Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis. Band I: Eastern Europe

Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism Texte und Studien z u m A n t i k e n J u d e n t u m Edited by Martin H e n g e l ...

Author: David Noy | Alexander Panayotov | Hanswulf Bloedhorn

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Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism Texte und Studien z u m A n t i k e n J u d e n t u m Edited by Martin H e n g e l and Peter Schafer

101

Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis Volume I

Eastern Europe edited by David Noy, Alexander Panayotov, and Hanswulf Bloedhom

Mohr Siebeck

D A V I D NOY, born 1959; 1987 Ph.D. from University of R e a d i n g ; since 1993 Lecturer in D e p a r t m e n t of Classics, University of Wales Lampeter. A L E X A N D E R PANAYOTOV, born 1971; 2 0 0 2 P h . D . in Jewish Studies, S c h o o l of Divinity, U n i versity of St. A n d r e w s ; 2 0 0 2 - 0 3 G o l d a Meir R e s e a r c h F e l l o w in Jewish S t u d i e s , T h e H e brew University of Jerusalem, Israel. H A N S W U L F B L O E D H O R N ; born 1950; 1986 Ph.D. from the Free University Berlin; D i r e c t o r of the G e r m a n Protestant Institute of A r c h a e o l o g y in Jerusalem.

I S B N 3-16-148189-5 I S S N 0721-8753 (Texts and Studies in A n c i e n t Judaism) D i e D e u t s c h e B i b l i o t h e k lists this publication in the D e u t s c h e Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de.

© 2004

by M o h r Siebeck, T u b i n g e n , Germany.

This b o o k m a y not be reproduced, in w h o l e or in part, in any form ( b e y o n d that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher's written permission. This applies particularly t o reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. T h e b o o k was printed by G u l d e - D r u c k in T u b i n g e n o n non-aging paper and b o u n d by B u c h b i n d e r e i Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in G e r m a n y .

Preface The work for this project was begun by Hanswulf Bloedhorn for the production of Karte B VI18 oi the Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. At the request of Prof. Martin Hengel, it was taken over by David Noy in Jan. 2002, with the help of a term's study leave funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board. At the same time Alexander Panayotov was working independently on a parallel project for a Ph.D. thesis at the University of St Andrews. After a chance meeting between DN and A P at a conference in Rome in 2 0 0 1 , it was agreed to pool resources and produce a joint book. DN is largely responsible for the entries for Pannonia and the Black Sea, and AP is largely responsible for the other sections with additions by DN, but there has been considerable overlap. It is hoped that the disparate origins of the project will not lead to serious inconsistencies in the presentation of the final work. The resulting book is the first in the Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis series; vol.2 on Asia Minor (Walter Ameling - an independent project) and vol.3 on Syria and Cyprus (David Noy & Hanswulf Bloedhorn) complete it. Since there is no satisfactory definition of a "Jewish inscription", the principle which has been followed here is^ to include all inscriptions which come from or refer to Eastern Europe (including the eastern European provinces of the Roman Empire and the north coast of the Black Sea, but excluding the islands of Samos, Chios, Rhodes and Cos which will be covered in IJudO ii) and include one of the following (basically the same criteria that were used for JIWE): i. The use of Hebrew. ii. The use of specifically Jewish symbols. iii. The use of Jewish terminology or designations. iv. The use of distinctively Jewish names, in contexts where their use does not seem more likely to be Christian than Jewish. V. Provenance from a synagogue. vi. Reference to famous Jews such as Herod the Great. vii. Some Bosporan manumissions (e.g. #BS8) have been included because of their similarity to Jewish manumissions and the lack of any indication that they are not Jewish. viii. Reference to Samaritans. The intention has been, as with JIWE, to include all inscriptions which are likely to date from before c.700 CE. Jewish inscriptions which have been thought to be earlier than 700 but are more likely to be later are in Appendix 1. Inscriptions for whose Jewishness a serious case has been

Yj

Preface

made, but which do not meet the criteria above, are included in Appendix 2 or discussed in the text. The inscriptions have been numbered according to the Roman provinces in existence c.lOO CE (Pannonia, Dalmatia, Moesia, Thrace, Macedonia, Achaea, Crete), with the addition of the north coast of the Black Sea ("BS"). Achaea is divided into sections for Thessaly, Athens, the rest of the Greek mainland and the islands, but all the inscriptions are numbered "Ach#". There are brief introductions to individual towns where appropriate, references are given to the T A V O map, and approximate locations are shown on the maps on p p . 3 9 4 - 5 . The entry for each inscription consists of a bibliography (divided into editions, illustrations and other discussions), details of the inscription, text and apparatus criticus, literal translation and commentary. Where possible a drawing or photograph of the inscription is provided. Many new photographs have been included, most of them taken by AP. In other cases details of Greek letter forms are given, particularly the most variable letters {alpha, epsilon, mu, sigma, omega). Out of the 142 inscriptions in the main part of the book, 54 were not included in the original or revised CIJ. N a m e s have usually been given in an anglicized or latinized form. Unfortunately Ilan (2002) was not available in time to be consulted by DN (and only briefly by AP) on the names. Where there are different interpretations of an inscription, we have tried to give all serious views, even if we have preferred one. Bibliographies have been made as comprehensive as possible to enable readers to make their own investigations. The indexes largely follow the pattern established in JIWE, but with some adjustment of categories. Where a word is restored or the reading is uncertain, this is indicated in the index either with brackets or ? by the number. For cross-references in the text, # followed by a number (e.g. # D a l l ) indicates another inscription in this volume. Thanks are due to many people who provided advice and information. Margaret Williams and Walter Ameling commented on several sections of the work. Martin Hengel provided help and guidance at all stages of the project. We are also grateful for help, advice and information from: N o r m a n Ashton, Zrinka Buljevic, John Camp, Helen Clark, Nicholas de Lange, Frowald Hiittenmeister, Olga Karagiorgou, Chara Karapa-Molisani, Betty Kitching, Doug Lee, Gert Luderitz, John Lupia, Andrey Melamed, Stephen Mitchell, Andrew Overman, Mirjam Plantinga, Jonathan Price, Leonard Rutgers, Susan Sorek, A. Tziaphalias, Frank Trombley, Susan Weingarten, James Wiseman; members of the loudaios and Late Antiquity mailing lists; the State Hermitage Museum; the British School at Athens; the Epigraphic Museum, Athens; Henning Ziebritzki and Matthias Spitzner of Mohr-Siebeck. Most of the Black Sea section is heavily indebted to the published work of Irina Levinskaya.

Table of Contents Preface List of illustrations List of abbreviations Diacritical system Section 1: Pannonia Solva Aquincum Intercisa Siklos Mursa

Section 2: Dalmatia Peratovci Senia Salonae

Section 3: Moesia Oescus

Section 4: Thrace

V IX XI XVI 1 1 4 7 14 16

20 20 22 24

30 30

37

Philippopolis Bizye Perinthus-Heraclea Assenovgrad

38 48 51 53

Section 5: Macedonia

56

Stobi Beroea Philippi Thessaloniki

Section 6: Achaea: Thessaly Larissa Phthiotic Thebes Almyros Pherae

Section 7: Achaea: Athens & Piraeus Athens Piraeus

56 76 88 91

107 107 126 141 143

144 144 164

VIII

Table of

Contents

Section 8: Achaea: Greek mainland Delphi Oropus Plataea Corinth Argos Arcadia Coronea Mantinea Taenarum

Section 9: Achaea: Greek islands Euboea Aegina Deles Rheneia Syros A c h a e a : uncertain origin

Section 10: Crete Arcades Kastelli Kissamou

Section 11: North Coast of the Black Sea Olbia Chersonesus Panticapaeum Phanagoria Hermonassa Gorgippia Tanais

Appendix 1: Probably medieval inscriptions Appendix 2: Inscriptions not considered Jewish Bibliography Concordance Indexes Maps

168 168 177 180 181 189 193 194 196 197

201 201 202 210 235 242 248

249 249 251

254 254 260 264 294 302 303 323

325 331 345 374 376 397

List of illustrations and acknowledgments Number

Source

Panl Pan2 Pan3 Pan5 Dal2 Dal3 Moesl Moes2 Plan ( p . 3 9 ) Thrl Thr2 Thr3 Thr4 Thr5 Plan ( p . 5 8 ) Macl Mac6

Scheiber 1983, n o . l , by permission o f Akademiai Kiado Scheiber 1983, no.2, by permission o f Akademiai Kiado Hampel 1906, t4b.III.7 Scheiber 1 9 8 3 , no.8, by permission o f Akademiai Kiad6 Patsch 1900, fig.44 B y permission o f the Archaeological Museum, Split B y permission o f the Archaeological Museum, Sofia By permission o f the Archaeological Museum, Sofia Philippopolis synagogue, after Kesjakova 1989 B y permission o f the National Institute for the Monuments o f Culture B y permission o f the National Institute for the Monuments o f Culture Dawkins & Hasluck 1905/6, no.5 Kalinka 1926, no. 146 B y permission o f the National Institute for the Monuments o f Culture Central Basilica and s y n a g o g u e s at Stobi, after Wiseman 1975 Vulic 1932

Mac? Mac 13 Mac 15 Mac 16 Mac 17 Ach2 Ach5 Achl6 Achl7 AchlS Ach23 Ach24 Ach27 Ach28 Ach29 Ach30 Ach32 Ach33 Ach34 Ach35 Ach41

RICM, pi. 65 n o . 2 9 4 , by permission o f the Ecole Fran^aise d'Athenes, cliche n o . L 3 1 4 5 , 2 0 (auteur: D . Feissel) RICM, pi. 65 n o . 2 9 5 , by permission o f the Ecole Fran9aise d'Athenes, cliche n o . L 3 1 4 5 , 3 2 (auteur: D. Feissel) CIJ i^ pl.2 n o . 6 9 3 b N i g d e l i s 1994, t a f VII, by permission o f Verlag Dr Rudolf Habelt GmbH Reinach 1885, 7 7 - 8 , no.6 RICM, pi.64 n o . 2 9 l , by permission o f the Ecole Fran9aise d'Athenes, cliche n o . 4 0 8 8 8 (auteur: J-M. Spieser) B y permission o f the Archaeological Museum, Larissa B y permission o f the Archaeological Museum, Larissa Spyridakis 1 9 0 1 , no.2 Soteriou 1936, fig.9 Soteriou 1936, fig. 10 CIJ i^ pl.2 n o . 7 0 8 c Giannopoulos 1912, no.22 B y permission o f the Epigraphic Museum, Athens B y permission o f the Epigraphic Museum, Athens B y permission o f the Epigraphic Museum, Athens B y permission o f the Epigraphic Museum, Athens B y permission o f the Epigraphic M u s e u m , Athens B y permission o f the Epigraphic Museum, Athens B y permission o f the Epigraphic Museum, Athens B y permission o f the Epigraphic Museum, Athens B y permission o f the Epigraphic M u s e u m , Athens

X Ach47 Ach50 Ach56 Plan ( p . 2 0 3 ) Ach58 Plan ( p . 2 1 3 ) Ach70 Ach71 Ach72 BS2 BS4 BS5 BS6 BS7 BS8 BS9 BS16 BS17 BS18 BS20 BS21 BS23 BS24 BS25 BS26 App3

List of illustrations

and

acknowledgments

Powell 1903, no.40 Kaplan 1980, f i g . l , by permission o f the Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem CIJ i ^ p l . 3 n o . 7 2 1 b Aegina, Synagogue, after Mazur 1933 Sukenik 1 9 3 4 , p l . l l D e l o s , Building G D 80, after Bruneau 1970, pl.B Wilhelm 1901, fig.3 Deissmann 1923, fig.75 IG xii 5 . 1 , 1903, no. 7 1 2 , 9 9 - S y r o s B y permission o f Macalester C o l l e g e Black Sea Project Levinskaya 1996a, no.3.1.1 = CIRB 6 4 , with agreement o f Eerdmans Levinskaya 1996a, no.3.n.l = CIRB 7 0 , with agreement o f Eerdmans By permission o f Macalester C o l l e g e Black Sea Project Levinskaya 1996a, no.3.11.2 = CIRB 7 1 , with agreement o f Eerdmans Skorpil 1896, no.l Levinskaya 1996a, no.3.II.3 = CIRB 7 2 , with agreement o f Eerdmans Lutsenko 1869, tab.9 (orientation corrected) Levinskaya 1996a, no.3.II.5 = CIRB 9 8 5 , with agreement o f Eerdmans Levinskaya 1996a, no.3.II.6, with agreement o f Eerdmans Levinskaya 1996a, no.3.11.7 = CIRB 1123, with agreement o f Eerdmans B y permission o f the State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg Levinskaya 1996a, no.3.n.8 = CIRB 1124, with agreement o f Eerdmans Latygev 1910, no.8 LatySev 1910, no.9 Minns 1913, fig.351 By permission o f the Archaeological Museum, Larissa

List of abbreviations Cross-references are to the Bibliography AA AAssJewsBulg

ArchSologischer A n z e i g e r Annual o f the Social, Cultural and Educational A s s o c i a t i o n o f the Jews in the P e o p l e ' s Republic o f Bulgaria

ABD

A n c h o r Bible Dictionary

ABSA

The Annual o f the British School at Athens

ACMl

Anuarul comisiunii monumentelor istorice

Acta Antiqua

A c t a antiqua A c a d e m i a e Scientiarum Hungaricae

ActaArchHung

A c t a archaeologica A c a d e m i a e Scientiarum Hungaricae

ADelt

' A p x a i o X , o y i K 6 v AEXTIOV

AE

L ' A n n e e Epigraphique

AEM

Archaologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Osterreich

AEph

ApxaioXoyiKTi 'E(pTm,eplq

AlPh

Annuaire de I'lnstitut d e p h i l o l o g i e et d'histoire orientales et slaves

AJA

American Journal o f A r c h a e o l o g y

AJAH

American Journal o f A n c i e n t History

AJPh

American Journal o f P h i l o l o g y

AM

Mitteilungen

des

Deutschen

ArchSologischen

Instituts,

Athenische Abteilung AMNAPlovdiv

Annuaire Mus6e National Archeologique Plovdiv

AncCivScySib

A n c i e n t Civilisations from Scythia to Siberia

ANRW

A u f s t i e g und N i e d e r g a n g der Romischen W e h

AntCI

L'antiquit6 classique

AntW

Antike Welt. Zeitschrift ftir ArchSologie und Urgeschichte

AnzWien

A n z e i g e r Wien

APreg

Arheoloski pregled

A p x e i o v EvPoiKobv MeA,ex(ov A r c h e i o n Euboikon Meleton Apxeojiorifl Arkheologiya ArchErt

Archaeologiai Ertesito

Ariadne

'Apid6vTi

ASAthene

Annuario della Scuola A r c h e o l o g i c a di Atene e delle Missioni

Athena Athenaion

'A0T|va 'A9rivaiov. Zt)Yypa|ip,a JtepioSiKov

BA

Biblical Archaeologist

BAcSerbe

Bulletin de I'Acad^mie d e s lettres royales Serbe

BAIEMA

Bulletin

Italiane in Oriente

d'Information,

Association

Internationale

r Etude de la Mosai'que antique BAIStP

Bulletin de I'Academie imp^riale de St-Petersbourg

BalkSt

Balkan Studies

BAMusParent

Bulletin archeologique du M u s e e Parent

pour

XII BAncSyn BAR BASOR BCH BCMI BE BlABulg BICA BJGS BJPES BJS BN B S i-iii BSABulg BulgHistR BullDal ByZ ByzJb CBET CBQ CCSL CIG CIH CIJ CIJ P CIL CIRB CIS CJZC CPJ CRAI CRStP

DACL DAN

DLZ DOAW DOP EAD EE

List of

abbreviations

Bulletin o f the Louis M. Rabinowitz Fund for the Exploration o f Ancient S y n a g o g u e s Biblical Archaeology R e v i e w Bulletin o f the American S c h o o l s o f Oriental Research Bulletin de correspondance hellenique Buletinul comisiunii monumentelor istorice Bulletin Epigraphique Bulletin de I'institut archeologique bulgare [HsBecTHH Ha BiJirapcKHH ApxeojioPHHecKH HHCTHxyrb] Bullettino dell'Institute di Corrispondenza A r c h e o l o g i c a Bulletin o f Judaeo-Greek Studies Bulletin o f the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society Brown Judaic Studies Beitrage zur Namenforschung Beth She'arim Bulletin de la soci^te archeologique bulgare [HsBecTHH na B-bjirapcKOTO ApxeojiorHnecKO flpyacecTBo] Bulgarian Historical R e v i e w Bullettino di A r c h e o l o g i a e Storia Dalmata [ = V A H D ] Byzantinische Zeitschrift Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbucher Contributions to Biblical E x e g e s i s and T h e o l o g y Catholic Biblical Quarterly Corpus Christianorum, series latina Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum - see Chwolson Corpus inscriptionum Jjudaicarum - see Lifshitz Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum Corpus inscriptionum regni Bosporani Corpus inscriptionum Semiticarum - see Luderitz Corpus papyrorum Judaicarum Comptes rendus des seances de I'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres Compte-rendu de la c o m m i s s i o n imperiale archeologique, Saint-P6tersbourg = OTHerb HivinepaTopcKOH ApxeojiorHHeCKOH KOMMHCCiH Dictionnaire d'archeologie chr6tienne et de liturgie floKjiaflbi AKaaeMHH HayK CCCP = Comptes rendus de I'Academie des S c i e n c e s de I'Union des R6publiques Sovi^tiques Socialistes Deutsche Literaturzeitung Denkschriften der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse Dumbarton Oaks Papers Exploration Archeologique de DElos Ephemeris epigraphica. Corporis inscriptionum Latinarum supplementum

EEBS

'EjtexTipiq eTaipeiaq P\)^avTivwv areo\)8wv

EJ

Encyclopaedia Judaica

List of

abbreviations

XIII

EMC

E c h o s du M o n d e Classique

Epig EtTr

Epigraphica Etudes et travaux. Studia i prace. Travaux du Centre d'archeologie mediterraneenne d e I'Academie des s c i e n c e s polonaise

Evreiska Tribuna FD

E s p e H C K a TpH6yHa Fouilles de D e l p h e s

GlasMuz

Glasnik hrvatskih zemaljskih muzeja u Sarajevu

GlasSKA

Glasnik Srpska kraljevska akademija

GPNAM

FoAHUiHHK Ha FIjioBiiHBCKaTa H a p o ^ n a 6H6jiHOTeKa H M y s e H

GZM

Glaznik Zemaljskog Muzeja B o s n e i Hercegovine u Sarajevu

HTR HUCA

Harvard Theological R e v i e w Hebrew Union C o l l e g e Annual

HZ

Historische Zeitschrift

lAK

HsBecTHH ( H M n e p a T o p c K O H ) A p x e o j i o r H n e c K O H KoMMHCciH

ICret lEJ

Inscriptiones Creticae Israel Exploration Journal

IG

Inscriptiones Graecae

IGAIMK

HsBecTHa

FocyflapcTBCHHOH

AKaaeMHH

HcxopHH

MaxepH-

ajibHOH Kyjibrypw IGBulg

Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria repertae

IGCVO

Inscriptiones Graecae Christianae veteres occidentis

IGRR IJudO IK

Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis Inschriften griechischer Stadte aus Kleinasien

ILBulg

Inscriptiones Latinae in Bulgaria repertae

ILCV ILJug

Inscriptiones Latinae christianae veteres Inscriptiones Latinae quae in lugoslavia inter annos M C M L X et M C M L X X repertae et editae sunt; ed. A . & J. SaSel

ILS

Inscriptiones Latinae selectae

IMAO

HsBecTHH MocKOBCKaro A p x e o j i o r H n e c K o r o 0 6 m e c T B a

IMITE IPE

Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi T^rsulat E v k o n y v e Inscriptiones antiquae orae septentrionalis Graecae et Latinae

IRAIK

H3BecTHa

PyccKaro

ApxeojiorHnecKoro

Ponti

Euxini

HncTHxyTa

BKOH-

cxaHTHHonojie IRAIMK

HsBecTHa

PoccHiicKoft

AKaaeMHH

HcxopHH

MaTepnajibHOH

KyjibTypu

ISM

Inscriptiones Scythiae Minoris

JAs JbAC

Journal asiatique Jahrbuch flir Antike und Christentum

JbGJJ

Jahrbuch flir die Geschichte der Juden und des Judenthums

JbJudLitGes

Jahrbuch der jUdisch-literarischen Gesellschaft

JFA

Journal o f Field A r c h a e o l o g y

JHS

Journal o f Hellenic Studies

JIGRE

- s e e Horbury & N o y

JIWE JJewArt JJS

- see N o y Journal o f Jewish Art Journal o f Jewish Studies

JMS JOB

Journal o f Mediterranean Studies Jahrbuch der Osterreichischen Byzantinistik

XIV JPOS JQR JRS JSJ JSNT JSQ JSS JThS Kretika Chronika L&S LA LGPN LIMC LSJ Makedonika MAMA MAR MEFR MelGR MemAIStP MemPontAcc MGWJ MKDAI,RA MonAnt NAMSL NDIEC NE NedThT NJbKlAlt NJbPhPaed NTS OCP OJh OGIS OV PAAJR PAE PEQ PG PIR PL PLRE Polemon POxy PSBF RA RAC RB

List of

abbreviations

Journal o f the Palestine Oriental Society Jewish Quarterly R e v i e w Journal o f Roman Studies Journal for the Study o f Judaism Journal for the Study o f the N e w Testament Jewish Studies Quarterly Journal o f Semitic Studies Journal o f Theological Studies KpTixiKd XpoviKd L e w i s & Short Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus Lexicon o f Greek Personal N a m e s Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae Liddell, Scott & Jones MaKeSoviKa Monumenta Asiae Minoris antiqua MaxepHajibi no ApxeojiorHH POCCHH M e l a n g e s de I'Ecole fran9aise de Rome M e l a n g e s greco-romains Memoires de I'Academie imperiale des s c i e n c e s de StPetersbourg Memorie della Pontificia A c c a d e m i a Monatsschrift fur Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums Mittheilungen des (kaiserlichen) deutschen archaeologischen Instituts. Romische Abt. Monumenti Antichi N o u v e l l e s archives d e s , m i s s i o n s scientifiques et litteraires N e w Documents Illustrating Early Christianity HyMHSMaTHKa H 3nHrpa<])HKa Nederlands theologisch tijdschrift N e u e Jahrbucher fur das klassische Altertum N e u e Jahrbucher flir Philologie und Paedagogik N e w Testament Studies Orientalia Christiana Periodica Jahreshefte des Osterreichischen Archaologischen Institutes in Wien Orientis Graeci inscriptiones selectae OaeCCKHH BeCTHHK Proceedings o f the American A c a d e m y for Jewish Research n p a K x i K a xriq ev 'AGrivaiq 'ApxaioXoyiKtiq ' E x a i p e i a q Palestine Exploration (Fund) Quarterly (Statement) Patrologia Graeca Prosopographia Imperii Romani Patrologia Latina Prosopography o f the Later Roman Empire noXeiitov Oxyrhynchus Papyri Pubblicazioni dello Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Revue archeologique Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana Revue biblique

List of

REA REB REG REJ REL RhMus RICM RIJurG RIL RIU RivFil RPh SB SbBerlin SCI SDHl SEG SGDI SIG SovA SSAC StCIstor StCl SymbOsl TAM TAPhA TAVO TDNT Tekmeria TIB TitCal TM TWNT TynBul VAHD VDI VigChr VT WJA ZIRAO ZMNP ZNW ZOO

abbreviations

Revue des Etudes anciennes Revue des etudes byzantines Revue des etudes grecques Revue des Etudes j u i v e s Revue des Etudes latines Rheinische Museum ftir Philologie Recueil des inscriptions chrEtiennes de MacEdoine du III® au VI® siEcle; ed. D Feissel Recueil des inscriptions juridiques grecques Rendiconti di Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere D i e Romische Inschriften aus U n g a m s Rivista di filologia e d'istruzione classica R e v u e de philologie, de littErature et d'histoire anciennes Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Agypten Sitzungsberichte der (Koniglichen / Preussischen) Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Scripta classica Israelica Studia et documenta historiae et iuris Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum Sammlung griechischer Dialekt-Inschriften S y l l o g e inscriptionum Graecarum; ed. W. Dittenberger CoBercKaa Apxeojiorwa Sussidi alio studio dell'antichit^ cristiana Studii §i cercetari de istorie v e c h e Studii clasice Symbolae Osloenses Tituli Asiae Minoris Transactions o f the American Philological Association Tlibinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients Theological Dictionary o f the N e w Testament TeKjifipta Tabula Imperii Byzantini Tituli Calymnii Travaux et mEmoires. Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation byzantine T h e o l o g i s c h e s WOrterbuch zum N e u e n Testament Tyndale Bulletin Vjesnik za Arheologiju i Historiju Dalmatinsku [ = B u l l D a l ] BecTHHK fl;peBHeH HCTOpHfi Vigiliae Christianae Vetus Testamentum Wiirzburger Jahrbucher ftir die Altertumswissenschaft 3anHCKH HMneparopcKaro PyccKaro ApxeojiorHHecKaro OSmecTBa ^ y p u a j i MHHHCTepcTBa Hapoanaro ripocBHmeHHfl Zeitschrift ftir die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der alteren Kirche 3anHCKH (HMnepaTopcKaro) OjieccKaro 0 6 m e c T B a HcTopHH H fl^peBHOCTCH

ZPE ZsSz

XV

Zeitschrift ftir Papyrologie und Epigraphik Magyar-Zsid6 S z e m l e

Diacritical system The following diacritical system has been used, following the usual epigraphic conventions: ( ) for the resolution of an abbreviation [ ] for the restoration of lost text < > for the correction of a mistake or omission in the inscription (details are given in the app.crit.) { } for superfluous text which should be ignored II i for text which was deliberately erased in antiquity [...] for lost text where the number of letters is fairly certain [ - - ] for lost text where the number of letters is uncertain indicates an estimate of the number of letters in a large lacuna) V. / vac. (vacat) indicates a gap deliberately left in the text + for an individual letter of which traces remain but which cannot be identified I indicates a line division A dot beneath a letter, e.g. a , indicates that the reading is uncertain. 1. in the app.crit. stands for "lege", i.e "to be read as", indicating a deviation from normal spelling in the inscription.

Section 1

Pannonia The province of Pannonia was established in 9 CE, and divided into Pannonia Inferior and Superior in 106. Evidence for a Jewish presence there in Roman and medieval times was thoroughly surveyed by Scheiber (1983). Most of the province's main cities were along the Danube frontier, and that is where most, although not all, of the Jewish evidence comes from. See also # A p p l , #App7. CIJ 679, a ring with various magical words including the divine name T a 6 , is clearly not a Jewish object.

Solva (Esztergom)

= TA VO-Karte B VI18: CI 6

P a n l . Epitaph of Judah and Cassia Editions: Frohlich 1891, 236 no.26 (from the stone); CIL iii.Supp.l 1902, no. 10599 (from the stone); Krausz 1904, 172-3 (from Frohlich); ILCV ii 1927, no.4896a (from CIL); CIJ i 1936, no.676 (from CIL); Scheiber 1960, 2 6 - 9 no.3 (from the stone); Kadar 1962, 42 (majusc. text from Scheiber); Radan 1973, 2 7 2 - 3 ; CIJ i^ 1975, Prol. p.59; Thomas 1977, n o s . 3 - 4 , 2 3 ; Bilkei 1979, 27 no.8 (from the stone?); RIU iii 1981, no.787 (from the stone); Scheiber 1983, 16-19 no.l (from the stone). Illustrations: Krausz 1904 (photo with inscription barely visible); Ararat Evkdnyv...az 1939...evre (Ararat yearbook for 1939), 3 3 ; ' General Encyclopedia in Yiddish 1950, iv 555 (photo); Scheiber 1960 (photo); Radan, fig.7 (photo); Thomas 1977 (photo); Bilkei (drawing); RIU iii, Abb.CIX (drawing and photo); Thomas 1982, Abb.2 (photo); Scheiber 1983 (photo). Other bibliography: Grunwald 1894, nos.12-13 [not seen]; S. Krausz, IMITE 1904, 24 n.l [not seen]; A. Graf, IMITE 1939, 245 [not seen]; Barkoczi 1964, 3 0 1 , 308, 315, 342 no.98/9; Thomas 1980, 193 (English tr.); Thomas 1982, 258; I. Benoschofsky, Uj Elet 38 1983, no.l [not seen]; Revised Schurer iii.l 1986, 73. Found near Esztergom. Now: Budapest, Jewish Religious and Historical Collection, inv.no.2500 (104.1965 according to RIU).

N o t seen; this and other references are from Scheiber 1983.

Pannonia

Details: Limestone plaque broken in two. 148 x 76 x 11.5 cm. (Krausz, Scheiber^) or 150 x 80 x 14 cm. (RIU) or 184 x 76 x 1.5 cm. (Bilkei). Letters: 5.1-3.5 cm. Language: Latin (some in Greek characters) and Greek. Date: 3^*^ century CE (Scheiber). Text (follows RIU and photo):

et

1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 3.

l^e^opia ludati patiri ixejiopia K a o a i e . e'uA,(oYia). (menorah)

P o i n t inscribed after T. K r a u s z : memoria Judat pair [is] Frolilich, C I L , C I J , R a d a n : patir F r o h l i c h : memoria Kasete; K r a u s z : memoria Kasete malr(is) All e d s . before S c h e i b e r omit et Scheiber: Cassi(a)e K r a u s z ; G r a f (a/?. S c h e i b e r 1983): Eva; I L C V : E\)X,(oyie)

Memorial for Judah, father, and memorial for Cassia.

A

blessing.

This stone was found in 1890, together with RIU 783, in the River Banom, near the brickyard of Kisleva, on the property of the Bishop of Esztergom, 2 F r o h l i c h g i v e s a l m o s t the s a m e d i m e n s i o n s : 148 x 78 x 12 c m .

Pannonia

3

and it was recorded for CIL in the Bishop's Palace. It had been taken to the Jewish Museum at Budapest by the time Kadar studied it. The inscription is on a large limestone plaque, but is crammed into the top: 1.1 is written on the top of the raised frame, et of 1.2 (which was missed by most editors) is on the left side of the frame, and the rest of 11.23 is right at the top of the recessed field, above an elaborate menorah with tripod, crossbar and flames. It appears that the epitaph of Cassia was written first, and the epitaph of Judah added afterwards. RIU notes dowel holes on the corners and a groove chiselled later. Radan suggests that the stone is part of a base with its original inscription removed. It is unclear whether most of the letters are in the Greek or Roman alphabet. Greek rho is used in memoria in 11.1-2 but Roman r is used in patiri. Lunate sigma is used twice in Kassie, and the first letter is presumably Greek kappa. 1.3 is clearly in the Greek alphabet and language. It seems likely that when the epitaph of Juda was added, the stone-cutter copied the letters which were already on the stone as far as possible, but used the alphabet which was natural to him for ludati patiri, for which he had no model. ludati patiri appears to be a dative, as assumed in the translation above, but could be an incorrectly formed genitive. Kassie, assuming that it has a Latin case ending, could be genitive or dative. "Father" could represent J u d a ' s relationship to Cassia, or be a Jewish title. Cassia is probably the normal Roman gentilicium, but other origins have been suggested: the name of one of Job's daughters ( H y ^ ^ p , Job 42.14), or a derivative of the Greek K a a i a (cinnamon). RIU 543, from Brigetio, reads: D.M. memorie C\ass. q. Fahie | quae vix. an. | XXX Aw: Valen\tinus coiugi incompar\abiii, which RIU expands to Cass(iae) q(uondam) Fabie.-' Cassius was the nomen of a civic magistrate at Moguntiacum (RIU 657). The use of Greek in an epitaph is extremely unusual in Pannonia. Bilkei has only four other certain examples of the epigraphic use of Greek in the province, three of which use Greek formulae which had no Latin equivalent (e-oii/^xei; xpfiaxe %aipe; Oapai o'uSeiq aBdvaxoq). E-oA-oyla can perhaps be put into the same category. The mixture of alphabets and languages may indicate a Greek-speaking family in a Latin environment, perhaps recent immigrants. See also #Pan2. Scheiber dales the inscription to the 3*^*^ century. According to Radan, secondary use of monuments in Pannonia, as may be the case here, became common in the second half of the 3^^ and during the 4"^ centuries. The date may be reasonably close to that of #Pan2.

3 q(iiae et) Fahie is a m o r e likely e x p a n s i o n .

4

Pannonia

Aquincum

(Obuda) (?) = TAVO-Karte

B VI18:

CI6

P a i i 2 . E p i t a p h o f A n a s t a s i u s a n d family Editions: EE ii 1875, no. 1060 (from copy by Wolff supplied by C o n / i u s ; pagan text only), iv 1881, no.442; Wolff 1878a, 53 [not seen]; Wolff 1878b, 2 0 8 - 9 no. 11 (pagan text only); Frohlich 1891, 2 3 2 - 3 no. 18 ( f r o m BE and Wolff); CIL iii.Supp.l 1902, no. 10611 (from Frohlich); Krausz 1904, 1 7 0 - 2 ; Krausz, IMITE 1904, 31 [not seen]; Kuzsinsky 1908, 9 8 - 9 [not seen]; Oehler 1909, no.211 (from CIL?); IGRR i 1911, no.536 (follows CIL); Peterson 1926, 2 7 7 - 9 (from CIL); ILCV ii 1927, no.4958 (from CIL); CIJ i 1936, no.675 (follows Frohlich and Krauss); A. Graf, IMITE 1939, 242 [not seen]; Goodenough, Symbols ii 1953, 5 9 - 6 0 ; Scheiber 1960, 16-22 no.l (from the stone); Kadar 1962, 42 (majusc. text f r o m Wolf and Scheiber); Radan 1973, 2 7 0 - 2 (from the stone); CIJ i^ 1975, Prol. p . 5 9 ; Thomas 1977, 23; Bilkei 1979. 27 n o . 9 (from the stone); Scheiber 1983, 1 9 - 2 5 , no.2 (photos). Illustrations: Frohlich (facsimile); Krausz 1904 (photo); Kuzsinsky 1908 (photo); Goodenough, Symbols iii 1954, fig.857 (photo); Scheiber 1960 (photos); Kanael 1960, Abb.57 (photo); Radan 1973, figs.3-5 (photos and drawing); Thomas 1977 (photo); Bilkei, Taf. 1.3 (photo and drawing); Thomas 1980, p l s . C X X X l V , C X X X V . l (photos); Thomas 1982, A b b . 3 a - b (photos); Scheiber 1983 (photos). Other bibliography: Hampel 1878, 75 (summary of Wolff); Goodenough 1950/1, 467; Szilagyi 1956, 55, 112; Kanael 1960, 70 (German tr.); Barkoczi 1964, 305, 306, 310, 353 no. 177/11; Thomas 1980, 193 (English tr.); Thomas 1982. 2 5 8 - 6 0 ; Revised Schurer iii.l 1986, 73; de Segni 1994, 114. Bought at Pest. Now: Budapest, National Historical Museum, inv.no.62.70.1. Details: Reused funerary stele, 181 x 76 x 28 cm. Language: Latin in Greek characters and Greek. Date: late 4"^ century CE (Scheiber). Text (follows Radan's drawing): (menorah) liTijiopia A v e a n a a i o ex AriKODoavi ex Brjveiaiii ex cpeiA-eico vooxpto. Eiq Becbq {female figure) eiq (menorah) 0ecbq {male figure) (figure of child) etq (menorah) ©Ecuq 1. C I J : AeKovaav,

1. Decusan(ae?);

Kadar: A e K o w a v i

5

Pannonia

2. C I L : B i i v e i ^ i ; CIJ, Bilkei, S c h e i b e r : 1. {et} fi/io 3 . C I L : voaxm; K a d a r : voaxrco (peiXeito 4 . F r o h l i c h : EioGecog ( I s t h e o s ) 5ff. o m i t t e d by all eds. before S c h e i b e r 1960. 1. Oeoq

Memorial for Anastasius and Decusanis(?) One God. One God. One God.

and Benjamin

and our

son.

The stone was bought at an auction in Pest in the 1830s or 40s by the family of Count Szapary, on whose estate at Alberti-lrsa near Czegled it was recorded by Karl Wolff, the family tutor. It was in a chapel in the park. It has been assumed that its 'origin' at Pest indicates that it comes from Aquincum, but in view of the lack of information about the previous ownership, the connection seems rather tenuous. The Jewish inscription was first noticed by Frohlich. The original stele has a gabled top with acroteria, and a rosette (Goodenough calls it a vase with vine growing from it) in the centre of the pediment. Below this, between two Corinthian columns, are depicted a man (on the right) and woman facing the viewer. The woman has her hand on the child's shoulder (she is not "holding" him as stated in some descriptions), and the child holds something identified by Goodenough as a bird. Below them is a narrow register showing what Radan described as

6

Pannonia

a sacrificial scene. Below that is the field for the original inscription, inside a frame decorated with ivy tendrils. It reads:'* bone memoriae / Cl(audiae) Maximillae / q(uae) vixit ann(os) XXV / et Dom. Domnio/ni qui d(e)f(unctus) est in / Retia coniugi ei/us q(ui) v(ixit) ann(os) XXXVII / Aur(eliae) Urbana et In/genua sorori bene / merenti. ("To the good memory of Claudia Maximilla, who lived 25 years, and to Dom(itius?) Domnio who died in Raetia, her spouse, who lived 37 years. Aurelia Urbana and Aurelia Ingenua for their well-deserving sister.") Much confusion has been caused by P r e y ' s suggestion, elevated to fact by Goodenough, that the Jewish inscription is contemporary with the original figures on the stone. Hence Goodenough's claim that "it is the only assured Jewish 'portrait' group on a tombstone"^ (repeated by Kanael). Most recently, de Segni writes that it is "adorned with sculptured portraits of the deceased: an un-kosher mixture if ever there was o n e . " In fact, it is very clear that the Jewish inscription has been added later, using whatever space was available. The first menorah is inscribed on the rosette in the pediment. The text begins (1.1) on the moulding at the base of the pediment, and then uses the empty space between the heads of the figures. The last lines and the second menorah are fitted between the figures, and the final menorah has been inscribed on the object which the child is holding. The reuse does at least indicate, as Frey notes, that these Jews had no qualms about using a stone wdth human figures on it. One of the arguments used by Frey and Goodenough is that the three figures match the family commemorated in the Jewish epitaph. This is only the case if the second et is deleted, to make Benjamin the same person as "our son". The Greek formula at the end, eiq Geoq, can be regarded as one which was felt to be appropriate only in Greek. De Segni shows that it is not a distinctly Jewish (as opposed to Gnostic, Samaritan - see # M a c l 7 - or Christian) expression, with only one other occurrence in the Diaspora, and it is not usually used in a funerary context; according to her, Jews preferred Beoc; PoriGoq. This may explain the use of the Greek alphabet for an otherwise normal Latin inscription: memoria Anestasio et Decusani et Beniami et fdio nostro (ei is used to transliterate long /). It seems to be the only Pannonian example of an extensive Latin inscription in Greek characters (cf. #Panl for a much shorter one; also #Dal2). The phenomenon is fairly common in Jewish inscriptions from Rome.^ The forms of the names are rather odd. As in # P a n l , memoria is followed by the dative rather than the genitive. The first name is evidently a misspelling of Anastasius. Krausz suggested that the second name could 4 CIJ 1 6 4 * . 5 Symbols ii, 6 0 . 6 N o y 1997, 3 0 7 - 9 .

Pannonia

7

be Dikaiosyne. Other writers have treated it as Decusana. The third name is the dative form of Bevia^ilq. If four people are involved, "our son" is nameless. Memoria (also found in # P a n l ) is used in the sense of 'memorial' and corresponds to the Greek nvfjixa. It is found in another inscription from Aquincum, CIL iii 10538, where the parents pos(uerunt) memoria(m) for their son. Cf. iii 5059 from Noricum: mfejmoriam fee. It occurs in Jewish inscriptions from Sardinia, Spain and Catania,^ as well as # D a l l . Cf. Index VIIc for comparable terms. Szilagyi, followed by Bilkei and Scheiber, dates the Jewish reuse to the end of the 4^*^ century. Radan suggests that the original use is from the late 3*^^ or early 4^'' century.

Intercisa

(Dunaujvdros-Dunapentele)

= TAVO-Karte

B VI18:

CI6

The presence of Jews at Intercisa may be due to the stationing there by Marcus Aurelius of an Emesene military unit, after the destruction of the fort in the Marcomannic War: Cohors I Milliaria Hemesenorum. Applebaum even argues that Jewish veterans at Intercisa were recruited to form the Emesene-Jewish military unit recorded at Concordia,* but Radan regards the argument as very tenuous. Three epitaphs from Intercisa are claimed to show Jewish names by Scheiber, but, as Solin (1983) points out, the names are in fact Syrian rather than Jewish: RIU V 1161: D(is) M(anibus) \ Aureliae Barachae vixit \ ann(os) XXXV et Aur<e>l(iae) Ger\manillae vixit | ann(os) IIII et altera \ filia Aurelia Ger\manilla vifxijt ann(os) \ II et Immostae matri su(a)\e vixit ann(os) XL German\ius Valens mil(es) coh(ortis) (milliariae) Hem\es(enorum) uxori et matri et fi\liis posuit et sibi {V} vi(v)us fe\cit. ("To the Di Manes of Aurelia Baracha (who) lived 35 years and Aurelia Germanilla (who) lived 4 years and another daughter Aurelia Germanilla (who) lived 2 years and Immosta his(?) mother (who) lived 40 years. Germanius Valens, soldier of the milliarian cohort of Emesenes placed (this) for his wife and mother and children, and made it for himself while alive.") RIU V 1189: M(arcus) Aur(elius) Malcifhjiaf.. mil(es)]\ leg(ionis) II Adi(utricis) strat(or) off(icii) [co(n)s(ularis) et] \ Mocur signifer [coh(ortis) (milliariae)] \ Hemes(enorum) q(ui) v(ixit) ann(os) LVfll? Aur(elia)?] \ Pulchra uxofr] ipfsius] | faventissimfis posuit]. ("Marcus Aurelius Malchia..., soldier of Legion II Adiutrix, groom of the consular office, and Mocur, standard-bearer of the milliarian cohort of Emesenes,

7 JIWE i 174, 176; 183, 187; 145. 8 j I W E i 6 = IJudOiii Syr43.

8

Pannonia

who lived 57(?) years. Aurelia(?) Pulchra his wife placed (this) for the most well-disposed men.") RIU V 1202: D(is) [M(amhus)] | M(arcus) Aur(elius) Sallumas vet(eranus) | ex tess(e)r(ario) coh(ortis) (milliariae) Hemes(enorum) domo I He mesa armor um LXXXII vivo | sibi et Aureliae Matf. J \ quondam conifugi... / I [ 7 1 / ]• ("To the Di Manes. Marcus Aurelius Sallumas, veteran ex tesserario of the milliarian cohort of Emesenes, his home at Emesa, aged 82, while alive [made this] for himself and Aurelia Mat... his late spouse.") P a n 3 . S y n a g o g u e inscription Editions: Romer 1864, 60-1 no.XXVlll (majusc. text); CIL iii.l 1873, no.3327 (from Romer's ms. and article), iii.Supp.l 1902, no. 10301 (follows EE); EE ii 1875, no.593 (from the stone); Cagnat 1882, 34 (follows EE); Cumont 1888, 192 no.7 (follows EE); Patsch 1893, 194 (follows EE); S. Krausz, IMITE 1902, 2 9 8 - 3 0 3 [not seen]; Hirschfeld 1905, 89 n.l (from CIL); Hampel 1906, 2 2 9 - 3 0 , 2 3 8 - 9 ; ILS ii.l 1906, no.3981 (from CIL); Thiele 1909, 15, 113 no.9 (follows CIL); Oehler 1909, 449 no.209; Bihlmeyer 1916, 9 9 - 1 0 1 n.2 (from CIL; no brackets); Krauss 1922, 260 (follows EE); CO i 1936, no.677 (minusc. text follows EE); Dobo 1940b, 176, no.58 (from CIL 10310 and Hampel); de Laet 1949, 195 n.5, 413 n.2 (follows ILS); Erdelyi & Fulep 1954, 323 no.329 (from the stone); Scheiber 1954/5, 19-44 (new interpretation of Erdelyi & Fulep); Alon 1955, ii 104; Alfoldy 1958, 193 no. 12 (from Erdelyi & Fulep); Scheiber 1960, 2 9 - 3 7 no.4 (from the stone); Barkoczi 1964, 2 8 1 2, 309, 350 no. 144/85 (from Scheiber); Fulep 1966, 93 8 (scientific study of the stone); AE 1966, no.302 (follows Fiilep 1966); Fitz 1972, 1 1 0 - 1 1 , 175 6 no.99, 187 no.47 (follows Erdelyi & Fulep); Radan 1973, 265, 2 6 8 9; CIJ i^ 1975, Prol. pp.59-60 (from Fulep 1966); Thomas 1977, 22; Scheiber 1983, 25-31 no.3 (from the stone); Revised Schurer iii.l 1986, 73 (from Fulep and other eds); Solin 1989, 2 3 3 - 6 (from Scheiber; new reading); AE 1990, no.823 (follows Solin); RIU v 1991, no.l051 (from the stone; restoration of 1.7 follows Solin); Rajak & Noy 1993, 9 1 - 2 no.27 (follows Scheiber); Noy 2 0 0 1 , 79-80 (from CIJ i^ and Solin). Illustrations: Krausz 1902 (photo): Hampel 1906, tab.111.7 (photo); Erdelyi & Fulep, T a f L X X X . 2 (photo); Scheiber 1954/5, fig.l (photo); Scheiber 1960 (photo); Fulep 1966, pls.LXXV-LXXVI (photos); Radan, fig.2 (photo); Thomas 1977 (photo); Thomas 1980, pI.XCVIl (photo); Thomas 1982, Abb.l (photo); Scheiber 1983 (photo); RIU v (drawing and photo). Other bibliography: T. Ortvay, Archaeologiai Kozlemenyek 10, 123 no. 19 [not seen]; S. Klein, Mult es Jovo 25 1935, 141-2 [not seen]; S. Klein, BJPES 3 1935, 6 3 - 5 [not seen]; 1. Low, BJPES 3 1935, 107; Fulep

Pannonia

1954, 258 9; Applebaum 1971, 1 8 2 - 3 ; Thomas 1980, 193 (English tr.); Fitz 1980, 130; Thomas 1982, 257; Kant 1987, 6 9 6 - 7 , 700; Williams 1998, no.lV.42 (English tr.). Formerly at Dunapentele. Now: Budapest, Hungarian National Museum, inv.no. 154/1874,2. Details: Limestone plaque, 58 x 82 x 22.5 cm., with inscription in a recessed tabula ansata. Letters 5.2-3.1 cm. Word-dividers. Language: Latin. Date: 2 3 3 - 5 CE.^ Text (follows RIU): Deo Aeterno pro sal(ute) d(omini) n(ostri) Sev(eri) Alllexan-I ttdril P(ii) F(elicis) Aug(usti) let Iul(iae)I i M a m a e l a e Aug(ustae) mat(ris) Aug(usti) vot(um) red(dit) l(ibcns) Cosmius pr(aepositus?) sta(tionis) Spondill(—) a synag(oga) {outside frame of tabula ansata): l|u|de|or(um).

5

L i g a t u r e s : I E R ; 2 A L ; 3 A N ; 4 A V , ET, V L ; 5 M A , M A E , A E , A V , M A T , A V G , V O 1; 7 N D . 6: 1 written a b o v e M. 3 . C1L 3 3 2 7 : Seve[ri A lexan-J 4. A E 1966, 1990: ff-drjji 4. C I L 3 3 2 7 ; Alfoldy {ap. R I U ) : Au[g(usti) et luliae]; A E 1990: Aug(usti) efft lul(iae)]] 5. E E , I L S , R a d a n : [Mamejae; A E 1966: [Mammaejae 5. C I L 3 3 2 7 : mal(ri) Au[g(usli) n(ostri)]; EE, I L S , S c h e i b e r 1960, S c h e i b e r 1983: Au(gusti) 5. R a d a n : v(otum) 6. A E 1966: red(didit); Romer: R E I D L C ' S M V S P R 6. C I L 3 3 2 7 : [ ]OTM5; EE, I L S , CIJ i: Cosinus

9 T h e dating follows Williams 1998.

10

Pannonia

7. EE, ILS, CIJ i: Spondilla synag.; Hirschfeld: Spondilla synag(ogae mater); Fulep {ap. IRU), A E 1966, Radan, CIJ i^: spondilla synag(ogae) ludeor(um); Kadar (ap.CIJ i^): Spondill. a(rchi)synag(ogus); Romer: S N A C Text outside tabula ansata omitted by all eds. before ErdEIyi & Fulep.

To the Eternal God, for the welfare of our lord Felix Augustus, and of Julia Mamaea Augusta, Cosmius willingly repaid his vow, superintendent Spondill..., from [i.e. a member of] the synagogue

Erdelyi & Scheiber,

Severus Alexander Pius mother of the Augustus, (?) of the guard-post at of the Jews.

The inscription was first recorded in 1864, when R6mer saw it in the wall of an outbuilding at the Post Office of Dunapentele near the site of Intercisa. According to his description (quoted by Scheiber) there was a relief of the emperor with it, but this is not mentioned by anyone else. It had been taken to Budapest by the time Mommsen saw it. The word ludeor(um), written outside the tabula ansata below the right ansa, was only discovered by Fiilep when the stone was cleaned for exhibition (there is no sign of it in Hampel's photograph); it disproved earlier suggestions (e.g. by Bihlmeyer) that the "synagogue" might not be a Jewish one. The ordinator or stone-cutter clearly misjudged the size of the text, and the lettering becomes compressed after 1.5 before spilling out of the tabula altogether. The inscription is a dedication to Deus Aeternus, in honour of Severus Alexander and his mother Julia Mamaea. Their names have largely been erased due to their posthumous damnatio memoriae. This seems to have been taken seriously in Pannonia, and is found in virtually all relevant inscriptions: RIU 4 1 3 , 745, 868, 1056, 1084. Alexander Severus was evidently popular at Intercisa, since there were also dedications made there for his welfare to Jupiter Optimus Maximus Conservator, Jupiter Optimus Maximus Heros, Azizus, Diana Augusta and Fortuna.'^ Deus Aeternus is not a normal appellation of the Jewish God, although it might be a natural term to borrow for a Latin inscription in the same way that Theos Hypsistos was sometimes used in Greek Jewish inscriptions. Cumont argues that Deus Aeternus was a Syrian astral god associated with the taurobolium; he lists 21 occurrences, mainly from the 2"**-3'^^ centuries, including six from Dacia. The one which is geographically nearest to this one is RIU 440 from Brigetio, a fragmentary dedication to Deo Mfagno] Aeterfno].^^ There are also Deo Aeterno dedications at Aquileia'^ and Mursa.

' ^ F i t z 1972, 1 1 0 - 1 1 . 1' S e e n o w A E 1 9 9 5 . 1 2 5 7 . 12 CIL V 7 6 9 , 7 7 0 . 13 ILJug 2 8 5 .

Pannonia

\ \

The dedicator is named Cosmius (the / is written above the M), as first noted by Hampel, not Cosmus as printed in many editions. The name does not seem to occur otherwise, although Cosmus is fairly common, and Cosmio(n) is attested four times at Rome. A woman named Cosmia is mentioned in CPJ 36 (Fayum, 240 BCE); she is not necessarily Jewish. See #Thrl on the name Cosmianus. The interpretation of the text from vot(um) to sta(tioms) proposed by M o m m s e n has been accepted unquestioningly by all subsequent editors, but in fact it contains several problematic features. The formula votum reddit (or reddidit) libens does not otherwise occur in Pannonia, where some form of votum solvit libens, usually the abbreviation v.s.l.m. (e.g. RIU 1069, a dedication for the safety of Severus Alexander and Julia M a m a e a from Intercisa), is invariably used. A dedication by the vilicus of a statio at m o d e m Ischl near Salzburg reads vot.ret.l.l.m., i.e. votum retulit (or reditl) libens laetus merito?^ There are closer analogies from Dacia in CIL iii 7757 for Jupiter Optimus Maximus: votum reddidit d.d. (dono deditl) and CIL iii 7921 for Silvanus: votum redded(it) (sic). At R o m e , CIL vi 37 for Apollo: libes votum reddedit (sic); vi 774 for Tutela: votum reddidit; vi 32578 for Deo sancto Reroni: vfotumj reddidi. The title praepositus is always abbreviated elsewhere as p.p. (or praep.), not pr. as here. Feher (1997, 166-7) lists pr. as a Pannonian abbreviation for praefectus, praetor(ius), pridie, primus?, princeps, prior, pro, provincia, praeest, proconsul, but only pp for praepositus. Statio is usually abbreviated stat. rather than sta., although there are other examples of the abbreviation used here.'^ p.p.stat. is used in CIL v 5090 and 7643, from the northern boundaries of Italy; p.p.sta. in xiii 5244 from Zurich. If Cosmius really was praepositus stationis, i.e. the official in charge of a customs post, as assumed in the RIU text followed above (see below for other possible resolutions of the abbreviation which seem less probable), he is likely to have been an imperial freedman; Scheiber is mistaken to claim that "Cosmius must have held an important office of state". Under the 'farming' system by which customs duties were administered until the time of Marcus Aurelius, a statio was normally headed by one of the contractors' slaves, labelled a vilicus. Patsch says that Cosmius is explicitly a slave, but that is anachronistic. When direct state control was introduced (under a procurator for the Illyricum region based at Poetovio), there was a tendency for the head of a statio to be an imperial freedman, called a praepositus. Solin notes that the omission of imperial nomina becomes commoner from the Severan period. There is a considerable amount of epigraphic evidence for the personnel of stationes, mainly from dedications made by them to a wide variety of deities. However, only one 14 CIL iii 5 6 2 0 , from Cagnat 1882, 4 1 . '5 Feher 1997, 199; D o b o 1940a has 21 occurrences o f stat. and only 1 o f sta.

12

Pannonia

Other praepositus is known from the Illyricum customs region, in an inscription from Aquileia datable to 2\\-\l-}^Eutyches, Aug(usti) n(ostri) ser(vus) vil(icus) vect(igalis) Illyric(i), praep(ositus) q(uin)q(uagesimae). According to de Laet (1949, 413), this means that the status differentiation between vilicus and praepositus cannot have been observed in Illyricum. Applebaum is doubtful about the nature of Cosmius' j o b : "To assume that he was a customs official is to fall into an anachronism concerning Jewish occupational structure - he might equally have been in charge of a cattledepot or a statio of colonic Fitz (1972, 176) states that he came to Intercisa as a "customs functionary, possibly with a temporary mission." Other possible evidence of a customs post at Intercisa is found in RIU 1101, a dedication to the Sun by ...limus, stat(ionarius) ... [p]ub(lici), and 1111, a dedication by a ser(vus) ark(arius). The most closely comparable inscription seems to be ILS 9023 from Ulpianum:'^ Genio Illyrici pro salute imp. Caes. M. Aur. Severi Alexandri Aug. et Mameae Aug. sub cur a Ant. [Sijlvani v.e. proc. lulianus vilic. stat. Ulp. tabul. sumpt. suo [fjec. Albino et Maximo consul. ("To the Genius of Illyricum for the welfare of the emperor Caesar M. Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus and Mamaea, under the care of Antonius Silvanus, vir egregius, procurator, Julianus the vilicus of the Ulpian statio made the tablet at his own expense in the consulship of Albinus and Maximus.") RIU 1069, from Intercisa, has some comparable abbreviations but with apparently different meaning: [pro salute d.n. Sev. Aljexandri [Aug.] et lul. [MJameae Aug. [I.JO.M. Conservatori domus Heraclitiane M. Aur. Heracli[t]us (centurio) st(atorum) praetor(ianorum) [c(um)J /(iliis) s(uis) v.s.l.m. However, it is unlikely that pr.sta. in the present inscription is an abbreviation for some form of praetorianus stator, since stator always comes first in that expression.'* Two other possible expressions are attested epigraphically but not with the pr.sta. abbreviation used here. stationis ... privatae is found on a pipe from the Esquiline, evidently produced by Alexander Severus' own workshop: stationis propius (sic) privatae domini n. Alexandri Aug.^^ statio prima is mentioned in two inscriptions from Rome by members of the emperor's household who are cubicularii stationis primae?^ In the context of Intercisa, these possible resolutions of pr.sta. seem less likely than praepositus stationis. Another possible interpretation is suggested by the information collected by Lucemoni (2001), although she does not deal with this inscription. In an epitaph from northern Italy, a man commemorates his

16 A E 1 9 3 4 . 2 3 4 . '•7= D o b o 1940a, n o . 7 3 . ' « C l L v i 2 9 5 1 - 2 , 2 9 5 4 - 5 , x 1766. '9 CIL XV 7 3 3 3 . 20 CIL vi 8 5 3 2 , 8 7 7 4 , both 2"'' century.

Pannonia

\3

wife and child; he is described as miles pret(orianus) sta(tionarius) H[ebae?]P This interpretation does not seem wholly convincing, as the wording is unparallelled, but it suggests that Cosmius could also be understood as pr(aetorianus) sta(tionarius) Spondill(—), i.e. not a customs official but a member of the Praetorian Guard posted on a special cormnission. Another stationarius seems to be recorded at Intercisa: [D]eo Soli Au[g(usto) ...]/[...]limus stat(ionarius) [...] / [p]ub(lici) v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibem) m(erito)P In this case, however, the accepted interpretation stat(ionarius) does not fit well with the following [pjub(lici), and it is possible that stat(ionis) pub(licae) is intended instead. There is therefore a possibility that Cosmius is a stationarius, but the parallels are ambiguous. The considerable debate which the inscription has provoked concerns the interpretation of the letters SPONDILLA-SYNAG. Fulep (1966) gives a detailed scientific report on whether there is a word-divider before the first A (as Scheiber claims) as well as after, concluding that the mark before the A is a hole in the surface of the limestone and is not man-made. This makes it more likely that A is part of a word spondilla, but far from certain, since dividers are not used between every word in the inscription and space was becoming increasingly limited towards the end. The following interpretations, none of which are very satisfactory, have been proposed since the discovery of the word Iudeor(um): 1. spondilla synag(ogae), treating spondilla as a title held within the synagogue. This is the view of Fiilep (followed by Fitz and Kant), who quotes extensively the arguments of J. Harmatta that it represents spondaules, which he takes as the precentor who led the congregation in singing. He suggests that it is a Latin version of an Aramaic form of an originally Greek word. Solin regards the derivation as unlikely. 2. Spondill. a(rchi)synag(ogus), treating Spondill(a) as the name of the statio and expanding the rest to a Jewish title. This is Scheiber's argument, although the case was first made by Low. It is not excluded by Fiilep's report on the mark before the A, but it involves an otherwise unknown abbreviation of archisynagogus. Since the inscription uses other unusual abbreviations, this is not necessarily a strong point against Scheiber's view, however. 3. Spondill. a synag(oga), treating Spondill(a) as the name of the statio and the rest as a topographical reference to the location of the synagogue. This is Solin's argument in the most recent study of the inscription. He believes that ludeorum shows the inscription is not Jewish, since Jews would not refer to their own synagogue as "synagogue of the Jews"; however, this argument does not stand, as the inscription where the Jews of Kyme or Phocaea honour Tation uses precisely that expression (CIJ 738 = 2' Lucemoni no.49 = A E 1957.218 = A E 1981.344. 22 Lucemoni no. 127 = CIL iii 10308 = RIU v I lOI.

14

Pannonia

IJudO ii 36). He compares the use of a proseucha in an inscription from Rome.23 However, he rather undermines his argument in a footnote by acknowledging that a small Pannonian village, which is what Spondill(a) presumably would be, is unlikely to have had a synagogue. If the synagogue mentioned is that of Intercisa, then it seems odd that a statio which is apparently not in Intercisa should use it to specify the statio''s location. 4. Hirschfeld (1905, 89 n . l ) treated Spondilla as a personal name, suggesting that she was Cosmius' spouse and designated syn(agogae mater). This view has not found any support, and Spondilla is not an attested name. Unless the original location of the inscription somehow made it superfluous, the statio should be named, as Solin points out. Intercisa was a significant settlement on the Danube, and must have had its own statio (see above). Some stationes were in small and otherwise unknown places (e.g. statio Esc. in CIL iii 5620), so the fact that a place name beginning with Spondill- is not recorded anywhere else is not particularly problematic. Solin links it to sp(h)ondylus/-ion, the name of a herb ("bear's foot" according to L&S). The most likely explanation of the text as it is given here, admittedly not a fully convincing one, is that Cosmius was in charge of a customs post at Spondill(a) but made his dedication in Intercisa, where there was a synagogue. A synagog(a) indicates Cosmius' membership of the synagogue,^^ not necessarily the synagogue's involvement in the dedication, perhaps because he felt that giving only the details of his official position made him sound too much like an outsider.

Sikl6s(?)=

TAVO-Karte

B VI18:

D16

The place recorded in the mss for #Pan4 as Soklos (among inscriptions from Teteny and Solymar) is probably the m o d e m Siklds.^^ The stone may have originated from Pecs (Roman Sopianae, about 25 km. north of Siklos) if not from Siklos itself Scheiber (1983, 45) mentions a blue glass ring with a menorah found in 1982 in a late-Roman cemetery at Pecs. Some Roman-period burials were found at Dombovar (about 30 km. north of Pecs) during motorway constmction in Feb. 1968.^^ The site would

23 JIWE ii 6 0 2 . 24 Cf. L&S s.v. ab, II.b.2.b "to denote origin, extraction", II.b.2.o "in marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs". 25 Kittel describes it as south o f FUnfkirchen in county Baranya. 26 Scheiber 1982, 4 9 5 n o . l , fig.l (drawing); M.M. Albeker, ArchErt 105 1978, 6 6 - 7 .

\ 5

Pannonia

have been on the route Sopianae-Tricciana-Arrabona.^^ In Grave 3, containing a child's skeleton, there was a lead amulet depicting a menorah (with tripod and flames) between a shofar and lulab. The finds were dated to 3 7 5 - 8 0 , and were taken to Adam Balogh Museum. P a n 4 . Epitaph of Septimia Maria Edifions: CIL iii.l 1873, no.3688 (from mss); S. Krausz, IMITE 1902, 2 9 5 - 8 [not seen]; Oehler 1909, no.210 (from CIL); ILCV ii 1927, no.4918 (from CIL); CIJ i 1936, no.678 (from CIL); Gy. Gabor, IMITE 1939, 1 4 9 51 [not seen]; Scheiber 1960, 2 2 - 4 no.2; Radan 1975, 273 (from CIL); Schweitzer 1966, 11 (follows Scheiber); CIJ i^ 1975, Prol. p.60; Scheiber 1983, 4 2 - 5 no.7; Kraemer 1989, 4 1 - 2 , 49 (from CIJ); Kraemer 1991, 1 5 6 7; Williams 1997a, 250, 2 5 3 , 261 no.38 (from CIL, CIJ and Scheiber). Other bibliography: Kittel 1941, 108; Kadar 1962, 42 n . 3 ; Bark6czi 1964, 317, 323, 353 no.177/7; Revised Schurer iii.l 1986, 73. Findspot: Recorded at "Soklos". N o w lost. Details: N o details recorded. Word-dividers shown in CIL. Language: Latin. Date: 2"*'-3'^'* century CE. Text (follows CIL majuscules): D(is) M(anibus) Septimae Mariae ludeae quae vixit annis XVIII Actia Sabinilla mater. 2 . I.

5

Septimiael

To the Di Manes of Septim(i)a Sabinilla her mother.

Maria, Jew, who lived 18 years.

Actia

The only source for this inscription is an anonymous 15**'-century humanist labelled Antiquus in CIL. His copy was in manuscripts of Michael Fabricius Ferrarinus (a 15^''-century Carmelite) and Benedict Rambertus, a Venetian who produced two C16 mss. (Bertoli used one at Padua, and the other was at Florence according to CIL). These copies were collated for CIL. There are other examples of the theoretically pagan D.M. being used in the commemoration of Jews ( # D a l l ; le Bohec 1981, n o s . l 2 , 46, 7 1 ; JIWE ii 608; see the discussion by Park 2000, 16-21). Kraemer raises the

27 Burger (1966, 159) attempts to identify as Jewish some 4*-century graves from Tricciana (modem Sdgvdr), but on very inadequate grounds (west-east orientation and absence o f grave-goods).

15

Pannonia

possibility that the mother and daughter were not born Jews, and notes that the mother is not labelled "Jew". Scheiber suggests that the daughter was a proselyte, in which case Maria would probably be a name taken on conversion. Kraemer's suggestion that ludea is part of the daughter's name seems highly unlikely, as it would make a three-part name using an element which is almost never attested as a personal name. This debate depends on the assumption that the use of D.M. requires a special explanation, and while it is true that Jews normally avoided it, it may simply be that a small Pannonian Jewish community did not see it as problematic. Just as they did not mind the human representation in #Pan2. It is also possible that, as with that inscription, this one comes from a reused stone. The index of RIU i-iv has 76 examples of the nomen Septimius/-a, and only one of Septimus as a cognomen, with none of Septima. Maria is found as a cognomen in RIU 513 from Brigetio, where Annia Maria is commemorated, and probably as a nomen in 175 from Scarbantia, where a dedication to Silvanus is made by someone probably called Maria Caliatyce. Sabinilla occurs as a cognomen in 267 and 993. Scheiber dates the inscription to the beginning of the 3"' century. The name Septim(i)a makes it likely that is later than the reign of Septimius Severus, but this does not have to be the case, and there are no other grounds for dating apart from the use of D. M., and the use of Iud(a)ea rather than Hehr(a)ea which eventually superseded it.

Mursa

(Osijek)

P a n 5 . S y n a g o g u e inscription Editions: Pinterovic 1960, 2 8 - 2 9 ; Pinterovic 1965, 61-74 (from the stone); Radan 1973, 2 6 6 - 7 (from the stone); CIJ i^ 1975, Prol. no.678a; Sasel 1978 = ILJug ii, no. 1066; Pinterovic 1978, 6 3 - 5 ; Selem 1980, 2 5 8 - 6 1 (follows Pinterovic); Scheiber 1983, 5 1 - 5 no. 8 (follows CIJ). Illustrations: Pinterovic 1965 (photo), Radan 1973, fig.l (photo), Pinterovic 1978, pi. Xlll.l (photo); Scheiber 1983 (photo). Other bibliography: Mocsy 1968, 370; Mocsy 1974, 228; Revised Schurer iii.l 1986, 73. Found at Osijek (Croatia). Now: Osijek, Museum of Slavonia. Details: Marble plaque, 85 x 62 x 11 cm., broken into three, with a gap between 11.5-6 of the inscription; left part missing. Letters: 6-4 cm. Inscription in recessed field. Language: Latin. Date: 198-210 CE.

Pannonia

17

• Text (follows CIJ and photo): [pro salute im]p(eratorum) [L(ucii) Sept(imii) Sever! Pejrtinacis, [et M(arci) Aur(elii) Antonini] Aug(ustorum) let P(ublii) Sep(timii) Getae nob(ilissimi) Cae(saris)l [et luliae Aug(ustae) matris castjrorum [ -?SecuJndus [ projseucham [ vetu] state [collapsam a sojlo [restituit]. ]PP on s t o n e ; points inscribed after each P P i n t e r o v i c : [Pro salute imjp(eratorum) p(iissimorum)? A small /, originally m i s s e d by the stone cutter, is inscribed in the C of I L J u g : [Imp(eratorum) Caes(arum) L(uci) Septimi Severi Pejrtinacis A VGG on s t o n e ; p o i n t s inscribed after each G CIJ ( m i s p r i n t ) : Aug(ustoruni) I L J u g : iet L(uci) Septimi Getae nob(ilissimis) Caes(aris)]l I L J u g : [et luliae Aug(ustae) matris Aug(usti) et casjtrorum P i n t e r o v i c : [Sex(tus)? Val(erius)? Secujndus Final M in [projseucham c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r than the o t h e r letters. Pinterovic: /Praepositus?J P i n t e r o v i c , Scheiber: [ludaeorum? vetujstate P o i n t inscribed after O I L J u g : [corruptam sumptu suo a soJlo , P i n t e r o v i c : [imp(ensis)? suis? exstruxit?]; I L J u g : [restituendam cur av it J

10

[Pejrtinacis

1g

Pannonia

For the welfare of the Emperors Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the Augusti [and Publius Septimius Geta, the most noble Caesar] and lulia Augusta mother of the camps [?Secujndus has restored from the foundations the prayer-house fallen from age. This inscription, originally over 2 m. wide, was discovered in the 1930s in the old city of Osijek, near the banks of the Drava. It is severely mutilated and the reconstruction of most of the lines is problematic. Despite the fragmentary character of the inscription, it has been generally accepted as evidence for the existence of a Jewish community at Mursa.^* Three other Jewish dedications for the welfare of a R o m a n emperor are known, from Intercisa (#Pan3), Ostia (JIWE i 13) and Qatzion in Upper Galilee (CIJ ii 972). Similar formulae are, however, found in the proseuche dedications of Ptolemaic Egypt.^^ The inscription honours Septimius Severus, his sons Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla) and Septimius Geta (189-211) and their mother lulia D o m n a (d. 217). The praenomen given to Geta in this inscription was most probably his original one Publius because his other knovm praenomen Lucius is not attested epigraphically in Pannonia. His name and title in 1.4 were deliberately erased due to the damnatio memoriae after his murder by Caracalla in December 2 1 1 . This appears to have been applied on most of the relevant monuments from Pannonia (RIU 640, 864, 1059; CIL iii 10269) with only two exceptions: RIU 250 and 1104. Septimius Severus was apparently popular at Mursa and in Pannonia in general, as shown by several dedications for his welfare to Jupiter Dolichenus, Elagabalus, Terra Matris.30 Lifshitz considers the letters PP in l.l part of the common abbreviation IMPP for imperatorum, while Pinterovic read the second P as an abbreviation of piissimorum, although in that case the most common form is piorum (gen. pi. of pius). Sasel does not supply a reading of this line of the inscription (ILJug 1066). AVGG in 1.3 is clearly an abbreviadon of Augustorum, which proves that the emperors honoured in the inscription are Severus and Caracalla. The only other possibility would be M. Aurelius and L. Verus, but the occurrence of Pertinacis in the same line makes it clear that the emperor mentioned is Severus. He assumed Pertinax's name after his murder in 193 CE.

28 Pinterovic 1965; Radan 1973, 265; Scheiber 1983, 5 2 - 5 ; Mocsy 1974, 228; Revised Schurer iii.l 1 9 8 6 , 7 3 . 29 JIGRE 1 3 , 2 2 , 2 4 - 5 , 117, 125. 30 CIL iii 3998, 3232; RIU v 1104; ILJug i 157; Pinterovic 1965, 6 7 - 8 .

Pannonia

\9

The identification of the inscription as Jewish depends on the restoration and interpretation of 1.7. The reading of proseucham (i.e. the Latin version of Jipooevxri) was suggested to Pinterovic by Howard Comfort from Haverford College.^' Radan finds the use of the term proseucha in this inscription problematic and notes: "it cannot be interpreted unambiguously as a phrase relating to the Jews in the 3*^** and 4"^ centuries, when already everywhere the denomination synagogue is used."32 This statement is an exaggeration. The term was still used to denote a Jewish place of prayer in Egypt in the 3*^*^ century (CPJ 129, 432) and occurs with the same meaning in a 4"'-century inscription from Panticapaeum (#BS4; cf. also # B S 1 , which is earlier).^^ Epiphanius uses it in his description of the judaizing sect of the Messalians in the 4^*^ century {Pan. 80.1). Pinterovic notes that the inscription was built into the wall of the synagogue. The synagogue was probably built in the second half of the 2"^* century CE,34 although its decay through vetustas could indicate that it was considerably older. Scheiber's suggesdon that it was built during the reign of Hadrian (117-138) cannot be verified.^^ The cognomen Secundus occurs in Jewish inscriptions from Rome'' and Larissa in Thessaly ( # A c h l 3 ) , and the feminine form Secunda occurs in an epitaph from Ostia ( P - 2 " ' ' century; JIWE i 14). It is not the only name which would fit, however; Verecundus, for example, is also possible. The inscription can be dated to the period between Jan. 198 when Caracalla became Augustus and Geta received the title of "most noble Caesar" (nobilissimus; cf. C.Th. 10.25.1) and 210 when he was proclaimed Augustus. The damnatio memoriae was implemented in 212. Julia Domna became "mother of the c a m p s " in 195 C E . Pinterovic tentatively dates the inscription to 202 CE and suggests that it commemorates the presence of Severus and Caracalla in Pannonia during that year.^^ It is not clear, however, whether the Emperor really visited Mursa as claimed by Pinterovic and Selem.^*

31 32 33 34 35

Pinterovic 1965, 71 n . l . Radan 1 9 7 3 , 2 6 7 . Index V c lists other occurrences. Pinterovic 1965, 7 0 - 1 . Scheiber 1983, 53; Radan 1973, 267.

36 3rd_4th century; JIWE ii 3 8 3 . 37 Pinterovie 1 9 6 5 , 6 6 - 7 ; Pinterovic 1978, 64. 38 Pinterovi6 1978, 6 4 - 5 ; Selem 1 9 8 0 , 2 6 0 - 1 .

Section 2

Dalmatia The Roman province of Dalmatia was created after 9 CE. It encompassed the territory of Illyricum south of the river Sava and extended eastward almost to the Danube. The province was governed by imperial legates of consular rank who resided at Salonae. Jews are attested archeologically in Dalmatia. A clay lamp bearing the image of a menorah was found among the ruins of a Roman villa in Mogorjelo near ancient Narona. It was, perhaps, left by the builders of the villa. The lamp has been dated to the 4"' century C E . ' In 1960 a Jewish tomb was discovered in the eastern necropolis of ancient Doclea. The tomb (no.281) is located in the south-east end of the necropolis which otherwise includes only pagan burials. It has a n o r t h south orientation and measures 207 x 84 x 86 cm. It is covered with four large stone slabs; the tomb is a little larger at the northern end, the floor is not square, the southern end is closed wdth a stone slab and a square brick. T w o skeletons were found in the tomb, but the excavators were not able to identify their sex. The second skeleton was probably deposited at a later date. The only artefact found in the tomb is an unguentarium (45.7 cm) made of green glass. A menorah with garlands on either side is painted on the north wall of the tomb; a small bird is painted over the right-hand garland. The east wall has the painted image of a wreath and there is a composition of geometric figures painted on the west wall. The tomb has been dated to the end of the 3*^** century or the first half of the 4^*^ century CE.2

Peratovci D a l l . Epitaph of Arsa Editions: G. Sergejevski, GZM52 1940, 19 n o . 3 ; ILJug 1963, n o . l 4 9 . Illustration: Sergejevski, fig.3 (photo). Other bibliography: Katsarov 1950, 234. Found at Peratovci near Jajce, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Now: Franciscan monastery in Jajce (according to ILJug 1963).

' I m a m o v i c 1977, 2 8 7 - 9 , 4 5 8 n o . 2 4 4 . 2 C e r m a n o v i c - K u z m a n o v i c & Srejovic 1 9 6 3 / 4 , 5 6 - 6 1 , figs.l, 2 , 3a-b, 4.

Dalmatia

21

Details: Marble plaque, broken on right, 110 x 48 x 20 cm. Letters: 6 . 9 3.5 cm. Language: Latin. Date: 2"'*-3''* century CE(?). Text (follows ILJug 1963): [D(is)] M(anibus) Arsa[e] [sjorori enfilci lose memoria posuic.

5

2 . ILJug: possibly another letter before first A in Arsafe] 2. Horizontal line between A and R in ArsafeJ 3 - 5 . ILJug: enfilciiose = infeliciosae = infelici?. 1. infelici 5. Sergejevski: Io(—) Se(—) 5 - 6 . 1. loses^l), memoriam 6 - 7 . \. posuit

To the Di Manes. For Arsa unfortunate memorial.

sister,

Joses(?)

has placed

the

This inscription was found in 1939 in the Carevo Polje area at the village of Peratovci near Jajce in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The cognomen Arsa is either of Illyrian or Thracian origin.^ 1.5. Sergejevski suggests that the letters lOSE were actually the name of the father of the deceased, but does not explain the name further. Katsarov notes that the name should be read as loses, a form of Joseph (see #Mac6), and therefore the inscription is to be recognised as Jewish. He is clearly the person who put up the epitaph, A r s a ' s brother. Although Jews normally avoided Dis Manibus, they were clearly willing to use it in some circumstances; see #Pan4. The formula makes a 2"**-3^'' century CE date probable. 11.5-6. memoriam is used with the meaning of a 'memorial'; see #Pan2.

Alfoldy 1969, 156.

22

Dalmatia

Senia (Senj,

Zengg)

Da 12. E p i t a p h of A u r e l i u s Dionysius from T i b e r i a s Editions: Ljubic, VAHD 8, 16 [not seen]; CIL iii Suppl. 1902, no. 10055; CIL iii Suppl. p.2388, n o . 175; IGRR i 1906, n o . 5 4 7 ; CIJ i 1936, no.680; Schwabe 1949, 224-5 n o . 13; CIJ P 1975, Prol. p . 6 1 . Illustrations: Patsch 1900, fig.44 (photo); CIJ i^ (photo); Eventov (photo). Other bibliography: Patsch 1900, 100; Bulic 1926/7, 118; Robert 1937, 80; Condurachi 1937, 88; Eventov 1971, 30; Revised Schurer iii.l 1986, 72-3. Found at Senj (Zengg), Croatia. Now: Museum of Zagreb, Croatia. Details: Marble stele, broken at the top right corner. A floraI(?) decoration is engraved on the upper part of the stone. No details of size published. Language: Latin in Greek characters. Date: 3*^^-4'*^ century CE. Text (follows CIL iii, Suppl. 10055 with corrections by CIL iii, Suppl. p.2388, no. 175): A\)pT)<X,>io'uq AlOVDOl-

o-og lo-oSeo-ug TiPe

ir|vciq dv(vopo'ov) XXXXX (piicopoa)v t p i o D -

5

V Tiatep.

(ascia) 1. 4. 5. 6.

for I) 10. < a > for A on t h e stone ( b u t the letter a p p e a r s t o b e A in L e v i n s k a y a ' s p h o t o ; Antiquites r e a d s 7iavi;6i;) 10. IPE: KX.Ttpov6p[ou]; Asik: K ? L T I P O V [ 6 ^ , O O ] ; C I G : KA-ripov6[po\)J 11. R on s t o n e ; C I G , Asik: xpeTceo<6>a[i 8'J 11. C I G , Asik: o o - (for A in majusc.) 12. C I G , Asik: tai (for ANTAI in m a j u s c ) ; Antiquites, C I R B : -?i.[iix]ai 1 2 - 1 3 . C I G , A s i k : KaOdx^ E'U^>d)a.riv; I P E : £['o|£,dp'nv; Revised Schiirer: 'n[-6]^d|i,'nv; C I R B : t)^dpriv 13. A s i k : tT)v; Antiquites: i<(;> TTIV (for I); 1. eiq

13. IPE: Kpo[a]eo14. C I G , Asik: <-x>W (for NHN in m a j u s c ) ; Antiquites: [jcnlv 14-15. C I G , Asik: 7ipoaKT|oeco<;; C I R B : 7cpoaKa[pxep]f|aecof(;];

-fplriaEcoq 16. O o m i t t e d o n s t o n e

Antiquites:

Black Sea:

Panticapaeum

271

16 17. C I G , Asik: KA,ei<8o>'u; Antiquites: \(p\KXzihov; IPE: -Klei[8o]\) 17. C I G , Asik;'EA-iKoovidSor^l; Antiquites:'E'kxK(Si\\ia\hoc, 18. C I G , Asik: at)ve7iiTpo7ce{bGTiq 8e Kai [xy\q]\ C I R B : owe[7rit]pojt80\)CTTiq 8e Kui tfi[(;]; Antiquites: at)ve7t[ix]poJc[ex)0\)a]'nq 8e Kai tf][q] 19. C I R B : crDvaycoyfilqJ

In the reign of King Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis, Friend of Caesar and of Rome, Pious. Year 377, on the 12'^ of the month Peritios. I Chreste, formerly wife of Drusus, set free in the prayer-house my home-bred slave Heraclas, once and for all, according to my vow, unassailable and unmolested by every heir, to take himself wherever he may want, unimpededly as I have vowed, except for submissiveness [or reverence] and service to the prayer-house. (Done) both with my heirs Heracleides and Heliconias joining in consent and with the community of the Jews providing joint guardianship. The inscription was found by Stempkovski on 31 May 1832 in excavations at the foot of the acropolis (Hill of Mithridates) on the same side as the former Admiralty. It was in the museum of Kerc, but was taken to St Petersburg (with all the most interesting finds from the area) before the Crimean War. This was the first of the series of Jewish manumissions found at Panticapaeum, Gorgippia and Phanagoria, whose content has been studied in depth by Gibson. They date from the l " century CE, and follow a broadly similar pattern. They considerably outnumber the pagan manumissions from the region, and in the cases of fragmentary

272

Black Sea:

Panticapaeum

inscriptions, it is reasonable to suppose that they are more likely to be Jewish than pagan (although the total numbers are of course very small; only two well-preserved ones are definitely pagan). There are in any case considerable similarities between the Jewish and pagan inscriptions, and between them and the manumissions from Delphi, some of which are contemporary (##Ach42-4). The Jewish manumissions are only identifiable as such by their references to the Jewish community and its institutions; in legal form, they are entirely Greek. There is no record of any archaeological context for the inscriptions which were found by excavation, but it is likely that they would have been displayed in the prayer-house, and perhaps moved or disposed of when they were no longer of current interest. The predominance of Jewish examples over pagan ones may be due to a greater interest in keeping a permanent record of manumissions rather than to a greater tendency to manumit. Ustinova (2000, 160) is certainly wrong to attribute it to the obligation on Jews to free their fellow-Jews in sabbatical years. The inscriptions served the interests of the slave-owners whose generosity was advertised, and of the Jewish community whose tutelary role was recorded, as well as of the slaves themselves whose freedom was guaranteed. The owners who carried out the manumissions in the prayer-house and/or with the cooperation of the Jewish community were presumably Jews themselves,'*^ or at least attached to the community as God-fearers. Although Christians later used synagogues for legal business, because oaths sworn there were thought to be more powerful (e.g. John Chrysostom, Adv.Jud. 1.3) it does not seem likely that 1 *V2"^-century pagans would have shared that view, or, even if they did, that they would have placed epigraphic records there. There is no direct evidence about the religious status of the slaves, but their manumission probably involved some sort of commitment to the prayer-house; Binder (1999, 3 8 5 - 6 ) suggests that this would be unnecessary if they were Jews themselves, but that is not certain as the commitment is to the specific prayer-house rather than to the religion in general. The wording of the inscriptions is somewhat obscure and open to various interpretations, which is why such a large body of literature has grown up around them. 11.1-5. The formal opening with the k i n g ' s full name and titles emphasizes the public and official nature of the document. 1.5. The layout of the text seems to have been miscalculated, as the last four letters are much more widely spaced than the rest; the stone is damaged on the right at this point, but little text has been lost. 1.7. A threptos is normally a 'home-bred' slave as opposed to a bought one. As it is the term used (rather than doulos or soma) in nearly all the Bosporan manumissions, it may indicate that only home-bred slaves were 40 BOmer.

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likely to be manumitted, or it may simply have become the standard word for ' s l a v e ' in the region. It is found twice in epitaphs,"*' whereas doulos is only used to mean 'slave of God' by Christians. The inscriptions provide no evidence about whether the slave w a s expected to make a financial payment for his/her freedom, as was often the case with Roman manumission and in many of the inscriptions from Delphi ( # # A c h 4 2 - 4 ) . 11.9-10. The combination of dv£7ciX,T|7tT0<; and djuapevoxA-tiToq seems to be specific to Panticapaeum; different expressions are used in other Bosporan manumissions (cf. ##BS17, 20). This inscription is given under the Bauer^ entry for dve7tiX,Tm,7tT0<;, which is translated as "irreproachable"; LSJ derives it from e7ciA,ap,pavop,ai. CIRB 74 (a nonJewish manumission; text given below) uses dve7td(pTi[v Ka]l [d]veKr|pedaTr|v instead. 11.13-15. The translation used above is Gibson's. Nadel ( I 9 7 6 ) ' s version is: "except for (the obligation towards) the prayer-house regarding worship and constant attendance"."*^ Williams gives: "except that he respect and serve the prayer-house"; Levinskaya: "on condition that he honours the prayer-house and is conscientious in his attendance there"; Westermann: "except (that he must go) into the prayer house for his devotions and to spend his time". Gibson gives a full summary of the various interpretations of GoTCEia Kal jtpooKapxepfiOK;. It is now generally accepted that they represent some form of commitment to the prayer-house (rather than to the Jewish community in general"*^), although there was at one time a theory that they meant a requirement to stay away from it."*"* ecoTceia normally has a pejorative sense ("flattery" in LSJ), but that can hardly be the case here. Levinskaya (2002, 515) points out that it is used by Plato {Crito 50e7-51c) to show an attitude which a free citizen should display towards the state. JcpooKaptepTiCTK; is used in the N T to indicate perseverance or patience (Eph 6.18). It is used with xfi KpooEDxti to indicate "perseverance in prayer" (Acts 1.14, Rom 12.12; see Binder 1999, 443), The verb xcpoaKapXEpeco is used in Acts 8.13 and 10.7 with the dat. to indicate being constantly in someone's company or being in their service, and would therefore be appropriate for "constant attendance"; the participle is used in 1.14 for "persevering" in prayer or listening to teaching. The debate has revolved arround whether the commitment involved labour services, attendance, or full conversion. Whatever the exact significance of the two nouns as used in the inscription, they emphasize the ex-slave's subordinate status in relation to the prayer-house. They also take the place of the paramone clauses (cf.

4> 42 43 44

IPE P 7 0 9 , CIRB 5 9 8 . This is equivalent to the French translation given in Levinskaya 2 0 0 2 , 5 1 5 . e.g. RIJurG, Calderini.

Antiquites.

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# B S 6 ) which are a regular feature of the Delphic manumissions (see #Ach44); instead of having a continued obligation to his former owner as such a clause would impose, Heraklas' freedom is conditional on his continued obligation to the proseuche. 11.15-17. The explicit agreement of the named heirs here is paralleled exactly in the pagan CIRB 1021, dated to 105 CE (see below), where four heirs are named. aa)vejiivea)odvxa)v is used in both cases; it literally m e a n s "giving agreement by nodding together", and perhaps indicates that the heirs took part in the manumission ceremony. It is also found, as ao-ovETiivvewovTcov, in IG vii 3386, a manumission from Chaeronea where it is done by two named individuals who were presumably the m a n u m i t t o r ' s heirs. 11.18-19. The participle aa)vejtixpoite'Oo\)aTi(; is used regularly in the Jewish manumissions, and indicates sharing the role of epitropos, ' g u a r d i a n ' in various senses; it also occurs, with the spelling CT-uvETiixpojiE'Doaq, iu POxy 265, a marriage contract from the time of Domitian. Synagoge is used here in its original sense of 'community' rather than ' s y n a g o g u e ' ; the Bosporan inscriptions follow the general pattern of the Diaspora in the 1** century C E by using proseuche for the building."*^ The guarantee provided by the community is common and does not need to be attributed to the fact that the manumittor in this case is a w o m a n with no husband, as suggested by Harrill, or that the joint guardians are "Jewish catechists".'*^ Pagan manumissions often took the form of a fictitious sale to a god (cf. # # A c h 4 2 - 4 ) . The Bosporan Jews could not follow that model directly, but they could ensure that the Jewish community (and, implicitly, God) received some advantage in the form of the ex-slave's attendance or service. The various references in the inscription to the manumittor fulfilling a v o w indicate this, since people in the epigraphic world normally fulfil vows by making an offering to a deity (Westermann 1955, 126 notes that manumission by vow is not originally a Greek practice). The community's involvement was mutually beneficial: it would defend the ex-slave's free status if it was challenged, but at the same time it would benefit from his/her attachment. It is not clear what would happen if s/he failed to fulfil the obligations; Delphic manumissions sometimes make provision for punishment in such a case (cf #Ach44). The two fairly complete pagan manumission inscriptions are given here to facilitate comparison: C I R B 74 (from Panticapaeum, probably dated 175-210 depending on which King Sauromates is involved): <9>£© Tfjq Mac, K a i nap<9>evot) Xpr|CTToa)q K o o o o ^ MevavSpoo) K a i yovf] X T m [ d T a i ] E p < E > i d v e 9 T i K a v ©aXXovaav 9[p]e7tTfiv r]\i(bv '•^ R e v i s e d Schurer ii, 4 3 9 - 4 0 46 Binder 1 9 9 9 , 4 4 4 - 5 .

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N A I A Y P I E A N ETCI 7i:apa)iov[fi] jxexd 5e TT)V [C]O)[TI]V fi)x©v {fi)a,c5v} e i v a i a\)Tfiv eA,8'u0e[pa]v hno Ala rfjv "HA,iov dvejia(pT|[v Ka]i [d]v£itT|peo(atT|v ano T' k\iox) K a l Jtavtoq KA,T|pov6p,oa) xpeiieoGai [6' amjfiv [.]ESOIO(JL)CI[ ]AI[..]I[ - - - ] To the goddess of Ma and the Virgin, Chrestous of Cossus (son) of Menander and (his) wife Chemata dedicated to the temple(?)'^^ Thallousa our home-bred slave ... in paramone, after our life to be free herself, under Zeus, Earth, Sun, inviolable and unmolested by me and every heir, to take herself CIRB 1021 (from Panticapaeum, dated 105 CE): F A - D K a p i a y o v T i 'A7coA,A,a)vio-o dvaxiOEi OiA,o6£OJtOTov GpEJcxov l'6iov A I E I K a l "Hpa KDA,£I56)V a v v E T c i v E v a a v x c D v xc5[v] KA,Tipov6iia)v p,ou Ad6a viov jcpEaP^XEpoo) K a l Maiod)o\) K a l TavpiaKoi) K a l 'AitoA.A-covio'O. Glycaria wife of Apollonius dedicated Philodespotus her own home-bred slave to Zeus and Hera Kyleidon, with the agreement of my heirs Dada the elder son and Maisous and Tauriscus and Apollonius. The former has been claimed as Jewish by some writers"*^ who did not recognize that the slave is being dedicated to pagan deities in the introduction.

BS6 M a n u m i s s i o n of H e r m a s Editions: Dubois de Montpereux, Voyage autour du Caucase 1843, Atlas, IV serie, pl.26d no.21 [not seen]; CIG ii 1843, no.2114b (from copy supplied by Blaramberg), pp. 1004-5 (from D u b o i s ' copy; text starts at 1.5); Curtius 1843, 25 (follows CIG; no brackets); Graefe 1844, 6 5 - 7 (comments on CIG); Asik 1848, 94 no.29 (from the stone?; accents misprinted; minusc. follows CIG); Harkavy 1867, 9 4 - 6 no.4 (from CIG; text badly printed); Derenbourg 1868, 527 no.4 (partial text from CIG); IPE ii 1890, no.53 (from the stone); Schurer 1897, 203 (follows IPE; 11.19-23 only); Krauss 1908, 5 2 - 6 7 (summary of Harkavy); Oehler 1909, 3 0 1 - 2 no.90 (from CIG, IPE); CH i 1936, no.684 (follows IPE); Westermann 1955, 124 (partial text from IPE); Nadel 1958a, 141-3 no.2 (from IPE and CIJ); Nadel 1958b, 5 9 n o . l (from earlier eds.; transliterated text); CIRB 1965, no.73 (from the stone); Gajdukevic 1971, 390 n.65 (partial text from IPE); Nadel 1975, 2 7 4 - 5 (new rest, of 1.18); CIJ i^ 1975, Prol. p.66; Levinskaya 1996a, 2 3 4 - 6 no.4 (from D u b o i s ' copy in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg); Gibson 1999, 104 n . l 7 , 1 2 7 - 3 5 , 1 4 6 - 7 , 162 (follows Levinskaya 1996a); Binder 1999, 443 n . l 2 6 (from CH and CIRB). 47 Gibson 1999, 9 8 - 9 , makes the word agree with Chemata, and translates "Chemata, a priestess". 48e.g. RIJurG ii 1904, n o . X X X . 3 3 .

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Illustrations: Nadel 1958b, Ryc.l (photo of Dubois' printed text); Maclennan 1996, 47 (photo). Other bibliography: J. Blaramberg, OV 15/12/1828, no. 100 [not seenj; Frankel 1857, 123 (summary of Asik); Calderini 1908, 78 no.32, 145. 188 n . l , 189, 207 n . l , 246 n.2, 257, 279, 287, 418, 437- 8, 4 4 1 , 4 4 5 - 6 ; 1. Tolstoi, ZMNP 1916, 347 n.l [not seen]; Nadel 1948, 2 0 3 - 6 ; Nadel 1960, 63; Bomer 1960, 103-6; Bellen 1965/6, 1 7 2 - 5 ; Nadel 1976; revised Schurer iii.l 1986, 37; Ustinova 1999, 229; Binder 1999, 443 n . l 2 6 (English tr.). Found at Kerc; later in a private house at Theodosia (Simferopol). N o w : Simferopol, Ethnographic Museum. Details: Plaque of whitish marble, 47 x 28 x 5 cm., upper right and lower left corners chipped. Letters 1.5-1.8 cm. Surface badly worn; damaged after Dubois saw it. Language: Greek. Date: late 1^*^-early 2"'* century CE (?). Text (follows Levinskaya; 11.18-19 follows CIRB): [PaoiA,e\)ovxoq (3aGiA,ecoq ] I (piA,OKaioapoq K a i cpiA,o-] [pcopaio\), e-ooePoaig Exovq ...] [fxrivoq] 'ApT[e|i]i[oioa) ] [d(p]ir||j.i xovc, £[\iovq Qpenxovq ev xfl] [ n J p o o E D x f i Kg[x' ev^fiv eA,ep9epo\>q] [KaGotTca^?], a 6 n a [ x a d v 6 p e i a ? - - ] [ J K a i 'Eppdv [dvEJciA.fiTtxo'oq] [Kai dKa]pavoxA-f]xo[-U(; and x' ep,o-oj [Kai na]vx6q KA,Tipov6|a,[oD ini] [ K a p a p ] o v f i n e x p i x% ^a)fj[q ^ou - - ] [ I ei)dpeoxoi xf\ ^[rixpi \iov7] [ ]ixd8i Kttl T i d v x a &G\nep'? ..] [

I Kai

[

]e T c o i T i o o D o i v 7 t d [ v x a ..]

x£A,£-oxfiGavx6q

5

10

poi)

[\xexa 5e xf|v] xeX,eDXTiv e i v [ a i at)xoiq] [xpeTceaGai dvjemKcoA.'Oxax; d v [ e u ] [ T i d a r i q d f K p i a J p T i x f i o e o q Ka[9d)q r\X)^a-\ [prjv ? ojioD djv yr\q pouA.ovxai ^[(opiq] [eiq xf]v] T t p o o e u x T i v Gtoiceiac; xe K a i T i p o o [ K a p x j e p f i o e o q - oDv[e]nixpoTte[Dovoriql [5E| K a i xr\q avvayiayqc, x w v 'loDSaicov. 4. Gibson: 'Apx|e^|i[aio\) ] 5. C I G : [c)t(p]i[Ti])a.i xoxic, £-\p.ovq SouA.ouq? ercl tfl]; N a d e l 1958b: erci xfii 6. C I G : [Tcploaeuxii [ - - OpEEXi'iv [iovl]

15

20

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7. C I G : fKcxliCTW)xcx[xad v S p e i a - - - J 8. C I G ; ' E p ( I A V [eXeuGepovi; Ka9djta£, K a i ] 9. 1. dnapEVoxA,fitot)5; C I G : [d7ta]P<e>voxA,fiTo[\)q Koti

DJTOJ; N a d e l

A.VEKXKI\KXO\)C,

1958: f d v a | p < e > v o x ^ T i [ x o \ J 5 l 10.

C I G : f j t a j v x o q K ^ T i p o v 6 [ p o u e a x c o 5 e A-uxoT^ fi n a - j ; N a d e l 1 9 5 8 b :

I K a i djco J T A J V X O ^ 1 1 . C I G : [ - p a p j o v T i p£%pi xfjc; ^coffig fj)j.(ov n a p ' e | . I O I K a i ] ; ASik maju.SC: Z Q E 1 1 1 2 . N a d e l 1 9 5 8 b : ^cofiiq |XO\) Tcap' E P O | i K a i A V ) v ] E T ) a p e C T X o < \ ) A > i i p o [ i 12.

C I G : fxfi c n j v ] £ \ ) a p E o x o < t ) C T > T | p.[T|xpi pot)]; L u r i a a/?. N a d e l 1958b:

fjiap' ep-oi Ktti a \ ) v ] £ - u a p E a x o < < ) 0 > r i )j,[oi] 13.

C I R B : [ - - ] x d 8 i ; C I G : [....]ixd8i, K a i n:dvxa, (aq \r\ pfixrip

\IOVI];

L u r i a ap. N a d e l

1 9 5 8 b : x d 8 i K a i < a > T c d v x a cbq 14.

CIRB: [ - - Ka]i

14.

C I G : [SiexaqJEV, X£>.£-oxTiaavx6q \IOV [KaG-]; C I R B : pofu]

15. C I G : f-djCEp 7ip6a0]E t t o i t i o o - u o i v jidvfxEq. pexd 8eJ; I P E : ndlvxeq] 16. N a d e l 1 9 5 8 b : a o x t i q ] XE^£T)xf]v; C I G : [xtiv fipcojv X £ X £ T ) x < t i > v e i v a [ i a o x o i q dTtEp-] 17. C I G : [ - x e o G a i ? dlvejiiKcoXoxco^ a v [ - - ] 18.

I. dpcpioPrixriaEco^; C U : dp(pi]PT|axT|A£0(;; C I G : [

JX[f|]0E[COJ(; K a f i ? - - - ]; G i b s o n ,

L e v i n s k a y a : K a x ' [ e o x t i v |XOT)]; N a d e l 1975: K a [ i jidoric; 8iKii(5?] 19.

C I G : [ . . . . ] a v < X > E 5 P O U ^ O V X A I , [xcopi^ xfic;]; G i b s o n : [ p o o , oitox) d ] v y %

PO-6A,<(O>vxai yltapic,]; I P E : P O [ U ] X < O ) > v [ X A I ] ; C I R B : p o [ t ] ? i o v [ X A ] I ; I. P O W L C O V X A I 20.

C I G : [ii; xfiv] TipooEUxfiv GcoTCEiaq FXE K a i T c p o o K a - l ; C I R B : 9a)7cei[a]5 [xe K a i

n p o o - J ; C U ( m i s p r i n t c o r r e c t e d in Prol. p . 6 6 ) : G o ) n £ i [ a | i ; , xcopic; 21.

1. KapxEpi'iaecoq; C I G : [ - x a v x | i i c T £ < a ) > q , CFOV£jtixpo7CE[d)0Tiq 8 e | ; C I R B : [8e K a ] i

22-3.

C I G : K a i xfj^ AOVAYCOYFIQ x(OV; IPE: a t i v a y c o y l T i ^ J ; C I R B : x(o[v| 'Iou8ai[cov]

In the reign of King , Friend of Caesar and of Rome, Pious. Year on the .. of the month Artemisios. /, , set free my home-bred slaves, in the prayer-house, according to a vow, once and for all. male(?) bodies:

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and Hermas, unassailable and unmolested by me and every heir in paramone''^ until (the end of) my life giving satisfaction to my mother (?) and everything as and when I die they will do everything after (my) death it is possible for them to take themselves unimpededly (and) without any dispute, as I have vowed, wherever on earth they wish, except for submissiveness and service to the prayer-house. (Done) also with the community of the Jews providing joint guardianship. The early history of this inscription is unclear. It was found at Kerc, but was in a house at Theodosia by the mid-1820s (soon after its discovery, according to Nadel). Copies were made by Blaramberg and Dubois, both of which were used in CIG. By the time Latysev copied it for IPE, it was in the museum at Simferopol (Theodosia), where it was also copied for C I R B . All editions depend on these four copies. Maclennan published a photograph for the first time, reproduced above, which shows that the surface of the stone is very badly worn. According to Latysev, the tablet was complete when he saw it, probably meaning that no text had been lost with the damaged edges. A few of the lines are complete on the right but most are not. Some of the wording is rather different from the other manumission inscriptions, which makes restoration of the missing text harder. The beginning must have involved a dating formula, followed by the manumittor's name at the end of 1.4. It appears that the lettering in the opening lines was larger or more widely spaced than in the rest of the inscription. A line length of 25-31 letters is assumed above for the bulk of the text. 11.5-10 can largely be restored by analogy with #BS5. At least two slaves were involved, probably both male as the male Hermas was named second. This is the only occurrence of acbpaxa in the Bosporan manumissions, although it was the normal term used for 'slaves' in the manumissions from Delphi (##Ach42-4). 11.11-16 contain a paramone clause which is different from what is normally found in Bosporan inscriptions. There is a brief one in the pagan CIRB 74 (text given above, p.275). Such clauses (on which, see Hopkins 1978, ch.III; he translates the term as "staying and serving" or "conditional release") normally lasted until the end of the manumittor's life (or manumittors' lives, if they were husband and wife), with the requirement to perform services, often the same as those which the slave had previously performed. There may be a reference to serving the manumittor's mother in 1.12, but the restoration is rather tentative. Calderini suggests that the ex-slaves were obliged to stay near the manumittor's mother while the manumittor was alive. If e u d p e o x o i is correctly understood as an adjective agreeing with the slaves (forms of the verb (CTa)v)e\)apeCTTeco are 4^ I.e. on condition o f staying and serving; see discussion below.

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m u c h commoner in inscriptions), it must have the sense of giving satisfaction to their owner;^° cf. two manumission inscriptions from Calymna in the Aegean, where the paramone clause requires the ex-slave to behave euapeaxco^;^' in one from Delphi, the verb euapeoTeoi is used.^2

11.17-23 return to the pattern of # B S 5 , with the addition of a reference to (if the restoration is correct) dp,(piopf|Tr|(nq, which in the context would mean disputing the ex-slaves' free status, Nadel (1975)'s suggestion of Ka[l JcdoTiq SiKTiq] for the end of 1,18 is based on inscriptions from Delphi, and would involve a further departure from the pattern of # B S 5 , but must be a possibility; it would have to spill over into 1.19 to avoid making 1.18 too long. If Kax' evxiiv is the correct restoration of 1.6, it is unlikely to be repeated here, so KaOdx; rl^)|d^r|v, as in # B S 5 , seems the most likely restoration. There is no room for the agreement of the heirs which is specified in # B S 5 , but the way in which 11,21-3 exactly repeat 11,18-19 of # B S 5 , even though 8e Kai seems superfluous without the first half of the sentence, suggests that the heirs' agreement should have been mentioned first, B S 7 . M a n u m i s s i o n of Elpis Editions: Marti 1934, 6 6 - 8 no,V (from the stone); Nadel 1948, 2 0 3 - 6 ; Nadel 1958a, 145 no.lO (from Marti); Nadel 1958b, 12 no,5 (from Marti with restoration of 1,3 by S, L u r ' e ; transliterated text); CIRB 1965, no,71 (from the stone); Bellen 1965/6, 171-6 (from new photo; text on 172-3 from CIRB); Lifshitz 1969, 9 5 - 6 no,6 (from CIRB); BE 1969, no,52 (summary of Bellen), no,405 (summary of Lifshitz); Simon 1971, 518 (from Bellen and Lifshitz; 11,8-10 only); Hengel 1971, 174 (follows Bellen); Siegert 1973, 158-9 (from IPE and Bellen); CIJ i^ 1975, Prol, no,683a; Nadel 1975, 270 (from CIRB with list of variants), 2 7 5 - 9 ; Nadel 1976, 2 1 5 , " 229 n . l 16 (from CIRB and Lifshitz); Revised Schurer iii.l 1986, 37, 166 (partial text from CIJ); Yailenko 1987, 57 no.38 (from CIRB); Levinskaya, 1990b, 3 1 2 - 5 (from CIRB); Trebilco 1991, 155-6 no.4.2 (follows CIJ); Levinskaya 1996a, 7 4 - 6 , 2 3 2 - 4 no.3.IL2 (from photos); Wander 1998, 111-14 (from Bellen and CIJ); Gibson 1999, 28 n.65, 1 1 7 - 1 8 , 126, 1 2 8 - 3 5 , 139-44, 156, 161 (from CIJ; collates other restorations); Ustinova 1999, 231 (follows CIRB); Overman 1999, 148-55 (follows CIRB); Binder 1999, 3 8 5 - 6 (follows CIJ and CIRB with new tr.).

50 Bauer^ s.v., citing Tit 2 . 9 . 5'TitCal 154 and 173. 52 F D iii 3 6 4 . 53 Wrongly referring to CIRB 7 2 .

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^^^^^^^

Illustrations: Marti, P H C . 6 (photo); Bellen, Taf.21c (new photo); Levinskaya 1996a (photo). Binder 2002 (photo). Other bibliography: Nadel 1968a, 270, 274; Harrill 1995, 177 (English tr.); Williams 1998, no. VII. 10 (English tr. of Bellen version); Levine 1999, 1012-14 (CIJ i-'s English tr.); Mitchell 1999, 118; Binder 1999, 4 4 1 , 4 4 4 ; Binder 2002 (English tr.); Levinskaya 2002, 5 1 7 - 2 0 . Found in Kerc, autumn 1928. In Kerc Museum according to CIRB but not located there by Levinskaya. Details: Plaque of white marble, deliberately broken above, 32 x 37 x 11.5 7.5 cm. Top line only partly preserved. Letters 1.1-1.7 cm., very neat, with serifs. Much of the surface damaged and badly worn. Language: Greek. Date: l'-2"'^ century CE.^'* Text (follows Levinskaya 1996a; 1.3 follows Bellen): I . . c ' 0 . . . ] + A + + [ .'^^^ - iKOCKOD dcpirjjXl £711 xf{C, TCpOOEt)-

Xfiq 'EA,7ti<5>a [£jx]a['u]tf]<; 0p£nx[f)vj oncoq E o t i v d7tap£v6xA,r|TO(;

K a l av£niXr\Kxoq ano navxoq KA.rjpovopot) xojpli; XOX) npoo-

5

K a p x e p E i v xfi n:poCT£\)XFL' £ 7 t i TpOTtEDOUOTjc; xf\c,

GWajlO-

jf\q t ( o v louSaiwv K a l

OEOV

o£[3«v.

10

1. n o t h i n g read by M a r t i ; C I J : [ - - ]KA[ - - | 2. Lifshitz: -xov

54 S u g g e s t i o n s are c e n t u r y ( U s t i n o v a ; C I R B ap. Lifshitz; W a n d e r , L e v i n s k a y a ) ; late 1 " / e a r l y 2'"' c e n t u r y ( G i b s o n ) ; 2'"* c e n t u r y ( C I R B ap. C U , W i l l i a m s ) .

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281

3. M a r t i : 'EXnia[v . . . ] A | . . . ] T H S e P E n T [ . . ] ; Lifshitz, C U , G i b s o n : 'Elmalv e\ila[v]xi]C, Qpenx[r\q'?\; C I R B , Nadel 1976 (ap. G i b s o n ) , L e v i n s k a y a 1990: 'EA.7cia[v - - ]a|.J xf]q BpeTttffjq]; N a d e l 1958b, 1975, Tolstoi ( a p . C I J ) : 'EA,jtla[v e[4.]a[x)]i;fig GpejcxfovJ; L e v i n s k a y a 1996a, 2 0 0 2 : 'EA,jtia |e)i|a[\)|tfiq 0pejtT|6v| 9. B e l l e n , Lifshitz n o t e s , CIJ n o t e s : 6eo{v)CTepcov

/ (son/daughter) of ...cue us, release in the prayer-house Elpis(?), my home-bred slave - wo man (?), so that she(?) is unassailable and unmolested by every heir, except for doing service to the prayer-house. (Done) with the community of the Jews and God-fearers(?) providing joint guardianship. The stone was found at Kerc in Magazinnaya Street near the Greek Orthodox church of John the Baptist, at a depth of 3 m. Marti published a photograph which is not particularly clear. Bellen obtained a better copy from the Institute of Archaeology, Leningrad, and the most recent editions have relied on this as the stone was no longer locatable when Levinskaya looked for it in the Kerc Museum. In fact, despite the poor condition of the stone, there is no serious doubt about any of the readings, except in 1.1 and traces of letters in 1,3; the considerable debate has concerned how to interpret what is on the stone. The text would have begun with a dating formula like that in #BS5; they normally take about four lines, but as the whole of this inscription is much more concise than #BS5 and #BS6, the dating formula may have been so too. 1.1 of the text as printed here (not the first line of the original) must end with the manumittor's name, so -ICCCKOD is the conclusion of a patronymic. The rest of the inscription consists of elements already seen in #BS5 and #BS6, except for the last three words. 1.3 gives the name of the manumitted slave. The letters on the stone are: EAniA++A+THE0PEnT[..l. The name and word for "slave" have to be in the accusative. There are no sure indications of the slave's gender. If oeprov in 1.10 is taken as a participle referring to the slave, then the slave must be male (assuming that grammatical rules were followed); however, this is not a very compelling interpretation of the word (see below). Bellen and CIRB thought that there were remains of a square letter at the end of the line, which would rule out restoring e p e K t [ 6 v ] (but Levinskaya disagrees with this). THE appears to be a feminine genitive singular ending, which cannot be in direct agreement with the slave's name. There are two common names beginning Elpi-: the feminine Elpis (acc. 'EA,7ti6a) and the masculine Elpia(s) (acc. ^EXniav).^^ The adjectives in 11.4-5 do not help to determine the slave's gender; the -oq ending could be understood as the masculine form of a normal adjective or the feminine 55 l o r a b o s c h i also lists a m a s c . form Elpis, a c c . "EA,jtiv, but that w o u l d only increase the difficulty h e r e .

282

Black Sea:

Panticapaeum

form of a two-termination one.^^ The first name requires the text to be emended on the assumption that A was omitted, a quite plausible mistake here in view of the similarity of A and A. The second requires 0peKx[6v] at the end, and restoring three letters in the earlier gap ([v ep,]) where there is only room for two. (Levinskaya meets the second objection by suggesting that the final -v was omitted, and gives several parallels for the omission of final -v: CIRB 8 1 , 82, 89, 103; in 81 and 103, while it is true that one name has a final -v omitted, there are respectively nine and eleven other accusatives with the correct -v ending!) Neither explains the word in the middle which it seems must be restored as [e)a,]a[D]Tfiq. This could be interpreted as [e|x]a['0]Tfiq GpeTCTlfiq], i.e. "(son/daughter) of my home-bred slave", which would be an odd expression in the context. A conventional patronymic (or even metronymic: Yailenko suggests ['AK?]d[a]TT|(;) making -trig the end of a name in the genitive, would be even more unusual. B e l l e n ' s restoration, followed above, gives the expected 9pe7ix[f|v] and treats ep.a\)Tfiq as a way of saying "of m e " instead of e|a,o^, indicating that the manumittor was female.^' 1.4. OTtox; would normally be followed by the subjunctive, but the indicadve is used here. In 11.9-10 the reading Oeov oepcov is clear, although Bellen originally hoped to find that the first nu was not really there. The two possible interpretations are: (1) oeptov is a participle referring back to the slave, and taking the place of OcoTceia in other inscriptions, i.e. the ex-slave is expected to fear God instead of showing submissiveness to the prayerhouse.^^ (2) the expression is a variation of the well-attested GeooePoav, to be understood as a genitive plural attached to "the community of the Jews". ( I ) seems a very forced explanation in view of the position of the phrase right at the end, well after the other conditions, and the use of a participle rather than an infinidve. Levinskaya (2002, 5 1 7 - 1 8 ) admits that "grammatically this reading is extremely awkward, but can and should be accepted given the level of Greek grammar in the Bosporan inscriptions", and she suggests that the phrase was added by the author of the inscription to correct an omission. If (2) is correct, it raises the further question of whether the phrase applies to the Jews themselves ("the community of the Jews (who are) also God-fearers", as suggested by Simon and Siegert) or to another group ("the community of the Jews and God-fearers"). There is

56 Levinskaya ( 2 0 0 2 , 519) argues that, since in CIRB 74 (text given above, p.274) twotermination adjectives have been given special feminine -ti endings, the -oq endings here must be masculine. However, in view of the other grammatical variations which she notes, such consistency between inscriptions cannot necessarily be expected. 57 On this usage, see Bauer^, s.v. ejiauToii. 58 N a d e l , C I R B , Levinskaya, Binder; the use o f the participle with an acc. object has s o m e epigraphic parallels

Black Sea: Panticapaeum

283

no Other Bosporan evidence for God-fearers, but the interpretation raises exactly the same problems as the inscription from the Miletus theatre (IJudO ii 37 = CIJ 748: TOKOC; Elo\)6ea)v xrov Kai Geooepiov) and they are often discussed together. The latter explanation ("and God-fearers") has received most support.^^ Bellen understands the first nu as a stone-cutter's mistake caused by being unfamiliar with the expression; c f #Ach28 0Eo{v}Kxioxov (there do not seem to be any parallels for oepdov standing independently as a gen.pl.). He suggests that the God-fearers are mentioned here because the manumittor was one of them. BS8. Manumission Editions: Skorpil 1896, 1-3 no.l (from the stone); IPE iv 1901, no.204 (from Skorpil); IGRR 1 1 9 1 1 , no.880 (from IPE); Nadel 1958b, 11-12 no.3 (from Skorpil); CIRB 1965, no.69 (from Skorpil and IPE); Yailenko 1987, 57 no.37 (from CIRB; 11.7-10); Gibson 1999, 159 (follows CIRB). Illustration: Skorpil (drawing). Other bibliography: Calderini 1908, 78 no.32, 145 n.4, 180, 186 n.6, 246 n.2, 248, 418 n . l ; Marti 1913, 38 no.29 (Russian tr. from IPE); Minns 1913, 621 n . l 7 ; Nadel 1968a, 2 7 0 - 1 ; Dan'shin 1996, 138. Found May 1895 at Kerc. Formerly in the Museum of the MelekCesmenski Barrow. Present whereabouts unknown. Details: White marble tablet, broken in two, 48 x 30 x 7 cm., letters 1.8. Language: Greek. Date: May/June 58 CE. Text (follows CIRB, and Skorpil and IPE majuscules for fragmentary lines): BaaiA,e\)ovxo(; p a o i Xecoq TipepioD Toi)A,ioxt K6x\)oq (piXoKaioapog Kai (piA,optop,aio\) evaepovq- [ejxoox; 6vx' \ix\\6c, A a e i a i o\> x- ['H]5eta N[..]axe[oa)q] yi)VII Iop[ M ] NT[ ]I0E[..]HN npo[ ]0?

5

10

n[-[ [•]A[-[.]A[ [

] ] ] ]0[..]

59 B e l l e n , Lifshitz, revised Schurer, Gibson, Williams; contra 2002.

15 Ustinova, Levinskaya

284

Black Sea:

Panticapaeum

BAIIAEYoNToIBAII AEQI"P1BEPIoYloYAI oYlcorroItlAoKAlIA PoZlcA14>iAoP2f1A|oY EYZEBoYI.ToYZ ANtriHNoIAAEIZI

oYI.AEIAN..ITE...rY •NHiop

NT

<^...:.

Z0E.. HN^

nPo n

o|

I

.A.. • A.......... o., 6. Lines over letters t o s h o w numerals 7. N a d e l 1 9 5 8 : v[\)v] Sxe[(pa] 8. N a d e l 1958: d](p[eiTmi; Yailenko: y^vfi 4»op[Yioo 10. N a d e l 1 9 5 8 : Jcpo[CTeuxT|v

d](p[iTmi

In the reign of King Tiberius Julius Cotys, Friend of Caesar and of Rome, Pious. Year 354, on the lO'^ of the month Daisios. I Hedeia, (daughter) of N..stes, wife of lor This stone w a s found accidentally in M a y 1895 when foundations were being dug for the house of K. Mesaksudi, at the eastern foot of the acropolis (Hill of Mithridates) (IPE ii 34 w a s found in the same place in July 1886). It w a s copied for IPE in the museum of the Melek-Cesmenski Barrow, where large numbers of inscriptions were stored, including some with Jewish symbols, but its whereabouts are recorded as unknown in CIRB. The original text was about 2 0 - 2 2 lines according to Skorpil. The recorded text consists of a standard dating formula, the name of the female manumittor, and then no more than isolated letters which are too few for any reliable restoration. The husband's name in 1.8 could be lortikos, lordanes or Iordan(i)os (but it is perhaps more likely that the name really begins Gor-). The phi of 1.8 probably comes from dcpirmi, and the end of 1.9 might be understood as 9

iTivai(; Tipepievq

Cre3 Ach67 Ach72 Ach45* Moesl Ach60 Dal4 Dal3* Ach32 Pan3 Macl BS4 Dal2 Ach55

Index

Province: ev

eTcapxei(p

385

BS4

V. Religion a. Terms indicating ' J e w ' etc., and Jewisii institudons Jew: ludeor(um) xr\c, 'lo-oSeaq ludei 'Io\)5aio(; 'Io\)8eo\)q Eio8aio(; xcbv 'Io\)8aicov

[?x6 yzv6\c, 'Ioa)8aiQt)[5] xo yevoq 'Io\)8aiov xo y e v o q 'lo'oSaiav Hebrew: 'EPpeou 'EPp[aia)v] 'EPpecov God-fearers?: Geov a e p S v Samaritan: [ S a p a j p e t x i a a a ZapapeiXK; Zapapixriq

Pan3 Ach6 Dais Ach46, Ach73? Dal2 Ach40 BS5-7, BS9, BS18 BS23 Ach42 Ach43

Macs Ach47 Mac9 BS7 Dal4 Ach35 Ach41

Eapaptxiq Ach 3 6 5:apap[ix - - ] Ach37 Sapapexx; Ach68 [?oi e v Af|Xcp] ' l a p a i i X t x a i A c h 6 6 o i e v Af|Xcp T a p a e X e i x a i A c h 6 7 Jerusalem: • ' ' b t P T T ' n BS2 •lepoaoX,x)piTi<; Ach41 Garizim: o i d u a p x o p e v o i eiq iepov a y i o v 'Apyap^eiv Ach66 o i ctjtapxoiievoi eiq i e p o v 'Apyapi^eiv Ach67 N e a p o l i s : NeaJtoXi(; Macl7 Judaism: moA,eiTe\)adp.evo(; Ttaaav n o X e i x e i a v Kaxot xov 'looSaiapov Macl The w i s e : x&v oo(pmv AchS 1 Day o f Atonement?: to naaa \^x>xri e v xfj afipepov fipepai x a j t e i v o v v x a i pee'iKexeiaq Ach70-71 Christian: Crissi(ani) Dal3*

b. Jewish titles Archegissa(?): apxlTilyiCTiq AchlS A r c h i s y n a g o g o s : arcisina(gogos ?) Moesl AchSS dpx[iavvdycoy(oq)] Cre3 dpxio\)vaycoyia
jtaxfip Xaov 8 i d p i o v AchS4 Patriarch: xw itaxpiapxti Macl xwv icaxpiapx&v AchSl Phrontistes: [cplpovxiaaq exTj x e a a e p a AchSS (ppovxt^ovx(o(;) AchS9 Presbyter/a: <7i>peop<)xepo(; MaclS xfjq npeapt)xepa<; Thr3 TipeaPvxepa Cre3 peA.OTtpeaPvxepo'u MacS Prostates: Ttpoaxdxo-o AchS

c. Synagogues and parts of synagogues S y n a g o g u e = community: xfjq a\)vay(oyf\(; xcbv 'Iov8aici)v

xfi a w a y c o y f i xaiq awaycoyaic;

BSS-7, BS9, BS18 Mac 12, AchS4 MaclS

xfi dyicoxd[xTi] CT\)v yo)(yij) Mac7 XI dyioxdxTi covaycoyfi Ach23 a synag(oga) ludeor(um) Pan3 S y n a g o g u e = building: [CTwaJycoyri 'EPp[aia)v] Ach47 xfjv a[\)vay(oy(fiv)] AchSS

Index

386 xfiv JipoaewxTiv

[prolseucham

Ejci xfi<; TtpoCTe\)xfl<;

xfi 7ipoae\)xfi

BSl, BS4-6, BS18 Pan5 BS5, BS7, B S l 7?, BS25? BS7, BSlg

ev xfi npoaet)xfi

BS6?, BS20? x ^ dYitp xoncp Macl Decoration: xfiv Koan[fiaiv] Thr2 Dining-room: x6 xpiKX.eivov M a c l Pronaos: x6<\)> Ttpovaov Ach54 Roof: xfiv 8 e eniaKevfiv xr\q Kepajiov Macl Rooms: xovc, oiKovq Macl Macl Tetrastoon: x& x e x p a a x o w Upper rooms: xwv ureepoMov Macl

d. Prayers, blessings, thanksgivings, invocations B l e s s i n g : zxikioy'm) evXoyia

Panl M a c l 7 , BS3

zhXayia %aatv

Thrl, Thr4?

e'oXoyia j t a a i v xo(i<; eia]e[p]x[o]|xevoiq A c h 5 9 ei)X.oyfia6r| BS3 BS2 [-[-in^j Farewell to the people: x ^ X,a^ x a i p e i v Achl^, AchlO, A c h l 3 14, A c h l 6 Xa& Xttipeiv Ach4, Ach8, Achl1-12 ^adai x a i p e i v Ach25 [Xlaipeiv Ach9, A c h l 6 ? M e r c y to the people: eXecoq x& Xa& Ach57 Honouring o f an individual: exlutiaav avxov Ach66 [eaxecpdvcoaav] X[>x>cs& aTe[(pd]vq> Ach66 axecpavoOoiv XP\>(5& axecpdvo) Ach67 Dedication to God: D e o a e t e m o Pan3 QeM ' A y i w Mac5 0 e & 'Yxjfioxcp Ach60, Ach63 0 e w i 'Y\|/iaxa)i Ach62 'Yviaxcp Ach61 0 e m 'Y\|/iaxq) emiKocp B S 4 0 e 6 i 'Y\|/iCTXcoi jiavxoKpdxopi ev>.oytix& BS20, BS21?, BS22, BS27?

evXcayrix^ Thr5 Invocation o f God: ejiiKaA,oi)nai Kai d^iw xov 0 e 6 v xov "Y\|/iaxov Ach70-71 K(i)pi)e pofiBTi Ach72 ejci (bvmnaxoq 0 ( e o ) O ^6v[xo5] Ach73 One God: zxc, 0ed)^ Pan2 eiq 0 e 6 q Mac 17 G o d ' s peace: e v [eipfivT] 0 e ] o u Dal4 G o d ' s power: xd<; Oeiaq Kai p.eydX(a(;] ' S^vafii^ xdq xoO 0 e o i 3 Ach51 xov K'Opiov xfflv Jtvevp-dxcov Kai Tcdariq aapKoq Ach70-71 G o d with us: K\)pio(; neO' fijimv Mac 13 G o d watching: evopw[vxo(;] 0 e o O Achl 6 Ki)pie 6 jrdvxa ecpopwv A c h 7 0 - 7 1

Blessing on God: ub-SSh ^Trh^

ym

Mac 17

Obirb IDE?-[1-13

Mac 17

Worship o f God: xfiv xinfiv xfi(; Xaxptaq xfi? yiyvonevriq e(p' eKdaxrig finepaq XM 0 e ^ Ach51 B l e s s i n g on Neapolis: aii^i NedTioXi^ Hexd x©v (piA-ovvxcov Mac 17 Law: xd[q] 6<)vafiiq x o v v6^o^) AchSl Angels: oi dvyeXoi 0 e o \ ) Ach70-71 A m e n : n.'pO jOK ]D}< B S 2 djifiv Cre3

Index

387

e. Biblical quotations (Words from biblical quotations are not indexed separately) Ex 15.3 Ex 15.26 Ex21.14 Ex 3 8 . 8 Num 6.22-27 Num 14.14 Num 16.22 Num 27.16

Ach50 AchSO Ach70" Ach50 Macl 7 AchSO? Ach70 Ach70

Dt 19.10 Dt 2 7 . 2 4 Ps 4 5 . 8 , 4 5 . 1 2 Prov 10.7? Job 34.23 Zech 3.2? Zech 4 . 1 0

Ach70" Ach70" Macl3" Cre3 Ach70" BS2 A c h 16"

f. Symbols ascia ethrog

hedera

human figures jug lulab/palm

mahtah menorah

Dal2 Salonae, Thrl", Thr2-4, Mac2, Mac6, M a c l O , Ach27, Ach29? Moesl, Thrl, Ach6, Ach49, Crel Pan2, B S l 9 Ach72? Siklos, Salonae, M o e s l , Thrl", Thr2, Thr4, Mac2, Mac6, MaclO, M a c l 8 , Ach 1 6 17, A c h 3 0 , A c h 7 2 , BS2", Panticapaeum, Phanagoria Panticapaeum Pan 1 - 2 , Siklos, Dalmatia, Salonae, M o e s 2 , Thrl", Thr2-4, Mac2, M a c 6 - 7 , Mac 1 0 -

myrtle pair o f hands peacock rosette shofar

shovel tamga willow wreath/garland

11, Mac 13", AchS, Ach 1 6 - 2 2 , Ach24, Ach27-30, Ach46, Ach52, Ach72-73, Chersonesus, BS2", Panticapaeum, BSl0-12, BS1416, Phanagoria Thrl", Thr2 Ach70 A c h 17 Ach28, Ach64 Sikl6s, Salonae, Thr4, Mac6, Ach27, Ach29-30, BS2", Panticapaeum, Phanagoria Thr4, Ach 16 Phanagoria Thrl"Thr2 Dalmatia, A c h 6 6 67

VI. Dates a. Years given by era zxoMq a o ^ ' exo\)<; y i x ' e x o v q r\kx' zxovc, <Ti>px' [ e l x o v q 5vx' [elxovQ cyx

Ach53 BS17 BS20 BS18 BS8 BS23

e x o v q 8<4>t' e x o v q ^ox' [exei] ppt)' e v x ^ YX' [exjo\)[(; ...] [exov^ ...]

BS22 BSS BS2S" BS4 BS2S" BS6

Index

388 [ev x w i .. x e x e i

BS27

b. Dating formulae dpxetptipoq r(aiO(;) 'Io\)X(iO(;) ©zayiv^c, KA,eoPo{)Xo\), r(aio-u) 'Io\)X.(io\)) © e a y e v o v q eYYovoq xoO a i e o v i o v Jtpeape[\)]xoi) Kai X-oyiaxow yevrieevxoq xfiq jcoXecoq Ach53* apxovxof; "Apxcovoq xoO K a X X i a Ach43* [dp]xovxo[q 'E[i|ievi8a x o v ] KaXXia Ach42* d p x o v x o q 'HpaK>.ei5la] Ach44* Y v i x v a a i a p x o q n d i o q ) KA,6(5io<;) 'lovA-Cioq) K^eoPouX-oq, r ( a i o ' o ) 'Io'oX(io'D) ©zayivoMC, -oxbc,, 6 jtpooxdxiiq 8 i d p i o v xoO KOivoO x S v ' A / a i t o v Ach53* ejti e7tin[eX,Tixov xfiq vfjaov) 'ATio^Xtoviov x o v AjtoA,]A.a)viov Pa[p.vovaiov] •U7c(axia(;) 'Ajt[Jiitovo5 x]oO X,a)X7cp(oxdxov), [iv8(iKXi&vo(; P']

Ach69* Dal4

c. D a y of the week/month jcpo 8e[K]aji[evxe KaX]ev8tov [Z]e7ixe[nPpi(ov] Dal4 [|x]tiv65 'A7teX,A,ai[ov] Ach42* [)XTiv6q] 'Apx[eji]i[CTiov - - ] B S 6 jiTivoq A a i a i o v ^' BSl7 UTivoq A a e i a i o v i' BS8 UTivoq A a e i a i o v [..] BS22

^rivoq A e i o v jiTlvoq 'Ev8vcrnoixpo7tiov jiTivoq 5av8iKov a' ^Tivoq n e p e i [ x i ] o v iP' HTl[v]6q rioixpojiiov M-tlvi [ - - ] a i o v l e ' ^Tlvo[(; - - - ]

BS20 Ach43* BSl8 BS5 Ach44* BS25" BS23

d. Rulers and their families Roman emperors [L(ucii) Sept(imii) S e v e n Pe]rtinacis [luliae Aug(ustae) matris cast]rorum [et M(arci) Aur(elii) Antonini] Aug(ustorum) ffP(ublii) Sep(timii) Getae nob(ilissimis) Cae(saris)]l Sev(eri) Attlexandril P(ii) F(elicis) Aug(usti) IIuKiae) M a m a e l a e Aug(ustae) mat(ris) Aug(usti) AioKXrixiavov Kai M a ^ i n i a v o O Jewish rulers PaCTiX,ea 'Hpa)8Tiv (pi^opa))i.aiov [paCTi]X.ea 'Hpd)8r|v evaepfj Kai cpiXoKaiaapa BaaiAfeix; 'H]pd)8[Ti](; 'Hp(b8Tiv paaiXeco[(; 'H]p[a)8ov v i o v ] xexpdpxTiv Bosporan rulers [PlaaiXe-Govxoq [Paa]iX.e(0(; 'AajtovpYo[v] [(p]iA,opQ){i}|j,aiov [P]aaiA,eov[xoq] paaiXeox; K6xvo(; BaaiXevovxof; PaaiXewq TiPepiov 'lovXiov Koxvoq (piA,OKaicapO(; K a i (piXopwjiaiov e v a e p o v q [PaCTiX,]eovxoq paCTi[A,eo)q Koxvoq (piX,OKai]gapo(; Kai (piXp[pco|a,aiov evaepovq] [PaaiA,]e*ovxo(; [Koxvo^ x o v 'Aa7io<)]pYov (pi^o[Kaiaapoq Kai

Pan5 Pan5 Pan5 Pan5 Pan3 Pan3 BS4 Ach38 Ach39 Ach74 Ach69 BSl7 BSl8 BS8 BS23 BS27

Index

389

i (piXopa)n io\) evaepovq [ P a a i X e w v x o q PaaiXecoq Tipepiot) lovXiox) Z a v p o p a x o i ) ? ] P a a i X e v o v x o q paaiXecoc; TiP£pio[\) 'lowXiot) q>iXo]Kaiaapoq Kai (piXopa)paov <e>\)ae

ovq [PaoiXe{)ovxo(; PaaiXecoq (piXoKaiaapoq K a i (piXopwpaiov, evCTePo^iq]

BS20 BSS BS22 BS21 BS2S" BS26 BS6

VII. Funerary formulae a. Life and death of the deceased Pan4 Dal2 MacS xpi[e]xot) (?) Crel excov Ach9 [exjdav SeKa ^fiaaCTa Kak&o, [exT| eiKoJai Dal4 Ktti eTtxd

A g e : quae vixit annis dv(vopovv)

Death: [xeXevjxTiaaaa Dal4 Murder: xovq 66A,a)i ( p o v e v o a v x a q T[ (pappaKexKTavxaq Ach70-71 e x / s a v x a q avxfi^ xo dvaixiov a t p a d5iKa)q Ach70-71

b. Provision of the tomb dedico: dedicavit pono: posuic ejiiYpd(poo: ETteypaii/a

Moesl Dall Mac7

KaxaaKem^co: KaxeCTKe<)aaaMacl2 Tioieco: EJtoiei Ach2 enoiTio[a] AchSl

c. Terms for tomb KoipT|xf|piov: KVpixfjpiOV KVptlxflpiOV memoria memoria[m] pepopia ptipopia pripopiov pripobpiov pripovpiicov

Ach2S Ach21 Ach29-30 Dall Moesl Panl Pan2 MaclO?, Mac 16 Macll Mac6

pvfjpa

pvripicov xdcpoq xd(pov xd(poi ev x ^ xd(pa) xovxtp

ThrS, A c h 1 6 IS, A c h 2 0 , Ach22?, AchSl Ach24 Mac7-S Mac7 Ach23 Ach23

xapcoaopov: xo xap-coaopov Mac 12 Ach49

d. Curses and fines against tomb violation Adjuration

evevxopai

Ttpoq x& p.r|5eva d v a o K e v d a e xo e p o v pvfjpa

AchS 1

Index

390 Fine

Curse on violators Curse on murderers

< e d v > xiq dvo^n xov xacpov, ha>(sr\ xfi dYi(oxa[xTi] avv7(o(Yfi) dp(Y<)po'o) X,i(xpav) a'. be, d v 5 e exepcov V E K W KaxdGeae SCOCTI Ttpoaxei^ov xfi awaYtoYTl (8Tivdpia) ^.(•upiddaq) p' ei 5 E XK; exepov KaxaGfi Scbaei xaiq awaYcoYati; ^apd(; (8Tivdpia) fiCvpidSaq) ^ x(iX,id5aQ) e' e d < v > 5 e xzic, xowxcv xov xdcpov dvopv^ri, Scbai xi dYioxdxti cvvaYtoYfi Swapicov p.\)pid5e(; SeKa si qu[is deajsciare voluerit habe[at ir]ata numina quot sibi fi[e]ri non v[oluit] facere non debet 'iva eYSiKfioiiq x6 atna x6 dvaixiov ^tixfioeiq, Kai xfiv xaxicjxriv i v a eKSiKfiatiq x6 a t ^ a x6 dvaixiov Kai xfiv xaxiaxtiv

Mac7 Mac 12 Mac 15 Ach23 Dal3 Dal3 Ach70 Ach71

e. T h e d e c e a s e d in the t o m b Manes: D ( i s ) M(anibus) [suo]s Manis colente[s] "Here lies": Keixe evGdSe Kixe

Pan4, Dall Dal3* Ach23 Dal4, Mac9, Ach75

evGa K(eixai) evGa xiQn xfig KeK\)^TmevT|(; evGe KaxdKixe evGa

BS14 BS16 Thr3 Thr4 Cre3 Repose: vjtep d[vaji]ai)aeto[(;] B S l 3

f. W i s h e s for / addressed to the deceased Farewell: x a i p e

Ach9?, Ach31?, BS19 Memory: veia(; x«Piv C r e l , Cre2? Hviaq x « P i v Macl5 [ivfiji.li 5iKea(; emva Cre3 Peace: epivT] [Kai] dv7ra'uai(; BS13

- ev ipfi[VTi - - ] ev [eipfivn 0e]oO

mSz?

Ach75 Dal4

BSl 3

Consolation: xdcpoi <e>K6(xcov) fi K(ai) d[eK6v]x(ov eni y%c, dvGp]d)JKov Ach23

g. A d d r e s s e d to the reader Farewell: [xai]poiq dvGpoajiov jte7t[v\)jj,ev]e o a x i q -ojidpxei VIII. Formulae

of

Achl

benefactions

a. V e r b s used for benefactions dvaxiGTiRi ( c f IXa): [dveGTiKav] BS27 dveGTiKev Thr5 dvaGeivai Ach45 dvaGevGa Ach66 ['Ajt6XA,(Dvi dveGrjKav?] Ach69

Sropov ( n o verb) Ach54 erciaKeDd^co: e[Jte]aKe'6aaav BSl KaxaoKevd^co: KaxaaKevdaavxa Ach66 Koaneco: eKoafiriaev Thrl P-ODCTeioco: eixoDacbGii A c h 5 9

Index

oiKoSopeo): oiKoSojifiaaq BS4 oiKo86jiT|aa AchS 8 jtoieo): ETtoiTiaev Thr2

391 TW noif|aavti Mac 17 aTEyd^o): axeydaaCvxEq] B S 1 restituo: [restituit] PanS

b. Circumstances, source and nature of benefaction Personal circumstances: 6 noXka anohy\\nr\oac, Kal dTtoaxaxfiaaq EXTi 5eKa £^ BS4 EV TCOXXoiq eX,i\|/Eiq YEVOJlEVOq BS4 atoGevxeq [EK |i,EydX,(ov KivlS-Ovtov BS27 atoGEiCTa zaxc, <)(p' a v x o O eapaTtfiaiq Ach62 acoGiq Ach63 Evonviov i5a)v Ach4S Source: xfj ea-DCxwv] repovoigc B S l EK x&v xr\q npovoiaq Thrl-2 EK xmv i5i(ov Ach66 EK xwv oiKEimv xpripdxcov M a c l EK xcov x o v 0(EO)ft 6copEcov A c h 5 8 [EK xr\c, 7ip]o[a]65ov xfjq cvva7((07fi)(; AchS9

|xr|5EV oXax; 7capa\|/dpEvoq xcbv dyicov Macl S i z e of benefaction: [vetujstate [collapsam a s o ] l o [restituit] PanS axeydCToCvxEq] djio x o v GEov liexpi [ - - ] BSl EK GepEX.iov BS4 EX GepEXicov AchSS noihaq) PK' Thr2 X p v a i v o i pe' AchSS X p v a i v o i TIE' AchSS Arrangements for changing provision: oc, a v 6E PovX,TiGf| xi Kaivoxopfjaai Ttapd x d V7t' e p o v 5oxG£vxa, ScbaEi xw naxpiapxtj 8r|vapicov v p i d 5 a ( ; EIKOOI XCEVXE

Macl

c. Votive formulae V o w : v o t ( u m ) red(dit) l(ibens) PanS ThrS, £VXT|V MacS-S, Ach60-62, BS4, BS27 Macl £VXT1(; EVEKEV BS4 EV^dpEVOq BS2S [£v^]apEvii(; avxfi[q] BS6?, BS20 Kax' EVXTIV BS21 K a x d Evx^lv BSS Kaxd £vxii[v] p o v

KaGwg Tiv^dpiiv

BSS, BS6?

Eiti TtpooEVXTJ Ach6S EJii JcpoaEvxfi x o v © E [ O V ] A c h 6 6 Thank-offering: xapiaxripiov A c h 6 3 On behalf of: VTtEp E a v x o v A c h 6 3 Kai [VTiEp] xcbv d5EA,
IX. Manumissions a. Verbs of manumission dvaxlGripi ( c f V i l l a ) : [dvjaxiGTiCTi BSI7 dvEGTiKEv BS20 djto5i5copi: ditESoxo .... xcbi 'An6XX,covi xcbi nvGicoi Ach42-4S d7t£5oxo .... xcbi 'AnoXXcovi A c h 4 4

a(piTipi:

acpEiTjpi dcpEiopev d
BS6?, BS7, BS22, BS2S"? BSS BS21 BS23

Index

392

b. Words for (ex-)slave OMpexoq: d(pexoi BSl8 Kai eaxav a(pex[oi] BSl8 8Xe\)eepo(;: eXeveepov KaBam^ BS5 [eXevBepav] BS21 [eA.e\)6]epav BS25" [e^evBep]o\)(; BS22 [eXeuBepotx; KaBaita^?] B S 6 yevojievoq eXe'bBepoq Ach64 Bpejcxoq: [xov Bpejixov?] BS23 BpETCxov \io-o BS5

[Bpejcxfiv \io\i\ BS25" xov e a v x o v [Bp]e7t[x6]v B S l 7 [eji]a[\)]xfiq 0pejix[f|v] BS7 B[p]ejixf|v eavxoO BS20 xfiv BpE7r[xfiv fin&v] B S 2 1 xovq e[no'bq Bpenxovq] B S 6 (Twna: ad)na[xa d v 5 p e i a ? ] B S 6 a©na d v 5 p e i o v Ach42, Ach44 ad>)iaxa yovaiKEia x p i a A c h 4 3 xpotpfi: liov xpocpfiq BS22

c. Terms and conditions of manumission Protection o f the ex-slave

ve7iiX.TiJtxov Kai ctTtapevoxXiixov CITCO 7t vx65 kXt1Pov6ho[v] [dvejtiXfiTtxotw; Kai dna]pavox^fiTQ[v)(; ctTto x' enoO Kai Tiajvxoq kX.tipoy6h.[ov OTtcoq e a x i v djtapevoxXrixoq Kai ctvejci^tiJixoq djto Ttavxoq kXtipovohov dve7ti^jtxoi, dveniKoXvxoi e(p' S fi ctveTtacpoq Kai dvejttipeaaxoq ctjco navxoq KX.r|pov[6)j.]ov e[(p'] wi wCTiv dve[ii]a(poi Kai dvejtTipeaaxoi dno Ttavxoq K^ripovonot) jiov e(p' © xe fi d[ve]7ta(poq Kai dveJiTipeaaxog Q;[^6] xe eno\) Kai icavxoq jio[v] KX-qpovop-ox) [dve7td(p]o\x; Kai dve7iTi[pedCTxo\)^ duo jtavxo^] KX.Tipovop.ov e<(p>' & 6t[ve7ia(poq fi Kai d]ve7tr|[peaCTXoq ditjo xefin[wvKai jtavjxoq KXttipovoixcolv fi|xw[v] dvejtiKa)^t)xa)(; ecp' &ixe eXevBepov eijiev Kai dvfe(pa7txov dno jidvxtov xon jidvxa piov e(p' &ixe eX,e<)Bepai eip,ev Kai dvdcpanxoi duo Jidvxtov xov Jtdvxa piov wa[xe] eXev)Bepo(; et^ev Kai dvetpanxoi; dno ndv[xtov x]6v jcdvxa piov. ei 6 e xiq ditxoixo eni Kaxa6ot)Xiap,wi a m d v , pepaiov Ttapexexco 6 xe djio66[ievo(; 'AxeiaiSaq Kai 6 PePaicoxfip EiiSoKoq 6|ioio)(; 5e Kai oi n a p a l x l v y x d v o v x e q Kvpioi feovxo) a-uXeovxei; avxdq cbq eXe'uBepa(; eo<)aaq d^djiioi eovxec; Kai dvo7i65iKoi ndaaq 5iKaq Kai ^aniaq el 5e jifi rcapexoiv PePaiov xdv
BS5 BS6 BS7 BS18 BS20 BS22 BS24 BS25" BS25" BS5 Ach42 Ach43 Ach44 Ach43

Ach43

Ach43

Index

Freedom action

of

movement

Paramone

After manumittor's death

Obligations to the prayerhouse

Price o f manumission

Miscellaneous

Kaxd xov v o p o v e l 5 e xiq ecpdjixoixo 'Apt)vxa e m Kaxa5ovXicpcbi, Kvpioq eaxco ovXecov 6 Kapax\)[xa>v ox;] eXevBepov ovxa K a l 6 Pepaioxfip pepaiovxco x d v w v d v xwi [Bejcbi [x]pejtea<e>ai a v x o v bnoM a v Por)X,Tj[x]cxi xp[e]7tea[9]ai xe a-uxovx; [6ji]ot) d v PovXcavxai e t v [ a i a\)xoiq xpeTteaBai dvjeTciKwX'Oxax; d v [ e v Ttdariq dp(pia]PT|XT|aeoq [Kal xpejcecBai a\)xol)(;] x' e^ouoicoq [oito-o d v PovXcovxai] [bnoM d ] v yr[C, p o o X o v x a i 5ie^eA,0eiv eXev)9epo[(;] djtixco M o a x o q o v d v a v x o q po{)XT|xai Koiecov 6 Ka 6eX,T|i [ejtl jtapap]ovfj pexpi xfjq ^o)^[(; p o v - - ] 7tapaneivd[xa)] 5 e 'Ap\)vxa(; j i a p d 'Iov5ai[o]v, ecaq Ka ^fj 'Iov5aiO(;, Ttoiewv xo j t o x i x a a a o p e v o v jidv xo 8v[va]x6v ei 8 e pfi, KVpioq eaxoa 'lovSaUojq [eicilxipecov 'Ap\)vxai (be, Ka (paivT|xai avxcbi jtXdp pf| [ i r a p a p e v e i v e v i a v ] x o v K a l e i v a i eXevOepov pTi[Gevl pii6]ev JipoariKOvxa xeXevxfiffavxoq p o v 7toif|pvvi8aq Tipo x o v xoy x p o v o v Xtoplq iq x[f|]v TtpoaevxTiv Gconeiaq xe Kal npooKapxepriaeox; X[coplq eiq xf|V] 7tpoaevxT|v Gcojieiaq xe Kal jcpoa[Kapx]epT|aeoq Xevxfiv npoaKapjepTiaeox; Kal GcoTtiaq xfj<; Ga)7iei[aq eveKa? Kal] 7cpoaKap[xep]T|aea)(; Xcopl(; x o ^ npooKapxepeiv xfj jipooevxfj 7ipoope[vov]aa xfj n p o a e v x [ f j ] xipdq d p y v p i o v p v a v xeaadpcov x i p d q d p y v p i o v p v d v ejtxd, Kal x d v x i p d v exei K d a a v en' eXevGepiai x i p d q d p y v p i o v p v d v nevxe, Kal x d v xipd[v ejxei 8 i d xo Ki)pio[v] KeXevGfjvai v n ' e p o v

393

Ach44

BSS BS22 BS6 BS2S" BS6 Ach4S Ach42 BS6 Ach44

Ach44

Ach45 BS6 BS6 BS6 Ach44 Ach4S BSS BS6 B S 18 B S 17 BS7 BS24 Ach42 Ach43 Ach44 BS22

Index

394

d. Consent to and endorsement of manumission B y heir / family

a v v e n i v e v a d v T W V 5 e Kai T&V KXr|pv6fia)v nov [a\)vejii]ve<)aavxo(; 5 e Kai xov n a x p o q p,ov CTVveiiaiveo\)aa(;

aevotpaveiaq xaq [najxpoq

BS5 BS22 Ach42

KXev5d|i,ov Ach44

B y Jewish c o m m u n i t y

a v v e v S o K e o v x o q x o v viov avveTtixpOTievovariq 5 e Kai xfiqCTvvaYCOYfi(;xwv 'Iov5aia)V

BSI8

B y city / citizens

avvejiixpojieov9i]i; xfj? a v v a y w r y n q ] xwv 'lovSaicov ejtixpojcevovatiq xfiq avvaycoyfiq xmv 'lovSaimv Kai 9 e 6 v aepSv pePaia)xfipe<; Kaxd xov vofiov xdq nokxoc^ PePaicoxfip Kaxd x o v vonov xdq TcoXioq PePaicoxfip Hdpxvpe^ ndpxvpeq Kai xoi d p x o v x e q iSicoxai

By gods

jidpxvpoi o i dpxovxe[^] vjio Aia rfiv "HX-iov

Kai iSitoxai

KaBcbq e n i a x e v a e ' l o v S a i o q xcoi Gecbi x d v d)vdv KaBmq e n i a x e v a e ' A v x i y o v a Kai 0 e v 6 M p a Kai AcopoGea xwi 9 e © i x d v w v d v KaGd)^ jcejiiaxevKe x d v w v d v xtoi 9ecoi lidpxvpeq' x o i iepei(; x o v 'ATtoXXcovoq Hdpxvpoi 6 i e p e v q xoii'knokXtovoc, xvxT|i d y a 9 f i i 6 'An(pidpaoq K a i fi ' Y y i e i a xoft 9 e o 0 'A[i
BS5-6, BS9?

BS7 Ach42 Ach43 Ach44 Ach45 Ach42 -43 Ach44 BS20, BS22, BS25"? Ach42 Ach43 Ach44 Ach42 Ach43 Ach45 Ach45 Ach45

X. Other words a. Greek words not indexed elsewhere dpoX,eco: dp[oXeix]e djia avx6(;: a v x o v avxfiq avxov eavxov eavxo eavxw Pioq: p i o v Pco^oq: xrai Pcofxcoi ydp y i y v o n a i : yev6[nevov?] ypdq)©: y p d \ | / a v x a

Ach2 Macl? Crel

Se

Mac? Ach53* Ach38* Mac 12

5 e a j t o x e i a : xfiv < 8 > e a j r o x e i a v Macl 8fip,0(;: 6 5fip,o(; Ach38*-39* xcoi 5fiii[coi Ach?4* 5id Macl eyd) Mac? ep.e Macl Hoi Macl eiq Ach38* Ach2 eX,avva): eX,dea9e

Mac 15 Macl Ach45 M a c l , Ach2 Ach56 Ach45

Macl, Mac?, A c h l - 2 , Ach?, Ach69

Index

ev Ach45 e ^ o v a i a : xfjv e ^ o v a i a v M a c l eni Ach42, A c h 7 0 71 e n i y p a n i x a : [xo] e n i y p a p u a Ach2 evGu: Ach2 ecptipoq: ecpTiPoi Ach53* Macl ejcw: e x e i v eiaa(Bxii(;: [oi 6iaoto]xa[i] A c h 4 1 * Kaxd: KaG' Ach45 KE for Kai: Macl7, Ach6, Ach20, Ach28, A c h 7 2 , Cre3 p^v Macl pexd AchSl, BS23 poxGoq: poxGtov AchSl vvv Ach69 6 5 e : xo[iCT8e Ach42 oveco: 6v[ri]ae Ach2 Macl a Ach4S ov AchS6 xo AchSl Ach2 oaoq: o a o o i o-oSev Ach2

395 o'uxoq: xoOxtp Mac 12 ot)X(oq: oiixto Macl ndq: Jidvxa BS6 navxoq Macl ndvx(ov Macl ndaav Macl noieo): jtoieiaGai Macl noXoc;: KoXk&\ AchSl npoq Ach4S npoaoSeooo: npoao8e'6G AchSS n p o a x d a a t o : npoaxd^avxoq A c h 4 S axe(pav6co: eoxecpdvcoaav A c h 4 1 * axf|Xr|i Ach4S CT-Ov Macl, BS21, BS2S auvxdaaco: a\)vexa^e Ach4S ct)v8oKeto: a\)ve8o4ev M a c l xipf|: xf|v xipf|v AchSl •ono: BS4 •on' AchS3* (p-uXdaacoC?): [
b. Latin words not indexed elsewhere quidquid: quitquit quisque: qusque quod: quot

se: sibi suo (for s e )

Dal3 Dal3 Dal3 Moesl Moesl

sive: sivi suus: sui (for suae) unus vel vivus: vivo

Dal3 Moesl Dal3 Dal3 Moesl

-IE?

AchSO

c. Hebrew words not indexed elsewhere -in3: ["iinpn

BS2 AchSO

d. Unidentified words djioX[ - - ] aoKa eXKi G-ov [e]v x ^ G\)y[ ixdSi KQtKOO

]

BS17 Moes2 Moes2 BSll BS2S BS6 BS7

KOp

viaq vioq oi8io oXovKaixo axTiaei xov[ - - ]

Macl" MacS Moes2 Ach48 Ach66 Ach69 Ach66

396

Index

n!7D[

- - - ]

BS13

[ - -

]+Q'?C7

Ach36/)M

[ - - - I^-IK?

Dal5

e. Names from Appendix 1 Abraham: D n - | 3 K

App4, App6

H R P Y D L : S-'I^Dnn

App4

A m o s : f OK

App6

J u d a h : mn"*

Appl

App6

M e n a h e m : DrtDD

App6

D a n i e l : Aavif|X.ot)

App2

M i r i a m : ]~1D

App6

E s t h e r : HDOK

App6

M o s e s : niZ7D

App6

H a n n a h : H^n

App3

Shabbetai: TaiZ?

App5

Pistos : Uxoxoc,

A p p 19

Balakos:

mpxSn

f. Names from Appendix 2 A e l i u s : AiXiou

Appl7

A l e x a n d e r : [A]Xe^dv[5pot)]

Procopius : npoK07c[i--J

Appl9

Appl3

Pytha: n u e a

A p p 12

Dionysia: [ A J i o v w l a

Appl5

Samuel: Eanof(X?]

A p p 12

Hermes:'Ep^fi

App21

Sanbathis: ZavpdOi

App2I

S a t y r u s : £aTX)pcp

App20

D i o d e s : AIOKX.TIO\)(;

H y p e i r o c h u s : 'Yjtei(X)x[o^]

Appl5

Appl7

J u l i u s : '[oiL)(A,ioq) ' E a [ - - ]

AppIO

S e p p o n : [L]inKO\oq

App8

Martha: M d p O a

Appl3, Appl4

Silvanus, Aelius

App7

M e r c a t o r , P. A e l i u s

App7

Simon: Zi^tov

App9

M o s e s : Mcoafi

App20

T h e o d u l u s : 0EQ[5O\)>.O]D A p p 2 0

Nicias: NIKIOU

Appl4

Z e n o d o r u s : Zr|vo(5cbpo\)?]

P a m m e n u s : Haixnevot)

Appl 7

A p p 16

Maps

397

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