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Table I : Examplesof convergentevolutionin mammals.

HOLARCTICA

AFRI C A

MADAGASCAR

S. AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

CARNIVORA

CARMVORA

(M) DTDELPHOTDS

DASYUROTDS(M)

1. CARNIVOROUS MAMMALS CARNTVORA

vivenlls CREODONTA*

bffhy&nids'

CREOMNTAi'

PHALANGEROIDSOT) marsupial 'lion' ,

UNCULATESi

(Thflocoleo*)

CETACEA rnesonychids* la. Long.leggedCursorial CarDivores:(t = highly cusorial pDrsuirpredators) CARNWORA

CARNIVORA

drgsf, beardogs*

hy&nasl

dcg b€ars*

cheeuht

G,EODONTA*

DIDELPHOIDS(M) somebqhyacnids*

s b

ma8upial 'wolf

D.

(Thflocin|af)

G.EODONTA*

somehyenodontids+

9t

DASYUROIDS (M)

$

(?still extano

o

somehyaenodontidg*

ARCHAIC UNGWATESi :t:rc -eiio\Ehids-

T-k

I (.otir!cd) HOLARCTICA

AFRICA

MADAGASCAR

S. AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

F 5

3 $

c'' D. Sabre.toolbed Canivorei:

(t = R€centforms that may be evolving in tl s dir€ction)

CARNIVORA sabre-bo$edfelidg*

CARNIVORA sabre-toothed felids*

CARMVORA fossat (viverid)

ninravids*

DIDEI.PHOIDS (M) hortrlenid+

PHALANGEROIDS(M) Thlla@leo*

(Th!lacosnilutr)

chd€d@dt CREODONTA* somehya€nodontids* 1c. Somiaqurtic Cartivores/Omnivores: INSECNVORA (Egnans

INSECTTVORA ouet stuew

INSECTIVORA oller teDr€c

DIDELPHOIDS (M) (Yapok) waEropossum

MONOTREMES plarnus

watervoles . Fnlilesrids* RODENTIA musl@ts

RODENNA Auslalian wat€rmts

CARNIVORA it

otters

Tabl€ I fcontinued) HOLARCTICA

AFRICA

MADACASCAR

S. AMERTCA

AUSTRALIA

UNGIILATES:

PHALANGEROIDS(M)

o

mink polrr bear ld. Fully Aqurtic CarDivores:(t = obligateaquatics) CARNTVORA s€als& sealions CETACEANS whalest & dolphinst 2. SPECIALISED IIERBIVORES WITH CELLULOSE TTRMENTATION UNGULATES:

IJNCULATES:

PERISSODACTYLS

PROBOSCIDEANS

NOTOIJNCIJLATES*

s)

ARTIODACTYLS

HYRACOIDS

LITOPTERNST

b

ARSINOTHERTS*

PYROTHERES+

SOME RODENTS

s

SOME RODENTS

SOME RODENTS

b- Cu'sorial (runtriDg) ForEs eith Lotrg Legs: (t = richochel,al) PERISSODACTYTJ trs

TSk

HYRACOIDS pliohy-acines*

; LITOPIERNS+

PHALANCEROIDS(M)

proterolheres*

KangarmsT

I (cortir!.d) HOLARCTICA

AFRICA

MADAGASCAR

S. AMERICA

A U S T R A LIA

s ql

ARTIODACTYLS

NOTOIJNCTJI-\TES*

carnelids

nolohippids*

ruminants(antelope,de€r,erc.) 2b. Small.bodied BouDding Fonns: (l = rich@hetal) LAGOMORPHS rabbils& hares

RODENTS springharct

RODENTS mam& aSoulis

ARTIODACTYLS

ARTIODACTTLS

NOTOIJNCTI"C.TES*

Eagulids

tragulids

typolheresi

PHALANGEROIDS(M) ml kanBaroosT

2c. Snall.bodled, Rock Dwellirg ForrDs: RODENTS llvumot!| LAGOMORPHS pikas

RODENTS gundis& dassierals HYRACOIDS rck ht'rdxes

RODENTS

PIIALANGEROIDS (M)

\.uc{nas,

ring-|ailedpossums

chinchillas

rock wallabies

Kenlon

2d. 'High-brovsiDS' ForEs, with Lotrg Neck or Equivslent: ARTIODACTYLS aepyc.meline+camelids

ARTIODACTYIJ girEfres

LITOPIERNSi. macra[cheniids+

PHALANGEROIDS(M) sthenurine+kangaroos

Table I (continued) HOLARCTICA

AFRI CA

MADAGASCAR

S. AMERICA

gi.alfe antEloF Gerenuk)

AUSTRALIA

@

(Cotd elevabann aho!€ head)

2€. Large-bodied('Graviportal') Terrestrial Forms: PERISSODACTYLS

PROBOSCIDEANS

NOTOIjNGIJLATES*

rTunos

elephanB

ttrontodFres*

ml$todonts'

PYROTIIERES*

gomphother€s*

EDENTATES

loxodontids*

PHALANGEROIDS(M) diporodontids+ ( = giant 'wombaE')

gllptodonsi

ARSINOTHERES+ :L Large.bodied Clawed Forhs: PERISSODACfiT.S

NOTOIJNGIJI-ATES*

chalic.thercst

honalodothercs.

PIIALANGEROIDS (M) paloNchestiG'

EDENTATES

s S

D'

gound sloths*

$

2!. ycditrE to largd-bodi.d S€mirqurtic Forms: (t = fully aquaric) PERISSODACTN.S

PROBOSCIDEANS

Eps's !.-d\rqherine'

T.bL

mo€dthePs*

ARTIODACTYLS hippo'

rhinos

RODENTS c4yha

PSALANGEROIDS(M)

s o

?diFotodontidsi

cotTu

l {cotrliroed) HOLARCTICA

AFRICA

MADAGASCAR

S. AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

F o

amynodonlid+rhinos ARTIODACTYLS someorcodonBl

ARTIODACTYLS hippos and|r&otheEsr

HYRA)GS

SIRENIANST seacows& manatees

ARCHAIC IJNGIJLATES'

DESMOSTYLIANS'I

panbdonBr uinBtheres* RODENTS heaver 2h. Fortns PoosessiDg Hons (or Equivrlent Structures): (l = dedna.lhorn madeof keratin) PERISSODACfiLS rhinosi bronDtherest ARTIODACTYLS

ARSINOTHERES*

NOTOUNGI.'LATES* toxodontidsr

PIIALANGEROIDS (M) {angaoos (Maleshavelrrge arms,for 'boxing')

Tablc 1 (conlinued) HOLARCTICA

q,

AFRICA

MADAGASCAR

S. AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

o

prot6€latids+ someoa€odonls+ one Pig{ ruminants(6timesin pamibl) ARCIIA]C UNGIJLATES uintatlEres* RODENTS mylagaulidsr

o

3. ARBOREAL FRUGIVORE/HERBIVORES PRIMATES Old Wcrld monkeys

PRIMATES Old Wodd monkeys

PRIMATES lemu$

PRIMATES NewWodd monkeys DIDELPHOIDS(M)

HYRACOIDS

someopossums

taeehFax

PIIALANGEROIDS (M) possums EeeXangatoos

s d $

s

koala

tr $

AUSTRALIA

F

EDENTATES Eeesloths

T.blc

I (coDtinued) HOLARCTICA

AFRICA

MADAGASCAR

S. AMERICA

$

I. ARBOREAL BRACHIATING FOR.MS PRIMATES

PRIMATES

Palacopropitlvcuf

gibbons

PRIMATES spide.rmonkeys

5. ARBOREAL INSECT BORERS (WITH ELONGATED DIGTT ON HAND) PHATANGEROIDS(M)

PRIMATES

INSECNVORA

sEipedpossum

a,]/e-^,re

apaternyids+ 5. GUM EATING ARBOREAL FORMS PRIMATES lorises

PRJMATES bushbabies

PRIMATES dwarf lemus

PRIMATES marmoseLs

PHALANGEROIDS(M) PelauridPossums tradbeateis possum

forms ftar may be evolvingin this direction) 7. MYRMECOPHAGEOUS (ANTnERMITE-EATING) FORMS: (l = lessspecialised PHOLIMTA pangolins

PHOLIDOTA pangolins TIJBILIDENTATA aadva*

EDENTATES an@a@rs arftadill06t

DASYUROIDS(M) numDal MONOTREMES echidna

Table I (cohtinued) N

CARNWORA aardwolfl Oyena)

CARNIVORA falanoucf(vivenid)

bat+ded foxt t, NECTAR EATING FORMS CHIROPTERA

CHIROPIERA

CHIROPTERA

CHIROPIERA

CHIROPTERA PHALANGEROIDS(M) honeypossum feath€r-tailedpossurns

9. GLIDING FORMS RODENTS

RODENTS

fling squinels

PHALANGEROIDS(M)

scaly-lailedsquirrels

flying possums

.DERMOPTERANS'

Sr

s

b o

flying 'lemur' (colugo) krcrnomyda+ (18racia*)

F

(relationshipsto colugo urcElvDnI

Trblc

I (coitibred)

HOLARCTICA

AFRICA

MADAGASCAR

S. AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

t d'

IO. SUBTERRANEAN BURROWINC FORMS INSECTIVORA

INSECTTVORA

fue moles

golder rhole

RODENTS

INSECTIVORA

(M) DIDET-PHOIDS

(M) DASYTJROIDS mole marsupial

mole leff€cs

RODENTS

gophers

(,ot laul

mylagaulids*

African mole rats

Asiatic mole raB PHOLIDoTA epoicolherc,st 1I. FORMS POSSESSINCSPINES IOR OTHER DERMAL ARMOUR(I)] RODENTS New World fcupine,s

Old Worldporcupines

hedgetFg t€nr€cs

h€dgelDgs

pangolinsl

New World porcupines

INSECTWORA

INSECTIVORA

PHOLIDOTA

RODENTS

RODENTS

PHOLIDOTA paDgolinst

EDENTATA amadillocl

MONOTREMES echid|a

A F RI CA

MADAGASCAR

ar8)rolagiG'

DIDELPHOIDS(M)

glyprodontst+

S. AMERICA

bandicoots

PERAMELINA (M)

b

F

:\ d

somemarsupial"mice"

DASYI.JROIDS(M)

Ausfalian hoppingmic€

RODENTS

A U S TR A L IA

- = e\dnct lalion: (M) : marsupialtaxon. Geogaphic region refers primanly to area of origin, rather than present-daydistdbution, exceptfor Madagascar. E-.morphs are numberedand some are further subdivided.Taxa of superfamilialrank and higher are indicated in upper-case,containedtaxa of lower rank or s-i_ e\amplesare indentedand Eivenin lower-case

eleDhantshrews

MACROSCELIDEA

1 3. SMALL-BODIED, BOUNDINC INSECTTVOROUS/OMNIVOROUSFORMS

?aiarnMalestids*

PRMITIVE EUTI{ERIANS*

Jermas

kangar@rab

RODENTS

RICHOCHETAL SEED.EATING FORMS

HOLARCTICA

Table I (coDtiDued)

l

D: LATE MIOCENE

C: LATE EARLY MIOCENEMID MIOCENE 12

B: LATE OLIGOCENEEARLYEARLY MlocENE 20

29

A: MID OLIGOCENE

31

MA lnooer,lr

2545 6

7A

LARGER SABREPURSUIT UNGULATE BROWSING BNOWSIl{G 'iTIXED. FEEDINGTOOTHED C A R N I V O R E ARTIODACTYLARTIO. ARTIO. CARI{IVORE

HIPPO-LIKE SIIALL

MAMMAL ECOMORPH BOI{E. C AR IV OR E

C R U S H IN G

o

s

$

6'

b

=

o

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f

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HYRACOTHERI UM MERYCHI PPUS E OU U S

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