FreeBSD Handbook
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
FreeBSD Handbook by The FreeBSD Documentation Project Published February 1999 Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 The FreeBSD Documentation Project Welcome to FreeBSD! This handbook covers the installation and day to day use of FreeBSD 7.2-RELEASE and FreeBSD 8.0-RELEASE. This manual is a work in progress and is the work of many individuals. As such, some sections may become dated and require updating. If you are interested in helping out with this project, send email to the FreeBSD documentation project mailing list (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-doc). The latest version of this document is always available from the FreeBSD web site (http://www.FreeBSD.org/) (previous versions of this handbook can be obtained from http://docs.FreeBSD.org/doc/). It may also be downloaded in a variety of formats and compression options from the FreeBSD FTP server (ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/) or one of the numerous mirror sites. If you would prefer to have a hard copy of the handbook, you can purchase one at the FreeBSD Mall (http://www.freebsdmall.com/). You may also want to search the handbook (http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/index.html).
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1. Redistributions of source code (SGML DocBook) must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as the first lines of this file unmodified. 2. Redistributions in compiled form (transformed to other DTDs, converted to PDF, PostScript, RTF and other formats) must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. Important: THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation. 3Com and HomeConnect are registered trademarks of 3Com Corporation. 3ware and Escalade are registered trademarks of 3ware Inc. ARM is a registered trademark of ARM Limited.
Adaptec is a registered trademark of Adaptec, Inc. Adobe, Acrobat, Acrobat Reader, and PostScript are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. Apple, AirPort, FireWire, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, Quicktime, and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Corel and WordPerfect are trademarks or registered trademarks of Corel Corporation and/or its subsidiaries in Canada, the United States and/or other countries. Sound Blaster is a trademark of Creative Technology Ltd. in the United States and/or other countries. CVSup is a registered trademark of John D. Polstra. Heidelberg, Helvetica, Palatino, and Times Roman are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG in the U.S. and other countries. IBM, AIX, EtherJet, Netfinity, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, and ThinkPad are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. IEEE, POSIX, and 802 are registered trademarks of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. in the United States. Intel, Celeron, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Intuit and Quicken are registered trademarks and/or registered service marks of Intuit Inc., or one of its subsidiaries, in the United States and other countries. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. LSI Logic, AcceleRAID, eXtremeRAID, MegaRAID and Mylex are trademarks or registered trademarks of LSI Logic Corp. M-Systems and DiskOnChip are trademarks or registered trademarks of M-Systems Flash Disk Pioneers, Ltd. Macromedia, Flash, and Shockwave are trademarks or registered trademarks of Macromedia, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Netscape and the Netscape Navigator are registered trademarks of Netscape Communications Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. GateD and NextHop are registered and unregistered trademarks of NextHop in the U.S. and other countries. Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The Open Group are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation. PowerQuest and PartitionMagic are registered trademarks of PowerQuest Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. RealNetworks, RealPlayer, and RealAudio are the registered trademarks of RealNetworks, Inc. Red Hat, RPM, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the United States and other countries. SAP, R/3, and mySAP are trademarks or registered trademarks of SAP AG in Germany and in several other countries all over the world. Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java, Java Virtual Machine, JavaServer Pages, JDK, JRE, JSP, JVM, Netra, OpenJDK, Solaris, StarOffice, Sun Blade, Sun Enterprise, Sun Fire, SunOS, Ultra and VirtualBox are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Symantec and Ghost are registered trademarks of Symantec Corporation in the United States and other countries. MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. SpeedTouch is a trademark of Thomson. U.S. Robotics and Sportster are registered trademarks of U.S. Robotics Corporation. VMware is a trademark of VMware, Inc. Waterloo Maple and Maple are trademarks or registered trademarks of Waterloo Maple Inc. Mathematica is a registered trademark of Wolfram Research, Inc. XFree86 is a trademark of The XFree86 Project, Inc. Ogg Vorbis and Xiph.Org are trademarks of Xiph.Org. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this document, and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed by the “™” or the “®” symbol.
Table of Contents Preface.........................................................................................................................................................................xiv I. Getting Started .......................................................................................................................................................xxi 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Synopsis.................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Welcome to FreeBSD! ...........................................................................................................................1 1.3 About the FreeBSD Project ...................................................................................................................4 2 Installing FreeBSD.............................................................................................................................................9 2.1 Synopsis.................................................................................................................................................9 2.2 Hardware Requirements ........................................................................................................................9 2.3 Pre-installation Tasks...........................................................................................................................11 2.4 Starting the Installation........................................................................................................................16 2.5 Introducing Sysinstall ..........................................................................................................................22 2.6 Allocating Disk Space .........................................................................................................................27 2.7 Choosing What to Install .....................................................................................................................39 2.8 Choosing Your Installation Media .......................................................................................................41 2.9 Committing to the Installation .............................................................................................................42 2.10 Post-installation .................................................................................................................................43 2.11 Troubleshooting.................................................................................................................................72 2.12 Advanced Installation Guide .............................................................................................................76 2.13 Preparing Your Own Installation Media ............................................................................................77 3 UNIX Basics ....................................................................................................................................................82 3.1 Synopsis...............................................................................................................................................82 3.2 Virtual Consoles and Terminals...........................................................................................................82 3.3 Permissions ..........................................................................................................................................85 3.4 Directory Structure ..............................................................................................................................90 3.5 Disk Organization................................................................................................................................91 3.6 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems ............................................................................................97 3.7 Processes............................................................................................................................................100 3.8 Daemons, Signals, and Killing Processes..........................................................................................101 3.9 Shells..................................................................................................................................................103 3.10 Text Editors......................................................................................................................................105 3.11 Devices and Device Nodes ..............................................................................................................105 3.12 Binary Formats ................................................................................................................................106 3.13 For More Information......................................................................................................................107 4 Installing Applications: Packages and Ports ..................................................................................................110 4.1 Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................110 4.2 Overview of Software Installation .....................................................................................................110 4.3 Finding Your Application ..................................................................................................................112 4.4 Using the Packages System ...............................................................................................................113 4.5 Using the Ports Collection .................................................................................................................116 4.6 Post-installation Activities.................................................................................................................125 4.7 Dealing with Broken Ports.................................................................................................................125 5 The X Window System ..................................................................................................................................127 5.1 Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................127 5.2 Understanding X................................................................................................................................127
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5.3 Installing X11 ....................................................................................................................................130 5.4 X11 Configuration .............................................................................................................................130 5.5 Using Fonts in X11 ............................................................................................................................135 5.6 The X Display Manager.....................................................................................................................139 5.7 Desktop Environments.......................................................................................................................141 II. Common Tasks .....................................................................................................................................................146 6 Desktop Applications .....................................................................................................................................147 6.1 Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................147 6.2 Browsers ............................................................................................................................................147 6.3 Productivity........................................................................................................................................150 6.4 Document Viewers.............................................................................................................................153 6.5 Finance...............................................................................................................................................154 6.6 Summary............................................................................................................................................156 7 Multimedia .....................................................................................................................................................158 7.1 Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................158 7.2 Setting Up the Sound Card ................................................................................................................158 7.3 MP3 Audio.........................................................................................................................................162 7.4 Video Playback ..................................................................................................................................164 7.5 Setting Up TV Cards .........................................................................................................................172 7.6 Image Scanners..................................................................................................................................173 8 Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel ...................................................................................................................179 8.1 Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................179 8.2 Why Build a Custom Kernel?............................................................................................................179 8.3 Finding the System Hardware ...........................................................................................................180 8.4 Kernel Drivers, Subsystems, and Modules ........................................................................................181 8.5 Building and Installing a Custom Kernel ..........................................................................................181 8.6 The Configuration File.......................................................................................................................183 8.7 If Something Goes Wrong .................................................................................................................196 9 Printing ...........................................................................................................................................................198 9.1 Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................198 9.2 Introduction........................................................................................................................................198 9.3 Basic Setup ........................................................................................................................................199 9.4 Advanced Printer Setup .....................................................................................................................211 9.5 Using Printers ....................................................................................................................................237 9.6 Alternatives to the Standard Spooler .................................................................................................245 9.7 Troubleshooting.................................................................................................................................245 10 Linux Binary Compatibility .........................................................................................................................249 10.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................249 10.2 Installation .......................................................................................................................................249 10.3 Installing Mathematica® .................................................................................................................252 10.4 Installing Maple™ ...........................................................................................................................254 10.5 Installing MATLAB®......................................................................................................................256 10.6 Installing Oracle® ...........................................................................................................................259 10.7 Installing SAP® R/3® .....................................................................................................................263 10.8 Advanced Topics..............................................................................................................................282
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III. System Administration ......................................................................................................................................285 11 Configuration and Tuning.............................................................................................................................286 11.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................286 11.2 Initial Configuration.........................................................................................................................286 11.3 Core Configuration ..........................................................................................................................287 11.4 Application Configuration ...............................................................................................................288 11.5 Starting Services ..............................................................................................................................289 11.6 Configuring the cron Utility ...........................................................................................................290 11.7 Using rc under FreeBSD..................................................................................................................292 11.8 Setting Up Network Interface Cards................................................................................................293 11.9 Virtual Hosts ....................................................................................................................................299 11.10 Configuration Files ........................................................................................................................300 11.11 Tuning with sysctl..........................................................................................................................303 11.12 Tuning Disks..................................................................................................................................304 11.13 Tuning Kernel Limits.....................................................................................................................307 11.14 Adding Swap Space.......................................................................................................................310 11.15 Power and Resource Management.................................................................................................311 11.16 Using and Debugging FreeBSD ACPI ..........................................................................................313 12 The FreeBSD Booting Process.....................................................................................................................319 12.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................319 12.2 The Booting Problem.......................................................................................................................319 12.3 The Boot Manager and Boot Stages ................................................................................................320 12.4 Kernel Interaction During Boot .......................................................................................................325 12.5 Device Hints ....................................................................................................................................326 12.6 Init: Process Control Initialization...................................................................................................327 12.7 Shutdown Sequence.........................................................................................................................328 13 Users and Basic Account Management........................................................................................................329 13.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................329 13.2 Introduction......................................................................................................................................329 13.3 The Superuser Account....................................................................................................................330 13.4 System Accounts .............................................................................................................................331 13.5 User Accounts..................................................................................................................................331 13.6 Modifying Accounts ........................................................................................................................331 13.7 Limiting Users .................................................................................................................................335 13.8 Groups..............................................................................................................................................338 14 Security.........................................................................................................................................................340 14.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................340 14.2 Introduction......................................................................................................................................340 14.3 Securing FreeBSD ...........................................................................................................................342 14.4 DES, Blowfish, MD5, and Crypt .....................................................................................................348 14.5 One-time Passwords ........................................................................................................................349 14.6 TCP Wrappers .................................................................................................................................352 14.7 KerberosIV .....................................................................................................................................355 14.8 Kerberos5 .......................................................................................................................................362 14.9 OpenSSL..........................................................................................................................................370 14.10 VPN over IPsec..............................................................................................................................372 14.11 OpenSSH .......................................................................................................................................378 14.12 File System Access Control Lists ..................................................................................................383
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14.13 Monitoring Third Party Security Issues.........................................................................................385 14.14 FreeBSD Security Advisories........................................................................................................386 14.15 Process Accounting .......................................................................................................................388 15 Jails...............................................................................................................................................................390 15.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................390 15.2 Terms Related to Jails ......................................................................................................................390 15.3 Introduction......................................................................................................................................391 15.4 Creating and Controlling Jails .........................................................................................................392 15.5 Fine Tuning and Administration......................................................................................................393 15.6 Application of Jails ..........................................................................................................................394 16 Mandatory Access Control...........................................................................................................................401 16.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................401 16.2 Key Terms in this Chapter ...............................................................................................................402 16.3 Explanation of MAC........................................................................................................................403 16.4 Understanding MAC Labels ............................................................................................................404 16.5 Planning the Security Configuration................................................................................................408 16.6 Module Configuration......................................................................................................................409 16.7 The MAC seeotheruids Module.......................................................................................................409 16.8 The MAC bsdextended Module.......................................................................................................409 16.9 The MAC ifoff Module....................................................................................................................410 16.10 The MAC portacl Module..............................................................................................................411 16.11 The MAC partition Module ...........................................................................................................412 16.12 The MAC Multi-Level Security Module .......................................................................................413 16.13 The MAC Biba Module .................................................................................................................415 16.14 The MAC LOMAC Module ..........................................................................................................416 16.15 Nagios in a MAC Jail.....................................................................................................................417 16.16 User Lock Down............................................................................................................................420 16.17 Troubleshooting the MAC Framework..........................................................................................421 17 Security Event Auditing ...............................................................................................................................423 17.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................423 17.2 Key Terms in this Chapter ...............................................................................................................423 17.3 Installing Audit Support ..................................................................................................................424 17.4 Audit Configuration.........................................................................................................................424 17.5 Administering the Audit Subsystem................................................................................................427 18 Storage..........................................................................................................................................................431 18.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................431 18.2 Device Names ..................................................................................................................................431 18.3 Adding Disks ...................................................................................................................................432 18.4 RAID................................................................................................................................................434 18.5 USB Storage Devices.......................................................................................................................438 18.6 Creating and Using Optical Media (CDs) .......................................................................................440 18.7 Creating and Using Optical Media (DVDs) ....................................................................................446 18.8 Creating and Using Floppy Disks....................................................................................................451 18.9 Creating and Using Data Tapes .......................................................................................................452 18.10 Backups to Floppies.......................................................................................................................454 18.11 Backup Strategies ..........................................................................................................................456 18.12 Backup Basics................................................................................................................................456 18.13 Network, Memory, and File-Backed File Systems ........................................................................463
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18.14 File System Snapshots ...................................................................................................................465 18.15 File System Quotas ........................................................................................................................466 18.16 Encrypting Disk Partitions.............................................................................................................469 18.17 Encrypting Swap Space .................................................................................................................475 19 GEOM: Modular Disk Transformation Framework.....................................................................................478 19.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................478 19.2 GEOM Introduction.........................................................................................................................478 19.3 RAID0 - Striping .............................................................................................................................478 19.4 RAID1 - Mirroring ..........................................................................................................................480 19.5 GEOM Gate Network Devices ........................................................................................................483 19.6 Labeling Disk Devices.....................................................................................................................483 19.7 UFS Journaling Through GEOM.....................................................................................................486 20 File Systems Support....................................................................................................................................488 20.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................488 20.2 The Z File System (ZFS) .................................................................................................................488 21 The Vinum Volume Manager .......................................................................................................................496 21.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................496 21.2 Disks Are Too Small........................................................................................................................496 21.3 Access Bottlenecks ..........................................................................................................................496 21.4 Data Integrity ...................................................................................................................................498 21.5 Vinum Objects .................................................................................................................................499 21.6 Some Examples ...............................................................................................................................501 21.7 Object Naming.................................................................................................................................507 21.8 Configuring Vinum ..........................................................................................................................509 21.9 Using Vinum for the Root Filesystem .............................................................................................510 22 Virtualization................................................................................................................................................516 22.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................516 22.2 FreeBSD as a Guest OS...................................................................................................................516 22.3 FreeBSD as a Host OS.....................................................................................................................560 23 Localization - I18N/L10N Usage and Setup ................................................................................................562 23.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................562 23.2 The Basics........................................................................................................................................562 23.3 Using Localization...........................................................................................................................563 23.4 Compiling I18N Programs...............................................................................................................568 23.5 Localizing FreeBSD to Specific Languages....................................................................................569 24 Updating and Upgrading FreeBSD ..............................................................................................................572 24.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................572 24.2 FreeBSD Update..............................................................................................................................572 24.3 Portsnap: A Ports Collection Update Tool.......................................................................................578 24.4 Updating the Documentation Set.....................................................................................................579 24.5 Tracking a Development Branch .....................................................................................................584 24.6 Synchronizing Your Source .............................................................................................................588 24.7 Rebuilding “world”..........................................................................................................................589 24.8 Tracking for Multiple Machines ......................................................................................................603 25 DTrace ..........................................................................................................................................................605 25.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................605 25.2 Implementation Differences ............................................................................................................605 25.3 Enabling DTrace Support ................................................................................................................606
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25.4 Using DTrace...................................................................................................................................606 25.5 The D Language ..............................................................................................................................609 IV. Network Communication...................................................................................................................................610 26 Serial Communications ................................................................................................................................611 26.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................611 26.2 Introduction......................................................................................................................................611 26.3 Terminals .........................................................................................................................................615 26.4 Dial-in Service .................................................................................................................................620 26.5 Dial-out Service ...............................................................................................................................628 26.6 Setting Up the Serial Console..........................................................................................................631 27 PPP and SLIP ...............................................................................................................................................639 27.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................639 27.2 Using User PPP................................................................................................................................639 27.3 Using Kernel PPP ............................................................................................................................651 27.4 Troubleshooting PPP Connections ..................................................................................................658 27.5 Using PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)...................................................................................................661 27.6 Using PPP over ATM (PPPoA).......................................................................................................663 27.7 Using SLIP.......................................................................................................................................666 28 Electronic Mail.............................................................................................................................................674 28.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................674 28.2 Using Electronic Mail......................................................................................................................674 28.3 sendmail Configuration...................................................................................................................676 28.4 Changing Your Mail Transfer Agent ...............................................................................................679 28.5 Troubleshooting...............................................................................................................................681 28.6 Advanced Topics..............................................................................................................................683 28.7 SMTP with UUCP ...........................................................................................................................685 28.8 Setting Up to Send Only ..................................................................................................................687 28.9 Using Mail with a Dialup Connection.............................................................................................688 28.10 SMTP Authentication ....................................................................................................................689 28.11 Mail User Agents...........................................................................................................................690 28.12 Using fetchmail..............................................................................................................................697 28.13 Using procmail...............................................................................................................................698 29 Network Servers ...........................................................................................................................................700 29.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................700 29.2 The inetd “Super-Server”................................................................................................................700 29.3 Network File System (NFS) ............................................................................................................704 29.4 Network Information System (NIS/YP) ..........................................................................................710 29.5 Automatic Network Configuration (DHCP) ....................................................................................724 29.6 Domain Name System (DNS) .........................................................................................................729 29.7 Apache HTTP Server.......................................................................................................................740 29.8 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)............................................................................................................745 29.9 File and Print Services for Microsoft Windows clients (Samba) ....................................................747 29.10 Clock Synchronization with NTP..................................................................................................749 29.11 Remote Host Logging with syslogd............................................................................................752 30 Firewalls .......................................................................................................................................................756 30.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................756 30.2 Firewall Concepts ............................................................................................................................756
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30.3 Firewall Packages ............................................................................................................................757 30.4 The OpenBSD Packet Filter (PF) and ALTQ ..................................................................................757 30.5 The IPFILTER (IPF) Firewall..........................................................................................................760 30.6 IPFW................................................................................................................................................779 31 Advanced Networking..................................................................................................................................797 31.1 Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................797 31.2 Gateways and Routes.......................................................................................................................797 31.3 Wireless Networking .......................................................................................................................803 31.4 Bluetooth..........................................................................................................................................821 31.5 Bridging ...........................................................................................................................................828 31.6 Link Aggregation and Failover........................................................................................................835 31.7 Diskless Operation...........................................................................................................................838 31.8 ISDN ................................................................................................................................................844 31.9 Network Address Translation ..........................................................................................................848 31.10 Parallel Line IP (PLIP) ..................................................................................................................852 31.11 IPv6................................................................................................................................................854 31.12 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) ...........................................................................................858 31.13 Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP).........................................................................859 V. Appendices ............................................................................................................................................................862 A. Obtaining FreeBSD ......................................................................................................................................863 A.1 CDROM and DVD Publishers..........................................................................................................863 A.2 FTP Sites...........................................................................................................................................865 A.3 BitTorrent..........................................................................................................................................876 A.4 Anonymous CVS ..............................................................................................................................876 A.5 Using CTM .......................................................................................................................................878 A.6 Using CVSup ....................................................................................................................................882 A.7 CVS Tags ..........................................................................................................................................905 A.8 AFS Sites ..........................................................................................................................................911 A.9 rsync Sites .........................................................................................................................................911 B. Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................914 B.1 Books & Magazines Specific to FreeBSD ........................................................................................914 B.2 Users’ Guides....................................................................................................................................915 B.3 Administrators’ Guides .....................................................................................................................916 B.4 Programmers’ Guides .......................................................................................................................916 B.5 Operating System Internals...............................................................................................................917 B.6 Security Reference ............................................................................................................................917 B.7 Hardware Reference..........................................................................................................................918 B.8 UNIX History....................................................................................................................................918 B.9 Magazines and Journals ....................................................................................................................919 C. Resources on the Internet .............................................................................................................................920 C.1 Mailing Lists .....................................................................................................................................920 C.2 Usenet Newsgroups...........................................................................................................................938 C.3 World Wide Web Servers ..................................................................................................................940 C.4 Email Addresses................................................................................................................................947 D. PGP Keys......................................................................................................................................................949 D.1 Officers..............................................................................................................................................949 D.2 Core Team Members.........................................................................................................................949
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D.3 Developers ........................................................................................................................................951 FreeBSD Glossary...................................................................................................................................................1011 Index.........................................................................................................................................................................1035 Colophon..................................................................................................................................................................1047
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List of Tables 2-1. Sample Device Inventory.......................................................................................................................................11 2-2. Partition Layout for First Disk...............................................................................................................................33 2-3. Partition Layout for Subsequent Disks..................................................................................................................34 2-4. FreeBSD 6.X and 7.X ISO Image Names and Meanings.......................................................................................77 3-1. Disk Device Codes ................................................................................................................................................96 18-1. Physical Disk Naming Conventions ..................................................................................................................431 21-1. Vinum Plex Organizations.................................................................................................................................500 26-1. DB-25 to DB-25 Null-Modem Cable ................................................................................................................612 26-2. DB-9 to DB-9 Null-Modem Cable ....................................................................................................................612 26-3. DB-9 to DB-25 Null-Modem Cable ..................................................................................................................613 26-4. Signal Names.....................................................................................................................................................621 31-1. Wiring a Parallel Cable for Networking ............................................................................................................852 31-2. Reserved IPv6 addresses ...................................................................................................................................855
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Preface Intended Audience The FreeBSD newcomer will find that the first section of this book guides the user through the FreeBSD installation process and gently introduces the concepts and conventions that underpin UNIX®. Working through this section requires little more than the desire to explore, and the ability to take on board new concepts as they are introduced. Once you have traveled this far, the second, far larger, section of the Handbook is a comprehensive reference to all manner of topics of interest to FreeBSD system administrators. Some of these chapters may recommend that you do some prior reading, and this is noted in the synopsis at the beginning of each chapter. For a list of additional sources of information, please see Appendix B.
Changes from the Third Edition The current online version of the Handbook represents the cumulative effort of many hundreds of contributors over the past 10 years. The following are some of the significant changes since the two volume third edition was published in 2004: •
Chapter 25, DTrace, has been added with information about the powerful DTrace performance analysis tool.
•
Chapter 20, File Systems Support, has been added with information about non-native file systems in FreeBSD, such as ZFS from Sun™.
•
Chapter 17, Security Event Auditing, has been added to cover the new auditing capabilities in FreeBSD and explain its use.
•
Chapter 22, Virtualization, has been added with information about installing FreeBSD on virtualization software.
Changes from the Second Edition (2004) The third edition was the culmination of over two years of work by the dedicated members of the FreeBSD Documentation Project. The printed edition grew to such a size that it was necessary to publish as two separate volumes. The following are the major changes in this new edition: •
Chapter 11, Configuration and Tuning, has been expanded with new information about the ACPI power and resource management, the cron system utility, and more kernel tuning options.
•
Chapter 14, Security, has been expanded with new information about virtual private networks (VPNs), file system access control lists (ACLs), and security advisories.
•
Chapter 16, Mandatory Access Control (MAC), is a new chapter with this edition. It explains what MAC is and how this mechanism can be used to secure a FreeBSD system.
•
Chapter 18, Storage, has been expanded with new information about USB storage devices, file system snapshots, file system quotas, file and network backed filesystems, and encrypted disk partitions.
•
Chapter 21, Vinum, is a new chapter with this edition. It describes how to use Vinum, a logical volume manager which provides device-independent logical disks, and software RAID-0, RAID-1 and RAID-5.
•
A troubleshooting section has been added to Chapter 27, PPP and SLIP.
xiv
Preface •
Chapter 28, Electronic Mail, has been expanded with new information about using alternative transport agents, SMTP authentication, UUCP, fetchmail, procmail, and other advanced topics.
•
Chapter 29, Network Servers, is all new with this edition. This chapter includes information about setting up the Apache HTTP Server, ftpd, and setting up a server for Microsoft® Windows® clients with Samba. Some sections from Chapter 31, Advanced Networking, were moved here to improve the presentation.
•
Chapter 31, Advanced Networking, has been expanded with new information about using Bluetooth® devices with FreeBSD, setting up wireless networks, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking.
•
A glossary has been added to provide a central location for the definitions of technical terms used throughout the book.
•
A number of aesthetic improvements have been made to the tables and figures throughout the book.
Changes from the First Edition (2001) The second edition was the culmination of over two years of work by the dedicated members of the FreeBSD Documentation Project. The following were the major changes in this edition: •
A complete Index has been added.
•
All ASCII figures have been replaced by graphical diagrams.
•
A standard synopsis has been added to each chapter to give a quick summary of what information the chapter contains, and what the reader is expected to know.
•
The content has been logically reorganized into three parts: “Getting Started”, “System Administration”, and “Appendices”.
•
Chapter 2 (“Installing FreeBSD”) was completely rewritten with many screenshots to make it much easier for new users to grasp the text.
•
Chapter 3 (“UNIX Basics”) has been expanded to contain additional information about processes, daemons, and signals.
•
Chapter 4 (“Installing Applications”) has been expanded to contain additional information about binary package management.
•
Chapter 5 (“The X Window System”) has been completely rewritten with an emphasis on using modern desktop technologies such as KDE and GNOME on XFree86™ 4.X.
•
Chapter 12 (“The FreeBSD Booting Process”) has been expanded.
•
Chapter 18 (“Storage”) has been written from what used to be two separate chapters on “Disks” and “Backups”. We feel that the topics are easier to comprehend when presented as a single chapter. A section on RAID (both hardware and software) has also been added.
•
Chapter 26 (“Serial Communications”) has been completely reorganized and updated for FreeBSD 4.X/5.X.
•
Chapter 27 (“PPP and SLIP”) has been substantially updated.
•
Many new sections have been added to Chapter 31 (“Advanced Networking”).
•
Chapter 28 (“Electronic Mail”) has been expanded to include more information about configuring sendmail.
•
Chapter 10 (“Linux® Compatibility”) has been expanded to include information about installing Oracle® and SAP® R/3®.
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Preface •
The following new topics are covered in this second edition: •
Configuration and Tuning (Chapter 11).
•
Multimedia (Chapter 7)
Organization of This Book This book is split into five logically distinct sections. The first section, Getting Started, covers the installation and basic usage of FreeBSD. It is expected that the reader will follow these chapters in sequence, possibly skipping chapters covering familiar topics. The second section, Common Tasks, covers some frequently used features of FreeBSD. This section, and all subsequent sections, can be read out of order. Each chapter begins with a succinct synopsis that describes what the chapter covers and what the reader is expected to already know. This is meant to allow the casual reader to skip around to find chapters of interest. The third section, System Administration, covers administration topics. The fourth section, Network Communication, covers networking and server topics. The fifth section contains appendices of reference information. Chapter 1, Introduction Introduces FreeBSD to a new user. It describes the history of the FreeBSD Project, its goals and development model. Chapter 2, Installation Walks a user through the entire installation process. Some advanced installation topics, such as installing through a serial console, are also covered. Chapter 3, UNIX Basics Covers the basic commands and functionality of the FreeBSD operating system. If you are familiar with Linux or another flavor of UNIX then you can probably skip this chapter. Chapter 4, Installing Applications Covers the installation of third-party software with both FreeBSD’s innovative “Ports Collection” and standard binary packages. Chapter 5, The X Window System Describes the X Window System in general and using X11 on FreeBSD in particular. Also describes common desktop environments such as KDE and GNOME. Chapter 6, Desktop Applications Lists some common desktop applications, such as web browsers and productivity suites, and describes how to install them on FreeBSD. Chapter 7, Multimedia Shows how to set up sound and video playback support for your system. Also describes some sample audio and video applications.
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Preface Chapter 8, Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel Explains why you might need to configure a new kernel and provides detailed instructions for configuring, building, and installing a custom kernel. Chapter 9, Printing Describes managing printers on FreeBSD, including information about banner pages, printer accounting, and initial setup. Chapter 10, Linux Binary Compatibility Describes the Linux compatibility features of FreeBSD. Also provides detailed installation instructions for many popular Linux applications such as Oracle, SAP R/3, and Mathematica®. Chapter 11, Configuration and Tuning Describes the parameters available for system administrators to tune a FreeBSD system for optimum performance. Also describes the various configuration files used in FreeBSD and where to find them. Chapter 12, Booting Process Describes the FreeBSD boot process and explains how to control this process with configuration options. Chapter 13, Users and Basic Account Management Describes the creation and manipulation of user accounts. Also discusses resource limitations that can be set on users and other account management tasks. Chapter 14, Security Describes many different tools available to help keep your FreeBSD system secure, including Kerberos, IPsec and OpenSSH. Chapter 15, Jails Describes the jails framework, and the improvements of jails over the traditional chroot support of FreeBSD. Chapter 16, Mandatory Access Control Explains what Mandatory Access Control (MAC) is and how this mechanism can be used to secure a FreeBSD system. Chapter 17, Security Event Auditing Describes what FreeBSD Event Auditing is, how it can be installed, configured, and how audit trails can be inspected or monitored. Chapter 18, Storage Describes how to manage storage media and filesystems with FreeBSD. This includes physical disks, RAID arrays, optical and tape media, memory-backed disks, and network filesystems. Chapter 19, GEOM Describes what the GEOM framework in FreeBSD is and how to configure various supported RAID levels.
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Preface Chapter 20, File Systems Support Examines support of non-native file systems in FreeBSD, like the Z File System from Sun. Chapter 21, Vinum Describes how to use Vinum, a logical volume manager which provides device-independent logical disks, and software RAID-0, RAID-1 and RAID-5. Chapter 22, Virtualization Describes what virtualization systems offer, and how they can be used with FreeBSD. Chapter 23, Localization Describes how to use FreeBSD in languages other than English. Covers both system and application level localization. Chapter 24, Updating and Upgrading FreeBSD Explains the differences between FreeBSD-STABLE, FreeBSD-CURRENT, and FreeBSD releases. Describes which users would benefit from tracking a development system and outlines that process. Covers the methods users may take to update their system to the latest security release. Chapter 25, DTrace Describes how to configure and use the DTrace tool from Sun in FreeBSD. Dynamic tracing can help locate performance issues, by performing real time system analysis. Chapter 26, Serial Communications Explains how to connect terminals and modems to your FreeBSD system for both dial in and dial out connections. Chapter 27, PPP and SLIP Describes how to use PPP, SLIP, or PPP over Ethernet to connect to remote systems with FreeBSD. Chapter 28, Electronic Mail Explains the different components of an email server and dives into simple configuration topics for the most popular mail server software: sendmail. Chapter 29, Network Servers Provides detailed instructions and example configuration files to set up your FreeBSD machine as a network filesystem server, domain name server, network information system server, or time synchronization server. Chapter 30, Firewalls Explains the philosophy behind software-based firewalls and provides detailed information about the configuration of the different firewalls available for FreeBSD. Chapter 31, Advanced Networking Describes many networking topics, including sharing an Internet connection with other computers on your LAN, advanced routing topics, wireless networking, Bluetooth, ATM, IPv6, and much more.
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Preface Appendix A, Obtaining FreeBSD Lists different sources for obtaining FreeBSD media on CDROM or DVD as well as different sites on the Internet that allow you to download and install FreeBSD. Appendix B, Bibliography This book touches on many different subjects that may leave you hungry for a more detailed explanation. The bibliography lists many excellent books that are referenced in the text. Appendix C, Resources on the Internet Describes the many forums available for FreeBSD users to post questions and engage in technical conversations about FreeBSD. Appendix D, PGP Keys Lists the PGP fingerprints of several FreeBSD Developers.
Conventions used in this book To provide a consistent and easy to read text, several conventions are followed throughout the book.
Typographic Conventions Italic An italic font is used for filenames, URLs, emphasized text, and the first usage of technical terms. Monospace
A monospaced font is used for error messages, commands, environment variables, names of ports, hostnames, user names, group names, device names, variables, and code fragments. Bold A bold font is used for applications, commands, and keys.
User Input Keys are shown in bold to stand out from other text. Key combinations that are meant to be typed simultaneously are shown with ‘+’ between the keys, such as: Ctrl+Alt+Del Meaning the user should type the Ctrl, Alt, and Del keys at the same time. Keys that are meant to be typed in sequence will be separated with commas, for example: Ctrl+X, Ctrl+S Would mean that the user is expected to type the Ctrl and X keys simultaneously and then to type the Ctrl and S keys simultaneously.
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Preface
Examples Examples starting with E:\> indicate a MS-DOS® command. Unless otherwise noted, these commands may be executed from a “Command Prompt” window in a modern Microsoft Windows environment. E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:
Examples starting with # indicate a command that must be invoked as the superuser in FreeBSD. You can login as root to type the command, or login as your normal account and use su(1) to gain superuser privileges. # dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0
Examples starting with % indicate a command that should be invoked from a normal user account. Unless otherwise noted, C-shell syntax is used for setting environment variables and other shell commands. % top
Acknowledgments The book you are holding represents the efforts of many hundreds of people around the world. Whether they sent in fixes for typos, or submitted complete chapters, all the contributions have been useful. Several companies have supported the development of this document by paying authors to work on it full-time, paying for publication, etc. In particular, BSDi (subsequently acquired by Wind River Systems (http://www.windriver.com)) paid members of the FreeBSD Documentation Project to work on improving this book full time leading up to the publication of the first printed edition in March 2000 (ISBN 1-57176-241-8). Wind River Systems then paid several additional authors to make a number of improvements to the print-output infrastructure and to add additional chapters to the text. This work culminated in the publication of the second printed edition in November 2001 (ISBN 1-57176-303-1). In 2003-2004, FreeBSD Mall, Inc (http://www.freebsdmall.com), paid several contributors to improve the Handbook in preparation for the third printed edition.
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I. Getting Started This part of the FreeBSD Handbook is for users and administrators who are new to FreeBSD. These chapters: •
Introduce you to FreeBSD.
•
Guide you through the installation process.
•
Teach you UNIX basics and fundamentals.
•
Show you how to install the wealth of third party applications available for FreeBSD.
•
Introduce you to X, the UNIX windowing system, and detail how to configure a desktop environment that makes you more productive.
We have tried to keep the number of forward references in the text to a minimum so that you can read this section of the Handbook from front to back with the minimum page flipping required.
Chapter 1 Introduction Restructured, reorganized, and parts rewritten by Jim Mock.
1.1 Synopsis Thank you for your interest in FreeBSD! The following chapter covers various aspects of the FreeBSD Project, such as its history, goals, development model, and so on. After reading this chapter, you will know: •
How FreeBSD relates to other computer operating systems.
•
The history of the FreeBSD Project.
•
The goals of the FreeBSD Project.
•
The basics of the FreeBSD open-source development model.
•
And of course: where the name “FreeBSD” comes from.
1.2 Welcome to FreeBSD! FreeBSD is a 4.4BSD-Lite based operating system for Intel (x86 and Itanium®), AMD64, Alpha™, Sun UltraSPARC® computers. Ports to other architectures are also underway. You can also read about the history of FreeBSD, or the current release. If you are interested in contributing something to the Project (code, hardware, funding), see the Contributing to FreeBSD (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributing/index.html) article.
1.2.1 What Can FreeBSD Do? FreeBSD has many noteworthy features. Some of these are: •
Preemptive multitasking with dynamic priority adjustment to ensure smooth and fair sharing of the computer between applications and users, even under the heaviest of loads.
•
Multi-user facilities which allow many people to use a FreeBSD system simultaneously for a variety of things. This means, for example, that system peripherals such as printers and tape drives are properly shared between all users on the system or the network and that individual resource limits can be placed on users or groups of users, protecting critical system resources from over-use.
•
Strong TCP/IP networking with support for industry standards such as SCTP, DHCP, NFS, NIS, PPP, SLIP, IPsec, and IPv6. This means that your FreeBSD machine can interoperate easily with other systems as well as act as an enterprise server, providing vital functions such as NFS (remote file access) and email services or putting your organization on the Internet with WWW, FTP, routing and firewall (security) services.
•
Memory protection ensures that applications (or users) cannot interfere with each other. One application crashing will not affect others in any way.
•
FreeBSD is a 32-bit operating system (64-bit on the Alpha, Itanium, AMD64, and UltraSPARC) and was designed as such from the ground up.
1
Chapter 1 Introduction •
The industry standard X Window System (X11R7) provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for the cost of a common VGA card and monitor and comes with full sources.
•
Binary compatibility with many programs built for Linux, SCO, SVR4, BSDI and NetBSD.
•
Thousands of ready-to-run applications are available from the FreeBSD ports and packages collection. Why search the net when you can find it all right here?
•
Thousands of additional and easy-to-port applications are available on the Internet. FreeBSD is source code compatible with most popular commercial UNIX systems and thus most applications require few, if any, changes to compile.
•
Demand paged virtual memory and “merged VM/buffer cache” design efficiently satisfies applications with large appetites for memory while still maintaining interactive response to other users.
•
SMP support for machines with multiple CPUs.
•
A full complement of C, C++, and Fortran development tools. Many additional languages for advanced research and development are also available in the ports and packages collection.
•
Source code for the entire system means you have the greatest degree of control over your environment. Why be locked into a proprietary solution at the mercy of your vendor when you can have a truly open system?
•
Extensive online documentation.
•
And many more!
FreeBSD is based on the 4.4BSD-Lite release from Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California at Berkeley, and carries on the distinguished tradition of BSD systems development. In addition to the fine work provided by CSRG, the FreeBSD Project has put in many thousands of hours in fine tuning the system for maximum performance and reliability in real-life load situations. As many of the commercial giants struggle to field PC operating systems with such features, performance and reliability, FreeBSD can offer them now! The applications to which FreeBSD can be put are truly limited only by your own imagination. From software development to factory automation, inventory control to azimuth correction of remote satellite antennae; if it can be done with a commercial UNIX product then it is more than likely that you can do it with FreeBSD too! FreeBSD also benefits significantly from literally thousands of high quality applications developed by research centers and universities around the world, often available at little to no cost. Commercial applications are also available and appearing in greater numbers every day. Because the source code for FreeBSD itself is generally available, the system can also be customized to an almost unheard of degree for special applications or projects, and in ways not generally possible with operating systems from most major commercial vendors. Here is just a sampling of some of the applications in which people are currently using FreeBSD: •
Internet Services: The robust TCP/IP networking built into FreeBSD makes it an ideal platform for a variety of Internet services such as: •
FTP servers
•
World Wide Web servers (standard or secure [SSL])
•
IPv4 and IPv6 routing
•
Firewalls and NAT (“IP masquerading”) gateways
•
Electronic Mail servers
•
USENET News or Bulletin Board Systems
2
Chapter 1 Introduction •
And more...
With FreeBSD, you can easily start out small with an inexpensive 386 class PC and upgrade all the way up to a quad-processor Xeon with RAID storage as your enterprise grows. •
Education: Are you a student of computer science or a related engineering field? There is no better way of learning about operating systems, computer architecture and networking than the hands on, under the hood experience that FreeBSD can provide. A number of freely available CAD, mathematical and graphic design packages also make it highly useful to those whose primary interest in a computer is to get other work done!
•
Research: With source code for the entire system available, FreeBSD is an excellent platform for research in operating systems as well as other branches of computer science. FreeBSD’s freely available nature also makes it possible for remote groups to collaborate on ideas or shared development without having to worry about special licensing agreements or limitations on what may be discussed in open forums.
•
Networking: Need a new router? A name server (DNS)? A firewall to keep people out of your internal network? FreeBSD can easily turn that unused 386 or 486 PC sitting in the corner into an advanced router with sophisticated packet-filtering capabilities.
•
X Window workstation: FreeBSD is a fine choice for an inexpensive X terminal solution, using the freely available X11 server. Unlike an X terminal, FreeBSD allows many applications to be run locally if desired, thus relieving the burden on a central server. FreeBSD can even boot “diskless”, making individual workstations even cheaper and easier to administer.
•
Software Development: The basic FreeBSD system comes with a full complement of development tools including the renowned GNU C/C++ compiler and debugger.
FreeBSD is available in both source and binary form on CD-ROM, DVD, and via anonymous FTP. Please see Appendix A for more information about obtaining FreeBSD.
1.2.2 Who Uses FreeBSD? FreeBSD is used as a platform for devices and products from many of the world’s largest IT companies, including: •
Apple (http://www.apple.com/)
•
Cisco (http://www.cisco.com/)
•
Juniper (http://www.juniper.net/)
•
NetApp (http://www.netapp.com/)
FreeBSD is also used to power some of the biggest sites on the Internet, including: •
Yahoo! (http://www.yahoo.com/)
•
Yandex (http://www.yandex.ru/)
•
Apache (http://www.apache.org/)
•
Rambler (http://www.rambler.ru/)
•
Sina (http://www.sina.com/)
•
Pair Networks (http://www.pair.com/)
•
Sony Japan (http://www.sony.co.jp/)
3
Chapter 1 Introduction •
Netcraft (http://www.netcraft.com/)
•
NetEase (http://www.163.com/)
•
Weathernews (http://www.wni.com/)
•
TELEHOUSE America (http://www.telehouse.com/)
•
Experts Exchange (http://www.experts-exchange.com/)
and many more.
1.3 About the FreeBSD Project The following section provides some background information on the project, including a brief history, project goals, and the development model of the project.
1.3.1 A Brief History of FreeBSD Contributed by Jordan Hubbard. The FreeBSD Project had its genesis in the early part of 1993, partially as an outgrowth of the “Unofficial 386BSD Patchkit” by the patchkit’s last 3 coordinators: Nate Williams, Rod Grimes and myself. Our original goal was to produce an intermediate snapshot of 386BSD in order to fix a number of problems with it that the patchkit mechanism just was not capable of solving. Some of you may remember the early working title for the project being “386BSD 0.5” or “386BSD Interim” in reference to that fact. 386BSD was Bill Jolitz’s operating system, which had been up to that point suffering rather severely from almost a year’s worth of neglect. As the patchkit swelled ever more uncomfortably with each passing day, we were in unanimous agreement that something had to be done and decided to assist Bill by providing this interim “cleanup” snapshot. Those plans came to a rude halt when Bill Jolitz suddenly decided to withdraw his sanction from the project without any clear indication of what would be done instead. It did not take us long to decide that the goal remained worthwhile, even without Bill’s support, and so we adopted the name “FreeBSD”, coined by David Greenman. Our initial objectives were set after consulting with the system’s current users and, once it became clear that the project was on the road to perhaps even becoming a reality, I contacted Walnut Creek CDROM with an eye toward improving FreeBSD’s distribution channels for those many unfortunates without easy access to the Internet. Walnut Creek CDROM not only supported the idea of distributing FreeBSD on CD but also went so far as to provide the project with a machine to work on and a fast Internet connection. Without Walnut Creek CDROM’s almost unprecedented degree of faith in what was, at the time, a completely unknown project, it is quite unlikely that FreeBSD would have gotten as far, as fast, as it has today. The first CD-ROM (and general net-wide) distribution was FreeBSD 1.0, released in December of 1993. This was based on the 4.3BSD-Lite (“Net/2”) tape from U.C. Berkeley, with many components also provided by 386BSD and the Free Software Foundation. It was a fairly reasonable success for a first offering, and we followed it with the highly successful FreeBSD 1.1 release in May of 1994. Around this time, some rather unexpected storm clouds formed on the horizon as Novell and U.C. Berkeley settled their long-running lawsuit over the legal status of the Berkeley Net/2 tape. A condition of that settlement was U.C. Berkeley’s concession that large parts of Net/2 were “encumbered” code and the property of Novell, who had in turn acquired it from AT&T some time previously. What Berkeley got in return was Novell’s “blessing” that the 4.4BSD-Lite release, when it was finally released, would be declared unencumbered and all existing Net/2 users
4
Chapter 1 Introduction would be strongly encouraged to switch. This included FreeBSD, and the project was given until the end of July 1994 to stop shipping its own Net/2 based product. Under the terms of that agreement, the project was allowed one last release before the deadline, that release being FreeBSD 1.1.5.1. FreeBSD then set about the arduous task of literally re-inventing itself from a completely new and rather incomplete set of 4.4BSD-Lite bits. The “Lite” releases were light in part because Berkeley’s CSRG had removed large chunks of code required for actually constructing a bootable running system (due to various legal requirements) and the fact that the Intel port of 4.4 was highly incomplete. It took the project until November of 1994 to make this transition, at which point it released FreeBSD 2.0 to the net and on CD-ROM (in late December). Despite being still more than a little rough around the edges, the release was a significant success and was followed by the more robust and easier to install FreeBSD 2.0.5 release in June of 1995. We released FreeBSD 2.1.5 in August of 1996, and it appeared to be popular enough among the ISP and commercial communities that another release along the 2.1-STABLE branch was merited. This was FreeBSD 2.1.7.1, released in February 1997 and capping the end of mainstream development on 2.1-STABLE. Now in maintenance mode, only security enhancements and other critical bug fixes will be done on this branch (RELENG_2_1_0). FreeBSD 2.2 was branched from the development mainline (“-CURRENT”) in November 1996 as the RELENG_2_2 branch, and the first full release (2.2.1) was released in April 1997. Further releases along the 2.2 branch were done in the summer and fall of ’97, the last of which (2.2.8) appeared in November 1998. The first official 3.0 release appeared in October 1998 and spelled the beginning of the end for the 2.2 branch. The tree branched again on Jan 20, 1999, leading to the 4.0-CURRENT and 3.X-STABLE branches. From 3.X-STABLE, 3.1 was released on February 15, 1999, 3.2 on May 15, 1999, 3.3 on September 16, 1999, 3.4 on December 20, 1999, and 3.5 on June 24, 2000, which was followed a few days later by a minor point release update to 3.5.1, to incorporate some last-minute security fixes to Kerberos. This will be the final release in the 3.X branch. There was another branch on March 13, 2000, which saw the emergence of the 4.X-STABLE branch. There have been several releases from it so far: 4.0-RELEASE was introduced in March 2000, and the last 4.11-RELEASE came out in January 2005. The long-awaited 5.0-RELEASE was announced on January 19, 2003. The culmination of nearly three years of work, this release started FreeBSD on the path of advanced multiprocessor and application thread support and introduced support for the UltraSPARC and ia64 platforms. This release was followed by 5.1 in June of 2003. The last 5.X release from the -CURRENT branch was 5.2.1-RELEASE, introduced in February 2004. The RELENG_5 branch, created in August 2004, was followed by 5.3-RELEASE, which marked the beginning of the 5-STABLE branch releases. The most recent 5.5-RELEASE release came out in May 2006. There will be no additional releases from the RELENG_5 branch. The tree was branched again in July 2005, this time for RELENG_6. 6.0-RELEASE, the first release of the 6.X branch, was released in November 2005. The most recent 6.4-RELEASE came out in November 2008. There will be no additional releases from the RELENG_6 branch. The RELENG_7 branch was created in October 2007. The first release of this branch was 7.0-RELEASE, which came out in February 2008. The most recent 7.2-RELEASE came out in May 2009. There will be additional releases from the RELENG_7 branch. The tree was branched again in August 2009, this time for RELENG_8. 8.0-RELEASE, the first release of the 8.X branch, was released in Nov 2009. For now, long-term development projects continue to take place in the 9.X-CURRENT (trunk) branch, and SNAPshot releases of 9.X on CD-ROM (and, of course, on the net) are continually made available from the snapshot server (ftp://current.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/snapshots/) as work progresses.
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3.2 FreeBSD Project Goals Contributed by Jordan Hubbard. The goals of the FreeBSD Project are to provide software that may be used for any purpose and without strings attached. Many of us have a significant investment in the code (and project) and would certainly not mind a little financial compensation now and then, but we are definitely not prepared to insist on it. We believe that our first and foremost “mission” is to provide code to any and all comers, and for whatever purpose, so that the code gets the widest possible use and provides the widest possible benefit. This is, I believe, one of the most fundamental goals of Free Software and one that we enthusiastically support. That code in our source tree which falls under the GNU General Public License (GPL) or Library General Public License (LGPL) comes with slightly more strings attached, though at least on the side of enforced access rather than the usual opposite. Due to the additional complexities that can evolve in the commercial use of GPL software we do, however, prefer software submitted under the more relaxed BSD copyright when it is a reasonable option to do so.
1.3.3 The FreeBSD Development Model Contributed by Satoshi Asami. The development of FreeBSD is a very open and flexible process, being literally built from the contributions of hundreds of people around the world, as can be seen from our list of contributors (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributors/article.html). FreeBSD’s development infrastructure allow these hundreds of developers to collaborate over the Internet. We are constantly on the lookout for new developers and ideas, and those interested in becoming more closely involved with the project need simply contact us at the FreeBSD technical discussions mailing list (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-hackers). The FreeBSD announcements mailing list (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-announce) is also available to those wishing to make other FreeBSD users aware of major areas of work. Useful things to know about the FreeBSD Project and its development process, whether working independently or in close cooperation: The SVN and CVS repositories For several years, the central source tree for FreeBSD was maintained by CVS (http://ximbiot.com/cvs/wiki/) (Concurrent Versions System), a freely available source code control tool that comes bundled with FreeBSD. In June 2008, the Project switched to using SVN (http://subversion.tigris.org) (Subversion). The switch was deemed necessary, as the technical limitations imposed by CVS were becoming obvious due to the rapid expansion of the source tree and the amount of history already stored. While the main repository now uses SVN, client side tools like CVSup and csup that depend on the older CVS infrastructure, continue to work normally — changes in the SVN repository are backported to CVS for this purpose. Currently, only the central source tree is controlled by SVN. The documentation, World Wide Web, and Ports repositories are still using CVS. The primary repository (http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi) resides on a machine in Santa Clara CA, USA from where it is replicated to numerous mirror machines throughout the world. The SVN tree, which contains the -CURRENT and -STABLE trees, can all be easily replicated to your own machine as well. Please refer to the Synchronizing your source tree section for more information on doing this.
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Chapter 1 Introduction The committers list The committers are the people who have write access to the CVS tree, and are authorized to make modifications to the FreeBSD source (the term “committer” comes from the cvs(1) commit command, which is used to bring new changes into the CVS repository). The best way of making submissions for review by the committers list is to use the send-pr(1) command. If something appears to be jammed in the system, then you may also reach them by sending mail to the FreeBSD committer’s mailing list. The FreeBSD core team The FreeBSD core team would be equivalent to the board of directors if the FreeBSD Project were a company. The primary task of the core team is to make sure the project, as a whole, is in good shape and is heading in the right directions. Inviting dedicated and responsible developers to join our group of committers is one of the functions of the core team, as is the recruitment of new core team members as others move on. The current core team was elected from a pool of committer candidates in July 2008. Elections are held every 2 years. Some core team members also have specific areas of responsibility, meaning that they are committed to ensuring that some large portion of the system works as advertised. For a complete list of FreeBSD developers and their areas of responsibility, please see the Contributors List (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributors/article.html) Note: Most members of the core team are volunteers when it comes to FreeBSD development and do not benefit from the project financially, so “commitment” should also not be misconstrued as meaning “guaranteed support.” The “board of directors” analogy above is not very accurate, and it may be more suitable to say that these are the people who gave up their lives in favor of FreeBSD against their better judgement!
Outside contributors Last, but definitely not least, the largest group of developers are the users themselves who provide feedback and bug fixes to us on an almost constant basis. The primary way of keeping in touch with FreeBSD’s more non-centralized development is to subscribe to the FreeBSD technical discussions mailing list (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-hackers) where such things are discussed. See Appendix C for more information about the various FreeBSD mailing lists. The FreeBSD Contributors List (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributors/article.html) is a long and growing one, so why not join it by contributing something back to FreeBSD today? Providing code is not the only way of contributing to the project; for a more complete list of things that need doing, please refer to the FreeBSD Project web site (http://www.FreeBSD.org/index.html). In summary, our development model is organized as a loose set of concentric circles. The centralized model is designed for the convenience of the users of FreeBSD, who are provided with an easy way of tracking one central code base, not to keep potential contributors out! Our desire is to present a stable operating system with a large set of coherent application programs that the users can easily install and use — this model works very well in accomplishing that. All we ask of those who would join us as FreeBSD developers is some of the same dedication its current people have to its continued success!
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3.4 The Current FreeBSD Release FreeBSD is a freely available, full source 4.4BSD-Lite based release for Intel i386™, i486™, Pentium®, Pentium Pro, Celeron®, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4 (or compatible), Xeon™, DEC Alpha and Sun UltraSPARC based computer systems. It is based primarily on software from U.C. Berkeley’s CSRG group, with some enhancements from NetBSD, OpenBSD, 386BSD, and the Free Software Foundation. Since our release of FreeBSD 2.0 in late 1994, the performance, feature set, and stability of FreeBSD has improved dramatically. The largest change is a revamped virtual memory system with a merged VM/file buffer cache that not only increases performance, but also reduces FreeBSD’s memory footprint, making a 5 MB configuration a more acceptable minimum. Other enhancements include full NIS client and server support, transaction TCP support, dial-on-demand PPP, integrated DHCP support, an improved SCSI subsystem, ISDN support, support for ATM, FDDI, Fast and Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbit) adapters, improved support for the latest Adaptec controllers, and many thousands of bug fixes. In addition to the base distributions, FreeBSD offers a ported software collection with thousands of commonly sought-after programs. At the time of this printing, there were over 20,000 ports! The list of ports ranges from http (WWW) servers, to games, languages, editors, and almost everything in between. The entire Ports Collection requires approximately 417 MB of storage, all ports being expressed as “deltas” to their original sources. This makes it much easier for us to update ports, and greatly reduces the disk space demands made by the older 1.0 Ports Collection. To compile a port, you simply change to the directory of the program you wish to install, type make install, and let the system do the rest. The full original distribution for each port you build is retrieved dynamically off the CD-ROM or a local FTP site, so you need only enough disk space to build the ports you want. Almost every port is also provided as a pre-compiled “package”, which can be installed with a simple command (pkg_add) by those who do not wish to compile their own ports from source. More information on packages and ports can be found in Chapter 4. A number of additional documents which you may find very helpful in the process of installing and using FreeBSD may now also be found in the /usr/share/doc directory on any recent FreeBSD machine. You may view the locally installed manuals with any HTML capable browser using the following URLs: The FreeBSD Handbook /usr/share/doc/handbook/index.html
The FreeBSD FAQ /usr/share/doc/faq/index.html
You can also view the master (and most frequently updated) copies at http://www.FreeBSD.org/.
8
Chapter 2 Installing FreeBSD Restructured, reorganized, and parts rewritten by Jim Mock. The sysinstall walkthrough, screenshots, and general copy by Randy Pratt.
2.1 Synopsis FreeBSD is provided with a text-based, easy to use installation program called sysinstall. This is the default installation program for FreeBSD, although vendors are free to provide their own installation suite if they wish. This chapter describes how to use sysinstall to install FreeBSD. After reading this chapter, you will know: •
How to create the FreeBSD installation disks.
•
How FreeBSD refers to, and subdivides, your hard disks.
•
How to start sysinstall.
•
The questions sysinstall will ask you, what they mean, and how to answer them.
Before reading this chapter, you should: •
Read the supported hardware list that shipped with the version of FreeBSD you are installing, and verify that your hardware is supported. Note: In general, these installation instructions are written for i386 (“PC compatible”) architecture computers. Where applicable, instructions specific to other platforms (for example, Alpha) will be listed. Although this guide is kept as up to date as possible, you may find minor differences between the installer and what is shown here. It is suggested that you use this chapter as a general guide rather than a literal installation manual.
2.2 Hardware Requirements 2.2.1 Minimal Configuration The minimal configuration to install FreeBSD varies with the FreeBSD version and the hardware architecture. Information about the minimal configuration is available in the Installation Notes on the Release Information (http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html) page of the FreeBSD web site. A summary of this information is given in the following sections. Depending on the method you choose to install FreeBSD, you may also need a floppy drive, a supported CDROM drive, and in some case a network adapter. This will be covered by the Section 2.3.7. 2.2.1.1 FreeBSD/i386 and FreeBSD/pc98 Both FreeBSD/i386 and FreeBSD/pc98 require a 486 or better processor and at least 24 MB of RAM. You will need at least 150 MB of free hard drive space for the most minimal installation.
9
Chapter 2 Installing FreeBSD Note: In case of old configurations, most of time, getting more RAM and more hard drive space is more important than getting a faster processor.
2.2.1.2 FreeBSD/alpha To install FreeBSD/alpha, you will need a supported platform (see Section 2.2.2) and a dedicated disk for FreeBSD. It is not possible to share a disk with another operating system at this time. This disk will need to be attached to a SCSI controller which is supported by the SRM firmware or an IDE disk assuming the SRM in your machine supports booting from IDE disks. You will need the SRM console firmware for your platform. In some cases, it is possible to switch between AlphaBIOS (or ARC) firmware and SRM. In others it will be necessary to download new firmware from the vendor’s Web site. Note: Support for the Alpha was removed beginning with FreeBSD 7.0. The FreeBSD 6.X series of releases is the last containing support for this architecture.
2.2.1.3 FreeBSD/amd64 There are two classes of processors capable of running FreeBSD/amd64. The first are AMD64 processors, including the AMD Athlon™64, AMD Athlon64-FX, AMD Opteron™ or better processors. The second class of processors that can use FreeBSD/amd64 includes those using the Intel® EM64T architecture. Examples of these processors include the Intel Core™ 2 Duo, Quad, and Extreme processor families and the Intel Xeon 3000, 5000, and 7000 sequences of processors. If you have a machine based on an nVidia nForce3 Pro-150, you must use the BIOS setup to disable the IO APIC. If you do not have an option to do this, you will likely have to disable ACPI instead. There are bugs in the Pro-150 chipset that we have not found a workaround for yet.
2.2.1.4 FreeBSD/sparc64 To install FreeBSD/sparc64, you will need a supported platform (see Section 2.2.2). You will need a dedicated disk for FreeBSD/sparc64. It is not possible to share a disk with another operating system at this time.
2.2.2 Supported Hardware A list of supported hardware is provided with each FreeBSD release in the FreeBSD Hardware Notes. This document can usually be found in a file named HARDWARE.TXT, in the top-level directory of a CDROM or FTP distribution or in sysinstall’s documentation menu. It lists, for a given architecture, what hardware devices are known to be supported by each release of FreeBSD. Copies of the supported hardware list for various releases and architectures can also be found on the Release Information (http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html) page of the FreeBSD Web site.
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Chapter 2 Installing FreeBSD
2.3 Pre-installation Tasks 2.3.1 Inventory Your Computer Before installing FreeBSD you should attempt to inventory the components in your computer. The FreeBSD installation routines will show you the components (hard disks, network cards, CDROM drives, and so forth) with their model number and manufacturer. FreeBSD will also attempt to determine the correct configuration for these devices, which includes information about IRQ and IO port usage. Due to the vagaries of PC hardware this process is not always completely successful, and you may need to correct FreeBSD’s determination of your configuration. If you already have another operating system installed, such as Windows or Linux, it is a good idea to use the facilities provided by those operating systems to see how your hardware is already configured. If you are not sure what settings an expansion card is using, you may find it printed on the card itself. Popular IRQ numbers are 3, 5, and 7, and IO port addresses are normally written as hexadecimal numbers, such as 0x330. We recommend you print or write down this information before installing FreeBSD. It may help to use a table, like this: Table 2-1. Sample Device Inventory Device Name
IRQ
IO port(s)
Notes
First hard disk
N/A
N/A
40 GB, made by Seagate, first IDE master
CDROM
N/A
N/A
First IDE slave
Second hard disk
N/A
N/A
20 GB, made by IBM, second IDE master
First IDE controller
14
0x1f0
Network card
N/A
N/A
Intel 10/100
Modem
N/A
N/A
3Com® 56K faxmodem, on COM1
... Once the inventory of the components in your computer is done, you have to check if they match the hardware requirements of the FreeBSD release you want to install.
2.3.2 Backup Your Data If the computer you will be installing FreeBSD on contains valuable data, then ensure you have it backed up, and that you have tested the backups before installing FreeBSD. The FreeBSD installation routine will prompt you before writing any data to your disk, but once that process has started it cannot be undone.
2.3.3 Decide Where to Install FreeBSD If you want FreeBSD to use your entire hard disk, then there is nothing more to concern yourself with at this point — you can skip this section. However, if you need FreeBSD to co-exist with other operating systems then you need to have a rough understanding of how data is laid out on the disk, and how this affects you.
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Chapter 2 Installing FreeBSD 2.3.3.1 Disk Layouts for FreeBSD/i386 A PC disk can be divided into discrete chunks. These chunks are called partitions. Since FreeBSD internally also has partitions, the naming can become confusing very quickly, therefore these disk chunks are referred to as disk slices or simply slices in FreeBSD itself. For example, the FreeBSD utility fdisk which operates on the PC disk partitions, refers to slices instead of partitions. By design, the PC only supports four partitions per disk. These partitions are called primary partitions. To work around this limitation and allow more than four partitions, a new partition type was created, the extended partition. A disk may contain only one extended partition. Special partitions, called logical partitions, can be created inside this extended partition. Each partition has a partition ID, which is a number used to identify the type of data on the partition. FreeBSD partitions have the partition ID of 165. In general, each operating system that you use will identify partitions in a particular way. For example, DOS, and its descendants, like Windows, assign each primary and logical partition a drive letter, starting with C:. FreeBSD must be installed into a primary partition. FreeBSD can keep all its data, including any files that you create, on this one partition. However, if you have multiple disks, then you can create a FreeBSD partition on all, or some, of them. When you install FreeBSD, you must have one partition available. This might be a blank partition that you have prepared, or it might be an existing partition that contains data that you no longer care about. If you are already using all the partitions on all your disks, then you will have to free one of them for FreeBSD using the tools provided by the other operating systems you use (e.g., fdisk on DOS or Windows). If you have a spare partition then you can use that. However, you may need to shrink one or more of your existing partitions first. A minimal installation of FreeBSD takes as little as 100 MB of disk space. However, that is a very minimal install, leaving almost no space for your own files. A more realistic minimum is 250 MB without a graphical environment, and 350 MB or more if you want a graphical user interface. If you intend to install a lot of third-party software as well, then you will need more space. You can use a commercial tool such as PartitionMagic®, or a free tool such as GParted, to resize your partitions and make space for FreeBSD. The tools directory on the CDROM contains two free software tools which can carry out this task, namely FIPS and PResizer. Documentation for both of these is available in the same directory. FIPS, PResizer, and PartitionMagic can resize FAT16 and FAT32 partitions — used in MS-DOS through Windows ME. Both PartitionMagic and GParted are known to work on NTFS. GParted is available on a number of Live CD Linux distributions, such as SystemRescueCD (http://www.sysresccd.org/). Problems have been reported resizing Microsoft Vista partitions. Having a Vista installation CDROM handy when attempting such an operation is recommended. As with all such disk maintenance tasks, a current set of backups is also strongly advised. Warning: Incorrect use of these tools can delete the data on your disk. Be sure that you have recent, working backups before using them.
Example 2-1. Using an Existing Partition Unchanged Suppose that you have a computer with a single 4 GB disk that already has a version of Windows installed, and you have split the disk into two drive letters, C: and D:, each of which is 2 GB in size. You have 1 GB of data on C:, and 0.5 GB of data on D:.
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Chapter 2 Installing FreeBSD This means that your disk has two partitions on it, one per drive letter. You can copy all your existing data from D: to C:, which will free up the second partition, ready for FreeBSD.
Example 2-2. Shrinking an Existing Partition Suppose that you have a computer with a single 4 GB disk that already has a version of Windows installed. When you installed Windows you created one large partition, giving you a C: drive that is 4 GB in size. You are currently using 1.5 GB of space, and want FreeBSD to have 2 GB of space. In order to install FreeBSD you will need to either: 1. Backup your Windows data, and then reinstall Windows, asking for a 2 GB partition at install time. 2. Use one of the tools such as PartitionMagic, described above, to shrink your Windows partition.
2.3.3.2 Disk Layouts for the Alpha You will need a dedicated disk for FreeBSD on the Alpha. It is not possible to share a disk with another operating system at this time. Depending on the specific Alpha machine you have, this disk can either be a SCSI disk or an IDE disk, as long as your machine is capable of booting from it. Following the conventions of the Digital / Compaq manuals all SRM input is shown in uppercase. SRM is case insensitive. To find the names and types of disks in your machine, use the SHOW DEVICE command from the SRM console prompt: >>>SHOW DEVICE dka0.0.0.4.0 dkc0.0.0.1009.0 dkc100.1.0.1009.0 dva0.0.0.0.1 ewa0.0.0.3.0 pkc0.7.0.1009.0 pqa0.0.0.4.0 pqb0.0.1.4.0
DKA0 DKC0 DKC100 DVA0 EWA0 PKC0 PQA0 PQB0
TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57 RZ1BB-BS SEAGATE ST34501W 00-00-F8-75-6D-01 SCSI Bus ID 7 PCI EIDE PCI EIDE
3476 0658 0015
5.27
This example is from a Digital Personal Workstation 433au and shows three disks attached to the machine. The first is a CDROM drive called DKA0 and the other two are disks and are called DKC0 and DKC100 respectively. Disks with names of the form DKx are SCSI disks. For example DKA100 refers to a SCSI disk with SCSI target ID 1 on the first SCSI bus (A), whereas DKC300 refers to a SCSI disk with SCSI ID 3 on the third SCSI bus (C). Devicename PKx refers to the SCSI host bus adapter. As seen in the SHOW DEVICE output SCSI CDROM drives are treated as any other SCSI hard disk drive. IDE disks have names similar to DQx, while PQx is the associated IDE controller.
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Chapter 2 Installing FreeBSD
2.3.4 Collect Your Network Configuration Details If you intend to connect to a network as part of your FreeBSD installation (for example, if you will be installing from an FTP site or an NFS server), then you need to know your network configuration. You will be prompted for this information during the installation so that FreeBSD can connect to the network to complete the install. 2.3.4.1 Connecting to an Ethernet Network or Cable/DSL Modem If you connect to an Ethernet network, or you have an Internet connection using an Ethernet adapter via cable or DSL, then you will need the following information: 1. IP address 2. IP address of the default gateway 3. Hostname 4. DNS server IP addresses 5. Subnet Mask If you do not know this information, then ask your system administrator or service provider. They may say that this information is assigned automatically, using DHCP. If so, make a note of this.
2.3.4.2 Connecting Using a Modem If you dial up to an ISP using a regular modem then you can still install FreeBSD over the Internet, it will just take a very long time. You will need to know: 1. The phone number to dial for your ISP 2. The COM: port your modem is connected to 3. The username and password for your ISP account
2.3.5 Check for FreeBSD Errata Although the FreeBSD project strives to ensure that each release of FreeBSD is as stable as possible, bugs do occasionally creep into the process. On very rare occasions those bugs affect the installation process. As these problems are discovered and fixed, they are noted in the FreeBSD Errata (http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/8.0R/errata.html), which is found on the FreeBSD web site. You should check the errata before installing to make sure that there are no late-breaking problems which you should be aware of. Information about all the releases, including the errata for each release, can be found on the release information (http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html) section of the FreeBSD web site (http://www.FreeBSD.org/index.html).
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Chapter 2 Installing FreeBSD
2.3.6 Obtain the FreeBSD Installation Files The FreeBSD installation process can install FreeBSD from files located in any of the following places: Local Media •
A CDROM or DVD
•
A DOS partition on the same computer
•
A SCSI or QIC tape
•
Floppy disks
Network •
An FTP site, going through a firewall, or using an HTTP proxy, as necessary
•
An NFS server
•
A dedicated parallel or serial connection
If you have purchased FreeBSD on CD or DVD then you already have everything you need, and should proceed to the next section (Section 2.3.7). If you have not obtained the FreeBSD installation files you should skip ahead to Section 2.13 which explains how to prepare to install FreeBSD from any of the above. After reading that section, you should come back here, and read on to Section 2.3.7.
2.3.7 Prepare the Boot Media The FreeBSD installation process is started by booting your computer into the FreeBSD installer—it is not a program you run within another operating system. Your computer normally boots using the operating system installed on your hard disk, but it can also be configured to use a “bootable” floppy disk. Most modern computers can also boot from a CDROM in the CDROM drive. Tip: If you have FreeBSD on CDROM or DVD (either one you purchased or you prepared yourself), and your computer allows you to boot from the CDROM or DVD (typically a BIOS option called “Boot Order” or similar), then you can skip this section. The FreeBSD CDROM and DVD images are bootable and can be used to install FreeBSD without any other special preparation.
To create boot floppy images, follow these steps: 1.
Acquire the Boot Floppy Images The boot disks are available on your installation media in the floppies/ directory, and can also be downloaded from the floppies directory, ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/<arch>/
-RELEASE/floppies/. Replace <arch> and with the architecture and the version number which you want to install, respectively. For example, the boot floppy images for FreeBSD/i386 8.0-RELEASE are available from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/8.0-RELEASE/floppies/. The floppy images have a .flp extension. The floppies/ directory contains a number of different images, and the ones you will need to use depends on the version of FreeBSD you are installing, and in some cases, the on motherboard pci0: on pcib0 pcib1: at device 1.0 on pci0 pci1: on pcib1 pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11 isab0: at device 7.0 on pci0 isa0: on isab0 atapci0: port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0 port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci 0 usb0: on uhci0 usb0: USB revision 1.0 uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr1 uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered pci0: (vendor=0x1106, dev=0x3040) at 7.3 dc0: port 0xe800-0xe8ff mem 0xdb000000-0xeb0003ff ir q 11 at device 8.0 on pci0 dc0: Ethernet address: 00:04:5a:74:6b:b5 miibus0: <MII bus> on dc0 ukphy0: on miibus0 ukphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto ed0: port 0xec00-0xec1f irq 9 at device 10. 0 on pci0 ed0 address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit) isa0: too many dependant configs (8) isa0: unexpected small tag 14 orm0: at iomem 0xc0000-0xc7fff on isa0 fdc0: at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq2 on isa0 fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold fd0: <1440-KB 3.5” drive> on fdc0 drive 0 atkbdc0: at port 0x60,0x64 on isa0 atkbd0: flags 0x1 irq1 on atkbdc0 kbd0 at atkbd0 psm0: irq 12 on atkbdc0 psm0: model Generic PS/@ mouse, device ID 0 vga0: at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0 sc0: <System console> at flags 0x100 on isa0 sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300> sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0 sio0: type 16550A sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0 sio1: type 16550A ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0 pppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold plip0: on ppbus0 ad0: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata0-master UDMA33 acd0: CD-RW at ata1-slave PIO4 Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c /stand/sysinstall running as init on vty0[email protected] , and the password to your email address. As your installation media, you specify FTP (or passive FTP, if the proxy supports it), and the URL ftp://foo.example.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD. Since /pub/FreeBSD from ftp.FreeBSD.org is proxied under foo.example.com, you are able to install from that machine (which will fetch the files from ftp.FreeBSD.org as your installation requests them). AMD Features=0x80000800<SYSCALL,3DNow!> real memory = 268435456 (262144K bytes) config> di sn0 on motherboard pci0: on pcib0 pcib1: at device 1.0 on pci0 pci1: on pcib1 pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11 isab0: at device 7.0 on pci0 isa0: on isab0 atapci0: port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0 ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0 ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0 uhci0: port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci0 usb0: on uhci0 usb0: USB revision 1.0 uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1 uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered chip1: at device 7.3 on pci0 ed0: port 0xe800-0xe81f irq 9 at device 10.0 on pci0 ed0: address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit) isa0: too many dependant configs (8) isa0: unexpected small tag 14 fdc0: at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq 2 on isa0 fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0 atkbdc0: at port 0x60-0x64 on isa0 atkbd0: flags 0x1 irq 1 on atkbdc0 kbd0 at atkbd0 psm0: irq 12 on atkbdc0 psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0 vga0: at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0 sc0: <System console> at flags 0x1 on isa0 sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300> sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0 sio0: type 16550A sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0 sio1: type 16550A on ppbus0 lpt0: on ppbus0 lpt0: Interrupt-driven port ppi0: <Parallel I/O> on ppbus0 ad0: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata0-master using UDMA33 ad2: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata1-master using UDMA33 acd0: CDROM at ata0-slave using PIO4 Mounting root from ufs:/dev/ad0s1a swapon: adding /dev/ad0s1b as swap device Automatic boot in progress... /dev/ad0s1a: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1a: clean, 48752 free (552 frags, 6025 blocks, 0.9% fragmentation) /dev/ad0s1f: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1f: clean, 128997 free (21 frags, 16122 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation) /dev/ad0s1g: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1g: clean, 3036299 free (43175 frags, 374073 blocks, 1.3% fragmentation) /dev/ad0s1e: filesystem CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS /dev/ad0s1e: clean, 128193 free (17 frags, 16022 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation) Doing initial network setup: hostname. ed0: flags=8843 mtu 1500 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::5054::5ff::fede:731b%ed0 prefixlen 64 tentative scopeid 0x1 ether 52:54:05:de:73:1b lo0: flags=8049 mtu 16384 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x8 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 Additional routing options: IP gateway=YES TCP keepalive=YES routing daemons:. additional daemons: syslogd. Doing additional network setup:. Starting final network daemons: creating ssh RSA host key Generating public/private rsa1 key pair. Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key. Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub. The key fingerprint is: cd:76:89:16:69:0e:d0:6e:f8:66:d0:07:26:3c:7e:2d [email protected] creating ssh DSA host key Generating public/private dsa key pair. Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key. Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub. The key fingerprint is: f9:a1:a9:47:c4:ad:f9:8d:52:b8:b8:ff:8c:ad:2d:e6 [email protected] . setting ELF ldconfig path: /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib /usr/local/lib a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aout starting standard daemons: inetd cron sshd usbd sendmail. Initial rc.i386 initialization:.[email protected] sysutils[email protected] . 230230-. Please take this into account when phrasing your questions. In particular, ports shown as maintained by <[email protected] > are actually not maintained by anyone. Fixes and support, if any, come from the general community who subscribe to that mailing list. More volunteers are always needed! <4 horiz. timings> <4 vert. timings> tag: /path/to/my/fonts <double>14 <edit name="antialias" mode="assign">false <match target="font"> <double>14 <edit mode="assign" name="antialias"> false <string>fixed <edit name="family" mode="assign"> <string>mono <match target="pattern" name="family"> <string>console <edit name="family" mode="assign"> <string>mono <string>mono <edit name="spacing" mode="assign"> 100 <string>Helvetica <edit name="family" mode="assign"> <string>sans-serif unknown <edit name="rgba" mode="assign"> rgb port 0xdc80-0xdcbf,0xd800-0xd8ff irq 5 at device 31.5 on pci0 pcm0: [GIANT-LOCKED] pcm0: at io 0xd800, 0xdc80 irq 5 bufsz 16384 kld snd_ich (1p/2r/0v channels duplex default) mem 0xd7000000-0xd7000fff irq 10 at device 10.0 on pci0 iicbb0: on bti2c0 iicbus0: on iicbb0 master-only iicbus1: on iicbb0 master-only smbus0: <System Management Bus> on bti2c0 bktr0: Pinnacle/Miro TV, Philips SECAM tuner. Fixed Scanner SCSI-2 device pass2: 3.300MB/s transfers irq 12 on atkbdc0 [GIANT-LOCKED] [ITHREAD] model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0 <job>" 1>&2 exit 1 fi # # Save these, mostly for readability in the PostScript, below. # user=$1 host=$2 job=$3 date=‘date‘ # # Send the PostScript code to stdout. # exec cat <<EOF %!PS % % Make sure we do not interfere with user’s job that will follow % save % % Make a thick, unpleasant border around the edge of the paper. % $border $border moveto $page_width $border 2 mul sub 0 rlineto 0 $page_height $border 2 mul sub rlineto currentscreen 3 -1 roll pop 100 3 1 roll setscreen $border 2 mul $page_width sub 0 rlineto closepath 0.8 setgray 10 setlinewidth stroke 0 setgray % % Display user’s login name, nice and large and prominent % /Helvetica-Bold findfont 64 scalefont setfont $page_width ($user) stringwidth pop sub 2 div $page_height 200 sub moveto ($user) show % % Now show the boring particulars % /Helvetica findfont 14 scalefont setfont /y 200 def [ (Job:) (Host:) (Date:) ] { 200 y moveto show /y y 18 sub def } forall /Helvetica-Bold findfont 14 scalefont setfont /y 200 def [ ($job) ($host) ($date) ] { 270 y moveto show /y y 18 sub def (Message ID: <[email protected] >). on miibus0 ukphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto dc1: <82c169 PNIC 10/100BaseTX> port 0x9800-0x98ff mem 0xd3000000-0xd30 000ff irq 11 at device 12.0 on pci0 dc1: Ethernet address: 00:a0:cc:da:da:db miibus1: <MII bus> on dc1 ukphy1: on miibus1 ukphy1: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto mtu 1500 inet 192.168.1.3 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether 00:a0:cc:da:da:da media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX ) status: active dc1: flags=8843 mtu 1500 inet 10.0.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255 ether 00:a0:cc:da:da:db media: Ethernet 10baseT/UTP status: no carrier lp0: flags=8810 mtu 1500 lo0: flags=8049 mtu 16384 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 tun0: flags=8010 mtu 1500)). We see that dc1 was configured to run with 10baseT/UTP media. For more information on available media types for a driver, please refer to its manual page. 7. The status of the link (status) is active, i.e. the carrier is detected. For dc1, we see status: no carrier. This is normal when an Ethernet cable is not plugged into the card. If the ifconfig(8) output had shown something similar to: dc0: flags=8843 mtu 1500 ether 00:a0:cc:da:da:da[email protected] (mailto:[email protected] ): •, Create [y] ? y Principal: passwd, Instance: grunt, kdc_key_ver: 1 New Password: <---- enter RANDOM here Verifying password New Password: <---- enter RANDOM here Random password [y] ? y, Create [y] ? Principal: rcmd, Instance: grunt, kdc_key_ver: 1 New Password: <---- enter RANDOM here Verifying password New Password:, Create [y] ? y Principal: jane, Instance: , kdc_key_ver: 1 New Password: <---- enter a secure password here Verifying password <---- re-enter the password here Principal’s new key version = 1 New Password:[email protected] Expires Apr 30 19:23:22[email protected] , Create [y] ? y Principal: jane, Instance: root, kdc_key_ver: 1 New Password: <---- enter a SECURE password here Verifying password <---- re-enter the password here[email protected] [email protected] Issued May 2 20:43:12[email protected] of the form <username>.root will allow that <username> to su(1) to root if the necessary entries are in the .klogin file in root’s home directory: # cat /root/.klogin[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ’s Password: % klist[email protected] Issued Aug 27 15:37:58[email protected] [email protected] ) mapped to a local user account (such as a local account named tillman). Client applications such as telnet usually do not require a user name or a principal. Occasionally, however, you want to grant access to a local user account to someone who does not have a matching Kerberos principal. For example, [email protected] may need access to the local user account webdevelopers. Other principals may also need access to that local account. The .k5login and .k5users files, placed in a users home directory, can be used similar to a powerful combination of .hosts and .rhosts, solving this problem. For example, if a .k5login with the following contents: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Please enter the following ’extra’ attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []:SOME PASSWORD An optional company name []:Another Name[email protected] [email protected] ’s password: *******[email protected] :/COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT[email protected] ’s password: ******* COPYRIGHT 100% |*****************************| 00:00[email protected] [email protected] %[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ’s password: ***** % telnet localhost 5025[email protected] [email protected] ’s password: ******[email protected] [email protected] ’s password: *******[email protected] [email protected] admin 1 problem(s) in your installed packages found. You are advised to update or deinstall the affected package(s) immediately., but were greatly improved in FreeBSD 5.X to make them a powerful and flexible subsystem. Their development still goes on, enhancing their usefulness, performance, reliability, and security.[email protected] > at. This section illustrates how to set up a FreeBSD system that adds an additional layer of security, using the jail(8) feature. It is also assumed that the given system is at least running RELENG_6_0 and the information provided earlier in this chapter has been well understood. 15.6.1.1 Design One of the major problems with jails is the management of their upgrade process. This tends to be a problem because every jail has to be rebuilt from scratch whenever it is updated. This is usually not a problem for a single jail, since the update process is fairly simple, but can be quite time consuming and tedious if a lot of jails are created. Warning: This setup requires advanced experience with FreeBSD and usage of its features. If the presented steps below look too complicated, it is advised to take a look at a simpler system such as sysutils/ezjail, which provides an easier method of administering FreeBSD jails and is not as sophisticated as this setup. ATA/ATAPI rev 0 ATA channel 1: Master: no device present Slave: no device present ATA channel 2: Master: ad4 <MAXTOR 6L080J4/A93.0500> ATA/ATAPI rev 5 Slave: no device present ATA channel 3: Master: ad6 <MAXTOR 6L080J4/A93.0500> ATA/ATAPI rev 5 Slave: no device present # atacontrol status ar0 Removable Direct Access SCSI-2 device da0: 1.000MB/s transfers da0: 126MB (258048 512 byte sectors: 64H 32S/T 126C)[email protected] dd of=/mybigfiles/dump-usr-l0.gz[email protected] :/dev/sa0 /usr. The geli utility is different to gbde; it offers different features and uses a different scheme for doing cryptographic work. The most important features of geli(8) are: •[email protected] :/usr/home/kmacy/p4/freebsd7_xen3/src/sys/i386-xen/compile/XEN WARNING: DIAGNOSTIC option enabled, expect reduced performance. Xen reported: 1796.927 MHz processor. Timecounter "ixen" frequency 1796927000 Hz quality 0 CPU: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 1.80GHz (1796.93-MHz 686-class CPU) Origin = "GenuineIntel" Id = 0xf29 Stepping = 9 Features=0xbfebfbff Features2=0x4400> real memory = 265244672 (252 MB) avail memory = 255963136 (244 MB) xc0: <Xen Console> on motherboard cpu0 on motherboard Timecounters tick every 10.000 msec [XEN] Initialising virtual ethernet driver. xn0: Ethernet address: 00:16:3e:6b:de:3a [XEN] Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/xbd769a WARNING: / was not properly dismounted Loading configuration files. No suitable dump device was found. Entropy harvesting: interrupts ethernet point_to_point kickstart. Starting file system checks: /dev/xbd769a: 18859 files, 140370 used, 113473 free (10769 frags, 12838 blocks, 4.2% fragmentation Setting hostname: demo.freebsd.org. lo0: flags=8049 mtu 16384 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x2 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 Additional routing options:. Mounting NFS file systems:. Starting syslogd. /etc/rc: WARNING: Dump device does not exist. Savecore not run. ELF ldconfig path: /lib /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib /usr/local/lib a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aout Starting usbd. usb: Kernel module not available: No such file or directory Starting local daemons:. Updating motd. Starting sshd. Initial i386 initialization:. Additional ABI support: linux. Starting cron. Local package initialization:. Additional TCP options:.[email protected] :/usr/home/kmacy/p4/freebsd7_xen3/src/sys/i386-xen/compile/XENCONF mtu 1500 inet 10.10.10.200 netmask 0xff000000 broadcast 10.255.255.255 ether 00:16:3e:6b:de:3a lo0: flags=8049 mtu 16384 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x2 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000[email protected] >. Chuan-Hsing Shen <[email protected] > has created the Chinese FreeBSD Collection (CFC) (http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/cfc/) using FreeBSD-Taiwan’s zh-L10N-tut. The packages and the script files are available at ftp://freebsd.csie.nctu.edu.tw/pub/taiwan/CFC/.[email protected] > wrote a tutorial on using umlauts on a FreeBSD machine. The tutorial is written in German and is available at http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~eserte/FreeBSD/doc/umlaute/umlaute.html. has written a complete article on Greek support in FreeBSD. It is available as part of the official FreeBSD Greek documentation, in http://www.freebsd.org/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/articles/greek-language-support/index.html (http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/articles/greek-language-support/index.html). Please note this is in Greek only.[email protected] > on a monthly basis. These are listed in the FreeBSD Ports Collection, under the virtual category named docs (http://www.freshports.org/docs/). 24.4.6.1 Building and Installing Documentation Ports The documentation ports use the ports building framework to make documentation builds easier. They automate the process of checking out the documentation source, running make(1) with the appropriate environment settings and command-line options, and they make the installation or deinstallation of documentation as easy as the installation of any other FreeBSD port or package. Note: As an extra feature, when the documentation ports are built locally, they record a dependency to the documentation toolchain ports, so the latter is automatically installed too.[email protected] > prepares monthly snapshots of the FreeBSD documentation packages. These binary packages can be used with any of the bundled package tools, like pkg_add(1), pkg_delete(1), and so on. Note: When binary packages are used, the FreeBSD documentation will be installed in all available formats for the given language. mtu 1500 inet 216.136.204.117 --> 204.152.186.171 netmask 0xffffffff mtu 1500 inet 216.136.204.21 --> 204.152.186.171 netmask 0xffffff00 Opened by PID 918 inet 136.152.64.181 --> 136.152.64.1 netmask ffffff00 •[email protected] >. The next example shows writing mail to a file, in this case /dev/null. The last example shows sending mail to a program, in this case the mail message is written to the standard input of /usr/local/bin/procmail through a UNIX pipe. When this file is updated, you need to run make in /etc/mail/ to update the database.[email protected] [email protected] @example.com[email protected] joe to the local mailbox root. The next entry maps <[email protected] > to the mailbox postmaster on the host noc.example.net. Finally, if nothing from example.com has matched so far, it will match the last mapping, which matches every other mail message addressed to someone at example.com. This will be mapped to the local mailbox joe.[email protected] >... Local configuration error should work without problems (assuming sendmail is running correctly on example.FreeBSD.org). If instead you see something like this: # host example.FreeBSD.org > 3,0 [email protected] [email protected] mailhub=mail.example.com rewriteDomain=example.com hostname=_HOSTNAME_[email protected] > rather than <[email protected] >. You may also wish to tell sendmail to send all mail via relay.example.net, allowing quicker mail transmission. The following .mc file should suffice: VERSIONID(‘bsd.home.mc version 1.0’) OSTYPE(bsd4.4)dnl FEATURE(nouucp)dnl MAILER(local)dnl MAILER(smtp)dnl Cwlocalhost Cwbsd.home MASQUERADE_AS(‘example.net’)dnl FEATURE(allmasquerade)dnl FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)dnl FEATURE(nocanonify)dnl FEATURE(nodns)dnl define(‘SMART_HOST’, ‘relay.example.net’) Dmbsd.home define(‘confDOMAIN_NAME’,‘bsd.home’)dnl define(‘confDELIVERY_MODE’,‘deferred’)dnl[email protected] > to an external address of : :0 * ^From.*[email protected] ! [email protected] : :0 * < 1000 ! [email protected] into a mailbox called alternate: :0 * ^[email protected] alternate[email protected] { LISTNAME=${MATCH} :0 * LISTNAME??^\/[^@]+ FreeBSD-${MATCH} }. master server : ellington next host to add: coltrane next host to add: ^D The current list of NIS servers looks like this: ellington coltrane Is this correct? [y/n: y] y [..output from map generation..] NIS Map update completed. ellington has been setup as an YP master server without any errors. ypinit should have created /var/yp/Makefile from /var/yp/Makefile.dist. When created, this file assumes that you are operating in a single server NIS environment with only FreeBSD machines. Since test-domain has a slave server as well, you must edit /var/yp/Makefile: ellington# vi /var/yp/Makefile becomes admin.example.org)[email protected] ServerName www.domain.tld DocumentRoot /www/domain.tld ServerName www.someotherdomain.tld DocumentRoot /www/someotherdomain.tld SetHandler python-program PythonPath "[’/dir/to/your/django/packages/’] + sys.path" PythonHandler django.core.handlers.modpython SetEnv DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE mysite.settings PythonAutoReload On PythonDebug On DirectoryIndex index.php index.html AddType application/x-httpd-php .php AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps mem 0xff9f0000-0xff9fffff irq 17 at device 2.0 on pci2 ath0: Ethernet address: 00:11:95:d5:43:62 ath0: mac 7.9 phy 4.5 radio 5.6 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/54Mbps) status: associated ssid dlinkap channel 6 bssid 00:13:46:49:41:76 authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 36 protmode CTS bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/36Mbps) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/48Mbps) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (OFDM/36Mbps) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (DS/11Mbps) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS roaming MANUAL bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 mtu 1500 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4 ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (autoselect ) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 2 bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 36 protmode CTS bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fed5:4362%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (autoselect ) status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 2 bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 36 protmode CTS bintval 100 mtu 1500 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4 ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpowmax 38 bmiss 7 protmode CTS burst dtimperiod 1 bintval 100 mtu 1500 mtu 2290 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4 ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy MIXED deftxkey 2 TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS dtimperio mtu 1500 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode OPEN privacy ON deftxkey 3 wepkey 3:40-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS dtimperiod 1 bintva <Sniff mode> <Park mode> <SCO link> <Paging scheme> Max. ACL packet size: 192 bytes Number of ACL packets: 8 Max. SCO packet size: 64 bytes Number of SCO packets: 8 metric 0 mtu 1500 ether 96:3d:4b:f1:79:7a id 00:00:00:00:00:00 priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15 maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200 root id 00:00:00:00:00:00 priority 0 ifcost 0 port 0 metric 0 mtu 1500 ether d6:cf:d5:a0:94:6d id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15 maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200 root id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 ifcost 0 port 0 member: fxp0 flags=1c7 port 3 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp role designated state forwarding member: fxp1 flags=1c7 port 4 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp role designated state forwarding metric 0 mtu 1500 ether 96:3d:4b:f1:79:7a id 00:13:d4:9a:06:7a priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15 maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200 root id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 ifcost 400000 port 4 member: fxp0 flags=1c7 port 4 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp role root state forwarding member: fxp1 flags=1c7 port 5 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp role designated state forwarding metric 0 mtu 1500 options=8 ether 00:05:5d:71:8d:b8 media: Ethernet autoselect status: active laggproto lacp laggport: fxp1 flags=1c laggport: fxp0 flags=1c metric 0 mtu 1500 options=8 ether 00:05:5d:71:8d:b8 media: Ethernet autoselect status: active laggproto failover laggport: fxp1 flags=0<> laggport: fxp0 flags=5<MASTER,ACTIVE> metric 0 mtu 1500 options=19b ether 00:21:70:da:ae:37 inet6 fe80::221:70ff:feda:ae37%bge0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x2 nd6 options=29 media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseT ) status: active metric 0 mtu 1500 options=8 ether 00:21:70:da:ae:37 media: Ethernet autoselect status: active laggproto failover laggport: wlan0 flags=0<> laggport: bge0 flags=5<MASTER,ACTIVE>. For questions regarding the installation, configuration and troubleshooting isdn4bsd, a freebsd-isdn (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-isdn) mailing list is available. on ppbus0 lpt0: Interrupt-driven port mtu 1500 mtu 1500 inet 10.0.0.1 --> 10.0.0.2 netmask 0xff000000 # netstat -r mtu 1500 inet 10.0.0.10 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255 WWW: http://www.freebsdmall.com/[email protected] > WWW: http://www.lpmagazine.org/ WWW: http://linuxcenter.ru/shop/freebsd[email protected] > WWW: http://www.cylogistics.com/[email protected] > WWW: http://linuxcenter.kz/page.php?page=fr WWW: http://linuxcenter.ru/freebsd[email protected] > for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. •[email protected] > for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. • for this domain. •[email protected] :/home/ncvs (pserver (password “anoncvs”), ssh (no password))[email protected] :/home/ncvs (Use cvs login and enter the password “anoncvs” when prompted.)[email protected] :/home/ncvs (pserver (use cvs login and enter any password when prompted), ssh (no password))[email protected] :/home/ncvs (ssh only - no password) SSH HostKey: 1024 a1:e7:46:de:fb:56:ef:05:bc:73:aa:91:09:da:f7:f4 [email protected] SSH2 HostKey: 1024 52:02:38:1a:2f:a8:71:d3:f5:83:93:8d:aa:00:6f:65 ssh_host_dsa_key.pub[email protected] :/home/ncvs (ssh2 only - no password)[email protected] :/home/ncvs % cvs login[email protected] :/home/ncvs co src[email protected] :/home/ncvs % cvs login[email protected] :/home/ncvs % cvs login[email protected] :/home/ncvs % cvs login[email protected] >. It will then be redistributed to mailing list members world-wide. To unsubscribe yourself from a list, click on the URL found at the bottom of every email received from the list. It is also possible to send an email to <[email protected] > to unsubscribe yourself. Again, we would like to request that you keep discussion in the technical mailing lists on a technical track. If you are only interested in important announcements then it is suggested that you join the FreeBSD announcements mailing list (http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-announce), which is intended only for infrequent traffic.[email protected] >, after which, on a third offense, the poster will removed from all FreeBSD mailing lists and filtered from further posting to them. We regret that such rules and measures are necessary at all, but today’s Internet is a pretty harsh environment, it would seem, and many fail to appreciate just how fragile some of its mechanisms are. Rules of the road: •[email protected] >. [email protected] > pub sub[email protected] > Key fingerprint = C374 0FC5 69A6 FBB1 4AED B131 15D6 8804 CA6C DFB2 2048g/A3071809 2002-08-27 pub[email protected] Key fingerprint = CE EF 8A 48 70 00 B5 A9 55 69 DE 87 E3 9A E1 CD[email protected] > pub uid sub[email protected] > 2048g/80B696E6 2005-11-30[email protected] > pub uid sub[email protected] ) <[email protected] > 2048g/1C4683F1 2006-07-29 pub uid Key fingerprint = 655D 519C 26A7 82E7 2529 9BF0 5D8E 8BE9 F238 1AD4 Brooks Davis Brooks Davis 2048g/CFDACA7A 2003-01-25 [expires: 2008-01-24] 1024g/42921194 2001-02-10 [expires: 2009-02-08] pub uid uid uid uid sub pub uid uid sub George V. Neville-Neil 2048g/95A74F6E 2002-09-17 pub uid uid uid uid uid uid uid uid sub Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato Hiroki Sato 1024g/8CD251FF 2001-06-12[email protected] > pub sub[email protected] > Key fingerprint = E2CA 411D DD44 53FD BB4B 3CB5 B4D7 10A2 0E45 1F7D 1024g/965A770C 2001-02-12 pub uid uid sub Key fingerprint = E65D 0E7D 7E16 B212 1BD6 39EE 5ABC B405 68E8 40A5 Kris Kennaway Kris Kennaway 2048g/03A41C45 2000-01-14 [expires: 2006-01-14][email protected] > pub uid uid uid sub[email protected] > Ariff Abdullah <[email protected] > Ariff Abdullah <[email protected] > 2048g/8958C1D3 2005-10-01 pub uid uid uid uid uid uid uid uid uid sub sub sub Thomas Abthorpe Thomas Abthorpe Thomas Abthorpe Thomas Abthorpe Thomas Abthorpe Thomas Abthorpe Thomas Abthorpe Thomas Abthorpe (FreeBSD Ports Committer) 