English kings and queens (Английские короли и королевы): Методическая разработка

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Федеральное агентство по образованию Государственное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования

УФИМСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ РАДИОЭЛЕКТРОНИКИ

Методическая разработка Контрольные задания для студентов

по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»

Уфа 2004

Методическая разработка для студентов по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»

Составитель: Рецензенты:

Н.А.Савина

Преподаватель УГКР

(Фамилия И.О.)

(Занимаемая должность и место работы)

Д.Г.Салахова

Председатель ПЦК, преподаватель УГКР

(Фамилия И.О.)

(Занимаемая должность и место работы)

Т.В. Иванова (Фамилия И.О.)

Преподаватель БГПУ, доцент, к.п.н. (Занимаемая должность и место работы)

Предисловие Данная методическая разработка на тему “English kings and queens” (английские короли и королевы) содержит познавательный и интересный материал. Здесь предлагается студентам познакомиться с историей Англии как великой державой, ее историческими событиями, правителями, а так же многими интересными событиями, происходившими в разные периоды правления. Для облегчения понимания содержания работы представлен словарь по теме в алфавитном порядке, хронологическая таблица правления королей, семейное дерево королевской семьи. Для контроля понимания прочитанного представлены разнообразные грамматические и лексические упражнения. Данный материал может быть использован в качестве закрепляющего материала по теме: GREAT BRITAIN, для самостоятельной работы студентов, а также для внеклассной работы не только преподавателями УГКР, но и преподавателями английского языка других учебных заведений СПО г. Уфы и РБ

3

Содержание.

English Kings and Queens. РLAN. I. England under Henry VII. II. England under Henry VIII. III. Elizabeth I. IV. Charles I (part I). V. Charles I (part II). VI. Queen Victoria. VII. Elizabeth II. VIII. The family tree of the Windsors. IX. Exercises. X. Chronology. XI. Dictionary. XII. Literature.

1.

Англия под управлением Генри VII…………………… 5

2.

Англия под управлением Генри VIII…………………… 6

3.

Елизавета I………………………………………………

14

4.

Чарльз I ( часть I )………………………………………

20

5.

Чарльз I ( часть II )……………………………………… 22

6.

Королева Виктория……………………………………… 24

7.

Елизавета II……………………………………………… 29

8.

Семейное дерево………………………………………… 31

9.

Грамматические и лексические упражнения…………… 31

10. Хронологическая последовательность………………… 39 11. Словарь…………………………………………………… 44 12. Использованная литература…………………………… 56

4

57

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2 W

I. ENGLAND UNDER HENRY THE SEVENTH. In historical development the rule of the Tudors (1485-1603) with their ab-

Worthless

никчемный

solute power in the long run contributed to the strengthening of its role in in-

Wound Wreck Wrong

рана, ранить топить зло, неправда, несправедливость

ternational affairs. The 16th century was the age of a growing absolutism of monarchy and centralisation of the state; these phenomenа facilitated the development and

XII. LITERATURE

foundation of new capitalist relations in production. The English type of absolute monarchy was shaped by Henry VII.

1.

2.

Захарова Е.В. Введение в лингвострановедение Великобритании// Учебное пособие для студентов подготовительного факультета

nobility and people hoped, in the first joy of their deliverance from Richard the

РУДН, М., 1998.

Third. He was very cold, crafty, and calculating, and would do almost anything

Кауфман К.И., Кауфман М.Ю. Страницы британской истории//

for money. He possessed considerable ability, but his chief merit appears to

Книга для чтения по английскому языку в 7 – 11 классах общеоб-

have been that he was not cruel when there was nothing to be got by it.

разовательной школы, - Обнинск: Титул, 1998. 3. 4.

King Henry the Seventh did not turn out to be as fine a fellow as the

The new King had promised the nobles who had espoused his cause

Guryeva Yu. F. Deep are the roots…// A Concise History of Britain -

that he would marry the Princess Elizabeth of York. The first thing he did was

Обнинск: Титул, 1999.

to direct her to be removed from the castle of Sheriff Mutton in Yorkshire,

Great Britain. Пособие по страноведению для старших классов

where Richard had placed her, and restored to the care of her mother in Lon-

гимназий, колледжей. Составитель Ю. Голицинский.- «КАРО»,

don. Then he came to London in great state, and gratified the people with a

Санкт-Петербург, 2000

fine procession; on which kind of show he often very much relied for keeping them in good humour. The sports and feasts which took place were followed by a terrible fever, called the Sweating Sickness, of which great numbers of people died. The King's coronation was postponed on account of the general illhealth, and he afterwards deferred his marriage, as if he were not very anxious that it should take place: and, even after that, deferred the Queen's coronation so long that he gave offence to the York party. However, he set these things right in the end, by hanging some men and seizing on the rich possessions of 56

5

others; by granting more popular pardons to the followers of the late King and, by employing about his Court, some not very scrupulous persons who had been employed in the previous reign.

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2 T

Trim

подравнивать

Troop Try

войска зд. судить

Tyranny

тирания, деспотизм

strong enough to prevent any revival of armed strength of any group of nobles, and

Uneasy

U неудобный, обеспокоенный, встревоженный

he enjoyed support of merchants and small landowners who had all suffered from

ful enough to claim the political power were to fight for in the 17th century. They

unemployment Uniformity unwillingly Uphold Upwards Urge

безработица единообразие неохотно поддерживать зд. выше побуждать, убеждать

were strong enough to be useful allies of the Tudor kings and queens. Their support

Utterly

enabled the Tudors to become despotic rulers, while at first playing a progressive

Vain

крайне, чрезвычайно V зд. тщеславный

historic role.

Vessel

корабль

View Vigorous

мнение сильный, энергичный

fully steered through the complexities of European politics. His eldest son was mar-

Vigour Virgin Void

сила, энергия зд. девственница пустой, свободный, лишенный

ried to the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon, and his daughter Margaret to King

Vote

James IV of Scotland.

Warlike

голосовать, выделять W воинственный

Warning

предупреждение

Wasteful Watershed Wealth Whether

расточительный водораздел богатство ли

Wholesale

оптовая торговля

Widow Within Wonder Worship

вдова в пределах чудо богослужение

He was opposed to the power of old barons. He ordered that the old castles should be destroyed (pulled down) and the feudal baronial armies should be disbanded. He was very rich with the confiscated wealth of his defeated rivals. He was

the civil war. These two groups, linked by a common interest in the wool trade not yet power-

But their reign was abundant in various controversial arbitrary developments. The financial policy of Henry VII filled the Treasury and strengthened the throne and the church position, improved the contacts with Rome. The King skil-

The ill-blood between France and England in this reign arose out of the continued plotting of the Duchess of Burgundy, and disputes respecting the affairs of Britany. The King feigned to be very patriotic, indignant, and warlike: but he always contrived so as never to make war in reality, and always to make money. His taxation of the people, on pretence of war with France, involved, at one time, a very dangerous insurrection, headed by Sir John Egremont, and a common man called John a Chambre. 6

55

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2 S

Standard State

знамя, флаг зд. состояние, положение

Steer Stern Stir Strengthen Stretch

управлять, вести строгий волноваться усиливать, усиливаться зд. вытягивать

Subdue Subject Suggest

зд. покорять, подавлять подданный предлагать

Support Suppose

зд. поддержка зд. считать

Suppress

зд. умалчивать

Supremacy Suspect Sweat

верховная власть подозревать пот, испарина

But it was subdued by the Royal forces, under the command of the Earl of Surrey, John Egremont escaped to the Duchess of Burgundy, and the other John was hanged at York, in the midst of a number of his men, but on a much| higher gibbet, as being a greater traitor. Within a year after her marriage, the Queen had given birth to a son, who was called Prince Arthur in remembrance of the old British prince of romance and story. When Arthur was fifteen, he was married to Catherine, the daughter of the Spanish monarch. But in a very few months he sickened and died. As soon as the King had recovered from his grief, he thought it a pity that the fortune of the Spanish Princess, amounting to two hundred thousand crowns, should go out of the family, and therefore arranged that the young widow should marry his second son Henry, then twelve years of age, when he too should be fifteen.

T

There were objections to this marriage on the part of the clergy, but

Taxation

налоги, обложение налогами

Temper

характер, настроение

Term the last straw Thereby Therefore Timid

срок последняя капля посредством этого поэтому робкий, застенчивый

Torment

зд. мучение, мука

tournament

турнир

whom she had given refuge, had sheltered Edmund de La Pole, Earl of Suf-

Toward

зд. к

folk. The King had prevailed upon him to return to the marriage of Prince Ar-

Traitor treacherous Treasure Treasury Treaty Trial

предатель предательский зд. ценный казна договор, соглашение зд. суд

thur; but, he soon afterwards went away again. Then the King, suspecting a

the Pope helped to settle the business. The King's eldest daughter was married to the Scottish King. And now the Queen died. When the King had got over dial grief too he thought of marrying the Dowager Queen of Naples or the Dowager Duchess of Savoy, or the widow of the King of Castile. But he married neither. The Duchess of Burgundy, among the other discontented people to

conspiracy, resorted to his favorite plan of sending him some treacherous friends, and buying of those scoundrels the secrets they disclosed or invented. Some arrests and executions took place in consequence. In the end, the King, 54

7

on a promise of not taking his life obtained possession of the person of Edmund de La Pole, and shut him up in the Tower. This was his last enemy, as Death ended the King’s reign. He died of the gout, on twenty-second of April, 1509, and in the fifty-third year of his age, after reining twenty-four years. He was buried in the beautiful Chapel of Westminster Abbey, which he had himself founded. It was in this reign that the great Christopher Columbus, on behalf of Spain, discovered what was then called New World. Great wonder, interest, and hope of wealth being awakened in England thereby, the King and the merchants of London and Bristol fitted out an English expedition for further discoveries in the New World, and entrusted in to Sebastian Cabot, of Bristol, the son of a Venetian pilot there. He was very successful in his voyage, and gained high reputation, both for himself and England.

II. ENGLAND UNDER HENRY THE EIGHTH. King Henry the Eighth was just eighteen years of age when he came to the throne. He was a big, burly, noisy, small-eyed, large-faced, double-chinned fellow, as we know from the portraits of him, painted by the famous Hans Holbein. The King was anxious to make himself popular, and the people, who had long disliked the late King, believed, that he deserved to be so. He was extremely fond of show and display, and so were they. Therefore there was great rejoicing when he married the Princess Catherine, and when they were both crowned. And the King fought at tournaments and always came off victorious - for the courtiers took care of it (......). He was a wasteful monarch, on his death his treasury was practically empty. 8

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2 R

Represent Resign

представлять уходить в отставку

Resolve Resort respectable Respecting

разрешить, решать обращаться порядочный относительно

Revival Rid

возрождение избавиться

Rival Roam Roundhead Rout Rumour

соперники бродить, скитаться пуританин поражение, разбить наголову слух, молва

Rump

огузок

Scanty Scatter Scoundrel Scrupulous

S скудный, недостаточный разбрасывать, рассыпать подлец щепетильный, добросовестный

Search Seize Set Settle Share Shelter Shire

зд. поиски хватать, захватывать устанавливать решать делить приютить графство

shopkeeper Shut Sink Skilful Skilled Skirmish Slaughter Slavery

лавочник затворять опускаться, погружаться искусный, умелый опытный, квалифицированный зд. схватка убивать рабство, зависимость

snobbery spouse

снобизм супруг, супруга 53

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2 P

There now arose at Wittemberg, in Germany, the great leader of the mighty change in England which is called The Reformation, and which set the

Postpone

откладывать

people free from their slavery to the priests. This was a learned Doctor, named

Preach

проповедь

Martin Luther, who knew all about them, for he had been a priest, and even a

presbyterian Presence Presence Press presumption

пресвитерианин присутствие присутствие настаивать предположение, самонадеянность

monk, himself. The preaching and writing of Wickliffe had set a number of

Pretence

отговорка, предлог

not allow to be read, and which contained truths that they suppressed, began to

Pretty

зд. достаточно

be very vigorous against the whole body, from the Pope downward. It hap-

Prevail Prevent Prevent Pride Principle Private

убедить препятствовать, мешать предотвращать гордость принцип, закон частный, личный

pened, while he was yet only beginning his work of awakening the nation, mat

Private Propose

частный предлагать, намереваться

themselves from the punishment of Heaven for their offences. Luther told the

Provoke punishment

вызывать, провоцировать наказание

Pure Purge Purpose

чистый очищение, чистка зд. цель, намерение

that there really was a book called the New Testament which the priests did

a friar named Tetzel came into his neighbourhood selling what were called Indulgences, by wholesale, to raise money for beautifying St. Peter's Cathedral at Rome. Those who bought an Indulgence of the Pope were supposed to buy people that Indulgences were worthless bits of paper. The King and the Cardinal were mightily indignant at this presumption; and the King (with the help of Sir Thomas More, a wise man, whom he afterwards repaid by striking off his head) even wrote a book about it, with which the Pope was so well pleased that he gave the King the title of Defender

Q Quarrel

men thinking on this subject, and Luther, finding one day to his great surprise,

of the Faith. The king and the Cardinal also issued flaming warnings to the

ссориться

people not to read Luther's books, on pain of excommunication. But they did

R Raid Realm Rebellion

набег королевство, область, сфера восстание

Rebuke Refer

упрекать, делать выговор зд. обратиться

Refuge Regiment Reject

убежище полк отвергать

read them for all that; and the rumour of them spread far and wide. When this great change was thus going on, the King began to show himself to his truest and worst colours. Anne Boleyn, the pretty little girl who had gone abroad to France with his sister, was by this time grown up to be very beautiful, and was one of the ladies in attendance on Queen Catherine. Queen

52

9

Catherine was no longer young or pretty, and it is likely that she was not particularly good-tempered, having been always rather melancholy, and having been made more

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2 M

Messenger Might

посыльный могущество, сила, энергия

Mislead Moisten Monk

вводить в заблуждение смачивать монах

Mortally

смертельно

Navy

N военно-морские силы

new testament

новый завет

Noble None Oath Obey

зд. благородный зд. нисколько, совсем не O присяга подчиняться

Obtain Offence

добиваться преступление

Official on account of

зд. чиновник из-за

when he did know it, he even went down on his knees, in the endeavour to dissuade

Order outstanding

распоряжение зд. выдающийся

him.

Pain

страх

Parched

пересохший

London. On the opening of the court, when the King and Queen were called on to

Pardon

помилование, прощение

appear, that poor lady kneeled at the King's feet, and said that she had come to her

particularly

особенно

dominions, that she had been a good and true wife to him for twenty years, and that

Peer phenomena Piety Plot Plunder Plunder Portion

зд. ровня зд. явление благочестие зд. заговор зд. грабить добыча зд. часть

Possess

владеть, обладать

so by the deaths of four of her children when they were very young. So, the King fell in love with the fair Anne Boleyn. He wanted to get rid of his wife and marry Anne. Queen Catherine had been the wife of Henry's brother. So the King called its favourite priests about him, and said, "My mind is in such a dreadful state, and I so frightfully uneasy, because I am afraid it was not lawful for me to marry the Queen!" They answered that it was a serious business, and perhaps the best way to make right, would be, for His Majesty to be divorced. That was the answer the King was pleased with; so they all went to work. Many intrigues and plots took place to get this divorce. Finally, the Pope issued commission to Cardinal Wolsey and Cardinal Campeggio (whom he sent over from Italy for the purpose), to try the whole case in England. It is supposed that Wolsey was the Queen's enemy, because she had reproved him for his manner of life. But, he did not at first know that the King wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, and

The Cardinals opened their court in the Convent of the Black Friars, in

she could acknowledge no power in those Cardinals to try whether she should be considered his wife after all that time, or should be put away. With that, she got up and left the court, and would never afterwards come back to it. It was a difficult ease to try, and the Pope suggested the King and Queen come to Rome and have it tried there. But by good luck for the King, word was 10

P

51

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2 I

brought to him about Thomas Cranmer, a learned Doctor of Cambridge, who had proposed to urge the Pope on, by referring the case to all the learned doc-

Increase Indeed independent Indignant

усиливать действительно независимый негодующий

Indignant

негодующий

Inhabitant Inspire insurrection

житель вдохновлять восстание, мятеж

help It was worse for him that he had tried to dissuade the King from marrying

Invasion

зд. вторжение

have fallen in any case; but he fell suddenly and heavily. Soon he was arrested

Invent Involve

изобретать включать в себя, вовлекать

for high treason, and died on his way to Tower. Sir Thomas More was made

iron side Issue

железная сторона (стена) выпускать, выходить

tors and bishops, and getting their opinions that the King's marriage was unlawful. The King, who was now in a hurry to marry Anne Boleyn, thought this such a good idea that he sent for Cranmer. In was bad for cardinal Wolsey that he had left Cranmer to render this Anne Boleyn. Such a servant as he, to such a master as Henry, would probably

J

Chancellor in Wolsey's place. Thomas More — "The man for all seasons" — a play and a film with Paul Scolfield in the title role, the greatest thinker and the founder of the

Joy

радость

Judges Justice Launch Levy Likely

судья правосудие, справедливость L начать сбирать (налоги) вероятно

Limit Limit Link Lodge Loyal

ограничивать граница зд. соединять поселить верный

aside in England if he did not do as he was asked, and his dread of offending

Manner

M образ, способ, манера

hands, and made himself the head of the whole Church. However, he recom-

Massacre Matter Meanwhile

резня вопрос тем временем

Merchant Mercy Merit

купец милость достоинство, заслуга

Utopic Socialism(1478-1535). In 1516he wrote a book about Utopia Meanwhile, the opinions concerning the divorce, of the learned doctors and bishops and others, being at last collected, were forwarded to the Pope, with an entreaty that he would now grant it. The unfortunate Pope, who was a timid man, was half distracted between his fear of his authority being set the Emperor of Germany, who was Queen Catherine's nephew. In this state of mind he still evaded and did nothing. So the King took the matter into his own pensed the clergy by allowing them to burn as many people as they pleased, for holding Luther's opinions. All these events made Sir Thomas More, who was truly attached to the Church, resign. Being now quite resolved to get rid of Queen Catherine, and to marry 50

11

Anne Boleyn without more ado, the King made Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury, and directed Queen Catherine to leave the Court. She obeyed, but replied that wher-

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2 F

ever she went, she was Queen of England still, and would remain so, to the last. The

Feign

притворяться

King then married Anne Boleyn privately, and the new Archbishop of Canterbury,

Fever

лихорадка, нервное возбуждение

within half a year, declared his marriage with Queen Catherine void, and crowned

Fill Flaming

наполнять пылкий

Flee Flee Flee Fondness

спасаться бежать бежать, спасаться нежность

Forbid Force

запрещать зд. войска

mind when he heard of the King's marriage. Many of the English monks and friars

Force Force Forward

заставлять, вынуждать заставить, вынуждать зд. отправлять

did the same, but the King took it pretty quietly, and was very glad when his Queen

Friar

монах

gave birth to a daughter, who was christened Elizabeth, and declared Princess of

Frightful

страшный, ужасный

Anne Boleyn Queen. She might have known that no good could ever come from such wrong, and that the King who had been so faithless and so cruel to his first wife, could be more faithless and more cruel to his second. But Anne Boleyn knew that too late, and bought it at a dear price. Her marriage came to its natural end. However, its natural end was not a natural death for her. The Pope was thrown into a very angry state of

Wales as her sister Mary had already been.

G

accusing her of unfaithfulness, and she was beheaded. But two days before she died

Glamorous Goodwill Grant

чарующий, обаятельный доброжелательность зд. признавать

her marriage was dissolved. Henry was a bachelor once more and Anne's

Grant

дозволять, предоставлять

decapitated body was buried without ceremony in the Tower of London. Ten days

Grant Great deal

предоставлять очень много

1537 soon after giving birth to a son and heir — Prince Edward, (to become later

Hanging

повешение (казнь)

Edward VI) a sickly child who died of consumption in 1553 aged 15 years. Henry

Heaven

небеса

VIII died in 1547 and his wife Catherine Parr survived him. His beloved wife Jane

Honour Humorous

зд. честь юмористический

Imprison Improve in the midst of

I заключать в тюрьму улучшать окруженный кем- либо

No one could foresee the triumph of Elizabeth I. The King disposed of Anne

later the King was married again. His third wife was Jane Seymour. She died in

Seymour left him the long-waited-for heir Prince Edward. Mary and Elizabeth had been declared illegitimate. He wanted to achieve a betrothal of his son with the future Mary Queen of Scots who was born when Edward was 5 years old. 12

H

49

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2 E

The Scots refused the wooing of the English King as they could see through his far-reaching plans and sent Mary to France. On her return she

Effort

усилия, старания

became Queen of Scots (1561-1567). Henry died in 1547. Though he was a

Employ

нанимать, применять

gross and selfish tyrant he left his country more united and more confident

Enable Enclosure Encourage Endeavour

давать право, возможность огорождение, вложение ободрять зд. попытка

than before, and his reign was glorified by the Utopian vision of More, draw-

entertainment Escape

развлечение спасаться, бежать

Espouse

жениться

so that the more he quarrelled with the Pope, the more of his own subjects he

Establish Ever Except excommunicate

учреждать с этого времени, с тех пор как кроме отлучать от церкви

burned alive for not holding the Pope's opinions.

Execution Exploit Extremely

казнь подвиг крайне

didn't change the religious doctrine. He appointed Protestants as guardians of

ings of Holbein, poetry and music of the Tudor court and other claims to greatness. One of the most atrocious features of this reign was that Henry VIII was always trimming between the reformed religion and the unreformed one;

Henry VIII had destroyed the power of the Pope in England, but he the young Edward VI (1547-1553) and they carried out the religious reformation.

F Facilitate Failing Faith

зд. содействовать недостаток, слабость, за неимением вера, религия

Faith Fame Fatal Fate Fateful Fault Favour Fear

доверить слава пагубный, смертельный, роковой рок, удел роковой недостаток, ошибка, вина покровительство страх, опасение

Fear Feast

страх зд. пир

Feat Feature

подвиг особенность

Feeble

слабый, хилый

After the death of Edward VI there was a highly unstable situation in the country. In his will which contradicted his father's bequest, King Edward VI disinherited his sisters and proclaimed Lady Jane Grey the Queen of England (1553). Jane Grey ruled only for nine days. But the people opposed her reign and supported the claim of Mary, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon. Queen Mary I was determined to return England back to the Pope, as she was a fanatic Roman Catholic. She failed to understand the English hostility to Catholic Spain, and her marriage to Philip of Spain, son of the Emperor CharlesV, was her own idea, celebrated in July 1554 despite the pleas of privy counsillors and Parliament. Parliament had to accept Philip as King of England for Mary's lifetime; moreover, his rights in England were to expire if Mary died childless, which proved to be the case. Her marriage was very unpopular

48

13

and caused several uprisings simultaneously. She crushed the rebels and pursued an aggressive policy against protestants: more than 300 people were executed in the worst traditions of the Inquisition — burned them. That is why she earned the nickname Bloody Mary. During the reign of Bloody Mary France was the traditional enemy and England was little better than a Province of Spain. Being the wife of Philip II she got England to be drawn into a war with France and Calais, the last English possession on the continent, was lost in 1558. Her reign and life were a political and a personal disaster. When Mary died in November 1558, deserted, unhappy and hated by many, people in the streets of London danced and drank to the health of the new queen.

III. ELIZABETH I Elizabeth was the daughter of-Henry the Eighth and Anne Boleyn. Princess Elizabeth after her mother's execution was declared illegitimate, she spent her childhood in loneliness, and only sometimes enjoyed the company of her brother Edward, encouraged by her step mother Catherine Parr. When she came to the throne the nation was filled with joy. The Protestant

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2 D

Dare Deal Decade Decent Decision Declare Defer

отваживаться распределять, иметь дело десятилетие приличный решение провозглашать откладывать

Define deliverance

определять избавление

Demand Demand Depose Deserve

требовать зд. требовать cвергать заслуживать

Destiny Dignity Disband Disclose Discontent discontented Disorder

судьба достоинство, благородство, звание расформировывать разоблачать недовольство недовольный зд. волнение

Display

зд. выставление напоказ, хвастовство

Displease

зд. сердить

religion was set up again, and the Church of England took its present form. The

Dispute

спор

Thirty-nine Articles of belief, which Cranmer had written, were placed in the Prayer

Dissuade

отговаривать

Book.

Distract

отвлекать

Division Divorce

зд. разногласие развод

to be Head of the English Church; and the Act of Uniformity, by which all worship

Doom Downward

зд. обрекать зд. ухудшающийся

was forbidden except that according to the forms of the Established Church. Under

Dreadful

страшный, ужасный

these two Acts many Roman Catholics were put to death; and the Puritans, who

Drive

зд. прогонять

At the beginning of the reign two famous Acts were passed: the Act of Supremacy, by which all servants of the State had to take an oath declaring Elizabeth

wished what they called a pure and simple form of worship, were fined and impris 14

47

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2 C

oned. Mary, Queen of Scotland, who. had married the Dauphin of France, laid claim to the crown of England; but her husband died, and she left France

Chancellor

канцлер

Chapel Charge Chase

часовня обвинение зд. преследовать

Chin

подбородок

Civil Claim Clergy

гражданский требование духовенство

Colonel commission

полковник зд. поручение

Complain Compose Concerning

жаловаться составлять относительно

Condemn

зд. приговаривать

Condemn Confine Confiscate Consent Consent consequence Consider considerable

приговаривать зд. заключать конфисковать согласие, разрешение разрешение впоследствии считаться значительный

Conspiracy Conspiracy Contain

заговор заговор сдерживать, содержать

Contradict Contribute Contrive

противоречить, опровергать способствовать приспособиться

spirit that left her court and went in search of exploits that would win them

Courtier Covenant Crafty

придворный соглашение, договор хитрый

Drake, who sailed to the Spanish Main to plunder and destroy the treasure

Create Cruel

творить жестокий

as a widow only nineteen years old, with none to press her claim. She was disliked by Slier Scottish subjects, as she was a Roman Catholic; and after seven years of trouble she was driven from the throne. She fled to England, and threw herself on the mercy of Elizabeth. But Elizabeth could never look on Mary in any other way as a rival for her crown. Her presence in England was a course of real danger, as many persons thought that she had a better right to the throne than Elizabeth; and all the Roman Catholics were in her favour. Queen Mary was therefore thrown into prison after prison, and was confined for upwards of eighteen years. During that time several plots were formed by her friends for her release. At last one, headed by Antony Babington, was discovered, by which it was intended to murder Elizabeth and set Mary on the throne. Fourteen of the plotters were put to death. Mary was then brought to trial, and was found guilty of having agreed to the plot. She was therefore doomed to die, and was beheaded in Fortheringay Castle, where she was last imprisoned. Elizabeth's reign was an age of adventure. Many were the gallant fame and the Queen's favour One of these was the great sailor Sir Francis ships of the Spaniards. Instead of returning to England by re-crossing the Atlantic, he sailed round the south of South America, and crossed the Pacific Ocean to the East 46

15

Indies. Then he crossed the Indian Ocean, doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and returned to England by the east of the Atlantic. He thus sailed round the world, and he

СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2

Ally Anchor

A зд. союзник зд. стать на якорь

Anxious

зд. стремящийся

Colony on the shores of North America: He called it Virginia, in honour of Eliza-

Appoint Archbishop

назначать архиепископ

beth, the Virgin Queen. This colony was not at first a success; but Ralegh's example

Arise

возникать

was soon followed, and Virginia itself by-and-by became a flourishing colony. On

Arouse at length

будить наконец

Atrocious

ужасный, жестокий

Attach

прикреплять, привязывать

of the knights of King Arthur's Round Table, than of a soldier of real life. He was

Attempt Attendance

покушение, попытка ,пытались зд. окружение

mortally wounded in a skirmish, near Zutphen, in Holland. As he was about to mois-

Authority

власть, авторитет

ten his parched lips with water, he saw a wounded soldier who was being carried

Awakening

пробуждение

Awkward battle field Beggar Behave Belief Besiege Blame Bleed Brass

неудобный, неуклюжий B поле боя нищий вести себя, поступать вера осаждать зд. винить истекать кровью медь

Breach Burly

нарушение крепкий, плотный

by- and- by

постепенно, со временем

was the first Englishman who had performed that feat. His voyage lasted three years, and there was great rejoicing on his return. Another heroic spirit was Sir Walter Ralegh, who planted the first English

his return to England, Ralegh brought with him some tobacco and showed his countrymen how to use it. Sir Philip Sidney, also, was a brave and noble soldier. He reminds us more

past, and at once gave, .up the water to him, saying, thy need is yet greater than mine." At the beginning of Elizabeth's reign Philip of Spain, who had been Queen Mary's husband, had offered his hand to Elizabeth, but had been rejected. He never forgot of forgave this alight; and many years afterwards he fitted out a great fleet for the invasion of England. He took this step not only because Elizabeth had refused to marry him, but also with the hope of setting up again the Catholic religion in England. So sure did he feel of success, that he called his fleet the "Invincible Ar-

C

mada". It consisted of one hundred and thirty-two ships, most of them of great size, and carrying a great many cannons of brass. There were 20,000 soldiers on board;

Cannon

пушка

and there was an army of 40,000 on the coast of Flanders, ready to be sent to Eng-

Cape Capture Cavalier

зд. мыс зд. захватить роялист

land on the shortest notice. 16

45

The Navy of England contained only thirty-six small vessels; but a

1837-1901

The Reign of Victoria

1837

The first People's Charter is issued

great effort was made by the whole nation - by Catholics as well as by Protes-

1839

The first Chartist petition is drawn up

tants – and about one hundred arid ninety ships in all were sent out to defend

1840-1861

The happy married life of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, her consort

the coasts. Lord Howard, the commander, was himself a Roman Catholic; and

1842

The second Chartist petition is rejected

under him were the Famous sailors Drake, Hawkins, and Ralegh. Elizabeth

1847

The Communist Manifesto is published by K. Marx and

was at the head of her nation. She went to the Camp to encourage and inspire

F. Engels

them with such words: "Let tyrants fear. I have always so behaved myself that,

1848

The third Chartist petition is drawn up

under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and goodwill in the loyal hearts

1851

The Great Exhibition is held in London

and goodwill of my subjects...

1854-1856

The Crimean War

1857-1858

The Indian Mutiny

1861-1865

The American Civil War

1887

The Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria

seven miles across the waters. The English fleet sailed out of Plymouth Har-

1898

Victoria's Diamond Jubilee

bour to meet it. The battle began, and much damage was done to the ships of

1900

The Labour Party is formed

the enemy; which, however, sailed as far as to Calais, the little English ships

1901

The Death of Queen Victoria and the end of the Victorian Age

chasing and tormenting them all the way.

I know I have but the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a King, and of a King of England too". The Armada came full sail up the English Channel, stretching for

XI. DICTIONARY. СЛОВО 1

ПЕРЕВОД 2

Abdicate Ability

A отрекаться, отказываться способность, умение, одаренность

Abroad

за границей

according to Accuse Acknowledge

согласно обвинять зд. признавать

Actual Admit Affluent Aid Alight

действительный допускать обильный, богатый помогать, помощь зд. оскорбление

Off Calais the Spanish fleet anchored; and Lord Howard, in the middle of a dark night, sent eight fire-ships right among them, which greatly terrified the Spaniards, and threw their fleet into disorder. The English fleet then attacked them with might and main, destroyed twelve large ships, and put the rest to flight. Many of their vessels were wrecked on the Orkney Islands, others were lost on the coast of Ireland and only a very small portion of the great Armada ever returned to Spain. Elizabeth, though she never married, had favourites at Court. Toward the close of her live, her chief favourite was the Earl of Essex, a brave and generous young nobleman, but vain and head-strong. He was in the army, and having been sent to Ireland to put down a re

44

17

bellion, he displeased Elizabeth by making peace with the rebels and going home

1701

without leave. For this he was turned out of office, and sent to prison; but by-and-by

The Act of Settlement is passed, providing for the Hanoverian Succession

the Queen forgave him. He, however, afterwards raised a rebellion against her; for

1702 - 1714

which was taken prisoner, and condemned to die. He fully expected the Queen to

1702 - 1714

The War of the Spanish Succession

pardon him: but she did not do so, and he was beheaded in the Tower.

1704

The Duke of Marlborough wins at Blenheim Gibraltar is cap-

England had economic problems: inflation and unemployment. Enclosures

The Reign of Queen Anne, the last monarch of the House of Stuart

tured by English troops

of farm lands and wars, it produced armies of beggars and thieves, and they roamed

1707

The Act of Union with Scotland is passed

about the country in misery and crime.

1714 - 1727

The Reign of George I, of the House of Hanover

1722-1742

R. Walpole—is Prime Minister

1727-1760

The Reign of George II

In the 16th century the economic growth was getting faster, though still

1745-1746

The Jacobite rebellion

limited by feudal relations. Trade and Industry were growing. The Royal Exchange

1756-1763

The Seven Years' War

was founded in. 1571, East India Company — in 1600.

I760-1S20

The Reign of George III The Patriot King

Education was further developing. Many Grammar schools were founded

1760

The Conquest of Canada is completed

in the 16th century. New foundations like Harrow and Rugby admitted clever boys

1765

The Stamp Act is passed

as well as rich ones, and could rightly be called "public schools".

1773

The Boston Tea Party

1776

The American Declaration of Independence is made

1776-1713

The War of Independence. The Treaty of Paris (1783) ends the

In 1601 Elizabeth published the Poor Law. It aimed at putting an end to beggars of all kinds, the poor were put into workhouses.

Elizabeth gave her name to the historical period, her reign (1558-1603) was described as "the Golden Age of Elizabeth", the most colourful and splendid in English history. She was the embodiment of everything English, and the English had found themselves as a nation.

American Revolution 1805

The power of Spain was challenged on the seas and finally broken by the

The Battle at Trafalgar is won by Admiral A. Nelson, the death of Nelson

defeat of the Armada. Elizabeth saw the foundation of the British Empire and the

1813

flowering of the Renaissance in England. The works of Christopher Marlowe, Ed-

1815

The final defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo

mund Spenser and William Shakespeare were the foundation of the English literary

1820-1830

The Reign of George IV

and dramatic heritage.

1825

The Stockton and Darlington Railway is opened

1829

The Success of Stephenson's engine "The Rocket"

1830-1837 18

The Battle of the Nations against Napoleon

The Reign of William IV 43

Spenser's the Shepheards Calendar (1579) was a landmark in the his-

1556

The foundation of the Muscovy Company

1558-1603

The Reign of Elizabeth I, Queen of England, the last Tudor monarch

tory of English poetry, his masterpiece was The Faerie Queene (1589, 1596)

1587

Execution of Mary Queen of Scots

which mirrored in allegories the age of his glorious sovereign the Queen, and

1588

The Spanish Armada is defeated

her kingdom in Fairy-land.

1603

Elizabeth I is succeeded by James VI of Scotland

1603-1625

The Reign of James I. Stuart. King of England

1625-1649

Charles I dissolves the Parliament and rules without it

1649

Charles I Stuart is tried and executed, the monarchy and the House of Lords are abolished, the Commonwealth is declared

In the last decade of Elizabeth's reign Shakespeare wrote about 20 plays, from Henry VI to Hamlet. The English Renaissance has reached the greatest height in the field of theatrical Art. The Shakespeare's (drama) plays, his humanism and deeply popular realism were on the one hand produced on the basis of outstanding

1653-1658

The Rule of 0. Cromwell as the Lord Protector

theatrical achievements of the period; on the other hand Shakespeare's drama

1660

The Restoration of Monarchy in England

made the English theatre an important contribution, achievement of the world

1660-1685

The Reign of Charles II

culture treasury.

1665-1666

The Great Plague rages in Britain and in London

1666

Great Fire of London

bourgeois relations. The ideals of Renaissance embraced a broad spectrum of

1673

The Test Act is passed

the population, including the merchants and citizens.

1679

The Habeas Corpus Act is passed

1685-1688

The Reign of James II

1687

James II dissolves the Parliament

even the revolutionary changes that came later.

1688

William of Orange lands in England and James 11 flees abroad

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) ("Novum Organum"), was the founder of

1688-1689

The Glorious Revolution

1689

William and Mary accept the Declaration of Rights

1689-1702

The Reign of William III and Mary II Stuarts

the first theatre appeared. Public theatres were attended by aristocrats and

1689

The Bill of Rights and Toleration Act are passed

Elizabeth I.

1690

The Jacobites are defeated at the Boyne in Ireland

1690

John Locke's "An Essay concerning Human Understanding" is published

1692

The Massacre at Glencoe

1694

The death of Mary II the Bank of England is founded

The 16th century was the century of the further consolidation of

The philosophical ideas of the period were to serve the further evolution and

English materialism and applicator of pragmatic sciences. Literature, Art and Drama were playing an important role. In 1576 —

The 16th century was the age of transition from the medieval twilight to a more progressive age. The rafter Elizabeth's life was far from happy. Disease added to old

42

age - she was nearly seventy - threw her into melancholy. Some said that the 19

death of Essex troubled her mind. She lay for days and nights on pillows on the

1377- 1399

The Reign of Richard II, King of England

floor, refusing to take either food or medicine. At length she fell into a deep sleep,

1399- 1413

The Reign of Henry IV, King of England

out of which she never awoke. She died in the forty-fifth year of her reign. With her

1413- 1422

The Reign of Henry V, King of England

ended the House of Tudor, and the crown passed to the House of Stuart.

1422- 1461

The Reign of Henry VI, King of England

Elizabeth was a learned as well as a clever woman. Like all the Tudors, she

1453

was strong-willed, and angry when opposed; but she tried to make England a great nation, and she succeeded. Her weak points were her vanity, and her fondness for

The end of the Hundred Years' War with French defeating England at Castilon

1455

favourites.

The Wars of the Roses begin.— The Yorkists defeat the Lancastrians at the first battle of St. Albans

1461-1483

IV. CHARLES I (PART I) Charles the First married Henrietta, daughter of the king of France. His

The Reign of Edward IV (of York), King of England

1474

William Caxton produces the first printed book in English

1483

The Reign of Edward V, King of England

1483

Edward V and his brother were imprisoned to The Tower by

reign was one long struggle for power between himself and his Parliament - a strug-

Richard Gloucester, where they were probably mur-

gle which cost him his crown and his life.

dered

The first great event of his reign was an attempt made by the English, under the Duke of Buckingham, to help the French protestants who were besieged by the

1483-1485

The Reign of Richard III (Richard Gloucester), King of England

1485

The defeat of Richard III at Bosworth by Henry Tudor. The end of

French Catholics in Rochelle, on the Bay of Biscay. The English were driven back

the Wars of the Roses

with great loss, and returned home; and the Duke of Buckingham, when setting out

1485-1509

to make a second attempt, was killed by an assassin.

1509-1547

The Reign of Henry VII, Tudor, King of England The Reign of Henry VIII, Tudor, King of England

To please the Parliament, Charles unwillingly granted the famous Act

1516

Thomas More published his "Utopia"

known as the Petition of Right. This was a law to' prevent the king from levying

1529

Sir Thomas More becomes Lord Chancellor (1532)

taxes without a consent of Parliament, from keeping any one in prison without trial,

1534

The Act of Supremacy is passed that established Henry VIII as su-

and from sending soldiers to live, in private houses. But Charles very soon broke this law; and when the Commons complained, he sent a messenger to the House to

preme head of the Church of England 1536

rebuke them. The door was locked against the King's messenger, and he was not

The Act of annexation of Wales was passed to achieve the Union of England and Wales.

admitted until a "Remonstrance" had been passed. The King then sent nine of the

1547 - 1533

The Reign of Edward VI, King of England

members to prison.

1553 - 1558

The Reign of Mary I, "Bloody Mary" — Queen of England

20

41

For eleven years after this (1629-1640) he called no Parliament but

1066 (December)

William is crowned King of England

1086

Domesday Survey(Book) is carried out

1087 - 1100

The Rule of William II Rufus

1100 - 1135

The Reign of Henry l, King of England

nation was the levy of Ship money. It was a tax raised by the order of the King

1135 - 1154

The Reign of Stephen, King of England

alone. Its object was said to be to increase the navy, but in reality it was meant

1154 – 1189

The Reign of Henry II (Plantagenet),King of England

to support a standing array in time of peace. John Hampden, one of the leaders

governed the country by his own will. That, however, which caused the greatest discontent throughout the

1162

Thomas Becket becomes Archbishop of Canterbury (1170)

of the Parliament men, refused to pay it, and was tried; and the judges decided

1167

The foundation of Oxford University by English scholars expelled from

against him. This decision helped to bring matters to a head. The Long Parliament

Paris 1189—1199

The Reign of Richard 1, Coeur-de-Lion (the Lion-Heart), King of Eng-

met in 1640. In its first session Strafford was charged with treason, and was beheaded Four years later, Laud also beheaded. The Roman Catholics of Ire-

land 1199-1216

The Reign of John (Lackland), King of England

land rose in rebellion, and a massacre of the Protestants followed. Forty thou-

1215

The barons force John to sign and accept the Magna Carra Libertata

sand men, women, and children are said to have been slaughtered.

(The great Charter)

There were now two great parties in the State - the Cavaliers and the

1216 - 1272

The Reign of Henry III, King of England

Roundheads. The former sided with the King; the latter opposed him. The Par-

1258

HenryIII agrees to the Provisions of Oxford, limiting the royal power

liament was chiefly composed of Roundheads, and the breach between them

1265

Simon de Montfort, the virtual ruler of England, summons a parliament

and Charles grew wider and wider, until one day he sent orders for five of the

of churchmen, barons, knights and two representatives from each borough.

members to be seized for high treason. The Commons refused to give them up. Next day he went to the

1272-1307

The Reign of Edward I, King of England

House with armed soldiers to seize them; but before he entered, the five mem-

1295

Edward I summons the Model Parliament

bers had escaped. All London was aroused, and the streets were filled with

1307-1327

The Reign of Edward II, King of England

crowds of people stirred, with anger against the King. Charles, in fear, fled to

1327-1377

The Reign of Edward III, King of England

Windsor, and then to York. The Commons demanded that he should give up

1337

The beginning of the Hundred Years' War with France

the command of the army, Charles said: "No, not for an hour."

1340

A naval victory of England at Stuys

1346

The English victory over France at Gre’sy

1347

The capture of Calais by the English 40

The Civil War then began. Most of the nobility, gentry, and clergy were in favour of the King, who set up his standard at Nottingham with the army of 10,000 men. The inhabitants of London and the large towns, chiefly 21

merchants, tradesmen, and shopkeepers, were for the Parliament. They .raised an

9) Mary was born.

army, under the Earl of Essex, to oppose the King.

10) Henry set up a new Church of England.

During this terrible war, which lasted four years, ten battles were fought

11) Henry had his fifth wife executed.

Charles was at first victorious; but at Marston Moor his array was totally defeated,

12) Elizabeth was born.

chiefly by Oliver Cromwell's stubborn troopers called "Ironsides". Again at Naseby

13) Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn.

the King's troops were utterly routed, and his hopes destroyed.

14) Henry married Catherine of Aragon.

He then fled to Oxford, and afterwards gave himself up at Newark to the

15) Henry closed the monasteries.

Scottish army which had gone to the aid of the Parliament. The Scots offered to take

16) Henry married Jane Seymour.

his part if he would sign the Covenant, and promise to uphold the Presbyterian relig-

17) Henry became King of England.

ion. This, however, he refused to do; and the Scots, before returning to their own

18) Henry married Catherine Paar.

country, handed him over to the Parliament.

19) Henry died.

V. CHARLES I (PART II) Ever since the Parliament had taken power into his own hands. It had dealt

X. CHRONOLOGY 55-54BC

Expeditions of Julius Caesar

very hardly with the Church of England. The Parliament men favoured the Presbyte-

Ic. AD-Vc.

AD The Roman rule in Britain

rian religion. Many of the bishops were thrown into prison, and hundreds of fee

409

End of Roman rule in Britain

common clergy were turned out of their churches and their houses.

Vc.

Anglo-Saxon raids and settlement in Britain

Vlllc.-IXc.

Danish raids on British lands

-the Presbyterians and the Independents: the former wished only to limit the Ring's

871-899

The Rule of King Alfred the Great of Wessex

power, not to destroy it; the latter wished to do away with the kingly office. The

1014-1035

The Rule of King Canute the Danish King of Britain

Presbyterians had most power in Parliament; but the Independents of whom Oliver

1042-1066

The Reign of Edward the Confesser

Cromwell was the chief, made themselves masters of the army, which seized the

1066 (January)

Death of Edward the Confesser. Earl Harold becomes King.

King's person and carried him to Hampton Court.

1066 (September)

King Harold of England defeats and kills King Harold of Nor-

Now, however, mere were two divisions in the party of the Parliament men

From Hampton Court the King escaped to the Isle of Wight; but being forced to take refuge in Carisbrooke Castle, he was there closely watched. The Presbyterians in the Parliament now began to fear Cromwell, and to suspect him of plan 22

way at Stamford Bridge 1066 (October)

Duke William of Normandy defeats and kills King Harold of England at Hastings 39

7) All in all Henry VIII had ....

ning the death of the King. They even made a secret treaty with the King, and

a) eight wives

were ready to call him back to the throne.

b) five wives

The Independents then acted with great vigor. They carried off the

c) six wives

King from the Me of Wight and lodged him in Hurst Castle, in Hampshire. A

8) Henry VIII wanted to have a son because ....

week later, Colonel Pride surrounded the House of Commons with two regi-

a) he thought that England would be weak if there were no King to follow him

ments, and prevented the Presbyterian members from entering. This is known

b) he hated girls

as "pride's Purge" .Those that remained - about fifty Independents, forming

c) he wanted to have somebody to play football with

what was called the "Rump" - voted thank to Cromwell, and resolved on the

9) After Henry's death ... came to the throne.

death of the King.

a) his daughter Elizabeth

Out of this scanty House, with some persons from the army, was

b) his wife Anne Boleyn

formed the High Court of Justice for the trial of the King. Before this court,

c) his son Edward

which met in Westminster Hall, the King was accused of acts of tyranny - of

10)... became the greatest monarch England has ever known. a) Mary

raising taxes without the consent of Parliament and making war on his subjects.

b) Elizabeth

Charles behaved with great dignity. He said that the court was not a

c) Catherine of Aragon

lawful one; and he refused to be tried by it, or by any court except the House

d) Edward, Prince of Wales

of Lords, which alone had the right to try a peer of the realm. But these grounds had no weight with the judges, who believed that they had a great duty to perform in the name of the nation, and were resolved to do it sternly.

XII. Put the sentences in the right order. 1) Henry divorced Catherine of Aragon.

After a trial of seven days, Charles was condemned to death. He was

2) Henry had Anne Boleyn executed.

beheaded in front of Whitehall Palace, before a crowd of people, on a cold

3) Henry was born.

winter day, when the ground was covered with snow. His bleeding head was

4) Henry wrote an anti-Lutheran book.

held up by the beadsman, who called out, "This is the head of a traitor."

5) Henry became ruthless and suspicious.

Charles was a fine-looking man, and he was skilled in all knightly

6) Edward, Prince of Wales was born.

arts. He was a well-meaning prince; but he was led astray by his fathers views

7) Henry married Anne Boleyn.

about the right of Kings to govern as they pleased. He was not strong enough

8) Henry broke away from Rome.

in will to think and act for himself, and was therefore easily misled; but his 38

23

greatest fault was that he did not keep faith with his subjects.

XI. Choose the correct beginning or ending. 1) The Tudor family came to power ... .

VI. QUEEN VICTORIA. The Parliamentary struggles of the Tories and the Whigs, the working classes struggle for social rights and a better life, were all developing against the background of a drastic change in the Monarchy. The only daughter of the Hanoverian Duke of Kent turned out to be the only heiress to the British throne, and after the death of her uncle William (William IV 1830-1837) 18 year old Victoria became Queen (1837-1901). Her first Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, taught the young Queen the duties of the constitutional monarch. The accession of Queen Victoria came at a difficult time: the Whigs lost their popularity and the majority in the House of Commons; the Hungry Thirties passed into the Hungry Forties, and the alternative to the Whigs polices was the new Conservative Party, created by R. Peel. Peel's financial reforms brought revival to the country (1844), and legislation to protect factory and mine workers improved their conditions, but the disaster came with the poor harvests in Britain and Ireland. Famine in Ireland (1845) convinced Peel that the Corn Laws should be repealed (in 1846). It was the greatest victory of the free traders. But it destroyed the Tory Party and R. Peel was forced to resign. The reforms brought cheaper food and exports from "the workshop of the world". And the Whigs inherited the benefits of Peel's reforms. Queen Victoria's Prime Ministers followed one another due to the Political developments in Parliament: Lord Melbourne (1835-1841), Sir R. Peel, Lord John Russel, Earl of Derby, Earl of Aberdeen, Viscount Palmerstone, Benjamin Disraeli, W. E. Gladstone, Earl of Ro-sebery, Marquess of Salisbury. In 1840 Victoria married her cousin (see Table 6) of Saxe-Coburg of Gotha. The marriage was happy, and the Royal family became a model for moral standards in high society as well as for the middle classes.

a) after the Hundred Years' War b) after the War with Ireland c) after the Wars of the Roses 2) By 1521 Henry VIII had written an Anti-Lutheran book for which a grateful Pope awarded him the title of ... . a) Supreme Head of his new church b) Defender of the Faith c) Hammer of the Scots 3) Henry VIII closed the monasteries because ... . a) he wanted to get their wealth and lands b) he was an atheist c) he quarrelled with his first wife 4) Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon because ... . a) she loved his brother b) she didn't give him a son c) she had a nasty character 5) Henry VIII had his second wife, Anne Boleyn, executed because.. a) she didn't give him a son b) she had six fingers on her hand c) she was the mother of Elizabeth, who later became the greatest monarch England had ever known 6) Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church because .... a) the Pope refused to allow Henry to divorce Catherine of Aragon b) the Pope told Henry that his marriage to Catherine was a sin c) Henry wanted to become a Protestant

24

37

12.

Elizabeth I had favourites at Court.

Prince Albert became deeply interested in the British affairs, both foreign

13.

Spain seized England.

and home. He was the initiator of a great display of Victorian glory and progress in the

14.

Sir Walter Ralegh planted the first English Colony on the shores

country — the Great Exhibition of 1851. This international exhibition was quite a new

of North America.

idea, and Albert had to overcome a lot of opposition. The Exhibition building was an enor-

15.

mous glass-and-iron structure — the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, it had on display

Elizabeth I had many children.

machinery and products from Britain, the Empire and other countries. "The Crystal Palace" was the symbol of Technological progress. The new poet-

IX. Look at the family tree of the Windsors. Fill in the empty boxes.

laureate Tennyson wrote an ode to it. All the Victorian writers, poets, painters glorified

The Queen Mother

English culture. Tennyson and Browning dominated the poetry. Charles Dickens in Ms The Queen

?

novels David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby exposed the social evils of the

?

time. Thackeray exposed the middle class hypocracy in his "Vanity Fair". It was a great age for novels. Women writers — the Bronte sisters, Mrs Gaskell — flourPrince

?

Prince

Charles

?

ished as never before. Thomas Hardy and Henry James were "Victorian" novelists too. The English

Andrew

drama was brilliantly represented by Irish talents: Oscar Wilde wrote his brilliantly entertaining comedies, Bernard Shaw's plays were more serious but extremely witty.

X. Make the right choice. 1.

a) Windsor 2.

b) Buckingham Palace b) step-brother

c) nephew

b) hung

in the Modern Time. These three men: K. Marx (1818-1883) — the founder of Communism, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) — the founder of psycho-analysis and Ch.

c) divorced by Henry VIII.

Darvin — the founder of the modern theory of biological evolution — shocked the world.

Henry’s beloved wife was… c) Catherine Howard

Encouraged by Prince Albert, the Queen came into conflict with

In the last decade of… reign Shakespeare wrote about 20 plays.

Palmerston. In 1854 the Crimean War broke out — when Britain and France de-

a) Jane Seymour b)Anne of Cleves 5.

great Victorian nostalgia for the Middle Ages. Victorian science was to become greatly influential on the developments

Catherine of Aragon was a) beheaded

4.

c) Holyrood House

Edward VI was Elizabeth’s a) brother

3.

Painters of the group called the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood expressed the

Elizabeth II was born in…

a) Henry VIII’s

b) Elizabeth’s

c) Charles’s

clared war on Russia in support of Turkey. Prince Albert had supported the policy of preventing the war while Palmerston was given the Parliamentary support as the only

36

25

Prime Minister capable of winning the War, and the Queen was compelled to accept him as

VII. Read the text about Queen Elizabeth I and put the sentences in the

Prime Minister in 1855. Palmerston became the symbol of British superiority in everything: in

right order.

fights, in trade, in politics. The Crimean War revealed the courage of ordinary soldiers and the incompetence of

1.

Elizabeth fell into a deep sleep, out of which she never awoke.

the command. Newspapers reported the shocking conditions in the army hospitals, the terri-

2.

She spent her childhood in loneliness.

ble organization of supplies: a load of army boots sent out from Britain turned out to be for the

3.

In 1587 the «Invisible Armada» was defeated.

left foot. The war solved nothing but it brought a glory to the remarkable work of Florence

4. Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded.

Nightingale, "the lady with the lamp", who organized hospitals and treatment of the wounded.

5. Elizabeth came to the throne after Bloody Mary.

In India the British policies aroused a revolt in 1857, it was known as the Indian Mu-

6. The Protestant religion was set up again.

tiny; and it developed into a national movement against foreign rule. There was much violence

7. The nation was filled with joy.

on both sides. The British brutally punished the defeated rebels, which caused a feeling of

8. Mary, Queen of Scotland laid claim to the crown of England.

animosity that later grew into the Indian Independence movement of the twentieth century.

9. With her the House of Tudor ended and the crown passed to the House of

Queen Victoria suffered a great personal tragedy in 1861 — Prince Consort Albert

Stewart.

died of typhoid — and the Queen went into deep mourning, withdrew from public duties and lived in isolation for a decade.

VIII. Say “True” or “False”.

She left London and never lived in the city where she had been so happy

1.

King Henry VIII was a small, thin and quiet man.

with her husband and nine children (five sons and four daughters). But there are

2.

King Henry VIII had six wives.

places in London that remind us of their love. One of them is the Royal Albert Hall

3.

Elizabeth I wasn’t strong-willed.

— a very large concert hall where the best musicians of the world perform classical

4.

Queen Victoria ruled for the longest period in the England his-

music. In front of the Albert Hall there is a monument to Prince Albert built by

tory, for 64 years.

Queen Victoria. Another place is the Victoria and Albert Museum (V & A) with its

5.

Queen Victoria had one son and eight daughters.

rich collections of paintings and other works of art.

6.

King Charles I was very popular.

Her last thirty-five years of reign were a period of struggle between the new Liberal Party

7.

Charles I was hung.

led by W. E. Gladstone and the Conservatives who were headed after Palmerston by Benjamin

8.

Elizabeth I never married.

Disraeli.

9.

Elizabeth II had five children.

On the great issues which dominated British politics in the last quarter of the 19th century — the extension of the Parliamentary franchise, the limitation of the Power of the House of Lords, 26

10. Elizabeth II plays an important role in the country. 11. Henry VIII wasn’t very despotic. 35

5.

Catherine Howard

social reform, Home Rule for Ireland and the new aggressive imperialist policy abroad —

6.

Jane Seymour

Queen Victoria strongly sympathized with Conservatives and disapproved of Gladstone and Liberals.

V. Ad put this monarchs in the right order too.

B. Disraeli became Prime Minister in 1868 and first held the office for only nine

1. Elizabeth I

months, but he managed to establish a very close relationship with the Queen and further

2. Elizabeth II

developed it during his second term of office (1874-1880). B. Disraeli pleased the Queen

3. Charles I

greatly by persuading Parliament to agree to grant her the title of Emperess of India. The contest of Disraeli and Gladstone was in full swing, and the two-party system

4. Henry VIII

had been already firmly established.

5. Queen Victoria

Jingoism (the word for extreme, flag waving patriotism) was encouraged by B.

6. Edward VI

Disraeli, but it was condemned by his rival, the Liberal Leader, William Gladstone.

7. Bloody Mary

The Empire, that Great Britain had gained by the middle of the 19th century, was

8. Henry VII

the result of the greatest power that Britain possessed through its command of trade, finance VI.Match the dates with the events of which they remind you.

and manufacturing. The colonies were united by English law and by trade, the forms of gov-

1901

Queen Victoria died.

erning administration varied. The whole population was growing due to the emigration from

1564

The Parliament named Henry head of the Church of England.

the British Isles: throughout the 18th, 19th centuries poor and disadvantaged people sought a

1952

Elizabeth I became the Queen.

new and a better life in the colonies. In 1850 New Zealand became the responsibility of the

1534

Queen Victoria came to the throne.

Crown. The population of Australia was expanding rapidly. There were four self-governing

1558

The reign of Bloody Mary.

colonies: New South Wales, South of Australia, Victoria and Queensland. By the end of the

1837

The reign of Henry VIII Tudor.

century the Empire was spreading over the continents of Africa, Asia, North America, South

1485-1509

William Shakespeare was born.

America, Australia. The sun did not set on the Empire. The colonial office became a large

1516

Queen Elizabeth II came to the throne.

and important ministry. Imperialism had become popular with the middle classes. The patri-

1553-1558

The reign of Henry VII, Tudor.

ots of jingoism sounded more and more aggressive: Cecil Rhodes (the founder of Rhodesia)

1509-1547

Thomas More published his «Utopia».

spoke about the British as a race superior to their colonials. The actions of the imperialists were no less dishonourable: a chain of "small colonial wars" was caused by the aggression of the British imperialism. But the Anglo-Boer War proved to be an unsuccessful surprise to the British people and the proof of a certain weakness of the Empire (1880-1881, 1899-1902).

34

27

There was the Irish Problem: the Irish MP's in Parliament demanded Home Rule for Ireland, and Irish extremists committed terrorist actions. Gladstone supported the idea of Home Rule

9.The reign of… was one long struggle for power between himself and his parliament.

for Ireland — which meant the restoration of the Parliament, that they had lost by the Union with England in 1801 and the control of the Irish local internal affairs. Gladstone's own Liberal Party voted against the Home Rule Bill. The Liberal Party was split and broken. It's role as one of the two

a) Charles II 10.

b) ) Charles I

c) Henry VIII

Charles I was a… man. a) fine-looking, but weak

b) bad

c)despotic

major parties in the country was over. The Liberals were to be replaced by the forthcoming Labour Party in the constant struggle against the conservatives.

III. Explain why:

Due to the Industrial Revolution and the strength of the Empire Great Britain was still the

1.

Why was Elizabeth’s reign an age of adventure?

greatest power of the world in the last 30 years of the 19th century. Symbolic of its greatness and

2.

Why was the nation filled with joy when Elizabeth came to

the expansion of the Empire were the jubilees of Queen Victoria (1887 and 1897), celebrated with

the throne?

great pageantry and enthusiasm of the crowds.

3.

The nations of the New World and a strengthened Europe were becoming industrial ri-

Why is Elizabeth I considered one of the greatest monarchs

of Britain?

vals of Britain. The European countries were partitioning the African continent, and Britain suc-

4.

Why was Charles I condemned to death?

ceeded in adding great African possessions to her Empire: Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, New Zealand

5.

Why did Queen Victoria leave London?

and Rhodesia; the Sudan was jointly administered by Britain and Egypt.

6.

Why is King Henry VIII remembered in the country and in

The United States since the end of the Civil War (1862-1865) had progressed greatly and

the whole world?

rapidly, supplied the free-trade England with its food products and were developing into a great

7.

power.

age» of Britain?

Why do some people call Queen Victoria’s reign the «golden

The role of the United Kingdom at the end of the Victorian Era, at the end of the 19th

8.

Why was Anne Boleyn beheaded?

century was highly important, jingoistic (shovinistic) imperialism and the financial strength spread

9.

Why did Prince Edward die?

over the world through the export of capital by the banks of the City, strongly influenced the inter-

10.

Why didn’t Elizabeth pardon Mary, Queen of Scotland?

nal development of the country: Anglo-Saxon shovinism and superiority complex in the upper spheres and the trade unionism, emigration to the colonies and Dominions, political parties struggle for power were the consequences.

IV. Put Henry VIII’s wives in the right order. 1.

Catherine of Aragon

Meanwhile the conflicts and contradictions among the European countries were bringing

2.

Anne of Cleves

the world to the brink of the World War, which was destined to , bring about great changes in the

3.

Anne Boleyn

British role in the world.

4.

Catherine Parr

28

33

When did Elizabeth I become the Queen? 5.

VII. ELIZABETH II.

Who was the Queen before Elizabeth I?

6. Why did Mary Queen of Scots earn the nickname Bloody Mary?

She is Queen Victoria's granddaughter. Elizabeth II is on the British

7. Who was Queen Victoria’s husband?

throne now. The Queen's title in the United Kingdom is Elizabeth the Second,

8. Queen Victoria’s granddaughter, Elizabeth II is on the British throne

by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Com-

now, isn’t she? 9. Who was Queen Elizabeth’s mother? What happened to her? 10.

monwealth, Defender of the Faith, etc. etc. etc.

What book did Thomas More write? Child

11. Make the right choice. 1. In… Francis Drake attacked the «Invisible Armada»? a) 1589 2.

6.

8.

c) Prince Edward

b) 1594

•

Full name: Elizabeth-Mary-Alexander Windsor.

•

Pet name: Lilibet.

•

Educated at home, taught to read and write by her parents,

studied Latin, Geography, Economics, Music. Knew foreign languages, spoke French well. Good at horse

riding, dancing, swimming; took part in swimming competitions. •

Lived in Windsor and Buckingham Palace with her parents.

c)1634 Young Lady

b) four

c)nine

Queen Victoria ruled for… years. a) 54

7.

b) Prince Andrew

Queen Victoria had… children. a) five

Born in Windsor on 21 April 1926.

•

In… the Parliament named Henry head of the Church of England. a) 1534

5.

b) Catherine of Aragon c) Jane Seymour

Henry VIII’s son was… a) Prince Charles

4.

c)1599

Henry VIII’s second wife was… a) Anne Boleyn

3.

b) 1587

•

b) 34

c) 64

Queen Elizabeth II married…

•

Made her first speech on the radio in 1940 during the war.

•

Wanted to help the army: grew vegetables and knitted3

socks for soldiers.

a) Prince Philip in 1947 b) Prince Charles in 1950 c) Prince Philip in

•

Learned to drive.

1957

•

Married Prince Philip in 1947.

•

Prince Charles (first son) was born in 1948.

.., Queen of Scotland, laid claim to the crown of England. a) Ann

b) Mary

c) Jane 32

29

Young Queen

VIII. THE FAMILY TREE OF THE WINDSORS.

•

Came to the throne in 1952.

•

Was crowned in Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953.

•

Made her first Christmas speech to the nation in 1957 (now this

speech is traditional). Now •

Plays an important role in the country.

•

Travels a lot.

•

Has four children: Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew,

Prince Edward. •

Likes reading, taking pictures, watching horse races.

•

Has five official residences in Britain; Buckingham Palace and

Windsor among them.

Numbers show order of succession to the Crown.

IX. DO THESE EXERCISES. I.

Answer the questions. 1. Who were the first and the last monarchs of the Tudor Dynasty? 2. Why was the reign of Elizabeth I called «the Golden Age»? 3.How many wives did Henry VIII have? Name them, please.

30

31