.8: 20). H. 1; D. base 2.3; sh.d.0.4. Complete,some chips; surfacediscolouredby heat.Threadhas leftnicksfromwear around sh. 65/159. 8 Metal ring,forfinger;gold. (fig. 5.9: 15). D. 2; W. 0.4. Simple hoop of sheet, with two grooves on ext., edges

turnedin. 65/81. 9 Bone pin,ornamentalhead (2 joiningfrags.),(plate 95.6, fig. 5.14: 5). L 13.1; D. 0.3. Complete. Simple groove defininghead; polish,more towardspoint.65/157. 10 Clay reel, waisted;beige. L. 7.1; D. 5.7, at waist4.8; Wt. 250 gm. Complete.

Whateverthe case, the greyand ashy band was itselfutilisedas a surface,forat the north-west an unbakedclaybin was inserted(c. 1.40 m across;preservedto 8 cm only).It is positionedon a carefully preparedbase of yellowclay,topped witha spread of small pebbles. However,thisre-usewas again overwhelmedin a further soil,withmudbrick collapse: a brown-grey at the west (10 cm, risingto 25 at the east). This looks to constitutethe finalfillhereaboutsforthis Phase. The finds,unflaggingly domesticthoughtheyare, all belong fromthe last deposit. P11 Pictorialsherd; crater,(plate 69.H11). 69/P28; CH11. 12 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,pale brown and grey.H. 1.5; D. base 2.2; sh.d. 0.6. Complete,some chips at top. 65/150. 13 Stone pebble; grey-black.L. 3.4; W. 2.4; Th. 2.2. Complete. Naturally smooth (water-action?). Purpose unclear (pot-boiler?sling-shot??). 69/31 1. 14 Obsidian blade, frag.Proximal, D; edge damaged. Lmax. 4.4; W. 1.4; Th. 0.4. 15 Metal sheetfrag.;copper/bronze.Lmax. 1.7; Wmax. 1.1; Th. 0.1.

16 Clay disc, pierced; red-buff.D. 3.9, thoughangular; Th. 0.8; Wt. 15 gm. Complete,cut down fromsherd.Hole in process of being bored fromone side (0.3 across). 69/ 102.

17 Clay reels,waisted (3); red and brown,(fig. 5.16: 1). L. 5.3-6; D. 4-4.5, at waist 3.3-3.5; Wt. 150 gm. 18 Clay reel,waisted;pale brown.L. 5.6; D. 3.6, at waist 3.3; Wt. 120 gm. 19 Clay reel, waisted; pale brown. L. 6; D. 4, at waist 3.7; Wt. 125 gm. Plus, clay disc, pierced.

SOUTH HOUSE

Basicallythisrangeof roomsremainsphysicallyunalteredin externalappearance fromthatof Phase 2a; some internaladjustmentsare howeverwitnessed(figs. 1.23, 1.3: SH13). These involveboth the insertionand loss of a n-s returnwall at the east and westlimitsrespectively(see Rooms 14a and 15, below). Disappointingly, thoughno doubtin partdue to the small amountsof theroomsavailable for almost excavation, nothingwas retrievedfromthe fillsof thisdate. Much of the detailsof the Phase 2a-2b transitionare obscured.This is believed to be the resultof an extensiveclearingout,accompanyingthe Phase 2b renovations.Certainlythe survivingPhase 2a depositsare shallow,sometimesapparentlyabsentaltogether,and more or less devoid of finds.This lack may also partlyresultfromthe relativelyshortexistencethishouse had in Phase 2a (see above). was undertakenboth to the In the same way, it has proved impossibleto detectwhatreconstruction northfaçadewall,and to thepartyone sharedby Rooms 14 and 13. As a resultthelevels ofthelikely 2b floorsare veryclose to thoseseen in Phase 2a: thus,Room 13's is about 13.00 m; 14a at 13.25 m and 15 around 13.60 m. of datinglayersaccuratelyhas been commented In Room13 (figs. 1.23, 1.3: SH13), the uncertainty was re-utilisedforPhase 2b. At the centreeast, a on above. Arguablya red-browntrampledsurface hole was cutthroughthisand a pot (nc) setin it,surroundedby clay: itsfunctionis not comprehended but mightbe connectedwithcookingor food production. A spread (35-50 cm deep) containingsmall stone and greyash was theneitherlaid or builtup in theroom: local and shallowpitsare mentioned- perhapsformedby wear and tear.One at the west had been filledwithpebbles. On thisanotherred-brownearthsurfacedeveloped, probablya floor, demise in Phase 2b. By soon associatedwithpebbles and ash, and in use at the timeof the structure's outside. the below thisstagethe interiorlivingsurfacewas some 30 cm yard'stop (For sherdcontent,see potterystatistical table C.19 and

DEPOSIT COMMENTS 22: APPENDIX 3)

All thiswas covered by structural collapse: mudbrickbeing prevalentat the east, stonesto the west, and other over whichhad cascaded a mix of red and greyearths,along withwhiteplasterfragments debris. typical

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

75

For Room14 (fig. 1.23), no certainPhase 2a fillswererecognised.Therewas no mentionin the so thetrampled excavation recordsofa floorspecifically, topofan earlier2a spread,laidpriorto the this a little(5-10 cm)material fromthePhase house'sreconstruction, be here. Upon may doingduty has settled- theusualmixedgreyand redsoils. 2b destruction OverthePhase2a fills,a n-s return Room14Œ,on theotherhand,presents someclearerstratigraphy. wallwas builtto markthewestend ofthespace,further thesmallexcavatedspace (now subdividing about1.5 m extanteach way),and creating thenorth-west corneroftheroom(fig.1.23).Thiswest wallstandsto 30 cm high,and is builtfromtwocoursesof stone(50 cm thick).The surfaceofthe earliersoilwas trampled hardand used as a floor,on whicha softer earth(30-40 cm yellow-brown in is A this a found. hole cm located be for across, (27 5 deep) standing vase in: one was deep) may foundnearby.The findsare minimal. Pi Jug, approximatelyhalf preserved. H. 18.9; Dmax. 15.4, base 6.5. Band insiderim.Band at base ofneck,three bands (thick-thin-thick) on shoulder,two on belly,one on

foot;shoulderdecorationoftassel.FromTrenchΝ. 64/Ρ68. 2 Obsidian chunk.3.7 x 2.2 x 1.1. (For sherdcontent,see deposit comments26: appendix3)

Attheother- west- extreme, Room15 is nowenlarged(fig.1.23).A compactfloorofredclay(5 cmdeep)liesoverthePhase2a filland,itseems,theearlierN-sreturn wallat theeast.Finally,a 1020 cm thickdepositofa softgreysoilwas laid down. 1 Clay whorl, elongated conical; red-brown, (plate 100.15, FIG·5Λ&: 1O)·H. 2.8; D. base 3.6; sh.d. 0.65; Wt.

22 gm. Complete,some chips at top. Smooth and polished surface.65/101.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND FINDS OF PHASE 3 The end ofPhase 2b was markedby thecollapseofall thebuiltstructures acrossthisportionofthe settlement. Whatever circumstances causedor accompaniedthisevent,itsrepercussions seemtohave beensevere.EvenallowingforthehavoccausedbythePG/Gpresenceandtheirsearchesforbuilding stoneor thedelvingofrubbishpits,theregionwas arguablyneverso denselyoccupiedagainin the remaining periodoftheMycenaeanoccupationofthetell(fig.1.24). The bestevidenceforhabitation comesfromthenew structure erectedin thearea of theearlier SouthHouses(Phase3). Elsewhereconsiderable LH of IIIC ofpotential soils,withfragments spreads blanketedthePhase 2b ruins.Soils ofthisdepthand natureneed people to createthem, structures, and so it mustbe concludedthatthoughnot so obviouslyvisiblein architectural terms,the area remainedoccupied. The degreeofconfusion thatPG/G activity causedis a signoftheamountofsoilstheymusthave movedorremoved:withfirst theconsequent ofbeingnowable to tracethestratigraphy impossibility acrossthewholesiteand secondtheresultant to evidence inability integrate partsoftheremaining witheach other. This finalsectionof the stratigraphie on reportof the Main Excavationarea willfirstconcentrate thosespreadsthatoverflowed acrossthe 2b ruinsand eventually them: are almost enveloped they devoidof anynow sensiblestructured and mostofwhatexistsis concentrated at thenorth content, andwest.Thisperiodoftimeis labelled'Phase2b/3'.Atthestartofthis,on completion ofthetidying butrelatively evenslopeup to thesouth:at thevery up ofthePhase2b debris,thesitehad a definite northlevelswereroughly12.70-12.80,gradually some rising 30-40 cm,so thatovertheyard8/13, stood at m at best. Thence continue to until towardstheverysouththeyhave rise, 13.30 they they attainedsome 13.50m in value. theevidenceforthePhase 3 occupation, a complexofroomsofperhapstwo Finallyis presented at the south called the South House periods,lying (plate 10; fig.1.25). again Structures and Deposits of Phase 2B/3 YARD OR PASSAGEWAY

WiththedemiseofthePhase 2b buildings and theiruncertain, ifnotextremely partial,replacement, theold distinction betweenthetworanges(Northand South)of roomsand theintermediate yard

76

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig. 1.24. Phases 2b and 20/3: simplifiedplans of structures.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

77

Fig. 1.25. Phase 20/3: Main Excavation,overall plan of structures.

becomessufficiently blurredtomakea separatetreatment ofthislastfeature atleastin the immaterial, it is here subsumed into the of that area opening2b/3stage.Accordingly, generalhistory lyingin the centreoftheexcavation. centre and north (equivalentto theearliernorthstructures and theε-w yard/passageway Phase 2) of The fallof the Phase 2b buildings, let alone the laterPG/G activities, looks to have particularly the n-s internal walls of said structures and to have filled the rooms damaged up to thesurviving tops ofthesame.In contrast theΕ-wwalllinessurvived betterand manyprojectedup to some 10-20 cm abovethegeneralfills. The accumulation of soils did not cease; rathera broad blanketspreadacrossthe regionuntil all the traces of the2b ruinswereenveloped.Disappointingly, itis notreallypossibleto obtain finally a coherent of this for the whole so cut has it becomeby thePG/G activity, understanding region, up erosionand washlayers/dumps. To describewhatcan be recovered, then,theaccountwillsomewhat be based on three broad w to which to theareaabove E, arbitrarily sweeps approximately equatefirst

78

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

thenorthernmost rangeof Phase 2 rooms (6/6a, 7, 10/11 and 12), thenthe southern(6b, 2/1,4 and 5) and finallythe erstwhileyard 8/9 and the South House together. and centre)is thereany reason to argue forsome structural Only in one region (the north-west in nature and (figs. 1.25, 1.3, 1.5). An presence,highlyambiguous ultimatelydefyinginterpretation even more dubious scrap of evidence comes fromthe south-east.Neverthelesstheirpresencemustbe registered.It should be noted thaton the phase plan (fig. 1.25) many of the walls and otherfeatures over thiszone are at best approximatelypositioned. OverRooms 6/6a, 7, 10/11 and 12 (ofPhase 2b)

Afterthecollapse in theregionofRoom6/6a,hintsonlyremainoffurther activity(figs. 1.25, 1.3: over at Phase and this Some sort of between 2b 7/6, 1.5: left). vague continuity periodofuse is givenby the reuseof a 2b wall (7/6a.south;see fig. 1.3). Parallelto thisto itsnorthis a new, slightlywanderingEw wall line: littleremainsbeyond a damaged stonesocle. The east end of thislast is set over the ruins of the Phase 2b wall 6a.east,and ceases here on the line of a laterN-s wall of PG date. The westend petersout. An irregulararea betweenthe walls is definedof about 3.25 m Ε-w x c. 1-1.50 m. Withintheseroughdelineations,the Phase 2b debrislooks to have been compactedintosome sort ofroughand readysurface.In it a small pit (50 cm across, 12 deep) had been filledwithyellowclay: itsfunctionis unclear. was a hard redTo the northof the new Ε-w wall and over soils connectedwiththe 2b destruction but it its is from mudbrick: source cm derived uncertain, thick) may reflectfurther yellowlayer (10 work after the destruction. levelling Almostnothingwas retrieved:a singlecup fromabove the enigmatic'structure', part of another a and (P2) solitaryclay figurine(3). Pi Lip-bandcup. (fig. 2.15: 11). Rim to base about twothirdspreserved,with handle. H. 9.9, D.rim 11.6. Int., mono, except forreservedspot at base; ext, band below lip, twonarrowbands on lowerbody; bars on handle. Buff fabric,red to black paint.65/P3.

P2 Cup fragment,preservingprofilefromrim to lower body. Hmax. 6.5; D.rim 11. Int. solid painted;band at ext. rim.Cream fabric,red to brownpaint. 66/P35. 3 TC figurine;human; proto-Phi.(plate 72.3). Hmax. 3. Body frag.only.65/59; F3·

Above all thisare earthsseen to be typicalof post-Mycenaeanactivities:withthemgo pitsand other disturbancesof PG/G date. All thishas obscuredthe tail-endof any Mycenaean presence. sunderedfromthose to the east over Room 7 The soils and goings-onof the above are effectively betweenthe two a roughcontemporaneity but in of the PG/G a undulation the base local layers, by LBA levels can be accepted (figs. 1.25, 1.3: over 7/6). Deposited here in an apparentlycontinuous process was a reasonable volume of softgreyto brown-greyearth (10 cm deep to the west where cut away, risingat places to 50 cm), its upper surfacecontainingsizeable hollows (especially to the north).The source of this materialis neithersolely nor even predominatelythe mudbrickone seen to thewest,(whichnaturallyaccompaniesfallenwalls).This lack is surprising, giventhatRoom 7 in Phase 2b (whetheropen or not) was itselfsurroundedby rooms. The presence close by, and structure immediatelyto the east of the two Ε-w walls mentionedabove and of a squarish,stone-built be used in to x this continued that an oven region (2 m Ε-w 1.70 m) mightargue perhaps a or course are this 'oven' walls of The in Phase much the same way as it had been 2b. preserved nor are of heat obvious it. no two (20-30 cm high); a brown soil fills However, associated, signs findsmade. were any significant of thisstonefeature,withinthe accumulatingsoils and roughlyat the same level The establishment wall to the westencouragedthe excavatorsto assignit relativelylate in the day. as the contemporary The findshere,whichruninto those to the south(over Room 2/1 of Phase 2b), are respectablein number,and thoroughlydomesticin character. Pi Pictorialsherd; crater,(plates 68.H4, 70). ?Bird.66/ P57; C-H4. Pa lip-band cup. Rim to lowerbody,thirdpreserved,with handle. H. 5.5, D.rim c. 9. Slightlywavy band below lip, twonarrowbands on lowerbody; splasheson handle. Pale creamyfabric,red-brownpaint.66/P56. 3 Stonewhetstone,slab and pierced;brown,(plate 78.10, fig. 5.3: 15). L. 5.5; W. 1.5; Th. 0.6; hd. 0.4. Complete.

Rounded angles; no clear wear. 65/90. f-g. D. 4 Stone disc/?lid,circular;sandstone,green-grey, 8.7; Th. 1.4. Complete; burntand cracked, some chips. Angles rounded. 66/26. D. 6.8; Th. 0.7. Complete, 5 Clay disc,pierced; off-white. cut down fromvase sherd. Pair of holes, drilled through fromeach face (0.4 across). 66/17DÍS. D. 4.0-4.4; Th. 0.7. 6 Clay disc, pierced; buff-brown.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION Complete,cut down fromvase sherd. Single hole, drilled fromboth sides (0.4 across). 66/14. 7 Clay roundel; brown, (fig. 5.17: 6). D. 2.0; Th. 0.8. Complete,cut down fromvase. ?Gamingcounter.66/13.

79

8 TC figurine;human; polos head fromlate Psi;. Hmax. 1.6. 66/20; F27. Plus,stonepounder (69/365; plate 77.4), and pierceddisc; bone pin frags.;clay whorl (65/73).

The considerable volumeofbrown-grey to greysoils(25-30 cm deep, shallowing to 15) continues - overRoom10/11.Heretoo theashy-grey is strong acrossintothenorth-east unbroken component ofbuildingactivity are seen.Thistimea shortlength abovethePhase2b debris,and againremnants in some 1.75 m fromthenorthbaulkoftheexcavation.It is a courseor two ofa N-swallrunning and broad.Littlewas found. about cm 50 high, 1 Bone pin, ornamented head frag, (plate 95.8, fig. 5.14: 10). Lmax. 3.6; D. 0.5. Head made up of 3 thin groove/ridge pairs; polished. Grooves show series of

individualcuts.69/216. 2 Clay reel, waisted; red-brown.L. 8.1; D. 5.7, at waist 5.0; Wt. 250 gm.

certainLH IIIC actionsoverthisnorthern The final,relatively stripofthesiteinvolvetwoshallow hollowsthatdevelopedin thetop of thespreads.Thatto thewest(some3 m Ε-w and 25-30 cm soil.A similarcase is knownbuta metreor so deep)becamefilledand levelledby a softbrown-grey to theeast,overRoom 10/11.Here theslighthollow(3 m e-w; 20-25 cm deep) leftearlierbecame soiltoo.It is notobviouswhether thesefillswerenaturalevents,arguing filledinwithpalegrey-brown forthepassageoftime,or weredeliberate PG/G activity. OverRooms6b, 2/1,4 and 5 (ofPhase2b)

local PG/Gintrusions are seento havecutso Beginning againat theextremewestoftheexcavation, all as but a of mudbrick-derived soils Room 6b:enoughto show to remove few cm mixed over deep thatthesamesituation holdshereas forelsewhere, buttoo littleto permitofrelevantcomment. Over Room2/1,a slightly morecomplexsituation existsthanseenhitherto (figs.1.25,1.3: over2/1,4: is over2/1).No greater into events butitservesto remindone here, insight understanding provided thattheymaybe moreintricate thanrealised.Over the 2b debrisand in placeswithintheinitially a soil ofvariabledepth:12-15 cm acrosswestand still-visible outlineofthePhase 2b roomsitsfirst to the south and to east 20. north, increasing up By and largethisdepositwouldseemto havebeen withsomestoneand discrete madeup frommudbrick: red to brickfragments basically yellow-brown to thewest,also plasterflecksand hintsof burning.Withinthis,to the west,are signsof a faint in theformof an intermittent butpersistent lens of ash abouthalfway. To the temporaldistinction north-east was a hearthof looselylaid mudbrick foritsbase and gravelstrewnon that(itssize is at 1.75 m Ε-wby 1). Surprisingly numberoffindshereof irregular perhapsthereare a considerable and some of unusual sort the lead and the (like goodcharacter, clamp9, piecesofemery7). Theseare of the same set as those encountered to the north over Room 7 (see above). probablypart Pi Large fragmentof White Ware amphora/jug/hydria base. 66/P31. P2 Stirrup jar frag.Arguablypartofsame as Pi. 10/11.2b. P3 Tray. (cf. P7.6Z6a.2b on fig. 2.26: 2). About third preserved.H. 3, D.rim 2 1. Int.,mono, except forreserved disc at centreof base; ext, bands on side, bars on top of rim.Pale brownfabric,black paint.69/P55. 4 Graffitoon pot, handle area of Grey Minyan vase. An Pincisedcross: such could be a keyingdevice to assist in the firmfixingof the handle. 66/P195DÍS. Out of context. on pot-base(open shape, cup or bowl); in red5 Graffito brownpaint.Partonly preserved:ratherlike a P. 6 Stone ?tool,depressed spherical;limestone,pale grey. 6.7 χ 6.9; H. 4.9; Wt. 400 gm. Complete.No obvioustraces of wear. 69/376. 7 Stone emerypieces (2), tabular; grey-black,(fig. 5.2: 10, 11). 69/313. a) Frag.; rounded. Lmax. 4.3; W. 4.2; Th. 0.65; Wt. 40 gm. Main faces naturallyrough,some traces of use; end has two bevels worn on (polished),(fig. 5.2: 11). b) PComplete.L. 6.7; W. 4.4; Th. 1.1; Wt. 70 gm. One

main surfacewithwear; one side comes to rounded edge, fromwear. (fig. 5.2: 10). 8 Stone weight, disc and pierced; calcareous product (?beachstone).(plate 83.3, fig.5.5: 3). D. 5.4; Th. 1.2. Half preserved.Centralhole (1.0 across). 65/72. 9 Metal clamp; lead, (plate 90.5, fig. 5.1 1: 6). H. 2.5; L. 3.6; Th. 0.6. Complete, if corroded.A rough square: two opposed sides,whichwereat thesurfaceare a trifle irregular; other pair, runningthroughthe object, are circularafter the drilledholes theyfilled.Probablyfromsubstantialpot: up to 1.7 thickin the wall. 65/77. 10 Clay discs (4), cut down fromsherds.69/97. a) buff;angular.4.5 across; Th. 0.7. Startof centralhole (0.4 across). Black paint line, (plate 101.12). b) WhiteWare; angular,c. 4.0 across; Th. 0.8. 2 bands in pale brownpaint. c) angular.5 x 5.2; Th. 0.6. Line in black paint. d) Pale brown.4.8 across; Th. 0.8. Burnishon ext. Plus, stone 'button' and 2 pounders (thrown);a copper/ bronze pin frag.;and a clay reel.

8o

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

of stone walling.They formparts In association,albeit poorlycomprehended,are further fragments of the southand east sides (and corner)of a room, whose size is thus at least 2-3 m long on both axes. They are flimsy,3-4 courses high and but a stone wide. Just to the east (some 50 cm off) is another, even rougher N-s wall, perhaps offeringsome protectionfrom water seeping into thestructure to thewest?Only in thevaguestofsensescan any floorbe assignedto these,and thatbut the south wall seems to have been rebuiltat some stage - a of trampledclay/earth.Interestingly, layer of soil lyingbetween the two sets of stone: perhaps this later period reflectsthe eventsthat caused the next depositionof soil? debrisratherthannew accumulation:up to 10-15 cm This perhapstakestheformof redistributed of hard-packedreddishto yellow-brownmudbrickand kindreddebris,includingcarbon. At the top as partof the activities of thissome sortof trampledsurfaceformed.Probablythisis best interpreted it the of the with PG/G the survivingMycenaean soils,since going presence.Certainly represents top on it standPG/G walls,and down into it are cut pits of the same date (e.g. to south-westand southA fewfindsturnup, of no greatnote. east) and a hearth(at south-west). P11 Deep bowl. (figs.2.12: 1, 2.21: 2). H. 11, D.base 5.7. Mono.int.withreservedline;reservedlineon lower base. Blackpaint.65/P58. bodyext.;reserved P12 Cup. (figs.2.11: 3, 2.15: 12). H. 8.6, D.base 4.3. Mono.int.withreservedspot;bandseitherside ofwavy line,ext.Blackpaint.65/P61.

13 Stone pounder,elongatedovoid; volcanic,pinkyandblackcrystals, brownwithwhiteinclusions (plate76.6, fig.5.1: 13).L. 8.4; W.6.0; Th. 5.7; Wt.335 gm.Complete. one especially;all-overrough Ends battered/crushed: naturaltexture. 69/374.

For the remainderof thisstripto the east - over Rooms4, 5 and 12 - the Phase 2b debrishad filled theroomsfairlyevenly,no doubtbeing encouragedto do so (figs. 1.25, 1.5: over 4/5). An occasional hollow could reflecta settlingof thismaterial:forexample over the centreof erstwhileRoom 4(11.50 m long,35 cm deep). Hintsof a compactor hardenedsurface,clearlyrelativelyephemeral,were west. detectedhere as theyhad been further but builtup, halvingin depthto the south:mostlyred-brown, cm of earths these some 20-30 Upon a or redder of thin to cm this and Within lenses to the west. tone, thick) greyer layers(up 2-3 greying and domestic veryoccasionallyofgravel,maymarkthepassage oftime.Findscontinuequiteplentiful, in character. Pi Pictorialsherd: crater,(plate 61.C2). Goats. 65/ P39+4i;C-C2. P2 Crater, (plate54.13). Rimsherd.Int.,mono.;ext,with elaboratepatternof tonguesand spirals.ProbablyPhase brownpaint.66/P80. 2a. Bufffabric, D. 25. ofbasepreserved. P3 Tray,(plate48.1).A quarter forre-useas Sidesevenlybrokenoff, probably deliberately inaddedwhitepaint; as illustrated lid/stand. Int.,decoration ext.,unpainted. ProbablyPhase 2a. Lightbufffabric,red paint.66/P82. H. darkblue-black. conical;serpentine, 4 Stone'button', barsomechips.66/51. 1.7; D. base2.9;sh.d.0.9.Complete, with darkgreeny-grey 5 Stonepounder/grinder, spherical; redtints:?emery. (plate76.4,fig.5.1: 5). D. 5.5; Wt.360

gm.Completebara chip.All overwear.69/371. 6 Stonepounder;ovoid;black.L. 7.8; W. 6.0; Th. 5.2; Wt.400 gm.Complete.Wearvisibleon all butone main moreso on edgesand ends.69/364. surface; head.(fig.5.14: 11).Lmax. ornamental 7 Bonepin,frag, Threepairs 3.5; D. 0.45.Head only,polishwornofflargely. decoration. ofridge/groove 65/62. 8 TC figurine; human;polos head fromlate Psi. (plate 72.29). Hmax.3.2. 65/61;F29. 9 Claydisc,pierced;pale brown,(plate 101.14).D. 4.4; Th. 0.5. Complete,cutdownfromvase sherd.Holes (0.3 across),workedfromeitherside.65/65. 10 Clay sphere; orange-red,(fig. 5.17: 7). D. 2.4. Complete;solid.65/74.

Paltrythoughthe evidence has been to now for signs of constructionassociated withthese earths, it is even poorerin thisregion.To the east,fairlymuchimmediatelybelow thegroundsurface- and thus perhaps PG/G - was a broad spread (of over 1.35 Ε-w and 12-15 cm deep), fashionedof dark red clay with a yellow plaster-liketop: perhaps a workingsurface?South of this again, the excavatorsbelieved theyhad recovered,in the guise of a couple of adjoiningpits,a robbertrench foran ε-w wall, runningsome 1.50-2 m (50-60 cm across, 30 deep). It does at least followthe PG/G sherdsfoundin themwere argued to give the general alignmentof the LH IIIC structures. the date of robbingprocess.4 4 Foundherewerea copper/ bronzeitemand clay whorl (bothnc).

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

81

Cuttingthoughall thisregionwere numerousPG/G featuressuch as large pits,shallow depressions and post-holes.

southern portion (overPhase 2b soils) The area concernedhere is roughlythatof the previousopen yard (8/9 in Phase 2b: fig. 1.3: 2b/3 soilsto left)and thefarfromextensiveremainsoftheSouthHouse ofthesame date: togethercovering some 5-7 m n-s, and runningthe full20 m or so Ε-w of the excavation. The firstspread encounteredover the Phase 2b debrisis to all intentsexactlythe same as seen to thenorthand centre,thoughnow it is shallowerat but 5-7 cm - namely,a greyand somewhatashy layer.It is easiest to assume thatthe same set of circumstancesis responsibleforthisroughuniform build-up- probablythe accumulationof rubbishin a largelyopen space. What next occurs is equally difficult to understand.Towards the south and south-westa 10 cm thickband of mudbrickis encountered:neatlyand horizontallyoriented,part clearlytumbled,part in a disintegrated state(fig. 1.3). Its maximumcoherentspread to the northmeasuresclose to 5 m at whichpointit vanishesforsome 4-5 m, onlyto be re-established fora further stretchof 70-80 cm. The positionand Ε-w axis of the missingportionis highlysuggestiveof the existenceof a successor E-w-access route to the earlier yard (8/13 and 2/9). Wear and tear would readily erode a channelthroughthe mudbrick,itselfto be rapidlyfilledwiththe typicalgreybuild-upsof the region. Indeed it may well be thatthe mudbrickwas encouraged,ifnot actuallylaid in position,in orderto firmup a quaggyregion. Intriguing thoughthisprospectis, it shouldbe stressedthatit only applies to the westernborderof the excavated area. Elsewhereover most of the space occur more mixed red-brownand greyearths - turninglocallyblack. The Ε-w channelcan stilljust be detectedby itsgreyer-hued fills. Pi Deep bowl. H. 10.9,D.base 5. Much missingbutwhole profilepreserved,excepthandles.H 10.9. Red-brownpaint.

Mono, in and out,exceptforreservedspot at int.base, and reservedfoot.65/P52.

Immediatelybelow the SouthHouse thegreysoils (here 20-30 cm deep, less at the verysouthbaulk) are oftendarker,withdecayed plasterand a pebble element;to the east a mingledyellow-grey and red mudbrick(25-30 cm deep) is commoner. Structures

and Deposits

of Phase 3

south house At thisstage,when the surfacelevels over the southportionare approximately13.50-13.70 m and to the north/centre 20 cm or so less (exactnessis hard to achieve as so much here was affectedby the PG/G intrusions),a structurewas again erected: the latestand finalincarnationof the SouthHouse (figs. 1.25, 1.3). Beingsituatedthistime 1 m or so further north,enoughnow lies withintheexcavated area (c. 5 m n-s) to reveal parts of two Ε-w rows of internalunits.The house may well have two phases of occupation(see shaded portionsof walls on fig. 1.25), but thisis veryhard to disentangle, not least because the whole is poorly preserved,and no floordepositswere recoveredby which to mark the time of their abandonment.The architecturalreasons for suggestingmultiplephasing, are essentiallyfoundedon minordiscrepanciesin thewall-baselevels betweenthenorth(at therefore, and south-east(at 13.50 m) units;on changes in alignments(contrastwalls 1/3.northand 13.70 m) i.east withthe others);and on hintsof phasingin walls (5.north)and floors(Room 7). The SouthHouse is seton and amongthelatestgrey-basedsoils (describedabove).Justoccasionally a wall sitsdirectlyon/overone of Phase 2b date: an act showingsome awarenessof earlierstructures. Because manyof the walls of the Phase 3 buildingare reduced to a course or two in height(up to 25 cm), little scope exists for obtaining a proper comprehension of the plan of which parts are oftenmissingentirely.With some trepidation,then,the discussionof this house here proceeds arounda threefold grouping:Rooms 3, 4 and 5 at the centre;1, 1a, 2 at thewest;and Rooms 6 and 7 at the east. They could just as well be splitin a N-s division:Rooms 1, 3, 4, 6 and 2, ia, 5 and 7. Or even Rooms 5, 6, 7 and ?4 as opposed to 1, 1a, 2 and 3. Though theremightbe slightvariationsin thebase levels of the walls,thesedo not reallyhave any practicaleffectlevels of the floors:theseare lower prettymuch even throughoutat 13.75 m on average,withthose at the south-eastfractionally around 13.60 m.

82

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Central groupofRooms(4, 3 and 5) Here somethingis presumablylost fromthe N-s wall between Rooms 3 and 4 at the north,which todayis in an extremelyparlouscondition.No doubtaspectsofthe entrancesystemto theserooms,if not to the house, are involvedhere. Furtheraccess mighthave existedbetweenthemand Room 5 to the south,wherewall 5.northdisplaysodd divergencesin line and gaps as well as a potentialblocked door at the east. Room4 (approximately2-2.50 m Ε-w by 1.75-2; fig. 1.25) presumablypresentsa wide, if slightly irregular,entranceor anteroom,open as it is throughoutits northside to the open spaces beyond. Access may have thencegained in all directions:to the southto Room 5 (1.40 m wide,now blocked), to the west to Room 3 (unlessthisis an illusiondue to the badly damaged wall), and to the east to Room 6 (ifthe recognitionof the flatslabs, 1 m wide, as a thresholdis correct).A small post-holeat the northend of the east wall may belong to some means of closingthe northside of Room 4. a fewstonecourses(40 cm wide); thepotential The eastwall standssome 20 cm highand constitutes it thresholdofflatslabs has been noted above. The southwall is awkwardin itsline and construction; looks almostlike two componentson slightlyvariantaxes: the west partis 1.25 m long, two stones high (50 cm wide), whilstthe east (1.40 m long, 50-60 cm across) is set a littlehigher,and buttsup againstthe east wall line. This last is assessed as a blocked doorway to Room 5. The west wall is shattered- now a mere and vague clusterof stones at its ends, perhaps 40 cm thickand but a 'course' high: could involvea doorwaytoo. in a clayeyearth.The subsequent The flooris suggestedto have been a trampledone ofgravel/pebble fromthoseaccumulatingto the north:a mix of tumbledstone,mudbrick fillsare not hugelydifferent and red-brownlenses in a greyermatrix(10-15 cm deep). No findsof any worthare listed. are shared by Room3, includingits size (at 2.25 m Ε-w by 1.75; fig. Much the same characteristics walls its west and east are nigh non-existent.The west appears to consistof a loose Both 1.25). cm the east equals Room 4.west. The northstands some 10-20 cm some across; 50 arrangement, three is all stone to of over courses,up to 50 thick);the southis a couple of stones floor, (two high at a the east end cm wide); gap exists(40 or so cm across) witha pot in it,forreasons high (40-50 now quite inexplicable. The flooris again a pebble-claymix, this time yellow in colour, in greyerdominantsoils - it vanishesto the south-west.The superimposedfill(10-15 cm deep) is even more mixed in its hues (brown,red,yellowand grey)and substance(ash and gravellenses as well as earth).Above this,and runningup and over the wall-tops,is a similardepthof red-greysoil withmudbrick:it is believed to itself,no doubt subjectedto movementtoo. representthe stuffof the collapsed structure Only one findis certainlylistedas fromthisroom,a clay ring(1); fromthe laterPhase 3b soils. 1 Clay ring;buff,fine,(plate 99.8, fig. 5.17: 8). D. 2.25, internal1.3; Th. 0.4. Complete,probably cut down from 66/8. vase sherd.Angularfacetson ext.; knife-trimmed?

In Room5 existsthelargestspace revealedin thisbuilding(nearly5 m ε-w by at least 1.75; fig. 1.25). The western Its northwall is hard to understand:perhaps the resultof two periods of construction? Afterthe odd gap, surelytoo small fora end, 1.50 m or so, ends abruptly(equals Room 3.SOUÜ1). even wavering,line. In factthislast portion door,the Ε-w wall is picked up again,but on a different, a blocked door from of two to be above has been Room phases,incorporating argued 4.south) (equals Room 4 at the veryeast. As to theotherwallsofRoom 5, theeasthas a strengthened jamb at thesouth,whereitcommunicated withRoom 7 to the east: thewall is of stone,some 2 courseshigh (only30-35 cm wide). The jamb is some 50 cm square. The westwall is quiterobust,albeitbut a course or twohigh:of stoneand 40-50 cm wide. Inside the room,a floorwas recognised,once more,as made of patchesof pebbles in a greyearth. of charcoal,was postulated;a pit to its east, and perhaps the A possible hearth,withconcentrations remainsof an amphoraas well as a pithosat the veryeast side of the room. Upon all thisa structural collapse seems indicated:firstsome 10-12 cm worthof softbrown soils,mudbrickpieces and white in itscourses.This lastmay comprise plaster,and thenan expanse oftumbledbrick,stillwell-arranged two groups:a main set at the east withsome 20 rows,and anothersmallergroupto the west; each is c. 10-15 cm deep, and assumed to be fromwall 5.west.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

83

and uncertain Further soilshaveaccumulated abovethisagain,ofmixedcharacter depth.A single, handmadejar was recovered(Pi). Pi Handmadejar or jug. (figs.2.14: 4, 2.42: 5). Half tracesofburning on outsidenearbottom; lacking preserved, entiretop and mostof handle.Hmax. 24, Dmax. 22. Surfaces mottled nearblacktodarkred;vertically burnished

insideas faras topof shoulder. out,quitewellburnished Roundedbottom; vertical handleovoidinsection; verythick walls.Verycoarsebrick-red fabric.69/P17.

Western groupofRooms(ι, ία, 2)

withparts Here(figs.1.25,1.3: SHi, SH 2),thewallsat theeast(îa.east)and north(l.north)survive, Ε-win Trench oftwoothers;alongwitha segmentofa N-sdrainand a robbed-out trench(running unit- perhapsan Ε-w corridor. The southernpartis better LL). The last may definea slighter within 1 as action has cut down the north to cm of the Phase3 floors. PG/G 5 preserved, Room1,nowthemainelementvisiblehere,measuresat least4.50 m Ε-w x 1.90 m (or4.60 m N-s, one - remainsofan ε-w wall shouldRoom ia be added).Onlya hint- and nota veryrespectable limitis missing. to divideRooms1 and 3. Itswestern The The northwallsurvives to 15-20 cmoverthefloor,ofstone(onetotwocourses;50 cmthick). its face 10 visible eastis vague:thesameas Room 3.west,theN-sdrainrunning west a' (plate along by baulk at centre).The southwall is no betterin condition:its existencerelieson the correct ofa return fromtheeastwall,a rathershapelessmessabout1 m long. identification Laterpitsand soil erosionhave accountedformuchofRoom 1. Whatlittleremainedofthefloor itwasformed wouldsuggest ofpebblesin/ona grey,ashyearth:exactlyas seenin thecentralportion. The n-s drainat theeast(traceableforsome2.30 m,onlywithintheSouthHouse) has itssidesbuilt up ofstoneand evenpithossherds,withstoneslabsactingas a cover(twofoundat thenorthend).It a silty,sandygreyone variesfrom12 to 25 cm across,and is about30 cm deep; itsfillcomprises a itslinecannotbe pursued a water-borne late of sediment, blocking. arguably Veryannoyingly typical wall 1 and 1 a. the of Rooms beyond putative party Findssecurely recordedareveryfewand connectedwiththedrain'sfill,whichoccurredin or after thecourseofPhase3b. Pi Crater. Partofonesidefrom belowrimtolowerbody, withhandle;othernon-joining sherds.Hmax. 22. Int., red-brown mono.;ext.,panelled.Buff fabric, paint.66/P17.

see potterystatisticaltable C.2 1 and (Forsherdcontent,

DEPOSIT COMMENTS 32: APPENDIX 3)

Roomία,directly southofRoom 1, measures3.50 m Ε-wby at least2 m (depending on whether or notitis truly see above).Ofitswalls,thenorthis thatofRoom 1.south,andtheeastthat independent; ofRoom 5.west.Its ownwestwallis of stone,surviving fora courseor two(35-40 cm across).Its flooris a pebblespread(some5-7 cm thick)placedover/intheubiquitous greyand ashysoils. 1 Claywhorl, conical;grey.H. 2.3;D. base2.7; sh.d.0.45. Complete.Smoothedsurface.

On thisfloortothesoutharea circular hearth(50 cmacross),so identified bythegreyashaccumulated on itsorangeclaybase. Close by thewestwall is an unbakedclaybin (80-85 cm across),witha secondto itsnorth(squashedintoan ovoid,85 x 60 cm) againstthemissingwall. thefillintheregionis a mixofgreyandsoftbrownsoils,withdiscrete mudbrick elements Generally cm at to the Since often this seems to it the north). (35 deep south,only10-15 overlap wall-stubs, mustsurelyincorporate elementsof them,combinedand confusedby latermovements of earths, a WhiteWarecup,and twocasuallosses datingprobablyto Phase3b. A fewfindsremain,including with The stone hammerhead is putdownto beinga (MH) residual (connected personalappearance). retrieved from the mudbrick. piece, collapsing 2 Stonebead,disc;phyllite, (plate83.9, fig. silver-grey, 5.8: 33). D. 1.0; Th. 0.2; sh.d. 0.3. Complete.Angular whereabradedto shape.69/1. profile, blackwithwhite 3 Stone'hammerhead', frag.;serpentine, veins,(plate82.5,fig.5.5: 6). Lmax.5.7; Wmax.2.7; H.

remains. 4.0. Abouta quarter Squarishproportions; angles rounded.Polished,no signsofwear.69/2. 4 Claybead,depressedspherical;buff.(fig.5.18: 5). D. butirregular andabraded. 2.3; H. 1.6;sh.d.0.5. Complete, 69/13.

84

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Variouspitswerecutintothis:some smalland shallow(60 cm across,10 cm deep),othersmore a PG yardsurfaceofstoneand soilis laid. (over1 m wide,30 cm deep).Eventually impressive Of Room2, onlytheverynorth-east cornerwas investigated (figs.1.25, 1.3: SH2): no morethan60 cm ε-w x 1.25 m. The eastlimitis suppliedby wall 1a.west.The north,ifcorrectly is of identified, it has some mudbrick above the course of the stone socle (50 cm poor quality: preserved single broad).The flooris again of pebblesset intoa greyearth;and once morecoveredby the same destruction-created debris(some10-15 cm deep),apparently datingto Phase3b. 1 Stone bead, biconical; serpentine,blue-black.Hmax. 1.8; Dmax. 2.3; sh.d. 0.5. Third or so preserved.69/3.

The potential ε-w Corridor to thenorthof Room 2 is definedby thewall 2.north,and theparallel some 1.15 m further northagain (figs.1.25, 1.3: SH9). Its east limitsare perhaps robbing-trench hintedat,on thesame n-s line as thepartywall betweenRooms ia and 2: it is terribly uncertain at 60 cm wide and 50 deep, cut downfromthe is quitesteep-sided though.The robbing-trench PG yardsurface,rightthroughinto the Phase 2b zone. The floorand fillare the same as for Room 2, above. EasterngroupofRooms (6 and y)

Partsoftworoomsappearhere(fig.1.25).The northern one,Room6 (plate 10 b,at veryleft),is on at m least ε-w with the evidence from TrenchΝ addedin.It is perhapslinkedto 3.50 paper by 1.25, Room4 at thewestby a doorway(1.25 m wide). The westwall equals Room 4.east.The southis of similarheightand construction, but thicker: at thewest(60 cm thick)it mayby itsconstruction offerclues of an earlierphase integrated into wall 7.west(see below).The northwallis of stone,a coupleofcoursespreserved to 30 cm (40 cm a band of red clay,the thick).It too mightshowsignsof phasingin thatwithinit was identified samethatconstituted thefloorproperwithin- butthismaybe justbe a temporary matter within thewall'sconstruction. As seen all overthehouse,a grey,ashysoil,withpebbles,is seen at thebase: herethoughthis resembles morepartofa foundation withthefloorpropera redtoyellow-orange raft, clayeysoilwith elements ofsomeburntmaterial(5-10 cm deep). Thereafter a deeper(upto 20 cm)layerofvariedpale brownandgrey-brown earth,withmudbrick filled the room to the wall all mixed soilsseentothe structural material. The same pieces, tops: highly westtobe a finalblanket are here too. PG/G sits over them. No finds arementioned. covering pickedup SouthofRoom6 is Room7,whosenorth-west at least3.50 m Ε-w x 1.60 m; fig. corner(measuring is that involved. Some indication exists to the westwalland partofthenorth 1.25) suggest perhaps in on fig. bearwitnessto phasingand rebuilding (shaded plan 1.25).The westwall,equal to Room an wall. This last,of stone,survivesto into earlier version of the north 5.east,appearsintegrated severalcourseshigh(some30 cm,and 50-60 thick). The detailsofthedeposits within theroomalsogiveevidenceformorethanonephaseofoccupation. The first(perhapsof Phase 3a date),set over the usual greyand pebble spread,is markedby a floor(3-5 cmdeep),redderandmoreclayeytotheeast.The easternportion mayalso show yellowish remnants of anothersupporting soil to thefloor:a brownishsoil (7 cm deep] witha smallpit-like feature (27 cm across,5 deep). Relaying/support

Pi Pictorial sherd; kalathos. (plate 66.F1 1). Fish. 69/P60; C-F11.

Withthefloorgoesa claybin,apparently unbaked,in a verydamagedstateat thewest.Thereisjust in an area ofburntsoil,ash and smallstones.On thefloor that a be indicated hearth thechance may earths(6-10 cm and collapse:burnt-looking a littledebrisfromthehouse'sdestruction accumulated to Phase 3b. dating deep),presumably 2 Stone mortarfrag.;volcanic,grey.12.0 x 9.5; Th. 3.0. D.est. 25, H. at least 10. Small portionof rim and wall, burntblack at top ext. 64/42.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

85

The typicalover-topping in excavation, blanketcover,repeatedly is herequitedeep (atup recognised to 30 cm). Its probabledeliberatedistribution is made morelikelyby thediscoveryof a trampled at itsbase - overthecollapseddebris. surface Thus,in conclusion, thoughmuchoftheevidenceis ofpooror ambiguousquality,theSouthHouse ofthislastMycenaeanoccupation on Xeropolishastheoccasional,butfirm, hintofsomearchitectural it. made to It is to see Rooms 6 and Room4 in someguise) 5, 7 (andpresumably changes tempting as theoriginalphase,withmuchof thewesternportionadded in thefollowing one. Butthismust remainhypothetical. It is notobviouswhatcausedthebuildingto go outofuse,noroccasionedtheneedforrepair,but an extremely longperiodofoccupationis perhapsmadeunlikely bythelackofanynoticeablebuildover the floors. Of the debris with its associated ups collapseonly 20-30 cm at best actuallylie the substantial of its vases to north within; recovery mayshowthatmaterialwas regularly dumped therefromwithinthehouse.Above thewall-stumps, as observedabove, another15 cm or so of similarsoils continue.Spread indiscriminately, thispatternindicatesthatsome otheragencyis or even ofthePG/G soils. responsible: settling weathering, redistribution, priorto theestablishment YARD OR PASSAGEWAY

AtthetimeoftheerectionofthePhase3 SouthHouse,thereseemsto haveexistedoncemoresome sortofΕ-waccessroutejustto itsnorth(see above).Itslargelygreyearthcharacter has beennoticed before.Thisandtherelatedbroadaccumulation butis harderto detectfurther tothenorth continues, wherethePG/Gworkhas cutit away(fig.1.3,leftofcentre).The area retains, forconvenience, its tagof8/9thatithad in Phase 2. oftheSouthHouse,theε-w zone (some1.50 m wideat theeast,to 2.50 m to Duringthelifetime thewest)immediately toitsnorthcontinues to amasssoils.Itshistory in Phase3, up tothetimeofthe SouthHouse'sconstruction, has been handledabove.At thisapproximate thesoilsnorth boundary, of thehousebeginto receivea largenumberof pots:theirsourcecouldbe thehouseitself.Their - bowl/basin character tablewares,withonlya scoop(11) (P8-10) - largelysuggests (P5-7),craters and a stirrup the existence of is also (12), jar indicating likely storagecapacitiesnearby.Domesticity the reels (16). suggested by Pi Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate64.E11). Bird.66/P356; C-E11. P2 Pictorialsherd;kalathos.(plate 65.E21). Bird.66/ P357;C-E2i. sherd;crater, (plate57.A2).Horseanddriver. P3 Pictorial 66/P358;C-A2. P4 Basin.Hmax.8.8,D.rimc.40. Rimsherdwithhandle stub.Int.,mono.;ext,broadbandatrim,wavylinebelow. Blackpaint.66/P65. P5 Basin,(fig.2.25: 3). Hmax. 8.4, D.rim30. Rim to lowerbodyquarter Int.,mono.;ext.,banded,as preserved. illustrated. Bufffabric, blackpaint.66/P60. P6 Deep bowl.(fig.2.21: 5). H. 9.2, D.rim11.5.Whole profilepreserved, lackinghandles.Mono,insideand out, lineinsidelip,and reservedfoot.Buff exceptforreserved redpaint.66/P62. fabric, P7 Deep bowl.Hmax. 16.8. Rimto lowerbody.Mono. inandout,exceptforreserved lineinsidelip,fivereserved lineson ext.lowerbody and reservedfoot.Pinkish-buff redpaint.66/P64. fabric, P8 Crater,(fig.2.24: 1). Estimated H c. 23, D.rimc. 27. Largesectionfromshoulderto base; non-joining fragment ofrimandneck,withhandlestub;othernon-joining sherds. Groovedon neckand shoulder, as illustrated. Int.,mono.; ext.,mono,exceptfortworeservedbandson lowerbody andunpainted base. Brownpaint.66/P63.

P9 Crater:WhiteWare,(plate42 A). H près.15.1. Part of rim,withhandle,Int.,band at lip; ext.,decorationas illustrated. Blackpaint.66/P66. Pi ο Crater. Hmax.17.4.Aboutthird withhandle, preserved streamer lackingrimand base. Int.,mono.;ext.,antithetic Darkbuff browntoblackpaint.66/P67. fabric, pattern. Pi 1 Scoop,(fig.2.13:6). Wholeprofile preserved, lacking handle.Darkbufffabric, 66/P16. unpainted. P12 Stirrup jar. (plate42 D). H. 4, D.rimc. 8. Shoulder withspout.Decoration as illustrated. White frag, Imported? blackand reddishbrownpaint.66/P68. fabric, on pot-base,(plate 102.5).^nt·»discat base; 13 Graffito - vaguelyheart-shaped, Graffito inbrownext.,unpainted. Pink redpaint.66/P354. fabric, orangepaint. on pot-base- deep bowl, (plate 102.6). 14 Graffito lower Mono.,exceptforreserved spotat int.base,reserved - linear,in brown-black. Pinkish buff partoffoot.Graffito blackpaint.66/P355. fabric, black.H. 1.6; D. 15 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, base 2.5; sh.d.0.4. Complete,somechips.66/23. 16 Clayreels(2); yellow-brown, L. 6.3; D. a) cylindrical. 3.8; Wt. 120 gm.b) waisted.L. 5.3; D. 3.6; at waist3.0; Wt.70 gm. see potterystatisticaltable C.20 and (Forsherdcontent, deposit comments30: appendix 3; perhaps deposit COMMENTS 31 too)

attention: thesedate to Phase 3b. One Spreadsofgravelwithintheaccumulating greysoilsattract suchlensis at a leveltobe equatedwiththeactualconstruction; withinthenext12-15 cm,twomore standoutat theeast.Withsomereasonablecertainty thesamelensescan be pursuedto thewest,with

86

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

thelowershouldaccompanythe reddermaterial presenttoo.Of theselasttwohorizonsmentioned, laterlifeand destruction ofthehouse.Whilstsomefindscan be shownto be fromtheSouthHouse, forthemostpartthelocationspotis notexactlyenoughknown.The opinionoftheDirectorofthe excavation is accordingly whichassignsthevaseslargely(ifnotwholly)to theyardareajust followed, from fewperhapsfromRoom4 (theopenentrance northoftheSouthHouse,withjustan uncertain theyard). The samebalanceoffindsis observed,as has been outlinedabove. Pi 7 Pictorialsherds;neckedcrater, (plate 65.E8). Bird. 66/P7;C-E8a-d. Pi 8 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plates60.B9, 70). Human. 6g/Pi4a; C-B9. P19 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 61.C5). Animal.69/ Pi4b; C-C5. WhiteWare.(fig.2.14: 1).Hmax. P20 Amphora, pinkish 12, D.rim 13.5. Rim, neck handled. Decoration as illustrated. Withcreamslip,red-brown paint.66/P11. P21 Conicalbowl.(figs.2.13: 2, 2.19: 9). H. 7.5, D.rim c. 13. Wholeprofile preserved, excepthandle.Int.,mono, for reserved disc at base; ext, bandsat rim,midexcept brown(int.)andred(ext.)paint. fabric, bodyandfoot.Buff 66/P4. P22 Conicalbowl.(figs.2.13: 1, 2.19: 8). H. 8, D.rimc. 15. Wholeprofilepreserved, excepthandle.Int.,mono, exceptforreserveddiscat base; ext.,bandsat mid-body, footpainted.Bufffabric, redpaint.66/P5. P23 Deep bowl:WhiteWare,(plate44 A,fig.2.22: 6). H près.10.0,D.rim15.0. Almostcomplete,lackingbase and a fewbodysherds;restored. Int.,mono,exceptfor reservedline at lip; ext.,antithetic loops,as illustrated; splasheson handle.Orange-brown paint.66/P9. P24 Deep bowl:WhiteWare.D.rimc. 20. Non-joining piecesofrimto lowerbody.Decorationprobablyas P26 black (inside)and orange(outside) below.Veryfugitive paint.66/P13. P25 Deep bowl. (figs.2.13: 3, 2.21: 6). Hmax. c. 10, D.rim15.Rimtolowerbody.Mono,inandout,exceptfor lineinsiderim,reserved foot.66/P2. reserved P26 Deep bowl: WhiteWare.(figs.2.13: 4, 2.21: 7). H. c. 16.5,D.rim19.5.Almostcompleteprofile Estimated

innon-joining sections. Mono,inandoutexcept preserved forreservedline insidelip,reservedline on lowerbody brownpaint.66/P10. and reserved foot.Fugitive P27 Crater:WhiteWare,(plate 44 B). Hmax. 17. One Int.,bands;ext, running frag,fromlip to mid-body. spiral andbands,as illustrated. Blackpaint.66/P6. H. c. 12,Dmax. P28 Stirrup jar. (fig.2.13: 5). Estimated ofupperbodyandbase.Coned c. 10.5.Non-joining sections arcson shoulder, mono, topdisc,highringbase.Concentric Bufffabric, lowerbody,bars on handle,as illustrated. orange-brown paint.66/P8. (plate 44 Q fig. 2.26: 8). H 5.0, D.rim21. P29 Tray, Lackinghandles,partsof rimand body; restored.Int., mono, except fordecoratedtondo at centrebase, as illustrated; ext.,band at rimand foot,barson rim.Buff black(int.)and brown(ext.)paint.66/P1. fabric, P30 Jug, one-handled cp. (figs. 2.14: 3, 2.33: 6). He. 17, D.rim10.5. Rimto lowerbody,nonEstimated blackenedon ext.66/P12. redfabric, joiningbase. Gritty ofneckand P31 Largecookingpot.D ofneck23. Profile shoulderonly.Coarseredfabric.66/P15. fine. votivemodel(?),frag.; 32 Claywheel,from pink-buff, (plate 99.6). L. 4.1; D. 3.4-2.0. Wheeldisclost(1.0 th.), to felloesremain,worn.Twocylinders, expanding slightly atpointoftheir formthefelloes;wheeldiscsprings centre, junction.Blacksolidpaintforint.felloe,bandson theext. one.Hole foraxle: 1.8 across.66/9. H. 1.5; D. 33 Claywhorl,conical;reducedbrown-black. worn.66/6. base 3.25; sh.d.0.5; Wt. 15 gm.Complete, see potterystatisticaltable C.22 and (Forsherdcontent, DEPOSIT COMMENTS 33: APPENDIX 3)

aboveprobablyoughttorelatetoa timeafter The uppermost gravelandgreyearthspreadmentioned showsthattheregionstillattracted thehousehad ceasedto be used.Evenso, thisverycontinuation linesofstones, somehumanpresence.Concreteexamplesofthisareseenat thewestin smallcurving as a smallkerbbuiltto retaina fire(10 cm ofreddenedearthon a layerof one at leastwas identified thatlookto actas a sort pebbles)in a hearthofabouta metreacross.Westofthisarethreepost-holes, ofscreenforthehearth:theyare 24-40 cm across,9-20 cm deep witha brownfill. conical;serpentine, palegreywithwhite 34 Stone'button', 66/10. H. 2.1; D. base 2.65;sh.d.0.45. Complete. blotches. Lmax.2.6; D. 0.15. 35 Metalwire,frag.;copper/bronze. Brokenat eachend,corroded.66/18. reddeer,(plate97.1). Lmax.ofhaft36; D. of 36 Antler, base 5; twotines:L. 19 and 13,D. 4 and 3.4. Brokenends.

handleonce Ends of tineshave signsof wear/abrasion; longer.65/99. D. 4.4-5.1,irregular; 37 Clay disc,pierced;red-brown. Th. 0.6. Complete,cutdownfromvase sherd.Holes (0.3 across)workedfromeitherside.65/52. Plus,stonepounder,boneawl.

to tie in to theaccount. At theverywest,thoseportionssuspectedof beinginvolvedare difficult has quiteremovedall tothenorthandeastofthis.Suchinterference MassivePG/Gactivity completes LH IIIC Mycenaeanoccupationin thispartofXeropolis. theretrievable herediscussed. andsouthern) ofthetworegions(north/central totieinthestories toattempt Itremains the excavation all over be traced that can connections no clear Thereseem area,albeit stratigraphical ofsoils similarities relative on based are All observations has a generalcomparablepattern emerged. flat site is not that the the fact so made more a and levels: questionable entirely anyway. by practice, itwouldseemreasonableto suggest can be placedin suchmatters, in so faras anytrust Nonetheless,

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

87

thattheentiresequenceoftheevidenceat thenorth/centre can be broadlyequatedto,or is at least coevalwith,theill-understood eventat thesouththatresulted in thewidespread depositofmudbricks there,beforethecreationoftheSouthHouse. Someofthenorth/central soilsmust,no doubt,haveaccumulated in thetimeoftheSouthHouse's withsafety. It remainspossiblethatsomeminor use,buthow muchso is impossibleto determine structures ofPhase3 did existtheretoo,butwereall sweptawayby PG/G activities. Bythetimethe PG/G reclamation had been completedthesiteis markedly divided:to thenorthlevelsare around 13.10-13.30m,whilsttothesouththeyare c. 1 m higherat c. 14.20m.A fairly sharprisearoundthe centralΕ-waxisoftheexcavation(figs.1.25, 1.3),almosta bank,stepsup fromthenorthto roughly 13.90-14.00

m.

THE TRIALS THE STRATIGRAPHY AND FINDS The threeseriesof testTrialsare describedseparately of their here,followedby a shortsummary to theknowledgeofthesite.Fulltreatment, withdrawnplansand sections, is specificcontributions ofsignificant givenonlyforthosewhichwereproductive Mycenaeanmaterial;fortheothersand for theearlierstrataofmanyofthese(MH and EH) onlya summary is given.5 The Western Series of Tests Takingthesein orderfromnorthto south,theyincludeTrialsC and G nearthenorthedge,S, Τ, Ρ andΒ on thesummit andΕ atthesouthnearthecliff intoTrial edge.Trials J and Q wereincorporated E. TrialR was notproductive. TrialsC, Ρ and Ε producedsubstantial LH IIIC materialand are treatedfullyhere;a summary of the it others makes to forthesiteas a whole. description possible assesstheirsignificance TRIAL

C (PLATES

11,

12

b' FIGS.

I.26,

I.27)

ThisTrialwas thenorthernmost oftheseriesat thewestend ofXeropolis,and was dug on ground 1 in down & 10 to the north. It measured3 x 4 m,was orientedN-sand in a limitedtestpit sloping was takendown3.60 m to depth12.10 m. Remarkablefindsweremade close below thesurface, thegriffin associated alabastron, namelya depositofwholeor evenintactLH IIIC vases,including withone of a seriesof stratified architectural In addition,of especialinterest features. was a deep as a fortification line),with soundingwhichrevealeda smallsegmentof a majorwall (interpreted severalassociatedoccupationlevels.6 TheLHIIIC Phases(floors1-3)

The topsurviving stonesoftwowallswerefoundtowardsthenorthend oftheTrial,littlemorethan 10 cmbeneaththesurface. The first (wallA) wasthetruncated stumpofan Ε-wwallat thenorth-west corneroftheTrial,butwithitno definite floorlevelcouldbe associated.Sinceitwas stratified above a LH IIIC Phase 2 floorit couldbe latestMycenaeanor PG/SPG,forPhase 3 was represented by somesherdsnearsurfaceat thenorth-west a craterfragment corner,and someWhiteWareincluding were (P16; plate 52.2) was foundin theuppermost fill,whilea fewsherdsof PG/SPG character foundin thesurface level.No LG was found.The secondwall(wallB) ranalongthefulllengthofthe eastbaulk,preserved higherat thenorth(c. 15.25 m) and centre(15.35 m) thanat thesouth(15.15 ofthreestonesat thesouthend,which m).A doorwayouttotheeastis suggested bythearrangement (see fig. 1.26 a). Withthiswas associateda slopingclay mayhave formeddoorjamb and threshold floor(floor1), whichranoverthewholeoftheTrial(depthc. 15.15 m at thesouth,dippingdown sharplyto c. 14.75 m a* thenorth).This unusualinclinemaybe due to subsidenceoverthesteep contextwas foundthe vase depositalready profileof wall D below.On floor1 in a destruction 5 Only abbreviated accounts are given forTrials A, B, D, G, Z, I, II, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X. Fuller publication,as required,is reservedforthetimewhen data is available forthe earlierperiods represented.In the meantimedescriptiveaccounts, with drawn plans and sectionshave been prepared and can be consulted in

the archive of the BritishSchool at Athens. This account owes much to a preliminarywrite-upprepared by Don Evely (whose careful reading of the excavation notes enabled him to identifyeight main chronological phases); and to MervynPopham's detailed drawingof the west section.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

88

Fig. 1.26. Phase 2: Trial C plan, detailsand finds(a) at Floor 1; (b) at Floor 3.

referred thefollowing: to,whichis assignedto LH IIIC Phase 2a. Thisdepositcomprised stirrup jar sherd (P10),coarsejug and cookingpot (P8, Pu), a miniature (Pi), jug (P7),two (P9), pictorial jug alabastron(Ps) withkylixstemstopper(P3) and the cups (P5-6) and a deep bowl (P4), thegriffin of an a clayspindlewhorl(14) and troddenintothefloor Also found were (nc). fragments amphora a bonepinfragment surface (12). The floorwas ofgreyandyellowclayup to 5 cmthickand had an unbakedbinofdiameterc. 1 m setagainstthewallat thenorth-east corneroftheTrialwherethefloordippedand theassociatedfill was deepest.The bin had a surround earthand containeda fillofmudbrick, ofcharcoal-blackened No contents of carbonandblackashprobablyfallenin at thetimeofthedestruction. werediagnostic thatitmayhave itsuse. Beneaththeclayfloorofthebinfurther tracesofa charcoallayersuggested coveredby a been seton a woodenbase. Overthefloorwas a greyashylayerofoccupationrefuse, fillofdecayedmudbrick, tracesofa whiteplastered someburntredand somepreserving face,and of fill was clearer where fire. This destruction blackash,all ofwhichclearlyindicateda destruction by It the foundation trench in had been disturbed at the north end of the Trial and the centre. by deepest thecentre and by a deep waterchannelwhichhad cutthrough forwallA, by a pitat thesouth-west, of occurredbeforetheconstruction Thishad apparently ofthetrenchnotlongafterthedestruction. fill in the channel. The vases alluvial of trenchcutpartlyintoa first wallA, whosefoundation stage ofblackcarbonised werefoundsitting on or a littleabove thefloorwitha surround wood,theirtops seem to havebeen in where this water channel the surface soil close beneath they havingappeared sediment later to be buried soon after their abandonment, again byaccumulating only partly exposed as much as were the plate 11 of the vases Some 25 cm c-e). (fig. 1.27; resting (including jug P7) material hereat a raisedsupportofperishable abovefloorlevel,perhapsbecausetherewas originally of black suchas a cupboardor table.This was suggested thetimeof destruction, by thesurround The finequalityofthedepositindicatesthatherewe havepartofa wellwoodfragments. carbonised one wallwith butthecontext, appointedLH IIIC Phase 2 dwelling(perhapsa storagebasement?), further not a does and an area of floor speculation. permit claybin, possibledoor, Destructiononfloor 1, Phase 2 a

Pi Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 62.C6). Animal.64/P52; C-C6.

P2 Alabastron,cylindrical,(plates 35.2, 67). H.18.15; D.2 1. 1. Completeexceptsmallneckfrags.Evertedlip; three

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION Base has greywashonly. raisedloop handleson shoulder. Dec. of fantastic deer on body.Antithetical and griffins withscalepattern andvertical bandson shoulder. tongues, Darkorangefabric, blackpaintall overwithwhite-painted dec.64/P4a;C-Gi. Hmax.5.75; P«),kylixfoot(inverted). P3 lid (ofalabastron D. 9.25.Broken acrossstemandchipped roundcircumference. Mono,surface Buff/ exceptbaseoffoot(= topoflid/stopper). buff orangefabric; slip;blackpaint.64/P4D. P4 Deep bowl,(plate 35.5, fig. 2.20: 8). H.12; D.rim 14.8, (foot)5.1. Made up fromsherds,two rimfrags. Ext.,lowerpartof bowl and foot,and insideof missing. Int.paintedexceptforsmallcentraldot. handlesreserved. 64/P5. Band int.and ext. P5 Cup frag.H. 8.55; D. 12. Profile. ofrim,andringatbaseofint.Orange-brown fabric, orange paint.64/P61. P6 Cup,one-handled, (fig.2.15: 2). H. 9.8; D.rim13. 6, base 4.5. Profile(12 sherds,notjoining);handlemissing. evertedlip,lowringbase.Bandon lip;int.mono., Slightly exceptcentraldisc.Red fabric, creamyslip,brownpaint. 64/P3. P7 Globular jug.(plate35.1,fig.2.28:5). H. 27.3;D. 28.4.

Upper fill,over floorι

Pi 5 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate64.E9).Bird.Fromarea of disturbanceat intrusivepit (layer 3 in fig. 1.27). 69/P49;C-E9. Pi 6 Craterfrag,(plate 52.2). Rim frag.Dec. as shown. Level 2.

89

evertedlip.Straphandleto lip.Frags,ofneckand Slightly Plainbands.Reddishfabricandslip.64/P2. bellymissing. P8 Ovoidjug. (plate35.6,fig.2.33: 5). H. 14.3;D. 14.6. strap Completeexceptforchipsatrim.Evertedlip,vertical handle,mouldedbase. Coarse darkgreyfabricfiredto 64/P6. orangeon outside;gritty. P9 Miniature jug. H. 6.8; D. 6. Globular.Bandson int. andext.ofrim;bandroundbaseofneck;threebandsround orangepaint.64/P65. belly,oneroundbase.Orangefabric; P10 Stirrup jar.(plate35.3-4).H. 22; D. 21.8.Complete, fabric,washof exceptsmallfrag,of handle.Buff/orange samecolour.Brown/black paintwithaddedwhite.64/P1. P11 Cookingpot.H. 15.5; D. 27.8. Reconstructed from burntblackin Coarsegritty fabric, 34 frags. brown-orange; places.64/P12. 12 Bonepin,shaft, (plate95.4). Lmax.9.2; D. 0.4. Near butlacksends;polished.64/5. complete, human;late Psi B. Hmax. 3.4. Upper 13 TC figurine; body.64/10;F 16. D. 3.5; H. 2.4; sh.d. 14 Clay whorl,biconical;red-buff. 0.55; Wt. 17 gm.Complete,somemarksofmanufacture. 64/4.

Pi 7 Craterfrag,(plate 54.2). Rim frag.Dec. as shown. Level 5. 18 TC figurine; bovid.Hmax.3; Lmax.4.2. Forequarters. 64/13;F70.

Barely10-15 cm belowthePhase 2 floorwas an earliersimilarfloor(floor2), also associatedwith wallΒ attheeast.It ranoverwallD atthewestandincorporated intoitssurface thetopmost stonesof wallC at thesouth,whosefullwidth[c. 1 m) seemstohavebeendemolished and levelled(todepthc. ofthisphase.The associatedfill(belowfloor1), only10-15 m 15.00m) at thetimeofconstruction had with at thetop,overlying some stones a hardashy-grey floor3-5 cm thick deep, lumpyclay whichslopedsharplydownhillat thenorth, 1 . to floor This floor was seenclearlyat parallel roughly thesouthforc. 70 cm intothetrialarea,butless clearlyat thecentreand north.Troddenintothe floorsurfaceweretwoantlerand bone implements offill (19-20),butsinceonlya fewcentimetres survived and therewas no floordeposit,theonlybasisfordatingfloor2 is a fewsherdsfromthefill whichwereIIIC Phase 1 in character. Sincetheunderlying floor(floor3) is datedto LH IIIC Phase ia we mayreasonably this floor(floor2) to LH IIIC Phase lb on stratigraphical assign intermediate groundsalone. With floor2

(plate94.4).Lmax.11.5; 19 Antler awl/point, heavyduty, W. 1.6;Th. 0.4. Buttdamaged,tipperhapschipped.Point faceted.64/6. blunt;sidespartly fairly

L. 8.8; Th. 1.3tapering 20 Bone?awlornatural fragment. to D. 0.3. 64/9.

After thecleaningoftheuppersurviving surface ofthestone-built wallsC andD, excavation continued in a sectorlimited bythesewallsandbythelaterwallB, an areanowno morethanhalfthesizeofthe Trial.AtitsnorthendtheupperstonecoursesofwallD weredisturbed, and stoneshad fallen original or been thrown intotheroomfillhere,possiblyas levellingmaterialforthesucceedingfloorlevel. The irregular natureofthesurviving wallsurface leavesopenthepossibility thattherewasan entrance to theroomat thispointfromthewest,wherethewallwas brokendownperhapsintosteps. The deepfillbelowfloor2 is described as darkgreytobrownsoil,firm inpatchesbutsoftelsewhere, withsomefallenor dumpedmudbricks, of the material to. possiblypart levelling alreadyreferred Thisfilloverlaya lower,rather surface of brown and at c. irregular occupation greyclay, depth 13.85 m,floor3, whichranup againstwallC at thesouthand wallD at thewest.In thefillat thesouthside was founda bone awl (nc). On floor3 at thesouth-west cornerwas a clay-built oven,circularand ofdiameter70-80 cm but withstraight edgeattheeast(open)side(plate 11 a, b' fig.1.26 b).Itscollapsewas atleastinpartdue to a fallofmudbricks earth (one foundtheremeasured19.5 x 37.0 x 7.0 cm).A filloforange-red

9O

THE

SITE

AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig. 1.27. TrialC, westsection. 1: surface (Phase 3, PG-G), 2: greyashy earth(silt),3: loose red earthof pit fill,4: Wall A (afterPhase Layer descriptions: red and 2), 5: greylumps mudbrick,ash, carbon and sherd (Phase 2 destructiondebrison floor),6: greyash withsherd (Phase ?ib, occupationon Floor 2), 7: Wall D upper- stones,greyfill,mud plasterface,8: loose greyash (Phase ia, fillon Floor 3), 9: greyclay withash (late IIIB to IIIC, occupationon Floor 4), 10: soft,pale brownclay (IIIB early,occupation on Floor 5), 11: softbrown clay withred mudbrick(to ΠΙΑ, wash level), 12: brown earthand stone scatter(?destruction layer), 13: softbrownishsoil, few stones (LH I- II, on reddishconstructionsurface),14: Wall D firstphase (large stones, mudbrickover), 15: brownclay,fewsherds(late MH, pre-fortification wall).

chokedit;itscollapsedwallfragments ofunbakedclaypreserved partofa roundeddome,including floor was based on a layerofpebbles2The clay backwardcurving piecesfromabovethedoorway. At the north-east oftheexcavation setovertheearthflooroftheareaor room(fig.1.27). 3 cmthick, from and an ash redearth therewasa partlydisturbed areawhichcontained scatter, perhapsderiving The a a and of cup an open hearth.Fromthefillcome thefragments jug (P21, P22 respectively). and final ia for floor sherdevidencegivesa LH IIIC Phase date 3, oven,hearth, phaseof remaining a mud stones had received use ofwallsC and D, whosebuildofmedium-sized plasterfacingat this laststageoftheiruse as housewalls(fig.1.27: 7).7 7 The context of «3-24 listed below with Floor 3 is a little uncertain.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

With floor3

withlipband.H. 8.1; D.base 4.95. Profile P21 Cup frag, withhandle.Bandsat rimint.and ext, circleon floorand on handle.Orangefabric, 64/P13. orange-painted. P22 Jug(?)base frag.Hmax. 15.2; D. 17.6.Probablythe usualplaintypewithhighhandle.Buff fabricwithbuff slip. 64/P17. D, someedgedamage;L. 23 Obsidian,blade.Proximal,

91

3.8; W. 0.8; Th. 0.2. 24 Stoneobject,frag.;black,f-g.Lmax.5.0; 3.2 x 3.5. Workedandroundedcorner, brokenon all othersides.64/ 7· Plus,boneawl. (For sherdcontent,see potterystatistical table C.i:

APPENDIX 3)

Testpit through floor3 to earlierleveh

Excavationthrough and belowfloor3 was limitedto a smalltestmeasuring c. 1.60 χ 1.15 m at the southendoftheexcavatedarea,besidewallsC and D. It first revealedtwosuccessivefloorlevels,the upper,floor4, at 13.70m withlateLH IIIB or earlyIIIC sherds,thelower,floor5, at 13.55m with tobe greyish earlyLH IIIB sherds.The fillherecontinued clay,perhapsoccupationdebris,including ash froma possiblehearthin thenorth-west cornerofthetestarea.The grey-brown build-up(5-10 cm thick)of theupperoccupationlevel,floor4, whichrunsup againstwallsC and D at depthc. 13.70m containedclayfigurine (25-26). fragments With floor4

human;latePsi B. (plate73.17).H. 4.4. 25 TC figurine; bararm.64/12;F 17. Complete,

humanpolos head fromlate Psi type. 26 TC figurine; Hmax.2.8. LH IIIAi residual.64/14;F28.

Only 15 cm lower,belowa similarfillofsoftpale-brown clay,floor5 coversthewholetestareaand is againassociatedwithwallsC and D. Fromthebuild-upoffloor5 camethekylixfragment, P27 of LH IIIB date. With floor5

P27 Kylixfrag.64/P29.

Thusthesetwofloorsindicatea periodofLH IIIB occupationin thearea,closelystratified beneath theIIIC Phase ia floorand in association withwallsC and D. The sequenceoflowerlevels,belowfloor5 at depth12.10-13.55m, can be associatedwiththe construction and earlyhistory ofwallsC and D, partofthesuggested fortification system. Theyare bestdescribedin chronological At its excavation was taken down c. cm below sequence. deepest, 40 thewall foundations a brownish and at a surface where the through clay layer stopped clay was markedby a reddishdiscoloration. The associatedsherdswerelate MH and the surfacecouldbe as a MH troddenlevel of uncertain extent,possiblyan open area whichprecededthe interpreted construction ofthewalls. The wallswhichareinterpreted as fortifications werebuilton a secondreddishclaysurface andthe lowestcoursesdisplaya massivestoneconstruction, bestrecordedfortheeastfaceofwallD (plate 12 surfacewas a fillofsoftbrownish soilwithfewstones,c. b' fig.1.27).Overthereddishconstruction cm a substantial scatter of some thick, 15-20 stones, underlying quitelarge.These perhapsderive froman episodeofdestruction The associated was principally (fig.1.27: 12). pottery greyand yellow and but included a LH Ifew II decorated sherds. Aninteresting ware, Minyan matt-painted (and?IIIA) can be in noted the fabric of the walls at the same a horizontal band ofmudbrick level,namely change but cm at the south end wall D of construction, 10-25 decayed surviving (fig.1.27: 14). Above high thisis a rebuildin a distinctive of smaller and it seems reasonable to interpret stones, style irregular themudbrick feature as theremnants oftheupperstructure oftheoriginal wallwhosepartialdestruction is reflected in thestonescatter described. The underlying softbrownlayer(fig.1.27: 13),shouldthen from the first of use of these Iwalls a construction datein LH I or originate (LH II), suggesting period MH III/LH I, whena substantial of MH wares was continued. proportion The earthlayerassociatedwiththeuse oftherebuild- thesecondconstruction phaseofthewalls - consisted ofsoftbrownclaywithred(mudbrick) and contained sherds LH ΠΙΑ type,as of patches wellas surviving MH wares.It was sealedoverbyfloor5 (earlyLH IIIB) andis bestinterpreted as an intermediate washlevel.Fromthistimeon thissectionof thewallingseemsto have been of less as a defensive work.At anyrateitsincorporation intoa local building(thatassociated importance withfloor3 describedabove) was permitted and itsstonefaceswerecoatedwithmudplaster(fig. thischangeas partof a processof degeneration, whichwas only 1.27: 7). It is possibleto interpret in the LH IIIC a when house floor ran over its nowlevelled completed early (floor2) period, right

92

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

masonrysurface.Such a development perhapsleads us to thedilemmathat,in theselaterperiods, wallhere,or thata newwallwas builtnearby.But eitherno further need was feltfora fortification clearlythereis no evidenceforeitherofthesepropositions. An alternative is thatwe are dealingherewith suggestion, MervynPopham'slatesthypothesis, casement withthestructure ofthefortification, ofwhoseexistence he rooms,roomscloselyconnected feltcertain. The areaofthistestis extremely excavation(orpossiblysurvey limited;further byremote sensing)is neededin orderto shedfurther lighton thequestion. In summary, a deep soundingin TrialC beneathan uppersequenceofLH IIIC buildings provided wall (wall C), runningΕ-w alongthe evidencefora strongly and long-lived built,well-preserved contours ofXeropolishillwitha n-s abutment defence (wallD): perhapspartofthehill'snorthern line (C), withthe startof a rectangular its various tower(D). The masonry, including phasesand standsup to 2.5 m in height, whilethewidthofwallC, at itsmeasurable levelledsurfaceat rebuilds, thesouthofthetrench, course appearsto exceed1.0 m atitslatestphaseofuse,andthetopsurviving ofwallD (nowa LH IIIC housewall)is over50 cm thick. in thestratigraphy ofthistrial:one prePerhaps,then,eightchronological phasesare discernible withtheiruse,first datesthemajorwalls;threeareassociated as a defensive work,butlaterincorporated as housewalls;and fourpost-date in a sequenceofat leastthreelateLH IIIC theirfinaldemolition a followed of abandonment and erosion buildings by period by waterrunnels. In the first(earliest)phase,at c. 12.15 m, a troddensurfaceof reddishclay is interpreted as a MH late with no structures as known. at c. walls C Second, 12.50 m, representing open area, yet and D (northern defencewallwithtower?)are constructed ofverylargestoneswithupperfabricof fromlateMH to earlyLH; an earlyperiodofuse followedby a mudbrick, probablyat thetransition in LH II/IIIA leftitsmarkas a washlayercoveredbya scatter at destruction ofstonesand mudbrick c. m. depth 12.65-13.20 Thirdcomesa sequenceofLH IIIB floors.Byearlyin theLH IIIB perioda majorreconstruction in smallerstoneshad beenundertaken, and a claytroddenlevel(floor5) withassociatedkylixranup at the walls thefirstoccupationsurfaceoutsidethe against depth13.55 m>evidently representing a walls.Then,aftera periodof use represented by build-upofgrey-brown claysome 16 cm deep a the outside face of the there followed second floor of walls, against greyish claywithpossiblehearth LH IIIB to the end of some kind of makeshift (floor4), perhapssuggesting dating (cooking?) activity an earthbuild-upofc. 20 here.Fourth, notverylongafterthis,in earlyLH IIIC (Phaseia), following a lessdirectrelationship ofthissectionofwallingwith cm,theuse ofthisspaceforhabitation suggests a clayfloor(floor thewallfacewas coveredwithmudplaster, themilitary function ofa fortification: was laid and with a built domed house-oven set down 3) againstthewall,and provided carefully an D in for the hearth Wall was upperstonesofits probably open evidently already disrepair nearby. a 60 cm below its northern sectorhad been removedto low enoughlevel[c. surviving heightat the a downhill south)to makea steppedentrancepossiblehere,and to cause substantial slope to the northin thesubsequent occupationlevels. ofthisdemolition Thefifth uppercoursesoftheold process:themudbrick periodseesthecompletion ofwallC waslevelledfora new andthrown downas roomfill,thestonemasonry wallsweredismantled on a lineparalleltotheold (nowburied)wallD floor(floor2) anda newwall(wallB) wasconstructed feature whichcan be associatedwiththetwo at c. 1.60 m to theeast.WallΒ is theonlyarchitectural 1 and2). Littlewasfoundontheearlierfloor(floor2),butitisassigned LH IIIC floors(floors succeeding toIIIC Phaselb on stratigraphical grounds(abovePhaseia andbelowPhase2). Sixthcomesa relaying followed ofthefloorofthisnewbuilding(floor1),a periodofuse withclaybin and hearth, by a fire and its contents the of and the abandonment LH IIIC Phase destruction to 2, building by assignable a periodofabandonment, whichincludeda fineLH IIIC Phase2 pottery following deposit.Seventh, ofsilt,a newbuildingwas erected, watererosionand somealluvialaccumulation represented onlyby wallA and a pitfill,eitherin thelatestIIIC period(Phase3) or later. thefragmentary sherdsremain butsurface erosionso severethatnothing camea periodoffurther Eighthandfinally PG and G periods. hereofthesucceeding in theexposureofa probableearlyfortification thenliesprimarily ofthistrialtrench The significance fromtheend ofMH to verylateMycenaeantimes;and then materialextending wallwithstratified againin theuppersequenceofLH IIIC occupationlevelswithfindsofa highqualityon thelatest ofBronzeAgeoccupation demonstrates floor(LH IIIC Phase2). The stratigraphy clearlytheexistence in thiscornerofthesiteovera veryextendedperiodand at timesofsomequality.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

93

TRIAL G

TrialG, at some 15m south-west ofTrialC, was orientedn-s and measured3 x 4 m. Tworubble wallswerefoundat depthc. 0.30, a stronger wall (35-55 cm thick)running e-w n-s and an internal wall cm this. Thus this trench uncovered of two rooms. thick)abutting partition (35-40 parts The latestoccupationlevelencountered (floor1) was a layerofsmallpebblesat depthc. 0.55 m, in places patchy,whichcoveredthe whole trench.The lack of any associatedpotteryor other finalabandonment followedby erosion;thesurfacesherds(mixedMH, LH, PG, G) depositindicates are of no chronological while thosederivingfromthepebblelevel and below are basically value, LH IIIC Phase2. Excavationcontinued belowthepebblesurfacein thenorthroomintoa fillofsoftbrownish earth unburnt a a on trodden earth floor at mudbrick, includingdecayed overlying greyishlayer depth (6),theonlyotherfindsfromtheTrial 0.75-0.90m,(floor2). In theupperfillwas founda whetstone room.No (nc)and clay'whorl'(7) fromtheupperfilloverthesouthern beinga stonebuttonfragment or was found on theearthfloor,butat thenorthedge ofthetrenchwerethe object pottery deposit remainsof a clay-lined hearthwithpebblebase, set beside a largestoneslab,possiblya standor centralcolumnbase (c. 2.5 m fromeach wall). A smalltest(1.5 x 3.0 m) was dugthrough thisearthfloor(floor2) at thenorthend oftheTrial. Sherdsfromthefillabovethefloor,fromtheearthfloorand fromthetestwereall ofLH IIIC Phase andincludedthreefragments ofpictorial craters(P1-3),ofotherdecoratedcraters 2 character, (plates 53.13, 54.3), one of a WhiteWaredecoratedcrater(P8) and numerouspithossherds.The White Warecraterfragment, and may P8, whichshouldbe no laterthanPhase2b,comesfromthetest-trial be bestinterpreted as floorcontent. On thisbasiswe can tentatively assignearthfloor,walls,hearth and possiblecolumnbase to theLH IIIC Phase 2b. Thusit seemsprobablethatthisrepresents a fragment of a LH IIIC Phase 2b house,apparently abandonedand laterre-occupiedin poor style,as evidencedby the upperpebble floor.Current identification of theoccupation datingevidenceis too limitedto warrantany closerchronological the or the lower fills. (test) phasesrepresented by upper Fill associatedwithfloor2 Pi Pictorial sherd;crater. 69/P56. P2 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate69.H3).Bird/animal. 69/ P64; C-H3. sherd;crater, (plate69.H8). 69/P65;C-H8. P3 Pictorial P4 Craterfrag,(plate53.13). Smallbodysherd.Dec. as shown. Dec. as P5 Craterfrag,(plate54.3). Rimandbodyfrags. shown. 6 Stone?whetstone-polisher, slab;green-grey, (plate78.3,

Testthrough content) floor2 (Tfloor

P8 Crater:WhiteWare,(plate51.4). Hmax. 17.5,D.rim c.40. Rimtolowerbodyfrag.Relatively elaboratepattern ofoutlinedantithetic spiral(cf.FM 50:27-9),withlozenge TRIAL

S (FIG.

I.28

FIG·5·3: 3)· L· 8.4; W. 2.6; Th. 1.0; slighttaper;Wt.40 carriesabrasion gm.Complete.Crisplyshapedandregular; scratches fromthisprocess;no wearpatterns. 64/29. H. 3.0; D. 7 Clay whorlfrag.,conical;pale grey-brown. base 5.7; hd. 0.75; Wt. now 55 gm.,once c. 115. Split 64/30. vertically. Plus,stone'button'frag. see depositcomments 28: appendix3) (Forsherdcontent,

incentreandstylised flowers ofconcentric semiconsisting circlesin loops.Yellow-buff brownto orangepaint. fabric, 69/P67.

a, b)

TrialS was a smalltestmeasuring 1 x 2 m, thethirdfromthenorthin thisseries,at 24 m southof TrialC. of twosuccessivebuildingphaseswereuncoveredand maybe assignedto LH IIIC Fragments Phases1 and 2. No latermaterialwas notedexceptone LG sherdin thesurfacelevel,noranything earlierexcepta fewLH IIIB sherdsfroma cutting theearlierofthetwofloors.The Trialwas through excavatedto a maximumdepthof0.80 m belowsurface(at c. 15.95 m) A stretch of wall c. 0.45 thickwas foundrunningacrossthe extremesouthend of the trench belowploughsoil at depth0.20 m below surface(wallA). Up to threecourseswere immediately in a stones.The upperfill(fig.1.28 b: 2) wasbrownto preserved fairly regularbuildofmedium-sized earth with some fallen stones and mudbrick debris,and couldbe datedto LH IIIC Phase2 yellowish sherd which a included crater content, by (Pi) and some indicationof a White pictorial fragment Warephase in thisarea. Only a smallsegmentof clay floorwas preservedadjacentto thelowest coursesofthewallat depthc. 16.45 m (floor1); elsewhereno good surfacewas observedand at the

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

94

eastsidetherewas a cutting fora pitwhosegreysandyfillincludedalso Phase 2 sherds.Decorated craterfragments fromtheupperfillare shownat plate 52.5-6. Belowthisoccupationlevelwas a fillof reddishearth(fig. 1.28 b: 4) includingburntmudbrick concentrated fragments, especiallyin the east of the Trial,patchesof yellowclay,pebbles,fallen a greyashydepositwhichlayon a hard-packed stonesand finally yellowclayfloorat depthc. 16.00 m. Thisfloorrunsup againsta stone-built wallsoclepreserved threecourseshighon theeastsideof theTrial(wallB). Sherdevidencesuggests a Phase 1 datefordeposit,floorand walland thenatureof thefillperhapspointsto thesamePhase lb destruction whichis knownfromthemainsiteat theeast end ofthehill. A finaltestthrough thisfloor,removing a greypebble-strewn surface, producedsomeLH IIIB sherds(fig.1.28 b: 5). In summary, theresultsofthissmalltestshowthatin at leasttwophasesoftheLH IIIC period extendedto thisarea,perhapsfollowing on a lateLH IIIB phasehere. buildingactivity Upper fillofPhase2

Pi Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate62.C8). Animal.69/P47; C-C8. P2 Craterfrags, (plate52.5-6; fig.1.28 b: 2).

once near-spherical or ovoid;volcanic, 3 StonePrubber, D. of a broken mortar.64/43. grey. 6.5. Probablypart

Lower earth fillofreddish ofPhasei?b

human;latePsiA. Hmax.4.2.Upperbody. 4 TC figurine; LH IIIB/C. In layerNo. 4 on Section.64/28;F13.

?Pre-LHIIIC 5

Obsidian blade. Medial, d; L. 2.0; W. 0.8; Th. 0.2.

TRIAL Τ (FIG. I.28

C, d)

TrialΤ wasa smalltestmeasuring 1 x 2 m,dugat 15 m tothesouthofTrialS. Partsoftwowallswere at rightanglesalongthesouthand westbaulks.A thickening uncoveredcloseto thesurfacerunning twophasesofuse,and thisappearsto ofthewallat south(wallA) at itslowesttwocoursessuggests the occurrence of two be confirmed superimposed clay occupationlevelsadjacentto thewall by at depthsc. 17.00 (LH IIIC) and 16.74 m (LH IIIB or A/B).However,thesefloorsdid notextend was takenup bya pitwhosefillextended fartothenorth, formuchofthenorthern partofthetrench to c. 16.60 m, and containedIIIC debris(probablyPhase downdeeperthanthewall foundations, LH ΠΙΑ and late MH wash levelsto a totaldepthof ia). The testwas continueddownthrough at m. c. 16.00 m, 1.35 in stone,witha widthof0.45 at itsuppercourse WallA at thesouthhad threecoursespreserved widerat thelowertwocourses.WallΒ was bondedin and so ofcontemporary butslightly build,and is preserved is of similarappearance;but too littleof thewall and of the space at the north-east roomor an outsidearea. thisis partofan internal undisturbed to tellwhether The fillabove theupperfloorsurface(fig.1.28 d: 2) containedLH IIIC sherdsnotmoreclosely of this and apartfromone surfaceLG sherdnothinglaterwas noted.Butthecharacter diagnostic, ash and burnt with of black debris fill that disturbed destruction was of mudbrick, patches upper An associatedash-filled ofa LH IIIC Phase lb downfall. pit,partlyexcavated possiblytheremnants sherd base on and with mudbrick in theextreme north-east corner, pebbles,mayhavebeen a lining at the beside floor or oven. The hearth walls, depthc. 17.00m,was evidently preserved clay cooking downfromc,0.40 m to thenorthofwallA, laid overa largeearlierpitfill,sinceitslopedmarkedly The pitfillis and itssurfacewas thenlostin thesoftfillfurther north,probablydue to subsidence. in the datedby LH IIIC Phase ia sherds,and thisadds to thegeneralpicture, neighbouring given Trials(P and B), ofmassivedebrisclearanceat orjustafterthisphase.Thispit,at depthc. 16.60m at thenorthbaulk,stillproceedsdeeperin thatdirection. hardgrey ofthewalls(fig.1.28 d: 4) comprised The layerbelowthePhase lb floorin thevicinity witha possibleintermediate overa lowerclayfloor, mudbrick andyellowearthwithsomedisintegrated that LH IIIB (or IIIA/B) whichsuggests wereconsistently pebblesurface;thefewsherdsoccurring use oftheassociatedwallsshouldbe assignedto thisdate. thefirst and firstphase of use thewall construction is correct, of the stratigraphy If thisinterpretation a secondperiodofuse in LH IIIC Phase ia, shouldbe LH IIIB (orIIIA/B). One mayhypothesise and thematerialdumpedin extensive whoseremainswerelaterclearedawaythoroughly pits.Only

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig. 1.28. TrialS: (a) plan, details; (*) east section.TrialΤ: (ή plan, details;[dj east section.TrialP: (e) plan, details; if) west section.

95

earthwithpebbles,mudbrickand stone,3: greysandypit fill(Phase Layerdescriptions:(b) 1: surface,2: firmyellow-brown 2), 4: red and yellowmudbrickdebrisand pebbles/stones(Phase 1, over Floor 1), 5: loose greyearthwithpebbles (IIIB). (d) 1: surface,2: red mudbrickwithblack ash withhearth(Phase lb destruction on Floor 1, 3: firmyellowday on greysandysoil 1 over floor on hard and earth ia, (Phase packing pitfill),4: grey yellow layerover day floorat 16.74 (HIA/B occupation),5: loose yellow-redearth,decayed mudbrickand grey (LH IIIA/B, wash levels), 6: softyellow and greysandy fill(LH I/II pocket),7: hardyellowwithdecayed mudbrick(late M H, wash).

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

g6

disturbed tracesofthenextphase (IIIC Phase lb) are foundnearthesurface;itperhapsinvolveda re-useofthesamewall structures and floorlevel.The evidenceconsistsofburntdestruction debris onlyand notdiagnostic pottery. Excavationcontinued todepthc. 16.00m through some45 cm ofoccupationdebrisin washlayers undisturbed the later The earth,stones containing by pits. upperlayer, decayedmudbrick, yellowish and somegreyashymaterial(fig.1.28 d: 5), can be datedby LH ΠΙΑ sherds;thelowerlayer(fig. harderyellowish 1.28 d: 7) was markedby generally claywithsomesimilaroccupationdebris,and containedlate MH sherds;a smallintermediate pocket(fig. 1.28 d: 6) towardsthe southcentre containedsomeLH I- II sherds. In summary, thepicturegivenbythelowerwashlevelsis one offairly continuous from occupation laterMH times(excavation didnotprobedeeper)through themainMycenaeanphases.Itis suggested above thatthefragmentary architectural remainsand floorsurfaces belongto LH IIIB (or IIIA/B) and earlyIIIC, any laterphaseshavingbeen lostto theforcesof erosion.This picturein general confirms thehypothesis thatthesummitof Xeropolisonce rose higherand was surmounted by a successionofbuildingphasesnowlost. Pre-LHIIIC

1 Stone rod, frag.; grey-black. Lmax. 6.1; W. 0.8. ?Complete; corner chipped and burnt. Square section; smoothsurface.64/31.

TRIAL Ρ (FIG. I.28

2 Metal rod frag.;copper/bronze.Lmax. 7.6; W. and Th. 0.4, square section.Both ends lost; robust:?awl or punch. 64/40.

e, f)

TrialΡ wasdugon thesummit oftheXeropolisplateau,thefifth testin theseriesatthewestendofthe fromthenorth.It measured2 m squareand was dugto a maximumdepthof 1.10 m, hill,counting butwas thendiscontinued sinceit featured a largeLH IIIC Phase ia rubbishpit,witha principally fairproportion ofresidualmaterial. No stratified evidencewas foundforlateroccupation, whichmay havebeenlargelylostto erosion,thougha fragment ofa pictorial craterwithbirdwas found(Pu). One wallfragment was foundat thenorthedge ofthetrench, endingsquarelyat a possibledoor corneroftheTrial.No convincing floorlevelwasfoundtogo with jamb c.0.45 m fromthenorth-east a smallstripofharderclaywithstrewn thewall,although pebblesalongtheeastsideoftheTrial,as wellas a smallpatchofreddish(?mudbrick) earthin thepossibledoorway, mayall be associatedwith it.Byfarthelargest oftheTrialconsisted ofa rubbishpitwhosefillwasmadeup ofharder proportion and softer Sherd layersofgreyearthand occupationdetritus, slopingdowntowardsthesouth-east. materialfromthispitis illustrated at plate 15 A. Catalogueditemsincludedcookingpot fragments (P6-7) and ofa hydria(P4); also bowlfragments (P3),a stonebutton(8) and an antlerpick(nc). wall It seemsprobablethatthispitcutthrough occupationlevelsassociatedwiththeone surviving it than wall's a of 0.86 But while went the foundations m). (to fragment;certainly deeper depth only in the ofthisstructure, further excavation couldfurnish thenecessary evidencefora closechronology thattheLH IIIC occupation didextendtocoverthis meantime thevalueofthistestis to demonstrate area. particular Pit ofPhaseia

Pi Carinatedcup frag.(fig. 2.1: 4). Mono. D. 17.7. Pale brownfabric;streakyblack paint.64/P21. P2 Carinatedbowl frag.(fig.2.1: 6). D. 10.5. Mono, with res. linejust above carination.Pale brownfabric,int.black paint;ext. red-blackpaint64/P32. P3 Spouted basin, (fig. 2.2: 2). D.rim 27.9. Base missing. Painton rimand bands on lower body (in and out). P4 Hydria,neckand shoulderfrag.Ext.,horizontalbands on shoulder (3), on base of neck, on and below rim and insiderim;also on handle.Creamyfabric,creamslip; black paint.64/P41. P5 Jug,ovoid, (figs. 2.2: 6, 2.28: 1). Hmax. 28; D. 12.5. Complete except forbase and small rim and body frags. Rim to shoulderhandle. Linear dec: band on lip, and at base ofneck; threeeven bands below handle; one band on lower belly. Verticallines on handle linkingabove and

below. Firingholes at top of handle and halfwaydown. Pinkishbufffabric,reddishbrownpaint,now mostlygrey fromburning.69/P2 1. P6 Tripodcookingpot frag.(figs.2.2: 8, 2.35: 1). H. 25.1; D. 22.6. Frags,missing;two verticalhandles. Coarse gritty orange-redfabric;black-brownpatchesoutside.64/P33. P7 Jug, one-handledcp. (fig. 2.2: 7). H. 10.2. Frags,of rim,handle and base. Coarse grittybrownfabric.64/P40. 8 Stone 'button',conical; serpentinepale and mid-grey, banded. H. 1.9; D. base 3.2; sh.d.0.4. Complete,batteredat base. Verticalscratcheson sidesfrommanufacture. 64/35. 9 Obsidian flake.2.3 x 2.0; Th. 1.4. 10 Antlerpick. (For sherd content,see pottery statistical table C.2: APPENDIX 3)

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION abovepit Surfacedisturbance P10 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate65.E17). Bird.69/P22; C-E17. handmade,(fig.2.42: 4). P11 Jarwithropedecoration, H. 31; D.rimc.34,base c. 19.Thirteen frags, joiningmostly intotwo parts,rimand base, whichdo notjoin. Wetbut no burnish.Flat base, smoothedwithsome strokes, roundedrimwithropedec. below.Coarseclaywithsome

97

large'stone'inclusions; greyto red core; ?'fused'Patchy red-brown to greysurface. 69/P73. 12 TC figurine; human;Psi. (plate 72.6). Hmax. 5.4. Upperbody,minusarms.64/32;F6. 13 Obsidianblade,(fig.5.7: 9). Proximal frag.L. 1.8;W. 1.3; Th. 0.45.

TRIAL Β

ThisTrialwas thesixthfromthenorthin thiswestern series,betweenTrialsΡ and E, and was dugat I* this cross section thehighest of (at 17.75 m)· measured3 x 4 m,was orientedfromeastto point was westand was excavated(in part)to bedrockat depthc. 1 m (16.75-85 m). The stratigraphy a find. soil turned the surface plough up simple: comparatively Surface 1 TC figurine; human;Phi. (plate 72.4). Hmax. 2.9. Upperbody.66/17;F4.

a greyashypit acrossthenorthhalfofthetrench Belowthis,atdepthc.0.15-20 m,wasfoundrunning fillcomposedofLH IIIC Phase ia occupationrefuse, sherds,bonesand somestones.This including wasstrikingly withdecayedmudbrick whosedeposition wascutintoa layerofsoftorangefabric content, latermaterial EH III, though theupperwashhadaccumulated itspottery wasbasically earlier: including This claylevel someGreyMinyanwareand severalpaintedsherdsof earlyMycenaeancharacter. thatthisarea whosepresenceso closetothesurface suggests overlaya sequenceofthreeEH III floors, hill a much summit to the here. there have once been has suffered erosion; higher great may at itseastend whatappearsto have and truncates The LH IIIC pithas a verysquare-cut profile, for havebeen a stone-robbing beena thickEH stonewall.So itmayoriginally pit,usedsubsequently A lensofyellowish at the bottom of the thedisposalofa massofPhase ia occupationrefuse. pit clay The onlycataloguedfindfromthispit mayperhapsderivefromthediscardedupperwallingmaterial. is a piercedclaydisc(3). Topof/over pit P2 Craterfrag,(plate 53.19). Smallbodysherd.Dec as shown.

Phaseia pit

3 Clay,disc,pierced;buff,coarse.D. 9.0-9.5, angular; Th. 1.4; Wt. 150 gm. Complete,cut down frompithos sherd.Singlehole,drilledfromeachside(0.7-1.1).64/3.

on 4 Obsidianflake.L. 1.8; W. 1.4; Th. 0.5; ?reworked eachend,lesson a side.

The overalldimensions ofthepitare notknown,butitcomprises abouthalfthearea ofthisTrial;its thepitis unknown, theexistenceofsucha volume depthis c.0.60 m. Whiletheoccasionfordigging ofLH IIIC Phase ia detritus TrialP) indicates (perhapsevenspillingoveras faras theneighbouring substantial inthislocality atthattime,andsomecauseformajorsiteclearance(andperhaps occupation also stonequarrying) duringor afterthatphase,perhapsfora Phase lb buildingprogramme. FortheEH periodthistrenchcontributes somethreestratified a little occupationsurfaces, extending over0.60 m indepthofdeposit, andprovidesevidencefordomestic food including preparation activity at thesite.Theygiveus someindication thattheveryearliestsettlers, whoseinstallations werebased on thebedrock,spreadquitewidelyoverthehill.Onlytheobsidian(5-19) and a singlepiece directly ofchertarementioned here:theyare EH/ΜΗ in date(cf.plates85, 86 a-dand fig.5.7). EH III toMH

L. 3.6; W. 1.6; Th. 0.9; some 5 Obsidianchunk/flake. cortex. 6 Obsidianflake.L. 2.3; W. 1.1; Th. 0.4; retouched on one side. distal 7 Obsidianchunk. L. 2.0; W. 1.1; Th. 0.9; ?from endofcore.

8 Obsidiancrestedblade. Proximal;L.3.2; W. 1.5; Th. 0.6. 9 Obsidianblades,2/3.Up to L. 1.6.Poorquality. 10 Obsidianflakes,2, and amorphous. Up to L. 2.8. 11 Obsidianblades,3. Proximal;L. 2.4; W. 2.0; Th. 0.5. 12 Obsidianchunk. L. 2.0; W. 1.7; Th. 1.0.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

g8

13 Obsidiansmallflakes, 3. Up toL. 1.3; Th.0.3. Perhaps chewedup bladefragments. Δ; L. 1.4;W.0.6; Th. 0.15. 14 Obsidianblade.Proximal, D; L. 3.8; W. 1.2;Th. 0.25. 15 Obsidianblade.Proximal, 16 Obsidianblade.Proximal, D, ist.ser.;L. 4.5; W. 1.9; Th. 0.45. TRIAL Ε (FIG. I.29),

Δ; L. 3.1; W. 1.3; Th. 0.4. 17 Chertblade.Proximal, 18 Obsidianblade.Nearcomplete, distallost,D; L. 6.7; W. 1.0; Th. 0.4. Andsmallpieceofanotherfineblade. 19 Obsidianbladelet.Complete,D; someedgedamage; L. 3.6; W. 1.4; Th. 0.4.

INCORPORATING TRIALS Q AND J

TrialΕ measured3 x 4 m andwasplacedat thetopofthecliff towardsthewestendofXeropolis, the southernmost ofseventestsacrossthispartofthehill.Duringthecourseofexcavation itincorporated also TrialsQandJ, whichwerenotsufficiently to warrant productive separatetreatment. Some four(perhapsfive)phasesof LH IIIB/C wallingwereuncoveredin thistrench, and were in examined a of excavated units. This indicates at carefully sequence 47 persistent buildingactivity thistimein a locationwhichis diametrically to the main excavated area. When added to opposite evidencefromtheothercardinalpoints(atTrialsC, F andW) thisis ofinterest in showing supporting theextentoftheLH IIIC habitation atLefkandi. the is less dueto Chronologically picture satisfactory thefactthatonlythelatestfloorlevel(phase4) has an associatedpottery is LH which IIIC deposit, Phase 1a. Thusthearchitectural does not relate that to established the Main Excavation. sequence by LH IIIC Phase2 is represented onlybysomefewsherdsin theupperwashlevels(andperhapsa wall whilethePhase 3 WhiteWareis not foundat all, nor any traceof an EarlyIronAge fragment), thanone or twosurfacesherdsofG character. other presence Surface

Pibis Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 68.H2). Human/ animal.69/P57;C-H2.

1 TC figurine;bovid. (plate 75.47). Hmax. 4.4. 64/18;F47. Forequarters.

The materialoftheearlierbuildingphasesis consistently butsherdsofPhase 1a character scrappy, occurwithall excepttheearliestwall fragments. These phasesare represented by scrappywallsin a testpitmeasuring to 3.0 x 2.8 m,andhavea complexstratigraphical makingitdifficult relationship, a meaningful reconstruct architectural the scoop sequence.Some LH IIIA2/B material(including of a bowl,a kylixand a stirrup P2 and fragments jar) was recoveredfromthelowestwashlevels (fig.1.29 d: 8,9). Washlevels ofLHIIIA2/B

P2 Scoop,(fig.2.32: 3). L. 16; H. 5.8; D.bowl8.9. Plain. About halfincludinghandle. Pinkishfabric,buffslip. 64/P69.

In thesecircumstances it seemsbestto presentthesuccessivebuildingfragments offering succinctly, in thefinalsummary. a tentative chronological hypothesis only is represented The earlieststructure right bywallsD and H (fig.1.29 0),whichrunat approximately anglesin thesouth-west quadrantof theTrial.Wall D runsε-w and appearsto be themainwall as a doorjamb. WallH (width and mightbe interpreted (width0.40 m). Its eastend is square-built D wall bothat thelevel of itsupper was bondedinto coursesonlypreserved) 0.50 m, foundation or of the lowest courseoflargestonesand at thesmallerstones beddinglevel.Thus theyare of a a was build.The onlyassociatedfloorlevel tinypatchto thewestof wall H which contemporary it at thispoint.Itsprobabledateis givenby wall over ofa later due to theconstruction survived (G) walls are foundedabove and so are later these scrappysherdevidenceas LH IIIB. Stratigraphically at d: thantheLH IIIA2/B washlevels,shownin section fig.1.29 8, 9. there-useoftheE-w A secondbuildingphaseis indicatedby a smallstructural changeinvolving to floor courses(i.e. ofwallH toitsfoundation wall(D) butthedemolishing level)andtheconstruction ofwallH. Thisnewwall m to the west n-s spurwall(wallG), whichwas built0.50 ofa replacement on an wall and was setdirectly of foundations at a levelhigherthanthesurviving was constructed H, firm with bonded fabricofwallG was strongly clay,contrasting adjacentstripofclayfloor.The better withtheloose earthfillof theearlierwalls.An earlyLH IIIC date (Phase ia) is suggested by the firm a wall socle of on thestone fromtheupperclayfabricsurviving sherdsderiving G, orangeclay divisions. no mudbrick pisé,revealing

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

99

Fig. 1.29. TrialE: (a) plan of Phases 1 and 2; (b) of Phase 3; (ή and of finalPhase; (d) west section. Layer descriptions:1: surface(Phase 2 and lateralluvium),2: softashy pit fill,3: softyellow-brownearthwithfragmented pots (Phase ia, upper floorfall),4: grey/blackashy (Phase ia destruction),5: earthfloorwithyellow clay make-up(earlier Phase ia), 6: softgreyearthwithstones(pitfill),7: softgreyearthover orange mudbrickwithgreylenses (Phase ia) and 8: wash level (IIIA2/B), 9: hard brownearth,small stones(IIIA2/B?).

loo

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

in itsturnand a newΕ-wwall(F) at In thethirdphase(fig.1.29 b)thisspurwallwas demolished it ranon a parallellineapproximately m to for wide was now D, built, 0.45-0.50 replace presumably m it a wall With this to its too had small south; (E). 0.40 phasecan be associatedon thesouth spur andto south-west cornerofthetrench, sidea poorlypreserved sectionofstonepavingin theextreme was withstonesurround, floor and ash which constructed thenortha circularfireplace fill, pebble ofwallD. The pavedyardsurfaceat thesouthis c. 0.25 m lower partlyoverthedisusedfoundation thatwallF servedas a terraceon a northto thanthefireplace on thenorthsideofthewall,indicating a slight southslope.The surviving stonesof wall D wereleftat floorlevel and wall F represents an LH the IIIC house. Sherds from southward extension ofitsstructure, fireplace presumably early and itssurround, basicallystillPhase ia scraps,givean earlyLH IIIC dateforthisbuildingphase. The fourth (fig.1.2g £ A and B) and a troddenearth phaseis represented by twowallfragments floorwhichranfullyoverall theremainsofthethreeearlierphasesdescribedabove.Atthenorththis at approximately earthfloorranup againstwallA, a n-s wall endingat a shortspurwall (running with Β a isolatedstretch it was wall to the east. Here short to the and associated east), right angles only a small ofwallwaspreserved width on its west face bench constructed (Lmax.0.90 m, 0.40),having clay was a claybuiltovenin thesouth-west corner(labelled overa coreoffivestones.A secondfeature 'hearth?' on fig.1.29 c),indicated byan ashdepositon itswestside,bya floorcomposedofwornand roundedsherdsblackenedby fire,and by an earthsurroundbaked by fireto a hardplaster-like surface. ofa tub(P3) werefoundon theeastside (fig.1.29 c). Fragments Architectural Those4 ' floordepositofPhaseia

P3 Tub frags.H. c. 35; D.rimc. 50. Thickenedrim;flat base.One vertical handlewithwideshallowgroovedown centreendingin a deep thumbimpression. Dec: incised

belowon wavylinealongtopand sideofrimand another on a straight line.Orangefabricwithgrey body,resting softandcrumbly. core;rather 64/P67.

Too littlesurvives to makeitpossibleto reconstruct quadrantof partofa houseplan;thenorth-east It a is worth and thenorth-west taken theTrialwas severelydisturbed noting up by largepit. totally built howeverthatwallA probablyhad twophasesofuse: an earlierone whenthewallwas strongly rebuildin smaller (width0.40) withlargestoneson itseast (outside)face;a laterone withslighter stones(comparefig.1.29 b and c). A build-upovertheassociatedearthfloorofsome 10 cm ofbrownsoil withcarbonisedmaterial debrisatgroundlevel.However anddecayedorange-red mudbrick (fig.1.29d:4) represents occupation anotherirregular floor-like earthsurfacewas foundc. 10 cm higher(at depth16.30-16.40m),and thisseemsto be theremainsofa collapsedupperfloor.Lyingabovethiswas a depositofbrokenbut in manycasessubstantially (fig.1.29 c,d: 3). Catalogueditems completevasesofPhase ia character fromhereinclude:threehydrias(Pio-ia), one amphora(P5),fourbowls(P6-9),a globular jug (Pi 3) and a stirrup jar (P16).Alsofoundweretwocoarsejugs (P14-15),a tripodcookingpot(P19) and two stonebuttons(20-21). Those4', upper Architectural floorfall ofPhase ia

P4 Decoratedcraterfrag,(plate55.5). Smallbodysherd. Dec. as shown. P5 Amphora,globular,(plate 14.1). H. 33.5; D. 28.9. Completeexceptfora fewsmallfrags.Dec. ofhorizontal bands,and quirkson shoulder.Orangefabric,buffslip; orangepaint.64/Pg. P6 Bowl,rimand upperbody frag.Two raisedridges belowrim.Orangefabric; ridgesdec.inredpaint.64/P34. P7 Bowlrimfrag.One raisedridgebelowrim.Orange fabric,orangepaintin bandsone above,one belowthe ridge.64/P35. P8 Bowl.(fig.2.40: 1).Abouthalf.Rat everted rim;strap torim.Int.mono.Buff handleattached fabric, horizontally blackpaintin bandroundrimand ext.ofhandle;thicker bandbelow.64/P71. P9 Deep bowl.(fig.2.18: 6). H. 11.2; D. 14.85.About Ext.: one horizontal band below lip and halfpreserved. anotheron bellyand overhandle;int.mono.Pale orange fabric, orangepaint.64/Pi 1. P10 Hydria,ovoid, (plate 14.2). H. 29.75; D. 2.4. Completeexceptfora fewsmallfrags;dec. ofhorizontal

to blackpaint. buffslip;red-brown bands.Orangefabric, 64/P8. threehandles.Ext., P11 Hydriafrags.Profileincluding horizontal bands,twobelowhandles,threeabove,one at base of neck,one on lip. Lightbrownfabric,creamslip, darkbrownpaint.64/P23. H. once33.2; D. 36.6.Upper Pi 2 Hydria(oramphora?). part of one side and the neck missing.Globular;one horizontal handle;raisedbase. Ext.,bands:at base,above thinbetweenhandlesand base,twoon belly,twothick-one buffslip,brown shoulder;handlepainted.Orangefabric, paint.64/P27. P13 Jug,one-handled cp. (plate 14.5).H. 20.55;D. 20.4. Completeexceptfora fewfrags.Pale orangefabric.64/ P10. P14 Jug,one-handled cp. (fig.2.33: 2). H. 12.8;D. 14.2. About one half; handle missing.Grittybrownfabric, blackenedexterior. 64/P24. Pi 5 Jug,one-handled cp. (plate 14.3).H. 13.4; D. 14.5. Some rimfrags, missing. Straphandleto lip; raisedbase. with to blacksurface. fabric brown 64/P25. orange Gritty

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION P16 Stirrup (plate 14.6; figs.2.2: 1, 2.32: jar, globular, 6). H. 10.65;D. 10.4.Missingaretwohandles,falsespout, and partoflip. Ext.,horizontal bandsand dotrosettes on shoulder. with fabric buff brown Orange slip; paint.64/P19. Pi 7 Storagejar,rimand base frags.Hmax. 20.6; D.rim bands, 28.5,base 10.I.Flatlipandraisedbase.In horizontal twoon lowerbody,one atbase ofneckandone atlip.Pale brownfabric, buffslip,blackpaint.64/P26. P18 Tripodbowlfrag.64/P72? P19 Tripodcookingpot.(plate 14.4).H. c. 25; D.rim20. Near complete,one leg missing(rest.),surfacewell smoothed.Fire-blackened on one side and beneath,and insideat bottom.Collar neck; flattened legs, tapering. Flattenedhandles.Narrowrim,slightly sloping.Coarse fabric;64/P73. orange-brown black.H. 1.8; D. 20 Stone'button',conical;serpentine,

101

base 2.8; sh.d.0.6. Partofbase lost.64/16. black.H. 1.5; D. 21 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, base 2.3; sh.d.0.4. Partofbase lost.64/15. 22 Stonetripodmortar, frag.;volcanic,grey,(plate82.2). D. rim22.0; H. 9.5; Th. base 5.1. Partbowl and a leg bowlshallow(3.5 deep),leglowandrectangular preserved; (7.0 x 4.5). 64/25. brown,(fig.5.7: 13). L. 23 Chertblade/flake, irregular; 5.8; W. 3.4; Th. 0.6. Complete;somemodification. 24 Obsidianchunk.Up to L. 2.2. 2. Up to L. 2.0. 25 Obsidianchunks/flakes, L. 2.6; W. 0.7; Th. 0.25. 26 Obsidianblade/chunk. 27 Bone ?pin,shaftfrag.Lmax. 8.3; D. 0.4. Could be unworkednaturalpiece.64/21. bovid.Hmax.3.9; Lmax.8.6.Extremities 28 TC figurine; broken.64/24;F66.

Here thenare the disturbedremainsof a late Phase 1a buildingat walls A and B, withbench,oven, ash floorand debris (fig. 1.29 d: 4) and associated withthis the scatterof upper floorfall,witha substantialvase deposita littleabove the floor(fig. 1.29 d: 3). A later (fifth) constructionphase (stratigraphically afterLH IIIC Phase ia) is representedby the wall at C the west and other late activityby the pit at the north-west (fig. 1.29 c), (fig. fragmentary d: This have been formed 1.29 2). pit may possibly by erosion and thensiltedup withre-deposited material,since thepitfillcontainedmore LH IIIC Phase ia sherds,similarto thoseof themassivepit of the neighbouringTrialB. intoaccountalong withthe paucityof convincingfloordeposits,a tentative Takingthe stratigraphy for the five chronology buildingphases of TrialΕ is suggestedas follows,beginningwiththe earliest: (1) small wall and floorfragments(D, H): LH IIIB, on verylimitedsherd evidence; builtover the lowestLH IIIA2/B wash levels; (2) partialrebuildusingthe same main wall (D, G): limitedsherdevidence suggestsa LH IIIC Phase ia date. If so, perhapsthe earliestsub-phase; ofsouthwall ofhouse,terracedwithsectionofpaved yardoutsideto south,builtfireplace (3) fragment insideto north(F, E): LH IIIC Phase ia. Area disturbedby pits; sherdevidence basicallyscraps of Phase ia; (4) a rebuildon a new plan; two wall scraps (A, B) in a disturbedarea, preservingclay-builtbench and sherdfloorof oven: (later)LH IIIC Phase la; (5) the latestconstruction phase is representedby wall fragmentC, perhaps to be associatedwitha limitednumberof Phase 2 sherds(includingpictorialsherdΡ ibis), whichoccurredin the upper wash levels. This reconstruction impliesbuilding,rebuildingand disturbanceon upper cliffslopes by successive stillwithin EarlyLH IIIC occupants,of whose worklittletraceremainsexcept the finaldestruction, the LH III C Phase ia period. Phase 2 is perhaps representedby surfacetraces,but no Phase 3 or later materialwas found. Possiblythe massive Phase ia rubbishdump at nearby Trial Β may be responsiblefortheubiquityand apparentlongevityofmaterialofthatdate. The paucityofgood floor in the small area tested. depositsis not so surprising LH IIIC: unclear

tabular;blackbasic,(fig.5.2: 29 Stonepounder/grinder, 7). L. 5.9; W. 3.8; Th. 1.6.Complete.One end and corner

showbattering andcrushing; all-over with polishotherwise somerandomscratches. 64/39.

THE WESTERN SERIES OF TESTS: A SUMMARY OF RESULTS

Foursalientfeaturesstandout in theresultsofthisseriesoftests:first, althoughearlyIron Age remains are lackingexcept forsurfacesherds,and so perhaps have been eroded away, evidence of LH IIIC occupationis foundeverywhere. Second, the characterof thisLH IIIC occupationis at timesof the highestquality,as shownby the Phase 2 findsfromTrialC, and althoughsubjectto considerabledisturbancein the areas investigated, itis a long-lasting sequence. Particularnote shouldbe made ofimmensedumpsand pitswithPhase 1a fill,suggesting major clearanceand reconstruction immediatelyfollowingthisphase (TrialsΒ, Ρ, Ε).

1O2

THE

SITE

AND ITS EXCAVATION

in late MH/LH and continuing Third,theoccurrenceof a majorfortification wall,constructed thisinterpretation is based themainMycenaeanphasesis ofconsiderable interest. Although through on one smallsoundingonly,thesectionofwallrevealedin TrialC appearsto forma partofthehill's and onlyto havegoneoutofuse in theLH IIIC period,by whichtimeitsmain northern defences, was longburiedand itsupperfabricwas incorporated intohousewalls. structure a sequenceofEH occupationlevelsis foundat thehighestpointoftheplateau(TrialB), Fourth, downofa pitwithLH IIIC Phase whereerosionis likelytohavebeenthegreatest, thoughthecutting ia fillindicatessiteclearancebyhumanagencyalso.The natureand chronological spanoftheseEH thepicturederivedfromexcavationat themain finds,whichfallwithintheEH III period,confirm sitenearthenorth-east edge ofXeropolishill.The spreadofEH occupationto thewestofthehill that this was one ofsomesizeandimportance, settlement suggests early possiblytobe comparedwith themorefullyinvestigated siteofManikafurther the west Euboean shore. up The Eastern Series of Tests Thesecomprised threegroups:trenches A, D and F at thesouthnearthecliff L, edge,withtrenches V and at Main W and Ζ the north where the Excavation was later M, N, JJ developedand finally loweron the easternslopes.The southernand easterngroupsare firstdescribedhere,whilethe northern eitherincorporated intothe groupare largelyincludedin thearea oftheMain Excavation, maingridthereor closelyassociated:onlyTrench is considered here. JJ TRIAL A

TrialA was dug inJune 1964 at thesouth-east cornerof Xeropolis,nearthecliffedge at a point some65 m southoftheMain Excavationand 27 m eastofTrialF. It measured3 x 4 m and was orientedΕ-w. A surfacewall line was foundrunningalong the northside of the trench,but the had beenopenedturnedouttobe an outsidearea disturbed by adjacentspaceontowhichthetrench was finds. For this reason excavation was ceramic or other and not of stopped pits, productive helpful on the at depthc. 0.95 m and TrialD was openedin thediagonally adjacentspaceto thenorth-east, othersideofthewall. some The presenceof LH IIIC sherdsin thepit fillsof TrialA and theirsurrounds (including coveredthispartofthehilland suggests to Phase ia) showsthattheLH IIIC settlement attributable thewallat thenorthside, thatlaterremainshavebeenlostto erosion.The onlyarchitectural feature, in relationto theadjacentTrialD. is betterconsidered TRIAL D

TrialD was dug nearthesouth-east diagonallyadjacentto TrialA (at its edge of thehill'ssummit, which further to so northsidebuton a line 2 m further east),being placed investigate anystructure to be late was wall Trial which of with the north be associated A, thought Mycenaean.The might trench measured3 x 4 m,was orientedΕ-wand was separatedfromTrialA by a 50 cm baulk.The wallwas foundto continueitslinein an easterly direction, alongthesouthbaulkoftheeast running beneaththeploughsoil. halfofTrialD immediately a seriesof On thecontrary, However,TrialD wasnotfoundtobe thesiteofa Mycenaeanbuilding. hardpebbledlayersran alongsidethenorthface of thewall,and sincethe associatedsherdsare frompitorsurface ofearlyMycenaeanprobablyderiving MH II- III, withsomeadmixture principally MH surfaces. as road theselayersareinterpreted disturbance, Withtheexceptionofa pitwithMycenaeanfill(LH I- II) at thenorth-west, onlythesurfacesoil includedLH IIIC sherds in area MH this than later (surface producedevidenceofanyoccupation itself scored was surface MH Phase 2, PG and G), forthe uppermost by ploughmarks pebbled MH and at leastone levels three surfaces the on ε-wlines.Beneath pebbled (two occupation running in this habitation EH III) didpreserveevidenceofearly space. in this in showingthatactivity of earlyMycenaeanmaterialis itselfof interest The occurrence at the west occur also small traces hill. Similar of the sector (TrialB), periodextendedtothesouth-east and centre(TrialsI- III), and promptthequestionofjusthow muchof thesite'shistory mayhave beenlostto clearanceand erosion. theresultsof thetest:TrialD, placed at a highpointof thehill'scontour, To summarise gave a later and the far as concerns so periods,but Mycenaean pictureofsevere,indeedalmosttotalerosion These the settlement. of the earliest of a good stratigraphical rangefrom phases sequence preserved MH a of later series rock to natural the close over levelssituated EH III occupation pebbledsurfaces

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

103

whichcanbe interpreted as a roadway. The totaldepthofthesedepositswas 1.20m.Theseresults are withthegeneralpicturegivenby thetwootherseriesof testtrenches consistent on thesummitof Xeropolishill,at TrialIX in thecentreofthehilland TrialΒ at thewest TRIAL

F (FIGS.

I.30,

I.31)

Thistestwas duginJune1964 on theupperslopesofthecliffedge,some 70 m southoftheMain Excavationand 25 m to thewest.The trenchwas orientedn-s and measured3 x 5 m. Due to its witha seriesofstratified floor,destruction positionon theslopeithad a steeplyinclinedsurface profile and washlevelsrunning outhorizontally to theerodedsurfaceat thesouthend.

Fig. 1.30. TrialF plan, details:note LH IIIC, Phase 2 inhumationburial.

1O4

THE

SITE

AND ITS EXCAVATION

Only theerodededge of thelatestbuildings- wallsor floors- wereuncoveredhere.These belongtotheMycenaeanphasesfromLH IIIA/B toLH IIIC Phase2, and appeartohaveincludeda LH IIIB phase,whichwas poorlyrepresented at themainsite.Thusthevalueofthistest substantial in oftheseperiods. liesprincipally indicating thepotential ofthearea forfurther investigation on sherdevidence wallsoftwosuccessive bothattributable building stageswerefound, Fragmentary to theLH IIIC Phase2 period(fig.1.30). The laterbuildingis represented ofclayfloorat thenorth-east by WallsA and B, and a fragment oflead (nc): respectively (Floor5 at c. 14.45m)>on whichwerefoundajar base (nc) and a fragment 1 and 2 on fig.1.30. An earlierPhase 2a floor(Floor4 on fig. 1.30) was foundstratified some20 cm lowerat c. 14.25 a terracerunning m.It wasassociatedwithanotherε-w crosswall(WallC), whichformed fullyacross thetrench and was preserved fromone to fourcourseshigh(figs.1.30 and 1.31).The floor,againof hardtroddenclay,ranbeneaththetwowallsofthelaterphase(WallsA and B) and therefore belongs fill this at level contained fallen toa distinct The above floor the (north) (level 3) buildingstage. upper a fire. Associated sherds destruction stones,greyash andmudbrick including fragments, indicating by a Phase2a dateforthefloor,on whichtheonlyfindwas thekylixfragment, (Psr,Phase i-2a),suggest a bone pin (9). The earthlevelat 14.00-14.05m (on thesouthside ofthewall:fig. 1.31 b: base of LH and is thecontemporary level3b) is one on whicha stonefallagainprovidedsignsofdestruction, findsweremade.The foundation IIIC Phase 2a level on thisdownhillside,thoughno distinctive courseof thewall on thisside was linedwithmudbricks, againsterosion. perhapsas a protection in crouchedposition, was dug Fromthislevelat theeastside ofthetrencha burial,an inhumation fillbeneath(plate 13 d' figs.1.30, 1.31 ö-3a). downintothePhase 1 destruction Pi Crater frag,(plate 53.15). Small rim frag. Dec as shown. P2 Kylix frag.H. c. 14.6; D.rim 13, foot6.8. Int. mono, exceptreserveddot on floor.Ext.,bands on rim,traceson handle and just below paint continues to foot. Orangebrownclay,reddish-brown paint.64/P37. P3 Tray,(plate 48.2). Base frag.Mono, ext, plain base; int.has concentricthickand 2-thinbands. Orange-redclay withbuffslip,brown-purplecore. Brownpaint. 64/P15. 4 Stone whetstone,pierced; tabular;calcareous material, greyand f-g. L. 5.6; W. 2.4; Th. 1.1; hd. 0.35. Complete, ?burnt.Slightlytapered; hole worked fromeach side. No signsof use. 69/22bis. 5 Obsidian chunk.L. 2.3; w. 1.4; Th. 0.8.

Burial

This was found dug into hard red earth with patches of burning- partof the destructionfillover Floor 3 (of LH IIIC Phase lb) c. 20 cm below; itwas set againsttheline of Wall C, butslightly undercutitsfoundations.If itis possible to reconstructa room of this phase (mostlynow eroded away down the cliff slope), then the burial may be

6 Metal ?stud;copper/bronze.D. 1.4. Heavily corroded, are a littledifficult. so thatmeasurementand identification 69/129.

7 Metal, lead sheet,?weight.L. 6.8; W. 2.5 overall,0.8; Th. 0.3. Complete. 64/44. 8 Antlerhandle, tine,(plate 94.9, fig. 5.14: 15). L. 7.3; D. 2.5 to 1.8. Buttsolid; hole (0.6 across) drilledat slighter end. 64/45. 9 Bone pin, ornamented;3 joining frags,(fig. 5.14: 12). L. 6.8; D. 0.4. Complete; no polish. Head has 2 ridgegroove pairs. 64/11. 10 Clay whorl?,slightlywaistedcone; red-brown,(plate 100.4). Ö. 2.2; D. base 3.4; hd 0.7; Wt. 20 gm. Partof side lost; ?heataffected,hence crackedsurface.64/33. interpretedas intramuralof the kind knownelsewhereon Xeropolis in this phase. The skeletonwas in a crouched positionbutnotwell preserved- indeed itmay have been partlydisturbed.Neitherthe tomb floornor the profileof the pit were readilydistinguishable.The pit was covered over witha layerof hard greenishclay.

ofWallC (baseat 13.90-14.10m) at A seriesofLH IIIC Phase1 levelsrunsbeneaththefoundations withthechronological a levelofc. 13.60-13.80m,and thisis consistent sequenceoutlinedabove. of No otherbuildingtracesand indeedno majorfeatures exceptparts a LH IIIC Phase 1 domed takenoverallthe31 excavatedunits, in this trench. on Floor were found Nevertheless, 2,8 clayoven, witha ceramicdaterangefromLH IIIA2/B to PG/G,providean interesting sequence. To summarisethesein chronologicalsequence: a wash layerof LH IIIA2/B date underlay thelowestearthfloorwhichoccurredat depthc. 13.10 m (Floor1) and is assignedto theLH IIIB of thisperiodwerefound,nor indeedof the features periodon sherdevidence.No architectural be identified whose 1 Phase LH IIIC sub-phasescan tentatively occupationlevels, succeeding withtroddenlevels(Floors2 and 3) at depths13.40and 13.65m (ateast)and 13.60and 13.75m (at ovenbelongswiththeearlierphaseat thewestside;thelaterphaseis associated west).The clay-built debris. withdestruction 8 The pebble and sherdfloorof the oven are indicatedon fig. 1.31 b: 5, Floor 2.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION 15.00-NUT ^ y !l^^^

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Fig. 1.31.TrialF: (0) eastsection;(^) westsection. 1: surface soil(Phase2, lateroccupation withFloor5), 2a: soft (Phase2, somePG-G, 2: loosered-brown Layerdescriptions: red and with Floor 2, 2, (Phase wash), (Phase 3: compact 4), 3a: inhumation greysandy-soil greysandy-soil earlyoccupation, pit(Phase2 early),3b: as 2 southofWallIII, lowerlevel,3c: loosegreywithstonetumble(Phase2 early,wash),4: hardred withmudbrick andgreypatches(Phaselb, destruction), Floor3),4b: reddishearthwithstonetumble 4a: as 4 (Phase1 floor, at soft to west ash and burnt oven withFloor2), 5a: lb, east, (Phase wash),5: greyashy clay pieces(Phaseia occupation, loosegreyand reddishsoil(Phaseia, wash),6: redsoilwithgreypatchesat east,withFloor1,to west,brownandpebbles level(IIIA2/B),7a: sandyreddish (laterIIIB occupation), 7: softdarkbrownsoilbelowIIIB floor, exposingoccupation/wash earth(IIIA/B,washoverrockshelf).

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

io6

Phase ib destruction debris(cut byPhase 2 burial)

P11 Lid frag.(fig. 2.27: 9). D. 24, Hmax. 4. About sixth in threefrags,one not joining, preservingincurvingrim and flattop. Banded dec. withzigzag, concentriccircles,

alternatingarch,waz betweenarcs and hatcheddiamonds. Reddish-pinkclay withbrownto black paint.69/P63.

MixedPhaseib and hter P12

Craterfrag,(plate 52.7). Body frag;dec. as shown.

In the absence of good potterydeposits,the phase identification depends on the analysisof LH 1 is noted forthelighter colourofthe few sherds: the of IIIC Phase comparatively earlyphase ofdeepbowls.The interpretation Phase2 bythepresenceofreserved bandson thelipfragments fabric, withtheknownsequenceelsewhere on thesite. ofthestratigraphy is supported by a comparison WithintheLH IIIC Phase2 period,thestratigraphy indicatesmoreclearlythanforthepreceding from sincetherenow existwallfragments surviving periodtheexistenceoftwodistinct sub-phases, twosuccessive, much eroded though buildings. The surfacelevelat thenorth-east ofthetrenchcontainedPG and LG sherdsin a predominantly LH IIIC Phase 2 group,suggesting thattherewas some occupationin or above thisarea at these been totally erodedaway. periodsalso,butwhoseremainshavepresumably TRIAL W (PLATE I3

b' FIGS. I.32,

I.33)

Thistest,measuring 3 x 4 m,was openedin 1965 on theeasternslopesoftheXeropolisplateau,at a south It waslaterextendedon north, distanceofsome50 m tothesouth-east oftheMainExcavation. x m. floor levels were were Six and westsidesuntilitsfinaldimensions found, (in 1969) 4.50 5.50 andwerestratigraphically witha partially uncovered eachin association (fig. building, super-imposed FloorII (SPG I?) 1.33).ThesewereFloorI (lateSPG III orMG II) at depth18-30 cmbelowsurface; at depthc. 60 cm;FloorIII (LH IIIC Phase2) at depthc. 1.0 m; FloorsIV and V (LH IIIC Phase 1) at depths1.20 and 1.38; and FloorVI (LH ΠΙΑ) at depth1.93. TheLatestBuildingand theTransition fromLH IIIC toSPG

twolevels(SPG) have been describedwiththeEarly The walland floorremainsoftheuppermost I 48-9). Here we are only I 19 (forassociatedfindssee Lefkandi at Lefkandi IronAge settlement stratified LH III structures involvedwiththefragmentary below,and theirassociatedfinds;butit shouldbe said thattheprincipalvalueofthistest,as ofthenearbyTrialZ, is thattheyindicatethe fromLateMycenaean on thetransition newinformation ofthisgeneralareaforacquiring importance to PG and laterperiods,a searchhamperedelsewhere by severeerosion. I 19 wereassociatedwiththelateWallsA, B and C The SPG FloorsI and II describedat Lefkandi where,at depthc. 12.25(0.70 (notshownon fig.1.32 a) butalsoin partwithWallD atthenorth-east, stonesofWallD ranup againstthesurviving thefirst ofa seriesofFloorII re-layings belowsurface), fill,anditsconnection 20,figs,ia andb). FloorII wastheredatedSPG I bytheassociated (seeLefkandil within thelongSPG period,forFloorI certainly alteration withWallD wastakentoindicatestructural WallD. and FloorII (finalstage)probablyranoverthetopofa (bythen)destroyed WallD itself, re-used,and to be associatedalso with however,seemsto be an earlierconstruction Thusitappearsto form FloorIII, c. 30 cm deeperthanII (at c. 12.10-12.15or 1 m belowsurface). LH IIIC Phase 2 room(fig.1.32 a). WallsK, D andJ boundtheeast theeastwallofa rectangular L at thenorth-west, halfof theroom,whichmeasures4.70 m in length(n-s). The wall fragment robbedat its southend, could possiblyhave formedpartof the westernwall, givinga lateral of3.0 m. Butit seemsoutofline,is based ratherhighand was subjectedto so much measurement runup againstit.Indeeditmight thatFloorIII didnotanywhere localdisturbance belongsomewhere There further two floors the between in the chronological below). (discussed may have been gap wall (beneathor beyondthelineofthelaterWallB), givingtheroommore anothermorewesterly ofa square,witha trulycentralpillar. nearlythedimensions FloorIII-

LH IIIC Phase2 (fig. 1.32 a)

a levellingofthe FloorIII is an ash-flecked layerofyellowclaysetovera hardredsurface(probably debrislyingbeneathit),and overlainby a depositof greyishoccupationbuild-up. burntmudbrick betweenFloorsII and III was an unevenscatterofpebbles,thickin placesand Also intermediate eroded by a waterrunnelalongsideWallD, whereno floorsurfacewas found.This may evidently between this a use of spaceas an openyardduringat leastpartofthelongperiodintervening suggest

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig. 1.32. TrialW: detailsof [a) plan at Floor 3 (Phase 2), {b) at Floors IV-V (Phase 1) and VI (ΠΙΑ).

107

io8

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

levelsderivealso a deepbowl(Pi) thetwofloors(LH IIIC Phase3 toLPG). Fromtheseintermediate and thefragment ofa multiple vase (P2). Pi Deep bowl frag.D. 15. Less than thirdprès. Mono., exceptres.band insiderimand outsideon lowerbelly.Pale red-brownclay,red-brownpaint.65/P174. P2 Triplevase frag.H. 7.7; D. 3.8. Third complete.One side complete where startof side-joinpreserved,broken offat otherside. Startof handle only at rim. Light pinkbuffclay; poorly près, orange-brownpaint in bands with drips.65/P190.

3 Stone whetstone, pierced; tabular; sandstone, mid f-g. (plate 78.9). L. 7.3; W. 2.3; Th. 1.1; sh.d. greeny-grey, 0.35; Wt. 40 gm. Complete. Neatlyand regularlyfinished; chamferedangles one side and base. No sign of wear. 69/ 342. H. 2.4; concave; red-brown. 4 Clay whorl,conical,slightly D. base 4.0; hd. 0.6. Complete,burntone side. 65/204.

FloorIII maybe assignedtoLH IIIC Phase2 bythesherdevidenceand otherfindswhichincluded: a smalljug (P8); a pictorial withlion (P5); a bone knifehandle(nc); and at the stylecraterfragment southern end oftherooma decoratedbowl (P7), stonebutton(9); whetstone (10) and clayspindle as protective surrounds for whorl(12). Close tothecentreoftheroomwerefoundfourstonesserving a strong centralpillarofwoodwhoserectangular (15x15 cm)wasnoted30 cmhigherin impression thattherefolloweda considerable FloorII, perhapsindicating periodofactiveuse ofthisspace,when Unlessthe therewasno firedestruction. layersofashandpebblesbuiltup,beforefinalabandonment: thesame spot,it musthave been standing woodenpostwas replacedin precisely duringtheuse of II relayings and so theseseemlikelyto be lateLH IIIC, whileperhapsthebuildersof twopre-Floor thefinalFloorII phasemayhavelatercleanedthearea downtojustthisdepth(leavingonlya 5 cm gap betweenfinalLH IIIC and SPG floors). Floor III depositofPhase 2

P5 Pictorialsherds; crater,(plate 62. C3). Animal. 65/ PiSiiC-Csa-b. P6 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 57.A4). Horse and human. 69/P18; C-A4. P7 Deep bowl, decorated,(plate 47.2). H. 13, D.rim 17. About two-thirds près. Ext., broad band at lip; antithetic loops in handlezone; twobroad bands framingone narrow below handles and again on lower body; broad band at foot.Int.,mono. Buffclay,black paint.69/P19. P8 Small jug frag,(plate 36.1). 65/P182. 9 Stone 'button'or weight,conical; serpentine,darkblueblack, (plate 83.12). H. 2.7; D. base 2.4; Wt. 30 gm. Complete, but unfinished.Base and sides covered with

abrasion scratches from manufacture; no string-hole. Proportionsare a littleunusual fora 'button'.69/319. 10 Stone Pwhetstone,slab, (plate 78.5, fig. 5.3: 10). L. 7.6; W. 2.8; Th. 1.0; Wt. 30 gm. Complete;probablynatural and water-worn. Tapers to one end and edge, but no signs of wear. 69/315. 11 TC figurine;animal; ?sheep.(plate 74.81). Hmax. 2.4. Head only.69/548; F81. conical butwaisted;red to brown. 12 Clay whorl/weight, H. 3.4; D. base 4.0; hd. 0.75. Complete,smoothedsurface. 69/46. Plus, partof a bone knifehandle.

in theroomattheFloorIII (LH IIIC Phase2) levelwastheremainsofa sherd The onlyotherfeature cornerof theroom,whereupperpit at thesouth-east craterfragments) floorof an oven (including leftlittledepositsurviving. disturbance there as so faruncovered, remainsofthisLH IIIC Phase2 building, Tojudgethenfromthesurviving houseoftheperiod,measuring roomofa standard existsone rather 4.70 northto regularrectangular southand perhapssquare,withcentralwoodenpillar,cookingoven and a scatterof suchordinary orlost or (moreprobably)beenoverlooked domestic objectsas mighthavebeenleftat abandonment insidethebuilding. ofoccupationdetritus in thegradualprocessofaccumulation FloorsIV and V- LH IIIC Phase1 (plate 13 b' figs. 1.32 b, 1.33)

debris(0.25-0.45m in A testthrough thePhase2 floorreachedthickdepositsofburntredmudbrick was foundin twosections This floor a floor. lower rested on which a depth)overlyinggreyashylayer dividedby a wall (WallE); at thewestit was foundat depthc. 1.20 m and was of ratherpebbly (FloorIV); eastofWallΕ itwas foundat depthc. 1.38 m and was ofyellowclayflecked consistency withcarbon(FloorV). Hereitranbeneaththelater(Phase2) WallD on theeastside.The stonesocle wall(WallE) was45-50 cmthickandranforc. 1.95 fromthenorthendofthetest, oftheN-sdividing stonebase or pedestalwas foundon thefloorat a slightly cutrectangular closeto wherea carefully wall itself. that of the to Curiouslya secondidenticalstonebase was seton thelower obliqueangle coveredby thelaterWallD. 26 x 19 x 18 floor,a stepdownto theeastwhereithad been partially it was seton a clayfoundation cm in height, placedin a shallowpit,and perhapsheldin centrally thepitwas foundfullofcharcoal. since or wooden or frame, planks by place strengthened

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

109

Fig. 1.33.TrialW, northsection,showingFloorsI-VI: I - SPG III late,II - SPG I?, Ill - Phase2, IV-V - Phase 1,VI - ΠΙΑ.

Sincethetwostonebasesmatchand are similarly orientedbutat different (thoughcontemporary) levels(plate 13 b),theymayhave belongedto a unifiedconstruction. Unlesstheupperstonehad beenmovedfroman original to a secondpillaratthelowerlevel(andtheidentical positionbelonging orientation is thenfortuitous), itmaybelongwiththenorthern WallΕ at this jamb ofa doorthrough and the could be as for wooden point, pair interpreted supports posts,partperhapsof a stepped entrancelinkingtworoomsat thispoint.WallΕ continues to thesouth,herepreservedas a lineof mudbricks did notreachthePhase 1 floorofthissection).A pithos-base roundel(52 cm (excavation have in been used connection with the or come from the roof at thetimeof structure, across)may it was found fallen at the northern of the door Wall E. destruction; through jamb floorsincluded:a craterfragment (Pi 4), cookingpot (Pi 5), a Objectson thesetwocontemporary and a awl with the sherd bone evidence and enable (16). These, cup (P13), comparative stratigraphy, us toidentify thisas partofa LH IIIC Phase 1 complexwhichsuffered a burntdestruction in common withothercontemporary buildingson Xeropolis.No evidencefortwoPhase 1 floorswas notedin thistrialtrench. Phase 1 Pi 3 Cup. Completeexcepthandleand somebodyfrags. Bandat rim(inand out)and on floor.Pinkishfabricwith buffslip,burntin places.Brownpaint.65/P189. P14 Craterrimto lowerbodyfrag,(plate 47.1). Panel dec. as shown.65/P192. P15 Jug,two-handled cp. H. 23; D.rim18.5,max.25.2. Near complete(missingrimand body frags.).Shallow

mouldingat lowerneck.Coarsebrownish-red clay,burnt on one side.65/P211. 16 Boneawl,pointend.Lmax.7.2; D. 0.7,irregular. Poor condition,but seems muchfacetted(stillin course of Pointhas a bevelled,chisel-like manufacture). appearance. 65/206.

FloorVI- LHIIIA (figs.1.32 b,1.33) A smallertest(2.5 x 0.80 m) was madein thewestcentralareathrough thisPhase 1 floor(FloorIV), and revealeda fillof softyellow-brown a soil,probablydecomposedunburnt mudbrick, overlying floor covered with at ash 1 m this was associated with a built yellowclay depth .93 (FloorVI); strongly walloflargerstonesrunning N-sand c. 0.60 m thick.Threecourseswerepreserved, up to 0.80 m in and somemudbricks werepreserved above this.Floorand wallare datedto LH IIIA by the height, sherdsin thefill.Excavationwas terminated herealthoughtheoccurrence ofMH pottery fragments the of in the area. suggests presence deeperdeposits In summary thefindings ofTrialW repeatthepattern knownfromtheMainExcavation:substantial LH IIIC Phase 1 buildings overlie traces of LH IIIA (andperhapsearlier)levels;evidenceof directly theintervening LH is a After burnt IIIB) lacking. destruction, periods(i.e. regularly plannedLH IIIC Phase2 buildings werebuilton a newplan directly overtheburntdebris,and werelaterdisturbed,

no

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

builtoverand perhapspartially re-usedbyEarlyIronAge occupiers.In thiscase thesurviving upper remainsare SPG III (orMG II) overscanttracesofearlier(SPG I) occupation. TRIAL Ζ

TrialΖ was dugat 21 m eastofTrialW and confirms theinterest ofthisgeneralarea forthesurvival ofEarlyIronAge structures this case stratified over those ofthelateBronzeAge (LH IIIC). (in LG) The test,as extended, I 19-22. Little measured3 x 4 m and has alreadybeen describedat Leflcandi needbe addedhere. A testbeneaththeLG pebble floorat depthc. 1.10 beneathsurface,revealeda layerof burnt mudbrick debrisoveran ash-covered clayfloorat depthc. 1.40 m. The sherdcontentofthisdeposit wasLH IIIC andthecharacter a Phase 1 burntdestruction. Firmevidence ofthedebrismightsuggest couldonlybe providedby further excavation. TRENCH JJ

This2 x 5 m trench, Ε-won theexcavationgrid,was sitedsome4 m offto thesouth-west orientated (from HH) oftheMainExcavationarea.As suchitspositionshouldpermit partofthesouthern range ofstructures tobe pickedup- andindeedwallsandfloors wererecovered on an appropriate alignment. wasnotpursuedbeyond1.50-1.75m belowthegroundsurface. However,excavation This,combined withtherelatively smallarea opened,has greatly restricted theamountofinformation recoverable. the barest of is accounts here and no is to made tie the into Consequently, only given attempt findings thepictureobtainedin theMain Excavation.Evenso, itis verylikelythatthearchitecture and finds do belongto theSouthHouse,or somewestern neighbour. Smallfindsand vases/sherd material wererecovered, butbeingscattered and fewin number, little can be made of them.They are cataloguedbelow withonlyminimalattempts to dividethemby locationor chronological sequence. The earliestlevelsreachedhave revealedwallsand floorsurfaces thatare associatedwithPhase2 ceramicmaterial andperhapsthe'b' sub-phase at that.Smallpartsofat leastthreeunitsaredescribed in theexcavationaccounts.Theseare dividedoffby wallsseemingly constructed solelyofmudbrick the socles were never The inverted-T 2a reached). (though perhaps wall-plangivestworoomsto the northand one largerone running acrossto thesouth(Rooms1, 2 and 3 respectively). A considerable numberofsuperimposed surfaces wererevealedin limitedtests(10-20 cmdeep)at theeastand north.Manyof themtooktheformof re-laidpebbles,thoughsome- includingthe latest- wereofhard-compacted a destruction). earth,witha layerofwhiteash uponit (suggesting The natureofthesefloorscertainly recallsthe'layer-cake' effects associatedwithPhase2 in theMain Excavation. No exactmeasurements butat least10-20 cm depthoffloorsarelikely. survive, In and amongstthesere-layings and the usual red and brownearths,tracesof otherfeatures and house furniture were reported:none accompaniedby details.Thus, at floorlevel,potential hearthsare noted,as well as areasof thick,re-laidwhiteplaster.A 'clay-lined' pitat thewestmay be theremainsofan unbakedbin: ifso, itshigherpositioncouldsuggestone fallenfroman upper No findswerenoted. storey. Overthissuspecteddestruction debrisand thewallsaccompanying thesamehad settleda variety ofsoils.Someweresoft,ashyand grey,othersmorecompactand red-brown in colour:all couldwell denoteprocessesoflevellingthestructural as well as intermittent human ruins, presencein thearea. In total,30-40 cmofsuchwereexcavated.Tracesofmudbrick situ or fallen?)appearedin walling(in thenorth-west, a scatterofblackash to thenorthand eastmaydenotea fireor hearthand sundry to thewestall recallsimilarsituations overtheNorthHouse complex. post-holes Phase 2b

Pi Crater:WhiteWare,(plate 51.8, fig. 2.24: 4). Hmax. 21, D.rim 28. Squared rim; bands in and out at rim; two horizontalwavybands. Popham and Milburn1971, fig.5.5, pl. 57.4; Popham and Sackett 1968, fig.51. Brown paint. 66/P146. P2 Crater:White Ware. (fig. 2.24: 3). Hmax. 29, D.rim c· 35· Squared rim; banded int.; band at ext. base, three bands round belly, threebands at rim,triplewavy line; splashesat handle rootsand along back of handle. Brown paint.69/P68.

3 Clay reel, waisted; brown.L. 5.4; D. 3.4, at waist 2.8; Wt. 80 gm. 4 Clay reel, waisted;brown.L. 5.5; D. 3.3, at waist 2.8; Wt. 75 gm. 5 Clay reel, waisted; buff-beige.L. 4.0; D. 3.0; at waist 2.5; Wt. 35+ gm. partsof side lost. 6 Clay reel, waisted; red-brown.L. 6.5; D. 4.2, at waist 3.5; Wt. nogm. Plus, stonecylindricalfrag.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

ill

oftenred-brown to brownearthscontainedincreasing 70-90 cm of softer, Finally,theuppermost elements were LH or significant structural the IIIC. No clear amountsofPG sherdmaterial alongside hereabouts took the form of various it that the remarked well be Agepresence post-Bronze upon: may no coherent storycan be retrieved. pits.Certainly spreadsand largeintrusive Phase ?2/j 7 Stone bead, flat amygdaloid; serpentine,pale greybrownwithblack veins, (plate 83.8, fig. 5.8: 29). L. 2.0; W. 1.5; Th. 0.5; sh.d. 0.2. Complete,chips. 65/114. 8 Metal chunk,tabular;copper/bronze,(plate 91.3, fig. curved. 5.1 1: 5). L. 3.5; W. 2.0; Th. 0.75. Complete,slightly or destined for the crucible, 69/160. reworking? Possibly 9 TC figurine;human; ?late Psi. Hmax. 2.9. Part of columnarstem.66/128; F37.

THE EASTERN SERIES OF TRENCHES: AND Ζ TO THE EAST)

10 Clay bead, depressed sphere; buff,(plate 101.1, fig. 5.18: 4). H. 2.1; D. 2.5; sh.d. 0.5. Complete, if a little distorted.65/115. 11 Clay whorl,concave sides; buff.Hmax. 2.1; D. base 2.2, at waist 1.4; sh.d. 0.35. Third lost. Self-slipped.65/ 123. 12 Clay reels,waisted. (fig. 5.16: 15-16). Up to L. 5.7; W. 3.7, 2.8 at waist.

A SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS (a, D, F AT THE SOUTH;

W

at theeastendofthehill Evenmorethanin thecase ofthewestern series,thegroupsoftrialtrenches to thisarea ofoccupationin all theperiodsknownforthesite, producedevidencefortheextension in thenorth-east was theoccurrence contribution fromEH III to LG. Butby farthemostsignificant above late Mycenaean.In thecase of bothPG and LG, stratified sectorofEarlyIronAge remains, reasonfortheland TrialsL, Μ, Ν and V of the northern group,thisdiscoverywas the primary in But Trials W and Ζ on the Main this area. and of the Excavation particular purchase development Ζ Trial an equallypromising the limited area of LG over lowereasternslopesoffer producing picture, LH of IIIC LH IIIC, and TrialW in additionan interesting buildingphasescomparableto sequence area uncoveredat thenorth-east. thoseofthemoreextensive Erosionplayeda muchgreaterrole in the area of the southerngroup.Yet stratified phasesof LH IIIC occupationover LH ΠΙΑ and Β levels in TrialF at the veryedge of the cliff,and a to extend theopportunity levelsin TrialsA and D eachoffer sequenceofMH overEH III occupation in afford of their areas. of these They promise extendingwork knowledge sequences respective LH IIIB gap at themain less affected the in eitherperiodat a manageabledepthbelowsurface, by siteor, in the case of the EH ΠΙ/MH periods,by the deep overlayof the Mycenaeanand later sector. sequenceat thenorth-east bothforthewidevariety oftheperiods In thissensethesetrialscan be considered verysuccessful, of the evidenceandfortheknowledge forwhichtheyhaveprovidedsupplementary gained accessibility Giventhe ofparticular ancientcontexts, takingintoaccountthefactoroferosionon thehillsummit. far this is of some small of the site so excavated, point significance. proportion very thatoccupationextendedto thisarea throughout the Thus it can be said withsome conviction EH III settlement LH III is and that thefirst BronzeAge,following (even represented by pitfill) in termsofcost-effective ofthe researchtheeasternsectoris verylikelyto repayfurther investigation EH and MH sequencesas wellas thatofLH IIIC to PG and G. but significant itemsof information whichhave accruedin the To thismaybe added scattered in natural to excavation earlier due to erosion, illegal intervening years, years,to thewearand tearof to current tracks most rescue excavation and, important, motor-cycle by the 11thEphoria(BSA90 these it that massive at From stone structures stood leaston partsoftheextreme (1995) 41). appears that eastern of stretches of on (lower) slope Xeropolis; stonypavinglay therisingslopeabove (west in LH the north-east that IIIC destruction levelswithgreyashyfloors, area; of) these,especially mudbrick andscattered artefacts extendedtowithin a fewmetresofthestonestructures (walls),though setat a higherlevel; and thatat leastone important MH stone-lined and coveredshaftgravewas sideofthemound,presumably outsidethecityenceinte. placedat thelowernorth-east A reasonablehypothesis this from evidence be walls(as found deriving might thatearlyfortification in TrialC) circledthispartofthesitealso,and mayperhapshaveprovideda fortified entrance from theharbourat thispoint;thata stone-covered roadwoundup theeasternslopeshere,and couldhave linkedwiththepebbledsurfaces foundat TrialD; thatearlyburialswereplacedat thenorthslopes, outside the and perhaps citygate, possiblybesidesucha harbourroad; and thattheextensiveLH IIIC citycoveredthisarea as wellas practically all thetestedareasofXeropolis,and mayhavehad a to the old wall similar to that in TrialC to thewest. evidenced relationship city

112

the site and its excavation

The Central Series of Tests Tentrialtrenches weredugacrossthecentreoftheXeropolishillduring of1965,extending thesummer of the site to this a a area and cross-section on north to south lineat about100 knowledge providing m westoftheMain Excavation. TrialsI-V werenumberedfromthenorthedge ofthesummit, to thesouth,and ofthese running IV-V wereplacedsometenm eastofthesectionandwereamalgamated after considerable extensions. TrialsVI-IX werenumberedfromthesouthedge ofthehill(running Trial X was dug while north), nearthebottomofthesteepnorthslopeon a line30 m eastofthesection,so placedtoinvestigate the evidenceforthesite'searliestperiodsofwhichtherewereindications on thesurfaceat thislevel. TRIAL I

TrialI was a small2 m squaretestdugnearthenorthedgeofthehillat the 14 m contour. Undera sub-surface washlevelwithPG, tracesofa LateMycenaeanclayfloorwerefoundat depth itbelongedprobablyto an earlyphaseofLH IIIC. Therefollowed 12.90m,or c. 1 m belowsurface: a deepintermediate fillofearlyMycenaeanwashlevels(LH I- II). Finally, belowthese,twosuccessive wall fragments and ceramicfindsof late to finalMH date were occupationlayerswithdisturbed foundat a depthof c. 2.5 m belowsurface(FloorI at 11.35 m; FloorII at 11.75 m). Excavationdid notgo deeper. The trenchthusgave directevidenceof MH and Late Mycenaeanoccupationat thisspot,and indirect evidencethattherehadbeenearlyMycenaeanandEarlyIronAgeactivity intheneighbouring hill. areafurther the up FloorofPhaseib?

1 Stonebead,flatamygdaloid; carnelian. (plate83.6,fig. 5.8: 28). L. 2.3; W. 1.6; Th. 0.8; sh.d.0.2. Dull polish; holedrilledfromeachend,one moreso. 65/92. 2 Antler (plate94.7,fig.5.13: 9). L. plaque,trapezoidal,

3.5; W. 2.5; Th. 0.4. Complete,surfaceshowsderivation; (0.2 across). splitand burnt;singledrilledholeforaffixing 69/205.

TRIAL II

TrialII wasa second2 m squaretest,dugata distanceof12 m southofTrialI atthe15 m contour line. no architectural or otherfeatures werefound,thestratigraphy was consistent withthat Although foundin TrialI. An upperfillwithSPG, PG and LH IIIC sherdscleanedto a yellowclaysurfaceat depth1.75 m (or c. 13.25 m),perhapsan earlyLH IIIC floor.Beneaththisa layerofyellowish clay LH I- II sherdsis interpreted some40 cmthickcontaining as a washlayerbrought downtheslopein theseearlyMycenaeanperiods.Further down,beneatha darkersandylayer,a firmearthfloorwith with MH III sherds,bothMinyanand matt-painted, and charcoal flecks and associated was pebbles foundat depthc. 12.75m and maybe interpreted as a disturbed lateMH occupationsurface. In summary TrialII confirms thefindings of TrialI, and suggeststhata fairlylevel occupation surface extendedovertheintervening area in thelateMH periodand againin LH IIIC, butbothof theseweresubsequently and coveredwitha deep overlayofhillsidewash. disturbed TRIAL III (FIG. I.34)

TrialIII wasa testdugat30 m southofTrialII atthe16.50m contour line.Begunas a 2 m square,itwas andformthecorner laterextended tomeasure3 x 4 m.Twowallswerefoundclosebeneaththesurface ofa roomatthesouth-west ofthetrench, whileon theeastsidewasfoundpartofa yardfloormarkedby inthemixedupperlevelsandina PG sherdsoccurred a seriesofpebbledlayersandpitfills.Although all and fills can be disturbed areaatthenorth, floors walls, assignedtoLH IIIC Phase2. pit walltopswerein theprocessofbeingerodedby theactionoftheplough,thelarger The surviving of on theΕ-wwall(WallA on fig.1.34 0),whilea scatter onesstanding towithin10 cmofthesurface was foundin a roughlinebesidethen-s line smallerstonesalreadydislodgedfromtheirfoundation withdecayed and in association (WallB). Otherslay on theearthflooroftheroomat thesouth-west on theyardfloorat theeastand couldbe associatedwithan originaldestruction. mudbrick A poorlypreserved earthfloorwithsomepebbleswas foundat depth16.00m to 16.10m (0.40 m in thesouth-west room.It can be associatedwithWallsA and B, and shouldbelongto belowsurface) builtnorthwall(WallA) beingan outsidewall further westand south,thestrongly a buildingrunning an adjoiningyard.The surfacelevelsabove theseoccupationlayers and thearea to theeastforming someWhiteWare)withPG and SPG. containeda mixture ofLH IIIC sherds(inquantity, including

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

113

Fig. 1.34. TrialIII: [a) plan; (b) westsection;(c) east section. Layer descriptions:(b) 1: surface,2: firmbrownwithpebble, sherdand mudbrick(IIIC, PG/SPG wash), 2a: as 2 in pit (to SPG), 3: pebble floorwithWallsA and B, 4: loose grey(occupation,withFloor),5: hardred mudbrickand yellowclay (Phase 2). {c) 1: surface,firmbrownearth,some pebbles and mudbrick(IIIC/PG), 2a: as 2 in disturbedarea at N, 3: upper pebbled yard(Phase 2), 4: greyashy (Phase 2, pitfill),5: loose brownsoil withlargestonesmudbrickand sherd(Phase 2, redeposited 6: lowerpebbled yard(Phase 2), 7: loose grey,withpebbles,bone and sherd(Phase 2 and earlier,pitfill),8: red destruction), and yellowclay over pebbled surface(PearlierIIIC yard).

ii4

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Therewas an area ofdisturbance outsideat thenorth, beyondWallA, wherePG sherdscontinued, in m abovethe a to of below surface (fig. 0.50 1.34 byc 2a). Buttheearthdirectly perhaps pit, depth withbird(P8), as did the thepictorialfragment floorcontainedLH IIIC Phase 2 sherds,including beneath construction levelgoingwiththefloor(fig.1.34 b: 4). Fromthelayerrunning immediately and of a three thesecomethefragments ofthreePhase2a craters of (P2-4), deepbowl kylikes(P5-7) the must this level runs the foundation of Wall construction of Since beneath A, (Pi). building postdatethebeginning of LH IIIC Phase 2, butshouldstillbelongwithinthisphase (i.e. Phase 2b) in viewofthesherdsstratified bothin thefloorlevellingmaterialand in thefillabove thefloor. S W room,Phase 2a fill belowfloorand walk ofPhase 2 b Pi Deepbowlfrag. Hmax.11; D. 17.1.Rimtolowerbody H. 9; D. 11.Lowstem,flat P5 Kylix.(fig.2.18: 3). Profile. base.Pinkfabric, fabric,pink slip; près. Slightcarination.Orange-buff 65/P127. unslipped, unpainted. P6 Kylix,bowl frag.(fig.2.18: 4). D. 10. Pinkfabric; 65/P136. unpainted. sherd,(plate53.3).Rimfrag., dec.as Ps Decoratedcrater 65/P128. unpainted. shown. P7 Kylix,bowland stemfrag.(fig.2.18: 2). Hmax. 16. dec. Mono.int.withreserved circle;mono.ext.withtworeserved P3 Decoratedcratersherd,(plate53.22).Bodyfrag., as shown. linesattopofstem.Brownfabric, creamslip,dullblackpaint. crater sherd,(plate55.4).Bodyfrag., dec.as P4 Decorated 65/P131. shown. SW room,fill abovefloorofPhase 2 b P8 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plates64.E6, 70). Bird.69/ P53; C-E6. H. 2.6; D. conical;steatite, 9 Stone'button', greeny-grey. base 3.4; sh.d.0.9. Vertically a bit.Drilling split;battered revealed- 3/4stages.69/86. operations animal,(plate74.90). Hmax.8.7. Front 10 TC figurine;

ofbody.65/143;F90. 11 Clay weight,ring/disc; (plate pale orange-brown, 101.8).D. 6; hd. 1.7; Wt. 115 gm.originally. Complete, thoughmuchabradedand someloss.65/135. 12 Claywhorl, conical;red-brown, (plate100.8,fig.5.18: 18). H. 2.3; D. base 2.8; sh.d.0.75. Complete.65/131.

In theyardarea to theeast of WallΒ werefoundtwosuccessivepebbledsurfacesslopingslightly foundat depthof c. downwiththeinclineofthehillfromsouthto north.Above thelatersurface, 16.00 to 16.10 m (0.40-0.50 m below surface)were mixedLH IIIC and PG sherds,the latter at thenorthend (fig.1.34 b: 2a). Fromthepebblesurface itself comesthefragment ofa concentrated with and the decorated crater tassel decoration (P14) (P13). fragment kylix Upperpebbledyardfloor,Phase 2 b Pi 3 Decoratedcraterfrag,(plate53.2). Bodyfrag.Dec, as shown. P14 Kylix.(fig.2.18: 1). Frag,ofbowl.D.rimc. 14. Dec. bands.Buff includesblob and tasselabove twohorizontal

creamslip;dullblack-brown fabric, paint.65/P121. see depositcomments (Forsherdcontent, 29: appendix3)

was a shallowashypitwithLH Below,butperhapsbelongingto thelifeofthisoccupationsurface, thepictorial craterfragment IIIC Phase2 sherdsincluding (P15; fig.1.34 c. 4). Upperpit fill, Phase 2b? Pi 5 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate57.A11).Horse.69/P51; C-A11.

andsherds Thispitoverlaya deeperdepositwithdestruction debris,largestones,mudbrick fragments ofWallΒ (fig.1.34 c. 5). Fromherecome fillrunning in a loosegreyish deeperthanthefoundations withfish(P19-20),and ofone witha warrior craters oftwopictorial thefragments (P18),also a cup handlewithstag'shead (Pi 6) and a trayfragment (Pi 7). Thesethenprobablyderivefroma LH IIIC Phase2a destruction. Fill above loweryardfloor,Phase 2a? fig.2.16: 12). handlefrag,(plate46.5 left, P16 Bowl/cup Lmax.9. Handlewithplasticstag'shead;twoincisedlines fabric inhandlezone;handlefully painted.Reddish-brown withbrownpaint.65/P100. H. 8; D.base 17.withdec. P17 Tray.(fig.2.26: 3). Profile. ofhorizontal bands,spirals(int.)and waz (ext.)as shown.

blackpaint.65/P141. Greyfabric, P18 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 60.B5). Warriors. 65/ Pi 22; C-B5. (plate 66.F7). Fish.69/P59; P19 Pictorialsherd;crater, C-F7.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

P20 Pictorialsherd;crater, (plate 66.F5). Fish.69/P61; C-F5. P21 Decoratedcrater (plate53.10).Bodysherd;dec. frag, as shown.

115

22 Bone, ?bird(hollow);frags.2. Lmax. 3; D. 0.35. and probablynotused.69/206. Natural,

The lowerpebbledsurfaceoccurredat depthc. 15.50-15.75 m (c. 0.75-1.00 m belowsurface;fig. 1.34 a 6), and ranoveranotherdeep pitfill(fig.1.34 c: 7) ofloosegreyearthwithashypatchesand LH IIIC sherds. mudbrick notfullyexcavatedbutstillcontaining fragments, Fill ofearliestpit, Phase 1? (plate53.7-9)·Bodyfrags., P23 Decoratedcraterfrags, paneldec, as shown.

The sequencein thisyardthusappearsto belongto twosuccessivesub-phases ofLH IIIC Phase 2, a previously LH theearlierpebbledsurface IIIC but thewallfragments covering existing pit pre-dating A and Β and beingoverlainby Phase 2a destruction debris.The laterpebbledsurface, probablyof Phase2b,belongswiththesewalls,butwas foundrathercloseto thesurfaceand had been disturbed, at thenorthend in PG times. or evenre-used, In summary TrialIII is at thecontourlinewheretheimportant LH IIIC Phase 2 structures, not foundinTrialsI orII and almostlostin theupperlevelsofTrialsIV/V,areclosetothesurface due to theactionoferosion.The fragment ofone roomand itsadjoiningyardare attributable to thisphase on sherdevidence,whilethestratigraphy bothofthisroomand ofthepebbledsurfaces indicatesthe existenceoftwosuccessivestagesofLH IIIC Phase 2 here.The numerouspictorialsherdspointto occupantsofhighquality. trial iv/v (plates 12 a, c, d and 13 a' figs. 1.35-1.39 and 1.40-1.41) TheExcavation:A Summaryof itsProgressand an Outlineof theResults

TrialsIV and V werepartoftheseriesI-IX cutacrossthesettlement sitein 1965 at approximately and intended to information on the ancient of hillhere.TrenchIV originally the mid-point, give profile measured3 m square,butdue to features ofinterest and thehighqualityofthefindswas extendedat first tothesouthandwestand lateron theothersidesalso (fig.1.35 a)f TrenchV comprised the5 m on the south a cm wide baulk which divided Trials IV and side,including 75 squareadjacent initially V. Further extensions10 weremadeto theexcavationin 1969 withtwopurposes:first to openup the twomainLH IIIC Phase lb roomswhosedestruction excavated, depositshad alreadybeenpartially and secondlyto recovermoreofthehighqualityPhase 2 materialfoundin thehigherlevels.Thus theoverallarea,excavatedin thispiecemealfashionovera fiveyearperiod,is an irregular rectangle withmaximum dimensions of 13.5 x 9.5 m. Moreoverat approximately 100 sq m (fig.1.35 b),Trial IV/V is abouta thirdofthearea oftheMain Excavationon Xeropolis. thefirst mainaimofretrieving thetelPsprofile wasnotfullyachieved,excavation cleared Although thegreaterpartof twolargeLH IIIC (Phase lb; plate 12 d) architectural unitswithdestruction crossdepositsintact;smallprobesat eastand westmakeitpossibletolocatethelargelyunexcavated wallson thesesidesand thusto estimateoveralldimensions of therooms.As forthelaterphases, LH IIIC Phase 2 occupationis attestedby pottery, patchesof floorand shortlengthsof walling, butlateroccupationand erosionhad removedany coherentplan. Therewas no indicationof LH IIIC Phase 3 occupation, and subsequentperiodswererepresented by PG to SPG pits.In general morewas preserved at thenorthsidewheretherewas a greaterdepthofdeposit,forerosiontended to be moresevereas thehillslope rose towardsthesouthside. Indeed it was at thenorthend of thisexcavationthatArchaicpotteryand wall fragments were foundin 1965 in a fragmentary surface context(Lefkandil 78, pls. 59, 63). A thirdfeature ofthisexcavation was an attempt togatherinformation on earlierperiodsbytesting belowtheLH IIIC Phase lb destruction floors.This was done in fourdifferent tests(figs.1.35 b, 1.38); segments ofearlierwallswerefoundand recordedand a pattern ofsequenceemerged, showing 9 The extensionsto Trial IV, as shown on fig. 1.35 a, are as follows:Β and C (each 2 x 5 m) are at Ν and s, but project out to Ε and w (8/7/65). Extension D (2 x 3 m) is at the w (13/7/ 65). Extension Ε (2 x 2.5 m) at the ne was added (29/7/65) to uncover the Archaic featuresfound there.

10The extensions to Trial V (united with IV by the removal of the baulk G on 19/7/65), are as follows (cf. fig. 1.35 a): H (1.50 x 6.50 m) at the east (13/7/69)^ (1 x 6 m at n; 6 x max. 3 m at e) at the ne on 13/6/69; and Κ (1.50 x 6 m) at the w (14/ 6/69).

ii6

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

1965,F-G = TrialV andbaulkIV/V,H-K = 1969 Fig.ι.35.TrialIV/V:(a) trench plan.A = TrialIV, B-E = extensions atwestandnorth-east. indottedlines;(b)sketch wallphasingandteststoearlierlevels. extensions IIIC building plan,showing

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

117

theexistenceofLH IIIC Phase ia in severalplacesand belowthisan abrupttransition to LH IIIA IIIB phases. without evidenceforanyintervening Sincetheprimary interest oftheexcavationliesin theLH IIIC Phase lb periodin termsbothof and ofstratified architecture thisreportdealsfirst withthefindings ofthismainperiod.Shorter finds, sectionsfollowon theevidenceforearlierand lateroccupation. TheLHIIIC Phaseib Period

At the timeof the destruction whichmarkedthe end of thisphase,the area of TrialsIV/V was two walled occupiedprincipally by spaces,orientedon an axisa littleeastofthen-s line.Theywere in rectangular shapethoughnotoftheregularformknownfromthesucceeding approximately phase IIIC Phase (LH 2) at themainXeropolissite,and theyshareda commonε-w partition wall,the southern roombeingoffset to thewest.The smaller, internal dimensions ofeach are 5 m on then-s but the east to west dimensions are the northern room line, greater, havinga widthof 7.25 m, the southern a widthofc.8 m.11The wallsareofa smallstonerubbleconstruction, c.50 cmin width, and thepreserved of c. cm the stone socle on a which mudbrick height 40 probably represents superstructure was laid. Fallenmudbricks showmeasurements of40-44 cm horizontally by 8 cm in height.Floors are ofearth,fortified witha scattering ofpebblesor largesherdsin particular areas. TheNorth Room(plate 12 a' figs.1.36, 1.40 b) (a) Construction The southwall of thisroom,firstfoundonly40 cm below the surface, formsa partition withthe SouthRoomand is bestpreserved at thecentreofthetrench, wheretwelvecoursesin a smallrubble construction appearto includetherebuildofan earlierwallline.In thisperioditfunctioned partlyas a terracewall sincetheNorthRoom flooris c. 45 cm lowerthanthatof theadjacentSouthRoom stonecoursesprobablyrepresent a (Floor8a on fig. 1.40 b). The fiveor six upper(and stronger) Phase ib rebuild,sincetheycorrespond to thesectionpreserved above thecontemporary floorlevel at thesouthface.12 The wallis thuspreserved to a heightof c. 90 cm at itsnorthface,50 cm (above at its south face and is c. 60 cm thick. The stonefabrichereextendsonlyfora stretch of3 m, floor) a built western end a mudbrick build towards the south-west corner of the room. This having abutting resembles a door-blocking, butevidently is a continuation the of the an line of (perhaps refurbishing) earliermudbrick wallrunning to thewest.13 the time of the Phase ib destruction this mudbrick By structure servedas thebackingfora rectangular ovensetin thiscorneroftheNorthRoom clay-built 1 and with found 2 but base intact.A lineofsmallstoneswasfound (plate a), superstructure collapsed the south face of this to the along backingwall,serving protect lowercourseson thisside. No entranceto theroomwas found,butunlessaccesswas by internal woodenstair,now lost,as for in rooms the Main there have been one at theeast,unexcavated side Excavation, suggested may orpossiblyat thepartly robbedsouth-east corneroftheroom.Herelargeflatstoneslaidat floorlevel couldrepresent a threshold, and a concentration ofburntwoodon thewestsidemightbe theremains ofa doorframe(fig.1.36).In thiscase therewouldhavebeen a stepup to thesouth.Butthereis an area ofdisturbance wheretheeastdoorjamb shouldbe and a tumbleofmudbrick and stonesin the roomto thenorthsuggests wallcollapsehere.So thequestionremainsopen. The westwalloftheroomshowstwophasesofconstruction in stone:theupper,againstwhichrests theclay-built ovenat thesouth-west corneroftheroom,is preserved onlyfora lengthof2.75 m and in connection withtheoven;itseastwardtiltand splayeduppersurface maybe a localreconstruction no doubtshowtheeffects ofthefinaldestruction. The lower(earlier) buildofthiswall,whosepreserved surface is c. cm oflargerstonesbutonlypreserved forone or lower,is betterconstructed upper 45 twocoursesabove floorlevel:itis a re-usedPhase ia wall,as an associatedearthflooron theother sideshows(see discussion oftheNorthwest Roombelow).Thislinerunsthefullwidthoftheroom, 11Thesemeasurements wereobtainedfromthesmalltestsdug specificallyto locate the line of the outsidewalls,since the excavatedwidthoftheNorthRoomis only5.50 m,thatofthe SouthRoom6.50 m (cf.planson figs,ι.ακb. 1.36, 1.37). 12The Phase ia features arediscussedseparately below.Since thePhase 1b flooroftheNorthRoomwas levelwiththePhase ia floorsin thetwoadjacentrooms(atsouthand west),itseems likelythattheareaofthisroomwasbyexceptionclearedall the waydownto theearlierfloorlevelwhichwas thenre-usedhere,

theothersbeingleftcluttered withdestruction fill.Thusalso the wall foundationsat west and northare re-used Phase ia structures. 13Therecannotin facthave been an open doorwayherein the immediately wall runs precedingperiod,since a partition mudbrick line directly againstitsline(fig.1.38).The continuing is shownon the same figure,and perhapsappearsas earlier (Phase ia) collapseat fig. 1.40 a: 7.

ii8

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig. 1.36. TrialIV/V: Phase lb: detailsand findsin the Northand NorthwestRooms.

and is associatedwiththe earthflooron whichthe LH IIIC Phase lb destructionlevels lay. At the north-west corneritjoins the lower level of the northwall whichis of similarconstruction.14 The northwall, of stone build and standingc. 50 cm high,is preservedforits fulllength,and reachesthe east wall,whichremainslargelyunexcavated.15 The onlyotherstructural featuresare theremainsofroofsupportson eitherside ofa centralhearth. The firstis a centralflatstonewhichmusthave servedas a columnbase and the second the charred remainsof a wooden pole (D. c. 15 cm) about 2.50 m to the east of this,wherethe burntbase of the pole was foundin positionin itspost-hole.Roof postshere would requirecross spans of about 2.5 m to a maximumof 3 m. The questionofroofingand ofan upper storeywillbe tackledlater,afterconsideringthenatureofthe filland of the floordeposit. (b) Hearthand Oven, Floor Deposit and DestructionFill (plate 12 a; fig. 1.36) The centralhearth,or cookingarea, is neatlybuiltofraw yellowclay,cut square and measuring75 by similarto of a collapsed superstructure, 50 cms,withash fill,pebbled area in frontand clay fragments those of the corneroven in this room and otherselsewhere.Most of the findson the floorwere completeor nearlyso: adjacentto the hearthon its northside was founda large spoutedbowl (P4), north-east between whilean amphoriskos(Pi), burntin thefiredestruction, lay about one metrefurther two pithoi,one (P11) a very large example lyingfallenbeside the northwall, and the other (P9) 14This was shown a by probe at floorlevel, thoughnot shown on plan because of an over-buildof later walling at this point. The upper surfaceof thisperiod stone socle is at 14.03 m at the centreof both west and northwalls.

15The northwall is partlyobscured on the plan at fig. 1.36, where overlaid by a laterwall perhaps of LH IIIC Phase 2, and again by an Archaic wall (see discussionof laterfeaturesbelow).

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

119

A andassociatedwithcharredwood,closetothepost-hole at c. 1.50m eastofthehearth. fragmentary thirdpithos(P10) lay at aboutthesamedistanceto thewestbeyondthestonecolumnbase. Otherobjectsfoundon thedestruction flooroftheroomwereon thewestside:twodeep bowlsat north(P3) and centre(P2),a fragmentary animalfigurine closetothelatter(17),a jug (P6) fallenfrom in and close to the oven a coarsehandmadecup (P8) ofalien the south-west corner above, clay-built A and the a of decorated crater were also foundhere(thelatterillustrated fragments type. kylix(P7) at plate 53.1). The clay-built ovenherewas ofrectangular at planatitsbase (plate 12 0; fig.1.36)withstoke-hole thenorth,and it containedan ashyfill.Amongthecollapseddebrisof its superstructure and wall backing,heapedin a pile some 50 cm high,werefoundhollowedand curvedelementssimilarto othersfoundat thecentralhearthand to thoseofthewellpreserved ovenin TrialC. Thusittoowas a domed a oven set on base. probably rectangular The fillof thisroomwas excavatedin twodistinct units:a floordepositand a cleardestruction over it. Much of the levels with thislastdepositas well,although theupper deposit overlying belongs surfaceof thedestruction debriswas not alwayseasy to distinguish fromlaterlevellingand other disturbance suchas pitfills.The natureofthedestruction fillwas variegated, muchhardincluding or red earth from fallen burntto differing mudbrick, packedbrown,grey clayish deriving degrees, ratherfewstones,loose greyor blackashylensesor patchesrepresenting burnttimbers and perhaps otherroofing and occasionalpiecesof a charredwoodenbeam. In manyplacestheashy material, material on theflooritselfwhichconsistedofa layerofclay,some5 cm thick,in places lay thickest laid on a strewing ofpebbles,in otherswithuppersurfacestrengthened withlaid sherds,occasional smallflatstonesor pebbles. In thisfill,whichmaybe interpreted as upperfloorfall,werefounda fragmentary feedingbottle (P23),cookingpot(P24) and decorateddeep bowl(P22),an amphoriskos (P21),a spindlewhorl(27), a fragmentary animalfigurine (26), and perhapsthejug (6) listedabove: it lay intactin theearth abovethefloorsurface, falleneitherfromtheupperflooror froma shelf. oftheNorthRoom (c) The Function As seen,theroofsupports wouldrequirecrossspansof2.5 m to a maximumof3 m,distances which wouldseemquitefeasibleat thisperiodand matchthoserequiredin theadjacentSouthRoom.16 The a fullroofspan,andalongwiththedistribution generalspreadofburntwoodandashdepositsindicates offallenobjectsmakesplausiblethereconstruction ofa secondstorey, in whosebuilda quantity of woodmusthavebeen used.The pithoiin thegroundfloor(orbasement)room,one setbesideeach centralpost,one beside the northwall and thefragments of a fourth, providereasonablestorage The earth floors here and the finds on the which include a handmade floor, capacity. cup,deepbowls, jug and spoutedbowl,suggesta domesticuse fortheroom,as do thecentralhearthand corneroven, thelatterofwhichwhichcouldhave had a flueor chimneyoutlet.17 The activities oftheroomthen willhave includedfoodstorage,and foodpreparation, The includingcooking.18 objectsfallenfrom theupperfloor,thoughfewand mostly are withtheuse ofthatspaceas living fragmentary, consistent and sleepingquarters. Floor depositofPhase ib Pi Amphoriskos.(plate 26.5). Completeexcept for H. 9, D.rim7.3.Ext., handle,andsmallrimandbodyfrags. neck,handlesandlowerbodymono.;lineardec.as shown. browntoblack Int.,neckmono.,dasheson rim.Buff fabric, paint,burnton one side.69/P9. P2 Deep bowl,(plate26.2,fig.2.20: 2). Nearcomplete. H. 9.7,D. 13.1.Mono,inandout;reserved beneathhandles and a bandon foot.Red-buff fabric;red-brown paint.65/ P109. P3 Deep bowl,(plate 26.1). Complete.H. 12.6; D.16-

16.5. Mono,exceptarea belowhandlesand band at foot. Darkbufffabric, blackpaint.65/P135. P4 Spoutedbowl/basin, (plate 26.7,fig.2.25: 1). Large and shallow.H. 9.5; D.rim 31. Abouttwo-thirds près., blackenedby fireon one side.Lineardec. in and out,as shown.Bufffabric, darkbrownpaint.69/P8. P5 Craterfrag,(plate 54.10). Smallbodysherd,dec. as shown. P6 Jug·(plate 26.6, fig. 2.28: 2). Completeexceptrim frag.H. 29.2; D. 11.6. Twobandsinsideand one outside

16Roof spans at theMain Excavation are comparable. LH IIIC houses at Tirynshave spans of up to a metre.Later at Lefkandi the builderswho roofedthe Heroon used crossbeamsof c. 2.5 m forthe verandah,but were able to use 9.8 m long uprightsand 9.5 m long spans forthe main hall (LefkandiII. 2, 60). 17The thickmudbrick backing for the oven at the sw corner of the room, togetherwith the higherstone rebuild of the west

wall at thispoint,could provide a safeliningfora flueor chimney here throughthe upper storeystructure.It is harder to see how the smoke risingfromthe centralhearthescaped, unless through some kind of clerestoryopening. 18More detailed discussion,to include environmentalfactors such as diet,are betterbased on the largersample available from the Main Excavation.

12O

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

rim;band on lower neck,threeon shoulder,one on belly and one on lowerbelly;flaringfootpainted.Incised signon handle (horizontalstrokewiththreeverticalcross strokes). Pinkish-buff fabricand slip withblack paint.65/P120. P7 Kylix. (plate 27.3, fig. 2.17: 1). Restored complete. H. 17.5; D. 15.8. Lip band; lower bowl to foot painted exceptforreservedband on foot.Red-brownpainton cream slip. 65/P103 (EretriaMuseum 12803). P8 Coarse cup, handmade, (plate 26.4, fig. 2.42: 2). H. 10.5; D.rim 10.4. Coarse fabricwithmanyinclusions.Wet smoothed,notobviouslyburnished.Rope decorationat base of handle in reliefwith notches impressed.Red to dark brownoutside,red inside.Import.65/P107. P9 Pithosfrags.Most of rim and neck, part of shoulder. D.rim 40. Surfacewell smoothed.Horizontalrim,sloping inward. Rope patternat lower neck made by impressed below.Pinkfingerprints; plainledge mouldingimmediately brownfabric.65/P213. P10 Pithos. (fig. 2.39: 4). Part of one side missing.H. 105; D.rim 45, base 30; wall Th. 2. Horizontalrim.Tallish neck. No handles. On top of rim continuouswavy line impressedby fingertip.Justbelow rimrow of quite deep At base ofneck plain ledge moulding; circularfingerprints. immediately below, a rope pattern comprising oval

Upper floor fall

P21 Amphoriskos. (plate 26.3, fig. 2.31: 2). Complete bandsat H. 17.3;D.rim8.4. Horizontal exceptsmallfrags. on lowerbellyand at foot.Tassel rim,threeon shoulder, on upperbelly.Firedto grey;blackpaint.65/P134. P22 Decorated deepbowl,(plate55.11,fig.2.22: 1).Rim and bodyfrags.(4 joiningand 4 separate).D.rimc. 20. Mono.int.Ext.,panelwithantithetic loops and rosettes. Dark brown fabric. brown 65/P191. paint. Light P23 Feedingbottle,(plate47.4). Spoutand shoulderto

A well-madepithos.Mottledred fabric,surface fingerprints. well smoothed. 65/P215. very P11 Pithos. (fig. 2.41: 2). H. 116; Dmax. 90, rim c. 50, base 36. About a thirdmissing.Large example fallenby Ν wall. Fabric beige-brown.66/P379. 12 Stone axe/?hammer,frag.Vaguely trapezoidalonce; dark blue-black,f-g. (plate 82.6, fig. 5.5: 7). Lmax. 4.5; H. 6. 1; sh. 2.5 across.End only.Percussionworkedto form; angles gave the blows. 69/30 1. 13 Obsidianchunk,tabularrawmaterial.3.7 x 3.4; Th. 1.5. 14 Obsidian blade. Proximal,D. L. 1.9; W. 0.7; Th. 0.2. 15 Obsidian flake,amorphous.L. 1.7; W. 1.8; Th. 0.25. 16 Ceramiccruciblefrags.(3); brown;forcopper/bronze. (plate 92.2, fig.5.1 1: 4). D. rim14; 5.1 x 4.2; Th. 2. Exterior has white'wash'; interioris discolouredgrey.69/154. 17 TC figurine;bovid. (plate 75.65). Hmax. 3.9; Lmax. 8.6. Extremitieslost. 65/155; F65. 18 Clay reels, 6; red; 4 waisted to varyingdegrees; 2 cylindrical.Waisted: up to L. 6; D. 4.2, at waist 3.3; Wt. 100-150 gm.; Cylinders:L. 6.5; D. 3.5; Wt. 80 gm. 19 Clay reels,2; cylindrical, up to L. 7.5; D. 5.6; Wt. 250+ gm. Partlost on each. 20 Clay reel,waisted;red-brown.L. 6.5; D. 4.2, at waist 3.8; Wt. 120 gm. now.

belly.D 9.4. Horizontalbands,fivethinabove one thick one thinbetweentwothickon belly.Brown on shoulder, blackpaint.65/P129. at fabric, fabric), (normal grey surface H. 27, D. 15.5.65/P133. P24 Cookingpotfrag.Profile. L. 2.3; W. 1.4;Th. 0.4. 25 Obsidianblade/flake. bovid.Hmax.2.1.Headfrag. 26 TC figurine; 65/164;F76. (plate 101.5,fig. 27 Clay whorl,biconical;red-brown, 5.18: 26). H. 3; D. 3; hd. 0.45. Complete,chippedbut smoothed. 65/151.

Room(figs.1.36; 1.40 a, 1.41 b) TheNorthwest 1.65 x 2 m was excavatedoftheroomadjacentto theNorthRoomon the A smallarea measuring westside.Thisroomwas boundedat theeastby theNorthRoom'swestwall (initslatestsomewhat outofline,oftheNorth disturbed joggedslightly building phase),and on thesouthbya continuation, A in thisphase of itshistory. construction Room's southwall; thusit shouldbe of contemporary level fillsimilarto thatoftheNorthRoomwas foundc. 50-60 cmbelowsurface, destruction roughly walltops,and havinga depthof40-45 cm.Beneaththisan ashyclayfloor,seton withthesurviving pebblesand sparselypavedwithstoneslabsranup againstthelowestcourseofthesouthwall,here standing onlythreeto fourcourseshighat some40 cm (fig.1.40 a: 5a). Herewerefounda plainjug a fragmentary and (30). The fillcontaineda cookingpot orjug (P28). The only clayfigurine (Pag) box ofunbakedclay(ext.dimensions was a rectangular ofinterest otherfeature 63 x 42 cm) in the corneroftheroom,a typeofreceptaclewhichfindsone parallelat thisperiodin Room3 south-east oftheMain Excavationarea ofXeropolisand maybe relatedto themorecommoncircularstorage function. foundthere,perhapswitha distinctive binsofthesamematerial The floorlevelherewasat depthc. 14.05m,andwasterraced up some45-50 cmabovethatofthe South the that of with was level but North Room, withwhichit had direct Room, adjacent of the west at revealed a communication edge theexcavation. by doorwaypartially Fill

H. 23; D. P28 Cookingpot.(plate29.6).Nearcomplete. blackened Pink-brown fabric, 17.Handlesofroundsection. insideand out.65/P139. Destructiondeposit P29 Dipperjug. Completeexceptsmallfrags,of rim, handle and body. H. 16.5; D. 12.4. Unpainted.Base

beneath.Pale bufffabric.65/P143. impressed Hmax.4.5.Columnar. human. 65/198;F33. 30 TC figurine;

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

121

TheSouthRoom(plate 12 ç figs. 1.37; 1.40 0, band 1.41 a) (a) Construction This room is bounded on the northby a partitionwall withthe NorthRoom, on the east by the poorlypreservedreturnofthiswall,and by a long parallelwall at the south,preservedin stonefourto fivecourseshigh.The dimensionsof the excavated partof the room are 5 x 6.50 m, but a probe for thewesternwall showsthatthe fullinternaldimensionswere as much as 5 x 8 m. The earthfloorat depth 14.05 m is approximatelylevel withthatof the excavated partof the NorthwestRoom, but is 45 cm higherthanthatof the adjacent NorthRoom, perhaps,as suggestedabove, because Phase ia fillhad therebeen cleared away. destruction Later disturbanceat the east side of the room penetratedalmostto floorlevel, and indeed the east wall, preservedto a maximumof fivecourses towardsthe northend, was robbed to its foundations along almosthalfitslength.This makes itimpossibleto be certainwhetheror not therewas a door on this side. No evidence exists for the unexcavated west side, and there was no direct line of communicationwiththe NorthRoom in this period, for the centralgap in the stone build of the partitionwall, thoughof a regularbuild as fordoor jambs, had been filledby the mudbrickbacking foran oven at its northface. However, a doorwaywas foundat the extremeedge of the excavated area linkingthe South Room withthe Northwest. Featuresof interestwithinthe room include a flatstone,probablyfunctioning as a column base, situatedto the east of the centreof the room, and a stone lined post-holealso centrallyplaced some 2.75 m to the westof this.This stonebase, withupper surfaceat 14.13 m or about 10 cm above the earthfloor,was foundwithan associatedpatch of charcoalpreservedon itsupper surfaceto a height of about 15 cm, and a spread ofwhitishash especiallyon itswestside (fig. 1.41 a: 4a). The post-hole was cut c. 25 cm deep intothefloorand was bounded by smallstones.This constitutes firmer evidence fora two pillaredarrangementof the kind alreadysuggestedforthe NorthRoom, and involvesthree evenlyspaced beam spans of about 2.5-3 m· A rectangular platformofyellowto red clay,measuring1.30 x 1.65 m, and preserved5-7 cm thick was centrallyplaced betweenthese columnbases; it was laid out on a bedding of large sherdswhich would have provideda firmlevel surfaceover theloose fillwhichoccurredbeneath.Heaped withash at thecentreit presumablyfunctionedas thebase fora hearthofthekindwhichwas used forcooking in theMain Excavationarea. Elsewherein theroom the earthfloorwas in places hard to definein the with digging,due to its partialsubsidenceinto the softfillbelow; in places it had been strengthened large (pithos)sherds;a scatterof whitepebbles occurredimmediatelyinside the door leadingin from the NorthwestRoom, in an area bounded at the east by mediumsized stones. (b) The Fill and DestructionDeposit (plate 12 ς fig. 1.37) The destructionfillof thisroom was preservedto a maximumdepth of 50 cm, and resembledthat describedfortheNorthRoom: a combinationof disintegrated mudbrick,some baked by fire,and ash or charcoal patches derivingfromthe burnttimbers,one of whichhad fallennear the pithos (P40) leavinga lengthof some 50 cm preservedand showinga square-cutrectangularsection.A schistslab, ifnot 40 cm in length,had fallennear the easternpillarbase, perhaps fromsome internalstructure, froman upper floor.Sherds fromthe fillare illustratedon plate 46.1. Numerous objects of good qualitywere foundin thisdepositsome 10-30 cm above floorlevel (plate 12 c), otherson the floor itself(fig. 1.37): the findsinclude two cups (P35, P64), fourdeep bowls (P59-60, P32-33), a feeding bottle(P36), and a plain crater(P34); also a decoratedjug (P65), a hydria(P37), an amphora (P57), tripodcookingpot (P67), and fiveothercookingpots (P41-42, P68-70) and threepithoi(P38-40). A vase (P58) was foundfallenupside down but intactsome 15 cm above the floorbeside theburnt ringremainsof the easternof the two columns,and musthave fallenfroma hook or shelfthere,if not fromthe upper floor.Other findsinclude: a finebronze knifewithbone handle (72), two otherknife blades (48-49), a clay bull's head (54), fragmentary bronze pin (nc), stone button(43) and a stone mortar(nc) insetintothe floorat the west side. The objectsfoundin the fillbetween 10-30 cm above the floorwere the following:a cup (P64), deep bowls (P59-60), jug (P65), amphora (P57), cooking pots (P67-70), knife(72) and pin (nc). It seems likelythatmostofthesehad fallenfroman upper flooror loft.Plate 13 a illustrates partofthis deposit in situ(includingP57, P68-69). Not on the plan but also fromthe fillare threedecorated craterfragments (P61-63), and a clay whorl(nc).

122

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig. 1.37.TrialIV/V: Phase lb: detailsand findsin theSouthRoomand SouthArea.

and Function oftheSouthRoom (c) The Character The plan and size oftheroom,as wellas thenatureofthedestruction fill,are verycomparableto no evidenceexists thetworoomsdo sharecommonconstruction, thoseoftheNorthRoom.Although but interconnection betweenthem,at leastat thetimeofthePhase lb destruction, forground-floor and more finer Room shows In the South and Northwest Rooms. regular general onlybetweenSouth ofthecolumnbases),and slightly construction dimensions; greater (thecentralhearthand placement decoratedpottery largerand finer (kylix, jug,ring-vase), including possessions, perhapstoo superior have been a little Room of the South that the and fine knives may occupants suggest storagevessels, food that food show floor on the found same: the is the wealthier. The life-style storage, again objects destruction the nature of The this of the activities and cookingwereamong fill, space. preparation inwood,whiletheoccurrence thattherewasan upperfloorbuiltpartly burnt beams,indicates including withtheuse ofthisspaceas vesselsand somefineobjectsfallenfromaboveis consistent ofdrinking livingand sleepingquarters.

Onfloor

(plate 66.F4). Fish.69/P23; P31 Pictorialsherd;crater, C-F4. P32 Deep bowl.(fig.2.20: 4). Made up completeexcept one handleand smallfrags.H. 12.5; D. 15.2-16. Mono. exceptreservedfootand patchunderhandles.Pink-buff

redpaint.65/P186. fabric;mottled except P33 Deep bowl,(plate27.1,fig.2.20:6). Complete H. 11.5; D. 15.5.Mono,exceptcentraldoton smallfrags. floor,reservedpatchunderhandlesand underside.Fine lustrous blackpaint.65/P187. reddish-buff fabric,

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION P34 Spouted jar-crater,plain, (plate 28.4). Complete except small body frags,and part of spout. H. 29; D.rim 31-36. Bridged spout. Two horizontalhandles of round section. Slightlysloping horizontal rim. Coarse reddish fabric,blackenedin patches.69/P6. P35 Plain cup. Complete except forsmall body frag.H. fabric.69/P3. 5.3; D. 13.7. Pinkish-buff P36 Feedingbottle,(plate 29.1). Complete except spout and handle, and small rim and neck frags.H. 11; D.rim 5.5, max. 12. Neck mono, on outside; on shoulder five narrowbands between2 broad bands; on body one broad to band, one narrowband, two broad bands. Pinkish-buff brownfabric.Red to dark brownpaint. 69/P1. P37 Hydria. Complete except one belly handle, frags,of verticalhandle and of body. H. 45, D.rim 13.3, max. 40. Hollowed rim; perked-upovoid; flatbase. Dec: band on lip and insidebelow rim;ext, band below rimand at base of neck; pendant tassel on shoulder (opposite vertical handle);thinband betweentwothickon shoulder;twothick bands below handleroots.Verticalhandle has verticalwavy line betweenedgingbands; firingholes. Bellyhandleshave fabric, triplesplash dec; firingholes at roots.Pinkish-buff brown-blackpaint.69/P24. P38 Pithos.(plate 24.1, fig. 2.41 : 1). Base missing(? to pit at e). Hmax. 130; D.rim55; wall th.c. 2. Horizontal intrusion rim.Tall neck.At base of neck two shallowhorizontalribs. Coarse brownfabricwithmuchgrit.65/P2 14. P39 Pithos.Base missing.Hmax. 130; D.rim 55; wall th. c. 2. Horizontalrim.Tall neck.Atbase ofneckbroad shallow horizontalrib. Coarse brown fabricwith much grit.66/ P379DÍS. P40 Pithoid jar. (plate 28.5). Complete except both handlesand smallbody frags.H. c. 52; D.rim 28. Originally twoverticalhandleson shoulder.Shallow mouldingat base ofneck.Three pairsofhorizontalribson lowerbody.Semicoarse pinkfabric;surfacesmoothed.69/P2. P41 Jug, one-handledcp. (plate 28.1). Complete except forsmall rim and body frags.H. 8; D. 9.5. Burnton side fabric.69/P5. oppositehandle.Rathercoarsepinkish-brown P42 Jug,two-handledcp. (plate 28.3). H. 30.4; D. 23.5.

Destruction above) deposit (fallen from

P57 Amphora, (plate 18.5). Complete. H. 32.5. Linear dec: one band on rim,one at lower neck, threeon belly; tasselin handle zone. 65/P164. P58 Ring-vase,(plate 27.5, fig. 2.27: 4). Complete. H. 9 (withspout 8.5); D. 11. Bands on rim,handle and lower neck. Shoulder has row of semi-circles with dot fill; thickand thinbands below, to base. Int. of ring alternating paintedsolid. Lightbrownfabric,paler slip of same colour (flakingin places); brownpaint.65/P172. P59 Deep bowl, (plate 27.2). Complete except for rim chip. H. 12.2; D. 15. Mono, except forbase, reserveddisc on floor and patches under handles. Blob of paint on underside.Fine bufffabric;fugitiveblack paint,flakingand worn.65/P167. P60 Deep bowl withverticalhandles,(plate 29.4). H. 7.3; D. 9.8. Fine lustroussurface.Ring base. Verticalshoulder handles. Plain pink fabric with brownish-cream slip. 65/P110. P61 Crater frag.Rim frag.Hmax. 19.5. Panel, vertical symmetrical arrangementof zigzag inside lines eitherside ofspirals.Bands below.Int.mono. Brownfabric,red-brown to darkbrownpaint.65/P188. P62 Craterfrag,(plate 52.9). Dec as shown. P63 Craterfrag,(plate 53.24). Dec as shown. P64 Cup. (plate 27.4). One-handled;two-thirds complete. H. 8.3; D. 13.5. Dec, rim,handle and lowerbody. Int. res. except band at lip and floor.Pinkishfabricwith orange paint.65/P165.

123

Shallow moulding at base of neck. Coarse brown fabric, blackened in patches.65/P 132. 43 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,deep blue-black, banded. H. 1.2; D. base 2.4; sh.d. 0.6. Complete,chipped. 65/154. 44 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine,pale-midgrey.H. 1.8; D. base 2.3; sh.d. 0.4. Complete,chipped. 65/162. 45 Obsidian blade. Proximal,Δ, edges damaged. L. 3.2; W. 1; Th. 0.3. 46 Obsidian blade. Proximal, rough L. 2.7; W. 1.7; Th. 0.4. 47 Chert blade. Proximal, D; edge damage. L. 2.9; W. 2.6; Th. 0.25. (plate 89.2, 48 Metal blade, double-sided;copper/bronze, fig. 5.10: 4). Lmax. 7.8; W. 1.2; Th. 0.15. Tip and handle area damaged/lost.Simple form; presumablyriveted to handle by two such (0.3 across). 65/174. 49 Metal object, ?spearhead; copper/bronze.L. 6.2; W. 3.5. Poorlypreserved,but it seems to be a centraltapering shaft(0.6 square), eitherside of which are perhaps blades of a cm. or so wide. 65/175. 50 Metal stud;copper/bronze,(plate 89.12, fig. 5.10: 9). D. 1.5; H. 0.6. Complete. Hollow boss with two side projections,barely0.2 1. 65/153. 51 Bone, human skullfragment. 52 Bone pin, 3 joining frags,(plate 95.5, fig. 5.14: 2). L. 14.1; head 0.9 χ ο. 8; shaftd. 0.3. Complete,some polish. Swollen head, bluntpoint.65/179a. 53 Antlerawl/point, heavyduty;3 joiningfrags,(fig.5.13: 4). L. 12.7; W. 1.7; Th. 0.55. Complete. 65/179b. 54 TC figurine;bovid. (plate 75.79). Hmax. 2.4. Head. 65/191; F79. 55 Clay whorl,conical; red-brown,reduced, (fig. 5.18: a quarter 12). H. 3.1; D. base 3.6; hd. 0.5. In fragments, lost; under-fired. 69/49. 56 Clay reel,waisted;red-brown.L. 4.4; D. 2.7, at waist 2.2; Wt. 35+ gm. Third lost. 56bis Stone tripodmortar,(fig. 5.6). Trachyte.D. 36.5; H. 19.8.

P65 Largejug. (plate 27.6, fig. 2.30: 4). Completeexcept lip and body frags.H. 41.5; D.rim 10, max. 38. Bands and shoulder dec, as shown. Light bufffabricwith some grit inclusions; creamy-brownslip; dull red to brown/black paint. 65/P 125. P66 vacat P67 Tripod cooking pot. Legs missing.D. 29.2. Coarse brownfabric.65/P126. P68 Jug, two-handledcp. (plate 28.2, fig. 2.34: 1). H. 11.8; D. 15. Shallowmouldingat base ofneck.Coarse pinkbrownfabric,blackened inside and out. 65/P138. P69 Jug,two-handledcp. Profile.D. 19.5. Ridge at base of neck. Red-brown coarse fabric,surface blackened in patcheson both sides. 69/P26. P70 Jug,two-handledcp. (fig. 2.34: 2). Complete.H. 27; D. 19. Roundedverticalhandles,shouldertorim.Slightridge at base of neck. Reddish coarse fabric, surface burnt. 69/P25. mauve withspeckles 71 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, and bands, (plate 84.1 1, fig. 5.8: 9). H. 1.7; D. base 2.45; sh.d. 0.35. Complete,chips at base. 69/90. 72 Metal knife;copper/bronze,(plate 88.10, fig. 5.10: 1). L. 20.3 (handle 7.3); W. blade 1.5, (handle 1.1); Th. blade back 0.3-0.45, handle 0.15, flanges0.3. Complete, bar handle plates; slightchip offblade, tip bent.The blade is slightlycurved, single-edged;the hilt-stopdivides the blade and handle; the handle has an M-tailbuttand I sideflanges.The hilt-plateswere builtup of separatepieces of

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

124

Rivets(3) heldtheseinplace insection). bone(plano-convex onesmayhave (2.3 apart):1. 1.5;d. 0.3; otherornamental beenprovided:see theholein theboneplaque.65/199.

frag,(plate74.85).Chariot.65/161; F85. 73 TC figurine; Plus,bronzepinand fabricwhorl.

Area(figs.1.37, 1.39, 1.40) TheSouthern An area of 2.25 x 4.75 m was also excavatedoutsidethe SouthRoom on its southside. Here a LH IIIC Phase lb floordepositwas found,althoughlateroccupationhad clearedaway mostof fillwhichlay above this,leavingonly some 25 cm of reddishbrownmudbrick the destruction and ash. This overlaya troddenearthlevel associatedwiththebottomcourseof thesouthwall of theSouthRoom (fig.1.40 a: 5a). This flooris foundat a depthof 14.40 m, or aroundone metre Phase lb flooroftheadjacentSouth belowsurface, onlysome 10 cm higherthanthecontemporary to a pyranusor firebox(P75) and were restricted Finds Room withitsricherdestruction deposit. handmadecoarsepot (P74) at the east side,and a stonemortar(76) and clay Phi a fragmentary (77) at thewest. fragment figurine of thisroomwas forfood of coarseware and mortarsuggestthatthefunction The occurrence in the subsequentphase continued have to function same The and appears preparation cooking. more and contained was this area when discussed cookingpotsand a below) reoccupied (Phase2, an outside was and space. perhaps quern Floor deposit P74 Handmadejar. Rim and base frags,notjoining, H. est.c.20.5;D.basec. 19.Handmade, halfprofile. perhaps fabric Flatbase.Reddish-brown outside. burnished roughly Trial toblackon outside.Cf.Pi 1 from andsurface, mottling Ρ (fig.2.42: 4). 69/P27. orfirebox, (plate29.8,fig.2.40: 6). Profile P75 Pyranus exceptbase.Hmax.23; D.rim21. Plaincoarseware.Surface verypale,almostwhitewithbrowntinge;butbaseof'dome' THE LH IIIC PHASE 1A PERIOD:

1.38;

EVIDENCE

handles between todarkgreyinside.One largecut-out burnt on one side, two cut-outson the otherside, probably fabricwithmany small circular.Lightorange-brown inclusions. 65/P179. 76 Stone mortar.Not located withsuretyin Eretria Museum. human;latePsi A. (plate 72.9). Hmax. 77 TC figurine; 3.1. Upperbody.65/205DÍS;F9.

FROM FOUR TESTS THROUGH THE IB FLOORS

1.40 a and 1.41 b)

(FIGS.

floors,threeplaced on the westside of Four testswere dug beneaththe Phase lb destruction area. the of width full the the excavation,one covering Togethertheygive some idea of the phase. preceding Room (Test1) The Northwest

Room (at depthc. 14.10 m) revealedan thePhase lb floorof the Northwest Excavationthrough floorof the thePhase lb destruction with a level is on floor earlierfloor,some45 cm lower.This It had Room. the South of that than lower cm c. but 45 adjacentNorthRoom (atdepthc. 13.65 m), base thick an on three theupperofperhaps (depth an ashyclaysurface, pebble original clayrelayings m). 13.50-55 and ashcontent 45 beneaththePhase lb floorwas a deep fillwithdecayedmudbrick Immediately in a small is but Phase to fill is dated The floor. lower ia, this sample cmthick, ceramically overlying the to test the of features filland architectural area.It relatestothecontemporary a restricted adjacent ofa decoratedcrater(P78; plate 52.8).Tojudge south(fig.1.40 a: 7). Fromherecomesthefragment fromthe scatterof findsin the adjacentroomto the south,thislayercontainstheremainsof an destruction unburnt occupationdebris. episodelyingoveraccumulated The Phase ia floorin thisroomis associatedwiththeprimary buildingphaseofitseastwall (fig. It in thisphase.19 runsbeneaththestonebuildofthe 1.41 b:5, 5a),whichmusthavebeenconstructed withtheSouthRoom. room'sPhase lb southwall(baseat 14.08),whichhad a doorcommunicating line(depth13.60)but same the wall Hereitseemstobe associatedwithan earliermudbrick following no evidenceofa doorway. showing

19It must however predate the upper rebuild of this wall at the south-eastcorner,which belongs withthe Phase lb stage.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

125

Fig. 1.38. TrialIV/V: teststo Phase ia floors.

Fill ofPhaseia

P78 Craterfrag,(plate 52.8). Dec. as shown. P78IMS Handmade cup. (plate 49.1). Hmax. 8; Dmax. c. 27. Handle frag., from hemispherical vase. Knobs at shoulder,withslightscoring.Burnishedblack in and out. Gritted,finefabric.69/P91. 79 Stone whorlor bead, biconical; serpentinedeep blueblack, (plate 84.10, fig. 5.8: 21). Hmax. 1.4; D. 2.3; sh.d.

0.6. Third or a half lost, batteredsurfaceand scratched. Gouges and scratches around sh. - ? from use or manufacture. 69/87. 80 Bone pin, ornamented;head and tip frags,(fig. 5.14: 14). Lmax. 6.5; D. 0.45. Mid partlost; polished. Head has 5 ridge/groovepairs. 69/202.

126

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

The SouthRoom (Tests2, 3)

One test(2) wasmadeacrosstheentire widthofthenorthhalfoftheSouthRoom,andanother(3) inits southcentral area.The findsarecatalogued thosefromtest3 havetheircataloguenumberin together: intheNorthwest Roomwasrepeatedinthefirst ofthese italics(e.g.Ρ 103).The stratigraphy encountered tests:a fillofoccupation andbuilding debrisc.50 cmdeepoverlaya lowerclayflooratdepth13.50m. Thislayer(fig.1.40 a: 7) produced botha pottery depositdatabletoLH IIIC Phase1a andtwoassociated a return totheeastatthesouthbaulk. n-s atthecentreofthetest,theotherforming walls,onerunning The finds(fig. 1.38) comprisefragments of a cup (P84), amphora(P83) and hydria(P87bis),a cookingpot (P86),twopyramidal weights(99-100),twostonebuttons(88-89), a bronzepoint(98) and a workedantler(95). In thefillwas a bandeddeep bowl(P102; fig.2.1: 14). The secondtest(3), measuring 2.50 x 2.50 m,was limitedto thesmallsouthcentralsectorofthe SouthRoom.Here a shortsectionofwallingwas foundat thesouthbaulk,withrightanglereturn closeto theeastbaulkand an associatedfillofoccupationand buildingdebrissimilarto thatofthe othertest.In thisfillwerefounda cup (P85),amphoriskos (P82) and cookingpot (P87),alongwitha stonemould(91),a stonepestle(90) and incisedschistfragment (92). of decoratedcraters(P104-105; plates 55.10; 54.12),of a Also foundin thefillwerefragments carinated (106-108). cup (P103; fig.2.1: 3) and ofthreeclayfigurines Destructiondepositsonfloorfrombothtests,ofPhase ia P81 Pictorialsherds;crater,(plate 65.E10). Bird.69/ Pi6a-b; C-Eioa-b. P82 Amphoriskos. (fig.2.31: 1).Completeexcepthandle darkbrown and rimchips.H. 10; Dmax. 13. Bufffabric, in linear as shown. 69/P13. pattern, paint P83 Amphorafrag.(figs.2.2: 5, 2.29: 4). Abouta third Hmax. 17.8; D. 8.5. One bandon lowerbody,3 present. one in handlezone,one atrim; smaller bandson shoulder, reddishbrownpaint. 'S' dec. on handle.Pink-buff fabric, 65/P159. one-handled, (figs.2.1: 9, 2.15: 1). About P84 Cup frag, a third.H. 7.7; D. c. 24. Lineardec. on rimand handle; res. band in int. Lightbrownfabricwithblack paint. 65/P160. P85 Cup. (fig.2.1: 8). Completeexceptrimfrag.,body chips.H. 7; D. 12. Dec: bandjustbelowlip outside,band at lip insideand circleon floor.Brownfabric,brownto blackpaint.69/P12. H. P86 Jug,two-handled cp. (plate29.7).Nearcomplete. at 35.5; D. 25.5.Handlesofroundsectionwithfiring-hole thetopof each.Shallowribat base of neck.Pinkfabric, blackenedon one side.65/P180. P87 Jug,one-handled cp. (fig.2.33: 1). Completeexcept burnton handle.H. 10; D. 9.5. Coarsered-brown fabric, sideoppositehandle.69/P11. P87bis Hydria.Missinglowerbody.Ext.,bandsat lip, neckbase,3 belowshoulderand 3 morebelowhandles; with handles.1 vertical int.,bandbelowrim.2 horizontal blackpaint.69/P15. fabric, wavyline.Grey-brown 88 Stone'button', shanked;serpentine, deep blue-black. (plate83.14,fig.5.8: 24). H. 0.5; D. base 1.6; sh.d.0.25. Partof disc/flange missing.Polished,otherthanforbase in use. 65/166. wherewearchannelsleftbystring Stone 'button', shanked; deeppurple-black. 89 serpentine, (plate 83.15, fig. 5.8: 25). H. 1.3; D. 1.85; sh.d. 0.2. Completeand chipped.65/200. volcanic,grey,(plate 90 Stonepestle,taperedcylinder;

77.7,fig.5.2: 9). H. 7.2; D.base5.3; Wt.280 gm.Complete, 69/300. thoughperhapsfroma brokentripodmortar? arrangement; 9/ Stonemould,partof a multiple-piece ?serpentine/steatite, pale mottledgrey,(plate 91.2, fig. barcornerchipped. 5.11: 2). L. 5; W.4.2; Th. 1. Complete, and also workedby chisel; sawnregularly Basicrectangle inbinding. Interior worked nickon an edge- ?forsecurity on.Main variousguide-lines scratched smoother still(forfit), 'bezel'hollowis 2.6 x 1.8and0.4 deep;no tracesofporing 2 channel.To assistliningup of thevariouscomponents, L. of about at corners (of 0.7, copper/metal) pegs opposed are setin drilledholes(0.3 across).69/16. schist, (plate9 1.5). 92 Stoneworkedslab,frag.; silver-grey Lmax.7.6; W. 2.3; Th. 0.8. Side anglebrokenofffroma curvingand largerblock;alongone faceare twoslightly hand-cut grooves.69/15. Top lost.(fig.5.7: 12). Hmax. 93 Obsidianarrowhead? 1.6;W. 1.6;Th. 0.4. L. 2.4; W. 2.2; Th. 0.8. 94 Obsidianchunk/flake. mainbeamandtwotines,(plate96). H. 15.1; 95 Antler, L. oftinesup to 11.1; beam 5.5 across,tines2.2-3. Main interiors removed;anda holeneatlycut pediclepreserved; betweenthetwotines.65/163. 96 ?Antler?awl,frag,(plate 95.2). Lmax. 2.7; W. 1.2; Th. 0.45. Buttend only,somepolish.69/203. (plate Largest, 97 Metalobject,sawfrags.; copper/bronze. 88.5,fig.5.9: 8). Lmax.4.5; W. 1.9;Th. 0.2 atback.Teeth endsbentup where so wornas to be almostnon-existent; brokenup. 69/159. (plate 88.8, fig. 98 Metalpoint,frag.;copper/bronze, 5.10: 18). Lmax.5.1; D. 0.4. Bent.69/161. red-brown, (fig.5.17: 3). H. 99 Clayweight, pyramidal; 16; 11.8 x 11.4 base,4 x 5.1 top;hd. 1.3; Wt. 1.200kg. smoothed Outersurface over;base not.65/188. red-brown, 100 Clayweight, (fig.5.17: 2). H. pyramidal; 14.7; 11 x 13.1base,4 attop;hd. 1.3;Wt.1.250kg.Surface leftrough.65/189.

Fill overfloor,bothtests P101 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate66.F3).Fish.69/P48; C-F3. P102 Deep bowl. (fig.2.1: 14). Near completeexcept handles.H. 11.3.Bandson rim,belowhandleandatbase; int.mono.Blackpaint. P103 Carinatedcup,highhandle;frag.(fig.2.1: 3). Lip to lowerbodyand handle.D.rimc. 15.

Pi 04 Craterfrag, (plate55.10).Rimtolowerbody.Panel as shown. decoration P105 Craterfrag,(plate54.12). Smallbodysherd.Dec. as shown. 106 TC figurine; human;latePsi ?A. (fig.4.1: 8). Hmax. Near 5.4. complete.65/168;F8. human.Hmax.3. Waist.65/195;F30. ioy TC figurine;

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION 108 TC figurine; bovid. Hmax. 2.5; Lmax. 3.9. Hindquarters.65/177; F53. (plate 109 Clay whorl or bead?, biconical; buff-brown, 101.3). H. 2.4; D. 2.5; sh.d. 0.4; Wt. 10 gm. Complete,

127

burnt;smoothsurface.65/167. (For sherd content see pottery statistical table C.3:

APPENDIX 3)

The SouthernArea (Test4)

corneroftheexcavation, A finaltest(dimensions 2.50 x 2.25 m) was dugat theextremesouth-west beneaththeSouthern AreaPhase lb floorat thewestside (figs.1.38, 1.40 a). A compactlayerofgreyish-brown soilbeneaththePhase lb flooroverlaya pebbleand ash floor levelsome25 cm lower,running beneaththeSouthRoom southwall,and to be associatedwiththe lowerwallboundingtheadjacenttestdescribedabove.The contextis againLH IIIC Phase ia. 110 Stone pivot-socket, block; sandstone,off-white, m-g. 12 χ 12.2; Th. 3.5-6.7. Base and sides relativelyneat; top irregular;socketovoid (c. 7 x 6; 4 deep). 69/356. 111 Antlerawl/point;heavy duty.Lmax. 10.4; W. 1.7;

Th. 0.6. Tip lost. 65/202. Plus, obsidian, including a crested blade (plate 86; FIG.5.7: 3).

In summary thesetestsbelow the LH IIIC Phase lb floorsshow a consistent patternof earlier in 1 a A of the site the Phase different at occupation preceding period. groundplan thisphasesaw a divisionofthespace availableintosmallerunits- at leastin thearea oftheSouthRoom.Thereis evidenceforwidespread Thisdestruction did createtheneedfor destruction, thoughnotforburning. considerable demolition and rebuilding. the earlier walls beneath theSouthand the Followingthis, Northwest Roomswentoutofuse,thefloorswereraisedin thesetwoareasand newwallswerebuilt at bothsouthand north-west. ThustheSouthRoom as knownconstitutes basicallya new Phase lb construction. no tests were made LH the IIIC Phase lb flooroftheNorthRoom, Although through whichis foundat the same level as the Phase ia floorselsewhere, it is likelythatany Phase ia in use and the buildingdebriswhichhad fallentherewas clearedaway,forthesamefloorcontinued earlierwallfoundations werealso re-usedand addedto,as necessary. EvidenceforEarlier Periods,Below thePhase 1a Floors (figs. 1.35 b' 1.40 a and 1.41 b)

BeneaththePhase 1a floorin thearea oftheNorthwest Room a layerofcompactreddishearthwith lensesofash (fig.1.40 a: 8) overlayanotherpebblefloorat depth13.10,pottery contextLH ΠΙΑ. Here theearlyfloormaybe associatedwitha n-s walllineunderlying thelaterpartition wallofthe Northand Northwest return to thewest(figs.1.35 b, 1.41 b). Rooms,and witha fragmentary The sequenceshownbythisdepositand floorlevelin theNorthwest Roomis repeatedin thesouth testat thesouth-west corneroftheexcavatedarea,wherebeneaththeLH IIIC Phase ia floorin the SouthAreaa further reddish-brown levelsome25-30 cmdeep cleaneddowntothefootings ofa wall Ε-w;sherdcontextLH ΠΙΑ, at a depthof 13.75 m· running In summary, limiteddeepertestsshowa quicktransition in stratigraphical sequence,fromtracesof LH ΠΙΑ occupation totheearliestLH IIIC phase.It is notclearfromtheevidenceofthestratigraphy herewhether thismayhavebeendue tothorough siteclearancebytheLH IIIC Phase ia buildersor to a periodofabandonment in theintervening LH IIIB period. LaterPhases(figs.1.39, 1.40) Structural Remains:Walland FloorFragments Thereis someevidencethattwoofthePhase lb wallssurvivedand werere-usedin thesucceeding phase.Theseare thenorthand southwallsoftheSouthRoom. In thenorthand eastareasofthetrench,20 a pebblefloorat c. 14.40 overliesthepartially disturbed Phase lb destruction debrisoftheNorthRoom,21 and endsat thelineoftheNorthwall (fig.1.40 b: flooroccursovertheSouthRoom,closerto thesurfaceat a depthof about 2a). A corresponding Thus even thestonesofthewallitself arerobbedout,thewalllinemusthavecontinued 14.80.22 though to function hereas a stepup or terracein thesucceedingphaseofoccupation. 20Greaterdisturbance at thewestside of thetrenchleftno evidenceforlaterfloorspreserved there(fig.1.40 a: 2, 3). 21An intermediate build-upof levelingmaterialabove the Phase lb destruction filland underthisfloor(fig. 1.40 b: 6) is only15-25 cm deep.

22Floor2a is shown tothesouthat thishigherlevel continuing on SectionB; hereit overliesa greaterdepth(up to 75 cm) of earlierdestruction fill(fig.1.40 b: 5).

128

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

õ

u^

In

Fig. 1.39. TrialIV/V: Phase 2: detailsand findsin South Area.

Atthesouthsimilarevidenceis preserved, at thewestsideofthetrench, forre-useofthePhase lb wallwhichdividestheSouthRoomfromtheSouthArea.Here anotherpebblefloorwas foundat c. 14.65m,some25 cm higherthanthatofthePhase lb floor,in theexcavatedstripon thesouthside ofthewall(fig.1.40 a: 4a). Findsassociatedwiththisfloorare discussedbelow. Tracesofotherlatewallswerealso found(fig.1.35 b). One runsoverthewestside oftheSouth Room close below the surface,but the area is erodedand disturbed by pits(fig. 1.40 a: 2), the associatedbuildingis lost,and no convincing floorlevel was found.Otherlate wallsoccurat the northendoftheexcavation: a thirdphaseofconstruction on thenorthwalloftheNorthRoomshows thatthislinecontinued in use afterthePhase lb destruction. Twon-s walls,one overthenorth-east and theotheroverthesouth-west forlengths oftheexcavatedpartoftheNorthRoomare preserved of 3.75 and 2.25 m respectively. Orienteddirectly on theN-s axis (unlikethePhase lb structures), foundedon a troddenearthlayerclosebeneaththesurfaceat depthc. 14.30-14.50m [c.35-50 cm as earlyas Phase 2 belowsurface), Thoughpotentially theysurviveonlyas one coursefoundations. thesewallfragments cannotbe aboveforthetroddenearthlevelson whichtheyrested), (as suggested 1 and sub-surface soil datedbywellstratified Associated of surface (fig. .40 b: 1 to 3) deposits. layers LH IIIC mix. containedsomePG and LG sherdsin a predominantly ofthreeotherwallsabovethenorthand centreoftheNorthRoom,evidently originally Fragments andsherdsareArchaic tilefragments a small structure areprobably later.Associated of rectangular part I pl. 59). (cf.kotyleat Leflcandi The factthatthiswas foundat thesamelevelas PG and G sherdsindicatesthattheaccumulative and re-occupation werebalancedby otherlevellingprocessesand by erosion processesofrebuilding theLH IIIC Phase lb destruction. at thisspotduringthe500 or so yearsfollowing Fills,Depositsand Finds;theChronological Sequence to havebeenreferred Thoseareasoflatepebblefloorwhichmaypertainto thelatestwallfragments above. Howeverit shouldbe notedthattheupperfillswhichcontainedmostof thefineLH IIIC or with fromTrialIV/V cannotbe securelyassociatedwithanybuilding, Phase2 materialderiving wallsremaining. thefragmentary thePhase lb As thedrawnsectionsshow(figs.1.40 and 1.41),thedepthofearthdepositoverlying debrisrangesfromc.0.55 to 1 m (75-80 cmattheeastsection;55-95 cmatthewest;and destruction are surface withinthisshallowupperstratum wash,pits,and 75-100 cm at thecentre).Concentrated thetracesofoccupationlevelsalreadydescribed.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

129

Fig. 1.40. TrialIV/V: (a) westsection(Α-A1); (b) east section(B-B1). Layerdescriptions:(a) 1: surface,2: greyishearthand stones(PG?, pit),3: red/brownearthwithsome stone (IIIC disturbed debris),4: greyashy (Phase 2, occupation refuse),4a: troddenearth,withpebbles and sherds (Phase 2, floor),5: reddish and greywithmudbrick,stones,sherds,ash and carbon (Phase lb, destruction),5a: ashy clay floorwithsome pavingslabs and as 5 (Phase lb, floorrelaid at north),6: as 5, 7: similarto 5, but less burning(Phase ia), 7a: pebble and clay floorswith ash, several relayings(Phase ia), 8: darkerred-brownearth,ash lenses at north(111A, earlieroccupation debris),8a: clay and pebble floorand wall footings(?HIA); (b) 1: surface,2: grey,ashy earth(PlateIIIC, partlydisturbedoccupationdebris, 2a: troddenearthand pebble floor(?postIIIC), 3: hard-packedgreyearth(late pit fill),4: loose black earth(pitfill),5: red withdecayed mudbrick,partredeposited),6: grey-brownsoil, earth and whiteclay withgravel patches (IIIC destruction, buildup afterdestruction ofPhase lb, 7: firmgreyishearth(redepositeddebrisfillingdisturbedarea ofPhase lb), 8: variegated fill:grey-brown earth,ashylenses and burntmudbrick(Phase lb, destruction),8a: greyclay floors(Phase lb), 9: greyashy earth,withrubbleand mudbrick(Phase ia, debris),9a: clay floor(Phase ia).

area (figs.1.40 and 1.41),was a clearfloordepositfound.This Onlyovertheextremesouthern occurredsome25 cm abovethePhase lb level(ata depthofabout14.50m). Here a LH IIIC Phase 2 deposit(fig. 1.39) includedfiveobjects:a tripodcookingpot (Pi 14) foundat the east,a twohandledcookingpot (Pi 15) foundnestling in a pebblestrewnnichecutinformally fromthestone foundations oftheSouthRoom southwall,in associationwitha stonebutton(116); a secondstone button(117) was foundfurther to thesouthwitha saddlequern(nc). Fromtheassociatedlevelselsewhere comea trefoil oinochoe(Pi 30),amphoriskos (Pi 22),fragments ofa stirrup of decorated craters plate and a of coarse (P125; 55.15) jar (P131), mug(Pi 29; fig.2.40: 5). Includedin theupperfillwerefoundfragments of a decoratedcrater(P123; another,P124, at plate 54.8),ofa pictorial craterwithantithetic birds(Pi 19),a CypriotBase RingII bowl(P127),an animalfigurine counter a claywhorl(151) and a ?button and (146),pyramidal (150) (149). Removed withthetopofthedestruction fillbelow,butperhapsbelonging herewerea cup (Pi 26),juglet(Pi 28) and a clayreel(147). In summary theupperlayersand fillsfoundabove themainPhase lb destruction debris,though of fine laterLH IIIC material,consistbasicallyof sporadicsectionsof earthbuild-up, productive sectionsofwallsand floorsbutno restorable and tracesofpitfillsand levelled fragmentary building, debris.Includedin thesefillswas a rangeofmaterial fromLH IIIC Phase2 toPG, G andArchaic,all intoc. 35-75 cm ofdepositinterposed betweenploughsoiland destruction debris. compressed

130

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig. 1.41.TrialIV/V:(a) southsection(C'-C); (b)northsection, Northwest Room(D-D1). andlatermaterial), 2: patchy red,brownandgreysoil(IIIC destruction (a) 1: surface, 3: ashygreysoil(pit Layerdescriptions: ash and carbon(Phaselb, destruction fill),4a: thickclayfloor, fill),4: greysoil,withfallenslab,muchmudbrick, greyand .. to east at at hard mudbrick surface with laid sherds centre (Phaselb, floor), 5: red,disintegrated poorlypreserved ashy west, in ofclay,subsiding 6: reddishearthwithgreyashylenses(Phaseia occupation mudbrick, debris),6a: greyashysurface zone(?robbing IIIC debris), soil(includes 2: brownandredpatchy (b)1: surface, 3: disturbed redeposited places(Phase1a floor); (Phase lb floor), debris),4a: ashyclaysurfaces, (Phase lb destruction relayings pit?),4: hardred earthwithmudbrick earth(ΠΙΑ ia 6: hard ia and similar to (Phase floor), yellow-brown 4 (Phase debris),5a: pebble 5: relayings claysurfaces, with wall 6a: floor (?IIIA). fragment early occupation), pebble

andfillsofPhase2 Upperdeposits

(a) SouthArea,floordeposit

Pi 12 Decoratedcraterfrags.Largebodyfrag,and small EarthbelowlateN-swalloverN. rimto lowerbodyfrags. fill. Room.Disturbed topofPhase lb destruction Pi 13 Craterfrag,(plate54.9).Smallbodysherd.Dec. as shown. halfprès., Pi 14 Tripod (plate29.5).Nearly cooking potfrag, carinated twolegs.Tall-necked type.H. 28; D.rim including c. 25.5. Brownto blackext.Legs of oval section,without mottled. incisedslashes.Coarsebrownfabric, 65/P178. Pi 15 Jug,two-handled cp. Made up complete.H. 23.5; fired toblack.65/P198. Dmax.21. Coarsefabric orange-red

lowshanked;schist, 116 Stone'button', palegreen-silver. (plate 83.13, fig. 5.8: 23). Hmax. 1; D. 3.7; sh.d. 0.8. bartopofshank,and somechips.65/184. Complete, deep greyand 117 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, blue-black, (plate 84.9, fig.5.8: 19). H. 1.1; D. base 2.3; withbattered sh.d.0.5. Complete, edges.65/185. 118 Stonewhetstone/grinder, tabular;green,f-g.Lmax. 7; W. 6.1; Th. 3. One end only;roundedangles.One morepolished,butno wearmarks.69/345. surface Plus,saddlequern.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

(b) Associatedfills,not well stratified

Pi 19 Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 64.E1, fig. 2.23: 3). Bird.65/Pi76;C-Ei. P120 Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate66.F9).Fish.69/P88; C-Fg. P121 Amphoriskos. (plate 29.2). Completeexceptone handle,and a rimandbodyfrag.Dmax. 10.5,Hmax.9.1. Horizontal rolledhandles,ringbase.Thinbandson lower body,twothickbandson bellywithwavylineabove,one thickandthreethinbandson shoulder, andpainton neck. creamslipwithorangetinge,light fabric, Lightorange-red red,fugitive paint.65/P166. P122 Amphoriskos. (fig. 2.31: 5). Two-thirds complete Surfaceworn. (rim,one handleand partofbodymissing.

131

Footpainted; Hmax.7; Dmax. 11. Lineardec;veryfugitive. streamers twobandsbelowandtwoabovehandles;inverted in handlezone; painton handles;traceon surviving frag, of lower neck. Disturbedarea (possiblepit) in top of fill.Pinkishfabric,pale yellowishat outside destruction brown-red surface; paint.69/P43. rimandbodysherd,(plate54.6).Hmax. Pi 23 Craterfrag, 19,D. c.30. Dec: twowidelyspaceddoublevertical spirals; int.mono.Brownfabric, palebrownslip,darkbrownpaint. 65/P147. Pi 24 Craterfrag,(plate54.8). Smallbodysherd.Dec. as shown.

withremainsof late wall scrapsat north-east (c) Sub-surface,

(plate55.15). Dec. as shown. P125 Craterfrags,

(d) Disturbedupper fillof Phase lb destruction deposit

Pi 26 Cup, one-handled.Three quarterscomplete.H. Pinkish withlightorangepainton rimandbase,and fabric, interior blacklineon handle.65/P146. spiral;vertical Pi 27 Cypriotbowlfrag,(plate 46.3). Fragment of Base RingII bowl.66/P377. Pi 28 Jugletfrag.Rim to lowerbody; startof handle. Horizontal bandson rim(twoin,one out),and on lower neckandbelly(onethinbetweentwobroad).Partofspiral in handlezone.65/P161. Pi 29 Mugfrag.(fig.2.40: 5). Basetoupperbody.D.base bandsandvertical as 13.5.Dec. horizontal paneldivisions, shown.Fromlayer3 on fig.1.40 a. P130 Trefoiloinochoe.(plate 29.3). Rim to belly,with handle.Ext.,neckmono,from justbelowlip; broadband on shoulderand partof anotheron belly;wavyline on handle.Int.,broadband at lip. Smallpit.Pinkfabric, red toblackpaint.69/P7. in drawingat fig. P131 Stirrup jar frags,(reconstructed base and body 2.32: 5). Aboutan eighthprès.,including frags.D.base 6.5. Lineardec. on body,as shown.Four shoulder haveconcentric circledecoration (withdots frags, atcircumference), as doesone otherpossible(burned)frag. On one frag, is a traceoflinkedopenblobswithdots.The earliest ofthefind-contexts is as deepas thePhase lb floor and below (fig. 1.40 a: 6); probablythisfragment, and theothers, indicatescatter duetolatedisturbance. certainly Yellowish-buff fabricwithbrownpaint.69/P62. conical;serpentine, 132 Stone'button', (plate grey-blue, 84.2,fig.5.8: 3). H. 2.1; D. base 3.7; sh.d.0.65. Complete, somechipping. Abrasion from manufacture roundbody;size andproportions makea whorla possibility here.65/133. black,(plate82.9,fig.5.8: 34). 133 StonePpolisher, frag.; Lmax. 3; W. 2.1; Thmax.0.6. Sliveronlyof one end. flutedsides;facetted end. Tapering proportions, shallowly Purposeprovisional. 69/339. carnelian.(plate83.7,fig. 134 Stonebead,amygdaloid; 5.8: 30). L. 1.6;W. 1.2;Th.0.8; sh.d.0.15. Chippedaround endsofstring-holes; one end drilledfurther. 65/203. 135 Stoneseal, lentoid;serpentine/steatite, deep blue-

black, (plate 86 e). D. 1.6 χ 1.9; Th. 0.7; sh.d. 0.3. worn.Designofanimalfacing left;branchabove Complete, motif below.69/5. back;another/linear 136 Obsidianchunk.L. 2.4; W. 1.9; Th. 0.8. blade.Medial;L. 2.4; W. 1,Th.0.4. 137 Obsidiancrested 138 Obsidian?blade.L. 1.6; W. 1.4; Th. 0.3. 139 Obsidianblade.Distal,D; edgedamaged.L. 3.2; W. 1.1; Th. 0.25. conical;lead, (plate90.6, fig. 140 Metalbutton/weight, 5.11: 7). H. 1.5; D. base 2; sh.d. 0.35; Wt. c. 25 gm. Complete.69/28. 141 Metaltool,rod;copper/bronze, (plate89.7,fig.5.9: barone end.Blunt 4). L. 3.2; section0.2 square.Complete, pointat one end;other(broken)swellsintoPbutt. 69/136. 142 Metalrivet;copper/bronze, (plate 89.8, fig.5.10: 6). L. 2.25; D. shaft0.3. Complete.One endheadedbyan obliqueblow.69/137. 143 Bonepin,ornamented, pointlost.(fig.5.14: 13).Lmax. 6.8; D. 0.3. Somepolish.Head has5 ridges-grooves. 69/31. human.Hmax. 4.5. Hollowstem.65/ 144 TC figurine; 137; F40. human;Psi. (plate 72.7). Hmax. 5.4. 145 TC figurine; Upperbody.65/139;F7. bovid.(plate 75.51). Hmax. 6; Lmax. 146 TC figurine; lost.65/187;F51. 7.2. Extremities baked.H. 4.2; D 4.2, 147 Clayreel,waisted;pink-brown, waist3.3; Wt.40 gm.Abouta thirdofan endlost.65/190. 148 Clay reel,waisted;beige-red(fired), (fig.5.16: 11). L. 4.4; D. 2.75,at waist2; Wt.30+ gm. hollowed,(plate 101.6).H. 1.2; D. 3; 149 Clay ?button, sh.d. 0.45. Complete.Sunkenface has rimand simple withtracesofredpaint;reverseis stepped,with concavity signsofabrasion.65/186b. 150 Clayobject, red-brown. H. 4.2; base roughly pyramidal; 2.2 x 2. Complete butroughsurface. Purposeunknown. 65/ 183. domed;buff-red, 151 Clay whorl,slightly (plate 100.3, fig. 5.18: 2). H. 2.3; D. 3.3; hd. 0.5. Complete;worn exterior. 65/186a.

TRIAL VI

TrialVI was a small 2 m square trenchopened about 3 m fromthe cliffedge on the south side of Xeropolis,at the 17 m contourline. The fragmentof one Ε-w wall was found c. 75 cm below the surface,withan associated area of greyishoccupation detrituscontainingsherds of LH IIIC character.These included several from carinatedcups, probablyPhase 1a. The plough soil and sub-surfacewash levels containedmixed sherdsincludingLH IIIC Phase 2 (pictorialsherdPi), PG, LG and even one or two Archaicor Classical black glaze; and therewas one

132

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

terracotta tilefragment. Thismaterialindicateslateoccupationin thevicinity, butnoneofit can be with wall associated the or with related floor level. directly any A brownandredclaylevelon whichthewallwasbasedcontained mixedsherdsofLH ΠΙΑ, ΙΙΙΒ, and IIIC character. In summary TrialVI revealeda smallfragment Phase ia) construction on a ofLH IIIC (probably at hill. was terraced the south of Evidence for later of found the slope edge periods occupation solely in surface didonceextend washlevels.Thissuggests thatLG andevenArchaicorClassicalsettlement butthatithas been lostto theforcesoferosion. to thisvicinity, washlevel, notwellstratified Upper

Pi Pictorialsherd;crater,(plate 60.B3). Warrior.69/P58; C-B3. 2 TC figurine;bovid. Hmax. 2.3; Lmax. 5.3. Extremities broken.65/103; F49.

3 Clay reel, waisted; beige-red,(fig. 5.15: 9). L. 6; D. 2.8, at waist 2.6; Wt. 60 gm. 4 Obsidian. Irregularblade, (fig. 5.7: 15). Retouch/work damage to one side.

TRIAL VII

TrialVII was a smalltestmeasuring 2 x 2 m,dugat a distanceof5 m northofTrialVI towardsthe ofa LH IIIC buildingwas found the of the above hill, 17m contourline.A fragment highest point rockwas reachedat depthc. and occupationlevels.The conglomerate withassociateddestruction of earlier traces 0.80 m,without occupation. encountering anysignificant levelof 15-25 cmofploughsoilrevealeda sectionofwallrunning The clearanceofa surface along with destruction of butpartly Froman associated, thesouthedgeofthetrench. debris, disturbed, layer and two whorl a a stone button and came mudbrick stones, (2) ash, (3-4). (1), clayspindle clayfigurines forthelater a Phase2 dateperhapsrather sherd(P5) indicating Fromtheashylevelcomesa pictorial Thislayerofdebrisrestedon a redclayfloorc.50 cmbelow itself. thanforthedestruction disturbance a destruction andburntstonesindicating muchblackash,reddenedmudbrick andcomprised surface by excavated. in small area the was found of no destruction fire, deposit pottery though as occupationdebris.It Beneaththefloora further layerofloose red and greysoil is interpreted sectionofthe the ran This beneath cm lower. some floor a reddish second 20 preserved clay overlay wallat thesouth. perhaps Datingevidenceforthetwofloorsis limitedto scrappysherdsofearlyLH IIIC character, and linear,ofcarinated ofdeep bowls,monochrome Phase 1a (fragments cupsand oflipprincipally toa particular orbuilding floors evidencetoassigneither bandcups).Butthereis insufficient definitively therockwas over close set level ia Phase a LH IIIC is that A occupation phase. plausiblehypothesis The Phase 2 pictorialsherdthen a firedestruction. overlaidby a Phase lb buildingwhichsuffered atthetopofthisdestruction wouldseemmostlikelytobelongtotheashymaterial layer- pitfilldug a took and disturbance when level lb destruction intothePhase place,following levelling subsequent site. on the elsewhere to us familiar pattern fromTrialIV/V,as wellas boththe is accepted,a sequenceexistsherefamiliar Ifthishypothesis wheretherewasconsiderable Main the the east and to west(atTrialsΡ,Β,Ε) testsfurther Excavation), (at and followed in cases some Phase in LH IIIC siteclearance ia, bynewconstruction including activity in Phase ib. latera firedestruction Phase ib? Burntdestruction debris,not well stratified, H. 1.4; midblue-grey. 1 Stone'button',conical;serpentine, D. base 2.1; sh.d. 0.35. Complete,unless top of cone lost. 65/1 10.

H. 2.3; D. base 2 Clay whorl,slightlyshanked;grey-buff. 2.7; sh.d. 0.5. Complete. 65/109.

3 TC figurine;bovid. (plate 75.54). Hmax. 2.9; Lmax. 6.3. Extremitiesbroken.65/112; F54. 4 TC figurine;animal, (plate 74.88). Hmax. 2.2; Lmax. 4.5. Small, extremitieslost. 65/113; F88.

Phase2 ? Upper fill,notwellstratified,

P5 Pictorialsherd; crater,(plate 64.E12). Bird. 69/P50; C-E12. TRIAL VIII

northofTrialVII butat 1 m tothe 2 x 2 m,placedimmediately TrialVIII wasa smalltestmeasuring east;itwas also at thehighest partofthehilltopabove the 17m contourline. wasfound ofthistestareverycomparableto thoseofTrialVII: closebelowthesurface The results debrison an earthfloor(depthc. 50 withan associatedlayerofdestruction a LH IIIC wallfragment

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

133

rockwas found, cm belowsurface). Close belowthisa troddensurfaceat or neartheconglomerate a of From the surface level comes sherd butwithout evidence earlier significant occupation. pictorial withanimal(Pi). Surfacelevel,not well stratified Pi Pictorial sherd;crater, (plate69.H16). Bull.69/P54; C-H16.

No destruction depositwas foundon thesmallsectionof floorexposed.The sherdmaterialin the fillwasLH IIIC Phase ι (including destruction ofa lineardeepbowland ofa lip-bandcup, fragments thehollowedrimofan amphoraand a carinated was foundbelow cookingpotrim).Similarmaterial thisfloor:fragments oflinearand decorateddeep bowls,ofa plainconicalkylix,ofa decoratedcrater (P2; plate 54.11) and ofa carinatedcup; in additionthreestoneobjectswerefound,a button(3) a pounder(4) and an obsidianflake. Floor and below.Phase ia P2 Crater frag,(plate 54.11). Rim frag.Dec. has as shown. chequerboard pattern, darkblue-black. 3 Stone 'button',conical; serpentine, Smallandin a completely shattered condition. 69/88.

4 Stonepounder,spherical; pale grey.6 x 5.7; H. 5; Wt. 280 gm.One partlost;burntand cracked.Tracesofwear all over,excepttwoopposedpatches.69/383. 5 Obsidianchunk.L. 1.8; W. 0.9; Th. 0.4.

The material associatedwiththehardrockfloorincludedscrapsofLH IIIB character. A reconstruction ofthesequenceofoccupationrepresented bythesefindswillbe verysimilarto that for Trial VII: a after of whatever LH IIIB or otherremainstherewerein thearea, suggested cleaning therewas earlyLH IIIC occupation(probably Phase ia); a buildingsuffered destruction byfireat an within Phase later IIIC Phase is 2 1); earlystage(still occupationincluding represented onlyby surface material. No post-Mycenaean material wasnoted;someLH ΠΙΑ surface sherdspointtoearlier in thevicinity. Mycenaeanoccupationsomewhere TRIAL

IX (PLATE

13

C' FIG.

I.42)

TrialIX was openedas a 2 x 2 m testat c. 15 m to thenorthofTrialVII on thelineofthecentral mixedLH section,at a highpointofthehillabove the17m contourline.A surfacelevelcontaining in a MH context and a II, LH IIIC and PG sherdswas removedto reveala wallfragment apparently cornerofthetest).Sinceitwas notpossible depositofintactLH ΠΙΑ pots(attheextremenorth-east to interpret thesefeatures in so smallan area,thetestwas extendedto measure5 x 4.5 m. SummaryofFindings

A numberofpitswithcontents a LH ΠΙΑ burial, rangingfromLH II to LH IIIC, one containing werefoundto have been cutintoand to have severelydisturbed theremainsofa MH building.In areaswhichescapedthedisturbance oflaterpits,in particular at thesouth-west, it was foundthata firmpebblefloorat depthc. 20-25 cm couldbe associatedwiththewallfragment and thatat least one laterre-laying tookplacein a developedMH phase(MH II). A testthrough thefloorat thesouth side of thetrenchrevealeda successionof layersof earlierMH destruction and occupationdebris a hard reddish floor at c. cm. This was the level on which thewallhad been overlying clay depth 40 built,and deeperdownwas a blackor darkbrownearthfloorat deptharound50-60 cm whichpredatedthebuilding.Finally,beneaththese,occupationlevelscontaining materialofEH III character werefoundoverlying thenaturalrockat depthofsome 1.20 m belowsurface. Further discussion hereis limitedto theMycenaeanpits. The Pit Levels (fig. 1.42)

The surface levelscontainedevidenceofoccupationin thisarea up to PG, and theLH II periodwas alsofeatured withscalepattern decoration. bythepresenceofan Ephyrean gobletfragment Immediately below the surfacea seriesof pitsbegan to be revealedwhosegreyishbut partlyloose red earth contents werenoteasilydistinguished fromtheirsurrounds. The pitshad beencutintodisturbed MH and destruction with mudbrick and stones.Thereseemtohave debris, occupation siltyearth,pebbles, been sixpitsin all,butthreeofthese(nos. 1, 2 and a burialpit)had been cutintoone anotherand couldnotbe clearlydistinguished in thedigging.

134

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

Fig. 1.42.TrialIX: plan.

c 2.25 x 2.80 m,withdepthofc.0.25-0.30 m,was dugin thecentre Pit 1 A shallowpit,measuring It was mostlylocatedoutsidethearea oftheMH buildingbutprobablyremovedthe ofthetrench. cornerstones.The greysandyfillofthispitcontainedmixedsherdsofMH, LH II, IIIA and missing IIIC character. Pit2 A slightly c. 1.60 x 3 m, depth0.35-0.40,was cutintothewestsideof deeperpit,measuring Pit 1. This pit was locatedmostlyinsidethe area of the MH building,but disturbedpartof its south-west wall. The fillwas mixedred and greyearthwithstonesand sherds,whichwereagain of mixed characterbut principallyLH II. A burial pit containingthreeLH IIIA vases, cup (Pi) and askos (Ps>)formedpartof thispit or was laterdug intoit.These vases (P3), amphoriskos in theloose fill,theaskosfoundresting wereencountered on thesurviving stonesofthesouth-west walloftheMH building(fig.1.42). Burialinpit 2, LH IIIA

Pi Amphoriskos. Partoflipandshoulder lost.H. 6; D.rim 4.9, base 4. Unpainted. 65/P88. P2 Askos.Nearcomplete.H. 7.5; L. 10. Dec. on cream

bandonlip,bandonlowerbodyandfoot,shoulder ground: dec. 65/P92. P3 Cup. Partlost.H. 6.5; D.rim13. Plain.65/P91.

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

135

Pit3 Attheeastbaulkpartofa smallerpitwas excavated,measuring 0.80 m acrossand depthofc. a 0.20 m.The loosefillcontainedsherdsofLH II character, including cup (P4) whichlayatitsupper surface. Pit3, LHII

P4 Cup. No details.69/P459.

Pit4 A deeperpitwas partlyexcavatedat thenorthedge of thetrench, whereit cutintoPit 1. It measuredc. 1.15 x 0.80 m,witha depthofc.0.65 m.The redandgreyfillcontainedmixedsherdsof LH II and IIIB/C character. Pit5 Partofanothersmallpitwas excavatedat thenorth-east corneroftheTrial,roughly of circular, diameterc. 0.50 m and depthc. 0.20 m. The firmgreyfillformeda hollowin a stonetumbleand contained mixedsherdsofMH and LH II character. ThusTrialIX givesevidencethatearly(EH and MH) occupation, knownfromtheMain Excavation at thenorth-east ofXeropolisand fromTrialsC, D and G at othercardinalpoints,also extendedto thissouthcentralsectorofthesite.This suggests thattherewas alreadyduringtheseperiodsa very site.The evidenceof earlyMycenaeanactivity, even widespreadand perhapsextensivesettlement is important fora periodwhoseremainsseemtohave thoughlimitedtoburialsand otherpitdigging, been muchclearedawayin otherareas.Surfaceand otherout of contextsherdsindicatethatlater LH IIIC and PG, had also occurredin thevicinity. occupation, TRIAL X

Attention was drawnto theslopinggroundat thenorthern footofthehillwhena pitdugthereforan olivetreeproducedearlysherds,and a testtrench 3 x 4 m was openedat the5 m contour measuring line there.The levelsfoundweresteeplyslopingdepositsof washreachingto depth1.50-2.10 m belowsurface, wheresoilwithout sherdswas thought to be natural. Thelowestdepositcontained EB III material; thesecondEH III (GroupI) sherds, including primitive Minyanand coarsepolishedware. AbovethesesteeplyslopingEB III/EH III stratalaya softashydepositwithmanysherdsofMH I whilean upperlayerimmediately belowthesurfacecontainedMycenaeansherds.Some character, PG occurredon thesurface. The testwas successful in thatitproducedstratified materialoftheearliestphasesofoccupationat and wash levels were the showeda steeperprofileto the Lefkandi, although found, stratigraphy only lowernorthern of the mound than one in these slope expected earlyphases,and indicatedtoothata has in taken the contour at line this The curveof thestratawithinthetrench change place point. that the of hill the took a turn to the thanis shownby thepresent south-east suggested edge sharper ε-w line. straight The Central Series of Tests, Trials I-X: a Summaryof the Results Thisseriesoftestsprovidesa partialcrosssectionofthesiteatthecentralpoint,complementing those at eastand west.It confirms theexistenceofEH III and earlyMH occupationclose overbedrock, littlemorethana metrebelowsurfaceat thehill'ssummit(at c. 17 m above sea level),and themuch greater depthon thenorthslopes,wherea MH II flooroccursat depth11.35m inTrialI andEH III/ MH I washlevelsarefoundat c. 3.50-50 m in TrialX. Thisseriesoftestsalso providesevidencefortheremarkable wealthofthissite,and stratigraphical forthegreatchronological of its of Not was evidence forEH III and spread phases occupation. only MH III settlement found at the lowest but the LH levels, sequential succeeding I, LH II and LH IIIA phasesare represented in washlevelsor pitsequencesabove these.Indeedit is clearthatthe ofthehilloccurredin theseearlierMycenaeanphases. levellingoftheearlierperiodsat thesummit LH MB is barelyrepresented, traces remainwherethe activeand widespreadLH IIIC although Phaseia clearancepenetrated almosttorock(TrialsVI-VIII). Thesetesttrenches confirm thepicture obtainedelsewhereon thehillofintensebuildingactivity at thebeginning of theLH IIIC period. The majorLH IIIC Phase lb firedestruction featured area testedat Trial largein themostextensive indicatedits presenceelsewhere(TrialsVI and VIII). IV/V, althoughlittlemorethaninference

136

THE SITE AND ITS EXCAVATION

and well-preserved evidencefortherichLH IIIC Phase 2 occupationwas foundin Trial Important III, alongwithmoreerodedor meresurfaceevidenceelsewhere(TrialsIV/V and VI-VIII). indications werealsofound, Surface oferodedPG andevenArchaic/Classical principally occupation at TrialIV/V butalso as farafieldas thesouthedgeofthehillat TrialVI. Trench HH (also incorporated into the Main Excavation results) linkedto,butlyingsome 6 m offto thewestofTrenchLL, TrenchHH must Thoughnotdirectly to the relate LL, KK and N. It wasnotexcavatedas deep as thoseof surely storyrevealedin Trenches back thanPhase 2, as thepottery theMain Excavationarea,and thelevelsrevealedgo no further associatedmakesplain.It sizeis 5 m N-sby 2 m. Ε-w acrossits The trenchis dividedintoa smallernorthand southsegments by a wall running width:itsbase was notrevealed,only3 coursesofstonewereuncovered. ash-flecked soil (10 cm deep), The lowestpointreachedsouthof thewall was withina red-grey, to thesouth was identified a N-s However return observed. certain floor without running being any fill and most this 1 is defined. Over Room baulk. Thus within the east hidden fromthewall,partly 5 cm of red a floor laid thick),thereby clay (3-5 compact probablythe N-s returnwall had been a muchlargerroom.In turnon thishad settleda softish greysoil (10-20 cm deep) thatran creating up to theΕ-wwallacrossthetrench. earth Northofthewall,excavationwas pursueda littledeeper.Atthelevelreacheda grey-brown of sort it: some (5 cm deep)was revealedwitha thinspreadofa redclayeynaturesealing potentially a on thenorthside.Thereafter withtumbledstoneand mudbrick 25 cm of deep greydeposit surface, thisspreadwas divisibleintotwoby a trodden builtup - up to thetopoftheΕ-wwall.Internally fallenstonesand toppedby a further withassociatednumerous surface spreadofpebbles. and dippingto Atthisjuncture, thewholeis blanketed by a brownspread(10-12 cm deep),thinning - probablyPG in deposition. Sucha thenorth.Overthissitlayersadjudgedto be post-Mycenaean hereabouts. wouldaccountfortheabsenceofanyPhase3 material circumstance togo withtheSouthHouse (lyingtoitseast)seemsverylikelyfromthe The presenceofa structure withthatof the SouthHouse proper.Its two potentialphasesof ε-w wall here the of alignment and 2b. with Phases fit the 2a occupation

Chapter2 The pottery and SusanSherratt MervynPopham,ElizabethSchofield

INTRODUCTION - or someofitat least.The volumeofmaterial Thissecondchapterdealswiththepottery recovered has inevitably meantthatnotall receivedthesamedegreeofattention. The first ofChapter2 reviews, oftherelevant segment stratigraphical phasebyphase,thecharacter ceramics.At thebeginning of each are listedtheprincipaland subsidiary from whichthe deposits accountis drawn:in thesereferences are madeto statisticaltables and to depositcomments. Both oftheseare collectedtogether in Appendix3 (on CD): thetables werecomposedfromfewermajor frommore.Thereafter, theaccountsetsforththemainand essential groups,thedepositcomments characteristics ofthePhase- bothwithregardtoshapeanddecorative motifs (FS andFM,respectively: afterdetailscollectedin MP). Some divergencein the mannerof presentation the merelyreflects of this multiple authorship study. termedTots through theAges'.Thisin its review,appropriately Followingthisis an overarching finalformis theworkofElizabethSchofield. intended to summarise maindevelopments, the Though theopportunity has also been undertaken to introduceand illustrate from contextsoutside pieces thosecoveredin themoredetailed,initialphasereviews. - Tottery - aimstosettheXeropolisceramics The finalsegment ofthechapter ina widercontext' withina broaderpurlieu,withparticular reference to Mycenae.SusanSherratt undertook thistask. - LateMycenaeanPictorial topointoutthatthefirst ofthespecialist Lastly,itis pertinent chapters local creations, and setthemtoo Pottery, byJoostCrouwel- aimsto discusstheseoftenflamboyant withinthebroadercontemporary framework.1 THE LH IIIC 1A PHASE Phase ia is bestrepresented in theTrials,albeitoftennotfromdepositsstratigraphically secure;the MainExcavationareayieldedsmallergroupsand fromno bettercontexts. The Nature of the Deposits Twoofthelargerand moreinformative since depositscan be ascribedto thisstageonlystylistically, stratified. That in TrialP, notfullyexplored,and containing a considerable theyare nothelpfully offragmentary ofa rubbishpitwhichhad beencutdown quantity pottery, appearstobe thecontents intoEBA levels;onlysurfacesoil lay above it. The depositin TrialsE-J consistedof some near thatit is theresultof an abandonment or of a localised completevases and littleelse, suggesting destruction butone notaccompaniedby burning:thelevelsabove it containeda smallamountof laterLH IIIC to G, withonlyslightevidencefora possiblerebuilding. Wellstratified, lessdiagnostic, wasthepottery foundbelowthePhaselb destruction however, though floorin theSouthRoomofTrialsIV/V.Some smallerdeposits, too,werestratified, especiallya layer ofrefuseinTrenchLL, butit,and anothersuchin TrenchDD, containedsufficient LH IIIB pottery to makeitlikelythattheyare mixedin content, and includematerial whichmightwellderivefromthe clearingofLH IIIB structures priorto theLH IIIC rebuilding. there remain considerable uncertainties, Consequently especiallyaboutthe degreeof continuity fromLH IIIB intoIIIC. Even so, it is clearoverallthatthereexistson thesitea stageofLH IIIC thePhaselb destruction withsomedistinctive features thatdiffer fromthoseofthedestruction preceding 1 Referencesto Crouwel's catalogueare given as follows: C-Bi etc. C[rouwel]-Ai, !37

138

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH

SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

depositsand fromthe earlierLH IIIB. The variousdepositsascribedto thisstagemay not be betweenthemcouldwellindicatethattheyare not.But,in indeed,somedifferences contemporary; it seemsbestto presentthemas a singlestage,whichis, in anycase, defaultof greaterprecision, in certainfeatures fromthatofthesucceedinglb phase. distinguishable PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS

TrialsP, E-Jand IV/V: statisticaltables C.2-C.3. SUBSIDIARY

DEPOSITS

MainExcavation:Yard/ Passageway8/13- threelocations. GENERAL CHARACTER OF POTTERY

Three featuresin particularare characteristic of thisphase, two of thembeing virtually'type fossils'restricted to it.Theseare themonochrome carinatedcup withloop handle,theround-bodied and the of tripodcookingpot predominance deep bowls whichhave linear decorationover themonochrome version. The discussionhere,as elsewhere,startswithopen shapes followedby closed ones. Kitchen ware and storagepots are consideredseparatelyafterthe finerwares,followedby a note on handmadevessels. Fine Wares: Open Forms cups The mostdistinctive is the carinated cup(FS 240). No completeprofilewas preservedbut can be reconstructed withconsiderableaccuracyfromthemanyfragments foundof it,fig. 2.16: 8. With an averagelip diameterof around13 cm,it has a shallowbowl set on a ring-base; a singlestrap attached to the it arches well above and bends to the half about handle, rim, join body waydown theside. Its mostreadilyrecognisedfeatureis itshighconcavelip, set offfromthebowl in most casesbya sharp-edged carination: examplesinclude69/P45and 64/P21 on fig.2.1: 1-5. Apartfrom a veryfew apparentlyunpaintedpieces, it is alwaysmonochromeinside and out, withpaint whichrangesconsiderably in colourbutis usuallya rathermatt,smearybrown.However,shades from black and somewhat lustrousto a dull lightgrey.Fragments of handmade and burnished vary with a similar and but thickerwalled and whichoccur flat-based, cups(fig.2.42: 3) profile handle, in thesamecontexts, that these were the of the wheelmade which version, suggest strongly prototypes has no Mycenaeanantecedents. BOWLS

wererecoveredof deepbowkwithlineardecoration, Thoughfewcompleteprofiles theyappearto be identicalin shape withthe monochromeversion(FS 284). Exteriordecorationis limitedto a widebandon thelipwitha further thickbandaboutmid-body, fairly justbelowthehandles.Interiors are alwayssolid painted(fig. 2.1: 12, 14). Sizes, too, resemblethoseof the monochrome bowls withan averagediameterofsome 13 cm (e.g.66/P165on fig.2.1: 13). It is theirpopularity at this them,a positionreversedin the followinglb stagewhen theyare far stagethatdistinguishes outnumbered the monochrome bowls. by KYLIKES

A continuing featurefromLH IIIB is to be seen in the presenceof boththe angular plain bowl withstraphandles(FS 295: fig. 2.1: 6 and 7) and theplain kylix witha similarprofile(FS 267). The conical however,is certainly (FS 274): eitherplain,coatedoverallor with kylix, alreadycurrent a monochrome interior. Fine Wares: Closed Forms jug/amphora/hydria Otherdistinguishing features ofPhase ia are muchlessmarked.The lipsofjugs/amphoras/hydrias (FS hollowedor notnoticeablyso. Whiletheirbodybandsare 106, 69, 128) are,as yet,onlyslightly

THE POTTERY

139

Fig.2.1.Variousareas.LH IIIC Phaseia, mostly. (1-5): / - P6 (7/6;69/P45;ib/2a);2 - NC (8/13); Cups,carinated 3 P103 (IV, S. Room);4 Pi (PExt;64/P21);5 NC (8/13).Bowls,angularor carinated (6-j)' 6 - P2 (P/PExt, pit; 8 S. NC (S. House).Cups,lip-band(8-10): 64/P32);7 P85 (IV, Room;69/P12);9 P84 (IV, S. Room;65/P160); 10 - P13 (8/13;66/P241;lb). 11 - cup,spoutedP14 (8/13;66/P240;lb). Deep bowls(12-14): 12 - NC (S. House); J3-P15 (n;66/Pi65); 14 - P102 (IV). Scale: 1:3.

fromthecharacteristic thick-thin-thick usuallyofequalwidthas distinct bandingofPhase lb (e.g.65/ shoulderdecoration, too,is muchrarer,withfew P159 and 69/P21 on fig. 2.2: 5, 6). Subsidiary instances ofthetassel(FM 73) or scroll(FM 48) ornament, whichis a regularfeature ofthelaterstage orwavyline:oneis ofthe (e.g.64/P9on plate 14.1).Handles,as later,arepaintedwiththe'8' pattern twisted raretooin laterstages.The one apparentinstanceofdroplets aroundtheneckofa jug variety, notattested untilPhase2, whichstrongly thatitis outofcontext. (plate15 A: 11) is otherwise suggests

140

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.2.Variousareas.LH IIIC Phaseia. 1 - stirrup jar P16 (E/J&Q;64/P19);2 - basin,spoutedNC (P); 5 - basinNC P5 (PExt;69/P21); (8/13);4 - scoopNC (8/13);5 - amphoraP83 (IV, S. Room;65/P159);6 -jug, lip-handled 7 -jug, one-handled cookingpotP7 (P/PExt;64/P40);8 - tripodcookingpot,roundedP6 (PExt;64/P33). Scale: 1-7 at 1:3; 8 near1:4. IMPORTS

Most unusual in fabric,consistingof a rathercoarse red clay covered witha thickcreamyslip, are which are likelyto be imports.Certainlyan import,in thiscase from a veryfew bowhand kylikes, west Crete, is an octopus stirrup jar, though its contextis predominatelyLH IIIB (66/P248 on PLATE 56 B).

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DECORATION

This,generally, sparse,as laterin Phase lb: it is almostentirely apartfrombanding,is extremely restricted to deep bowls,cratersand thefewstirrup jars. The problemhereis thenumber,though stillfew,of sherdsfromdecorateddeep bowls presentmostlyin the minordeposits,wherethe withearlier circumstances ofdeposition makeitmorelikelythattheyare theresultofan admixture in in the case of and 16 Some such intrusion clear is, anycase, sherds,whose A). (plates 15 pottery LH IIIB motifs and interiors make certain their date. Of themotifs fabric, light-coloured unpainted with the antithetic central continue and 69/P66from (e.g.P1.8Z13.1a present, spirals panel (FS 50) theyard/passageway the one with fill in the ornament (usualin Phase 8/13).However, piece complex but is Ä not most to be intrusive Also encountered are 2, earlier) (plate 15 17). likely degenerate formsofthewhorl-shell pattern(FM 23), as too thependantspiralattachedto therim(FM 51), see plates 16 A: 8, 16 B: 2 and 15 A: 1. The lattermotifoccursalso on a crater(plate 51.2), a shape which,thoughfarfromfrequent, appearsto favoursomewhat paneldesigns(FM 75), e.g.plate 16 A: as earlier,to have theroundedand foldedrim(FS 282). Four 14, 15 and 17 and whichcontinues, of such craters, whichdepictbirds,provideevidencethata pictorialstylewas already fragments current (plate 15 A: 14). Coarse Wares tripod cooking pot Another characteristic ofthisstageis theshapeofthetripod cooking pot Of theseveralfoundin Phase shallowbowl,butvaryin theirrimform, or carinated lb, all havea rather (fig. beingeitherin-turned in theia depositsis quitedifferent, the usual 2.35: 2-5),whereasthetypepresent resembling cooking potin itsdeep,roundedbodyand evertedrim(64/P33on fig.2.2: 8). STORAGE VESSELS

Theseappeartobe similarto thoseofthenextphase.Partofa largetub(P3.E4.1a) in theE-Jdeposit hasan incisedwavylineon topofand alongitsrimas wellas on thebodybelow,resembling in shape size and decoration the later on fig. 2. (FS 4), 2.38: example HANDMADE

An important aspect of thisand the succeedingstage is the presencein verysmall quantities of handmadevases, clearlyalien in fabric,techniqueand shape. As suggestedabove, one such is likelyto have givenriseto local imitation in the carinated cup(figs.2.16: 8, 2.42: 3). Another is the deep, bucket-shaped jar withrope patternbelow the rim,an example of whichcould be reconstructed in drawingfromfragments in TrialΡ (69/Ρ73on fig.2.42: 4). A fragment ofknobbed wareis reported also. In mostotherrespects, thepottery thatofthefollowing Phase ib. Shapescommon closelyresembles to bothstageswithno noticeabledifference are lip-band cups(FS 215, 216), clearlya popularvase (fig.2.1: 8-10), plainjugsof the dippertype(plate 14.5 lackingitsloop handle),scoops(FS 236; fig.2.2: 4), theamphoriskos (FS 59; fig.2.31: 1),thesmallstirrup jar (FS 174, 175; plate 14.6,fig.2.2: 1), plain cups(veryfew),the mug(FS 226) and smallone-handled pot(FS 65; fig. 2.2: 7). jug/cooking Somestirrup thatis to sayhandlesand falsespoutare fashioned as one jars are alreadydisc-topped, uniton a disc,whichis thenjoinedto thebodyofthevase.The kalathos and (FS 291),monochrome whileespeciallywellrepresented are ledge-rimmed shallow basins/bowls with unpainted, maybe present, straphandlesandpouringspouts(FS 302), decoratedwithbanding(fig.2.2: 2, 3). Uniquearesherds ofa largeflask(FS 186; plate 16 Ä 3) and partofa cupwithpendentsemi-circles belowtherim(FM is thehandleofa cup/bowlwithan animal(?bull)protome, ofwhich 43; plate 16 B: 1). Noteworthy therearetwolaterexamples(plate46.5 middle). THE LH IIIC IB PHASE Phase lb is thebestdocumented stageon Xeropolisin all itsaspectsdue to thelargeand mostly undisturbed destruction depositsin theMain Excavationand TrialIV/V.

142

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS

MainExcavation:Room3 (potterystatisticaltable C.5; depositcomments 3), Room4 (tableC.6; Room but see its of Room 9 (tableC.3; Deposit 5 (nostatistics, catalogue vases,pp. 37-8), Deposit4), 5), Room 10 (Deposit6), Room 11 (tableC.8; Deposit7), Room 12 (Deposit8). butsee theircataloguesofvases,pp. 119-24). TrialIV/V:Northand SouthRooms(no statistics, SUBSIDIARY

DEPOSITS

butsee its MainExcavation: Area 1 (tableC.4),Room2 (depositcomments 2),Room7 (no statistics, catalogueofvases,p. 39). GENERAL CHARACTER OF POTTERY

decoration vesselsforcookingandstorage, In general, whilea goodrangeofshapesis present, including which a marked shows in the various is The from uniformity, deposits pottery banding sparse. apart alter or to have been it would excavated a area been that had enlargethe unlikely greater suggests the occasional no doubt overallpicture, novelty. adding though Fine Ware: Open Shapes cups itis thatwhichwe have calledthelip-band standardised One fairly typeis by farthemostfavoured; feature(e.g.plate 17.1-4,fig.2.3: 1). Bell-shaped cupon accountofitsmostobviouscharacteristic withspreading lip,itis seton a shallowringfootandprovidedwitha handleofovoidsectionattached are 8 cmaverageheight, withsomevariation, at or on thelip and at mid-body (FS 216). Dimensions, consistsofa broadband aroundthelip 11-12 cm averagerimdiameter. Outside,itssole decoration is usuallybanded,or muchmorerarelyis plainapart whichadditionally intotheinterior, extending of a similarly froma spiralat thebase. Thereis someevidencefortherareoccurrence shapedbut within outsideand eitherbanded(66/P120,fig.2.16: 1) orpaintedsolid smallercup,unpainted apart versionoccursat leastonce (66/P153,fig.2.3: froma reserveddiscat thebase. A largemonochrome withthoseofdeep bowls. 2); sherdscouldreadilybe confused Two unpaintedtypesof different shape are well in evidence,thoughnot so popular.The one with an open flaring and shallow is rounded lip and a ringor impressedbase (66/P180, (FS 220) variant theother,a low-handled In fig. and and plate contrast, 66/P110, 8, 2.3: 3). 17.5 66/P98, of FS 240, has a markedlycarinatedbody and tall concave lip (65/P171, plate 17.6). The of Phase ia has perhapsgone out of use; at anyrate, carinatedcup so characteristic monochrome sherdsarefoundin veryfewdeposits. KYLIKES

andplainversions, thoughbothsharethesameform(FS 274, 275), These,too,occurin bothpainted archedfoothollowed incurved with bowl a of conical rim,a tallstemandsomewhat slightly consisting in section.The painted circular near or oval rim are the at attached handles the two the on underside; decoratedin a often more are but plate monochrome be can 17.12) (66/P209, entirely examples band added at with a solid are foot and stem the lower manner standardised painted body, whereby the As on below. area monochrome the above thelip and sometimes lip-bandcups, topsofthe just at thetop an sometimes with two be handlesmay painted triangle leaving unpainted adjacentstripes plate are monochrome. are Interiors stubs. handle the below andcontinuing 27.3; fig.2.3: Examples destruction in the two are 6-8. Unpainted deposits(66/P195,66/P336, byonly examples represented Thisevidence thepaintedonesin oursherdstatistics. figs.2.3: 9 and 2.17: 3), buttheyoutnumber fromearlier be could since reserve with considerable treated be throw-ups many should,however, are normal. levelswhenthey CONICAL BOWLS

butthreelargefragments Twovesselsin Room4, ofcanonicaltype,are surelyintrusive; apparently lb ofthisshape(FS 242) mayindeedbelongin Phase (65/P184,66/P269,66/P330,fig.2.4: 2-3). and They are of the earlytype,largerand (in one case) moreroundedthanthe canonicalform, case in one are interiors and rim.Decorationis linear, monochrome, witha decidedlyincurving lines. withreserved

THE POTTERY

143

LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. Fig.2.3. MainExcavation. {1-3): 1 - P17 (11; 66/P97);2 - P6 Cups,lip-banded (3; 66/P153).3 P3 (12; 66/P110).Deep bowls(4-5): 4 P10 (9; 66/P149);5 - P13 (9; 66/P150).Kylikes{6-9): 6 -Pi (6;65/Pi7o); 7 - P24 (9; 66/P125);8 - P33 (9; 66/P128);9 - P21 (10; 66/P195).Scale: 1:3.

MUGS

itis This formofdrinkingvessel (FS 226) was representedby onlya singleinstancein thedestruction; unremarkablein its concave shape and simplebanded decoration(66/P171, fig. 2.4: 1). A veryfew otherexampleswere recognisedin the sherdmaterial,one a near miniaturewitha wavy line around itswaist.It may safelybe assumed thatthisshape was a rare one on the site.

144

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

1 - mugPi (7; 66/P171).Bowls,conical(2-3): 2 - P34 Fig.2.4.MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. miniature P4 (3; 65/P184);3 P22 (5; 66/P269).4 -jug P21 (9; 66/P143);5 - jugletP32 (9; 66/P123);6 - alabastron, (1; 66/P157).Stirrup jars (7-8): 7 - P8 (4; 66/P177);8-P6 (12; 66/P118).9 - lidP5 (4; 66/P175).Scale: 1:3.

BOWLS

is especiallyapparentin the ofmuchofthePhase 1 pottery notto saymonotony, The uniformity, At as favoured vasesfordecoration. their when viewed bowk (FS 284) against previoushistory deep a of has or either monochrome are thisstage,withveryfewexceptions, simplesystem banding. they ofa deep,roundedbowlwithsplayinglip,seton a In bothcases,theshapeis thesame,consisting fairlyhighon thebody (e.g. fig.2.3: 4 ringbase and havingtworollhandlesplaced horizontally Whilethereis are 12 cm height,15 cm rimdiameter. and plate 27.1 and 2). Averagedimensions

THE POTTERY

145

in profileor size,thereis considerable littlevariation rangein theheightofthefoot,cf.plate 17.10 and 11, and fig.2.20: 2-6. theedge of The monochrome versionsare paintedoverallexceptfortheundersideand sometimes thefoot,thespacebetweenthehandlestubsand,often, a discreserved at thebase oftheinterior. The in is and colour from reddish-brown to the latter on the black, paint usuallyglossy ranges jet verybest the black of Attic Classical vases. glaze examplesrivalling Linearbowkby faroutstrip any othertypewithdecoration.Theirstandardsystemconsistsof a broadband alongthelip and twothickonesjustbelowthehandlezone; thefootis outlinedas, too, arethetopsofhandles;interiors aremonochrome. Paintis usuallyglossyandreddish-brown in colour. An exampleis 66/P150,fig.2.3: 5. The evidencefortherelativefrequency ofthesetwomaintypesis ambiguous.Whileonlyone or twolinearbowlswerefoundinthedestruction, sherdstatistics indicatethereverseorderofpreference. Thismaybe due in partto thedifficulty ofdistinguishing rimsherdsoflinearbowlsfromthoseoflipband cups,whilethereis theever-present likelihoodthatfillswillcontaina considerable of quantity earlierpottery. Thisfactoraffects, an assessment of the to which the bowl in decorated also, degree theLH IIIB tradition intothisphase.Onlyone suchexample,withantithetic persisted spiral(FM 50), levelin theMain Excavation(66/P327,fromAlleyway Area 1,which maybelongto thedestruction has a monochrome A similar with a dot rosette added on eithersideof bowl, interior).2very (FM 27) the triglyph, came in partfromPhase lb fillin TrialIV/V NorthRoom (65/P191,plate 55.11; fig.2.22: 1). Moresherdswerecontainedin fills,especiallythatin Room 3 (plate 25 A). Somewith interiors are almostcertainly LH IIIB, originating and piséwall unpainted probablyfrommudbrick others are to be Phase material 2 to or to contents; stylistically likely belonging levellingactivity undetected intrusive burialsofthatsamestage.3Our comments aftertwostudiesofthisdepositare a reminder oftheunreliability ofsuchroomfills:These sherdsshouldin no waybe takenas salutary of Phase lb the wholepots'.This leaves the problemof the continuity of representative only decorateddeep bowlsunresolved. It does,however,appearthatany suchcontinuity was minimal, whichimpliesthattheirpartialresurgence in Phase 2 was due to somenewimpetus. Two exceptionaldeep bowlsin thedestruction well depositshave a pairofhandlessetvertically belowa flaring lip (FS 289). One is unpainted(65/P110,plate 29.4),thesecond,whichlacksitsring and monochrome within(66/P132,plate 17.9). base,is bandedon theexterior CRATERS

Theirfrequency and thenatureoftheirdecorationmeetthesameuncertainties as wereencountered above in the case of decorateddeep bowls. No completeor largelypreservedcrater(FS 282) occurredin thedestruction weremade thirteen deposits.However,in thefillsforwhichstatistics such sherdsare recorded,withtheirattendantproblemsof reliability. In one instanceat least thereis certainty thatan exampleis in context.The fillofRoom 11 containeda fewsherdsfrom thesamecrater,one ofwhichis severelyburntandjoins anotherwhichis unburnt(69/P74,plate fromTrialIV/V,South 52.10). Anotherlikelyinstanceis theelaboratelydecoratedlargefragment as faras could be seen,no potterylaterthan Room,whichwas presentin a largefillcontaining, Phase lb (65/P188).If in context,it providesevidenceforelaboratelydecoratedversionsat this stageand forthe existenceof the typewithledged rim.The likelihoodon stylistic groundsof otherPhase lb examplesis consideredelsewhere.Even so, itleavestheprobability thatdecorated craterswerenotfrequent in Phase 1, whichmakestheirpopularity in Phase 2 as beingprobably theresultof somenew influence. LARGE SHALLOW BOWLS/BASINS

halfa metrein diameter and 20 cm deep,theselargevessels(FS 302) occurfrequently Approaching in ourrecordsofthefills,thoughonlyone examplewas preserved wholein thedestruction (69/P8, plate 26.7). Theircharacteristic and exterior, ledgedand paintedrim,bandedinterior bridgespout and substantial horizontal in sherdform.The ringfoot straphandlesmakethemreadilyidentifiable on theintactvase is canonical.Designedas largecontainers forliquids,theiropen shallowshape somesuchuse as thecurdling ofmilk. suggests 2 Publishedin MDPy fig.189.2. Earlierpottery, MH and Phase 1a pieceswere too,including

inthefivebasketsofsherdsfromthisregion.Keptsample present basket= 1166.

146

mervyn popham, elizabeth

schofield

and susan sherratt

scoops/ladles The functionof thisdistinctivesmall vase (FS 236) is clearlyto ladle out the contentsfromstorage vessels.Theirsmall,cup-like,roundedbody is providedwitha tall,archinghandle attachedat therim (66/P109, 66/P140, fig. 2.5: 3 and 4). They are alwaysunpainted. LIDS

to thepaucityofthetypeofsmallclosedvesselfor These(FS 334) areextremely rare,corresponding doubtlessservedas or recycledpotsherds, whichtheywereapparently designed.Othermaterials, thesinglereasonably coverswellenoughwhenneeded.The shapeis cylindrical, completeexample a centralperforation (66/P175,fig.2.4: 9). Decorationis linear,in thiscase havinga flattopwithout ontothetop. spiralling MISCELLANEOUS

oftheuse ofparticular are notreliableindicators Singlesherds,whichmaywellbe out of context, includethebase ofa kalathosin Room 3, and Suchfragments vesselsat thetimeofthedestruction. fromtherimofa kalathos(FS 291). theanimalprotome66/P134(plate46.5 right) presumably Fine Wares: Closed Shapes on in nearlyall roomsoflargejugs,amphorasand hydriasis notunexpected The plentiful provision the low from to be carried had which of a hillsitewithno immediate water, ground nearby up supply and thenstored. JUGS, AMPHORAS AND HYDRIAS

versionsofthejugs(FS 106) and amphoras The standard (FS 69) are closelyrelatedin shape,sizeand theiradditional too(FS 128),apartfrom 1 The all are and decoration (plate 8). hydrias, nearly lip-handled the same to and at the handles horizontal family(plate 19). largersize,belong generally belly butmay indented to ovoid;thebase is usuallyslightly Bodyshapeis globularwithsometendency vertical on the with a moulded often interior; hollowing corresponding approachtheringtype;lipsare is Decoration assist to handlesareovoidandfrequently uniform, consisting mostly fairly firing. pierced ofa tassel(FM 72) or scroll(FM 48). Withsome ofbandingwiththeoccasionalshoulderornament whilesetsofbandsarepaintedaroundtheshoulder thelip,neckbase andfootareoutlined, variation, is andjustbelowthebelly.A distinct preference apparentfortheuppersetofbandsto consistofa betweentwothickones.The topsofhandlesmaybe paintedwithan 'S' or figure-ofthinlineframed band is usually of a verticalwavyline.Insidethemoutha subsidiary eight,withrareoccurrences instance in one is scroll or ofa tassel addedto thataroundthelip.The shoulderornament replaced is doubled tassel the vases a few On plate branch of a kind 66/P272, (e.g. 18.1). (66/P151, pattern by bothtassel plate 18.4),and one ofthemmaybe inverted(66/P186,plate 20.3). Veryoccasionally few a this at and scrolloccur(65/P196,65/P206,plates 19.1 and 20.2). Already stage, very vessels handles(65/P205,plate 20.4). areprovidedwithtwisted ofdecoration one by havinga wavy system Exceptionally, largejug departsfromthestandardised shoulder bands;itsneck line(FM 53) on theshoulderin additiontotheusualpendenttasselbelowits anotherjug (65/P195, handle,too,is rareat thisstage(66/P145,plate 18.8). Also neck-handled, plate 18.6) is likelyto be an importon accountof itsunusualfabric,untypical banding,and the alienis another additionofa ridgearoundthebase oftheneck,thelip ofwhichis also odd. Certainly itsunique while neck-handled largejug (65/P125,plate 27.6), withitsnon-localfabricand paint, envious. stemmed bandofelaborated shoulder potters spirals(FM 51) shouldhavemadetheLefkandiot An unusualglobularvessel(66/P143,fig. 2.4: 4) is perhapsa narrow-necked jug (FS 123). The front on the ofbandingis similarto thatofstandard mayincludea jugs,whilethedecoration system on thebellyresemblesa ornament pendenttassel(FM 72) on theshoulder;buta curioussnake-like scroll(FM 48) withan extratail.The strainer jug (FS 155) occursonce (65/P130,plate 47.5),witha ofbandssimilarto thatofstandard decoration jugs. of different Threeminiature vesseh, types,came fromRoom 9. A jug (66/P123,fig. 2.4: 5) with ofPhase2 (cf. globularbody(FS 115),havinga verybroadbandat thebelly,is similarto specimens FS to 126 and is fig.2.31: 7-9). A muchsmaller, baggyjug (66/P117,plate 21.6) is closein shape bottom. the rounded circlesonto as concentric continues probablyhandmade;thelineardecoration

THE POTTERY

147

is simplya reducedversionofthestandard The hydria66/P129(notillustrated) type,witha pendent tassel(FM 72) on theshoulder. AMPHORISKOI

ofthefrequency The fourexamplesin thedestruction (plates21.1-3 and 26.5) area betterindication whichneedin thiscase to ofthisshape(FS 59) thantheveryfewwhichappearin oursherdstatistics, be modified by ournoteson otherdeposits.Theycloselyresembleeach otherin theirglobularbody, intheformofthetwohandlesattached butdiffer tallsplaying neckandlowfoothollowedunderneath, at mid-body, whichare oftheloop kindor twolugspiercedhorizontally. all a heightof around15 cm is themostusual.For decoration, Thoughsizesvaryconsiderably, with of on the some for the havea monochrome neckwithvarying preference systems banding body, ofa thinlineborderedby twothickones.Additional suchas the setofthreeconsisting decoration, is rare. it closely line on Unlike the Iron which (FM 53) 65/P157 (plate 21.3), Age pyxis, wavy in shape,no provision is madefora fitting lid and nonewas found.So itwouldseemthat resembles thehandleswereprovidedforsuspension. One exampleof thethree-handled version(FS 61) was recorded(65/P134,plate 26.3), a large with vessel pendenttasseldecoration(FM 72). DIPPER JUGS

These,a specialisedshape,have been so namedfromtheirobviouspurposeof scoopingout the contents of largecontainers suchas pithoi.Globular,withopen mouth,spreadinglip and slightly indentedbase,theircharacteristic feature is thesubstantial archinghighhandleattachedat rimand shoulder(65/P173,66/P183,plate 21.7 and fig. 2.5: 2). Fairlyuniform in size, theyare always had not been a as distinct when the tableswereprepared unpainted. They recognised type pottery butrecordsindicatethattheyoccurfrequently. TUBULAR SPOUTED JUGS

Whilethetraditional nameoffeedingbottleis appropriate to thetwofragmentary vasesfromTrial IV/V (69/P1,65/P129,plates 29.1 and 47.4), thesize of one vase (66/P124,plate 21.8) withthe samecharacteristic features ofa tubularspoutat theshoulderand baskethandleon therim(FS 162) as a better overallname;also notethattheyarealso referred to as strainer suggests spoutedjug jugsat times.As on otherjugs,thesystem ofbandingwitha thinstrokeborderedby thicker bandsseemsto be thepreferred decoration. ALABASTRA

The lackofsherdsin thePhase lb depositspointsup therarity ofvesselsofthisshape(FS 96). Of the one is a miniature the alabastra, onlytwostraight-sided (66/P157,fig.2.4: 6). Less thanhalfpreserved, fabricsuggests it is an earlierthrow-up, as does thedecoration: and a bands, widelyspaced simple stempattern belowa necklaceofdots.In contrast, theflat-bottomed (FM 19) on theshoulder, multiple full-size vesselwithtwolug handles(66/P176,plate 21.4) is soberlydecoratedwithmultiple broad bands.The bandedlid foundin thesameroomalmostcertainly to it fig. belongs (66/P175, 2.4: 9). STIRRUP JARS

The smallglobularstirrup jar (FS 174 and 175) is represented by onlytwoalmostcompletevessels 66/P1 fig. and The small number of in thedepositsdemonstrates sherds that 18, (66/P177, 8). 2.4: 7 thisshapewas notat all common.Thereis verylittleevidencefortheformofthetop disc.On the numbered is entirely combinations ofthickand thin vessels,decoration linear,comprising alternating bands.The sherdmaterialincludesa fewpatterned from the shoulder and/or pieces bellyzone; motifs includelozenges(FM 73), chevrons(FM 58) and verticalwavylines(FM 53). The topofa finelargestorage jar (66/P154,plate 22.4) has a flatdiscdecoratedwitha spiral,and tassels(FM 72) on theshoulder. BASELESS ASKOS

Notsurprisingly, thisextremely specialisedshape(FS 194) is represented bya singlevessel,65/P156, whichcontainedsea shellswhenfound.The simplelineardecorationis asymmetrical: on one side,

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

148

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

outlineof thepot (plate 21.5); on theother,curving broadcurvingbandsfollowthecrescent-like bandsat topand bottomframea panelofverticallines. RING-VASE

The destruction depositslikewiseproduceda singlespecimenofanotherveryspecialisedshape(FS is ofa standardtypewithslightly is complete, The which vase, obliquespout(65/P172,plate 196). around thetop.The baskethandle, run semi-circles is and The (FM 42) 27.5). body banded, joining the is paintedsolid,witha reservedtriangle oval in section, spout. by Coarse Wares ofwhatmaybe takenas a near was thepreservation resultsofthedestruction One ofthefortunate vesseL·, jugs,amphorasand tripodpots.Theirfabricis thesame, comprising completerangeofcooking andbreakwithlaminations. firedso thattheyarebrittle and wet-smoothed a heavilygritted highly clay, in colour,whileexteriorsurfacesare generallya darkerred witha The core is usuallybrick-red mauvetinge,butsomeare darkgreyto nearblack. ONE-HANDLED

COOKING

POTS

indented These,also termedjugs,are nearglobularwithan evertedlip,and have a flator slightly rim the at or on and at attached handle is oval sectioned a to round (FS 65). While base; mid-body thereis somerangein sizes,mostare around15 cm high.Typicalexamplesare 65/P89,66/P178 (plate23.3 and 5) and 66/P170(fig.2.5: 1). TWO-HANDLED

COOKING

POTS

to referred Apartfromtheirlargersize and additionalhandle(FS 66), theyresemblethejug-form shoulder the on handles abovebuttendto be moreovoid,withtheir (plate 23.1, 2, 4 placedhigher and6). On someexamples,theneckis setofffromthebodybya ridge.Withsomevariation (e.g.65/ Pi 38, plate 28.2),theiraverageheightis around30 cm,twicethesizeoftheusualjug. have one side severely butjugs in particular, Severalpotsofbothforms, blackened,showinghow theywereused,placedup againstthefire,notoverit,to heattheircontents. TRIPOD VESSELS

in damageto theirlegs,thesevessels(FS 320) wereplaced As theirconditionshows,particularly abovethefire.Theyfallintotwodistinct thoughbothhaveshallowbowlsand twohandles categories betweenbodyand itstallconcave carination a at therim.The one versionis characterised by heavy has no differentiated The other plate in section ovoid are on 22.1). ty/tf rim; these,legs (e.g.65/P194, in section are a to at the inward bowl its (66/P329,66/ square rim, lip; legs square-cut top curving ofthehandlespointsto theirbeing Pi 33, plate 22.2 and 3). Theirgeneralshapeand theelaboration ofa metalprototype. clayimitations and/orslashedat theirjunctionwiththebowlto assistfiring. On both,thelegsareperforated Storage Vessels suchas corn in thatfordryproducts, Concernon thesiteforthestorageofliquidshas itscounterpart unbaked or their contained rooms basement Most and barleyand fordriedfruits. claybinsas pithoi wellas tubs. PITHOI

is apparentin thesevessels,thoughthereis sometendency littleuniformity Somewhatsurprisingly, is usually towardsan ovoidshapewitha small,even'button'typebase,whilea reinforcing moulding incised line an occasional addedbetweenneckand body(plate 24.1). Decorationis minimal, wavy neck the on and the moulding. aroundtherimand finger-impressed along lip pie crustpattern butcentrearound1 m high;extremesare 65/P214 (plate 24.1) Sizes and capacityvarygreatly which,allowingforitsmissingbase,musthave stoodto 1.50 m,threetimesas highas thesmallest 28.5). (69/P2,PLATE arewellwet-smoothed. muchgrit, Theirclay,containing rangesincolourfromredtobrown;surfaces

THE POTTERY

a

'

'' '' ''' ' '

w

149

f"T~V 1

^D 3

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0

)

1■

LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. 1 -jug, one-handled Fig.2.5. MainExcavation. cookingpotP14 (4; 66/P170);2 - dipper Psi bridge-spouted jug P7 (10; 66/P183).Scoops{3-4): 5 P5 (12; 66/P109);4 P7 (4; 66/P140);5 -jar/crater, (3; 65/P202).Scale: 1-4 at 1:3,5 at 1:5. BINS

Storagecapacitywas greatlyincreasedby the provisionof large circularbins of unbakedclay whichmusthave been fashionedon thespot.Evidencewas foundthatsome mayhave resembled pithoiin havinga narrowedneck.Theirfeaturesare detailedin the excavationreportat pp. 18 and 28. The trough-like examplebuiltagainstthewall in Room 3 (plate 6 α, ή was uniquein its rectangular shape. TUBS

Supplementary open storagewas suppliedby largejars (FS 4) whichaveragesome30 cm in height and 50 cm wideat therim(figs.2.36, 2.37). Circularin shapeand flat-based, theirsidesopen out or somewhatconcavelyto a ledgedrim.Withtheirthickwalls and base, theyare heavy straight

i5o

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

handleswereprovidedabouthalfwayup theirsides. vessels,and to liftthem,twostouthorizontal in size,variations uniform are seenin rimformand in thehandlesofthetubs,one of Thoughfairly whichhas stirrup handleslinking themto therim(65/P95,plate 24.3). mouldedwithan additional in is the formation oftherim,mostbeingcarefully Individualityapparent in theformof incised is added decoration included on some (fig. 2.37). Rarely, ribbing examples 1 and lines 2). (fig. 2.38: wavy ofa brownto pinkish-beige butusuallyconsists Fabricvariessomewhat grit claywithconsiderable the are selfslippedand fairly whilesurfaces inclusions, smooth/Unusually, clayofsometubsis laced withchaff insteadofgrit. BRIDGE-SPOUTED

JARS/CRATERS

in theshapeofbody,ledgedrimand twosidehandles.However, Largevessels,theyresemblecraters that shows theirbridgedspout function, thoughit is unclearwhatliquid theyhad a different out and then in vessels such wouldhavebeen stored poured ofthem.The twoexamplesin the open fig.2.5: 5) aremadeofa coarsepinkclay, destruction (69/P6,plate 28.4,and 65/P202,fragmentary, and unpainted. wet-smoothed BATH LARNAX

andledgerim,thebathinRoom11 (66/P378,fig.2.38:3) resembles Withitsstraight sides,flatbottom, versionofthestoragetubsdescribedabove.Likesomeofthem,ithas incisedwavyline an elongated bothfromthemand fromthestandard on theedgeoftherim;butitdiffers decoration typeoflarnax discount cannot one a as used have been well it could handles. in its lack of bathtub, (FS 1) Though vessel as a it too served that and in a kitchen its location thepossibility, (for area, storage storage given time. of the at some least water?) Fromthesameroomcamea largepieceoftherimofanotherlarnax(66/P119).The topoftherim to thesidewall. has a rowofholespiercedobliquelythrough Handmade intoib. The convex does notcontinue carinated The burnished phaseapparently cup ofthepreceding at is fig. plate flat bottom 2.42: 2) unique Xeropolis.Of coarse 26.4, (65/P107, cupwith cylindrical an import. the below decoration with rim,itis certainly unburnished, plasticrope fabric, THE LH IIIC 2A PHASE in thisphase:earlyand mature. can be discerned Twostagesofdevelopment The Nature of the Deposits is providedlargelybya depositin Room Evidencefortheearlierstage,whichis lesswellrepresented, fillin theunderlying the caused in a hollow of result the by partialcollapseofthedestruction filling 4, accumulation earliest the somewhat be can material This ib. Phase of storeroom by supplemented 4 ofpossibleintrusions. ofrefusein thecentreoftheYard(9); butherethereare indications witha rangeofrestorable Evidenceforthematurestageis muchmorecomprehensive, pots,mostly westofthe the at in Room destruction of the 2, from probably deposits partialpreservation resulting ofthePhase2a style. theculmination Yard(8), and in TrialC. Thesedepositsdemonstrate to Phase lb and evidenceforthechronological positionofthisphase,subsequent Stratigraphical ofPhase lb destruction fire The below. listed the all for exists that of 2b, deposits nearly preceding forthe evidence is the less but terminus a clear obviouslyapparent, postquem.Certain, provides of the and of modification the from comes which over Phase of 2a re-laying buildings 2b, precedence of levels the are conclusive a. of the end at 2 destruction some floorsfollowing superimposed Equally in Yard fall mudbrick lb Phase the above refuse accumulated 9. PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS

Main Excavation:Earlystage- Room4: levellingofhollow(potterystatisticaltable C.9; deposit comments deposit(tableC. 11; Deposit11);Yard8: ?destruction stage- Room2: destruction 9). Mature (Deposit12). butsee itscatalogueofvases,pp. 88-9, and plate 35. TrialC: destruction depositno statistics,

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151

DEPOSITS

Main Excavation:Earlystage- Yard 9: earliestaccumulation of refuse(table C.10; Deposit 10); Mature Room Room 6 C.12; (tableC.13; Deposit14); Room6a: linear 4 (table stage Deposit13), feature Room refuse(tables (tableC.14; Deposit15), 7 (tableC.15; Deposit16),Yard9: accumulated Ci 6, C.i 7; Deposits17, 18),Room 10: (no statistics, butsee itscatalogue,p. 61). TrialW: no statistics, butsee itscatalogueofvases,p. 108,and plate 36. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE POTTERY

In theearlierstage,continuity of bothshapesand decorationfromPhase lb is marked,but with indications oftheinnovative features ofthelater,maturestage.The conicalbowlhasalreadyestablished itselfin itsnearcanonicalform,theswollenstemmedkylixhas made an appearance,and miniature and thereservedlineat thelip inside deep bowlsare presentin somenumbers. Bandingon kylikes, are two of the new elements which are to become moreprominent later. deep bowls, In themature vessels are still almost from those of Phase lb, particularly stage,many indistinguishable lip-bandcups,somemonochrome deep bowls,and standardamphoras, hydriasandjugs.Somenew trefoil-mouthed carinated craters withorwithout shapesareintroduced: jugs,trays, grooving, probably one-handled bowls.Amongthefinerwares,onlyscoopsand dipperjugs (andpossiblya fewcups)are leftplain.Everyothervesselis painted, sometimes often monochrome, banded,withbandsandreserved linesusedin a moredecorative fashionthanwas commonin Phase ib. ButthePhase2a styleis most notableforitsgreateruse of decorativemotifs, less frequently on principally displayedon craters, othershapessuchas kalathoi, and evenrarelyon kylikes; deepbowls,amphoras, amphoriskoi, though at leasta fewdecoratedspecimenscan be foundamongalmosttwo-thirds of all finerwareshapes. Pictorialscenes,mostlyconfinedto craters,are the highspot of thisdevelopment, especiallythe ofhumanactivities. Abstract ornamentation is muchcommoner, tantalisingly incomplete depictions antithetical are however,even on craters,thoughthe rangeof motifsis restricted; arrangements favoured. Thereis verylittleevidencefortheClose Style. particularly Addedwhitepaintis anotherinnovation ofPhase2a, foundparticularly on theexterior ofpictorial craters topickoutcontours and details,and sometimes as bandson thesolidinteriors ofkalathoiand trays.Itsuse on othershapesis veryrare. Halfa dozenor so vesselsofthisphasewererecognised as possibleimports. Of therest,thevast ofthefinerwaresarein theusualLefkandi brownish fabric.WhiteWare(see below,p. 175) majority is presentin small quantities,usuallyin the formof deep bowls,craters,amphorasand jugs; othershapesare rare.A fewpiecesmaywellbe intrusive; thepallidhue ofsomeothersmaybe the resultofpoorfiring. Fine Wares: Open Shapes cups As before,itis thelipCups remainpopularin thisphase;onlydeep bowlsexceedthemin numbers. bandty^ (FS 216) whichpredominates, more than of all constituting 70% cupsofthisphase.Thereis somevariation bothin shape,whichcan rangefroma verydeep semi-globular formto a shallower moreopentype,and also in dimensions: thesmallest is perhapstwo-thirds thesizeofthelargest(fig. 2.6: 1-5). Generally, muchlikeanother, and thoseofPhase however,one lip-bandcup lookspretty 2a areforthemostpartindistinguishable fromthoseof ib. Exterior decoration is stillnearlyalwaysconfined to a singlebroadbandat thelip.Sometimes (e.g. 66/P202,fig.2.15: 9) themainbandis setlower,and a subsidiary verynarrowbandrunsroundthe motifintroduced; thesingle topofthelip and extendsintotheinterior. Hardlyeveris a decorative is a line on the which features on a few sherds of this exception wavy upperbody very phase.Such cups probablycloselyresembledthemorecompletePhase 2b specimenwithbands on thelower body(65/P61,fig.2.15: 12). Interior decoration differs littlefromthatofPhase lb: a bandat thelip,occasionally anotherband below(66/P307,fig.2.7: 1),butmoreusuallyplainexceptfora circle,or lesscommonly a spiral,at thebase. Buta muchhigherproportion of cupsnow have a solidpaintedinterior thanbefore,and thesesometimes havea reserveddiscat thebase; a reservedlineat thelip is veryrare.One has dots on therim.A fragment eitherofa lip-bandcup or a smalldeep bowlhas a solidinterior withthree addedwhitelinesat thebelly.

152

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig. 2.6. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a (early).Fill of pit,beforeRoom 4 construction. Pot profiles(NC): 1-5 - cups, lip-banded;6- scoop; γ-ç bowls,conical; 10-11 deep bowls; 12 -jug. Scale: 1:3.

Althoughthe statistical tables show the presenceof a small numberof linearcups,theirexistence is in doubt.No profileis preservedwithitshandle,and it is likelythatmostor all thelinearvesselsin Phase 2a are one-handledbowls (discussedbelow), whichhad certainlycome into existenceby the next phase. But one withslightlydifferent proportionsand unusual exteriorbanding may be a cup (66/P341, fig. 2.8:5). There are two distincttypes of monochrome cup,none common. Two small rounded cups with monochromeexteriorhave a centredbroad reservedband. The interiorof one is painted solid, the otherbanded (fig. 2.8: 4). Small numbersof carinated cupsherdsin severaldeposits,one havinga row

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ofwhitedotsat thecarination (plate 40 A: 2), indicatethatthenearcomplete65/P84 (fig.2.7: 3 and fig.2.16: 10) is nottheonlyexampleofthistype(FS 240). Withitsringfoot,highstraphandle, and solid paint,it resemblesthe typicalcarinatedcup of Phase ia (cf.69/P45,fig. 2.1: 1, from a ib/2a context,but probablyan earlierthrow-up); the laterversionis smallerand has a more arched handle elegantly A high handle,originallywithan animal protomeattachment, occurs on an exceptionally monochrome an variant unusual of FS plate 240 (65/P209, 46.2 and fig. 2.16: 11). large cup, The shoulderis moreroundedthanangular,and is decoratedwitha seriesof horizontal grooves. Halfa dozengroovedsherdsin thePhase 2a depositsappearto be fromsimilarcups.Theirclosest relativesat Lefkandiare the contemporary monochromegroovedcraters.Isolatedfragments of theprotomesare foundin othercontexts(plate 46.5 leftand fig. 2.16: 12), and thetypeseemsto occuras earlyas Phase 1a. A smallnumberofsherdsfromplaincupsoccurin mostdeposits,butno completeprofiles, which leavesituncertain whether boththeroundedand angulartypescontinuefromPhase ib. Fromtheearlylevelling crowned deposit(plate30 A: 16)camea singlerodhandle, bya disk,decorated withbands,probablyfroma shallowcupofthesametypeas Shape 16 at Pylos(/WI.2,pls.355-6). KYLIKES

Conicalkylikes(FS 275) varyin formonlyslightly fromthoseofPhase ib. Theytendto be a little to the more shallow.The major smaller, judge by completeexamples,and the bowl is relatively from the of Phase is the 2 introduction on a ofkylikes ofthe innovation, a, present beginning minority swollenstem.In somecasestheswelling is so slightas to be barelynoticeable, butoccasionally there is a pronounced bulge(66/P302,plate 31.1 and fig.2.17: 6). Comparedwithcups, kylikesare quite few in number.A handfulof plain sherdsand one monochrome thatthesetypeslingeron intothisphase,buttheymay fragment suggestthepossibility all be earlierthrow-ups. The normnow is the banded kylix,whichdevelopsfromthe Phase lb paintedvessel.As before,thelowerpartofthebowl,thestemand thefootare painted,butthesolid darkmassis enlivenedby theinsertion ofreservedbands. at the of Phase a 2 kylikesare sometimes bandedjustabove thestem,butthe Already beginning stemitselfis solidpainted.Bythematurestage,thebandshave multiplied downontothestemitself and thewhole (plate31.1-3). The number, width,and placementofbandsshowa pleasingvariety, effect is lighter and morecheerful thantheratherdourPhase lb pots. On thebowlitself, in additionto thelip band,thereare alwaysone or twobandsjustabove the lower narrowhandlezone thusframedis nearlyalwaysleftplain,except painted body.The relatively sometimes forthetrailing ribbon-like endsofthehandledecoration (66/P305,66/P41,66/P302,figs. aremonochrome, sometimes witha reserved discatthebase.There 2.7: 2 and 2.17:4 and6). Interiors isno certain evidenceofa reserved lineon theinsidelipofkylikes, anditismostlikelythatthefewcases recordedas suchon thestatisticaltablesbelongtoconicalbowls,thelipformofwhichis identical. Fiveextraordinary have decoration in thehandlezone,ranging fromthesoberand simple kylikes to thebusyand elaborate.One (66/P77,FIG·2.9: 3) makeseffective use oftheinverted tassel(FM ofpendant 72). Another fragmentary example(65/P63,plate 33.6 and fig.2.7: 4) has a combination concentric a row of wriggling loops and verticalwavylinesresembling tadpoles.Two non-joining sherds(66/P192,plate 30 B: 5) have a bold triglyph (FM 75); and a striking kylix(66/P45,plate oftriglyph withantithetic streamers 41.2) has an elaboratecombination (FM 62), witha fillofspirals and triangular also decoratean exceptionally patch(FM 42). Streamers largekylixfromRoom 11 (69/P30,plate47.3 and fig.2.18: 5). CONICAL BOWLS

Inventedperhapsin Phase lb, thisLH IIIC variantofFS 242 maynothave achieveditscanonical formuntilPhase 2b. It is well represented in the earlystageof Phase 2a, whenit appearsto be in a transitional state(fig.2.6: 7 and 8): quitelarge(thoughnone as big as in Phase lb), witha roundedbody,and sometimes withthedecidedlyincurving rimthatis a featureofthe lb pots.At leastone oftheseearlybowls,however(fig.2.6: 9), is closetothecanonicalshape,whichis similar to thebowl of a smallconicalkylixset on a relatively and with one round horizontal foot, highring handlehighon thebody.But the sides of conicalbowlsare slightly roundedin maturePhase 2a lessthanin theearlystage),whilethoseofthecontemporary (though kylixaregenerally verystraight. Bothshapeshavean undifferentiated lip.

154

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.7. MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phase2a. 1-6 fromRoom2, depositsoverfloors;7 dumpedsoilsin areaofRooms Pu (65/P84); andhigh-handled 5-4. 1 - cup,lip-banded P32 (66/P307);2 - kylixP38 (66/P305);3 - cup,carinated kalathos P6 Scale: 1:3. Pi 6 kalathos or basin NC; 7 (65/Pio2a). 4 kylixP34 (65/P63);5 (66/P313); mug?

The difficulty ofdistinguishing betweensherdsofconicalbowlsandthoseofothershapes(particularly inthestatisticaltablesthroughout inpartforthelownumbers bases and account rims) cup kylix may in itmustbe truethattherewerequitefewin Phase 2a: nonewas recognised Phase2. Nevertheless, be assignedto thisphase. halfthedeposits, and no completespecimencan confidently decoration Unlikethekylix,theconicalbowlneveradmitsanyexterior exceptbands.The lipband In theearlierstage,thebodycan be leftentirely is usuallybroaderthanon mostkylikes. plain,or

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155

thickand thinbandsin a decorative haveadditional banding.A pleasingvariantis theuse ofmultiple that be characteristic of Phase ornamentation. Interiors 2a way may thought maybe banded,but with a aremorecommonly sometimes reserved disc at the a reservedlineat the solid, base; painted if at all. occurs lip rarely ONE-HANDLED

BOWLS

Liketheconicalbowlthisshapeis characterised handlesethighon the by a singleroundhorizontal It in a differs rounded and a short everted and can be classedas a smallonehaving body. profile lip, handleddeep bowl(FS 284). It is difficult to distinguish sherd material. among The shape is a new one in Phase 2, but the problemof identification obscuresthe questionof it when it or how became. Linear sherds ascribableto cup-sized appeared, precisely popular vesselsarenot,however, which that these bowls were usedno morefrequently suggests verynumerous, thanconicalbowls. No completeprofile withhandlecertainly ofPhase2a has survived. A likelycandidateis thatatfig. 6 the combination of and 2.8: (66/P160): broadbandsat lip, decoration, profile exterior comprising foot,and low on thebody is close enoughto the Phase 2b examplesto suggestthatthisis most bowl.If so, theshapemayhave a bandedinterior withspiralat thebase,as probablya one-handled wellas themonochrome interior seenlater.Anotherexample(66/P341,fig.2.8: 5), whichalso has a bandedinterior, is shallower in proportion toitsheightandhas a different ofexterior system banding; itmaywellbe a linearcup ratherthana bowl. MUGS

twoofthemfromtheearlylevelling Onlyfoursherdsofthemugor tankard(FS 226) wereidentified, fill.One oftheseis partofa largevesselwitha spiralpattern (plate30 A: 15).A bodysherddatingto themature is with decorated framed vertical and horizontal chevrons stage (plate33.9).Clearly, zigzags in thisphase,butitis then,themugis one oftheopen shapesthatadmitsquiteelaboratedecoration equallyas rarea vesselas itwas in Phase ib. DEEP BOWLS

The deep bowl (FS 285) is farand awaythemostpopularoftheopen shapes,easilyoutnumbering thesameas in Phase lb, presenting similarvariations: with cups.The shapeis essentially bell-shaped, a somewhatbulbousbody and deep flaring rim(e.g. 64/P5,plate 35.5 and fig. 2.20: 8), or with ratherstraighter sidesand a smallerrim(66/P159,fig. 2.8: 7). Dimensions,however,varymuch morethanbefore.Thoughthemajority areclosein sizeto theaveragePhase lb bowl,a fewarequite figs. and 2.10: 4 2.22: 5), and a good manyare verysmall,notmuchmore large(66/P43,65/P93, thanhalfthesizeoftheaverage(66/P87,fig.2.21: 3). Although smallbowlshad certainly occurred in Phase 1,therealminiatures ofPhase2a, beginning in itsearliestphase. appeartobe an innovation Likethestandard butmaybe decorated. bowls,theyare usuallymonochrome, The re-introduction ofdecorative motifs on a numberofdeep bowlsis a welcomereliefafterthe ofPhase lb, buttheyare decidedlyin theminority. Monochrome bowlsstillpredominate. monotony Thereare enoughsherdscertainly or probablyfrombowlswithlineardecoration to indicatethatthis intothisphase,probablywithlittlechange(fig.2.6: 11). typealso continues The veryfewbaseswitha spiralon theinterior mustbelongto linearor decoratedbowls.The vast ofdeepbowlsofall typeshavea solidpaintedinterior, sometimes witha reserveddiscat the majority base.Unlikeearlierbowls,however, admita reserved lineat thelip.Thisnewfeature theysometimes is alreadypresentin theearlystageofPhase 2a, butgainsin popularity onlyslowly.In themature Phase2a deposits, bowlswithout thereservedlinestillgreatly outnumber thosewithit. Some monochrome deep bowls (66/P159,66/P49,FIGS·2-&:7 and 2.10: 3) are indistinguishable fromthoseofPhaselb, beingsolidpaintedall over,exceptsometimes theedgeofthefoot,a reserved and occasionally a reserveddiscat patchbetweenthehandleattachments (usualbutnotinvariable), thebase inside.The paintrangesin colourfromblackto red-brown, and is stillusuallyglossy,but sometimes ratherdull,especiallyon theinterior. The existenceofa veryfewbowlfragments in White Ware wouldnothaveled one to expecttheexampleat plate 42 ,F(66/P74),whichwouldseemmore at homein Phase2b or 3: 'verynastyand a realshock'was ourimmediate reaction. In line withthegenerallightening of mood in Phase 2a, the solid darkmass of the exterioris sometimes Notjusttheedgeofthefoot,butthewholelowerbodymaybe leftunpainted interrupted. one or tworeservedbandsmaybe added (64/P5,66/P48,plate 35.5 and fig.2.10: 2). Morerarely,

156

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.8. MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phase2a. 7-5 fromRoom2, withlatestfloor;4, 6-j fromYard8/9;5 fromRoom4, filloverfloor./ - amphoraP28 (66/P344);2 - dipperjug P40 (66/P308);3 -jug, two-handled, largecookingpotP41 P20 (66/P341);6 - bowl,one-handled P22 (66/P160);7 (66/P315);4 - cup,handleless (66/P341);5 - cup,one-handled 1 bowl Scale: at at P21 1:6; 2-j 1:4. (66/P159). deep

justbelowthebelly(66/P74,66/P43,figs.2.9: 2 and 2.10: 4). Bowlswitha reservedfootdo not havea reserved lineinsidethelip.One fragment has an exterior reserved bandat therim invariably and dotsalongthetop (plate39.2). Decorative reappearon deep bowlsin theearlystageofPhase2a, whentheyare represented motifs bowlwithlozenge on therunning spiral(FM 46). Exceptionsare theminiature chiefly by variations and stemmedspiral(fig.2.22: 3), and one sherdfroma rosettebowl (plate 30 A: 3); bothhave a withreservedlineat thelip. monochrome interior None is complete, By thematurestagesuchdecoratedbowlsare stillverymuchin theminority. and enoughwas preservedof onlyfiveto meritregistering. Mostlywhatsurviveare quitesmall in all. Everydepositcontainsat leastone or two. aboutthirty fragments, a withor without The mostpopularare antithetic is fairly restricted. The rangeofpatterns motifs, centraltriglyph: (FM 62). Loops maybe plain (69/P19, spiralsand loops (FM 50), and streamers

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157

plate 47.2), or filled,as on a probableimport(66/P36,notillustrated, butcf.thesimilarloops on the crater65/P193,plate 52.1). Streamers combineperkilywithstemmedspiralin one instance attenuated and droopingin a moustache-like (65/P93,plate 39.8 andfig.2.22: 5), butaresometimes form(66/P339,plate 37.5 and fig.2.22: 4); theyalso decoratean unusualdeep bowlwitha slightly Thereare a fewinstances pinched-out spout(plate38 A: 1). The running spiral(FM 46) stillfigures. of wavyline (FM 53), concentric arcs (FM 44) (plate 40 B: 6), and tassel(FM 72), whichmay be inverted schemesare quitesimple,butone verylargebowlhas (plate40 B: 10). Mostdecorative an elaboratepanelledpattern monochrome (plate38 B: 2). The lowerbodyofthesebowlsis generally or banded.One, decoratedapparently withlargefilleddiscs,has a monochrome lowerbodywith reserved bands(plate39.4). multiple Thereis scantevidenceforpictorial deep bowls.A bodysherd(66/P349,plate 65.E 19),decorated witha bird,mustcomeeitherfroma smalldeep bowlor a cup. CRATERS

The flowering ofthedecoratedcrateris thefeature Phase 2a fromthe that,above all, distinguishes tedioussamenessofPhase ib. Thoughtheirnumberis notlargecomparedto deep bowlsand cups, craters occurmorefrequently thanmostotheropenvessels.Unliketheseothershapes,monochrome or simplelineardecoration is muchlesscommonon craters. The preference is fordecorative motifs, but a collection of scenes. abstract, mostly including lively pictorial Onlya coupleofcraterssurvivealmostcomplete(plate34), butthereare largesectionsofseveral more.These,takentogether withtheextantfragments ofrimsand bases,givea reasonablepictureof thebasicshapes;and thispicturemaybe supplemented by sherdsfromotherareassuchas theTrials, of which are to date to this many likely phase(plates52-54). All comeunderthegeneralheadingof ring-based crater (FS 282). Mosthave a deep semi-globular to a greateror lesserdegree.The former have rimswith bowl,withan upperbodythatis incurving rounded plate and fig. Rims on the less incurving noticeably edges (e.g. 65/P207, 31.5 2.23: 1). cratersmaybe rounded(66/P163,plate 34.1 and 2), everted(66/P71,plate 32.3 and fig.2.9: 7), folded(66/P92,plate 70.E4),ormorecommonly squared(66/P162,plate 34.4 and fig.2.23: 2). On themoreornamental the rim craters, squaredledge maybe accompanied bya slashedribimmediately below(66/Pi88b,plate 70.G2),or evenbytworibs(65/P181,plate 62.C 3). Almostall craters have twolargeroundhorizontal handles.Thereis a fineexampleofa doublehandlein theformofa bull's head on one pictorialcrater(66/P319,plate 32.2). A fragmentary incisedhandlemightperhapsbe of another B: (plate40 11). part Two typesof carinated crater are found.One has a veryincurving upperbody,a ledgerimwith roundededge,and a seriesofhorizontal at the level of the carination grooves (fig.2.24: 2). The other has a straight neckabove thecarination, whichmaybe sharp(66/P51,fig.2.10: 7) or moregently whichis sometimes also curving(66/P161,plate 34.3 and fig. 2.23: 4). This typeof necked crater, grooved,can havean evertedrimor a shortledge.One fragmentary specimenhas a knobbedhandle Mostdepositscontainone ortwogroovedbodyfragments fromone orother (69/P40,notillustrated). of carinated two crater; sherdsalso havea nippleat thelevelofthegrooves.An oddityis a rim type ofa verybigpot,veryincurving, witha plainribbelowtheevertedrim:perhapsa carinated fragment but a one crater, peculiar (fig.2.9: 6). The spouted crater (FS 298) is represented by one largesectionofrimand spout(plate39.11),and isolatedsherdsprobablyfromtwoothers.The fragment at plate 53.11 is also likelyto belongto this phase. A handful ofsherdsare fromWhiteWarecraters. On thewholetheyseemlessnastythanthelater ones:thesurface is bettersmoothed, and thereis almosta slightlustreto thepaint.Theyhavebanded interiors andledgerims,likethelaterexamples,andin somecasesalsothetypicalrunning spiral(plate B: 1 decoration. Butone,withsomeclaimstoglamour, is elaborately 1) orwavylineexterior 38 ledged, witha chequerboard decoration whichmaybe thecentralpanelforantithetic streamers (plate39.16). Monochrome (fig.2.24: 2) or bandedexteriordecoration(66/P161,plate 34.3 and fig. 2.23: 4) appearsto be confinedto the carinatedversion,and perhapsonlyto thosewiththe horizontal an important decorative neckedcrater grooveswhicharethemselves element;at anyratethecarinated withan unusualfriezeof unvolutedflowers(FM 18C) withspiraltailslacksthegrooves(66/P51, fig.2.10: 7 and plate 51.1). Cratersdecoratedwithabstract are quitewellrepresented patterns amongthesherdsoftheearly Phase2a deposits;and thereis someevidenceforpictorialdecoration. Patterns are eitherspiraliform or panelled,withtriglyphs withsemi-circles. A respectable have fringed bands,and minority interior

158

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.9. MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phase2a. VariousdepositsfromYard8/9.1 - amphoraP3 (66/P70);2 - deepbowl P6 (66/P71). P20 (66/P74);3 kylixP26 (66/P77);4 -jug P11 (65/P82);5 - kalathos NC and 6 - crater NC; 7 - crater Scale: 1 and 4 near1:5; 2, 3 and 7 at 1:3.

thisremainsthe case throughout Phase 2a; but interiors of the majorityare paintedsolid,very in the mature a at reserved disc the base. stagehaving occasionally A broadbandatthelipis thenorm.The topoftherimis usuallypainted, andonlyrarelydecorated: once witha zigzag,twicewithdashes.The widedecorative zone is limitedby broadbands,usually three,at thebelly.The footis painted(in one case onlyitsupperhalf),withone or twonarrower bandsabove.A highlyindividual (plate38 C: 1) has an exceptionally fragment deep bandat therim bothinsideand out,witha necklacebelow.

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LH IIIC Phase2a. Room6, sherdsfromfilloverfloor.1 - kylixP14 (66/P41).Deep bowls Fig.2.10.MainExcavation. fromcoarsejar NC (2-4): 2 P5 (66/P48);3 P6 (66/P49);4 - P7 (66/P43).5 - trayP17 (66/P46);6 - ring-handle Scale: crater (Room6); 7 1:3. P9 (66/P51).

decoration The abstract patterns. nearlyall comesundertwoheadings:spiraltypes,and antithetic are the thick Exceptions wavyline (FM 53) foundon one or twosherds(plate 38 A: 7), and the concentric isolatedsemi-circles (plate 38 A: 5). Spiralornaments (FM 43) on a rimfragment range a to more froma simplerunning complexdesign(plate30 B: 6), whilea spiral(FM 46) (plate39.9) doublespiral(FM 47) is usedeithersideofthecentral free-floating panelon thereverseofthe'Feeding GoatsCrater'(66/P163,plate 34.2; cf.65/P193,plate 52.1). streamers butnotalways, Antithetic (FM 62) frequently, spiralsand loops (FM 50) and antithetic witha centraltriglyph. birdsor animals, occurin a panelledarrangement Suchpanels,withantithetic alsooccuron pictorial craters. offillornaments, thecommonest (FM 75) mayhavea variety Triglyphs plate plate chevrons and and fig. 33.19) 34.4 2.23: 2). The being (e.g.65/P208, zigzag(66/P162, fill bivalveshellis also used,sometimes with another ornament such as together zigzag(plate41.18); thiscombination sideofthegoatcrater(plate34.1),whiletheabstract appearson thepictorial panel on thereversehas simplejoiningsemi-circles as fill.The chequerson somesherdsarealso an element of panelledpatterns(plates 30 B: 7 and 39.16). The edges of triglyphs may be leftunadorned

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MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

withjoiningsemi-circles (plate40 B: 4), or (65/P208,66/P162,plates 33.19 and 34.4), or fringed isolatedconcentric withor without dots(plates30 B: 4 and 40 A: 5). semi-circles but moreoftenhave a fill,usually The loops of antithetic spirals/loops maybe simpleoutlines, a loop (plate38 B: enclosedwithin bars(plate30 B: 1). One sherdhas a lozenge(FM 73) apparently 10; foranotheraccessorialuse of thelozengesee plate 52.7). An unusuallyelaboratecrater,with a doublezigzagin thetriglyph, has a doubleloop filledwithchevronsfacingdifferent ways(plate A: a broad have on occasion A: a but have outline, (plate 3) 38 40 3). Loops generally single may and narrowtripleoutline. ofthe Thistriplearrangement ofa broadsolidstrokeframedby twonarrowlinesis characteristic on one crater(65/ antithetic streamer motif(66/P163,66/P162,plate 34.2 and 4). Veryunusually, is leftopen and receivesa varietyoffillornaments. P207, plate 31.5 and fig.2.23: 1) thestreamer and thewholegivesthe use ofsemi-circle heremakeseffective The simplepanelarrangement fringes, all are so wellpainted:thelimp Not a one. a but of doodle, painted free-floating carefully impression on thereverseside ofthe'FeedingGoatsCrater'(plate 34.2) and hastilydrawntriglyph streamers And notmanyof theabstractdesignshave thesprightly spiritof suggesta certainlack of interest. another of thoseon 65/P207and 66/P80(plate31.5 and 54.13); indeed,thedisjointed (66/ triglyph has a wearyfeel,a to propup thestreamers, crutches Pi 62, plate 34.4 and fig.2.23: 2), providing ofwhatis to comein thesucceeding foretaste phase. cratersare discussedin detailin Chapter3. Of thepieces listedthere,aboutone-third Pictorial butitis highly thePhase2a deposits, comefrom likelythatmanymorebelongtothisphase,particularly contexts.The best preservedof thosefromthe TestTrenchesand variousothercontaminated craters thesearetheanimalcrater65/P181(plate62.C3) and thebirdfamily 65/P176and 66/P318 and (plates64.E1 63.E2). in withbirdsor animalstreatedalmostas abstract A feware relatively static, designs,occasionally with a is fig. and on The antithetic 2.9: 7) familiar,triglyph arrangements. panel 66/P71(plate32.3 birdsin this ornaments: betweenantithetic withisolatedandjoiningsemi-circles, zigzagfill,fringed case.The zigzagfilloftheirnecks,and thebroadframedstrokeofthewings,so similarin outlineto are also takenfromthe standardabstractrepertoire. antithetic Here, one suspects,is a streamers, in simple and in his streamer antithetic of has drawn who time, one interested panels plenty painter crater bird ornamental to the contrast is in stark This than elaboration. rather 65/ family highly design Pi 76 (fig.2.23: 3 and plate 64. Ε ι). on pictorialcraters: ornaments used as simplefilling motifs are frequently Abstract zigzagson one a fish on semi-circles concentric isolated plate 68.H ofa pairoflegs (66/P194, (66/P343,plate 1), and streamer-like with antithetic also another arcson bird, wings quitelikelyin an 66.F8),concentric hem ofa tunic(66/P319,plate at the plate antithetic 64.E4), chequers (66/P92, panelarrangement fillornaments abstract of a elaborate craters, variety maybe 32.2 and 58.B ia). On someofthemore and the robe human's the and 68. G On 66/Pi88b (plates32.1 2), paintedin complexarrangements. and bands with and wingsare filled bars,chevrons, joining including multiple sphinxes'headdresses whileeachofthesphinxbodiescontainsa singlescroll(FM 48) ofthetypemoreusually semi-circles, Β 2b (plate32.6) is partofa seenon theshoulderoflargeclosedvessels.The sadlywornfragment as wellas humanactivity, an elaborate crater(66/P321,plate 59) whosemainsceneincludes triglyph a balustrade of beneathwhichare othercomplexregisters (cf.Chapter3, pp. 240-41). suggestive the'FeedingGoatsCrater'66/P163is of ofpictorialand abstract Forthecombination elements, each interest panelarrangement, (plate34.1-2 and 61.C1). Bothsideshavean antithetical particular more elaborate has a side on thepictorial oftheother,thoughthecentraltriglyph clearlyreminiscent on the with'leaves' (whosetripleoutlinerecallsthatof the standardstreamers fill,and is fringed one the to two sidehas an extraordinary reverseside).Butthepictorial right, tothe asymmetry: goats and air in the behindwhichis a sortofvarianton a sidetriglyph, painted. veryirregularly floating left, and ofpurelyabstract craters, is not,as faras one can tell,foundin paneldecoration Suchasymmetry ofthepictorial fromconvention freedom is a markofthegreater painter. conditionof The was found this crater fortune fragmentary extremely complete. fairly By good antithetic to reconstruct It is possiblementally ofthegreatest mostoftherestis a matter panel regret. withsomehope ofreasonableaccuracy,butthesameis nottrueofmanyofthesherds decoration nature.It is ofa military sometimes engagedin somesortofactivity, showing partsofhumanfigures scenes chariot in as described Chapter3: can be identified, truethatcertaintypesof compositions horses (66/P319,66/Pi88a,plates perhapsleading (66/P351,66/P346,plate57.A1andA3),warriors ofsomeofthesefigures, stances 32.2 and 5 and 58.Bia and 60.B4).Buttheanimatedand purposeful their lose muchby theirisolationfrom in themselves, pictorialcontext. thoughstriking

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Those craterswhichwere decoratedwithmore unconventionalscenes are an even greater fromtheir loss; one can onlymake guessesabout the natureand meaningof such compositions for known remnants. The sherd from obvious became what, reasons, fragmentary affectionately as the 'PottyVase' is a case in point (66/P93, plate 60.B10). The presenceof a bowl in the as is thatof a stemmedcraterand kylixon 66/P321 (plates 32.6, 71 scene is itselfof interest, and 5g.B2b)and a jug on 66/Pi88b (plates32.1 and 68.G2). The latterpiece,withitscharacterful dear to thehearts sphinxes,is an outstanding exampleofthefamilygroupsthatseemparticularly ofXeropolitan painters. The sphinxcrateris also a good exampleofthelikingofsomepictorialpaintersforadded white paint,eitherforcontourlines or forinteriordetails,and mostcommonlyforboth on the same clear examplesare the horseson 66/P350 (plate 57.A8) and 66/188a pot. Otherparticularly and and thehorseand driveron 66/P346(plate57.A3).Thereis littleevidence (plate32.5 60.B4), fortheuse of appliedwhiteon purelyabstractcraters,althoughtwo sherdswithwhitechevrons on a darkbandmaypointto theirexistence. KALATHOI

Likethecrater, thekalathos(FS 291) attracts butin numbers it decoration, motifs; including pictorial fallsfarshortof the crater.Thereare hardlymorethana dozen fragments thatmayplausiblybe on paper. assignedto theshape,in additionto theonlyexamplewhichcan be largelyreconstructed Thisvessel(65/Pio2a,fig.2.7: 7) has a veryflaring conicalshape,and a slopingrimwhichis painted solid.Otherfragments handlessethighon thebodyand theflatbase preservetheroundhorizontal thatare characteristic ofthetype.All belongto thematurestage. Othersurviving rimsare decoratedon top,withblobs,dashes,or bars.On one sherd,whichhas exterior decoration ofa broadwavyline,thetopoftherimis paintedwithalternating on semi-circles; theinterior thereare tracesofa motifbelowa broadband (plate41.5). Exteriordecoration is more The bandat thelip maybe verybroad,and thereis linear,probablywithsomevariation. commonly someevidencefora solidpaintedfoot. It is theinterior ofa kalathosthatreceivesthemostattention. The decorative zone at theflaring top ofthevesselis relatively narrow;belowit,a seriesofbandsdescendstowardthebase whichmayitself be decoratedon theinterior withconcentric circles(plate33.20).Patterns in thedecorative zonemay be abstractor pictorial, eitherof whichcan, as on craters, occurin a panel arrangement. Pictorial kalathoiare describedin Chapter3. Motifsare confinedto birds(66/P76,plate 65.E 20) and fish (66/P361,plate41.10 and 66.F12). On both abstractand pictorialkalathoi,theremay be a verynarrowsecondaryzone either aboveorjustbelowthemaindecoration, witha simpleabstract motifsuchas zigzag(66/ immediately isolatedsemi-circles P76, plate 65.E20), or alternating (65/Pio2a, fig. 2.7: 7). A body sherdwith bivalveshell(FM 25) is probablyanotherexampleofthispractice(plate41.19); butthejoiningsemicirclesin a broaderzone on a rimfragment seemlikelyto be themaindecoration(plate40 B: 8). vase,thereis littleotherevidenceforthemain Apartfromthepictorialsherdsand therestorable zone, thoughthe stemmedspiral (FM 51) on a body sherdmustbelong there(plate 41.17). It is fortunate thatjust enoughof one unusualkalathoswas preservedto revealitsunpredictability (65/Pio2a, fig. 2.7: 7). As faras one can tell,the schemecomprisespairsof elaboratetriangle witha panelledpattern.The two surviving (FM 71) alternating panelsincludesome of the same elements,particularly zigzag (FM 61) used in a varietyof ways,but differconsiderablyfrom each other.The twolacunaecould each have containedanotherpairof triangles and a panel.It is a delightfully idiosyncratic pot. Fourfragments, a base,have solidpaintedinteriors withaddedwhitebands.Evidenceis including motifs in thedecorative zone ofsuchvessels. lackingforlight-on-dark The depositsalso containone or twooddities.One fragment, withhatchedzigzagdecorationon itsveryslopingrim,has threeridgeson theexterior, whichwouldbe veryunusualfora kalathos, if thatis whatit is. Thereare tracesof decorationbelow the ridges,and also on theinterior below theverybroadband (fig.2.9: 5). Another decorated betweenPhase2a and 2b deposits, hastheflaring vessel,scattered conicalshape of a kalathos,butthelip is undifferentiated; it maybe a mug (plate 33.16 and fig. 2.7: 6). It has two-tone rimand on theinterior, thismaywell bandingat theexterior creatinga bichromeeffect; be the resultof added whitepaintwhichhas now entirelywornoff;below the bands,thereis exterior decoration ofspiraland lozenge.

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MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

SHALLOW BOWLS AND BASINS

ofsmallshallowbowlsare all probablyfromtheroundedversionofFS 295. The larger Fragments with(FS 302) orwithout either (FS 294) a bridgedspout,maybe termeda basin.All typeshave type, a roundedor angularevertedrim,horizontal straphandlesjustbelow,and a ringbase.Theycontinue thisphase.Mostdepositscontainthreeor fourfragments. fromPhase lb and are in use throughout Exteriordecorationis nearlyalwayslinear(e.g. 66/P313,fig. 2.7: 5). The rimis usuallysolid painted,but occasionallythe top is decoratedwithsplashesor bars. Interiorsare banded or monochrome. Exceptionsto thenormincludea basindecoratedwitha broadwavyline,twoplain and one WhiteWarebasin. of them one interior, basins, havinga monochrome as belongingto shallowbowlsmightperhapsbe smallkalathoi. Two smallrimsherdsidentified band(plate40 A: 4), theother(plate38 One usesappliedwhitefordasheson therimand an interior on thebandbelowtherim. semi-circles B: 8) has barson therimand pendantconcentric TRAYS

of thisshape (FS 322), thoughin a verylow-keymanner.Onlytwo Phase 2a sees theintroduction basket one or twoofthecharacteristic a othersherdssurvive, half dozen about including plus profiles handles(plate40 A: 8). Allbelongtothematurestage.Ofthetworestorable vessels,one is small,with thestandard ofc. 16 cm,whiletheotherfallswithin a height ofc.3 cmanddiameter rangefortheshape. The small and interior. exterior on the both be decorated can As thesetwopotsdemonstrate, trays elaboratein having,in additiontothewavy one (66/P46,fig.2.10: 5 and plate48.4) is exceptionally a decorationofconcentric and bivalvechain(FM 25) on theinterior, line (FM 53) on theexterior is sloppilyexecuted.It arcs(FM 44) on theinterior base; thoughitis notablethatall thedecoration foundon theother that are base of the the underside on circles concentric lack the however, does, Rims plate and out inside chevrons which features 48.3). (66/P205, vessel, maybe decorated (FM 58) withdashes,and so too mayhandles. is One pictorialsherd(66/P352),witha birdon theexterior, maybe partof a tray;theinterior bandsin appliedwhiteoccuron a coupleofsherds,whileotherssimplyhave solid banded.Interior paintedinteriors. SCOOPS

Thoughquitefewin number,scoopsor dippers(FS 236) are ubiquitous.Nearlyeverydeposithas a semithesameas in Phase lb, withlittlevariation: ofone or two.The typeis essentially fragments a and flattened a everted somewhat or bottom, rim, slightly highhandle globularshapewitha straight ovalin section(fig.2.6: 6; cf.fig.2.32: 4). As purelyfunctional althoughthefabricof vessels,theydid notreceivemuchcareand attention, interior. has a monochrome one one is ofextrafinequality.Nearlyall areunpainted; LIDS

datingto theearlystage(plate30 A: 6 and fig.2.27: 8). It is of Onlyone lid (FS 334) was identified, use ofthick convextoppiercedatthecentre.The decorative a with standard slightly shape cylindrical ofPhase2a. and thinbandsis characteristic ofcollar-necked alabastra, The lackoflidscan be explainedby thescarcity jars and straight-sided or materials in other lids other For forwhichsuchlidswereapparently vessels, designed[MDP 154). alabastron remarkable the even doubt no were (Chapter Indeed, griffin adequate. recycledpotsherds 3, p. 254, Gi) madedo witha kylixfootfora lid (cf.p. 89, P3). RHYTON

a conical A singlepiece(66/P193,plate30 B: 10) comesfromthelowerbodyofa rhyton, presumably into is divided decoration Its late date. this at known is that elsewhere a hardly (FS 199), shape rhyton chevrons with one shells bivalve two (FM 58). vertical (FM 25), parallel registers, containing Fine Wares: Closed Shapes amphoras, hydrias, jugs Standardamphoras(FS 69), hydrias (FS 128) and jugs (FS 106) are so closelyrelatedin both betweenthemin the sherd Phase in as decoration and form lb, it is hard to distinguish that,

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material.All threeshapes are well representedin almosteverydeposit,but mostlyin a very state. fragmentary Bodyshape,eitherglobularor ovoid,witha raisedconcavebase seemsverysimilarto thatofthe In theearlystage, thepaucity ofcomplete makesitdifficult togeneralise. preceding phase;though profiles 1 be rounded or hollowed the mature is a there decided 2.6: (fig. 2); by lipsmay slightly stage preference forthehollowedversion.Vertical are frequently holes. handles,roundor flattened, piercedwithfiring Twisted handleson amphoras fig. are more than but still not common. 2.8: before, 1) (66/P344, popular Almostall vesselsare lip-handled, but thereare twoor threeneck-handled jugs (FS 123), and in Room6 theneck-handled makes an in The witha cross White Ware, (FS 70) amphora appearance. latter, the of the at in would look home Phase and be intrusive. Another handle, 3, decorating top may similarspecimenin Yard8 is probablyintrusive fromPhase 2b. A fewWhiteWareamphorasherds do occurin theearlyPhase2a deposit,and amphoraandjug fragments in thiswarecontinueintothe maturestage,butin smallnumbers. The standarddecoration is indistinguishable fromthatof Phase ib. Commonly, thereis a single bandat lip,base ofneck,and sometimes at thefoot,a setofbandson theshoulder, and one or two belowthebelly.On theshoulder thereis stilla markedpreference forthethick-thin-thick arrangement, or veryoccasionally thereverse.The lip is usuallypaintedon theinterior, and sometimes thereis a secondbandinsidetheneck.The topsofverticalhandlesare stillfrequently decoratedwitha figurebutthewavylineoccursmoreoftenthanbefore,whilethecrossmakesitsfirst of-eight, appearance. no shoulderdecoration: cf.66/P344,fig.2.8: 1. Of thosethat By meansall vesselscarrysubsidiary followedby thescroll(FM 48) (plate40 B: 9 and do, thetassel(FM 72) remainsthefavourite motif, fig.2.9: 1). Thereis a singleexampleofthehorizontal wavyline(FM 53). An elegantsmallamphora plate and fig. with unusual (66/P201, 37.2 2.29: 3), groovedhandles,has an elaboratespiraliform a variant also found on sherds. On jugs,thenecklaceofdroplets(FM 72) now scroll, veryoccasionally makesitsfirst appearance. It is veryrareto finddecorationon thebelly.One jug is exceptional, withitsmonochrome neck and elaboratedornaments: scrollwithfillofchevronson theshoulder, antithetic loops (FM 50) with fillon thebelly(65/P82,fig.2.9: 4). Thoughunparalleled at Xeropolis,thisis probablynot triglyph theonlyPhase2a jug witha decorative schemethatis different from(andmoreinteresting than)the norm.The sherdmaterial includesshoulderfragments withantithetic doublevertical spiral,chequers, semi-circles wavyline(plate40 A: 10),elaboratetasselwithisolatedconcentric (66/P53,plate 41.1), and (intheearlydeposit)twopieces(oneillustrated, plate 30 A: 17) ofa particularly decorated finely vesselwithstemmedspiralor a combinationof streamerand spiral.Some of thesepieces may comefromamphorasratherthanjugs; and whenthejug is represented, it need notnecessarily be thestandard shape(FS 106). Therearefragments ofa fewjugs ofothertypesin thesedeposits.One hollowlippedexamplehas a pinched-out spout.An exceptional globularjug (64/P2,plate 35.1 and fig.2.28: 5), in shapenot unlikea collar-necked low neckand undifferentiated too is jar, has an unusually lip; thedecoration withfiring hole (plate 41.16), originally unusual,comprising pairsof bands.A shoulderfragment identified as partof a stirrup (FS 122 or 123). It has a simple jar, mayin factcome froma lekythos decorationof multipletriangle(FM 61A). The recycledvessel65/P182 on plate 36.1, withneck brokenoffin antiquity, is also likelyto be a lekythos. It has multiplethickand thinbandingon the arcs(FM 44). Atleastfourjugswithtrefoil-mouth body,anda shoulderzonedecoratedwithconcentric one ofthemwitha monochrome (FS 137) are present, neck,one ofthemin WhiteWare.Partsofa smalljug witha nippleon theshoulder, decoratedwithpairsofdroplets, and withbarson thehandle, areprobablyalso fromone or otherversionofFS 137 (plate40 A: 9 and 15). Miniatures forma classoftheirown.Of thefourspecimens in thesedeposits, theamphora preserved 66/P204and twoofthejugs 66/P115 and 66/P116 (FS 115) all camefromthesamelevelin Room versionofFS 66, is closely 7 (figs.2.31: 7, 2.31: 8-9 and plate 37.3-4). The amphora,a miniature relatedin bothshapeand decoration to one ofthesejugs;bothhavea shortconcaveneck,probablya is confined to a bandat thelip globular-biconical body,and handlesoval in section,whiledecoration anda verybroadbellyband.The otherjug in thisdeposithas a straighter neckand lineardecoration, withtheaddition ofa decorative shoulder friezeofhatchedtriangle withchevrons (FM 61A) alternating (FM 58). A ringbase seemsto be thenormfortheminiatures. AMPHORISKOI

Mostbutnotall depositscontainone or twofragments, butthetotalnumberofvesselsrepresented is less than are isolated wellpreserved probably sherds,buta fewaresufficiently twenty. Generally they

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MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

concaveneck,twosmall to illustrate thetype.All areprobablyFS 59, withglobularbody,spreading roundhorizontal handles,and eithera ringor a concaveraisedbase. One has a plasticnippleon the one is muchbiggerthantheaverage(65/ shoulder(plate 41.7). Mostare small,one a miniature; Ρ 185,fig.2.31: 6), butstillwithintheusualrangeforthisshape. motifs as Necks,handlesand bases are paintedsolid.Largefragments nearlyall have decorative is one oftheshapesthat thatin thisphasetheamphoriskos wellas bands,and itseemssafeto suggest is exceptional. version(65/P66,notillustrated) The monochrome almostalwaysattracts ornamentation. The decorative zone can be verywide(66/P301,plate 31.4) or rathernarrow(65/P185,plate 47.7, On the fig. 2.31: 6), and thenumber,spacing,and widthof body bands is adjustedaccordingly. the to frame and serve bands are the a smaller, moreelaborate ornamentation; former, mostly sparse pot, a majorelementof the thickand thin,are themselves on thelatter,the setsof bands,alternating in verydifferent Bothschemesare successful, decoration. ways. tous froma rangeof ofthisphase,familiar The motifs usedarethosefromthestandard repertoire antithetic elaborate chevrons horizontal other, (FM 58) (plate33.11), spiral particularly open,shapes: semi-circles isolated plate with (FM 43) (65/ (FM 50) (66/P54, 41.3), alternating triglyph pattern and fillornaments. centraltriglyph streamers Pi 85, plate 47.7), antithetic (FM 62) withor without butstandardon thereverse. One vase (66/P301,plate 31.4 and fig.2.31: 4) is,however,anything theabsolute Whether fromforgetfulness, reason,itwas leftunfinished: idleness,illness,or whatever it conceivable makes decoration abstract in LH IIIC to scarcely panelled paid symmetry regard normally otherthanto duplicatethedesignon theobverse. can havebeen anything thattheoriginalintention lessonin howthedesignwaslaidout:not,as one mighthave It does,however, providean interesting with the central triglyph. expected,starting DIPPER JUG

and handlewanedrapidly, in Phase 1 oftheunpainted The popularity globularjug withhigh-swung a rather from was one a. in Phase still exist 2 identified, specimen. heavy fragment Only theybarely FEEDING BOTTLES

Thereis no exampleof the largetubularspoutedjug whichoccurredonce in Phase ib. All are thesmallerfeedingbottle(FS 162),buteven theseare fewin number:halfa dozen at most.They as faras one can tellto thestandardtype,witha narrowtubular butconform are veryfragmentary, spout,and a baskethandledecoratedwithbars.Likeothertypesofjugs,theycan have a decorative zone on the shoulder:in one case, a simpletriglyph(FM 75) withzigzag filland flankedby isolatedsemi-circles (plate33.15). COLLAR-NECKED

JARS

rarein thesedeposits.The almostcomplete The shape(FS 63) is extremely jar (66/P198,plate 37.1 collarneck,raisedbase, and fig.2.30: 3) is ofcanonicaltype,havinga globularbody,shortstraight handles on theshoulder. smaller and two at the handles horizontal round twolarge subsidiary belly, to bands limited and is decoration The base the is The neck monochrome, sober, sparse unpainted. a is there In at the line a and in variation fragment (FM 53) belly. addition, width), (withsome wavy withpanelledshoulderdecoration.Probablyfroma collar-necked of one other,evidently jar with the shoulder on semi-circles with isolated a is (FM 43) largepiece lug(s)on theshoulder(plate36.7) and zigzag(FM 61) on thebelly. PIRIFORM JAR

a monochrome Evenrarerthanthecollar-necked jar (FS 38) canbe recognised: jar,onlyone piriform withflatlip. neckfragment ALABASTRA

vessel and mostwidelyillustrated Another by thebest-known veryuncommonshapeis represented alabastron at Lefkandi:thelight-on-dark (FS 96), fully fromthewholeLH IIIC repertoire griffin fromthenorm, describedin Chapter3 (p. 254, G 1: 64/P4,plates 35.2 and 67). It variesslightly handles and witha horizontal lip; butthetallneckand threehorizontal beinglarger,flat-bottomed, the vessel of rest the all black with is, bars, are canonical.Apartfromthereservedrimdecorated white. in is overlaid decoration the entire which on matt a black with covered paint uniquely,

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are a familiar streamer On theshoulder, theantithetic theme, panels(FM 62) withcentraltriglyph in with a fill is unusual. The continuous outline of semi-circles their (FM 42) though rendering joining of is wonderfully friezeon themainbodyofthealabastron varied,bothin itscombination pictorial and outlinedrawing realand mythical animals,and in thewaystheyare rendered:bothsilhouette, witha rangeof abstractfillornaments. themeat Membersof thethreefamilygroups(a recurring in a one interact themselves manner Lefkandi), among plus (possibly predatory?) sphinx, endearingly reminiscent ofa modernstory-book illustration. The legged version(FS 99) is represented by partof a base decoratedon the undersidewith concentric circles. PYXIS

ofa finelargepyxis(FS 98) werescattered betweendepositsofPhases2a and 3a. It hasthe Fragments characteristic collarneckandbaskethandlesoftheCretantype(66/P61,plate 42 £and fig.2.40: 4). The zonaldecoration foundalso on othershapes:alternating includes,on thelowerbody,twomotifs isolatedsemi-circles and line but the (FM 43), (FM 53); wavy quirk(FM 48) on theshoulderis not seenmuchat Lefkandi, and the?leaf(FM 12) on theupperbodyis decidedlyunusual. STIRRUP JARS

Mostdepositscontainanything fromone tofivefragments, so theshapecannotbe calledrare,though notcommoneither. Almostall areextremely with fragmentary, thenotableexceptionofone intact jar circles(plate40 A: 14), (64/P1,plate 35.3 and 4). Twoverybigdisks,one decoratedwithconcentric one withspiral,comefromlargestoragestirrup jars.Mostor all oftherestmayprobablybe assigned to theglobulartype(FS 175),withconsiderable variation in size. In boththeearlyand maturestages,thetop diskmaybe flator coned,usuallydecoratedwitha a moreelaborateschemeoccurs,suchas thediskwithtriangular spiral;butveryoccasionally patch andconcentric semi-circles whichsurelybelongstothisphase(plate56 A:j). A quitehighringbase is normalforFS 175.Mostofthefewstraphandlesidentified aremonochrome, and canhavea reserved at the More elaborate is the of what seems to be the handleof a smallvase, triangle top. fragment decoratedwithhatchedzigzag(FM 61) (plate33.13). The decoration ofglobularstirrup shoulderzone and multiple bands jars includesan ornamental downthe body,an alternation of thickbands and setsof finelines,whichcan be arrangedin a varietyof ways.Usuallythereis a reservedzone on the lowerbody,whichon the intactjar is widewith,in thiscase,a further setofbandsat thefoot.Sometimes one ormorenarrow exceptionally decorative zonesmav be insertedon thebody,witha motifsuchas horizontal chevronsand zigzag wide zone withhatchedzigzag (FM 61) is placed (66/P73,plate 48.7). On one jar, a relatively below the shoulder (plate39.14). just Shoulderdecorationmay be simple:isolatedconcentric semi-circles (FM 43) (plate 38 A: 19), vertical line A small White has a curious (FM 53) (plate33.8). wavy Wareynx elongatedhatchedmotif One in a white an has a (plate39.15). fabric, jar creamy certainly import, neatlydrawnpanelpattern withzigzagfill(plate41.11). Plate 56 A showsothershoulderpanels,someofwhichmaywelldateto thisphase.A smallshoulderfragment is elaborately decoratedwithtriangular patch(FM 42) and in the manner of the Close Genuine Close Stylemaybe represented spirals Style(plate41.9). by a flanked bodysherdfroma smallclosedvessel,possiblya stirrup jar,decoratedwithverticalchevrons by delicatelypaintedcross-hatched panels (plate 40 A: 11). Shoulderdecorationon theintactjar fromTrialC (64/P1,plate 35.3) is quiteelaborate,and exceptionalin itsuse ofadded whitepaint, bothforthestripes on theantithetic streamers on the (FM 62), and forthedoublejoiningsemi-circles bandencircling theshoulder. RING-VASE

Thisspecialisedshape(FS 196) is represented and anotherlarger by a sherdwithlineardecoration, piecedecoratedwithzigzag(FM 61) probablydatingto thisphase(66/P94,plate 48.6). Coarse Wares The evidenceforcookingand storagevesselsis muchlesscompletethanforPhase lb, sincethereare fewerlargedestruction somerestorable deposits.Room 2 has preserved pots;elsewherethematerial is nearlyall veryfragmentary, and in severaldepositstheproportion ofcoarsewaresis notat all high, averaging perhaps25%.

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

i66 COOKING

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

POTS

theimpression, The statisticaltablesreinforce vases,thatthesupplyoftripod givenbytheregistered thattheycouldhavelingeredon for to suggest vesseL· has driedup; thoughenoughfeetarepreserved in section(plate38 C: 7). a while.One, unusually, is trefoil ifatall,from those andtheydiffer are the One-andtwo-handled little, preferred potsforcooking, jugs has the plate and fig. one-handled The ofthepreceding 2.33: 5) 35.6 singlecomplete jug(64/P6, phase. in ib. Phase of the that are characteristic handle base and oval everted raised rim, type globularbody, the The two-handled jugsfromRoom 2, 66/P315and 66/P363(figs.2.8: 3 and 2.34: 5), illustrate raisedbase eitherplainor thetype:handlesroundor flattened, thatcan occurwithin smallvariations bevelled,and eitherflator concaveunderneath. STORAGE VESSELS

to giveanyrealistic buttheremainsare fartoo fragmentary Pithos sherdsarefoundin mostdeposits, havebeenquitevaried,as theywereinPhase ib). Theyarefrequently idea oftheshapes(whichmight decoratedon both rim and body, eitherwithincised or impressedpatterns.On body sherds includes seemalwaysto be appliedto a raisedreliefband.Inciseddecoration bothsortsofornament rope pattern(plate 38 C: 3) and zigzag.Impresseddecorationcommonlycombinesa wavyline formation. in a triangular on body sherds,or in one case fingerprints withfingerprints Impressed decorationof thissortseemsto be an innovationof Phase 2a; but a row of fingerimpressions fromthe in the earlylevellingdeposit,is an idea inherited below therim,seen on one fragment holes. rim has One firing phase. preceding One (66/P375, Otherlargestorage existed,thoughonlyone or twoare restorable. jars certainly associated another than necked It is in Room 2. destruction from the comes higher unmended) deposit withBurial 10 in Room 2, whichprobablyalso dates to Phase 2b (65/P98, fig. 2.40: 7). It witha has a globularbody like some of the cookingpots,but is verylargeand flat-bottomed, also were Phase those of to similar Unbaked handles. used, horizontal rim and ib, bins, clay ledge rooms. in two probably commonin Phase ib as storagevessels,occurin theearlylevelling Rimsoftwolargetubs, deposit. Noneis recordedin thedepositsofthematurestage. Miscellaneous A fewvesselsofspecialisedtypesoccuronlyonce or twice.A jug (66/P308,fig.2.8: 2) is similarin totheoneon unpainted ovalhandlesimilar cooking jar,buthasa high-swung shapetotheone-handled traces of it shows the Like burning. cookingpots, dipperjugs (discussedabove). similarto thatofa cookingpot has a rowofholesat thebottomoftherim,and A rimfragment vessel (FS 314). probablycomesfroma perforated froma carinated maderimfragment One veryroughly cuporjug (figs.2.10: 6 and 2.40: 2) has a witha ringattachedto itabove. rim to from vertical shoulder, curiousdoublehandle,a flattened part context Phase in a 2a recorded was A similarvessel(66/P84,fig.2.40: 3) nearby. fromearlier and burnishedsherdsrecoveredcould well be throw-ups The veryfewhandmade Phase ia levels. THE LH IIIC 2B PHASE The Nature of the Deposits thePhase 2 housesis takenas a convenient whichaffected dividing A partialcollapseor destruction is clearestin Rooms 1 and 2, linebetweenPhases2a and 2b. The sequenceofceramicstratification intoone largeroom.Here muchofthedebrisofthecollapse whichin Phase 2b wereamalgamated re-laidfloors. wasleftinsituandcoveredbya denselypacked'layercake'ofthreeorfoursuccessively torepresent which mudbrick with Abovethis,a layerofburntmaterial appears fragments, interspersed also containsPhase 2b of thePhase 2b buildings, debrisfromthefinalcollapseand abandonment filldepositwhich withit,is a further above this,and to some extentmerging Immediately pottery. sectorand whichproduces risesto thelevelofthebottomofthePhase3 occupationin thesouthern ofPhase2b and Phase3. whichcan bestbe describedas a mixture pottery in Room 13 to thesouthofYard9, debrisfromthe and and Rooms in 7 Elsewhere, 4 particularly Phase2a collapseappearsto havebeencleared,in somecasesrightdownto theoriginalfloorlevels.

THE POTTERY

167

As a result, thereis lessin thewayofa clearsequenceoffloorsfromPhase2a to 2b,and thePhase2b comes almostexclusively fromdepositswhichbuiltup overthefloorsduringand afterthe pottery finalperiodofuse ofthePhase2b buildings. In thecentreofYard9, wherethePhase2a destruction debrisis overlainby a gradualbuildup ofrefuse, Phase 2b (almostcertainly mixedwithPhase 2a) materialmergestowardsthe top withthe intermediate fillprecedingthe muchflimsier Phase 3 constructions. Burial12,towardsthecentreofthesouthern partofRoom 2/1is associatedwiththisphase.This consistedoftheremainsofa child,foundmixedwithanimalbonesand coveredby a conicalbowl (66/P268:plate 43.1, fig.2.19: 6) in a smallpitdugintotheupperpartofthePhase 2a destruction belowthe'layercake' floor.It thusclearlypost-dates thePhase 2a destruction, debris,immediately evenifitwas depositedbeforethelayingoftheearliestPhase2b floor.Another burialbesidetheeast wallofRoom 2/1 (Burial10, containing a child),and anothertwoalongthenorthwall ofRoom 4 adultmales)also belongto thisphase.Mostoftheseare associated (Burials4 and 5, bothcontaining with of or only fragments pithoi coarsejars (cf.e.g. withBurial 10, 65/P98: fig. 2.40: 7), but a smalljuglet(66/P156:fig. 2.31: 11) was foundwithBurial5. A questionremainsas to the date ofBurials8, 9 and 11,withBurial10 alongtheeastwallofRoom2/1:atpresenttheyareplacedwith Phase2a, butthisis notcertain. Twocompletely restorable pots(65/P168,plate 43.2, fig.2.16: 14 and 65/P31,fig.2.11: 2) were recoveredrespectively fromthemakeupof thePhase 2b floorin Room 2/1 and fromthedeposit above thefloor,whiletwocookingpots(65/P108,plate 43.3, fig.2.34: 6 and 65/P65,plate 43.4, fig.2.34: 4) weresetintothefloor.In addition, a numberoflargeand/or substantial joiningfragments, to allow drawn were in Rooms 2/1 and 4, scattered found the reconstructions, enough throughout ofthe 'layercake'floor,thedepositabovethefloorand thefillassociatedwiththefinalabandonment rooms.Although someofthesemaywellhavebeen used or storedin theroomsin whichtheywere or it is impossibleto be certainofthis,and it is probablymore found, possiblyin an upperstorey, realistic to regardall ofthemas theresultofsecondary withthatfromRooms deposition. Bycontrast 2/1and 4, thepottery fromRooms7 and 13 consistsalmostentirely ofunrestorable scraps. A thorough reassessment ofthestratigraphy sincethepreliminary reportoftheLH IIIC pottery ofsomeofwhatwereoriginally appeared(Pophamand Milburn1971) has resultedin reassignment considered tobe Phase2b contexts to Phase2a in architectural and in somecasesto Phase3a. terms, Phase2a has thusgainedadditionallevelsat theexpenseofPhase2b. One resultofthisis thatsome ofthefeatures to appearforthefirst timein Phase 2b, including WhiteWare,are originally thought nowregardedas makingtheirinitialappearancein Phase 2a. At thesametime,thetransference of somelevelsto Phase3a (e.g.Yard9 LL 7 + 7A - in effect a verymixedlevel,potterystatistical table C.20, depositcomments in theelimination ofsomeofwhatoriginally 30) hasresulted appeared from thestatistical countstobe otherdistinguishing characteristics ofPhase2b,amongthema noticeable increaseintheproportion ofconicalbowlsduringthisphase.To someextent, thisis mainlya question of adjustment of terminology, an interruption in whatappearsto be a continuous since,in effect, architectural is beingusedas an arbitrary cut-off linebetweenPhases2a and b, (andceramic)history whileeventhedivisionbetweenPhases2b and 3a is oftenlargelya matter ofnicelydrawndistinctions within mixedand oftendisturbed fillmaterial. The netresult, is however, thatnotonlyare thePhase 2b depositsreducedin number, butthattheceramicphaseitself losessomeofwhatoriginally seemed to be itsmoredistinctive characteristics. Theremaining Phase2b depositsaresmallincomparison withthoseofPhaseslb and 2a, andevenin withthoseofPhase3, and forthisreasonone cannotbe certainhowrepresentative the comparison statistics drawnfromthemmaybe. Thisuncertainty is compounded the lack of substantial in situ by any floordeposit, andbythecertainty thatthefillswhichcoverthefloorlevelsalsocontaina certain amount ofearlierPhase2 material. Towardsthetopsofthefillsthereis alsothepossibility ofsomemingling with materialofthesucceedingphase,whilePG pitsdug intotheMain Excavationarea ofthesitehave disturbed theseupperlevels,insomecasesright downas faras thePhase2a walls.Nevertheless, despite itsreducedandnowrather moreelusivenature, thegeneral character ofthePhase2bpottery as constituting a plausibleandreasonably coherent transition betweenPhases2a and 3 remainsfairly clear. PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS

MainExcavation:Room2/1- 'layercake'floorsequenceand depositsimmediately above (pottery statisticaltable Ci 8; depositcomments19); Room 4 - depositoverfloorand finalfill(includes somePG contamination: Deposit20).

i68

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.1i. MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phase2a-b. Room2/1,mainfills.Cups,lip-banded (/,4): 1 - P21 (65/P54;2b); 6 lid crater Phase NC. P26 NC; 7 4 P3 (65/P57;2a-b).5 tray (65/P56;2b); 20/3.OverRoom2/1. 2 Scale: P22 P12 (2, 3 (65/P61). 1:3. (65/P31); Cups,lip-banded 3):

SUBSIDIARY DEPOSITS

Main Excavation:Room 7 - depositover floor(Deposit 21); Room 13 - depositover floor(table debris(containsPhase 3a Ci g and Deposit 22); Yard 9 - mixed refusefillover Phase 2a destruction materialtowardstop; probablyalso heavilymixed withPhase 2a destructionmaterial:Deposit 23). ADDITIONAL MATERIAL

Small amountsofadditionalmaterialderivefromsome ofthefollowingcontextswhose stratigraphical naturesuggesttheprobabilityor possibilityofa Phase 2b date,but forwhich positionsand/orstylistic or detailedpotterynotes are available. Room 6/6a: a couple of shallowlayersrestingon no statistics side (above these are disturbedfillswhich top of the Phase 2a levels,particularlyon the north-west also appear to containPhase 2b material:Deposit 24). Room 10/11: insubstantialand patchyfloor

THE POTTERY

169

debris(includes withdebrislayerabove (Deposit25). Room 14a: depositoverPhase 2a destruction reusedPhase2a debris:Deposit26). Room6b/c:depositoverfloor(Deposit27). TrialG: fillassociatedwithFloor2 (Deposit28). TrialIII: upperpebbledyardfloor(Deposit29). GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE POTTERY

The pottery no radicalchangesfromthatofPhase2a, butseems,on thewhole,tobe a rather presents version of the The rangeofshapesseemstobe rather latter. morerestricted, andthereis,for dispirited no clear evidence for collar-necked and alabastra (rarein all example, mugs,feedingbottles, jars or kalathoi feature of Phase Patterned decoration to be rarer,and (a particular 2a).4 phases), appears in with line and motifs on craters and other possiblysimpler tone, wavy simplespiral apparent shapes. It seemsdoubtful thatthepictorialstylesurvivesto anygreatextent(cf.Chapter3, p. 234). White inverysmallquantities canbe tracedbackas faras Phase2a, nowappearsto Ware,whosebeginnings be used moreregularly forshapessuchas cratersand largeclosedvessels.It consistsof a typeof fromslightly coarse,sandyfabricofpallidcolourranging greyto greenish yellowor pink.Compared withthebrownor buffwareoftherestofthepottery, it is less wellfired,witha frequently porous thepaintis usuallyorangey-red to lightbrownin colour,sometimes lustrous but surface; moderately moreoftenmattin appearance. The numberofcupsin thisphaseappearsto declineslightly as a percentage ofthetotalidentifiable sherdscounted,whichsuggests eithersomechangeofactivity in thearea ofthePhase 2b roomsas of comparedwiththoseofPhase2a and earlierphases,or (morelikely,sincetherelativeproportions othershapesremainfairly thattheirfunction is beginning to be takenoverby othershapes, constant) bowlsand perhapsconicalbowls,5 bothofwhichfirst possiblypartly byone-handled appearin Phase 2a. Kylikeswouldappearto be on theirwayout,and have moreor less completely disappearedby thebeginning ofthenextphase. Fine Wares: Open Shapes cups reducedin numberas a proportion of the totalsherdscounted,their Thoughcups seem slightly continued the restorable from Room thattheyremaina significant 2/1suggests presenceamong pots feature ofthisphase.Bothcup shape(FS 216) and decoration appearto remainmuchas in Phase2a. Of thefourrestorable interiors witha reservedspotat thebase (65/ cups,threehave solid-painted P31,fig.2.11: 2; 65/P61,figs.2.11: 3 and 2.15: 12; 65/P57,fig.2.11: 4 and 2.16: 15),one ofthem also witha reservedlineinsidetherim(65/P57).6The fourth has a band at theinterior rimand a broadbandnearthebase (65/P54,figs.2.11: 1, 2.15: 8). Thisseemingnewpredominance ofsolidis reflected to someextentin thestatistics, wherealmosta quarterofcup fragments paintedinteriors reducedabsolutesample)showsolid-painting on theinside,justunderhalfof (albeitfroma greatly thesehavinga reservedspotat thebase, and aboutone-sixth a reservedline at therim.As faras exterior decoration is concerned, thesimplelip bandtypecontinues to predominate (cf.65/P31,fig. 2.11: 2; 65/P54,figs.2.11: 1, 2.15: 8, and see also 66/P35,notillustrated), butone or twohave additionallineson thelowerbody7and a fewnow are decoratedwitha wavyline (FM 53:20) (65/ ofplainexamplesstilloccur. P61, fig.2.11: 3 and 2.15: 12). Somefragments An unusually shallowcup in WhiteWare, witha solidsemi-circle ofpaintpendentfromtherimon eitherside,whichmayhavebeen achievedby dippingratherthanpainting, was foundin a disturbed filladjoininga Phase 2b wall (66/P33,8fig. 2.16: 4), and maypossiblybelongto thisphase.This thandipped)also occurson theexterior ofa kylixfrom (butpaintedrather generalstyleofdecoration TrialIII, possiblyalso ofPhase2b date(65/P121,fig.2.18: 1: see below). 4 The

fromthe Room 13 fill, only recordedkalathosfragment, belongs to the same pot as a fragmentfroma Phase 2a context in Room 2 (cf. above, p. 161, plate ss.16 and fig. 2.7: 6). 5 Though these seem no betterrepresentedamong the Phase 2b materialthan in Phase 2a. Apart fromthe complete example fromBurial 12, all the identifiablefragmentscome fromthe later fillof Room 2/1. 6 For the possibilitythat this pot should actually be restored as a one-handled bowl, see below. Its exterior decoration is identical to that of the complete one-handled bowl found in

Room 2/1 (cf.65/P168, plate 43.2 and fig. 2.16: 14; thoughcf. also the two (albeit thinner)lines on the lower bodies of some contemporarycups, 65/P61, figs. 2.11: 3, 2.15: 12; cf. 65/P3,

FIG. 2.15:

ll).

An example (65/P3, fig. 2.15: 11) which may belong either to this phase or to Phase 3 has two lines on the lower body, a narrowband below - ratherthan at - the rim like some of the Phase 2a examples (cf.e.g. fig. 2.15: 9-10), and horizontalbars on the handle. 8 Room 6/6a: CC 5 #1264 (deposit comments 24).

170

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

KYLIKES

and No restorable wererecoveredfromanyoftheprincipalor subsidiary Phase 2b deposits, kylikes much the same as theshape(FS 275) and bandeddecoration ofthefewremaining sherds seem kylix with in Phase2a, and mayindeedmainlyrepresent that from No up-casts phase. fragments patterned in anyofthesedeposits, andthemajority ofthesherdsseemtohavesoliddecoration wererecovered interiors. painted A fragment ofa kylixbowlfromTrialIII, witha solid-painted twothinlinesat thetopof interior, thestemand a neattassel(FM 72:7) at thebase of thehandle,has exteriordecorationof a deep ofthedippeddecorationofthecup reminiscent pendentarea of solidpaintwhichseemsgenerally is mentioned above (65/P121,fig.2.18: 1; cf.66/P33,fig.2.16: 4). In thiscase,however, theeffect achievedbypainting ratherthandipping.Itsgeneralstratigraphical contextappearsto be laterPhase 2a or Phase2b,thoughthenatureofitsgeneralceramiccontextis unknown. CONICAL BOWLS

thattheproportion The statistical countssuggest ofconicalbowls(FS 242) remainsmuchas in Phase in viewofthecomparatively smallPhase2b pottery 2a. However,thismaybe accidental sample,and the difficulties of distinguishing body and base sherdsfromthose of deep bowls or cups, and rimsfromthoseof kylikes.Certainly, the typeemergesas well established by Phase 3a, whenit outnumbers The restorable attributable to Phase2b (66/P268 single apparently cups. exampleclearly fromBurial12 in Room 2/1,plate 43.1 and fig. 2.19: 6) establishes the decorativescheme- a narrowbandorlinesattheexterior interior downthebodyand a solid-painted rim,twolineshalfway withreservedline- whichcan probablybe regardedas thenormin thisphase.The shape,too, seemsby nowto have settledintotheregularconicalformcharacteristic ofPhase3a, as can be seen in another restorable with in associated one of the burials Room49andthusalsoof exampleprobably Phase2b date(66/P169,plate 46.4, fig.2.19: 7). ONE-HANDLED

BOWLS

Thistype,whichis essentially a one-handled shallower versionofthedeepbowl(FS 285),is represented a found down over a fragment ofbronzesheetin thepreparatory by completeexample lyingupside of the in plate cake' floor Room 2/1 (65/P168, 43.2 andfig.2.16: 14),andbyanother makeup 'layer restorable found fill near the of the above Rooms 2/1and 4 (65/P51,figs.2.12: 4 and example top on theoutside,including a lipband.Whiletheformer has two 2.16: 13). Bothhavelineardecoration narrowbands on thelowerbody (similarto thosefoundon conicalbowls),thelatterhas a more elaboratearrangement of thickand thinbandsof thetypeoftenassociatedwithPhase 2a banding schemes.10 Bothhave solid-painted interiors, 65/P168(plate43.2, fig.2.16: 14) witha reservedline at therim.The linearcup withreservedlineat theinterior rim(65/P57,figs.2.11: 4 and 2.16: 15), restored as a vertical handle,maybe anotherexampleof thistype.Its profileand though having decoration seemvirtually identicalto thoseof65/P168(plate43.2, fig.2.16: 14). Anotherexample recoveredfromRoom6/6a (66/P32). mayperhapsbe seenin a base and lowerbodyfragment Becauseofthedifficulties ofdistinguishing one-handled bowlsfromdeepbowlsorcups,no separate statistics were attempted, and thusthereis verylittleidea of just how commonthe typewas. Its substantial representation amongthe restorable pots,however,suggeststhatit may have been a significant featureofthisphase,possiblyat leastpartlyaccounting fortheapparentslightdecline in theproportion ofcups. DEEP BOWLS

Monochrome or partlyrestorable deepbowls(FS 285) are represented by at leastfourrestorable pots fromRooms2/1and 4 (65/P50,11 figs.2.12: 2 and fig.2.21: 1; 65/P58,figs.2.12: 1 and 2.21: 2; All fourof thesehave a reservedfoot,and twoa 65/P6oa,fig. 2.12: 3; 65/P6ob,notillustrated). reservedlineon thelowerexterior Two of themalso have a reservedline at theinterior rim, body. and at leasttwoa reservedspotinsidethebase,whilea fifth also deep bowl(66/P148notillustrated) has a reservedlineat theinterior rimand anotheron thelowerexterior body. 9 It was found intoa Phase lb level. intruding

ιυ Ut. also the lekythos 00/^29

(fig. 2.12: 5).

11Foundbuiltintoa Phase 2b wall.

THE POTTERY

171

LH IIIC Phase2b. Room2/1,finaldeposits. Fig.2.12.MainExcavation. Deep bowls(2-4): 2 - P25 (65/P50);3 - P10 1 Room Phase Over one-handled 2/1: 2b. Pg (65/P51). (65/P6oa);4 deepbowlPu (65/P58).OverRoom4: 5 Scale: 1:3. a lekythos Pis? (66/P30- restored). P13 (66/P29);6 crater probably

use ofreservedlinesand feetis broadlyin relievedby restrained Thisdominanceofsolid-painting whichsuggestthatmonochrome line withthe sherdstatistics deep bowls continueto increasein numberduringthisphase,witha considerably havingreservedlinesand reserved greater proportion without reservedlinesor footfrom bowl feetthanin Phase 2a.12A completely monochrome deep In general,thequalityof not also to this Room 6/6a probably illustrated). belongs phase (66/P37 in a. with that met Phase 2 painton thesedeep bowlsseemscomparable Lineardeepbowhappearto declinemarkedly, and thereis nota greatdeal ofevidenceforpattern withspiral,13 decoratedexamplesapartfromone or twofragments possiblytassel(FM 72:7)14and othergenerally werenoted ratherunexciting One or two WhiteWaredeep bowlfragments patterns. fromRooms4 and 13. amongmaterial 12Another commonfeature seemstobe a smallirregular fairly reserved patchunderthearchofeachhandle.Likethereserved base,thisis probablymorea result spotoftenmeton theinterior of thewayin whichthepaintis appliedto thesesolid-painted bowlsthana deliberatedecorativefeature. deep 13A withinterior reservedlineand spiral deepbowlfragment decoration on theoutsideis notedfromRoom4. Cf.also therim of a large deep bowl withband at exteriorrim and spiral

decoration (FM 46:59) fromRoom 13 (plate42.1). A deepbowl fromtheareaofRoom5 mayalso (aroundtwo-thirds preserved) with interior belonghereor to Phase 3. It has a monochrome reservedlineat therim,a broadishbandat theexterior rim,and decorationof hastilyexecutedrunningspirals(cf.FM 46:54) above a thick-thin-thick ofbandsaroundthebelly. arrangement 14Mentionedin the notes forRoom 13 (depositcomments 22).

172

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

A deepbowlwitha paintedmarkon thebase wasrecovered fromthelowerpartoftherefusefillin Yard9 (66/P353,plate 102.4).Suchmarksare notinfrequent (threemorewererecoveredfromthe samearea),and possiblyoccurin mostphases(cf.Chapter5). CRATERS

thanin thepreceding Craters(FS 282) withpictorial decoration seemdecidedlylesswellrepresented in one each from found the and those few which are fragments principaldeposits(including phase, Such evidenceas thereis, includingscattered Rooms 2/115and 4) may well be out of context.16 contextsin otherareas, fromwhatmaybe Phase 2b stratigraphical examplesof craterfragments in or buff ware that the brown craters continue,decoratedwith suggests pattern-decorated ordinary FM antithetic and such as antithetic 46), tonguesor streamers runningspirals(FM 50, patterns motif the occasional 'wheel' and even (FM 17:28) (see e.g. (FM 62:3iff.),panels(FM 75) perhaps abstract and/orplastic elaborate of craterswithrelatively plates 54.1, 3, 532, 13 and 14). Fragments withapplied rope decorationbelow the rim are also found,includinga fragment decoration (plate43.11, Room 2/1)and anotherwithbull'shead handle(Room4; see also theelaboratecrater rimfromYard 9, plate 42 Β and anotherfromthe upper levels of Rooms 4 and 5 (66/P80, ofupare so smallas to suggestthepossibility plate 54.13). In manycases,however,thefragments the most seem for and At their decoration from the casts partto profiles preceding phase. anyrate, a. Phase those of from showno obviousdifferences 2 - the onlyrestorableor partlyrestorable Severalcraters,including- probablysignificantly in a numberof fig. are made of WhiteWare(65/P55;66/P30, 2.12: 6), and thesediffer fragments, instead ofcurving less vertical is more or rim The profile waysfromthebuffor brownwarecraters. have these ware the buff folded of towards thetop,and,inplaceoftheroundedor inwards craters, lip are Ware craters these White on a flatter, moresquaredlip.The mostusualdecorations simplerunning spirals(FM 46:58) or wavylines (FM 53:24): see 65/P55; 66/P30,fig. 2.12: 6, EE 7b,7d on fig.2.11: 7; cf.66/P146,plate5 1.8 andfig.2.24: 4; 69/P68,fig.2.24: 3 andplate 51.7 fromTrench all probably JJ,and plate 51.5-6 fromtheupperlevelsofRoom 10/11and Room 2/1respectively, One WhiteWare bandedratherthansolid-painted. are generally also ofsimilardate.Theirinteriors fromRoom 2/1has a barredrim. craterfragment SHALLOW BOWLS AND BASINS

interiorand wavyline A fragment of a largeshallowbowl or basin (FS 294) withsolid-painted on theoutsidewasfoundin Room 13 (plate42.7),and anotherin Room2/1(plate43.10) decoration someofthemdescribedas 'decorated'.The omissionofthistype alongwithotherbasinfragments, or as to itsfrequency information meansthatthereis no systematic fromthesherdcounts,however, ofa linearbowlwithstraphandle(FS 295) in thisphase.An isolatedfragment features characteristic fromRoom4 is possiblyoutofcontext. TRAYS

examplesfromRooms2/1 (65/P56,figs.2.11: 5 and by restorable Trays(FS 322) are represented an additional and and 2.26: 4) (nowno longerextant)fromRoom 7. fragment 13 (fig.2.26: 7), by witha solidinterior, one decorated: rather are Boththerestorable simplebandat unexcitingly pieces dasheson the transverse with in and out the other rim and barred theexterior rim; large solid-painted it a 2.26: 2.11: of convexexterior rim.The slightly 4) gives vaguelybasin5, profile 65/P56 (figs. of variation of within the fall to likeappearance,butseems,nevertheless, (cf.fig. trayprofiles range latter this 6/6a Room from a characterises piece (66/P34).Although 2.26).A similarprofile fragment foundon basins,its a largehorizontal straphandleand raisedbase likethosecommonly preserves as a tray.Anotherrestorable thatit mightequallywellbe categorised markedshallowness suggests

15 69/P33 (plate 62.C7). lb The same probably applies to two fragmentsot pictorial cratersfromthe deposit above the floorin Room 6b/c, froma contextheavily mixed withPhase 2a rubbish (69/P38 and 69/ P42, respectivelyplates 69.H15 and 58.B1D), a fragment(with bird decoration) froma disturbedfill in Room 6/6a (69/P37, plate 64.E5), a fragmentfromRoom 12 (69/P36, plate 65.E16), another fragmentfrom Room 10/11 (69/P28, plate 69.H11),

and fragmentsfromprobable or possible Phase 2b contextsin Trials G and III (e.g. plates 64.E6, 69.H3, H8). It should be noted that the apparent prominence of (oftenvery small and scrappy) pictorialcraterfragmentsfromcontextswhose pottery was not recordedin detail is essentiallya productof the attention given to pictorial sherds during initial registration and photography.

THE POTTERY

173

handleon therimand a neatwavyline (FM 53:23) withina traywithverticalbasket-skeuomorph reservedzone on the exterior(66/P55,fig. 2.26: 1), fromabove Room 2/1,probablybelongsto Phase2b,as does66/P59(fig.2.26: 2) (from Room6/6a).However,bothofthesecomefromcontexts whichmaycontainsomePhase3a wash. Another froma similar sortofPhase2b/3context (66/P82,plate48.1)17withextremely trayfragment in added whitepainton theinterior elaboratedecoration base seemsmostlikelyto be ofPhase 2a date on accountof its notablesimilarity to otherPhase 2a potswithadded whitedecoration(cf. plates 32.1, 35.3-4). especially SCOOPS

Atleastone fragment ofa plainscoop(FS 236) wasnoted,fromRoom 13.Apartfromthis,thereis no information available. LIDS

A substantial ofwhatis probablya lid (FS 334),plaininsideand bandedout,wasrecovered fragment fromRoom2/1(fig.2.11: 6), and anotherlinearlidis recordedfromRoom4. The latteris described as largeenoughto havecovereda shallowdishor bowl.Yetanotherfragment oflinearlid wasfound in Yard9, butmaywellnotbelongto thisphase. Fine Wares: Closed Shapes amphoras, hydrias, jugs The neck-handled in thisphase,ifnotbefore.Thisshapeseemsto attested (FS 70) is certainly amphora haveflatstrap-like handlesratherthanthemoreroundedtypefoundon amphoraswithhandlesfrom therim.On amphoras thelipsare regularly (FS 69-70), hydrias (FS 128) andjugs(FS 106) generally, bandbelowtheexterior rim(cf.e.g.fig.2.14: 2 hollowed,and at leastone examplehas an additional ofPhase3). A 'necklace'-pattern ofdroplets(FM 72:11-12) is foundroundthebases ofthenecksof someof thesevessels,sometimes Scroll(FM 48:3) and accompaniedby a scrollor similarpattern. tassel(FM 72:7) patterns bothcontinue(plates43.7, 9 and 42.5; cf.64/P68fromRoom 14a),but seemsomewhatrarerthanin Phases ib-2a; and thoughthereis some evidenceforthecontinuing existence ofthick-thin-thick bandingon thebody(64/P68),forthemostpartthisseemstohavegiven to even Handles continuetobe decoratedwithfigure-of-eight way banding. loop,verticalwavyband andcross,thelastofthesenowbetter than on represented before, particularly neck-handled amphoras. Twisted handlesarefoundon bothamphoras(including a neck-handled fromRoom7) and fragment of theselargeclosedvessels(between10 and 15% of the jugs. A small,but significant proportion countedamphora/hydria/jug is and a largefragment ofWhiteWare sherds), producedin White Ware, base was recovered from Room seenon amphora/jug/hydria 4 (66/P31).Firingholesare sometimes thehandlesoftheselargetypes. A fewfragments ofwhatmaybe trefoil-lipped jugs(FS 137-8) have 'necklace'-pattern (FM 72:11and horizontal 12) wavyline(FM 53:20) in theshoulderzone (cf.plate43.5-6). Atleastone example ofthisshapein WhiteWarewas recovered(fromRoom4). A shoulderfragmentof a small jug withwhat looks like a fairlyelaborate decorationof antithetic concentric semi-circles linkedby a chevronfill(cf.FM 43:32) was foundin Room 13 The itself is (plate42.6). debris small,however,and maycomefromPhase 2a destruction fragment includedin thefillin thisarea. JUGLETS

littlefromthose Ajuglet(FS 115) (66/P156,fig.2.31: 11) wasfoundwithBurial5 in Room4. It differs ofthepreceding 66/P116 fromPhase2a,plate37.3,fig.2.31: 8),18 thefoot phase(cf.especially though isa little andthehandleswings a little above the rim. The area of monochrome extends allthe higher up wayfromthenecktojustabovethebase,and thereis a lineofdotsalongtherim. 17From above Rooms and 4 5. 00/1*123,FIGS·2·4: 5 and 2.31: 10, whichis discussed under Phase 1b, is also broadlysimilar.It was foundin fragments widely

scatteredin the fillof the Phase 1b destructionmaterialin Room 4, and has thereforetentativelybeen allocated to Phase ib. However, it is possible thatit too derivesfroma Phase 2b burial.

174

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

The greater (ornarrow-necked partofthebodyofwhatmaybe a lekythos juglet)(FS 123),19minus neckandmostofthehandle,wasrecovered fromtheupperfillin Room4 (66/P29,FIG·2.12: 5). Like 66/P156(fig.2.31: 11) ithas a highringbase.The uppercentralpartofthebodyis decoratedwitha on one of widezone ofelegantly broadand thinbands,similarto thebandingarrangement arranged theone-handled bowlsfromthisphase(65/P51,figs.2.12: 4 and 2.16: 13).On eithersideofthis,the shoulderand lowerbodyare leftplain,whilethefootis coveredwitha neatband,leavingonlya rimroundthebottomedge. reserved AMPHORISKOI

is recordedamongthestatistics rim(FS 59 or similar)(no otherinformation) A singleamphoriskos ofwhatmaypossiblybe a fromYard9, whereitmaywellformpartofan earlierresidue.A fragment handle and tasseldecoration(FM with vertical a vertical-handled (FS 62), preserved amphoriskos in was found Room on the shoulder, 13. 72:7) STIRRUP JARS

most arerecordedfrommostofthedepositsunderconsideration, A fewstirrup jar (FS 175)fragments plate include Such those of Phase from 2a. ofthesebeingvirtually 8,20 43. fragments indistinguishable withelaboratetriangles(FM 7i:6ff.) and joining semi-circles(FM 42) on shoulder;69/P31 bandandfine on theshoulder, andconcentric (plate47.6),21withelaborateantithetic triangles pattern line groupson the body and a spiralon the conicaltop disc,whichis possiblyan import;and ofa stirrup A singlefragment on theshoulder.22 withan elaboratearc-filled plate 42 Β right, pattern Yard from in is recorded White Ware 9. jar Coarse Wares cooking pots Two completecookingpots (65/P108, plate 43.3 and fig. 2.34: 6; 65/P65, plate 43.4 and fig.2.34: 4) weresetintoa Phase2b floorin Room 2/1.Bothare thenormaltypeof two-handled jug fromprecedingphases.A largepartof the body of anotherone, without shape (FS 66) familiar handleor rim,was recoveredfromRoom 7 (66/P328).Apartfromthese,no shapescould surviving whichconsistsolelyof ofwheelmadecookingpotfabric, fromamongthefragments be reconstructed vessels. theflatbasesand handlesofone-or two-handled examples.Thereis no evidencefortripod STORAGE VESSELS

rim(65/P98,fig.2.40: 7) was A largecoarsetwo-handled jar, withflatbase and squared,out-turned ofcoarsejars associatedwithBurial10 (a childburial)neartheeastwallofRoom2/1,and fragments and pithoiwerealso associatedwithseveraloftheotherburials.The base ofa pithos (cf.FS 13) was itmay wallofRoom 2/1,whereithas been suggested setintothePhase2b flooralongthenorthern have been putto secondaryuse as a basin.Also fromRoom 2/1 is a pithossherdwithimpressed whilefromRoom 13 came severalpithossherds,includingone wavyline and fingerimpressions, withan incisedzigzagon a raisedband (plate 42.9). Yard 9 another and withfinger impressions a base of button the pithos(cf.e.g. 66/P368,plate 24.2 and fig.2.39: 1 ofPhase lb), in this yielded case hollowedunderneath. The rimofa largeshallowbasin(cf.FS 4-5) in coarseware,withledgerimand plasticribbelow therim,was also foundin Room 13. Miscellaneous A largepartof a largecoarsehandmade jar or cookingpot,withcollarneckand flatbase, crudely of in a pitin Room 7 (fig.2.42: 1). Thoughthecontents was found on theexterior burnished only, 19Another example of thisshape (in this possible fragmentary case withan airhole on the shoulder,which is decorated witha patternof concentric triangles)comes froma Phase 2a pit in Room 6 (plate 41.16; cf. p. 163). 20 Room 2/1. 21 From Room 10/11. 22 Other fragments(not illustrated) include a flat disc and handle, the latterdecorated withchevrons (FM 58) fromRoom

4, and a small body sherd decorated with a zone of horizontal lozenges (cf. FM 73:3) above an arrangementof band and fine identified line groups.FromRoom 13 comes whatwas tentatively in the notes as the large flatdisc of an exceptionallylarge stirrup jar, about 12 cm in diameter and decorated with concentric bands (plate 42.8). If thisis reallywhatit is (and thisseems rather uncertain),it provides the only evidence forsuch large domestic stirrupjars in thisphase.

THE POTTERY

175

it is at leasta Phase 2b in character, thepitincludematerialwhichseemsfairlystraightforwardly in and the vessel that the itself have been the PG dug period mayjustpossibly pit may possibility therefore be PG in date. THE LH IIIC 3 PHASE The Nature of the Deposits withveryfewrestorable is extremely Nearlyall thematerial pots.Almostall ofitcomesfrom scrappy, thedumpinYard9, tothenorthofthepoorlypreserved Phase3 rooms.Refusegradually accumulated in thisarea over a long period,spanningPhases 2 and 3. One intermediate deposit(LL 7+7A), sandwiched betweentwolayersoffallenmudbrick, is stratigraphically laterthan2b and is assignedto containsa mixture ofearlyandlatePhase3 (as wellas somestillearlier 3a. Thoughitalmostcertainly is sufficiently distinct fromboththepreceding and succeeding pieces),itsgeneralcharacter phasesto keepingit separate.The otherdepositsbelongto the advanced(3b) stage.One is heavily justify withPG material. contaminated In additionto thisdump,a smallamountof Phase 3 pottery, whichhad probablywasheddown froma higherlevel,was recoveredfromTrenchGG to thenorthwest ofYard9. Thoughpossiblya mixture ofPhases2b and 3, thedepositcouldwellbelongto 3a. A scatter ofprobablePhase3 pottery in superficial levelsin Trenches BB and CC is also likelyto be wash. No depositofthisstagewas recognised in theTrials. PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS

Phase3a Main Excavation:Yardarea to northofSouthHouse - mixedrefusefill(potterystatisticaltable C.20; DEPOSIT COMMENTS 30).

Phase3b MainExcavation:SouthHouse Room 1 (tableC.21; depositcomments to northof 32); immediately SouthHouse (catalogued in table with on also deposit comments C.22, pots catalogue p. 85), 33. SUBSIDIARY

DEPOSITS

MainExcavation:GG 4A-B - washfromhigherlevels,probablyPhase3a (depositcomments 31); Trenches BB and CC - superficial upperdeposits?(no statistics). GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE POTTERY

In theearlierPhase 3a stage,theproportion of WhiteWareis alreadyconsiderably higherthanin Phase2b andis usedparticularly forcraters and amphoras/hydrias/jugs, and sometimes alsoforother but all these vessels also still in occur the normal brown ware. The of shapes; range shapesis much thesameas in Phase2b,butcupsaremuchlessin evidence,and conicalbowlsmoreso,whilekylikes mayhavegoneoutofuse entirely. and cupshave almostentirely vanished restricted, By Phase 3b, therangeof shapesis extremely fromtherepertoire. The proportion of WhiteWareis a striking about feature, averaging 40-50% ofthewhole,althoughthereis considerable variationbetweenpottery lots.The generalimpression whiterin tonethantheprevailing brown givenby any depositof thisphase is thatit is distinctly of earlierMycenaeanIIIC pottery. Some of the largervesselsare probablymade exclusively in WhiteWareby now,and it is widelyused also fordeep bowls,butmuchless commonly forother shapes,suchas conicalbowls. The termWhiteWareis notstrictly sinceitcoversfabrics in coloursranging fromgrey, appropriate to near red. Most of these vases and the buff, yellow,yellow-green, pink, appearto be self-slipped, ofbigvases,has a largegritcontent, black claycoretobe ofa similarcolour.The fabric, particularly andredespecially, butalso whiteplus(perhaps)grog.The wholehas a porousappearance,withlittle surfacetreatment Some pots,however- mostlycraters- do have a exceptbeingwet-smoothed. The of the smaller such as vessels, pale slip. clay deep bowlsand conicalbowls,is finerand can be it is more often nearer the normal LH IIIC colour,but can be distinctly fine; white.Paintis very almostinvariably mattand frequently fugitive, varyingin colourfrommuddydarkbrownthrough muchsmearierand sicklybrownto vividred. On monochrome deep bowls,thepaintis generally moremattthanpreviously.

176

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Decorationon all thefinerwaresis sparseand mostlylinear.Bands are of mediumwidthand are rareand verylimitedin scope.Theyoccurmostlyon cratersand fairly evenlyspaced.Patterns theshouldersof thelargeclosedvessels,on the fewstirrup jars,rarelyon deep bowlsand some othershapes. in fabricand paint,restricted This combinationof deterioration range of shapes,littleand a is natural from trends decoration, unimaginative progression alreadyapparentin Phase2b, perhaps butis nonetheless depressing. Fine Wares: Open Shapes cups Mostareofthefamiliar lip-band AlreadybyPhase3a, cupsaremuchlessin evidencethanpreviously. first which line decoration also the of them two or three 216), (FS appeared having wavy type in Phase2 (cf.fig.2.11: 3). As in thepreviousphase(fig.2.11: 4), a fewhaveadditionalbands,but it seemsplausiblethatat leastsomeofthelinearsherdsnotedin thestatisticaltable in factcome sometimes ofthesecupstobe solidpainted, bowls.Itis nowthenormfortheinteriors from one-handled witha reservedspot at the base, and oftenwitha reservedline at the lip. A fewplain sherds fromundecorated cupsare also found. lackof lip-band Thereis a striking have declineddramatically. Phase numbers cups,though 3b, By To are these this on into the to (unless up-casts). phase justenoughfragments suggest typemaylinger all intentsand purposes,thecup has been replacedby the conicalbowl as the standarddrinking vessel.The shapeis notproducedin WhiteWare,withtheexceptionofthe 'blobcup' twosherdsof whichoccurin3b contexts 2b,examplefig.2.16:4). The decoration earlier, (plate44.4; cf.thepossibly ofpaint. on thesecupswas producedby partlydippingtwoofthesidesin a container KYLIKES

have been assignedin thestatisticaltables to conicalbowlsratherthan Rimand bodyfragments and stemsveryfew.EvenbythestartofPhase3, itis possible are bases since numerous, ring kylikes, thatthekylixwas no longermade.The fewkylixfragments (one foot,fourstems)maywellall be stem(cf.fig.2.18: 1). swollen and banded with decoration blob one including throw-ups, CONICAL BOWLS

vessel. The type(FS 242) is verymuchin evidence,and has takenovertheroleofnormaldrinking deep bowls.Most are in the normalbrownware; examplesin By 3b, theyseem to outnumber WhiteWareareinfrequent. littleifat all fromthestandardestablished differ by Phase 2b. The ringed Shape and decoration and sometimes base is generally usuallycomprises reserved, quitehigh.The simplelineardecoration one at (66/P4)orjustbelowtherim(fig.2.13: one bandat thefoot,twoon thebody,and sometimes has a solidpainted one has threebandsat thefoot,whileanother 2 andplate45 B: 1). Exceptionally, havea solidpainted foot(66/P5,fig.2.13: 1). A veryfewhaveinterior bands,butthegreatmajority a reservedlineat therim. witha reservedspotat thebase,and sometimes interior ONE-HANDLED

BOWLS

if the but givenits substantial None was identified; presencein Phase 2b, it wouldbe surprising linear and Phase Some of start the vanished bases, handles, body 3. by typehad completely sherdsassignedin statisticaltable C.20 to cups,conicalbowlsor deep bowlsmayperhapshave belongedto thisshape. DEEP BOWLS

fromthatof Phase 2. Rimsare everted,butnot The shape (FS 285) is generally indistinguishable so; feetarenotmarkedly highand showno realsignofmovingtowarda conicalfoot. exaggeratedly butsizesrangefromsmall(66/P62,fig. oftheminiature Thereis no evidenceforthesurvival version, 2.21: 5) to verylarge(fig.2.13: 7). brownfabricis stillquitelustrous Painton thoseofthestandard are monochrome. The vastmajority andfiring, in application redorblack,buton WhiteWarebowlsis mottled givingthema leprouslook.

THE POTTERY

177

Fig. 2.13. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 3. Build-upof debrisoutsideSouthHouse. Bowls,conical (1-2): 1 - P22 (66/P5); 2 - P31 (66/P4). Deep bowls (5, 4, 7): 3 - P25 (66/P2); 4 - P26 (66/P10); 7 - NC. 5 stirrup jar P38 (66/P8); 6 - scoop Pu (66/P16); 8-9 cratersNC. Scale: 1:3.

a good exampleofthegenre,though plate 42 Fand Pophamand Milburn1971 pl. 52.4 illustrate Phase feet are froma Phase2a context. the trend of 2b, Continuing usually(perhapsalways)completely reserved(66/P2,66/P10,fig. 2.13: 3 and 4 respectively), thereis oftenone reservedline (and on WhiteWareexamples,andusuallya reserved more)justbelowmid-body, occasionally particularly under the handles. Interiors of both monochrome and decorateddeepbowlsarealwayspainted patch with a at often reserved the base. One solid, spot probabledeep bowlbase has a crosson theinterior.

178

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

A reservedlineat theinterior ifthefewexceptions(isolatedsmallbitsofrim) lip maybe universal, can be regardedas intrusive. Veryfewbowls are decorated,and theseare usuallyin WhiteWare.Patternsare simpleand unimaginative: saggingantithetic loops (FM 50) (66/P9,plate 44 A and fig.2.22: 6), and running that such as a verylargebowl(plate45 A: 5). (FM 46) spiral decorating CRATERS

in use in Phase 3a, has by no meansentirely The standardWhiteWareversion,thoughcertainly the brown ware crater with solid displaced paintedinterior. By Phase 3b, the latteroccur only in isolatedfragments, trueof a rather and mostmay be out of context.This is almostcertainly with Patterns on the brown ware vessels aregenerally elaborate largefragment quite panel(66/P17). A a A: 1 few have slashed ribbelow lines and sherds antithetic motifs or (plate45 4). simple wavy Rimsare usuallypaintedsolid,but the top of at therim;one of thesewas mendedin antiquity. leastone has dashes. arelikelytobe earlierup-casts, sherdsin Phase3 contexts Most,ifnotall,oftheindividual pictorial with narrow birdfriezediscussedin necked crater withtheprobableexceptionof theunparalleled craterfig. 2.10: 7). Chapter3 (66/P7,plate 65.E8a-d; forthe shape,cf.the Phase 2 patterned Ware patterned Unusually,its interioris banded; only one othersuch interioron a non-White craterwas noted,in a 3a context. Phase3a depositofa craterwithfalseopenspout(plate Therearesingleexamplesin theprincipal 45 B: 5), andofa monochrome groovedcrater(66/P63,fig.2.24: 1),similartothePhase2a grooved craters(figs.2.23: 4 and 2.24: 2), and probablyan heirloom.The unpaintededge ofthefootand lineson thelowerbodycan be seenon deep bowlsofthatphase. reserved ifat all,fromthatofPhase The typediffers Phase Warecraterpredominates. little, 3b the White By 2b (cf.figs.2.12: 6 and 2.24: 3 and 4), havinga straight slopingledge upperbodyand flator slightly hasa solid and one rib below the has a slashed rim(fig.2.13: 8 and9). One fragment, rim, unusually, rim and at and with bands decorated are otherwise Interiors interior. probably belly, always painted fromthoseof closed also at thebase; surfacesare so roughthatbody sherdsare indistinguishable to running in Phase3b is confined decoration vesselsunlessbanded.Exterior spiral(FM 46) (66/P6, plate44 B) andwavylines(FM 53). Thisis also thenormin thePhase3a deposits(plate45 A: 8 and has a cross-hatched design(66/P66,plate 42 A). 9 and B: 4), butan unusualfragment KALATHOI

in theprincipal3a deposit,one of in Phase 3b. Two probablefragments The shapeis notattested themdecoratedwitha bird(66/P357,plate 65.E21),maybe earlierup-casts. SHALLOW BOWLS AND BASINS

in Phase3, sometimes Basinsand bowlsofvarying sizes,withor without spout,continuethroughout a include or fig. decoration WhiteWare.Exterior single maybe simplylinear(66/P60, 2.25: 3), may solid. or linear are Interiors small bowls. and on basins both on line painted (66/P65) (FM 53) wavy chevrons motif: with a decorated The topoftherimon bothbasinsand bowlsis sometimes simple semi-circles (FM 43) (plate45 A: 10),or bars. (FM 58) (plate45 B: 7), concentric TRAYS

of the shape (FS 322) occursin the earlierstage,but at leasthalfa dozen of Only one fragment in the3b deposits.The largest(fig.2.26: 6) is paintedsolidinsideand out. noted were sizes varying Othersmallerspecimenshave dotsor bars on the top of therim,and linearexteriordecoration, are withthe additionof a wavyline (cf.fig. 2.26: 1, probablyof Phase 2b). Interiors sometimes while with concentric decorated is base interior the in one case circles, but (plate44.8) paintedsolid, tondoincorporating a relatively completetray(66/P1,plate 44 Cand fig.2.26: 8) has an interior basket usual the are of Handles cross. and type. zigzag SCOOPS

in shape,occurin mostofthePhase3 oftwoor threeplainscoops,apparently unchanged Fragments one ofthemlackingonlythehandle(66/P16,fig.2.13: 6). deposits,

the pottery Fine Wares: Closed

179 Shapes

amphoras, hydrias, jugs Phase 3a sees a continuationof trendswhich were already apparentin 2b. A higherproportionof vessels are in White Ware. The neck-handled amphora(FS 70) is present,thoughrim-handledvessels are stillin the majority,and occasionallyas beforethese may be of the twistedvarietyon amphoras and jugs. The figure-of-eight stillfeaturesas handle decoration,but is outnumberedby the vertical the absence of the crossis certainlyfortuitous, since it is foundin both the precedingand line; wavy are and there is hollowed, succeedingphases. Lips regularlya subsidiaryband below the lip on the interior.Tassel (FM 72) and scroll (FM 48) stilloccasionallyoccur as shoulderdecoration,usually more attenuatedthan previously(plate 45 B: 10 and 11). One White Ware jug has a necklace of droplets(plate 45 A: 2). The thick-thin-thick arrangementof bands on the shoulder,so notable a featureon closed vessels of earlierphases,is now distinctly rarer. Phase and be made 3b, amphoras,hydrias By jugs may exclusivelyin WhiteWare.The generally small and uninformative of brown ware one tassel,and two twistedhandles) could scraps (including be earlierup-casts.Most vesselsare neck-handled,verticalhandlesbeing decoratedwitheithera cross seems not to occur in White Ware. Both (66/P11, fig. 2.14: 1) or a wavy line; the figure-of-eight verticaland horizontalhandles commonlyhave firingholes. Lips are alwaysdistinctly hollow.Raised bases are flatunderneath. which are more than common are Jugs, perhaps previously, alwayslargeor mediumlarge; thereare no obvious small ones. The trefoil-mouthed jug (FS 137) occurs once. Decorationcan be simplylinear,thenormapparentlybeing a singleband at rim,base ofneck,and on lower body, and a set of threemediumwide and even bands on the shoulder.Variationsinclude an extraband below the rim (fig. 2.14: 2), and a horizontalwavy line replacingthe band on the rim. Sometimesa curvilinearpatternis foundon the shoulder,usuallytoo fragmentary to be identifiable (plate 44.6 and 7), but once or twiceclearlywheel-like(e.g. plate 45 A: 12). The tasseldoes not occur on theseWhiteWare vessels,and the scrollrarely,now withmore spiraliform terminals(plate 44.5). AMPHORISKOI

In addition to the body sherd decorated with wavy line on plate 45 B: 14, four or five rather uninformative sherdsoccur in the deposits.It is not clear whethertheybelong. STIRRUP JARS

The shape (FS 175) occursin both normalware and WhiteWarein both stagesof Phase 3, thoughin smallnumbers.Only one was sufficiently preservedto give a profile(66/P8, fig. 2.13: 5): a globular on a base. The body quite high ring top disk may be coned as here, or flat.Preservedhandles are barredor,in one case, decoratedwitha wavy line (66/P68, handle). Shoulderdecorationtendsto be simple: framedzigzag (FM 61), isolated concentricsemi-circles(FM 43) withzigzag (66/P68, plate 42 2), perhapsan import),concentricarcs (FM 44) (66/P8,fig. 2.13: 5); but one more elaborate3a jar has triangular patch(FM 42) on the shoulder,and a narrowzone ofzigzag below (plate 42 C). Linear decorationon thebody variesfromalternating broad and setsofnarrowbands, to a fewsimplebroad bands above a footstreakilypaintedsolid (plate 42 D and fig. 2.13: 5). MISCELLANEOUS

The principalPhase 3a depositcontainsfragments of a couple of shapes not otherwiserepresentedin Phase 3. One is a,feedingbottle(FS 162) withwavy line on the shoulder(plate 45 B: 9). The greater part of a pyxis(66/P61, plate 42 Ε and fig. 2.40: 4) comes fromthis deposit,but is likelyto be a throw-upfromPhase 2a (see above, p. 165). Coarse

Wares

cooking pots The fabricis exactlyas before,and apartfromthe now defuncttripodvessel,the shapes embracethe traditionalLH IIIC range,fromthe one-handled smallish jug (66/P12, fig. 2.14: 3) to the largertwohandled Version(66/P15). Althoughtheyseem generallyindistinguishable fromthoseofearlierphases, the restorablepot at least is baggierand has a less evertedrimthanearlierspecimens(fig. 2.33).

i8o

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.14.MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phase3. Build-up outsideSouthHouse. / - amphoraP20 (66/P11); 2 -jug NC; 3 cookingpotP30 (66/P12).FromSouthHouse.4 -jug, handmadePi (5; 69/P17).Scale: 1:3. jug,one-handled

STORAGE VESSELS

werefound,includingsherdswithfinger-impressed wavybands,and one button Manypithosfragments base hollowedunderneath. One fragment of a tubof traditionaltypeoccursin a Phase 3b deposit,probablya throw-up. HANDMADE

The incompletejug or jar fromRoom 5 (69/P17, fig. 2.14: 4) is the sole specimen of Phase 3. Thick-walled,ofverycoarse fabric,ithas a roundedbottomand theremainsof one verticalhandle. It is roughlyburnishedinside and out. TOTS VASE SHAPES

AND THEIR

THROUGH CHANGES

THE AGES': DURING

THE LH IIIC

PERIOD

byMervynPopham,ElizabethSchofieldand Susan Sherratt This sectionaims to summarisethe main developmentsof the principalvessels duringthe LH IIIC stage on the site,givingwhere appropriatetheirfirstand last occurrence.Formswill be considered thendecorationand, whererelevant,fabric.For details,especiallyofdecoration,referenceshould first, be made to thefullerdiscussiongivenin the above accountsofthevariousphases. Some ofthepieces

THE POTTERY

181

inthefollowing discussed andillustrated camefromcontexts whichwerenotincluded section, however, in themainphase-by-phase ceramicanalyses,and supplement thepicturepresented there.The same withopen shapesand passingon to closedones,followedby orderofshapesis adopted,beginning storageand cookingvesselsin coarserwares,withhandmadepotsleftto theend.To avoidconstant reference backto illustrations scattered thevariousphases,severalare repeatedhere,mostly through in drawings, and at a smallerscale. Fine Wares: Open Shapes The principaland smalleropen vesselsare thecup,theconicalbowland thedeep bowl;thelarger, thecraterand spoutedbasin. CUPS

The one-handled cup occursin threemainforms.Of these,one is notonlyby farthemostfavoured butalso rivalsthedeep bowl in numbersof itsstandardversion:thisis calledthelip-bandcup on accountofitscharacteristic In viewofitspopularity, decoration. itis considered first. In formand sizethelip-band itsprofilebeingrather bellcup(FS 215, 216) varieslittlethroughout, in heightwithout shaped,witha roundedbodyand flaring lip (fig.2.15). Itsringfootvariesslightly and neverapproachestheconical.The handleattachedatlip and apparentchronological significance is a squatoval in section. mid-body Decorationon theoutsideconsistssolelyofa band paintedon thelip or,rarely,a littlebelowit. lie in themannerin whichtheinterior is decorated,thoughagain a band at Principaldifferences thelip is an unchanging feature. Thosein Phase lb varyin themannerin whichthebase is treated, an ingoingspiral,thelastthe beinggiveneithera singleband,multiplebands or one containing leastfrequent. does notoccurin thePhase ia depositsand appearsto be a Indeed,thislastfeature lb innovation. This situationpersistsintoPhase 2 withthe same preference. Much morerarely, theinterior is paintedall over,a variation thatbecomesincreasingly commonin Phase 2 and is the normat thebeginning of Phase 3, to whichprobablybelongsan exceptionalcup withadditional bandson theexteriorand a barredhandle(65/P3,fig. 2.15: 11). The veryfragmentary evidence forthe end of Phase 3 indicatesthatthe cup had been practicallyoustedby the conicalbowl whichperformed the same function, thoughthereis slightevidenceforthe presenceof a new the 'blob discussed below. type, cup', No doubtthereexistedin Phases1 and 2 minorvariations, suchas theunpaintedexterior on 66/ P120 (fig. 2.16: 1), and the additionalinteriorband on 66/P174 (fig. 2.15: 7), whichare not in sherdmaterial. recognisable of the same shape withdifferent decorationare extremely rare.A fewexamplesoccurin Cups Phases 2 and 3a of a centrally line (FM 53), e.g. 65/P61 (fig.2.15: 12). A unique placed wavy concentric has, cup unexpectedly, pendent loops (FM 43) below the lip band (plate 16 Ä 1), a accidental of the PG quite anticipation pendentsemi-circle skyphos.Lineardecorationshowsup in the sherd but most such are morelikelyto belongto one-handled statistics, occasionally pieces bowls(including fig. 2.16: 65/P57, 15). Plaincupsoccur,notin thebell shapebutin twodifferent forms.One (FS 220) has a widemouth withflaring and shallower rounded set on either a lip body ringor an indentedfoot(66/P98,66/ Pi 80, fig.2.16: 5 and 6 respectively). Theirearliestattested appearanceis in thePhase lb deposits andtheyprobablycontinued intoPhase2a butnotlater.The otherform, a low-handled variantofFS is less and an has with the same variation of foot fig. 240, open, angularbody (65/P171, 2.16: 7). It is in Phase ia as well as ib. present The carinated is unusualand a veryusefuldating cupofPhase 1 (FS 240), whichis monochrome, in beingapparently factor ofshort-lived existenceon thesite,thoughthismaynotbe trueelsewhere. It,too,has a widemouthand lowringfootbutis distinguished byitscarinated bodyand singlehighwhich is wide and flat 2.16: The carination between itsroundedbodyand handle, slungloop (fig. 8). tallout-turned is marked and even lip usuallyvery sharp-edged, thoughexamplesare foundwitha moreroundedchangeofangle.Bothexterior, interior and handleare entirely covered monochrome, witha paintranging in colourfromnearblackto warmbrownbutusuallybeinga distinctive smeary darkbrown.On rareexamples,thelowerbodyis reserved(66/P249,FIG·2.16: 9, perhapsan import). The lack of an intactexampleis due to its occurrencein thefragmentary Phase ia depositsof whichit is a characteristic feature.Only one largepartof sucha cup was foundin thePhase lb destruction to suggestthatveryrareexamplesmayhave survivedintothatstage.

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MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.15.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Cups,lip-banded. / - P84 (IV, S. Room;65/P160;ia); 2 - P6 (C; 64/P3;2a); 3 - P13 (8/13;66/P241;ia);4-P* (10; 66/P184;lb); 5 - P16 (9; 66/P126;lb); 6- P36 (11; 66/P102; lb); 7-P4 (4; 66/P174;lb); 8-F21 (2/1;65/P54;2b); 9 - P13 (7; 66/P202;2a); 10 - P10 (6; 66/P81;2a); 11 - Pi (over6/6a;65/P3;2D/3);12 - Pi« (over2/1;65/P61;2D/3).Scale: 1:3.

are a Itsorigin, too,seemsto lie withinPhase 1a. Bowlswithan angularprofile(as wellas kylikes) at this and its occurs feature oftheLH IIIB levels,butno typicalcarinated stage, originappears cup in thesamelevelsofan It is mostlikelytobe foundin thepresencein smallnumbers tolie elsewhere. not 'alien'handmadeand burnished cup witha similarprofileand handle,thoughwithan indented, must have attracted and unusual and foot thicker walled Their attention, (fig. 2.42: 3). ring, origin shape and itseemshighlyprobablethatthecarinated ofthem. cup is a wheelmadeimitation

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Fig.2.16.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Cups (/-2,4-12; 3, 75) andbowls,one-handled (13-14). 1 - P5 2 vertical-handled P6 P12 66/P120; (11; lb); P14 (8/13;66/P240;lb); 3 (over6/6a;66/ (9; 66/P132;lb); 4 cup P33; 2b); 5 - P27 (11; 66/P98;lb); 6 - P3 (10; 66/P180;lb); 7 - P2 (5; 65/P171;lb); 8 - typecup,reconstructed; 9 - P3 (11; 66/P249;ia); 10 - Pi 1 (2; 65/P84;2a); 11 - P5 (4; EE 14-16,8; 65/P209;2a); 12 - P16 (III; 65/P100;2a); IS - P9 (2/1;65/P51;2b); 14 - P2 (2/1;65/P168;2b); 15 - P3 (2/1;65/P57;2b). Scale: 1:3.

The apparent chronological gapbetweenthePhase1 vesselsandthePhase2a versionofthecarinated fig. 2.16: are obvious.Shared 10) mayruleoutanyconnection, cup (65/P84, thoughthesimilarities features are thehighhandle,ringfoot,and all-oversolidpaint,butthelatertypeis usuallysmaller and itshandlemorearched.An exceptionis theverylargecup 65/P209(fig.2.16: 11) witha series ofhorizontal on thehandle,surelyan grooveson theshoulderand thescarofa missingattachment animalprotome.Examplesof such protomeshave been foundin contextsof Phases ia and 2a

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MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

and 65/P100),the latteralso froma groovedvessel,but one witha (69/P80,plate 46.5 middle different profile(fig.2.16: 12). A fewotherversionsof thecup are found.One resembling thelip-bandcup has a troughspout at rightanglesto thehandle(FS 249); attested by one instancein Phase 1 (66/P240,fig.2.16: 2), it maynotbe exceptionalat thatstage.The muchlargerjug-likevariantof FS 249 also occursonce in Phase 1 (66/P113,fig. 2.25: 5). Another,of whichthereis onlyone restorableexample,an ill-madesmallvase in WhiteWare(66/P33,fig. 2.16: 4), is represented by a singlesherd,too,in Phase3. It belongsto a classknownas 'blob cups' becauseoftheirdecoration whichis a resultof theirsidesbeingpartlydippedin paint. KYLIKES

LH IIIC, thenumbersofkylikesare few,especiallywhencomparedwiththoseofcups Throughout vessels.Theirshape(FS 274, 275) remains andconicalbowlswhichwereclearlythenormaldrinking attested lb from at least Phase static (and probablyia) to Phase 2b, theirlastcertainly remarkably with in few decoration differences can be but, exceptions, only perceived appearance.Chronological in minordetails(figs.2.17 and 2.18: 1-5). in-turned butslightly ofa conicalbowlwithan undifferentiated The kylixconsists lip,seton a stem on theunderside; circular indentation archedwitha central thediskfootis slightly ofnearequalheight; handlesare attachedat thelip and at abouta thirdofthewaydownthebowl,theirsectionsbeing fromroundto nearflat. usuallyovoidbutwithsomevariation diskatthebase;no instance witha reserved sometimes aremonochrome, interiors Whendecorated, on bowls. as occurs the such a line below of reserved is recorded lip is bestknownforthePhase lb stagewhenthevaseis decoration Becauseofitsdestruction deposits, half of the bowl is leftplain,the remainder at least includingits givena lip band,below which area of thebowl. the above added a thinband is sometimes footbeingmonochrome; painted just continue side which can each strokesalong Handlesare paintedon top,apparently by overlapping ontothebody. slightly The positionin Phase ia is ill-documented,but such evidence as thereis suggeststhat too that mostweresimilarin shape but unpainted(66/P336,fig. 2.17: 3). Thereare indications a some were monochrome,as again is one lb example, perhaps also hangover(66/P209, fig. 2.17: 2).

severalnearwholeexamplesof ofPhase2a in Room2 fortunately The smalldestruction preserved area by themonochrome to lightening thatstagewhichshowthatchangesthenare mostlyconfined bandson thelowerbodyand thetopofthestem,whichin one instance(66/P302, reserved inserting in otherdeposits. butveryrarely, fig.2.17: 6) is markedly 'swollen',a feature present, can be ascribedtothisphase. since clear far from are in Phase 2b kylikes hardly any Developments A likelycandidate(65/P121,fig.2.18: 1) fromTrialIII haspendenttassels(FM 72) underthehandles, and scallopsof painton thebowl notunlikethe 2b/3a'blob cups'.A fewkylixstemsamongthe ofthisshapeintothatstage. indicatethepossiblecontinuation Phase3 material Phase 2a potters, The innovative Such are thenormalcharacteristics. however,did not entirely tasselwas added an On show. instances as a few the one, upside-down veryexceptional ignore kylix, thelip a rowof below abovethebase bands(66/P77,fig.2.17: 7). A moreinventive placed potter the down run lines which from concentric (65/P63,fig. (FM body 53) wavy loops (FM 43) pendent but sherds three an have been must what Of survive, vessel, enoughto only extraordinary 2.7: 4). and central streamer ofitshighlyelaboratedantithetic revealthemainfeatures (FM62) panel pattern of are Phase same 2a to the be ascribed to almost plate stage pieces certainly 41.2). Finally, (66/P45, fig. 2.18: streamers with antithetic decorated size a kylixofunusually 5). (69/P30, large have been leftto theend sincetheyare without bothfromthesame context, Twoplainkylikes, notonlyin being knownparallelson thesite(65/P127,65/P128,fig. 2.18: 3 and 4). Theydiffer and thefeetwhichare flat,lackingthe muchsmallerthanothersbutalso in theirpoormanufacture underneath. indentation kylixwith Theywereaccompaniedby an unusualmonochrome customary tworeservedbandsat thetop ofthestem(65/P131,fig.2.18: 2). The contextin whichtheywere datenotlaterthanPhase2a. foundin TrialIII is probablya mixedfill,and thekylikes CONICAL BOWLS

vesselin thelateststagesofthe Thistypeofbowl(FS 242),whichbecamethemostfavoured drinking theshapewhichhasgivenit it reached before some LH IIIC settlement, development passedthrough

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Fig.2.17.Variousareas.LH III C Variousphases.Kylikes.1 - P7 (IV, S. Room;65/P103;lb); 2 - P4 (12; 66/P209;lb); 3 - P18 (11; 66/P336;ia); 4 - P14 (6; 66/P41;2a); 5 - P33 (9; 66/P128;lb); 6 - P35 (2; 66/P302;2a); 7 - P26 (8/9;66/P77;2a); 8 - P39 (2; 66/P306;2a). Scale: 1:3.

itssinglehorizontal remained characteristic rollhandle itsname.Certainfeatures, however, throughout: and the base setbelowan undifferentiated (fig.2.19). ring lip, werefoundinPhaselb post-destruction Threelikelyfragments ofthistype,whichcouldbe intrusive, that was in but we can be certain the fills, evolvingearly Phase2a, to whichstageis ascribeda shape fill several thesebowlswerequite levelling containing examples.Theyshowthatinitially fragmentary It and the rounded and the in-turned. is wide, bodydistinctly large lip slightly likely,however,that thecanonicalformevolvedquicklyintoone muchsmaller,less wideat thelip whichis completely

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MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.18.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Kylikes(j-5) andlineardeepbowls(6-8). 1 - P14 (III, SW Room; 65/P121;2b?); 2 - P7 (III, SW Room;65/P131;2a); 3 - P5 (III, SW Room;65/P127;2a); 4 - P6 (III, SW Room; 65/P128;2a); 5 - P3 (11; 69/P30;2a); 6 - Pg (E; 64/P11; ia); 7 - NC (S. House,14a; lb); 8 - P13 (9; 66/P150;lb). Scale: 1:3.

undifferentiated froma near-conicalbody. Thereafterthereis littlechange or variation.The rather and somewhat conical footof some examples is not confinedto the last stagebut is presentat high leastby Phase 2b. Decoration,too,changesfromthickbands on theexteriorat theearlieststageto ones muchthinner, appropriateto its latersmallersize. With some variation,the general scheme comprisesone or two bands at the lip, two at mid-body and one around the top of the foot. The interioris always monochrome,sometimeswitha reservedband below the lip and/ora reserveddisk at the base. The base bands withpainteddisk on the inside of one earlyversion(66/P330, fig. 2.19: 1) are not found

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Fig.2.19.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Bowl(conical7-5, 6-% one-handled 4-5). / - NC (4; 66/330;lb); 2 -P22 (5; 66/P269;lb); 5 -P34 (3; 65/P184;lb); 4-5 - NC (8/13;ia); 6-P58 (2/1,Burial12; GG 16; 66/P268;2b); ofdebrisoutsideSouthHouse;66/P5;3); 9 - P21 (build-up ofdebris 7 - P28 (4,Burial4; 66/P169;2b); 8 - P22 (build-up outsideSouthHouse;66/P4;3). Scale: 1:3.

later. It is likely that handle decoration follows the same trend as that of deep bowls, with the introduction of the barredversionoccurringat a late stage. ONE-HANDLED BOWLS

This type(fig.2.16: 13 and 14) differs fromthe average deep bowl in being smallerand shallower,its less with rounded a of havingonly body lip only slightlyeverted,and in its distinctivecharacteristic one handle; but it fallswithinthe range of FS 284. Its typicalbanded exteriormightindicatethatit replaced the linearversionof the deep bowl with itssimilardecoration.The bands below thaton the lip are usuallyplaced low on thebody,varyingin numbersand grouping;a further band outlinesthefoot.Interiorscan be monochromewithor without

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MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

a reservedband belowthelip and reserveddiskat thebase,or maybe bandedon thelowerbody an ingoingspiralat thebottom, suchas occurson somecups. with,in someinstances, in Phase3. Sincein sherdformitslip,handle It occursfirst in Phase2 and is notsecurely attested cannot and base cannotreadilybe distinguished fromthoseof deep bowlsand cups,itsfrequency be determined. MUGS

a themug(FS 226) is so uncommon Phase 1 and in Phase2a, butnotthereafter, Attested throughout a specialised, or specialoccasion,use. No completeexamplewas found,butthere vesselas to suggest butthereis atleastone arelargepiecesoftwo(figs.2.4: 1 and 2.40: 5). Mostareofthelargervariety, miniature. Bases maybe flator convex.Decoration,whichcan be in twozones,rangesfromplain in elaboration suchas singlewavyline(FM 53) in Phase 1 to slightly bandsand simplemotifs greater and and and framed chevrons 2a: running (FM 75). 61), triglyph zigzag(FM 58 spiral(FM 46), DEEP BOWLS

theperiod;in littlethroughout ofstandarddeep bowls(FS 284, 285) altersurprisingly The profiles than one from stageto another. to be seenwithineach phase fact,thereis probablymorevariation fromLH IIIB is likelytobe theadoptionofa moreflaring The initialdevelopment lip and a more atleasttotheendofPhase2. Thereafter thegeneralformpersists bulbousbodybut,onceestablished, The positionofthehandlesand the forthebodyto be morestraight-sided. theremaybe a tendency constant of the foot remain throughout. height similarandtheyremainusualin Phase2, thePhase 1 bowlsareremarkably In sizeandproportions fig.2.21: 3). Largerexamplesas uncommon not are then much smaller versions 66/P87, (e.g. though ofthenormalsizemaywellbe a Phase3 characteristic wellas continuation (66/P10,fig.2.21: 7). Yet thedeepbowlandthe fall between these Phase in of both occur 2 versions (fig. 2.21:4); stages larger fig. 2.22: decoration attracted craterin sizeand,likecraters, 5). 65/P93, (e.g. It is in detailsof decorationthatchangeis mostapparentand bestattestedon themonochrome is indeed versionswhichare at all timesthedominant type(figs.2.20 and 2.21). Otherdecoration veryexceptional. In the extensivePhase lb deposits,all the intactand fairlycompletebowlsare eitherentirely interior bandedonly.All havea solidmonochrome monochrome exceptfor or,muchlessfrequently, ofthering abouttheexterior ofa reserveddiskat thebase. Thereis no consistency someinstances itis paintedor not. base,whether that theevidenceclearlyindicates The positionappearstobe thesamein Phase ia when,however, intoPhase2 but thebandedversionwas themorepopulartype(fig.2.18: 6-8). The latterpersisted appearsto havedisappearedby the2b stage. at bandon theinterior version:thereserved Phase2 seestwohelpfulchangesin themonochrome were These features in conjunction. not necessarily the lip, and a reservedfooton the exterior, in 2b (around75%) stillattheendof2a (about30%),customary in theminority introduced gradually; bandmay a At both in Phase invariable allows the evidence far as as stages reserved 3. and, certainty, exterior. be addedlow downon themonochrome rareatalltimes(fig. areproblematical, ofdecoration Otherforms though clearlytheywereextremely attest with earlier contaminated unless are 1 a material, Phase The but, 2.22). deposits veryfragmentary stated As plate IIIB motifs LH above, LH IIIC of into thepersistence 55.14).23 (e.g.64/P38, customary whilethe decorated thereexistsno reasonably deposits, deepbowlinthePhaselb destruction complete in A case contents. and mudbrick floor from derive well fills could in the sherds such few pointarethose in Phase2 returns IIIB. LH as classified best individual are which in Room found Certainty pieces 3 ofthe with versions IIIC LH in the new decorated are bowls few some when perhaps principally style, motifs Other and fig. and streamer antithetic 5 respectively). (FM 62) (66/P339 65/P93, 2.22:4 pattern snirals(FM 46), and antithetic are antithetic attested spirals(FM 50) (65/P191,fig.2.22: 1),running Phase3 bowl(66/P9,fig.2.22: 6), a timewhenanydecoration loops(FM 50),foundalsoon a restored ofpaintalongthetop stroke handle the across bars this issparse.At stage customary replacetheprevious monochrome. been have to Interiors ofthehandles. appearalways and twophases,thepaintis usuallyofa highglossyfinish Fabricis finethroughout and,in thefirst not are shades brown dark to reddish Black Attic infrequent. Glaze,though black,at itsbestrivalling 2S From the cliff cleaning.

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Fig.2.20.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Monochrome deepbowls.1 - P6 (11; 66/P247;ia); 2 - P2 (IV, N. Room;65/109;lb); 5 P4 (10; 66/P182;lb); 4 P32 (IV/V,S. Room;65/P186;lb); 5 - P15 (11; 66/P99;lb); 6 - P33 (V, S. Room;65/P187;lb); 7 - P20 (8/9;66/P74;2a); 8 - P4 (C; 64/P5;2a). Scale: 1:3.

In Phase 3, however,bowls are generallyin a finevarietyof the White Ware characteristic of that a a while the is often from mattish black to more brown. stage, paint fugitive, varying frequentmuddy The deep bowl withtwo verticalhandles (FS 289) was identifiedonly in Phase lb deposits,where thereis one unpaintedspecimen(65/P110, plate 29.4), and one withexteriorbands and monochrome interior(66/P132, fig. 2.16: 3). Both are smallerthanthe average standarddeep bowl,but differ from it chieflyin the handles,oval ratherthanround,set below the rim.

igo

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.21.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Monochrome deepbowls./ - P25 (2/1;65/P50;2b); 2 - P11 (over2/1; outsideS. House;66/P62;3); 6 - P25 65/P58;20/3);5 P18 (4; 66/P87;2a); 4 P7 (6; 66/P43;2a); 5 - P6 (build-up outside S. outside S. P26 House;66/P10;3). Scale: 1:3. House;66/P2;3); 7 (build-up (build-up CRATERS

itcouldwellhavebeen concludedthat,witha fewnotableexceptions, the Wereitnotforthecraters, and an assessment of the Lefkandiot were overall monotonous. Such unimaginative potters products withtheirwiderangeofdecoration, is madeuntenable eventhoughitremainsstrange by thecraters thattheXeropolitans shouldhavealmostentirely restricted toone shapetheirinventiveness displayed and in theirtreatment of abstract Withlittleprecedingit, bothin pictorialrepresentations patterns. in thisshapeand itspainting in theirinterest reallybeginsin Phase 2a and reachesfullest expression thatsamestage,thoughcontinuing intothesucceeding2b phase.

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Fig.2.22.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Decorateddeepbowls.1 - P22 (IV, N. Room;65/P191;lb); 2 - NC outsideS. House; (8/13;ia/b);3 - NC (4; 2a); 4 - P14 (7; 66/P339;2a); 5 - P17 (4; 65/P93;2a); 6 - P23 (build-up Scale: 1:3. 66/P9;3).

it is clearthatseveraltypesof the Thoughfewvesselsof any stagewerecapable of restoration, with evolution.On one, the crater were some manufactured, (FS 282) chronological ring-based A similar curves to the which is rounded rim, (fig.2.23: 1). body continuously up typeis lessincurving and the rimis morecommonlysquared(fig. 2.23: 2). The thirdtype,withstraight-sided upper halfand oftendeeper,is characterised rim, by one or two ridgedmouldingsbelow its thickened Itshandlescan be ofthedouble one orbothofwhichmaybe incisedwiththeso-calledropepattern. 'bull'shead' type(plate32.2). All othercraters havetwosubstantial horizontal roundhandlesplaced on the high body.

ig2

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.23.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Craters.1 - P31 (2; 65/P207;2a); 2 - P24 (8/9;66/P162;2a); 3 - Pi 19 (IV/V;65/P176;1 or 2); 4 - P33 (8/9;66/P161;2a). Scale: 1:5.

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is thecarinated ofwhichtherearetwovariants, oneveryincurving Ofmuchrareroccurrence crater, with a a abovethecarination the other neck above or (fig.2.24: 2), straight sharp a gentlecarination and 2.10: (figs. 7 2.23: 4). no completecrateroccurredin the Phase lb destruction Unfortunately deposits,and bothfor thatstageand forPhase 1a reliancehas to be placedon sherdmaterial. Thisindicatesthatonlythe firstversion,thatwitha continuousprofile,was currentthenand thatthe rimwas usuallyof therolled,or turnedover,kind.The similarversionin Phase 2 has a moreprominent projecting lip and a less roundedcontour.By Phase 2b WhiteWarecraterswerebecomingcommon,and are typicalof Phase 3. On thesetheupperbodyis nearlyverticaland therimis flat,itsledgesquareedged(fig.2.24: 3 and 4). The moreornateversion, withaddedmouldings and doublehandle,appearsfirst in Phase2a. Two rimsherdsin Phase3 depositscouldmeanthattheycontinued to be manufactured in thisstage. The carinated craterwithincurving is in recorded Phase Almost all examplesof 2. upperbody only = the'necked'versionalso dateto Phase 2, buta pictorialfragment E8 a-d) maybelongin (66/P7 Phase 3. The rimon bothtypes,thoughledged,may have been less projecting, whilea seriesof be incised at the level of the carination. groovesmay at leastafterPhase ib. Beforethat,thefragmentary Changesaremuchmoreevidentin decoration, evidencesuggestsa basic continuity fromLH IIIB, withinstancesof panel patterns(FM 75), the whorl-shell (FM 23), and antithetic (FM 50) and running spirals(FM 46). Examplesare plates 51.2 and 52.8-10. Interiors are probablyalwaysmonochrome. Phase2, and stage2a in particular, seesa vastexpansionoftherepertoire andvariety within it.The mostoutstanding ofthesePhase 2 vesselsare thepictorial consideredin detailin Chapter3. craters, Here it is sufficient to notethattherangeofdepictions is wideand varied,nearlyall beingwithout precedenton thesite.Subjectsincludefish,birds,lionsand otheranimalsbothreal and mythical, witha fewoutstanding warriorsand chariotdrivers.If any examplesdepictinghumanactivity, is discernible, itis probablyto be foundin thearrangement ofbirdsplacedantithetically preference eithersideofa centralpanel,e.g. 65/P176(fig.2.23: 3). Abstract too,appearin a greatvarietyofforms(plates51-55, fig.2.23: 1 and 2). In this patterns, to concludethatthemajority in Phase 2, to whichmostbelong,are case,numbersmaybe sufficient indiffering elaborations streamer andantithetic The multiplicity degreesoftheantithetic spiralpatterns. ofpaneldesignsbelongin partto these,or serveas divisionsin a moresimplearrangement. Antithetic streamers forsolidstreamers withbordering (FM 62) have a markedpreference lines,but canbe outlinesonlywithcomplexfill.Theymaybe inverted, from the A central starting top. panelis a frequent as is normalwithantithetic where ornament is feature, spirals(FM 50), filling generally confined to theloop,thoughone exampleornaments thespiralas well(plate52.7),anotherappears to duplicatetheloops (plate 40 A: 3), whilea thirdadds an additionalspiralat thebottom(plate 52.1). Panels(FM 75) are composedin manydifferent ways,withverticalbars framingwavy or a lines,zigzag,chevrons, shells, lozenges, running spiral,whileon theouterbarsmaybe added semi-circles or or concentric isolated some withsolid centre, dotted, joining semi-circles, plain othersfringedwithdots. For largerpanels chequerboard was (FM 56) preferred. Running spirals at thetangent; doublerows,too,occur.Otherspiraldesigns (FM 46) maybe plain,or ornamented includeones hangingby a loop fromtherim(FM 51), and doublespiral(FM 47) in an S-shaped arrangement (65/P147,plate 54.6). The carinated crateraloneis recordedwithmonochrome or linearexterior (figs.2.23: 4 and 2.24: 1 and 2). One case has an unusualfloralfriezewithspiralterminals (66/P51,plate 51.1). For interiorsthe preference is formonochrome, ones though unpaintedapartfrombanding are notinfrequent. A typeofcratertypicalofPhase3 butwellrepresented in Phase2b,and alreadyjustpresentin 2a, is distinguished notbyitsshape,whichis traditional, butbyitsdistinctive andmayconveniently fabric, be calledtheWhite Ware crater. the end of Phase at two These,by 3 least,carryonly typesofdecoration, eitherrunning or two or in three number spirals wavylines, (plate 51.5-8, and fig.2.24: 3 and 4). on one suchcrater(69/P67,plate 51.4) could However,theelaborateantithetic (FM 50) loop pattern indicatea greater in the earliest Interior decoration is standardised: one or twobands variety stages. belowthelip-band, and twofurther bandson thelowerbody. Of thespouted crater ofsherds,probablyall in Phase2 contexts; (FS 298) thereexistsonlya handful a with false is in found Phase fall though specimen spout 3a (plate 45 B: 5). The abstract patterns within thesamerangeas thoseon standardcraters(e.g.plate 53.11).

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MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig. 2.24. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Craters.1 - P8 (8/9; 66/P63; 20/3); 2 - NC (8/9; 2a); 3-4 - P2 and Pi QJ;69/P68 and 66/P146; 2b). Scale: 1-3 at 1:5; 4 at 1:3.

THE POTTERY

195

KALATHOI

Thereare fewexamplesoftheshape (FS 291) in anyphase,and no solidevidenceofitsexistence afterPhase 2a. The onlytworestorable specimens(fig.2.27: 5 and 6) have the standardwidely with a rim. conical ofotherspreserve theroundhorizontal handles spreading shape, sloping Fragments sethighon thebody. The earliestvessels,whichare unpaintedor monochrome, probablygo back to Phase ia. An animalprotomefroma lb context(66/P134,plate 46.5 right) is likelyto have been seton therim ofa kalathos. Evenin Phase2a, whenthedecorative on thekalathosas wellas thecrater, urgefoundexpression numbers arestillsmall.Exterior decoration is nearlyalwayslinear,andbandsalso occuron thelower is monochrome, withaddedwhitebands.The main too;in a fewcasestheinterior partoftheinterior decorativezone is alwayson the interior, at the flaringtop of the vessel,sometimes witha very narrowsecondaryzone immediately above or below.The lattercarriesonlysimplemotifs, suchas or the semi-circles on (FM 43) zigzag(FM 61) 65/Pio2a (fig.2.7: 7). alternating Decorationin themainzone maybe pictorial(fishor birds)or moreoftenabstract. The material is and decorationmay generallynot have been particularly elaborate;but extremely fragmentary, thatcannotbe saidofthesinglerestorable vaseofthisphase(65/Pio2a,fig.2.7: 7),withitssplendidly eccentricarrangements of elaboratetriangle(FM 71), zigzag,and panels. The whole is framed by a solidpaintedrim,butthetopoftherimon otherlessextravagantly paintedvesselsis decorated usuallywithblobsor bars. BASINS AND SHALLOW BOWLS

The largebasinwith(FS 302) orwithout (FS 294) a bridgespoutis characterised byitsveryopenand shallowshape,whichis providedwithtwohorizontal handlessetat or slightly belowitsledgedrimat rightanglesto thespout,and a ringfoot(fig.2.25: 1 and 3). Alreadywell in evidencein the ia first deposits,it is probablyalwaysbanded in and out in the earlystages.Monochromeinteriors in Phase but never the linear A version. line 2a, appear (FM 53) entirelydisplace singlewavy decoratestheexterior in Phases2 and 3, and thetopoftherimmayhavebarsor some occasionally othersimplemotif. Somebasinsare in WhiteWare. Shallowroundedbowls(FS 295) werenotdistinguished frombasinsin thesherdcounts,butmay have been presentin all phases.Certainly thelargerones,at least,closelyresembletheunspouted basinsin bothformand use oflineardecoration (66/P313,fig.2.25: 2; 64/P71,fig.2.40: 1). The plainangularversionofFS 295 (fig.2.1: 6 and 7) apparently did notoutlivePhase ia. TRAYS

As thenamegivento themimplies,trays(FS 322) are circularand shallow,witha flat,slopingor liplessrimto whichwereattachedtwo smalland near verticalbaskethandles(plate 55.15). The sidesvaryfromstraight to slightly raised(fig.2.26).Thereis great concave;thebase is flator slightly in dimensions. variation Somelargetraysseemto havebeenrecycled.Withtheirsidescompletely removed,theremaining flatdiskcouldserveas a lid or stand(66/P82,64/P15,plate 48.1 and 2 respectively). The shapefirstappearsin Phase 2a, but mayhave increasedin popularity, thoughstillrare,in Phase2b. It certainly continued intoPhase3. Exterior decoration is usuallyeithermonochrome or linear,withdotsor barspaintedon therim; a wavyline (FM 53) is sometimes are solid painted,though placed betweenthe bands.Interiors a reserveddiskis at timesleftat thecentreofthebase. Concentric circleseitheron theinterior or on theundersideofthebase are sometimes found.Rarely,whitebandsare appliedto monochrome interiors in Phase2a. Notsurprisingly, thetrayswithcomplexdecoration insideand outbelongtoPhase2a. The smallest vessel(66/P46,fig.2.26: 5) has in additionconcentric arcs (FM 44) on theinterior base. Another decoratedbase (65/Pio2b,plate 48.5) probablybelongsto a tray,thoughunusually thin elaborately forthatshape.Fabric,paintand decoration are similarto thoseofthekalathos65/Pio2a (fig.2.7: 7), buttheyare different vessels. In thelaterphases,exterior decoration is generally be verysober;butinteriors mayoccasionally enlivened of Phase bya decoratedtondoon thebase,suchas thaton theone restorable (66/P1, 3 tray fig. 2.26: 8). A moreelaboratespecimen,of Phase 2b/3,has multiplefringedconcentric circles reminiscent oftentacles (66/P82,plate 48.1).

ιφ

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig. 2.25. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Basins ( j-5) and othervessels (4-5). / - P4 (IV/V, N. Room; 69/P8; lb); 2 - Pi (2; 66/P313; 2a); 5 - P5 (build-upoutsideS. House; 66/P60; 3). 4 -jar/crater,bridge-spouted P7 (11; 66/P112; ia); 5 - cup, spoutedP16 (11; 66/P113; ia). Scale: 1:3; 4 at 1:5.

THE POTTERY

197

Fig.2.26.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Trays.1 - P27 (attopof2/1;66/P55;2D/3);2 - P7 (6/6a;66/P59;2b); 3 - P17 (III; 65/P141;2a?); 4 - P26 (2/1;65/P56;2b,late);5 - P17 (6; 66/P46;2a); 6 - NC (8/9;3); 7 - NC (S. House, outsideS. House;66/P1;3). Scale: 1:3. 13?; 2b); 8 - P29 (build-up SCOOPS

withno This practicallittleladlingvessel (FS 236) occurs throughoutthe lifeof the IIIC settlement, noticeablechange.Cup-shaped,it has a straightor slightlyevertedrim,a highhandle oval in section, and a slightlyflattenedbottom (fig. 2.32: 3 and 4). It is nearly always unpainted, though one monochromeinteriorwas recordedin Phase 2a. LIDS

So extremelyrarein all phases thatthelack ofa recordedexample in depositsofPhases ia and 3 may well be fortuitous, purpose-madelids (FS 334) seem to have been somethingof a luxury.Recycled and other materialswould have met most needs.24Lids are cylindricalor semi-globular, potsherds witha flator slightly roundedtop,whichis sometimesperforatedat thecentre.Sizes varyconsiderably (figs.2.11: 6 and 2.27: 7-9). The smallerspecimensare suitableforalabastra,and indeed the Phase lb destructiondeposit in Room 4 produced a lid and alabastronthat surelybelong together(66/ Pi 75, 66/P176, fig. 2.27: 7 and 2 respectively).Both boldly striped,witha spiralon top of the lid, theywould presenta handsome appearance. 24 The pictorialalabastron (64/P4 = p. 254) made do with a kylixfoot.The bases of two large trays(plate 48.1 and 2) seem to have been reworkedforuse perhaps as lids.

ig8

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.27.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Miscellaneous (1-2): 1 - miniature P4 (1; 66/P157; shapes.Alabastra 2 Pi Pi lb); (4; 66/P176;lb). 3 spouted P58 (IV/V,S. Room;65/P172;lb). jug (1; 66/P124;lb); 4 ring-vase Kalathoi{3-6}: 5 - P8 (11; 66/P190;ia); 6 - P6 (dumpedsoilsin areaof5-4; 65/Pio2a; ia-b). lids {7-9): 7 - P5 (4; 66/P175;lb); 8 - NC (4; early2a); 9 - Pu (F; 69/P63;lb). Scale: 1:3.

A very Lidsareunslippedand unpainted inside.The exterior nearlyalwayshas lineardecoration. fig. Its zonal decoration in is shallow, 2.27: 9). (69/P63, large, patterned specimen exceptional everyway arcs (FM 44), isolated concentric includesa line of zigzag(FM 61), and an upperzone containing semi-circles (FM 43), lozenge(FM 73), and bivalveshell(FM 25), a curiousmishmash, surprisingly forPhase ib. undisciplined

the pottery Fine Wares: Closed

199 Shapes

Given the lack of any naturalwatersupplyon Xeropolis because of itsgeology,the large numberof amphoras,jugs and hydriasof storagesize foundon the siteis not surprising. Since in theirstandardsize thesevessels differlittleapartfromthe placementof theirhandles,they willbe consideredtogether,leaving special shapes and smallerpots to the end. An additionalreason forso doing lies in the formof our statistics, based as theyare largelyon lip and body sherdsand on where no distinction could be so motifshave been allocatedto amphoras. handles, made, thatarbitrarily STANDARD AMPHORAS, JUGS AND HYDRIAS

The basic shape consistsofa globularupperbody becomingslightly conical towardsitsflator indented base (FS 69, 70, 106, 128). The neck is high,capped by a prominentprojecting,rounded lip. The substantialhandles rise fromhigh on the shoulderto lip (lip-handled)or to slightlybelow the lip (neck-handled).On the latterthe neck tendsto be narrower,but less so thanon mostnarrow-necked jugs (or lekythoi)FS 121-124. The interiorcurve of the lip may be continuouswiththatof the neck, or distinguished by a slighthollow,or be markedlyhollowed (figs. 2.28-2.30). In Phase lb the body shape is as described above except thatat the shoulderit tends to be bulbous. Vessels are nearlyall lip-handledthoughneck handles occur. Any differences in Phase ia are difficult to distinguishbecause of the fragmentary nature of the deposits. However, there are indicationsthatthe shape was thendistinctly more ovoid, whichwould be confirmedifthe depositin TrialE/F withitshydria(64/P8,plate 14.2) could be ascribedto thatphase withgreatercertainty. Lip interiorsmay be a continuouscurve or very slightlyhollowed, less so than in Phase lb when the hollowingis noticeablethoughnot great. In subsequent phases, the scarcity of restorable vessels or even partial profiles makes any generalisationshazardous,thoughit may be thatthe point of maximumdiametermoved somewhat lowerin Phase 2. There is insufficient evidence to say whetherneck handles became more frequent, a towards a though tendency markedlyhollowedlip seems assured.The twistedversionofthehandles, in Phase lb, alreadypresent appears to become more popular (e.g. 66/P344, fig. 2.30: 1). As forPhase 3, onlytwoneckto upperbody profilescould be recovered(fig.2.14: 1, 2), insufficient to determineany changeof shape. Lips are now markedlyhollowed.Neck handlesare in themajority in Phase 3b, by whichtimeamphoras,jugs and hydriasmay have been made only in WhiteWare. Among the restoredvessels, fourare of different types.A Phase lb jug (65/P195, fig. 2.29: 2) is less bulbous thanusual,itslip has a singlegroove along it and thereis a slightcollar at thejunction of neck and body. Another(65/P125, fig. 2.30: 4), a neck-handledjug, is somewhatovoid and has a ringfoot,but is more exceptionalin itsfabricand decoration,discussedlater,whichindicatethatit is an import. The others fall within Phase 2a, one of which (64/P2, fig. 2.28: 5) is almost sphericalwitha low neck lackinga prominentlip; its systemof banding is also unusual. Finally,a small amphora (66/P201, fig. 2.29: 3) is distinctlyovoid, its lip out-turning but not emphasised, while the handles are grooved in imitationof the twistedtype.Also untypicalare the miniatures,a hydriafroma lb contextin Room 9 (66/P129), similarto the standardversion,and an amphora (66/P204, fig. 2.31: 7) froma 2a contextwhich,apart fromthe handles,closelyresemblessome of the miniaturejugs describedbelow. As forthedecorationofthestandardtypes,withonlyfewexceptionstheschemeremainsremarkably constantthroughout thephases: an outlinedlip, a band atjunctionofneck and body, a groupofthree bands on the shoulder(rarelytwo),and a further band low on the body (rarelytwo),withthe shallow base eitherpaintedor more oftenleftplain. A band may be added on the interiorof the neck below theoutlinedlip. Furtherdecoration,consistingof a singlemotifon the shoulderbelow theneck band, may be supplementedby a furthermotifpainted below the shoulderbands. From Phase 2a on, a necklace of droplets(FM 72) is occasionallyfoundon jugs (e.g. plate 43.9). The top of the handle is decoratedin one of threeways,witha verticalwavy line, a figure-of-eight design,or a cross (X). Some chronologicalvariationsand preferencescan be discernedwithinthis general scheme. In Phase 1a the shoulderbands are wide and of uniformthickness,and no supplementary decorationis added. Handles carryeithera wavy line or figure-of-eight withsome preferenceforthe former.The In Phase lb a verymarkedpreferenceis apparentforthe lip may be hollowedbut onlyveryslightly. introduced of on the shoulder consistingof a thinband between two thick newly system banding outerbands. The placing of a supplementary motifof a pendenttassel (FM 72) or a scroll (FM 48), bothinnovations,or muchmore rarelya wavyline (FM 53), on the shoulderis verypopular; another tasselis oftenadded below the bands, one of themoccasionallyinverted(plate 20.2 and 3). There is

2OO

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig. 2.28. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases.Jugs,lip-handled.1 - P5 (PExt; 69/P21; ia); 2 - P6 (IV, N. Room; 65/P120; ib); 3 - P6 (5; 66/P272; ib); 4 - P11 (8/9; 65/P82; 2a); 5 - P7 (C; 64/P2; 2a). Scale: 1:4; 3 at 1:3.

THE POTTERY

201

Fig.2.29.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Jugs,neck-handled (1-2): 1 - P23 (9; 66/P145;lb); 2 - P5 (5; 65/P195; S. P12 lb). Amphoras (5-6): 5 (7; 66/P201;2a); 4 P83 (IV, Room;65/P159;ia); 5 - Pi (10; 66/P185;lb); 6 - P3 (8/9;66/P70;2a-b). Scale: 1:5; 4 at 1:3.

2O2

MERVYN

POPHAM,

ELIZABETH

SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN

SHERRATT

Fig.2.30.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.1 - amphoraP28 (2; 66/P344;2a); 2 - hydriaPi (2; 65/P145;lb); Pa (7; 66/P198;2a); 4 -jug, neck-handled, P65 (IV, S. Room;65/P125;lb). Scale: 1:6. 5 -jar, collar-necked Pimport

somepreference on jugs fortasselsand forscrollson amphorasand hydrias, perhapsdue to their sizes. differing In Phase 2a thethick-thinofbandsis stillfound,or it maybe reversedwitha thickcombination thicklinein themiddle,butthissystemmayhave died outby Phase 2b whenbandsofequal width return to favourand so remainintoPhase3. The creativespiritofthePhase 2a pottersto be seen in thedecorationof othervesselsdoes not witha fewwelcomeexceptions, extendtothejugsand amphoras, e.g.65/P82(fig.2.28: 4) on which areelaborated, thescrollon theshoulderandtheantithetic themotifs loop (FM 50) on thebelly,both neck.A fewshoulderfragments set offby a monochrome amongthe sherdmaterialalso present semi-circles suchas theelaboratetasselswithconcentric (FM 43) on 66/P53(plate41.1). variations, in a but somewhat into Phase Tasselsandscrollspersist 2b 3a very wearyway,becoming throughout not tassels are Ware is White in Phase when B: but at the end 10-12); (plate 3b, predominant, 45 spindly withitsterminals nowdrawnmoreinterestingly found,and thescrollrarely, givena morespiral-like

THE POTTERY

203

form(plate44.5). It is joinedby twonewmotifs, one wheel-like, theotherconsisting oftwojoining bands(plate44.6 and 7). One neckuniquely arcs,singleordouble,paintedacrosstheshoulder upright hasa wavylinepaintedbelowtherim.The cross(X) pattern on handles,whichfirst appearsinPhase2, is bynowas frequent as thewavyline,whilethefigure-of-eight formhas diedout. Fourvesselsmentioned aboveas beingofuntypical On shapeareunusual,too,in theirdecoration. thePhase lb jug (65/P195,fig.2.29: 2) itssixthickbandsare unevenlyspacedon thebodyand its footis painted.The samenumberofbandsappearson the2a globular jug (64/P2,fig.2.28: 5) butin and distributed. The other lb fig. in havinga pairs evenly jug (65/P125, 2.30: 4) is moreinteresting frieze around the shoulder of elaborated stemmed finelypainted consisting spirals(FM 51); thisas wellas itsfabricand paintproclaimittobe an import. The 2a amphora(66/P201,fig.2.29: 3) has a versionofthescrollon theshoulder, no bodybandbuta paintedfoot,and itshandlesare spiral-like in imitation of the twisted grooved curiously type. OTHER JUGS

The trefoil-mouthed in use tilltheend ofPhase jug (FS 137),whichfirst appearsin Phase2a, continues in White Ware. Numbers are and the material 3, occasionally alwayssmall, mostlyveryfragmentary. No completeprofile was preserved, buta largesectionofupperbodycamefromTrialIV/V (69/P7, plate 29.3).It has a simpledecoration ofbroadbandson thebody,a solid-painted neck,and a wavy lineon thehandle.Some shoulderfragments havinga necklaceofdroplets(FM 72), withor without anothermotifsuchas wavyline(FM 43), maywellbelongto thisshape(plate43.5 and 6). and thosenotwith (FS 122 or 123) wereidentified, Hardlyany examplesof the smalllekythos sincethenecksare missing.Theycome fromPhase 2 contexts. The shapeis globularor certainty hole. In Phase 2a the biconical,witha highringbase; theshouldermaybe piercedwitha firing decorative zone on theshouldercarriessimplemotifs: (FM 61A) (plate 41.16), or multiple-triangle concentric arcs(FM 44), withmultiplethickand thinbandingbelow (65/P182,plate 36.1). On the Phase2b specimen, bold bandingon theupperbodyis theonlydecoration(66/P29,fig.2.12: 5). Halfa dozen miniature jugsseemto havea chronological spanofPhase lb to 2b.25Mostare ofthe sametype(FS 115) withglobularor biconicalbody,shortspreadingconcaveneck,handleoval in section,and ringbase (fig.2.31: 8-11). Decorationmaybe linear,with(66/P115,fig. 2.31: 9) or without shoulderfrieze.Rathermoreoftenthejug is monochrome, (64/P65fromTrialC) a decorative ornearlyso; broadreservedareasat topand footon theearliervesselsaremuchreducedon thelater specimen(66/P156,fig.2.31: 11). Theremaybe a lineof dotsalongthetop oftherim.A unique similar to juglet(66/P117,fig.2.31: 12) has a baggyglobularshape,wideneck,androundedbottom, FS 126. Likethattype,itis probablyhandmade.The lineardecoration continues ontothebottom. Singleexamplesoccurofa globularvessel,perhapsa narrow-necked jug (FS 123) in Phase lb, with decoration relatedtothatofstandard fig. and a strainer (66/P143, jugs 2.4: 4); jug (FS 155)withlinear also ofPhase lb (65/P130,plate 47.5). decoration, AMPHORISKOI

Thisis a standard, much,ifnotall, of thelifeofthe thoughnotcommon,vesselfoundthroughout LH IIIC settlement Evidence for Phases and 2b (fig. 2.31: 1-6). 3 is, however,mostlyscant, anduninformative. Itsshape(FS 59) remainsbutlittlechanged,26 ofa globular fragmentary, consisting set on a or indented with a short neck and base, body ring slightly flaring usuallytwo vertical rollhandlesor,morerarely, twopiercedlughandlesat leastin Phase 1 (e.g.66/P100,fig.2.31: 3). The three-handled version(FS 61) occursat leastonce (65/P134,fig.2.31: 2). Thereis considerable variation in size. On theearlyvesselsdecoration is usuallylinear.Bandingtendstoreflect thechangesofarrangement on i.e. thick bands in Phase a combination of thick and thinbandsin lb, apparent amphoras, ia, and a reversalto even banding,withexceptionsin 2a, thereafter. Necksare paintedsolidand so, usually,arebases. Additional decoration is veryrarein Phase 1 - a wavyline(FM 53) at thehandlezone (65/P157, plate 21.3),a pendenttassel(FM 72) belowtheneck(65/P134,fig.2.31: 2). In Phase 2a, however, theshapealmostalwaysattracts withmotifsdrawnfromthestandardrepertoire of ornamentation, 25 There is a suspicion thatsome may belong to unrecognised burials,and date to a later phase than theirapparent context.

26 The somewhat piriformshape of 65/P185 (fig. 2.31: 6) is probably an errorin restoration.

2O4

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig. 2.31. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases.Amphoriskoi(ΐ-ό), miniatureamphora(7) and jugs (8-12). 1 - P82 (IV, S. Room; 69/P13; ia); 2 -P21 (IV, N. Room; 65/P134; lb); 5 -Pi (12; 66/P100; lb); 4 -P29 (2; 66/P301; 2a); 5-P122 (IV/V, WExt; 69/P43; ?2 - notclear); 6 - Pi (1 1; 65/P185; ib/2a interface);7 - Pi (7; 66/P204; 2a); 8 - P4 (7; 66/P116; 10 -P32 (g;66/Pi23; lb); 11 -P7 (4; 66/P156; 2b); 12-P22 (g;66/Pii7; lb). Scale: 1:3. 2a);9-P3(7;66/Pii5;2a);

thisphase. They include a delightfully elaborateversionof the antitheticstreamerpattern(FM 62) with fig. a one (66/P301, 2.31: 4), panel of alternatingisolated semi-circleswithsolid fill(FM 43), witha complex and pleasing systemof banding (65/P185, fig. 2.31: 6), and anotherwiththe very traditionell antithetic spiralpattern(FM 50) withsubsidiaryfill(66/P54, plate 41.3). One amphoriskoswitha roughlypainted design of invertedstreamersis in White Ware, and so could belong withinPhase 3, and in any case probablynot earlierthan 2b (69/P43, fig. 2.31: 5). The saggingcontouris due, perhaps,to less carefulmanufacture. DIPPER JUGS

Their functionis apparentfromthe unusual high archinghandle whichrisesfrommid-bodyto well above the rim,which it curves down to join (fig. 2.32: 1-2). The globular body with evertedlip The shape, resemblesthatof the one-handledcookingpots,thoughtheirfabricsare quite different.

THE POTTERY

205

Fig.2.32.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Dipperjugs(1-2): 1 - P15 (3; 65/P173;lb); 2 - NC (8/13;ia). Scoops {3-4): 3-P2 (E; 64/P69;ia in washwithIIIA-B); 4 - P7 (4; 66/P140;lb). Stirrup jars (5-6): 5 - P131 (IV/V;69/P62; 6-P16 P6 S-P8 ib-2); (E; 64/P19;ia); 7 (12; 66/P118;lb); (4; 66/P177;lb). Scale: 1:3.

whichis alwaysunpainted,is a featureof both Phases ia and lb and occurs veryrarelyin Phase 2a deposits,but is not attestedthereafter. TUBULAR SPOUTED JUGS / FEEDING BOTTLES

Few in number,examples were identifiedin Phases lb, 2a and 3a. Most are small (average height perhapsc. 10 cm),and forthesethetraditionalname offeedingbottleis appropriate;but one ofPhase lb is twicethatsize, its dimensionsapproachingthose of some standardjugs (66/P124, fig. 2.27: 3).

2θ6

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

All areofthesameshape(FS 162),witha globularbody,concaveneck,baskethandle,tubularspout, and ringor raisedbase. thatofstandard Decorationin Phase lb is alwayslinear,thebandingresembling jugs (plates29.1 and47.4). In Phase2a theshouldercan havea simplepattern (plate33.15).The singlelatespecimen has a wavyline(FM 53) on theshoulder(plate45 B: 9). COLLAR-NECKED

JARS

These are veryrare,and wererecognisedonlyin depositsof Phase 2a. An almostcompletelarge jar (66/P198,fig. 2.30: 3) is a fineexampleof the type(FS 63), withits globularbody,straight handlesat thebelly,and secondaryhandleson theshoulder.Decorationis neck,roundhorizontal in withadditional decoration The smaller type(FS 64) is probablyalso represented, unusually sparse. theshoulderzone (plate36.7). PIRIFORM JARS

wereidentified withhandle,bothfromPhase 2 contexts, One rimsherdand one shoulderfragment as probablyor possiblyfromthisshape(FS 37, 38, 42).

ALABASTRA

alabastron(FS 96) are recordedonlyin Phases lb and 2a, and even Examplesofthestraight-sided is thought A miniature few.Theyclearlybelongin theluxurycategory. thenextremely probablytobe an earliercast-up(66/P157,fig.2.27: 1). The in size and proportions. but differ The twoalmostcompletevesselsare bothflat-bottomed, the earlieris tallerin relationto itsdiameter(66/P176,fig.2.27: 2), whilethePhase 2a specimen, has a horizontal it plates is famousgriffin too, 35.2,67); unusually, vase, exceptionally large(64/T4a, vertical thePhase lb alabastron rim.The handlesalso differ, lugs,piercedperhapsto havingtwonearlidfoundnearby(66/P175,fig.2.27: 7); whilethegriffin securethefitting vase,whichhad a re-used handles. kylixfootfora lid (64/P4b),has threehorizontal The decorativeschemescould hardlybe moredifferent, lid) being 66/P176 (and its matching itselaborate ineverywayexceptional, vase is The with bold adorned but stripes. griffin simply strikingly overlaidin whitepainton a mattblackground. decoration pictorial ofa leggedalabastron(FS 99) was notedin a Phase2a context. A singlefragment is a largeside-handled all these to Related pyxis(FS 98) withthecollarneckand baskethandles with is unusualbuteffective, fig. the Cretan of characteristic 2.40: 4). The decoration type(66/P61, it is which under handle the arch of the ?leaf thedoublearchofthe placed. (FM 12) reflecting STIRRUP JARS

The smallstirrup jar (FS 174, 175) is foundin all phases,thoughnumbersare neverlarge,and the A fewpiecesoflargestoragejars also occurin Phase lb and 2 is mostlyveryfragmentary. material plate contexts 22.4). (e.g.66/P154, has an unusualsaggingcontourand a flatbottom(64/P19,fig. Oftherestorable vessels,theearliest usual of the are Later versions globulartypewitha ringbase (fig.2.32: 5 and 7-8), though 2.32: 6). be the Phase higher(66/P8,fig. 3 shapemay tendingtowardbiconicaland thefootdistinctly by flator oval.Sizes handles the and flat or be disk the in all coned, may phases, top 2.13: 5). Probably ware is not normal the but Phase as as occurs Ware in White A 2a, early varyconsiderably. jar Phase in even 3. superseded entirely thesamephase.Mostoftenitcomprises Thebandingdownthebodycanbe veryvaried,evenwithin There lines. thin and bands thick of combinations may be a reservedarea on the alternating Phase 2a; but in Phase 3 the lower norm the become have to this seems and lowerbody, by monochrome. be bodymay Not all jars have decorationin the shoulderzone in Phase 1. Motifs,when theyoccur,are probablysimpleand isolated,such as lozenge (FM 73), or the dot rosette(FM 27) on 64/P19 decoratedin Phase lb, tojudgebytheoccasionalsherd [fig.2.32: 6). The bellyzonewas sometimes lines withvertical (FM 53). wavy andlesssimplythanbefore(e.g.fig.2.32: In Phase2 theshoulderwasprobablyalwaysdecorated, on plate 56 A are likelyto illustrated shoulder decorated more fragments elaborately 5). Mostof An intactjar from at Lefkandi. Close true for evidence little is there but this Style phase; belongto

THE POTTERY

207

TrialC (64/P1,plate 35.3-4) is exceptionalin itsuse of added whitepaint.Again,one or more on thebodyofsomejars (e.g.66/P73,plate 48.7). decorative zonescouldbe inserted In Phase3 shoulderdecoration is simpleragain,thoughone fragmentary patch jar has triangular (FM 42) on theshoulderand a narrowzone ofzigzag(FM 61) below(plate42 C). Thereis verylittleevidenceforthedecorationof thetop disk;a spiralmaybe thenorm,butin Phase2a one disk(plate56 A:j) has triangular semi-circles (FM 43). In patch(FM 42) and concentric and can have a reservedtriangleat thetop; in Phases 1 and 2 handlesare usuallymonochrome, Phase2 occasionally handlesin Phase 3 are barred, theycarrya motif(e.g.plate 33.13). Preserved with a one vertical line. except wavy MISCELLANEOUS

Thereare a fewveryspecialisedvesselsof whichonlyone or two examplesare recorded.They includea fragmentary ashos(FS 194) with flask(FS 186) in Phase ia (plate 16 Ã 3), and a baseless in plate îb shells decoration Phase which contained sea whenfound.A (65/P156, 21.5) asymmetrical a a B: of came from Phase context rather since 2a (FS 199) (plate30 10), fragment rhyton surprisingly, at this therearehardlyanyexamplesoftheshapeelsewhere latedate.The decoration ofbivalveshell withinthisphase. sitscomfortably (FM 25) and chevrons(FM 58) in verticalregisters Of the ring-vase (FS 196) thereis a completeexamplefroma Phase lb destruction deposit(65/ Pi 72, fig. 2.27: 4), and a largefragment probablyof Phase 2a (66/P94,plate 48.6). The hatched zigzag(FM 61) on thelatteris,as one wouldexpect,a moreelaborateschemethanthesimplejoining semi-circles One othersherdin a 2a contexthas lineardecoration. (FM 42) on theformer. Coarse Wares an unusually The Phase lb destruction richcollectionofcookingpotsand storagevessels, preserved and tubs. including pithoi COOKING

POTS

On accountofthesimilarity oftheirfabricand oftheirfunction, theone-and two-handled cooking will or be considered first with vessels. The fabricis grit-tempered, sometimes pots jugs together tripod darkgreybutmoreoftendarkred witha brick-red are wetsmoothed.All are wheel core; surfaces madeand highlyfired. The smallone-handled base;its jug(FS 65) is globularinshapewithan evertedlipandflatorindented rollhandlestretches fromrimto nearmid-body The form and size are (fig.2.33). general evidently traditional andremainconstant thelifeoftheIIIC settlement, even,itseems,intoPhase3, throughout from theoneofthatstagewhichcouldbe restored indrawing. Suchminorvariations as existareequally within each and are to be of different The primary, if apparent majorphase slight likely vagaries potters. notsole,useofthisjarwasforheating as is evident from the markedsignsofburning found liquids, quite seton thehearthandplacedup againstthefire. usuallyon one faceonly.It was evidently The medium-sized two-handled in thenumberofitshandlesand itscapacitybut jug (FS 66) differs otherwise is similarin form, it though mayhavea ridgebelowtheneck.Someexamplesofthese,too, are heavilyburnton one face.Theyalso remainbasicallyunchangedin shapethroughout Phases1 and 2 (fig.2.34),and are stillin use in Phase3. The othercookingpot,however, thetripod vessel between (FS 320),mayhavealteredformradically Phasesia and ib. The evidencesuggests thata globularversion(64/P33,fig.2.35: 1) was theusual in Phase ia; it was completely versions, typecurrent replacedin lb by twoquitedifferent though someoverlapin ia cannotbe excluded.The twotypesof Phase lb tripodvesselsare bothrather shallow,wide at the top,and have two handlesfromlip to body,but theyvaryin the formof theirrims(fig.2.35: 2-5). The one has an in-turnedledgedlip, and mayalwayshave been given square-sectioned legs;theotherhas a tallcarinatedlip and roundor ovoid feet.Theywereclearly seton thefire,whichhas oftendamagedtheirlegs.Thereis no certainevidencethateitherversion continued intoPhase2. STORAGE VESSELS

The storage jar, fewof whichwere restorable,in formresemblesa muchlargerversionof the two-handled in havinga flatbottom,ledge rim,and horizontalhandles cookingjar, but differs (65/P98,fig.2.40: 7). Its size,alone,showsthatitwas suitableonlyforpurposesofstorage(though one was re-usedto covera burial).

2θ8

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

(U(1J

Fig.2.33.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Jugs,one-handled cookingpot.1 - P87 (IV, S. Room;69/P11; ia); 2 P14 (E; 64/P24;ia); 3 P5 (2; 65/P89;lb); 4 P14 (4; 66/P170;lb); 5 - P8 (C; 64/P6;2a); 6 - P30 (Build-up outsideSouthHouse;66/P12;3). Scale: 1:3.

wider The sameis trueofthetubs, whichare bothlargeand heavy.Beingopenvessels,somewhat ia in use from Phase were suitable for thantheirdepth,theywouldhavebeenmost They drystorage. are features Their common Phase lb destruction to early2a, withmostcomingfromthe deposits. handlesat horizontal nearstraight or slightly walls,a flatbase and twosubstantial carrying flaring which is either in of their the form (figs.2.36-2.38).Theydiffer ledgedand lip, mainly mid-body one somewhat the an below or is given additional somewhat resembling version lip, ridge projecting, a line of are the incision differences on some Unusual ofthecrater. alongthelip,belowit,and wavy handles. at mid-body, and stirrup-type Its Anothertypeofstoragevessel,clearlyintendedforliquids,is thelargebridge-spouted jar/crater. the on handles rim two horizontal and somewhatroundedbody,open neck,ledged placed high similar to thoseofone typeofcrater, exceptforitsadditionofa bridgespoutat the body,arefeatures

THE POTTERY

209

• vL/ 2

β

Fig.2.34 . Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Jugs,two-handled cookingpot.1 - P68 (IV, S. Room;65/P138;lb); 2- P70 (IV/VC,S. Room;69/P25;ib); 3 - P19 (11; 66/P101;ib); 4 - P17 (2/1;65/P65;2b); 5 - P14 (2; 66/P363; 2a); 6-P16 (2/1;65/P108;2b). Scale: 1:5.

21O

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

']-Φ

υ

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

-

U

1

~W ' 1 2

1/

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M

11 I I

| |

' I■

υ

3

6 Fig.2.35.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Tripodcookingpots(/~5 round-bodied, 1 - P6 4-5 carinated). (PExt;64/P33;ia); 2 P37 (9; 66/P133;ib); 5 P16 (4; 66/P329;ib); 4 P4 (2; 66/P256;ib); 5 P20 (3; 65/P194;ib). Scale: 1:4; 1 at 1:8.

rim.Two examples occurredin the Phase ib destruction(65/P202, 69/P6, fig. 2.5: 5 and plate 28.4 respectively);anotherwas brokenup to formthe basis of a clay hearth,whichprobablybelongs in Phase ia (66/P112, plate 22.5, fig. 2.25: 4). It is not recordedas being recognisedin laterlevels. The largeststoragevessel was thepithos,mostexamples ofwhichare over 1 m high(figs.2.39 and 2.41). SeveralofthePhase ib storescontaineda singlepithos,supplementedby bins ofunbakedclay, discussedbelow. Ratherunexpectedlyforsuch a specialisedvessel,theyare farfromuniform, varying in shape frompiriform to ovoid, some havinga buttonbase, othersa fairlybroad foot,and differing in decorationfromthe plain to ones havingincisionon the lip (a wavy line) and a ridgedcollar with 'pie-crust'addition. Two examples could well be fromthe same workshop,sharingthe identical

THE POTTERY

Lur

211

1 /

4 Fig. 2.36. Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase ib. Tubs. 1 - P17 (3; 65/P96); 2 - P10 (4; 66/P373); 3 - P18 (3; 65/P95); 4 - P5 (10; 66/P369). Scale: 1:6.

additionalfeaturesand withverysimilarcontours(66/P368, 65/P215, fig. 2.39: 1 and 4 respectively), in size and form.Since the only ones capable of restorationwere yet theirbases are very different in shape at otherstagescannotbe distinguished, thosein thePhase lb destruction, differences though thevessel is in evidencethroughout, even intoPhase 3. In decoration,however,thereare innovations in Phase 2, whenbody sherdsmayhave incisedzigzagon a raisedreliefband (plate 42.9), or impressed wavy line withfingerimpressions;the latteris attestedalso in Phase 3. Pithoiwere greatlyoutnumberedin Phases lb and 2 by unbakedclaybins,which could only have been used fordrystorage.In one instanceonly was enough preservedto show thattheyhad straight sides narrowingat the neck,perhaps not too dissimilarfromthe upper part of a pithos,whichthey rivalledin height.Though sizes vary,a base diameterof around 80 cm is usual. They were builtup withthickwalls in raw yellow clay usually on a bedding of shingle.Exceptional is one in Room 3 whichis rectangularand constructedagainsta wall.

212

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

4 Fig.2.37.MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phaseib. Tubs.1 - P35 (9; 66/P365);2 - NC (2; 66/P382);3 - P22 (11; 66/P370; 4 - Pg (4; 66/P371).Scale: 1:6.

One vessel,apithoidjar(69/P2,plate 28.5) in a Phase lb storeroom,sharesthesame basic features three as thepithos,but is much smaller,being about a thirdof theirsize. It is given,rathergracefully, moulded bands applied frommid to lowerbody. Its frequencyand lifecannotbe determined. MISCELLANEOUS

A fewshapes are representedby only one or two vessels,whose functionis not alwaysobvious. The larnaxor bathfoundin situin Room 11 (66/P378, fig. 2.38: 3) is handleless,but otherwise similarto the storagetubs.Whetherit servedforstorage,or as a bath,cannotbe determined. bowl withan integralstand,is a unique find The one-piecefirebox, comprisinga round-bottomed bears some resemblanceto FS 316, but withlug (65/P179, plate 29.8 and fig. 2.40: 6). The shape standseemsmorelikethatofFS 336. Tracesofburning and thetripartite handlesand no perforations; on the interioronly suggestthatitsuse was not culinary. A variantoftheusual one-handledcookingpot is a flat-bottomed jug withhighhandle(66/P308, fig. of 2.8: 2) similarto thatof the plain dipperjugs. It shows traces burningon the exterior. cupsorjugscome fromPhase 2a contexts(fig.2.40: 2 and Fragmentsoftworoughlymade carinated 3). The double handle is an unusual feature.

THE POTTERY

213

#

'

-

! (^

2

3

LH IIIC Phaseib. Tubs(1, 2) andbath(3). 1 - Pis (4; 66/P372);2 - P36 (9; 66/P381); Fig.2.38.MainExcavation. 3 -Pi (11; 66/P378).Scale: 1:6; 3 at near1:10.

214

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT loo ο ο ο ο ο

'

'

^Λ

^Λ

Ë

Fig. 2.39. Variousareas. LH IIIC Phase ib. Pithoi.1 - P3 (2; 66/P368); 2 - P35 (9; 66/P367); 5 - P34 (9; 66/P366); 4 - P10 (IV, N. Room; 65/P215). Scale: 1:10.

THE POTTERY

215

Fig.2.40.Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Miscellaneous. 1 - bowlP8 (E-J/Q;64/P71;ia); 2 - ring-handle from coarsejarNC (6; 2a); 3 ring-handle fromcoarsejar P2 (6; 66/P84;2a); 4 - pyxisP27 (8/9;66/P61;2a); 5 - mugNC Burial10; 65/P98;2b).Scalevarious. (IV; WExt;no date);6 - 'firebox' P75 (V,S. Area;65/P179;lb); 7 - pithosP32 (2/1,,

'alien' handmade vessels The eightnumberedpots can all be categorisedas cups or jars; the same is apparently trueof the uninventoried sherdsillustratedon plate 49 or noted in the statistical tables. They are characteristic of Phase 1, but numbersare alwayssmall.Singlespecimensfeaturein particularly contexts ofPhases2b and 3·27 in colourfromredtobrowntoblack, Nearlyall thehandmadevesselsareofcoarsefabric, varying withdark,oftenmottledsurfaceswhichare usually,but not always,lightlyor roughlyburnished. In technique, fabricand finishtheydiffer fromthenormalMycenaeanwaresat Xeropolis, markedly and Pophamfirmly believedthemto be 'alien' imports.Clay analysisof halfa dozen samples leftsomeroomfordoubt.28 Carinated in cupswitha tallconcaverim,highstraphandle,and flatconcavebase are introduced Phaseia, andprobably do notoutlast it(69/P72,plate49.3; another on fig.2.42: 3); theyarebelieved to be theprototype ofthelocalwheelmadecarinated cupsofthesamephase(cf.fig.2.16: 8). 27 A few pieces fromdisturbedcontextswere initiallythought to be PG. There may stillbe a slightelement of doubt in one or two cases.

28 For a summaryof the results,and of suggested origins of such pottery(includingItaly and Troy),see Jones 1986, 474-6.

2i6

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Fig.2.41.Trials.LH IIIC Phaseib. Pithoi.1 - P38 (IV, S. Room;65/P214);2 - P11 (IV/V,N. Room;66/P379). Scale: 1:10.

THE POTTERY

217

Fig. 2.42. Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Handmade vessels. 1 - jar NC (over 7 probably;69/P92; 2b/3); 2 - cup P8 (IV, N. Room; 65/P107; lb); 3 - cup, carinatedNC (8/13; ia); 4 -jar P11 (P/PExt; 69/P73; ?i/a); 5 -jug Pi (S. House, 5; 69/P17; 3). Scale various.

2i8

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Two fragments of rounded cups,also of Phase ιa, are ofverydifferent types.One (69/P90,plate at therim,witha straphandlerising above therim.Thereis the 49.2) is quiteshallow,incurving just scarofan attachment brokenoffatthetopofthehandle,possibly an animalprotome (cf.thewheelmade orpossiblya smallringhandleattached insidetherim(somewhat likethe 69/P80,plate46.5 middle), twowheelmadevesselsofPhase 2a, fig.2.40: 2 and 3). This cup is burnished on theinterior only. The othercup(orbowl)is larger, witha knobatthecurveoftheshoulderand slightscoring besidethe knob(69/P91,plate 49.1). The fabricis ratherfine,burnished insideand out. also ia in of Phase a disturbed context Trial with (from P) is a largeopen Perhaps jar,unburnished, decoration below rim plate the and fig. A (69/P73, 50 2.42: 4). straight-sided rope jar (69/P27), burnished on theexterior floorin TrialIV/V roughly only,was foundon thePhase lb destruction SouthArea.AlsoofPhase lb, a fragmentary 'bucket'hasbelowtherima raiseddecorative bandwith thumbimpressions bottom The is similar that fabric to of (plate 49.4 69/P27,veryroughly right). burnished insideand out. The wellknownso-called'Italian'cup(65/P107,plate 26.4 and fig.2.42: 2) was also foundon a Phase lb destruction floor,in TrialIV/V NorthRoom.Of convexcylindrical shape,ithas a bandof at decoration the level of It the lower handle attachment. is not burnished. impressed rope obviously A veryfewhandmadeand burnished sherdswererecoveredin contexts ofPhase 2a, all ofwhich couldbe throw-ups fromearlierlevels.A fragmentary cottar-necked jar (69/P92,fig. 2.42: 1) came froma ratheruntrustworthy context(a pit),butmaybelongin Phase 2b. Non-joining sherdsinclude of a in oval is section. The exterior burnished. handle, part roughly An incomplete insideand out,belongssecurelyin Phase 3 (69/P17,fig.2.42: 5). jar, burnished thebase is rounded,whileotherhandmadevesselsare flatbottomed. Unusually, THE POTTERY IN A WIDER CONTEXT bySusanSherratt EUBOEA, BOEOTIA, SOUTHERN THESSALY AND ΚΕΑ

Lefkandi is so fartheonlysettlement ofLH IIIC dateto havebeen excavatedin Euboea, Although othercontemporary settlement sitesare knownon the island.These includeEretria,Amarynthos and Psakhnain and Aliveri,whichalso lie on the southcoastof Euboea to the east of Lefkandi, collectedfromthese centralEuboea,in thewideplainwhichlies to thenorthof Chalcis.29 Pottery AtAmarynthos, Psakhnaand sitesis,as faras can be seen,identicalin everywayto thatofLefkandi. Aliveriitappearsto coverthephasesofLH IIIC at leastdownto Phase2. Lip-bandcups,linearand and thereis evidence monochrome and largeclosedvesselsarerepresented; deep bowlsand kylikes, decorated fortheinnovations of Phase 2, suchas reservedlines,twistedhandles,and elaborately ofmonochrome LH IIIC sherdsexcavatedfromtheacropolisat Eretriaincludefragments craters. deep bowlswithreservedlinesinsidetherim,whilea lineardeep bowl,similarto thoseofLefkandi It is notclearwhether Phase lb, has also been recoveredfromthisarea of thesite.30 any of these sitescontinuedintothe equivalentof Phase 3 at Lefkandi,sincethisphase is not quiteso easily and Psakhnahave produced in surfacesherding.However,both Amarynthos distinguishable The sherdmaterialfrommostof thesesitessuggeststhat,thoughtherewas some WhiteWare.31 as at Lefkandi, occupationin LH IIIB, and in some cases also LH IIIA, theirmainimportance, LH to the IIIC belongs period.32 on orjustinlandfromtheBoeotiancoastoppositeEuboea,at Surveysofa groupofsitesclustered havealso yieldedLH betweenChalcisand themainland, thepointwheretheEuboeanGulfnarrows A small selectionofsherds that of Lefkandi. from IIIC pottery ofa typeapparently indistinguishable Schoolat Athens,shows collectedby D. H. French(1972),and now in thecollectionoftheBritish someWhite similarto thatof all theLefkandiphases,including thatat Eleon and Dramesipottery Phase1, ofatleastLefkandi characteristic andKhaliaarefeatures whileatAnthedon Ware,is present,

29 Müller 1985; Sackett et al. 1966 30 Müller 1985, 14; Tomlinson 1994-95, 29, fig. 14; cf. figs. 2.3: 5, 2.18: 8. 31 Cf. Sackettet al. 1966. In sherd collectionof BritishSchool

at Athens:WhiteWare cratersherdwithspiraldecorationin matt red paint fromPsakhna (Cat. no. C54); White Ware amphora sherd fromAmarynthos(Cat. no. C17). 32 Cf. also Müller 1985, 14.

THE

POTTERY

219

whichalso and in thelattercase also Phase 2.33To thesecan be added thematerialfromScimatari showssomesimilarities to Phases 1-2.34As at theEuboeansites,thereis some evidenceto suggest that,whiletherewas LH IIIB and,in somecases,earlieroccupationat mostofthesesites,LH IIIC at severalofthem.35 whichseemsto have mayhave been a periodofparticular importance Pottery that certain similarities to of Lefkandi has also been recovered from the excavation ofa sequence strong ofLH IIIC buildings(including and at the site of kilns) storagepithoi Kynos(Pyrgos)nearmodern the coast on the shores of the Northern Euboean Livanates,further Gulf,thoughso faronlya up plate button-based fig. and of 1, (cf. 24.2, 2.39: 3) pithos fragments pictorialcraters, verysimilarin to those of Lefkandi Phase and scenes of in have been illustrated 2, warfare, style including shipboard accounts.36 in further inland Central a there to be relative contrast, Boeotia, preliminary By appears of LH IIIC (bycomparison withLH ΠΙΑ and B) sites.Thereis, however,someprobable scarcity fromEutresisand Orchomenos, someofwhichseemssimilarto pottery from earlyLH IIIC pottery LH IIIC pottery Lefkandi.37 fromthesiteof Kalapodi,inlandfromKynoson theborderofPhocis and East Locris,also displayssome similarities to pottery fromLefkandiPhases 1-3.38At Thebes someofthetombsoftheKolonakicemetery LH IIIC whichhas somesimilarities to produce pottery thatofbothEuboea and Attica,and whichprobablycontinues downto theend oftheperiod. At Volos,at thehead of theGulfof Pagasae,extensiveexcavationstookplace in the 1950s and 1960s,and some morelimitedsoundingshave been made since.So far,onlya smallamountof fromthissitehasbeenillustrated inpreliminary andtheprecisehistory ofitsoccupation pottery reports, is stillunclear.However,thereis everyindicationthatit was an important centrein theLH IIIC period.A largebuildingthere,builtin LH II and rebuiltin LH IIIB, was destroyed byfireprobably sometime aroundtheendofLH IIIB. The illustrated from its floors consists pottery mainlyofunpainted LH of IIIC have been found on the and thisseemsalmost However,quantities site, kylikes.39 pottery identicalwiththatfromLefkandiPhases 1 and 2.40It includeslip-bandcups,monochrome deep bowls,paintedconicalkylikes,carinatedtripodcookingpots and largeclosed vesselswithtassel decoration. Also presentare conicalbowls,and cratersdecoratedin a pictorialstyleverylikethatof with Lefkandi, warriors, goatsandfish,andwithappliedroperidgesbelowtherim.A highcylindrical with handles and legs,decoratedin an elaborateabstract pyxis highloop style,has a parallelin the without from Lefkandi Phase plate fig. 2 (cf. fragment (though legs) 42 E, 2.40: 4). The fabricofthis seemsvirtually fromthatofLefkandi.41 pottery indistinguishable Therewasno suggestion ofWhiteWarefromtheearlierexcavations atVolos,42 thoughtheLH IIIC were said to lie below a PG stratum. The excavatorfoundno evidencefora buildings immediately breakin occupation at thesite,and suggested thatthelatestLH IIIC pottery evolvedstraight intothe localPG style.A sequenceofLH IIIC to earlyPG buildinglevelsin morerecentexcavations seems to replicatethispattern, of some breakin it. generally thoughone cannotdiscountthepossibility Materialillustrated fromtheearlierbuildinglevelsin thissequenceincludessomewhichseemshighly of at least Phase 2b at Lefkandi. The materialas a wholefromtheselevelsmayinclude suggestive someWhiteWare,particularly sincethecolourofthefabricis describedas grey.43

33 BSA sherd collection Cat. nos. B8 (Eleon), B29 (Dramesi), Ci 1 (Khalia; see also Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1988). For Anthedon, see Schläger, Blackman and Schäfer 1968, 25 η. 25. Cf. also Mountjoy 1983, fig.42.23 fora LH IIIC craterfragmentfrom Eleon. Aulis (Vlicha) should probably also be included in this group of sites. Although littleLH IIIC potterywas recovered duringan excavation in the 1980s, the excavator concluded that therewas probably continued occupation in this period, albeit at a reduced level. The presence in the BSA sherd collection of an elaborately decorated LH IIIC crater rim (Cat. no. B33) would seem to supportthis.See now Sampson îqqq. 34 Cf. e.g. Mountioy 1083, figs.2*.6κ, 68-q and 26.70. 35 Cf. French 1972; Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1988. 36 Dakoronia 1985, 173-4; 19^ 68"9; 1987, pl. 135ο; 1988, pl. 125p; 1990a, pl. 84a; 1991, pl. 836; 1993, i25ff; Dakoronia 1990& 37 E.g. Mountjoy 1983, figs.9.205, 10.215, pl. 19b. 38 Seejacob-Felsch 1987. 39 lheochares 1050, figs.48~4q. 40 Popham and Milburn 1971, 348. The finalphase of Dimini Megara A and Β may overlap with Lefkandi Phase 1 (cf. now Adryme-Sisani1999-2001).

41

Popham and Milburn 1971, 348. Lip-band cup with solid paintedinteriorseen in Volos Museum (autumn1975); fragments of similarcups withlinearand solid paintedinteriorsin BSA sherd collection (Cat. no. J10). Monochrome deep bowl fragmentsin BSA sherdcollection.Paintedconical kylixfragment in BSA sherd collection; unpainted conical kylikes seen in Volos Museum (autumn 1975). Carinated cooking pot fragmentin BSA sherd collection. Pictorial craters (Theochares i960, figs.4-5); other fragments, includinghighcylindricalpyxis,seen in Volos Museum (autumn 1975). For a hydriawithtassel on the shoulder,a deep bowl with a scruffyversion of antithetic tongues, a small monochromedeep bowl withreservedline inside the rim,and a spouted craterwith'whiskers',see RMDP, figs.344.1 18, 345.121, 347.148-9. For a selectionof sherds (includingsome of LH IIIB and PG date) froma sequence of LH IIIC and PG structures from subsequent excavations, see Malakasioti 1981, pl. 154. These include fragmentsof craters,deep bowls, possiblyconical bowls, and a stirrupjar, some with the untidy abstract and pictorial decorationfamiliarfromLefkandi. λ1 Popham and Milburn 1071, 348. 43 Malakasioti 1981, 253, pl. 154; cf. above n. 41.

22O

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

At Pherai,about 15 km inland fromVolos, LH IIIC potteryhas also been found,includingsome associatedwitha kiln.It too appears to have some distinctsimilarities to thatof Lefkandi,particularly Phase It includes and ib-2a. decorated with tassels, scroll and perhaps amphoras,jugs hydrias of thick and thin with at reserved lines the bands, arrangements kylikes top of the stem,elaborately decorated cratersand some with antitheticloops, linear and monochromedeep bowls (including some witha reservedline inside the rim),deep bowls decoratedwithantithetictonguesand spirals, and a fragment of conical bowl.44 At Ayia Irinion Kea, to the southof Euboea, potterywithsome distinctechoes of thatof Lefkandi Phases 2b~3 is associated withthe last use of the Late Bronze Age Temple. This potteryincludes severalpieces of WhiteWare,almostidenticalin fabricand decorationto those of Lefkandi.45 Neckhandled amphorasand conical bowls are among the shapes whichthe island shareswiththeselater stagesof Lefkandi.Althoughthe Temple had a long complicatedhistorywhich perhaps continued the LH IIIC period,littlehas as yetbeen illustratedwhichbelongs to a stageof LH IIIC throughout earlierin appearance thanthatof LefkandiPhase 2. A deep bowl withelaboratepanel and antithetic spiraldecorationfromthelowerLH IIIC levels,and kylikeswithmultiplereservedlines froma later level (cf.fig. 2.18: 2), show thathere too the more elaboratecharacteristics of Phase 2 at Lefkandi were present.46 The linear cups and monochromedeep bowls found among the potteryfromthe Templemaywell,as at Lefkandi,have a long historyon theisland,goingback to thebeginningofLH IIIC or the finalstagesof LH IIIB.47 It thusappears that,in the LH IIIC period,therewas a thrivingcommunityof sites,dottedalong the shoreson eitherside of the Euboean Gulfand the Gulfof Pagasae and linkedwiththe nearbyisland of Kea and almostcertainlyalso the shoresof easternAttica,which shared a more or less common styleof pottery,and at which common changes in the developmentof the potterytook place. The appearance of White Ware, at least at the Euboean and Boeotian coastal sites and on Kea, may suggestthatthe same clay sourcesand workshopsserveda fairlywide area.48 Comparison Between the LH IIIC

Pottery of Lefkandi and Mycenae

For themostpart,thebroad trendsin LH IIIC potterydevelopmentat Lefkandireplicatein a general way those seen in a verymuch wider area of the Greek mainland and the Aegean islands,though the details of that development may differ,in terms both of shapes employed and decorative styles and motifspreferred.Some of these similarities and differencescan be brought into focus particularlyclearly througha comparison of the potteryfromLefkandiwith that fromthe area of the Citadel House at Mycenae in the centralArgolid,which,like Lefkandi,has produced information on the LH IIIC LH IIIC sequence and forwhichsome statistical evidencefora stratified available.49 is also pottery

44 Batziou-Efstathiou

1994, 217-22, figs. 6-17; cf. Kakavogiannis 1977, fig.5. 45 Caskey 1972, ct. especially pl. 90.M5 (conical bowl), pl. 98. Mi 2 (White Ware neck-handled amphora), pl. 98.M15-17 (WhiteWare craters).With the exception of M 17, which comes fromRoom V oftheTemple and whichmay have been deposited slightlyearlierthanthe others,these all come fromCorridorVII where a group of pots shattered by the final collapse of the was found.Cf. also Caskey 1984 fora summaryaccount structure of the LH IIIC potteryfromthe Temple. 46 Caskey 1964, pl. 62b (cf.Caskey 1984, fig.6b): deep bowl fromRoom IV/lowerlevels of Room 3; Caskey 1972, pl. 98.M12 (cf. Caskey 1984, fig. 9h) kylikesfromsmall shrine Β Β (the latestarchitecturalphase of the Temple). 47 For monochrome deep bowls among LH IIIB potteryfrom theisland,cf.Caskey 1972, pl. 97.234. For LH IIIC potteryfrom graves on Kea, now in Bonn Museum, see RMDP 1999, fig. 361.74-7. This reveals resemblancesto potteryfromthe Perati cemeteryin eastern Attica,especially in the cases of a lentoid flask and a stirrupjar decorated on the shoulder with the triangular flowers particularly characteristic of Perati and elsewhere in Attica. It suggeststhat,perhaps, were something known of potteryfromthe settlementwhich accompanies the Perati cemetery,it, like that of the Temple at Ayia Irini, might

well display similaritiesto thatof Lefkandi.For LH IIIC pottery fromthe steep island which dominates the Porto Raphti bay at Perati,cf. Hood 1966, and sherds in the collection of the BSA withelaboratepanel (Cat. no. An). Apartfroma craterfragment decoration,however, these add littleto what is already known fromthe cemetery. 48 Cf. on this Jones 1986, 476, where a common originforthe Lefkandiand Kea White Ware is stronglysuggested. 49 ParticularlyfromTrenchGamma 32, excavated in the years 1964, 1966 and 1969 in a sector adjacent to the inner face of the Cyclopean Citadel Wall in the westernmost part of the Citadel House area (see Taylour 1981, plan 2). In general, one would wish to express a caveatagainst taking comparisons of statistical informationtoo literally, since the proportions of different typesmay be at least partlydependenton the functional contextsfromwhich the potteryderives. This poses a particular when, as at most settlementsites (includingLefkandi difficulty and Mycenae), so much of the sherd materialwhich formsthe basis of statistical information is the result of secondary deposition. However, at both sites thereis no verygood reason to suppose that the fill and wash material which make up the immediatecontextsof a high proportionof LH IIIC sherdsdid not forthe most part derive originallyfromcontextsof a more or less domestic character.

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On thewhole,thegeneraltrendsat bothsitesare remarkably similar.50 At boththereis an initial LH in of which is a small IIIC decoration restricted to number of shapes,and in stage patterned whichpatterns, whentheydo occur,consistmainlyofsimplemotifs, or motifs whichcontinuethose ofLH IIIB. Bothsitesthengo through a middlestageofexuberant decoration whichseemstodevelop a than and is found on much wider of and is basedon some which before, quiterapidly range shapes At new motifs and new decorative ideas. the same the total of time, range shapesis widened completely the introduction of in last LH new vessel the of IIIC bothat Mycenaeand by stages types.Finally, thereis something ofa ceramicrecession, seenin a morelimitedrangeofshapes,and in a Lefkandi, return Atboththereis an increasing tothesimplest ofpatterns. use ofmonochrome coatingand solid LH and at a similar interiors which both trendcan be IIIC; painted progresses steadilythroughout seenin thegradualdisappearance ofunpaintedshapes. in shapeand decoration whichoccurin theLH IIIC ofLefkandi correlate Manyoftheinnovations in not with at successive though developments Mycenae. This approximately, always detail, is particularly trueoftheearlyphaseswhen,it seems,theArgolidand Euboea mayhavemaintained the ceramiclinksor similarities(whateverthe mechanismsresponsibleforthem)whichstill in lateLH IIIB.51Roughlyspeaking, Phase ia echoesthesequence existed,at leastto someextent, at the Earliest and with features such as lip-bandcups Tower represented Mycenaeby phases,52 at linear rounded or some cases carinated bowlswithhorizontal (fig.2.15: 1-3), (in Mycenae)softly vessels with hollowed linear bowls closed 2.1: 12, 14),54large (fig. straphandles,53 deep slightly and coarse handmade ware carinated and rims, square-legged tripodcookingpots,55 alreadypresent intheEarliestphaseatMycenae,andothers, andmonochrome suchas carinated cups(fig.2.1: 1-5),56 not attestedin significant quantitiesuntilthe deep bowls (fig. 2.1: 13) and conical kylikes,57 Towerphase(fig.2.43).

50 One mightalso include Tirynsin thiscomparison,since the sequence and characterof LH IIIC potteryfromthatsite seems to all intents and purposes indistinguishable from that of Mycenae, as is its fabric. For LH IIIC pottery from various sectors of Tiryns, see Gercke and Hiesel 1971; French and French 1971; Gercke and Hiesel 1975; Kilian and Podzuweit 1978; Podzuweit 19780; Podzuweit 1979; Podzuweit 1981; Knell and Voigtländer1981; Podzuweit 1983; Podzuweit 1988. For the relationshipbetween the sequences at Mycenae and Tiryns,see Deger-Jalkotzy1994, fig.1. Elsewhere in the Argolid,settlement potteryof similar appearance to that of the Earliest phase at Mycenae comes fromIria (Döhl 1973). At Korakou in Corinthia, the sequence of LH IIIC potterycan also be compared withthat of the Earliest to Advanced phases at Mycenae (Rutter 1974). At Asine (Frödin and Persson 1938; Furumark 1941 b, 72, 76; 1944, 231; cf. also Frizell 1986) the stylisticaffiliationsof both the tomb pottery(insofaras it is possible to compare this) and potteryfromthe settlement(cf.especiallyHouses G and H), seem to lie for the most part less with the rest of the Argolid than with the coasts and islands of the Aegean (including Lefkandi and particularlyPerati), particularlyin the middle and later stages of LH IIIC, though generalised and a few specific resemblancesto the Developed to Latest phases at Mycenae can also be noted. At the same time,Asine has its own elaborate style of decoration which, with the exception of a single true Close Style stirrupjar (Frödin and Persson 1938, fig. 260.3), is quite different fromArgive Close Style. This suggeststhatthe pottery ofAsine,as a whole,is betternot lumped withthe centralArgolid and Corinthia. 51 Cf. Sherratt 1980, fig. 10. 52 For very briefsummarydescriptionsof the individual LH IIIC phases fromthe Citadel House Area at Mycenae, see MDP, l35> !5Ö, 182; and cf. French 1998. The original basis for the distinctionof five successive phases (in MDP the Early, Tower, Developed, Advanced and Final phases) was provided in the first instanceby the materialfromTrench Gamma 32. 53 E.g. MDP, fig.197.1. 54 At Mycenae,lineardeep bowls oftentake the formof a deep bowl witha singleband at the rim ('medium band deep bowls'). These become particularlyfrequentin the Tower phase there.In addition,several patterndecorated deep bowls fromthe Earliest

phase at Mycenae, like those of LefkandiPhase 1a, have no band at the rim (cf.LH IIIB Group A typedeep bowls) (cf.e.g. plate 55Ί4)· 55 At Lefkandi the square legs are found on rounded tripod vessels; the carinatedexamples have more rounded-profilelegs. At Kandia and Iria in the Argolid,however,square legs are found on carinatedtripodvessels (Döhl 1973, 177.H10, pl. 75.1-2). At Mycenae, a single square leg is known fromthe Earliest phase in the Citadel House, and carinatedtripodvessels are definitely attested in the Tower phase. A carinated tripod cooking pot resemblingthose fromthe early stages of LH IIIC at Lefkandi and Mycenae, and possibly also with square legs, is also found at Athens (Broneer 1939, fig.81a; cf. fig. 2.35: 2-5). Also presentboth in LefkandiPhase 1a and the Earliestphase at Mycenae are ordinarywheelmade cooking pots (smallishjarorjug-shapedvessels witheitherone or two verticalhandles from the rim,cf. fig. 2.2: 7) virtuallyindistinguishablefromthose of LH IIIB, and similar to ones of probably roughlysimilar date from Iria and Athens. These continue into Phases 2 and 3 at Lefkandi.For a descriptionof the standardwheelmade cooking pot ware, cf. Döhl 1973. The largerjar/jug-shapedcooking pots with one or two vertical handles recovered fromPhase lb at Lefkandi (plate 23.1-2, 4, 6) also findparallels at Mycenae and Iria in the Argolid and at Athens,while Iria and Athenslikewise supply parallels for the few Phase lb deep spouted craters(FS 298. plate 22.5) in a similarware. 56 Carinated cups like those of LefkandiPhase 1 are also found at Tiryns, Korakou and Corinth (Rutter's Phase 2: cf. Rutter 1977, 2; 1979, 365), Teichos Dymaion (Mastrokostas 1965, pl. 171; Schachermeyr1976, fig.40) and Athens (Agora Museum AP3010, AP 3017-18). The type of handleless carinated cup fromLefkandiPhase ia shown on fig. 2.16: 9 also occurs in the Tower phase at Mycenae, and at Korakou (Rutter1974, 64 no. 7). 57 The monochrome deep conical kylikes (FS 274) of Phase îa-b (cf. fig. 2.17: 2) are also found in the Cyclades, Kos (Morricone 1965-66, fig.321) and Chios (Hood 1982, 594 and fig. 26). They probably represent a coated version of a widespread LH IIIB unpainted shape, which is still also found in unpainted formin LefkandiPhase 1a.

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Fig. 2.43. Mycenae,Citadel House (TrenchGamma 32). Selectedfeaturesby phase.

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Itsmonochrome withboththeTowerandDevelopedphasesat Mycenae.58 Phaselb has similarities in innovations suchas tassel are found both of these bowls and linear although phases, deep kylikes and crossedloopson thehandlesoflargeclosedvesselsseemto appearsomewhat and scrollpatterns attestedthereuntil laterat Mycenae.59 Indeed,thelattertwoformsof decorationare not certainly theAdvancedphase. ofelaboratedecoration, reserved andreserved bases Phase2a whichbringstheintroduction lines,60 and new shapessuchas the trefoil-lipped and decorated has some on deep bowls,61 kalathos, jug Neck-handled obviousparallelsin the Developed and Advancedphases at Mycenae.62 amphoras (FS 70) seemtoappearatMycenaearoundthesametime.Thislastshapeis generally quitewidespread in theeasternmainlandand theAegeanislandsin midto latestagesofLH IIIC. The wavyline decorations on craters, jugs,jars and cups whichbelongto Phases 2b and 3 at Lefkandi findsomeparallelsin theLatestphaseat Mycenae.63 Whilethesimilarities, bothin overalltrendsandtheintroduction ofcommonfeatures at Lefkandi and atMycenae,areimpressive, therearecertaindifferences. in theapparentabsence Theseconsistpartly ofcertainshapesand decorative schemesat one siteor theother,and partlyin therelativeemphasis on different vessel of thissortneed placed types.Althoughone cannotbe certainthatdifferences be in this case seem marked and consistent to be worthnoting. always significant, they sufficiently The differences becomeparticularly in final the LH at of IIIC each site. apparent stage As faras shapesareconcerned, one ofthemostconspicuous features whichbothMycenaeandTiryns and Lefkandi lacks is the shallow with bowl a produce angular sharpcarination highup lyingfairly thebodyand generally standardised decoration ofone band overtheexterior rim,and on theinside bandsbelowtherim,at thecarination and on thelowerbody.64 Thisshape,whichis one ofthemain features oftheAdvancedphaseatMycenaeandis alsowellrepresented amongtheAcropolisFountain materialat Athens,65 is totallyabsentat Lefkandi, its theroundedbowl with although forerunners, horizontal handles and linear decoration and the (FS 295), strap unpaintedshallowangularbowl whichis foundat manysitesin LH IIIB, occurin Phase ia contexts (figs.2.40: 1, 2.1: 6-7). On the otherhand,Lefkandi's conicalbowls,whichstartin Phase 2 and are particularly in Phase numerous The twoshapesmaywellhavebeenusedformuchthe 3, areveryrareatbothMycenaeandTiryns.66 samepurposes.The conicalbowls,together withcertainrareshapessuchas thecylindrical pyxiswith

58 The Developed phase at Mycenae probablyrepresentslittle more than a brieftransitionbetween the firststylistically distinct LH IIIC (Tower) phase and the highly elaborate (Advanced) phase which follows. At Tiryns roughly equivalent potteryis foundamong the latestpotteryfromthe excavations outside the north-westwalls and inside the Unterburg in a complex of buildingswhich firstcame into use in mid-LH IIIC (Kilian and Podzuweit 1978, fig.41b, 476 fig.35, 495f fig.36.1-6, 8, 10; cf. Podzuweit 10780; Knell and Voigtländer1081, Horizons II- III). 59 The distributionof the tassel motifseems curiouslypatchy. For instance,it is apparentlyabsent fromthe Acropolis Fountain material at Athens, despite the considerable number of amphoras,jugs and hydriasrepresented(Broneer 1939, figs.745, 78-9). There is also very littletrace of this motifat Perati. It is not found on Naxos and thereare only a couple of examples fromMelos and Paros (cf.Schilardi 1984, 204), and it is also rare in the Dodecanese (cf.Morricone 1965-66, fig. 112, which may however be imported). There is, however, a neck-handled amphora with scroll and tassel decoration from Emborio on Chios. 60 By the end of the middle stages of LH IIIC the reserved line (particularlysinglyinside the rimsof deep bowls and other open shapes) appears to be a more or less universalfeature. 61 Also found at Perati fromPhase II, at Athens (cf. Agora Museum P17321/OA 1121, P17317/OA 1117 fromthe Agora, thoughapparentlynot, surprisingly, among the Fountain House material)and on Naxos. 62 These include carinatedcraters(cf.MDP, pattern-decorated fig.224.1-2,4) whichseem to be of more or less similarshape to the type withhorizontalloop handles sited well up the body of the pot found in Lefkandi Phase 2a, which is also occasionally pattern-decorated. The one illustrated in MDP, fig. 224.1

preservesthe root of a horizontalloop handle. As faras I know, however,thereis no evidence at Mycenae of the groovingfound on some Lefkandiexamples. 63 Cf. e.g. MDP, fig. 253. Cups with wavy lines (Lefkandi Phases 2D-3; Mycenae Advanced but particularlyLatest phase) are also representedin House G and elsewherein the settlement at Asine (cf. Frödin and Persson 1938, 298frnos. 12, 12b, 14, fig. 208.5). 64 Cf. e.g. MDP, fig. 233.1. b5Broneer 193Q, figs.6ia-b, 62d. 66 Apart fromKea, these are also found in some quantityat Peratiin easternAtticawhere theyfirstappear regularlyin Perati Phase II and continuein Phase III. Like the LefkandiPhase 2-3 examples they are distinctlyconical in shape, and have fairly standardiseddecorationof a monochromeinteriorand a lip and sometimesbody band on theoutside.Fromone ofthePeratiPhase I tombscomes a singleexample of a semi-globularbowl withone handle, which may be a forerunnerof the later bowls. Like the early examples of thistypefromLefkandi(cf.fig. 2.19: 1, 4, 5), thisone is more globularin profilethan the laterones, and lacks their standardised decoration. Apart from Euboea and Attica (wheretheyalso occur at Athens:Broneer 1939, figs.59a, 6oj-k), conical bowls with the same standardised shape and roughly similarlinear decorationare foundin the Dodecanese (e.g. Mee 1982, pl. 39.1; also one fromthe Ialysos cemeteryin the BSA sherdcollection[Box V 44, 3]), the Cyclades (includingNaxos and Melos. Kardara 1977, pl. 45c-d; Mountjoy 1984, fig.7.161), on Chios (Hood 1982, nos. 2704-5, 2709; cf. also Ashmolean Museum 1962.310), witha single outlierat Tragana in Messenia (Kouroniotis1914, fig.6). They also occur at Maa-Palaeokastro in western Cyprus (cf. Karageorghis and Demas 1988, pl. CXLIII.574) and at Tarsusin Cilicia (French 1975, fig. 14).

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higharchinghandles (plate 42 Ü),67a couple of cups withdipped solid semi-circledecoration(cf.fig. 2.16: 4),68and possiblythe somewhatamphoroidappearance of one of the Phase 2a carinatedcraters (fig. 2.10: 7),69reflectLefkandi's rathercloser links in mid-LH IIIC with the islands of the east, centraland southernAegean - linksalso hintedat ratherearlierby thepresenceof suchimportsas a jar of CypriotBase Ring bowl fragment(plate 46.3)70and a LM IIIB-early LM IIIC octopus stirrup westCretan (Chaniot)fabric(plate 56 B).n Trays,too, whichdo not appear to be foundat Mycenae, withexamplesknownmainlyfromtheDodecanese, seem to have a predominantly Aegean distribution, Crete,the Cyclades and the coastal siteof Asine.72Anothershape of whicha veryfewexamples are foundin LefkandiPhase lb and also at Peratiand on Rhodes in LH IIIC, butwhichMycenae appears to lack,is the deep bowl withverticalhandles (FS 289; plate 17.9, fig. 2.16: 3).73 While cups withlineardecorationare knownat bothLefkandiand Mycenae and Tiryns,therelative In Phases 1 and 2a at Lefkandi,lip-bandcups represent oftheirrepresentation differs strength markedly. even of the total 20% allowingforpossibleconfusionbetweenfragments something approaching pottery, of these and of deep bowls. There is littlesign of themever being quite so numerousat Mycenae, and thereis also a even in the Earliestphase whichproducesthe greatestnumberof cup fragments;74 from the houses outsidethe northLH settlement IIIC small of pottery proportion cups among very small at and in both the westwalls at Tiryns.75 Instead, deep bowls and Tiryns, Mycenae earlyphases othersmall bowl shapes,includingroundedbowls withhorizontalstraphandles,probablyservedas themain decorateddrinkingvessels.In Phase 2a at Lefkandi,whichis the lastphase to producelarge numbersofcups,smalldeep bowls make theirfirstappearance; and in Phase 2b, when thenumberof one-handleddeep bowls and conicalbowlsbecome prominentfeatures. cups has declinedsignificantly, is time Phase the 3 reached,it is quite likelythatthe conical bowls have largelytaken over the By functionof cups. A similarpattern,but withdifferent results,may be seen at Mycenae,where,in the bowls of standardisedformand small deep bowls, shallow and Advanced angular phases, Developed small bowl shapes. Kylikes,like cups,seem to the earlier 'negative'deep bowls,76displace particularly

67 Cf. above, fora legged example fromVolos. This typewith high archinghandles (which,as on the example fromVolos, is sometimes supplied with legs) is a shape very much more common on Crete than on the Greek mainland, and with an earlierhistoryon thatisland (cf.Tzedakis 1969, pl. 443g; 1970, pl. 4ioa-b forLM IIIB examples fromChania; cf. also Popham 1967, pl. gob-c; MP, 102). Elsewhere,apart fromLefkandiand Volos, LH IIIC examples are found at Athens (Broneer 1933, fig.39a-b; 1939, fig.66a) and on Naxos. A closely related type, handles and withor withoutlegs, is found withslightlydifferent at Perati (Perati II, figs. 81-2.1114, from a tomb [no. 147] assigned to Phase I), at Tragana in Messenia (Kouroniotis1914), and in Achaea (Papadopoulos 1978, fig. 146a). Examples of similartypes of pyxides are also found in the Dodecanese (cf. e.g. Morricone 1965-66, fig.310.277; 1972-73, fig. 178). 68 Cf. Perati (several examples). This class of cup firstappears duringPhase II at Perati and continuesin Phase III. A similar techniquewas oftenemployed by Minoan pottersfromLM ΠΙΑ onwards (cf. Kanta 1980, 267), and is found at Karphi on a jug as well as on cups (Seiradaki i960, 20). It is also foundon cups in the Dodecanese (Iacopi 1932-33, figs. 159, 178; Morricone 1972-73, figs.59, 81). On the Greek mainland such cups are so farpeculiar to Perati,Lefkandiand Tiryns(Podzuweit 1979, figs. 43.7, 49), though solid semi-circlesof similar appearance, but produced by paintingratherthan dipping,are also foundon the exteriorsonly of kylikesfromLefkandi(fig. 2.18: 1), a cup and kylikesfromAthens (Broneer 1939, fig. 57b,e-g), and a kylix fromAsine (Furumark1044, fig.4.1 A). 69 Though this example has been classed with the carinated craters, its very straight neck suggests at least a passing resemblance to the amphoroid crater (cf. FS 57), which in LH IIIC is a type particularlycharacteristicin the east Aegean (including the Dodecanese, Miletus and Chios) and Crete (cf. also Courtois 1973). If it does owe anythingto the amphoroid cratershape, it may be one of a number of features(including the trayshape, the cups withdipped semi-circledecoration,the conical bowls,and perhapsalso the robustpictorialscenes) which hint at links between Lefkandi and the central and eastern Aegean (includingKos), particularlyin Phase 2. The occasional addition of a wavy line on the exteriorsof kalathoi in Phase 2a

can also be paralleled in the Dodecanese, at Miletus, on Chios and on Naxos. 70 From an unstratified fillin the southernarea of Trial IV/V (see above, p. 131). 71 From an LH IIIB-IIIC or possibly Phase ia context in Room 1 1. 72 Seiradaki i960, fig. 6 (Crete); Mountjoy 1984, 237, fig. 7.315 (Melos) A tray simply decorated in monochrome with reserved lines, and with the remains of three double-fluted handles and bars along the rim (cf. fig. 2.26: 1) was found on the floor of House G at Asine (Frödin and Persson 1938, fig. 109.3). Anotherdecorated on the inside withuntidytransverse lines and a wheel motif(FM 17.29) was built into the walls of House H, constructedabove House G (Furumark1944, fig.4.18). Both seem reminiscentof the styleor the spiritof some Phase 2b and 3 traysfromLefkandi. 73 Since thereare unpaintedLH I11B examples tromMycenae and other Argive sites (cf. Wardle 1969, FS 288), this shape may represent the infrequent painted continuation of an LH IIIB shape. 74 Somethinglike 2% of the painted potteryfragmentsfrom the materialof thisphase fromTrenchGamma 32 in the Citadel House Area. 75 Cf. Kilian and Podzuweit 1978, fag.44. 76 This term is used to describe deep bowls on which the decoration of monochrome with multiplereserved lines, which is a particularfeatureof deep bowls in the Argolidand Corinthia and occasionally also found in Attica in mid-LH IIIC (the Advanced phase at Mycenae) is, as it were reversed.Inside, they are similar,withmultiplereservedlines at the rimand sometimes covering the entire body as well. Outside, instead of monochromepaint witha series of reservedlines,theyhave fine lines of black or dark-brown painted on the creamy white background of the clay. Like their monochrome counterparts they often have dotted rims, and the handles are usually decorated withmultiplesplashes of paint. Like those of some of the deep bowls withmultiplereservedlines, theirrim diameters are generally small (c. 12-13 cm). Such 'negative' deep bowls occur only in the Argolid,thougha similartype is known from Attica.For an illustration,see MDP, fig.229.1.

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225

as cups,theynevertheless seemin neverso numerous fromPhase2b. Although peteroutat Lefkandi formlessthan1% of herethanat Mycenae,wheretheyconsistently generalto be betterrepresented thetotalpaintedpottery. The shallowconicalkylix(FS 275) whichfirst appearsin Phase lb, withits the standarddecoration of a narrowband at therimand painton thewholelowerbodyincluding footand stem,and monochromeinteriorwithreservedspot (cf.fig. 2.17: 1, 5), is particularly characteristic ofLefkandiand itssurrounding region,thoughsimilarkylikesare also foundin Attica, in a relatively and probablyfrom theArgolidand Corinthia earlystageofLH IIIC and (morerarely, in western a slightly laterstage)in Naxos,theDodecanese,77 Creteand at Maa-Palaeokastro Cyprus.78 decoratedversionsofPhase 2, including thosewith The slightly lesscommon,butmoreelaborately severalreservedlineson thestem(figs.2.17: 4, 6-8, 2.18: 1-2, 5), are foundnotonlyon Kea, but and at Asineon thecoastofthesouthern also in Atticaand Corinthia Argolid.79 in decoration mostoftheperiod. Thereare similarities betweenLefkandiand Mycenaethroughout Tasselsand scrollson the shouldersand verticalwavybands and crosseson the handlesof large ofa similar linesandbases,elaboratedecoration closedvessels,reserved consisting rangeofindividual and other features are common to both,though with several decoration,80 motifs, experiments plastic This can thesequenceoftheirappearanceis notalwaysdirectly comparable. perhapsbe seenmost and Advanced in and the Lefkandi Phase 2 2a) phasesat Mycenae, Developed (particularly clearly similarities. These similarities in also the which some sense see applynotonly perhaps greatest phases and ofnewshapes,butalso todetails decoration ofelaborateandpictorial tothegeneralproliferation on carinated animalheadcrater ofornament. Plasticroperidges, handles,animalprotomes (particularly individual motifs such as antithetic the occasional use of added white bichrome, tongues, paint,82 cups),81 filledantithetic arc birdsand scale triangles, concentric semi-circles, spirals,concentric elaborately inthevarying therearesomedifferences, goatsoccuratbothsites.Nevertheless, particularly deployment theinfluence of different modelsand whichmayreflect ofa commonstockofdecorativeelements, of externalcontact.Despitetheexistenceof manyof the degreesand directions possiblydiffering thereis, forinstance, sameelementsand ofthesameimaginative nothing approachto composition, the horror vacui and detailed miniaturisation oftheArgiveClose to obsessive verycloselycomparable and insteadgreateremphasisis placed on considerably cruderand moreopen, Styleat Lefkandi,83

77 Maiuri 1923-24, fig. 104 78 Karageorghisand Demas 1988, pl.78.418. 79 The very few shallow conical kylikes (FS 275) which the cemeteryof Peratihas produced have reservedlines on the stem [PeratiII, fig.87.435; c^· Lefkandi,fig. 2.17: 4, 6, 8). For a similar kylixfromAthens,see Broneer 1939, fig.57e. 80 These include, in addition to such featuresas animal head handles and rope ridgeson craters,which are foundin Phase 2a at Lefkandi(cf.plate 32.1-2) and the Developed and Advanced phases at Mycenae (as well as elsewhere in the Argolid and at Athens), the applied rope ridges and raised bands with indentedwavy lines and thumbprints foundon pithosfragments associated with the destructionof the Phase 2a buildings (cf. e.g. plate 38 C: 3). Both rope ridges and relief bands with indented thumbprintsoccur on pithoi at Mycenae and other sites,however,fromLH IIIB onwards (cf.e.g. Wace et al. 1955, pl. 28d; Bennett 1958, fig. 65; Verdelis 1962, fig. 33; Frizell 1978, fig.75). 81 At Lefkandi far (so apparentlyuniquely)these already occur in Phase 1a, probablyin connectionwiththe small carinatedcups (plate 46.5). In Phase 2a theyseem to be associated particularly with the large grooved carinated cups found in that phase (cf. plate 46.2, fig. 2.16: 11; and for handles with animal heads which may have broken offroughly similar types of cup, see plate 46.5, fig. 2.16: 12). It seems quite likelythatboth protomes and cups reflectthe influenceof metal forms,perhaps ultimately of centralMediterraneanmanufacture(cf. Matthäus 1980, 274, pl. 49.41 2-41 2A for cast bronze handles in the formof bulls' heads fromTomb A at Mouliana on Crete, though possibly in this case froma differentshape; for the central Mediterranean links of the carinated cup shape generally, cf. Popham and Milburn 1971, 338-40 withn. 8). For examples of animal head

protomes from Mycenae, cf. Wace et al. 1921-23, fig. lid; Mylonas 1966, pl. 38 (from a decorated carinated cup). The more elaborately decorated small carinated cups (with which animal protomes are sometimesassociated) which occur in the Argolid and Corinthiain the middle stage of LH IIIC (examples from Mycenae, Tiryns, Asine [Frödin and Persson 1938, fig. 260.8] and Korakou) have not, however, so far been found at Lefkandi. 82 Apart from the Argolid and Euboea, added white paint has a relativelywide distributionmainlyin the middle stages of LH IIIC, occurring variously in the Cyclades, Messenia, Kephallenia and Crete. From the Perati cemetery in eastern the only example of thispracticeis Attica,perhaps surprisingly, foundon a kalathoswithmourningfigureson the rimfromTomb 5 (assigned to PeratiPhase I) (PeratiIII, pl. 51b). This particular pot has closest parallels in the Dodecanese, on Naxos and possiblyalso in Crete (PeratiI, T. 5.65; cf.e.g. Desborough 1964, pl. 7a; MP, 70 n. 8), and may indeed be an import from the Dodecanese. 83 For a tinyfragmentof imported Close Style froma Phase 2a context,see plate 40 A: 11. Another tinyfragmentfroman open shape (possibly a bowl) was found in the same context.It is of lovely polished creamy fabricwithvery dark brown paint; solid-paintedin, withexteriordecorationof horizontalzigzag and part of a concentricarc pattern.Genuine Close Styleis confined to the centralArgolid and Corinthia,thoughit appears to have some influenceon Attica and perhaps Naxos, possibly through Attica. Rare Close Style imports are also known from the Dodecanese, Achaea, Athens (Broneer 1939, fig.46η), Kalapodi (Jacob-Felsch1987, fig.49) and Monemvasia (Epidauros Limera) (Demakopoulou 1982, pl. 60.136).

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MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

butnonetheless andpictorial on craters),84 also and,toa lesserextent, lively,abstract styles(especially on theuse ofreservedpatternelements(cf.e.g. plate 30.B5) whichin generalfindgreatest favour in different in Attica,Creteand Cyprus.85 Evenin its'closest'decorative schemesthe forms) (though of Lefkandineverquitematchesthefinicky and thereis pottery precisionof Close Stylepainting, less patienceforcoveringtheentiredecoratedarea of a pot withzigzags,scale triangles, generally and whirlsofone sortor another. ofthis,is Lefkandi's arcs,rosettes Symptomatic penchantforshort squigglylines (cf.plates 31.4, 34.2, fig. 2.7: 4), whichare always,somehow,muchmoreuntidy oftheClose Style. lookingthantheprecisezigzagscharacteristic is the absence at Lefkandi of theexuberant use ofmultiple reserved lineson deep striking, Equally combined withdottedrims,andthe'negative' bowls in which are found the Advanced bowls,often deep at n. At Lefkandi the use of reserved lines is limited on above, (see 76). phase Mycenae deepbowlsto atmostone insidetherimandperhapsa coupleon thelowerbody.86 AtMycenae,theuse ofmultiple reservedlines,dottedrimsand 'negative'decorationextendsto deep bowls decoratedin the Close Style,and this- andthesimilarities offabricandpaint- suggest thatthesame contemporary was for both. workshop probablyresponsible A comparison betweenLefkandiPhase 1 and the earlyphasesat Mycenaealso showsvarying on some minorfeatures thana fundamentally rather different emphasis rangeofshapesanddecorations. Themuchstronger in of and Lefkandi Phase 1 hasalreadybeenmentioned; representationcups kylikes butthereare also someminordifferences in thedecorationof deep bowls.On thewhole,pattern decorateddeep bowlsare morecommonat Mycenae;and thedecoration oflineardeep bowlsalso differs The of linear bowls at Lefkandi are slightly. majority deep providedwitha band or bands roundthebellyand thebase as wellas at therim,whileat Mycenaesimplerdecoration ofbanding at rim a the is more noticeable feature.87 On and the characteristic thickonly jugs,amphoras hydrias, thin-thick of Lefkandi's Phase lb is not at banding apparent Mycenae.88 Phase3 at Lefkandi and theLatestphaseat Mycenaearecharacterised which byfewerinnovations can be used as a measureof similarity. Each resemblesthe otherin thatit is basicallya limited continuation of whathas gone before,characterised rangeof shapesand by by a circumscribed A in decoration. difference arises the decoration ofdeep bowls.The LH comparatively simple major at Lefkandi, IIIC settlement so far,has producedno signofdeep bowlswitha narrowreservedzone betweenthehandles,sometimes filledwitha horizontal wavylineor zigzag.These are particularly in the as a which fromtheLatestphaseat Mycenaeto Argolid type rightthrough important persists AtLefkandi, thePG period.89 are characteristic of the too,they earlyPG pottery.90

84 Athensalso producesa greatdeal ofgenerallyratherroughly drawn pictorialand abstractdecoration,stronglyreminiscentof LefkandiPhase 2, on craters,deep bowls and kalathoi (Broneer 1939, figs.27, 30-3, 37J,38c, 78p; cf. also Townsend 1955, pl. 75.24). Many of the Athens cratershave decorated rims,and a large number have plastic rope ridges (Broneer 1939, fig. 27). Only a minorityof cratershave monochrome interiors,and in this there is perhaps a greater resemblance to the position at Lefkandi than at Mycenae where, by the Developed phase, almost all cratershave a monochrome coating inside. For the additionalpossibilityofWhiteWare craters,or cratersresembling LefkandiWhite Ware examples, at Athens,see below n. 93. The settlement pottery from Serraglio on Kos has also producedevidence of a typeofpictorialdecoration,foundmainly on amphoroid or deep bowl cratersand consistingof complete pictorialscenes oftenincludinghuman figures(Morricone 197273, figs. 356-8). These, with their robust and lively are stronglyreminiscentof the mid-LH IIIC draughtsmanship, pictorial craters of the Greek mainland, especially those of Lefkandi Phase 2. A bichrome technique is also occasionally foundon these,as on some of the Euboean, Argiveand possibly Attic examples. Deep bowl craters with elaborate decoration, both abstract and pictorial, which likewise bear a marked similarityto the series of Phase 2 cratersfromLefkandiare also known from the Grotta settlementon Naxos (cf. Kondoleon 1967, pl. 100; 1965, pls. 215b, 220c; 1950, fig. 1 1). Elaborately decorated craterfragmentsin the Melos Museum fromKimolos (possibly from the site of Ellinika) would also look at home among those fromthe Grottasettlementor LefkandiPhase 2. 85 Various types of reserved patterneddecoration also occur

occasionally in the Dodecanese, the Cyclades (Naxos), Achaea, Messenia and at Asine in the southernArgolid in mid-LH IIIC. They also put in a very rare appearance on Kephallenia. 86 The ratherrestraineduse to whichreservedlines are put on monochrome deep bowls at Lefkandi is also seen at Perati in Phases II- III and at Athens (Broneer 1939, fig. 49b; cf. also Agora Museum P17318/OA 1134; cf. Immerwahr1971, 261), though at Athens a few bowls which appear to imitateArgive Close Stylehave multiplereservedlines inside the rim (Broneer 1939, figs.45a, 471").A similartype of restrainedreservedline decoration (both inside and out) is also found at Emborio on Chios amongstthe latestpotteryfromthe site (Hood 1982). 87 At each site the usual formof decoration on these linear deep bowls continues into the middle phases of LH IIIC. In addition,a few linear deep bowls fromLefkandiPhase 1a have double banding at the rim,a not infrequentfeatureof deep bowls belonging to the Earliest phase at Mycenae. Deep bowls with simplelineardecorationfromthe floorsof the abandoned houses on the northslope of the Acropolis at Athensare also similarto those fromLefkandi (Phases i-2a) and Mycenae (particularly Tower and Developed phases) (Broneer 1033, 368-70, fig.41). 88 It is, however,seen at Athenswhereit is foundon a jug from one of the floors fromthe Houses on the North Slope of the Acropolis (Broneer 1933, fig. 40b). The particularlypleasing arrangements of thick and thin bands found in Phase 2 at Lefkandi are also seen at Perati in Phases II- III, at Asine, at Grottaon Naxos, and in the Dodecanese. 89 Cf. e.g. MDP, fig.254.4; also Podzuweit 1983, 367-70. 90 Popham and Sackett 1968, fig.53.

THE POTTERY

227

it is not withentirely Since it is clearthatwe are dealingthroughout centres, separateproduction in that the fabric from the two The Lefkandi there should be differences regions. pottery, surprising ofreasonably thoughgenerally good manufacture, rarelyreachesthesuperbqualityof someof the mid-LHIIIC and muchoftheLH ΠΙΑ and Β pottery oftheArgolid.It is distinguished fromthatof in its this of darker surface colour. While the fabric the Phase ι respect Mycenaeby consistently at LH IIIB at Lefkandi also differs somewhat from the found the there is less evidence for site, pottery deterioration and variationin fabricqualitywhichmarksthe earliestphases at the comparative in somefabricand paintwhichcharacterises On theotherhand,thegreatimprovement Mycenae.91 at Mycenaehas no parallelin LefkandiPhase 2, duringwhichfabrics theAdvancedphasepottery remainofmuchthesamequalityas in Phase 1. The finalphasesat bothsites,however,do reveala in thetreatment deterioration and firing offabricand thequalityand application ofpaint. comparable Bothsitesproducesmallquantities ofcoarsehandmadefabric, one ofthemorenotablefeatures of theearlyLH IIIC periodat Lefkandi.The fabricitselfvaries,in texture, of surface degree firing, and theshapesforwhichitis used; and itis possiblethatmorethanone phenomenon is treatment, within contained thiscategory, withcorrespondingly different for their Whereas explanations presence. atLefkandi coarsehandmadefabricseemstobe foundprincipally, in thePhase1 thoughnotentirely, at it to occur as a small of the total levels, Mycenae appears constantly proportion throughout pottery theLH IIIC period.92 Lefkandi'sWhiteWare,on the otherhand,is not knownfromMycenae,althoughit findsa certainparallelin the'oatmeal'fabricwhichis used there,likeWhiteWareat Lefkandi, primarily forcratersand large closed vessels.At Mycenae,however,hydrias,jugs and amphorasin this fabricarefoundthroughout theLH IIIC levels(although rathermorefrequently in thelaterphases), and by theDevelopedand Advancedphasescraters, are made in the same fabric. too, generally The reasonsforthechoiceofthesefabricsforthelarger,heaviershapesare probablyat leastpartly andonemaydoubtwhether theincreasing use ofWhiteWareinthefinalphasesatLeflcandi technical, is entirely due to aestheticpreference.93 Neitherfabricnor paintof mostWhiteWarevesselshas muchto recommend less thanperfect and it,and theimpression givenis one of sometimes firing oftenthinwashypaint. The accompanying table(table 2.1 - see below)helpsto summarise themainpointswhicharise fromthiscomparison. The sequenceofgeneraldevelopment at each siteis verysimilar, eventhough thephasesintowhichthepottery ofeachsiteis conveniently dividedforstratigraphical orarchitectural

91 Cf. French 1969, 135. 92 Examples of this fabric fromMycenae frequentlycontain grit inclusions, and have a roughly burnished surface which variesin colour fromblack to mottledbrownish-orange. Irregular burnishingmarksmade by a stickor similartool are oftenvisible. Its presenceamong destructiondebrisat the easternend of Room 3 1 in the Citadel House Area (theRoom withthe Fresco) suggests that it was in use before the LH I II Β 2 destruction(cf. French 1989). Similarfabricalso occurs in LH IIIB2 contextsat Tiryns (Kilian and Podzuweit 1981, 170, 180-1). It forms about 0.3% of the total material in the Earliest phase from Trench Gamma 32 of the Citadel House Area. No complete shapes were recovered, but the fragmentssuggest that a variety of vessel typeswere made in it. These include cooking pots or large jarlike vessels, large bowls, a lamp with pinched rim, and a hole-mouthedvessel. Also probably belonging to thisphase are two fragmentsof an open carinatedshape, on one of which part of a vertical strap handle is preserved (cf. fig. 2.42: 3 from Lefkandi; and for examples from Korakou and Aigeira, see Rutter 1975, ills. 7, 12; Deger-Jalkotzy1977, fig. 11, pl. II.4). Decoration, which is rare on these fragments,consists of one example of a raised ridge,and one or two examples of grooving at the rim. In the Tower phase, the handmade fabric forms a slightly greaterproportion(0.6%) of the totalsherdmaterialthanbefore. Shapes representedremainsimilar,though,possiblyby accident, thereare no examples of the carinatedshape foundin the Earliest phase. This fabric continues to occur in the Developed and Advanced phases, and there is a sizeable fragmentof a large wide-mouthedjar or cooking pot froma mixed Advanced and Latest phase context. For furtherdescriptionsof this fabric in general, see Rutter

1975; and for its continuationthroughoutthe LH IIIC period, Rutter 1QQ0,35 withreferences. 93 Though see on thisDeger-Jalkotzy( 1994, 19) who suggests that the introduction of White Ware into Aegean ceramics towardsthe end of mid-LH IIIC may have been due to Cypriot influence.Though WhiteWare as such is foundmainlyin Euboea and regions immediately surrounding it (Boeotia, Kea and perhaps at Volos), one (and possibly two) cratersfromAsine are made of a greyishclay similar to the White Ware of Lefkandi (Frödin and Persson 1938, 298f. nos. 5 and 6). One of these has the square rim profile found on many White Ware craters at Lefkandi, and is decorated with a simple antithetic loop or 'whisker'pattern(FM 50.29; cf. the Lefkandi deep bowl, plate 44 A); the otheris rathermore elaborate,withantithetictongues on either side of a panel (FM 62.35) an<^ a plastic rope ridge below the rim. Both, like most of the Lefkandi White Ware craters,have linear decorated interiors.At Athens,too, the fabric of some craters is whitish in appearance, and these, like the Lefkandi White Ware craters,oftenhave squared rims (cf. also Rutter 1979, 366 fromCorinth). In other cases, however, the presence of what might be called 'imitation' White Ware, achieved by means of a light-colouredslip,on a fewpots (mainly large household vessels) at Perati (cf. PeratiII, col. pl. Ib.611 [witha thickslip, fromTomb 74 assigned to Phases II- III], col. pl. Ib.635 [fromTomb 75, assigned to Phases I- III]), Asine, on Naxos (cf.Kardara 1977, 44) and possiblyon Chios does suggest the possibility that some deliberate visual effectwas desired. Some cratersfromAthens also have a deliberatewhiteslip. The distributionof White Ware and such White Ware 'look alikes' may give some credence to Deger-Jalkotzy's suggestion, concentrated as it is in the Aegean islands and the eastwardlooking coasts of the Greek mainland.

MERVYN POPHAM, ELIZABETH SCHOFIELD

228

AND SUSAN SHERRATT

Table 2.1. Lefkandiand Citadel House, Mycenae (cf.fig. 2.43). Comparativetable of features.

Both

Deep bowls

Lefkandi

Begin

Mycenae

Begin

X

linear

1a

mediumband

Earliest

X

monochrome

ia

monochrome

Tower

X

Group A, mono,in (mainly antithetic spiral

1a

Group A, mono,in

Earliest

X

band and patterns,some in 1, mostlyin 2a

mediumband and spiral

Tower

i-2a

patterns

X

reservedbase

2a

reservedbase

Developed

X

singlereservedline, sometimesadditional reservedline on lower

2a

singlereservedline

Developed

multiplereservedlines

Advanced

'Negative'decoration

Advanced

Narrowreservedzone

Latest

body

X

lip band

1a

Some lip band, mainlymisc. linear

Earliest

X

carinated,monochrome

ia

carinated,monochrome

Tower

largecarinated

2a decoratedcarinated

Advanced

animalprotome(handleof decoratedcarinated)

Advanced

linear

Developed

Cups

X

1a

animalprotome(handleof monochromecarinated)

Shallowangular bowls Roundedbowls with horizontalstrap handles

X

a veryfew,linear

ia

linear

Tower

Conical bowls

X

a few,unstandardised, in 1D

2a

veryfew,unstandardised

Tower/

2a

Trays Kalathoi

X

patternedmainlyin 2a

ib

X

monochrome,lip band

1

reservedline stems

2a

X

elaborate,abstract

X

pictorial

X X

Developed a fewmonochrome,lip band

Tower

2a

elaborate,abstract

Developed

2a

pictorial

bichrome,rare

2a

bichrome,rare

Advanced

animalhead handles,rare

2a

animalhead handles,rare

Advanced

Kylikes

Craters

Developed

"

"

Developed

THE POTTERY

Both

Stirrup jars

Begin

rope ridges

Developed/ Advanced

grooved

2a

X

wavylines

2b

wavylines

Latest

X

hollowedrims

ia

hollowedrims

Earliest

X

handles,verticalwavy band

1a

handles,verticalwavy band

Earliest

handles,figure-of-eight loop

ia handles,crossedloop

Advanced

X

handles,cross

2a

handles,cross

Advanced

X

handles,twisted(mainlyfrom 2a)

lb

handles,twisted

Advanced

X

neck handled amphorae (FS 70)

neck handled amphorae (FS 70)

Advanced

X

tassels

lb

tassels

Developed

X

scrolls

lb

scrolls

Advanced

X

trefoil-lipped jugs

2a

trefoil-lipped jugs, some withhighhandles

Advanced

X

'necklace' pattern

2a

'necklace' pattern

Latest

2a/b

Earliest

1

X X

conical discs

2a

conical discs

Developed

X

barredhandles

2b?

barredhandles

Latest

on deep bowls,stirrup

Advanced

Close Style Tripodvessels

Mycenae

2a

Craters cont.

Amphoriskoi

Begin

rope ridges

X

Amphoras,Jugs, Hydrias

Lefkandi

229

jars,jugs X

carinated,square legs WhiteWare (a littlein 2a)

Fabrics X

coarse handmade

1

carinated,square legs

Earliest/Tower

oatmeal

Earliest

coarse handmade

Earliest

2b

1a

reasons do not always correlateexactly.Differencesin termsof the complete absence at one site are ones of featureswell representedat the otherexist,but are few;most of the otherdissimilarities of emphasis,as in the case of cups, or of differing use of elementsknown to both, as in the case of reservedlines. Only in the finalphases (Phase 3 at Lefkandi,the Latest phase at Mycenae) does the potteryof the two sites seem to diverge to any great extent.Even this apparent divergence, however,at least partlyconsistsin the generalimpressionscreatedby Lefkandi'sWhiteWare,on the one hand, and the generally'darker'look produced both by fabricand copious use of monochrome covering at Mycenae, on the other hand. It is probably true to say that at neither site is the stratified well preservedto accuratelygauge potteryof these phases plentifulenough or sufficiently the extentof such divergence.

23o

mervyn popham, elizabeth General

schofield

and susan sherratt

Observations

In its earlystages (LefkandiPhase 1) the LH IIIC potteryof Lefkandi(and thatof its immediately area on the coastsoppositeEuboea) appears to groupquite well withthatof theArgolid, surrounding Corinthia,Attica,the sitesofTeichosDymaion and Aigeirain Achaea, and probablyin some respects in shapes and decorativestylesare probablyat least withLaconia.94To some extent,the similarities IIIB since theseare all regionswhichalso seem to have a LH of shared the result inheritance, partly in the latterpartof LH IIIB. However,it shareswithmostof maintainedrelativelyclose similarities these areas at least some genuineinnovationsin the formof the carinatedcup, the lip-bandshallow conical kylix,and - in at least some cases - the carinatedtripodcookingpot and the tasselmotif; and more generallyan emphasison relativelysimple monochromeand linear decoration,oftenon shapes which had previouslybeen leftunpainted.At the same time, the presence at Lefkandiof and the Chaniot stirrup jar - both of whichprobably importssuch as the Base Ring bowl fragment arrivedin Phase ia or even earlier- shows thatthe site itselfhad further flungcontactsacross the carinated the distinctive handmade while some of the cups withtheir pottery,particularly Aegean,95 in Mediterranean.96 the central have well 'Italian' and the burnish origins cup, may relativelyhigh Despite this,Phase ι, as faras the potteryis concerned,is a relativelyrestrainedstagewhichshows littlesignof any veryobvious ceramicinfluencefromsuch contacts,and whichgiveslittlehintof the comparativelysudden and fundamentalchangeswhichfollowin Phase 2a. Phase 2 (especiallyPhase 2a) sharesthegeneralexuberancewhichseems to characterisethemiddle stages of LH IIIC almost everywhere,withthe introductionof a range of new shapes and a new emphasison various formsof oftenhighlyelaborate painted designs and new formsof decoration, and in thisit also retainsa generalisedresemblanceto these otherareas. However, while thereare general similaritiesin the potteryof most areas, particularlyin the degree of artisticactivityand whichcan be seen in preferencesforcertainshapes in certain innovation,thereare also differences treatmentof a common which oftenreflectdifferent 'hallmarks' areas as well as in various stylistic Lefkandi see to can stockof motifs;and at thispoint one lookingmore consistently perhaps begin detailsare often individual the coasts of eastwardand southwardto the islandsand Aegean. Though in what on this from its inclusion hard to pin down and harderstillto interpret, mightbe called point its apparent and and islands in the a 'standardisedconical bowl zone' (concentrated Attica), Aegean shallow 'standardised exclusion fromwhat is possibly a much more restricted angularbowl zone' particularlyas these two types (seeminglyconfinedlargelyto the Argolidand Attica)is interesting, this with one may cite some of the may be in some way functionallycomplementary.Together peculiaritiesof Lefkandi itslikingfortrays,itsadoptionof the cylindricalpyxisofprobable Cretan origin,the presence (at least by Phase 2b) of cups with dipped semi-circlesand related types of decoration(probablyalso a reflectionof Cretanpractice),and possiblythe suggestiveecho of an east Aegeanamphoroidcrater whichseem to pointin thesame direction.AnotherfeaturewhichLefkandi shareswiththe Aegean area (thoughit is not confinedto these) is the likingforboisterouspictorial scenes, particularlyon craters,whose robusttreatmentfindssimilaritieson Kos and Naxos. Other featuresof the same craters,such as applied rope ridgesand handles in the formof animal heads, thoughapparentlymainly confinedto the easternmainland,might(like the animal protomeson circulationof virtuosometalforms. carinatedcups) possiblyreflectthe contemporary The latestLH IIIC potteryat Lefkandi(Phase 3, but alreadyapproachingit in Phase 2b), whichis characterised by a contractedrepertoireofmainlyalreadyexistingshapes and motifsand somethingof a declinein thequalityofbothfabricand draughtsmanship, presentsfewinnovations.Its characteristic foundin a largenumberof regionsand a are and other craters on lines found however, shapes, wavy and if not this of before, again possiblyreflectthe resultsof some widespread stage, variety shapes by sourceofinfluence,perhapsofa non-ceramicnature.The WhiteWare ofPhase 2b and perhaps3 may eitheras exportsor local versions(sometimesachieved by means of a also findwiderramifications, for slip) at places includingsome of the Aegean islandsand coastal sitesof the mainland where, is is What as desirable. was seen colour surface however, some reason,a particularly surprising, pale ofXeropolisofnarrowreservedzones betweenthehandlesofdeep theapparentlack in thesettlement are which found,presumablysomewhatlater,in the earlytombsof the Skoubriscemeteryand bowls,

94 For an earlystage of LH IIIC at the Menelaion near Sparta, whichseems to compare well withsimilarpotteryin the Argolid, see Catling 1979Λ 31. For potteryfromAyios Stephanos, see now RMDPy251, 282-7.

95 For Cypriotimports(includingBase Ring Bowls) at Tiryns in late LH IIIB levels, see Kilian 1988a. 96 Popham and Milburn 1971, 338-40.

THE POTTERY

231

inAtticaandon Naxos.Whether whichoccuramongthelatestLH IIIC atvarioussitesintheArgolid, thisreflects a local peculiarity ofLefkandi's latestLH IIIC or theresultoftheabandonment ofthis beforesuchtypesbecamecurrent elsewhere is hardto say.It maywellbe both, partofthesettlement sincebytheendofPhase3 Lefkandi's initsmonotony seemsso scarceandscrappy, so consistent pottery andso lacking inanyformofpositive as tosuggest innovation of a dead end. The contraction something at leaston theexcavatedpartof thesite,whichseemsto be associatedwiththis of thesettlement, ramshackle naturebytheendofthephase,suggests thatbytheendoftheLH phase,anditsgenerally IIIC period,fora shortwhileat least,Lefkandi have into ofa backwater. relapsed something may

Chapter3 Late Mycenaeanpictorial pottery JoostCrouwel The term'pictorial'has been used fromthetimeofArneFurumark's greatgeneralworkMycenaean a to denote of (1941) Pottery special category Mycenaeanpaintedpotterydepictingchariots, humanfigures, birdsor fish,as distinct fromthe farmoreabundantceramics animals,monsters, withfloralor abstract patterns. The corpusofMycenaean discussed herederivesmostly fromtheBritish excavations pictorial pottery oftheXeropolissettlement siteat Lefkandi.1 Twopiecesfromthemorerecentinvestigations on the Toumbahill(catalogueE24 and F 14) are also included.The findsare keptin theEretriaMuseum, exceptforthreeseparatesurfacefinds(A6, Es 2, Fio) fromXeropoliswhichare in thecollectionof theBritish Schoolat Athens.In addition,thereis a fragmentary pictorialcrater(notincludedin the in the from the collection at thevillageofVasiliko.2 catalogue)among pottery Xeropolis municipal The material one the well-known alabastron comprises griffins feeding only complete pot showing theirbabiesin a nest,amongothersubjects(Gi). One othervessel- the'FeedingGoatsCrater'(Ci) - couldbe restored, itsbaseis missing. The restofthepictorial findsareextremely though fragmentary. there exists here a that of material is for valuable bothitsquantity and pictorial Nevertheless, body excavatedsettlement area and is mostlywell designsand forthefactthatit comesfroma carefully dated.As suchit takesitsplace alongsidethe largepublishedcollectionsof findsfromMycenae, Anothersuchcorpusof pictorialpottery, fromthemost Tirynsand Berbati- all in theArgolid.3 recentexcavations at Tiryns, has nowalso been published.4 the following textreference is made to the catalogueat the end of the chapter.It Throughout a totalof93 entries. Wherethereis reasontobelievetheyarefromthesamevessel,twoor comprises morefragments aregroupedtogether underthesameheadingandmarkedas a, b, c, etc.The material is organised tothesubjectmatter ofitspictorial A - Chariotsand horses;Β decoration: according Humanfigures (exceptforthoseforming partofchariotscenes);C Animals(otherthanhorses);D - Monsters; Ε - Birds;F - Fish;G - Miscellaneous and H - Unidentified subjects.5 The entriesare numberedconsecutively withintheirowncategories. A fewpieces,markedby an asterisk (A3, E23, F9, Gi), werenotavailableforstudyby theauthorin September1990 (Eretria) andSeptember Theirdescription is basedon theexcavation recordsand/orillustrations. 1993 (Athens). Wherepossible,the shape of the originalvase and the paintedmotifsare identified accordingto Furumark's classification FS (Furumark and FM numbers, (Furumark Motif).6 prefixed Shape) FIND CONTEXT AND CHRONOLOGY As statedin theintroduction, theMycenaeanpictorialpottery discussedherecomesfromsettlement contexts and is mostly withonlytwowholeor restorable veryfragmentary, pots(Gi, Ci); eventhese arenotfromfloordeposits. 1 I wish to thank the late M. R. Popham for all the support given duringthe preparationof this study.Thanks are also due to R. W. V. Catling,W. Cornelissen,J.-P.Crielaard, D. Evely, N. Field, I. S. Lemos, P. A. Mountjoyand E. S. Sherrattforhelp of varyingkinds,to C. Macdonald forpreparingthe mainlyprofile drawings and to S. Bird and J. Morel for the drawings of alabastron Gi and craterfragmentBab respectively. 2 AD 1987, Q42:Bio 152, pl. 70b; Pariente1QQ3,874, fig.150. 3 WBM 2 1 ; Tiryns VII; Berbati2. See also MPVP and MPS.

4

XI. Severalpieces were illustrated in preliminary Tiryns reportson the excavationsand the Mycenaeanpotteryfinds: Kilian1978,449ff, fig.22; 1981,i49ff,figs.34, 38; 1982,393ff,

figs.24.7, 26-8; 1983, 277ff, figs.8a-b, 35-6; 1988, îosff,fig. 12.3; Podzuweit1978,47iff,fig.37; 1979,4i2ff,figs.38.4,4952; 1981, 194fr, figs.59.1, 65); see also Giintner 1987, 161-75, 3-15; Crouweland Morris1996, 198frnos.A 2-3, fig.1. figs. 5 This is the same systemas devisedby the authorforthe pictorialpotteryfromthe Citadel House Area, Mycenae,see WBM 21.

b frequent referenceis also made to MDP, which again uses the FS and FM numbers.For convenience,comparativematerial is usually referredto by its number in two basic works: MPVP and MPS - where earlier bibliographycan be found.

233

234

JOOST CROUWEL

Of the 93 catalogue entriesnone has a findcontextdatingpriorto LH IIIC. Approximately60 pieces come fromLH IIIC levels,while some 20 othersare frommixed contexts,includingmaterial as late as PG, G or Classical. The restare surfacefindsor derivefromcleaningoperations. WithintheLH IIIC occupationat Lefkandithreemajor architectural and potteryphases have been of whichthe firsttwo have been further sub-dividedinto an earlierand a laterstage.This identified, divisionof LH IIIC in sequence of threemain phases correspondswiththe pottery-based, tripartite mainland Greece - into Early, Middle and Late. Of the pictorialpieces, some 15 were foundin levels of the firstphase of LH IIIC. Many more finds- some 40 in all - were stratified in the second phase, whichcorrespondswithLH IIIC Middle. Of these34, includingthe one completepot, have findcontextsmore preciselydatable to the earlierstageof Phase 2 (Phase 2a), and 14 to itslater (7) come fromthethirdand finalLH IIIC phase at Xeropolis, stage(Phase 2b). A handfuloffragments whichcorrespondswithLH IIIC Late. It may be notedthatsome pieces,fromdifferent contexts,are burnt(As; B7; Cio; H3, ?8, 10-11). Find contextsof LH IIIC pictorialpotteryby phase (12 pieces can have no good date assigned;and two E24 and F14 are fromToumba,Lefkandi): Phase 1 ( LH IIIC Early) E17 Phase ia B7, na-b, isa-b; C10; Eioa-b; F3; possiblyH17 Phase lb A7, A12; C11; Esa-c, 15; F4, 13 Phase 2 (LH IIIC Middle) A4; C3a-b, 8; E9; possiblyEi and 12 Phase 2a Ai, 3, 8, 10; Bsa-b, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10; Ci, 4, 6; E3a-b, 4, 14, 18, 19, 23; Fi, 5, 7, 8, 12; Gi, 2; Hi, 2, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 18 Phase 2b Bia-b, C2, 7; E5, 6, 16, 20; F2; H3, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15 Phase 2b/3 (LH IIIC Late) H4 Phase 3 (early) A2; B9; C5; E8a-d, 11, 21; F11 some fragments could well be earlierthanthe level in Since the pictorialmaterialis so fragmentary, whichtheywerefound.Since findcontextsalone are notalwaysa reliableindicationofdate,establishing a relativechronologyis furthered by a comparisonof vase shapes, motifsand stylesof decoration. Here non-pictorial, patternedpotteryfromdatable LH IIIC contextsat Xeropolisis of help too. The resultof this approach is that the great majorityof pictorialpotterycan be assigned to LH IIIC Middle, withonlyrelativelyfewpieces belongingto LH IIIC Early or Late. OF MANUFACTURE TECHNIQUE fromnonApartfromthe characterof itspainteddecoration,the materialis usuallyindistinguishable The are from the site. wheelmade, generally pieces always pictorial,patternedMycenaean pottery hard-fired (onlyE8a-d are rathersoft)and decoratedin a dark paint on a lightground,exactlylike most otherMycenaean paintedpottery.The pictorialpotteryhas not been examined withreference the mineralof the to a colourchart.No attempthas been made to measureitshardnessor to identify inclusionswithwhichit is tempered.On the otherhand, the chemical compositionof the clay of a selectionof pictorialcraters(Bia-b, C1-3, Ei) has been characterised.Indeed, archaeometryhas shown thatthese pictorialpieces and most of the othertestedLH IIIC and earlyIron Age pottery fromLefkandiwere almostcertainlylocally made.7 Fabric The greatmajorityofpictorialpieces are ofuniformquality,theclay being firedto a strongpinkishor browntinge.Most containsome calcareous or dark gritsof small (less than 1 mm) or medium (1-3 mm) size. The findscan be describedas of'mediumfine'or 'mediumcoarse' fabric,dependingon the degree of levigationof the clay and the amount and size of grit.While finepieces withno visible C11) of really temperingmaterialare absentaltogether,thereis only one example (larnaxfragment is in thedistinct, Lefkandi from craters thatnone ofthevariouspictorial coarse fabric.It is noteworthy Middle in the LH IIIC of for their coarse 'oatmeal' fabricthatwas quite commonlyused counterparts from Crater' Mycenae.8 Argolid,the best knownexample being the 'Warrior 7 Jones 1986 474-6 with table 6.9, cf. 144-6 and 628-31 (early Iron Age pottery).See also LefkandiII. 1, 9-11 (pottery fromthe MPG building at Toumba).

8 MPVP no. XI.42 (= MPSno. 32). For this fabric,see Rutter 1974, i5f; Sherratt1981, 56, 69, 410 (notingabsence of 'oatmeal' fabricamong LH IIIC potteryfromAthens); WBM 21, 5.

late mycenaean pictorial

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Surface Treatment 'smoothed' surface,quite oftenwithwheelMost pieces can be describedas having a non-lustrous, also occurring. shadesofbuff,withpinkish-orange marksshowingthrough.The colourrangeis different In one case (Hi 6) the term'well-smoothed'is appropriate,while examples of a 'polished' or lustrous Craterfragment even surfaceare absentaltogether.9 E17 is unusualforitsdistinctcreamy-yellow slip, whereasthe singlelarnax fragment(C11), thoughburnt,has a whitishslip. Anothercraterfragment (B3) standsout due to the combinationof a whiteslip and a fabricwhich is grittyand lighterthan usual. It may be an import. Paint The paint is usually fairlylustrous,withblack, brown and red as the commonestcolours. Uneven firingconditionsaccount for colour variegationon the same vase (Ci) or on fragmentsof that vase. Uneven application sometimesproduces a streakyeffect.Generally,the paint adheres well but it is sometimescrackled. While the decorationis mostlyin a single colour,thereare some 12 examples of embellishment in added white paint, a well-knownif never very common featureof Mycenaean pictorial and othervase painting.10 At Lefkandi,whitepaintwas relativelypopular,to accentuatecontourlines and also to pick out detailsof (chariot)horsesand drivers(A3, 5-10), otherhuman figures(B2-4, 8, 12), fish (F7) and monsters(G1-2). There are no examples of the bichrome technique, combining black outlineswithred, orange or yellow interiors,thatoccurs on some pictorialor otherLH IIIC Middle cratersin the Argolid.11 Unique amongtheceramicrepertoireat Lefkandiis thealabastron(Gi), wheretheelaboratedesigns are in white on a solid, black-paintedground. Such a white-on-dark decorationcan be seen on a fewfragments ofpictorialpots ofdifferent shapes fromtheArgolidand Attica,mostofwhichsimilarly date to LH IIIC Middle.12 SHAPES

AND DECORATION

The MycenaeanpictorialpotteryfromLefkandiappears to cover a verylimitedrangeofvase shapes. All but two or threepieces (E24, Gi and possiblyF14) are fromopen shapes, withcratersby far the mostcommon. Crater Two typesare represented.One is a craterwitha prominentneck, shortflat-toppedrim,low ring base and two horizontalloop handles on a well-curvedupper body. It was possible to identify only one pictorialexample of such a necked crater,decoratedwitha seriesof birdsin the relatively narrowhandle zone (E8a-d); thiswas withthe help of an almost complete non-pictorialexample, its neck similarlypainted monochrome (66/P161 - plate 34.3; H. 25; D.rim 33). 13There are no pictorialexamples of thiscratertypefromelsewhere.The second typehas a low ringbase and a deep bowl withtwo horizontalloop handles, but no neck. This deep bowl or ring-basedcrater (FS 282) is best representedby the restored'Feeding Goats Crater' (Ci, lackingits base) and by variousrim fragments (A10; B2-3, 9, 12; Ci, 3a; E1-7; G2; H4-5). Indeed, the greatmajorityof several ofwhichattestto a deep pictorialzone, appear to be ofthistypeof cratertoo. body fragments, It should be noted thatring-basedcratersare the favouritevase shape for pictorialdecorationin LH IIIC in mainlandGreece.14At Lefkandiand elsewhere,thesame typeis also used fornon-pictorial, patternedpotterythroughoutthe period.15 9 Fortheuseoftheterms'smoothed' andpolished',see Rutter 11-14; WBM21, 5. 1974 10WBM21y cf.Immerwahr 5; 1071, 118 withη.133. 11PaceImmerwahr 1985,91 η. 39 (re:A3 andBia-b); Aegean Painting152. For examplesfromthe Argolid,see MPVPnos. XI.42 (= MPS no. 32; theMycenae'Warrior Crater',whichhas detailspickedoutin a third, whitepaintas well),XI.7, 72-3 and 118 1=MPS nos.**, 56, 58 and 174); WBM21, r;fs.o.C*o, Hi. 12MPVPnos. X.99 (fishkalathosfragments, Athens),113 (fish craterfragment, Tiryns),XI.121 (= MPS no. 16A-C; LH IIIC Middlecraterfragment withbirdprotomes, Mycenae),XI.74 (= MPS no. 57; LH IIIC Middle kylixfragment fromMycenae,

joiningMDP fig.222:5 = RDMP 170, no. 360 withfig.48); Podzuweit1979,434, fig.52.4-7 (LH IIIC Middledeep bowl fromTiryns, IX, 147 no. 166, pls. 35 fragments joiningTiryns and 69.1). 13Cf.also the ofwhatis calleda carinated patterned fragment craterby Sherratt1981, 140 withfig.139 (66/P51;fromLH IIIC Phase 2a). 14 WBM 21,7, 32. For a rare example of a post-LHIIIC craterofthisshape,see Papadopoulosiqqo, 13-24. pictorial 15 Pophamand Milburn1971, 340, 344, 346, 348; Sherratt 1981, 127, 132, 135, i39f, 146, i5of; RMDP 7 18 s.v.no. 80.

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The 18 craterrimspresenta variety ofprofiles: theymaybe squared(Bs; 03a; Ei, 5, 7; G2; H4), everted(B3, 9, 12; E2a-b, 3a-b, 6) or,lessoften, rounded(A10; Ci) or folded(E4). The profileof thecraters' to almoststraight.16 The originalvesselsvariedin size, upperbodyrangesfromincurving withrimdiameters ofjustover20 (B12; E4) to 40 cm or more(E6; H4). Six pieces(A2; B2; C3; G2; H4-5) bearplasticdecoration, ofridges,usuallysingle,but consisting in one case (C3) double,belowtherim.Theseridgesmayhavediagonalincisions(A«; B2; C3; G2). in LH IIIC Middle- notonlyatLefkandi Suchdecoration on pictorial andothercraters appearsfirst butalso in different fromthe partsofmainlandGreece.It has been explainedas a directborrowing in LH that in decoration ofthehandmade,dark-surfaced and burnished first Greece pottery appears inmostplaces.17 LH IIIC, although inverysmallnumbers tobe foundthroughout IIIB2 andcontinues Cratersofthattime At Lefkandi, and also at Athens,thedecorative ridgessurviveintoPG times.18 a with of bull curvedhorns.19 fashioned to the frontal head also have their handles represent may in in to the sixthcentury remained use Greece down vase which Horned-head, handles, double-loop LH of the IIIC Middle first on one BC,have clearMycenaeanantecedents.20 pictorial appear They 'Warrior Crater'fromMycenae,whilethereis craters fromLefkandi(Bia) and on thecontemporary also an examplefromAthens.21 withan encircling bandbelow.The loop The craterrimsat Lefkandiare paintedsolid,sometimes craters- one paintdecorationthatis also foundon non-pictorial handleshave the three-splash wellbelow(E10,F3). extending splashoverthetopand one each downthehandleroots,sometimes banded. butsometimes is usuallypaintedmonochrome, ofthecraters The interior ofpictorialdesigns.Theymaybe partofa The handlezonesweredecoratedwitha greatvariety inpanelsseparated the PanelledPattern (FM 75), pictorial triglyph bya central designsbeingarranged on LH IIIC is well-known with Panel decoration, pictorialdesigns, fairly (B4; Ci; Ei, 3a-b; H4).22 thetriglyphs andelsewhere, AtLefkandi inmainlandGreece.23 craters varyinwidthandcomposition; on craterfragment be seen if a particularly 84a of elaborate, incompletely preservedexamplemay alabastron in theshoulderarea ofthecontemporary LH IIIC Middle.Thereis also paneldecoration ina different streamers Arc)forming (FM 62, calledTricurved (Gi). The antithetic partofithererecur, side on the and a central withrunning versionand together non-pictorial Β of the triglyph, spirals solidandwithsubsidiary Rendered date is of similar which Goats Crater', (Ci). 'Feeding contemporary in LH IIIC Middle, at Lefkandi a well-known are not streamers antithetic such outlines, pattern only fromthesite.24 butare also foundon PG pottery Deep Bowl (?) thinwallsandwell-curved fromopenvesselswithfairly Somebodyfragments maybe attributed profiles to deep bowls(FS 285) ratherthancraters(A12; E18-19, F12). One piece (E19) mustbe froma smallbowlor cup. - weremuchless and elsewhere LH IIIC at Lefkandi shapethroughout Deep bowls- a standard craters.25 thanring-based oftendecoratedpictorially Exceptionsare thedeep bowlsdecoratedin the illustrate The fragments birds.26 whichquiteoftenfeature CloseStyleofLH IIIC MiddleintheArgolid, birdsas wellas a horseand fish. Kalathos to kalathosSomebodyfragments (E20,F10 and possiblyE21-22, F11 and H18) maybe attributed Pictorial rims or handles below horizontal with two 1).27 (FS flat, 29 sloping lipless loop shapedbowls, 16Cf. the groupingofLH IIIC Middle craterson thebasis ofrim and body profilesin MDP 172-5 withfigs.223-5; WBM21, 7· 17 Popham and Milburn 1971, 340; Sherratt1981, 09, 139, 410; MDP 174 withfig. 225.1-3, also 190 (cratersof LH IIIC Late); Jacob-Felsch 1987, 29 with fn. 71 (list); 1996, 32f, 66f. For pictorialexamples, see MPVP nos. XI.42 (= MPS no. 32; the 'WarriorCrater'fromMycenae),XI.57 (Volos); TirynsXU:Wagen 24; cf. Dakoronia 1995, figs.2-3 (Livanates in East Locris; see below n. 122). For the impact of dark-surfaced,hand-made, burnishedpotteryon Mycenaean-styleceramics, see especially Rutter1990, 37-9. 18 II. 1, 26f,29 s.v.nos. 328-30 (fromtheMPG building Lefkandi at Toumba); Desborough 1952, 93-6, pl. 12 (Munich 6157). 19 Lefkandi''.', 27 withfn.75,s.v. nos. 328, 342. 20 See Oakeshott 1966, 115-32.

21 MPVP no. XI.42 (= MPS no. 32); Broneer 1939, 353^ fig. 27g (Athens,Acropolis Fountain); MDP i^j^f 22 See also the fragmentarycrater (above n. 2): the panel decoration includes complex antitheticspirals and a fish. 23 See e.g. MPVPno. XI.30 (Athens],98 (Korakou); WÍSM21, nos. Ei, G3, figs.4, 8; Crouwel 1988, 25, 28 no. 1 (Mycenae). 24 Popham and Milburn 1971, 340, fig. 6.1-2, pls. 552-5, 56.1; MDP 156 withfigs.200.23, 203.1 (= Popham and Milburn 1971, fig. 6:2 and pl. 55:4); Lefkandi II. 1, 27 with pl. 19 (elaborate versionson MPG craters). 25 For deep bowls in LW 111U Leikandi, see ropnam ana Milburn 1971, 336, 340, 342, 344 (Phases 1-3). 26 WBM 21, 8; RMDP 7 i$ff,nos. 64, 74-5, 89-90, 95-6. 27 See also MDP 180 with fig.234.

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kalathoiare fairlypopularin mainlandGreeceand theAegeanislandsin LH IIIC Middle.They The and lineardecorationon theexterior.28 usuallydisplaya friezeofbirdsor fishon theinterior birdsandfish,in examples,atleastthreeofwhichhavea findcontextofLH IIIC Middle,alsofeature and exterior.29 one case (Fio) combinedwithpatterned zoneson bothinterior Tray (?) witha birddesignon theexterior(E 22) preservesa smallpartofthebodyand flat One fragment base ofwhatmaybe a tray(FS 322). Thereareno otherpictorial vase shape examplesofthiscircular withshallowspreading and handles on the and which first vertical rim, appearsat body basket-type in Phase2.30 Lefkandi Alabastron The one completely alabastron ofLH IIIC Middle preserved pictorial potis thelarge,straight-sided This variant of alabastron is a not common (Gi). (FS 96) legless particular, shape at Lefkandior but LH are known from and middle IIIC.31 alabastrawith elsewhere, examples Straight-sided early in decoration are rare there is with a Greece: pictorial extremely onlyone other, sphinxdesignand datingto LH IHB, whichwas foundat Mycenae.32 Collar-Necked Jar (?) One neckandrimfragment, withthefillofthePG buildingatToumba,hasbeenattributed belonging to a LH IIIC collar-necked jar (E23).33AmongMycenaeancollar-necked jars,pictorialexamplesare rare: a LH consist of few FS IIIC fromthe (of 63), completeor fragmentary, quite they examples and the with Dodecanese. Unlike its chain of with embellished so-called bird E23 Argolid triangles tomes on the the elaborate decoration is in situated the shoulder area.34 neck, pro figured Larnax A fragment withanimallegs(C11) on theexterior to a larnaxby thecombination maybe attributed ofitscoarsefabricandthickwall.It is uncertain whether theoriginallarnaxwas ofthebath-tub shape chest-like. Pictorialexamplesofthelattershapeare knownfromcemeteries at (FS 1) or rectangular, in Boeotia and date no later than LH IIIB.35 In there are some larnax addition, Tanagra pictorial ofuncertain in datefromLH IIIA2 to LH IIIC fragments shapefromMycenaeand Tiryns, ranging Middle.Someofthesefragments feature horses,as mayC11.36 (chariot) PICTORIAL MOTIFS AND COMPOSITIONS motifs can be identified on 75 outofthetotalof93 catalogueentries. Birdsare by Specificpictorial farthemostcommon(24 instances), followedalmostequallyby chariot-scenes and horses,human animalsotherthanhorses,and fish(12, 11 and 14 examplesrespectively). Thisbreak-down figures, well with that of LH on IIIC material from controlled excavations corresponds quite pictorial patterns at Mycenae,wherebirdsagainpredominate.37 As at Mycenae,thereare also a fewcombinations of different monsters and human and deer and motifs, pictorial including (Gi (griffins sphinxes), figures are brieflytreatedaccordingto their G2). In whatfollowsthe pictorialmotifsand compositions Fordescriptions oftheindividual to thecatalogue. categories. pieces,thereaderis referred

28 MPVPnos. X.95 (= MPS no. 240), 99-100, XI.i 12 (= MPS no. 202), XII.41; WBM 2i, nos. E31, F1-5 withfigs.3, 6. 29 At Lefkandi decorated kalathoi first appear in LH IIIC Phase 2, see Popham and Milburn 1971, 34of withfig.6.3 (65/ P102; fromPhase 2a); RMDP718. 30 MDP 180 (firstin LH IIIC Middle), 193. For non-pictorial examples fromLefkandi,see Popham and Milburn 1971, 342 with fig. 5.7 (66/P55), 344 with fig. 7.5 (= ΑΓΖλΡ fig. 256; 66/ Pi); MDPÜg. 234:4 (65/P141). Cf. TirynsVIII, 14 no. 13, pl. 12.3-4 (Close Style decoration). 31 Popham and Milburn 1971, 336 (Lefkandi,LH IIIC Phase

1); MDP 141 with fig. 173.1 (Perati). See also Schilardi, 1984, 194 withfig.79 (Koukounaries,Paros). 32 MPVP no. X.42. 33 LefkandiII. 1, 86, 135 no. 905. For (non-pictorial)LH IIIC collar-neckedjars (FS 63), see MDP 138 withfig. 169, 16 if with figs.204-5. 34 MPVPnos. XI.19.1 (Tiryns), XII.24 (Kalymnos) and 42 (Dodecanese); WBM 21, îof, s.v. C21 and G2. 35 See AegeanPainting154-8, fig.41, pls. XXII-XXIII and 02. 36 MPVPnos. VIII.5.1 and XI.30; WBM 21, 11, s.v. no. Fi*. 37 See WBM 21, 4, table 1.

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A - Chariots and Horses (FM 39 and 2) The remainsofchariotscenescan be madeouton sixor sevencraterfragments (A1-6, possiblyA9). Of thehorsesdepictedon fourothercratersherdsand one bowl sherd(A7-8, 10-12) too littleis to be surewhether preserved theywereharnessedto chariotsor not.In addition,horsesappearin withhumanfigures combination on thegroundon Bi and probablyB4, bothto be discussedbelow other see horses, (for C7-9, 11; H1-2). possible withmostlyonlypartsof thehorsesand drivers The chariot-scenes are extremely fragmentary, In ofthevehicleitself be madeout:a and two cases can something reins holding goadssurviving. only a traction and while small of the vehicle's railworksidingand a floorrespectively (Ai 6), system part of worksidingmustbelongtoa chariot on another (A9).The railfragment mayperhapsbe recognised The Rail ofLH IIIB and IIIC Middlein theArgolid.38 theso-calledRail type,seenin vase paintings ofthe thehip-height ofrailsrisingto approximately chariotis characterised by a lightsuperstructure a stick or i.e. for is shown or two-man crew. The driver sometimes holding goad, pointed prodding single histwo-horse slant,in thesamewayas theircolleagues team,in a horizontal positionorata downward thechariotsidingdoes not on craterfragments ofsimilardatefromLefkandi(A1-3, 6).39Sometimes ortheremaybe no sidingat all,leavingthedriverwithout cutacrossthebodyofthedriver, protection ofartistic Thesesurelyare instances to theground.40 licence,the againstthedangerofbeingthrown to presenta fullviewofthecrew,unimpededby theactualvehicle'ssuperstructure. wishing painters Artistic licenceis also apparentin craterfragment A6, wheretheentirevehicle,wheelsand all,has team.A sidingis absentfrom behindhisdraught beenomitted, thedriverbeingsuspendedin mid-air thevehicleon A5. The onlyconcessionto safetyhereare whatseemto be thongsattachedto the vehiclefloorandloopedaroundthecalfofthedriver's leg.In thiscase,theRail chariot mayhavehad itsnormalrailsidingforsomereasonreplacedby the- unique- leg straps.41 in silhouette, likemany The driveron A6 is seemingly naked,hisbodyandmuscular legsrendered of In the charioteer and in vase othermen Mycenaeanpictorial Bio).42 contrast, painting(cf.As at the in tied or are clad his calves tunicand greaves leggings A3 wearsa short,fringed bulging arewornbythearmedmenonfootdepicted tunicsandlegprotection kneesandankles.Similarfringed fromLefkandi(Bia and 4). Such and HorsesCrater'and anothercraterfragment on the'Warrior on theArgolid,showingwarriors LH Middle from IIIC of attirecan also be seen in vase paintings footorridingin chariots.43 Mostofthechariot-scenes (A3-6) and theotherhorses(A7-10, 12) displaytheuse ofaddedwhite at Lefkandi. The horses ofLH IIIC pictorial pottery popularamongthepainters paintthatwasrather in seen the also mane arrangements withtufted maneor combinea fringed havea fringed Argolid at thistime.44 The animals'tailsare eithershownas fullor dividingintofinestrands(An and BiaIn one case (A6) thelowerpartof thefull elsewhere.45 is also documented b); thelattertreatment betweensomeof Ofnoteis thestylistic whichis a rarefeature.46 horse'stailis partly similarity fringed, ofA1-2 and 4. The thehorses(A7-8 and 10), as is thatbetweenthecrudelydrawnchariot-scenes animalon thebowlfragment different, (A12) is in a markedly style. unparalleled Β - Human Figures and HorsesCrater',eventhoughonlytwofragments, Firstthereis whatmaybe calledthe'Warrior one ofthemwithan imposingbull'shead handle,remain(Bia-b). The striding figureon Bia, his hem with tunic a short attire whose a warrior is well set fringed in combination legs apart, sturdy - is ofthetypeillustrated Crater'ofLH IIIC Middlefrom on the'Warrior withgreavesor leggings 38 Chariots 70-4, 115; Littauerand Crouwel in MPVP 186f. An importantadditionto the corpus of representationsis a LH IIIB ring-basedcraterfromCyprus,Karageorghis 1982, 77-82 with fur.1 and pls. XII-XIII (Pyla-Kokkinokremos). 39 MPVP nos. Χ.ο,,ΧΙλο.

{= MPS nos. 21 A, 36), 19.1; Crouwel

19910, 1, 3 no. 1 withfig. 1. See also Chariots111. 40 MPVP nos. XI.3 (= MPS no. 27), 4 (= MPS no. 35), et. nos. XI.6, 18, 28 (for additional fragments,see TirynsXII: Wagen 24A); WBM 21, no. A9; Crouwel 1991a, 1, 3 no. 1 withfig. 1. 41 For discussion, see Catling 1968 49; Littauer 1972, 157; MPVP s.v. no. XI.37; Chariots77 s.v.no. V 61. Vi See e.g. MFVfnos. lA.i, 2 and 1 1 (= ΜΓΟ nos. 11,3;, Λ.30, XI.26; WBM 21, no. Β 14: Crouwel ιοοια, 1, 3 no. 1 withfig. 1. 43 Fringedtunics:MPVPnos. XI.iA, 44 (= MPS nos. 28, 30); MPVPnos. XI.2WBM21, nos. CiC-D, ?Bio. Greaves/leggings:

3, 7 {=MPSnos. 25A-B, 27, 33), 16, 18, 49; WBM 21, nos. B4AB, 9. For theircombination,see MPVP nos. XI.28, 42 (= MPS no. 32; Mycenae, 'WarriorCrater') and 43. 44 MPVP nos. XI.7 (= MPS no. 33), 14, 16, 21; WBM 21, nos. 8A-B and G2 withfig. 10, pls. 1-2. 45 MPVP nos. IX.6, 10, X.23, XI.2, 7 (= MPS nos. 44, 119, 23, 25A-B, 33; all craterfragmentsfromMycenae), 13 (= WBM 21, no. G2: the 'Horses and BirdsJar' fromMycenae), 30 (larnax Tiryns);Demakopoulou and Crouwel 1984, 41 no. 4, fragment, pl. 7 (craterfragment,Thebes). 46 Cf. the free-roaminghorses, theirtails fringedon one side over theirwhole length,seen on a LH IIIC collar-neckedjar, probably from the Dodecanese {MPVP no. XII. 42), and the fromMycenae huntingdog on a LH IIIC Middle craterfragment {WBM 21, no. G4).

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fromtheArgolidand Lefkandiitself(A3, B4; representations Mycenaeand on othercontemporary see aboves.v.ChariotsandHorses).The fringed tunichereis painteddark,witha reserved belt(?)and itslowerpartdecoratedwitha chequerboard a as on crater from design, fragment Mycenae.47 This warrioris wearinglow cross-hatched boots,a typeof footwearthatis also shownwith thesoldierson the'Warrior Crater'fromMycenae.Such footwear, is wornby thenonmoreover, a on and LH IIIB wallpaintings huntsmen on Gs earlier, long-robed figure military, carryingjug by fromTirynsand Pylos.48 The manis armedwitha swordin a tasselledscabbard,presumably wornon a baldric.The tassels arehanging fromthesword'sforked end. The fork recalls hiltwithpommelearsof the fish-tail upper so-calledNaue II typebronzeswords.49 Tasselledscabbardsrecuron craterfragment B4 and on vase LH ΠΙΑ of 2.50 Mycenaean paintings Unlikethefileof soldiersmarching towardssimilar,bull'shead handleson the 'Warrior Crater' fromMycenae,themanon Bia is notcarrying a spear.Instead,he appearstobe raisingone armup in thesimilarly on crater front, armed,striding B4 (seebelow).The latter recalling figure fragment appears to be leadinga horseor teamofchariothorses,ofwhicha smallpartis preserved behindhim.The warrior on Bia maythenperhapsalsobe visualisedas walkingaheadofone horseora teamofhorses. The remainsofan equineanimal,identifiable byitstail,can indeedbe seennextto thehandlebut it belongsto thecomposition on theoppositeside ofthecrater.Thereare severalbetterpreserved vase representations ofhorses- butofno otheranimalspecies- withtailssimilarly composedof strands of hair (cf.An).51 separate, straight Horsesare also shownon fragment Bib, whichis by thesamepainter'shandand almostcertainly to the same viz. the of thehoofedlegs on thetwofragments. Two ofthe crater, belongs rendering horseson Bib are shownoverlapping, theotheris placedfurther its stretched outin a back, forelegs Here then exists a small a of of horses not harnessed to chariots but gallop. part spirited composition to which the horse of Bia also have a Such is seen on the roaming freely, may belonged. composition 'Horsesand BirdsJar'ofLH IIIC MiddlefromMycenae,wherehorsesand foalsare arrangednot butone behindtheotherin a stylised stance.52 overlapping running A moreprecisereconstruction of thepictorialdesignson bothsidesof the'Warriorand Horses ofthesidewiththewarrior, ofmore Crater',and particularly would,however,requirethediscovery of the same vessel. pieces A similarly witha swordat hiswaistand wearingleg protection, is seenstriding equippedwarrior, to the righton a fragment of anothercrater(B4). Here the forkedhiltof the swordis pointing the scabbard'stassel-fringe downwards, suspendedfromthe other,upperend.53The man is again clad in eithera shorttunicor, perhapsless likely,body armour,thistimedrawnentirelysolid and without a fringed hem.54 In contrast, his armsare renderedin outline,thepairofstripesacross one upperarmsuggesting a shortsleeve. One oftheman'sarmsis stretched as on Bia; theotheris raisedbehind,thuscausinghis forward, shoulderto bulgetowardstheremainsof thepictorialmotifshownbehindhim.The remainsare ofa horse,drawnsolidandwithaddedwhitepaint(cf.A5-10, probablypartofthechestandforelegs fromMycenae,in whichmen are leading 12, Bi). This recallssceneson LH IIIB wall paintings horses- surelybelongingto chariotteams- by theirreinsor lead ropes,and ofcraterfragments fromthissiteillustrating thesamesubject.55 On one suchvase fragment, datingto LH IIIC Middle, thehelmetedhorseleaderhas botharmsraised,as on B4. Withone handhe is a holdingthelead ropeofthehorse(s)behindhim,withtheothera longstickor goad in front.56 - forno compelling It has been suggested reason- thatthehorseleaderis lookingbackrather thanfacingforward.57 In whichcase thefainttracesobservedwouldbe ofhischin.Shouldthemanbe thesetracescouldbe seenas thelowerend ofa helmetplume(cf.B6). however, facingforward, 47 MPVP no. XI.44 (= MRS1no. *o). 48 MPVP no. XI.42 (= MPSno. 32); WBM 21, no. G7; Tiryns II, 11 if, nos. 141-2 and 160, pl. XIV: 10, 12; iWII, 45^ no. 21 H48, pls. 15, 112, 116, also M. 49 See CifAWi 13-17 withills, (closestcomes the type'sgroup I which has pommel ears and no spur; examples of this group are knownfromMycenae and Aegean islands); Kilian-Dirlmeier 1984, IV:2 94f (group A). 50 MPVP nos. III. 19, 21, IV.50; see also WBM 21, no. GiC-D withfig.7 (larnax fragmentsof LH IIIC Middle fromMycenae). 51 For references,see above n. 45. 52 MPVP no. XL 13 (= WBM 21, no. G2); cf. also a crater fragmentfromMycenae, MPVP no. IX. 10 (= MPS no. 119). A

LH IIIB craterfragmentfromThebes preserves small parts of two horses,one withits forelegsstretchedout in a gallop as seen on Bib: Demakopoulou and Crouwel 1984, 41 no. 4, pl. 7. 53 Cf. the sword withforkedlower end seen on a fragmentof a contemporarycraterwitharmed men fromKalapodi (Phocis), Jacob-Felsch 1996, no. 231; ÄMDP815, no. 28 withfig.22*. 54 For verysimilarattire,see a craterfragmentfromMycenae, MPVP no. XL« (= MPS no. 27). 55 BSA 1921-23, pl. XXVII; Rodenwaldt1921, no. 2, cf.no. 4; also AegeanPaintingMy no. 1o. MPVP nos. IX.8 (= MPSno. 9), XI.78 (= MPS nos. 33, 31), cf.IX.2 (= MPSno. 1 1); also Chariots120. 56 MPVP no. XI.8 (= MPSno. *i). 57 MPVP 12g s.v. no. XI.39.

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A seriesofothercraterfragments (B5-8). giveglimpsesofMycenaeanwarriors on themarch,as seenon of a file of soldiers have formed on The twohelmeted B5 part figures may Whathasbeendescribed vaserepresentations.58 Crater'fromMycenaeandcontemporary the'Warrior as thelong-nosed warrior's 'curlybeard'mayratherbe thechinstrapofhiscap-likehelmet.59 ofthehelmeted thelineseenin front A fileofsoldiersmayalso havebeenshownon B3, assuming but The solidlypaintedhelmetis againcap-like, headbelongedto a spearcarriedby a manin front. The dark,'hedgehog' it has a hatchedband in added whitealongitsborders- a uniquefeature. fromtheArgolidmayhavea vase representations witha bristled crestseenon contemporary helmets or leftplain.60 lowerborder,eitherpatterned reserved on B6.61 drawnheadwearinga helmetwitha fine,single-line A rather plumeis preserved sketchily is seen on a what like with looks a helmet Partofanotherwarrior B7.62The neck-guard wearing him.63 behind shown two the not is a tunic dark man,wearing (cf.B4), apparently holding spears just he is falling Thisand theangleofhisbodymaysuggest back,as in a battlescene.Butexactlywhatis oftheman'schinand at ofthetracesofpaintin front as is theinterpretation is uncertain, happening soldier's another of the bristled crest this of the thelowerright (is 'hedgehog'helmet?). fragment edge head backand holdinga spearcan made outon B8. The spear,itsleaf-shaped An armstretched the outsized been have that would for is action,something impededby upwards, poised pointing Crater'from soldierson the'Warrior themarching rationbag suspendedfromit. For comparison, their shoulders.64 across from with ration their them, bagshanging spears,again Mycenaecarry ofBio withitsfileofthreemalefigures, theoriginalcomposition to reconstruct Too littlesurvives theirmuscularlegs renderedin silhouettebut not wearinggreaves/leggings (cf.A2-3, 6). The a and two adults a in scale scene,involving boywalkingin between maysuggest family discrepancy bowl two-handled a is there theshinofthemanin front.65 themand touching round-bottomed, Why hasno foreatingor drinking, The vessel,presumably is unknown. betweenthelegsofthelatterfigure at Lefkandi.Its presencerecallsthevases- of different obviousparallelin theceramicrepertoire on Lefkandi Bab and G2 and thoseseenon or with the seated associated walkingfigures shapes elsewhere.66 from vessels someMycenaeanpictorial dressedin a longrobeand seatedon a folding(?) chair,can be made A distinctly figure, non-military thesex ofthispersonwhoseems to determine Not outon craterfragment Bab. enoughis preserved In an tobe raisingbothhandstowards enigmatic placedon thegroundline,is a setof object.67 front, a kylix.Forthesakeofexplicitness, and a crater wine and twovesselsto do withmixing drinking two the Of crater.68 within the thekylixis shownin 'X-rayfashion' vases,theconicalkylixis a shape the low not of is The crater clearly in LH IIIC Lefkandi. well-known ring-base typecommonamong an indicate it its amphoroidcrateror a pictorialand othercratersfromthe site.With- stem, may LH IIIC Lefkandi.69 at unknown both necklessone withsimilarverticalstraphandles types at the element thevertical The sceneis partof a panel composition, rightedge quiteprobably Baa.70 as seenon thecomplementary to a wide,complextriglyph, fragment belonging

58MPVPnos.XI.42 (= MPS no. 32), 43, 45, 57, ?64.i. 59See MPVP136 s.v.no. XI.60. A chinstrapmayperhapsalso fromMycenae{MPVPno. XI.46 = be seenon a craterfragment MPS no. 29), whilebeardsare clearlyindicatedon the'Warrior Crater'fromthesite{MPVPno. XI.42 = MPS no. 32). 60MPVPnos.XI.16.1,47, 51, 64; WBM21,nos.B4A,Gi with fie.7, pl. 4. 61For a rathersimilarplume,see a craterfragment from MPVPXI.8 (= MPS no. 31). Mycenae, 62A from maybe meanton a ?pinaxfragment neck-guard MPVPno. XI.31 (= Tiryns VII, no. 120). Tiryns, 63The oval shield,suggested by MPVP13b s.v.no. Al.oi, is unlikely,as shieldsof thisshape are not otherwiseshownin Mycenaeanvase painting(fordarkpainted,roundshields,see a pairofspears,on footor nos.XI. 1Α-B and 28). Men carrying are seen on MPVPnos. XI.44 (= MPS no. 30), 18 in chariots, and 28. 64MPVPno. XI.42 (= MPS no. 32). tor othercontemporary ofspearswithrationbags,see WBM21,no. GiA representations MPVPno. XI.44 (= MPS no. 30). 4) and,probably, 7, (fig. pl. b5Cf. the diiterently-sized men,again withmuscularlegs in a combatsceneon a craterfragment renderedin silhouette, Laconia:MPVPno. X.36. fromtheAmyklaion,

66MPVPnos. III.21-22 (Enkomi),V.19 (Souda Bay,Crete), XII. 17 (Kalavarda,Rhodes),also XI. 19.1 (Tiryns jar,see below toMPVP137 s.v.no. XI.66 (=63), thevasesin n. 72). According thefieldusuallydenotecultor funeral. 67Could thisbe a ceremonialgarment of somekind,as was to of4 July1994)?I am grateful byK. P. Foster(letter suggested forcommenting herand to S. A. Immerwahr uponthispottery fragment. 68The term to describe 'X-rayfashion'is usedbyImmerwahr is shown thewaythedepositionofa dead bodywithina coffin on an actual terracottalarnax (probablyof LH IIIB) from 157^ fig.41e. Painting Tanagrain Boeotia,Aegean 69For a different typeof neckedcraterfromLefkandi,see above Shapesand Decoration(craterE8a-d). ForpossiblyLH IIIC amphoroidcratersfromtheeasternAegean,see MPVPno. XII.35 (Kos); Crouwel1991Ä,67fand ns.12-14.Cf.thebronze example,madein Cyprusbutfoundin thetombunderthelarge II.2 81-96, pls. 18-21. MPG buildingat Toumba,see Lefkandi Fora necklesscrater(FS 9) of LH IIIC Middle,see MDP i>jof withfig.218 (Perati). 70Cf. a craterfragment irom lirynswitnpartot a numan figurebetweenand above checkerboardpatterns,MPVPno. VII no. 44). XI.50 (= Tiryns

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on a chairand approachedby a manon footin the The seatedpersonrecallsthelong-robed figure the Tainted of Stela'ofLH IIIC MiddlefromMycenae.71 register uppermost verypoorlypreserved Thereis also theseated,presumably female,figureholdingup a kylixand associatedwitha chariot LH IIIC collar-necked This figureis accompaniedby,or race,on a fragmentary jar fromTiryns.72 a cauldron. seated on, tripod perhapsactually ofthetwoincompletely scenesaboveis opento debate.Andwhatof The interpretation preserved theseatedfigureon Bsb: is he or she feasting or engagedin some cultactivity?73 Such recallsthe this and a on another crater time on foot fromLefkandi figure fragment long-robed carryingjug as is a the same The to mother and baby Bsa-b. (Gs), quiteprobablyby figure juxtaposed painter a which would G below, (see Miscellaneous). suggest mythological setting sphinx, Whatis showninthelowerregister (s) on Bsb defiesexplanation, thoughone elementis reminiscent oftheturnedleg ofa pieceoffurniture. on craterfragments The preserved lowerpartsoftwolong-robed Bna-b and theirposition figures - well above thegroundline - have a good parallelin a craterfragment fromtheAcropolisat The humanfigure witha 'Snoopy-like' on the crater Athens.74 Bg mayjust intriguing fragment profile ofpeoplebeing possiblybe undera parasol.Thereare a few,earlierMycenaeanvase representations undershade,eitheron footor ridingin chariots.75 Β 12a. Armsarenot thereare thetwofigures facingeach otheron deep bowl (?) fragment Finally, in evidenceand all too littlesurvivesto knowwhatthefigures are doing.Otherpersonsstanding The engaged.76 oppositeeach otherin Mycenaeanvase paintingare eithersalutingor aggressively Β with a of the bodies on one of them motif does not 12, inside, rendering upper lozenge-shaped a or armour.77 suggest garment body immediately C - Animals deer (fm5) See Gi - Miscellaneous GOATS (FM 6)

Therearetwo,remarkable ofgoats(C1-2). Thefirst, therestored 'FeedingGoatsCrater' representations ofLH IIIC Middle(Ci), haspaneldecoration, withthree(incompletely goats.The animals preserved) areraisedon theirhindlegsandtwoofthemarefeeding at 'leaves'growing outofa triglyph ofwhatis a commonMycenaeantype(FM 75), placedbetweenthem.The same activity is illustrated on the andFishBowl'fromMycenaeandprobably 'Croats alsoon thefragment ofa similar bowl from the deep samesite.78 Botharein theClose StyleofLH IIIC Middlein theArgolidand therefore contemporary withCi. Whiletheanimalsdepictedon the'GoatsandFishBowl'arestanding on all fours, thoseofthe bowl sherd from and are on their hind Ci to reach the 'leaves'. deep rising Mycenae legs Theserepresentations arevariations on thethemeofantithetically-placed goatsnibblingat trees,a themewhichwas adoptedfromtheNearEastin variousartistic mediaofBronzeAge Greece.79 It is seenin severalMycenaeanvasepaintings, in date from LH to IIIC Middle.80 There the IIIA2 ranging animalsmaybe standing on all foursor risingon theirhindlegs,withtheforelegs in mid-air or hung bracedagainstthetree. The 'leaves'on Ci, painteddarkwithsubsidiary recalltheantithetic thatform streamers outlines, of the decoration Β on Side of the same crater. The on A Side is part panel composition uniquein a third and what a looks like of in ribbons the two The third including goat group hanging panels. raised on its hind in the also be meant to be goat,again legs, right-hand panel may nibbling;the 71MPVP no.

XI.43; Sakellariou 1985, 203 no. L3256, colour pl.; AegeanPainting151, My no. 2 1. 72 Kilian 1980 21-31; Chariots142, no. V51; MPVP 230, no. XI. 19.1; AegeanPainting154; Morris 1992, 209 withfn.23; Tiryns XII: Wagen17. 73 Cf. thecraterand kylixplaced on thegroundseen on a much the later,EtruscanBlack-figure jug of the PonticClass illustrating preparationsof a banquet: Macnamara îqqo, 66, fig.87. 74MPVP no. IX. 14 (= MPS no. 4). 75MPl^Pnos. III.21, X.i and 4; Chariotsi3if, 139^ nos. Vi 1, 36, 81; WBM 21, s.v. no. A5 (figs.1-2).

76 See WBM 21 s.v. no. Bi with pl. 1 (= MPVP no. IX.18); Berbati2 no. 1 15, pl. 21 .4. 77 Cf. the 'horse leader' on an unprovenancedcraterfragment, Crouwel íqqiÃ, 6*-8, fig. 1. 78 WBM 2i, 17 no. G3 with fig. 8; MPVP no. IX.74 (= MPS no. 101; incorrectlyclassifiedand dated to LH IIIB). 79 See Berbati 2, 60; MPVP 23 s.v.no. III.26, 55 s.v.no. V.i 10; WBM 17, 22 and s.v. no. C21. 80 MPVPnos. III.26, V.i 10A, IX.74 (anotherClose Styledeep bowl fragmentfromMycenae), X.52, cf.XII. 1 1, 24; possiblyalso WBM nos. C20-21; Benzi, 1993, 286, pl. 38d (Kalymnos).

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- thatitis copulating, an activity alternative C2 - is lesslikelyin view depictedon craterfragment ofthepositionof theanimalin front. The 'ribbons'seen insteadof a secondgoatin thelefthand The nibblinggoatherehas male genitalsbutno beard.Enoughremainsof panelare unexplained. himand theanimalsin theotherpanelsforthecontrast betweenthereservedheads and thedark paintedbodiesand betweenthestripedand darklegsto standoutclearly. The decoration ofcrater C2 is dividedintotworegisters, fragment separated bya bandofalternating what was shownin the with While too little remains to know outlines. originally triangles subsidiary in with male animal on can be made out the the lowerregister, rear, one, standing mating goats upper itshindlegs,as on Ci.81The thirdgoat,ofwhichonlyone leg is left,mayperhapshaveformed part ofa similarcomposition. vasepainting. Thereareno otherscenesofcopulation involving goatsorotheranimalsinMycenaean mostnotablyon a As a wholeAegeanBronzeAge artpreserves fewotherexamplesofthisactivity, MM III-LM I goldsignetring.82 The animalshereare Cretanmountain goats(agrimia). OTHER ANIMALS

Thetwofragments ofcrater scenes,as is suggested C3a-b maywellpreserve partsofhunting particularly with all as ifabouttoleap animals four drawn forward the stance of the two best legs by preserved at theirquarry.The same stancecan be seen on a restoredLH IIIC ring-based craterfromPylos, on craterfragments a his a deer.83 Other scenes huntsman and horned hunting showing dogspursuing ofLH IIIC MiddlefromtheArgolidagaindepictdogsand deer,withtheattackers placedbehind, aboveorbelowtheirprey.84 The dogsmaybe shownwithtalonson theirpawsor withbaredteethto thanteethin theiropenmouth,a accentuate theirfierceness. Othersaredepictedwitha tonguerather craterfragments feature sharedby thetwoanimalson contemporary C3a-b. The animalshere,each that withonlyone talonedfront well be ofthemcuriously dogstoo,thoughthesuggestion paw,may theyarelionscannotbe discounted.85 Withtheirunparalleled The animalsin frontare evenharderto identify. long,spottedtails,they thatthebestpreserved ofthesecreatures cannotin anycase be deer.It hasbeententatively suggested a The sceneson the withclaws,is nota quarrybut parent. (on 03b) , one ofitslonglegspreserved stroll'.86 Not 'a parentliontakingoutitscub fora frisky originalcraterwouldthenhave represented scenesthat but a place amongthehunting enoughis preservedto ruleout suchan interpretation, ofthetimeis morelikely. werepopularin Mycenaeanvase painting D - Monsters SEE Gl-2

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MISCELLANEOUS (GRIFFINS AND SPHINXES)

Ε - Birds (FM 7) This mostcommonmotifoccurson cratersas well as vesselsof othershapes (E1-23). However and in bothin rendering variation thebirdsoftenare,thereis considerable incompletely preserved in whichtheyfigure. thecompositions ofa crater, is thelargefragment probablyofLH IIIC Middle(Ei), wherethebirdsare Outstanding each ofthetwopanelswouldhave showeda familyscene, Originally, partofa panelcomposition. The witha youngbirdflying up to itsparentin thenarrowspace besidethewidecentraltriglyph. ofanothercrater(Esa-c), theyoungbirdsherenotsuspended on fragments samethemeis illustrated attachedto eithersideofthecentraltriglyph. in mid-air butdepictedin nestsapparently The themeoffeedingbirdsor scenesofa birdfamilyare quiterarein Mycenaeanvase painting fromMycenaewith and in Mycenaeanartin general.Apartfroma LH IIIB or IIIC craterfragment thereis otherwise theremainsofa youngbirdsetbetweenitsparents, preserved onlyone completely LH IIIA2 amphoroidcraterfromCyprus- wheretwobirdsare shownfacingeach otheracrossa

81 This already in MPVP 143 s.v. no. XI.85. interpretation 82 CMS VII no. 68; Yule 1980, 123 type 2, no. 45, pl. 4; Crouwel 1992, no. 104; Krzyszkowska20050, pl. 214 (= C22), see also 215 n. * 2 forearlier matingscenes in glyptic. 83 PN'III, 22Q, fies. 28oa-e; MPVP no. XI.80. 84 MPVP nos. XI.70-4, 78 (= MPS nos. 10A-C, 55A-B, 56, 58, 57); WBM 21 no. G4, cf. G5A-B withpl. 3, GiG withfig.7

and pl. 4 (confrontedboar and ?dog), C15. 85 Pro lions: Popham and Sackett 1968, 19; Popham and Milburn. Cf. the animals on craterfragments,probably of LH IIIB, from Mycenae and those attacking deer on a LH IIIB amphoroid craterfromRas Shamra-Ugarit,MPVP nos. IX.82 (= MPS no. 54) and XIII.27. 8bMPVP 140 s.v. no. XI.79.

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A similar nestwithtwoyoung.87 butinvolving occurson themuchlateralabastron griffins, composition, fromLefkandi(Gi; see below,G - Miscellaneous). The birdsandtriglyph on Ei and whatis leftofthemon Esa-c are quitedifferently rendered. The bestpreserved, elaborate bird on its with filled concentric and a arcs Ei, highly parent bodyclosely solidareaatthechest,is strongly reminiscent ofbirdsdepictedin theClose StyleoftheArgolidin LH IIIC Middle.The latter,definedas a highlyornate,miniaturist drawn,detailed stylewithcarefully on made vases kalathoi and motifs, small, bowls, mainlyappears finely deep stirrup jars- butnot on ring-based AtLefkandi, craters.88 thebirdson twoothercraterfragments (E4, 13; cf.alsoEs 2) also recallthoseof the Close Style.Most similar,however,is whatremainsof thebirdon a kalathos ofthebodyandraisedwingofthetrueClose Style.89 (E21); itrevealsthedelicatepatterning fragment Anotherexampleofbirdsforming a of are thetwofragments ofLH IIIC part panelcomposition MiddlecraterE3a-b. Herethebirdssimplyfaceeachotheracrossthecentraltriglyph. The rendering oftheirnecksandheadsrecallsthebirdon theinterior ofa kalathosfragment (E20),thelatter forming of a different At decoration. the same the birds' raised are as streamers time, part panel wings rendered - one ofthefamiliar withsubsidiary outlines abstract at Lefkandi. Antithetic streamers (FM patterns can be for as of the decoration on Β Side of Goats Crater'Ci. seen, instance, 62) part panel Teeding A verydifferent a fileofbirdssetin a narrowfrieze,can be seen on the composition, involving of an unusual necked crater (E8a-d), whichhas a findcontextdatingto LH IIIC Late.The fragments birdsthemselves areunparalleled. Thereare one or twopictures offlying birds(E14-15); in one case (E15) theyformpartofa panel Another crater a complexlozenge composition. fragment yieldsa glimpseofa composition involving with a bird on one of its sides (E16). design standing Of noteis also theone example(E23) oftheso-calledbirdprotomemotif whichwas quitepopular in LH IIIC Middle, particularly in the Argolid.90 a Incorporatingonly stalk-likeneck and a it was used to enliven and verysimplehead, triangles otherabstractmotifswhichare sometimes in a chain as on arranged E23. F - Fish (FM 20) Fishappearmainlyon fragments ofcraters(F1-10),butalso ofkalathoi(F11-12) and on twoother sherds(F13-14).Six or sevenofthesehavea findcontextofLH IIIC Middle. Mostrepresentations, as theyare, showfishswimming incomplete horizontally, usuallyto right. Thereare also somewithan emphasison upwardor downwardmovement (F4, 8, 13, cf.F9). Two illustrate fishofdifferent size(F4, 13) andtwoothersmayindicatea marinesetting fragments (F1-2).91 The fishare mostlyrenderedin outline,theirbody fill of wavy or otherlines separated fromthe head by one or more gill arcs (F1-3, 5-6, 9-11, 14).92While thisway of rendering fishis commonenoughin LH IIIC,93none of the fishfromLefkandiexactlymatchesanother, or indeed fishrepresentations fromelsewhere.For instance,thereare no exampleshere of the in the distinctive, neatlydrawntypeof fishwithpointedjaws and open mouth,bestrepresented Argolidin LH IIIC Middle.94 TwooftheLefkandifishhave morerichlypatterned bodies(F4 and 8), anotheris embellished in addedwhite(F7).Yetanother is rendered insilhouette variessubstantially, (F12).The qualityofdrawing fromrather poor(F5, 10-11) to fine(F4 and 8, and especiallyF13). G - Miscellaneous The pictorial decoration on thecompletely alabastronofLH IIIC Middle(Gi) is unique, preserved both monsters and a and animals involving (griffins sphinx) (deerand goats).Whatat first sightmay 87 MPVPno. IV.38 (fromMaroni); WBM 21 s.v.no. E4. See also MPSno. 122 (closedvesselfragment fromMycenae,possiblyshowing a parentand youngbird).Cf. also the group of threebirds,one of themsmallerthanthe others,on a LH IIIC stirrup jar fromPerati, MPVPno. XL 150 (= Peratill,149 no. 779 withfig.23, 170 withfig. fromThera show swallowsfeeding'theirstill 55). Frescofragments unplumedfledglingsin the nest',see Doumas 1992, 128 withpls. Xeste 3, Room 4). 97-9 (fromAkrotiri, 88 See especially MP 571-5; Sherratt1981 71-4; MDP 15560, 169, i77f; ÄMDP50, 77f; WBM21, 21-3, 28f,32f. For Close Stylebirds,see MPVP nos. XI.98-1 19 (= MPS nos. 183-98, etc.); WBM 21, 22f s.v. nos. E29-34, 39-41' 5° witn%s· 3» 5·

89 The same can be said of a bird on an octopus stirrupjar fromPerati,MPVPno. XL 145 (= PeratiII, 148 no. 261 withfig. cf. also no. 23, 261-750). 90 MPVP nos. XL 11 9-21 (= MPS nos. 184, 215, 216), 126, 139, XII.20.1; WBM 2' y23 s.v. nos. E 3, 14, 15A-B, 16, 36, 42 withfig.6, pl. 3, cf. E27. 91 Cf. Crouwel 1991α, "jfs.v. no. 8. 92 See also the fishon the fragmentary crater,above n. 22. 93 See e.g. PeratiII, 140, fig.2i.a-c; also below n. 04.. 94 MPVP nos. X.84 (incorrectlydated; MPSno. 233), XL 125 (MPSno. 210); TirynsVII no. 182; WBM 21, 23 s.v. nos. F 1-4, 10-11 withfig.6, G3; Crouwel 1991a, 5-9 nos. 7-8.

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seem to be a randomjuxtaposition of different motifs, paintedin whiteon a darkbackground, dividesintothreedistinct groups. theiryoungin a nest- a themeknownforbirds The first ofthetwogriffins feeding groupconsists of griffin of theAegeanBronze (see E1-2), but uniquein the extensiverepertoire representations all than ours and include It that are earlier be noted these onlyone other Age.95 may representations on LH IIIB Enkomi.96 The two a crater of from vase parentgriffins painting, ring-based Mycenaean also be viz. in particular theircrestsand tails.Earliergriffins Gi are notidentically rendered, may with tails.97 crests and shownwith- differently curled-up shaped The secondgroupis formed bythesphinxand twodeerfacingeachother.The deerbythemselves to therightand lookingback at a fawn makeup a familygroup,withan antleredparentstanding but can be seenin LH IIIB vasepaintings, the same on its back and left. poses standing facing Exactly antlersdo notsharethe On theotherhand,theantlereddeerand itsyoungwithincipient notlater.98 The spottedhideofthefawnon characteristic wavylinebodyfilloftheearliervase representations. TaintedStela'fromMycenae.99 recallsthedeeron thecontemporary G2 rather haveno obvious,meaningful The deerandthesphinxoppositethemon thealabastron relationship; fromthesphinx'schesttobelowtheparentdeer'stailmayhavebeen thehorizontal lineseenrunning with base forthefawntostandon.The sphinxitself intended bythepainteras an additional originally inAegean ofthiskindofmonster hairhasno closeparallelsamongthemanyrepresentations itsruffled ofLH IIIA2 includea numberofMycenaeanvase paintings Theserepresentations BronzeAge art.100 one - craterfragment butonlyone contemporary G2 fromLefkandi(seebelow). and IIIB date101 a family The thirdgroupconsistsof thethreegoats,like thedeer,theseanimalsmayrepresent static other. The above the one which are its two a with scene, pose placed largerparentfacing young withtheactiveposesofthetwosmalleranimals,thelowerone of ofthelargerparentgoatcontrasts whichhasitsheadturnedback;lackofspacehas causedthepainterto attachthehornsofthisanimal levelsover the vase to its neck.Whilethereare otherexamplesof animalsarrangedat different of for the no obvious there are in a or surface, peaceful hunting livelycomposition parallels setting,102 norfortheirindividual thethreegoatson thealabastron, rendering. ofLH IIIC from friezeon thealabastron The variousmotifs pictorial makingup thecircumcurrent Lefkandicomeundertheheading'familygroups',withthenotableexceptionofthesinglesphinx. one ofthe in Mycenaeanvase painting, has no equivalent ofmotifs combination Whiletheparticular fromearlier,LH threegroups- theantlereddeerlookingbackat a fawnon itsback- is a survival fromLefkandi vasepaintings IIIB times.Familyscenesas suchcan alsobe seenin othercontemporary also (Ei-«, G«, possibly Bio). The human sideby sidewitha groupoftwosphinxes. Craterfragment Gs?showsa humanfigure anklea wears the to determine is of whom not enough sex, richlypatterned, preserved figure, with the also seen the of boots with cross-hatched in verydifferently type garment combination length dressed,armed man of Bia. The line across the wristof the preservedarm may indicatea braceletor thegarment's longsleeve. The carriesa jug and mustbe engagedin someunknown, The long-robed peacefulactivity. figure and other of from to latter typesof jugs pictures peoplecarrying mayhavebeenofa culticnature, judge other one includes on muralsofearlierdate.103 vesselin processions only pottery Mycenaeanpictorial It is a occasion. a to be what seems at special exampleof a humanfigureactuallyholdinga vase, with a female a seated and race a chariot LH IIIC jarfrom (?)figure kylix illustrating Tiryns fragmentary of peopleridingin of LH IIIA2 and IIIB, mayshowprocessions Othervase paintings, (see B2).104 andgoingon foot,withjugsandvesselsofothertypesdepictedin thefield(seeBio). To these chariots ofscenes withglimpses B2b and 10 fromLefkandi fragments maybe addedtheLH IIIC Middlecrater in the field or the vesselson andincluding humanfigures ofseatedorwalking (seeabove). ground 95 See

Delplace 1967, 49-86; Tamvaki 1974, 288-92; Poursat 1977*, 64-8; Long 1974, 2gf; Morgan 1988, 49-54. A sealing fromthe palace at Pylos has an antitheticcomposition of pairs of large and small griffins:CMS I no. 304; Krzyszkowska2005a pl. 576 (fornew drawing). 96 MPVP no. V.27 (LH IIIB deep-bowl crater fromEnkomi one of thempulling a chariot). withtwo griffins, 97 See Poursat 1977Ä,64 no. 1, pl. Li (well-knownpyxisfrom Athens). 98 Catling 19790, 440-7, nos. 10 (= MPVP no. IX.48; Tiryns VII no. 43), 19 (the Menelaion, Laconia); add WBM 21, s.v. no. Co, pl. 1. 99 See above n. 1. 7

100See Dessenne 1957; Poursat 1977^ 61-4. 101MPVPnos. V.27-28, VIII.30 (= MPS no. 248), 31 (not two but threesimilarstirrupjars, see MPS nos. 245-47), Χ·42*>Tiryns

XII: Waeeni*.

102See Demakopoulouand Crouwel 1984, 40 s.v.no. 3a-b; WBM MPVPno. IX.71 =MPS no. 107). 21 s.v.no. C18 (incorporating 103 AegeanPaintingTh no. 1, tig. 32t (Thebes), Γι no. 4, tig. 32g (Tiryns),Py no. 8 (also JWII, especially pls. 119-20). 104A painted terracottalarnax fromTanagra,probably of LH IIIB, shows on one of its long sides a standingfemalefigurein a long dress holding up a kylix,togetherwith a female mourner: PAE 1973, pl. 10b (Dendron, tomb 35).

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a family The twosphinxeson G2 are ofmarkedly different size and mustrepresent group,witha overitsyoung.The latteris as yetwinglessbuthas a longtailrisingas a wavyline parentstanding As seen,thereare otherfamilygroupsin Mycenaeanvase painting, betweenitsparent'sforelegs. viz. thebirdsofEi and 2a-c, and thegriffins, at Lefkandi, deerand goatsofGi. Only particularly onceis theyoungsimilarly shownbeneaththeparent,on a fragment ofa Close Styledeepbowlfrom The sphinxeson craterG2 are facingin oppositedirections, unlikethe goats.105 Mycenaefeaturing fromMycenaebutrecalling variousscenesofmothers their goatson thefragment suckling youngin otherartistic mediaofBronzeAge Greece.106 Thereare,however, no sphinxesamongthese. The sphinxes'headsare crownedby beret-like butusually caps in twotiers.Similarheaddresses, in are worn earlier vase and other Greek Bronze plumed, commonly bysphinxes Mycenaean paintings Age representations.107 Toolittle oftheoriginal survives toassesstherelationship betweenthesphinxes composition fruitfully and thehumanfigure.108 for better of human associated Looking preservedrepresentations figures withsphinxes, a paintedlarnaxfromTanagra,probablyof LH IIIB, comesto mind.109 Here are a and a winglesssphinx,eachtouching a stylised columnplacedbetweenthem.Ivory long-robed figure from and of similar or earlier Midea, date, pyxides depictmenleadinga wingedsphinxby Mycenae a ropetiedarounditsneck.110 have cultic,evenmythological Theserepresentations while overtones, theTanagralarnaxprovidesa funerary its for and human setting figure. sphinx long-robed craterfragment in thefield- an unusual ornament G2 appearstoshowa simplesubsidiary Finally, at thetime(LH IIIC Middle).111 feature WORKSHOPS AND PAINTERS studiesbyJ. B. Beazleyand othersof Iron Age Greekand Italic Followingupon the attribution with scholarshave become increasingly concernedwithclassifying decoration, figured pottery in terms of and individual Mycenaeanpictorial pottery workshops painters.112 AtLefkandi, thereis a sizeablebodyofsuchmaterial whichis mostly confined toone vaseshapethering-based crater. The bulkofthispictorial materialcomesfroman excavatedarea offairly small extentand can be assignedto one particular LH Middle. This IIIC period periodmay have coveredonlytwogenerations, or somefifty 1 All that years(c. 150/40-1100/1090bc).113 thissuggests few and in were involved the of The relatively workshops painters production pictorial pottery. fairly uniform (withone notableexception, B3) and thechemicalanalysisof a techniqueof manufacture selectionofthepictorial findssupporttheidea ofmanufacture at Lefkandiitself.114 surface and brushwork little Fabric, treatment, paint amongmostpictorial vary pieces.In addition, severalof themshowsimilarartistic in theirdesigns,close enoughto suggestworkshop tendencies In particular, connections. thereis a clearpreference forcontrasting darkwithoutlinedpartsofthe samepictorialmotifs, whether humanfigures, animalsor monsters, and forembellishing darkareas withaddedwhitepaint.Severalofthebirdshavea closebodyfilling of of consisting groups concentric arcs(Ei, 4, 10a, 13, 19, 21-22), whilehorsesmayhave a spikymanein common(A7-8, 10). At the same time,thereis considerablestylistic in the pictorially decoratedpottery variability encountered at thisone siteand producedovera relatively briefperiodoftime.Thisvariability even extendstothesamevase,as revealedbythecompletely alabastron with its of preserved array pictorial motifs whichweresurelyexecutedby thesame painter(Gi). The qualityof draughtsmanship also - fromcrude(e.g.A1-2, 4, Eg, F10) to excellent(Gi). variesconsiderably 105 WBM

21, no. Cio.

106See Sakellariou 1966 49t 107See Dessenne 1057; Poursat 1Q77& 61-4. 108The same of a LH IIIB craterfrom applies to the fragments Tiryns,showing parts of a sphinx and two human figures,the latterfacing each other and quite probably parent and child, TirynsXII: Wagen15; Rehak 1992, 51, pl. XVc. The parent's head stronglyrecallstwo otherfragments fromTiryns,MPVP nos. VII, nos. *, 00). X-33-34 (= Tiryns 109 AegeanPainting156^ pl. 92 (Ledeza, tomb 51). Another larnax shows a wingedsphinxtogetherwitha long-robed,female mourner(PAE 1979, pl. 20b: Dendron, tomb 115), a thirdonly sphinxes [PAE 1074, pls. 10b and 11a: Dendron, tomb if;). 110Poursat 19770, no. 297, pl. XXVIII (= Sakellariou 1985 no. E2476, pl. 36); Poursat 1977Ô, 59 no. 25, pl. XVII:4 (pyxis fragment,Enkomi). These scenes recall others showing griffins

held on ropes, see: Laffineur,1992, 107, pl. XXVa (= CMS I no. 128); Poursat 1977a, no. 359, pl. XXXVIII (plaque, Midea tholos). 111Cf. the simple fillingmotifson the 'WarriorCrater' from Mycenae, MPVP no. XI.42 (= MRS1no. 32). 112See TirynsVII, 88-96; MPVP 173-77 with commentsby Younger 1983, 22 if; Berbati2, 87^ 11 if; Güntner1987; Rystedt 1990, 167-76; 1993, 19-30; TirynsXII, 335-62; WBM 21, 27-9; MPS 10; Morris, 1993, 41-66 (withinvitedcommentsby other scholars); Crouwel and Morris 1991, 145. Cf. Cherry 1992, 123-44. 113For absolute dates, see: Warrenand Hankey 1989, 167-9; a need forcaution in accepting such precise dates is stressedby Sherrattiqqo, 4i4f. 114For the chemical analyses, see above n. 7.

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It is therefore difficult to definean overallstylein Lefkandiin LH IIIC Middle.It is evenmore As hasrecently beenforcefully handsor'micro-styles'. tosafelydistinguish individual difficult painter's vase paintersarisefromsizeablegroupsofwell-preserved attributions to individual stated,confident wherethereare numerousdetailsto use as suchas AtticBlackand Red Figurepottery, material, and wherethesedetailsare executedin variedand distinctive criteria, ways.115 of executionto be forsimilarity At Lefkandi,the pictorialpotteryis mostlytoo fragmentary a few criteria on whichto base reliance on us to assessed, forcing greater only place confidently identifications. Thus only a very few pieces have reasonablyclear painterconnections.The same hand witha humanfigureand two sphinxes(G2) and the can be recognisedin the craterfragment two fragments of the 'Warriorand Horses Crater' (Bia-b).116While these pieces bear very of formand executionare thecrudely commonfeatures different pictorialdesigns,the distinctive drawnlegsand feetofthesphinxes(G2) and ofthehorses(Bib) - thelegssolidand over-painted withwhitelines,thefeetin outline. in fabricand sharea slashedridge Bsa-b: theycorrespond G2 is also linkedwithcraterfragments brushwork.117 The rendering similar reveal belowtherim,whilethedesigns,although different, very also whichare shownwalkingand seatedrespectively, humanfigures, ofthefeetofthelong-robed and white for contours added trait is the use of well. Another common specific quite corresponds band below theseatedfigure on the sphinxes'darkbodies (G2) and on thehorizontal cross-lines S-curveson thesphinxes'bodiesrecuron whatlittle (B2b). It maybe notedthatthewhite-painted remainsofthechariothorsesofcraterfragment A5. all have solid The birdsoffragments E3a-b and E20, froma craterand a kalathosrespectively, bodiesand curvednecks,whichare renderedin outlinewitha zigzaginside.At thesametime,the withsubsidiary executed.Those ofthebirdson E3 are likethestreamers wingsare verydifferently In contrast, the sideofcraterEi and othervasesfromLefkandi.118 outlinesseenon thenon-pictorial bird'swingson E20, doubleoutlinedon theuppersideonlyand withcurvedlinesand a dotinside, F6. Thesetwopiecesmaybe by thesamepainter. recallthefishon craterfragment CONCLUDING REMARKS The sizeable but mostlyfragmentary body of Mycenaeanpictorialpresentedhere appears to to earlierperiods to LH IIIC (c. 1185/1180-1065bc). No piecesattributable belongin itsentirety havebeenidentified. associatedwiththethreesuperimposed building Manyofthesefindscomefromdatablecontexts withbirdor horsedesigns, mostly phasesofLH IIIC on Xeropolis.The earliestare somefragments, toLH IIIC Early(c. 1185/80-1150/40bc).The greatbulkoffindsdateto foundincontexts belonging identified ofthetwosub-phases totheearlier LH IIIC Middle(c.1150/40-1100/1090bc),andparticularly human and other armedmen ofsubjects, a variety atthesite.The pottery chariots, including represents orrestorable beasts.Theonlytwocomplete animalsandmythological onfoot, birds,fish, pictorial figures alabastron thesite- theremarkable vasesfrom (Gi) andthe'FeedingGoatsCrater'(Ci) - alsobelong withtheone or two contrasts to thisperiod.The abundanceofmid-LHIIIC pictorial sharply pottery pieceswithbirdsthatmaybelongtoLH IIIC Late (c. 1100/1090-1065bc). A similarsequencecan be tracedat thetwoothermajorfindplacesofLH IIIC pictorial pottery Mycenaeand Tirynsin the Argolid.At thesesitesthe historyof thiscategoryof ceramicshad begun much earlier,witha few pieces of LH IIB or IIIAi, followedby several datingto littlesuchmaterialcan be assignedto LH IIIC LH IIIA2 and especiallyLH HIB. As at Lefkandi, at the end of LH IIIB. This phenomenon, the citadels of destructions fire the after great Early, at other in general,repeatsitself ofpatterned offin thequantity whichcoincideswitha falling pottery sitesin mainlandGreece.119 in LH IIIC Middle,not decoratedpottery Thereis an upsurgein pictorialand otherelaborately In theArgolid,thisis the of Greece.120 in other also but Lefkandi and at parts only Mycenae,Tiryns 115Morris1993,41-66; 1995, 185-93. 116The so muchthat designson Bia-b and Ga differ pictorial theycan hardlybelong to one and the same crater,as was suggestedin Pophamand Sackett1968, 19. The tentatively ofGa to thesamepainteras thealabastronGi (see attribution MPVP137 s.v.no. XI.65) is also unsubstantiated. 117The designsofGa andBab, together pictorial verydifferent

zoneson Ga and Baa, withthedifferent depthofthepatterned theirhavingbelongedto a singlecrater. argue against 118See above n. 24. 119See WBM21, 3 if; XII, 378. Tiryns 120Pictorial fromMycenae:manypiecesin MFVrch. pottery XI, WBM21 and MPS.Tiryns:severalpiecesin TirynsVII and XII; MPVP ch. XL

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timeof the delicate Close Stylevases alongside robustcraters,of which the 'WarriorCrater'found Other,fragmentary by SchliemannwithinthecitadelofMycenae is stilltheprimeexample.121 pictorial cratersof similardate have turnedup at Ayia Tríada in Elis and Kalapodi in Phocis, at the coastal sitesof Livanatesin East Locris and Volos in Thessaly,as well as at Athens.122 Elsewhere,notablyat Peratiin Attica,on the islands of Naxos and in the Dodecanese, LH IIIC Middle is the heyday of the octopus stirrupjars, many of which feature fish, birds or other additional pictorial motifs.123 From Euboea, outside Lefkandi,come glimpses of mid-LH IIIC pictorial cratersfrom two surfacefinds at Amarynthoswhich are technicallyand stylisticallycomparable with pieces fromdatable contextson Xeropolis.124 Pictorialpotteryis rarein LH IIIC Late - in mainlandGreece as well as on Euboea and the other islands. What littlethere is correspondswith a deteriorationand simplificationin pot-makingin This was actuallya timeof disruptionand fragmentation, aftertheincreasedprosperity and general.125 contactsin the Aegean in LH IIIC Middle. To returnto LH IIIC Middle, thisis a - ratherbrief- period of recoveryand renewed contacts, well afterthe destructionof the Mycenaean palaces with their tightlyrun administrationand theirpatronageof the arts.Withthe re-emergenceof prosperoussites,such as Mycenae,Tirynsand Lefkandi,came a demand for attractivepainted pottery.Indeed, in ceramic termsthe period has been fairlydescribed as a 'renaissance',characterisedby a renewed interestin stylisticinnovation and experimentation.126 In manywaysthemid-LH IIIC pictorial- and otherelaboratelydecorated- potteryof Lefkandi is relatedto the large corpus fromMycenae and Tirynsin the Argolidand the farsmallerbodies of materialfromothersiteson the Greek mainland.Among the shared innovationsare the decorative treatment of ring-basedcraters- the favouriteshape - withplasticridges,oftenobliquelyslashed, and the occasional use of elaboratebull's head handles.A likingforkalathos-shapedbowls decorated withfriezesof birdsor fishon the interioris also a common feature. There are manylinksin the pictorialthemes,whichinclude chariots,horses,(armed)men on foot, animals hunting,birds and fish.The parallels may also extend to details. Thus chariotsare often schematicrenderingsof the Rail type;men on footoftenwear shorttunics,while theirmuscularlegs may be clad in greaves or leggings.Again, animals and birds may be shown antithetically facinga centralpanel. Some of the birdsowe theirinspirationto prototypesof the ArgiveClose Style,while the fishmay have the well-knownwavy-linebody fill. withcontemporary vase paintingsfrommainlandGreeksites,127 Apartfromthesestrongsimilarities thereis clear evidence forregionalvariationboth at Lefkandiand elsewhere,the local vase painters selectingelementsfroma common stockbut treatingthemin different ways. In thisconnection,it maybe notedthatthe cratershape itselfas a vehicleforpictorialdecorationas well as themeslikethe in the Argolid.(The chariots parade of chariotsgo back to LH IIIB, when theyare foundparticularly are then,however,of Dual type.)The vase paintersof thattimewho workedin or near the palatial centreshad wall paintings,ivory carvingsand other artisticformsof representationalart to hand whichtheycould turnforinspiration.These sources were no longeravailable to theirsuccessorsof LH IIIC Middle, whichmay well have contributedto the latter'sinventiveness.128

121FortheClose Crater' Style,see above n. 88. The 'Warrior fromMycenae:MPVP no. XI.42 (= MPS no. 32). For other (fragmentary) pictorialcraters,see MPVP ch. XI; WBM 21 and MPS. 122 Ayia Triada: Schoinas 1995, 257-62 with figs. 1-3. Kalapodi:Jacob-Felsch 1996,nos.231 (seeaboven. 53), 233 and 452 (alsoRMDP8 15,no. 27 withfig.325). Livanates(identified withHomericKynos)cf.Dakoronia,1990^, 117-22, figs.1-3; 1991, i94fwithpl. 83b; 1995, 147,figs.1-3; 1996, 162,fig.9; 1999, 119-28 withfigs.1-4. See also Crouwel1999, 456-9. Volos:MPVPnos.XI.57-8; Immerwahr 1985,88-94, %s· b~d· Athens, Acropolis:MPVPnos.XI.*2-p;(= MPS nos.41-3). 123See PeratiII, 142-8, 181-9 (see also %s· 21-3, 55 and MPVPnos. XI.40, 68, 83, 145, 150 forpictorialmotifsat this LH IIIC site);Kardara1977, 9-21, 61-84; <*·Schachermeyr 1980, 125-52; Mee 1982 32-4; Benzi 1992, esp. 2igf; Rutter i992>63f;RMDP496Í 572, 592-4, 94of,951-5, 985-7» 1O45" 53, 1080,11i5f (octopusstirrup jarsfromPerati,Naxos,Rhodes and Kos). For a remarkablepictorialhydriaand craterfrom

Naxos,see Hadjianastasiou1996, 1433-44 w^ pls· I~H; and Vlachoooulosiqqq. 7a-qk withfiers, i-a. 124BritishSchool at Athenssherdcollectionnos. 4O9b-c (autopsy):MPVP nos. X.51 (incorrectly dated) and XI.56 = 1966, 104^ fig.28.67-6,pl. 16b; RMDP 7 18. Popham 125WBM 21, *2. 126Forthis see especiallySherratt periodanditspottery, 1981, 1982 and 1985, 161; Schachermeyer 1980,chap. 8; Mountjoy *993 97-108; MDPchap. 9; RMDP 47-51; WBM21, 31-3; Aegean Painting 149-54; Rutter1992,61-78, esp. 62-7; DegerJalkotzy1991, 127-54,especially145-9,aiK*1994 n-30, esp, iQ-22; iqq8, 114.-28. 127 Jacob-Felsch 1989, 29 at firsttentativelyattributed ofa craterwitharmedmenfromKalapodiin Phocis fragments as findsfromLefkandi, (see above n. 53) to thesameworkshop on thebasisoffabricand style.Sincethenchemicalanalysisof theclayhas suggested thevesselis likelyto be a local product; seeJacob-Felsch 1996, 87 andJones1986, 120. 128Cf. Aegean Painting 148-51; Rutter1992.

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The fact that mid-LH HIC vase painters at Lefkandi were capable of marked originalityin feedingtheiryoungin a nestand various iconographyis shownby instancesof goats mating,griffins otherfamilyscenes. It should be borne in mind that even in LH IIIC Middle the pictorialmaterialfromLefkandi constitutes only a tinyfractionof the Mycenaean painted potteryfoundat the site.ThroughoutLH IIIC thegreatmass of paintedceramicsat the siteis monochromeor decoratedwithsimplebands.129 The pictoriallydecoratedpotteryrevealsthesame techniqueofmanufacture as non-pictorial vessels, while a notable featureis the preferenceforring-basedcraters- large vesselsformixingwine with water.Apartfromthekalathos-shaped vessels,othershapesare onlyrarelydecoratedpictorially. drinking For comparison,theproportionofpictoriallydecoratedpotteryfromrecentexcavationsat Mycenae (the Citadel House Area) and Tiryns(the Lower Citadel) is also very small throughoutits history. There too ring-basedcratersare thefavouriteshape - in LH IIIC Middle as well as in LH IHB. As at Lefkandi,these vessels clearlyappealed to the paintersand theirpatrons,as theyofferedrelatively large surfacesforelaboratedecorationin the handle zones.130 materialfromMycenae,Tiryns,Kalapodi, The pictorialpotteryfromLefkandi,like the contemporary contexts.It was clearlymade fortheliving,and Iivanates, Volos and Athens,was foundin settlement not intendedfor funeraryuse.131At Lefkandi,the findcircumstancesyield no informationon the preciseuse of the vessels,only one of which(alabastronGi) was foundcomplete.As to the meaning of the pictorialdesignsto the people who used the originalvessels,it is hard forus to comment.The variousscenes,incompletelypreservedas theyusuallyare, mostlyseem to be withoutreal narrative content.However,picturesinvolvingspecificindividualsin a specificsetting,cannotbe excluded.132 And it has recentlybeen suggestedthatscenes involvinghuman figuresor fantasticalcreatureswere A case in point is the craterfragment(Gs) preservinga inspiredby 'contemporaryepic poetry'.133 human figureholding a jug and placed next to a parentwithbaby sphinx. Is this a glimpse of a the figuresrepresentedcould simplybe a juxtapositionof separate mythologicalstory?Alternatively, be the case for the alabastron(Gi) withits collectionof animalsand monsters.134 as well motifs, may to thischapter,the body of pictorialfindsfromLefkandiis importantfor As said in the introduction bothitsconsiderablequantityand varietyof designsand forthe factthatit is mostlywell dated - to the fascinating period of LH IIIC Middle. As seen above, thereis no reason to doubt thatmostof thismaterialcomes fromlocal workshops. Indeed, Lefkandimusthave been an importantproductioncentreofthiscategoryofelaboratepainted pottery.At the same time,the materialprovides evidence forconnectionsnot only withinEuboea theexistenceofa network itselfbutalso withdifferent partsoftheGreekmainland,therebyconfirming of relationsin mid-LH IIIC. Catalogue all are are statedin centimetres; Dimensions examinedbyJC are markedby an asterisk. Piecesnotpersonally over trenches the other scattered main excavation from ME maximum area;Trials, Xeropolis. preserved. signifies A -

CHARIOTS AND HORSES

Ai Crater:(a) 5 joiningbody frags,and (b) 2 morejoining body frags,(plate 57). (a) H. 5.4; W. 9.8; (b) H. 3.2; W. 6.3; Th. 0.5-0.6. Remains of poorly drawn chariotscene, to right.Part of horse, in silhouette,with wavy line tail runningacross rail-typechariotside. Driver: small part of one leg, slantingforward;one arm,bent upward at elbow, stickendingjustbefore holdinga longstickwithfourfingers; horse'sneck.Encirclingwide band at top in. 66/P351. ME: Phase 2a, Yard 8/9.

A2 Crater,twojoining body frags,(plate 57). H. 8.9; W. 6.8; Th. 0.8. Burnt.Slashed ridgebelow (lost)rim,painted. Remainsofpoorlydrawn,wornchariotscene,to right.Part of horse's body and hind legs, in silhouette,and thintail. Driver:partof one leg, also in silhouette,and ofboth arms stretchedforwardand holdingreins(and stick?).Mono. in. 66/P358. ME: Phase 3, Yard. A3* Crater,body frag.Added whitepaint (on man and horse), mostlyworn. Remains of chariot scene, to left.

129See Popham and Milburn 1971, esp. 334, 340, 344. 130See WBM 2 1,32. 131Cf., in contrast,the newly published fragmentarykrater withexplicitlyfuneraryiconographyfroma tomb at Ayia Tríada in Elis, see above n. 122. 132Cf. the discussion by Weingarten1989, 299-313, esp. 299-

301; also Kopeke 1977, 32-50. 133Deeer-ïalkotzy 1004, 20-2. 134Cf. the much of the variouspictorial disputedinterpretation motifson the early Mycenaean amphoroid craterfromEnkomi, known as the 'Zeus Crater',MPVP no. III. 2 (withbibliography); see most recently,Giintner,1992, 6-9; Marinatos 1993, 239.

LATE MYCENAEANPICTORIAL POTTERY Driver,suspendedin mid-airbehindhis team,wearing tunicreachingdownto thighs;legs fringed solidly-drawn, withmuscular calvescladinwhitepaintedgreaves/leggings, heldon by linesat knee-and ankle-level; armwithspiky holdingstickpointingobliquelydownto horse's fingers in silhouette, and tail.Mono. in. 66/P346. hindquarters, ME: Phase2a, Yard8/9. 77 no.V60; PophamandSackett1968,19,fig.40; Chariots MPVP no. XI.38;

TirynsXII, 213 (Liste Mensch 124).

A4 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate 57). H. 3.4; W. 6.1; Th. 0.6-0.7. Remainsofpoorlydrawnchariotscene,to right. withstartofhind Partofthinhorse'sbody,in silhouette, legsand tail.Driver'shandsholdingtworeins.Encircling widebandin.69/P18.TrialW: Phase2, RoomIII, floor. A5 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate57). H. 5.3; W.5.6; Th. 0.70.8. Addedwhitepaint.Remainsofpoorlydrawnchariot scene,to right.Smallpartof horse'sback,in silhouette, withwhitecontourline and curvedmotifinside.Above, tworeins.Paintsplashesin field.Mono.in. 66/P362.ME: PostBronzeAge context. A6 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate 57). H. 10; W. 0.7. Added whitepaint (on horse and driver'scalf), much worn. bandat top.Remainsofchariotscene,to right. Encircling Driverstanding on vehiclefloor, withone footarchedover frontedge and the otherwell behind; forwardleg in withthongs calf silhouette, apparently loopedovermuscular and attached to floor;stick-like leftarmholdingtworeins withspikyfingers; traceofotherhand,pointing a longstick down to horse's in and silhouette, obliquely hindquarters, acrosslongtail;lowerpartoftailfringed withseriesoffine strokes. Mono.in. Surfacefind(1964). Popham1966,105,fig.28:65,pl. 16a; Catling1968,41-9; littauer1972,157; Chariots ηη no. V 61; MPVPno.XI.37. A7 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate57). H. 3.8; W. 7.4. Added whitepaint.Partofhorse'sneckandhead,toleft.Twotufted Β-

249

withcontour maneabovefringed mane.Horseinsilhouette, linesand linesacrosstufted manein white.Mono.in. 66/ Pi 58. ME: Phase lb (possiblePhase 2 contamination), Room 1. A8 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate57). H. 9.5; W.4.6; Th. 1.1band at top. Partof 1.2. Added whitepaint.Encircling withcontour horse'sneck,toright. Horseinsilhouette, lines and groupof curvedlinesacrossin white;fringed mane. Unpaintedin. 66/P350.ME: Phase2a, Yard8/9. A9 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate57). H. 4.5; W.6.2; Th. 0.91. Addedwhitepaint,muchworn.Horse'shindquarters and startofhindlegs,to right.Horsein silhouette, withwhite contourlines;at leftedge,tracesof tail and/ortraction Mono.in. 69/P41.ME: post-Bronze system. Age context. A10 Crater,threejoiningrimfrags,(plates57, 70). H. 7.7; W.6.4; Th.0.7; D.rimc.36. Roundedrimonincurving upperbody.Addedwhitepaint.Rimpainted.Partofhorse's withwhite head and neck,to left.Horse in silhouette, contourline;solidtriangular ear and fringed mane.Wide rimbandin.66/P203.ME: Phase2a, Room7. Ai 1 Crater, (plate57). H. 7; W.5. Paintrather bodyfrag, worn.Part of horse's hind leg and tail, to right.Leg forward bent,tailmadeup ofthreeparallellinesslanting and overlapping withuppermostof groupof encircling bandsbelow.Mono.in.69/P51.TrialIII: Phase?2b,fillof upperpit. Aia Deep bowl(?),bodyfrag,(plate57). H. 5.7; W. 6.1; Th. 0.3. Addedwhitepaint.Partofhorse'shead,chestand start offoreleg, toright. Horseinsilhouette, exceptforhead in thickoutline,withcircle-and-dot foreye and cross between linesinmuzzle;foreleg withencircling overlapping bandbelow;contour linesandfringed maneinwhite;traces ofwhitelinesin chestandneck.Atrightedge,paint-splash down(lost)handleroot.Mono. in. 66/P121.ME: Phase 1b, Room 11.

HUMAN FIGURES (EXCEPT CHARIOT SCENES)

Bia-b Ring-based crater, largesetofjoiningbodyfrags., withdoublehorizontal loop handlein formofplasticbull's head(a), and4 joiningbodysherds(b) (plate58). (a) H. c. 25; Th. 0.5-0.7. (b) H. 10.6; W. 13; Th. 0.6-0.9. Surface chippedin places,(a) Bull'sheadwithplasticeyes,pierced nostrils andslitformouth(notshowninplate58).Twoholes wallon insideofhandleroots,another (not piercedthrough fullypierced)behindbull'shead.Paint-splashes alongand downhandle,a bandframing itbehind;bull'sheadpainted solid,exceptforeyesand sides,itsattachment ringedby to right, towardsbull's paint.Mostofarmedmanstriding headhandle;manwearing a fringed tunicreaching downto histhighs; tunicrendered beltand solid,exceptforreserved theirmuscular hem;legsinoutline, checherboard-patterned calves clad in solidly-drawn tied by greaves/leggings, horizontal linesatknee-andankle-level; remains ofhatched swordstuckacrosswaistat obliqueangle,with footgear; atforked ofhandle,partof tassel-fringe upperend.To right benthindlegsand tailofhorse,facingright.Legs poorly insilhouette, withwhitelines,butlower drawn, over-painted into partand hoofofrearmost leg in outline;taildividing two lines,set at backwardslantand overlappingwith of threeirregular bandsbelow,(b) uppermost encircling Remains ofthreehorses, twoofthemforming a pair,toright. Lowerhindlegsand hoovesof pairof horsesset closely one whichis partly together; legsthin,exceptforrearmost in outlineand filledwithzigzag;outlinedhooves.Behind, thinforelegs, at markedforward slant,ofthirdhorse,with solid and outlinedhoof respectively.Three irregular bandsbelow.Mono.in. (a) 66/P319.Phase 2a, encircling Room2. (b) 69/P42.ME: Phase2b,Room6b.

(a.)Pophamand Sackett1968, 19,figs.38-9; Pophamand Milburn1971 340, pl. 57:3; MPVPno.XI.59. Baa-b Crater,set ofjoiningrimand body sherds(a), and 2 joiningbodysherds(b) (plates59, and 71 forB2b). (a) H. c. 30; W. 11.1. (b) H 12-7;W. 9.5. Th. 0.9; D.rim over 30. Rathersquaredrimon incurving upperbody; beneathrim,slashedridgewitha slight,plainridgejust below.Paint,including addedwhite, worn,(a) Rimpainted. Widetriglyph, itselaborately central zoneflanked patterned zone byzigzagsbetweenlinegroups;upperpartofcentral withhorizontal bandofparallelchevrons andcheckerboard design;lowerpartdividedintothreeverticalbands,the centralone closelyfilledwithgroupsof concentric arcs, the left-hand one includinghorizontalbands of parallel chevrons linkedbyvertical one zigzags,andtheright-hand withitssquaresleftblank(?).In lowerleftcorner, between and encirclingband, remainsof chequerboard triglyph darkand whitesquares. design(?)withalternatingly toright. (b) Remainsofseatedhumanfigure, Figurewearing anklelengthdress,his or herfeetpointing solidly-drawn, down and overlapping withencircling band below; one raisedobliquelyand withsolidlydrawn arm(?),in outline, hand(?); above, traceof otherarm(?)at similarangle. Remainsoflegs,one ofthemcurved,andbackofchair.In stemmed craterwithtwohandlesfromrimto upper front, Insidecrater, body,inoutline. high-stemmed kylixwithtwo handlesbelowrim,also in outline.At rightedge,traceof solidarea.Above,partofcurved,oblongmotif, filledwith linesrunning indifferent directions. Below, groupsofcurving withvariouscomplexfillings, band,tworegisters encircling band,and withtracesof added separatedby horizontal

JOOST CROUWEL

25O

white.Mono. in. 66/P321. ME: Phase 2a, Room 2. B3 Crater,rimfrag,(plate 60). H. 5.4; W. 12.2; Th. 0.6; D.rim over 30. Wide, everted,upward-slopingrim.Added white paint. Rim painted. Remains of helmetedhead, to right,overlappingwithencirclingband below rim.Head in outline,withtraceof eye; helmetwithroundedtop, drawn solid, its edges over-paintedwithhatched whiteband. To right,oblique line (tip of spear?). Unpainted in. 69/P58. TrialVI: Wash,not well-stratified. B4 Crater,2 joining body frags,(plate 60). H. 9.2; W. 11.1; Th. 0.8-1. Added white paint. Part of armed man, stridingto right.Neck in outline,withtraces of chin and helmetcrest(?);man dressedin solidly-drawn tunicreaching downto thighs;upperarmsin outline,one reachingforward and withpair of lines across, the otherraised up behind; legs also in outline,theirmuscularcalves clad in solidlydrawn greaves/leggings, tied by horizontallines at kneeand ankle-level;swordstuckthroughwaistat oblique angle, with forkedlower end and tassel-fringe near upper end. Behind,partofhorse's(?)chestand forelegto right;animal in silhouette, withcontourlinesand interiordetailsin white. Mono. in. 66/Pi88a. ME: Phase 2a, Room 2. Popham and Sackett1968, fig.41; MPVPno. XI. 39; Tiryns XII, 213 [ListeMensch123). B5 Crater,(badly chipped) rim frag,(plate 60). H. 4.5; W. 4.9; Th. 1.2. Paintworn.Remainsoftwomen,one close behind the other,to right.Helmeted head and neck of lefthand man, in outline,withprominentnose, circle-and-dot foreye; solidly drawn helmetwithrounded top, held on by chinstrap.Rear of helmetand traceof shoulderof man in front.Probablymono. in. 65/P122. Trial III: Phase 2a, destructiondebris?yard. MPVP no. XI.60 (no ill.). B6 Crater,body frag,(plate 60). H. 4.3; W. 5.3; Th. 1.8. Remains of man, to right.Small head and thin neck, in outline,withprominentnose and chin, circle-and-dotfor eye; top and rear drawn solid (helmet?),withline curving down (crest?).Mono. in. 66/P96. ME: Phase 2a, Room 6a. Popham and Sackett1968, fig.44; MPVPno. XI.62; Tiryns XII, 213 [ListeMensch122). B7 Crater,body frag,(plate 60). H. 7.1; W. 5.9; Th. 0.8. Burnt.Partof man's head and body, set at backwardslant, to left.Head in outline,withcircle-anddot foreye,a curved elementjustin frontofpointedchin;rearpartofhead drawn solid and slopingdown to a sharp point (helmet?);solidly drawnupperbody,withstartofarmin front. Directlybehind, pair of spears(?)at same angle as man's body.At rightedge, seriesofstrokes(spikedhelmetcrest?).Wide band at top in. 65/P40. ME: Phase ia, Room 11. Popham and Sackett1968, fig.r43;AfPFPno.rXI.61; Tiryns XII, 213 [ListeMensch122).

C -

B8 Crater,body frag,(plate 60). H. 7.1; W. 8; Th. 0.60.7. Added whitepaint. Thin arm holding spear withtwo fingers.Spear set at oblique angle, its leaf-shapedhead in outline and pointingup; large rationbag, in outlineand with complex filling,suspended fromspear. Above, loop of lost motif.At leftedge, remains of anothermotif,in outline and with curved whiteline across. Medium band near top in. 66/P359. ME: Phase 2a, Room 10. B9 Crater,rim frag,(plates 60, 70). H. 7.2; W. 5.5; Th. 0.6; D.rim over 25(?). Evertedrimon incurvingupperbody. Rim painted.Partofhuman figureunderparasol(?),to left. Head and neck in outline,with 'Snoopy-like'profileand dot foreye; low headdresswithzigzag outline,a fringeor knot at back; neck overlappingwith solidlydrawn upper body which tapers to left and bends up to formraised arm(?). To left,trace of verticalline. Furtherto leftand above, shaftand largeshade ofparasol(?),thesolidlydrawn shade outlinedby band. Mono. in. 69/P14A. ME: Phase 3, yard. Bio Crater,body frag,(plate 60). H. 5.5; W. 7.2; Th. 0.7. Remains of threemale figuresof different size, one closely behind the other,to left.Figurein front,striding:muscular calves, in silhouette,set well apart; one footon encircling band below; between his calves and above ground line, round-bottomed,two-handledbowl. Figure at rear: only trace of leg and foot preserved. Much smaller figure, squeezed in between them: small part of body, legs and feet,also in silhouette;legs somewhatbent at knees,with muscularcalves; stick-likearm bent upward at elbow and touchingcalfof personin frontwithtwo fingers.Mono. in. 66/P93. ME: Phase 2a, Room 6a. Popham and Sackett1968, fig.42; MPVPno. XI. 66; Tiryns XII, 213 [ListeMensch125). Biia-b Crater,two body frags.,probably fromsame vessel (plate 60). (a) H. 5.8; W. 5.6; Th. 0.6-0.8. (b) H. 5.8; W. 4.5; Th. 0.8 worn. Lower parts of two human figures,to right.Feet projectingbelow ankle-lengthdress with patternedhem. Well below, two encirclingbands. Unpainted in. (a) 66/P348. ME: Phase 2a, Yard 8/9; (b) 66/P364. ME: Phase 1B/2mixture,Room 4. Bisa-b Deep bowl(?), (a) 3 joining body frags,and (b) rim frag,(plate 60). (a) H. 3.8; W. 8; Th. 0.4-0.5. (b) H. 2.5; W. 4.2.; Th. 0.5; D.rim c. 22. Evertedrim.Added white paint.Rim painted,an encirclingband just below. Remains of two human figures,facingeach other.Left-handfigure: part of head and thickneck, in outline,withroughlyoval eye, a dot inside; upper body withbroad shoulderin thick in white.Opposite figure,slightly taller outline,over-painted or set at higherlevel: small part of upper body, a solidly drawnlozenge-shaped(?)motifinsideit.Mono. in. 66/P189. ME: Phase ia, Room 11.

ANIMALS

Ci Ring-basedcrater,mostofprofile- fromrimto near base - and both handles. Mended frommany joining and restoredin (partlypainted)plaster(plate 61). fragments H. (restored) 25; D.rim 33. Rounded rim on slightly incurvingupper body. Two horizontal loop handles set below rim.Rim painted. Side A. Panel decoration,with antitheticgoats facing a centraltriglyph. made up ofzone offringedbivalve Triglyph shellsbetweenlinegroups,a zigzagzone to theleft;attached at eitherside oftriglyph, seriesoftongue-like 'leaves', drawn solid and withsubsidiaryoutlines.In leftpanel, goat (head lost, except for trace of chin) standingon hind legs and leaning slightlyforwardto 'leaves', its forelegsdangling; body and one fore-and hind leg each in silhouette,the othertwolegs striped;bothhindlegs perchedon encircling

band below; male genital and shortupward-curving tail. Justbehind,lower ends ofgroupofirregularverticalbands and zigzags.In rightpanel, (partsof) twogoats,one closely behind the other,again raised on hind legs and leaning forward.Bodies and necks in silhouette,heads and single ears in outline,with concentriccircles and dot for eyes, squared muzzles withline formouth,horns curvingback and down. Goat in frontpreservedwithone dark foreleg danglingbetween 'leaves'. Rear goat preservedwithtrace of one raised foreleg and one cross-hatched,hind leg stretched forward;itsother,solidlydrawn,hindleg pointing down and overlapping with band below; trace of male genital;tail curvingbackwardand overlappingwithpaint splash down handle root. Side B. Rather poorly drawn, non-pictorial panel

LATE MYCENAEAN PICTORIAL POTTERY madeup ofhorizontal Centraltriglyph wavy composition. linesbetweenlinegroups.In panels,antithetic streamers, a pairofrunning solidlydrawnandwithseparateoutlines, spiralsbelowthem. bandswithlinein Belowpatterned zones,twoencircling with downhandles,overlapping between.Paint-splashes bandsbelow,anothersplashovertop of handles.Mono, in.66/P163.ME: Phase2a, Yard8/9. 340,pl. 54:1; MPVPno.XI.84; Tiryns PophamandMilburn XII, 256 (ListeZiege65). C2 Crater,2 joiningbodyfrags,(plate61). H. 10.8; W. 11.1; Th. 0.9-1.2. Paint ratherworn. Two registers, withsubsidiary separatedby wideband of solidtriangles and outlines, Upperregister: upright pendent. alternatingly withshort goatsin silhouette, goats,toright; pairofmating raised on hind rear tails; legs and goat upward-curving its long penis withprominent scrotum, leaningforward, Atleftedge,apparently inserted beneathtailofgoatinfront. remainsof Lowerregister: legofanother goat,facingright. two unidentified motifs,set well apart.Mono. in. 65/ P39+41. ME: Phase2b,overRooms4, 5, 12. MPVPno.XI.85; Tiryns XII, 256 (ListeZiege66). C3a-b Crater,(a) rimfrag,and (b) set ofjoiningbody frags,(plate 62). (a) H. 14.9; W. 14; Th. 1.3; D.rimwell over30. (b) H 8.2; W. 24; Th. 1.5-1.7.Rathersquaredrim withtwoslashedridgesbelow.Bothfragments thickening ofhorizontal at one edgeforattachment loop handle,(a) bothridges,painted.Partsoftwoanimals, Rim,including its toright. One animalleaping,withall legsbentforward; withopenmouth,a tonguehanging headin thickoutline, foreye,one roundedear,theothera out,circle-and-dot head separatedfrombody,also in outline, solidtriangle; by solid patchand 'collar'withdots inside;forelegsin one of themwithclaw-likepaw; hindquarters silhouette, theotherlegthin;tail andoneupperhindlegin silhouette, withpaint-splash down(lost) downandoverlapping hanging tail and traceof of curved handleroot.Justin front, part hindleg ofotheranimal;tailthickand spotted, (b) Similar two animals,to left.One animal involving composition, tothaton (a),butwith almostcomplete, rendered similarly body in silhouette,its long tail curvingdown and withpaint-splash downhandlerootand band overlapping acrossitslowerend.Partoftalllegsand tailofanimaljust D -

MONSTERS (SEE Gl AND G2)

Ε-

BIRDS

Ei Ring-based setofjoiningrimand bodyfrags. crater, (plate64). H. c. 19.5; W. c. 25; Th. 0.8; D.rim34. Rather incurving squaredrimon slightly upperbody. Surface with chippedand paintwornin places.Paneldecoration, twobirds- a parentand itsyoung- on eithersideofa wide triglyph. made up of zigzagbetweenline Triglyph withseparateoutline groupsfringed byjoiningsemi-circles on interior and withcentraldoton exterior. In leftpanel, itsbodycloselyfilledwithgroupsof largebirdfacingright, concentric arcsandwitha semi-circular solidareaat chest; solidtailwidening towards narrow, end;neck,partly fringed in different filledwithgroupsof linesrunning directions and partlystriped, bentforward; smallhead withdotfor for(incompletely eyeandtwostrokes preserved) openbeak; raisedwing,madeup ofparallel, bandscurving back fringed and tapering to tip,itsrearfringeofjoiningsemi-circles downtojoinrearofbody;legswiththicker extending upper feet,one ofthembent partsand extrastroketo articulate forwardand overlappingwithuppermostof group of bandsbelow,theotherleg bentbackwards. In encircling narrow thisbirdandtriglyph, (mostof)small spacebetween youngbird,its head withopen beak raisedtowardsits

251

infront; slant,oneoftheminsilhouette legssetatbackward tail andwithclaw-like foot,theotherspotted; long,spotted in. Mono. hind forward across down and 65/ legs. curving P181. TrialW: Phase2, FloorIII. Pophamand Sackett1968, 19, fig.46 (frag,a); Popham and Milburn1971,340, pl. 54:6; MPVPno.XI.79. C4 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate61). H. 5.7; W.4.8; Th. 0.80.9. (Rim)band.Partofanimalhead and neck,in outline and facingleft.Neckfilledwithrowsof parallelstrokes, separatedfromhead by groupof parallellines,a rowof ears.Mono.in. dotsbetweentwoofthem;solidtriangular 66/P311. ME: Phase2a, Room 2. C5 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate61). H. 9.2; W. 8.6; Th. 0.7withpartoflegsand very 0.8. Solidlydrawnhindquarters shorttail of animal, to right.At top edge, trace of down motif. Atleftedge,traceofpaint-splash unidentified (lost)handleroot.Mono.in. ôg/P^b. ME: Phase3, Yard. C6 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate62). H. 7.3; W. 7.7; Th. 0.6to withpartoflegsofanimalin outline, 0.8. Hindquarters At remains of Thin down. tail hanging top edge, right. unidentified motif.Unpaintedin. 69/P52.TrialC: Phase 2a, FloorI. C7 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate62). H. 5.3; W.5.8; Th. 0.61. Partofanimal'shindlegs,to right.Legs bentat knees. band.Unpaintedin.69/P33.ME: Phase Below,encircling 2b,Room 2/1. C8 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate 62). H. 4.8; W. 4.4; Th. 1. Partofpairofanimal'slegs,to right.Hoovesoverlapping bandsbelow.Mono.in. withuppermost oftwoencircling 67/7.TrialS: Phase2, upperfill. C9 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate62). H. 5.8; W. 6.2; Th. 11.2. Partof pairof animallegs,to right.Wide encircling bandin. 69/P46.TrialIV: PostBronzeAge context. C10 Deep bowl(?),bodyfrag,(plate62). H. 6.9; W.4.5; withpartoflegsofanimal,in Th. 0.4. Burnt.Hindquarters toright. Hindlegsbentforward; silhouette, longtail,curving in.69/ band.Unpainted downandback.Below,encircling P75. ME: Phase ia, Room 11. C11 Larnax(?),bodyfrag,(plate62). H. 8.2; W. 7.7; Th. 1.9. Burnt.Surfacechippedand verywornin. Partofpair of hoovedanimallegs,to right.69/P77.ME: Phase lb, SouthHouse yard.

tail;narrow splaying parent's;line-filled bodyand striped, handpanel, wingand curvedlinesforlegs.In right striped remains ofsimilar Youngbirdherewithlonger, composition. tailandplainwing; neck,fringed backward-curving, striped foot.Mono, one ofitslegswithextrastrokesto articulate in. 65/P176.TrenchIV/V: Phase 1 or 2. Note.Thereis also a sherd(H. 8.3; W. 7.3; Th. 0.7) from thelowercraterbody,withremainsofan encircling band at itsloweredge (no ill.). PophamandSackett1968, 19,fig.45; PophamandMilburn 1971,340, pls.54.4 (SideA) and 55.1 (SideB); MPVPno. XI. 141; Lenz 1995,no. 15, pl. 2:2; Tiryns XII, 291 (Liste 506). Vogel rim Esa-c Crater,twosetsofjoiningand non-joining andbodysherds(a andb), 2joiningbodysherds(c). (plates 63, 70), and someotherloose orjoiningbodysherds(no ills.).Th. 0.5; D.rimc. 38. Evertedrimon almoststraight madeup ofseries (a) Triglyph upperbody.Paneldecoration, offringed bivalveshellswithoutlined, solidsemi-circles on eitherside,betweenlinegroupsfringed byjoiningsemicircles,each witha dotinside.In leftpanel,partofneck and head of right-facing bird,in outline,withcircle-and-

252

JOOST CROUWEL

dotforeye and strokeforbeak.In widerightpanelonly tracesofpaintneartriglyph and further to right(a bird's made up of seriesof parallel stripedneck?),(b) Triglyph chevronsbetweenline groups,fringed by joiningsemieachagainwithdotinside.In right circles, panel,(parts)of twobirdsfacingeach other- a parentand its young, in nestattachedto triglyph abouthalfwayits apparently infront; andrising withcurved height youngbirdinoutline, linefillto body,upright neck,smallheadwithdotforeye and strokeforbeak.Of parentonlyupperneckand head a traceofpaintatedgebelow.Seriesofloops(?), preserved, the upperone fringed, at leftside of triglyph probably toanother nestin similar (c) Smallpart belonging position, ofa bird'spatterned Below, bodyandsolidneck(?),toright. threeencircling bands.Inside,widerimbandand another band low down.66/P318.ME: Phase lb, withprobable Phaseia contamination, Yard8/13. (a) and E3a-b Crater,setofjoiningrimand bodyfrags, one looserimfrag,(b) (plate64). (a) H. 10.9;W. 23.2; Th. 0.7; (b) H 8.5; W. 10.8; Th. 0.7; D.rim26. Shorteverted rimon slightly incurving upperbody.Rimpainted,(a and withbirdsfacingeach otheracross b) Panel decoration, Birdsonlypartlypreserved, theirsolidlydrawn triglyph. bodies contrasting withzigzag-filled, backward-curving forbeaks, necks;smallheads,withdotsforeyesandstrokes overlappingwithrimband; raised wings,drawnsolid betweenseparateoutlines.Triglyph made up of zigzag betweenline groups;attachedon eitherside, groupof a solidareaatthecentre concentric anda fringe semi-circles, ofjoiningsemi-circles below;on (b) curvedlineon either side of top of triglyph. line and band. Below,encircling Mono.in. 66/P71.ME: Phase2a, Room 2. PophamandMilburn1971,340,pl.54:5; MPVPno.XL 142 XII, 291 [ListeVogel (noill.);Lenz 1995,no. 16; Tiryns §04). (plates64, 70). H. 8.2; W. E4 Crater,2 joiningrimfrags, 8.5; Th. 0.6; D.rimc. 21. Foldedrimon slightly incurving upperbody.Rim painted.Partof bird,to right.Curved arcs,linesand dots,narrowing bodywithfillofconcentric towards tail;raisedwingmarkedbygroupofthree splaying linescurving backand up; legsbent,withextra irregular stroketo articulate feet.Below,encircling line and band. Atleftedge,traceofpaint-splash downhandleroot.Mono, in. 66/P92.ME: Phase2a, Room6a. E5 Crater,rimfrag,(plates64, 70). H. 5.8; W. 5.6; Th. 0.5; D.rimc. 34. Rathersquaredrimon slightly incurving upperbody.Rimpainted. Justbelow,smallpartofbird,to smallhead withdot for right.Neckstripedand fringed; eye;narrowraisedwingwithwavylineinside.Mono.in. 69/P37.ME: Phase2b,Room6a/6. E6 Crater,rimfrag,(plates64, 70). H. 5.6; W. 8.4; Th. rimon incurving 0.8; D.rimc.41. Everted upperbody.Rim painted.Smallbird'sheadwithdotforeye and strokefor Mediumrimbandin.69/P53.TrialIII: Phase beak,toright. 2b,SW Room. E7 Crater,rimfrag,(plate 70). H. 4.7; W. 4.5; Th. 0.6; D.rimc. 24. Rathersquaredrimon almoststraight upper acrossitstopand body.Rimpainted,withobliquestrokes bandjustbelow.Smallbird'shead withdotfor encircling beak,to right.Inside,wide eye and startofdown-curving rimband.69/P86.ME: post-Bronze Age context. twosetsofjoiningneckand body E8a-d Neckedcrater, sherds(a and b), loose sherdfromneckand body(c),and loosebodysherd(d). (plates65, 70). (a) H. 4.2; W.8.8. (b) H. 7.7; W. 10.3. (c) H. 4.5; W. 3.1. (d; no ill.)H. 3.6; W. forhorizontal 3.5. Th. 0.4-0.6.Thickening loop handleat worn.Neckpaintedsolidout. right edgeof(c). Paintrather Narrowpictorialzone withremainsof seriesof birds,to towards right.Birdswithbodies in outline,narrowing tails,but bird'stail on (d) not fringed; fringed splaying, interiors solid,butone birdon (b) withwavyline down

necksandheadswithdotforeyeandopen tail;thinupright backand up; on (b) beak;narrow, stripedwings,slanting remainsofthin,bentlegs,overlapping withuppermost of twoencircling bandsbelow.Inside,encircling bandat top andgroupofthreebandsfurther down.66/P7.ME: Phase 3, Yard. Note.The filecardof66/P7illustrates a sketchofanother sherd(notlocatedby us) withtall neck and transverse strokes acrossitsshort, rim. flat-topped smallpartofbase and lowerbody crater, Eg Ring-based worn, (plate64). H. 5.7; W.9.7; Th. 1.2 (top).Paintrather Partofpoorlydrawnbody,tailand legsofbird,to right. lines;squaredtail;ratherthick Bodyfilledwithirregular bent. Traces of legs,slightly paintat leftand rightedges and at centreofbase. Inside,band at base. 69/P49.Trial C: Phase2. Eioa-b Crater,twobodyfrags,(plate 65). (a) H. 11.7; W. 11.6;Th. 0.7-0.8. (b) H. 9.5; W.8.9; Th. 0.8-1. (a) Part ofbodywithneckand headofbird,to right. Bodyclosely filledwithgroupsof concentric arcs;plainneck,slightly back;smallheadwithdotsinsideandpointedbeak. curving To right, down(lost)handleroot.Wellbelow paint-splash bands,(b) Bentlegsofbird,withextra bird,threeencircling strokesto articulate feet,to right. Justbelow,samethree bands.Unpaintedin. ôg/Piôa and b. TrialIV: encircling Phase ia, SouthRoomfill. En Crater, bodyfrag,(plate64). H. 4.5; W.4; Th. 0.60.7. Paintratherworn.Partofbodyand leg ofbird(?),to left.Bodyfilledwithdotsand curvedlines;thinleg bent withextrastrokesto articulate forward, foot,overlapping withencircling bandbelow.Mono.in.66/P356.ME: Phase 3, Yard. Ei 2 Crater,body frag,(plate 64). H. 3.8; W. 4.6; Th. 0.8-1. Remainsoftwobirds,onebehindtheother, toright. bird:smallpartofbodywithlinefill;forked, Right-hand tail.Otherbird:onethinleg,stretched with forward, fringed extrastrokes toarticulate foot. band. Justbelow,encircling in. 69/P50.TrialVII: ?Phase2. Unpainted E13 Crater,body frag,(plate 64). H. 3.9; W. 3.5; Th. 0.5-0.6. Partofbodyand bentlegsofbird,to right. Body inthickoutline, arcs. closelyfilledwithgroupsofconcentric in.69/P71.ME: Phaseib/2a,Rooms6/7. Unpainted E14 Crater,bodyfrag.H. 6.1; W. 5.8; Th. 0.6. Partof bodywithtail and legs of bird,to right.Narrowstriped tail;startofnarrowraisedwing splaying bodyand slightly withdotsinside;thinlegsslanting withextrastrokes forward, to articulate feet.No groundline.Mono.in. 65/P83.ME: Phase2a, Room4. E15 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate 65). H. 8.7; W. 9.3; Th. tailofbird(?), withsolidly-drawn 0.8-0.9.Paneldecoration, downand withfringed to right.Tail drawnsolid,curving on end.To left,triglyph madeup ofvertical lines,fringed andon theotherbygroups one sidebyjoiningsemi-circles arcswithsolidcentre.Wellbelowtail,three ofconcentric bands.Unpaintedin. 66/P244.ME: Phase lb, encircling SouthHouseyard. E16 Crater, (plate65). H. 4; W. 13.1; Th. 0.8bodyfrag, toarticulate 0.9. Partsofa bird'sbentlegs,withextrastroke a foot,preservedon slanting, upperrightedge of large withconcentric arcsin corners andtwo lozenge.The latter smallerlozengesinside,one of themwithcurvedfinials. Atleftedge,partofsolidlypaintedmotif(a bird'sbody?). Remains of wide band in. 69/P36. ME: Phase 2b, Room 12. E17 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate65). H. 3; W. 4.2; Th. 0.6. Smallpartofbird'sbodyandlegs,toright. Legsbent,with withuppermost toarticulate extrastrokes feet,overlapping in.69/P22.Trial bandsbelow.Unpainted oftwoencircling abovePhase2a pit. P: surface disturbance E18 Deep bowl(?),bodyfrag,(plate 65). H. 5; W. 5.8;

LATE MYCENAEAN PICTORIAL POTTERY Th. 0.4-0.5.Remainsoftwobirds,facingeachother.Birds inthickoutline, withcurved,striped one ofthempreserved neckand smallheadwithdotforeye and slightly upward lower beak;tipofbeakofoppositebirdat slightly curving level. Mono. in. 69/P35. ME: Phase 2a, wall between Rooms10 and 11. E19 Deep bowl(?),bodyfrag,(plate65). H. 4.9; W. 4.6; Th. 0.3-0.5. Partof bird'sbody,tail and legs,to right. Body,withfillof groupsof concentricarcs,narrowing towardssplaying, chevron-filled tail;bentlegs,withextra strokes toarticulate feet.Unpainted in.66/P349.ME: Phase 2a,Yard8/9. withhandlescar(plate E20 Kalathos, 3 joiningbodyfrags, 65). H. 6.2; W. 11.4; Th. 0.6. Unpaintedout,exceptfor down(lost)handleroot.Inside,groupofthree paint-splash bands,a zigzagbetweentwo of them.Panel encircling with(partof) birdand triglyph made up of decoration, andvertical lines.Partofbirdtoright, parallelchevrons(?) its solidlydrawnbody contrasting withzigzag-filled, neck;smallhead,withdotforeye and backward-curving stroke forbeak,overlapping withbandabove;raisedwing madeup ofthreeparallellinescurving backandup,a dot, curvedand straight linesbetweentwoof them.66/P76. ME: Phase2a-b,Yard8/9. Pophamand Milburn340,pl. 54:3; MPVPno.XL 143 (no

ill.); TirynsXU,291 {ListeVogel505).

F-

253

E21 Kalathos(?),bodyfrag,(plate 65). H. 3.7; W. 4.3; Th. 0.5. Unpaintedout.Inside,partofbird,to right. Body withgroupsofconcentric arcsandsemi-circular closelyfilled solidareas;wingcurving backanddown,withlinefill.66/ P357. ME: Phase3, Yard. rimfrag,(plate65). H. 5.7; W.4.8; Th. E22 Kalathos(?), Carinated withlipless 0.03 (atrim)- 1.5 (bottom). profile, rim.Unpaintedout,exceptforlip. Inside,partofbird,to arcs right.Curvedbody,filledwithgroupsof concentric and dots;narrowtail,in outline;thin,backward-curving backandup,connected withbody. neck;thinwing,curving Surfacefind. Popham1966, 104,fig.26.43. ofbase andlowerbody.H. 3.6; W. 3.6; E23 Tray(?), frag, Th. 0.8. Smallpartofbird'slowerbodyand legs,to right. feet,overlapping Legs bent,withextrastroketo articulate withtwoencircling bands.Inside,band at base withline andbandabove.66/P352.ME: Phase2a, SouthHouse. E24* Collar-necked jar,frag,fromrimandneck.H. c. 6; W. c. 4.5. Seriesof double-outlined each witha triangles, so-calledbirdprotome, betweenencircling linesandbands. Birdprotomes withsmallhead,dotforeyeandcurvedbill, facingleftand fastened by thincurvingnecksto apex of FromToumba,PG building, E. Roomfill. triangles. II. 1 no. 86, 135 905, 13. Lefkandi pl.

FISH

Fi Crater, bodyfrag,(plate66). H. 4.1; W. 8.2; Th. 1.1. Paintrather worn.Head andpartofbodyoffishswimming downtoright. Fishin outline, withwavylinebodyfill,gill arc,open mouth,dotforeye and singlestrokesforthree bellyfins.To right, partofsolidlydrawnmotif, overlapping withencircling bandbelow.Widebandattopin.66/P347. ME: Phase2a, Yard8/9. Fs Crater, bodyfrag,(plate66). H. 5.9; W. 8.4; Th. 0.6. Partsoftwofish,onebehindtheother,toright. One fishin withcurving linesinsidesinuousbody,onegillarc, outline, circle-and-dot foreyeand singlestrokes forone dorsaland twobellyfins;splaying tailtouching linesetat slightslant. At leftedge, open mouthof second fish.Below, two bands.Unpaintedin. 69/P70.ME: Phase2a-b, encircling Yard8/9. F3 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate 66). H. 12.8; W. 13.2; Th. 0.7-0.8. Paintratherworn.Partof fish,to right.Bodyin withfillofhorizontal outline, wavylinesbetweenvertical dorsalandthreebellyfins. lines;forked tail,one triangular To left,paint-splash down(lost)handleroot,overlapping withwideencircling band below.Twomorebandsand a further down.Mono.in.69/P48.Trial groupofthreeothers V: Phase ia, SouthRoom. F4 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate66). H. 3.7; W. 6.5; Th. 0.7. Partsoftwofish,one behindtheother,to right. Left-hand fishinthickoutline, withbodyfillofzigzag-and-dot pattern separatedby horizontalline; head withpointed,open foreye; solid triangular mouth,circle-and-dot bellyfin. Otherfishmuchsmaller, itssolidlydrawnbodynarrowing towards reserved, tail;similar splaying bellyfin.Unpainted in.69/P23.TrialIV/V: Phase lb, SouthRoom. F5* Crater,bodyfrag,(plate 66). H. 5.6; W. c. 8. Paint worn.Partofbodyoffish,to right.Bodyin outline,with fillofhorizontal irregular wavyandotherlines;threegroups ofstrokes forbellyfins.Mono.in.69/P61.TrialIII: Phase 2a, pitfill. F6 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate66). H. 5.2; W. 3.6; Th. 0.7. Head and partof bodyof fishswimming downto right. Fishin doubleoutline, withbodyfillofcurvedtransverse

lines,dot foreye and strokeforbelly fin.Below,two bands.Mono.in. 69/P76.ME: Surface. encircling F7 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate66). H. 3.1; W. 2.9; Th. 0.7. Added whitepaint.Unpaintedin. Partof body of fish downto left.Body in outline,itsline filland swimming twotriangular dorsalandventral finsover-painted inwhite. 69/P59.TrialIII: Phase2a, pitfill. F8 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate66). H. 8.2; W. 6.8; Th. 1.1. Partsoftwofishswimming in different directions. One fish outlinedbodyfilledwith swimming up to left,itsthickly arcsoutlinedby dotsand narrowing groupsofconcentric to solidly-drawn, tail.Forkedtailofmuchsmaller splaying Mono.in.66/P343.ME: Phase fish,swimming up toright. 2a, Room4. F9* Crater,bodyfrag,(plate 66). H. 4.5; W. 4. Partsof twofish,one setabove and aheadoftheother,swimming toright. Upperfish:outlined bodyfilledwithirregular wavy linesand withseriesof strokesforbellyfins.Lowerfish also in outline,withbodyfill,gillarc and triangular head withdotforeye.Mono.in. 69/P88.TrialIV/V: Phase 12, SouthRoomprobably. F10 Crater,body frag,(plate 66). H. 5.95; W. 6.05; Th. 0.6-0.7. Parts of two fish,one above the other, downtoleft.One fishin outline, withwavyline swimming fordorsal bodyfill,gillarc,dotforeyeand pairedstrokes and bellyfins;tracesoftail.Below,partofbodyofsecond fishwithsimilarbodyfilland paireddorsalfins.Above, remainstwobands(?),thelowerone curving.Mono. in. Surface. F11 Kalathos,set ofjoiningbody frags,(plate 66). H. 10.2; W. 12.1; Th. 0.5-1.1. Designratherpoorlydrawn and worn.Outside,verywideencircling band toppedby narrowbandwithgroupsofconcentric andwavy triangles linefringe; attopedge,traceofpendanttriangle(?). Inside, wide zone withpartsof twofish,one behindthe other, toright betweenbandswithfringe ofwavylines swimming andobliquestrokes Fishin outline, withbody respectively. fillofirregular wavylines,gillarcs,dotforeyeandpaired strokes fordorsalandbellyfins.Attop,groupsofconcentric

254

JOOST CROUWEL

and pendant.69/P60.Trial triangles, upright alternatingly Ν (ME): Phase3, SouthHouse,Room7. Sherratt 1981,fig.141. F12 Kalathos,bodyfrag,(plate66). H. 3.1; W. 3.2; Th. bandsout.Inside,partofheadand 0.7-0.8.Twoencircling withgillarcsand to Fish of fish, right. in silhouette, body dotforeyemarkedin reservedarea,and strokefordorsal fin.66/P361.ME: Phase2a, Room6. F13 Deep bowl(?),bodyfrag,(plate66). H. 4.9; W. 5.3; W. 0.5. Paintratherworn.Partsof threefish,set closely fish indifferent Left-hand directions. butswimming together withlinefillto body,gill in outline, divingdownto right, G-

foreye,andoutlined arc,pointedhead,circle-and-dot belly headofmuchsmaller fin.In middle,similarly rendered fish, tailwith upsidedownanddivingdowntoleft.Long,forked fillof dots of thirdfish,swimming up to right.Below, band. Unpaintedin. 66/P168.ME: Phase lb, encircling Room4. F 14* Open or closedshape,bodyfrag,(plate66). H. c. withhorizontal 3; W. c. 3. Partofbodyoffish,in outline, wavy line fill. Anothermotifabove. From Toumba, 'Heroon',Ephoratetrials1980. II. 1 142 no. 14,pl. 81b. Lefkandi

MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS Gi* Alabastron. (plate 67). H. 18.3; D. 19.6 (bottom), shoulderand includinghandles. On shoulder,panel a streamers threegroupsof antithetic 21.2 (max.),11.1 (at rim).Neckmendedand partof rim flanking patterns: streamers line between of made tall sides Flat inplaster, otherwise restored groups; zigzag up base; triglyph complete. or theirendstouching and withextraoutlines, wideningtowardsslopingshoulder;tall,slightly scale-filled slightly with curved lines to of linked and three horizontal concaveneck;outby top triglyph crossing rim; turned, flat-topped or without mattblack Ratherstreaky, ofshoulder. zigzagin betweenthem.Band at base ofneck. loophandlesatstart acrossrim.64/P4A.TrialC: Phase 2a, of strokes for white on with matt all Groups it, over, except designs paint FloorI. groupsof blackstripesacrossreservedtop of rim.Body withfriezeoftwogriffins Pophamand Sackett1968, 19,fig.35 and cover;Popham feedingtheiryoungin a nest,a and Milburn 1971, 340, pl. 54.2; MPVP no. XI.91; sphinxfacinga horneddeerwitha smalldeeron itsback, and a groupofthreegoats. 152,pl. 88; Painting Demakopoulou1988,no. 68; Aegean one on eithersideofnest. Griffins Mountjoy1993, 99, fig.263; RMDP 716, no. 79 with arranged antithetically, outlinedby dots, its body, legs and Left-handgriffin fig. 275; TirynsXII, 223 (Liste Sphinx 12), 24gf (Liste Hirsch76). andwavylines; neckfilledwithstraight backward-curving G2 Ring-based crater, beakedheadwithdotforeyeandcurvedcreston top;one groupofjoiningrimandbodyfrags. bentforward; tail;prominent tongue-like (plates68, 70). H. 27.3; W. 19.2;Th. 0.9; D.rimover30. curled-up foreleg upper wing,its splayingrearpartfilledin solid. Othergriffin Squaredrim,witha slashedridgebelow,onincurving and dottedoutline,itsbodyand legsdrawnsolid,its without body.Addedwhitepaint.Rimpainted.Humanfigure - a parentstanding overitsyoung.(Partof) twosphinxes foreye and neckpartlystriped;head withcircle-and-dot robe and crosshumanfigure,dressedin ankle-length and bentforward bentcrestor ears;one foreleg two-part, a jug in his and to hatched tail that of left-hand on holding right walking footgear, down, long hanging griffin; resting loweredrighthand; traceof headdress(?);robe slightly andwavylinebetween madeup ofthreelineswithstripes itsrearcontourlineover-painted belowwaistline, flowing them;tongue-like wingwithwavylinesinside.Feetofboth with darkareasalternating In between inoutline. rendered bowl-shaped in white,elaboratepatterned: griffins, griffins marked the hem them one of or curved, insidenest, inmid-air; bands, nestwithwavylineacross,suspended plain striped twoyoungwithopenbeaks,eachfacinga parent. by band of parallelchevrons;lowerarmin outline,with in its rear from Jugin outlinebutwith part silhouette, lineacrosswristandmarkedthumb. griffins, Sphinxfacingaway filledwithparallelchevrons;upright, itsforepart striped solid,conicalbase; roundedbody and concaveneck,a handlefromrimto shoulder.Behindhumanfigure, foreye (part nose, circle-and-dot neck;head withprominent linesin contour withinterior in silhouette, of)largesphinx, and seriesof curlson top; solid,tongue-like wing;legs white;narrowbodywithwhiteS-curveand verticalline solid or splaying;circulartail,partlyfilledwithparallel setslightly fromsphinx'schest chevrons.Horizontalline projecting apart,one solid,the groupinside;tallforelegs in shortneckandlarge feet with both other outline; both and its deer a horned animals two towards striped, fawn, for circles-and-dot concentric white with blunt head with and in outline rendered Parent profile, deer, facingsphinx. of also to outline flat, face, short in different forming part directions; eye; subsidiary bodyfilloflinegroupsfacing headdressin twotiers;broadraisedwing,itsupper foreyeand narrow striped neck;head,withcircle-and-dot striped and withwhitelinegroupsacross,its withseriesofoutlined parttongue-shaped antlers crowned muzzle, bybranching lowerpartas seriesofnarrow, to rightbutlooking stripedbandsjoiningback tineson one side.Thisdeerstanding infield. oflozengemotif remains behind of its wing, back at smallfawnperchedfarback on body.Just long body talllegs, antlers or ears,shorttail Fawnwithincipient andscud-tail. (Partof)youngsphinx, placedbetweenitsparent's withone and spottedskin. facingleft,its rearbody and legs overlapping withtwoS-curves oflargesphinx;bodyinsilhouette, ofdeer,groupofthreegoatswithbackward-curving foreleg To right and line groupin white;hindlegs bentat knee,feetin horns.Twoofthesegoatsplacedaboveeachotherandboth for for in outline;neckand head in outline,withcircle-and-dot Goats animal. silhouette, third, except larger facing of two tiers of and headdress semicircles; or solid wavytheir joining feetandheadswithdotsforeyes; legs splaying. eye oflargesphinx.Wellbelow, betweenforelegs linetailrising out Smallgoatsshownwithshorttails,theirlegsstretched bands.Mono.in.66/Pi88b.ME: Phase2a, twoencircling to quietpose of larger in contrast in different directions, Room2. animaloppositethem.One smallgoatwithitsheadturned to itsneck.Othersmallgoat backandwithhornsattached PophamandSackett1968,19,fig.37; PophamandMilburn XII, bentbackagainstand insidebelly. withone foreleg 340, pl. 53:6; MPVPno. XI.65; RMDP 718; Tiryns of at start bandat base,another decoration: 223 (ListeSphinx11). Non-pictorial

LATE MYCENAEAN PICTORIAL POTTERY

255

H-

UNIDENTIFIED SUBJECTS Hi Crater, bodyfrag,(plate68). H. 5.6; W.4.9; Th. 0.80.9. Partofpairofhumanoranimallegs,one ofthemwith Mono.in.66/P194.ME: Phase2a,Yard zigzagfill,toright. 8/9. Hs Crater, bodyfrag,(plate68). H. 7.3; W.8.8; Th. 0.7. Partofpairofhumanor animallegs,to right, overlapping bandsbelow.Band at withuppermost of threeencircling bottomin.69/P57.TrialE: Phase ia, Room 2. H3 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate69). H. 4; W. 6.5; Th. 0.70.8. Burnt.Pairofanimalor birdlegs.Mono.in. 69/P64. TrialG: Phase2b. H4 Crater,rimfrag,(plate 70). H. 17.6; W. 12.5; Th. 1.2;D.rimc.40. Squaredrim,witha ridgebelow,on slightly withremainsof incurving upperbody.Elaboratetriglyph in. ME: Phase Mono. bird(?)in right-hand 66/P57. panel. 2D/3,overRoom7 ofPhase2b. Summary pl. 56.3,right. crater(FS 282),rimfrag.Burnt.H. 11.4; H5 Ring-based W. 10.1; D.rimover 30. Squaredrim,witha ridgejust below,on incurving upperbody.Rimpainted.Widerim bandin.69/P87.Cliffcleaning. H6 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate69). H. 4; W. 7.2; Th. 0.8. correct Mono.in.Sherdillustrated wayup(?).69/P84.ME: Room7. Phase2a probably, (plate69). H. 4.2; W. 3.3; Th. 0.9H7 Crater, bodyfrag, 1. Burnt(?). Mono.in.69/P85.ME: Phase2a,Yard8/9. H8 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate69). H. 5; W. 6.3; Th. 0.81. Burnt(?). Mono.in. 69/P65.TrialG: Phase2b. H9 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate69). H. 3.8; W. 2.8; Th. 0.5.

Mono.in. 69/P34.ME: Phase2b,Room7. H10 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate 69). H. 5.4; W. 2.9; Th. Addedwhite.Mono.in.69/P39.ME: Phase 0.6-0.7.Burnt. 2a, Room6a. Hi 1 Crater, (plate69). H. 5.8; W.5.7;Th.0.5bodyfrag, band 0.7. Burnt.Pictorial(?) designand traceofencircling below.Mono.in.69/P28.ME: Phase2b,Room 10/11. His Crater,bodyfrag,(plate 69). H. 5.3; W. 4.5; Th. 0.5-0.9. Bandat topin. 66/P312.ME: Phase2a, Room2. H13 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate 69). H. 5.4; W. 4.3; Th. 0.7-0.9. Paintratherworn.Mono. in. Sherdillustrated correct wayup(?).69/P20.ME: Phase2a, Room6a. H14 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate69). H. 5; W. 7; T. 0.7-1. Paintratherworn.Mono. in. 66/P345. ME: Phase 2b; Room2/1,possiblyRoom4. H15 Crater, bodyfrag,(plate69). H. 5.7; W. 2.9; Th. 11.1.Addedwhitepaint.Mono.in. 69/P38.ME: Phase2b, Room6b. H16 Crater,bodyfrag,withstartof evertedrim.(plate design, 69). H. 3.2; W.3.5; Th. 0.6. Rimbandandpictorial bull'shorns(?). Bandattopin.69/P54.TrialVIII: including 2 Surface. H17 Crater,bodyfrag,(plate 69). H. 5.7; W. 3.9; Th. correct 0.9-1.1.Widebandin.Sherdillustrated wayup(?). 66/P245.ME: ?Phaseia, Room 12 - in earliercontext. H18 Kalathos, body frag.H. 5.9; W. 5.9; Th. 0.5. lineandband bandout.Fish(?)aboveencircling Encircling in. 65/P210.ME: Phase2a, Room 2.

Chapter4 The terracotta figurines1 ElizabethFrench

CHRONOLOGY The majority ofthefigurines are ofthestylistic types(plates72 and 73) whichhad been assignedto theLefkandimaterialprovideslittlenew theLH IIIC periodin myoriginalstudy.2 Unfortunately theidentification ofthe it evidence information, though suppliesimportant confirming chronological LH It that IIIC. should be noted no as well as their and variations during figurines prevalence types wholethe forinstance, wherethebodyis relatively are in anywaycomplete,even approximately; It seemsunlikely thatanycan be considered to comefromprimary contexts. head is missing. In particular and abandonment levelsare fragmentary:3 thosefromdestruction Phaselb Phase2a Phase2b Phase3

Female:9, 10, 18 possiblyin context;24 contextsurprisingly earlythoughheavilycontaminated withPhase2a (probably fromburials);5, 38 residual Animal:65 burnt;59, 78, 83 possiblyin context;50, 76 residual Animalonly:62, 64 bothpossiblyin context Femaleonly:43 probablyalreadyresidual No attested examples

one ofearlytypewasfoundin context:1, a seatedexampleofProtoPhitype, Of thefemalefigurines suchas theAtreusBothrosat Mycenae.4 As mightbe wellparalleledfromotherLH IIIAi contexts at least ten of the can be considered (or 25%: 3, 5, 7, 30-34, 38, 39) expected fragmentary pieces residualfromLH IIIA2 and IIIB occupationon thesiteand another(6) comesfroma contextwhich includedmaterial oftheseperiods. The contexts ofa fragmentary Late Psi C example(24; plate 73) and a battered one (25; plate 73, fig.4.1) haverequired this detailedexamination. On stylistic echoes the decoration grounds type pottery ofLH IIIC Middle5and has been thought to developparallelwiththesetrends.6 Weber-Hiden has in that the starts LH IIIB basis an on the of from but there is some 2 suggested type example Tiryns7 confusion in thereference canbe 24, thoughassignedtothePhase lb destruction, given.AtLefkandi, considered to havea contextofLH IIIC ib-2a as thepottery is heavilycontaminated withPhase2a

1 The was carriedout originalworkon theLefkandi figurines in 1970. This textand cataloguewere preparedforMervyn Pophamin 1997;he readthewholeand editedit.Thoughsome hasbeenmadetoup-datethecontexts to revisions made attempt sincehisdeath,I have overallpreferred to leave theaccountas he hadapprovedit.Ifthecorrections arenotwhollyconsistent, it doesnotactuallyalterthebasicinterpretation ofthefigurines in the general contextof the Lefkandisettlement.There is somedifficulty to unfortunately linkingtheregistered figurines references in thenotebooks; thisto someextentderivesfromthe lack of understandingof figurinetypesfromwhich many excavators seemedto suffer in the 1960s. The drawingsof the section(fig.4.1) aretheworkofMs E. A. Postgate based figurines on photographs and originalsketches;thephotographs are my originals supplemented by severalbyMervynPophamhimself. The following abbreviations are used in thissection: Thesis- French,Ε. Β., The Developmentof Mycenaean TerracottaFigurineswithSpecial Referenceto Unpublished MaterialfromMycenae' (unpublishedUniversity of London Ph.D. 1961).

- French, Ε. Β., 'The Development ofMycenaean Development Terracotta BSA 66 (1971) 101-87. Figurines', 2 can nowbe Development 133-9. The startofthesefigurines seen to fallwithinthe Transitional LH IIIB/C periodas put forward Mountjoy1997, 109-37. 3 Theby widestassignations ofphasedatesin IIIC is this:Phase 1 - 6, 13; Phase ia - 8, 14-15, 17, 28, 30, 34, 45, 53, 57-58, 63»66, 71, 75, 78; Phase lb - 5, 9-10, 18, 24-25, 33, 38, 50, 52» ?54>56>59»65>69> 73"74>76>83> 85> ?88>91 and one nc> Phase 2 - 51, 79, 81, 89, ?go; Phase 2a - 2, 11, 16, 23, 26, 35"36>44»62, 64, ?7o,72, 82; Phase2b - ?27,41, 43, 84, 8687; Phase2D/3- 3, 27, 29,37. Pre-LHIIIC includes1,46; postLH IIIC: 7, 19, 31, 40, 60-61. Those withouta datedcontext are: 4, 12, 20-22, 32, 39, 42, 47, 48, 49, 55, 67-68, 77, 80. 4 Development pl. 14. 5 MDP 1^-80. 6 Development i$ji.

7 Weber-Hiden to Kilian 1979, 1985, 307-12 n. 8 referring theexcavatorassignsa context 392, fig.14.9 towhich,however, different fromthatquotedby Weber-Hiden. 257

ELIZABETH FRENCH

258

material(probablyfromburials) and 25, thoughfromPhase lb, is associated with some Phase 2 It is intrusions. This would allow bothpieces to originatein Phase 2a as seems morelikelystylistically. to be hoped thatothersitesmay provideevidence to elucidatethischronologicalproblem. to defineat the timeof the originalstudy8and The latertypesof animal figurinehad proved difficult theevidenceof Lefkandiwas used in publication9in supportofwhatseemed to be thelogical outline. and is now supported This was laterconfirmedand supplementedby the materialfromPhylakopi10 at the the material from by Syringes Tiryns.11 one animal (46; plate 75) of earlytypecomes froma distinctive As withthefemalefigurines, early context.Otherpieces ofearlyor standardtypesare withoutcontextor clearlyresidual.The typesthat in theTransitional predominateand are thusthoughtto be ofLH IIIC date (plate 75), perhapsstarting There is one a with Bands across the back. and a Linear the Ladder are type simple type period, type, Late Psi animal of the C the an elaborated of typeof female equivalent example type(64) apparently which also comes froma elaborate head It a of Phase The comes from context 2a. (79), figurine.12 Phase 2 context,may also be assignedto thisgroup. FABRIC The majorityof the femaleexamples are in the standardMycenaean ware and decoratedin red or brownpaint.A feware all over (whatis knownas 'monochrome')paintedand in one case (43; fig. 4.1) the decorationis added on top of thisin mattwhitepaint.This techniqueis well knownin LH IIIC Middle;13thefiguredalabastron(Gi ofthepictorialpottery;plate 67) is themostnotableexample fromLefkandi.Two (20, 21; plate 73) are in a heavierfabricwhichis coveredwitha whiteslipbefore being decorated.This gives an appearance more mattthanthe usual technique. thereare threeapparentlyunpainted(plate 74): one, possiblya horse Among the animal figurines (72) mightbe compared with pieces fromPerati14but the other two are in a coarse fabric,one large (87), one small (88). The formercomes froma LH IIIC Phase 2b context.No close parallels of this date are known and it is conceivable thoughunlikelythatthese two figurinesare residual fromEH levels thoughthe fabricis coarser than the figurinesfromAyios Stephanos which are consideredresidual.15 (plates 72 and 73) to place in the sequence. 2 is of Phi shape witharmsbut Several of the femaleexamples are difficult the fabricappears unusual,thoughthismay be the resultof burning.It is not clear whetherthisis an unusualresidualpiece or a late atypicalexample.16The threeexamples of Psi typealso varyslightly fromthenormand could be eitherearlyor late in thetypologicalseries.Bothvariationscould indicate The low occurrenceofbody fragments local manufacture thoughoverallthereis littleevidenceofthis.17 well be due to the smallextentof Phi Psi could the or of either to canonical type examples assignable excavated thoughmore residualexamples mighthave been expected. the pre-LH IIIC settlements The Late Psi A typeis characterisedby smallpelletbreasts.9 is a typicalexample; 10 is similarbut slightlyless tidy.The body shape of 11 is less usual. The decorationon 2 1 is typicalof the Late Psi Β typethoughthe fabricis a heavyware withwhite slip as is the veryworn example of thissame type,20. 17 is a miniature;22 is also small and very tidilydecoratedwhile 14 and 18 are much more carelesslypainted. decoration. plate 73 showstwotypicalexamples oftypeC withelaborateand probablynaturalistic its form on the skirt of is the notable 23, showing clearly.18 representation Particularly The only example of type D (26; plate 73) is apparentlyunpaintedbut the body shape with tinyarms compares closely with the type example fromAsine.19The incisions on the back and frontare at presentinexplicable. TYPOLOGY

8 Thesis165-72, 18s.

9

Development 151-3.

10Frenchio8r;. 261-72. 117ïrvfuXI.ακ-8κ. 12Cf. TirynsXI, 84.

13ΜΌΡιφ.

14Peratil,T25.338, 339; II 269, fig.116; and III pl. 103d. 15Frenchforthcoming.

16 12of. Development 17Cf. TirynsXL 8*. 18Cf. Wardle 1988, 469-76. 19Frödin and Persson 1938, fig.212 firstand thirdfromleft.

THE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES

259

is thehead 41 (plate 74). Thereis no way to ascertain Amongthemoreunusualhumanfigurines fromwhatkindoffigure orvasethisheadcomes.The centralholein theneckshowsthatitmusthave in thekilnbya stickor twig.20 beensupported Twofemales(42, 43) haveholesforattachment tovase kalathoi.Thissystemofattachment is thesameas at Perati21 butan examplefrom rims,presumably and one fromTiryns23 are actually Ialysos22 joinedto therim.42 (plate74) comparescloselyin type withthe examplesfromIalysosand Tiryns,whereas43 (fig.4.1) is muchmoreelaborateand at in itsappliedwhitedecoration. in thislightonHarktechnique Kalathoi,however, present unparalleled areknown(including therimoftheone fromPeratito whichfigures wereadded). The malefigure ofsimilardate,24 thepresenceof 44 (plate74) has a closeparallelfromPhylakopi twosuchfigurines fromseparatecontrolled is extremely excavations alsoprovided important. Phylakopi in evidenceofpaintedmale figures. Male figures from those as Chariot apart Groups(such groups rare.25 The rider(45; plate 74), on theotherhand,is typicalofthisrelatively etc.)are stillextremely infrequent type.26 Plate 75 illustrates thepredominant though typesofanimalfigurine unfortunately manyoftheexamples areheavily wornandmuchbattered. there is no of the 'Late linear' Surprisingly example typeidentified atPhylakopl.27 The elaborate are of this identified interest, confirming recently pieces(64,79) particular with a In The horse harness fig. is addition there are several (83; 4.1) greatrarity.28 painted type. with a which seem to have been decorated of monochrome examples only completecovering paint.29 Relatedto thesearethethreehandlesfromcups/bowls (FS 240) (see plate 46.5) withattachedbovid headsfacingoverthebowl.AllthreeLefkandi examplesaremonochrome paintedandwererecovered - one each - fromia, lb and 2a contexts. Patterned from other sites(Asine,Mycenae, examples LH All the later Middle. known as date from of IIIC the part examplesare unremarkable Tiryns)30 figurines. Thereare threefragments ofchariotgroups(84, 85, 86; plate 74, fig.4.1) ofwhichthefirst has a holein thesideofthebodyforsomekindofattachment and thelasthas holesat theend ofthelegs fortheattachment ofwheels.The groupofwheelspublishedfromTiryns31 showsthatthistypewas knownin theLH IIIC periodthoughtheactualwheelsfromLefkandihavebeen assignedto thePG oflargeanimals(89, 90; plate 74), one at leastwheelmade, can be added period.The twofragments totherecently BotharefromLH IIIC contexts butthisis no proofoftheirdateof publishedcorpus.32 as largeanimalfigures manufacture wereproducedovera longperiod.33 Relatedtotheseandapparently thana vesselofanykind,is a smallbirdaskos(91; plate 74) witha handleon the moreofa figurine back;thereis no orificeand thepiece seemsto havehad no practicalfunction. SUMMARY The scarcity ofpublishedexcavatedsettlements oftheLH IIIC period,combinedwiththeproblems of datingmaterialfromchambertombsin use forseveralcenturies,originallyhamperedthe identification offigurine typeswhichcouldbe safelyassignedto thisperiod.New evidencehas done muchto fillthegap.The preliminary witha widerangeoffemale fromTirynsare illustrated reports whichwhenfullypublishedshouldgiveamplefinechronological has detail,whilePhylakopi types34 20 Cf. themale figuresfromPhylakopi(French1985, figs.6.12, 13, 14), but the later Centaur figurefromLefkandi has a solid core forthe head and torso {LefkandiI 168) thoughthe body is wheelmade. 21 PeratiII, 253 (the vases) and 267-8 (the figurines):T5.65 with two integral cups and four mourning figurines(.68-71) attached with twigs (pls. 51b, 177b); Tina.820 with three mourningfigures(.818, 821, 822; pl. 1 1 iqa). 22 Maiuri 1923-4; also Benzi 1992, 155. Further,T15.13, on 174, pl. 18b, a small example with two broken figures: 1 in mourningpose and 1 Tau (two figurinesfromthis tomb are in mourningpose); T21.31, on 142, fig.65, with 1 Psi, 1 Tau and 2 broken (Benzi 1992, pl. 38 shows the pot withthe base wrongly restored); and T32.25 and 26, on 179, a pair of very small examples: one with broken female figurines, and one with animals (one figurinefromthistomb is in mourningpose). BMC A 950 (OT12) with 2 Tau, 1 unusual (hands behind the neck) and one emptyspace. 23 Kilian 1982, fig.29; the originalarm position is not clear. 24 French 1985, 223, fig.6.11.

25 the male figurinefromAyia 148; unfortunately Development Triada in the Argolid was not among the figurinesfound in the storeroomand published by Kilian 1990, 185-97. The group as retrievedseems odd (thereis fartoo high a proportionof stems to body and otherfragments)and it may be suggestedthatonly part of the deposit has survived. 26 Development164-5 to which add 5 examples fromAyios Konstantinoson Methana: Konsolaki-Yannopoulou iqqq. 27 French 1985, nos. 166, 168, figs.6.29, 30. iS One of those registeredas National Museum 2662 from Schliemann'sexcavations(illustratedThesistig.53.3) has a painted harnessbut it is totallydissimilarfromthatrepresentedhere. 29 Development 158. 30 Only thatfromAsine is froma tomb; it may be noted that this shape was not found at Perati. 31 Kilian 1081, fig. 13 and TirynsXL no. 172. 32 Guggisberg 1996 1996. 33 Renfrew 1985,425-7. 34 Kilian 19880, fig.44 rivals the collection foundat Mycenae by Schliemann (Development pl. 20).

26o

ELIZABETH FRENCH

Fig.4.1. Figurines. Female:25-9 (8/13;66/172;?ia(-b)); 43 - 15 (2/1;65/75;2a-b); 8- 106 (IV/V;65/168;ia). Animal:83 - 38 (10; 66/133;lb); 84 - 28 (2/1;65/70;2b). Scale3:4.

THE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES

261

selectionof animals.35Additionalexamples of good general providedan excellentand well stratified contextthoughtechnicallyunstratified have been publishedfromthe Syringesat Tiryns.36 It is into this expanded series thatthe materialfromLefkandican be fitted.Overall it agrees well withthe evidence fromelsewhere.We can thus assume thatthe outlineforthe developmentof Mycenaean is now reasonablywell established.37 figurines The discoveryoftwodistinctexamplesoffigurines whichhad been attachedto vase rims,presumably to two separate kalathoi,is particularlyimportantsince theirappearance in the settlementwould indicatea usage not purelyfuneraryas mostpreviousexamples had suggested.It should be notedin thisconnectionthatneitheroftheLefkandiexamplesis in themourningposture.There are fewgroup figurinesof any period thoughthe fragmentof an animal to which wheels had been affixedis an additionto the corpus. interesting The proportionof figurinesto potteryis everywherevery much less in the LH IIIC period38than at thepeak oftheirpopularityin LH IIIA2 and LH IIIB1).39 It has been suggested earlier(particularly thatfigurinesare more common in the Argolidthan elsewhere.40 The Lefkandievidence casts doubt it is the amount and qualityof this and that assertion could be used to the upon support premise excavationand publicationthathave caused the apparentimbalance. There are no obvious signsof local variationseitherof shape or decorationor of any local preferencesin type. Catalogue all maximum ME = MainExcavationarea. Dimensions are statedin centimetres; preserved. HUMAN 1 ProtoPhi,seated,(plate 72). H. 4.4. Curvingbody with modelled breasts and marks of applied arms; unpainted behindwhereonce applied to chair;band along arms and across neck,verticalwavy lines beneath.66/132. ME: LH IIIAi. 2 ProtoPhi. (plate 72). H. 3.3. Round body witharmsat edge; small applied breasts;burntto dark clay withpaint now appearingwhite.66/182. ME: Phase 2a, presumably residual:Room 1. 3 Proto Phi. (plate 72). H. 3. Fragmentof body only; bulge of hand below breast; sharplybent lines on body frontand back. 65/59. ME: Phase 2D/3,contextmixed to Geometric,residual:over Room 6/2 area. 4 Phi. (plate 72). H. 2.9. Upper body only; sharplybent lines on front.66/17. TrialB: surface,no context. 5 Tau. (plate 72). H. 2.7. Upper body and partof head; typicalabbreviateddecorationwithpainted wavy line for plait.66/192. ME: Phase lb, residual: Room 11. 6 Psi. (plate 72). H. 5.4. Upper body witharms broken; angular body with fairlylarge breasts; diagonal lines on back markingarms/sleeves.64/32. Trial P: surface:prob. Phase 1. 7 Psi. (plate 72). H. 5.4. Shortbody on columnarstem; edging band to upper arm; decoration ratherthick and irregularon back but probably early featureratherthan late,i.e. probablyresidual.65/139. TrialIV: basicallyIIIC but mixed to PG. 8 Late Psi ?A. (fig. 4.1). H. 5.4. Applied breasts (right missing);sleeve on leftarm and probablyright;wavy lines on front, diagonalon back. 65/168. TrialIV: earliermaterial extendinginto Phase ia: South Room.

9 Late Psi A. (plate 72). H. 3.1. Upper body of typical example withsmall applied breastsmonochromepainted. 65/205DÍS.TrialV: Phase lb: SouthernArea. 10 Late Psi A. (plate 72). H. 3.1. Upper body witharms broken;breastsapplied but unpainted;thickirregularlines frontand back. 66/94. ME: Phase lb: Room 9. 11 Late Psi A. (plate 72). H. 5.7. Upper body witharms broken;rhomboidshape withhighneck and low waist;tiny applied breastsmonochromepainted; fine irregularlines frontand back. ME: Phase 2a: South House, Room 13. 12 Late Psi A. H. 5.9. Head and arms broken; surface very worn with only traces of red paint; applied breasts. 64/19. Surface,no context. 13 Late Psi A. H. 4.2. Upper body withleftarm missing; surfacevery worn with only traces of brown paint; fairly large applied breasts.64/28. TrialS: Phase 1. 14 Late Psi B. (plate 73). H. 6.6. Batteredwithhead and arms broken; typicaldecorationfortype withdivisionon body front,thickwaist band and unpaintedstem.66/d = 69/543 0Γ 69/904. ME: Phase ia: yard 8/13. 15 Late Psi Β. Η. 3.6. Upper body only, much worn; stocky triangular body with applied breasts; diagonal decorationon front,verticalson back. 69/b = 69/546 or 541. ME: Phase ia: yard 8/13. 16 Late Psi Β. Η. 3.4. Upper body with no breasts; decorationtypicalbut of thicklines. 64/10. TrialC: Phase 2a, Presidual. 17 Late Psi B. (plate 73). H. 4.4. Completeminiaturewith only leftarm missing;typicaldecoration; ring on top of polos. 64/12. Trial C: Phase ia, III B/C. 18 Late Psi B. (plate 73). H. 6.1. Head and rightarm

35 French 1985, 261; it should be remembered that small femalefigurineswere rare in the Phylakopi shrines(ibid. 231). 56 TirynsXI, 35-85. 37 It is important to note however that the chronological analyses presented by Weber-Hiden (1985) are for deposition (oftenas 'trash') and not formanufactureor use. 38 This is even more trueif LH IIIC Early is a long period, as

now seems likely fromthe number of building phases and the depth of deposit at Mycenae. 39 It is proving possible to demonstrate this statisticallyat Mycenae: in 1964 in excavation of the LH IIIC levels only 19 out of 417 (4.5%) fragmentary female figurinesare of LH IIIC types. 40 TirynsXI, 84-5.

2Ô2

ELIZABETH

broken;decorationtypicalexcept unusuallyrough.66/78. ME: Phase lb: Room 9. 19 Late Psi Β. Η. 5.2. Head missing,base chipped; no breasts; worn; Ponce all over monochrome painted in brown. 65/11. ME: post-BronzeAge: mixed context> Classical. 20 Late Psi Β. Η. 4.5. Upper body withleftarm missing; batteredwithpainton frontwornaway; whiteslip on heavy fabric.69/4. TrialIV/V: surface,no context. 21 Late Psi B. (plate 73 back view only). H. 6.2. Upper body only;whiteslip on heavy fabric;typicalthoughthick no context. decoration.66/97. ME: unstratified, 22 Late Psi B. (plate 73). H. 5.4. Completeminiaturewith onlyhead missing;breastspaintedonly; elaboratedivided decorationon front,verticalson back. 66/183DÍS.ME: no contextavailable. 23 Late Psi C. (plate 73). H. 8.2. Arms,head and base damaged; paintednecklaceand sleeves,second dottedline across chestbelow small applied breasts;danglinglocks at back; elaboratelypatternedskirt.66/59. ME: Phase 2a: below South House. 24 Late Psi C. (plate 73). H. 4. Body fragment only;thick stem withbroad waist band; diagonal lines on arms with horizontalsbetween.66/118. ME: Phase lb: Room 3. 25 Late Psi C. (plate 73 and fig. 4.1). H. 6.2. Battered, extremities broken;smallappliedbreasts;tracesofelaborate decorationin red painton upper body. 66/172. ME: Phase îa-ib: yard 8/13. 26 Late Psi D. (plate 73). H. 6.2. Rough unpainted columnarfigurewithtracesoftinyarmsand appliedbreasts; grooveon eitherside ofbody. 66/68. ME: Phase 2a: under Room 7/6. 27 Polos head fromPsi figurine.H. 1.6. Splayingpolos withtraceofapplied plaitover thetop; raydecorationwith no base line; paintedeye and nose. 66/20. ME: Phase 2b/ 3, residual:over Room 7. 28 Polos head fromLate Psi figurine.H. 2.8. Tall and thin;applied plaitover top; thickneck band; otherpainted featuresno longerpreserved.64/14. Trial C: Phase ia. 29 Polos head fromLate Psi figurine,(plate 72). H. 3.2. Tall and thinwithshortpolos; neckband and paintedeyes. 65/61. ME: Phase 2D/3: over Rooms 4, 5 and 12. H. 3. Top ofcolumnarstemand lower 30 Waistfragment. body; typicaldecorationbut typeuncertain.Près 65/195. TrialIV: Phase ia, residual:SouthernRoom. 31 Columnar stem.H. 4. Stem and lower part of body; typicaldecoration.65/55. ME: post-BronzeAge: mixed context> Geometric,residual. 32 Columnarstem.H. 5.3. Lower body to base preserved; typicaldecoration.65/120. ME: no context.

FRENCH

33 Columnarstem.H. 4.5. Waistband and severalwavy verticallines. 65/198. Trial IV: Phase lb, residual: NW Room. 34 Columnarstem.H. 5.5. Lowerbody to base; darkclay; typicaldecorationwithseveral lines on stem.69/22. ME: Phase ia, residual:yard 8/13. 35 Columnar stemfromLate Psi figurine.H. 5.7. Thick stemflaringat each end; bands of red paint at eitherend. 66/57. ME: Phase 2a: yard 8/13. 36 Base of columnarstemfromLate Psi figurine.D.base 3. Band above flaringbase; rays on base. 66/b = 69/541 or 66/902. ME: Phase 2a: Room 4. 37 Columnarstem,? fromLate Psi figurine.H. 2.9. Short stem with rough linear decoration. 66/128. TrenchJJ: Phase 2?b. 38 Hollow stem.H. 5.4. High waistedwithtypicalbody decorationand two lines eitherside of stem. 66/a = 69/ 540 or 66/901. TrenchB: Phase lb (but contaminated), residual:Room 10. 39 Hollow stem. H. 4.5. Tall slightlyconical with two verticallines on eitherside; internalhollow extendingto top of fragmentperhaps indicatinghow it was made. 66/ 153. ME: Contextuncertain.Not seen personallyby EF. 40 Hollow stem. H. 4.5. Thick bands circumcurrent aroundconical hollowstem;unstylisedtypecould be either earlyor late. 65/137. TrialIV: Phase 2 buthas PG mixture. 41 Unusual head, (plate 74). H. 3.8. Featurespinchedand painted;breaksat back of head; hole up centreof neck for stickduringmanufacture. reinforcement 65/86. ME: Phase 2b (involvingPG pit). 42 Late Psi A fromkalathosrim. (plate 74). H. 5. Short figurewithstumpybase; hole up centre;low polos; painted features;small applied painted breasts;painted necklace; bands at waist and on stem. 69/9. Trial IV/V: no context available. 43 Late Psi C fromkalathosrim. (fig. 4.1). H. 4. Head broken;simplewell shaped figurewithshortstem;hole up centre;all over monochromepaint; elaborate decoration frontand back in mattwhitepaint. 65/75. ME: Phase 2b: Room 2/1. (plate 74). H. 6.4. Head broken;roughly 44 Male figurine, finishedand unpainted; small horizontal arms; applied breasts;divided legs withapplied genitália.66/119. ME: Phase 2a: yard 8/9. 45 Rider,(plate 74). H. 7.5. Reddishclaywithblackpaint; pointed headdress decorated with verticallines; painted featuresincludinglocks at back; armsbrokenbut bending forwardto hold reins;base shaped to fitback ofhorse; two broad verticallines on front;severalthinnerlines on back. 69/17. ME: Phase ia: yard 8/13.

ANIMAL 46 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 3.2. Forequarters; irregularlinear decorationof earlytype.66/120. >LH ΠΙΑ early. 47 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 4.4. Forequarters;Wavy 2 type. 64/18. Surface,no context. 48 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 4.5. Hindquarters;verystylised Wavy 2 type decoration.66/e = 69/544 or 66/905. ME: cleaning,no context. 49 Bovid. H. 2.3; L. 5.3. Extremitiesbroken,veryworn; probably Linear 1 type. 65/103. Trial VI: surface,no context. 50 Bovid. L. 4.5. Battered body fragment,probably hindquarters;decorationof Linear 1 type. 65/208. ME: Phase lb, slightlymixed withPG: Room 5. 51 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 6; L. 7.2. Head and threelegs broken;well made withbuffslip; heavy bands over front and rear legs; Linear 1 type decorationalong body. 65/

187. TrialV, Phase 2, probablyresidual. 52 Bovid. H. 4.8. Forequarters; abbreviated Linear decorationrelatedto the latesttype.66/c = 69/542 or 66/ 903. ME: Phase lb: yard 8/13. 53 Bovid. H. 2.5; L. 3.9. Hindquarterswithtail to side; well burnished surface; abbreviated Linear decoration relatedto thelatesttype.65/177. TrialIV: Phase ia: South Room. broken;abbreviated 54 Bovid. H. 2.9; L. 6.3. Extremities Linear decorationrelatedto the latesttype. 65/112. Trial VII: Phase i?b. 55 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 2.8; L. 5. Complete miniature; extremities chipped; abbreviatedLinear decorationrelated to the latesttype.66/58. No context. 56 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 3.3; L. 6.5. Extremitiesbroken; arching tail; Ladder decoration. 69/10. ME: Phase lb:

THE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES South House, yard 14a. 57 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 2.7; L. 4.2. Hindquarterswith higharchedtail;Ladder decoration.69/c = 69/574 or 542. ME: Phase ia: yard 8/13. 58 ?Bovid/Horse.(plate 74). H. 2.7; L. 6. Extremities broken;verywornwithcurledtail; PLadderdecoration.69/ 20. ME: Phase ia: yard 8/13. 59 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 3.3; L. 3.6. Forequarterswith head; Ladder decoration.66/82. ME; Phase lb: Room 9. 60 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 2.5; L. 5.7. Body and thickLadder decoration.65/30. ME: mixed> hindquarters; Geometric. 61 Bovid. H. 2.5; L. 5.7. Forequarters;Ladder decoration. H. 3; L. 3.5. 65/13DÍS.ME: mixed> Classical. 62 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 2.5; L. 6.3. Extremitiesbroken; pinchedtail; Bands acrossbody and along tail.65/97. ME: Phase 2a: Room 2. withhead; 63 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 4.2; L. 5. Forequarters broad Bands across body and on head. 69/21. ME; Phase ia: yard 8/13. 64 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 3; L. 5.7. Hindquarters;firing hole under/besidetail;elaboratedecorationofframedwavy lines. 65/102. ME: Phase 2a: Room 2. 65 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 2.7; L. 4.4. Forequarterswith head; burnt;decorationnot discernible.65/155. Trial IV: Phase lb: NorthRoom. 66 Bovid. H. 3.9; L. 8.6. Extremitiesbroken; traces of brownpaint.64/24. ME: Phase probably ia. 67 Bovid. H. 5.1; L. 3.4. Forequarters;worn withtraces of red paint.65/2. ME: surface,no context. 68 Bovid. H. 2; L. 4.5. Probablyforequarters; veryworn withtracesof red paint.65/4. Surface,no context. 69 Bovid. H. 1.8; L. 5.4. Extremitiesbroken; veryworn withtracesofbrownpaint;?Iinear decoration.66/171. ME: Phase lb: yard 8/13. 70 Bovid. H. 3; L. 4.2. Forequarters, very stocky; monochrome.64/13. Trial C: Phase 2?a. 71 Bovid. H. 2.7; L. 3.5. Small; hindquarterswithtail to one side; heavybands includingbeneathbody. 69/18. ME: Phase ia; yard 8/13. 72 Horse? (plate 74). H. 4.5; L. 5. Forequarters;pinched mane; unpainted.66/106. ME: Phase 2a: Room 12. withpartof one 73 Bovid. H. 2.4. Forequartersfragment leg; Linear decoration.66/190. ME: Phase lb: yard 8/13. 74 Bovid. L. 4.1. Horn only; decorated withlines along it.66/134. ME: Phase lb, residual:SouthHouse, yard 14a. 75 Bovid. H. 3.3. Leg only; roughlyformedwithbands up it. 69/e = 69/549 or 544· ME: Phase ia: yard 8/13. 76 Bovid. H. 2.1. Head fragment only; lineardecoration.

263

65/164. TrialIV: Phase lb, residual: NorthRoom. 77 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 1.9. Head only;lineardecoration on side of neck. 65/91. ME: no context. 78 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 3.3. Head and neck only; bands up neckand along nose. 65/207. ME: Phase lb, butslightly mixed withPG: Room 3, or 5/6 area. 79 Bovid. (plate 75). H. 2.4. Head only; elaborate decoration.65/191. TrialV, basicallyPhase 2. 80 Bovid. H. 1.7. Head fragment only; veryworn;linear decoration.65/111. TrialIII: surface,no context. 81 Animal, ?sheep. (plate 74). H. 2.4. Head only; short nose and unusual stubsto horns.69/d = 69/548. TrialW: Phase 2. 82 Animal. H. 2.9. Head only, very worn. 66/90. ME: Phase 2a: Room 6a. 83 Horse, (fig. 4.1). H. 4.4. Forequarters and head; pinchedmane and paintedharness.66/133. ME: Phase lb (witha littlelatercontamination):Room 10. 84 Chariotgroup,(plate 74, fig.4.1). H. 8.8; L 4.9. Left only; solid body in pinkishclay, firedlighter; forequarters hole ?forattachments;elaborate linear decoration.65/70. ME: Phase 2b: Room 2/1. 85 Chariotgroup,(plate 74). H. 3; L. 8.5. Lefthand body with extremities broken; roughly formed but clear attachmentmarks at frontand rear inside. 65/161. Trial IV: Phase lb: South Room. 86 Chariotgroup, (plate 74). H. 6; L. 4.6. Forequarters; unusual;pinchedmane; legs piercedfor?wheels;red paint. 66/131. ME: Phase 2b: Room 2/1. 87 Animal, (plate 74). H. 4.9; L. 9.5. Body only; heavy coarse clay; roughlyshaped, unpainted.65/67. ME: phase 2b: Room 4. 88 Animal, (plate 74). H. 2.2; L. 4.5. Small body only withextremities broken;coarse Oatmeal' fabric,unpainted. 65/113. TrialVI: Phase ?ib. 89 Animal, figure, (plate 74). H. 6.5. Presumably wheelmade;leg only,piercedup centre;hollowat topwhere attachedto body; decorated withdiagonal lines on front. 65/125DÍS.ME: Phase 2. 90 Animal,figure,(plate 74). W. 8.7. Frontofbody only; no internalwheel-markson thissection;good detail;linear decoration.65/143. Trial III: Phase ?2. 91 Bird Askos. (plate 74). H. 4.5; L. 8. Head missing, small handle on back, pinched tail, three small feet.66/ 194. ME: Phase lb: Room 5. PLUS, one otherpotentialpiece never seen by EF: 66/19 - an animal TC froma Phase lb context,in small room westof Room 11.

Chapter5 The smallfinds DonEvely INTRODUCTION The overall characterof the small findsrecoveredfromboth the Main Excavation and the scattered Trialsin all phases withinLH IIIC is best summarisedby the term'domestic'.No specificindications or specialisedcrafts- withthe possible exceptionof weaving,if existforthe pursuitof any full-time the clay 'reels' and 'spindlewhorls'are so to be judged. The half-dozenor so copper/bronzecrucible and fewstonemould pieces, valuable in themselves,are mere waste or discardedproducts, fragments oftenretrievedfromrubbishdepositsin yardsor passageways. 'Domesticity'here is seen to comprisemostobviouslythe storage,preparationand servingof foods in houses thatwere designedto be lived in permanently. Storagefacilitiesmay range fromboth the unbaked,butsubstantial, claybins and fromfiredpithoirightdown to lesserclayvesselslikeamphoras, hydriasand jugs, whichare also used to carryand servefood and drink.Processingthe raw foodstuffs is witnessedby thepresenceofhearthsand theexistenceofitemssuchas quernsand grinding-pounding tools of stone. Vessels, oftenin a fabric characterisedas 'cooking ware', are commonly enough encountered to show that food preparation was a basic activityeverywhere.Evidence for the presentationand consumptionof comestiblescan be had fromthe cups, bowls, cratersand kylikes thatare also commonlyavailable. though Amongtheothersmallfinds,stonetools are common;metalobjectsare muchless frequent, that it available to all. was in numbers to indicate exist sufficient of broadly scraps copper/bronze Bone toolsare rarerstill,thoughthe antlergroupare ofinterest.In clay,reels/discsand spindlewhorls are very frequentand ought to underlinethe practice of a home-based textileproductiontypical the Aegean at all periodsin the LBA. throughout The sole exceptionto this,thoughtheir of Objects a personalor decorativenatureare infrequent. A pair of gold ringsare the only the stone 'buttons'. somewhat are remains enigmatic, purpose yet but are well enoughrepresented, For of true value recorded. 'religious'purposes,clay figurines objects in state,and were oftenretrievedfromrubbishdepositsfromoutsideor over the all are fragmentary houses proper(see Chapter4). In termsof overall totals,somethingover a thousandpieces (excludingclay vases) are known or suspectedto have been associatedwiththeLH period,thevastmajority(880/130 - Main Excavation/ Trials)comingfromthe period of IIIC habitation.Of these,itemsof clay(the reels in particular,at nearly75%) accountformost(around450/36); followedby thoseof stone(at 280/62). The remainder comprises,almost equally, objects of metal (at 93/15) and of bone/antler(at 55/18), leaving mere handfulsof objects fashionedfromglass/faienceor of an organicnature.When these numbersare brokendown by the temporal/structural periods of LH IIIC, Phase lb yielded by farand away the debrisassociated. most(atjustover 50%), as one wouldhave expected,giventhescale ofthedestruction The earlierPhase ia produced about 10%. Phase 2 is well enough represented:about 20% objects is being retrievedfromthe earliersub-stage(2a), with 10% fromthe later(2b). Thereafterthe fall-off swiftas the soils both transitionalto and withPhase 3 have been heavily subjectedto erosion and laterinterference: perhaps about 40 itemsfromthe first,and scarcelya dozen fromthe remnantsof the lateststructure to concernthisreport(about 4% and 2% respectively). When it comes to the task of searchingfor parallels and constructinga frameworkfor a wider is hard to come by. The appreciationof such withinthe LBA on the mainland,relevantinformation taskis indeed always easier forthe more exotic (such as ivory,seals or a preciousmateriallike lapis lazuli),or whereotherscholarshave providedthebasic research(as foritemsof metal).However,for themore mundanegroups,such as the stonetools and thebone industry, the returnsare poor indeed 265

DON EVELY

266

at the moment.This situationexistsnot so much froma lack of investigationof comparableLH III settlementsites,but ratherfromthe factthatpublicationsare not yet completed:Tirynsbeing an distortionoccurs if one attemptsto use a cemeterylike Peratias a excellentcase in point.A further basis forcomparison.Accordinglythetemporaland geographicalscope ofthe searchhas been keptas and effect.Furtherdetailsofthesourcesofthisquarrying wide as possible,butwithonlymodesteffort willbe givenin the relevantmaterialsections. Catalogue entriesare includedunderthe variousRoom descriptionsin Chapter ι. STONE Ground Stone Tools1 (see plates 76-82, figs. 5.1-5.6) groupwere recovered:fromthe Somethingaround 130 objectsthatcan be assignedto thisutilitarian so. notebooksit would appear possiblethatthistotalcould be increased,but perhapsnot significantly of a combination The habitualtypologicalapproachis proposedhere: namelyone based on suspected and typeofdamageincurredwithuse) and ofphysicalform.As is depressingly usage (fromwearpatterns distinctivetraitsto permitof an unequivocal the generalcase, too many of the tools lack sufficiently of an object qua object. Nonetheless,theyare here presentedin a numberof groups: identification quernsand mortarsand a miscellaneousset(someoverlapping polishers,whetstones, pounders,grinders, occurs in the firstfoursets). Obsidian and chert'chipped' tools are handled separatelyat the end. Apartfroma succinctappraisal of the groupsand sub-groups,attentionwill be paid to any patterns thatcan be discernedwithregardto time,stonetypeand potentialpurpose. POUNDERS

(SEE

PLATE

76,

FIG.

5.1)

remainstend to a information Of the 33 or so of these identified,the majorityforwhich sufficient fig. with occasional fig. form 5.1: 9, 13) or more (oftendepressed;e.g. 5.1: 1,4), flatter(e.g. spherical is primarilymade, rangesfrom ovoidexamples.The wear/workdamage, by whichthe identification - dependingon theforceemployedand thestone'sphysicalcharacter peckingup to battering/flaking size (i.e. hardness,crystal/grain and durability);it may also include a degree of crushingdamage closely akin to aspects of grinding.Veryoftenit is on two opposing zones (or ends forthe longer Amongstthe more specimens)and, to a lesser degree,the marginsof the tool thatare so afflicted. of with an all-over those be found so) pattern wear; facetsmay (or substantially sphericalgroupmay to the smoothness a of be found can as well. On surface,even a polish: the degree any develop in the course of use fromthat have that such to differentiate here developed might being question water from action). acquirednaturally(e.g. In size, theytend to lie between 5-8.5 cm in maximumdimension,witha weightmostlyin the 300-450 gm range;theyfitwell into the palm of the hand. thelargestnumbersofthesetoolsturnup in thedepositsthatare themostextensive Not surprisingly, or largerspreadsof soils: namelyPhases lb and 2a (12 and 10 with eitherdestructions and associated the latterin partfrom fromthe burntdebrisof the settlement; are retrieved The former respectively). that to area in an accumulatedearthslaid down burning,and partlyin later subsequent open working and material this of all class This is a patternthatwill apply to structures. quite probablyto others from stoneswitha dense and fashioned are often as well.Withrespectto thestonesutilised,pounders metabasitesare a the better: interlocking crystallinestructure to resistthe shocks of percussion from fashioned limestones,oftencrystalline, good material(seeminglylimitedto Phase lb), withothers all the LH HIC era. was that and the loosely termed'volcanic/igneous'group tapped throughout no doubt multi-purpose and basic is a that this From the Minoan evidence,it is quite clear very from and milieux of in a everyperiod.2On variety parallelscan be foundforthem tool-type:plentiful made from at mainland Greece occasional specimens recorded chert,limestone and Nichoria, 1 Broad discussionsofmaterialrecoveredfrommainlandGreece can be foundin Blitzer1992, 727-30. Otherwise,one musthave recourse to smaller groups of material: thus, for Katsanas in Macedonia,on theverybordersofMycenaeanGreece- Hochstetter 1987, 46-60; forMycenae - Tournavitou1995, passim 215-36. For Cretegenerally,see MinoanCrafls1, 108-18; Evely 1984, 2249. Also otherauthorscitedbelow,such as Blitzerand Dierckx(esp. thePseirareports:mostnot available to theauthor).

In the line drawingsthatillustratethissection,some use has been made of conventions to portraythe areas of work damage or otheralterationsto the stone's basic shape. A key to thisis found on fig. 5.1: this is applicable to all. Finally, thanksare due to Tina De Domingo forundertakinga check of most of the stone identificationsin EretriaMuseum. 2 Evely 1984, 225; Blitzer 1995, 425-41, types 1-4; Dierckx 1998, pl. 19.AC 119, 121, 123.

THE SMALL FINDS

267

Fig. 5.1. Stone Tools. Pounders:7-46 (2; 69/362; 2a); 4 - 13 (6a; 69/378; 2a); 6-45 (2; 69/381; 2a); 7-39 (3; 69/359; lb); S- 13 (5; 69/379; lb); 9-9 (6a/a; 69/369; 2b); 10 - 40 (3; 69/372; lb); 12 - 10 (11; 69/327; lb); 73 - 13 2-18 (4; 69/386; lb); 3-8 (6a/6; 69/382; 2b); 5-5 (over 4/5/12; (over 2/1; 69/374; 2°/3)· Pounder-grinders: Pounder-hammer: 77-2 (S. House; 69/334; 2a)· Scale 1:3. 69/371; 2D/3).

DON EVELY

268

and activities fromMH throughout cobbles,wereusedforvariouspoundingandgrinding unassigned forthistoolis thequernor someworking beyondtheLBA.3An obviouspartner surface/support. thepossibility is highthatthetoolcouldalso Thoughtermed'pounders'hereand in thecatalogue, be used in combination bothwitha rockingmotionto act therebyas a crusher, and witha more extended to-and-fro actiontoserveas a grinder: anda polishwouldresult fromsuchbehaviours. faceting The bestindication thata substantial amountofgrinding was undertaken liesin thelinearscratches, often witha dominant thataredeveloped, on the flatter orientation, planes.Heavierpounding especially or hammering well cause flakes to become detached due to the effects ofpercussion. may GRINDERS

(SEE

PLATE

77

AND FIG.

5.2)

Toolsutilisedsolelyforthispurposeare muchharderto identify: thehandful(four,fig.5.2: 5) here arebuttentatively if fig.5.2: Even the mixed set proposed. pounder-grinder(fivewithfourpossibles, are in a remain added,theyyet (see below).They 1-4, 6, 7) firmly minority, perhapssurprisingly oftenhave a planarqualityto theirform- be it essentially ovoidor morerectangular. Thisfeature with a flat the tool surface suited to its intended duties. hand-held toolsthey Being naturally provides tendto fallintothe'6-15 cm' bracketin length(thelargestperhapsbeingjustable to be workedby twohands);theyhave a broadrangein weight(between200-650 gm).Sincegrinding requiresan abrasiveelementtobe present tobe successful, theneitherthestoneoritssupportshouldhavesucha texture butnotin thecase of (orsuchperhapscouldbe addedas a powderin thecourseofworking: foodproduction). No coherent is,or couldbe expectedtobe, observablein sucha smallsample- theyturn pattern at muchthesamephysicalqualitiesas thepounders, up anyperiod.Requiring theyarefairly equally the metabasite and stones. sandstone, 'volcanic/igneous' represented by offoodsand in toolsare naturalpartners forquernsand thelike,bothin thereadying Grinding withinwhatis well othercraftactivities.4 One would,therefore, expectthemto be quite represented at Lefkandi. claimedas a 'domestic'setting Buttheyarenot.It has alreadybeenhintedabovethatthe a substantial poundergroupmayhaveinfactfulfilled partofthisrole.Otherpossiblewaysforachieving thissortofworkhavebeen suggested too:forexampleat Mycenae5a seriesofsmallerovateslabsor wieldedmillstones barsarerecognised as theupper,activecomponents ofa setofhandelongated In Crete,6 butnonesuchhasbeenlocatedatLefkandi. thedeliberately (orpounderproducedgrinder in additionit is arguedthat is well documented; grinder)of variousshapes(oftenelongated/bar) ofbrokenquernsthemselves couldbe pressedintouse as handstones. fragments twopieces, In thiscategory(or underwhetstones and abraders)maybe includedforconsideration a late context. but not fig. 10-1 from of Tabular, 1) 5.2: (7.2/1.20/3, deliberately very potentially emery has been shaped,theyare bothof smallsize. Tracesof wearare clearon each: thefirstillustrated with surfaces have been the it at that bevels smooth to one so two created; end, especiallysubjected otherhas a moregeneralindicationof use on one mainface and one edge (nowrounded).The butitwillhavebeenan essential existence ofemeryis stillonlyrarelyrecordedon excavations,7 part materials wherequartz-based kitfromat leastMBA timesonwards,particularly of thecraftsman's shouldnotnecessarily Itspresencehere,however, werebeingworked. (bothfroma Phase2b/3context) a knife, as can be such mundane hard minerals: the of such tasks, sharpening perfectly imply working withemery. undertaken mostefficiently POLISHERS

(SEE FIG. 5.3:

6; WITH I-5

OF MIXED SORTS)

in itsownright, Anotherstonetooltypethatis seldomidentifiable polishersare anywayrelatedto first the of abrasion: the same in that work on both coarselyand thelastevermore principle grinders a feature the common being plane (or several)capableofapplying Shapesvaryconsiderably, finely. - fineones- butmoreusuallythesetools theaction.The courseoftheworkmayleave scratches a that have fact the areidentified acquired polishin thecourseoftheirwork.Thislastpointof they by itemssuchas 22.11.1ab (fig.5.3: 5), beingof a safe one is though:forinstance, recognition hardly 3 Blitzer

1992, 728-9, pl. 12.213-15; Hochstetter1987, 55,

pl. 13.3-4. 4 The mainland: Blitzer 1QQ2,728 and 729.3302-3 fora pair. 5 WBAÍ2jy 35 nos. 74-6 and michrofîcheforillustrationsand otherdetails.

6 Evely 1984, 225; Blitzer1995, 451η0,type7 - amongstothers. 7 Knossos: Evely 1984, 228; and otherpotentialpieces from P. M. Warren's StratigraphicalMuseum Excavations. Kommos: Blitzer 1995, 442, 447, type 5.

THE SMALL FINDS

269

1 - 31 (11; 69/324; lb); 2-28 (9; 69/361; lb); 5 - 6 (7; 69/323; 2a); 4 - 41 Fig. 5.2. Stone Tools. Pounder-grinders: (3; 69/384; lb); 6 30 (1 1; 69/336; lb); 7-29 (E; 64/39; HIC?). Grinder:5-21(11; 69/322; ia). 'Pestle': 8 33 11 Scale (11; 69/329; lb); 9-90 (IV/V; 69/300; ia). Emery: 10, 1:3. 7 (over2/i; 69/313; 2D/3).

to so bringup couldowe itspolishnotto use,butto a desireon thepartofthecraftsman serpentine, inthepoundergroup,areencountered themarkings ofthestoneforpurelyaesthetic reasons.Moreover, and endsis combinedwitha lowpolishon othermain exampleswhosecanonicalwearatthemargins surfaces(28.9.1b,plate 77.2 and fig.5.2: 2): at timesthislastis held to be a purelysecondaryor coincidental butsomedo existwherearevisiblefineabrasionscratches, whosepresencekeeps matter, thatsome otherdeliberateactionwas beingundertaken alivethepossibility alongsidetheprimary one ofpounding- suchcouldincludepolishing.

27O

DON EVELY

Fig. 5.3. Stone Tools. Polisher-grinder: 7-42 (3; 69/307; lb). Polishers:4 - 2 (11; 69/308; lb); 6-17 (2; 65/108; 2a). Pestle:5-32 (11; 69/332; lb). Polisher/whetstone: 2-23 (3; 66/103; lb); 5-6 (G; 64/29; 2b). Whetstones:7-21 (4; 69/337; lb)i 8-20 (4; 69/337; lb)> 9" * (5; 69/318; ?2a); το- ίο (W; 69/315; 2); υ -4 (n; 69/338; 2a); 12 1 (4; 1 Scale 6 1:3. (4; 65/106; 2a); 75-3 (over7; 65/90; 2D/3). 69/342; 2b); 13 (4; 65/95; 2b); 14

- plusa potential identified (42.3.1b; polisher-grinder Onlyfiveitemsare so, and mostlyshakily, tobe no considerthewholeclassat Lefkandi it be better to plate 78.2 and fig.5.3: 1). Frankly might at In the smaller size than an of the more offshoot grinders. theybelong equallypoorlyrepresented in in date in and but tools cm end ofthehand-held 60-130 gm weight); (4-8 theymayturn length, or and hard be either dense and with to their material, (metabasite) regard theymay up at anyperiod; softer (mudstone). in MH, LH andbeyond, thisdutyat Nichoriais attested oftoolsperforming The separateexistence difference lies in the The critical here.8 to those set of tools but by a ratherdifferent postulated andin and little limonite some thereoftheuse ofhaematite elements) (with manganese predominance the tool seldom in wear On flattened surfaces one or more form(with theusuallyirregular use). Crete, by areoften howeverderived, hasa specific form(ifone excludesthe'triangular' set),butpolishedeffects, a of on tools of actions and with evidence for foundin association range shapes.9 grinding pounding 8 Blitzer 1992,728-9.3276-82. 9 Evely 1984, 224 (Knossos);Blitzer1995, 478, type 16c (Kommos).

THE SMALL FINDS WHETSTONES

(SEE PLATE 78, FIG. 5.3:

271

7-I5)

withoutany significant A scoreand moreof theseare spreadout throughout the LH settlement, moreeffectively, tend to a slab or tabular form to their functioning clustering. permit Theynaturally forthosewitha granular texture or ofwork whichis basicallythateitherofcoarserabrasion-grinding and relatedsofter stones. ofa finerquality(evena polish),achievablewiththoseofphyllite a sharpedge on to metal is todayassociatedmostlywithputting theterm'whetstone' Technically, in thisearlierperiod.However,thetoolshere tools- and thereis no reasonto assumeanydifferent collectedunderthisheadingshowat timesothermannersof usage,wherebya grooveor channel a point(rather thana longercutting-edge) and ontosomething, results. Suchwilloccurfromputting awls since the and materials as bone for or involve other (such producing pins).Indeed, may objects that with a flat there remains the chance the sort effective actionis a grinding one, simpler always is could be Confirmation of identification working-surface just lightweight grinders. accordinglysought in theirphysicalappearance:a piercedend forsuspension(e.g.plate 78.9fromsecondary features 12,fig.5.3: 12-15),relatively squaredor shapedto a form(e.g.fig.5.3: 8, 9). neatlyand deliberately The hollows left actionalso givea positiveguide(e.g. Bothindicate'whetstones' proper. by stropping fig.5.3: 7) to thesameeffect. withinthe tool type,as alreadyobserved The materialsemployedpointup anotherdistinction Initial a stone:sandstones carriedoutby relatively above. is,reasonably, 'coarse'-grained sharpening are theobviouschoices.However,theothergroupis equallynumerous;theyemploymuchsofter Theseworkin a different manner- probablybeingreservedfor stonessuchas phyllites or schists. whicharemorein thenatureofa polishthanan abrasion.Theymay honingon thefinaladjustments, abrasivematerial. be usedwithan oil or otherlubricant, evena finely-powdered small:mostly7-10 cm in length,halfthatin width,and As a rule,suchtoolshereare relatively seldomweighmorethan,or evenas muchas, 200 gm.Thismakesthemreadilyportable,as indeed thepiercedoneswouldalso indicate. fromPhase lb, withan equal number(six)fromPhase Neara third(sevenor so) wereretrieved 2a - exactlythepatternas notedabove forthepounders- and no doubtforthe same reasons but a secondarygroupis no less as adumbratedthere.Sandstonesare alwayswell represented; - mudstone, most of the encountered includes siltstone, shale, (and pierced examples) commonly and schist, argillite. phyllite formis easy to spotin mainlandGreece and Cretealike; so too any withthe The perforated and whetting actions.10 However, channels,groovesand hollowingthatcome fromthe stropping with face worn smooth to and more one slabs, degrees,occur larger varying irregularly shaped major at LH and at some of which least are believed to have done Nichoria: MH, throughout beyond uses.11 serviceas whetstones, havingmulti-purpose abrading QUERNS AND MORTARS (SEE PLATES 79-8 1, FIGS. 5.4-5.6)

The twoscoreor so querns formas largea group(ifuncatalogued mostly)ofstonetoolsas anyother at times).Sucha profusion setrecovered: matchedonlybythemulti-purpose pounders(cum-grinders thatfoodpreparation was thedominant shouldhavebeenexpected,giventheargued-for observation in at all it thata undertaken these houses should be remembered activity phases.Though always to than that: can be more ones. here were quern put many purposes includingsecondary Many in a fragmentary recovered and in are therefore to have been their condition, unlikely primary position oruse: thus,Room 10 in Phase lb and againRoom6a in Phase2a (thelastpair- 7 and 8.6a*2afromdebrisofa robbed-out however,does notmeanthatsomeuse wall).This damagedcondition, was notable stillto be extracted fromthem. An individual mostreadilyby itsphysicalform.It maybe moreor less quernmaybe categorised in which feature is regular outline, quiteoftenheretheresultof itshavingbeen shapedto varying topecking). Assistance thenatural (from degrees bydirect percussion flaking maybe givenfrom cleavage of the stone when it so as to a slab: such pattern splits provide rough piecesmaybe leftrelatively orpartly re-formed. Whereproperly thequernsfrom Lefkandi havean elongated unaltered, discernable, tolinearform, withroundedendsand oftenhavetheirsidesslopingbackto thebase: theycouldwell havebeensunkintoa surface toholdthem (likean earthfloor)orproppedagainstsmallerstones/earth in use evidence on thislastpointseemsforthcoming in theexcavation (no steady descriptions). 10MainlandGreece:Hochstetter 1987,53-4, pl. 11 (Katsanas: wheresomeareviewedas possiblependants, e.g.7 and 12).Crete:

Evely 1984,226 (Knossos);Blitzer1995,44 iff,type5 (Kommos). 11Blitzer 1992,728-9 and 744ff,pl. 12.205-10.

272

DON

EVELY

Fig. 5.4. Stone Tools. Querns: 1 - 7 (4; 69/528; 2a); 2-24

(10; 69/520; lb). Scale 1:4.

featureconcernsthe natureof the top surfaceof the tool: eitherflat Anotherstrongdistinguishing It is oftenassumedthatthelatterare merely or hollowed (saddle) - see fig. 5.4: 1 and 2 respectively. whichmay indeed be so; but it is also quitepossible thatthe saddlemorewornexamples of thefirst, formwas deliberatelyproduced too. Certainlyeither formwill have required the same sort of preparationand maintenance:use, forexample, will almost always graduallycreate a smoothand even surface,perhaps even witha degree of low polish - at which stage furtherwork cannot be readilycarriedout. Rehabilitationis achieved by poundingthe surfaceagain so thatsmall chips are needed to provide the bite or grating detached or crushedout, therebyrestoringthe irregularities fromthe daily combined withthe attrition action forwork to continue.This process of restoration, Furtherthe concentrationof action will routineof labour,will create or deepen the hollow further.

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Fig. 5.5. StoneTools and Objects. Quern: 1 - 7 (7; 69/517; 2a). Weights:2-22 (4; 69/357; 1^)» 3 ~ 8 (over 2/1; 65/72; 20/3); 4 - 47 (2; 66/161; 2a). Sundry:5 - 9 (1 1; 69/327; lb), anvil; 6- 3 (S. Houseia; 69/2; 3), hammer;7-12 (IV/V; 69/ 301; ib), axe. Tools?: 8-η (i2; 69/333; ^h 9 " *5 (5*>69/347; ^h *o- 1 (8/13; 69/367; îa-b). Scale 1 at 1:4; restat 1:3.

and perhapstheveryedgesrelatively usuallytendto thecentreof thetool,leavingtheextremities whichhelpsto explainwhyat timesa polishcan be observedonlythere. untouched, Mostoftenthedirection ofworkon a quernwillbe fromone end downthelongaxisto themiddle thatorientation. thandirectly acrossit),whichmaylead to scratches To judgefrom (rather following thetoolsrecoveredat Lefkandi, it musthave been thepracticethereto use one of thepounding to typeof toolswitha quern;one wouldratherhave expecteda longer,bar-likegrinder-pounder - notseenat havebeenpreferred. morerobust, versionoftheactive,grinding Another, component

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Lefkandieither- wouldhave theappearanceof a small-size quern,in thatit wouldbe of similar and with a flat main will surface. Such be 'inverted' proportions upon the passivequern- in thismannerthetwojuxtaposedflatsurfaces arekeptin contactunderthepressure ofhandsandbody directed from above. weight The completequernsfromLefkanditendto measuresome30-40 cm in length, by 13-20 across and canbe anything from4-8 thick.Theirweights are substantial: neverbelow3.5 kg,risingto close to 8. Once againPhases lb (with11) and 2a (with17) providethebulkof theexamples;a clear a fine-grained butdurablestone preference beingdisplayedforthesaddleforms.For thematerial, wouldnaturally be preferred: a texture toofriable wouldleadtounwanted in the mealorwhatever grit was beingprepared,too softa texturewouldrequirefrequent Sandstones are highly 'repointing'. butthereseemstohavebeena morespecialist in Mycenaeantimesforthis tradeestablished suitable, tooltype,inwhicha seriesofvolcanicrockswerequarried, abrasive beingdesirablefortheirespecially This division is in reflected the Lefkandi with each qualities. neatly assemblage, groupbeingabout at time. equallyrepresented any In thematter ofdiscussing querns,one is bestservedbyrecentworkon themainland- especially a seriesofreports In additionto suggesting Runnels.12 sourcesforthosefashioned fromvolcanic by stones(viz.theSaronicGulfandAegina)and discoursing on theirmanufacture and probableuses,he has observeda changein physicalproportions fromthestubbier specimensofLH I- II to themore LH III. forms of the Lefkandi do not elongated Though examples quitehave theslimnessoflineof someLH IIIB-C examplesfromMycenae,theynonetheless As to the belongto thelattergrouping. exactsourcesof thosefromLefkandi, no workbeyondimmediateidentification of stonetypehas been undertaken: butit wouldseemlikelythattherewas a considerable businessin extracting and ?finished from one or more volcanic sources. in contrast to this transporting quernstones Slightly is that MH-LH obtained from habits at Nichoria:13 not so in much the manner of picture preparation or use,butin theapparentabsenceofanytradedones ofvolcanicorigin.Rathertheseweremade from?localsandstonecobblesand boulders,whichmayhelpto explaintoo whytheytendedto be moreroundedthanelongatedin outline. For Crete(in MM and LM), muchof thebasic observations are repeated,whichis notafterall as thetool'sessentialformat dictatesmuchofitscharacter.14 theuse Thus,one encounters surprising, of tabularslabs and waterworn cobbles(splitto size); thefashioning of theprofileby percussionfollowedby pecking(tovariousdegrees);and theexistenceofsaddleand flat-topped flaking species ofroughly moredisc-like ones(someofwhichmaybe theupperhandstones). elongated shapealongside A morespecialisedformof object,capable of performing similartasks,thoughon a slightly lesser Atthisperiodusuallytripodin formand manufactured froma greyvolcanicstone scale,is themortar. dacite).Partsofsomefouror fivewererecovered(and one suspectsthatotheroccasional (trachyte, toolsofthissortofstonewerederivedfrombrokenexamples,see below);one wasmoreorlesswhole (fig. 5.6). These belong to a well-knownand much representedset, but add nothingto the ofthesame. comprehension Thatthisparticular stonewas especially valuedcan be seenfroma further twopiecesthatarguably fromsuchvases (32 and 33.11.1b; plate 77.9 and 8). Bothwereonce tripodlegs that originated becamedetached,and thentookon a secondlease oflifeas a crushing toolor pestle(see below). Forthisobjectclass,15 reference can be madeto a considerable of group themfromtheLH IIIB-C of the of the Citadel House here threespeciesarewellrepresented. Area, stage occupation Mycenae: AnotherLH IIIC exampleis recordedat Athens;othersfromthesamebroadband oftimeexistin Cretetoo.Nothing moreofsubstance can be addedby theauthorto theabove. Mortarsof othersimplershapesturnup intermittently thelifeof thesettlement. Of throughout No further comment is requiredhere.16 was madeoflimestone. them,one,uncatalogued, OTHER TOOL TYPES (SEE PLATES 82-4)

somefromPhase2a soils. Abouttenpiecesareinvolvedhere,manyfromthePhase lb destructions, A so items considered herearesingletons tools. further seven or Somebelongtorecognizable of groups and oddities- perhapsnottoolsat all. 12 ΨΒΜζη, 35-8, 41 (forfurtherbibliography). 13Blitzer 1992, 728-9, 749ff,pl. 12.212. 14 Evely 1984, 226 (Knossos); Blitzer 1995, 478-81, type 17 (Kommos)

15Mainland Greece: WBM 27, 12-16. Crete: Warren 1969, ii5ff; 1979, 86ff,îooff and 105fr. 16Blitzer 1995, 481-4, type 18.

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Fig. 5.6. Stone tripodmortar:56IHS (IV/V, S. Room; nc; lb). Scale 1:4.

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as weights One set (five)maybe characterised (forrestraining things).Severalare naturalobjects, as show of from the beaches (S.z/i.zh/^ fig. signs beingwater-worn probablygathered nearby they an are the hole another makes use of rock. 5.5: 3); beinga naturally igneous arguably They pierced: createdone, whosefinishing touches,if required,wereachievedby hand somehow.Rathermore froma soft in formis a piriform sort(e.g.47.2.2a, plate 83.1 and fig.5.5: 4), fashioned deliberate and providedwitha smallknob-topabove a waisted/grooved stonesuchas serpentine neck,into whichthestring-hole was cut. and a grinder, 42.3.1b (fig.5.3: 1) looksto havedone dutyas botha polisher possiblywitha bitof this serves to remindone thatone evidence is item for measure. the pounding good Though equivocal, too shouldnotassignan exclusiveuse to anyone tooltypeorindividual 30.11.1b example inflexibly. couldbe viewedas a particular (plate82.7 andfig.5.2: 6), inlikemanner, typeofpounder.It is more at theendsthathas occasioned thanmostin formandhas aboveaveragedegreesofbattering rod-like a degreeofflaking fromthatregion. roles- as stands; 23.11.1a and 8.11.1b mayhave served,in theirseparateways,varioussupport with9.11.1b (plate82.3 and fig.5.5: 5) perhapsactingas an anvil.The case forthelastrestssolely on thefactthatitscentreon one facehas been subjectedto repeatedbows so thatthesurfacehas wouldhave been brokenup to give a hollowthere:it mightnonetheless be thatthe same effect holein a weight. createdin peckingoutthestartofsuspension and tapering All of volcanic/igneous rocksand a vaguelycylindrical Finally,come threepestles. plate fig. tobe reAt Phase are least two and from lb; 5.2: 8) 77.8,9; (32 33.11.1b suspected shape. tools are well known on usedtripod-mortar of which one or both ends be used. Such legs: might quite used to downward themainland andCrete;17 as is thehabitofre-cycling. crushing Being pressure apply in probablecombination with'rotary'crushing and percussion, action,the resultis polishon the zone.The lastpieceis 90.IV/V.1a(plate77.7; fig.5.2: 9). working Such For thefinalmiscellaneous set,littlepurposecan be recognisedor identifications suggested. includesmallpiecesofattractively colouredstone(47.3.1b- mauve-red jasper;nc/6b/2b green of quartz);naturalwaterwornroundedpebbles(maybeslingshot,or the soicrystal;and crystals - e.g. 15.5.1b,fig.5.5: 9; and 13.10/11.2b); hollowedpieces;anonymous disant pieces pot-boilers detachedfromlargerwholes(marble;39.9.1b- schist).3.SHia«3 (plate82.5,fig.5.5: 6) is partofa ofserpentine, ofsquarishproportions; hammerhead 12.IV/V.1b(plate82.6,fig.5.5: 7) is partofan axe/?hammer oftrapezoidal shape. a discwithplano-convex butwithout a clearfunction: Othersseemwholeand complete, profile, A finalgroupembraces ?lidofsandstone. circular shapedinpartbyabrasion;and4.7.2^3 a potential - 23.11.1b; or a deviceformedfroma naturallumpof stone(e.g. limestone a trioof door-pivots: sandstone nc). Intothisirregular chunk,setin thefloor,had been earlierdrilleda depression and intothisin turnwas placedtheverticalwoodenposton whichwas attachedthedoorleaf:the wholeturnedto openand shut. comprehension, Findingparallelsforsuch a broad rangeof materialis not alwaysso difficult: stillremainselusive. however, Thepierced ofnaturalstonesexposedtowaterarebestparalleledat othersea-sidesites:thus weights theMBA and LBA.18The anvil in Creteproducethemthroughout bothKommosand Palaikastro - thesedateto the at Kommos19 recalls,thoughitis simplerthanthem,thelargeslabsoflimestone as moulds,formsor startoftheLBA and are believedto have been associatedwithmetalworking, Other anvils:however,thereis no reasonwhythe Lefkandiexampleshouldbe so interpreted. rounded small into service include have to natural stones water-worn, pressed argued apparently orpot-boilers theyarenotmuchcommentated beingsuggested bytheexcavators: pebbles- slingshots here- some MM-LM date of from Kommos in literature. the maybe mentioned Examples upon arereported tools.20 Circulardiscs,moreorlessneatlyfinished, wouldbe suitedtoserveas burnishing somenot:thesmallerexamplesmightbe fromMH-LH III depositsat Nichoria- someperforated, ofsomesort,buta largerspecimenis moresuitedas a lid,perhapsfora pithos.21 weights tookseem to be moreof a MH feature- to judge fromexamplesat Nichoria:axes, Shaft-hole are all therewell-represented.22 and ?mace-heads hammers prepared, Theyareusuallyverycarefully the exterior. on a level of to worked polish high being up

17Blitzer,Kommos 467-8, type 12a; Evely 1984, 225-6. 18Blitzer,Kommos 484-6, types 20a and b, of varyingsizes. iy Blitzer,Kommos 405-b, type 20b; 404-5, type 20a.

20 Blitzer 1995, 478, type 16c. 21 Blitzer 1992, 728 and 744, pl. 12.203 on p. 954. 22 Blitzer 1992, 729 and 752, pl. 12.217-20 on p. 957.

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A comparableexampleatKommosis stonepivots fordoorhingesseemelusiveeverywhere. Finally, A a wheel.23 class of stonecobblethatcontainsa shallow however to be the socket for argued potter's flatter faces at the of the two (e.g.Kommos,KnossosandPalaikastro roughmidpoint major depression - LBA) mustnotbe confused and are probably here:thedepressions on theselastare farshallower bestseenas intendedto locateand holdsomeformofhafting grip.24 ofthesevarioustools- to see iftheirjuxtaposition It nowremainsto considertheinternal associations oftheroomsin whichthey boththeirindividual usageand thefunction mayassistin comprehending in thevariousobservations madeas tothe werefound.Up to a pointthissectionhasbeenanticipated domestic of the ensemble. quality broadly FromPhase lb threelocalesin theEastHouse and a similarnumberin theWestareworthlooking variouswhetstones inRoom3 (storage, comea quern,fourpounders, at.Fromthefirst location, hearth) smallfindsincludeclayreelsand variousstoragevases (jug,hydria, and twogrinders. Otherworthy stirrup jars and somecups):plustheusualdebrisofbone,clay,metaland stone.Quiteadequatefor a ofnothingelse. Room 4 (storage)has a quern,whetstones, offoods;butindicative theprocessing with the to do and vases and cookingpot)perhaps (cups,bowls,scoop pounder polishers;alongside whilstRoom 5 (storage)has a quern offoodand thenormalrubbishthataccumulates; consumption and a pounderwithmanyclayreelsand vasesforstorage(jugs,amphora,hydriasand stirrup jars).It undertaken wasthebasicactivity offoodstuffs wouldseemintheseexamplesthatthepreparation being - hencetherepeating werein 'quernand pounder'potentialpairingoff.Whetherthewhetstones In no room buttheywouldnotbe outofplace in a 'kitchen'. storeor in use cannotbe determined, in Rooms10 (quern The WestHouserepeatsthispattern ofmaterial. wastheremorethana minimum 1 1 in where a variant Room and adds and pounders)and 12 (quern,pounder;antler), pestlesand a stone. surfaces of with or twosupports working werelocated pounder-grinder comesfromthecontinuous In Phase2a, in theNorthHouse,thebestconcentration build-upwithin with a coupleof roomor yard7. Alongsidehearthsand storagevesselswerefoundseveralquerns itlooksa was located: Withinthehouse,by contrast, verylittleofsignificance poundersand weights. outside. had herebeen shifted littleas ifthelocusoffoodpreparation thatseemsignificant. or associations Thereafter thereare no concentrations theTrialTrenches, OutsidetheMainExcavation, amongst onlythatofIV/Vperhapsproducesmaterial common infactstonetoolsarenotespecially torepeatthesamesortsofsuggestions: ata levelsufficient ofvalueto thisdiscussion. in theTrialsand contribute nothing Chipped Stone Tools25 obsidian and chert (see plates 85-6, fig. 5.7) fromtheLH IIIC levels.Of these,all wereof obsidian(17 blades, Some 60 pieceswereretrieved of flake/blades some10 flakes,26 chunksand a fewunassigned) exceptfora veryfew(three)chunky brownchert.Theyturnup aboutequallyin all periodsand places:themostnotableconcentrations ofthematerial beingfromPhaseslb (15 pieces),2a (8+) and 2b (10+). Becauseoftherelativescarcity be a broad comments few anditsuncompromisingly character, may passedconcerning only 'rubbishy' themostsalientofwhichhas to be thatall oftheretrieved ofchippedstoneat Lefkandi: theindustry corpusmightbe residual,releasedfromthe mudbrickor earthpackingsof the houses,and thus as muchofEBA/MBAdateas later.Indeed,thereseemsverylittleevidenceto arguefor potentially use beyondthe mostcasual: bone and metalmusthave servedtheirpurposes any contemporary ofthepiecesoriginally in LH IIIC. As luckwouldhave it,a good proportion betterand sufficiently as suchtheymustbe consideredas broadly comefrompre-LHIIIC contexts: chosenforillustration oftheLH IIIC evidence. representative thatseengenerally theAegeanin ofwhatever The obsidian date,is essentially throughout industry, The material manufactured theBronzeAge: namelyone based on parallel-sided blades, by pressure. has been made to used at Xeropolisis visuallycomparablewiththatfromMelos,but no attempt 23 Blitzer 1995, 487, type 2od. 24 Cf. Blitzer 1995, 472, type 14, where she refersto a broad distributionof thisfeatureover a range of different tool types. 25 Broad discussions of material from the mainland can be found in Blitzer 1992, 712-20 for chert,720 for obsidian with

furthercatalogues and illustrations.See also Hochstetter1987, 47ff,pls. 7-9 (Kastanas); Tournavitou 1995, 253-5 (Mycenae). For the wider Aegean: Torrence 1986. For Crete: Blitzer 1995, 488-96; Dierckx 1998; Carter 2004, 91-103; Minoan Crafts 1, ngff.

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Fig. 5.7. Obsidian and Chert.A collectionofpieces frompre-LH IIIC and IIIC contexts.Preparatory debitage: 1-3; ist seriesblades 4-5 (5 is of chert),?jj; PrismaticBlades 6-1 1' possibleworkedpieces 14-15', arrowhead12. Flakes 16-18. 3 - NC (IV/V; nc; ia); 9-13 (P; nc; 1/2?); 11 - 14 (6a; nc; 2a); 12 - 93 (IV/V; nc; ia); 13 - «3 (E; nc; ia); 75-4 (VI; nc); 16-4 (overWH; nc; ib-2a); 18-40 (11; nc; lb). Scale 1:2.

wereat leastpartlyworkedon thissite,as some thisscientifically. The cobblesofrawmaterial verify attestby thecortexstillvisibleon them.A ofthelargestflakesand chunks(removedby percussion) flakes takenoffopenedcores(stillbypercussion) a crested blade tells the same The smaller of piece story. in shapewithsizableplatforms and bulbarscars.The blades,on theotherhand, are ratherirregular in theirsmallerbulbsizeand paralleledges,buthavequitelarge exhibitthetraitsofpressure-flaking

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279

noneare complete, measuring platforms: up to 3 cm in length, by 1 acrossand 0.3 in section.Edge a few of the blades the most casual on (3), butfromwhatcause(s)is damagebeyond appears very unknown;one flakeat leastlooksto have been pressedintoservice,quitepossiblymoreweretoo. to be seen. Chipsand smallerdebrisare occasionally thattherewas a positive on theotherhand,is so rarelyencountered Chert, (twoitems)as to suggest that it. have been none The reason for this discrimination (ornoneofa suitable against maysimply andremained. that a obsidian was established was and on dependency early quality) locallyavailable, The flakeand bladehereencountered are typicalofpercussion-struck examples. and deliberateretouch:thearrowhead- 93.IV/ Only one itemhas been treatedto substantial created in form, itspointlost- and has beencompletely V.i a (fig.5.7: 12).Thisis a simpletriangle It is its means of of flaking. typical pressure type.26 by - farmoreso thantheotherclassesofstone attention27 Chippedstonehas longattracted scholarly in particular, of obsidianin theAegeanas a whole. has workedon theexploitation tools.Torrence, Chertand flinthave receivedsomewhatless attention, thoughtheyare equallycapableofbeingso to readeris referred treated:recentreportsby Blitzerhave redressedtheimbalance.The interested an and itsphysicalcharacteristics, them(alsoCarterand Dierckx)to discovera reviewofthematerial of the manufacturing used, and an illustration techniques.One explanationof the terminology in that studiesis that of materials is out such difference between the two brought distinguishing groups to a site,chert/flint wouldseemmoreusuallyto whilstobsidian,naturally, is a substanceimported lies in thesortsoftoolsproduced:itemsofchert/ have been acquiredlocally.Anotherdissimilarity flintare muchmorelikelyto be retouchedto formspecialisedtool typesthaneverobsidianis. It were- to a degree- complementary, wouldthusappearthattheuses ofthetwomaterials though withcompletecertainty, itis probably it is hard to demonstrate an overlapis ofcoursepresent. Though correct to saythattherelianceon stonetoolsfelloffwithintheLBA,without ceasing. necessarily Conclusion is theLH IIIC Lefkandiots' use ofstoneas a sourceoftoolswithina 'domestic'context Summarising if It that some use a relatively seems matter: considerable, possible straightforward namely, specific. was madeofobsidianand relatedmaterials, butonlyin a smallway;relianceforsharpcutting edges mustby nowhave been routinely placedratheron metaltoolssuchas knives,daggersand 'razors'. that Whetstones arehereneededtokeepsuchtoolsin trim.Ratheritis in theareaoffoodproduction a consistent is evidenced- a traditional need forstonequerns,handmillsand pounder-grinders thatwas unlikely to be evermuchchallengedby theadventofmetaltools. pattern ofstoneis on a veryrandombasis:theoccasional'polisher/burnisher'; Fortherest,theemployment - and so on. Notmuchconcernwas expressed a door-pivot here a lid,standoranvil;simpleweights; Of course,it forthesortof stoneto be used,nor oftentoo muchcare evincedin itspreparation. thatthemajorusageforstone(intermsofvolumeand in skillsin handling shouldnotbe forgotten it) willhaveremainedfirmly and associatedwiththeconstruction ofpartsoftheirhouses,fortifications othercivicamenities suchas pavedpassageways or drainagerequirements. Personal Items of Stone (plates 83-4, 132-3, fig. 5.8) ifnarrowly Stonewasusedextensively, andin a relatively simplemannerinthemain,forthepurposes ofenhancing thekbutton$, wouldnothave personalappearance- thougharguablythecommonest, beennecessarily veryvisible.Thesesmall,oftenconical,objectswereoncethreadedontosomething. Overfourscoreareknown,fromall periods(especially Phase lb - 18; and 2a - 22): onlya fewdo notconfirm totheconicalnorm(Iakovidestype-It-4). Thus,g.8/g.2b(plate84.4,fig.5.8: 4) appears biconical(It 5), othershave a collarat the top (2.6.1b,plate 83.16, fig. 5.8: 22; It 7), a slightly counter-sunk disc(116.IV/V.2,plate 83.13,fig.5.8: 23; It 10) or havea shank(e.g.89.IV/V.la,fig. 5.8: 25; It 8-11). One is markedly larger,nearlytwiceso, thantheaveragespecimen.Theyare all fashioned froma softstone,bypreference (orperhapsa serpentine-steatite mix),usuallyin serpentine a darkcolour(blue-black chlorite-schist and talc-schist. The sides especially):also utilisedare steatite, fromtheirmanufacture mayshowsignsoftheabrasionand faceting (e.g.3.4.2b,plate 84.13 and 16). One carriesclearnicksaroundthestring-hole wherethethreadhas wornintothestone(7.10/11.2b, fig.5.8: 20); another(6.6b.2a) is an unfinished blank,lackingitsstring-hole. 26 Buchholz

1962 fora generalreview.For otherexamples and possible typologies:Blitzer1992, 716-19, pl. 12.31-73, forboth

obsidian and chert;Hochstetter1987, 46-7, pl. 7.1-3. 27 See above n. 25.

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Fig. 5.8. Stone Buttons,Beads and Others(12 and 32 of faience).Buttons:1-35 (3; 65/93); 2-21 (4; 66/15; 2a); 3 132 (IV/V; 65/133; 1 or 2); 4 - 9 (8/9; 66/12; 2b); 5 - 44 (2; 66/29; 2ah 6 - 2 (S. House 13; 69/77; ?2a)» 7 ~ 7 (under 7/6; 66/66; ib/2a); 8 - 1 (channelin 8/13; 69/30; ia); 9-71 (IV/V; 69/90; lb); 10 - 22 (4; 69/74; 2a); 11 - 5 (2/1; 65/116; 2a-b); 12 -NC (1; 65/117; ia); 73- 17 (4; 69/81; lb); 74-30 (8/9; 69/80; 2a); 15-22 (10; 66/129; lb); 16- 1 (1; 65/117; ia); 77-5 (9; 66/187; 0; 18- 15 (2; 65/96; 2a); 79 - 117 (IV/V; 65/185; 2); 20-7 (10/11; 65/159; 2b); 21 - 79 (IV/V; 69/87; ia); 22-2 (6; 65/196; lb); 23 - 116 (IV/V; 65/184; 2); 24 - 88 (IV/V; 65/166; ia); 25 - 89 (IV/V; 65/200; ia). Seal blank: 26-4 (8/13; 69/309; ?ia(-b)). Amulet: 2j - 21 (7; 66/75; 2a)· Beads: 28-1 (1; 65/92; lb); 29-7 QJ;65/114; ?2/3); 30 - 134 (IV/V; 65/203; 1 or 2); 31 -3 (10; 66/99; 2a); 32 - 14 (11; 65/98; 2a); 33 - 2 (S. House ia; 69/1; 3). Item: 34 - 133 (IV/V; 69/339; lor 2)· Scale all 1:2.

withina singleroom:a few All are seemingly casuallosses,thoughseveralmaybe encountered in thephaseswould number their distribution burials with Burial The of three 5). (e.g. accompanied theirconstant of the concerned: to the volume seemto be roughly illustrating deposit proportional actual association. Their as an item of and seemingly purposeis not unflinching presence everyday at and/oras weights exist:as elements ofa necklaceorequivalent; indicated here,buttwopossibilities thebottomhemofa dress,or at theendsofa girdleor belt.

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Moreclearlyassociablewithbraceletsand thelikeare thefew(six)beads.Nothingfancyis known: of carnelian(i.I.ib, a batteredsphere(3.10.2a,plate 83.10 and fig.5.8: 31) and twoamygdaloids plate 83.6, fig.5.8: 28; 134.IV/V.1-2,plate 83.7, fig.5.8: 30); an equallyabradeddiscofphyllite ones ofserpentine (1.2.3b (2.10.3b,plate 83.9, fig.5.8: 33); and brokenbiconicaland amygdaloid in anyperiod. and 7JJ.2/3 on plate 83.8,fig.5.8: 29). Theyappearas singletons, FromBurial2 (a 8-9 year-oldchild,withintheopenyard7, ofPhase2a date)camea smallamulet and withits ofsteatite (21.7.2a,plate 83.4, fig.5.8: 27). It looksvaguelyhumanoid,albeitstylised - 3:2:3. in rows a of circles 'head'lost.On one sidearedrilled(?centred bit) pattern neatlyarranged contextcomesan engravedscarab SeaL·and thelikeareveryrarefinds.Froma Phase lb (rubbish) withan animalmotif(135.IV/V.1-2, oflapislazuli(2.i4a.ib, plate 87); and a lentoidofserpentine contexts.28 plate 86 e) was recoveredfroma broadPhase 1-2 level:bothare outoftheirprimary plate a like blank is what looks In additionto definite 83.11, fig.5.8: 26) (4.8/i3.ia-b, examples fora lentoidseal: however,its material- a greymottledand softishstone- and its largesize Could itbe intendedforan equallylargebead?A (2.9 across,2.1 thick)giveone pauseforthought. drill- thismightbe the startof a smallhole has been createdat one side by a sharp-pointed a forattaching a the accommodation as seal was destined if the or string-hole, objectreally the to prior carving design. dop-stick better milieuxoutsideLefkandi: Allthesematerial groupsarewellenoughevidencedin contemporary stoneobjects. thanthecase is fortheutilitarian reviewedby Iakovides,and thereseemslittlethatcan be The 'buttons'have been extensively theirusage (see above).29Certainlythe to interpret his typologyand attempts added to further sheernumbersat Lefkandiand theiruniform spreadmustrequirethemto be moreor less itemsof of are ofbasicallyone sort,whichmayindicatea certainpoverty usage.The vastmajority everyday (or resources)whentheyare comparedwiththosefromPerati.It wouldbe of interest imagination theseare a tradeditemtoo. It is worthwhile thestoneswerelocal - or whether to knowwhether to the mainlandonly:by LM III theyare restricted is not that this class of out object pointing wereintroduced it is in whither common Crete,30 along by theMycenaeans, suggested they equally withsomechangein dress/fashion. - unless,ofcourse, encountered The beadstooaredistressingly plain,latein dateandinfrequently with and also in contrast evidenceofscarcity did dutyas suchtoo?Bothon thisinternal the'buttons' it wouldseem themorenumerousand varied(in bothmaterialand form)specimensfromPerati,31 Thisimplication at a fairly basiclevelofexistence. in LH IIIC mayhavebeenoperating thatLefkandi in and stonetumblein the mire as its the scarab is in no wayschallenged recovered, deep findspot by ofcourse,the clear.In itsownright, oftheSouthHouse makesadmirably a yardto thenorth-west Pini(pers. itsthemeand composition, scarabis a valuablepiece.Itsbasicformisjustthat.Concerning But the seal with LBA in accordance that it is observes comm.) shapeis Aegeanglyptic. 'perfectly from the is also quiteunusual;perhapsthepiecewas originally rather rareand thematerial imported were and scaraboids that scarabs adds eastMediterranean'. occasionally (pers.comm.) Krzyszkowska butattributed toAidonia; scaraboidwithout intheAegean,e.g.theamethyst provenance, (re-)engraved seal to attributes the Lefkandi and a scaraboidoflapislazulifoundin thetholosat Dimini.32 Younger aresimpler his'SpectacleEye Group'producedon CreteduringLM IIIA1.33Forthelentoid,matters of cutmotif'is notverycharacteristic Pini(pers.comm.)notesthatthesketchily and unremarkable: it is worth theso-calledMainlandPopularGroupof LH IIIA/B lentoidsin a softstone'.34 Finally, wererecovered thattwopressedglasssealsfromthesamemouldandofLH IIIA/Bmanufacture noting in ToumbaT. 12B (datingto thelate 1ith century bc).35 The unusualpendantfromBurial2 mayfinda parallelfromKos,Seraglio(Tomb63): hereithas a triangular shape,withrowsofincisedcircles(1:2:3) on it.36

28 CMS V nos. 424-425. See below. 29 Iakovides 1977, 113-19; Perati11,277-81, 3 pls. 74b, 87b: forbroad reviewsand discussion.See Albright,1938, 74, fig.38, whence the idea of hem-weightsis drawn from. 30 Evely 1984, 239. 31 PeratiIL sos-ii. 32 'Aidonia': Demakopoulou 1996, 73.B5; CMSW Suppl. 3 no. 245 (dated LB II- III). Dimini = CMS I Suppl. no. 63 (badly damaered). 33 Younger 1986, 138. Krzyszkowska(pers.comm.) observes

that this attributionis by no means secure, i.e. the piece could have been engraved on the mainland; she furthernotes that curiously Dickers (2001, 105-6): regards this as a Cretan soft stone seal, thoughlapis is reckoned to be hard (Mohs 6). 34 See Dickers, 123, 210, no.306; also Krzyszkowska20050, 267-73 forthe Mainland Popular Group generally. 35 Leflcandil,174, 225, pls. 173, 235b; Pini 1981, 61-62 nos. 77-78; Krzyszkowska2005Û, 309 n. 148. 36 The possible parallel derives fromPopham's notes, but no referencelocated by Evely.

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classestoo,canbe observed in othermaterial in thisrespect, The generalpoverty perhapsreflected on Naxosin thedebrisofits Koukounaries from better finds recovered a to the sorts of by comparison withtwo one day to be able to compareLefkandi LH IIIC destruction.37 It willbe ofgreatinterest nearPatras.38 and Chalandritsa ofthissameperiod,viz.Kynosin Phthiotis moremainlandsettlements METAL39 (see plates 88-92, figs. 5.9-5.11) Of thehundredpluscataloguedentries(all,bar 10, ofcopperor bronze),fewindeedare concerned and none are of any size. Either withrecognisable artifacts, veryfeware of especialsignificance in circulation somehowlootedor preserved ofpieceswereassiduously thebetter, or themajority, of thelastwouldbe thata veryconsiderable or theysimplyhad neverexisted.The implications materialimpoverishment had prevailedat Lefkandiin LH IIIC, whichsomehowdoes not quite seemappropriate. firstsuchtoolsas are knownor suspected(c. 15), The accountopenswithobjects ofcopper/bronze: items(10),beforetailingoffintoa massof thenmovingon tohalfa dozenpersonaland othersundry and so forth.Some 10 pieces (crucible studs identifiable (38), includingpins, fragments vaguely withthe workingof the metalsat the and of stone are associated moulds) fragments, 'slag' parts thatmakesitprobablyunlikely all such as settlement: are fromcontexts, build-up, yard/passage-way evidenceformetalother no thattheywereutilisedin theregionexcavated.Certainly, supportive a of existsfromwithintheroomsexplored.Finallycome couple goldringsand a few, processing utilitarian itemsof lead(eight). Objects of Copper/Bronze tools and weapons (see plates 88-9) The largestis a in numberthoughtheyare,yeta fairrangeof tooltypesare witnessed. Restricted size modest this is of but even plate fig. chisel 88.1, (at 15.9 cm 5.9: 6), (3.6b·?!), distinctly simple be suitable this one would in and later Crete: with available Neo-Palatial the long)compared specimens chisel halfthesize,is another inwood.Smallerstill,atroughly forgeneralworking (9.overEH.ia/ likely or perhapscarvingivoryor a softstone.Of thesame b): againa candidatecapableofwood-working, drillbit (8.8/g.^a,plate 88.3, fig.5.9: 3), lackingits generalgroupingis a smalllozenge-headed saw-blades A of small of (s.8/i3.ia, plate88.4,fig.5.9: 9; andperhaps upperparts. couple fragments that be eitherdrillorchiselcompletetheset. plate and fig. 97.IV/V.1a, 88.5, 5.9: 8) something might the different All arefairly distributed between phases. equally with one possiblepunch(24.11.1b,plate 88.2, fig.5.9: 1), together Threeawls/points, including plate fig. plate fig. threemorepotential 88.6, 5.9: 2; and 88.8, 5.10: 18; 7.1.1b, (98.IV/V.1a, fragments a of to which a groupoftools(plate88.6-9) 4.10/11.2b)constitute purposesmaybe myriad potential should/could covered below andpinfragments thatsomeoftheshaft ascribed.Itis conceivable belong the ofthe lb Phase.Generally commonfeature here:in whichcase suchitemswouldbe a relatively butt(24.11.1b),whichchangesto oncegivena shouldered piecestendto a squaresectionin theshaft, ofthe circular as ittaperstothebusinessend.Ifthislastis sharpin a specimen- thebestexplanation pieceis thatitcamefroman awlorpoint;ifblunt thenfroma punchperhaps.Equallysharp-ended, ofcourse,wouldbe theneedle,ofwhich6.8/13.ia (fig.5.9: 5) is a potential example:sewingisthemost have beendoneinthehouse, could a amount which considerable for its of presence, likelyexplanation to clothes. converted on such textiles being required î/thehome-produced are not thestandard almostall retrieved tools.Interestingly, Knivesare naturally multi-purpose LBA sorts:new or unusualformsdominatethe list.13.10.1b (plate 89.1, fig. 5.10: 3), thougha tip,is yetunusualin thatitlacksanyrivetting up-turned simpleenoughformin itsbladewithslightly circular sectionthatactslikea tangas itsprings a handle of it boasts in its haft. Instead arrangements 16.10.2a (plate89.3,fig.5.10: 5) is one ofthenew fromtheblade'sback(wasitaddedseparately?). 37 For an overall account of the findsfromKoukounaries,see Schilardi 1984, 184-206. 38 Kynos - Dakoronia 1985, 173-4; 1986, 68-9: note too children found in cists below floors; Chalandritsa - Kolonas 1985, 136-8: note too similaritiesin house lay-out and with childrenburied below floors. 39 Other than individual excavation reports(finalor interim), of which verymany exist (e.g. Nichoria - Catling, 1992, 618-

24), overall reviewsof LH metalworkare best retrievedfromthe (Munich) - so far Bronzefunde monograph series Prähistorische covering pendants, figurines, vases, swords, spears/lances, daggers, pins and fibulae. Also a survey with bibliography, Iakovides 1982, 213-32; togetherwith CBMW. For the contents of LH hoards of metal objects, with plentifulparallels, see: Spyropoulos 1972.

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Fig. 5.9. Copper and BronzeObjects,and of Gold (15). Tools: 1 - 24 (1 1; 66/73; 1^), punch; 2 - 7 (1; 66/107; lb), point; 5-8 (8/9; 69/157; 2a), drill;4 - 141 (IV/V; 69/136; 1 or 2), rod; 5-6 (8/13; 69/131; ia), needle; 6-3 (6b; 66/27; 2b)> chisel; 7-42 (11; 66/71; lb), sickle;#-97 (IV/V; 69/159; ia), saw; 9-2 (channelin 8/13; 69/127; ia), saw. Personal: 10-5 (8/13; 69/135; ?ia(-b)j, ?razor;11 - 10 (6b; 66/48; 2a), cosmetictool; 12 - 6 (9; 66/183; 1), pendant; 75 - 9 (8/13; 69/132; ia), rod; 14 - 8 (8/13; 69/133; ia), ring;75-8 (10/11; 65/81; 2b), gold ring.Scale 1:2, except 75 at x 2.

ironblades (withbronzerivets)thatcome in in the 12thcentury bc. 72.IV/V.1b(plate 88.10, fig. an M-tail buttand flangesat thesidesthat has an a elaborate 5.10: 1) hafting arrangement:stop-ridge, an in remains which of the give I-section, plaquesofbone.Lastlync (fig. hikingarrangement part has a handle created the rod,so as to producea spiral5.10: 2) by twisting originalsquare-sectioned A simpler, effect. butdouble-edged blade (48.IV/V.1b,plate 89.2, fig.5.10: 4) is also reported. toolwas recognised: Onlyone agricultural partofa sickle(42.11.1b,plate 89.4, fig.5.9: 7) - to judgefromtheshapeoftheblade,and itsinterior sharpenededge.Likewiseonlya singlepotential

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DON EVELY

was recorded:despitebeingappallingly corroded,49.IV/Veibis justfeasiblysome weapon offensive formofsimple,solidlanceor spearhead. willbe madeto trace ofthosehererepresented are so basicin formthatno realeffort The majority in mainlandGreecethroughout theirhistory theLBA or earlier.Reference maybe had to a number ofbroad-based works- including material fromCrete.A fewparallelswillbe given,as closein date to LH IIIC as possible. thechamfered side anglesto assistthe The largerchiselis of a robust,well-finished sort(witness at Mycenae.40 As a it Wall and hoards is not but see the Poros grip): readilyparalleled Mylonas LH slimmer and or to have their sides chisels of would seem to be either IIIB-C generalrule, lighter intoa cutting edge ratherwiderthantheshank.The otherpiece is too badly expandingregularly corrodedto do muchwith. Forthelozenge-headed drill,examplesfromthehoardat thePoroswall,Mycenaecan be quoted: notcommon, suchareincirculation Punchesandawls/points ofa uniform sectionthroughout though.41 in from the one finds be to but are fact hard to retrieve be literature;42 might expected commonplace, rather thesortwitha shouldered-butt. and genericparallelsat Perati(thoughthe Of theknives,13.10.1bhas a coupleofcontemporary a it turnup in here differ is said at earlier and little) tangs Karphi; approximate equivalents laterone fromIalysos,Rhodesin TombIV, CircleA atMycenaeforMH III-LH I as wellas a slightly LH II-IIIA.4316.10.2a also has a broadparallelat Perati:it appearsfirst in the 12thcentury bc in with the mainlandGreece,in Creteand even Cyprusand Syria.44 this the Continuing pattern, type twisted handlealso findsgood Aegeancomparandaat Perati,at Mycenaeand at Karphi:all ofa late LH IIIB-C date.45 The blade shape and itsrelationto the straight-projecting tangrecallsthoseof in a a from thePsychrocave is this finds 13.10.1b.Lastly 72.IV/V.1b: close-enough parallel piece a in haft and little lessso in the the of the details (LM III) (>-end,stop-ridge flangedsides), closely in lb as a later degreeofangleoftheblade.SuchpiecesSandarsgathers herClass groupappearing I in in Crete(LM II-III) thanon themainland(LH onwards), butalwaysfirmly centred theAegean a later,and eventhenuncommon, feature. orbit.46 are definitely however, Stop-ridges, in thehoards.None seem to encountered Sickle-blades (?also forpruning)are again frequently have a turned-over portionnearthehandle(whichwas ratherrivettedin place),and so it mightbe bestto see theLefkandi piecehavingbeen theresultofitsbeingbrokenup (?forscrap).47 Saws,beingofreasonablesize,oughttobe readilyparalleled:theyarenot,thoughexamplescanbe in hoards.48 vulnerable locatedveryoccasionally Needles,on theotherhand,are so greatly byvirtue thattheyarerarelyencountered: oneswithpiercedeyelets oftheirslendersizethatitis lesssurprising areknownat Dendra(LH IIIB), as also in Crete.49 Theyare notfoundin hoards. PERSONAL ITEMS (SEE PLATES 89-9O,

FIG. 5.9)

be dividedinto Evenfewerin numberthanthetools(thoughsee pinsbelow),theymighttentatively in set. In die first All each and are cosmetic instruments, groupare jewellery pins. periods represented a of slender rod and little remains of to be numbereda pairof tweezßrs them; (7.9.1),though parts out. This last and the other flattened 1 one end is plate fig. of which (10.6b.2a, 89.6, 5.9: 1) pointed butsimilar gravingand modelling, piecemightbe a smalltoolofthesortassociatedwithsmall-scale 40 Spyropoulos 1972, 47, fig. 48 (Poros) and 53, fig. 97 (Mylonas). 41 Poros wall: CBMW 0,7 withothers. 42 For piece fromthe Tsountas example, a uniform-sectioned Hoard: Spyropoulos 1972, pl. 15b, as opposed to the shouldered formibid. 37ÍT,figs.63-71. 43 Perati11, 342, fig. 148, withreferencesto Mycenae (343, n. 4) and Ialysos (343, n. 5). For Karphi: Pendleburyet al. 193738, 116-17, 120, pl. 28.2. The circularsectionof the solid-metal tangis a less usual featurein knivesat any time(notleast because the handle properwould tend to turnround): cf.Deshayes i960, several pl. xl-xliv,wherefewexamples exist,thoughinterestingly of them are fromthe Aegean (e.g. 2553, 2597 - and Type L3 generally,cf. 134)· See also Sandars 1955, Class 4 on 181, 183, !94-544 Bimetallic knives (iron blade, copper rivets) are a new featurein thisLBA period, carryingon down into the Early Iron Age. A briefbut rounded survey of them is given by Catling,

1996, 2, 529-30 withrespect to a pair fromthe Knossos North Cemetery.See also Peratill, 343, fig. 147.M75; Sandars 195859, 234; CBMW 102-4 f°r otheraccounts. 45 Perati II, 346, fig. 150, with referencesto Mycenae and Karphi (nn. 1,2). 46 Sandars 1955, 177, fig. 2.3 (see too fig. 1.4 fora >-end to the tang); Deshayes i960, 2 137.03 and pl. xliv (2607 and 2608 - both fromPsychro). 47 TsountasHoard: Spyropoulos 1972, 25-33, ^gs· 35~53> pi· 1 ia. More broadly in the Aegean and Cyprus: CBMW 83-4, fig. 8.1-2 (socketed ones ibid. 84-5, fig. 8.3-4. For Crete: Minoan Crafts2, 368, where note the Gournia piece is haftedin a similar manner. 48 Spyropoulos 1972, pl. 14 bottom left,second fromright; CBMW 93-4. Other examples come fromindividual sites, e.g. Mycenae: Tournavitou1995, 245-6, fig.45d. 49 CBMW 105, n. 12 (Dendra); MinoanCrafts2, 504-6 (Crete).

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285

are knownthathave to do withsuchpurposesas cleaningand tidying instruments up thebody.9.8/ butvaguer,candidate:itssquaresectionis quitesubstantial 13.1a (plate89.9,fig.5.9: 13) is another, be partofa fibulapinor arch?(Though and outofcharacter: mightit,withitsturnedoverextremity, a bent one mightratherexpecta circularsection.)Or perhaps,to arguefromitsrelativerobustness, and brokenawl or such?One mightalso considerin thisset48.IV/V.1b:namely,thedouble-sided itis simplyhafted: itcouldanswera wide bladementioned above- ofslenderand shortproportions, a razor one of them. of being variety purposes The A ringoïslightly flattened and circularsection(8.8/i3.ia, plate 89.15) is ofa sizeto fita finger. in that has plate 1 is its face become fig. (6.9.1, 90.1-3, 5.9: 2) slightly sufficiently pendant problematic Itssize forguesswork. corrodedas to maketheelucidation ofanymotifthereonverymucha matter it to the a distinct resemblance hook and the central boss and shape,thetang-like give suspension is of one of these known NearEasterngroupknownas Ishtarpendants. However,virtually gold every is theabsenceofanyofthelinearraysand dots or silver.Further tellingagainstsuchan identification thatmakeup theemblemofIshtar:ifanything can be detectedon theLefkandipiece,itis morein Another thenatureof a patternof 2 concentric ridges. object(3.1.1a, plate 89.17, fig.5.10: 11), with a is likewise hard to an hole for the plaqueto pupil, place- itcouldbe a decorative recalling eye be affixed to almostanysubstance;itis onlyvaguelysuitedforinclusionhere. fromBurial1 ofPhase 2a date. beadoisphericalformis suggested One potential relatedpieces.This one, with to the one comes 5.12.2b, Finally, subjectofpins- potentially it a head is a both clear however, fairly sharptipand an ornamental specimen:thoughshort, sports in A all are the a further so swollen (here bulb). designated catalogueeightobjects, fragmented, mark. of the accompanying mostrichlydeservingthe hesitation question Only 4.140,1b perhaps shanksofslenderpoints possessesbothpointand simple,blunthead;therestare as muchpotentially has A six or above or needles. further groupof argued suspectedawl/point/punches beenmentioned - visuallycomparableto thisset;in additionseveralpiecesof rodofvarying sectionare known(see below)- manyofPhase lb date. theMycenaeanworld- in both Tweezers(depilatory) are a commoncosmeticimplement through forms:Peratihas fourofthelattersort,whichare feltto be moreprevalent openand pinched-spring - thepresence atthistime.50 cannotbe fully reconstructed The Lefkandi beingfragmentary, specimen, thatin facttheremains oftherodelements seemsoutofkeepingwitha tweezer:ithasbeensuggested havebecomecombinedbycorrosion Forthedouble-ended ?cosmetic ofa 'pin'anda tweezer products. theauthorknowsofno parallel. instrument, - and willnotbe pursuedfurther The ring,withitsplainhoop,is a constant51 here. a greater The pendant, on theotherhand,offers for the main scope speculation: problembeingthe in its as Ishtar of identification one of the of devices. Ishtarpendants (or not) degree accuracy group in the3rdmillennium and carrying havea longpedigreein theNearEast,beginning on downto the are end oftheBronzeAge (andbeyondintotheearlyist millennium).52 They usually,in essence,a circleofmetalsheet-leaf silver and some bronze all (gold, examples beingknown),witha suspension devicein theformofa hook(orroll-top The disc carriesthesymbolofIshtar- a star-burst loop). froma centralboss,linearraysstreamforth, withdotsplacedbetweentheselastand actingalso as a border. The execution of this motif canbe achievedinmanyways:fromelaboraterepousse peripheral and granulation 'rosettes' downto a veryfewbasic linesand dots.The examples,through simpler mainconstant in howeverabbreviated feature is thestar-burst, a formitbecomesreducedto.Andthis is exactlywhattheLefkandiexampleappearsto totally lack.The Ishtarpendantproperis knownas an importwithinLH III Greece.53 However,theremaystillbe scope forseeinga NearEasternsourceforthispiece.First,thehook as thesuspension deviceis verycommonthere,muchless so outside.Second,pendantsmuchcloser to theLefkandione are occasionallyreported:plaincircleswitha centralboss turnup in gold and silverat ChagarBazar (c. 1800 bc),in copperat Nuzi (mid-2ndmillennium).54 Yetotherdecorative schemesare seen at Bogazköy(bronze;a pair of bosses surrounded rows of dots- later2nd by - early2nd and in a at sense Mari a button a row of dots and central boss millennium) (on 50 Perati II, 284. 51 For a good range, see Perati II, 291-6 with further bibliography.For Crete see Effingeriqq6, off,pl. 4.g, h, k. 52 For an overview: Maxwell-Hyslop 1071, e.g. 20 and 14s. 53 Perati III, pl. 37b.M2o6-8, of gold.

54 Mallowan

1937, fig. 12.12/14 (Chagar Bazar); Starr 19379, pl. 126.T (Nuzi). 55 Bittel and Güterbock 1935, I, pl. taf. 11.22 (Bogazköy); Maxwell-Hyslop 1971, 87 (Mari).

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At this last site (depicted on frescoes)and later seen on the carvingsat Medinet millennium).55 Habu in Egypt(c. 1185 bc) are shownsimplecircularpendantsaround the necks of varioushumans, no detailsof any decorativeschemescan be seen includingthoseof the Sea Peoples: not surprisingly, on theserepresentations. Anotherpotentialsourceofinfluencemightbe mentionedhere: namelysouthernEurope, datingto There existsa pendant:circular,ofbronzeand witha rollthelocal EBA (early-mid2nd millennium).56 its is and of concentric design ridges grooves about a central'boss'. However the boss is top loop; a and the circlesare quiteprominentand angular.All told down to reduced surrounding usually spike association.Later,Urnfieldpendants theresemblanceis probablynotsufficiently close topermita definite are rathercloser- datingconvenientlyto and aroundthe 2nd/ist millenniumborder.57 The 'eye-shaped'plaque bears a strongresemblanceto a groupofEarlyIron Age findsofbone and as the eyes of quite largeidols or figurines. ivory,bothin itsshape and itsmissing'pupil', interpreted with a inlaid were set into the face and themselves contrasting pupil. Ultimatelyof Near East They East.58 in mainland and the Near are seen Greece descent,examples Crete, Concerningthe pins, caution mustbe observed because of the poor physicalconditionof most candidates;reallythe observationshere made are applicable only to 5.12.2b. The length,being in thebulb,however,fitstheglobe or swelling doubthere at 8++ cm,is ofno assistancein identification; thatdate to LH IHC-Sub-Mycenaean. The Lefkandi observedby Desboroughto existon two types59 itemhowevershows none of the mouldings(designsusuallybased ring/groove)thatone expectsto see. In thisbarenessit more reflectsthe contemporaryexamples fromKarphi,Crete or Palaikastron, Arkadia.60So a genericresemblancecan be established;the derivationof this object class is held ultimatelyto be soughtin southand centralEurope - via the NW Balkans or NE Italy.61 SUNDRY

PIECES

(SEE

PLATE

89,

FIG.

5.10)

of rods A good numberof thismiscellaneousset are representedby the ratheranonymousfragments as well as a couple of pieces of bent wire.The formerare verylikelyto be comparableto and shafts, listedabove; but,being termed'rods' in the originalrecords,the possibility the shafts/ ?pinfragments remainsthattheyare more robustand could belong to tools such as awls and punches.Littlecan be done withthem.The wire,on the otherhand, declares its natureimmediately,but not its purpose: but that 11.4.2a (plate 89.16, fig. 5.10: 15) mightbe feltto have a vague resemblanceto a fish-hook, is certainlyfortuitous as a comparisonwithmore definiteexamples rapidlyreveals.62A single rivet (1455.IV/V.1-2,plate 89.8, fig. 5.10: 6) is known- froma tool or weapon hilt,no doubt. (e.g. plate 89.11-13, fig. 5.10: 7-10): perhapsonce affixed Finallyin thissectioncome five 'studs9 to cloth,leatheror wood fordecorativeor protectivereasons.Most consistofa low,hollowhemisphere (about 1.3 cm across,0.5 high) made of sheet metal,fromwhose rim probablyprojecteda pair of shortstrips,by which the item was attached (the stripspenetratingthe backing materialand then being bent back to gripit). The sole exception(7.8/13.^, plate 89.1 1) is solid,witha centralstem/ spikeprojectingfromitslowerside: itwould have been drivenhome. One feelsthattheseoughtto be commonplace- like studsof iron,actingas hobnails forshoes on Roman sites but no parallels offerthemselves. SCRAP

AND CORRODED

PIECES

(SEE

PLATES

89,

9I

AND

FIG.

5.I0)

material.Those thatstillretaina sensibledegree of shape and Here is gatheredthe least informative of sheet and amorphous divided into can be piecesof sheet.The first ribbons/strips broadly appearance and two thick a millimetre or plate are (fouritems:e.g. 25.10.1b, 91.4) preservedforonlya generally fewcm (alwayslongerthanwide). They may be foldedor twistedround on themselves.Such could brokenofffromlargerwholes: a potentialuse forsuch being the bindingtogether well be fragments of two-piecemoulds in the castingprocess (see below). The latter- in the majorityat over a dozen - are more shapeless,thoughoftenof heavier calibre: amongstthemare some of neater fragments 56 Kovács 1986, 37ff,examples on fig. 1, 2 and 5. But note too, a mould forsomethingveryclose to the Lefkandipiece from Egypt, at Pi-Ramesse (igth-2oth Dynasty): Herrmann 1990, 65.197-8 and figs.My thanks to Helen Hughes-Brockfor the referencesin thisand the followingnote. 57 Kasseroler 1959, 217-19, fig. 18, pl. 37 (esp. 18 and 14b); and distributionmap in Wagner 1943, 15 pl. 44b. Cf. also 'Typ Wüten' Urnfield belt-hooks, mainly from Bavaria, Tyrol and

westernAustria: PÃFXII.2, 51-8, pl. 12. 58 Evely 1996, 632. 59 Desborough 1064, 53. 60 Karphi - Pendleburyetal 1937-38, pl. 28; Palaikastron I. Lemos (pers. comm.). bl Desboroucrhiqdj.. πα. 62 PeratiU, fig. 156.

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287

Fig. 5.10. Copper and Bronze Objects. Knives: 1 - 72 (IV/V; 65/199; lb); 2 - NC (south-eastof tell); 3-13 (10; 66/200; lb); 4 - 48 (IV/V; 65/174; lb); 5-16 (10; 66/81; 2a); 6- 142 (IV/V; 69/137; 1 or 2), rivet.Studs; 7-9 (6b; 66/179; 2a); 5-48 (2; 69/164; 2a); 9-50 (IV/V; 65/153; lb); 10 - 9 (6b; 66/179DÍS;62a). Sundry:11 3 (1; 69/163; ia), eye; 12 - 14 (10; 69/155; lb), sheet; 13-3 (2; 66/166; 2a), triangle;14 - 35 (11; 69/156; lb), sheet; 75 - 11 (4; 66/101; 2a), hook; /6- NC (T), wires; iy - 26 (10; 66/130; lb), shaft;/#- 98 (IV/V; 69/161; ia), point.Scale 1:2.

form(e.g.3.2.2a,plate 89.14,fig.5.10: 13),conceivably andtriangular complete- butofunknown even so. use, and lumps ofthematerial, oftencorrodedand but stillare thenumerous Less informative fragments in or in the excavation a are referred to one another wholes. Close to score of way pieces larger in all a that will be site ofthistime. haul on records, forthcoming any turning up phases typical

DON

288 METALLURGICAL

DEBRIS

(SEE

PLATES

gi-2,

EVELY

FIG.

5.I1)

Threegroupsof evidenceare here represented, thoughnone has any obviousconnectionto the within Room3 oftheEastHouse comesa battered the Phase lb debris From structures investigated. plate a stone mould of 91.1, fig.5.11: 1), of veryunusualform.It (48.3.1b, fragment multi-piece the as withfacilitating wouldappearto be concernednot so muchwithproducinga castingitself, The matrix was housed. where the into another of the molten metal proper separateportion, passage wouldprobablybe halfofa matching by a locating pair,heldin exactalignment surviving segment or such ribbons bound hole and further (hencethegrooves exists) together tightly by wire, pin (the cutat one intotheovoid depression seen at theend).The moltenmetalwillhave been introduced it ran downa a of the whence there as result the discolouration of the stone heat), longedge (note fora further was present to receiveit.Accommodation drilled-out channelintowhatever locatingpeg is seenon thislowerside- to assistonce morethecorrectliningup ofthecomponent partsofthe and channelas a fullydetachableunitis whatis unusualmould.The creationofthispouring-basin such(inan abbreviated form)werecreatedas a integral partofthemould.63 normally Anothermouldpart(91.IV/V.1a,plate 91.2, fig.5.11: 2), recoveredfroman earlierPhase ia in TrialIV/V,repeatssomeoftheessentialaspects:neatnessofworking and exactnessof structure the with it with ribbon or such to itspartners; the external nicks as a device to assist line; fastening It to find one of these extant drilledholesforpegsto ensurean exactalignment. is surprising pegs howthemouldswerelaid outand designed ofcopper/bronze. Scratched linesremainto demonstrate - thoughtheydo nothereappearto havean immediate relevanceto the'bezel'hollow.The matrix cutintothemouldis,indeed,peculiar- in thatthereis no allowanceforthemetaltobe introduced fromany side. Ratherit wouldseem as ifthismouldwas thebase partintowhichthemetalwas fromandthrough otherseparatepart(s)ofa composite whole.It resembles nothing conveyeddirectly so muchas thethirdpartofa ring-mould, examplesofwhichcan be seenin Crete.64 The nexttwogroupsofevidencearefromdebristhataccumulated Phase largelyin thesucceeding 2a oftheMainExcavation.Several(see plate 92.1-3,fig.5.11: 3-4) arefairly fragments anonymous All ofcrucibles ofclay,representing form. partsofthecurving body:probablypartsofa hemispherical wereconnectedwiththeworking as can be toldby theprillsand oxydisedcopper ofcopper/bronze elements surface. residueon theinterior 6.11.2a (plate92.4) - and caughtin theblackand vitrified and perhapsothers is a roughly sphericaland cementedmassmadeup of ?soil,carbonfragments it a or from a of be of crucible debris charge merely lumps oxydisedcopper/bronze:mayjust part floor.8JJ.2/3 laterstill,is a tabular chunk, coulditbe cut-upscrapor (plate91.3,fig.5.11: 5), slightly an ingotfragment, destinedforthemelting crucible? from The working ofcopperand bronzein LH IIIC mainlandGreecewould,evenifcontrolled out on a local the more to meet of be carried more basis, surviving regionalplace power, easily any are foundat manysites,oftenbutthe dailyneeds(indeed,it surelyalwayswas?).Mouldfragments moulds scattered remnants froman unlocatedsource.The relatively unusualnatureofbothLefkandi of has beencommented identifications on their use. The likewise uponabove; potential employment in the schistand steatite-related stonesis quitein keepingwithgeneralmetallurgical Aegean. practice fromwhatlittlecan be deducedconcerning theirsizeand shape,seemtobelongtothe The crucibles, dominant strainabroadin LB III.65 OBJECTS

OF LEAD66

(SEE

PLATE

go,

FIG.

5.I1)

thepresence uninformative This paltrycollection(9) of relatively piecesdoes at leastdemonstrate that made the material and employment of the metalat all phases of LH IIIC. The qualities all are exploited of which and low melting desirablearenormally thoseofweight, point flexibility in theseobjects. makeplaintheirpurpose ofsheet The fourfragments (e.g.28.3.1b,plate90.4) do not,inthemselves, - beingrathercorroded.Butsuchpiecesmighthave been derivedfromthefoldedstripsthathave netsto ensuretheiraccurate and at othertimesappliedto theloweredgesoffishing been elsewhere 63 See Minoan Crafts2, 353ffforthe general subject,fig. 143 forillustrationof terminology. 64 Minoan Crafts2, 41 iff,esp. fig. 161.4 anc*415· 65 Mainland examples examples can be huntedpiecemeal and withdifficulty in reports:e.g. crucibleslags only fromCooke and Nielsen (1978) i82ff (Nichoria). More general accounts are

obtainable in the worksreferredto in n. 39. For Crete, a broad review is given in Minoan Crafts2, 346-52. 66 Mossman 1993a (unpublished PhD thesis) provides a comprehensive review of lead in the Mycenaean world. Her published accounts include: Mossman 1993Ô, 270; 1998, 271-6 (Midea); 2001, 85-1 19. See also Peratill, 373.

THE SMALL FINDS

289

Stone moulds: 1 - 48 (3; 69/91; lb); 2-91 (IV/V; 69/16; ia). Fig. 5.1 1. Objects associatedwithmetal-working. Crucibles:5-12 (2/1; 69/152; 2a-b); 4 16 (IV/V; 69/154; lb). 5 - 8 QJ;69/160; ?2/s), chunk.Lead Objects: 6-9 (over 2/1; 65/77; 2^/3); 7 - 140 (IV/V; 69/28; 1 or 2), button.Scale 1:2.

in thewater.67 The otherweights and readydisposition 140.IV/V.1~2(plate speakforthemselves: 90.6, fig.5.11: 7), beingconical,recallsthestone'buttons'- and mayindeedbe theequivalentof thecfomps intoanothermaterial. such,translated (e.g.9.2/1.2^3, plate 90.5,fig.5.11: 6) are Finally, with of be associated the to mending largeclaystoragevessels- actingin themannerofa probably feature, allowingthecastingoftherepair pointthatis theimportant staple:hereitis thelowmelting ease.68 to be made insitu(andinsidea clayenvelope)withcomparative OBJECTS OF GOLD (SEE FIG. 5.9)

Twoverysimplerings, fromPhase2, ofthismetalwererecovered:eachcapableofbeingusedforthe is fashionedfroma simplewire;theotheris a touchmore The first (12.4.2a),and slighter, finger. two on the exterior ofthehoop. elaborate, having grooves In each case itlooksas iftheringwas introduced thansayfroma disturbed as a casualloss (rather in the of the site before the construction of Room 4 in Phase 2a; tomb):12.4.2a period preparing 8.10/11.2b (fig.5.9: 15) in a filloverthelatestfloorsin Room 10/11 in Phase 2b. 67 On Bronze Age fishing:Powell 1992, 307-16; 309-10, pl. 76.b (lead-sinkersor net-weightsfromPerati T. 131). Cf. Perati

Π, 373 fordiscussion. 08 PeratiII, 354 (tor vase repairs in 1. 05).

2go

DON EVELY

Giventhebasicnatureoftheseitems,finding uninformative exercise.Perati parallelsis a relatively - silverbulkslargest.69 has a fullrange,in which- perhapssurprisingly Those ofwireare more readilyspottedthanthoseofsheet. Conclusion themostimmediate observation wouldhavetobe their Takinga broaderoverviewofthemetalfinds, and A overall an of and armful oftools,a handfulof rubbish, paucity poorquality. pocketful scrap effects and fit a metal to on This personal enoughprecious singlefinger. hardlyseemsto sumup an of a and one known to havebeenproducing itsownmetalobjects impression flourishing community ofsomesophistication seen the of the The (as moulds). simplest through complexities waytoreconcile thisapparent is to the all removalof metalobjectsfromthehouses- either anomaly envisage careful as lootor salvagedgoodsahead or afterthevariousdestructions. is By itsverynature,suchactivity hardto demonstrate archaeologically. The associations andfindspots within thevariousroomsandyardshelptoconfirm suchan opinion. Most come frompreparatory or fillingdeposits,ratherthanon floors;mostare singletons, or ofa corrodedanduncertain nature.Forexample,in the accompanied bytwoorthreeotherfragments 8/13in Phase 1 wererecovereda needle,a studand a ring, gradualbuild-upoftheyard/passageway from alongsideotherscrapsofmetal,an itemor twoofbone and stoneand,mosttellingly, fragments someseven,brokenclayfigurines. in Room 10 a Phase knife was found on (in lb) Equallytypically, a floorwithsomeservingand kitchenequipmentonly;and againin thesame room(Phase2a) the ironknifewas accompaniedsolelywithsomefragmentary and basicstonetoolsand a claywhorl.In TrialIV/V,in contexts ofPhase ia and lb both,wererecoveredalongsideclayreels,bonetoolsand stoneobjectssuchas a pestleand seal or 'button'- first a knife,a blade,a studand a nondescript and a saw of and another the metal finds do nothelpelucidateroom second, Thus, point, part point. - merelyunderline functions theirdomesticcharacters. Whathassurvived is standard fareforthemostpart:toolsofno specialist butrather destined nature, foreveryday household or no identified ornament. occupations repairs; firmly weapons;simplepersonal The gravesofPeratifaroutdoLefkandi, atKastanaspresents a morecomparable thoughthesettlement in and a both.70 Even of individual deserve some closer so, quartet picture quality quantity pieces attention: notindeedfortheirintrinsic but rather for their of overseas contacts. The merit, implications bronzependant(6.9.1),ifcorrectly eastwards to the the iron knife assessed,perhapspoints Levant; blade (nc) and theflange-hilted one (16.10.2a)does likewise.On theotherhand,thetwisted-handled more the same sorts of influences and (72.IV/V.1b)appear Aegean.Interestingly, resolutely exactly connections aretobe foundatPerati, in a broadgeographical whichobservation againplacesLefkandi and one held in with common mainland and settlements. context, Aegean contemporary BONE AND RELATED MATERIALS71 (see plates 93-7, figs. 5.12-5.14) Considerable use (over70 items)wasmadeofbone,antlerand suchmaterials toprovidebotha range oftools[c.40) and personalitems(c. 30) witha particular bias towardsantlerin theformer class(16 and tusk Unlike most other classes of material boar's are both much pieces).Ivory very peripheral. with thisone has a distinct at about to to be associated Phase herediscussed, 2 2. True, 1, tendency, in 1 in It all but ones and twos. would of the main are to be found Phase classes , only examples but or of resources had occurred: almostseemas ifsomemajorchangein fashion, activity availability can suchreallybe envisaged?The numbersare dividedfairlyequallybetweentools(mostlyawls, pointsand perhapspunches;fewspatulae,if any)and objectsfordisplay,usuallydeckingout the a 'button'and a tube). person(pinsin particular, Tools (see plates 93-4, figs. 5.12-5.13) insureandcompletedetail,theentirecorpusfromLH Therebeingno exampleofa spatulacatalogued to have the be said IIIC Lefkandi exploited capacityofboneandantlertotakea point- sharpor may - one of a coupleofneedles blunt.Alongwiththesetwobroadcategories maybe recognised relatively 69 Peratill, 29^.373 and 401, pl. i6g.M23 and pl. 6ib.Mi32 of wire. 70 Hochstetter 1987, 15-45. 71 For the most part parallels are drawn fromKrzyszkowska 1981 (unpublishedPhD thesis) and her forthcomingreporton

materialfromthe Citadel House Area, Mycenae: WBM 24. She and Harriet Blitzer both kindly made available to me various notes and observations of their own - made indirectlyand directlyrespectively.

THE

SMALL

FINDS

291

Fig. 5.12. Bone/Antler Points. 1 - 11 (1 1; 65/170; 2a); 2-50 (3; 69/201; lb); 3-20 (2; 66/126; 2a); 4 16 (7; 66/61; 2a); 5-11 (8/13; 69/208; ia); 6-19 (6; 66/30; 2a). Scale 1:2.

bone, one said to be ofantler.The bone one (6.8/ΐ3·ια-1>,plate 94.5, fig.5.13: 7) is a sturdyspecimen, withitseye in no way markedofffromthebody oftheshaftand possiblyfroma metapodialfragment, ofanymaterialby itself:itmightbe bestseen as employed lackinga trulysharptipcapable ofpenetration withinsome more 'open' context- such as net-making or darningsomethingin on a loom. Most of the otherpieces of bone are mostlyrelativelyinsignificant points- sharper(e.g. plate 93.1-3) or blunter(e.g. fig. 5.12: 4) alike. Generallyonlya fewcm in lengthand carryingevidenceof theirmanufacture(in verticalfacetsand abrasionscratches),theyseem to have been workedup from of long bones, sometimespreservingparts of the naturalconcavitiesof such, sometimes fragments not. Slightlylargerare robust,moderatelysharppoints:thesecarrythe same sortsof scratchingfrom manufacture and/oruse and were also cut down froma long bone of some species.

292

DON

EVELY

Fig. 5.13. Bone/Antler Objects. Points: 1 - 17 (10; 66/138; lb); 2-4 (10; 66/102; 2a); 5-52 (2; 69/212; 2a); 4 - 53 (IV/V; 65/i79b; ib); 5 3 (7; 66/47; 2b); 6- 8 (5; 65/82; 2b). Needle: 7-6 (8/13; 69/39; ?ia(-b)). Plaques: 8- 18 (2; 65/107; 2a); 9-2 (1; 69/205; ib). Scale 1:2.

stillin size are twopoints(20.2.2a,plate 94.2, fig.5.12: 3; and 11.11.2a,plate Greatlydifferent at 18.4 and 30.8 cm lengthrespectively. fig. These have been workedup from 94.1, 5.12: 1) and facetting. to whose sides be bones, degreesoftrimming curving naturally may subjected varying at leastpossible It remains were is as are their sources. items of such dimensions required unclear, Why thatthelargercouldderivefromthemetatarsal ofa reddeer. and haftsfortoolsand different is theuse ofplaquesof bone to construct hilt-plates Completely on knife knives:thelastsetonlybeingrepresented here,e.g. 72.IV/V.1b(plate88.10; fig.5.10: 1).

THE SMALL FINDS

293

morethanpointswithan eyeputintothem:thissortoccurin somenumbers Needlesare nothing at Lerna(EH III-MH), and at otherLH III sitessuchas Mycenae(LH IHB, CitadelHouse Area), Nichoria(LH IIIA2-B) and Tiryns(LH IIIC, Unterburg).72 Examplesof ivoryand antlerare also recorded,thoughbone is moreusual. This and othersub-speciesturnup acrossthe NE Aegean islandstoo,especiallyin theEBA. Pointsfashioned on bone splinters, mediumor shortin size,areutterly basicto anysuchindustry: can be in numbered their hundreds across the at all examples Aegean periods- no parallelsare reference to excavation is to givenhere, any report likely producecomparative pieces.The particularly ones remain less common: the known from Kea are long largest examples justover20 cmin length.73 - and make Thisonlyservestounderscore theuniquecharacter ofthisobject(11.11.2a)at Lefkandi moredesirablea properidentification ofitssource. Equally widespreadin place and time are instancesof handles and similarof bone, and indeedivory.74 - seemingly Considerable is accordedto antler thatfromred however, prideofplace at Lefkandi, and collected as shed items as much as taken froma killedspecimen,as is suggested deer, perhaps whichpreservesufficient of the main beam and the tines (e.g. 36.SH.3b, by thosefragments plate 97.1; 95.IV/V.1a,plate 96). A possiblepick is mentioned, but generallythe antlerswere subdivided to formsmalleritems. made froma lengthofthe Mostlywhatwas recoveredtakestheformof a heavydutyawl/point mainbeam (e.g.plate 93.4-7, fig.5.13: 1-6): thebodyofthetoolis straight and relatively thinin witha neatlysquaredoffor facetted from section, butt;theotherand sharppointmayarisegradually theshankor springmoreabruptly froma sortofshoulder. of from are wear, Degrees polish,probably detected. Whatever theexactpurposeofthistool,itis verywidespread. The formof themaintool-type and itsparticular choiceof materialbothindicatethatit was a deliberate to the creation, arguably designedfora particular purpose(s).Thatitwas one fundamental Mycenaeanwayoflifeis indicatedby themannerin whichtheyturnup on almosteverysitewhere detailsofthismaterialgroupare sufficiently recorded.Antlerwas certainly employedin MH times, butthischosenformofawl/point seemscloselyconnectedto theLBA.75Examplesare knownfrom Lerna(MH III-LH I), Malthi(MH-LH, abrasionmarksclear),Nichoria(MH-LH IIIB: also with abrasion),Mycenae(LH IIIB), Thebes(lateLH IIIB), Tiryns(LH IIIB-C probably)and Perati(LH on Kea fromLB I onwards.76 Raw material is reported fromKoukounaries, IIIC); theyarealsoattested wherea cellaryielded'deerantlers'ofunspecified and form.77 type Two othersortsof itemswere manufactured fromthe same raw source: the first(2.1.1b, plate 94.7,fig.5.13: 9) is in theformofa plaque- kindredto,ifslightly largerthan,theboar'stusk This one has a drilled hole for its it could a be plaques. attachment; single, replacement pieceforan earlierboar's-tusk helmet.The second usage is more straightforward: a lengthof tine (8.F.2a, plate 94.9, fig.5.14: 15) has been carvedintoa handle,by cuttingout a socketfromwithinthe interior cancellousmaterialat one end. Thoughno exactparallelforthefirst is reported, examples ofthesecondare known.78 PERSONAL

ITEMS

(SEE

PLATES

94~95,

FIG.

5.I4)

The plentiful hairprobably(theyseemtoo shortto tacklefabrics), pins,forholdingup or decorating be conceived ofas belongingto threegroups:thosewithout at thehead (plain, may anydistinction four- e.g.plate95.4-5,fig.5.14: 2-4); thosewitha singlecontraction off marking a vaguelyglobular above (simpleheads,two- e.g.plate 95.6, fig.5.14: 5-7); and lastlythosewitha seriesof swelling 72 WBM 24, no. B-27 with references;Blitzer 1992, 729-30 (Nichoria);Kilian 1979, 388, fig.8 (Tiryns);Krzyszkowska1990, pls. 23c, 30b (Kea). Unpublished examples also occur at Lerna: Krzyszkowska1981, Type 10. 73 E.g. Davis 1986, 46 no. Ui 19 pls. 37, 67 (Period V = MM 74 Handle shafts: e.g. Hochstetter1987, pl. 17.10; WBM 24 no. B-3 (withbronze awl in situ).See also WBM 24 nos. B-I/1-2 for knifehandles 75 On Kea, antlerwas being worked early in the M H period, but pointed tools firstappear in early LBA levels here and elsewhere, e.g. Lerna (Krzyszkowska, pers. comm.). See also discussionin WBM 24.

76 Lerna (unpublished); Blitzer 1991, 37-39 cat. nos. 37-9 (Malthi); Blitzer 1992, 730, pl. 12.231 (Nichoria); WBM 24 nos. A3- 10 (Mycenae, Citadel House Area); Demakopoulou 1974, 162, fig.5 (Thebes); Kilian 1982, fig.37 (Tiryns);PeratiIII, pl. 77.M36; Krzyszkowska 1990, pl. 30a (Kea). For fulldiscussion and furtherexamples see now WBM 2a. 77 Schilardi 1984, 190, in the thirdstoreroomor cellar. Much partlyworked (and some unworked) antler was found on Kea (Krzyszkowska 1990, 25, pls. 26-27) but was conceivably importedfromthe mainland. 78 Krzyszkowska 1990, pl. 29a = WBM 24 no. Ai fromthe Citadel House Area, Mycenae.

294

DON EVELY

moreor lessequal-sizedring-and-grooves heads,eight- e.g.plate 95.7-11,fig.5.14: δ(decorated ι4). The lastformseemsfavoured overtheothers.Theyareall fashioned fromsplinters ofbone;and are so polishedas to concealand removeanytracesoftheirmanufacture. there are a good Naturally numberofunclassifiable or (10 so). fragments To date,themostaccessibleand well-illustrated collectionof bone pins (forthePéloponnèse)is as of her on themetaltypes:she has collectedthem givenby Kilian-Dirlmeier,79 part monograph intoivory)have a history translated underbroadtemporal Such stretching groups. pins(occasionally andturn numerous theplainsortareespecially backtotheEBA inmainlandGreece.Notsurprisingly, at are recorded at some Mycenae,Citadel examples broadlycontemporary up anywhere anytime: HouseArea(LH IIIB-C), Kastanas(LH IIIC), Perati(LH IIIC) and a bitearlierat Argos(LH ΠΙΑ).80 itseemsin EH III into laterdevelopment The simple-head forms (popularespecially maybe a slightly to be not ones are The Lefkandi Lerna and residual;and indeedlater MH; cf. Eutresis). thought Kastanas and House Citadel are known from (LH IIIC).81Finally (LH IIIB-C) Mycenae, parallels in existence comethedecorated(ribbed)family, by MH timesand verypopularin thelater certainly in excessof5, but has noneobviously willvary- Lefkandi LH. The numberofring/groove pairings LBA come from in the later known. with6 or 7 suchare Comparablepieces specimens Mycenae(LH IIIB-C), Tiryns(LH IIIC), Perati(LH IIIC), theAgoraatAthens(LH III) andatNichoria(LH ΠΙΑ).82 itemof A solitary IIIC corpusarebutsingletons. What- at thispoint- remainsfromtheLefkandi the into equivalent ivory (perhapselephant 24.5.1b,plate 95.3, fig.5.14: 17) has beenworkedup withthreeroundsofdrilled further button'ofstone(cf.It 10)- in thiscase decorated ofa 'sunken-top its purposewas surely dots.Thoughperhapsa fraction largerthemits averagestonecounterpart, uniqueis a brokenplaquefromboar'stusk(18.2.2a,plate 94.8,fig.5.13: 8), of Similarly comparable. a good size and drilledto permititsfixingto some backing- a helmetperhaps?Lastlycomesa wherethe slenderbonetube(8.8/i3.ia-b, plate 94.10, fig.5.14: 16) - theopeninga bitirregular hasbeenremoved;theendsaxeroundedoverandthewholepolished:itssimplicity material cancellous to interpret offormdefiesattempts it,buta handleor gripmaybe as good a guessas any! Parallelsforthe'button'are obviousenoughin stone,butperhapsone shouldnotjumptooreadily Forexample,thereexistatPerati(LH IIIC) twoseparate ofidentification. on thismatter toconclusions withthisLefkandi some characteristics share which nonetheless of piece.Firstaresome types object,83 of ivory, handlesof softstone,largerbut veryclose in form;thenthereare some spindlewhorls in rings. circles with decorated be both of in compass-drawn may simpler shape.Examples slightly a of identified has the other. or one matter the determines group objects Krzyszkowska way Nothing andSpata.84 Menidi Kandia as such from de 'rondelles Mycenae, (Argolid), (termed places pommeau') She does not believe theywere partof a haftingdevice. She also pointsout thatall made of ivory,as are comparandafromCyprusand Ugarit,and suggeststhattheexamples hippopotamus foundin Greecemaybe imports.It shouldbe pointedthatthe Lefkandispecimenhas no crossby Krzyszkowska. peggingdevice,and thisauthoris notsureitbelongsto thesetidentified on mainlandGreeksites:theirpedigreeand perhapstheir Boar'stuskplaquesare a regularfeature examplesare less well heydaygoingback to theopeningoftheMycenaeanperiod.Contemporary Nichoria(LH ΠΙΑ from ones earlier with Β at tomb chamber but see Kallithea; known, slightly House and the Citadel Area,Mycenae.85 probably) The bone tubeis too simpleto findsignificant examplesare known parallels:closecontemporary fromPerati.86 hasbeenmadetodetailsofmanufacturing processesthathavelefttheirtraceson Thoughreference on siteis veryslender.Thus,for materials these of the for theobjects,yetactualevidence working fig. plate 5.14: 1),damagednowand ofroughly 94.6, example,a rodor suchofbone (7.8/i3.ia-b, and separating facets flattish of a series alongitslengththat section,carries merging plano-convex makeitlookunfinished. 79 Kilian-Dirlmeier,Nadeln61, abb. 5 for Mycenaean sorts. w WBM 24 nos. B4-10; riochstetter,1907 07, ng. 10, pl. 15 withchartof head types;Peratill, 289, III, 3 pl. 307^.125, 126; Deshayes 1066, pl. 69.7. 81 WBM 24 nos. B-11, 13-14; (with furtherreferences); Hochstetter1087, pl. 15.14. 82 WBM 24 nos. B 15-21 (withreferences);Kilian 1979, 388 fig.8; PeratiIII, 3 pl. 62b.A.i36; Immerwahr1971, pl. 77.xxi.15; Blitzer 1992, 730, pl. 12.244(3376). See also Hochstetter1987, pl. 15.1-11 (Kastanas).

83 Perati II, 349, fig. 153 ('handles' of stone), 351, fig. 155.Δ.21 1 (spindlewhorlsof ivory) 84 Krzyszkowska20050, 197-8; pl. 4 [Αι), lne term ronaenes de pommeau' is taken fromPoursat 1977a, 36. 85 Yalouns 1900, 44 Beil. 31.4 and 55, 05 witn some bibliography;Blitzer 1992, 730 with referencesto Malthi and Pylos; WBM 24 nos. BT-1-4. 86 Perati II, 350, fig. 154.Δ.61, again with compass-based patterns.

THE SMALL FINDS

295

Fig. 5.14. Bone/Antler Objects. Pins: 1 η (8/13; 69/209; ?ia(-b)), unfinishedrod; 2-52 (IV/V; 657179a; lb); 3 50 6-8 (10; 65/160; 2a); 7 29 (4; 66/77; 2a); £-3 (2; 69/207; 2a); 4-49 (2; 66/162; 2a); 5-9 (10/11; 65/157; 2b); (channelin 8/13; 69/32; ia); 9 - 14 (8/9; 66/63; 2ah IO ~ λ (over 10/11; 69/216; 2b/3); 11 - 7 (over4/5/i2;65/62; 2D/3); 12 - 9 (F; 64/11; 2a); 13 - 143 (IV/V; 69/31; 1 or 2); 14 - 80 (IV/V; 69/202; ia). Handle: 15-8 (F; 64/45; 2a). Sundry:16- 8 (8/13; 69/33; ?ia(~b))> tube; iy 24 (5; 66/146; lb), ivorybutton.Scale 1:2.

Conclusion It wouldappearthattheLH IIIC inhabitants ofLefkandi werewillingand able tomakeuse ofa good of and In thishabit,andin decorative derived from animal skeletalmaterial. range implements pieces theactualforms can be seen to be of time. their utilised, they typical tospotmeaningful associations oftheseitemsaredoomed.In TrialC, a cluster ofthreeawls Attempts hasno othercompanions. an a in and/or turn with clutter the normal Essentially awl/point pinmay up ofclay,metalandstonepiecesin a undistinguished domesticsetting: Trial IV/V in ia both Phases e.g. and lb; Rooms2 (laterfloor)and 11 inPhase2a. The sameis trueforthemoreunusualbone/antler and in Room5, Phase lb; and againforthetube,a ivoryitems:thustheivory'button'and a pinfragment needleandtheunfinished rodwithin theaccumulated debrisin theyard/road 8/13in Phase ib.

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296

CLAY (see plates 98-102, figs. 5.15-5.18) representedby far- well over Numerically,the componentsof thisgroup are the most prolifically is of an to be more This somewhat illusion,however.Closer inspection 500, apparentprofusion precise. the fractured revealsthatalmostthreeout of fiveof thembelong to the 'reel' class. Omittingfurther in discussed or which are remainsoftheterracotta (90 so), separately Chapter4, thehundred figurines or so pieces remainingare very ordinaryindeed. Be thatas it may, the presentweightyimbalance does at least serve to bringhome the centralrole the 'reels' played, even if theirfunctionremains and maintaining contentious:could it be connectedwithtextileproduction?Or withmanufacturing the unbaked-claystoragebins? Textile Working (see plates 98-101, figs. 5.15-5.17) As statedabove, withover 360 recordedexamples,the €red'ofunbaked clay,holds undisputedpride of place (plate 98, figs. 5.15-5.16). The vast majoritywere recoveredfromPhase lb contexts,but they appear throughoutLH IHC here. There has long been a suppositionthatthese items are a species of loomweight.Of course,as withnear enough everysite in the Aegean Bronze Age, from Earlyto Late, thepresenceof acknowledgedloomweightsis notvouchsafedby any recognisedlooms. A degreeof cautionmay be desirablehere. The 'reels' of Lefkandiare, as stated,made of clay containingvariable amountsof inclusionsand whenexposed in colour,turningred-brown are leftunbaked.Most oftentheyare a yellow-beige/brown to determineto the heat thataccompanied the Phase lb destructionsin particular.It is difficult visually- if more than one clay is represented:the prevailingcolouringwould suggestthat the nearbyand massivebeds of the Lelantineplain were the sources,as would be onlyreasonable.Once gathered,the clay was modelledby hand,perhapsby rollingon a flatsurfaceor on thepalm,intothe reels: two typesof whichresulted- the cylindrical(e.g. plate 98.1 upper) and the 'waisted' (plate 98.1 lower).The latteris by farthe commonerin the more casuallyrecordedgroups,but the largest of 120+ froma tub in Room 3 (East House) of Phase lb is predominatelycylindrical. concentration is probablyone simplyofmanufacture, The difference holdingno otherimplications.Sizes and thereby lie between would the 4-6 cm in length,witha diameterof 3-3.5 weightsvaryconsiderably: average and would the at smaller 1 cm to sorts cm (waisted waist) weigh c. 150+ gm. The extremeslie at a up to and at cm (close 350 gm). Naturallycylindricalones weighmore (by 9 lengthof 3 cm (30-40 gm) dimension.In terms,then,of size, mass and weighttheyare same the of up to 50%) thanwaistedones quite compatiblewithproven (or assumed) loomweights.None, however,are pierced. It is thislack of any hole made forthe purposesof suspensionthatsetsthe reels offfromall other determinedformsof loomweightsin the Aegean. The thread(s)would have to be wrapped along the reelshave the structural strength lengthofthereel.The criticalquestionthenis whetherthese unbaked a loom. with work on thewear and tearinvolved Judgingfromtheircondition capable ofwithstanding today,theywillcertainlyhave been drasticallymore vulnerableto blows and pressurethanany ofthe firedsorts- and would have requiredfrequentreplacement.In fact,theydo not inspireconfidence! Whatelse mighttheythenbe? The onlyothersuggestionthatwarrantsconsiderationat themoment is thatproposed by Popham in the accounts of the room descriptions- namely thattheywere a method of storingraw clay in convenientamounts.Clay thatwas intendedto be used in making repairsto thehouse fabric,or even better,to theunbakedclaybinsthemselvesthatare sucha dominant to point No clinchingproofcan be offeredhere . . . but it mightbe pertinent featureofroom furniture. out thatifthe reels are not loomweights,thenwhere are the loomweights? The clay 'reel' is one of the 'alien', or at least newlyconceived or invented,featuresthatappears in theAegean and beyonditin theLevantwithinthelatestLB periods(roughlyfrom1200 bc). Carington overwidelyscatteredsitesfromMacedonia,throughcentralGreece, theirdistribution Smithsummarises the Ionian islands,Euboea into the Péloponnèse, and finallyacross to Crete.87Their geographical ofAshkelonand Tel Miqne/ has been extendedto includethe 12thcenturybc settlements distribution and theyare reportedtoo fromroughlycontemporary ofthePhilistines,88 deposits Ekronin theterritory in Cyprusat Kitionand Enkomi.An associationwiththe Sea Peoples is an attractiveone, given this connection- and need not rule out the Mycenaeansas thepromotersoftheform Levantine/Cypriot Potential

87 In Catling et al 1983, 290-1. 88 Stager n.d., 14-15 and fig.on 15 (withturtherreferences to theirpresence on Cyprus and mainland Greece). Of interest to note is the factthatat Ashkelon the 'reels' were aligned along

wall-faces(as ifthe loom had been propped up againstthe same) and again that wet-sieving in these rooms produced concentrationsof microscopic fibres.

THE

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297

Fig. 5.15. Clay Reels: 1-10. From Main Excavation and Trials (3 and 9); Phases 1 to 2 in date. 1, 5 - 15 (10; nc; 2a); 2 - NC (7; nc; 2b); 4 - 38 (11; nc; lb); 5-32 (4; nc; 2a); 6-17 (5; nc; lb); 7-1« (10; nc; 2a); 8- 25 (11; nc; ib); 9 3 (VI; nc). Scale 1:2.

overseas.Carington Smithgoes on to considervariousproposedalternative uses,beforeaccepting themas loomweights ofa sort'easilymadeat homeand easilyreplacedwhenbroken'. A handfulof other'weights', mostlypierced,completethissectionof the corpus.One (23.2/1.2b) recallsthepyramidal formquitecommonin eastCrete,butis verysmalland lightin weight:mightit be somesimplependant? Potential ofdiscandovoidform(nc.3*iband3.6.1brespectively) loomweights werelocatedin Phase ib contexts: butat one apiecetheydo notresolvethedilemmaposedabove.A morelikelygroup(23 and 24.4.1b,plate 99.1-4, fig.5.17: 1) is a setof sevenor so froma single ofunbaked locality- Room4 (EastHouse),ofPhase ib (plustwoothersoflaterdate):disc-shaped, are around13-14 cm across,6-7 thick yellow-beige clayagainand ratherlarge.Theirdimensions and theyweigh1-1.250 kg.Thislastfeature makesthemconsiderably heavierthanthenormfora Theirexistencedoes, however,showthatobjectsof apparentpracticality weremade loomweight. fromunbakedclay. Threepyramidalobjectsremain.One (150.IV/V.1-2),lackingany hole forsuspension, is very slight,and obscureof purpose.The otherpair (99 and 100.IV/V.1a,fig. 5.17: 3 and 2), though arefarmoremassiveand closein sizeand weight:theirsharedlocationin a equallyhardtointerpret,

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Fig. 5.16. Clay Reels: i-iy' and Cylinder18. FromMain Excavationand Trials(11); Phases 1 to 2 in date. / - 17 (10/11; nc; 2b); 2-10 (10; 66/55DÍS;2a); 3 - NC (10, Burial 1; nc; 2a); 4 - «5 (4; 66/191; lb); 5-10 - 17 (5; nc; lb); 11 - 148 (rVW; nc; 1 or 2); 12 - 10 (10; 66/55DÍS;2a); 15 - NC (7; nc; 2a); 14-11 (6b; 66/64; 2a)i 15-16 - 12 QJ;nc; ?2/3); iy - 12 (10; nc; 2a). Cylinder;18 - 21 (5; 66/149; lb). Scale 1:2.

to avoid the conclusionthattheir connectsthem.It is difficult Phase ia room in Trial IV/V further mentioned that the as of much around 1.200 just above) was integral 'doughnut'-form kg, weight(at to theirexistence,but whythatshould requirea pyramidalformis anothermatter. Concerningtheseoddities,no certainparallelsare knownto theauthor,thoughtherewere reported LM III context)'a fromthe NW area of the UnexploredMansion at Knossos (in an undifferentiated dozen or so pieces fromunbaked clay discs or spheres'.89 89

Evely 1984, 248.

THE SMALL FINDS

299

Fig. 5.17. Clay Objects. j - 24 (4; lb), ring-weight. Pyramidalweights:2 100 (IV/V; 65/189; ia); 3-99 (IV/V; 65/188; discs: ia). Pierced 4 30 (4; 69/101; 2a); 5-9 (under7/6; 66/60; ib/2a). Roundel; 6- η (over 7; 66/13; 2D/3).Sundry: 7-10 (over4/5/i2;65/74; 2^/$), sphere; 8 - 1 (S. House 3; 66/8; 3), ring;9-56 (2; 66/1i2bis; 2a), whorl. Scale 1:2, except 1-3 at 1:3.

linkedto textileproduction are the 'spindlewhorh' The othermainsetofclayobjectsto be putatively in which are found distributed well enoughin some plates fig. 100-101, total), (see 46 5.18 burnished ofvariouscoloured, firedclays,quiteoften allphases.Ofthese,most(28) areconicalinform, to thestone'buttons'(cf.Iakovides or at leastsmoothed(e.g.fig.5.18: 12-16). Theirresemblance type4) is clear,thoughtheyare alwaysat least halfas large again in size and witha slightly too. Almostcertainly widerstring-hole theyare a touchheavieras well,at up to 30-50 gm. Less commonare halfa dozen or so (e.g. fig. 5.18: 24-6) ratherlumpishbiconicalversionsand one (9.7.2a,plate 100.1,fig.5.18: 8) thatmaybe describedas shanked:all againlargerthantheirstone Another(11.EH.1b-2, plate 100.9, FIG·5Λ&: ι4) is domed equivalents(It 1 and 8 respectively). in shape. Of these,only one (56.2.2a, plate 99.7, fig. 5.17: 9) appears to carryany formof - smallholesimpressed in circlescentredaroundthestring-hole: ornamentation intothesurface is it

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exactnessin profilecannotbe expected, in facta bead? All are handmade,and slightly irregular: based on appearance.A few,cutdown distinctions witha corresponding of blurring anytypological fromsherds, havebeenrecognised (see below). beadsis onethathasreceivedattention from Theproblems ofdistinguishing byCarington claywhorls at thesiteofNichoria(LBA to EarlyIronAge), the Smithand Barberboth.90 Summarising findings whentheweightis around20 gm (itmaygo Smitharguesthata whorlmaybe identified Carington withflax- be 2-4 timesthemedianweight)and thecentralhole as low as 7-8, or - forworking is some5-8 mmacross.Beads,on theotherhand,maywellweighup to 10 gmor moreand have can neverbe entirelyeradicated. of up to 5 mm across.So scope foruncertainty a string-hole Barbertreatsthe same problemfroma widerviewpoint:she feelsthata whorlwillgenerallybe largerthan2 cm across',witha centralhole ofbetween3-10 mm,and a weightthat 'significantly willbe sensitiveto the natureand tensionof the fibresbeingworked.Egyptianwhorlsforflax thatthoseutilisedfor she notesaverageabout30-60 gm (extending up to 100) and she estimates at around15-60 gm. woolwillbe lighter, Withthesecriteriain mind,thereseemsno problemin assigningall theLefkandicorpuslisted review historical A succinct woolratherthanothersubstances? aboveas whorls, perhapsforworking a draws Barber her for is ofthe'whorP givenby Carington information, Smith; upon wide-ranging studyby Liu.91 classofobjectis thedisc(e.g.plate 101.10-14,fig.5.17: 4-5), encountered Another quitefrequently some froma potsherd.Some 16 have been retrieved: down mostlypierced,whichhas been cut and are of diameter an have othersmoreangular.Most 3.5-5 cm, circular, approximate smoothly from worked their have and fromthelargerrangeofvesselssuchas jugs formed hole(s) They hydrias. each side,whichtendsto makethemratherraggedand quitelargeat thesurface.Singleholesand closelyplacedpairsareknown- thelatterarerarer. anotherspecies sortrepresents thatthesingle-holed Theirpurposeis unclear.It hasbeensuggested it still butthosehereweighedseema trifle ofspindlewhorl, maybe correct lightforsuch?However, the ofintent, needs.Othersuggestions set, sortsserveddifferent thatthedifferent including two-holed utilitarian embracea buttonforfastening objectssuchas sacks,bagsor baskets.withthesemightbe takenthosewhichhaveno hole drilledin them sevenrecovered: Together instances: someare identicalin size and natureto theabove. Probablytheyare simplyunfinished Butsome(7.7.20/3,fig.5.17: 6) ioa-2/i.2b/3(plate 101.12),forexample,has itshole incomplete. aremuchsmaller:perhapstalliesor counters. as objects Thoughone suspectstheseare a commonplaceitem,theirrelativelack of distinction find to it hard is them to leads reported: parallels contemporary beingignored.Certainly probably and Teichos Kastanas from known are cases and IIIC).92 and stone (?LH Dymaion (pierced not) clay SUNDRY OBJECTS (SEE PLATES 99-IOI,

FIGS. 5.16-5.18)

A fewamongstthiseclecticgroupare connectedto personaladornment.Beads(e.g. 10.JJ.2/3, plate 101.1,fig.5.18: 4; 18.7.2a,plate 1O1.2,fig.5.18: 3 - outoflessthanhalfa dozen)maybe thatby have a smoothedsurface:it shouldbe remembered and generally sphericalor cylindrical, a these in Liu's the criteriasuggested specimensoccupy verymarginalpositionon the study,93 recallin size and generalproportions buttons So-called boundarybetweenbead and spindlewhorl. 11.11.1b some of the postulatedbiconicalspindlewhorls. (plate 101.7, fig. 5.18: 1) is made so the other sunken;itis paintedred.Similarremarks as to haveone sidetieredin threesteps, slightly can be passed on the hollowed149.IV/V.1-2(plate 101.6): whichwas partlyabradedto form ratherthananyotherfactorthat of theirmanufacture and also red painted.It is thedeliberateness plate a theirinclusionhere.Finallycomes ring(1.3.3b, 99.8, fig.5.17: 8), producedafter prompts has muchlarger,and theexterior is hole central the here thesamefashionas thepierceddiscs:only mm. beencutdownto givea widthof5 ofparallelsa ratherpointlesspursuit. ofmanyoftheseobjectsmakesthehunting The simplicity when is wellboughtintoperspective Lefkandi at seen sorts ofthebeads ofall The relativepoverty of the and recovered were withthosefromPerati:here375 (with exception 4 necklaces) contrasted 90 CaringtonSmith1992. 675-85 and 3, 287-90; Barber ò1-^ 199°» 91Liu 1978,87-103. 92Hochstetter 1987, pls. 20 and 21 (Kastanas);Canngton

Smith (pers. comm. forTeichos Dymaion) and in Catling et al, 288 (Nichoria) pointingout thatthe habit 'is common to almost all periods'. 93 See above n. 91.

THE SMALL FINDS

3O1

Fig. 5.18. Clay Buttons,Beads and Whorls.Button:1 - 11 (1 1; 66/86; lb). Beads: 3-18 (7; 66/42; 2a); 4 - 10 (JJ;65/ 115; ?2/3); 5 - 4 (S. Houseia; 69/13; 3). Bead/whorl:2 151 (IV/V; 65/i86a; 1 or 2); 6-10 (2/1; 69/48; 2a-b). Whorls: 7-11 (2/1; 66/124; 2a-b); 8-9 (7; 66/56; 2a); 9-17 (10; 65/158; 2a); 10 - 1 (S. Houses; 65/101; 2b); 11 - 8 (9; 66/184; 1); 12 - 55 (IV/V; 69/49; ib); 13 - 12 (6b; 66/177; 2a); 14 - 11 (over EH; 69/54; ib-2a); 15 - 36 (4; 66/43; 2a)i J^~ X1 (over EH; 69/55; ib-2a); iy 4 (6b; 66/24; 2^)i J<^~ 12 (m> ^5/131> 2^>); *9 2 (12; 65/156; 2a); 20 and 2 j - 15 (4; 69/57; 2a); 22 - 35 (4; 66/46; 2a); 23 - 10 (5; 69/58; 2b); 24 - 57 (2; 66/34; 2a); 25-7 (S. Houses; 69/51; ?2a); 26-27 (IV/V; 65/151; ib). Scale 1:2.

and scattered theseare all buttheremnants of a muchlargerbodydisturbed by laterinterments.94 theirmaterialscovermetals,stones, Theirformsare extensivetoo - 36 varietiesbeingidentified; is further underlined amber- andonespherical glass/faience, exampleofclay.Thisfinding bone/ivory, material from Achaea: rather more of are though reported.95 by clay(43) are a seriesof objects:a solidcylinder unique,and thusdefying propercomprehension Frankly workedintoitsoutsideand a holepiercedat one (21.5.1b,plate 99.5,fig.5.16: 18) witheightflutes a solid fig. end; 5.17: 7) like a marble;and a smallcylinder, sphere(îo.over 4/5.^0/3, possibly madeup froma cut-down footofa kylix. 94PeratiII, 303-11,and tableon 302 (whereonlyone ofclay is recorded!).

95 Papadopoulos1978, 142, 145.

3O2

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of a conduitor On an altogether largerscale therewas recordedin thenotebookstheremnants This has notbeen seen House Phase lb South in ruins of the of the (Rooms 14714a). (nc) gutter clay or channel a class of if it to it as but sounds the drain,usedto author, open-topped mightbelong by Suchitemsare commonenoughin LM Crete movewaterabout,perhapshereto controlrain-water. to be muchlowerthanusual. and on themainlandtoo.However,thesideshereare reported POT-BASE GRAFFITI (SEE PLATE IO2)

A dozenor so fromPhase ι to Phase3 are fairly Theytendto be placedon the evenlyrepresented. is singularin its base ofthevessel- usuallyon cups and bowls.One on a Minyanvase fragment choiceofvase typeand partofbody(itis notcataloguedhere,as probablyfroman earliercontext). ofa handle.Forthe at creating butan attempt In fact,itis nota graffiti, keyingtoassistthepositioning toblack.A itself the of in a on are brown-orange rest,thedevices usuallyput pottery painttypical of a is a from rather brush) favoured, though square fourlines wedge-shaped singlestroke(sometimes too. are seen a Ψ akinto and something (plate 102.8) Conclusions ofthe Apartfromthelargegroupsof'reels'(e.g.in Room3 (EastHouse),in Phase lb), thedisposition ofassociation and without mightplace one especialfocus.The normalpattern clayfindsis scattered or tworeelsand/orwhorlsin thecompanyof theusual uninformative rangeof stonetools,metal to on previousoccasions.Thus,Phase piecesand stonetools:thebroadlydomesticmilieuxreferred Phase2a - Room2; Phase2b 1 second and 10 Room lb Phase ia - yard/road floor; 1, 8/13; above Rooms 1/2;TrialIV/V forbothPhases ia and ib. Once Room 6b/c;and Phase 2b stifles humdrum the anyinterpretation. pattern again, FAIENCE (see fig. 5.8) so latein theBronzeAge,and are oftenon thesmallside. Itemsofthisclassare rarelyencountered - havingdecayedin the fortheirscarcity Indeedthislattercircumstance maybe in factresponsible in theabove thereis sometruth Evensupposing soilor beingpassedovermoreeasilyin excavation. indicator ofitthen another nowis probably theirmeagrepresenceatLefkandi representative remark, of A this at Lekandiots the lowlevelofmaterial oftheapparently couple stage. possessionenjoyedby as wellas whatmighthavebeen one a disc (14.11.2a,fig.5.8: 32), wererecovered, necklacebeads, condition. rotted in a but somepiecesa trifle hopelessly larger(nc.6.ib) Achaeaand thetombsofPeratigivegood enoughevidenceoftheirexistence, Forbeadsoffaience, couldbe saidtobe ofthediscsort.Higginsmakesno innumberandtype.96 iflimited None,however, either.97 of bead this of mention species especial ORGANIC MATERIALS on identification No studyhasbeencarriedouton thesematerials beyondtheirinitial(andaccurate?) stores the of ofsomeoftheoriginalcontents site.Theyare thusmerelylistedhereas an indication rooms.All belongto thedestruction heldon theground/basement depositsofPhase ib. while fruits, olivepips(e.g.5.6.1b;plate 103.1)andfigs(6.6.1b;plate 103.2)represent Offoodstuffs, in bins(e.g.26.4.1b)wereperhapsthoseofa cerealor somesuchstaple.A crab'sclaw(27.4.1b) seeds sea shellsgenerally forone).Concerning (seeplate be debrisofa meal(orintended might presumably 97.2 fora setfoundwitha burialofpre-LHIIIC date),consultReese'sreportin Appendix2. in thefillofRoom 11 waspreserved or basketry an expanseofmatting Of otherperishable materials, thenatureofsomefibres further (presumably Similarly description. (WestHouse)ofPhaselb, butwithout been the have could too is unclear: and in Rooms bins of a in recorded they 4 3 couple vegetable?) thetopsofthebins. thathad onceprotected remainsofsomepieceoftextileor matting

96

Papadopoulos 1978, 142, 145; Perati II, table on 302, 303fr;380.

97

Higgins 1980, 75-6.

Chapter6 LH IIIC Lefkandi:an overview SusanSherratt

limitedin area,theexcavationsconductedin theLH IIIC (12thcentury bc) Thoughcomparatively at Lefkandi(Xeropolis)between1964 and 1969 markeda significant settlement turning pointin our The impactof thiswas made knowledgeof thisperiodin Greeceand theAegeanarea generally. the of both of the excavations as a wholeand through rapidpublication preliminary apparent reports, It providedthe firstcontinuoussequence of well-preserved of the LH IIIC pottery.1 settlement architecture much of the from its earliest until in somewhere its laterpart covering period phases and first the continuous LH of IIIC with associated (Chapter1, pp. 1-87), sequence pottery closely in whichit was used (Chapter2, pp. 137-218). The threeconsecutive thestructures architectural forsupplying theinitialframework for phases(1-3) uncoveredat Xeropoliswerelargelyresponsible thecurrent LH division of IIIC into Middle and a which thus have Late,2 tripartite pottery Early, firmer basisin stratigraphy thantheearlier,mainlystylistically-based divisionsof ArneFurumark.3 The excavationswere particularly in disclosingthe wealthof representational instructive scenes associatedparticularly withthesecondof thesephasesand paintedespeciallyon craterswhichare ourknowledge of rarelydepositedwithburialsin theLH IIIC period(Chapter3), and in increasing terracotta fromLH IIIC settlement contexts figurines 4). Theyalsoprovidedthefirst (Chapter examples ofwhathasbecomeknownas WhiteWare,particularly characteristic ofthelatestphaseofthesettlement ofthelate Mycenaeancoarsehandmade (Chapter2, p. 175),and resultedin theinitialrecognition at a pottery (Chapter2, pp. 215-18), whichhas sincebeen recognised(sometimes retrospectively) numberofothersites. The aimofthisfinalreporton theLH IIIC levelsatXeropolishasbeentoprovidean amplified and moredetailedaccountofthefindings in the considerably initially reported publications. preliminary Though,in someways,ithas merelycrossedthet'sand dottedthei's ofmuchthatwas hotnewsover ofcountless details thirty yearsago butmayseemlargelytakenforgranted today,withthemarshalling havecomenewobservations, newquestions andnewuncertainties whichmayhavebeenunnoticed or heatofpreliminary It is to be the time which has that, glossedoverin thefirst reporting. hoped despite endedand thestudyofthematerialwas completed, readerswillhave elapsedsincetheexcavations foundenoughin thisvolumebothto fleshout and substantiate earlieroutlinesand to promptnew and providenewanswersconcerning theinterpretation ofthesiteand itssignificance. questions OVERVIEW OF THE SITE AND THE EXCAVATIONS The siteofLefkandi lieson thesouthcoastofEuboeaoppositeBoeotia,abouttenkilometres (Xeropolis) southofChalcis,on theedgeoftheLelantinePlainandjustat thepointwheretheSouthern Gulfof Euboea meetsthenarrowEuripusStraits(fig.i). It thusoccupiesan extremely important positionon one ofthemainmaritime routesofthewestern a route which has been used from at leastthe Aegean, laterpartoftheEarlyBronzeAge and is stillusedtoday- as attested the number of by shipswaiting to pass through theEuripuswhichstillregularly anchoroffshore. Xeropolisitselfconsistsof a long narrowplateaurisingabruptly fromthesea witha gentler inclineon thelandwardside.On eitherside oftheplateauare smallbays,one of themstillused as a harbourage forsmallboatsand theother a inlet the second and first millennia bc. possibly deeper during early Seriesoftestsweredugon thecentraland western down partsofthetopoftheplateauand further theslopesto east and north(Chapter1, pp. 87-136). Deep accumulations of LH IIIC settlement 1 Popham and Sackett 1968; Popham and Milburn 1971. 2 e.g. MDP, 133-93; RMDP, table I.

3 Furumark 1941Ã; 1944.

303

SUSAN SHERRATT

304

remains were found all over the plateau,4 as well as evidence for earlier periods fromEH to LH IIIB.5 Above the LH IIIC buildingsEarlyIron Age sherdswere foundin mostof theTrials,with evidence forPG or G structures particularlyfromTrialsW and Ζ on the less eroded north-eastern of the slopes plateau.6 In the main area of excavationson the northernlandwardedge of the plateau (TrenchesAA-EE, GG, KK, LL: Chapter 1, p. 3), threedistinctbuildingphases of LH IIIC date (Phases 1-3) were found,superimposedone above the otherand each on a similarbut slightlydifferent alignment(p. 1). in the pottery, Associatedwiththese threephases are certaindistinctand recognisabledifferences main The three with an of obvious element building phases were though underlyingcontinuity. discernible with further subdivisions initial division of the as a basis for the pottery,7 accordingly adopted within each of the main modifications and architectural of stratified floors the through sequence and architectural divisions.8A more detailed and thoroughassessmentof the stratigraphy history (Chapter 1, pp. 8-87) has resultedin a number of minor refinementsand modificationsto the architectural sequences used to delimitsome of thesesub-phasesand, as a result,to the descriptionof the ceramic sub-phaseswithwhich they are associated. This is particularlythe case withPhase 2, where some buildingactivitiesoriginallythoughtto be associated withthe Phase 2b reconstruction can now be seen to be partof a continuingprogrammeof buildingand modificationwhichpreceded The resultof thisis thatcertainceramic featuresoriginally the damage to the Phase 2a structures. labelled as Phase 2b are now firstencounteredunder the heading of Phase 2a (Chapter2, pp. 15075). Similarly,the clearerrecognitionof what appears to be a series of levels intermediatebetween the Phase 2b debris and architecturalPhase 3 (Chapter 1, pp. 75-81, 86-7) has encouraged the distinctionof two sub-phaseswithinthe potterydescribedunder Phase 3·9 It should be emphasised, however,thatthese adjustmentshave no materialeffecton eitherthe actual potterysequence or its chronologicaldevelopmentas outlinedpreviouslyin the preliminaryreport.Their only effectsare terminologicalones, in the sense thatfeatureswhose firstappearance was once described arbitrary under one phase-headingmay now make theirdebut under the heading of a contiguousphase as a directresultof the re-labellingof certainepisodes of architectural history. SUMMARY

OF THE STRATIGRAPHICAL ARCHITECTURE

SEQUENCE: AND POTTERY

Fromtheevidenceprovidedby the seriesoftestsin variouspartsoftheplateau it seems probablethat the sitewas occupied to at least some extentmore or less continuouslyfromthe laterEBA onwards. wall in Trial C, near the north-west The remainsof what looks verylike a fortification edge of the late in until sometime LH transition the around from that it was fortified MH/early plateau,suggest LH IIIB (Chapter 1, pp. 87-92). By comparisonwith the extensiveLH IIIC settlementremains, of thisdate however,thereis a relativescarcityof precedingLH IIIB material,and few structures factthat the is this Main Excavation In the were recovered. partlyexplainedby (Chapter 1, pp. 1-8), was which IIIB level LH the into down terraced were houses LH theearliest IIIC (Phase 1) subjectto and numerous in the even deliberatelevelling(Chapter 1, p. 1). Nevertheless, widely spread tests was found. IIIB material LH little carriedout elsewhereon the sitecomparatively The beginningof the LH IIIC period thusappears to have broughta considerableincreasein the populationof the site since, at thistime,it looks as thoughmuch of the plateau was probablybuilt over. The extentand natureof thisexpansion may be gauged fromTrial C, where the fortification intoa house wall,withitsdefensivefunctionapparentlydeliberatelydisregarded wall was transformed or forgotten (Chapter1, pp. 91-2). At a timewhen,followingthe collapse of the Mycenaeanpalaces,

4 These are especially substantial in Trials C and Ε of the Western series of tests (pp. 87-92, 98-101), Trial W of the Easternseries (pp. 106-1 10, and TrialIV/V of the Centralseries (pp. 115-31). However, evidence in some form for LH IIIC occupation is foundin virtuallyall of the Trials. 5 EH: Westernseries of tests,Trial Β (p. 97); Eastern series, TrialD (pp. 102-3); Centralseries,TrialsIX, X (pp. 133-4, 135)· MH: Westernseries,Trials C, G, Τ, Β (pp. 91-2, 93, 94-6, 97); Eastern series, Trial D (pp. 102-3); Central series, Trials I, II, IX, X (pp. 112, 133-5). LH I- II: Westernseries,Trials C, Τ, Β (pp. 91-2, 95-6, 97); Easternseries,TrialD (pp. 102-3); Central

series,TrialsI, II, IX (pp. 112, 133-5). LH ΠΙΑ: Westernseries, Trials C, Τ, Ε (pp. 91-2, 94-6, 98-100, 101); Eastern series, TrialsF, W (pp. 103-6, 109-10); Centralseries,TrialsIV/V, VI, VIII, IX (pp. 117, 127-8, 131-2, 133, 133-5). LH IIIB: Western series, Trials C, S, Τ, Ε (pp. 90-2, 93-4, 94-6, 98-100, 101); Easternseries,TrialF (pp. 103-6); Centralseries,TrialsVI, VIII (pp. 131-2, 133). 6 pp. 106, 110; Lejkandil, 19-22. 7 Popham and Sackett 1968, nff. 8 Cf. Popham and Milburn 1971. 9 PP· 175~^o:> cf-Popham and Milburn 1971, 344-5·

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'Dark itwas oncebelievedthatGreecehad alreadybeguna steadydescentintoan under-populated in in it that at was size.10 The Phase ι the seems three houses Lefkandi, least, Age', actuallyexpanding Main Excavationarea,apparently in an of somewhat idea of the relative irregular plan,give density that as a In Main well have characterised the site whole. the Excavation the basement building may roomsof at leasttwobuildingswerefound,separatedfromeach otherby an ascendingalleyway limitedat itssouthern (Chapter1,p. 8). Atthehead ofthealleywaywas an openyardor passageway a the of further South These basements wereclearlystorage House). edgeby beginning building(the ofthemare thebinsofunbakedclayrangedagainstthewalls(Chapter areas,sincea notablefeature ι, pp. 17-18),supplemented occasionally bypithoi,whichin somecasesmayhavefallenfromupper floors(Chapter1, pp. 22, 23, 30; Chapter2, pp. 141, 148-9). Nearthecentreofsomeoftherooms areasofburntclaylaidovera beddingofsherdsappeartohavebeenusedas cookinghearths (Chapter i,p. 18).

The mainlivingroomsappearto havebeen on thefirst floor;and in thecase oftheEastHouse an outerstairway have led to them from the may up alleyway(Chapter1, pp. 33-5). The presenceof theseupperfloorsis attested a line of fallen floor timbersand a depositof potsclearlyresting by above them(Chapter1, pp. 8, 23). Some ofthebasementsinterconnect (Chapter1, pp. 14-15, 18, evidenceofentrances fromoutside,and theywereprobablyentered 26, 36),butthereis no preserved froman upperfloor(Chapter1, p. 8). The wallswereconstructed ofpisé or mudbrick seton a roughstonesocle (Chapter1, pp. 12, 13, and the rooms in size and There are signsofstructural suchas the 26), alterations, vary arrangement. a of between Rooms 1 1 in and theWestHouse (Chapter1,p. 14).Suchalterations, blocking doorway 9 ofthebuildup offloors,suggestthatthesebuildings wereoccupiedfora plustheunusualthickness considerable of time. length Phase 1 endedin a catastrophe whichappearsto have involvedmuchifnotall ofthesite.In the mainexcavationareathehouseswereburnt, and thebasements filledwithfallendebris.Southofthe NorthHouse (inTrenchLL) a highmudbrick wallcollapsedon to theupperyard(Chapter1,p. 40). Elsewhereon thesite(TrialIV/V and possiblyTrialsVI-VIII oftheCentralseriesoftestson topof the plateau,TrialW and possiblyTrialΖ of the Easternseries,and probablyalso TrialΤ of the Western destruction. The debris(abouta metreor more series)evidencewas foundofcontemporary in depth)was leftundisturbed, whichaccountsforthe good stateof preservation of the Phase 1 afterit had been levelledoff.Thatthis buildings. Subsequentbuildings(Phase2) wereconstructed tookplacenotlongafterthedestruction is shownbythefactthatthemudbricks ofthecollapsedwall in theupperyardstillpreserved theiroriginalclearlydefinedshapesand sharpedgeswhenthePhase 2 wallwhichrestsabove themwas built(Chapter1,p. 43). The Phase ia pottery is thatconnected withtheearlieruse ofthesePhase 1 buildings, and consists of material from below remade floors or refuse filling 1, mainly yard (Chapter pp. 9-13; Chapter2, pp. 137-8).Someofitcomesfromthesouthofthemainarea,wherea crosswallandpossiblekitchen enclosurewerefoundto have been buriedbelow destruction debrislongbeforethemudbrick wall on to the area the Phase lb destruction 10-1 In Trial collapsed during IV/V,similarly, 1). (Chapter1,pp. wallsbelonging to theearlystagesofPhase 1 werefoundto havefallenoutofuse and been covered bya floorbeforethedestruction (Chapter1,pp. 124-7; appendix3, tables C.1-C.3). It is duringthis that the first of the handmade vesselsput in an appearance(Chapter2, pp. 141, 215-18). phase Certainmanifestations ofthisware(orwares),including thehighly burnished carinated cupswithstrap characteristic ofthisphase,and at Lefkandi, at least,itis notclearwhether handles,seemparticularly thesepersist intolaterphases,thougha completecup ofratherdifferent continuously appearance(the so-called'Italian'cup)andfragments ofa roughly burnished jar werefoundon thePhaselb destruction floorsin TrialIV/V (Chapter1,pp. 120, 124).A handmadeburnished jar fromRoom5 ofthePhase South House does to a later 3 (Chapter1, p. 83) clearly belong phase,as mayanotherfroma pitin Room 7 of thePhase 2b NorthHouse (Chapter2, pp. 174-5). However,whether theseshouldbe is opento question.At anyrate,theyseemto foreshadow regardedas partofthesamephenomenon thehandmadecookingpotsofthePG and SPG periods.11 In theabsenceas yetofa fullreporton theLH IIIB pottery fromthesite,itis impossible to assess the between it and the LH IIIC Phase ia butin generalthereseems precisely relationship material, littlereason,eitheron stratigraphical or anyothergrounds,to assumea chronological breakofany 10We now know that this was also the case at a number of Greek mainland sites, including, perhaps most notably, the

formerpalatial site of Tiryns (cf. e.g. Kilian 19886, 135). 11

Leftandil,343.

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great significancebetween the two. The general characterof the LH IIIB materialwas described A few featuresamong what may reasonablybe brieflyin the preliminaryaccount of the pottery.12 labelled late LH IIIB potteryappear to foreshadowlaterdevelopments,includingsolid-painteddeep hollowed bowls,deep bowlswithbands at therimand monochromeinteriors, lip band cups and slightly than in the LH seem more common which or rims. decorated bowls, However, deep amphora jug HIC levels,are generallyleftunpaintedinside.13Unpaintedshapes includeshallowangularbowls and Rounded tripodvessels withoval legs occur in wheelmade coarse ware.15On the carinatedkylikes.14 whole,the fabricis describedas being finerand brownerin colour thanthatof succeedinglevels. Phase lb potteryconsistsof the materialfoundin the destructionof the houses,both in the main was found destruction area of excavationand in TrialsIV/V and W whereevidence of contemporary it in formof Much of is the tables appendix 1, C.4-C.8; Chapter p. 109). 3, (Chapter2, pp. 141-50; whole pots recoveredfromfloorsor includedin the debrisfromupper storeys. The Phase 2 buildingsdiffersomewhatin characterfromthose of Phase 1 (Chapter 1, pp. 1, 46). alignmentand provide evidence of an internallyrather They were laid out on a slightlydifferent withsigns of greater more spacious and perhaps more aestheticallyconscious type of architecture, of 1 the in than the Phase is evident density buildingseems to have been buildings,though regularity was constructedin the northpartof the North A as House) just high. singlequite large building(the main excavatedarea, each of itslargestroomsinitiallyfivemetressquare,withthe remainsof central timbersupportsforthe ceiling.Divided fromthe more easterlyof theseby a narrowcorridorto the northlay anotherblock ofrooms,whichseem to have been a lateraddition(Chapter1, pp. 40, 60-3). To the souththe old yard area remainedin partan open space (Chapter 1, pp. 46-7). The walls of mudbricks- were well builtand in some cases stonebase walls designedto carrya superstructure in metre height(Chapter 1, p. 49). preservedto nearlyone An interesting feature,whichmay alreadyhave begun to appear in Phase lb and the earlierpartof Phase 2 (Phase 2a), and which is certainlypresent in Phase 2b, are the intramuralinhumation of burialsin small pits,mostof themclose to the walls of the rooms and accompanied by fragments contain The majority pithoior coarsejars (Chapter 1, pp. 25, 46, 49, 52-3, 58, 60, 62, 63, 70, 71). childrenor adolescents,but threeof them containadult males and two adult femcdes(appendix1). burialmay have been sinceit suggeststhatintramural The presenceofadultsis particularly intriguing, a moregeneralisedpracticeat Lefkandiat thistimethanourknowledgeofotherMycenaeansettlements (oftensomewhatearlierin date) mightlead us to expect. It also remindsus that,althoughthe Early we are stillverymuch in the dark Iron Age cemeteriesof Lefkandihave been thoroughlyexplored,16 when it comes to the location,natureor even existenceof any extra-muraltombs or cemeteriesof LBA date. Duringthe course of Phase 2, the buildingswere partlydestroyedand a small depositof smashed pots,apparentlyfallenfroman upper floor,was foundin one of die main rooms (Chapter 1, pp. 45destructions and apparentlycontemporary 6, 51). Pottery includingthatassociatedwiththisdestruction, foundin Trial C (in the Westernseriesof tests)and TrialW (in the Easternseries),is describedhere itrepresentsa undertheheadingofPhase 2a (Chapter2, pp. 150-66). Like the Phase 2a architecture, thereis an and 1 . New Phase of rather humdrum the from appear, shapes style pleasing change elaborate and pictorialdecoration (Chapter 2, 150-66; cf. obvious fascinationwith flamboyantly were Phase 2a seems to have been a timewhen some special care and effort Chapter3). Altogether, investedin the everydaycraftsof domestichouse buildingand potterymaking. followedthe partialdestructionof the Phase 2a buildingsin Phase 2b Considerablereconstruction the of One larger rooms (Room 2) of the North House in the main area (Chapter 1, p. 65). of excavationwas lengthenedby the incorporationof an adjoiningroom (Chapter 1, pp. 66-7, 68), and a small bastion-like room added outside its south wall (Chapter 1, p. 70). At this timetoo the Phase 2 SouthHouse, originallybuiltrelativelylate in Phase 2a (and closerto the North House than its Phase 1 predecessor),was renovated(Chapter 1, pp. 74-5, cf. 63-5). Other walls wererebuilton thelinesoftheirpredecessors(Chapter1, p. 65). Severalre-layingsoffloorsand other modificationssuggestthatthe reconstructedbuildingsremained in use for some time (Chapter 1, pp. 69, 73). What broughtan end to the use of these Phase 2 buildingsis not clear, since the upper levels were eroded, riddledwithPG pits,and partlylevelled forthe G buildingsabove them (Chapter 1, 12 Popham and Milburn 1971, 346. 13Popham and Milburn 1971, fig.8:4-5, pl. 50:1-3. 14 Popham and Milburn 1971, fig.8:1-2.

15 Popham and Milburn 1971, fig·8:3. 16See LefkandiI.

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pp. 1, 46, 66-7, 75-8, 79, 80). Only to thesouthof themainarea (thearea of theSouthHouse), debrisand washmaterialwas separatedfromthePhase 2 SouthHouse by a deep layerofstructural LH IIIC buildingofa laterdate(Phase3) found(Chapter1, p. 87). The Phase 3 architecture is not well preserved, but seemsto have consistedof groupsof small it wall (Chapter1, pp. 81-5). Altogether, somewhat ramshackle roomsbuiltup againsta transverse in the this area the of a that is run down. least of to (at site) gives impression beginning community withpebbles,andin somecasestheremainsofhearths The floorswerestrewn werefound(Chapter1, A in theyard of of sherds and animal accumulated 82, refuse, bones, 83, 84). quantity consisting pp. to thenorthof them,and theywereoccupiedlongenoughforsome changesin theirlayoutto be made.Thoughitis impossible to tellhowmuchtimemayhaveelapsedbetweentheabandonment of thePhase 2b buildingsand the Phase 3 constructions, thepottery showsno signof any breakin or noticeableshift in itsgeneraldirection ofdevelopment continuity (Chapter2, pp. 175-80),and it seemslikelythatthereremainedsomecontinuous of the siteas a wholeoverthisperiod occupation In the the Phase structures to have been end, deserted, 3 (Chapter1,p. 75). appear perhapsgradually, andtohavedisintegrated wheretheylay.Verylittlein thewayofeitherpotsor smallfindswasfound insidethem(Chapter1,pp. 79-85). Thereis muchthatremainspuzzlingaboutPhase 3 in general,in particular itschronological and otherrelationships to the PG activity whichsucceededit on the site,to the earliestburialsin the Skoubriscemetery,17 and to thelaterstagesofLH IIIC elsewhere. settlement Thoughcontemporary and tombpottery can oftenlook quitedifferent in character, the differences betweenthe pottery associatedwiththePhase3 structures and thatassociatedwiththeearliesttombsseemso acutethatit is difficult to avoidtheconclusionthattherewas a significant interval betweenthetwo.In theMain Excavationarea,thenextclearevidenceof activity can be datedto LPG, thoughEPG and MPG sherdshave been foundin unstratified or surfacelevelsat variousplaceson thesite.18 Moreover,it remainsunclearwhatthepottery ofa chronologically distinct 'sub-Mycenaean' phaseon Xeropolis, mayhavelookedlike,norcan we be surethatitwouldbe easyto distinguish fragmentary examples ofitfromthosebelonging to preceding or subsequent phases.Similarproblemsarisewiththedateof Phase3 relativeto thelaterstagesofLH IIIC elsewhere(Chapter2, pp. 227-31),madeparticularly acutebytheimpression ofa degreeofstylistic createdby thelimitedrepertoire ofshapes divergence andlargeproportion ofWhiteWare.Nevertheless, itseemsalmostcertain thatitcoincidessubstantially withwhathas beenlabelledlateLH IIIC at othersitesin Greece.19 OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES AND CONNECTIONS This somewhatstarkoutlineof thearchitectural and ceramichistory of theLH IIIC settlement of littleor nothing oftheactivities whichwenton at thesiteand ofthe Xeropolishas so farmentioned sometimes and topographical quiteextendedoverseaslinkagesfromwhichitsgeographical position For thesethe mostsuggestive information comes fromthe variedand mightsuggestit benefited. seriesofsmallfinds(Chapter5), thoughaspectsofthepottery also hintatitsoverseaslinks. interesting from the normal domestic activities of Apart food-preparation, requiring cereal-grinding equipment, toolsand cookingvessels,thenotablenumberofelaborately decoratedcraters(particularly butchery in Phase 2a) and thehighproportion of cups or otheralternative vesselsthroughout the drinking that a deal of convivial went on. Ritualised also phasessuggest great drinking probably drinking on one ofthecraters appearstobe portrayed (Chapter3, pp. 240-1),whilethelikingforindividualistic warriors aroundothers(pp. 238-40) maytellus something oftheself-image to whichtheir cavorting usersaspiredand probablysuppliesinformation abouttheirequipment whichhas notsurvived in the record. The use of antler also red deer for archaeological (andpossibly quitefrequent bones) objects suchas needles,points,plaques(forhelmets?)and handles(pp. 290-3) also hintsthathunting may havebeena favoured aretheindications thattheinhabitants however, activity. Perhapsmorestriking, ofthesitewerealso involvedin bronze-working, seenin thediscardedcruciblefragments and pieces ofstonemouldsfoundamongrefusedeposits,particularly ofPhases 1-2 (Chapter5, pp. 265, 282, 288, 290). Alongwiththosemaygo piecesofbronzescrap(pp. 282, 286-7, 290),whilesomeofthe stonetools,including perhapssomeofthosesuitableforabradingand polishing(pp. 268-71) could also havebeenusedin metal-working contexts(see also p. 276). 17 101, 355. 18Lefkandil, For evidence from the recently renewed excavations at Xeropolis for some form of continuity over the LBA-PG

see Whitley2003-4, 30: 2004-κ, ro-2. transition, 19Cf.

e.g. RMDP, table II.

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SUSAN SHERRATT

A numberofclayspindlewhorls, distributed thephases,provideevidenceforspinning throughout froma singleroomin the a unbaked while few 299-300), loomweights, mostly doughnut-shaped (pp. oftextiles to weaving(p. 296). Possiblyalso relatedto themanufacture Phase lb WestHouse,testify of'reels'or'spools'ofunbakedclay,alsofoundparticularly in someformoranother arethequantities is thatthey in Phase lb contexts oftheseremainsunclear.One suggestion (pp. 296-7). The function that doubted others have for domestic also be home-made use, theyhave though loomweights may in Neolithic and the occur at all. At do with textiles to EBA, rate, sporadically they any anything coast and the Levantine in the a feature to become Aegean,Cyprus quite widespread reappearing associatedin a generalmannerwith whentheyare notinfrequently fromthe 12thcentury onwards, oftextiles Evidenceforotherforms likethosefromLefkandi. unbakeddoughnut-shaped loomweights and lb fill a Phase the of from is providedby theexpanseofmatting room, possiblythe reported would remainsofothersstoredin bins(p. 302),anditseemsat leastlikelythata sitesuchas Lefkandi ofnetsand sails.Someoftheseveral also havebeeninvolvedin theuse (andprobablymanufacture) ofpurposes, recoveredcouldhavebeenusedfora variety stoneweights including perhapsweighting netsforfishing (p. 276). and probablyalso ceramic exoticrawmaterials ofevidenceforfinished Thereis a variety imports, maritime connections. of a network within Lefkandi's linkswhichsuggest Among long-distance position ofa Base RingII bowl(Chapter1,p. 131) and an LM IIIB octopusstirrup a fragment thepottery, jar ofChaniotfabric(Chapter2, p. 140) pointto a trailfromCyprusand Crete,in thiscase probablyat the beginning of the LH IIIC settlementor possibly even slightly earlier. Popham thedistinctive, ofPhase 1 handmadepottery, believedthatthesmallquantities himself particularly 'Italian' and the animal with carinated burnished cupfromTrial protomes) cups(someperhaps highly chemical intheCentralMediterranean.20 IV/V (Chapter2,p. 2 18),hadtheirorigins analysis Although of some of these proved inconclusive,they did not appear to be of local manufacture,21 finds ofincreasing and contexts ofthedistributions and therehas sincebeen a growing appreciation the In other view.22 to which lends handmade similar of some respects, support Popham's pottery are which Lelantine the made from LH wheelmade IIIC Lefkandi standard clays probably pottery, most links not show to seems industrial scale stillexploitedon an obviously) only(and stylistic today, withthe potteryof immediately regionswhithersome of it may actuallyhave been surrounding traded,butalso withthatoftheAegeanislandsto thesouthand east (Chapter2, pp. 218-31). The to whichincludefemaleexamplesonceattached samemaybe saidofsomeoftheterracotta figurines, with closest a male and and Dodecanese likethosefromthe therimsofkalathoi, Perati, parallel figure on Melos (Chapter4, p. 259). at Phylakopi froma Level2a context aretheironknife Otherobjectswhichreveallong-distance (Chapter linkages made on Cyprusand is one oftheearliest 1,p. 62; Chapter5, pp. 282-4, 290),whichwas probably froma hiltand stop-ridge examplesto be foundin theAegean.A bronzeknifewithflangedfishtail a small of is one Phase lb contextin TrialIV/V (Chapter1, pp. 123-4; Chapter5, pp. 283, 284) the around Crete and on numberofsimilarkniveswhichalso appearin theIonianIslands probably is of whilelikewiseprobably Alpineorigin the sametime,andhaveclearAlpineand Italianrelations, fromPhase1 (fig.5.9: 12,see especially bronzebelt-hook p. 286 n. 57).23A globedbronzepin,ofthe on theUluburunwreck,is also a typewith sortwhichfirstappearsin the easternMediterranean Balkansand Italy(pp. 285, 286). originsin thenorth-west forwhichthereis evidenceon thesitealso originate overseas,from Severaloftherawmaterials Naxosis a which for or abradingtools), moreorlessdistant places.Theseincludeemery(forgrinding likelysource(p. 268), volcanicstones(forquerns)fromthearea of theSaronicGulf(p. 274) and and obsidianfrom mortars possiblyfromthesameregionor fromtheCyclades(p. 274',24 trachyte and Melos (pp. 277-9). Preciousor semi-precious stones,suchas jasper,carnelian lapis lazuli(pp. exoticin originor maybe so, as clearlyis ivory(pp. 290, 294, 295), 276, 281) are eithercertainly havereachedthesitefromelsewhere whilemetalslikegold,alloyedbronzeandleadmustalsooriginally intoobjects wereactuallyfashioned all thesematerials (pp. 288-90). It is notpossibleto tellwhether in eithercase whether orindeed artefacts whether atLefkandi, theyarrivedin theformofready-made in the their fora considerable deposition lengthoftimebefore theyhad alreadybeen in circulation site the to were LH IIIC levels.However,thereis at leastevidencethatchunksofobsidian brought took and workedthere(pp. 277-9), and Jtis certainthatsome quitesophisticated bronze-working 20 Popham and Milburn 1971, 338-40. 21 Jones 1986, 474-6 22 Pilides 1QQ4; Bettelli2002, 117-37.

23 Harding 1984, 132-3; Bouzek 1985, 145-7; Dirlmeier 1975, pl. 12. 24 Cf. Demakopoulou 1998, 223-5.

Kilian

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at thistime)makinguse of place,perhaps(as elsewherein the easternhalfof the Mediterranean a wasprobably scarab of lazuli from Phase lb context materials.25 On the other the hand, lapis recycled or elsewhere is to elsewhere whether on the Crete impossible say long beforeit engraved reacheditsfinalresting place (p. 281). It shouldperhapsbe emphasisedthat,as is generally thecase withsettlement finds,whatremains, in as the of valuable has to be regarded merelythesuggestive tip particularly way potentially objects, Thegoldringsandthebronzeandironknives(thelatter ofan iceberg. likelytohavebeena particularly prizedpossessionin thisperiod)wouldappearto have been casuallylost.The factthattheywere in comparatively worthretrieving) domestic droppedbyaccident(andnotthought buildings ordinary at variousplaceson thesite,including whatmayhave been itsouteredges,suggests thatsuchitems wereprobablynotthecloselyguardedpreserveofjusta fewexaltedinhabitants, butmayhavebeen within the settlement. there seems little reason to quitewidelyspread Similarly, supposethatthe for which the in refuse the main excavatedarea sophisticated secondarybronze-working, deposits was confined to this of the and we site; provideevidence, part again mightperhapsenvisagethissort ofactivity in and residential at variousplaceson goingon, equallyunpretentious essentially quarters, or aroundtheplateau.As longas we have sucha smallkeyholeintothesiteas a whole,we haveno ofitsLH IIIC populationor thedegreeof wayofaccurately assessingthecompletesocialstructure which the settlement of this have contained. thegeneralimpression Nevertheless, hierarchy periodmight sketched the results of the excavations a increased from thebeginning of by markedly population theperiodlivingin solidbutgenerally the of the earlierfortification unpretentious buildings, neglect wall(whichsuggests therewas no concentration ofpowerwhichsawa needor theabilityto maintain ofreasonably valuableand/orexoticitems,andprobablyequallydispersed this),dispersed ownership - suggest of crafts like withreadyaccesstothenecessary materials practice specialised bronze-working thatwe maybe dealingwitha relatively decentralised albeitone whichwas prosperous community, theenvyofraidersor therevengeofrivalsat leastoncein itshistory. In Phase2, at enoughto attract as opposed least,tojudgeby theexisting evidence,evenburialseemsto havebeen a largelyprivate, to community-based, affair. LikeTirynsand Asineon theArgolicGulf,theunrecovered settlements associatedwiththecemeteries at Peratiand Salamisin theSaronicGulf,26 a numberofsitesalongthe Corinthian Gulfand in the Ionian Islands,in the easternhalfof Creteand in the Cyclades,and probablyalso along the shoresof the Northand SouthEuboean Gulfsand the Gulfof Pagasae, Lefkandi wouldseemto be one ofthenewboomsettlements whichcharacterise theimmediate postwas excavated,and,like palatialworld.Severalofthesehave cometo lightonlysinceLefkandiitself Lefkandi, theyprobablyowedat leastsomeoftheirsuccessto theirpositionon or closeto maritime and isthmus corridors whichcouldlinktheEastand CentralMediterranean via theAegean. CONCLUSION It seemsfitting to endwithMervynPopham'sownwords,written in collaboration withHughSackett at thebeginning oftheirpreliminary of report 1968: 'Muchnewandimportant ofthehistory ofEuboeain particular and ofGreecein knowledge has been This has not been confined to theIronAgeortheopening of general gained. chapters Greek as thenewevidence Lefkandi with other Euboean when, demonstrates, history proper, along centres roleintheearlystages ofGreektradeandexpansion. Belowthetown playedanimportant ofthisperiodtheexcavations haverevealeda lateMycenaean settlement datingto thetwelfth B.c.ofan extent, anddensity ofpopulation as yetunparalleled on theGreek century continuity Mainland.'27 of the LH IIIC period,some of themendowed withcomparable Althoughmore settlements have been uncovered sincethesewordswerewritten, itremainsthecase thatLH IIIC characteristics, Lefkandi has added as muchto ourknowledgeofthisperiodas ithas to thatoftheEarlyIronAge, in somequitesimilarrespects.Theremayhave been somesortof declineofas yet and,moreover, but not durationaftertheend oftheLH IIIC settlement, uncertain, butthis necessarily prolonged, seemsno morethana hiatusin thehistory ofa sitewhoseimportance formuchofthe 12thcentury thatofitsIronAge successor. appearsat leastto foreshadow

25 Cf. Sherratt2000. 26 For Salamis, see now Whitley2002-3, 13; 2003-4, 9-11.

27

Popham and Sackett 1968, 1.

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Prehistoric toa Workshop on CycladicChronology: Cyclades.Contributions 225-30. Edinburgh. Decorated A GuidetoIdentification. SIMA 73. Göteborg. , 1986. Mycenaean Pottery: An Introduction. Oxford. , 1993. Mycenaean Pottery.

ofthePalaceat Pylosreconsidered', BSA92: 109-37. , 1997. The destruction Decorated Rahden. , 1999. RegionalMycenaean Pottery.

aux mycéniens d histoire etarchéologie Müller,b., 1985. Des néolithiques , Lesdossiers 94: 12-16. burialsat Lefkandi, Musgrave, J. H. and M. Popham,1991. 'The Late HelladicIIIC intramural Euboea',BSA 86:273-91. andtheMycenaean Mylonas,G. E., 1966.Mycenae Age.Princeton. Mylonasohear,1.,1987. I hePanagiaHousesatMycenae. Philadelphia. N. R., 1966.'Horned-head vase handles', Oakeshott, JHS 86: 115-32. birdsfromTorone',inJ.-P.Descoeudres(ed.),EUMOSA.Ceramic and PapadopoulosJ.K., 1990.'Protogeometric Studiesin HonourofA. Cambitoglow.1^-24. Iconographie Sydney.

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Pini,I., 1981.'Spätbronzezeitliche JRGZM28: 135-57. ägäischeGlassiegeP, C 1978a. The development ofLate Mycenaeanpottery at Tirynsin thelightofthemostrecent Podzuweit, excavations', BICS25: 175-7. in Tiryns1976.Bericht zurspätmykenischen AA 1978: 471-98. , 1978Λ'Ausgrabungen Keramik', inTiryns1977.Bericht zurspätmykenischen AA 1979:412-40. , 1979. Ausgrabungen Keramik', inTiryns1978, 1979.Bericht zurspätmykenischen AA iq8i: iqA-220. , 1981. Ausgrabungen Keramik', in Tiryns1981.Bericht zurspätmykenischen AA 1983: 359-402. , 1983.'Ausgrabungen Keramik', vonTiryns', AA iq88: 21^-2^. , 1988.'KeramikderPhaseSH IHC-spätaus derUnterburg Popham,M. R., 1966. 'Euboea in the Late Bronze Age', in L. H. Sackett,V. Hankey,R. J. Howell, T. W.Jacobsen and M. Popham,'Prehistoric Euboea: contributions towarda survey', BSA 61: qq-ior;. a summary', BSA62: 337-51. , 1967.'LateMinoanpottery, P. G. Calligas and L. H. Sackett(eds.), 1993. LefkandiII: TheProtogeometric Part2. The Buildingat Toumba, Architecture and Finds.BSA Suppl. 23. London. Excavation, and I. a. Lemos, 1996. Lefkandilll: theToumbaCemetery. TheExcavations of1081, 1084, 1086 and 1092-4.

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Mass. 1027-1021.Cambridge, Tamvaki,A., 1974. 'The seals and sealingsfromtheCitadelHouse area: a studyin Mycenaeanglypticand BSA69: 259-93. iconography', W. D., 1973.'Discoveriesoutsidethecitadel',in PN III: 219-42. Taylour, Excavations within theCitadel atMycenae , 1981. WBM1. TheHelleno-British 1950-1060.Warminster. ενΙολκώ'ΡΑΕ: ι iq-so. Theochares, D., iqf;6.Άνάσκαωαι ενΙολκώ',ΡΑΕ:aq-^Q, ιο6ο. Άνάσκαοραι and ExchangeofStoneTook:Prehistoric Obsidianin theAegean.Cambridge. Torrence,R., 1986. Production

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ofsomeLateBronzeAge three-sided in W. Müller,Frage Weingarten, J.,1989.'Formulaic implications prisms', undProbleme derbronzeztitlichen CMS1 ämischen Glvòtik. Beiheft 3: 200-212. Berlin. Weber-Hiden, L, 1985.'ZurDatierung Idole',Archäologisches mykenischer Korrespondenzjblatt 15(3): 307-12. aus denSyringes vonTiryns',Tiryns XI: 35-85. Mainz. , 1990.'Die mykenischen Terrakottafigurinen in Greece2002-2003',AR49: 1-88. 2002-3. 'Archaeology Whitley,J., in Greece2003-2004',AR50: 1-92. , 2003-4. Archaeology , 2004-^.

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, 1986.'AegeansealsoftheLateBronzeAge: stylistic groupsV, Kadmos 2^: 1iQ-40. Yule, P., 1980. EarlyCretanSeaL·:A StudyofChronology. Studien zur Vor-und Frühgeschichte Marburger 4. Mainz.

Index abraders,stone 268 Achaea 230,301,303 Aegean (islands) 220, 223, 224, 230, 265, 277, 279, 281, 284, 288, 290, 293, 296, 296, 303, 308, 309 Aegina 274 Aidonia 281 Aigeira 230 alabastra 30, 32, 35, 147, 164-6, 169, 197, 206 flat-bottomed147, 164, 206 legged 165, 206 straight-sided147, 162, 206 seeabo griffin alabastron Aliveri 218 alleyways 8, 9, 305 Alleyway1 (Phase ia) 12 Alleyway(Area 1; Phase lb) 13, 26, 33-5, 40, seealsopassageways Alpine(relations) 308 Amarynthos 218 amber 301 amethyst 281 amphoras 16, 18, 19, 23, 25, 28, 36, 37, 51, 52, 65, 69, 79, 82, 86, 88, 100, 121, 126, 133, 138-9, 146-7, 148, 151, 162-3, !73> *75> i79> X99> 202-3, 220, 226, 227, 265, 277, 306 globular 100, 199 lip-handled 199 miniature57, 163, 199 neck-handled 163, 173, 179, 223 seealsoWhiteWare amphoriskoi 16, 17, 25, 28, 51, 52, 55, 56, 62, 118, 119, 120, 126, 129, 131, 134, 141, 147, 151, 163-4, !74> 179.203-4, three-handled 147, 203 seealsoWhiteWare amulet,stone 58, 281 Anthedon 218 antler 265, 277, 290-3, 295, 307 seealsoawls; handles;needles; pick;plaque; points Archaic(period/ pottery) 115, 128, 129, 13 1, 132, 136 ArgolicGulf 309 Argolid 220, 221, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231, 233, 234> 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243,246,247,261,294 Argos 294 Arkadia 286

arrowheadseeobsidian ash 10, 11, 16, 20, 23, 25, 26, 30, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 49, 51, 55, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 82, 83, 84, 88, 90, 91, 94, 100, 101, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 118, 119, 121,

124, 127, 132, 136; seealsocarbon Ashkelon 296 Asine 224, 258, 259, 309 askoi 28 baseless 147-8, 207 bird-shaped 37, 38, 134, 259, 263 Athens 223, 236, 241, 247, 248, 274, 294 Attica 219, 220, 225, 226, 230, 231, 235, 247 awls orawls / points antler 89, 123, 126, 127, 290, 293 bone 52, 58, 61, 63, 68, 69, 72, 86, 89, 91, 109, 271,290,295 copper/ bronze 20, 35, 96, 282, 284, 285, 286 axe / hammer,stone 120, 276 Ayia Irini(Kea) 220; seealsoKea Ayia Tríada(Elis) 247 AyiosStephanos 258 Balkans 286, 308 Barber,E. 300 barley 28, 148 basementrooms 1, 8, 21, 22, 25, 26, 30, 36, 39, 40, 43, 46, 48, 49, 51, 65, 88, 119, 302, 305 Base RingII bowl 129, 131, 224, 230, 308 bases (pedestals) columns/ pillars 93, 108, 109, 118, 119, 121, 122 hearths/ ovens 69, 93, 94, 119, 121 basins 51, 67, 85, 162, 172, 174, 178, 195 / shallow 141 ledge-rimmed spouted 96, 119, 162, 181, 195 seealsobowls / basins,shallow;WhiteWare basketryseematting baths/ bathtubs 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 150, 212 pictorial 42 beads clay 51,58,83, 111, 127,300 copper/ bronze 62, 285 faience 38, 39, 63, 302 stone 11, 12,40,43, 61, 66, 83, 84, 111, 112, 126, 131, 281 beams 16, 23, 28, 30,41, 119, 121, 122 Beazley,J. B. 245 belt-hook,bronze 308 3*9

32O

INDEX

Berbati

233 bins, clay 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31» 32, 33» 35» 36» 38» 39» 41» 42, 46» 57» 58» 62,

110, 120, 148, 63,69,71,72,74,83,84,88,92, 149, 166, 210, 211, 265, 296, 302, 305, 308 blackglaze,Attic/ Classical 131,1 45, 188 Attic 246 black/ red figure, / 123, 282-4, 285, 290; see bronze blades,copper alsoknives;obsidian;razors;saws; sickles Blitzer,H. 279 boar's tusk 290 plaques 51, 293, 294, Boeotia 2 18-20, 237, 303 Bogazköy 285 bone personalitems 293-5 tools 265, 271, 277, 290-3, 295 seealsoawls; handle;needles;pins;points; plaques; rods; shafts;tubes bones,animal 49, 53, 60, 71, 167, 307 bowl-hearths 58,61 bowls 8, 10, 16, 57, 79, 85, 96, 98, 100, 114, 138, 144-5, l6l> X73»lSl» 218, 224, 265, 277, 302 carinated 96,221 conical 29, 32, 33, 38, 53, 71, 86, 142, 151, i53-5> l67» l69» *7°» *75» i76> lSl» l84"7» 219, 220, 223, 224, 230 one-handled 68, 69, 71, 151, 152, 155, 169, 170, 174, 176, 184 shallow 12, 19, 32, 162, 195, 223, 224, 230, 306 spouted 118, 119 seealsoBase Ring;bowls / basins;deep bowls; WhiteWare bowls/ basins,shallow 85, 119, 141, 145, 172, 178, *95 box, clay 120 BritishSchool at Athens sherdcollection 2 18, 233 bronze 18, 47, 12 1, 124, 126 170, 282-8, 290; see alsocopper/ bronze seemetal-working bronze-working burials 1, 23, 29, 35, 46, 57, 61, 104, 106, 111, 133, i35> Ho» l7°> *74» 207, 257, 258, 280, 302, 303, 306, 307, 309, appendix1 Phase lb (no. 15 in WestH) 1, 25 Phase 2a Burial 1 62, 285 Burial2 58,281 Burial3 63 Burial6 60 Burial7 52 Burial8 52-3, 70, 167 Burial9 52-3,70,167 Burial11 52-3, 70, 167 Burial 12 52-3, 167, 170 Burial13 52 Burial14 49

Phase 2b Burial4 32,33,71,167 Burial5 71, 167, 173, 280 Burial 10 52-3, 70, 166, 167, 174 TrialF 106 Pit2(LHIIIA)i33,i34 burning 1, 8, 18, 22, 25, 38, 46, 52, 58, 79, 83, 96, 104, 127, 137, 166, 207, 212, 266; seealsoash; carbon;destructions 'buttons' clay 16,69, 13^299,300 faience 12 ivory 37, 38, 290, 294, 295 lead 131,289 stone 10, 11, 12, 16, 20, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 32, 36»38»39»43»47»48»49» 5 1»52, 55»56»58»6o» 64, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 79, 80, 85, 86, 93, 96, 100, 101, 108, 114, 121, 123, 126, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 265, 279, 281, 289, 290, 294 carbon 10, 23, 25, 26, 33, 35, 38, 47, 49, 51, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 69, 72, 80, 88, 108, 129, 130; see alsoash carnelian 61, 112, 131, 281,308 J. 296-7, 300 CaringtonSmith, Carter,T. 279 casementrooms 9 2 ceilings 14, 16, 23, 27, 36, 46, 71, 306 cemeteries,IronAge 1, 230, 306, 307 Chagar Bazar 285 Chalandritsa 282 Chaniot(pottery) 224, 230, 308 Chalcis 218, 303 charcoal 16, 26, 39, 49, 56, 82, 88, 108, 112, 121 chert 72, 97, 98, 101, 123, 266, 277, 279 / flint 279 chlorite-schist279;^ alsoschist chimneys 119 chisels,copper/ bronze 67, 282, 284 ordrillbit 43,282 circuitwall 26 clamps,lead 18, 20, 79, 289 clayfinds 265, 277, 296-302, 308; seealsobeads; bins;buttons;cylinder;gutter;'reels';ring; spools; weights;wheels;whorls cliff(edge) 4, 87, 98, 102, 103, 104, 111, 131 closed shapes 146-8, 162-5, X73"4»*79» !99-2O7 Close Style 151, 165, 206, 225, 226, 236, 241, 243, 245» 247 coarsewares 124, 141-2, 148-50, 165-6, 174, 306; seealsocookingpots;handmadevases; storage vessels columnbases seebases, column cookingseefoodpreparation cookingpots 10, 13, 16, 22, 23, 28, 30, 35, 36, 39, 42, 68, 69, 72, 86, 88, 89, 96, 109, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 133, 148, 166, 167, 174, 175, 207, 265, 307

INDEX jugs one-handledίο, 23,32, 36, 39,43, 72, 86, g6, 100,123,126,141,148,166,174, 179,207,212 two-handled17,29,32, 51, 52, 69, 109, 123,126,129,130,148,166,174,179, 207 tripod 11, 12,23, 25, 28, 29,30, 32, 35, 36,96, 100,101,121,123,129,130,138,141,148, 166,174,207,219,221,230,306 unbakedclayseebins containers, / bronze copper personalitems 265,284-6 tools/weapons 265,282-4 lumps/fragments265,286-7,288 seealsoawls;blades;chisels;crucibles; drills; knives;pendant;pins;needles;metalworking; rods; punches;razors;ribbon/strip;rivets; shafts; sheet;spearhead;tweezers; 'studs';wire Corinthia225,230 Corinthian Gulf 309 corridors39,46, 60, 61, 63, 67, 72, 83, 84, 306 courtyards57; seealsoyards crab,claw 33,302 craters 22, 29,32, 33,48, 51, 52,61, 63, 80, 83,85, 89>93>94>97>1OO>1O4>lo6> lo8> i°9, 114» 115,119,121,123,124,125,126,129,130, !3i> 133»H1» H5> i5°> l5l> *53>i57"6i> l69> 172,175,176,178,181,188,190-3,195,208, 218,219,220,223,224,225,226,227,230,265 amphoroid 230 carinated 55,56, 151,157,193,224 necked 86, 157,178,193 pictorial 12, 17,35,40, 42, 47, 48, 51, 55, 57, 58, 59,60, 61, 63, 65, 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 78, 80, 85, 86, 88, 89,93, 94, 96, 97, 97, 98, 108, 114,115,122,126,129,131,132,133,141, 151>*57>*59>160-1,169,178,193,219, 233"6>238-55,303,307; seealso'Feeding GoatsCrater';pictorial pottery ring-based157,191 spouted 123,157,193 seealsoWhiteWare Crete/Cretan 11,48, 140,224,225,226,268, 270,271,274,276,281,282,284,286,288, 296,287,302,308,309 crucibles 47,48, 58,69, 72, 111, 120,265,282, 288,307 CUpS 16, 17, 18,22, 23, 25, 28,36, 37,40, 59, 60, 69J78»79?8o583i88J9o5915 1O9>114,121,126, 129,134,135,138,141,142,151-3. 154. i55? 157,169,170,175,176,181-4,i88» 218,223, 224,225,226,227,230,236,265,277,302,307 'blob' 176,181,184 burnished 138,150,182,218 carinated 10,11,12,37,51,55, 126,131,132, i33> i38> Η1* Η2, i5°> 152-3»166,181, 182,183,212,215,221,230

32i

convexcylindrical150, 2 18 handleless 48 linear 60, 126,152,155,170,220,224 lip-band 17, 19,22,30, 32, 33,40, 52, 56, 58, 78, 132,133,141,142,145,151,176,181, 184,218,219,221,224,306 monochrome142,152,153 one-handled28,89, 123,126,131,181 plain 25, 28, 123,141,153,181 spouted 12,40, 184 two-handled22 seealsohandmadevases;WhiteWare Cyclades 224,308,309 cylinder, clay 36, 38, 301 Cyprus 225,226,242,284,294,296,308; seealso Enkomi;Kition;Maa-Palaeokastro dacite 43, 274 dampcourses 13,30,49 decoration (onpottery) painted arcs 106,203,226 concentric55, 56, 86, 157,160,162, 163,174,179,195,198,203,245, 249,251,252,253 hatched 73 multiple 35 tricurved236 bars 23,48, 58, 78, 79, 86, 160,161,162, 163,164,178,188,193,195 blobs 114,123,131,161,176,181,184, 195 bands 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29>32, 33> 35> 36> 37> 38> 39>4°> 43> 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73. 75. 78> 79. 8°, 85. 86, 89>91. 96, 100, 101, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 114, 119, 120, 123, 126, 131, 134, 137-231passim, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 306 bivalves 48, 56, 159,161,162,198,207, 250,251 branchpattern 146 chequerboard (chequers) 133,157,159, 160,163,193,249 chevrons 47,48, 51, 56, 57,61, 147,155, 159,160,161,162,163,164,165,173, 174,178,188,193,207,249,252,253, 254 crosses(X) 163,165,173,177,178,179, 199,203,225 dashes 70, 119,158,161,162,172,178 hatched 106 diamonds, 'dipped' 68, 169,170,184,224,230 dots 35,68,70,71, 123,131,147,151, 153,156,160,173,178,193,195,203, 25^252

322

INDEX droplets 139, 163, 173, 179, 199, 203 19-20, 28, 29, 36, 37, 47, figure-of-eight 52,69, 139 173, 179, 199,203 flowers 56,93,157, leaf 28, 165, 206, 241, 250 linear 60,72,96, 119, 123, 126, 131, 132, 133, 138, 142, 145, 146, 147, 152, 155, 157, 161, 162, 163, 165, 170, 171, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179, 181, 187, 13, 195, 198, 203, 206, 207, 218, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 230, 237 loops 20, 22, 47, 55, 69, 73, 86, 93, 108, 120, 153, 156, 157, 159, 160, 163, 178, 181, 184, 188, 193, 202, 220, 223, 252 lozenges 93, 147, 156, 160, 161, 193, 198, 206, 243, 252, 254 monochromeinterior 10, 11, 20, 22, 23, 28, 29> 33> 35> 38> 39>4°> 48> 52, 53> 56> 57» 58, 60, 62, 63, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 89, 100, 104, 108, 114, 120, 123, 126, 131, 138, 142, 145, 153, 155, 156, 162, 177, 181, 184, 187, 188, 189, i93> *95> *97>225 multiplestem 147 panels 17, 28, 109, 115, 120, 123, 126, 131, 141, 148, 157, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 172, 178, 184, 193, 195, 204, 220, 236, 240, 241, 242, 243, 247, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255 pictorialseepictorialpottery quirk 100, 165 reserveddot 89, 104, 122 reservedlines/ bands 29, 48, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 69, 70, 71, 80, 85, 86, 106, 120, 142, 151, 152, 155, 156, 157, 169, 170, 171, 176, 176, 177, 184, 186, 188, 218, 220, 223, 225, 226, 229, 230 ribbons 51, 153, 241, 242 rosettes 101, 120, 145, 156, 206, 226 'S' 126, 146,246,254 scale pattern 89, 133, 254 scrollpattern 19, 22, 28, 37, 47, 51, 56> 58> 65, 80, 139, 146, 160, 163, 173, 179, 199, 202, 203, 220, 223, 225 semi-circles 68, 123, 141, 148, 157, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 169, 174, 204, 207, 224,230,251,252 concentric 48, 52, 55, 62, 160, 162, 163, 165, i73> *78> *79> l8l> X93>X95> 198, 202, 207, 225, 252 spirals 19, 22, 29, 32, 48, 52, 56, 60, 61, 69, 72,73,80, 114, 123, 131, 141, 142, 146, H7> 151*X53>*55> *56> *57> *59> lb9~ 60, 161, 163, 165, 169, 171, 172, 174, 178, 179, 181, 188, 193, 197, 202, 203, 207, 220 antithetic 10, 28, 35, 55, 56, 63, 93, 141, i45> 163, 164, 188, 193, 204, 225

double 131,159,193 running 86, 156, 157, 159, 172, 178, 188, 193,236,251 splashes 52, 56, 58, 78, 86, 110, 123, 162, 236, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253 streamers, 48, 51, 52, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 85, 13^ *53> X56>*57> *59> l6o> l63> l64> 165, 172, 184, 188, 193, 204, 236, 241, 243,246,251,254 stripes 22, 37, 51, 142, 165, 197, 206, 254 tassels 16, 20, 22, 28, 29, 36, 37, 47, 48, 55, 69,75, 114, 120, 123, 139, 146, 147, 153, 163, 170, 171, 173, 174, 179, 184, 199, 202, 203, 219, 220, 223, 225, 230 tongues 80, 89, 172, 220, 225, 250 triangles 57, 73, 161, 163, 174, 195, 203, 225, 226, 237, 242, 243, 251, 253, 254 triglyphs 47, 51, 61, 145, 153, 156, 157, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 188, 236, 240, 241, 242, 243, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254> 255 wavylines 23, 28, 38, 47, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58,70,80,85, 110, 120, 123, 126, 131, 139, 143, 146, 147, 148, 151, 153, 157, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179, 181, 184, 188, 193, 195, 199, 203, 206, 207, 208, 210, 223, 226, 230, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253. 254 waz 106, 114 wheelmotif 172 whorl-shells 17, 141, 193 zigzags 15, 57, 106, 123, 155, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 166, 174, 178, 179, 188, 193, 195, 198, 207, 211, 226, 246, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255 surface fingerprints120, 166, 174, 180, 2 11, 2 18 grooved 19, 23, 32, 48, 55, 58, 59, 85, 100, 153, 157, 163, 178, 183-4, 193, 199, 203 impressed 100, 120, 142, 148, 166, 174, 180, 211, 218 incised 15, 16, 23, 32, 55, 100, 114, 120, 130, 141, 148, 150, 157, 166, 174, 191, 193^211 knobs 55, 125, 141, 157, 218 moulding 17, 19, 23, 36, 89, 109, 120, 123, 148, 191, 193,212 nipple 55, 157, 163, 164 'pie-crust' 23,210 ribs 23, 63, 123, 126, 150, 157, 174, 178 ridges 29, 100, 123, 146, 148, 161, 191, 207, 208, 210, 219, 225, 230, 236, 246, 247,248,249,251,255 rope decoration 97, 120, 141, 150, 166, 172, 191,218,219,225,230 wavyline 15,23,32, 100, 120, 141, 150, 166, 174, 211

INDEX deep bowls 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 35, 48, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63, 65, 68, 70, 71, 80, 81, 85, 86, 88, 89, 100, 106, 108, 114, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 132, 133, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144-5, l5l> lbb-T> i7°-2, i75> 176-8, 181, 187, 188-9, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 230, 306 linear 22, 23, 132, 133, 145, 155, 171, 218, 220, 221, 226 miniature 59, 60, 151, 155, 156, 176 monochrome 138, 145, 151, 155, 170-1, 175, 176, 188,218,219,220 pictorial 11,16,33,47,52,61,157,235,236, 241, 243, 245, 249, 250, 251, 253, 254 seeabo WhiteWare Dendra 284; seealsoMidea Desborough,V. 286 destruction(s) debris 1, 8, 16, 25, 30, 35, 42, 53, 63, 64, 90, 94,96, 104, 106, 110, 114, 115, 119, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 167, 168, 169, 173, 185, 265, 274, 290, 304, 305, 306, 307 deposits 4,46, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 131, 132, 133, 137-8, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 165, 166, 181, 184, 188, 193, 197, 207, 208, 210, 211, 218, 266, 274, 302, 305, 306 Dierckx,H. M. C. 279 Dimini 281 dipperjugs 18, 19, 28, 29, 52, 120, 141, 147, 151, 162, 164, 166, 204, 212 discs clay 11, 32, 33, 55, 57, 60, 65, 66, 69, 70, 74, 78, 79, 80, 86, 97, 265, 297, 298, 300; seealso loomweights;weights stone 78, 79, 265, 279, 281, 285 Dodecanese 224, 237, 247, 308 domesticactivities 10, 11, 16, 22, 28, 35, 36, 40, 49, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74, 78, 80, 85, 97, 108, 119, 265, 268, 277, 279, 290, 295, 302, 306, 307, 308, 309 doorframes 14, 117 doorjambs 87, 96, 98, 117, 121 door-pivots 17, 276, 277, 279 doors/ doorways 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 30, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42, 46, 48, 49, 51, 55, 57, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 82, 84, 87, 88, 90, 96,98, 109, 117, 120, 121, 124,305 drains 11, 16, 83, 279, 302 Dramesi 218 drills,copper/ bronze 43, 47, 282, 284 dress 280,281 dumps,domestic/ rubbish 10, 39, 59, 101, 175, 265,277,281,307,309 earring seerings 135, 277, 293, 294, 303, Early Bronze Age (EBA) 304, 308 Early Helladic (EH) 87, 97, 102, 111, 135

323

III 97, 102, 111, 133, 135, 304 EH / MH 97, 111, 293, 294 (EPG) 307 EarlyProtogeometric earthquake 1, 13, 26 East House(s) Phase ia 11-13 Alleyway1 12 Room 3 12 Room 4 12 Room 7 12-13 Phase lb 13, 18, 26-39, 277, 305 Alleyway(Area 1) 33-5 Room 2 36-6, 142 Room 3 26-30, 142, 145, 146, 149, 188, 211,277,288,296,302 Room 4 26, 30-3, 142, 197, 277, 297 Room 5 36-8, 142, 277, 295 Room 6 38-9 Room 7 39, 142 Space between5 and 7 39 Phase lb / 2a levelling 43 EastLocris 219 Egypt 286, 300 Eleon 218 Elis 247 emery 79, 80, 268, 308 Enkomi 244, 296 Ephyreangoblet 13 Eretria 218 Museum 8, 120, 124, 233 erosion 1, 24, 36, 70, 77, 83, 92, 93, 96, 97, 101, 102, 104, 106, 111, 115, 128, 132, 265 Euboea 218-20, 221, 230, 247, 248, 296, 303, 309 Euboean Gulf 218, 219, 220, 309 EuripusStraits 303 Europe 22, 286 Eutresis 219,294 eye-shapedplaque, copper/ bronze 12, 285-6 fabric(pottery) seecoarse wares,finewares;pictorialpottery; WhiteWare Oatmeal' (at Mycenae) 227, 234 façades 9, 10, 12, 13, 33, 41, 42, 47, 48, 63, 64, 65, 74 faience 12, 38, 39, 265, 301, 302; seealsobeads feedingbottles 51,59, 119, 120, 121, 123, 147, 164, 169, 179,205-6 seealsojugs,tubularspouted 'FeedingGoats Crater' 159, 160, 233, 235, 236, 241,243,246 fences 42 fibres 29, 300, 302 terracotta 10, 20, 23, 40, 61, 78, 91, 119, figurines, 120, 124, 126, 129, 132, 257-63, 265, 290, 296,

3°3>3°8

animal 10,20,57,71, 114, 119, 129, 132 257, 258,259,261,262-3

324

INDEX

birdsseeaskoi bovids 10, 24, 29, 38, 40, 42, 51, 89, 98, 101, 120, 123, 127, 131, 132, 262-3 horses 10, 20, 61, 258, 259, 262, 263 sheep? 108, 263 chariotgroups 70, 124, 259, 263 fabric 258, 262, 263 human 10, 17, 120, 127, 131, 257-9, 261-2 female 257-9 LatePsi 47 59, 111, 131, 262 Late Psi A 23, 64, 94, 97, 124, 127, 258, 261, 262 Late Psi Β ίο, 24, 89, 91, 258, 261, 262 Late Psi C 30, 40, 64, 69, 257, 258, 262, Late Psi D 53, 262 ProtoPhi 49, 78, 257, 261 Tau 17,261 male 259, 262 horseman/ rider 10, 259, 262 on kalathoi 69, 259, 261, 262 polos heads 79, 80, 91, 262, finewares 138-41, 142-8, 151-65, 169-74, 176-9, 181-206 firebox 124,212 fireplace 100, 101 fittings 10,23,46,72 flasks 141,207 of 1, 26, 55, 61, 62, 110, 133, 150, floors,re-laying 166 foodpreparation 13, 18, 36, 97, 119, 122, 124, 265, 268, 271, 277, 279, 302, 307 fortifications87, 90, 91, 92, 102, 111, 279, 304, 309 foundation(s) 8, 26, 30, 64, 70, 84, 91, 94, 96, 98, 100, 104, 108, 112, 114, 117, 121, 127, 128, 129 trenches 18, 58, 59, 62, 88 French,D.H. 218 A. 233, 303 Furumark, Geometric(G) occupation/ pottery 4, 93, 98, 111,1 28, 129, 137, 304; seealsoPG / G see gold rings graffiti22, 40, 41, 65, 66, 79, 85 302; seealsopotmarks gravel 12, 18, 26, 30, 42, 49, 59, 69, 70, 7 1, 73, 79, 80,82,86, 129 Greece,mainland 18, 218, 220, 223, 230, 234, 235, 236, 237, 241, 245, 246, 247, 248, 265, 266, 271, 274, 276, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 294, 296, 302, 303, 305, 307, 309 grid-plans(inhouses) 46 alabastron87, 88-9, 162, 164-5, 206, 233, griffin 243-5» 254 stone 12, 28, 29, 32, 59, 131, 266, 268, grinders, 270, 271, 273, 276, 277; seealsopounders/ grinders GulfofPagasae 2 19, 220, 309 gutters, clay 42, 302

haematite 270 hammerhead 83, 276 handles antler 86, 104, 293, 307 bone 108, 121,293,294 on knives 18, 20,62, 108, 121, 123, 282-3, 284 on pottery basket 35, 57, 70, 147, 148, 162, 164, 165, 173, 178, 195,206,237 belly 47, 123, 146, 164, 206 grooved 19, 23, 32, 58, 163, 199, 203 horizontal 17, 19, 23, 29, 32, 35, 47, 5 1, 55, 56, 70, 100, 123, 126, 131, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 153, 155, 157, 161, 162, 164, 166, 172, 179, 185, 191, 195, 206, 207, 208, 221, 223, 224, 225, 235, 236, 249, 250» 254 lip 37, 146, 163, 199 loop 68, 89, 138, 141, 147, 181, 219, 235, 236, 249, 250, 255 lug 25, 32, 147, 164, 203, 206, 212 neck 23, 36, 37, 86, 146, 163, 173, 179, 199, 203, 223 ring 55,218 rod 153 shoulder 96, 123, 148, 164, 206 stirrup 150 strap 10, 12, 67, 89, 100, 101, 138, 141, 145, 153, 162, 165, 172, 173, 215, 218, 221,223,224,305 twisted 37, 52, 139, 146, 163, 173, 179, 199,203,218 vertical 20, 22, 23, 28, 29, 32, 36, 37, 47, 83, 96, 100, 123, 145, 146, 163, 166, 170, 173, 174, 179, 180, 189, 195, 203, 206, 224, 237 seealsoanimalprotomes handmadevases 10, 124, 138, 141, 146, 150, 166, 181, 203, 215, 218, 221, 227, 303, 305, 308 basket-shapedvase 218 cups 10, 125, 182, 215, 218, 305, 308 'Italian'cup 119, 120, 150, 218, 305, 308 jars 83, 97, 124, 174, 180, 2 18, 305 jug 83, 148, 180 knobbedware 141 hearths13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 26, 27, 28, 44, 46, 49, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 69, 70, 71, 73, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84,86,90,91,92,93,94, 100, 110, 118-9, 121, 122, 207, 210, 265, 277, 305, 307; seealsobowlhearths Heroon 4, 119 n. 16, 254 Higgins,R. 302 bone 123-4, 292 hilt-plates, hollows 43, 59, 61, 70, 73, 78, 79, 80, 135; seealso pits hydrias 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 35, 36, 37, 38, 47, 51, 52, 56, 69, 79, 96, 100, 121, 123, 126, 138, 146, 147, 151, 162-3, 173» X75>*79> *99>

INDEX 202, 220, 226, 227, 265, 277, 300; seeakoWhite Ware Iakovides,S. 279, 281, 299 Ialysos 259, 284 igneousrocks 266, 268, 276, 276 imports 11, 22, 55, 73, 85, 120, 140, 146, 150, 151, 157, 165, 174, 179, 181, 199, 203, 215, 224, 230, 234, 279, 281, 285, 294, 308 Ionian islands 296, 308, 309 IronAge 1,4, 98, 101, 106, 110, 111, 112, 147, 234, 245, 286, 300, 304, 306, 309 Ishtarpendants 285 'Italiancup' seehandmadevases Italy 286, 308 ivory 265, 282, 286, 290, 293, 294, 295, 308 carvings/ pyxides 245, 247 seealso'buttons' jars 150, 166, 167, 223, 306 collar-necked 57, 162, 163, 164, 169, 206, 218 /craters, bridge-spouted 11, 29, 150, 208 handmade 83, 97, 124, 2 15, 2 18, 305 pictorial 237, 239, 241, 244, 253 piriform 164,206 pithoid 23, 123, 212 storage 46, 51, 52-3, 70, 71, 101, 104, 166, 206, 207 seealsostirrup jars jasper 30, 276, 308 juglets 12, 23, 57, 71, 129, 131, 167, 173-4, 203 jugs 16, 23, 25, 28-9, 35, 36, 37, 39, 43, 47, 55, 69, 71,75>79>86>88,9O, 91, 100, 108, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 138-9, 146, 151, 162-3, l64> l66> *73> *75> *79> 199-203, 205, 206, 220, 223, 226, 227, 265, 277, 300, 306 globular 23, 88, 100, 163, 203, 212 miniature 88, 89, 146, 163, 199, 203 narrow-necked 146, 203 neck-handled 23, 36, 146, 146, 163 ovoid 89, 96 neck-handled 199 trefoil-lipped173,223 trefoil-mouthed56, 151, 163, 179, 203 tubular-spouted35, 59, 147, 164, 205-6 seealsocookingpots; dipperjugs; feedingbottles; strainer jugs; WhiteWare Kalapodi 219 kalathoi 11, 16,43,69, 141, 146, 151, 161, 162, 169, 178, 195,223,308 pictorial 51,56,65,84,85, 161, 178, 195,236-7, 243, 246, 247, 248, 253, 254, 255, 259, 261, 262 Kallithea 294 Kandia (Argolid) 294 Karphi 284, 286 Kastanas 290, 294, 300

325

Kea seeabo Ayia Irini 2 18-20, 225, 293 kerbs 12,33,86 Khalia 218 I. 294 Kilian-Dirlmeier, kitchens 8, 10, 16, 22, 23, 28, 35, 49, 58, 150, 277, 29°> 3°5 kitchenwares 138; seealsocookingpots Kition 296 knives copper/ bronze 18, 20, 121, 122, 123, 279, 282, 284, 290, 292, 308, 309 iron 62, 283, 290, 308, 309 see also blades

Knossos 277, 298 Kommos 276, 277 Kos 230,281 kotyle,Archaic 128 Koukounaries 282, 293 knobbedware seehandmadevases Krzyszkowska,0 . 281,294 kylikes 18, 20, 22, 23, 28, 38, 42, 48, 51, 59, 68, 88,89,91,92,98, 104, 114, 119, 120, 122, 138, 151, 153, 161, 162, 169, 170, 176, 184, 206, 265,301,306 conical 12, 20, 25, 39, 48, 52, 56, 62, 63, 138, 153, 154, 225, 230 Kynos (Pyrgos) 219,282 Laconia 230 ladders 8, 26 ladles seescoops / ladles lapis lazuli 42, 265, 281, 308, 309 larnakesseebathtubs Late Geometric(LG) 3, 87, 93, 94, 106, 110, 111, 128, 131, 132

LateHelladic(LH) period(atXeropolis)

I-II 91,96, 111, 112, 135 II 92, 133, 134, 135 IIIA 91,94,96, 106, 109, 111, 117, 127, 132, !33> !34> !35 ΠΙΑ/ Β 94, 96, 1O4 IIIB 1, 3, 9, 10, 11, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 101, 104, 109, 111, 117, 127, 132, 133, 137, 138, 138, 140, 141, 145, 182, 188, 193, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 227, 230, 306 IIIB / C 14, 94, 98, 135, 137, 224 IIIC seePhases 1-3 (atXeropolis) Late Protogeometric (LPG) 1, 108, 307 lath 28 'layer-cake'effect 55, 69, 70, 73, 110 lead 38, 104, 282, 288-9, 308 sheet 29,58,60,65, 104 seealso'buttons';clamps;weights lean-to(shed) 10 LelantinePlain 296, 303, 308 lekythos 72, 163, 174, 199, 203 Lerna 293, 294 Levant 290, 296

INDEX

326 lids

clay 12, 30, 32, 42, 80, 89, 106, 146, 147, 162, 173, 195, 197, 198,206 stone 78, 276, 279 limestone 10, 12, 17, 29, 33, 43, 52, 57, 64, 79, 266, 274, 276 lintels 14 Liu, R. K. 300 livingrooms 1, 8, 46 Livanates 45, 248; seealso Kynos loomweights 28, 30, 32, 38, 39, 69, 296-7, 308; see alsoweights Maa-Palaeokastro 225 Macedonia 296 Main Excavation 1-87, 98, 102, 103, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 117, 120, 121, 132, 135,

136, 138, 142, 145, 150, 151, 167, 175, 265, 277, 288, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309 Malthi 293 Manika 102 marble 15, 29, 69, 276, 301 Mari 285 masonry 91-2 rubble 93,117 matting 16, 17, 27, 302 pottery 91, 112 matt-painted MedinetHabu 286 Mediterranean central 308, 309 eastern 281, 308, 309 Melos 277 ; seealsoPhylakopi Menidi 294 metabasites 266, 268, 270 metalfinds 265, 277, 282-90, 295, 301, 302 personalitems 265, 284-6 tools/ weapons 265, 271, 279, 282-4 seealsocopper/ bronze;gold; lead metal-working28, 48, 276, 282, 307, 308-9 debris 63, 288, 307 seealsocrucibles;moulds Middle Geometric(MG) II 106, 110 Middle Helladic (MH) occupation/ pottery4, 83, 87, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 102-3, 1O9>X11>112> *33> *34> l3ò>z68, 270, 271, 274, 276, 276, 284, 293, 294 MH III /LH I 91 Middle Protogeometric (MPG) 1, 307 Midea 245 ; seealsoDendra milk 145 miniature vases 22, 143, 146, 147, 151, 155, 156, 163, 164, 176, 188, 199, 203, 206; seealso amphoras;deep bowls;jugs MinyanWare 79, 91, 97, 112, 135, 302 stone 17, 43, 63, 84, 94, 101, 121, 123, mortars, 124, 126, 266, 271-4, 276, 308 tripod 17, 63, 101, 123, 126, 276

moulds,stone 28, 30, 126, 265, 276, 282, 286, 288, 307 mudbrick 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95> 96> 97> 98> 99> 1OO>1O4>1O5>lo6> lo8> 1O9> 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 119, 121,

124, 129, 1130, 132, 133, 136, 145, 150, 166, 175, 188,277,305,306 mud plaster 21, 35, 41, 90, 91, 92 mugs 39, 141, 143, 155, 161, 169, 188 handmade 119, 120, 129, 131 Mycenae 137, 220-9, 233, 234, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 259, 274, 284, 293 AtreusBothros 257 CircleA 284 Citadel House Area 220, 248, 274, 294 metalhoards 284 Naxos 225, 230, 231, 247, 282, 308 Near East 241, 285, 286 needles antler 290-1,307 bone 40,290-1,293,295 copper/ bronze 10, 282, 284, 290 seealsopins; shaftfragments Nichoria 266, 270, 271, 274, 276, 293, 294, 300 NorthHouse(s) Phase 1b/ 2a levelling 42-6 Phase 2a 48-63, 277, 305, 306 Room 1 49 Room 2 49-53, 150, 165, 166, 184, 302, 306 Room 4 59-60, 63, 150, 151, 289 Room / Area 5 63 Room 6 55-6 Room 6a 56-7, 271 Room 6b 55, 30

Room7 57-8

Room 10 60-1, 63, 151, 163 Room 11 62-3 Room /Corridor12 63 Phase 2b 65, 66-74 Room 2/1 66, 67, 68-70, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174 Room 3 70 Room 4 66, 67, 70-2, 167, 170, 172, 173, 174 Room 5 67, 72 Room 6a /6 67-8, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 302 Room 6b 66,67, 169 Room 7 67, 68, 167, 172, 173, 174, 305 Room 10/11 65, 73, 168, 172, 289 Room / Corridor12 67, 72-4

INDEX Phase 2b/3 (overNorthHouse area) 78-80 overRoom 2/1 79-80 overRooms 4, 5, 12 80 overRoom 6 / 6a 78, 168 overRoom 6b 79 overRoom 7 78-9 overRoom 10/11 79 notebooks 8, 266, 302 Nuzi 285 obsidian 17, 18, 20, 36, 48, 127, 266, 277-9, 308 arrowhead 126,279 blades 28, 30, 43, 48, 57, 58, 72, 73, 74, 91, 94» 97, 98, 101, 120, 123, 132, 277-9 crested 97, 131, 278 chunks 17, 39, 39, 42, 43, 55, 59, 60, 72, 73, 75, 97, 101, 104, 120, 126, 131, 133, 277, 278, 309 flakes 18, 43, 54, 59, 73, 96, 97, 98, 120, 133, 277-9 oinochoe,trefoil 129, 131 olivepips 39, 302 Orchomenos 219 organicremains 302 ; seealsocrab's claw; fibres; matting;olive pips; sea shells;seeds open areas / spaces 1, 4, 12, 16, 35, 39, 42, 59, 8 1, 82,91,92,305,306 open shapes (pottery) 138, 142-6, 151-62, 164, 169-73* 176-8, 181-98, 235, 305, 306 ovens 22, 46, 58, 68, 73, 89, 90, 92, 94, 100, 101, 104, 108, 117, 118-19, 121 paint(on pottery) 137-231 passim added white 151, 161, 165, 173, 195, 207, 225, 235, 238, 239, 245, 246 bichrome 161, 225, 235

seealsopictorial pottery Palaikastro (Crete) 276,277 Palaikastron (Arkadia) 286 / passages wayssee alsoyards Patras 282 Péloponnèse 294,296 pendants copper/bronze 22, 285-6,290 clay 297 stone 281,285 Perati 224,247,259,266,281,284,285,290,293, 294,300,302,308,309 stone 17, 126,274,276,277,290 pestles, PG seeProtogeometric Phases(atXeropolis) ia 9-12, 137-41*181-2,184,188,193,195, 199, 203, 207, 208, 210, 215, 218, 221, 223, 230, 234, 265, 288, 290, 295, 298, 302, 304, 305 lb 13-43, 137» i4i-5o> i5i> 153» 155' 157» 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 174, 181, 184, 185, 188, 189, 193, 197, 198, 199, 203, 205, 206,

327 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 218, 220, 223, 224,

225, 226, 234, 257, 258, 265, 266, 271, 274, 276, 277, 279, 282, 285, 288, 290, 295, 296, 297, 302, 305, 306, 308 2a 43-65, 150-66, 167168, 169, 170, 171, 272, 173» 174' 177' 178' 179' 181, 183, 184, 185, 188, 190, 193, 195, 197, 199, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 212, 218, 223, 224, 225, 230, 234, 257, 258, 271, 274, 277, 281, 285, 288, 289, 290, 295, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307

/levelling 43-6, 53-5,63-4 preparation 2b 65-75, 166-75,176,177,178,184,186,

193, 195, 202, 203, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225, 230, 234, 257, 258, 268, 289, 302, 304, 306, 307 2b/3 75-81,234,268 overNorthHouse area 78-80 overYard 8/9 and SouthHouse 8 1 3 81-7, 163, 166, 167, 173, 175-80, 181, 184, 188, 189, 193, 195, 199, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 211, 218, 219, 223, 224, 226, 229, 230, 231, 234, 257, 265, 302, 304, 305, 306 underEast,North,Southand West seealsoentries Houses; yard/ passageways Pherai 220 Philistines 296 Phocis 219 Phylakopi 258, 259, 308 phyllite 83, 271, 281 pictorialpottery 1,47, 51, 56, 88, 90, 93, 96, 101, 108, 114, 129, 132, 151, 157, 159, 160-1, 162, 163-4, i69' 172, 178, 19°' 193' 195' 206, 219, 225, 226, 230, 233-55, 306 dating 234, 237, 239, 243, 246-8 fabric 234-6, 237, 245, 246 motifs animals 11 42, 48, 51, 69, 86, 88, 93, 98, 108, 133, 159, 160, 165, 193, 247, 248, 250-1,254,255 bull 133,236,255 drivers 47, 85, 161, 193, 235, 238, 248, 249 birds 40, 42, 47, 5 1, 55, 57, 58, 6 1, 64, 65, 68, 73, 74, 78, 85, 86, 89, 93, 96, 97, 114, 126, 129, 131, 132, 141, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 178, 193, 195, 225, 233, 235, 236, 237, 242-3, 244, 245, 246, 247, 251-53' 255 chariotscenes 16, 35, 47, 68, 160, 193, 233' 235' 237' 238, 239, 241, 244, 246, 247, 248-9 deer 89, 237, 241, 242, 243-5, 254 dogs 242 fish 33, 47, 51, 56, 60, 65, 84, 114, 115, 122, 126, 131, 160, 161, 193, 219, 233, 235, 236, 237, 241, 243, 246, 247, 253-4, 255

INDEX

328

goats 48, 80, 159, 160, 219, 225, 233, 235, 236, 241-42, 243-5, 246, 248, 250, 251, 254 griffin87, 88, 89, 233, 237, 242, 243-5, 248, 254 horses 47, 51, 58, 67, 85, 108, 114, 160, 161, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 245, 246, 247, 248-9, 250 humans 12, 47, 48, 51, 57, 86, 98, 108, 151, 160, 193, 233, 235, 237, 238-41, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249-50, 254, 255 huntingscenes 242, 244, 247 lions 108, 193, 242 miscellaneous 233, 241, 242, 243-5, 254 monsters/ mythicalanimals 165, 193, 233, 235, 237, 242, 243-5, 248, 25 ! sphinxes 51, 160, 161, 165, 237, 241, 242, 243-5, 246» 248, 254 unidentified subjects 255 warriors 61, 114, 132, 160, 193, 219, 234, 238-40, 246, 247 paint 234, 235, 245 shapesseealabastron;deep bowls; craters; kalathoi;larnax;jar, trays workshops/ painters 245-6 seealso'FeedingGoats Crater';griffin alabastron pick,antler 96, 293 pillars 106, 108, 109, 121 Pini,I. 281 pins bone 11,48, 49, 51, 52, 59, 60, 61, 65, 74, 79, 80, 88, 89, 101, 104, 123, 125, 131, 271, 290, 293, 294, 295 copper/ bronze 10, 22, 42, 49, 66, 73, 121, 124, 282, 284, 285, 286, 308 seealsoneedles; shaftfragments pisé 26, 64, 98 pithoi 22, 23, 25, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 46, 49, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 62, 69, 70, 82, 83, 93, 97, 109, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 147, 148, 149, 166, 167, 174, 180, 207, 210, 211, 212, 219, 265, 276,

3°5>3°6

PitLevels 133-5 pits 11, 25, 43, 46, 47, 49, 52, 55, 53, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 104, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 119, 123,

128, 129, 131, 132, 133-5, *37> l67> i74> *75> 218, 305, 306; seealsohollows pivot-socket 127 pivotstone 8, 16, 25; seealsodoor-pivots plaques antler 112,293,307 boar'stusk 51,294 bone 124, 283, 283, 292 copper/ bronze 285 stone 12 seealsohandles

plaster 21, 27, 35, 57, 69, 74, 79, 80, 81, 82, 110; seealsomud plaster points,bone 10, 12, 52, 61, 69, 291, 292, 293; see alsoawls polishers,stone 12, 15, 29, 32, 33, 38, 48, 51, 93, 131, 266, 268-70, 277, 279 Popham,M. R. 296, 308, 309 pounder/ hammer,stone 64 pounders,stone 16, 17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 36, 38, 43, 48, 49, 52, 57, 58, 68, 69, 79, 80, 86, 133, 266, 268-70, 271, 273, 276, 277, 279 pounders/ grinders,stone 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 29, 57, 68, 80, 101, 266, 268-70, 271, 273, 276, 277, 279 post-BronzeAge 3, 73, 111 post-holes 2 1, 30, 43, 47, 50, 53, 6 1, 62, 64, 7 1, 8 1, 82, 86, 110, 118, 119, 121

post-pads 14, 30, 68 post-pits 3, 18, 21 pot-boilers 38, 74, 276 pot-marks 22, 17 2; seealsograffiti pottery decorationseedecoration,pottery(painted/ surface);paint;pictorialpottery fabricseecoarsewares;finewares;handmade; tablewares;WhiteWare handlesseehandles(on pottery) shapes seealabastra;amphoras;amphoriskoi; askoi; basins;bathtubs;bowls; closed shapes; cookingpots; craters;cups; deep bowls; dipper jugs; Ephyreangoblet;feedingbottles;firebox; handmadevases; hydrias;jars;juglets;jugs; kalathoi;kylikes;lekythos;lids; matt-painted; miniaturevases; Minyanware; mugs; oinochoe; open shapes; pithoi;pyxides; rhyton;ring-vase;scoops; stirrup jars; storage vessels;strainer jugs; trays;tubs seealsoEarlyHelladic; Geometric;Middle Helladic; Late Geometric;Late Helladic; Phases 1-3 (atXeropolis);Protogeometric; Sub-Mycenaean;Sub-Protogeometric (PG) occupation/ pottery 4, 63, 78, Protogeometric 102, 106, 111, 112, 114, 115, 128, 84,92,93, 129, 131, 133, 135, 136, 167, 175, 181, 219, 226, 237, 253, 259, 261, 262, 263 PG / G 65, 67, 73, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 104, 304 PG/SPG 87 protomes animal 10, 59, 146, 153, 183-4, *95>218, 225, 230, 308 bird 237, 243, 253 bull'shead 23, 141, 238, 239, 247, 249, 259 stag'shead 114 Psakhna 218 Psychrocave 284 punches bone 290

INDEX

329

copper/ bronze 17, 96, 282, 284, 285, 286 Pylos 153,239,242 pyranusseefirebox pyxides 48, 165, 179, 206, 219, 223, 230 IronAge 147 ivory(fromMycenaeand Midea) 245

scoops 16, 25, 30, 32, 57, 60, 85, 98, 141, 146, 151, 162, 173, 178, 197, 277; seeakodippers seals 265,281,290 blank 40, 281 lentoids,glass 281 stone 131,281

quartzite 29, 68 querns,stone 11, 18, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 48, 51, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 72, 124, 129, 130, 265, 266, 268, 271-4, 277, 279, 308

Sea Peoples 286, 296 sea shells 28, 147, 207, 302, appendix2 seeds 29, 30, 33, 62, 302 Seraglio 281 serpentine 10, 11, 12, 16, 22, 23, , 25, 29, 32, 33, 38> 39>43> 47> 48> 51*5*> 55> 56> 58> 6o> 64> 69> 101, 108, 11, 71,72,74,80,83,84,85,86,96, 123, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 269, 276, 279, 281 serpentine/ steatite 64, 126, 131, 279 shaft-hole tools,stone 276 shaftgrave(MH) 11 shafts bone 38, 42, 51, 52, 57, 58, 89, 101, 123, 291 copper/ bronze 10, 11, 17, 20, 40, 42, 43, 47, 282,286 seeaho awls; needles; pins; rods shed / lean to (SouthHouse) 10 sheet,metal 10, 12, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 3°> 32, 33> 35> 39> 4°> 5*> 58> 6o> 65> 74> 1O4> 170, 285, 286, 288, 290 seealsocopper/ bronze;lead shelves 30 sickle 17, 18, 283, 284 silver 285, 290 skeletons 25, 49, 52-3, 58, 60, 62, 71, 104; seealso burials Skoubriscemetery 230, 307 skulls 58, 63, 123; seealsoburials skyphoi 181 slabs,stone 16, 35,49, 61, 82, 82, 83, 93, 120, 121 slag,copper/ bronze 55, 63, 282, slingshots 74,276 smallfinds Chapter5; seealsoabraders;amulet; antler;awls; axe / hammer;beads; belt-hook; blades; boar's tusk;bone; bronze; 'buttons';chert; chisels;clay finds;copper/ bronze; crucibles; cylinder;discs;drills;emery;eye-shapedplaque; faience;grinders;hammerhead;handles;hiltplates;ivory;knives;lead; lids; loomweights; metalfinds;mortars;moulds;needles; obsidian; pendants;pestles;pick;pins; plaques; points; polishers;pounders;punches;querns;razors; 'reels'; rings;rivets;rods; roundel;rubbers;saw; scarab; seals; shaft-hole tools;shafts;sheet (metal);sickle;slag; spearhead;spindlewhorls; 'spools'; stonefinds;'studs';tubes;tweezers; weights;whetstones;whorls;wire soak-aways 11 socles 13, 2 1, 26, 38, 40, 49, 55, 57, 68, 78, 84, 94, 98, 108, 110, 117, 118,305

razors 40, 279, 285 'reels',clay 17, 30, 33, 38, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 85, 110, 111, 120, 123, 129, 131, 132,265,277, 290, 296-7, 302; seealso'spools' refuseseedumps,domestic/ rubbish reoccupation 1 rescueexcavation(by 1ith Ephoria) 111 Rhodes 224, 284 rhyton 48, 65, 162, 207 ring-vase 57, 121, 122, 148, 165, 207 ribbon/ strip,copper/ bronze 20, 286 rings clay 33> 38> 82, 3°° copper/ bronze 10, 285, 290 gold 59, 73, 74, 265, 282, 289, 309 signet(MM III-LM I) 242 rivets,copper/ bronze 49, 62, 124, 13 1, 286 roads/ roadways 4, 65, 102, 103, 111, 295, 302; see alsoalleys;passageways;yards robbertrenches 10, 80 rods bone 40, 294, 295 copper/ bronze 10, 11, 22, 32, 33, 35, 42, 43, 96, 131,284,285,286 stone 96 seealsoshafts roofing 43, 68, 109, 118, 119 roomsseeentries underEast,North,Southand West Houses roundel,clay 79, 109 rubbers,stone 59, 94 Runnels,C. 274 Sackett,H. 309 Salamis 309 sandstone 16, 28, 29, 33, 69, 71, 78, 108, 127, 268, 271,274,276, SaronicGulf 274, 308, 309 saw 11, 126, 282, 284, 290 Scimatari 219 scarab 42, 281, 309; seealsoseals scaraboids 281 schist 12,23,30,32,35,48,61,63, 121, 126, 130, 271, 276, 288

see also scarab

33o

INDEX

SouthHouse(s) 281, 305 Phase ia 10-11, 13 Rooms 14a / b 10-1 1 Shed 10 Phase lb 41-2 Area 14a 42, 302 Room 14 41-2 Phase lb / 2a levelling 43fr Phase 2a 63-5, 306, 307 Room 13 63-4 Room 14 63-4 Room 14a 63-4, 169 Room 15 63-4 Phase 2b 74-5 Room 13 74, 166, 168, 172, 173, 174 Room 14 75 Room 14a 75, 169, 173 Room 15 75 Phase 3 81-5 Room 1 83, 175 Room ia 83-4 Room 2 84 Room 3 82 Room 4 82 Room 5 82-3,180,305 Room 6 84 Room 7 84-5 Room / Corridor9 84 spearhead 123, 284 Spata 294 spelt 28 spindlewhorls 61, 265, 294, 299, 300, 308; seealso whorls SPG seeSub-Protogeometric 'spools',clay 16, 22, 28; seealso'reels' staircases/ stairways 13, 18, 26, 33, 35, 70, 117, 305 stands,stone 12, 276, 279 steatite 20, 29, 52, 58, 114, 279, 281, 288; see alsoserpentine/ steatite stirrup jars 25, 32, 48, 56, 73, 79, 85, 86, 88, 89, 98, 100, 101, 129, 131, 141, 147, 163, 165, 174, 176, 179-80,243,277 octopus 11, 140, 224, 230, 247, 308 storage 28, 29, 37, 165, 277 seealsoWhiteWare stonefinds 265, 266-82, 288, 289, 290, 295 personalitems 279-8 2 seealsoamulet;beads; 'buttons';seals; pendant;plaques tools 265, 266-79, 290, 302 seealsogrinders;mortars;pestles;polishers; pounders;querns;weights;whetstones varietiesseecarnelian;chert;emery;igneous;lapis lazuli;limestone;obsidian;jasper; lapis lazuli; serpentine;steatite;volcanic stopper,kylixstem 88, 89 storage 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 36, 46, 49, 56, 58, 85, 88, 119, 122, 265, 277, 305

storagevessels 18, 21, 27, 28, 29, 37, 51, 52, 53, 70, 101, 120, 122, 138, 141, 142, 146, 147, 148-50, 165, 166, 174, 180, 181, 199, 206, 207-08, 210, 211, 212, 219, 277, 289; seeabo bins;pithoi; stirrup jars; tubs strainer jugs 35, 146, 147, 198 'studs',copper/ bronze 10, 52, 55, 104, 123, 282, 286, 290 Sub-Mycenaean 1, 286, 307 (SPG) 62, 106, 108, 110, 112, Sub-Protogeometric 115 Syria 284 tablewares 22, 23, 30; seealsofinewares talc-schist 279 Tanagra 237, 245 tankardsseemugs TeichosDymaion 230, 300 Tel Miqne / Ekron 300 terraces 100, 101, 104, 117, 120, 127, 132,304 textiles 28, 265, 282, 296, 299, 302, 308 Thebes 219,293 Thessaly 2 18-20, 247 thresholds 14, 26, 49, 57, 59, 61, 67, 82, 87, 117 timber 8, 14, 16, 21, 25, 26, 28, 30, 33, 35, 36, 39, 43, 46, 68, 73, 119, 12 1, 305, 306 tiles,Archaic/ Classical 128, 132 Tiryns 223, 224, 233, 237, 244, 246, 247, 257, 259, 266, 294, 309 Lower Citadel / Unterburg 248, 293 Syringes 258,261 toolsseebone; copper/ bronze;metal;stone Torrence,R. 279 Toumbahill 233, 234, 237, 253, 254, 281 tower 92 trachyte 274, 308 trays 43, 56, 67 68, 70, 79, 80, 86, 104, 114, 151, 162, 172-3, 178, 195, 224, 230 pictorial 64, 162, 237, 253 Trenches CC 3,55 HH 3,46,63,64,136 L 3.4 JJ 3,4,102,110,172 KK 3,63,64,136,304 LL 3,63,64,83, 137,304 M

4, 102, 111

Ν 63,64,136 see also Trials

Trials 1,3, 4, 8, 87-136, 137,157,175,265,277, 3°4 Series 112-36 Central I 112,115 II 112, 115

III 112-15, 169, 170, 184 IV/V 115-31, 137» Η1» Η*, 147»203, 288, 290, 295, 298, 302, 305, 306, 308 NorthRoom 117-20, 128, 145, 218

INDEX NorthwestRoom 120, 124-5 South Room 12 1-4, 126-7, 128, 145 Southern Area 124, 127, 2 18

VI 131-2,305 VII 132 VIII 132-3 ix 133-5 Χ 135 Eastern Series 102-11 Trial A 102 Trial D 102-03 Trial F 103-06,199 TrialJJ 110 Trial W 106, 15 1, 304, 305, 306 Trial Ζ 110,304,305 WesternSeries 87-102 Trial Β 97-8 Trial C 87-92, 150, 165, 203, 207, 295, 304, 306 Trial Ε (withQ+J) 98-101, 137, 138 Trial G 93,169 Trial Ρ 96-7, 137, 141, 2i8 Trial S 93-4 Trial Τ 94, g6, 305 108 vase triple tripod-mortar,stone seemortars tubes, bone 40, 290, 294, 295 tubs, clay 16, 17, 18, 18, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 100, 141, 148, 149-50, 166, 180, 207, 208, 212, 296 tweezers, copper / bronze 22, 285 Ugarit 294 Uluburun wreck 308 upper floors/ storeys 1, 8, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 26, 27, 32, 37, 38, 40, 46, 48, 51, 70, 73, 91, 94, 99, 100, 101, 110, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 167, 306, 306 Urnfield 286 vases seepottery Vasiliko, municipal collection 233 volcanic / igneous stones 12, 17, 29, 32, 38, 43, 63, 64, 72, 80, 84, 94, 101, 126, 308; see abo dacite; trachyte Volos 219,220 wash levels

91,94,96,98, 101, 103, 112, 131, 132, 135» 3°7 water channels 88, 302 weaving 265, 308; see also textiles Weber-Hiden, I. 257 weights clay 33, 108, 1 14, 126, 296, 297 lead 38, 39, 104, 131, 288, 289 stone 28, 29, 32, 33, 52, 58, 79, 108, 276, 277, 279, 280, 308 see also loomweights

331

West House(s) Phase ia Room Phase lb Room Room Room Room

11-13 11 11-12

13-26, 277, 308 9 20-4, 305 10 18-20, 271, 277, 290, 305 1 1 13-18, 142, 145, 150, 277, 302 12 24, 25, 46, 104, 108, 150, 277 of 1 1 20 west Space Phase lb / 2a levelling 43-6 whetstones 28, 32, 33, 48, 51, 59, 61, 62, 63, 69, 7i» 78> 93» 131» 266, 268, 271, 277, 279; see also grinders; polishers White Ware 79, 87, 93, 98, 112, 151, 169, 175, 179, 199, 218, 219, 220, 227, 229, 230, 303, 307 decoration 157, 163, 165, 172, 175, 178, 179, 193, 202, 203, 204 fabric 169, 175, 178, 193, 227, 229 paint 169, 175, 189, 227, 229 shapes amphoras 79, 86, 163, 167, 173, 179, 199 amphoriskos 204 basin 162, 195 'blob cups' 176, 179 conical bowls 175, 176 craters 69, 72, 85, 86, 87, 93, 1 10, 157, 172, 178, 193,227 cups 68, 83, 169, 179 deep bowls 48, 86, 155, 17 1, 175, 176-8, 189 hydrias 20, 179, 199 jar 165 jugs 163, 173, 179, 199, 203 mug 39 shallow bowls / basins stirrupjars 174, 179, 206 whorls 10, 1 1, 16, 18, 20, 22, 28, 30, 43, 49, 51, 52, 55» 58> 59» 60, 61, 62, 64, 67, 69, 72, 75, 79, 80, 104, 108, 111, 114, 120, 121, 123, 83,86,89,93, 124, 125, 127, 131, 132, 290, 300, 302; seeako spindlewhorls wickerwork 16 windows 26, 33, 40 wire, copper / bronze 59, 86, 286, 288, 289, 290 wood 8, 14, 18,21,26,36,41,42,88, 108, 109, 286 282, 122, 276, 117, 118, carbonised 26, 64, 88, 117, 119 seealso beams; timber wool 300; see also textiles; weaving yards / passageways 4, 9, 10-11, 14, 30, 85-6, 100, 107, 112, 114, 115,265,281, 282,290,305, 306, 307 7 (Phase 2a) 277,281 8/9 Phase 2a 43, 45, 46-8, 150, 151, 163, 166-7 Phase 2b 65-6, 167, 168, 172, 173, 174 Phase 2b/3 81 Phase 3 85-6, 167, 175

INDEX

332 8/13 290 Phase ia Phase lb 302

9-10, 11, 12, 13, 138, 141 13, 30, 33, 39-40, 43, 142, 295,

seeabo SouthHouse area 14a Younger,J. G. 281

Plates Note: in the captionsto plates 14-102, the object may be identifiedFIRST by its final Room-cataloguenumber (e.g. P52); and THEN in whole or part by its 'room/trench; Index Catalogue number;phase' sequence (e.g. 7; 66/P240; lb).

Plate ι

{a) Aerialview of Xeropolis,fromthenorth-west; (b) view across bay to Xeropolistell,fromnorth-west.

Plate 2

Workin progress:[a-b) Main Excavation;(cj the deep soundingin TrenchCC; (dj a Trial.

Plate 3

!

iο

I ο

II G CO

'ο >

Ο)

's

1 O

Plate 4

Main Excavation:Phase lb, WestHouse - Room 11. (a) bath againsteast wall; (b) blocked door in east wall; (c) overview, withRoom 12 at left.All fromwest.

Plate 5

MainExcavation: Phaselb, WestHouse- Room9, (a) findsin upperlevels,fromsouth- Room 10, (b)emptiedroom,fromnorth-west.

Plate 6

Main Excavation:Phase lb, East House - Room 3. [a) generalview of floorlevel,withRoom 2 at top,fromsouth; (b) detailof vases on floorby east wall,fromsouth;(c) generalview of floorlevel,withRoom 2 at right (Burial 1 in baulk),fromeast.

Plate 7

Main Excavation:Phase lb, East House - Room 4. (a) generalview of floorlevel,fromsouth; {b) detailof clay bins also Room 3 to left,and Alleyway1 and disc weightsby westwall,fromeast; (c) generalview,fromnorth-west, in bottomrightforeground.

Plate 8

Main Excavation:Phase lb, East House - mudbrickfallin Yard 8/13. (a) generalview fromnorth-west, withparts of East and WestHouses and Alleyway1 across bottomof shot; (b) close-upof mudbrickfall(bottomwall is of Phase 2; smallerline of stonesat top marksborderof yardattachedto SouthHouse).

Plate g

in theroom,fromnorth;(b)Phase2a, MainExcavation, (a) Phase2b,NorthHouse- Room7, structure fromwest. NorthHouse- Room2, floorlevelin north-east corner,

Plate ίο

Main Excavation: Phase 3, South House, (a) general view across northern rooms (1, 3, 4 and 6: from foreground) of structure,from west; (b) detail of Rooms 3, 4 and 6 (reading rightto left),from north-east.

Plate ι ι

TrialC. [α-B)clay oven (Phase ia), as foundand afterclearing;(c-e) Phase 2 vase deposits,(ή in watererosionchannel, alabastron(2 and 3), on carbon patch (Ptable/support). (d-e) group,includinggriffin

Plate 12

Trials,(a) IV/V: clay oven in sw cornerof NorthRoom; (b) C: fortification wall,fromeast; {c) V: SouthRoom upper floor fall(Phase lb) withvases and finds,fromwest; (d) IV/V: generalview,fromnorth.

Plate 13 2

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Plate 14

TrialΕ (/J&Q).LH IIIC Phaseia. / - amphoraP5 (64/P9);2 - hydriaPi ο (64/Ρ8);3 -jug, one-handled cookingpotPi 5 6 rounded (64/P25);4 tripodcookingpot, P19 (64/P73);5 -jug, dippercookingpotP13 (64/P10); stirrup jar P16 (64/P19).Scale: 7-2,4 at 1:5; 5 at 1:4; 3 and 6 at 1:3.

Plate 15

Variousareas.LH IIIC Phase ia. Sherds.{A)P; (Bj Yard8/13.

Plate 16

Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 1. SherdsfromYard 8/13. (A) ia; {ßj ib.

Plate ιη

LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. MainExcavation. {1-5, 8): 1 - P2 (4; 66/P206);2 - P26 (11; 66/P102); Cup,lip-banded P2 3 P4 (4; 66/P174);4-F2 (10; 66/P184);5 P3 (10; 66/P180);8 - P27 (11; 66/P98).6 - cup,carinated P12 (9; 66/P132).Deep bowls(7, 10-11): 7 - P14 (11; 66/P105);10 - P15 (5; 65/P171);9 - bowl,two-handled (11; 66/P99);11 - P4 (10; 66/P182).12 - kylixP4 (12; 66/P209).Scale: 1:3; 7 at 2:5.

Plate 18

MainExcavation {1-4): 1 - P13 (3; 66/P151);2 - P14 Jugs,lip-handled (except5). LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. (6, 8): 6 - P5 (5; 65/P195);8 - P23 (3; 65/P86);3 - P2 (2; 65/P199);4 - P6 (5; 66/P272).Jugs,neck-handled (9; 66/P145).Amphoras (5, 7): 5 - P57 (V, S. Room;65/P164);7 - Pi (10; 66/P185).Scale: 1:5.

Plate 19

LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. MainExcavation. Hydrias:/ - P3 (5; 65/P196);2 - P20 (9; 66/P131); 5 P12 (3; 65/P90);4-5 P10 (3; 66/Pi52).Scale: 1:5.

Plate 20

MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. Hydrias(1-3): 1 - P10 (10; 66/P187);2 - P11 (3; 65/P206);3 - P9 Pi (5; 65/P205).Scale: 1:5. (10; 66/P186).4 amphora, lip-handled

Plate 2 1

Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase lb destruction. Amphoriskoi(1-3): 1 Pi (12; 66/P100); 2 P13 (1 1; 66/P106); 3 P3 (3; 65/P157). 4 alabastronPi (4; 66/P176); 5 askos P4 (3; 65/P156); 6 jugletP22 (9; 66/P1 17); 7 - dipperjug Pi 5 (3; 65/P173); 8 - spoutedjug Pi (1; 66/P124). Scale: 1:3; 5 at 1:2; 7 at 3:10.

Plate 22

MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phaselb destruction P20 (3; 65/P194); {1-4).Tripodcookingpots{1-3Y 1 - carinated 2 - roundedP16 (4; 66/P329);3 - roundedP37 (9; 66/P133).4 - stirrup jar P16 (3; 66/P154).In earlyhearth, ia: 5 -jar/crater, spoutedP7 (11; 66/P112).Scale: 1,3 at 1:5; 2, 5 at 1:4.

Plate 23

LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. MainExcavation. Jug,two-handled cookingpot(/, 2, 4, 6): 1 - P19 (3; 65/P201+ Pi 55); 2 - P20 (11; 66/P104);4 - P21 (11; 66/P103);6 - Pi 5 (4; 66/P172).Jugs,one-handled cookingpot(3, 5): 3 - P5 (2; 65/P89);5 -P2 (7; 66/P178).Scale: 1-2, 4 at 1:5; 3, 5-6 at 1:3.

Plate 24

Variousareas.LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. Pithoi(1-2): 1 - P38 (IV, S. Room;65/P214);2 - P3 (2; 66/P368); 3 tubP18 (3; 65/P95).Scale: /at 1:15; 2 at 1:12;3 at 1:8.

Plate 25

MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phase lb destruction. Sherds:fillsfrom(A)Room3; and (B) Room 10.

Plate 26

TrialIV/V:NorthRoom.LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. Deep bowl{1-2): 1 - P3 (NExt;65/P135);2 - P2 P21 (NExt;65/P134);4 - cup,handmadeP8 (NExt;65/P107); (NExt;65/P109).j amphoriskos Pi 5 amphoriskos (EExt;69/P9);6 -jug P6 (NExt;65/P120),and 6a - incisedsignon handle; 7 - basin,spoutedP4 (EExt;69/P8).Scale: 1-5 at 1:3; 6 at 1:5; 7 at 1:4.

Plate 27

TrialIV/V:SouthRoom.LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. Deep bowls{1-2): 1 - P33 (65/P187);2 - P59 (65/P167). one-handled P64 (65/P165);5 - ringvaseP58 (65/P172);6 -jug, import 3 kylixP7 (65/P103);4 cup, P65 (65/P125).Scales:7-6 at 1:3; 7 at 1:4.

Plate 28

/ -jug, one-handled TrialIV/V:SouthRoom.LH IIIC Phaselb destruction. cookingpotP41 (WExt;69/P5). spoutedP34 cookingpot(2-3): 2 - P68 (65/P138);3 - P42 (SExt;65/P132).4 -jar/crater, Jug,two-handled (EExt;69/P6);5 - pithoid jar P40 (WExt;69/P2).Scale: / at 2:5; 2 at 1:3;3-4 at 1:5; 5 at 1:6.

Plate 29

bottleP36 (S. Room;WExt;69/P1;lb); 2 - amphoriskos TrialIV/V.LH IIIC Variousphases,ι - feeding P121 handlesP60 (S. P130 (N. Room;EExt;69/P7;1); 4 - deepbowl,vertical (65/P166;probably2); 3 -jug, trefoil-lipped Pi 14 (S. Area;65/P178;2); 6 -jug, two-handled Room;65/P110; ib); 5 - tripodcookingpot,carinated cookingpotP28 (NW Room;WExt;65/P139;ib); 7 -jug, two-handled, largecookingpotP86 (S. Room;SExt;65/P180;ia); - upsidedownP75 (S. Area;V; 65/P179;ib). Scale: /,2 and 4 at 1:3; 5-8 at 1:5. 8 - 'firebox'

Plate 30

LH IIIC Phase2a. (A)sherdsfromfillofpit,beforeRoom4 construction; MainExcavation. (Bj sherdsfromYard8/9, P28 (66/P193). withvessels:5 - kylixP25 (66/P192);10 - rhyton associated

Plate 3 1

LH IIIC Phase2a. Room2, partofdepositsoverlaterfloor.Kylikes(1-3): 1 - P35 (66/P302);2 - P39 MainExcavation. (66/P306);3 - P36 (66/P303).4 - amphoriskos P29 (66/P301);5 - craterP31 (65/P207).Scale: 1:3.

Plate 32

LH IIIC Phase2a. Room2, pictorial MainExcavation. Allfromcraters:1 - P8 (66/Pi88b); sherdsin depositsoverfloors. 2 - P25 (66/P319);3 - P6 (66/P71);4 - P24 (66/P311); 5 - P7 (66/Pi88a);6 - P26 (66/P320-321).Variousscales.

Plate 33

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Plate 34

MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phase2a. FromYard8/9,(largely GGExt 13).Craters:1-2 - P19 (66/P163); 3-P23 (66/P161);4-P24 (66/P162).Scale: 1:5.

Plate 35

TrialC. LH IIIC Phase2a. / -jug, lip-handled P2 (64/P4);3-4 - stirrup P7 (64/P2);2 - alabastron jar Ρίο (64/Ρ1); 5 - deepbowlP4 (64/P5);6 -jug, one-handled cookingpotP8 (64/P6).Scale: 1-4 at 1:4; 5-6 at 2:5.

Plate 36

TrialW.LH IIIC Phase2?a. ι -jug P8 (65/P182);2-10 - sherds.Scale: 1:2.

Plate 37

LH IIIC Phase2a. Room7; two,successive MainExcavation. P2 (66/P198); occupation deposits./ -jar, collar-necked 2 - amphoraP12 (66/P201);3 - jugletP4 (66/P116); 4 - juglet,globularP3 (66/P115); 5 - deepbowlP14 (66/P339). Scale: 1-2 at 1:3; 3-4 at 1:2.

Plate 38

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Plate 39

MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phase2a. SherdsfromRoom4: 8 - deepbowlPi 7 (65/P93).

Plate 40

Main Excavation.LH IIIC Phase 2a. SherdsfromYard 8/9. (A) (destruction debris);(B) (main).

Plate 41

MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phase2a. Room6, sherdsfromfilloverfloor./ - ?amphoriskos/jug P3 (66/P53);2 - kylixPi 6 Pi 10 Pi 8 kalathos (66/P45);3 Pamphoriskos P3 (66/P54); tray 7 (66/P46); (66/P361);14 - amphoriskos P4a-c (66/P47).

Plate 42

Main Excavation.LH IIIC. Variousdepositsin Yard 8/9. [A-Pj SherdsfromPhases 2-3: (A) - craterPg (66/P66; 3a); (B) craterand stirrup jar NC (2b); (Cj stirrup jar NC (3a); (D) stirrup jar P12 (66/P68; 3a); [Ej pyxisof CretantypeP27 (66/P61; 2a); [F] deep bowl, miniatureP20 (66/P74; 2a). (1-9) SherdsfromPhase 2b. Scales as shown,except (Fj at 1:4.

Plate 43

LH IIIC Phase2a-b. Room2/1./ - bowl,conicalP58 (Burial12; 66/P268;2a); 2 - bowl, MainExcavation. one-handled P2 (65/P168;2a-b).Jug,two-handled cookingpot{3-4): 3 - P16 (65/P108;2b); 4 - P17 (65/P65;2b). Scale: 1-3 at 1:3; 4 at 1:5; 5-// as shown.

Plate 44

MainExcavation. LH IIIC Phase3. Build-up ofdebrisoutsideSouthHouse.(A)- deepbowlP23 (66/P9);[Bj - crater P27 (66/P6);{€) trayP29 (66/P1).Scale:A and C 1:3.Sherdsfromthesamedeposit{1-9).

Plate 45

LH IIIC Phase3. (A)sherdsfromdifferent MainExcavation. partsofSouthHouse: 1,3, 6, 7 and 12; 4, 5 and 10; 2, 8 and 9. (B) sherdsfromYard8/9and SouthHouse.

Plate 46

Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases./ - sherdsfromTrialIV/V,SouthRoomfill(lb); 2 - cupwithhighhandleP5 Base RingsherdP127 (V, SouthArea;66/P377;1 or 2); 4 - bowl,conicalP8/28(Burial4 (4; 65/P209;2a); 3 - Cypriot in Room4; 66/P169/330;intruding fromleft, P16 (III, loweryardfloor; fromPhase2b); 5 - animal-headed protomes: 2 Scale: and lb). ia); 2a?); (Yard 4 at 1:3. P30 (9; 66/P134; 65/P100; P3 8/13;69/P80;

Plate 47

Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.TrialW: / - crater P14 (W; 65/P192;ia); 2 - deepbowlP7 (W SExt;69/P19; Elsewhere: bottleP23 (IV, N. Room;65/P129;lb); 5 - strainer 2a). 3 kylixP3 (11; 69/P30;2a); 4 feeding jug P2 Pi (10/11;69/P31;2b); 7 - amphoriskos Pi (1; 65/P130;lb probably);6 - stirrup jar,import Scale: 1-2, 6-yat 1:3; 3 at 1:2;4 at 2:5; 5 at 1:5. (11; 65/P185;ib/2ainterface).

Plate 48

Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Tray:/ - P3 (over4-5; 66/P82;20/3);2 - P3 (F; 64/P15;2a); 3 - NC (southwallof7; 66/P205;2a); 4 - P17 (6; 66/P46;2a). 5 - trayP7 (6a; 65/P102D;ib-2a); 6 - ringvaseP2 (6a; 66/P94; 2a); 7 - stirrup jar P29 (8/9;66/P73;2a). Scale: 2, 5 and 6 at 1:2; 4 at 1:3.

Plate 49

Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Cups,handmade(1-3): / - P78bis (IV, NW Room;69/P91;ia); 2 - NC (8/13;69/P90;ia); 3 - P2 (8/13;69/P72;ia). 4 - handmadevessels,mixedsourcesanddates.Scale: 1:2.

Plate 50

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Plate 5 1

Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Decoratedcratersherds(4-8 WhiteWare)./ - Pg (6; 66/P51;2a); 2 - NC (8/13; ia); 3 - P5 (10; 69/P32;2a); 4 - P8 (G; 69/P67;2b); 5 - NC (over10/11;20/3);6 - NC (over2/1probably;2D/3);7 NC QJ;2b or later);8 - Pi QJ;66/P146;2b). Scale: 1:4.

Plate 52

Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Decoratedcratersherds./ - Pg (11; 65/P193;2a); 2 - P16 (C; 2); 3 - NC (VI; 2); 4 - NC (2/1;2a-b); 5-6 - P2 (S; 2); 7 - P12 (F; 2); 8 - P78 (IV, NW Room; ia); 9 - P62 (IV, S. Room;ib); in 10-12,4; 69/P74;ib). Scale: 1:3. 10 - P28 (scattered

Plate 53

Variousareas. LH IIIC Variousphases. Decorated cratersherds,manyNC. / - surface;2 - Pi 3 (III; 2b); 3 - P2 (III; 2a); 4-3 - (IV, S. Area; 2); 6 - (1 1; levellingfor2a); y-9 - P23 (III; 1?); 10 - P21 (III; 2a?); 11 - (3a); 12 - (C; ia-2a); 13 - P4 (G; 2b?); 14 - (over 6/6a; 2D/3); 75 - Pi (F; 2a); 16 - (surface;no otherdetails); 1y - (C surface;ia-2a); 18 - (12; ia, Illb-IIIc); 19 - P2 (B; ?ia/b); 20 - (surface;no otherdetails); 21 - (12; ia, Illb-IIIc); 22 - P3 (III; 2a); 23 - (1 1; 2a); 24 - P63 (V, S. Room; lb). Scale: 1:3.

Plate 54

Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Decoratedcratersherds,ι - NC (6/6a;2b); 2 - Pi 7 (C; 2); 5 - P5 (G; 2b?); no details); 6 - P123 (IV; 65/P147;1 or 2); 7 - NC (cleaning; 4 - NC (8/13;lb); 5 - NC (8/13;ib/2ainterface); 8 - P124 (IV; no details);9 - P113 (IV/V,S. Area;2); 10 - P5 (IV, N. Room; lb); 11 -P2 (VIII; ia); 12 - P105 (IV/V,S. Room; ia); 13 - P2 (over4/5;66/P80;2D/3).Scale: 1:3.

Plate 55

Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Decoratedsherdsfromcraters, deepbowlsandtray(15). 1 - NC no other 2 no other NC NC details);4 - P4 (III; 2a); 5 - P4 (E-J;ia); details); (11; 2a); 3 (surface (surface 6 - NC (11; 2a); 7 - NC (IV; disturbed lb); 8 - NC (IV; ib); 9 - NC (SHouseyard14a; ib); 10 - P104 (IV, S. Room;ia); 11 - P22 (IV, N. Room;65/P191;ib); 12 - NC (IV/V;probablyib); i3 - NC (E; ia); 14 - NC (III; 64/P38;?ia, cliff cleaning);i5 - P125 (IV/V;probablyib/2).Scale: 1:3.

Plate 56

Variousareas.LH IIIC Variousphases.Stirrup Pg jar.(A):(α-o)sherdsfromminorlevels.(B): westCretanimport (n;66/P248; ia).

Plate 57

Pictorial sherds.Ai - P6 (8/9;66/P351;2a); A2 - P3 (S. Houseyard;66/P358;3); A3 - Pi (8/9;66/P346;2a); P6 (W; 69/P18;2); A5 - P3 (6a/b;66/P362;2); A6 - NC (surface); A4 ^7 - P3 (1; 66/P158;ib); A8 - P5 Aio P10 NC (8/9;66/P350;2a); Aç (69/P41;post-LBA); (7; 66/P203;2a); An - P15 (III; 69/P51;2b); A12- P4 (11; 66/P121;ib). Scalevarious.

Plate 58

Pictorial sherds.Βία- P25 (2; 66/P319;2a); ib - P2 (6b; 69/P42;2b).Scalevarious.

Plate 59

Pictorial sherds.B2a-b- P26 (2; 66/P321;2a). Scalevarious.

Plate 6o

Pictorial sherds.B3 - Pi (VI; 69/P58;post-LBA); B4 - P7 (2; 66/Pi88a; 2a); B5 - P18 (III; 65/P122;2a?); B6 Pi (6a; 66/P96;2a); By Pis (11; 65/P40;ia); B8 - Pi (10; 66/P359;2a); B9 - P18 (S. House;69/Pi4a; Bio - P10 (6a; 66/P93;2a); Bua - P3 (8/9;66/P348;2a); Bub - P29 (3; 66/P364;lb); 3/post-LBA); B12 - Pi 3 (11; 66/P189;ia). Scalevarious.

Plate 6 1

Pictorial sherds.Ci - P19 (8/9;66/P163;2a); C2 - Pi (over4/5/12;65/P39&41;20/3);C4 - P24 (2; 66/P311; 2a); Scalevarious. C5 - Pi 9 (S. House;69/P14D;3/post-LBA).

Plate 62

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Plate 64

sherds.Ei - Pi 19 (IV/V;65/P176;1 or 2); E4 - P10 (6a; 66/P92;2a); E5 - Pa (6a/6;69/P37;2b); Pictorial E6 P8 (III; 69/P53; 2b?);Eg - P15 (C; 69/P49;2a); En - Pi (S. Houseyard;66/P356;3); E12 - P5 * (VII; 69/P50;?2); E13 - P3 (under7/6;69/P71;ib/2a).Scalevarious.

Plate 6 k

Pictorial sherds.Ε8α-ά-Υ'η (S. Houseyard;66/P7;3); Eio - P81 (IV/V;6g/Pi6a,b;ia); E15 - Pi (14a; 66/P244;lb); E16-F5 (i2;6o/P36; 2b); Eiy - P10 (P; 69/P22;'/2)'Ei8-V* (10; 69/P35;2a); Eiç - P4 (8/9;66/P349;2a); E20 - Pi (8/9;66/P76;2a-b); E21 - P2 (S. Houseyard;66/P357;3); E22 - NC (post-LBA). Scalevarious.

Plate 66

Pictorial sherds.Fi - P2 (8/9;66/P347;2a); F2 - Ps (8/9;69/P70;2a-b); F3 - P101 (IV/V;69/P48;ia); F4 - P31 (IV/V;69/P23;lb); F5 - P20 (III; 69/P61;2a); F6 - NC (69/P76;post-LBA); F7 - P19 (III; 69/P59;2a); F8 - P16 F11 1 or Fio NC P120 2); 2a); (IV/V; Fç (4; 66/P343; 69/P88; (post-LBA); - Pi (S. House7; 69/P60;3); F12 Pi (6; 66/P361;2a); F13 P29 (4; 66/P168;îb); F14 - ToumbaHeroon.Scalevarious.

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Plate 69

Pictorial sherds.7/j- P2 (G; 69/P64;2b); 7/6- Pi 1 (7; 69/P84;2a); Hj - P17 (8/9;69/P85;2a); H8 - P3 (G; 69/P65; 2b); Hg - Pi (7; 69/P34;2b); Hio - P12 (6a; 69/P39;2a); H11 - P11 (10/11;69/P28;2b); H12 - P9 (2; 66/P312;2a); H13 - P11 (6a; 69/P20;2a); H14 - P24 (2/1;66/P345;2b); H15 - Pi (6b; 69/P38;2b); H16 - Pi (VIII; 69/P54;2); Hiy - NC (?i2; 66/P245;ia). Scalevarious.

Plate 70

E2 - Pi (8/13;66/P318; Pictorial sherds.Aio - Ρίο (7; 66/P203;2a); Bg - P18 (S. House;ög/P^a; 3/post-LBA); ia(-b)); E4 P10 (6a; 66/P92;2a); E5 P2 (6a/b;69/P37;2b); E6 P8 (III; 69/P53;2b?);E7 - NC (S. House; E8 - P17 (S. Houseyard;66/P7;3); G2 - P8 (2; 66/Pi88b;2a); H4 - Pi (over7; 66/P57;2D/3). 69/P86;post-LBA); Scalevarious.

Plate 7 1

Pictorialsherd.B2Ò - P26 (2; 66/P32 1; 2a).

Plate 72

Female figurines.Seated Proto-Phi: / - NC (66/132; pre-IIIC context). Proto-Phi: 2-3 (1; 66/182; 2a); 3-3 (over 6/2; 65/59; 2b/3 to post-LBA). Phi: 4 1 (B; 66/17; ne). Tau: 5-37 (11; 66/192; îb). Psi: 6 12 (P; 64/32; ?i); 7 145 ~ 6 (s· House 1T 1 A: 10 or Late Psi lb); lb); (IV/V; 65/139; 2). 40 (9; 66/94; 13; 9 77 (IV/V; 65/205DÍS; 69/545; 2a)· Late Psi head: 29-8 (over 4/5/12; 65/61; 2D/3). Scale 2:3, except 4 and 10 at 1:2.

Plate 73

Femalefigurines. LatePsiB: 14 - 12 (8/13;69/543;iah 77 ~ 25 (C; 64/12;IIIB-C ?ia); 18 - 41 (9; 66/78;lb); 21 - NC (66/97);22 - NC (66/i83bis).LatePsi C: 25 - 3 (S. House;66/59;2a); 24 - 51 (3; 66/118; lb); 25-9 (8/13;66/172; ia(-b)). LatePsiD: 26-2 (under7/6;66/68;2a). Scale 2:3,exceptij, 25 at 1:2; 25 at 3:4.

Plate 74

Unusual figurines. Head: 41 - NC (65/86; 2b). Attachedto vase: 42 - NC (IV/V; 69/9). Male: 44 - 33 (8/9; 66/119; 2a). Rider: 45 15 (8/13; 69/17; ia). ?Horse: 58- 17 (8/13; 69/20; ia); 72-1 (12; 66/106; 2a). Sheep: 81-11 (W; 69/548; 2). Chariothorses:84 - 28 (2/1; 65/70; 2b); 85 - 73 (IV/V; 65/161; lb); 86 -29 (2/1; 66/131; 2b). Quadrupeds: 87 4 (4; 65/67; 2b); 88- 4 (VII; 65/113; ?ib). Wheelmadefigures:89 NC (65/125DÍS;2); go- 10 (III; 65/143; 2b). Askos: 9/ - 26 (5; 66/194; lb). Scale: J2,85, 8y, 88, 91 at 1:2;

41, 42, 45, 58, 81, 86, 89, 90 at 2:3; 44, 84 at 7:10.

Plate 7 ρ;

Animalfigurines. linear:46 - NC (66/120;>IIIA). Wavy2:47-1 (Ε; 64/18);48 - NC (66/905).Linear1: Irregular 51 - 146 (TV/V;65/187;1 or 2). Latelinear:34-3 (VII; 65/112; íb); 33 - NC (66/58).Ladder:56-6 (S. House 14a; Banded:62 - 21 (2; 65/97; 69/10;ib); 5J- 16 (8/13;69/574;ia); 59 - 42 (10; 66/82;íb); 60 - NC (65/30;post-LBA). Elaborate: 18 22 2a); 65 (2; 65/102;2a); yg 54 (TV/V;65/191;2). Typeuncertain: 63 - 17 64 (8/13;69/21;ia). (65/155;ib). Linearhead: yy- NC (65/91);y8- 30 (3; 65/207;ia). Scale 2:3, except47, 48, 55, 56, 59 and 65 at 1:2.

Plate 76

Stone tools.Poundersmostly:/ - 13 (6a; 69/378; 2a); 2-13 (5; 69/379; χ^); 3 - 45 (2; 69/381; 2a); 5-46 (2; 69/362; 2a); 6-13 (over 2/1; 69/374; 2D/3); 7-31(11; 69/324; lb); 8 - 39 (3; 69/359; lb); 9-9 (6a/a; 69/369; 2b). 4 - 5 (over4/5/12; 69/371; 2D/3).Support 10 - 8 (11; 69/327; lb). Scale 1:2. Pounder-grinder:

Plate 77

Stone tools. Pounder-grinders (z-6), pestles {7-9): 1 - 6 (7; 69/323; 2a); 2-28 (9; 69/361; lb); 3-18 (4; 69/386; lb); (10; 69/325; ib); 6-8 (6a/6; 69/382; 2b); 7-90 (IV/V; 69/300; ia); 4 NC (7; 69/365; 2b); 5-23 #-33 ill> 69/329; ib); 9-32 (11; 69/332; ib). Scale 1:2, except 7 at 4:5.

Plate 78

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Plate 79

Stone tools. Querns: ΐ-η (ίο; 69/355; 2a); 2-27 (3; 69/351; lb); 3-12 (possibly 10; NC; lb); 4 2 (12; 69/354 or 4O1> 2b)· Scale 1:5, except 4 at 3:10.

Plate 8o

Stonetools.Querns:/ - 14 (4; 69/526;2b); 2 - 7 (7; 69/517;2a); 3 - 1 (4; 69/407;2a). Scale 2:5; 3 at 1:3.

Plate 8 1

Stone tools.Querns,undersides:1-25 (4; 69/408; 2a); 2 - 7 (7; 69/517; 2a); 3 - 14 (4; 69/526; 2b). ?Stand:4 - 23 (11; 69/3220; ia). Whetstone:5-18 (2/1; 66/52; 2b). Scales 2, 3 at 1:5; / at 1:3; 4 at 1:2; 5 at 3:4.

Plate 82

Stone objects.Tripodmortars:/ - 5 (1 1; 64/49; 2a); 2-22 (E; 64/25; ia). 'Anvils':3 - 9 (1 1; 69/327; lb); Hammer/axes:5 - 3 (S. House 1a; 69/2; 3), 6-12 (IV/V; 69/301; lb) mountedon side here; Tools: 7-30 NC. 4 (11; 69/336; lb); 8 - 17 (2; 65/108; 2a); 9 - 133 (IV/V; 69/339; * or 2)· Scales Λ 2 at 1:3*>3, 4 and 7 at 1;2; 9 at 3:4; 5, 6 and 8 at 4:5.

Plate 83

Stone objects. Weights: 7-47 (2; 66/161; 2a); 2 - 44 (3; 65/180; lb); 3 - 8 (over 2/1; 65/72; 20/3). With burials; ~ - 21 4 (7; 66/75; 2a)'> 5 NC (10, Burial 1; 2a). Personal ornament: Beads: 6-1(1; 65/92; lb); 7 134 (IV/V; 65/203; 1 or 2); 8 - 7 (JJ;65/1 14; 2/3?); 9 - 2 (S. Houseia; 69/1; 3); 10 - 3 (10; 66/99; 2a)· Blanks: 77-4 (8/13; 69/309; ia(-b)); 72-9 (W; 69/319; 2). Buttons: 13 - 116 (IV/V; 65/184; 2); 14 - 88 (IV/V; 65/166; ia); 75 - 89 (IV/V; 65/200; ia); 76-2 (6; 65/196; lb). Scales 7-3, 77-76 at 3:4; 4-10 at 1:1.

Plate 84

Stone objects.Buttons:/ - 35 (3; 65/93; lty' 2 - 132 (IV/V; 65/133; 1 or 2); 3 - 21 (4; 66/15; 2a); 4 - 9 (8/9; 66/12; 2b); 5-8 - 1-4 (S. Houses; 69/77;^); 9-117 (IV/V; 65/185; 2); 10 - 79 (IV/V; 69/87; ia); 11 - 71 (IV/V; 69/90; lb); 12-30 98/9; 69/80; 2a); 13+16 3 (4; 65/76; 2b); 14 - NC; 15-7 (under7/6; 66/66; ib/2a); 17-24 (4; 69/312; 2a); 18 - 22 (4; 69/74; 2ah 19-1 (channelin 8/13; 69/30; ia); 20 - 15 (2; 65/96; 2a); 21 - NC (66/159); 22 - 44 (2; 66/29; 2a). Scales all c. 3:4, except 14 at 1:1.

Plate 85

Obsidian.A collection ofbladesfrompre-IIICand IIIC contexts: view.SomefromNC (a) dorsalview;(b)ventral (IV/V,SRoom;nc; ia). Scale 1:1.

Plate 86

Obsidian (a- d). Blades, includingcrestedblades, fromIIIC contexts:(a) dorsalview; (b) ventralview.Flake: {c) dorsalview; (dj ventralview.Scale 1:1. Stone lentoidseal - 135 (IV/V; 69/5; 1 or 2) - (e): seal; impressionand drawing (courtesyof Pini, CMS). Scale χ 2.

Plate 87

Stone scarab - 2 (S. House 14a; 66/173; lb): threeviews of the seal, impressionand drawing(courtesyof Pini, CMS). Scale x 3.

Plate 88

Copper/bronzeobjects,tools.Chisel: 1-3 (6b; 66/27; 2b). Punch: 2 24 (1 1; 66/73; 1^))-Drill: 5-8 (8/9; 69/157; 2a). Saw: 4-2 (channelin 8/13; 69/127; ia); 5-97 (IV/V; 69/159; ia). Point: 6- η (ι; 66/107; lb). Sundry:7-26 (10; 66/ 130; lb); 8 - 98 (IV/V; 69/161; ia); 9-10 (over EH; 69/162; ib-2). Knife: 10 - 72 (IV/V; 65/199; lb). Scale all 3:5, except jo at 3:4.

Plate 89

(10; 66/81; 2a). Sickle: Copper/bronze objects. Knives: ι 13 (10; 66/200; lb); 2-48 (IV/V; 65/174; lb); 3-16 Rivet: 8 142 (IV/V; 69/137; 1 or 2). ?Razor: 5-5 (8/13; 69/135; ?ia(-b)). Rods: 7 141 4-42 (11; 66/71; lb). (IV/V; 69/136; 1 or 2); 9 - 9 (8/13; 69/132; ia). Cosmetic tool: 6-10 (6b; 66/48; 2a). Studs: 11 - η (8/13; 69/132; ia); 12 - 50 (IV/V; 65/153; lb); 73 - 9 (6b; 66/179; 2a). Ring: 75-8 (8/13; 69/133; ia). 'Hook': 16- 11 (4; 66/101; 2a); 'eye': 77-3 (1; 69/163; ia). Sundry sheet: 70-8 (8/13; 69/132; ia); 74-3 (2; 66/166; 2a). Scales 1 at 1:2; 6, 9, 77-73 and 16 at 2:3; 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 70, 14 and 75 at 3:4; 5 and 77 at 3:5.

Plate 90

Copper/bronzeobject: pendant,j-5 (1, 3 front,2 reverse) 6 (9; 66/183; 1)· Lead Objects. Sheet: 4 28 (3; 66/150; lb). Clamp: 5-9 (over 2/1; 65/77; 2^3)- Button?:6 140 (IV/V; 69/28; 1 or 2). Scale 1-2 at 4:3, 3 over χ 2; ^-6 at 3:4.

Plate 9 1

Stone moulds: 1-48 (3; 69/91; lb); 2-91 (IV/V; 69/16; ia). Stone slab: 5-92 Objects associatedwithmetal-working. (IV/V; 69/15; ia). Copper chunk:3-8 (JJ;69/160; ?2/3); ribbon:4 - 25 (10; 65/173; lb). Scale all 3:4.

Plate 92

Crucibles: / - 15 (8/9; 69/151; 2a); 2 - 16 (IV/V; 69/154; lb); 5 - 20 (7; 69/158; Objects associatedwithmetal-working. 2a). PCrucibleslag: 4 - 6 (11; 66/145; 2a). PRemnantsof charges:5-j - NC (W; ?3). Scale all at 3:4.

Plate 93

Bonetools.Points:ι - 11 (8/13;69/208;ia); 2, 3 - 9 (10; 69/214;2a); 4 - 3 (7; 66/47;2^); 5 - 17 (10; 66/138;lb); 68 (5; 65/82;2b); 7-4 (10; 66/102;2a). Scale j-3 at 3:4; restat 2:3.

Plate 94

Bone objects.Tools,points/awls:ι - 11 (1 1; 65/170; 2a); 2-20 (2; 66/126; 2a); 5-16 (7; 66/61; 2a); 4 - 19 (C; 64/6; lb); needle: 5-6 (8/13; 69/39; ?ia(-b)). Rod: 6- η (8/13; 69/209; ?ia(-b)). Plaques: 7-2(1; 69/205; ?ib); 8 - 18 (2; 65/107; 2a). Handles: 9-8 (F; 64/45; 2a)*>*o - 8 (8/13; 69/33; ?ia(-b)). Scale all 3:4, except 1 and 2 at 3:5.

Plate 95

Bone objects. Button: 5-24 (5; 66/146; lb). Points and pins. 1 - 19 (2; 69/213; 2a); 2-96 (IV/V; 69/203; 1); 4-12 (C; 64/5; ia); 5-52 (IV/V; 65/179^ lb); 6-9 (10/11; 65/157; 2b); 7- 143 (IV/V; 69/31; 1 or 2); 8- 1 (over 10/11; 69/216; 2D/3); 9-14 (8/9; 66/63; 2a)» IO ~ 3 (channel in 8/13; 69/32; ia); 11 - 50 (2; 69/207; 2a). Scale 3:4; 5 at 1:2; 4, 10-11 at 2:3.

Plate 96

Antler: 95 (IV/V; 65/163; ia). 1 - general at 1:2; 2 - worked hole at c. 1:1; 3 - sawn offtine at 3:2.

Plate 07

withpre-IIICburial. Antler:1-36 (S. Houseyard;65/99;3)· Shells:2 - associated

Plate 98

Clay reels: / 11. All from Main Excavation, and Phases ι to 2 in date. All NC, except 2-32 (4; nc; 2a); 3-10 (10; 66/55DÍS; 2a); 4, 5, 10, 11 - 29 (9; nc; lb); 8 - 12 (10; nc; 2a). Scale Group 1, as shown; rest at 1:2.

Plate 99

23-24 (4; nc; lb). Sundry: 5-21 (5; 66/149/ib); 6-32 (S. House yard; 66/9; 3); 7 Clay objects. Ring-weights; 1-4 66/1 8 1 House at 6 at at Scale 8 1:1; 7, i2bis; 2a); (S. 56 (2; 3; 66/8; 3). 1-4 1:3; 5, 3:4.

Plate ioo

Clay whorls and buttons, ι g (7; 66/56; 64/33; 2ah 5 36 (4; 66/43; 2a); 6 10 10 12 (over EH; 69/54; ib-2a); (over (10; 65/158; 2a); 14 - 4 (6b; 66/24;

2a); 2-11 (2/1; 66/124; 2a/b); 3 - 151 (IV/V; 65/i86a; 1 or 2); 4 - 10 (F; (2/1; 69/48; 2a-b); 7-12 (6b; 66/177; 2a); 8 - 12 (III; 65/131; 2b); 9-11 EH; 69/55; ib-2a); 1/ - 15 (4; 69/57; 2a); 12 - 35 (4; 66/46; 2a); 13 - 17 2b); Z5 ~ 1 ($· Houses; 65/101; 2b); 16- 10 (5; 69/58; 2b). Scale 3:4, except 3 at 1:1 and 12, 13 at 2:3.

Plate ιοί

Clay whorls,buttonsand others,ι 10 (JJ;65/115; ?2/3); 2 18 (7; 66/42; 2a); 3-109 (IV/V; 65/167; ia); 4 7 1 6or 186b; 66/86; (S. Houses; 69/51; 2a?); 5-27 (IV/V; 65/151; lb); 2); 7-11 (11; lb); 149 (IV/V; 65/ 8- '' (III; 65/135; 2b?); 9-12 (8/13; 66/174; ?ia(-b)); 10- 30 (4; 69/101; 2a); 11 -4 (11; 69/104; ia); 12-10 (over 2/1; 69/97; 2^/3); 13-9 (under7/6;66/60; ib/2a); 14-9 (over 4/5/12; 65/65; 2D/3). Scale: 2-5, j-9 at 4:5; 7, 6 at 1:1; 10-14 at 3:4.

Plate 102

ι - Ps (9; 66/P323;1); 2 - P3 (8/13;66/P335;?ia(-b)); 3 - P15 (8/13;66/P242;lb); 4 - P4 on claypot-bases, Graffiti (8/9;66/P353;2a-b); 5 P13 (S. Houseyard;66/P354;3); 6 - P14 (S. Houseyard;66/P355;3); 7 - P8 (8/9;nc; 2b) incised;8 - NC. Variousscales.

Plate 103

Environmental remains.Room 6: Phase ib. (i) olive pips (5); (2) carbonisedfigs(6).