Index of Late Medieval Maps
Index of Cartographic Images Illustrating Maps of the Late Medieval Period 1300 - 1500 A.D.
Time Chart of Medieval Cartography
Slide # Title: 227
The Countries of the Southwestern Sea
227
Chinese Map Legend
227.A
The Countries of the Southwestern Sea Southern Africa
227.1
The General Map of China
227.1A The General Map of China 227.2
Hsi-Pei Pi Ti-Li T'u
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Cartographer: Chu Ssu-Pen/Lo Hung-hsien Chu-Ssu-Pen and Lo Hung-hsien Chu Ssu-Pen/Lo Hung-hsien Chu-Ssu-Pen and Lo Hung-hsien Chu-Ssu-Pen and Lo Hung-hsien Chu Ssu-Pen
Date: 1320/1555 1320/1555 1320-1555 1320/1555 1320/1555 1329
Index of Late Medieval Maps
227.3 227.3A 228 228A
Hsi-Pei Pi Ti-Li T'u Hsi-Pei Pi Ti-Li T'u Vesconte world map
Chu Ssu-Pen Chu Ssu-Pen Pietro Vesconte
1329 1329 1320
Vesconte world map
Pietro Vesconte
ca. 1320
Pietro Vesconte Pietro Vesconte
1320 1320
Pietro Vesconte
1320
228B Vesconte world map 228B1 Vesconte world map 228C Vesconte world map 228D
Vesconte world map (re-oriented with North at the top)
Pietro Vesconte
1320
228E
Vesconte world map
Pietro Vesconte
1320
228F
World Map from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crucis
Pietro Vesconte
ca. 1321
Pietro Vesconte
1320
Pietro Vesconte
ca. 1321
Pietro Vesconte Pietro Vesconte Nasir al-Tusi Opicinus de Canistris Opicinus de Canistris Opicinus de Canistris Opicinus de Canistris
ca. 1320 ca. 1320 (1331) ca. 12961300
228F1 Vesconte world map, detail, Europe World Map from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum 228F2 fidelium crucis 228G Map of Palestine 228G1 Palestine, detail 229 world map 230
world map
230A
world map
230A
world map
230B
world map
230B1
Europa prima pars terra in forma virginis
ca. 1341 ca. 1341 ca. 1335 ca. 1335
230C
world map
231 231A 232
(world map) (world map)
Opicinus de Canistris unknown unknown
world map
Ranulf Higden
ca. 1350
232.A
world map
Ranulf Higden
ca. 1350
232.1
Polychronicon
Ranulf Higden
ca. 1342
ca. 1335
232.1A Polychronicon, detail: eastern Mediterranean, Far East Ranulf Higden
ca. 1342
232.1B Polychronicon
ca. 1342
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Ranulf Higden
Index of Late Medieval Maps
232.1C Polychronicon, detail: Britain, Spain, France, N. Africa
Ranulf Higden
ca. 1342
232.2
Ranulf Higden
ca. 1350
232.2A Polychronicon 232.3 Polychronicon Polychronicon, detail, 232.3A Garden of Eden 232.3B Polychronicon 232.4 Polychronicon
Ranulf Higden Ranulf Higden
ca. 1342 ca. 1350
Ranulf Higden
ca. 1350
Ranulf Higden Ranulf Higden
ca. 1350 ca. 1350
233
Laurentian Sea Atlas, Medicean Atlas
unknown
1351
234
Saint-Denis Chonicles
unknown
(ca. 1370)
Jukai
1364
Jukai Jukai
1364 1364
Jukai
1364
Polychronicon
Go Tenjiku Zu [Map of the Five Regions of India] 234.1A Go Tenjiku Zu, Mt Meru 234.1B Go Tenjiku Zu 234.1
234.2 234.2A 234A 235 235A 235B
Go Tenjiku Zu Schematic of Slide #234.1
Go Tenjiku Zu Jukai [Map of the Five Regions of India] Saint-Denis Chonicles unknown The Catalan Atlas, 14th century. (BNF, ESP 30) Abraham Cresques (?) Catalan Atlas, Europe & North Africa Catalan Atlas, detail, Europe/North Africa
235C
Catalan Atlas, detail, Europe
235D
Catalan Atlas, detail, Asia
235E
Catalan Atlas, detail, Asia
235F
Catalan Atlas, detail, Taprobane
235G
Catalan Atlas, Polo Caravan
235H
Catalan Atlas, Calendar
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Abraham Cresques (?) Abraham Cresques (?) Abraham Cresques (?) Abraham Cresques (?) Abraham Cresques (?) Abraham Cresques (?) Abraham Cresques (?) Abraham Cresques (?)
1364 (ca. 1370) (1375) (1375) (1375) (1375) (1375) (1375) (1375) (1375) (1375)
Index of Late Medieval Maps
235I
Catalan Atlas, detail, Asia
235J
Catalan Atlas, detail, Asia
235K
Catalan Atlas, detail, Asia
235L
Catalan Atlas, detail, Near/Far East
236 236.A
Kangnido link
Yoktae chewang honil kangnido
236.AA Kangnido Outline 236.AB Ch'onhado Outline 236.AC Kangnido-Ch'onhado Outline 236.B
Abraham Cresques (?) Abraham Cresques (?) Abraham Cresques (?) Abraham Cresques (?)
modern modern modern
Ch'üan Chin and 1402 Li Hui Ch'üan Chin and 1402 Li Hui modern modern modern
Yoktae chewang honil kangnido, detail, Europe, Africa, Ch'üan Chin and 1402 Southeast Asia Li Hui
Ch'üan Chin and Li Hui Ch'üan Chin and Li 236.C Yoktae chewang honil kangnido, detail, Europe and Africa Hui Ch'üan Chin and Li 236.C1 Yoktae chewang honil kangnido, detail, Europe and Africa Hui Ch'üan Chin and Li 236.D Yoktae chewang honil kangnido, detail, Asia Hui Ch'üan Chin and Li 236.E Yoktae chewang honil kangnido, detail, Korea Hui Ch'üan Chin and Li 236.F Yoktae chewang honil kangnido, detail, Japan Hui Ch'üan Chin and Li 236.G Yoktae chewang honil kangnido, detail, Southeast Asia Hui 236.B1 Yoktae chewang honil kangnido, detail, Europe and Africa
236.1
modern
1402 1402 1402 1402 1402 1402 1402
Chugoku Zenzu [Complete Map of China]
1568 copy
236.1A Chugoku Zenzu [Complete Map of China]
1568 copy
236.1B Chugoku Zenzu, detail: Europe & Africa
1568 copy
237
Borgia Map
unknown
ca. 1430
237A 237B
Borgia Map
unknown
ca. 1430
Borgia Map, detail, Russia/Asia
unknown
ca. 1430
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Index of Late Medieval Maps
237C 237D 237E 238
Borgia Map, detail, Northern Europe Borgia Map, detail, Asia Borgia Map, detail, Asia
unknown unknown unknown
ca. 1430 ca. 1430 ca. 1430
Imago Mundi
Pierre d'Ailly
1410
238A
Imago Mundi
Pierre d'Ailly
1483
239
world map
Pirrus de Noha
1414 (?)
240
world map
Albertin de Virga
240A
world map, detail: map
241
world map
ca, 141115 ca, 1411Albertin de Virga 15 Andrea Bianco
1432
241A world map 241B world map 241B1 world map Bianco world map 241C reoriented with North at the top
Andrea Bianco Andrea Bianco Andrea Bianco
(1432) modern modern
unknown
modern
242
Mapa Mondi Figura Mondi
Giovanni Leardo 1442
242A
Mapa Mondi Figura Mondi
Giovanni Leardo 1442
242B 242B1 242B2 242B3 242C
Leardo world map Leardo world map world map world map
Giovanni Leardo Giovanni Leardo Giovanni Leardo Giovanni Leardo
world map
Giovanni Leardo 1448
242D
world map
Giovanni Leardo 1452-3
1448 1488 1488 1488
242D1 world map Leardo world map 242E re-oriented with North at the top 243 The Vinland Map
Giovanni Leardo
1452-3
unknown
modern
unknown
1440 ?
243A
The Vinland Map, detail: Europe/Africa
unknown
(1440 ?)
243B 243C
The Vinland Map, Asia
unknown
(1440 ?)
The Vinland Map (reverse outline)
unknown
modern
243D
The Vinland Map, The Atlantic Perspective
unknown
modern
244
Norse World Map
Björno
(12th-14th cen.)
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Index of Late Medieval Maps
244.1
Norse World Map
245
world map
245A
Walsperger world map
245A1 Walsperger world map, detail: China
Björno Andreas Walsperger Andreas Walsperger Andreas Walsperger
(12th-14th cen.) 1448 1448 1448
246
Catalan-Estense Map
unknown
1450-60
246
Catalan-Estense Map
unknown
1450-60
246A
Catalan-Estense Map, detail: Europe and Africa
unknown
1450-60
246B 246C 246D 246E
Catalan-Estense Map, detail, Asia Catalan-Estense Map Catalan-Estense Map Catalan-Estense Map
unknown unknown unknown unknown
1450-60 modern 1450-1460 1450-1460
247
Comparison of Medieval Mappaemundi
modern
247
Comparison of Medieval Mappaemundi
modern
248
The Genoese World Map
unknown
1457
248A
The Genoese Map, detail: Europe, N. Africa
unknown
1457
248B 248C
The Genoese Map, detail of Asia The Genoese Map
1457 modern
249
Fra Mauro's World Map
unknown unknown Fra Mauro/ Andrea Bianco
249A
Fra Mauro's Map (re-oriented, North at the top)
unknown
modern
249B
Fra Mauro's Map, detail: China
249C
Fra Mauro's Map
249D
Fra Mauro's Map (re-oriented, North at the top)
249E
Fra Mauro's Map
250
(world map) The Zeitz Map (oriented with South at the top) The Zeitz Map, Europe
251 251A
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Fra Mauro/ Andrea Bianco Fra Mauro/Andrea Bianco Fra Mauro/Andrea Bianco Fra/Mauro/Andrea Bianco unknown
1459
1459 modern modern modern ca. 1460
unknown
1470
unknown
1470
Index of Late Medieval Maps
252
Toscanelli's Chart (reconstruction)
252A
Toscanelli's Chart (reconstruction)
252B
Toscanelli's Chart (reconstruction)
253
Rudimentum Novitiorum, world map
253.A
Rudimentum Novitiorum, detail, Asia
253.A1 Rudimentum Novitiorum, detail, Asia 253.A2 Rudimentum Novitiorum, detail, Asia 253.B
Rudimentum Novitiorum, world map, detail, Europe
253.C
Rudimentum Novitiorum, Palestine
253.C1 Rudimentum Novitiorum, world map, detail, Europe 253.1
Rudimentum Novitiorum, Palestine
253.1A Rudimentum Novitiorum, Palestine 253.1B Rudimentum Novitiorum, Palestine 253.1C Rudimentum Novitiorum, Palestine 253.1D Rudimentum Novitiorum, Palestine 253.2 254
Buondelmonde world map
255
Anonymous world map
256
world map
256A
Martellus, detail: Africa
256B
Martellus, outline
256C
Martellus 1489 world map
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(1474) modern (1474) (Paolo Toscanelli) modern (1474) (Paolo Toscanelli) modern Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Lucas Brandis de 1475 Schass Rust Christoforo (1481) Buondelmonde (Paolo Toscanelli)
unknown Henricus Martellus Henricus Martellus Henricus Martellus Henricus Martellus
ca. 1485 1489 1489 modern (1489)
Index of Late Medieval Maps
256D 256E 256F
world map Martellus 1490 world map Martellus/Rosselli 1490 world map
Henricus Martellus Henricus Martellus Francesco Rosselli Christopher Columbus ? Christopher Columbus ? Christopher Columbus ? Christopher Columbus ?
1490 (1490) (1490)
257
The Christopher Columbus Chart
257A
The Christopher Columbus Chart", detail world map
257B
The Christopher Columbus Chart, detail: Africa
257C
The Christopher Columbus Chart, outline
258
Behaim's Globe
Martin Behaim
1492
258A Behaim's Globe, detail: Mediterranean 258A1 Behaim's Globe, detail: Indian Ocean Behaim's Globe, detail: Cipango [Japan], 258A2 Atlantic Ocean Behaim's Globe, detail: Cipango [Japan], 258A3 Atlantic Ocean 258A4 Behaim's Globe, detail: Europe, Africa 258A5 Behaim's Globe gores: Atlantic Ocean 258B Behaim's Globe, gores, Africa 258C Behaim's Globe, gores, North Pole 258D Behaim's Globe, gores
Martin Behaim Martin Behaim
1492 1492
Martin Behaim
1492
Martin Behaim
1492
Martin Behaim Martin Behaim Martin Behaim Martin Behaim Martin Behaim
1492 (1492) (1492) (1492) (1492)
258E
unknown
modern
258E1 Behaim's Globe, overlaid on modern world
unknown
modern
258F
Behaim's Globe, overlaid on modern world
unknown
modern
258G 258H
Behaim's Globe, sources Behaim's Globe, sources
258I
Behaim's Globe
258J
Behaim's Globe
unknown modern unknown modern Martin (1492) Behaim/Dopplmyer Martin Behaim (1492)
258K
The World as known to Christian Europe in 1492
259
The Laon Globe
unknown
(1493)
259A
The Laon Globe
unknown
(1493)
260
Liber chronicarum Secunda etas Mundi (Nuremberg Chronicle)
Hartmann Schedel
1493
Behaim's Globe, overlaid on modern world
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1490 1490 1490 modern
modern
Index of Late Medieval Maps
260A
Liber chronicarum characters
Hartmann Schedel
260A1
Liber chronicarum Secunda etas Mundi (Nuremberg Chronicle)
Hartmann Schedel 1493
260B
Liber chronicarum Secunda etas Mundi (Nuremberg Chronicle)
Hartmann Schedel 1493
260B1 Liber chronicarum characters
1493
Hartmann Schedel 1493
260C
Liber chronicarum Secunda etas Mundi (Nuremberg Chronicle)
Hartmann Schedel 1493
260C1 260C2 260C3 260C4
Liber chronicarum characters Liber chronicarum characters Liber chronicarum characters Liber chronicarum characters
Hartmann Schedel Hartmann Schedel Hartmann Schedel Hartmann Schedel
260D
Liber chronicarum Secunda etas Mundi (Nuremberg Chronicle)
Hartmann Schedel 1493
261
Tractatus de Sphaera Mundi
261A
Tractatus de Sphaera Mundi
262
Tang yixing shan he liangjie t'u [Map of the two boundaries formed by mountains and reviers according to Yixing of the Tang]
263
Guijin hua yi quyu zongyao t'u [General Map of the ancient and present territories of China and foreign countries]
264 265 266 267 268A 268B
Hindu/Buddist World Hindu/Buddist World Marathi World Map Marathi World Map, detail Marathi World Map
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Johannes de Sacrobosco Johannes de Sacrobosco
1493 1493 1493 1493
1300-1500 1300-1500
modern modern
Index of Late Medieval Maps
last updated 18 February 1998
Late Medieval Maps Cartographic Images Home Page
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227A. The Countries in the Southwestern Sea, from the Kuang Yü T'u [Enlarges Terrestrial Atlas - or Mongolian Atlas], 1320
Slide #227A
The Countries in the Southwestern Sea, from the Kuang Yü T'u [Enlarged Terrestrial Atlas, or, The Mongolian Atlas], 1320 Chinese map showing Southern Africa and Asia
Slide #227 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/227A.html [30/01/2003 8.31.06]
228A Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis
Slide #228A
Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis (oriented with East at the top)
Outline drawing of Vesconte's world map (re-oriented with North at the top) Slide #228 Monograph 228F Pietro Vesconte's World Map, ca. 1320
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228A Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis
228D Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis
249.1 Comparison of medieval mappamundi (Vesconte, Bianco, Leardo, CatalanEstense and Fra Mauro)
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228C Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis
Slide #228C
Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis (oriented with East at the top)
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228C Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis
Outline drawing of Vesconte's world map (re-oriented with North at the top) Slide #228 Monograph 228F Pietro Vesconte's World Map, ca. 1320 228D Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis
249.1 Comparison of medieval mappamundi (Vesconte, Bianco, Leardo, Catalan-Estense and Fra Mauro)
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228D Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis
Slide #228D
Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis (oriented with East at the top)
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228D Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis
Outline drawing of Vesconte's world map (re-oriented with North at the top) Slide #228 Monograph 228F Pietro Vesconte's World Map, ca. 1320 228C Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis 249.1 Comparison of medieval mappamundi (Vesconte, Bianco, Leardo, Catalan-Estense and Fra Mauro)
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/228D.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.31.31]
228F Pietro Vesconte's World Map, ca. 1320
Slide #228F
Pietro Vesconte mappamundi, ca. 1320 (oriented with East at the top) 35 cm diameter
Slide #228 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/228F.html [30/01/2003 8.31.46]
230 Opicinus de Canistris world map, 1296 - 1300
Slide #230
Opicinus de Canistris world map, 1296 - 1300
Slide #230 Monograph
230A Opicinus de Canistris world map, 1341
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230A Opicinus de Canistris world map, 1341
Slide 230A
Opicinus de Canistris world map, 14th century
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230A Opicinus de Canistris world map, 1341
Slide #230 Monograph
230 Opicinus de Canistris world map, 1296 - 1300
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Opicinus de Canistris world map, detail, left-hand side, 14th century
Slide 230A
Opicinus de Canistris world map, detail, left-hand side, 14th century Slide #230 Monograph 230 Opicinus de Canistris world map, 1296 - 1300 230A Opicinus de Canistris world map, 1341
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230B3 Queen Map of Europe
Slide #230B3
Europa prima pars terra in forma virginis
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230C
Slide #230C
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232. Ranulf Higden's world map, from the Polychronicon (oval), 1350*
Slide #232
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232. Ranulf Higden's world map, from the Polychronicon (oval), 1350*
World Map by Ranulf Higden, from the Polychronicon, 1350 (oriented with East at the top)
Slide #232 Monograph 232A Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon detail: Europe/North Africa
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232A Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon detail: Europe/North Africa
Slide #232A
Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon (oval),1350 detail: Europe and North Africa (oriented with East at the top)
Slide #232 Monograph
232. Ranulf Higden's world map, from the Polychronicon (oval), 1350
232B Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon (oval),1350
232D Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon (oval),1350
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232A Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon detail: Europe/North Africa
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/232A.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.33.39]
232B Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon (oval),1350*
Slide #232B
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232B Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon (oval),1350*
Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon (oval),1350, detail:eastern Mediterranean and Far East (oriented with East at the top)
Slide #232 Monograph 232. Ranulf Higden's world map, from the Polychronicon (oval), 1350 232A Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon detail: Europe/North Africa 232D Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon (oval),1350
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232C Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon (oval),1350*
Slide #232C
Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon (oval),1350* (oriented with East at the top)
Slide #232 Monograph
232. Ranulf Higden's world map, from the Polychronicon (oval), 1350*
232A Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon detail: Europe/North Africa http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/232C.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.34.09]
232C Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon (oval),1350*
232D Ranulf Higden's World Map in Polychronicon (oval),1350*
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233 Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano [Laurentian Sea Atlas or Medici Atlas] , 1351
233
Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano [Laurentian Sea Atlas or Medici Atlas] , 1351
Slide #233 Monograph
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234 World Map from the Chronicles of St. Denis , 1364-1372 (Santarem )
Slide #234
World Map from the Chronicles of St. Denis , 1364-1372 (Santarem facsimile) (oriented with East at the top)
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234 World Map from the Chronicles of St. Denis , 1364-1372 (Santarem )
Slide #234 Monograph
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235B Catalan Atlas , detail, Europe
Slide #235B
Catalan Atlas (facsimile), detail: Europe, North Africa
Slide #235 Monograph 235D Catalan Atlas , detail, caravan of Polo brothers* 235E Catalan Atlas , detail, Asia 235F Catalan Atlas , detail, Asia 235G Catalan Atlas , detail: Tabrobana
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/235B.html [30/01/2003 8.35.18]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/235D.html
Slide #235D
Catalan Atlas, detail: Tabrobana
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http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/235D.html
Slide #235 Monograph
235E Catalan Atlas , detail, Asia (4)*
235F Catalan Atlas , detail, Asia (4)*
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http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/235E.html
Slide #235E
Catalan Atlas, detail: Asia
Slide #235 Monograph
235F Catalan Atlas , detail, Asia (4)*
235G Catalan Atlas , detail: Tabrobana
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/235E.html [30/01/2003 8.35.51]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/235G.html
Slide #235J
Catalan Atlas (facsimile), detail: Asia
Slide #235 Monograph 235E Catalan Atlas , detail, Asia 235F Catalan Atlas , detail, Asia 235G Catalan Atlas , detail: Tabrobana
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/235G.html [30/01/2003 8.35.55]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/236.html
Slide #236
Yoktae chewang honil kangnido by Ch'üan Chin and Li Hui, 1402 [Map of Historical Emperors and Kings and of Integrated Borders and Terrain] 171 x 164 cm
Slide #236 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/236.html (1 di 3) [30/01/2003 8.36.06]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/236.html
236A Yoktae chewang honil kangnido, detail: Europe and Africa
Evolution of the world concept in Asia, see also 262 Tchien-ha-tchong-do, Korean mappamundi, Atlas I 262A Tchien-ha-tchong-do, Korean mappamundi, Atlas I
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/236.html (2 di 3) [30/01/2003 8.36.06]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/236.html
Outline drawing of the Kangnido world concept
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/236.html (3 di 3) [30/01/2003 8.36.06]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/236A.html
Slide #236A
Yoktae chewang honil kangnido by Ch'üan Chin and Li Hui, 1402 http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/236A.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.36.13]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/236A.html
[Map of Historical Emperors and Kings and of Integrated Borders and Terrain], detail: Europe and Africa
Slide #236 Monograph 236 Yoktae chewang honil kangnido, 1402
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/236A.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.36.13]
237 The Borgia Map, early 15th century (1410-1485)
Slide #237
The Borgia world map, early 15th century (1410-1458) (oriented with South at the top; engraved on an iron plate)
Slide #237 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/237.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.36.22]
237 The Borgia Map, early 15th century (1410-1485)
237A. The Borgia Map, detail: Asia, Russia and Scandinavia
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/237.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.36.22]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/237A.html
Slide #237B
The Borgia Map, detail: Asia, Russia, Scandinavia (oriented with South at the top)
Slide #237 Monograph
237 The Borgia Map, early 15th century (1410-1485)
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/237A.html [30/01/2003 8.36.41]
238 Pierre d'Ailly's World Map in his Ymago Mundi , 1410
Slide #238
Pierre d'Ailly's World Map in his Ymago Mundi , 1410
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/238.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.36.49]
238 Pierre d'Ailly's World Map in his Ymago Mundi , 1410
Slide #328 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/238.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.36.49]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/238B.html
Slide #238B
Pierre d'Ailly's World Map, translation of 1483 edition
Slide #328 Monograph http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/238B.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.36.55]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/238B.html
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/238B.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.36.55]
239 Pirrus de Noha, Ptolemaic World Map, 1414*
Slide #239
Pirrus de Noha, Ptolemaic World Map, 1414
Slide #239 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/239.html [30/01/2003 8.37.13]
240 Albertinus de Virga 's world map, ca. 1411-15
Slide #240
Albertinus de Virga 's world map and calendar, ca. 1411-15 69.6 x 44 cm
Slide #240 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/240.html [30/01/2003 8.37.28]
240A Albertinus de Virga 's world map, ca. 1411-15
Slide #240A
Albertinus de Virga 's world map, ca. 1411-15, detail 69.6 x 44 cm
Slide #240 Monograph
Slide #240 Albertinus de Virga 's world map, ca. 1411-15
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/240A.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.37.36]
240A Albertinus de Virga 's world map, ca. 1411-15
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/240A.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.37.36]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/241.html
Slide #241
Andrea Bianco's World Map, 1432 (oriented with East at the top)
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/241.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.37.48]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/241.html
Outline redrawing of the Bianco world map (re-oriented with North at the top)
Slide #241 Monograph 249.1 Comparison of medieval mappamundi (Vesconte, Bianco, Leardo, Catalan-Estense and Fra Mauro)
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/241.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.37.48]
242 Giovanni Leardo, Mapa Mondi Figura Mondi,1442*
Slide #242
Mapa Mondi Figura Mondi, 1442 world map by GiovanniLeardo (oriented with East at the top) http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.37.58]
242 Giovanni Leardo, Mapa Mondi Figura Mondi,1442*
Outline redrawing of the Leardo world map (re-oriented with North at the top)
Slide #242 Monograph
242B. Giovanni Leardo's World Map, 1448
249.1 Comparison of medieval mappamundi (Vesconte, Bianco, Leardo, Catalan-Estense and Fra Mauro)
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.37.58]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242C.html
Slide #242A
Mapa Mondi Figura Mondi by Giovanni Leardo, 1442 (oriented with East at the top)
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242C.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.38.09]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242C.html
outline of world map (re-oriented with North at the top)
Slide #242 Monograph
Slide #242, Entire Leardo map
Slide #242B. Giovanni Leardo's World Map, 1448
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242C.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.38.09]
242B. Giovanni Leardo's World Map, 1448
Slide #242C
GiovanniLeardo world map, 1448 (oriented with East at the top)
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242B.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.38.23]
242B. Giovanni Leardo's World Map, 1448
outline drawing, reoriented with North at the top Slide #242 Monograph
Slide #242 Giovanni Leardo world map, 1442
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242B.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.38.23]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242D.html
Slide #242D
world map by Giovanni Leardo, 1452-53 (oriented with East at the top)
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242D.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.38.40]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242D.html
Slide #242 Monograph
Slide #242, Entire Leardo map
Slide #242B. Giovanni Leardo's World Map, 1448
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/242D.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.38.40]
243 The Vinland Map
Slide #243
The Vinland Map, circa 1440 [?]
243A The Vinland Map, detail: Vinland 243C The Vinland Map, redrawing reverse outline
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/243.html [30/01/2003 8.38.47]
243A The Vinland Map, detail: Vinland
Slide #243A
The Vinland Map, detail: Vinland
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/243A.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.38.51]
243A The Vinland Map, detail: Vinland
243 The Vinland Map 243C The Vinland Map, redrawing reverse outline
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/243A.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.38.51]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/243C.html
Slide #243C
The Vinland Map, redrawing reverse outline
243 The Vinland Map 243A The Vinland Map, detail: Vinland
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/243C.html [30/01/2003 8.38.54]
245 Andreas Walsperger 's world map, 1448
Slide #245
Andreas Walsperger's world map, 1448 (oriented with South at the top) 42.5 cm diameter
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/245.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.39.04]
245 Andreas Walsperger 's world map, 1448
Slide #245 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/245.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.39.04]
246 Catalan-Estense Map, 1450-60
Slide #246
Catalan-Estense Map, 1450-60 113 cm diameter
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/246.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.39.10]
246 Catalan-Estense Map, 1450-60
outline drawing of the Catalan Este mappamundi
Slide #246 Monograph
246B Catalan-Estense Map, detail: Middle East, India, Asia
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/246.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.39.10]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/246B.html
Slide #246A
Catalan-Estense Map, detail: Asia, Eastern Africa, Middle East
Slide #246 Monograph
Slide #246 Catalan-Estense Map, 1450-60
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/246B.html [30/01/2003 8.39.27]
249.1 Comparison of medieval mappamundi (Vesconte, Bianco, Leardo, Catalan-Estense and Fra Mauro)
Slide #249.1
Comparison of Medieval Mappamundi: Vesconte, Bianco, Leardo, Catalan-Estense and Fra Mauro
228C Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis
241 Andrea Bianco's World Map, 1432
242 Giovanni Leardo, Mapa Mondi Figura Mondi,1442*
246 Catalan-Estense Map, 1450-60* http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/249.1.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.39.36]
249.1 Comparison of medieval mappamundi (Vesconte, Bianco, Leardo, Catalan-Estense and Fra Mauro)
249 Fra Mauro's Map, 1459*
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/249.1.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.39.36]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/248.html
Slide #248
The Genoese Map, 1457
Slide #248 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/248.html [30/01/2003 8.39.42]
249 Fra Mauro's Map, 1459
Slide #249
Fra Mauro's Mappamundi, 1459 (oriented with South at the top) 190.5 cm diameter
Slide #249 Monograph
249B Fra Mauro's Map, detail: Asia (China) http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/249.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.39.53]
249 Fra Mauro's Map, 1459
redrawing of Fra Mauro mappamundi (re-orieted with North at the top)
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/249.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.39.53]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/249B.html
Slide #249B
Fra Mauro's Mappamundi, detail: Asia (China) (oriented with South at the top)
Slide #249 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/249B.html [30/01/2003 8.40.27]
252 Paolo Toscanelli's Map, 1474 (reconstruction, Hapgood)
Slide #252
Paolo Toscanelli's Map, 1474 (reconstruction, Hapgood)
Slide #252 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/252.html [30/01/2003 8.40.38]
255. Anonymous medieval mappamundi, 1485-1500
Slide #255
Anonymous medieval mappamundi, 1485-1500
Slide #255 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/255.html [30/01/2003 8.40.46]
256 Henricus Martellus' World Map, 1489*
Slide #256
Henricus Martellus' World Map, 1489
Slide #256 Monograph
256B Henricus Martellus' World Map, 1490
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/256.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.41.00]
256 Henricus Martellus' World Map, 1489*
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/256.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.41.00]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/256B.html
Slide #256B
Henricus Martellus' World Map, 1490 Slide #256 Monograph 256 Henricus Martellus' World Map, 1489*
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/256B.html [30/01/2003 8.41.20]
257 Anonymous Genoese chart (C. Columbus ?), ca. 1490*
Slide #257
Anonymous Genoese chart of Europe and North Africa (C. Columbus ?), ca. 1490 circular world map is shown on left Slide #257 Monograph Detailed view of the world map shown on the left Outine drawing of world map
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/257.html [30/01/2003 8.41.33]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/257A.html
Slide #257A
Anonymous Genoese chart (C. Columbus ?), ca. 1490 detail of circular world map (oriented with East at the top) color has been removed to facilitate downloading Slide #257 Monograph http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/257A.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.41.47]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/257A.html
Anonymous Genoese chart (C. Columbus ?), ca. 1490* Detailed view of North Africa
Outine drawing of world map
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/257A.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.41.47]
257B detailed view of North Africa
Slide #257B
Anonymous Genoese chart of Europe and North Africa (C. Columbus ?), ca. 1490 detail of North Africa Slide #257 Monograph Detailed view of the world map Anonymous Genoese chart (C. Columbus ?), ca. 1490*
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/257B.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.41.52]
257B detailed view of North Africa
Outine drawing of world map
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/257B.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.41.52]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/257D.html
Slide #257C
Anonymous Genoese chart (C. Columbus ?), ca. 1490 detail: outline drawing of circular world map (oriented with North at the top) Monograph Anonymous Genoese chart (C. Columbus ?), ca. 1490* Detailed view of North Africa http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/257D.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.42.01]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/257D.html
Detailed view of World Map
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/257D.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.42.01]
258 Martin Behaim's Globe, 1492
Slide #258
Martin Behaim's Globe, 1492 50.7 cm diameter http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/258.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.42.24]
258 Martin Behaim's Globe, 1492
Slide #258 Monograph
258E Behaim's globe outline superimposed on modern map
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/258.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.42.24]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/258E.html
Slide #258E
Behaim's globe outline superimposed on modern map
258 Martin Behaim's Globe, 1492
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http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/258E.html
Slide #258 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/258E.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.42.58]
259 The Laon Globe, ca. 1493 (Ravenstein)
Slide #259
The Laon Globe, ca. 1493 (drawing from Ravenstein)
Slide #259 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/259.html [30/01/2003 8.43.20]
260 Hartmann Schedel, Liber Chronicarum, 1493*
Slide #260
Ptolemaic world map in Hartmann Schedel, Liber Chronicarum, 1493
Slide #260 Monograph
260A Hartmann Schedel, Liber Chronicarum, close-up view of fabulous charaters on the left
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/260.html [30/01/2003 8.43.41]
260A Hartmann Schedel, Liber Chronicarum, 1493*
Slide #260A
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/260A.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.44.00]
260A Hartmann Schedel, Liber Chronicarum, 1493*
Characters from Hartmann Schedel, Liber Chronicarum, 1493*
Slide #260 Monograph 260 Hartmann Schedel, Liber Chronicarum, 1493*
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/260A.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.44.00]
261 Tractatus de Sphaera Mundi, 1300-1500
Slide #261
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/261.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.44.26]
261 Tractatus de Sphaera Mundi, 1300-1500
Two examples of the Sacrobosco's Opusculum, Tractatus de Sphaera Mundi, 1300-1500 oriented with South at the top
Slide #261 Monograph
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/261.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.44.26]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/LM1.html
Index of Late Medieval Maps Monographs Bibliography Databases Currently the Index, Bibliography and Time Charts of Late http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/LM1.html (1 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.44.39]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/LM1.html
Medieval Maps are provided, along with a selection of low resolution images and accompanting monographs. If you have any special requests to see a specific map and/or its monograph for which there is no current link, simply E-mail your preferences:
[email protected] and I can send you the material DIRECTLY via e-mail.
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http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/LM1.html (2 di 2) [30/01/2003 8.44.39]
http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/227mono.html
SLIDE 227
TITLE: Kuang Yü T'u or The Mongol Atlas DATE: ca. 1320 /1555 AUTHOR: Chu Ssu-Pen / Lo Hung-hsien DESCRIPTION: The culmination of indigenous Chinese cartography is found in the contributions of Chu Ssu-Pen and his successors who, beginning in the Mongol Yuan Dynasty (1260 -1368), established a mapping tradition that provided the basis of China's cartographic knowledge which was not seriously challenged until the early 19th century. The Mongol conquests, besides promoting the unification of Asia and extending its sphere of influence as far as the boundaries of Europe, also combined growing commercial and intellectual contacts with Persians and Arabs to bring to China a wave of fresh information about the countries beyond its borders. Taking advantage of this explosion of knowledge, Chu Ssu-Pen (1273-1337) built upon a scientific cartographic heritage that extended back to P'ei Hsiu (Chin Dynasty, 3rd century A.D.) and the astronomer Chang Hêng (a contemporary of Ptolemy). Chu synthesized and collated the work of his predecessors with new knowledge acquired through both personal travel and the increased contact with the West to produce, between 1311 and 1320, a large rollmap of China and the surrounding regions. It should be mentioned that, at least by the time of Chu Ssu-Pen, the Chinese cartographers knew principles of geometry and possessed instruments that would greatly facilitate their mapping activities. The instruments included the gnomon, and a device similar to the groma of the Romans, with plumb lines attached. The Chinese also used sighting tubes and something akin to the European cross-staff for estimating height, as well as poles for leveling and chains and rope for ground measurement. The odometer or carriage measuring instrument, by which distance is ascertained by the revolutions of the wheels, is referred to in China at least as early as in Europe. Compass bearings, implying the use of the magnetic needle, seems to have been made by the 11th century A.D.; it is assumed that the magnetic needle was transmitted westward to Europe shortly after this period. It may also be of some interest to note that Chu Ssu-Pen was himself a Taoist, and studied under famous Taoists such as Chang Jen-Ching and Wu Chhlian-Chieh. Chu says in his preface that among other sources he consulted theYü Chi T'u [ Map of the Tracks of Yü] of 1137 A.D. (Slide 218 ). The reliability of the information on which his map was based was of the greatest concern to Chu, whose attitude was quite modern in this respect. We cannot be sure exactly how far his coverage extended, as his original map is lost, and Chu himself expresses great caution in mapping the more distant regions: Regarding the foreign countries of the barbarians southeast of the South Sea, and northwest of Mongolia, there is no means of investigating them because of their great distance, although they are continually sending tribute to the court. Those who speak of them are unable to say anything definite, while those who say something definite cannot be trusted; hence I am compelled to omit them here. From what we know of the original map of Chu's, which was simply titled Yü T'u [Earth Vehicle (i.e. Terrestrial) Map], it was so large as to be difficult to handle, not dissected, and probably was in manuscript roll form. For about two centuries this great map remained only in manuscript or epigraphic form (rare copies in manuscript and inscribed on stone in a Taoist temple lasted until the 19th century). In 1541 the Yü T'u was enlarged, dissected and revised by the Ming scholar, Lo Hung-hsien (1504 1564) and published in the form of a printed atlas in about 1555, under the title Kuang Yü T'u [Enlarged Terrestrial Atlas]. This is the earliest copy, albeit derivative, of Chu Ssu-Pen's work to have survived. Lo Hung-hsien's preface to the atlas explains his reasons for the change in format and his respect for Chu Ssu-Pen: Chu Ssu-Pen's map was prepared by the method of indicating the distances by a network of squares, and thus the actual geographic picture was faithful. Hence, even if one divided [the map] and put it together again, [the individual parts ] in the east and west fitted faultlessly together .... His map was seven feet long and therefore inconvenient to unroll; I have therefore now arranged it in book form on the basis of its network of squares. Apart from the general map of China (Slide #227), there were sixteen sheets of the various provinces, sixteen of the border regions, three of the Yellow River, three of the Grand Canal, two of sea routes, and four sheets devoted to Korea, Annam, Mongolia and Central Asia. The scale used was usually 100 li to the division (square), but sometimes other scales such as 40, 200, 400 or 500 li were employed. In addition to those referenced by Chu, Lo Hung-hsien naturally drew on many other Yuan and Ming sources in his revision, including the schematic grid-map of the northwestern countries, Hsi-Pei Pi Ti-Li T'u, in the Yuan Ching Shih Ta Tien [History of Institutions of the Yuan Dynasty], 1329 (Slide #227C). In spite of Chu Ssu-Pen's caution about far-distant regions, it is remarkable that, as Walter Fuchs has pointed out, Chu and his contemporaries had already recognized the triangular shape of Africa. Among the map sheets of Lo Hung-hsien's atlas, one is entitled The Countries in the South-western Sea which covers a considerable portion of the Indian Ocean and a large part of Africa (Slide #227A). In European and Arabic maps of the 14th century the tip of Africa is always represented as pointing eastwards (Slides #246, 247 and 249), and this is not corrected until the middle of the 15th century; the atlas revised by Lo Hung-hsien, however, has it pointing south, and other evidence shows that Chu Ssu-Pen must have drawn Africa in this way as early as 1315. Furthermore, in the interior of the continent, two rivers are shown flowing north, one emptying into a large body of water and the other leading further north but terminated by the margin of the map. The name of the latter river was rendered as Ha-na-i-ssu-chin, which is a possible corruption of the Arabic words Al-Nil-Azrak , meaning the Blue Nile. The island off the east coast is called San-pa Nu, apparently designating the source of the Zanzibar Slaves. On the upper left corner of the map, the coastline turns sharply westward, suggesting the orientation of what appears to be the Guinea coast. Between the west coast and the inland water body, one sees an area named Sang-ku, a Chinese transliteration of the Arabic term Zangue, or the Black People, hence the Congo. Below the inland water area and to the southwest of the river discharging into the lake is a name pronounced as Che-pu-lu-ma. The first three syllables combined are recognizable as a corruption of the Arabic word djebel, meaning "mountains". An obvious conjecture is that it is an elevated area which the Arabs called the Ma Mountains, corresponding closely to the titled plateau of the Drakensberg, and evidenced by a later map produced in 1402 by the Ming cartographer named Ch'üan Chin (Slide #236). On the upper right-hand corner of the map, one sees the southern portion of Asia, gridded by vertical and horizontal lines and bulging out toward Sumatra, the largest island on the map, with Java next on the right. Near the edge of the continent are marked Such places as Chan-ch'eng [Champa or Vietnam], Mien-tien [Burma], Hsien-lo [Thailand] and Meng-to [the Tenasserim Coast]. Areas covered by a wave pattern are ocean waters stretching from the South China Sea in the lower right to Africa on the upper left and doned with a score of island names. The empty portions in the lower left and at the bottom of the map naturally suggest areas totally unknown. In the absence of longitudinal and latitudinal estimations, distance between places is represented in two ways. On land, it is measured by unit lines forming grid-like squares. In the case of this map, the grid system is imposed only upon the Asian continent, each division or square representing 400 li, or the equivalent of about 133 miles. The locations of major cities and states can best be ascertained in terms of their positions relative to major rivers and, to a lesser degree, mountains as well as coastlines. These methods, again, date back to the time of P'ei Hsiu, the most renowned cartographer of the Chin Dynasty (266 - 420 B.C.), and the publication of the River Classics by an unknown author of the 3rd century and elaborately annotated by Li Tao-yuan in 527 A.D. Although P'ei Hsiu's work has long since been lost, the established tradition is, again, reflected in the previously mentioned source of Lo Hung-hsien, the
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Hsi-Pei Pi Ti-Li T'u grid map and is further evidenced in the Yü Chi T'u also previously mentioned as a source used by Chu, which employed the same unit scale as P'ei Hsiu, 100 li (Slide #218B ). As distances increased and knowledge became more scanty, the location of far away places becomes increasingly relative to the then known major rivers and mountains as well as water bodies and coastlines. These, then, are the principles underlying Lo Hung-hsien's atlas and, indeed, those of others such as Ch'uan Chin's early 15th century map of the world which conceivably could have been seen by Lo Hung-hsien, especially with regards to its portrayal of Africa. However, for distances over the ocean, the above methods are impractical in making approximations. Chu Ssu-Pen admitted in his brief annotation under the caption of his map that 'currents in the outer seas are difficult to predict and so is the estimation of distance.' Also, it is curious to note the absence of the grid-system on the portion of Africa that is depicted. Possibly this follows from the philosophy expressed by Chu that it is better not to relay any information unless it can be reliably confirmed. As can be seen in the illustrations presented here, the 16th century printed edition of Chu's map employs quite modern symbolism to indicate physical features and sizes of settlements. Thus, as explained on the table shown on the right of this page, cities of the first order are indicated by a white square, those of the second rank by a white lozenge, and those of the third by a white circle; post-stages are represented by a white triangle and forts by a black square, etc. While colors used to indicate areas and frontiers are known to have been employed in a military map as early as 1084 A.D. in China, this systematic use of symbolism, with an explanatory legend, is one of the earliest known employments of its kind. Two pages or sheets from the Kuang Yü T'u form the general map of China on a grid scale of 400 li to the division or square. The large black band running from the northeast to the southwest, just above the Hwang Ho and Great Wall, represents the Gobi Desert This famous and influential map of China contains most of the previously mentioned symbols that Lo Hung-hsien used for physical and cultural features. The treatment of the ocean with its 'angry lines', a common representation in Oriental cartography, perhaps suggests perceptions of the sea as a hostile environment. This may be further evidenced by the rather generalized nature of the coastlines as compared to the detail of the interior, again, possibly reflecting greater familiarity and concern for the land. This particular map of China provided the basis for several later European derivatives. Beginning with the one printed in Purchas his Pilgrimes, 1609 (Slide #404), further editions of the Kuang Yü T'u continued to be published until 1799. The atlas of Lo Hung-hsien also provided the foundation for the Novus Atlas Sinensis of Martin Martini published in 1655, the first European atlas of China. The influence of this work can also be seen on Father Matteo Ricci's world map of 1602 (Ricci arrived in China a mere thirty years after the printing of the Kuang Yü T'u ) and the maps of China drawn by Michael Boym in the middle of the 17th century. Indeed Western knowledge of the geography of China, as expressed by or through the Jesuits, was derived exclusively from this atlas until the Jesuits themselves undertook their great survey of China for the emperor Ch'ien-lung between 1756 and 1759. LOCATION: The Library of the Imperial Cabinet of Tokyo, Japan REFERENCES: * Chang, Kuei-sheng, "Africa and the Indian Ocean in Chinese maps of the 14th and 15th centuries", Imago Mundi, vol. XXIV, pp. 21 30. * Needham, J., Science and Civilization in China, volume 3, pp. 551-555. *Thrower, N.J.W., Maps and Man, pp. 25-27. *Fuchs, W., "The Mongol Atlas of China", Monumenta Serica, monograph Vlll. *illustrated
Index of Late Medieval Maps
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