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1999 Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 The FreeBSD Documentation Project *, %./0,0, 1* , *(! " " FreeBSD Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
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Image Scanners *.............................................................................................................................. 196 0,( 15D8AA 197 8. ( " 1=*FreeBSD.......................................................................................................................... &C 8.1. ............................................................................................................................... 197 j ®0,&"((-%0<&40<()*, hD8A 8.2. 197 c\&* 5">0< )*90<*&*0,() B5?D............................................................................................ 8A .................................................................................... 198 8.3. Ag" B,! 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Linux ............................................................................ 280 ( " 1>&*C, , 10.1. ............................................................................................................................. 280 0< )* 10.2. 0< )* ..................................................................................................................................... 280 10.3. Mathematica® ............................................................................................................ 283 10.4. Installing Maple™ * ....................................................................................................................... 285 10.5. Installing MATLAB® *.................................................................................................................. 285 0< )* 10.6. Oracle® ...................................................................................................................... 286 10.7. 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..................................................................................................................... 292 ....................................................................................................................................... 292 ................................................................................................. 292 .................................................................................................................. 294 ............................................................................................................. 294 ........................................................................................................................... 295 cron .......................................................................................................... 296 rc FreeBSD 5.X ............................................................................................... 298 .................................................................................... 300 ........................................................................................... 304 ...................................................................................................................... 305 sysctl.................................................................................................... 309 ................................................................................................................ 310 , ............................................................... 314 ................................................................................................. 316 ....................................................................................... 318 FreeBSD ACPI .............................................................................. 319 12. #%$ "A0,(" FreeBSD ..................................................................................................................... 326 12.1. 326 *&('Mh5C....................................................................................................................................... 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Init: ......................................................................... 333 *! 00/40< )* "=0<"0,(; 12.7. ...................................................................................................... 334 '-C)*(<'A"7">*0, )*;¿ $ A()('A, "D=j ( ;9"WC $ "0@D" 13. ............................................................... 335 ( " 1>&*C, 13.1. ............................................................................................................................. 335 )<8A," 13.2. k 335 $ "0,-%0, $ , $ '-C)4((,' D j ,(ADCM....................................................................................................................................... 13.3. ........................................................................................ 337 c\"0,(;5\j ( ;5]C $ "0<" 13.4. ....................................................................................................... 337 j ,(;5]CM $ "A0<" $ '-C)4((,',1 13.5. ................................................................................................ 337 CM, " ]4j,( ;:=CM $ "A0<,1 13.6. ..................................................................................................... 338 # B( "j , " $ '-C)*(<'A,1 13.7. 343 0<*'"C(!"D $ ('-*C,*)*(<'..................................................................................................... 1 13.8. ............................................................................................... 346 $ $ ; 13.9. ,C $ *0< 40<(- .......................................................................................................................................... 346 14. 349 ( *............................................................................................................................................. i $ "0, " 14.1. ........................................................................................................................ 349 )<8A," 14.2. k ....................................................................................................................................... 349 ^" * 14.3. FreeBSD........................................................................................................................... 351 ""Ag )4( " 14.4. DES, MD5, .......................................................................................................... 359 # 8AC,)*;5 $ (('" 14.5. .................................................................................................................. 360 14.6. KerberosIV...................................................................................................................................... 365 14.7. Kerberos5 ...................................................................................................................................... 373 ,230<,,);5 b A( ; 14.8. [ ................................................................................................................... 381 14.9. OpenSSL......................................................................................................................................... 391 j , C 14.10. VPN IPsec.......................................................................................................................... 391 14.11. OpenSSH ...................................................................................................................................... 403 11.1. 11.2. 11.3. 11.4. 11.5. 11.6. 11.7. 11.8. 11.9. 11.10. 11.11. 11.12. 11.13. 11.14. 11.15. 11.16.
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c $ "0< "> ( ('D8A*0,( $ Egd1')*1=0,"0<(M; (ACL) ......................................................... 408 $ *0< 40<(" FreeBSD ......................................................................................... 410 " *8A" (,'- ;51 ('-E8A40<( $ 15. (MAC) ....................................................................................... 413 ( " 1>&*C, ............................................................................................................................. 413 15.1. 'Z%j ,)*;5i(" ; b (*1B,'A()*; 15.2. ............................................................................................... 414 #%$ "A0,(" 15.3. MAC............................................................................................................................. 415 ( " 416 15.4. [ *0<( *MAC 1 %.................................................................................................................................. 8A4'1 15.5. ..................................................................................................................... 421 (8A4'15.6. [ (8A4'- MAC bsdextended ........................................................................................................... 422 15.7. [ (8A4'- MAC ifoff ........................................................................................................................ 423 15.8. [ portacl .................................................................................................................... 423 '" (" MAC " "0 $ ('-*C,ZE^>" \( " MAC, .................................................................................... 425 15.9. 8A4'15.10. [ MAC partition................................................................................................................ 426 8A4'-EB,* )* ,)*1d&C, $ 0, *0,(" MAC (MLS) ........................................................... 427 15.11. [ 8A4'15.12. [ 8A4'- MAC Biba...................................................................................................................... 429 430 15.13. [ .i'A" C! MAC "D=C^LOMAC............................................................................................................... " ^>, 10, @8A;Y0 15.14. MAC ................................................................................ 430 4B1 $ ", 0 $ ('A-C,*)* " 8' D>C(^>" (;Y)*,&E0,, )*, 15.15. .......................................435 .i, " $ *&('M: ®0i" Ag0,( (MAC *1 MAC ........................................................................ 437 15.16. 0<( *10<)*5: ,"D 16. ( " 1>&*C, .............................................................................................................................. 440 16.1. 440 90< 10,(............................................................................................................................. ) 16.2. ......................................................................................................................... 440 *&*()'," 8A"0, ) 14.12. c\*&*^,"Dd&,C 14.13.
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............................................................................................................. 548 ........................................................................................................................ 548 20.1. 20.2. ....................................................................................................................................... 548 ................................................................................................................................... 553 20.3. 20.4. ............................................................................................ 557 .......................................................................................... 565 20.5. 20.6. ................................................................................... 569 21. PPP SLIP.................................................................................................................................................. 578 ............................................................................................................................. 578 21.1. ........................................................................................................... 578 21.2. PPP )*DdD8A 21.3. PPP .......................................................................................................................... 591 ./ " $ &'®0]0<*@8A" , " D" 21.4. PPP.................................................................................... 598 0 $ ('-*C,*)*(" j , C 21.5. 0 $ ('-*C,*)*(" PPP j ,C Ethernet (PPPoE) ............................................................................. 602 ATM (PPPoA) ................................................................................. 603 21.6. 0 $ ('-*C,*)*(" PPP 21.7. SLIP.................................................................................................................... 607 ' ( * (D $ j * 22. 6 617 ( " 1>&*C,.................................................................................................................................. 22.1. 617 0 $ ('-*C,*)*(" ............................................................................................................................. b ' ( * *1 $ *j (; ......................................................................................... 617 22.2. *0<( *1 22.3. 620 0< )*8Asendmail 4B1 $ .................................................................................................................... j (*)*1 $ *B,*h; 22.4. ................................................................................ 622 *"0<=">0<( ," \,"0 $ ()* *0,(,1 22.5. ....................................................................................... 625 .i*0<>" , \ )*80,() 22.6. ......................................................................................................... 628 j , C 22.7. SMTP 631 *0<( *1 $ UUCP j ;Y(....................................................................................................................... ('A- 98' D= $ ()* " 22.8. ................................................................................. 633 0 $ ('-*C,*)*(" $ j(;¼0\ *h(" 4M;9f0<*@8A" , " 22.9. ....................................................... 634 (( ("g" A(! "D 22.10. SMTP 635 *j (*);5 $ B,Ah; $ ............................................................................................................ '-C)*(<'A,1 22.11. ................................................................................... 636 0 $ ('A-C,*)* " 22.12. 0 $ ('A-C,*)* " fetchmail........................................................................................................... 643 22.13. procmail............................................................................................................ 644 c\(,)*;5\0< ) ; 23. 646 ( " 1>...................................................................................................................................... &*C, ............................................................................................................................. 646 23.1. c\ $ , 0< ) 23.2. “ ” inetd ................................................................................................................... 646 23.3. Network File System (NFS) ........................................................................................................... 651 23.4. Network Information System (NIS/YP) ......................................................................................... 657 )(4h((" j0<AD=*0<( *1 70<(" 23.5. (DHCP) ............................................................................... 674 23.6. Domain Name System (DNS) ........................................................................................................ 679 0,, )*, 23.7. Apache HTTP .................................................................................................................... 692
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17
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18
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sysinstall
2-5.
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(
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23
2.
2.3.3.
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FreeBSD
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avail memory = 253050880 (247120K bytes) Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0817000. Preloaded mfs_root "/mfsroot" at 0xc0817084. md0: Preloaded image 4423680 bytes at 0xc03ddcd4 md1: Malloc disk Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60 npx0: <math processor> on motherboard npx0: INT 16 interface pcib0: on motherboard pci0: on pcib0 pcib1: at device 1.0 on pci0 pci1: on pcib1 pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11 isab0: at device 7.0 on pci0 isa0: on isab0 atapci0: port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0 ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0 ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0 uhci0 port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci 0 usb0: on uhci0 usb0: USB revision 1.0 uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr1 uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered pci0: (vendor=0x1106, dev=0x3040) at 7.3 dc0: port 0xe800-0xe8ff mem 0xdb000000-0xeb0003ff ir q 11 at device 8.0 on pci0 dc0: Ethernet address: 00:04:5a:74:6b:b5 miibus0: <MII bus> on dc0 ukphy0: on miibus0 ukphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto ed0: port 0xec00-0xec1f irq 9 at device 10. 0 on pci0 ed0 address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit) isa0: too many dependant configs (8) isa0: unexpected small tag 14 orm0: at iomem 0xc0000-0xc7fff on isa0 fdc0: at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq2 on isa0 fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold
24
2.
FreeBSD
fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0 atkbdc0: at port 0x60,0x64 on isa0 atkbd0: flags 0x1 irq1 on atkbdc0 kbd0 at atkbd0 psm0: irq 12 on atkbdc0 psm0: model Generic PS/@ mouse, device ID 0 vga0: at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0 sc0: <System console> at flags 0x100 on isa0 sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300> sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0 sio0: type 16550A sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0 sio1: type 16550A ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0 pppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold plip0: on ppbus0 ad0: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata0-master UDMA33 acd0: CD-RW at ata1-slave PIO4 Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c /stand/sysinstall running as init on vty0
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25
2.
[ Yes ]
FreeBSD
No
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26
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2-9.
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28
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2-13.
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FreeBSD
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2.5.
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30
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31
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Message In the next menu, you will need to set up a DOS-style ("fdisk") partitioning scheme for your hard disk. If you simply wish to devote all disk space to FreeBSD (overwriting anything else that might be on the disk(s) selected) then use the (A)ll command to select the default partitioning scheme followed by a (Q)uit. If you wish to allocate only free space to FreeBSD, move to a partition marked "unused" and use the (C)reate command. [ OK ] [ Press enter or space ]
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32
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$ 88A,2?" )4(0@Dd'">)*>5)*"8A,*( 0<'" )*, -*(/E),& 0(1 ) "8A 5 $ (8 - 8A2?" XFree86 )*,0(&*d&C 40@'\0< )* "d0< )*" (i">0,( *1 (0<*()0<)ZE^>4Z)0<" Z X. "0 $ ('-*C,4D= ('', !" Z $ (*) XFree86 . 0@'" $ 'A " ,*0@D $ 0,&* D8AA )*;5& " (\ $ ! "Z ) 'ZEjZE^>4Z "0<:(8A ;5\(,0,(; Agh! "D= _(* C(j $ 0,&"((-9D8A 7" , (0R8<'A(- (:, 8A" *0@D= ' . b , , . 8. 0< j (7(" &*('i " )*,0'-*Dd0<"A0<(MhE)*'ZEjA(,%)*0, 0<'">M0<%8"0< i8A40<(j )*;5&," ( (, $ C(99./"0 "=A23" ( 0<'"M0<(-7. 0<_ *, "Dd*( *0," (,'- %(B :)*,(" 5'A"8A"0, All, . 2-28 Enter. _ "0 $ '-C1 (iA(" &*(' $ 8A:(8D ^Z $ ! "Z \&M0 $ * 1 0<-EE(* (1=)*;5&&*8A,E,("'A4j" . , 8A B," \j0,("d8"0<(" &(" )4%*B,E&*;5(-58&*)(' ; $ *0<'i0,( *) ,"
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43
2.
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2.6.2.
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FreeBSD
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User Confirmation Requested Would you like to install the FreeBSD ports collection? This will give you ready access to over 10,500 ported software packages, at a cost of around 300 MB of disk space when "clean" and possibly much more than that if a lot of the distribution tarballs are loaded (unless you have the extra CDs from a FreeBSD CD/DVD distribution available and can mount it on /cdrom, in which case this is far less of a problem). The ports collection is a very valuable resource and well worth having on your /usr partition, so it is advisable to say Yes to this option. For more information on the ports collection & the latest ports, visit: http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports [ Yes ]
No
8' D>0,()"d (' 'A, ! "" $ * () "'" j (*&; $ $ 0<("(-%0,( *) ;5&*, "( No ], $ ] 8A' 2?" (j (*&[ ; Yes ,Z)*;5&A]8A"0,( " &*4," ) ;[ := A(&* ) $ ( D )"0@D= $ D (Enter, .[ . k
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2-29.
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44
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Exit,
&<8A" (M0<-Ej(%)*;5&
[ OK ]
FreeBSD
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2.7.
"0 $ ('A-C,1 i'A)" >"=)" BM(! " " 8A' D $ <:8K9 $ 0,90,( *Install ) " from a . "8A B":,((8:d0<*( *) "=)*;5& " (]0<*()0<)ZE^>4Z $ !" Z"W0@'<8A1 (]" 0,( ! "D . 23" ( 8'D $ 40,E0 $ ()* " $ %"0<j "®0,( *) " 23" ( 8' D)*C,)*(*5> Z . Enter );5&*5"0,F1 (j " E0,()" "=0< )* \0
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2-30.
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FTP: JF *@.-B,9 , 1;F 2L FTP, 12;!# / #=-7 @/ #BE , : ,1#)3 FTP, " , 2 #>3 FTP, L HTTP " 12 .
I12 #>3 FTP: Install from an FTP server ¦%<!3/" 324 2IL,12,1;F" FTP E !6F#)" #A
“ ,12 - ” *@.-M . B!. '@-A C"L* $ ,E;;, 2L ,3* , 0L2,;, 2( " L* $0 ,E;;,I*F,#)-2 ,- FTP, "66?!@,( /-." ,2 #)3 *@.- . * /'6B /" #)2, *$+C" ,- *@.-B ( " -7 ,( ), "";E 3 9,12 #>3 !
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FTP: Install from an FTP server through a firewall
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5* sysinstall " L, “ " ,2 #)3 ” '@- 6 $+ ,E;# FTP. 0"L* $0 ,E;;, ,3 , / , L I,( /3.'D 6$ / ;*6B $+ ,C* ;,3#7D TCP ",!D .
45
2.
FreeBSD
FTP 2L HTTP "1! : Install from an FTP server through a http proxy
B,9"
$ 5* sysinstall " L, HTTP ";!12 ( 1!,192E/E ,! L2 ) 6 $+ ,E;# FTP ; 2L "12 . ¤>12CE!6?C , * , 92IL2,"# ";#B ,/!D. , FTP 2 . B!:";L* $0" D 6B 4 2L ,3 , ,F12!- FTP L2," I , 02 HTTP "12 . § <!- * ,/" E **$12,L, "12F FTP 2 2 .
$+ , E;# FTP 2L/"1! , E D 67-7 "-B2 - $2 ,F12,1C,C-M " 7L2,* $ "* L ,1!, “@”. ¤> 1!/2 “;E-M, ” , !$ /32 . ,"-B , " *67" @- ! # D ; F"2
, 1C ftp.FreeBSD.org, " L*!$ FTP L/"1! foo.example.com, "* ,( I - " 1024. K<!-8* , , *36B 9-M ( " , ,-B , , F- $+" L,* $ FTP [email protected] , ,
-B2! " , $ 2*67 I*30,!67 2 email. § 1!,2/;*!1!,9 *,1 #ME; FTP ( ." ,2 #)3 FTP, 2' 7."12C5:"66?!@,* ), URL ftp://foo.example.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD.
,191!,1 /pub/FreeBSD J2 , 4 ftp.FreeBSD.org 6 *; 2LC"12 foo.example.com, #%-7@//"22* )
, 1C#"" 12-" () , ( ,3 #%E !6CL2,'!!@/ #8 ftp.FreeBSD.org 12,1K E **$6 $0 , 1; ).
2.8.
+
BC & #"$ '&I$"
$ ,-72eEj " (-%0,( *) ( $ *0<'@8 " 1W(0i " (-0< )* 7" "®*&C,* " C,&*<23((-%" C ," 192?0< *±8". 0<6 .
User Confirmation Requested Last Chance! Are you SURE you want to continue the installation? If you’re running this on a disk with data you wish to save then WE STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before proceeding! We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents! [ Yes ]
No
;5&*, "( "A23" ( j(&*;Y(jA(([ Yes ] Enter, . D0<*( *) "=0,"'-EC)"0," E*9);5&*( B8A"0,( " &*4" ) *B,%(&* "A0<(*j " E0< )* "=" 0,9 B<89*(&*(C" 0@D0<'@84Z%^\0<*&*^," k
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Message Congratulations! You now have FreeBSD installed on your system. We will now move on to the final configuration questions. For any option you do not wish to configure, simply select No. If you wish to re-enter this utility after the system is up, you may do so by typing: /stand/sysinstall .
46
2.
FreeBSD
[ OK ]
) ;523&* " (
[
Press enter to continue
]
8 'D(jA'A $ *0<',0<*( *)j 1*0<( *1 " . $ ) $ *! 00i0<*( *) " " CM, "D)0<"A0<(Md) M0<,;` \&**8A "=A23((" k(D )"[0@No , D=0@'A]@8AZE^>,0<*Enter &^>, " Enter
.
:
Message Installation complete with some errors. You may wish to scroll through the debugging messages on VTY1 with the scroll-lock feature. You can also choose "No" at the next prompt and go back into the installation menus to retry whichever operations have failed. [ OK ]
(%0,&*^ " $ D )"'A*0<- $ *0, ('-* " j B,% \&*;'E0,( *)(' 6 , Z 0< )* " j &;`)*;51 (">" C\, ,
2.9.
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/stand/sysinstall,
2.9.1.
"
"
(Network Device Configuration)
8'D0< )* "=j ,C (* b (> $ D )" *0@D *0<(1 =2? E&*8, @0 '">);`*0<(A(" )4'" FTP, b , $_ "C,)M0<(" $ C,2e\(>PPP $ "A0,(9);5> . (&*;a'j \4C(-E9'A('- ;:=0,,D:=">0,( 1 )EA(j M0<()*i='AZEC h ("C( FreeBSD / , &A((" 0<-%=B<'() Advanced Networking.
User Confirmation Requested Would you like to configure any Ethernet or SLIP/PPP network devices? [ Yes ]
=' D=0,( *1 ">0,,()*B,90< 10,()*E);5&*, " $ 8(' 2?" (.
No
[ Yes ]
"(23" (
Enter.
* 'A"=23"
[ No ],
j(&*;
47
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2-31.
!
Ethernet
$
2.
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FreeBSD
Enter.
User Confirmation Requested Do you want to try IPv6 configuration of the interface? Yes
[ No ]
=' D=j0,( *1='*'-* 1=0,,(">&*;5j ;51 $ (* ('" (, , ) $ ('h8A40<(j $ b (4d);5&A( (IPv4) , $ "A23( [ No ] Enter. 0@'">);¿:("( $ 80,@8" " (-40@D=0,^0,()Z%^,1>0<," j ,C]0< ) );5&*, "( "(23" ( _ IPv6 RA, [ Yes ] "A0< 0,, )*, *)9C1,% 0, ('A- 70<,48
Enter.
RA
.
User Confirmation Requested Do you want to try DHCP configuration of the interface? Yes
[ No ]
0@'" ] 42?, )*;5& " ( 0 $ **^-*Z¼'A)" , [ No ] _ ()*" BDHCP ! " "d"(Dynamic A23" ( Host Configuration Protocol) Enter. C $ 0<(" ">0<'")40< $ 18,Eh('- C $ ('" 9" g*h(!" Z% Ag" B,! " " ;5&* 0()*([ *Yes h(]" j M0< " # &dhclient, (" (M0<-%.iC@8 C9&*(' $ (8A *& ,;9"0,)<8A, " D" . . 23.5 . ci'@8AZ%^" 1 b = *g" B,! " "0,,(" $ A(C,;5)4(50,( 1 d0<( *10<)* 0,"0<; (*D Ethernet , &*8A,E(&*(-E'ZEC*´8' D'('-10,,(" .
48
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$ $
2-32.
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2.
* D8A*
Domain
,
:
k6-2.example.com.
)% *(*l(:(8A" 0
IPv4 Gateway
FreeBSD
ed0
8'D=);5&* $ ',1>"CM $ ' ,"D=":=0<*()*,0,()ZE^>""d8K( ;9"
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example.com.
:40< $ ,0<;'(ZE^>,B $ ,(;`A( 42?'A'-* 1=0,,(" $ *( ,&*,0>0<(" O,UWPF UeNTUWJ5HJ KNiH .*kO,U M0@'" * $ -*ZE(=D )' D ,0<,D , . , ='Z%C,4®)E" (, ,E8' D>0,,(" 'AZEC " C,)*0,(,=*(2?](>='Z%C $ 7('j " Z"'">h 4 $ . IPv4 ('j " Z
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Name server
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IP
DNS
DNS
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(208.163.10.2).
IPv4 address IP
T8A M0 "0 $ ('A-C,*)* ;5178' D b (*B,E" (,Ag,10 ,
, 192.168.0.1
Netmask
8A0\&('* "0 $ ('A-C,*)* B]8' D b (1'('-10,,(" b (7&('*='A*0,0, , C (192.168.0.0 0, $ 7('jA( " ZY8(A8' DW0<,",'A*0,0 C (255.255.255.0). 192.168.255.255). [ $ ' " (,'-;5 $ (A, ;a8' D ifconfig ZE&*;5\0 $ ,! "g"j ;5h8A' D" ,g10,% $ !" "= *(;5\)*;a:*(" (i8A*&*()*" (8 4 ifconfig, .k 0@'ji "j ,B . $ *0<'] * j("Dd0,( 1 "">23" ( 0 $ '-C41( 8'D=);5&*
*
Tab
[ OK ]
Enter.
49
2.
FreeBSD
User Confirmation Requested Would you like to Bring Up the ed0 interface right now? [ Yes ]
"A23((" ;5&* $k , CB,[ Yes C,A ]
Enter
No
))*@8A9 * $ -ZE,)70<(-
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.
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2.9.2.
+ Mf ],
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* $ -*ZE( d)*0,i,^>i(,&0@D
(Configure Gateway)
User Confirmation Requested Do you want this machine to function as a network gateway? [ Yes ]
No
0@'"> * $ -ZE,&**8A,%='Z%C,*´8A' D='*'-* 1=0,,(" $ 0,;'AD $ ,;¼<2W8A78A B"" 4 $ -Z%(,A" _);5& " ( , ">23" 0<'" b (%*&;5j ;51= * $ -ZE, ) ;5& " ( "A23" ( 8A' D [ Yes ] Enter. _ , [ No ] Enter $ 8(' 2?,"D
,
.
2.9.3.
"
(Configure Internet Services)
User Confirmation Requested Do you want to configure inetd and the network services that it provides? Yes
[ No ]
0@'">);5&*( A(C<'A" j ;50< )"0,; (" \A( \&*84EC $ 4^>, ; (E*C,j( j ( 6 $ ('A-C,*)*(,<'"d)40<i2e _ 8K' ;5 $ ('[-*No C,)4],((,'"d 0,*B,9C1 (" , $ telnetd (*E 4 $ -Z%(, ('-. ;5 b . 0,B9C(:(8A" %9*8(', ;5i 4 $ -Z%(, ; $ telnet telnet. 0 (">0,, )*"0<;Y*B,E&*;5(-E)*'ZEj, ; $ *0@'Ai0< )* " $ (M® <8( " )4( " D /etc/inetd.conf $6 **^-Z)*,B'ZE&*"BE(0<)*B,% @8 (* # &*(^W(1 0<-9.i(C<8 CE&', $ 8A&1 . . 23.2.1 " gAh(! " 1 . 0<'"=:*(" (]0,( *" (- b (">0,, )*"0<;`)*E)* D0,( *) " (D )"0@D8A $ ('A " (,'- ;51 ;5&*, "( . Ck $ *0 $ 8A[Yes ), 2>] 8, "D
:
User Confirmation Requested The Internet Super Server (inetd) allows a number of simple Internet services to be enabled, including finger, ftp and telnetd. Enabling these services may increase risk of security problems by increasing the exposure of your system. With this in mind, do you wish to enable inetd?
) 23" (
[ Yes ]
[ Yes ],
j (&*; $ (8A(' 2?" -
No
.
User Confirmation Requested inetd(8) relies on its configuration file, /etc/inetd.conf, to determine
50
2.
FreeBSD
which of its Internet services will be available. The default FreeBSD inetd.conf(5) leaves all services disabled by default, so they must be specifically enabled in the configuration file before they will function, even once inetd(8) is enabled. Note that services for IPv6 must be separately enabled from IPv4 services. Select [Yes] now to invoke an editor on /etc/inetd.conf, or [No] to use the current settings. [ Yes ]
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[ Yes ]
No
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2-33.
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2.9.4.
(Anonymous) FTP
User Confirmation Requested Do you want to have anonymous FTP access to this machine? Yes
2.9.4.1.
<
[ No ]
FTP
; &*d $ " $ 7'j " Z 5 ">23(" )*0,/2? $ C,)*('" $ ('A-C,*)*(<' D "ZE^>" Enter , 4k j,( ;5]C $ " 0,"0 $ ( ' D" "[0 $ No ('A-] C,*)*(A8 ' Dd8A40<( $ E 4 $ -Z%(, ,
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51
2.
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# @
2.9.4.2.
FTP
(EB,(8A 70,(2? $ 'j " (-98A*0,( $ * $ -*ZE( d0<'"=);¼(C ,>" (\ " ;50<<8A" "D @8A)4( "(<'-* 8A' 2? ;Y&*;5(-E*0,0( ;`)*C2e;5i*0<'(2? "D0\&C, $ 0<*0<-Z (' . $ 8A&ADd" g*h(! " D=E&C, $ 0, *0,("8A40<( $ E ' . 14. (&*;`(C ,>" (-% " ;51 "0 $ ('A-C,4Dd'A)" >"=)" BM(! " ");5& " ( "(23" ( [ Yes ] (D )"0@D=0@'A@8AZE^>" 1 "'" $ (:FTP, 2e"1 b ( ) :
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2-34.
F1
$ $ M $ " " " O
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FreeBSD
FTP
M
FTP.
Enter.
%$ "
:
This screen allows you to configure the anonymous FTP user. The following configuration values are editable: UID:
The user ID you wish to assign to the anonymous FTP user. All files uploaded will be owned by this ID.
Group:
Which group you wish the anonymous FTP user to be in.
Comment: String describing this user in /etc/passwd
FTP Root Directory: Where files available for anonymous FTP will be kept. Upload subdirectory:
'
Where files uploaded by anonymous FTP users will go.
$ % )*1d(('B ('j " Z & *8A9(CM,^>,) 0<*58'Dd8' D*2Wftp 8 2? E"0 $ (A' -C,*)*(-9'*B FTP,
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/var. _ )*;5&)9 ,)*1='AB /usr, FTP (FTP Root
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52
2.
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Enter,
j &; $ 8A' 2?" (-
FreeBSD
.
User Confirmation Requested Create a welcome message file for anonymous FTP users? [ Yes ]
0@'">);`)*;5&,,( _0<*&^>, " FTP.
"
2-35.
[ Yes ]
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Enter,
No
C $ 0<("0@D@8 ( $ C)' D ZE^>" 1= @8 (" )*(,
FTP Welcome Message
*
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.
2.9.5.
)
)
"
"
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(Configure Network File System)
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.
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2.9.5.1.
&
NFS (NFS Server)
User Confirmation Requested Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS server? Yes
[ No ]
53
2.
0@'">)**l \*2? 0@'">);5&*( $ 4 _ _
NFS
FreeBSD
0<,), );5& " ( "(23" ( , [ No ] Enter. $ D )" 0, " B,*) D ^,iE(4 j (E8A' 2?,&*;5(-%0,C<8(gd1'
[ Yes ],
,
,
exports. Message Operating as an NFS server means that you must first configure an /etc/exports file to indicate which hosts are allowed certain kinds of access to your local filesystems. Press [Enter] now to invoke an editor on /etc/exports [ OK ]
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2-36.
exports
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.
2.9.5.2. NFS
$#
NFS (NFS Client)
'A" , $ C)' D ,9* B " C)*(-]8A40<( $ W0< )
NFS.
User Confirmation Requested Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS client? Yes
c $ **^-Z'A)" Á()*" B! " "=)*;5&," (
[ No ]
[ Yes ]
"'A"
[ No ],
$ ,&*40@D "(2?"( ,
Enter.
54
2.
2.9.6.
FreeBSD
(Security Profile)
4g"'-9&*,C, $ 0, *0,(" b E& $ (*,()EA0< 1 " 0 $ *^>-Z (* B8A,'A(0@D $ $ ;5(A “ , 8A*0,(" j -%( ,&*BE *”)D=&*,C, $ 0, *0,("d"*8A*&*0,()* $ 4® C, "D="'">C $ ,^>, " DC $ 0< $ <8A<'A, ;: $ B,Ah®"=8A B,"">0,( *1 " f0,( 2e $ 4g"'-9&*,C, $ 0, *0,(" (M³ -> $ Bhl&**8A,%C $ 4^>, $ %'j(" Z %(8A" . =" C]*0, )* ;: $ " ! " $ )7&C, $ 0<*, 0<" : C $ 0,(1(i "j ,BE 4\B,%j (7 ,*&(:.86 " . ,1 (]))*"8A j ( $ 4g"'-%&,C $ *0< 40<(" b (%'" -%0< )* $ 7'j " Z ZE&*(D $ *B,*hhE(2? $ 4f@8 (" *)*. "Dd"'"8A&4()', " D &;5(-%C $ 4^>,,9"'"40< )',A $ *0<']0,()" 0<*()0<)ZE^>":=0<( *=) =' D $ ('FreeBSD j "D=&', $ 8 &* 1d" Agh! " "=*&(" (M0<-E /etc/rc.conf. 0<( " ! 0 $ ()*j " rc.conf(5). ci'@8AZ%^>D=*(&('A" !9 $ "0,;5)*(8A10<()*" ]2W8A*B, $ *g"' D=&*,C $ *0< 40<(" ' " $ A(C,;5)4(Z% $ Bh;¼"'">g ! . " " (* ;5 $ *g"'A);5&A( ;51d)4" $ *g" '-9&C, $ 0, *0,(" 9 D8A; , — , )'Z%j(9"'"W);5 'ZEj,
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k
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[ Yes ]
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[ No ]
No
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Message Moderate security settings have been selected. Sendmail and SSHd have been enabled, securelevels are disabled, and NFS server setting have been left intact. PLEASE NOTE that this still does not save you from having to properly secure your system in other ways or exercise due diligence in your administration, this simply picks a standard set of out-of-box defaults to start with. To change any of these settings later, edit /etc/rc.conf [OK] Message Extreme security settings have been selected. Sendmail, SSHd, and NFS services have been disabled, and securelevels have been enabled. PLEASE NOTE that this still does not save you from having to properly secure your system in other ways or exercise due diligence in your administration, this simply picks a more secure set of out-of-box defaults to start with. To change any of these settings later, edit /etc/rc.conf
56
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No
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2-38.
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2-39.
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[ Yes ]
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k
Yes
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59
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No
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User Confirmation Requested Would you like to enable Linux binary compatibility? [ Yes ]
No
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61
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64
2.
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65
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68
2. [ Yes ]
FreeBSD
No
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Message You have configured and been running the mouse daemon. Choose "/dev/sysmouse" as the mouse port and "SysMouse" or "MouseSystems" as the mouse protocol in the X configuration utility. [ OK ] [ Press enter to continue ]
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xf86config
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This program will create a basic XF86Config file, based on menu selections you make. The XF86Config file usually resides in /usr/X11R6/etc/X11 or /etc/X11. A sample XF86Config file is supplied with XFree86; it is configured for a standard VGA card and monitor with 640x480 resolution. This program will ask for a pathname when it is ready to write the file. You can either take the sample XF86Config as a base and edit it for your configuration, or let this program produce a base XF86Config file for your configuration and fine-tune it. Before continuing with this program, make sure you know what video card you have, and preferably also the chipset it uses and the amount of video memory on your video card. SuperProbe may be able to help with this. Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.
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23((" CM $ 0,(" EA0< 1 =;5" ci'A@8A4D=" 0,( ! " D )*;5&," ( )%(j0<) $ ('-*C,Systems” $ 'A9Enter ;5">" )Ej 0,. () $ %;5>" 8(2?i, 0<'")*;`"0 “Mouse ,( /dev/sysmouse , PS/2, $ C 9) $ ", .
First specify a mouse protocol type. Choose one from the following list: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Microsoft compatible (2-button protocol) Mouse Systems (3-button protocol) & FreeBSD moused protocol Bus Mouse PS/2 Mouse Logitech Mouse (serial, old type, Logitech protocol) Logitech MouseMan (Microsoft compatible) MM Series MM HitTablet Microsoft IntelliMouse
If you have a two-button mouse, it is most likely of type 1, and if you have a three-button mouse, it can probably support both protocol 1 and 2. There are two main varieties of the latter type: mice with a switch to select the protocol, and mice that default to 1 and require a button to be held at boot-time to select protocol 2. Some mice can be convinced to do 2 by sending a special sequence to the serial port (see the ClearDTR/ClearRTS options). Enter a protocol number: 2 You have selected a Mouse Systems protocol mouse. If your mouse is normally in Microsoft-compatible mode, enabling the ClearDTR and ClearRTS options may cause it to switch to Mouse Systems mode when the server starts. Please answer the following question with either ’y’ or ’n’. Do you want to enable ClearDTR and ClearRTS? n You have selected a three-button mouse protocol. It is recommended that you
70
2.
FreeBSD
do not enable Emulate3Buttons, unless the third button doesn’t work. Please answer the following question with either ’y’ or ’n’. Do you want to enable Emulate3Buttons? y Now give the full device name that the mouse is connected to, for example /dev/tty00. Just pressing enter will use the default, /dev/mouse. On FreeBSD, the default is /dev/sysmouse. Mouse device: /dev/sysmouse
$ ", $ C(A98A,'c '@8AZ%^" 1 $ EA0< 1 " b E'A)"( i A(j M0<()* .k generic 101-key. k )*("( *9(2? 7"0 $ ('-*C,)4((-'AZE&*i" D "'" $ * 0,(EA23((j(&*; $ " D -%C(j " $ , Enter, 'j " Z .
Please select one of the following keyboard types that is the better description of your keyboard. If nothing really matches, choose 1 (Generic 101-key PC) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Generic 101-key PC Generic 102-key (Intl) PC Generic 104-key PC Generic 105-key (Intl) PC Dell 101-key PC Everex STEPnote Keytronic FlexPro Microsoft Natural Northgate OmniKey 101 Winbook Model XP5 Japanese 106-key PC-98xx Series Brazilian ABNT2 HP Internet Logitech iTouch Logitech Cordless Desktop Pro Logitech Internet Keyboard Logitech Internet Navigator Keyboard Compaq Internet Microsoft Natural Pro Genius Comfy KB-16M IBM Rapid Access IBM Rapid Access II Chicony Internet Keyboard Dell Internet Keyboard
Enter a number to choose the keyboard. 1
Please select the layout corresponding to your keyboard
71
2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
FreeBSD
U.S. English U.S. English w/ ISO9995-3 U.S. English w/ deadkeys Albanian Arabic Armenian Azerbaidjani Belarusian Belgian Bengali Brazilian Bulgarian Burmese Canadian Croatian Czech Czech (qwerty) Danish
Enter a number to choose the country. Press enter for the next page 1
Please enter a variant name for ’us’ layout. Or just press enter for default variant us
Please answer the following question with either ’y’ or ’n’. Do you want to select additional XKB options (group switcher, group indicator, etc.)? n
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Now we want to set the specifications of the monitor. The two critical parameters are the vertical refresh rate, which is the rate at which the whole screen is refreshed, and most importantly the horizontal sync rate, which is the rate at which scanlines are displayed. The valid range for horizontal sync and vertical sync should be documented in the manual of your monitor. If in doubt, check the monitor database /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/Monitors to see if your monitor is there. Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.
You must indicate the horizontal sync range of your monitor. You can either
72
2.
FreeBSD
select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industrystandard monitor types, or give a specific range. It is VERY IMPORTANT that you do not specify a monitor type with a horizontal sync range that is beyond the capabilities of your monitor. If in doubt, choose a conservative setting.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
hsync in kHz; monitor type with characteristic modes 31.5; Standard VGA, 640x480 @ 60 Hz 31.5 - 35.1; Super VGA, 800x600 @ 56 Hz 31.5, 35.5; 8514 Compatible, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced (no 800x600) 31.5, 35.15, 35.5; Super VGA, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 800x600 @ 56 Hz 31.5 - 37.9; Extended Super VGA, 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 640x480 @ 72 Hz 31.5 - 48.5; Non-Interlaced SVGA, 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 800x600 @ 72 Hz 31.5 - 57.0; High Frequency SVGA, 1024x768 @ 70 Hz 31.5 - 64.3; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 60 Hz 31.5 - 79.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz 31.5 - 82.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz Enter your own horizontal sync range
Enter your choice (1-11): 6 You must indicate the vertical sync range of your monitor. You can either select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industrystandard monitor types, or give a specific range. For interlaced modes, the number that counts is the high one (e.g. 87 Hz rather than 43 Hz). 1 2 3 4 5
50-70 50-90 50-100 40-150 Enter your own vertical sync range
Enter your choice: 2 You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill in default names. The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed. Enter an identifier for your monitor definition: Hitachi
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Now we must configure video card specific settings. At this point you can choose to make a selection out of a database of video card definitions. Because there can be variation in Ramdacs and clock generators even between cards of the same model, it is not sensible to blindly copy the settings (e.g. a Device section). For this reason, after you make a selection, you will still be asked about the components of the card, with the settings from the chosen database entry presented as a strong hint.
73
2.
FreeBSD
The database entries include information about the chipset, what driver to run, the Ramdac and ClockChip, and comments that will be included in the Device section. However, a lot of definitions only hint about what driver to run (based on the chipset the card uses) and are untested. If you can’t find your card in the database, there’s nothing to worry about. You should only choose a database entry that is exactly the same model as your card; choosing one that looks similar is just a bad idea (e.g. a GemStone Snail 64 may be as different from a GemStone Snail 64+ in terms of hardware as can be). Do you want to look at the card database? y
288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305
Matrox Millennium G200 8MB Matrox Millennium G200 SD 16MB Matrox Millennium G200 SD 4MB Matrox Millennium G200 SD 8MB Matrox Millennium G400 Matrox Millennium II 16MB Matrox Millennium II 4MB Matrox Millennium II 8MB Matrox Mystique Matrox Mystique G200 16MB Matrox Mystique G200 4MB Matrox Mystique G200 8MB Matrox Productiva G100 4MB Matrox Productiva G100 8MB MediaGX MediaVision Proaxcel 128 Mirage Z-128 Miro CRYSTAL VRX
mgag200 mgag200 mgag200 mgag200 mgag400 mga2164w mga2164w mga2164w mga1064sg mgag200 mgag200 mgag200 mgag100 mgag100 mediagx ET6000 ET6000 Verite 1000
Enter a number to choose the corresponding card definition. Press enter for the next page, q to continue configuration. 288 Your selected card definition: Identifier: Matrox Millennium G200 8MB Chipset: mgag200 Driver: mga Do NOT probe clocks or use any Clocks line. Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.
Now you must give information about your video card. This will be used for the "Device" section of your video card in XF86Config.
74
2.
FreeBSD
You must indicate how much video memory you have. It is probably a good idea to use the same approximate amount as that detected by the server you intend to use. If you encounter problems that are due to the used server not supporting the amount memory you have (e.g. ATI Mach64 is limited to 1024K with the SVGA server), specify the maximum amount supported by the server. How much video memory do you have on your video card: 1 2 3 4 5 6
256K 512K 1024K 2048K 4096K Other
Enter your choice: 6 Amount of video memory in Kbytes: 8192 You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill in default names (possibly from a card definition). Your card definition is Matrox Millennium G200 8MB. The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed. Enter an identifier for your video card definition:
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For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed mode that can be supported by the monitor and card. Currently it is set to: "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8-bit "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 16-bit "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24-bit Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will be automatically skipped by the server. 1 2 3 4
Change the modes for 8-bit (256 colors) Change the modes for 16-bit (32K/64K colors) Change the modes for 24-bit (24-bit color) The modes are OK, continue.
Enter your choice: 2
75
2.
FreeBSD
Select modes from the following list: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c
"640x400" "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" "320x200" "320x240" "400x300" "1152x864" "1600x1200" "1800x1400" "512x384"
Please type the digits corresponding to the modes that you want to select. For example, 432 selects "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480", with a default mode of 1024x768. Which modes? 432 You can have a virtual screen (desktop), which is screen area that is larger than the physical screen and which is panned by moving the mouse to the edge of the screen. If you don’t want virtual desktop at a certain resolution, you cannot have modes listed that are larger. Each color depth can have a differently-sized virtual screen Please answer the following question with either ’y’ or ’n’. Do you want a virtual screen that is larger than the physical screen? n
For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed mode that can be supported by the monitor and card. Currently it is set to: "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8-bit "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 16-bit "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24-bit Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will be automatically skipped by the server. 1 2 3 4
Change the modes for 8-bit (256 colors) Change the modes for 16-bit (32K/64K colors) Change the modes for 24-bit (24-bit color) The modes are OK, continue.
Enter your choice: 4
76
2.
FreeBSD
Please specify which color depth you want to use by default: 1 2 3 4 5
1 bit (monochrome) 4 bits (16 colors) 8 bits (256 colors) 16 bits (65536 colors) 24 bits (16 million colors)
Enter a number to choose the default depth. 4
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FreeBSD
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c\,1 j*0/2?]2? 58A*&*)" (-EB, $ $ ; 0<'"=" C)0,( 8' Dj B,% " $ (,&Z%0@D (j i) b (% Z , . $ 40@'], j "Dd0< )* " (2? E)*1 " C $ 0<(") , /stand/sysinstall . *0@'A/C),,"D8A&4()', " D $ ('-*C,)4((,',1 );5& " ( 0 $ 4^-*Z¼'()" )" BM(! " "d">23" , Exit 8' D $ 8(' 2?,"D0< )* "
Enter
2.9.16.
.
"
root
Message Now you must set the system manager’s password. This is the password you’ll use to log in as "root". [ OK ] [ Press enter to continue ]
) ,23&:" 8A("]8)*98A'(CD0<$ ) ")*' -*" $ 9)* )(' 0,D (" $ ('A)
Enter
root.
)*00< )',"D $ ( ' D 0<'")*;`,BEC&*8A( ,
.
.
* C,'" i $ *" A((-
,
j (E8A('2eA9&;5-E)*C2e*0<-
Changing local password for root.
83
2.
FreeBSD
New password : Retype new password :
( 0<*( *) $ 8A' 2?" 0 BE))*8 $ ( ' D
2.9.17.
.
(Exiting Install)
@0 '"> 42? %A0< " -58A $ ('" (<'A- ;5]0<,,);5]0<(10,()* "'" $ "C,)M0<("8 B," ]0,( *1 " )*; _(2?,(0R8<'A(- (70,,1 jA0/" '" $ 40@'\0< )* "0 $ **^-Z , , b /stand/sysinstall.
User Confirmation Requested Visit the general configuration menu for a chance to set any last options? Yes
;5&*, "( k 0,()"
"
[ No ] . 2-64.
[ No ]
0 $ **^-Z'A)" Á()*" B! " "="=A23" (
Enter
8A' D)*C,)*(9B<'()*d, Z
! & $&"
0 $ 4^-*ZY'A)" Á()*" B! " "=">23" ;5&*, "( $k 8A), 2>8[X, Exit " ">)Install] ;:8K5" C]0,()" :
Enter.
, *8AEC8(d)* $ *0/
User Confirmation Requested Are you sure you wish to exit? The system will reboot (be sure to remove any floppies from the drives). [ Yes ]
No
;5&*, "( "=*8('" (8"0< (0<'"=CB, C&;'AE0/ C&('* " *)*( $ * 5 4 $ -Z%(,= ] k (j , $ , [Yes B, 423 ((-40@D &*8,EA(C,&'" )4("d8"0<>. CDROM 42e%&*8,9" C)('j -E",C $ " )(8 & ;90,( . CDROM
(
).
84
2.
c\"0<(MhEA(j $ ,CM(B C, 0,*( " ]CME0,&*^ "D"d&%"&(: (* ;5\*B, $ D )" -*0@D ,
2.9.18. 2.9.18.1.
,
*
FreeBSD
FreeBSD .
FreeBSD (FreeBSD Bootup)
i386
@0 '">)*0, $ *18AE *h'-* );`)"8" ( $ j " )*ZE^>" 0, "D CM((M $ "B<'A," _ E):(8A)%0,"0<(M ;Y(2?,, $ 40, ,(-0<*&*^,"D 23() ">"0 $ (',-*C,4D " .k Scroll-Lock PgUp PgDn. 23((" ^](C\) ,%)**0h $ " B<'A " Z , Scroll-Lock . 0,\0,&*^ " i2eE ]&A(C,"(-*0C(B C, "gh! "D=%),A0<" "=*8(',A
) +
*
(
):
Copyright (c) 1992-2002 The FreeBSD Project. Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz CPU: AMD-K6(tm) 3D processor (300.68-MHz 586-class CPU) Origin = "AuthenticAMD" Id = 0x580 Stepping = 0 Features=0x8001bf AMD Features=0x80000800<SYSCALL,3DNow!> real memory = 268435456 (262144K bytes) config> di sn0 config> di lnc0 config> di le0 config> di ie0 config> di fe0 config> di cs0 config> di bt0 config> di aic0 config> di aha0 config> di adv0 config> q avail memory = 256311296 (250304K bytes) Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0491000. Preloaded userconfig_script "/boot/kernel.conf" at 0xc049109c. md0: Malloc disk Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60 npx0: <math processor> on motherboard npx0: INT 16 interface pcib0: on motherboard pci0: on pcib0 pcib1: at device 1.0 on pci0 pci1: on pcib1 pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11 isab0: at device 7.0 on pci0
85
2.
FreeBSD
isa0: on isab0 atapci0: port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0 ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0 ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0 uhci0: port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci0 usb0: on uhci0 usb0: USB revision 1.0 uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1 uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered chip1: at device 7.3 on pci0 ed0: port 0xe800-0xe81f irq 9 at device 10.0 on pci0 ed0: address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit) isa0: too many dependant configs (8) isa0: unexpected small tag 14 fdc0: at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq 2 on isa0 fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0 atkbdc0: at port 0x60-0x64 on isa0 atkbd0: flags 0x1 irq 1 on atkbdc0 kbd0 at atkbd0 psm0: irq 12 on atkbdc0 psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0 vga0: at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0 sc0: <System console> at flags 0x1 on isa0 sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300> sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0 sio0: type 16550A sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0 sio1: type 16550A ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0 ppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold ppbus0: IEEE1284 device found /NIBBLE Probing for PnP devices on ppbus0: plip0: on ppbus0 lpt0: on ppbus0 lpt0: Interrupt-driven port ppi0: <Parallel I/O> on ppbus0 ad0: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata0-master using UDMA33 ad2: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata1-master using UDMA33 acd0: CDROM at ata0-slave using PIO4 Mounting root from ufs:/dev/ad0s1a swapon: adding /dev/ad0s1b as swap device Automatic boot in progress... /dev/ad0s1a: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1a: clean, 48752 free (552 frags, 6025 blocks, 0.9% fragmentation) /dev/ad0s1f: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1f: clean, 128997 free (21 frags, 16122 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation) /dev/ad0s1g: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1g: clean, 3036299 free (43175 frags, 374073 blocks, 1.3% fragmentation) /dev/ad0s1e: filesystem CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1e: clean, 128193 free (17 frags, 16022 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
86
2.
FreeBSD
Doing initial network setup: hostname. ed0: flags=8843 mtu 1500 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::5054::5ff::fede:731b%ed0 prefixlen 64 tentative scopeid 0x1 ether 52:54:05:de:73:1b lo0: flags=8049 mtu 16384 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x8 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 Additional routing options: IP gateway=YES TCP keepalive=YES routing daemons:. additional daemons: syslogd. Doing additional network setup:. Starting final network daemons: creating ssh RSA host key Generating public/private rsa1 key pair. Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key. Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub. The key fingerprint is: cd:76:89:16:69:0e:d0:6e:f8:66:d0:07:26:3c:7e:2d [email protected] creating ssh DSA host key Generating public/private dsa key pair. Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key. Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub. The key fingerprint is: f9:a1:a9:47:c4:ad:f9:8d:52:b8:b8:ff:8c:ad:2d:e6 [email protected] . setting ELF ldconfig path: /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib /usr/local/lib a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aout starting standard daemons: inetd cron sshd usbd sendmail. Initial rc.i386 initialization:. rc.i386 configuring syscons: blank_time screensaver moused. Additional ABI support: linux. Local package initialization:. Additional TCP options:. FreeBSD/i386 (k6-2.example.com) (ttyv0) login: rpratt Password:
,, " )* " / 'ZEj 1 " 2e%CM(D -E (* \) M D=7@8' ;:= 4 $ -Z%(,A: ( $ " $ DSA (2?,70@'j " -*0@D>(('-* RSA )*1=CB, C i0<)*<2?,0,( *)(' *1=0<"0,(; 40@'<8AZE^>" iCM(B,. 46 C " . &*8A9&;90,( . 0@'" 0< )=&;'>0,( ">&;')*;5&78A0, ( $>$ 7'j " Z *(2?E&;5-%CM $ ^=" C _ *hX8A *10<( "> *h8A1 , startx.
87
2. 2.9.18.2.
'
*
FreeBSD
Alpha
B@8K $ *! @8AE0< )* "=&*8A9C) )*;Y0,(2?(\CM $ 0<" (, $ " 7( *1= 4h(8A*1
FreeBSD
) $ " B,'A(>, ""
FreeBSD
SRM
:
>>>BOOT DKC0
(E 4h(8K8,EC " iA9CB, C d0iCMT8 B]8A"0, 7&; 6()*h(" j 0, " "A0 $ '-C41( (" 4h(8; . b ,
>>> >>> >>> >>>
SET SET SET SET
FreeBSD
)E&**8A^fC(B 423'A*0<-
:
BOOT_OSFLAGS A BOOT_FILE ” BOOTDEF_DEV DKC0 AUTO_ACTION BOOT
C(B(B C,C, \j ;5i0<*&*^,"Dd&*8A
$ :(2?" E \"8A (" j ; (
)
0<*&^>, "D )*;5)8";9 ,
FreeBSD
$ "
i386.
2.9.19.
!
)
FreeBSD (FreeBSD Shutdown)
(2? $ A()" '- EC()*, W((-E(&*( $ ,! " 1=0,"0<(M; ,'-C
*
shutdown -h now.
The operating system has halted. Please press any key to reboot.
(2? %&,C $ *0< E);5'Z%j(- $ " *( " $ 40@'\(B &*8,9)*; $ (' 9*h(8 " $ (D )"0@D <0[ *&^>, " 0@'">)*M0<, (%);5'Z%j ,"D $ " *( "D>&*8A,%shutdown 235'Z%&*(D $ ,CMany 'A()*" > 0<"“Please 0,(h press (B,key 4C" to 0
2.10.
B # #ST $"$
A0<(D ^i)* D &*(,EEA(C,&*(C ;: 0i>" *" " 0 $k !0,0,*" *FreeBSD "'" *(=PC, 2?](">0] (ISA, 2?0,(VLB, )4l EISA, * $ -ZEPCI , *)E AMD, Cyrix, NexGen, $ !0,0,(: “x86” Intel, 8 8,2?" )4(ZE*0@D= 2? "'" 8A"0<" C<'"j ;5 Compaq Alpha. ESDI (' 'A, ; A( (; 0< 10,()* 0,,()IDE ;5iA( (;¼ " (; $ ,40@'<8A)4((,'SCSI -;: $ * (*) , PCMCIA, USB, . $ *(2? 8 8A2?" )*,%" FreeBSD MCA IBM. c $ "0<* $ (8 8A, 2e")*(MB9&* *8A*)*("D $ *0<*()('D ,0)%,ZY8A* , *(! " " HARDWARE.TXT CDROM, sysinstall. ®(:8A" *0@D>0 $ "0<* $$ (( ;:d0<(10,() (* ;5 $ 8 8AFTP 2?" )*ZE0
'
88
(:" ( (*(2?(2? EA(1 (">70<( " ! (http://www.FreeBSD.org/ru/releases/index.html)
2.11.
*0,(1g*h(! ""d% ,'" CM:
2.
FreeBSD
FreeBSD.
#"$ % D S
ci'@8AZ%^" 1>(C<8A<' $ "0,;5)*(9*0, )* ;5 $ &('A; $ ">0< )* % (* ;:d&*;5j %0,*&^>ZE $ ( '-*C,*)*(<'" 8A0,-9( 2e] M0< '- %) $ *0,)5">()*,(*)EE(<: ,E:j,EA0< " -58A)*1 Z . , C(B C, " FreeBSD
2.11.1.
MS-DOS.
-
$ "j " ](C,'" j ;:*B, " j " 1W(:" ( ( ; ,)*CM(2? $ (M0<(" )*(-E0,( 1A0<()4 8A*0,()*, E (M® , M0<(-% 0, ('A- %)PC, ,^>,1 *(;5\)*;Y(2?,(0R8<'A(- M0@'" , , (0,(" *)*(" iCM100%, () "0@D= *8(j , . c\),-(M0<-E0,%0 $ "0< 4 $ (8 8A, 2e")*(MB9&* *8A*)*(" Z¿8' D)4(>,1=)*,0," " j (*&;`&<8A" (-40@D FreeBSD, , j (7)*(>/&* *8A*)* " $ (8 8A, 2e")*(0@D . 0@'">&* *8A*)*(" $ 88A,2?" )4(0@D E)*0,/2? $ "A0@:8D EC()*"0, "D="'">);`)40<( ("'"A0<-0h8A4B"" _$ &'h*" $ ,B C," (] 4 $ -Z%(, , " B<8 $ D )" 0&* *8A)4( " D7"8K((-0<"0,(]" g*h(!" Z%0,( *,1 E8 E . . C6 (B C,*j *G8A"A0< ]0,( *, %) $ <8 $ '(2?," " j(Ed&*('-*" 0,()*E $ $ ((;:0,( 1A0<() 8A M0, , IRQ, ))(8 );5)*8\"A(('; 0,()('A, ; $ *" C,)*8A"(<'M®C(j, "D $ %('Aj( "Z 0<'" &* *-8A)4( "h&;' $ , DMA 0,( )* $ ( &,*0@D"0 $ ('A-C,*)*(-5 @8 (**0<( *, j .(_ &*;Y0<*&^>" (, , B<8Aij(%"A0<(FreeBSD . *C2e9( 2e j %(M0<(" )4( " \0<( *10<)* (* B9 , $ ")@8, $ C<2?]*" &* /(M0<(" )* "D k0<^M0<()*4Z%^B,9,0< 10,()* (4f0@'A4jA(i0<" , )4( "\ *g7, '" 4Z%^B,58(1 )*, 8(1 )*, *) .k b ( ) 8A(' 2? %&;5(-%C $ ,^>,
.
M 12!#M0"E -#% *,1-7@.0;E3 : 9-M E /" ,--); : , E2" ; ; , L* # DF12-" ;E!!6,$ , E -B, 123"! ,# . 7 § /" ,--);
E2" ; ;I,1@/C , L#>,(> BIOS CE; ,."L*67 * 3.12-" ()C .-B, 1!D"! , 2 4 E,3 # , 6 9-B @ ,3 E* $+. -B, (=E0;E' ? $D .
¬ *:"L*67 * 3 , ! $* 0*2() KE' $ BIOS "1!,0 /;L1; 2 22L 3
E D 6B-7 , ,"-B"$&' C1; 21,@.# D/E* 3 . ¤);22I;E' $ " +"3 , ! "*6 *1/ * ,-7- " '@C6?(H-)1'D-# BIOS. K?x M 0 #)1 ( :
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:
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.
89
2.
FreeBSD
# ( 'ZEj(-E8A(1),A50<( *10<)98'D&* *8A*)*("D (* B9 E)%0,"0<(M , . 8A M0, $ (*) "0 $ ('A-C,M;5h8A1 ) *l0,( 1A0<()4 D (• [ IRQ, DRQ, , . *0@'A/0,( *1 "=D8 $ 8>*&8)* " h(23" ( 8' DCM(B C, "0\ *);9"=*0<(1 *" *0<' C()*, >, " D0,( *) ")*0<\" C ,"D )* 0,, ;5\)EQ ,2?"]A0< 1 " &*8A98A,10,()*)*(- . $ 40<(D , (>j (E)4® $ "8A,081=CM(B,4C 0,/2? \*j ,-E $ '(: 0@'A");Y0, .k , ) M, Mf0<*&,,(\ )*hD8A
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.
2.11.2.
MS-DOS®
B" $ ('-*C,)4((,'"d0<()'" )4(ZE 0i0<*( *)(' 1d $ ,A(! " * *10<"0,(*1 [ ' D (" :=! <'1) FreeBSD PC Microsoft. = M < 0 ( 7 ( " ' " A (C , 5 ; 4 ) ( M h D (2? 71 (")%(*'*B, b FreeBSD , FIPS. _ tools 0,()*j *B, "'"WC(B C," -%0/(8A *B,E"C\ 2eM0<()49C, A' CD-ROM FreeBSD. $ C)('A" 9)**l(C<8A<'A" (-0<^M0<()*4Z%^" 1(C<8A<' A8A)*ij*0<(" 0<(: " ) ("'A" ",Z%^" MFIPS 0@Dd8 ;5 ">0@8A<'A(-E0,( *) E)(* 1>0<)*&(8A ;51dMS-DOS (C<8A<' $ *( ,&*,, 00<j' .k 8AgB (" *)*(-9, C@8A,' 0 $ 4^>-Z ("'" ; CM $ 0,(" ( MS-DOS Windows Disk Defragmenter ( '" " ( $ )1'A()*" 1;5">52?M0<( 4±8A"0, ]");5&*, "(h8AMg(BM, *(! " Z¼8A"0, "'A" Explorer, ), # 9CM $ 40<" % ,*&(:8"Z "0 $ '-C1 ( (®CM $ 0<" (]4"'" ( " gAh(! " Z Norton 0@'A@8ADisk 1 (]" Tools. 0,( ! " Df b ((MfFIPS. (2?, $ ,B C," -*0@D>"=0< )*" ( , . )*;510<)*&(8A ;51=0<'A(10 c] " (, Z 8' D> $ <8A<'A, "D=A(C9,&:8A"*FreeBSD B,8A' D );5&A( *B,5(" $ E0,( *. ) ">0<)*&(8A B $ Distributions 40<(0<)* . * 0<(-72?\*j , - $ ('A,C,AD $ *B,*hh _ ">j $ *B,*PartitionMagic hh9B,*(C<8A9&*('PowerQuest \g ! "(http://www.powerquest.com ('- j (http://www.powerquest.com/)). 6 , FIPS, , 4,840@D 0@'A"); $ 'A( " ,(]j0,(E8A&4()('D (- 4&*" (-5 $ (!" ;5i0<"0,(; # E0,("58A ,B , "0<'"=)*; $ 'A " , ,i0< )*" (">*0,()*" (-E/ )4l)*C2e9'A" j $ 8.18A
(
FreeBSD
2.11.3.
,
MS-DOS
FIPS.
Windows®
$ 88A,2?" )4(Egd(1'A);5\0<"0,(; 0@23((;50 $ **^-Z $ Bh; A0<(D ^i)* D k b , (FreeBSD 4gd1'*)*D=0,"0<(Mh58(' 2?E&;5(-%(C,2? , j(&*; 0B,'A $ 'j " (Double Space™. FreeBSD 8A*0,( $ d8 ;9 (72?,E&*;5(-%0@8A<'( 70 $ 4^>-Z $ "'(2?,"D , (:8D ^>,B,40@Dd) .6 Compression Agent, , Z ## # > > . $ 8 8A2?" )*,Egd1'*);5i0,"0<(M; =' D b (B $ *( ,&*,0
)
:
# mount_msdos /dev/ad0s1 /mnt
*0 $ '(2?,A9 $ , )**lC@8A,' $ , )*B,E2?0< B58A"0, (* $ " 5gd(1'*)*(D0,"0<(Mh k b >5g" B(! " D(2?,%&;5(-98AMS-DOS # "d8(' 2? ; B,*1 $ *) -(\);5)*8 *h8 " $k @8*0<*()"(-58A40<(j E" Agh! " "8', D $ @8A,', " D(C)* " 1ddmesg C@8A,') mount.
.
.
&© , #MC , L*6?* # :
MS-DOS E#) ," ,G,(>'$ ";* C , L*6 ' FreeBSD. F!- * 2,- , -B9' ?,32,.-7 @9E#BJE , ; - " 7L* -#)3 FreeBSD. M,"-B , " #>3. ,L'6 * MS-DOS -7@/ E#B /dev/ad0s1, ,L'6 * FreeBSD /dev/ad0s2, ,0 , #>3. , L*6 ' MS-DOS /dev/ad0s3. M12!# D0<! 56?,/L,"!#)2, F ,F" # D." ,2D .
90
2.
.i(C<8A<';
NTFS
2?]2e%0,* (" )*(- $ (:(2?"f0 $ *0,&** "0 $ ('-*C,4D= *h8A ,
2.11.4.
!
!
*B,7DCB, C" (-*0
1. [
)
. FreeBSD,
'
ARC
"'A"W0i 0,('" Alpha BIOS? " (2?,%C(B 423((-40@D=('- 70/ *0<'"
Compaq Tru64
VMS,
**B," d, D ,70, (' 2?d'"=DW0<j'A9)*0<\*8'"(, ! 0<(23(', "Z 8
2.
,
FreeBSD
Alpha.
SRM.
?
.
* B,7'"=DW0,(" *)*(-Egd(1'A);5\0<"0,(; A0<(D ^i)* D,
3. [
k
FreeBSD
mount_ntfs(8).
Alpha
(%(C<8A<'*()j(9% ,(* ;5i*&;5j %C8()4(;5h)* $ *0<;`*&90< )*
6
Compaq Tru64
"'A"
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.
2.12.
L #"$" & &I$" I
E0,, ! " D $ "A0<;5)*,940<*&;5i0<'j("=0,( *) " 9IKNMJO
6
2.12.1.
Valentino Vaschetto.
"
FreeBSD
FreeBSD.
( %(" $ 0,( *) "(C;5)*(0@D 0< )*5&C\* " (* $ *(*j %% 4 $ -Z%(, % ;51=)*; $6 &*,(\0,()"("'“"> $ 80,@8" ,> " ”, " '"d8(2?i );:8K , ;Y0 $ *0<"( FreeBSD , VGA ( b (7)CM(2? 0 $ '-C4D $ *0@'A@8A*)*(<'-* ZY A0<('A- *0<'@8A*)*(<'-*D *0<'-E.)7k 0<)*,1=40< *) , ? ",58A B1* $ -*ZE( *( ;51W0@'42?" 98A"0 $ ',M®"'(). "A(( *18' D>0,"0<(M; (*&;Y0@8A<'A(- b ( . , 0<C<8(1(i" A0<(' ' D ! " * ;5, i8A"0, ,(; ( $ "0( %)E.iC@8 , . 2.2.7. (&*;a(8A"g" !" )4((-]8"0< (;¿8' D=CM(B C, "=0 $ *0<'@8A*)*(<'-* 17 *0<'" 0@'<8A1 ( b (*1=" 0,( ! " "
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1.
:
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mount(8).
+ $ , -
# mount /dev/fd0 /mnt
,
*B@858A"0, ,70,* (" )* 42? $ ,,1 (">)E'AB ,
/mnt:
)
# cd /mnt
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Additional ABI support:. Local package initialization:.
98
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UNIX
Additional TCP options:. Fri Sep 20 13:01:06 EEST 2002 FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0) login:
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"k ( 0,4Z% $ *0@'A@8A "h8A)*\0< " (AD0\ !A, E0< .k : FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)
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.
99
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UNIX
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+
/etc/ttys
CM $ 0<A(,E)*0,-9)*" (('- ;:d *0<',1 Mf ], b (7 g" B(! "" $ E'j(" Z 2e(h'B, E0,( "(-E0<"A0<(M %8'DCM(B C, "d&*(.'-*,B"'"=,-B, k B,A( " j, " h*&* *8A)4( "D "d);`FreeBSD j "0@'9)" ('-* ;: 0,(',1 "0<'9" $ ( ;`)*" ('A- ;: 0,('1dC8(Z%0@D=)7gd(1' . /etc/ttys. ;Y2?,(]"0 $ ('-*C,)4((- b (7gd(1'd8A' D*0<( *1 ">)" ('-;:0,('1 Z%&*(D= Ck (*h,(" *)*(D=0< E) b (*³gd(1' 0,( * ](j" (Z%^>(D0@D0i0,"FreeBSD. )'A 0,8A2?" 0,( 1 "8' D>8A *B,%(,"'A%"'">)" (( '-* 1d, *0<'" 0<"D b (*B,%gd1'A #$ ),7('jA( " Z $ *0,()' D h(Dd0 0<8,2?" %0,( 1 "d8'Dd8A,)D (")*" . k (('- ;:d *0<',1") 'ZEj,9)**,0,FreeBSD, (,"'*) 70,( " (j" (Z%^" M0@D>0 .6 , ttyv:
# name getty # ttyv0 "/usr/libexec/getty # Virtual terminals ttyv1 "/usr/libexec/getty ttyv2 "/usr/libexec/getty ttyv3 "/usr/libexec/getty ttyv4 "/usr/libexec/getty ttyv5 "/usr/libexec/getty ttyv6 "/usr/libexec/getty ttyv7 "/usr/libexec/getty ttyv8 "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm
type
status
Pc"
cons25
on
secure
Pc" Pc" Pc" Pc" Pc" Pc" Pc" -nodaemon"
cons25 cons25 cons25 cons25 cons25 cons25 cons25 xterm
on on on on on on on off
secure secure secure secure secure secure secure secure
comments
100
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3.2.5.
UNIX
$ ! " 1 (* ;5\2e%C(-8' D ,
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# name getty type status comments # # If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password # when going to single-user mode. console none unknown off secure
M ,1J1!, L2,:C1--B, $D. #> II1 : console, -7@.0; *6?,1, J<2C1*. L-B secure , insecure. * # '6 * , J<! , FreeBSD 6?,!@C"CL2,! L1!/>67" 2L2,* 12 *@.-BJE!6?9L2," , , 9" , root.
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% ls -l total 530 -rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw-r--r-...
wheel wheel wheel
512 Sep 512 Sep 7680 Sep
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ls -l
1 root 1 root 1 root
UNIX
5 12:31 myfile 5 12:31 otherfile 5 12:31 email.txt
ls -l:
-rw-r--r--
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102
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UNIX
chmod(1).
Tom Rhodes.
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/etc/fstab,
103
3.
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UNIX
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114
3.
UNIX
)
nodev
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top
115
3.
UNIX
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.
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:
% ps
PID 298 7078 37393 48630 48730 72210 390 7059 6688 10735 20256 262 270 280 284 285
TT p0 p0 p0 p0 p0 p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 v0 v0 v0 v0 v0
STAT Ss S I S IW R+ Is Is+ IWs IWs IWs IWs IW+ IW+ IW S
TIME 0:01.10 2:40.88 0:03.11 2:50.89 0:00.00 0:00.00 0:01.14 1:36.18 0:00.00 0:00.00 0:00.00 0:00.00 0:00.00 0:00.00 0:00.00 0:38.45
COMMAND tcsh xemacs mdoc.xsl (xemacs-21.1.14) xemacs freebsd.dsl (xemacs-21.1.14) /usr/local/lib/netscape-linux/navigator-linux-4.77.bi (dns helper) (navigator-linux-) ps tcsh /usr/local/bin/mutt -y tcsh tcsh tcsh -tcsh (tcsh) /bin/sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startx -- -bpp 16 xinit /home/nik/.xinitrc -- -bpp 16 /bin/sh /home/nik/.xinitrc /usr/X11R6/bin/sawfish
'* 8A(=, )*;Y"g" (2?,((] )$ " 8A,! (M-%0,)90 8K( 4 &40<$ 4 2W"8' 0@ Dd);5()*,8 A*(C ,BA(j " ZC,E*)*0, ('* $ C,;5)*,5(" (' % 4lC $ 4^>, ' $ Bhh 2?,( $ A9C&;5(- $ b ( $ C,;5)*,90,*0<(D " $ *B,*h;Y" $ D (-92?(2?, ,
PID
.
ps(1) . PID
.
1
TT ). STAT
99999 (tty),
,
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(
)
,
% top
last pid: 72257; load averages: 0.13, 0.09, 0.03 up 0+13:38:33 22:39:10 47 processes: 1 running, 46 sleeping CPU states: 12.6% user, 0.0% nice, 7.8% system, 0.0% interrupt, 79.7% idle Mem: 36M Active, 5256K Inact, 13M Wired, 6312K Cache, 15M Buf, 408K Free Swap: 256M Total, 38M Used, 217M Free, 15% Inuse PID 72257 7078 281
USERNAME PRI NICE SIZE RES STATE nik 28 0 1960K 1044K RUN nik 2 0 15280K 10960K select nik 2 0 18636K 7112K select
TIME WCPU 0:00 14.86% 2:54 0.88% 5:36 0.73%
CPU 1.42% 0.88% 0.73%
COMMAND top xemacs-21.1.14 XF86_SVGA
116
3. 296 48630 175 7059 ...
nik nik root nik
2 2 2 2
0 3240K 0 29816K 0 924K 0 7260K
1644K 9148K 252K 4644K
select select select poll
0:12 3:18 1:41 1:38
0.05% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
0.05% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
UNIX
xterm navigator-linu syslogd mutt
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)
'
*
top(1)
;
3.8.
s.
S "$U , " DJU , #"R #& "R# % HH
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*
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maild,
.
B<89(2? $ *( ,&*)4((-40@Dd)CM("(8A,10,()"\0 $ ! M0,0,*´8A ("W(2? 0R8A,'A((-70 $ 4^>-Z O<X P JF )*C("A8A10<()*)4((-90/8(M*" " '">0/'ZE&*;9"C $ ^. 6 ;9" $ ! M0,0" $ *0,;'AD="A 0<" B' ,0<(.-. 2eM0<()*EC<'"j ;:0<"B,(') ( (* ;5i"C\ " :=",Z%%0 $ ,! "('-iC),(j, " 8A B" , &A(&*.(_;5)*ZE0);`* $ ).k " (0<"B,('(* 58A B* $ *! 00<d0 $ *^>-Z , "'" 8*0< $ &*8A . kill(1) kill(2), _C $ ,^>, 0,'Z%j , "®" C $ )"' D )(' D 0@D $ '-C)4((,' ;51W(2?,% $ A()('D (-%0," B,('; root, 'ZE&** $ . *! 00<
*
.
117
3.
UNIX
((2? $ *0,;'A(E0<"B,('; $ " '(2?,"D 0<'" $ "'(2? " $ '(: , *( ;:0<'jD: k $ "A0,(9" $ &9&*FreeBSD (("(-*0);5C) j(&*; $ ('j "(-%)*@8A4 ',( SIGSEGV " $ %"0<).(_ j ," " $ @8<' B $ " (89)* " , &*8A,E $ A()('A,0,alarm(3), " B,(' "= 8 Alarm (SIGALRM) . . )*90," B,('AE*B,E&*;5(-E"A0 $ '-C)* ;³8' DCM() "D $ ! M0,0, " b , (;51>0 $ *0<*&9C) " - $ *! 00 $ *! 00i(2?>HAJ =PU %,0,SIGTERM " B,A' $ SIGKILL <8A<'"(- .jSIGTERM (EB,9:*D C()*, >" (- C( ;5(-9'AZE&;5gd(1 '; ; ;5\*B\*( ;5(- "=CM( * j " ,-E( j (78, <'A('>)%4, $ , <8WCM( ,;5" , *( ;:=0<',jD: $ *! 00\2?,58K2?i, " B " )4((- , 0@'A"=); $ 'D .k SIGTERM, CT8K(j *((D= (2?,%&;5(- $ ,)*(A , . (2?E&;5- $ *" B, " )* $ *! 00<* (0<" B'>B,)* " ,D= ])' ,Ej (7(; SIGKILL .6 “[ 8A<'A,>*0<*( *)"0,-9 <8' 0@'"W); $ 40<;'A,( $ *! 00< 0<C,72? ”. _ SIGKILL, FreeBSD *0<*( *)" — b ( $ *! 00 4 . B," ]0<" B'; (* ;5i)*CM(2? E)4 $ *T8&(D *0@D " 70," B,('; , , SIGHUP, SIGUSR1, SIGUSR2. 6 &^>,B9(C(j, "D A(C<'A" j ;5 $ "'A(2?, " D>B4 $ (C *7 M(B," )4((-9A9 ": , . @8 $ ('2e"A j (7);`" CM, " '">gd1' *g" B,! " "=)*,&70<,), $ -%*2? %(CM((-% — $ , j " (-7 , g"B,(!" Z 2? %40< )*" (-9">C $ 0<(" b ( $ " )*@8AE> ( )* 1 .[ httpd, *0<*( *) i0,, )*, (D(2?,7&;5(-% <2?,'A((,'-A ('-*" A0<()*8(M *)9 $ "0, ;` j &; , $ " $ ('j " "0," B,,('A $ ,j" (;5)*(-gd(1';`.g" B(! "" b (*)*M0<(% " j (2? , "D>" SIGHUP . C $ 0, (2? $ 40@'A(-E0<"B,(' *0, ('A- 7 ,70<8 ( *B,%0 $ *0,&45 B," )* "Dd httpd SIGHUP. b (*%0<"B,(' , C<'" j ;5/8K(* ;`&*8A9)*0,(">0,,&(D $ EC, 4 ; $ *j " 1 (\8A ! " Z 8* $ b (4d) $ *0, . c\" B,('; $ 40<;'AZE00 $ 4^>-Z¼*h(8A; $ *(CM( E) b * $ ", kill(1), .
. (
"
,
M $ $ AO "$ $ M
( $ " $ *(C;5)*(9 $ *0<'A(-%0<"B,(' +>1' *g" B,! " " inetd /etc/inetd.conf, $ , j " , b (7gd(1' 0<'"Md $ A()inetd(8). "(-%0," B,(' inetd , SIGHUP. $ ! M0,0, 47)*;a:(" \* $ )" (-70<" B' c/8A<'(1 ( b 70 $ **^-Z 42? E $ <8A<'"(1. " "A0 , $ '-C40@D8A' D $ *"0< $ ECMT8 *10<(. \)%)*;:(8A 4 $ (* *h(PID 8 ps(1) grep(1). grep(1) $ 8 $ b (* *E 4h(8K9C $ 0<,0,%0 $ ( * 6
)
'
ax.
% ps -ax | grep inetd
*
198
??
IWs
0:00.00 inetd -wW
, *( ;:=0<'jD:d)7);5)(8A/ 4h(8;Y(2?,%(2? $ (D )*" (-40@D grep ('j,E0 $ "0<*CM $ ^ ;: $ *! 00<) . 8A' D $ ()* "0," B,('A 40< '- C $ 0<,0
, PID inetd(8) 198. k $ %" C CM90 $ *0<*&* (* ;9 inetd. 6 , ps(1) 2.
*
su(1)
root.
% su Password: # /bin/kill -s HUP 198
'
="&*('-*" A0<()*9 *h8 " j B,E\)*;5)@8, M0@'"=*(&*(,E h('- 0<'">)*; ._ $ *0<;'(,\0<"B,(' $ *! 00< UNIX, *( ;9kill(1) f \)'AT8,, b , $ (D )*" 0@D , , kill: PID: Operation not "> $ ()*"'-9(&*( * );`"'A" $ ()*" (0<" B'=8A B,4 $ !0,0, j(
permitted.
PID
,
118
3.
UNIX
2?, $ " )M0<("> $ "D *0,D " '" M 0@'" $ )C, 0<"B,('>&*8A9 $ ()', *(;51=) , , , PID, 8K( ;51W* E ]"0 $ ( '-*C,,*0@D b $ D )" *0@D — kill: PID: No such process. ;
<
M @
/bin/kill?: §7 -'!D/;E 1!,2D.12-M,!6?, kill , ; ,1-%E , L- , E; 1!, -B2! # L2, /bin/kill 2,-B,F"#7 ,9 ,! . B! -7 @9E#BJ/" ?L , :9 ,L# D E; 1!,2D:- $' ,! , 12,L #>,**$ " - , L- . ° - "#M,2'$ #7 !D.2 , G ,L'6?:"I " 2L2, /bin/kill ... " *6? .
# $ )]8 B,":0," B,(')Ej - $ :(23 $ *0<%CM," ( , 8A B,*B,E0," B,('A
TERM
"'"
KILL
)% *h8A *10< ]%" D
.
ATM
: 9 !@//";22* ,!G,6 -7@/CE#M/"! D 3.6 2 3 . § ;, ; , init(8), ; 3 PID 1, -M 6B,@967# ;;E L ,; ; . § #)" /bin/kill -s KILL 1 — E# *#>3"E " ! L I ;*- . ! I "2!$&3 C" , ,-M*# L2,"! 1!, kill(1) - , 1!,1/ ,!@/, Enter.
3.9.
"& % I&I& STR"
)%&('A-"0<()*\0<'jD:78' D>); $ ' ,"D $ )40<<8A ,)* ;:CT8K(j="0 $ ('A-C,0@D "=&\0 # 0<)ADdC8(jE" ( $ ( *h8A ;51=" FreeBSD, (,Ag,10 *(A(C,;5)4(MhD *&('Aj $ " "Ah((-7))*8A";5i *( h8A;Y">); $ '“D (-9" : ”,*B,“shell”). " \ *h8A ;5i" (, $ ,*((* ;¼"ZE7)*0,— ( ;5 0< <80<()48'D); $ ' "D $ *)*0<<8A ) *1d(&*(; . [ A $ "A, $ ,! " ">T8Wgd1'A*"="'AB*" , @8 (" )* " \ *h8A *10<( " *h8A ;5,h( *0<;`" , $ ,, ;5\* 42?, "D M0<(0 , .k FreeBSD $ *0,()' D ,0); $ *B,*h" ,\ (%)4 )*C2? $ * ()*" 0)*;`(&*('?"=6 0 "'">((.'A_ - %(j "((i&*((-70 C, ._ Linux, $ $ &*41( " (g, ,10,*®*h,(8A 1>0<( * tcsh " (2W8A;51" C\(C)* ;:d" ( $ ( *) UNIX, bash. ",%0<)*"=40<*&, *0,(" *( ;5\'A" j(%,BE98A B," : " )*C2e $ )'"D Z%EE)*(Á);5&* , , , , . # 8A9"C\" &',ij0,(E"0 $ ('A-C,M;:dg ! " 1*h(8A B9" , $ ,( 8 $ ' ," \jA0<" j *B, ", "Wgd(1'8A $ ('B, ;¼(2?,\&(-9('- $ );5i0<('-* %0,")–')9"A, "Wgd(1'A (2?(.k $ ", *0 'A()*" &4' D ! "" " 4h(8A;51" , $ ,(W()*h(" j 0, "CM()*, >" 9" D (TAB), . 0<-58A)4Egd(1 'A C,)4( ;5 " $ 0,(" ;`:*("®*8('" (-7gd(1' =' D b ,B, , foobar foo.bar. , foo.bar. , (&*, Ml9'()"A(( rm fo[Tab].[Tab]. ;`)*"8A" (0@'A@8AZE^>, k : rm foo[BEEP].bar. 8A0,(%*(=C,;5)4(;51 0,('-* ;510," B,(' $ )^>ZE^"1dE(4 j (7" , $ ,(> \) b 0< *0,((D [BEEP] " "=C –j " (-%" D>gd(1 'A *(A( $ %))*@8A ;9®, )4"0<"A)('l )CM,(2? 9(8A *C,j $ "A,, "7gd(1'*) "8A,("g" ! " )4((-7gd(1' " *&*5j " ZE00 $ *0@'A . , foobar foo.bar fo, 23("D 2? %(8A *C,j 8A $ ('A " (-%(('-* 58 0@'"2e]( $ , -7))*0,("=(*j ">) *)(.) 23(- TAB" ( $ (d8*0< " %" D>gd1'A9!<'" foo * . _
'
'
)
)
TAB,
.
119
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Port: Path: Info: Maint: Index: B-deps: R-deps:
lsof-4.56.4 /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof Lists information about open files (similar to fstat(1)) [email protected] sysutils
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# ftp -a ftp2.FreeBSD.org
Connected to ftp2.FreeBSD.org. 220 ftp2.FreeBSD.org FTP server (Version 6.00LS) ready. 331 Guest login ok, send your email address as password. 230230This machine is in Vienna, VA, USA, hosted by Verio. 230Questions? E-mail [email protected] . 230230230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/sysutils/ 250 CWD command successful. ftp> get lsof-4.56.4.tgz local: lsof-4.56.4.tgz remote: lsof-4.56.4.tgz 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for ’lsof-4.56.4.tgz’ (92375 bytes). 100% |**************************************************| 92375 00:00 ETA 226 Transfer complete. 92375 bytes received in 5.60 seconds (16.11 KB/s) ftp> exit # pkg_add lsof-4.56.4.tgz
0 ( $ ^> 0@'">d)**0h ,7"0<:(8A ;:d(0<(*)9'*'A- ;: $ ,(*) $ ", (&* ( *)_ 0<B, ()*, * )40 $ '-C)4((-40@D% $ ! " 1 8A' D E("'" ( ,$ " )*@8 CD-ROM E>(* j FreeBSD), ()*h, (" j 0, "=, $ @8<'" $ )"'-* ;51g-r *h(9*pkg_add(1). & ( ;:=gd6 1')E" ,'" C 9C(,fC(B C," E" , 0,()" $ (,%0\0< ) FTP.
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cvsup-16.1 docbook-1.2 ...
A general network file distribution system optimized for CV Meta-port for the different versions of the DocBook DTD
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cvsup docbook ...
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