Onomasticon to the Younger Pliny: Letters and Panegyric (Philology, History, History of Literature, History of Religion)

Onomasticon to the Younger Pliny Letters and Panegyric A.R. Birley

K G Saur Miinchen ·Leipzig ·

·

A.R. Birley

Onomasticon to the Younger Pliny Letters and Panegyric

Onomasticon to the Younger Pliny Letters

and Panegyric

By Anthony R. Birley

K G Saur ·

·

Miinchen L eipzig 2000 ·

Die Deutsche Bibliothek- CIP-EinheitSaufnahme Birley, Anthony Richard: Onomasricon to the Younger Pliny: letters and panegyric I by Anthony R. Birley.- Miinchen; Leipzig: Saur, 2000 (Bibliotheca Teubneriana) ISBN 3-598-73001·2 © 2000 by K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co KG. Miinchen und Leipzig Part of Reed Elsevier Printed in Germany Aile Rechte vorbehalten. All Rights Stricdy Reserved. Jede Art der Vervielfalrigung ohne Erlaubnis des Verlages ist unzulassig. Satz: TextService Zink, Schwarzach Druck und Bindung: Druckhaus "Thomas Miinzer" GmbH, Bad Langensalza

List of contents Preface ....

VII

Abbreviations

IX

Editions

XI

...

1. Pliny's Family

1

2. Pliny's Career

5

3. Pliny's Correspondents

17

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

21

Indices Persons and Deities

35

Geographical Names

102

Miscellaneous .

111

.

.

.

Preface This

Onomasticon was commissioned by Dr. h.c. Heinrich Kramer

of the Teubner Verlag, in the hope that it might supply for the younger Pliny something comparable to those for Cicero by D.R. Shackleton-Bailey. The latter is the doyen of Ciceronian studies. I have no particular expertise as a Plinian specialist or as a classical philologist, only close familiarity with the writings of Ronald Syme and experience in indexing his Roman

Papers.

In the Introduction, Pliny's family and career are reviewed and his correspondents briefly categorised; and an attempt is made to analyse his practice in naming Romans. In the Index of Persons and Deities, more detail is offered than is the case with Shackleton-Bai­ ley's

Onomastica. Unlike persons named by Cicero, the majority

of those in Pliny are known mainly from epigraphy; and for many

PIR2, Papers (1979-1991) (RP), the Colloquium Epigrafia e ordine senatorio (1982) [1984] (EOS), M.-Th. Raepsaet-Charlier, Prosopographie des femmes de l'ordre senatorial (ler-Ile siecles) (1987) (PFOS) and 0. Salomies, Adoptive and Polyonymous No­ menclature (1992) (APN) indicate where my principal debts lie. The Commentary by A.N. Sherwin-White (1966) (S-W) is also recent information is available. The copious citations of Syme's Roman

much cited (often in disagreement).1 No Index of Quotations is supplied. Many possible quotations may be no more than reminis­ cences, and these are fully noted in the Teubner edition by M. Schuster (as revised by R. Hanslik, 1958). Definite or very proba­ ble quotations are listed ih the Index of Persons under their au­ thors (including those not actually named by Pliny). The Index is an attempt, not least, to provide a substitute for Sherwin-White's 'General List of contemporary persons' (S-W 738-62). B. Radice's Loeb edition, with English translation (1969) 1Note the severe review by C.P. Jones, 'A new commentary on the Letters of Pliny', Phoenix 22 (1968) 111-142.

VIII

Preface

(Radice), although seldom cited, has been of great assistance: her excellent 'Biographical Index' alone (Radice II, 557-86) might al­ most be said to make this Onomasticon superfluous, except that thirty years have elapsed since her edition appeared.2 Mention must be made of the unpublished 'Magisterarbeit' by my pupil Andreas Krieckhaus, 'Untersuchungen zu den Adres­ saten des jungeren Plinius' (1995), from which, and from discus­ sions with its author, I have greatly benefited. Werner Eck (Co­ logne) has continued to supply me with information on recent pro­ sopographical and other epigraphic novelties, many of them rele­ vant to the age of Pliny. Geza AUoldy (Heidelberg) kindly made available to me his new volume of collected papers, Stiidte, Eliten und Gesellschaft in der Gallia Cisalpina (1999) (here GCis), just in time for me to incorporate some references to several highly rele­ vant contributions, one previously unpublished. That less mistakes remain than would otherwise have been the case is due principally to the painstaking labours of Frau Karin Ritter (Bern). At the sug­ gestion of Dr. Elizabeth Schuhmann, who succeeded Dr. Kramer in the Redaktion Altertumswissenschaft at B.G. Teubner, Frau Rit­ ter went through the manuscript with a fine-tooth comb, correct­ ing false citations and drawing attention to ambiguities of expres­ sion. I am most grateful for this help. Pliny's Letters are cited as i 1.1, vi 1.1, etc.; his Panegyric as Pan. 1.1, 17.3, etc.; unless otherwise stated the text used is that of Schuster's Teubner edition; and the numbering of the Letters (very variable in editions of Book x) is also that of the Teubner edition. Heinrich-Heine- Universitiit Dusseldorf

A.R. Birley

2C.J. Reagan, 'Laterculum prosopographicum Plinianum', RIL 104 (1970) 414-436, is unfortunately riddled with misprints and errors, some serious, and is not used here.

Abbreviations Journals are abbreviated as in L'Annee Philologique, standard epi­ graphic collections (with slight variations) as in the Oxford Classi­ cal Dictionary (3rd ed., 1996). Other abbreviations are as follows: ANRW

H. Temporini and W. Haase, edd., Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt (Berlin- New York 1972££.)

APN

0. Salomies, Adoptive and Polyonymous No­ menclature in the Roman Empire (Helsinki 1992)

Cab.

A. Caballos Rufino, Los senadores hispanorro­ manos y la romanizacion de Hispania (siglos I­ II!). I. Prosopografia, 2 vols. (Ecija 1990)

CP

H.-G. Pflaum, Les carrieres procuratoriennes equestres sous le Haut-Empire romain (Paris 1961); Supplement (1982)

Eck I, II

W. Eck, 'Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der sena­ torischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/9', Chi­ ron 12 (1982) 281-362; 13 (1983) 147-237.

EOS I, II

S. Panciera, ed., Epigrafia e ordine senatorio, 2 vols. (Tituli 4-5, Rome 1982)

FO

L. Vidman, ed., Fasti Ostienses (Prag 21980)

GCis

G. Alfoldy, Stadte, Eliten und Gesellschaft in der Gallia Cisalpina. Epigraphisch-historische Untersuchungen (HABES Band 30, Stuttgart 1999)

Kaj.

I. Kajanto, The Latin Cognomina (Helsinki 1965)

LE

W. Schulze, Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eigen­ namen (Berlin 21933)

Abbreviations

X

PFOS

M.-Th. Raepsaet-Charlier, Prosopographie des femmes de l'ordre senatorial Ier-Ile siecles (Lou­ vain 1987) E. Klebs, P. v. Rohden and H. Dessau, edd., Pro­

sopographia Imperii Romani (Berlin 1897-8) E. Groag, A. Stein, L. Petersen and K. Wachtel, edd., Prosopographia Imperii Romani (Berlin 1933ff.) PM£

H. Devijver, Prosopographia Militiarum Equestrium (5 vols., Leuven 1976-1987)

PS

W. Eck, ed., Prosopographie und Sozialges­ chichte. Studien zur M ethodik und Erkenntnis­ moglichkeit der kaiserzeitlichen Prosopographie. Kolloquium Koln 24-26. November 1991 (Koln - Wien- Weimar 1993)

Radice I, II

B. Radice, P liny, Letters and Panegyricus, 2 vols. (Loeb Classical Library, London - Cambridge, Mass. 1969)

RE

Realencyclopiidie der classischen Altertumswis­ senschaft (Stuttgart 1893-1978)

RMD

M.M. Roxan, Roman Military Diplomas 19541977 (London 1978); 1978-1984 (London 1985); 1985-1993 (London 1994)

RP I-VII

R. Syme, Roman Papers I-II, ed. E. Badian (Ox­ ford 1979); III, ed. A.R. Birley (Oxford 1984); IV-V, ed. A.R. Birley (Oxford 1988); VI-VII, ed.

A.R. Birley (Oxford 1991) SoTIR

H. Halfmann, Senatoren aus dem ostlichen Teil des Imperium Romanum (Gottingen 1979)

S-W

A.N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny. A Historical and Social Commentary (Oxford 1966)

STac

R. Syme, Tacitus, 2 vols. (Oxford 1958)

TiP

A.-M. Andermahr, Totus in Praediis. Senator­ ischer Grundbesitz in Italien in der fruhen Kai­ serzeit (Diss. Bonn 1998)

Editions

XI

Editions M. Durry (IV) and A.-M. Guillemin (I-III) Pline le Jeune. Lettres. Panegyrique de Trajan (Bude ed., 4 vols., revised ed., Paris 1964-7) R.A.B. Mynors

C. Plini Caecili Secundi epistularum libri decem

(Oxford 1963) B. Radice

Pliny. Letters and Panegyricus (Loeb ed., 2 vols.,

M. Schuster

Plinius Minor (Teubner, 3rd ed. by R. Hanslik,

London - Cambridge, Mass. 1969) Leipzig 1958 and reprints)

1. Pliny's Family There is general agreement on Pliny's family, now enshrined in the PIR2 entry, P 490 (by L. Vidman, published in 1997), with residual doubt only on the number of his marriages, to be discussed pres­ ently. His date of birth, between 24 August AD 61 and 23 August in AD 62, is given by his own reference to himself at the time of the eruption of Vesuvius. On 24 August AD 79 (the day of the erup­ tion is given by vi 16.4) he was in his eighteenth year, vi 20.5. He mentions his father only indirectly, when referring to Verginius Rufus having been his guardian, ii 1.8, and to his adoption by his maternal uncle, the Elder Pliny, v 8.5. The father was called L. Cae[ciliu]s C. f. Ouf. Secundus, as shown by an inscription from his home-town Comum. Pliny, after his father's death, but before the adoption by his uncle, and still called Caecilius Secundus f(il­

ius),

dedicated a temple of the imperial cult, which his late father

had paid for in the name of his daughter Caecilia, Pliny's sister, pre­ sumably also already deceased.3 His original praenomen before the adoption is not certain: no doubt either Gaius or Lucius.4 His mother, presumably called Plinia, is mentioned without her name in i 19.1, iv 19.7, vi 16.21 and 20.4££., vii 11.3. His uncle, C. Plinius Secundus,5 is referred to, unnamed in every case, in i 19.1, iii 5.1ff. (a full account of his writings and way of life), v 8.5, vi 16 (with full detail on his last hours and death) and vi 20 (on how Pliny and his mother were occupied during the eruption). After the adoption, evidently testamentary,6 Pliny was called by his full names C. Plinius L. f. Ouf. Caecilius Secundus (retaining his orig­ inal filiation) on inscriptions, although in the FO he is called as consul just C. Plinius Secundus.7

3Pais, Additamenta to CIL V, 745 + 746, as revised by G. Alfoldy,Athenaeum 61 (1983) 362-373 (reprinted with slight changes in his GCis 211-219), whence AE 1983, 443. •s-w 70; GCis 212 n. 5. 2 "PIR P 493.

6v 8.5, S-W 70; RP V 644. 7

APN 6, 27f., 44, 59, 60;

L. Vidman, PIR2 P 490.

2

1.

Pliny's Family

Pliny was married more than once, as is explicit in his letter to Trajan, x 2, thanking the emperor for granting him the ius trium

liberorum in spite of his being childless 'duobus matrimoniis'. Two wives can be identified from the letters. The first, whose name is unknown (PFOS no. 869), is mentioned directly only in ix 13, as having recently died: 'quamquam tum maxime tristis amissa nuper

uxore ... quia me recens adhuc luctus limine contineret', 13.4; 'Bit­ tius Proculus ... uxoris etiam meae, quam amiseram, vitricus', 13.13. The letter, although no doubt written relatively late (S-W 39ff.), recounts the debate in the senate on Publicius Certus, which was initiated by Pliny in the second half of AD 97. It was before the consulship of Domitius Apollinaris, which began on 1 Septem­ ber of that year (FO), Apollinaris being still 'consul designatus'. This wife's identity is clear from the letter to her mother Pompeia Celerina, i 4, addressed to her as 'mother-in-law', 'Pompeiae Ce­ lerinae socrui s(uae)'. Celerina (PFOS no. 626, but cf. PIR2 P 670) continued to be referred to as his mother-in-law, unnamed, in i 18.3 (although S-W 128 takes this to be the mother of a previous wife), iii 19.8, vi 10.1 and x 51.1. Celerina had evidently remarried, after the death of her unknown first husband, to (Q. Fulvius Gillo) Bittius Proculus, called 'stepfather of my wife whom I had lost', ix 13.13, cf. above. The unnamed 'mother-in-law' in the letters cannot be the mother of his next wife Calpurnia (PFOS no. 177): Calpurnia's mother must be assumed to have died before or soon after her mar­ riage, as had her father, iv 19.1, v 11.1, 3, vi 12.3, cf. viii 11, judging from the role of her aunt, her late father's brother, Calpurnia His­ pulla, as substitute mother. This is most clearly expressed in viii 11.1, to Hispulla, who loves Calpurnia 'more tenderly than a mother'; cf. also x 120.2. Calpurnia Hispulla and Calpurnia's father were the children of L. Calpurnius Fabatus of Comum, whose ca­ reer as an equestrian officer is epigraphically attested8 and whose banishment for alleged complicity in the incest of Junia Lepida

(PFOS no. 472) with her brother is registered by Tacitus, Ann. xvi 8.3.

8/LS 2721,

Comum; PIR2 C 208; PM£ C 53.

1. Pliny's Family

3

Pliny tells Trajan in x 2.2, 'eoque magis liberos concupisco, quos habere etiam illo tristissimo saeculo volui, sicut potes duobus matri­ moniis meis credere', 'still more do I long for children, which I wanted to have even in that very sad period [sc. the reign of Dom­ itian], as you can believe from my two marriages.' (Cf. also iv 13. 5 on Pliny's childlessness). Sherwin-White dismisses the arguments of Otto and Monti that 'quos habere etiam illo tristissimo saeculo volui' can be understood as a parenthesis meanillg only that Pliny was married twice altogether.9 For Sherwin-White, as for most others, Pliny had two wives before the marriage with Calpurnia, who was therefore his third wife. The daughter of Pompeia Ce­ lerina, who evidently died not long before the Publicius Cenus de­ bate, sc. in AD 97 or perhaps 96, ix 13.4, would then be his second wife. His first wife, about whom nothing whatsoever would be known except that she too was childless, may, on this view, have died much earlier. Sherwin-White (S-W 128) identifies the mother­ in-law mentioned in i 18.3, referring to a time when Pliny was very young (cf. below),

as

the mother of this postulated first wife. But

his arguments about Pliny's 'technique of parenthesis', illustrated by a few random examples, is certainly not sufficient proof for the 'three wives' theory. M.-Th. Raepsaet-Charlier, the leading special­ ist on women of the senatorial order, prefers to take Calpurnia as Pliny's second- and last- wife.10 This seems at the very least plau­ sible, and the question must therefore remain open, only soluble if new epigraphic evidence appears. Pliny's first known marriage may have been contracted many years before his wife died, cf. i 18.3: he already had a mother-in-law when he was 'adulescentulus adhuc'. The marriage to Calpurnia, if referred to in x 2, was probably contracted not long after the pre­ vious wife's death, since the letter to Trajan mentioning 'duobus matrimoniis' should belong to AD 98, 'inter initia felicissimi prin­ cipatus tui', x 2.2. As for the background of the two known wives, the daughter of Celerina was perhaps of senatorial status, although

�s-W 559£., d. 71, on W. Otto, 'Zur Lebensgeschichte des ji.ingeren Plinius', SBA W 10 (1919) 36f.,40 and S. Monti, 'Pliniana', RAN 27 (1952) 161ff. 10PFOS nos. 177,626,869.

4

1. Pliny's Family

the identity and rank of her father are, in fact, uncertain.11 For Ce­ lerina's second husband, called 'vitricus' of his late wife in ix 13. 13, a senator, colleague of Publicius Certus as treasury prefect and consul probably in AD 98, see the Index of Persons under Bittius Proculus. Calpurnia was from Pliny's home-town Comum, from an equestrian family. T hree letters to her are included in the collec­ tion, she is mentioned in six other letters in i-ix, and she accompa­ nied him to his province - the last letter to Trajan, x 120, requests the emperor's indulgence for Pliny having let her travel, without advance authorisation, by the cursus publicus to comfort her aunt after receiving the news of her grandfather's death. Apart from the family members already mentioned, one must register two female relatives of Pliny: Calvina, ii 4.2 ('adfinitatis of­ ficio') and Antonia Maximilla, 'ornatissima femina', x 5.2, who is specified as 'necessariae mihi feminae' in x 6.1. (L.) Plinius Pater­ nus of Comum, who received four letters, was presumably some kind of kinsman of Pliny's mother's family. His freedmen Hermes (vii 11) and Zosimus (v 19) and his lector Encolpius (viii 1) are also mentioned. A kinsman of Pompeia Celerina, Caelius Clemens, was transferred to Pliny's province in an unspecified post, x 51.1. Syme, RP VII 509, conjectures that another sister of Corellius Rufus, apart from the Corellia in the letters ( cf. i 12.3 for Corellius having more than one sister), was the wife of L. Calpurnius Fabatus, grandfather of Pliny's wife; further, ib., cf. 542, that Vestricius Spu­ rinna was also related to Pliny.

11The suggestion in PFOS, nos. 626£. and 869, that he might have been L. 2 Venuleius Montanus Apronianus (cos. suff 92), is not referred to in PIR P 670 and APN 118£. There the view that Celerina's father was L. Pompeius Vopiscus C. Arruntius Catellius Celer (cos. suff 77) is also treated sceptically, 2 cf. PIR P 662. Salomies also notes, APN 119, a Pompeia Celerina in CIL V 4085, between Mantua and Verona.

2. Pliny's Career

5

2. Pliny's Career Although the dating of Pliny's career up to the praetorship and his prefecture of the aerarium militare seems to be universally agreed, with different views still being expressed only about the date of his provincial governorship, there is still room for doubt over several important questions. At aJI events, it ought to be helpful to set out the relevant data and the arguments here. For his date of birt� be­ tween 24 August 61 and 23 August 62, see above, 1. His career is known in detail principally from an inscription at Comum, CILV 5262 ILS 2927, and from some other, even more fragmentary c ursus inscriptions (listed in PIR2 P 490), notably one from Hispellum, CIL VI 1552 XI 5272.12 The main Comum in­ scription, parts of it, now lost, only known from manuscript read­ ings, the one from Hispellum, and the other less complete ones (set up before the appointment to Pontus-Bithynia) gave his cursus bonorum, in descending order, modified (as often in such inscrip­ tions) by the consulship and priesthood (augurship in his case), be­ ing placed straight after the name, out of chronological order. G. Alfoldy has published a new and convincing restoration of CIL V 5262 and XI 5272, in particular affecting the part referring to the governorship of Pontus-Bithynia.13 He shows that14 Pliny was legate ofTrajan not 'with consular power' but 'with proconsu­ lar power': not consulari but proconsulari potestate, and restores lines 2-4 of CJLV 5262, Comum, as: =

-

=

augur•legat•pro•pr•provinciae•Pon[ti et•Bithyniae•pro] consulari potesta[te} in eam provinciam e[x senatus consulto ab] Imp Caesar Nerva Traiano Aug German[ico Dacico p p missus]

In the equivalent part of CILXI 5272, Hispellum, he reads the fol­ lowing {the last part of line 4 and lines 5-6 are here cited):

12They are (mostly) reproduced in the Teubner edition, pp. 456ff., the Bude edition, I pp. XLIXff., S-W 732f. and Radice II 550ff. I)'Die lnschriften des jiingeren Plinius und seine Mission in Pontus et Bithy­ nia', GCis 221-244. 14 As originally proposed by E. Bormann, AEM 15 (1892) 42.

2. Pliny's Career

6

•ex•s•c• pro [consulari•potestate•legatus•pr•pr•provincia.e•Ponti•}ii• Bithyniae•it•legatus [in•eam•ab•Imp•Caes•Nerva•Traiano•Aug•missus (vacat) testame}nto fieri iussit Pliny's cursus as registered by CIL V 5262 may be set out here, with each office separated for clarity, taking account of the revision by Alfoldy:15 (line 1) C•Plinius•L•f•Ouf•Caecilias[•Secundus• (line 2)

(line 5) (line 6)

(line 7)

cos.•]! augur• legat•pro•pr•provincia.e•Pon[ti•et•Bithyniae•pro}I (line 3) consulari potestate in eam provincia.m e[x senatus consulto ab}I (line 4) imp Caesar Nerva Traiano Aug German[ico Dacico p p missus]/ curator alvei Tiberis et riparum eft cloacarum urbis/ praef aerari Saturni praef aerari mil[itaris pr trib plebis]/ quaestor imp sevir equitum [ Romanor turmae .}I trib milit leg III Gallicae in pro[vincia. Syria X vir stli]/ (line 9) tib iudicand .

(line 8)

The remainder of line 9 and lines 10-15 refer to Pliny's testamen­ tary bequests to Comum. The tribunate of the plebs, praetorship and consulship can be re­ stored from the other inscriptions and from references in the Let­ ters.16 The inscriptions also register three posts nowhere registered in the Letters, decemvir stlitibus iudicandis, sevir equitum Ro­ manorum and praefectus aerari militaris, and allow the number and name of the legion in which Pliny was military tribune to be spec­ ified as III Gallica. 'sSee also his reconstruction drawings of the inscription and of that from His­ pellum, GCis 243 and the photographs, Taf. VI 1-2. 16Cf. now PIR2 P 490 (noting also a further inscription not known to the ed­ itors of Pliny, AE 1972, 212, Comum) and of course Alfoldy in GCis 221-244.

2. Pliny's Career

7

Pliny had already been taking lessons in public speaking, from Quintilian and Nicetes Sacerdos, when he was 'vixdum adulescen­ tulus', vi 6.3 (cf. ii 14.9 on Quintilian, 'praeceptore meo'), and be­ gan to speak 'in the Forum', i.e. in the Centumviral Court, in his 'nineteenth year', AD 80 or 81, v 8.8. As the adopted son of a higher knight, he had no doubt easily gained the latus clavus from the emperor Titus. He probably served in the pre-senatorial mag­ istracy as Xvir stlitibus iudicandis in AD 80 or 81. The decemvirate was one of the pre-senatorial posts in the vigintivirate, which fu­ ture senators held, for a year, at the earliest aged seventeen or eight­ een. Dio liv 26.Sff. suggests that the vigintivirate was obligatory for future senators, cf. Tacitus, Ann iii 29.1. There are, however, a fair number of career inscriptions where the post appears to have been omitted - not only by men who had begun a career as knights and first gained senatorial rank as quaestor.17 He then entered on a military tribunate- which was certainly no longer obligatory- in the Syrian legion III Gallica, probably in AD 82. The governor of Syria to whom he owed this commission was presumably T. Atilius Rufus (cos. suff ca. 76), attested in Pannonia in AD 80 and in Syria in 83.18 Rufus, who probably derived from Italia Transpadana,19 died in Syria, sc. in AD 83, Tacitus,Agr. 40.1.20 Pliny may well have served for over a year - and might not have been replaced until Rufus' unknown successor arrived. Pliny refers to this military service no fewer than seven times: i 10.2, he met the philosopher Euphrates 'in Syria, cum adulescen­

tulus militarem'. iii 11.5, he met the philosopher Artemidorus 'cum in Syria tribunus

militarem '. vii 4.3, his return, 'cum e militia rediens in lcaria insula ventis de­

tinerer'. 17See the list in A.R. Birley, 'Senators as generals', in G. Alfoldy, B. Dobson and W. Eck, edd., Kaiser, Heer und Gesellschaft in der Romischen Kaiserzeit. Gedenkschrift fur Eric Birley (Stuttgart 2000) 97-119, at 106ff. 2 18PIR A 1304; Eck I 302, 306. 19STac. 75; RP VII 511n., 553, 640. 2°For the date, A.R. Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford 1981) 77ff.; M.-Th. Raepsaet-Charlier, ANRW II 33.3 (1991) 1844ff.

8

2. Pliny's Career

vii 16.1, he and Calestrius Tiro 'simul militavimus'. vii 31.2, the prefect of cavalry Claudius Pollio was his 'commilito'; Pliny was 'iussus a legato consulari rationes alarum et cohortium excutere'. viii 14.7, his service was manifestly under Domitian, 'at nos iuvenes fuimus quidem in castris; sed cum suspecta virtus, inertia in pre­ tio, cum ducibus auctoritas nulla, nulla militibus verecundia, nusquam imperium, nusquam obsequium, omnia soluta turbata atque etiam in contrarium versa, postremo obliviscenda magis quam tenenda'. x 87.1, the primipilaris Nymphidius Lupus the elder was his 'com­ milito', 'cum ipse tribunus essem ille praefectus'. After his return from Syria Pliny was sevir equitum Romano­ rum, perhaps in AD 84. It was a purely ceremonial function, at the transvectio equitum, the annual ride-past of the equites Romani equo publico on 15 July.21 Most of the known senators who were seviri eq.R. (over one hundred) were at the same stage as Pliny in their career, i.e. not yet formally members of the senate, and many of them, although not all, had distinguished ancestry or connec­ tions. On the other hand, several thousand others who must have held this post are unknown or presumably did not trouble to reg­ ister their tenure, so one can make no inferences about Pliny's standing from it. Special favour from Domitian may, however, be inferred from the next post, quaestor imp(eratoris) as he referred to it in at least two inscriptions, with Domitian's name suppressed, 'quaestor Caesaris' as he calls it in vii 16.2. Membership of the senate was gained by holding the office of quaestor, normally at the age of twenty-four (Dio lii 2 0. l f ) 22 Pliny, as one of the quaestors at­ tached to the emperor (generally thought to be two out of the total of twenty each year)/3 was thus particularly favoured.24 Pliny re­ fers to his quaestorship in vii 16.2: he and Calestrius Tiro, after mil.

21See

.

RE 6A.2 (1937) 2178££.; 2A.2 (1923) 2018; W. Eck, ANRW II 1 (1977) 177; A.R. Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (1981) 14f. 22See J. Morris, Listyfilologicke 87 (1964) 317, stressing that the ruling 'annus coeptus pro pleno habetur', Digest 14.8, should have applied.

2. Pliny's Career

9

itary service together (cf. above) were 'quaestors of Caesar to­ gether', 'simul quaestores Caesaris fuimus'; cf. ii 9.1, where he notes that he did not have to canvass for election to the quaestor­ ship, as did his protege Sex. Erucius (Clarus). He was evidently already married by then: he was, 'still a youth',

'adulescentulus adhuc', acting as advocate for Junius Pastor, when his mother-in-law, alarmed by a dream, had tried to dissuade him from speaking, i 18.3 ( cf. above, 1). Early marriage was desirable for those who wished to speed up their career by producing off­ spring (cf. Tacitus, Agricola 6.1, 'idque matrimonium ad maiora

nitenti decus atque robur fuit', 6.2, 'auctus est ibi filia, in subsidium simul ac solacium'; also Digest iv 4.2 and Pliny vii 16.2, Calestrius Tiro's accelerated tribunate of the plebs, below). The year of the quaestorship is customarily calculated as AD 89.25 Syme hesitated between 87, 88 and 89, subsequently favouring AD 87, noting that if, as he assumed, 'Pliny was born in AD 62' (rather than 61, also possible), he would then have 'entered the Senate before completing his twenty-fifth year'.26 Any later esti­ mates would mean that Pliny, born in AD 61 or 62, did not become quaestor until he was at least twenty-six or twenty-seven, perhaps even twenty-eight or twenty-nine, i.e. between two and five years later than the normal minimum age. Given the high standing of his adoptive father and Domitian's selection of him as imperial quaes­ tor, this is hard to credit. It is, of course, a necessary corollary of the standard dating of his praetorship; Syme's final version might just solve the problem. One may leave this on one side, for the moment, and note that the quaestorship was followed, no doubt after the customary inter­ val of one or two years (Dio 1ii 20.1f.; Digest 1 i.18 and 14.5), by the tribunate of the plebs. Pliny mentions his year in the latter office in three places: 23W, Eck, Tra epigrafza, prosopografza e archeologia. Scritti scelti, rielaborati ed aggiornati (Rome 1996) 88, postulates that there may have been four an­ nual quaestores Augusti. z•sec M. Cebeillac, Les 'quaestores principis et candidati' aux fer et lie siecles de ['Empire (Milan 1972) passim. npJR2 P 490, or AD 90, S-W 73ff. 26STac. 75: for his latest view, RP VII 511, 563.

2.

10

Pliny's Career

i 23, advising Pompeius Falco, he records that he gave up all his court work while tribune. vii 16.2, Calestrius Tiro, who had been military tribune and quaestor at the same time as Pliny, cf. above, held his tribunate of the plebs a year before Pliny because he had issue, 'iure libero­

rum'. Pan. 95.1 refers briefly to his 'quies' in the office. Sherwin-White put the tribunate of the plebs in 92; Syme opted for 91;27 but see further below.

Then came the praetorship, referred to four times: iii 11.2, the key passage, to be discussed in detail below: he vis­ ited the philosopher Artemidorus, who had been expelled from the city of Rome, 'in suburbano', at some risk, as he was then praetor. vii 11.3-4, the son of Minicius Justus and Corellia presided over the games which Pliny held as praetor. vii 16.2, after falling behind Calestrius Tiro in the tribunate of the plebs, cf. above, Pliny caught up with him in the praetorship when the emperor gave him a year's remission, 'ilium in praetura

sum consecutus, cum mihi Caesar annum remisisset'. This ought to mean that he was excused the obligatory interval between of­ fices, and that he became praetor on 1 January following the end of his tribunate of the plebs on the previous 9 December. Pan. 95.1, a brief mention of his 'modestia' in the praetorship. iii 11.2-3 must be quoted in full: 'equidem, cum essent philosophi

ab urbe summot�fui apud illum (sc. Artemidorum) in suburbano et, quo notabilius, hoc est periculosius, esset, fui praetor. pecuniam etiam, qua tunc illi ampliore opus erat, ut aes alienum exsolveret contractum ex pulcherrimis causis, mussantibus magnis quibusdam et locupletibus amicis mutuatus ipse gratuitam dedi. (3) atque haec fe� cum septem amicis meis aut occisis aut relegatis, occisis Sene­ cione, Rustico, Helvidio, relegatis Maurico, Gratilla, Arria, Fan­ nia, tot circa me iactis fulminibus quasi ambustus mihi quoque im­ pendere idem exitium quibusdam notis augurarer.'

275-W 75, followed by PIR2 P 490; Syme, RPVII 563.

2.

Pliny's Career

11

'Indeed, after the philosophers had been expelled from the city, I was with him in his suburban place, and - which attracted the more attention, that is, was more dangerous I was praetor. The money, too, of which he then ('tunc') needed a considerable amount to pay off debts (contracted for most honourable rea­ sons), when certain influential and wealthy friends were hesist­ ant, I myself borrowed and gave to him free of interest. (3) And I did these things, when, after seven of my friends had either been killed or exiled (Herennius) Senecio, Ounius Arulenus) Rusticus and Helvidius killed, Ounius) Mauricus, (Verulana) Gratilla, Arria and Fannia exiled -, while I was almost consumed by flames amidst so many thunderbolts striking around me, the same fate was portended for me as well by certain sure signs.' -

The death and exile of the seven friends was a sequel to the trial of Baebius Massa and its aftermath, the trials for treason, datable by Tacitus, Agricola 44.1 and 45.1 to the period immediately following 23 August AD 93. This was the day of the death of Agricola, who was thereby spared the sight of all this. It is generally assumed that what Pliny describes in the passage from iii 11 above quoted must all have taken place in the latter part of AD 93, hence that he was praetor in that year. If this were right, he would have entered his praetorship aged at least thirty-one, if not thirty-two. In other words, it has again been generally accepted that he was two or three years older than the minimum age for one of the republican magis­ tracies. In the case of the praetorship this was twenty-nine.28 This interpretation has been questioned only by Harte.29 As he points out, Pliny does not say, when referring, particularly in vii 33.4 (d. the brief mentions in iii 4.4 and vi 29.8), to his prosecu­ tion of Baebius Massa, that he was praetor at the time. It was in the aftermath of this prosecution that the accusation and subsequent fate of his seven friends arose; and sentence on these friends was followed, according to Suetonius, Dom. 10.3 by the expulsion of philosophers, 'cuius occasione [sc. the execution of Junius Rusticus] philosophos omnis urbe Italiaque summovit', 'on which occasion 28Dio lii 20. 1 f with Digest 14.8 and J. Morris, Listy filologicke 87 (1964) 317. 29R.H. Harte, 'The praetorship of the younger Pliny',JRS 25 (1935) 51-4. .

12

2. Pliny's Career

he barushed all philosophers from the city and from Italy'. Cassius Dio, after referring to the execution of Senecio and Rusticus, lxvii 12.2f., writes that 'many others perished as a result of this charge of practising philosophy, and all [the philosophers] that were left were banished from Rome again'. Further, Aulus Gellius, NA xv 11.4, writes that 'verum etiam Domitiano imperante senatus­ consulto eiecti [sc. philosophz] atque urbe et ltalia interdicti sunt', 'but in the reign of Domitian as well [the philosophers] were ejected by a decree of the senate and banned from the city and from Italy! Harte takes the evidence to mean that the philosophers were banned first from Rome, sc. in AD 89, and then, after the treason trial of 93, from Italy as well: 'It seems likely therefore that in 89 the philosophers were merely expelled from Rome but allowed to remain in Italy till, some years later, even that concession was taken from them. If so, then Pliny's words "cum essent philosophi ab urbe moti, fui apud ilium in suburbano" are much more appropri­ ate to the first than to the second banishment!30 For a more precise dating of the first of these two measures one can only turn to Eusebius-Jerome. It was in Domitian's eighth year, i.e. AD 88-89, according to Jerome, that he 'mathematicos et philosophos Romana urbe pepulit'. A second expulsion was placed by Jerome under Domitian's fifteenth year, i.e. AD 95-96: 'rursum philosophos et mathematicos Roma per edictum extrudit'. This looks too late for the second measure. But the Armenian version of Eusebius gives Domitian's ninth and thjrteenth years, i.e. AD 8990 and 93-94, for the two expulsions, which would nicely fit the chronology here proposed. Harte stresses that for Pliny to have been praetor as late as 93 would have meant that rus early career was slow. Yet in Pan. 95.3 Pliny indicates that it was rapid at first: he was 'promoted by that most treacherous emperor before he admitted his hatred for good men'; but then he 'halted, preferring a longer route when I saw

30Harte, op. cit. 53; he refers to St. Gsell, Essai sur le regne de l'empereur Domitien (Paris 1894) 285 n. 8, whose conclusion was that '[i]l faut peut-etre distinguer deux mesures prises successivemenr contre les philosophes par le pouvoir imperial'. (Gsell, however, like everyone else, took Pliny to have been praetor when he visited Artemidorus.)

2. Pliny's Career

13

what the short cuts were which opened the path to office; in bad times I was numbered among those who grieved and were afraid',

'si cursu quodam provectus ab illo insidiosissimo principe, ante quam profiteretur odium bonorum, postquam professus est, substiti, cum viderem, quae ad honores compendia paterent, longius iter malui; si malis temporibus inter maestos et paventes ... numeror'. To summarise: Harte's solution is to interpret iii 11.2-3 as mean­ ing that 'Pliny helped Artemidorus on two separate occasions'. When praetor, Pliny visited Artemidorus in his residence outside Rome 'after the philosophers had been expelled from the city'. This, Harte argues, was Domitian's first expulsion of philosophers, and Artemidorus remained for some years in his suburban retreat. Then, late in 93, Pliny lent him money, at the time of the second ex­ pulsion. The second expulsion ought to be that registered by Dio lxvii 13.3, in language that surely means a second expulsion ('again'), as following the sentencing of Senecio and Rusticus. Sherwin-White (S-W 769f.) disputes Harte's interpretation on two grounds. First, 'it presses the evidence of the late chronogra­ phers beyond what they say to establish the distinction between an expulsion from Rome and an expulsion from Italy'. To answer this point: it has to be stressed that Pliny's account in iii 11.2 makes clear that, after the philosophers had been expelled from the city, Arternidorus was still in the vicinity, 'in suburbano'. Our historical sources for the Flavian period are so scanty that certainty is impos­ sible, to be sure. But prima facie there were two separate expul­ sions. Sherwin-White's second argument amounts to the assertion that '[Harte's] theory depends upon an improbable translation of Pliny, and a misuse of a particle of time.' However, it is difficult to see how one can seriously disprove Harte's contention that 'tunc' can refer 'to the whole time that Artemidorus was in suburbano, that is, the whole period between the first and second banish­ ments.'31 Sherwin-White discusses the age at which Pliny held these of­ fices elsewhere (S-W 73ff.), but he fails to address Harte's case that Pliny's career up to his praetorship ought to have been much more rapid than the standard dating of his praetorship to AD 93, with 31Harte, op. cit. 54.

14

2. Pliny's Career

the tribunate of the plebs in 92, and the quaestorship a few years before that. Syme's latest view (RP VII 563) has Pliny, after being quaestor in AD 87 and tribune of the plebs in 91, becoming praetor in 93, when, assuming that he was born in 62 rather than 61, he was thirty years old. This reconstruction would still make him a year older than the minimum age, and does not take account of the year's re­ mission between tribunate of the plebs and praetorship granted by Domitian, vii 16.2. Further, it postulates a gap of four years be­ tween quaestorship and tribunate, surely excessive. It is surely per­ fectly plausible that Pliny became quaestor in his twenty-fifth year, either in 86 or 87, depending on his year of birth, tribune of the plebs in 88 or 89, and praetor in 89 or 90. The remaining question concerns the office which follows the praetorship in his cursus inscriptions, the prefecture of the aerar­

ium militare, nowhere mentioned in his writings. Sherwin-White notes that the post was originally triennial (Dio lv 25.2) and places Pliny's tenure 'from the beginning of AD 94 [sc. straight after the praetorship, on his dating] to some time in 96, if not to the end of the year' (S-W 75). But there are problems with this dating. First, if Pliny in fact held the office during Domitian's last two and a half years, it casts doubt on his picture of the danger he was in after the execution and exile of his seven friends, iii 11.3, and with his state­ ment about his career in Pan. 95.4 (see above). Pliny elsewhere, in a letter to (Licinius) Sura, registers his belief that he himself would have been put on trial if Domitian had lived any longer: a libellus about him from the informer Mettius Carus was found in Domi­ tian's scrinium after the emperor's murder, vii 27.14.

If he was in fact uninterruptedly in office during Domitian's last, worst phase, the 'terror', he must be held guilty of deliberately propagating a false version of his position in his writings. Apart from the passages already mentioned, one may also note two fur­ ther letters. In vii 33, to Tacitus, intended to supply data for the

Histories, he emphasises the danger (especially 33.3, 'factum meum, cuius gratia periculo crevit') he was in after the trial of Bae­ bius Massa. That to the jurist Titius Aristo, viii 14, includes a gen­ eral lament about how the senators' spirits were over many years blunted, broken and destroyed with lingering effect under Domi-

2.

Pliny's Career

15

tian. Trus is doubtless not a problem for Sherwin-White, who is ca­ pable of calling the Stoic widows whom Pliny so much admired 'this tedious pair' (S-W 243), nor indeed for Syme, despite his gen­ eral disagreement with Sherwin-White about Pliny. Compare, out of many such comments: 'Pliny survived unscathed [sc. the 'thun­ derbolts' of iii

11.3]. Indeed he prospered, for all his declaration

that he now called a halt in his career (Pan. 95.3f.). The inscription contradicts. Pliny was one of the prefects put in charge of the Aer­ arium Militare (presumably from 94 to 96, inclusive). That fact dis­ credits another allegation: the incriminating document from the hand of Mettius Carus ... found ... after the assassination of Dom­ itian'

(RP VII 564f.).32

It is perfectly plausible that Pliny was first appointed to the pre­ fecture of the

aerarium militare by Nerva soon after his accession

in September 96, and that he held the post until, say, late 97. Sher­ win-White (S-W 767f.) seeks to invalidate this possibility on other grounds. First, he stresses that these 'appointments were usually held for three years or longer'. Yet in fact we have almost no evi­ dence whether the arrangement, reported by Dio lv 25.2, that the prefecture of the military treasury, when first established in AD 6, was triennial, remained in force up to the end of the first century AD. For one thing, the prefects (whether or not still three of them, as in AD 6) did not continue indefinitely to be chosen by lot, as Dio specifically states. Evidence from the known prefects'

cursus­

inscriptions33 allows no clear conclusion about the actual length of their term of office. Sherwin-White, further, as evidence that Pliny could not have held the military treasury in 96-97, cites 'numerous

32ln an interesting study, M. Griffin, 'Pliny and Tacitus', SCI 18 {1999) 139158, discusses the careers of Tacitus and Pliny, and the respective attitudes of the two to each other (while Pliny's admiration for Tacitus is manifest, the lat­ ter's view of Pliny is a matter for speculation)- and of Ronald Syme and A.N. Sherwin-White to these two authors and to one another. As will be clear, I take a different view from Syme, Sherwin-White and Griffin about the career of Pliny (and how he presented this career)- and, to some extent, about the career of Tacitus: cf. A.R. Birley, 'The life and death of Cornelius Tacitus',

Historia 49 {2000) 230-247. 33

Analysed at length by M. Corbier, L'aerarium Saturni et l'aerarium militare (Rome 1974).

16

2. Pliny's Career

letters of Book I [in which] Pliny appears as a man of unfettered 'leisure who has to account to no one for his absences from Rome' , sc. under Nerva, as in e.g. i 4, i 7.4, i 8, i 9, i 13, i 22. He contrasts with this 'the tone of i 10, where he groans over his duties as treas­ urer [sc. of the aerarium Saturnt], and his lack of leisure.' But­ apart from the difficulty of dating these letters precisely- it is not known whether the prefects of the military treasury were as re­ stricted in their leisure as were (no doubt) those of the treasury of Saturn. As for Pliny's later career, there is less room for disagreement: he was prefect of the treasury of Saturn from early in AD 98 (cf. espe­ cially x 3a.1) until he entered his consulship on 1 September 100 (Pan. 91.1, cf. v 14.5; S-W 76ff.; FO). He became an augur proba­ bly in AD 103;34 and was curator of the Tiber probably from AD 104 to 106 (mentioned in v 14.2).35 The only final uncertainty con­ cerns the exact dates of his governorship of Pontus-Bithynia (cov­ ered by x 15-121) and of his death in the province after less than two full years in office. He reached Bithynia on 17 September, x 17a.2 and 17b.1; in his second calendar year in the province he registered the sollemnia vota for the emperor, of 3 January, x 35, the celebration of Trajan's dies imperii, 28 January, x 52, and Tra­ jan's birthday, 18 September, x 88, by now just into his second year of office; the vota, i.e. on 3 January, in Pliny's second year of office and in the third calendar year in which he was in the province, were renewed, x 100; and later that month Pliny celebrated Trajan's dies imperii for the second time, x 102. Another nine letters, and Tra­ jan's replies to each one, followed, x 104-121. There is no means of telling over how many weeks or months they were written. Sher­ win-White (S-W 728) may be right in inferring that Pliny's second last letter, x 118, dealing with prizes for athletes in the iselastica cer­ tamina, was 'probably [written] in summer, after the "games'".

34L. Schumacher, Prosopographische Untersuchungen zur Besetzung der vier

hohen romischen Priesterkollegien im Zeitalter der Antonine und der Severer (96-235 n.Chr.) (Diss. Mainz 1973) 297 n. 37, after detailed comparison of the relevant letters, concludes that Pliny was nominated in March AD 103 and then duly co-opted. 35STac 659; RP V 496ff.

3. Pliny's Correspondents

17

There has been support for AD 109-111, 110-112 and 111-113. Sherwin-White (S-W 80f.) argues that the absence of reference (e.g. in x 35 and 100) to Trajan's sixth consulship, of AD 112, 'supports an early date for the mission', viz. AD 109-111. Syme argued for an appointment not beginning until AD 110, on the grounds that ix 28, 36 and 40, all of course written before Pliny left for Bithynia, belong to the winter of 109-110, which would mean that Pliny went on into AD 112.36

3. Pliny's Correspondents Syme commented that '[m]ore than a hundred persons receive epistles from Pliny . . . A full catalogue would be instructive, and te­ dious' (STac. 87). In spite of this disclaimer, Syme did later devote a good many pages to 'People in Pliny' (RP II 694ff.) and 'Corre­ spondents of Pliny' (V 440ff.), while- not to mention other contri­ butions in RP the whole of his posthumously published RP VII (1991) is devoted to Plinian questions. The present contribution cannot attempt to replicate what Syme has done so well. A partic­ ular feature of his Plinian studies was the emphasis on what he calls 'Pliny country'. It was, as he has shown, persons from the area that 'extends from Vercellae as far as Brixia and Verona, but not further, not to Vicetia and Patavium',37 that formed 'Pliny's circle', the larg­ est single group of his friends and correspondents.38 Rather than repeat Syme's findings, referred to repeatedly in the Index of Per-

36RP V 478ff., followed by L. Vidman in PIR2 P 490; AD 110 was also fa­ voured by Eck I 349 n. 275. 37STac 85; RP II 694ff.,704,726, 764,768, 770£.; IV 75, 165, 391; V 431ff., 460; VI 143, 219n.; VII 506 (here quoted), 509, 513, 543, 558, 611, 620f., 641. Cf. also the entries in the Indices to RP, under 'PLINY, the Younger', 'ilia nostra Italia', 'regio Transpadana' and 'regio mea'. 38See now also on Pliny's home country the valuable discussion by Fr. Gasser, Germana patria. Die Geburtsheimat in den Werken romischer Autoren der spiiten Republik und der fruhen Kaiserzeit (Stuttgart-Leipzig 1999), espe­ cially ch. XII, 'Pliruus der Jiingere und Comum', pp. 186-216, and XIII, 'Lokalpatriotismus von Cicero bis Plinius', pp. 217-228. This came into my hands too late for me to refer to it elsewhere in the present work.

18

3. Pliny's Correspondents

sons, some lists are offered here of Pliny's·correspondents by cate­ ·gory. First, by number of letters received: at the head comes the orator and historian (P.) Cornelius Tacitus

(cos. suff 97), with eleven letters.

He is followed by: Pliny's

'prosocer', his wife's grandfather, (L.) Calpurnius Faba­

tus, Roman knight and fellow-townsman from Comum, with nme. Next come, each with eight: another man from Comum, Caninius Rufus (but two out of eight are of uncertain attribution) and Novius Maximus (in his case only two out of eight are certainly to his address), almost certainly from Transpadana. Neither were senators. Seven letters each went to: Arrianus Maturus, the leading citizen of Altinum, a former im­ perial procurator, and (C.) Voconius Romanus, of Saguntum in Hispania Tarraconensis, of equestrian rank. Six each evidently went to: Caecilius Macrinus (albeit the address gives only the

cognomen

in five cases), from Mediolanum or Brixia, certainly not a sena­ tor, and Rosianus Geminus, probably from Trebula Mutuesca, Pliny's quaestor in AD

100, who eventually became consul un­

der Hadrian. Five each may be assigned to: C. Calvisius Rufus of Comum, a local dignitary; Cornelius Ur­ sus, possibly provincial; Pompeius Saturninus known, and (C.) Valerius Paulinus

(1 ), origin un­ (cos. suff 107), from Forum

Julii in Gallia Narbonensis. Four each went to: T. Calestrius Tiro, a senator, probably from Picenum and an ex­ act contemporary of Pliny; (P.) Metilius ('Maecilius') (Sabinus) Nepos (cos.

suff 103, des. II ord. 128), from Novaria (with some

uncertainty about attribution and identity); C. Minicius Funda­

(cos. suff 107), from Ticinum; (L.) Plinius Paternus, from (cos. suff 1 08), evidently from Sicily; C. Septicius Clarus, an equesnus

Comum, perhaps a distant kinsman; (Q.) Pompeius Falco

3.

Pliny's Correspondents

19

trian, later Guard Prefect under Hadrian, origin uncertain, but perhaps from Transpadana; C. Suetonius Tranquillus, scholar, of equestrian rank, later ab epistulis of Hadrian, evidently from Hippo Regius in Africa. T hree each went to: Annius Severus, of Comum, certainly a non-senator; (Cn.) Ar­ rius Antoninus (cos. suff 69, II suff 97); Calpurnia, Pliny's wife; Clusinius Gallus (but two attributions uncertain); (C.) Cor­ nelius Minicianus, of equestrian rank, from Bergomum; Julius Genitor, teacher of Latin oratory; Junius Mauricus, Stoic sena­ tor; (Cn. Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator (cos. ord. 118), young mem­ ber of a long-established senatorial family from Barcino in Spain; Pontius Allifanus, a senator, from Campania. 137 letters, well over half the total of 247 in Books i-ix, thus went to the address of these twenty-eight correspondents. The distribu­ tion of the remaining 110 letters and the identity or status of their recipients, and hence the exact total number of Pliny's correspond­ ents, remains uncertain or obscure in some cases. But they include the following seventeen or eighteen senators with two letters each:

(L.) Catilius Severus (cos. suff 110, II ord. 120), from Apamea in Bithynia (two letters); Claudius Restitutus, rank unknown, per­ haps from Africa; (L. Cornelius) Priscus (cos. suff. 104?), from Patavium (attribution slightly uncertain); (L.) Domitius Apolli­ naris (cos. suff 98), from Vercellae; (L.) Fabius Justus (cos. suff 102), perhaps from Spain; L. Fadius Rufinus (cos. suff 113); (C. Julius) Cornutus Tertullus (cos. suff. 100), from Perge in Pam­ phylia; Qulius) Sabinus, origin unknown; (L.) Julius (Ursus) Servianus (cos. suff 90, II ord. 107, III ord. 134), perhaps from Gaul; (Sex. ?) Julius Sparsus (?cos. suff. 88, or his son), perhaps from Spain; (L.) Licinius Sura (cos. suff 90?, II ord. 102, III ord. 107), from Tarraconensis; (T. Pomponius) Mamilianus (cos. suff. 100), from Tarraconensis; T. Sempronius Rufus (cos. suff. 113), origin unknown; (Q.) Sosius Senecio (cos. ord. 99, II ord. 107), origin unknown; (?M. Trebatius) Priscus (? the cos. suff. 108), or­ igin unknown - certainly a senator, whether Trebatius or not; (C.) Ummidius Quadratus (cos. suff. 118), from Casinum; (T.) Vestricius Spurinna (cos. suff. II 98: one letter jointly with his

20

3.

Pliny's Correspondents

wife Cottia), from N. Italy or Etruria. (P. Calpurnius) Macer

(cos. suff 103) received v 18 and perhaps also vi 24 (but this may have been to Baebius Macer), in which case he was from 'Pliny country' if not from Comum itself. Fifteen or sixteen senators and two senatorial ladies received one letter each: (C. Bruttius) Praesens

(cos. suff ca. 118, II ord. 1 39), from Luca­

nia; Caecilius Celer, exact rank and origin unknown; (C.) Calpurnius Flaccus

(cos.

ff

su

ca.

124), from Tarraconensis; (P. (cos. suff 84?), origin un­

Calvisius?) Ruso Qulius Frontinus?)

known; Corellia Hispulla, daughter of Corellius Rufus, from Laus Pompeii; Gallus, exact rank and origin unknown; Hereon­ ius Severus, probably from Spain; (Ti.) Julius Ferox (cos. suff 99), origin unknown; Julius Naso, from Gaul; Junius Avitus, or­ igin unknown; Cn. Lucceius Albinus (cos. from Cumae; (L. Neratius) Priscus

(cos.

ff. ca. 102), perhaps ff 97), from Saepi­

su su

num; Pompeia Celerina, P.'s mother-in-law; (T.) Pomponius Bassus (cos. suff 94), origin unknown; (Q. Gellius) Sentius Augurinus, probably from Verona; (Sex. Quintilius Valerius) Maximus, from Alexandria Troas. The Macer who received vi

24

and was from 'Pliny country' (see the previous paragraph) was either (Q.) Baebius Macer Macer

(cos.

ff 103),

su

(cos.

ff 103)

su

or

(P. Calpurnius)

qq.vv., each of whom received one other

letter. There are a few more of the higher knights who received letters: (Cn. Octavius) Titinius Capito (one), Terentius Junior (two), and (C.) Vibius Maximus (one); also the equestrian jurist, Titius Aristo (two). A further seven correspondents, all but one of lower than senatorial status, from Comum or from the broader Transpadane region were: Acilius (one); Annius Severus (of Comum, two); Corellia (one); Maesius Maximus (two); Romatius Firmus (of Comum, two); Sardus (one); Vibius Severus (two). Two other relatives, apart from Calpurnius Fabatus, Calpurnia and Pompeia Celerina, received letters: Calpurnia Hispulla, P.'s wife's aunt (two); Calvina (one).

4.

Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

21

Further, Erucius Clarus, recipient of one letter, is, as the father of a known character and thus linked to C. Septicius Clarus, hardly an unknown. The total of those listed above is 77, of whom 48 were of senato­ rial rank (including Cottia, wife of Vestricius Spurinna, joint ad­ dressee of one letter). This leaves a further 28 correspondents not easily placed in any of the above categories: Aefulanus Marcellinus; Atrius (name uncertain); Attius Clem­ ens; Baebius Hispanus; Catius Lepidus; Clusinius Gallus; Colonus; Cornelianus; Cornelius Titianus; Fabius Valens (1); Genialis; Julius Valerianus; Lupercus; Maximus (3); Montanus; Mustius; Octavius Rufus; Quintilianus; Rufinus; Rusticus; Sab­ inianus; Silius Proculus; Statius Sabinus; Terentius Scaurus; Tri­ arius; Velius Cerialis; Venator; Verus. 4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans At the start of every letter Pliny himself appears in the MSS as 'C. Plinius' without cognomen. The nomenclature of the recipient was, it seems, probably given by gentilicium and cognomen, or, in a few cases, by two cognomina, but most MSS for the majority of letters preserve just one name. Only the codex Beluacensis or Ashburnha­ mensis or Riccardianus has an index of correspondents, for books i-v.39 There are some variants, with a relationship or rank as well as a name or names being given: Pliny's deceased wife's mother is ad­ dressed as 'Pompeiae Celerinae socrui', his last (second or third) wife's grandfather Calpurnius Fabatus as 'Calpumio Fabato prosocero'. In book x Trajan is addressed as 'Traiano imperatori'. 39Not much is said by the editors or by Sherwin-White in his Commentary about this invaluable aid to identifying many of the people in Pliny. It is still worth referring to some early studies: a brief account in L. Havet, 'Un man­ uscrit de Pline le jeune', Revue critique d'Histoire et de Litterature 16 (1883) 251-254; full detail in Th. Stangl, 'Zur kritik der briefe Plinius des jiingeren. I. Alter und umfang der Riccardianischen handschrift, sowie ihre verzeichnisse der briefempfanger und briefanfange', Philologus 45 (1886) 642-656, and E.T. Merrill, 'The codex Riccardianus of Pliny's Letters', A]Ph 16 (1895) 468-490.

22

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

Of the 247 letters in i-ix, less than half name historical or living ·persons: 133 letters either include no names at all, except that of the addressee, or only those of Greek and Latin authors. Of the 124 letters in x (the numbering runs from 1-121, but 3, 17 and 86 each represent two letters, labelled a and b), 52 have no personal names (and many of those from Trajan only have P.'s name, 'Secunde'). In Pan., apart from P.'s colleague Qulius) Cornutus Tertullus (90.3), only deities, emperors, Trajan's father and Republican heroes are named. The vast majority of Roman men are named with gentili­ cium followed by cognomen.40 In five cases this order is inverted, an archaism found often in Tacitus and Fronto: Rusticus Arulenus i 5.2 - but he is Arulenus Rusticus in the same letter, i 5.5, and in i 14.2, elsewhere Rusticus only. His full names were Q. Junius Arulenus Rusticus. Fronto Catius ii 11.3, 18; vi 13.2. In iv 9.15 he is just Pronto. His full names were Ti. Catius Caesius Fronto. Massa Baebius iii 4.4; elsewhere Baebius Massa. Rufus Varenus v 20. 1; elsewhere just Varenus. Rufus Verginius vi 10. 1; elsewhere Verginius or Rufus or Verginius Rufus . Another archaism - for by the Flavian period the cognomen seems to have become universal41 -is that in certain cases contem­ poraries are named by praenomen and gentilicium only, even when they had a cognomen, a practice also followed for republican or early imperial persons, also listed here. But, given that the emperor A . Vitellius still had no cognomen, some of Pliny's contemporaries so named, if not many apart from a few older men, may also have lacked one. This form applies to the following: C. Geminius i 12.9. It is not known whether he had a cognomen. P. Acilius i 14.6. It is not known whether he had a cognomen. 40Two helpful studies of Pliny's practice may be mentioned here: L. Vidman, 'Die Namengebung bei Plinius demJiingeren', Klio 63 (1981) 585-595, and F. Jones, 'Naming in Pliny's Letters', SO 66 (1991) 147-170.lt does not seem ap­ propriate to cite these for agreement or otherwise in what follows. 410. Salomies, Die romischen Vornamen. Studien zur romischen Namenge­ bung (Helsinki 1987) 350ff.

4.

Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

23

M. Tullius: Cicero is so called in i 20.4; iii 15.1; iv 8.4; v 3.5; ix 2.2; ix 26.8; he is 'Marcus noster' in i 2.4, 'Cicero' in i 5.llf. and vii 4.3ff. and 'M. Cicero' in vii 17.13 Titus Livius (with praenomen in full, not abbreviated to

T.)

ii 3.8; vi 20.5. Sextus Erucius ii 9.1 ('Sextus' in 9.2). This is Sex. Erucius Clarus. C. Erucius ii 9.4. This man is no doubt the addressee of i 16, (C.) Erucius Clarus. C. Musonius iii 11.5,7. This is C. Musonius Rufus. C. Calvisius 'contubernalis meus' iv 4.1. This is C. Calvisius Ru­ fus. C. Caecilius 'consul designatus' iv 17.1; this is C. Caecilius Strabo, given his cognomen in iv 12.4. Titus Catius iv 28.1. The praenomen, evidently written out in full in the MSS, may, however, have been Tiberius, RP IV 381. Q. Hortensius v 3.5. This is the cos. 69 BC, who had the cog­

nomen Hortalus. Servius Sulpicius v 3.5. This is the cos. 51 BC, who had the cog­

nomen Rufus. C. Memmius v 3.5. This is presumably the pr. 58 BC, who, like other Memmii of the late Republic, had no cognomen. P. Vergilius v 3.6. This is the poet Virgil, whose cognomen was

Maro. C. Fannius v 5.1, 5. It is not known whether he had a cognomen. M. Antonius v 20.5. This is the cos. 99 BC, who had no cog­

nomen. C. Cassius vii 24.8. This is the cos. suff 30, whose cognomen was Longinus. Apart from gentilicium only in the addresses (probably the re­ sult of abbreviation by scribes), in a limited number of cases Pliny refers to men in the body of his letters by gentilicium only (writers, Accius, Horatius, Vergilius, etc., are not here listed): Pliny himself (Aquillius) Regulus evidently referred to him as

'Plinium' when asking Vestricius Spurinna to call on him, i 5.8; but in i 5.5 Regulus is quoted as addressing P. as 'Secunde'; iv 27.4; called 'Plinius' in the poem about P. by Sentius Auguri­ nus, here quoted; ix 23.3, coupled with Cornelius Tacitus in the

4.

24

Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

quoted question 'Tacitus es an Plinius?' and so called by Fadius Rufinus when pointing P. out to his fellow-townsman, ix 23.4. Atilius 'noster' i 9.8; ii 14.2. This is clearly Atilius Crescens. Corellius iv 17.2, 4;

v 1.5;

vii 31.4; vii 31.4 Corellius 'noster';

ix 13.6; he is Corellius Rufus in i 12.1 but just Corellius in the re­ mainder of this letter and in vii 11.3. Varenus vi 5.1; vi 13.2; vi 29.11; vii 6.1; vii 10.1; 'Varenus meus' means P.'s speech 'pro Vareno' in vi 13.1; Rufus Varenus v 20.1. Tutilius vi 32.1. Not identified. Cluvius ix 19.5. This is the historian Cluvius Rufus; he is named in a quoted conversation between himself and Verginius Rufus, who calls him 'Cluvi' and whom Cluvius addressed as 'Vergini'. Helvidius the elder vii 19.3, 5. His full names were C. Helvidius Priscus. Helvidius the younger iii 11.3; vii 30.4; ix 13. 1, 3, 4, 16; not named in iv 21.3, simply 'patrem illarum defunctarum', sc. 'Hel­ vidiarum sororum ', iv 21.1. It is not known whether the younger Helvidius was also called Priscus, but he presumably had a cog­ nomen. Clarius ix 28.5. The name may be corruptly transmitted, and could possibly be a cognomen, e.g. 'Clarus', perhaps Sex. Eru­ cius Clarus, q.v. Nonius 'tuus' ix 30.1. Not identified. What may be called the 'aristocratic' form, praenomen and cog­ nomen, is used for only one contemporary (Regulus) and for vari­ ous historical figures (most of them in one place, v 3.5): L. Gunius) Silanus i 17.1,3.

M. (Aquillius) Regulus i 5.1; vi 2.1. Elsewhere he is Regulus only. Drusus (Claudius) Nero iii 5.4 -with inversion of the names: Nero was his praenomen, Drusus his cognomen. L. (Calpurnius) Piso iii 7.12.

C. Gulius) Caesar iii 12.2; he is 'Caesar' i 20.4 and 'divus Julius' v 3.5; viii 6.13. C. (Licinius) Calvus v 3.5. M. (Valerius) Messal(l)a v 3.5.

4.

Pliny's Practice in Namjng Romans

25

M. Ounius) Brutus v 3.5. L. (Cornelius) Sulla v 3.5. Q. (Lutatius) Catulus v 3.5. Q. (Mucius) Scaevola v 3.5. M. (Tullius) Cicero vii 17.13, elsewhere mostly M. Tullius, cf. above. Apart from the use of a single name, cognomen, or, in some cases gentilicium only, in the addresses (probably the result of abbrevia­ tion by scribes) a good many men are referred to by cognomen only in the body of the letters (writers, Catullus, Calvus, Cicero, etc., and historical figures of the Republic, Scipiones etc., are not here listed): (Sulpicius) Camerinus i 5.3. Spurinna i 5.8; iii 1.1; iv 27.5; but Vestricius Spurinna ii 7.1. Mauricus i 5.10; iii 11.3; but Junius Mauricus iv 22.3. Gallus i 7.4. (Servilius) Nonianus i 13.3. (Aquillius) Regulus i 20.14; ii 11.22; ii 20.2; iv 2.1; iv 7.1; M. Regulus i 5.1; vi 2.1. Tranquillus 'contubernalis meus' i 24.1, 3; and Tranquillus 'meus' v 10.3 to Suetonius himself. (Vestricius) Cottius ii 7.3. Acilianus ii 16.1. Perhaps Minicius Acilianus of i 14.3ff Piso 'huius dico Pisonis, quem Galba adoptavit' ii 20.2. Senecio iii 11.3; vii 19.5; Herennius Senecio in i 5.3; iv 7.5; iv 11.12; vii 33.4. Ounius Arulenus) Rusticus iii 11.3; v 1.8; Rusticus Arulenus i 5.2; Arulenus Rusticus i 5.5; i 14.1 (Arruntius Camillus) Scribonianus iii 16.7, 9. (Clodius) Thrasea (Paetus) iii 16.10; vi 29.1, 7; vii 19.3; viii 22.3. Homullus v 20.6; vi 19.3 ('noster'). Titius Homullus in iv 9.15 (if this is the same person; cf. the entry in the Index of Persons). Celer 'eques Romanus' iv 11.10. (Plinius) Secundus, i.e. P. himself i 5.5 (but 'Plinius' in i 5.8); iv 17.8, 9; ix 13.8. (Arrius) Antoninus iv 27.5. Frontinus v 1.5; ix 19.1.Julius Frontinus in iv 8.3.

26

4.

Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

(Bellicius) Sollers 'vir praetorius' v 4.1. (Pompeius) Saturninus (2) v 7.1, cf. i 16.1, where he is alluded to in the reference to his homonym, Pompeius Saturninus (1), 'hunc dico nostrum'. Nepos 'praetor' v 9.3; Nepos v 13.1; Licinius Nepos 'praetor' in iv 29.2; Licinius Nepos vi 5.1. (Minicius) Fundanus v 16. 1 ('noster'), 16.7. (Avidius) Nigrinus 'tribunus plebis' v 13.6; Nigrinus v 20.6; vii 6.2, 4. Maximus 'noster' vi 8.4. See Maximus (2) in the Index of Per­ sons. Qulius) Vmdex (in Verginius Rufus' verse epitaph) vi 10.4; ix 19.1. Cascus vi 16.8. Pomponianus vi 16.12, 14. Robustus 'splendidus eques Romanus' vi 25.1. Rufus vi 30.5. Suburanus vi 33.6, a different person from (Anius) Suburanus vii 6.10. 'ille' Magnus ('ille' probably sarcastic) vii 6.2; Magnus vii 10.1. But Fonteius Magnus in v 20.4, a letter on a subject treated in further instalments in vii 6 and 10. Polyaenus vii 6.6; vii 10.1. (Trebatius ?) Priscus 'noster' vii 7.1; vii 15.3. (Calestrius) Tiro vii 23.1; Tiro 'meus' vii 32.1. Quadratus vii 24.4, 6, 9. Umrnidius Quadratus in vi 11; and his gentilicium is implied by that of his grandmother in vii 24. Carus vii 27.14. Mettius Carus in i 5.3, vii 19.5. Macrinus 'noster' viii 5.1. Unclear whether Caecilius or Minicius Macrinus. Servianus viii 23.5. Elsewhere Julius Servianus. Planta ix 1.1. Pompeius Planta in x 7(T.) and 10.2. Murena 'tribunus' ix 13.19. Apparently Pompeius Falco, who also had this name. Rufus 'noster' ix 38. Certain persons of low status, such as the baker Maximus (5), do not require discussion. Incidentally, it should be pointed out, im-

4.

Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

27

perial freedmen, e.g. Eurythmus, were not necessarily called M. Ulpius: Trajan could have taken them over from the Flavians or Nerva. The plural for singular occurs in the following cases: Bruti, Cassii, Catones i 17.3. Catones iii 21.5 in a quotation from Martial x 20.21; iv 27.4 in a quotation from the poem of Sentius Augurinus. Achaici, Numantini ... Marii, Sullae, Pompei viii 6.2. Fabricii ... Camilli Pan. 13.4. Laelii Pan. 88.6. A few men are named by two cognomina: Qulius) Cornutus Terrullus i 11.19; ii 12.2; v 14.1; ix 13.15; just Cornutus iv 17.9. Libo Frugi iii 9.33. (Valerius) Catullus Messal(l)inus iv 22.5. (Cornelius) Lentulus Gaetulicus v 3.5. Arrianus Maturus, (Marius) iii 2.2; in addresses of letters to him he is Maturus Arrianus iv 8, iv 12; he is Arrianus in the address of i 2, ii 11, ii 12, vi 2, viii 21. (Pedanius) Fuscus Salina tor vi 11.1; vi 26.1. (Caepio Hispo iv 9.16, at first sight another case, should be ex­ cluded, since Caepio, as well as being a cognomen, was also used as a gentilicium, LE 309.) In book x Pliny addresses Trajan almost always as <domine' in the course of the letter, sometimes more than once. Exceptions are x 1, where he is 'imperator sanctissime' and 'imperator optime', and x 14, 'optime imperator' (in x 4, first as 'imperator optime' and later as 'domine); and in x 41, 59, 64, 102 and 116 'domine' is omitted. But in x 41.1 Pliny refers to 'fortunae tuae et animi magnitudinem ... non minus aetemitate tua quam gloria'; in 59.1 he has 'per sa­ lutem tuam aetemitatemque'; 64 is a brief postscript to 63; 102 is a single laudatory sentence on Trajan's dies imperii. Hence only in 116 is the absence of the courtesy noticeable. Trajan addresses Pliny as <mi Secunde carissime' in twelve letters, x 16, 20, 50, 53, 55, 60, 62, 80, 82, 89, 95, 99, as 'Secunde carissime' in x 18, 44, 91, 115, 121, and as 'mi Secunde' in x 97. For comparison, Domitian ad-

28

4.

Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

dresses Lappius Maximus as 'mi Maxime' in his letter quoted by Pliny, x 58.6. In book x Romans are referred to by gentilicium and cognomen, with a few exceptions. It is only in book x that the tria nomina ap­ pear. In three letters this was clearly because the names had to be officially registered in connection with the grant of citizenship: 'L. Satrio Abascanto et P. Caesio Phosphoro et P. Anchariae Soteridi'

(cf. for this reading under Ancharia in the Index of Persons) in x 11.2; 'C. Valerius Astraeus, C. Valerius Dionysius, C. Valerius Aper' in x 104; 'P. Accio Aquila' in x 106, repeated in x 107. The full style, 'P. Servilio Calvo proconsule', in Trajan's letter, x 57.1, is pre­ sumably due to the form in which he had appeared in the 'decre­ tum Calvi et edictum' (not reproduced in the MSS) which Pliny had sent Trajan, x 56.5. Second, Roman men are referred to by a single name in the following cases (freedmen not listed): Gemelli­ nus, 'optimus vir' x 27, but in Trajan's reply the latter is named with his gentilicium as well, Virdius Gemellinus, x 28; and 'Paulus pro­ consul' in Trajan's reply, x 60.2, had been named as Velius Paulus in Pliny's letter x 58.3. Third, two cognomina, without gentilicium, are used for two men, Rosianus Geminus, x 26.1, and Fuscus Sali­ nator (the elder?), x 87.3, cf. above. Pliny's practice varies in the naming of emperors. Trajan himself is 'Caesar' ii 11.11, 15; iii 7.7; iv 12.3; vi 22.2, 5; vi 31.1 ('Caesar noster}, 4, 5,6, 8, 11, 14; vii 6.1, 6; vii 10.2; ix 13.22; and 'Traiano imperatori' in the opening address of letters in book x. In the Pan­ egyric he is 'Caesar Auguste' 4.3; 5.2; 'Caesar' 9.3; 14.1; 26.4; 28.6; 30.5; 34.1; 36.4; 38.2; 38.7; 41.1; 43.3; 45.6; 46.5; 50.2, 5,6; 51.4; 52.6; 53.5; 55.5,6; 58.3; 60.6; 62.2, 5, 9; 64.3; 67.5, 7; 68.1,5; 69.3, 5, 6; 70.4, 6; 71.6; 72.5; 73.3; 74.5; 78.5; 83.1; 86.3, 4; 87.2; 'Germanicus' 9.2;

'imperator Auguste' 16.2; 'imperator ... et Caesar' 21.2, 3; 'Augus­ tus et Caesar' 57.5; 'imperator et Caesar etAugustus' 64.2; 88.7; 'op­ timus' 88.4, 5, 6, 8, 10; 'Traianus' 88.6.

Trajan's predecessors are referred to as follows: Augustus 'divus Augustus' v 3.5; x 65.3; x 80; x 84; 'Augustus' x 79.4 {twice); x 84; Pan. 11.1, 88.10. 'Tiberius Caesar' v 3.5; 'Tiberius' Pan. 11.1. Tiberius Claudius 'Claudius Caesar' i 13.3; x 70.2; 'Claudius' iii 16.7, 9; x 71; Pan. 11.1; 'Caesar' viii 6. 5, 9, 12, 15.

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

Nero Galba Vitellius:

29

'Nero' ii 5.5; iii 7.9, 10 (and also 'Neroniani con­ sules' there); v 3.6; vi 31. 9; Pan. 11.1; 53.4. 'Galba' ii 20.2. 'Vitellius' iii 7.3; cf. i 5.2, Qunius) Arulenus Rusti­

cus labelled by (Aquillius) Regulus 'Vitella i na cica­ Vespasian

trice stigmosum'. 'divus Vespasianus' i 14.5; x 65.3; 'Vespasianus im­ perator' iii 5.9; 'Vespasianus' Pan. 11.1.

Titus

'Caesar' i 18.3(?); 'divus Titus'

Domitian

'Domitianus' i 5.1, 5, 14; i 12,7; iii 9.31, 33; iv 9.2;

Nerva

iv 11.5, 11, 13; iv 22.5; ix 13.2; x 58.3, 4, 10; x 60.1; x 65.3; x 66.2; Pan. 11.1; 20.4; 'Caesar' i 18.3(?); iv 1 1.7; vii 16.2. 'Caesar noster' ii 9.2; 'divus Nerva' iv 11.14; v 3.5; vii 33.9; heading of x 58.6; Pan. 7.4; 38.6; 89.1; 'Nerva imperator' iv 17.8; 'imperator Nerva' iv 22.4; vii 31.4; Pan. 8.3; 35.4; 'Nerva' Pan. 7.7; 8.2;

x 65.3;

Pan. 35.4;

'Titus' iv 9.2; Pan. 11.1; 35.4.

8.5; 10.2. 'Caesares et Augusti' Pan. 88.7.

Various descriptive terms are, of course, also used to denote em­ perors, derogatory in the case of Domitian, e.g. 'iste latro', i 12.8, and a great variety of terms in Pan., or otherwise, e.g. 'divus pater tuus' for Nerva, x 8.1, and similarly elsewhere. Pliny's practice when referring again in the course of a letter to persons already named with two names varies from case to case. A few examples from the early books may be given: i 5.1 'M. Regulo', thereafter just Regulus (nine times). (Similarly in vi 2.) In the same letter, 'Metti Modesti', 5.5, then Modestus three times in 5.6-7, 'Metti Modesti' and then 'Modesto' in 5.13. i 12.1 Corellius Rufus is referred to by two names at the start of the letter, thereafter twice as Corellius. i 14.6 Serrana Procula is referred to the second time by gentili­ cium, Serrana, only. i 17 Titinius Capito is referred to by these two names at the start of the letter, at the end just as Capito. ii 1.1 Verginius Rufus is referred to by these two names at the start of the letter, as Verginius only in 1. 12. In vi 10.1 he is intro-

30

4.

Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

duced as Rufus Verginius, is Rufus only in the self-composed epitaph quoted 10.5 and just Verginius in 10.6. In ix 19.1 he is Verginius Rufus, Rufus in the epitaph here quoted again, just Verginius in the rest of the letter. ii 7 Vestricius Spurinna is referred to by these two names at the start of the letter, as Spurinna only in 7.2. ii 9 Sextus Erucius (Clarus) is referred to by these two names at the start of the letter, as Sextus only in 9.2. ii 11 Marius Priscus is referred to by these two names at the start of the letter, as Priscus only in ii 11. 2, 9 (twice), 23, but as Mar­ ius in 11.5, 18, 19 (twice), 20, and as Marius Priscus again in 11.23. There is similar variation between Priscus and Marius in iii 9 (but by contrast Caecilius Classicus is only called Classicus for short, never Caecilius, here and elsewhere). ii 11.8 Flavius Marcianus is thereafter just Marcianus in 11.8, 9, 16, 19, 20, 23 (twice). ii 11.8 VitelJius Honoratus is thereafter just Honoratus in 11.8, 9.

ii 11.19 Cornutus Tertullus is referred to by these two names on the first occasion, as Cornutus only in 11.21, 22, 24. Similarly in v 14, ix 23. ii 11.20 Pompeius Collega is referred to by these two names on the first occasion, as Collega only in 11.22. ii 12.2 Hostilius Firminus, who had been referred to by these two names in the previous letter, ii 11.23, of which this is a con­ tinuation, is just Firminus when mentioned here, but Marius Pr­ iscus and Cornutus Tertullus, also named in ii 11, are both given two names again here. ii 14.9-10 Larcius Licinus and Domitius Afer are so called, with two names, then respectively Licinus and Afer in 14.11-12. Since the cognomen is in most cases the short form used after the first mention with two names, further examples will be confined to cases where the gentilicium only is used as the short form: iii 9.29ff. Norbanus Licinianus, the Baetican delegate, is called Norbanus for short. The gentilicium was generally uncommon, which no doubt explains why P. used it in preference to the fairly widespread Licinianus (but Norbanus was not uncommon in

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

31

southern Spain, no doubt on account of the Triumviral procon­ sul C. Norbanus Flaccus, P/R2 N 166). Contrast iv 11, where Valerius Licinianus is called Licinianus for short. Valerius was far commoner than Licinianus. iv 9.16ff. Caepio Hispo is called Caepio for short, no doubt be­ cause this was an unusual gentilicium. v 20.1ff. Varenus Rufus, called Rufus Varenus on the first occa­ sion, thereafter (and in other letters) is just Varenus. The rare gentilicium had the added attraction of being that of a client of Cicero's as well. A good many persons in the letters were polyonymous, i.e. had more than the standard three, or better, more than the accepted maximum (for official purposes) of four names.42 But, however many names polyonymi had, Pliny never gives more than two names to such people, cf. e.g. (Cornelius) Priscus, Fabricius Veiento, (Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator, Pompeius Falco, Rosianus Geminus, Ummidius Quadratus. A subject several times discussed by Syme was that of persons not in Pliny's correspondence.43 To look at these in detail and sug­ gest reasons for their exclusion would exceed the limits of this study. Finally, it must be noted that several of those who are mentioned in Pliny are not named at all. Those who are clearly identifiable have been given entries with their names in brackets in the Index of Persons and Deities: his mother (Plinia), his father (L. Caecilius Secundus), and his adoptive uncle the Elder Pliny (C. Plinius Secundus), the father of his wife Calpurnia (Calpurnius); three of the authors quoted, (Aristophanes), (Euripides) and (Hesiod); the daughters of Cae­ cilius Classicus (Caecilia), of Domitius Lucanus (Domitia Luci­ lla the elder), of Julius Servianus Gulia Paulina), of Gunius) Aru­ lenus Rusticus Gunia) and of Minicius Fundanus (Minicia Mar­ cella), the daughters (Helvidiae) and son of the younger He!420. Salomies, Die romischen Vornamen (1987) 345, notes 'dass der offizielle Name eines Romers aus hochstens vier Namenteilen bestehen konnte'. 0RP II 694, 770ff., and elsewhere.

32

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

vidius (Helvidius), the sister of Trajan (Ulpia Augusta); a god (Hercules) and a hero (Nestor).

Marciana

By way of epilogue, reference may be made briefly to some let­ ters in which the naming practice may be compared with that of Pliny. Pretty well exactly contemporary with his correspondence, letters and other documents were being written by and to officers and men stationed at the fort of Vindolanda in northern England, more or less on the then frontier of the province of Britain. The first, written in ink for the most part on thin specially prepared wooden tablets, were discovered in 1973, and most (but not all) have been published!4 Unlike Pliny's letters, those from Vmdo­ landa had an address on the back, in many cases, of course, not pre­ served; and not many of the letters are complete. It is notable that the Roman citizens (most of whom were equestrian officers) refer to themselves and to their correspondents with gentilicium and cognomen only. The opening is mostly standard, the writer with two names, the addressee with one, e.g. 'Flavius Cerialis Broccho suo salutem' (no. 233), with some variants, such as Vittius [or Vet­

tius] Adiutor aquilifer leg. II Aug Cassio Saeculari fraterc(u)lo suo [salutem] (no. 214). There is only a single case of the tria nomina in an address: 'Marco Cocceio Veloci', perhaps a new citizen, whose status was thus emphasised. Even the names of one pair of consuls, cited for dating purposes in an account, of AD 111 (C.Calpurnius Piso and M. Vettius Bolanus) are given by gentilicium and cog­ nomen, with the praenomen omitted. But Sex. Attius Suburanus, consul ordinarius in 104, was given the tria nomina. (His col­ league's name is not preserved.)45 The consuls Piso and Suburanus, 44By A.K. Bowman and J.D. Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing Tablets. Tab­ ulae Vindolandenses II (London 1994). Over two hundred further texts, found between 1991 and 1994, have yet to be published. A good many incised stylus-tablets have also been found at Vrndolanda, including some letters, mostly still undeciphered. As a member of the Vindolanda Trust and as the brother of the tablets' discoverer, Robin Birley, I have had the privilege of early access to all these finds. HVelox: Bowman and Thomas, op.cit. no. 352. The consuls of AD 111: ib. no. 186. Suburanus: Bowman and Thomas, Britannia 27 (1996) 31 2 . There may be at least one further consular date, perhaps with a praenomen, among the still unpublished tablets.

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

33

it may be noted, appear in Pliny as well, as does the governor of Britain Neratius Marcellus, referred to in a draft letter (no. 225): unfortunately it is not completely clear whether his gentilicium (if so, fragmentary) appears before the cognomen and title: '[ ]um Marcellum clarissi[mum virum] consularem meum'. A further point to note is that the Vindolanda letter-writers regularly address one another as '/rater'- or 'frater karissime' or 'domine frater' and 'collega', and the officers' wives write to one another as 'soror'. This usage is not found in Pliny, although he has a variety of other terms such as 'commilito' and 'contubernalis'; the latter, and 'nos­ ter', often abbreviated 'n.' for mutual friends (or for 'our gover­ nor', 'consularis n. ')is shared by the Vindolanda writers. Pronto's Letters, unfortunately very badly preserved and lacu­ nose in many cases, the earliest datable ones being less than thirty years after Pliny's death and going on into the later 160s,46 also of­ fer a parallel to Pliny and show some development. For one thing, Pronto's letters to his imperial pupils, M. Aurelius Caesar, later, as emperor, M. Aurelius Antoninus, and to Marcus' adoptive brother and co-emperor, L. Verus, are understandably more personal than those of Pliny to Trajan. And the replies are very variously ad­ dressed, e.g. 'M. Caesar M. Frontoni magistro meo' or 'M. Aurelius Caesar sal(utem) d(at) Frontoni mag suo' or 'Mi <.Pronto consul> amplissime'. A novelty is the appearance in the letters to Pronto's friends of the signum, for Claudius Iulianus, 'mi Naucelli carissime' (Ad amicos i 5 p. 174 van den Hout; and 'mi Naucelli' (ib. i 20 p. 183) or for Cornelius Repentinus, 'frater Contucci' (ib. ii 4 p. 188). The use of 'domine frater' is also worth noting (e.g. ib. i 27 p. 185) and, for a y ounger correspondent, 'fili' (ib. ii 3 p. 187) or 'mi domine fili carissime' (ib. ii 7 p. 189). The 'archaising' in­ version of gentilicium and cognomen, is, not surprisingly, frequent in an author so wedded to older Latin literature: e.g. Turbo Mar­ cius, Niger Censorius, Cornelianus Sulpicius, Montanus Licinius, =

=

=

=

=

=

�6For the chronology and many other aspects: E. Champlin, Fronto and An­ tonine Rome (Cambridge, Mass. -London 1980). The now standard edition, by M.P.J. van den Hout, M. Cornelii Frontonis Epistulae (Leipzig 1988), fi­ nally appeared some years after the book by Champlin, who had to rely on a previous edition by the same scholar.

34

4.

Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

Proculus Iulius, Cato Porcius, Seneca Annaeus. The use of gentili­ . cium only, e.g. Castricius 'noster', Volumnius, or of praenomen and gentilicium but not cognomen, e.g. C. Aufidius, Sextus Didius, is

also found.

Persons and Deities * =recipient of a letter from Pliny; (f.)= letter from Trajan to Pliny. Pliny is abbreviated P. within entries. Elements in the nomenclature given by Pliny are in bold type, names not in Pliny are in brackets.

Abascantus see Satrius Abas­

Acilius iii 14::- {told of murder of Larcius Macedo, q.v.) Per­

cantus. Accius, the poet v 3.6 (his Light

haps the same man as the fol­ lowing.

verse). Accius Aquila, P., centurion of

Acilius, P., of Patavium i 14.6

cohors VI equestris x 106 and

(uncle of Minicius Acilianus,

107(T) (his daughter gains

q.v.). Syme, RP II 712 cites

citizenship through P.).

AE 1954, 75, Brixia, the mag­

Accius Sura x 12 (P. asks Trajan

istrate P. Acilius P.

f. Fab.

to make him praetor). The

Florus, who erected a statue

name is transmitted as 'At­

to Aequitas.

tius', but cf. PIR2 A 28; RP II 701. A descendant was pre­

sumably Q. Mutilius Sura Accianus Nepos, CIL V 876, Aquileia (PIR2 M 762).

Acilius (L.f. Quir.) Rufus,

(L.) (cos. suff March 107?) (FO: '[L. Acilius} Rufu[s]') v 20.6 (cos. des. during trial of Vare­ nus, q.v., sc. in 106 ); vi 13.5

Achaici, i.e. L. Mummius Ach­

{opposed concession to Vare­

aicus (cos. 146 BC) viii 6.2

nus); PIR2 A 78. He was L. f.

(fame of Pallas, q.v., mock­

Qui., CIL X 7344, Thermae

ingly compared to).

Himerae, with career from q.

Achilles, the hero v 6.43 (his arms described by Homer, q.v.);

vi 8.3

(unnamed:

his

saying in Homer).

to praef frum. dandi; Ther­ mae

was

presumably

his

home-town, cf. CIL X 7210, a

homonymous

Ilvir,

G.

one of his heirs); see also

EOS II 374, 380. Identity with the cos. suff of

Minicius Acilianus, perhaps

March 107 is doubted by

the same man.

Syme (withdrawing remarks

Acilianus ii 16 (deceased; P. was

Manganaro,

Indices

36

in RP I 240), RP V 482f., 494ff., suggesting that he was

Ammius Flaccus ix 13.13 (de­

suff from 1 September 106, cf. VII 615. Acutius Nerva, (Q.) (cos. suff 100) (FO) ii 12.2 (spoke in senate as cos. des. in trial of Marius Priscus, q.v.); P/R2 A

senate AD 97, of praetorian

tended Publicius Certus in rank). Not otherwise known.

Ancharia Soteris, P. x 11.2 (P. requests Trajan to grant her Roman citizenship at the de­ sire of her patron). The name

101; he was later legate of

is transmitted as 'Pancharia';

Germania inferior, C/ L XIII

cf. PIR2 A 579. S-W 578

7715-6, 7967; Eck I 336.

comments that 'the text may

Aefulanus Marcellinus v 16::­

conceal the name Ancharia,

( describing death of daughter

but

of Minicius Fundanus, q.v.);

women

viii 23*

(?) (cognomen only;

describing death of Junius

Avitus, q.v.). The gentilicium i s extremely rare, LE 117f.

Aeneas, the hero v 6.43 (his

not

P. do

Ancharia, not have

as the

praenomen.' The latter state­

ment is mistaken, seeM . Ka­

java,

Female Roman Praenomina (Rome 1994) 187, whose assumption that

arms described by Virgil).

the woman was from Bithy­

Aeschines, the Athenian orator

nia, is, however, incorrect -

i 20.4 (cited); ii 3.10 and iv 5.1

the letter belongs to the pe­

(read Demosthenes' speech at

riod before P. entered his

Rhodes);

province. The praenomen was given not least for regis­

ix 26.9-11

(criti­

cised Demosthenes). Afer see Domitius Afer.

tration purposes.

Afranius Dexter, (Cn.) (cos.

Ancharius was presumably a

suff 105) (FO) v 13.4ff. (cos. des., proposed acquittal of

Julio-Claudian equestrian of­

Tuscilius

ficer P. Ancharius C.f. Rom.,

Nominatus, q.v.);

A Publius

friend or client of P. Note the

viii 14.12 (his murder when

from Ateste in Venetia, PME

consul, cf. FO for AD 105:

A 114.

'Afranius Dexter cos in dom6 sua exanimis inventus'). Africani see Scipiones. Africanus see Julius Africanus. Albinus see Lucceius Albinus. Allifanus see Pontius Allifanus.

Anicius Maximus x 112.2 (his ruling as proconsul of Bithy­ nia under Trajan cited). Prob­ ably from Pisidian Antioch, H. Halfmann, EOS II 607, 645ff.

Persons and Deities

Annaeus

(L.),

Seneca,

the

(cos. suff. 55) (see

Younger

37

'ornatis­ sima femina' x 5.2 (her freed­

Antonia Maximilla,

P/R2 P 67 for his consulship:

woman), x 6.1 (unnamed: she

his colleague P. Palfurius) v 3.

was kinswoman of P.). S-W

5 (his light verse).

567 suggests that 'her rare

Annianus see Annius Severus.

nomen might connect her in­

(cos. suff

terestingly with the Domi­

ca. 71) vii 31.5 (his biography by Claudius Pollio, q.v.).

tianic rebel Antonius Satur­

P/R2 A 637, updated by RP

gentilicium was very wide­

Annius Bassus, (L.)

II 712 on his career.

spread (e.g. sixty examples in

Annius Severus, of Comum ii 16':- (some MSS have 'Anni­ ano': P. discusses testament of Minicius Acilianus, q.v.); iii 6':- (P. discusses Corinthian statue); v 1 * (P. discusses case of Asudius Curianus, q.v.); possibly recipient of ix 22'�

ninus'. Quite implausible: the

(cognomen only: on

N.

Italy

according

to

B.

Ono­ masticon provinciarum Euro­ pae Latinarum I: Aba-Bysa­ nus (Budapest 1994) 132ff.). Antoninus see Arrius Antoni­ Lorincz and F. Redo,

nus. Antonius, M.

(cos. 99 BC), the

orator v 20.5 (cited).

illness of Passennus P aulus,

Aper see Flavius, Valerius Aper.

q.v.), but cf. also Catilius,

Apollinaris

Herennius,

Vettennius,

Vibius Severus.

Appius

Anteia, widow of the younger Helvidius, q.v. ix 13.4f.

(P.

asked her to visit him), 13.16 (unnamed: she had remar­

see Domitius Apol­

linaris.

(?)see Atrius.

Appuleius x 74.1 (soldier sta­ tioned at Nicomedia). Aquila see Accius Aquila.

ried). P robably daughter of P.

(cos. suff. a.inc.) delator under

(cos. suff un­

Nero and Domitian i 5.1ff.

der Claudius), forced to sui­

(his conduct after Domitian's

Anteius Rufus

(Aquillius) Regulus, M.

cide in AD 66

(PIR2 A 731):

death); i 5.15ff. (P. considers

PFOS no. 68;

RP VII 571,

prosecuting him in AD 97);

579, 584f.

i 20.14, iv 7, vi 2 (his style of freed­

oratory); ii 11.22 (his unsta­

woman of Antonia Max­ imilla. x 5.2 (P. requests Tra­

ble character); ii 20.2ff. (his

jan to grant her citizenship).

wealth

Antonia

Harmeris,

legacy-hunting); iv 2, iv 7 (his and

extravagant

Indices

38

mourning for his son); vi 2

letters of Domitian to him as

(his death). He was half­

proconsul).

His

province

brother of Vipstanus Mes­

cannot have been Achaia (as

salla, Tacitus,

Hist. iv 42.1-2; (PFOS no. 167, Cae­ pia Procula, 'M. Regul(i uxor)', CIL XV 7421), was

PIR2 A 1057), as pointed out

his wife

by S-W 652 and Eck II 186

related to Caepio Hispo, q.v.;

order until the 3rd century,

P IR2 A 1005, with the spell­ ing 'Aquilius', which is found in the MSS of Tacitus,

Hist. iv 42.1 (the only attesta­ tion of the gentilicium); RP VII 577f. and TiP no. 48 have

n. 473. The

gentilicium is not

found again in the senatorial PIR2 A 634, 1059-60. Arria, the Elder, wife of Cae­

cina P aetus, q.v. iii 16 and vi 24.5 (her heroism in AD 42). PFOS no. 96. Arria,

the Younger, wife of

'Aquillius', the spelling with

Thrasea, q.v. iii 11.3 (in exile);

double L being more fre­

iii 16.10

quently attested in the princi­

vii 19.5,

pate for this name, cf.

ix 13.3 (P. her friend), 5 (re­

CIL VI

2122, a fragmentary epitaph

turn

of [L.] Aquillius Florus and

no. 159.

two

kinsmen,

both

called

Regulus (PIR2 A 992, 1001-2). Aratus,

v 6.43

Alexandrian (tabulates

poet smallest

stars). Archippus

(her 9

(her

from

Arrianus

mother); daughter);

exile).

Maturus,

PFOS (Marius)

i 2'' (is sent a speech by P.); ii 11-12':· (account of trial of Marius Priscus, q.v.); iii 2.2££. (P. requests Vibius Maximus,

see Flavius Archip-

pus.

q.v., to give him a post); iv 8':·

(P. thanks him for congratu­

Aristion

lations on becoming augur);

Aristo

see Claudius Aristion. see Titius Aristo.

iv 12::· (P. reports conduct of

Aristogeiton, notorious prose-

Egnatius Marcellinus, q.v.);

cutor at Athens ix 26.9 (in

vi 2'' (P. tells him about death of (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.);

quotation

from

Dem­

osthenes, q.v., hjs opponent). (Aristophanes), the comic poet

viii 21

*

(P. tells him about his

verses). Equestrian, leading

i 20.19 (unnamed: on Peri­

citizen of Altinum, declined

cles).

senatorial

Armenius Brocchus x 65.3 and

66.2(T.) (P. and Trajan refer to

rank

P resumably

(iii

identical

2.2ff.). with

Marius Maturus, procurator

Persons and Deities of the Alpes Maritimae in AD 69, and of Hispania Tar­ raconensis soon afterwards,

RP V 437, 442, 61 1; PIR2 M Arrionilla, wife of Timon i 5.5 (she is defended by P.). A

cognomen, RP II 712;

Kaj. 141, both comparing Ar­ ria Arrianilla, CIL VI 12404.

(cos. suff. 69, II suff 97) iv 3\

Arrius Antonjnus, (Cn.)

iv 18* and v 15::· (his verses praised by P); iv 27.5

Arulenus Rusticus. Asclepiades

81.1 (magistrate

x

at Prusa).

(cog­

Rufus,

ommended

Minicius

ord. 8

BC), son of Asinius Pollio, q.v. vii 4.3, 6 (P. had been reading his works). Asinius Pollio,(C.) (cos.

(a

Augurinus, q.v.). Father-in­

to

Asinius Gallus, (C.) (cos.

friend

Sentius

(his

Fundanus, q.v.).

BC) i 20.4

relative

iv 15.6ff.

q.v.

quaestorship imminent, rec­

nomen only - misprinted as 'Antonio' in Teubner ed.: his or

see Qunius)

Arulenus Rusticus

Asinius Bassus, son of Asinius

306,378.

unique

39

(his

ord. 40

speeches);

v 3.5 (his light verse); vi 29.5 saying

of

his

quoted);

vii 4.3, 6 (compared favoura­

law of future emperor An­

bly with Cicero by his son

toninus Pius, PIR2 A 1086. See APN 75 and n. 33 for his

Asinius Gallus).

praenomen. (Arruntius Camillus) Scriboni­ anus,

(L.) (cos.

ord.

32)

iii 16.7, 9 (his failed coup

Asinius Rufus, (L.?) iv 15.1££. (of praetorian rank, mutual friend of P. and Tacitus). Acholla in Africa).

see Valerius Asper. see Valerius Astraeus.

against Claudius in AD 42),

Asper

P/R2 A 1140.

Astraeus

philosopher Artemidorus, iii 11 (P. met him in Syria,

RP

II 486, V 476 (perhaps from

Asudius Curianus v 1 (bequeaths money to P.). His

helped him when philoso­

mother was Pomponia Galla,

phers

q.v.

were

expelled

from

Rome and from Italy, cf. In­

Athenodorus,

philosopher

troduction, 2). Son-in-law of

vii 27.7ff.

(investigated

the philosopher Musonius Rufus, q.v., iii 11.5,7. Not

haunted house at Athens).

otherwise attested. Artemisius see Popilius Artemi­ stus.

P/R2 A 1288. Atilius Crescens, friend of P. since

boyhood

i 9.8

and

ii 14.2 ('Atilius noster': his wit

40

Indices

quoted); vi 8 (his character,

century), perhaps a descend­

need to recover a debt). His

ant.

home town was a day's jour­

(Attius L. f. Volt.) Suburanus

ney from Comum (vi 8.2), i.e.

(Aemilianus, Sex.) (cos. suff

Bergomum or Mediolanum,

101,

II

ord.

(FO)

104)

RP V 449f., probably the

vii 6.10f. (cognomen only: ap­

former, ib. 453.

pointed iudex by Trajan); cf.

Atilius Scaurus, friend of P.

Pan. 67.8 {taken to be Tra­

vi 25.1f., 5 (to be asked to help find the missing Robus­

jan's - here unnamed - first

tus).

Victor, Caes. 13.9). On his

Guard Prefect, cf. Aurelius

Atrius (Appius in some MSS)

origin

(Narbonensis)

ix 35::· (thanked for sending book toP.). Not identified. S­

earlier

(equestrian)

W 516 favours emending to

and

career,

given in detail by AE 1939, 60 /GLS VI 2785, Heliopolis,

=

'Attio', i.e. Attius Clemens, q.v., C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 114, to 'Satrio', i.e.

632f.; PME A 189. Perhaps

Satrius Rufus, q.v.

645; RP VII 632f. Not the

Attia Vrriola vi 33.2 (sued her father in Centumviral court, with P. as her counsel). P/R2 A 1370 +add.; PFOS no. 126: Atticinus see Montanius Attici­

became City Prefect, STac Suburanus,

q.v.,

in vi 33.6:

P/R2 A 1366; S-W 400, 410f.; RP II 700£., 722. Aufidius Bassus, the historian iii 5.6 (his work continued by Elder P liny). P/R2 A 1381.

nus. Atticus see Julius Atticus. Attius Clemens i 10::· (on phi­ losopher

see RP V 491£., 616, VII 553,

Euphrates);

iv 2::­

Augurinus see Sentius Auguri­ nus.

{letter on death of son of

Augusti, i.e. previous emperors Pan. 88.7 (Trajan compared

(Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.). P erhaps the 'Atrius', q.v.,

Augustus, the emperor v 3.5

to).

who received ix 35. Origin

(his light verses); viii 8.6 (his

uncertain, perhaps Narbon­ ensian, STac 802, RP III 771,

donation to Hispellum); x 65.3 (his edict on Andania);

but cf. RP V 460 and H.

x 79.2, 4, 5 and x 80(T.) (his

Halfmann, EOS II 628 for a homonym of senatorial rank

edict on minor magistracies in Bithynia); x 84(T.) (his rul­

from Ephesus (end of 2nd

ing on property at Nicaea);

Persons and Deities

41

Pan. 88.10 (his name). Called

polyony mous senator with

'divus Augustus' except in

these names attested there, cf.

x 79.4, 5;

Pan. 11.1; 88. 10,

Aurelia ii 20.10ff. (victim of legacy-hunter

(Aquillius)

Regulus, q.v.).

Avidius

Nigrinus, (C.), the

elder P. and Trajan cite let­ ters of Domitian to him as proconsul x 65.3

(sc.

and

of

Achaia)

66.2(T.).

From

Faventia, PIR2 A 1407;

TiP

no. 81. (Avidius) Nigrinus, (C.), the

(cos. suff 110) v 13.6 pl. attacks advocates);

younger (as

tr.

v 20.6 (speaks against Yare­ nus, q.v., at his trial); vii 6 (re­ quests Varenus to produce accounts).

G. Alfoldy, Los Baebii de Sa­

guntum (Valencia 1977) 17ff.;

'Augustus'.

From

Faventia,

PIR2 A 1408.

Avidius Quietus, (T.) (cos. suff 93) vi 29.1 (friend ofThrasea,

Cab. no. 37, p. 86.

Baebius Macer, (Q.) (cos. suff 103) iii 5'' (told about Elder Pliny's writings); iv 9.16£., 19 (in senate at trial of Julius Bassus, q.v.); iv 12.4 (in sen­ ate for case of Egnatius Mar­ cellinus, q.v.); vi 24''

(?) ( cog­

nomen only: a story about 'Larius

noster',

i.e.

Lake

Como; but this might be Calpurnius Macer, q.v.). PIR2 B 20. praef: urbi AD 117. Perhaps from Transpadana,

STac 666£.; RP V 462, 618f., VII 486, 496, 641 (Comum); cf. G. Alfoldy, EOS II 351;

GCis 261, 264, 316 (also fa­ vouring Comum).

q.v.); ix 13.15 (supports P.'s

Baebius Massa iii 4.4, vi 29.8

attack on Publicius Certus,

and vii 33.4 (former procon­

q.v.). From Faventia, PIR2 A

sul of Baetica, prosecuted by

1410.

P. and Herennius Senecio,

Avitus

see Julius, Junius, Oc­

tavius Avitus

q.v.); vii 33.7f. (M.'s accusa­ tion of Senecio). A procura­ tor of equestrian rank in Af­

Baebius Hispanus i 24':· (about hopes by Suetonius, q.v., to

rica in AD 70, later made a senator, P!R2 B 26; from a

(cog­ nomen only, about disap­

where the rare

buy small estate); vi 25*

Celtic region, the only areas

cognomen is

pearances). PIR2 B 15. Per­

found, Kaj. 341, G. Alfoldy,

haps from Saguntum, RP II

Fasti

712f., cf. AE 1955, 161, for

baden 1969) 161.

Hispanienses

(Wies­

Indices

42

iii 9.12,14 (prosecuted as associate of Caecilius Classicus, q.v.). PIR2 B 27. Bassus see Annius, Asinius, Au­ fidius, Gavius, Julius, Pom­ ponius Bassus. (Bellicius) Sollers, (Ti. Claudius Alpinus L.) v 4.1 (his request to senate to hold a market on his estate near Vicetia). For his earlier career and nomen­ clature, APN 45ff., correcting previous interpretations of CIL V 3337 ILS 1031 and V 3356 ILS 2710 (which record his father and wife, Claudia Ti. f. Marcellina, PFOS no. 243); cf. TiP no. 86; GCis 304. Bittius Priscus vi 12.2 (P. to speak for him in court). PIR2 B 130. Perhaps 'Vettius', RP II 698f. Not identifiable. Bittius Proculus, (Q. Fulvius Gille) (cos. suff 98?) ix 13.13 (colleague of Publicius Cer­ tus, q.v., spoke in senate in AD 97). PIR2 F 544. Second husband of P.'s former mother-in-law Pompeia Ce­ lerina, q.v., PFOS no. 626. From Forum Novum, M. Torelli, EOS II 195f. On his names, see APN 120f. Blaesus see Velleius Blaesus. Brocchus see Armenius Broc­ chus. Baebius

Probus

=

=

Bruttianus see Lustricius Brut­ tianus. (Bruttius) Praesens (L. Fulvius Rus[ticus], C.) (cos. suff ca. 118, II ord. 139) vii 3::· (first cognomen only: urged to re­ turn to Rome). PIR2 B 162, outdated by AE 1950, 122; IRT 545; see esp. RP V 563ff. for his long career; PFOS no. 478 for his polyonymous wife Laberia, daughter of M'. Laberius Maximus (cos. II ord. 103), q.v.; APN 140; TiP no. 89. He came from Volcei in Lucania, G. Camodeca, EOS II 152ff., with Transpa­ dane connections, his mother perhaps being a Fulvia Rus­ tica, perhaps from Comum, cf. GCis 317. Bruti, i.e. L. Junius Brutus

(cos.

509 BC), founder of the Re­ public Pan. 55.6 (his statues compared to those of Trajan). Brutus see Junius Brutus. (Caecilia), daughter of Caecilius Classicus, q.v. iii 9.20f. (un­ named: prosecuted after fa­ ther's death but exonerated). PFOS no. 154. Caecilius Celer i 5.8 (appealed

to by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v., to reconcile him to P.), cf. vii 17':· (cognomen only, on public reading of own

Persons and Deities

work). A senator,

PIR2 C 28,

622, S-W743; RP II 772. Caecilius Classicus, proconsul

43

(Ca[eciliu]s L. f. Ouf. Secundus,

L.),

death

P.'s father implied

unnamed: by ii 1.4

of Baetica, evidently AD 97-

(Verginius Rufus, q.v., P.'s

8, S-W56ff., whose associates

guardian after father's death); v 8.5 (P. adopted by Elder

were prosecuted by P. after C.'s death (iii 4.7, iii 9.5f.).

Pliny). His names are known

Their trial is described in

from AE 1983, 443, Comum (revising Pais, add. to CIL V,

iii 4.2,

7;

iii 9.2ff.;

vi 29.8.

PIR2 C 32. Cf. under Baebius

nos. 745

Probus, (Caecilia) (C.'s daughter), Casta (C.'s wife),

shows that he was a local

Claudius Fuscus (C.'s son­ in-law),

Fabius

Gallus,

Norbanus

Hispanus,

+

746), which also

magistrate,

IIIIvir iure di­ cundo and pontifex: PIR2 C 80; G. Alfoldy, Athenaeum

Licini­

61 (1983) 362ff., reprinted in

anus, Stilonius Priscus. He

GCis 211ff.; S. Demougin, Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. f.-C. - 70 ap. f.-C.)

was of African origin (iii 9.3).

Caecilius Macrinus iii 4::· (on aftermath of affair of Caecil­ ius Classicus, q.v.); probably also the Macrinus

(cognomen

only) who received ii 7':· (on Vestricius

Spurinna); vii 6::·

and 10'� (on trial of Varenus, q.v.); viii 17>:·

(on

storms);

ix 4:r· (P. sends him a speech); and is perhaps the Macrinus whose

wife's

death is

re­

counted viii 5; but this might be Minicius Macrinus, q.v. S­ W 153, 452, 741;

RP 11'713,

citing T. Caecilius Macrinus,

CIL V 5842, Mediolanum and Caecilia L. f. Macrina, ib.

(Rome 1992) no. 626.

Caecilius Strabo, C. (cos. suff 105) iv 12.4 (spoke in senate on case of Egnatius Marcelli­ nus, q.v.); iv 17.1

(praenomen gentilicium only: de­ scribed as 'consul designatus',

and

and about to speak against Corellia, q.v.; P. adds that

'cum isto [sc. Caecilio] ... non plane familiaris, sed tamen amicitia', ib. 2). PIR2 C 85; S­ W741.

Caecina Paetus, (A.) (cos. suff

4470, cf. 4469, 4471, Brixia;

37) iii 16.3ff. (his death after

RP V 452f., 462, 485n.; PIR2

involvement in revolt of (Ar­

M 31; see also Minicius Ma­

runtius Camillus) Scriboni­

cnnus.

anus, q.v.).

PIR2 C 103.

44

Indices

Caelianus see Sempronius Cae­ . lianus. Caelius Clemens, kinsman of P ompeia Celerina, q.v. x51.1 (on P.'s staff). PIR2 C 127. Caelius (Rufus, M.), the orator (pr. 48 BC) i 20.4 (his long speeches). Caepio Hispo (?Galeo Tet­ tienus Severus M. Eppuleius Proculus L. f. Claud.?, Ti.?) (cos. suff 102 or 104?; or a. inc.) iv 9.16-20 (spoke in sen­ ate at trial of Julius Bassus). RP II 708f.; RP III 1140f.; RP VII 482f., 490f., 567. Salo­ mies, APN 135ff., supported by Andermahr in TiP no. 102, questions the identi­ fication with the polyony­ mous Galeo . . . Hispo (cos. suff 102 or 104), ILS 1027; PIR2 E 83. T hat he was con­ sul, even if not the cos. suff 102 or 104, seems guaranteed by Digest xl 5.26.7, 'senatus consulto, quod factum est temporibus divi Traiani Ru­ brio Gallo et Caelio [sic] His­ pone consulibus.' Caepio was used as a gentilicium as well as a cognomen, LE 309. Cf. PFOS no. 167 (Caepia Proc­ ula, wife of (Aquillius) Regu­ lus, q.v.). Caesar see Augustus, Claudius, Domitianus, Julius, Tiberius, Traianus.

Caesares, i.e. previous emperors Pan. 88.7 (Trajan compared to). Caesennius Silvanus iii 8.1.4 (kinsman of Suetonius, q.v., recommended by P. to take over the military tribunate in the army of Neratius Marcel­ lus, q.v., turned down by Suetonius). Possibly the same as the homonym registered by an inscription of AD 133 at Lanuvium, ILS 7212 (doubted in PIR2 C 176). Caesius Phosphorus, P. x11.2 (P. requests citizenship for him at the desire of his pa­ tron). A P ublius Caesius was presumably a protege of P., S­ W 742. Cf. P. Caesius Mantu­ anus of Verona, CIL V 3529. Calestrius Tiro, (T.?) (cog­ nomen only in vi 1*; vi 22; vii 23; vii 32; ix5':·) i 12::· (on death of Corellius Rufus, q.v.); vi 1 '-: (on T.'s absence in Picenum); vi 22':· (on trial of Montanius Atticinus, q.v.); vii 16 (to pass through Tici­ num on his way to govern Baetica; T.'s early career); vii 23.1 (to meet Calpurnius Fabatus, q.v., at Mediola­ num); vii 32.1 (on his visit to Fabatus); ix5::- (P. advises him on conduct as governor). RP II 779ff., III 1114, VII 565f. (also discussing two

Persons and Deities

later Calestrii Tirones); TiP

45

(Calpurnius), father of P.'s wife Calpurnia, son of the follow­

no. 109.

Callidromus x 74 (slave of Lab­

ing, whom he predeceased

erius Maximus, q.v., captured

iv 19.1 (his sister and daugh­ ter); v 11.1, 2 (his father dedi­

in Moesia).

Callimachus, the poet iv 3.4

cates colonnade at Comum in

(verses of Arrius Antoninus,

his memory); vi 12.3 (his fa­

q.v., compared to).

ther); viii 11.1 (his daughter).

(Calpurnia), Pliny's second or

PIR2 C 242.

third wife iv l.lff. (unnamed:

Calpurnius Fabatus, ([L.], L. f.

she and P. look forward to visit by her grandfather);

Ouf.), of Comum, grandfa­

iv 19 (unnamed: praised by P.

(visited by P.); iv 19.2 (un­

in letter to her aunt); v 14.8

named: his granddaughter);

(unnamed:

v 11

her grandfather

ther of Calpurnia, q.v. iv 1 'c

::·

(presented colonnade v 14.8 (un­

and aunt)·' vi 4* and 7* ' vii 5*

to

(P. misses her); viii 10 and

named: P.'s visit to); vi 12':· (P.

viii 11 (unnamed: her miscar­

promises support for Bittius

riage);

(unnamed:

Priscus, q.v.); vi 30::· (manages

120.2 and

P.'s estates); vii 11 * (on land sale to Corellia, q.v.); vii 16::·,

viii 19.1

her ill-health); 121(T)

x

(unnamed:

P.'s

au­

thorisation for her to travel

Comum);

vii 23\ vii 32'c

(visited by

from the province with diplo­

Calestrius Tiro, q.v.); viii 10*

confirmed by T.). S-W

(on Calpurnia's miscarriage);

71, 264, 559f. (third wife);

viji 20.3 (unnamed: his estate

mata

PFOS no. 177 (second wife);

at Ameria); x 120 (unnamed:

cf. Introduction 1, above.

his

Calpurnia Hispulla, aunt of

death).

His

career

as

equestrian officer is given by

q.v.

ILS 2721. PIR2 C 263; PME

iv 19'' (P. praises his wife); v 14.8 (unnamed: P. stayed

C 53; in RP VII 508 Syme

with her); viii 11 ::· (on her niece's miscarriage); x 120.2

a sister of Corellius Rufus,

P.'s

wife

Calpurnia,

and x 121(T.) (to be visited by

conjectures that his wife was q.v., cf. i 12.3.

Calpurnius

(Quir.)

Flaccus,

P.'s wife after death of C.H.'s

(C.) v 2* (thanked for gift of

father Fabatus). Probably re­

'pulcherrimos turdos').

lated to Hispulla, wife of

ably son of C . Calpurnius P.f. Quir. Flaccus, flamen of His-

Corellius Rufus, qq.vv.

Prob­

Indices

46 pania citerior, CIL II 4202

=

(Calpurnius)

Piso,

L.

(cos. ord.

ILS 6946, see Cab. C 43: his

27) iii 7.12 (his longevity).

career, leading to a suffect

PIR2 C 293.

consulship in the early 120s,

(Calpurnius) Piso, (L.) (cos. ord.

is known from several in­

57) iii 7.12 (his murder by

scriptions.

Valerius Festus, q.v.). PIR2 C

Calpurnius Macer (Caulius Rufus, P.) (cos. suff 103) (FO: 'P Calpurn[ius Macer]') v 18':· (on his and P.'s country retreats);

(?)

vi 24'�

(cog­

nomen only: story about 'Larius noster'; but this might

294. (Calpurnius)

L.),

Piso (Licinianus,

Galba's

adopted

son

ii 20.2 (on his widow Verania (Gemina), q.v.). PIR2 C 300, cf. L 190 and stemma oppo­ site p. 40.

be Baebius Macer, q.v.); as

Calvina ii 4'� (P. offers to pay

legate of Moesia Inferior (at­

off her late father's debts). A

tested AD 112, Eck I 349; II

kinswoman of P. (4.2). Syme,

210):

(P. to apply to C.M. for engineer); x 61.5 (P.

RP V 468 and n. 155, com­

has

(C.M. had

praefectus montis Berenicidis in AD 72, CIL III 32,

been directed to send legion­

Thebes, husband of Minicia

X

x

42(T.)

followed

62(T.);

X

77.1

this

advice);

ary centurion to Byzantium). Syme, RP IV 438f., VII 489,

pares L.

Junius

Calvinus,

Sancta.

of vi 24 and thus from the

Calvisius Rufus, C., from Co­ mum i 12.12 ('contubernalis meus Calvisius'); ii 20':· (on

same region as P., 'but not

(Aquillius) Regulus, q.v., as

from Comum'; approved by

legacy-hunter); iii 19*

takes him to be the addressee

Alfoldy,

GCis

334,

who,

(P. asks

his advice on property pur­

howeve� ibid. 316, regards

chase);

the Macer of this letter as

Senecio, q.v., requesting six­

'[ w]ahrscheinlich'

Baebius

iv 4.1-2

month-tribunate

(to for

Sosius Varis­

Macer. S-W 384 thinks that

idius Nepos, q.v., nephew of

C.M. is 'more probable'. 111) v 17 (to Vestricius Spu­

'C. Calvisius, contubernalis meus, amicus tuus' and 'Calvisius noster'); v 7"-· (on

rinna, q.v., on C.P.'s public

bequest from (Pompeius) Sat­

Calpurnius Piso, (C.) (cos. ord.

reading of a poem). PIR2 C

urninus (2), q.v., mentioning

285, cf. 281 (his brother).

'rei publicae nostrae', i.e. Co-

Persons and Deities

47

(gentilicium

Camilli, i.e. M. Furius Camillus

only: on P.'s sale of grape har­

(dictator 396, 390, 389, 368,

mum);

viii 2*

vest); ix 6"·

(gentilicium only:

on the tediousness of the cir­

367 BC)

Pan. 13.4 (Trajan

compared to): 55.6 (his stat­

cus races). Not the Rufus, q.v.,

ues compared to those of

in vi 30.5. (S-W 202 by mis­

Trajan).

hap identifies him with the

Candidus see Julius Candidus.

third-century legate of Bri­

Caninius Rufus, of Comum

tannia

Inferior,

Calvisius

Ru[fus], citing CIL VII 324

=

i 3::- (on his house at Comum; P. urges him to write); ii 8'1• (P.

RIB 929, Old Penrith; per­

enquires about his occupa­

haps

friend, see A.R. Birley, Fasti of

tions at Comum); iii 7':- (on the death of Silius ltalicus,

Roman Britain (1981) 193f.)

q.v.); vi 21*

a

descendant

of

P.'s

(Calvisius) Ruso Gulius Fronti­ nus,

P.) (cos. suff ca. 84?)

(gentilicium only:

on poetry-reading by Vergil­ ius Romanus, q.v.); vii 18::­

ix 19':- (?) (comparing Julius

(gentilicium

Frontinus

planned legacy to Comum);

Rufus,

with

Verginius

qq.vv.). Identified as

Calvisius

by

Syme,

STac.

vii 25(?)"·

only:

(cognomen only: on

801£. Syme repeats his view,

(gentilicium

planned poem war); ix 33::-

Cremutius

Ruso,

his

Terentius Junior, q.v.); viii 4::­

II 715 (against S-W 502, fa­ vouring

on

only: on

on

his

Dacian

(gentilicium

q.v.), IV 408f., V 474f., stress­

only: on dolphin at Hippo);

ing the significance of this

(cognomen only, 'Ru­ fum nostrum', to Pompeius

Ruso's claims, discussed in ix 19'\ for Julius Frontinus, presumed to be R.'s uncle, with a modification, devel­ oped IV 397ff., that P. Calvi­

ix 38

Saturninus (1), q.v., on R.'s book). RP II 707, VI 142ff. Capito

see Claudius, Titinius

Capito.

sius Ruso Julius Frontinus was cos. suff ca. 84, and a dif­

Cascus see Tasc(i)us.

ferent person from P. Calvi­

Cassii, i.e. C. Cassius Longinus,

cos. suff 79. See

pr. 44 BC, the Liberator i 17.3

sius Ruso

also APN 135. Calvus see Servilius Calvus. Camerinus ermus.

see Sulpicius Cam­

Carus see Mettius Carus.

(his bust in house of Titinius Capito, q.v.). (Longinus), C. (cos. suff 30) vii 24.8 (founder of

Cassius

Indices

48

'Cassiana schola' of jurists; Casta, wife of Caecilius Classi­

Cati' was dittography for 'Ti. Cati'; but cf. Livius, whose praenomen Titus is also writ­

cus, q.v. iii 9. 19 (not named),

ten out in full in the MSS,

his house).

29, 34 (charged but acquit­ ted). PFOS no. 198.

Catilius (Cn. f. [Cl]u.) Severus

ii 3.8 and vi 20.5).

Catius (Caesius) Fronto, (Ti.) (cos. suff 96) ii 11.3, 18 (de­

Qulianus Claudius Reginus,

fended

L.) (cos. suff 110, II ord. 120) Aristo);

iv 9.15 (defended Julius Bas­ sus); vi 13.3 (defended Yare­

iii 12* (P. replies to his dinner

nus Rufus). PIR2 C 194; on

invitation); perhaps also re­

his names, APN 95. P. calls

i 22)�

(on

Titius

Marius

cipient of ix 22* (cognomen

him

only: on illness of Passennus

'Fronto'. Cf. PFOS no. 170

Paulus), but see also Annius,

(his daughters Caesia Front­ ina and Caesia Nepotilla).

Herennius, Vibius east,

Severus. probably

Vettennius,

'Fronto

Priscus);

Catius'

or

the

Catius Lepidus iv 7* (on Regu­

Bithynian

lus' mourning for his son).

From

Apamea, Halfmann, SoTIR

Otherwise

134f.; EOS II 639; APN 138.

dently

unknown;

from

evi­

Transpadana,

for his connections by mar­

iv 7.6 ('num aliquis in muni­ cipio vestro ex sodalibus meis'). Cato, Catones see Porcius Cato. Catullus, (C. Valerius), the

riage with the future Anto­

poet i 16.5 (Pompeius Satur­

PIR2 C 558 (outdated on epi­ graphic matters) cites other literary evidence; cf. RP V 535f., 555f., 567f.; APN 80f.,

nine dynasty.

Catius, Titus, Epicurean phi­ losopher iv 28.1 (Herennius

ninus (1), q.v., writes in style of

C.); iv 14.5 (C.'s poem,

xvi Sff., quoted); iv 27.4 (C.'s

Severus wishes to have por­

poetry compared to his own

traits of his municipes 'Cor­

by Sentius Augurinus, q.v.).

nelii Nepotis et Titi Cati').

Catulus see Lutatius Catulus.

From Ticinum (Pavia) or Me­

Celer, Roman knight iv 11.10 8

diolanum: his praenomen perhaps Tiberius, Syme, RP

Vestal Cornelia, q.v.); see also

IV 381, V 459, comparing the

Caecilius, Nonius Celer.

(scourged as accomplice of

next person in this Index, a

Celerina see Pompeia Celerina.

Ti. Catius (and perhaps 'Titi

Celsus see Juventius Celsus.

Persons and Deities

49

Cerialis ii 19':· (P. had been

iii 21.5 ('Arpinis chartis', i.e.

urged by C. to give reading

Cicero's writings, in poem on

of speech); either Tuccius or

P. by Martial, x 20); Pan. 2.4

Velius Cerialis, qq.vv.

and 24.4 (unnamed: on pre­

Ceres, the goddess ix 39.1 (tem­

eminence of monarch); 26.6

ple of C. on P.'s property at

(unnamed: quoted on head

Tifernum Tiberinum to be rebuilt). Certus see Publicius Certus.

Christus x 96.5,

6 (those ac­

cused as Christians or ex­ Christians ordered to revile him), 7 (Christians chant an­ tiphons in honour of).

Chrysippus x 11.2 (P. requests citizenship for father and son of this name).

Cicero, M. Tullius (cos. 63 BC) i 2.4 ('Marcus noster' imitated by P.); i 3.2 (unnamed: quoted on average quality); i.S.ll-12

by

P.);

('Cicero': emulated i 20.4

(his

long

speeches), 7 (his Pro M urena and Pro Vareno), 8 (his Pro

cut off from body).

Clarius (?) ix 28.5 (P.'s speech for). The MSS 'proclamo'was early emended to 'pro Clario'. In PIR2 C 747, 'Ciar­ tio' was proposed, citing the pontifex of AD 101-2, L. Ci­ artius, CIL VI 32445, 31034; cf. LE 89, 280 on this gentili­ cium. S-W 511 prefers 'Claro', i.e. either Erucius or Septicius Clarus, qq.vv. Cf.

RP II 699, 714. Clarus see Erucius, Septicius Clarus. Classicus see Caecilius Classi­ cus.

Claudius, the emperor i 13.3 ('Claudius Caesar' attended

Cluentio and Pro C. Cor­ nelio), 10 (his In Verrem); iii 15.1 ('M. Tullius': encour­ aged poets); iv 8.4 ('M. Tul­ lius': was also augur, like P.); v 3.5 ('M. Tullius': his light

reading by (Servilius) Noni­

verses); quoted

('publicus parens'), 10 ('prin­ ceps optimus parensque publi­ cus', 'princeps suus'), 13 ('op­ timus princeps'); x 70.2 ('Claudius Caesar') and x 71(T) ('Claudius': a house

v 8.8 (unnamed: on seeing dimly);

vii 4.3, 6 'Cicero': his epigram on Tiro); vii 17.13 ('M. Cic­ ero': on style); ix 2.2 ('M. Tul­

lius': as letter-writer); ix 26.8 ('M. Tullius': a daring orator);

anus, q.v.); iii 16.7, 9 (revolt of (Arruntius Camillus) Scri­ bonianus,

q.v.,

against);

viii 6.4, 9, 12, 15 ('Caesar': his freedman Pallas, q.v.), 8

at

Prusa

bequeathed

to);

Indices

so

Pan. 11.1 ('Claudius': deified

bier, ZPE 43 (1981) 7587.

by Nero). Claudius

Aristion,

(Ti.),

of

Ephesus vi 3 1.3 (accused be­ fore

1487, near Rome, M. Cor­

consilium

Trajan's

at

Centum Cellae). Attested by inscnptwns

at

Ephesus,

which shows that of the MSS

Claudius

Pollio,

mends him to Qulius) Cor­ nutus Tertullus, q.v.). His ca­ reer

preferred to 'Ariston', PIR2 C 788; RP II 701.

1418, Rome;

for Bithynians against Yare­ nus Rufus, q.v.). Not identifi­ able, perhaps a Bithynian representative. Claudius Eurnolpus, of Prusa x

81 (represented Flavius Ar­

chippus, q.v., against Dion Cocceianus, q.v.). Claudius Fuscus, son-in-law of Caecilius

Classicus,

q.v.

iii 9.18 (Fuscus was acquit­ ted). Some MSS variants give the gentilicium

as

'Clavius'

or 'Cluvius'. Claudius

vii 31

P.'s military service; P. recom­

readings 'Aristion' is to be

Claudius Capito vi 13.2 (spoke

(Ti.)

(praefectus alae [sc. II Fl.] milliariae) in Syria at time of

including

procurator­

ILS PIR2 C 966;

ships known also from PME C 170.

Claudius Polyaenus x 70.2, 3 (bequeathed house at Prusa to Claudius). Claudius

Restitutus

(defended

Baebius

iii 9.16 Probus

and Fabius Hispanus, qq.vv., at trial of Caecilius Classicus, q.v.); vi.17::· (cognomen only: on a recent public reading). His eloquence was praised by Martial

x

87.

'Mysterious',

perhaps from Africa, S-W 233;

RP III 994f.

Clemens see

Attius, Caelius

Clemens.

Marcellinus,

(Ti.)

ii 11.15 (defended Flavius Marcianus, q.v., at trial of Marius Priscus, q.v.). Senator, father or brother of Claudia

Clitumnus, personified river­ god viii 8.5. Cluentius Larinum

(Habitus, i 20.8

A.),

of

(Cicero's

speech in his defence).

(PFOS

Clusinius Gallus ii 17* ( ?) (cog­

no. 246), wife of (Bellicius)

nomen only: P. describes his

Ti.f. Sollers,

Marcellina q.v.,

presumably

Laurentine villa); iv 17* (C.

VII 477.

had requested P. to defend

with the

Corellia, q.v., against C. Cae­

procurator patrimonii of ILS

cilius (Strabo}, q.v.); viii 20*

from N. Italy,

RP

Perhaps identical

Persons and Deities

51

vii 14* (on her purchase of (?) (cognomen only: on L. land from P.). She was mar­ Vadimon). RP II 714, noting ried to Minicius Justus, q.v., that the gentilicium might vii 11.4. have been 'Cusinius'. For other Galli who might be the Corellia Hispulla, daughter of Corellius Rufus, q.v. i 12.3, 9 correspondent in ii 17 and (unnamed); iii 3::· (on a viii 20, RP II 717. Hardly teacher for her son); iv 17 (P. Pomponius Gallus Didius promises Clusinius Gallus, Gallus, as S-W 186 suggests. q.v., to defend her in lawsuit Status unknown. Probably by C. Caecilius (Strabo), cos. from Transpadana in view of des., q.v.). Her husband may his connection with the have been L. Neratius Mar­ Corellii, iv 17. cellus (cos. suff 95), q.v., her Cluvius (Rufus) (cos. suff. son (L. Neratius ?) Corellius a. inc.), the historian ix 19.5 Pansa (cos. ord. 1 22); cf. PIR2 (gentilicium only: his ex­ N 55; RP VII 487, 595; PFOS change of views with Vergin­ no. 268; APN 64 n. 11. ius Rufus, q.v.). Cocceianus Dion see Dion Corellius Rufus, (Q.) (cos. suff Cocceianus. 78) i 12 (his suicide after long illness); iii 3.1 (unnamed: Collega see P ompeius Collega. praised to his daughter); iv 17 Colonus ix 9':· (on death of his (P. 's admiration for him, gen­ friend Pompeius Quintianus, tilicium only); v 1.5 (his ad­ q.v.); his name may be either vice to P. about a legacy, gen­ a gentilicium or a cognomen, tilicium only); vii 11.3 (his LE 295; Kaj. 321. Syme cites sister); vii 31.4 (land-com­ Colona P.f. Maxima, CIL V missioner under Nerva, gen­ 3361, Verona, RP 714. S-W tilicium only); ix 13.6 (gentil­ 487 notes also L. Peducaeus icium only, his advice to P. 'de Colonus, prefect of Egypt Helvidi ultione', 13.1). PIR2 AD 70-72, PIR2 P 222. C 1294; probably from Laus Concordia, the goddess, per­ Pompeia (Lodi), STac. 86; RP sonification of concord v 1.9 II 714; VII 640, citing a decu­ (her temple in the Forum Ro­ rio there, Q. Corellius Pauli­ manum). nus, CIL V 6366; G. Alfoldy, CoreUia, sister of CoreUius Ru­ EOS II 355f., adds Annia fus, q.v. i 12.3 (unnamed, Corelli f. Quintula, CIL V with sister(s)); vii 11 and

52

Indices 6391, ibid.; GCis 322f.; cf.

Damasc. in Judaea, but that

TiP no. 163. Cf. RP VII 508,

he later became tribune in

for the conjecture that an­

leg. III Augusta in Numidia.

other sister of Corellius (cf.

For the identity, S-W 429f.;

i 12.3)

RP

was

the

Calpurnius

wife

Fabatus,

of q.v.,

V 434 (contrast 453 n. 68); PIR2 C 1406; PME C

hence grandmother of P. 's

240. S-W 124,391, 416f. sug­

wife Calpurnia, q.v.

gests he may also have re­

Cornelia,

Virgin

Vestal

ceived i 17':·

(a

letter also

iv 11.6ff. (sentenced to death by Domitian). PFOS

cf. under Cornelius Titianus),

nos. 274-5.

vi 31* (MSS: Corneliano) and

about Titinius Capito, q.v.,

P.'s

vii 12::- (MSS: Minicio, gener­

membership of Trajan's con­

ally taken to be Minicius

silium at Centum Cellae).

Fundanus,q.v.), cf. S-W 391,

Unidentifed. S-W 391 sug­

416f. Rejected by Syme, RP

Cornelianus

vi 31::·

(on

gests that he is really Cor­ nelius Minicianus, q.v.

V 452,VII 605. Cornelius Nepos, the biogra­

Cornelius, C. (tr.pl. 66 BC)

pher

iv 28.1

{to

Vibius

i 20.8 (Cicero's speech in his

Severus,

defence).

Severus, q .v., wanted a bust

(Cornelius) Lentulus Gaetuli­

q.v.:

Herennius

of Nepos and of Titus Catius,

cus, (Cn.) (cos. ord. 26) v 3.5

qq.vv., <municipes' of Vibius);

(his light verse).

v 3.6 (his light verse).

Cornelius (C. f. Vot.) Mini­

Cornelius Priscus (Sex. Subrius

cianus, (C.) iii 9::· (on trial of

Dexter L.) (cos. suff. 104?)

Caecilius

q.v.);

iii 21 ::- {on death of Martial);

(on the ex-senator

v 20.7 (in trial of Varenus);

iv 11

'�

Valerius

Classicus, Licinianus,

q.v.);

vii 19::· (?:cognomen only; on

vii 22 {recommended for mil­ itary tribunate to Pompeius

death of Fannia): RP V 457. As proconsul of Asia (27

(cog­

September AD 120) Sex. Sub­

Titinius

Capito, q.v.).
rius Dexter Cornelius Pris­ cus, Eck II 154; from Pata­

regionis meae' (vii 22.2),from Bergomum, ILS 2722, ibid.,

haps [C. Asconius?] C.f. Fab.

which reveals that Falco only

Sa[rdus

made him praef coh. prim.

cundus P. Cesti[us . . . Sex.

Falco, q.v.);

nomen

only:

viii 12::· on

vium, by his full names per­ Po]mponianus

Se­

Persons and Deities

Su]brius Dexter [L. Cor­ nel]ius Priscus Ducenius Proc[ulus], attested there by CIL V 2824, and perhaps by 7447, Forum Fulvii (Valen­ tia); cf. PIR2 C 1420; RP IV 386ff.; G. Alfoldy, EOS II 338f.; GCis 309.

(Cornelius) Sulla, L., the Dicta­ tor v 3.5 (his light verse); viii 6.2 ('Sullae': fame of Pal­ las, q. v., sarcastically com­ pared to his); Pan. 88.5 ('Fe­ lix': his name compared to Trajan's 'Optimus}. Cornelius Tacitus (Ca[ ], P.?) (cos. suff 97), the historian i 6* (P. on his hunting); i 2o::· (on oratory); ii 1.6 (his fu­ neral speech, as consul, for Verginius Rufus); ii 11.2, 17, 19 (as prosecutor with P. of Marius Priscus, q.v.); iv 13'� (his safe return to Rome; P. tells of founding a school at Comum); iv 15.1 (Asinius Rufus, q.v., a mutual friend of P. and Tacitus); vi 9'' (T. had supported Julius Naso, q.v., for office); vi 16* (P.'s ac­ count of his uncle's death); vi 20* (P.'s account of his own experiences in August AD 79); vii 20* (P.and Tacitus have exchanged books for comment); vii 33* (P.'s ac­ count of his conduct in AD 93 for Tacitus' Histories);

53

viii 7::· (P. has received a book for comment); ix to::- (Tacitus had recommended P. to hunt); ix 14'' (on his and Tac­ itus' chance of fame); ix 23.23 (on the man who asked

'Tacitus es an Plinius?}. G. Alfoldy, MDAI(R) 102 (1995) 252-268 (whence A£ 1995, 92 and CIL VI 41106),

identifies CIL VI 1574 as part of his funerary inscrip­ tion. If correct, this means that Tacitus had further names, beginning Ca[ ], see now also A.R. Birley, 'The life and death of Cornelius Tacitus', Historia 49 (2000), 230-247, suggesting that he may have been called Ca(eci­ na Paetus], and offering some conjectures on his career. Tacitus may also be the un­ named historian of ix 27, whose reading of part of his work, on the recent past, im­ pressed P. ('quanta potestas,

quanta dignitas, quanta maiestas}, but caused other members of the audience, shamed at hearing about their own conduct, to request that the writer not read any more. Cornelius 1itianus i 17'' (on statues of L. Qunius) Silanus, q.v. and others erected by Titinius Capito, q.v.); ix 32(?)* (cognomen only: P.

54

Indices on his idleness). S-W 124

to secure as fellow-advocate

suggests i 17 might have been

in a lawsuit); ix 19*

addressed to Cornelius Mini­

(?) (cog­ nomen only: on Verginius

cianus,

received

Rufus). Cremutius Ruso was

viii 12, also on Titinius Cap­

q.v.,

who

son of M. Petronius Umbri­

ito. Not identifiable.

nus (cos. suff 81), cf. CIL VI

Cornelius Ursus iv 9.::- (P.'s ac­ count of the trial of Julius

2065, col. ii 52, 'Umbrini M. Petronius Cremutius'), boy

Bassus, q.v.); v 20':- (P.'s ac­

rrumstrant

count of the trial of Varenus,

Brethren in AD 87 (PIR2 P

to

the

Arval

q.v.); vi 5.::- and vi 13'� (cog­

278, cf. 320, and stemma,

nomen only: more on the trial of Varenus); viii 9':- (cog­ nomen only: P.'s pressure of

p. 126). The family probably derived from Etruria or Um­ bria (PIR2 P 320). STac 801f.

bly equestrian, S-W 274. Pos­

suggested P. Calvisius Ruso Julius Frontinus (cos. suff 79)

sibly provincial.

or his son P. Calvisius Tullus

work). Unidentified, proba­

Cornutus Tertullus see Qulius) Cornutus Tertullus.

Cottia, wife of Vestricius Spu­

Ruso (cos. ord. 109) as the Ruso of ix 19; against, S-W 502,

for Cremutius Ruso.

rinna, q.v. iii 10'� (jointly to

Syme repeats his view in RP

her and her husband, on P.'s

II 715, IV 409, V 474f., with

dead son

modifications, see under (P.

(Vestricius) Cottius, q.v.); cf.

Calvisius) Ruso Qulius Fron­

iii 1.5 (not named, in letter about Spurinna). PFOS

tinus), identified as cos. suff ca. 84.

tribute

to

their

no. 298, not discussing the

Crescens see Atilius Crescens.

proposal (which goes back to

Crispus see Metilius, Passienus

Mommsen) by C. Letta, Ath­

Crispus.

enaeum 64 (1976) 37ff., that

Ctesiphon,

Demosthenes'

she was a daughter of M. Ju­

speech against vi 33.11 (P.'s

lius Cottius, last king of the Alpes Cottiae (PIR2 I 275).

speech for Attia Viriola, q.v.,

Cottius see (Vestricius) Cottius.

Curianus see Asudius Curianus.

Crassus see (Licinius) Crassus.

Curius

Cremutius Ruso, (M. Petron-

compared to). Severus

see

Vibius

Severus.

ius) vi 23.2-4 (a 'clarus adu­

Curtilius Mancia, (T.) (cos.

lescentulus' whom P. wishes

suff 55) viii 18.4 (father-in-

55

Persons and Deities

Narbonensian, RP V 501f.,

rona); vii 30.4 (P.'s speech 'de ultione Helvidi' compared to D.'s I n Meidiam); ix 23.5

cf. 532f., VI 220, 229.

(recognised by old woman);

law of Domitius Lucanus, q.v.). PIR2 C 1605. Perhaps

Curtius Rufus, (Q.?) (cos. suff

ix 26.8-12 (extensive quota­

43) vii 27.2-3 (saw apparition

tions of his daring turns of

twice in Africa). Senator of

phrase).

humble origin (Tacitus, Ann.

Dexter see Afranius Dexter.

xi 21). PIR2 C 1618, 1619.

Diana, the goddess i 6.3; ix 10.1

Perhaps Narbonensian, STac

(as patron deity of hunters;

621,

RP VI

(doubtful).

215, cf.

Now

229

generally

identified with the author of the Historiae Alexandri Magni, e.g. by Syme, RP VI

both letters to Cornelius Tac­ itus, q .v.). Diomedes,

(his ingenuity in exchanging gifts). Dion

215, 316f., VII 497.

Greek hero v 2.2

Cocceianus

of

Prusa,

'Chrysostom', the rhetor and Decibalus, Dacian king x 74.1

philosopher

x 81

(contro­

(sent captured slave of Lab­

versy over D.'s application to

erius

transfer

Maximus,

q.v.,

to

work

on

public

Parthian king Pacorus, q.v.);

building from himself to city

cf. viii 4.2 (not named: his

of Prusa); x 8 2

courageous death, sc. in AD

that D. must produce ac­

1 06). His name is spelled

(T.) (T. rules

counts). PIR2 D 93.

'Decebalus' on Latin inscrip­

Dionysius, baker of Nicomedia

tions and in Greek writers,

x 74.1 (had employed Callid­ romus, q.v., escaped slave).

PIR2D 19. Demosthenes, the Athenian or­

(Domitia

ator i 2.2 (imitated by P. and Arrianus Maturus, q.v.);

viii 18.4,

i 20.4 (his long speeches); ii 3.10 and iv 5.1 (a speech of

tius

Lucilla) 7

the

elder

(unnamed:

adopted by her uncle, Domi­ Tullus,

q .v.).

PFOS

no. 328.

his read by Aeschines, q.v.);

Domitianus, the emperor i 5.1

ii 20.12 (unnamed: quoted on

(reaction to his death), 5, 14

becoming indignant); iv 7.6

(Mettius Modestus, q.v., ban­

(quoted on bawling); vi 33.11

ished by); i 12.6££. (Corellius

(P.'s speech for Attia Viriola,

Rufus, q.v., was determined

q.v., compared to D.'s De co-

to outlive him); i 18.3 (un-

56

Indices

named: 'Caesar', his amia.); iii 9.31 (Norbanus Licini­ anus, q.v., profited under), 33 (Salvius Liberalis, q.v., prose­ cuted under); iv 9.2 Qulius Bassus, q.v., friend of, but banished by D.); iv 11.5££. (convicted Cornelia, q.v.); iv 22.5 (used (Valerius) Cat­ ullus Messallinus, q.v.); vii 16.2 (unnamed: 'Caesar', P. his quaestor); ix 13.2 (his death); x 58.3££., 8, 10 and x 60.1(T.) (his involvement in case of Flavius Archippus, q.v.); x 65.3, x 66.2(T.) and x 72 (his letters cited); Pan. 11.1 (deified Titus); and, in each case unnamed: 14.5 (summoned Trajan from Spain); 20.4 (his progress through provinces); 33.4 (his misuse of arena); 40.5 (his ex­ action of debts); 41.2-3 (his ill-gotten gains); 42 (tre�on charges under); 46.1 (sup­ pressed mimes); 47 (banished philosophers); 48.3-5 (his palace frightening); 49 (his palace a citadel); 50 (his con­ fiscations); 52.3, 7 (his stat­ ues); 53.3ff. (avenged Nero); 54, 55 (adulation of); 56.8 (hailed as imperator in ef­ figy); 58 (his successive con­ sulships); 62.3 (his relations with senate); 63.4-8 (did not attend comitia); 67.3, 68.2-7

(vows for); 70.5-8 (his treat­ ment of governors); 72.2-7 (not loved); 74.3 (one of the 'malos [sc.principes]' whom senators could not convince by praise); 76.3-5 (senators terrified to speak freely un­ der); 82 (his indolence and debauchery); 90.5f. (a robber and assassin); 94.2, 3 (a bad princeps); 95.3 (P.'s career halted under); cf. 11.4f.; 12.2; 16.3££.; 17.1;18; 21.2; 22; 23; 2�2�2� 28; 29; 34; 38; 3� 43; 44; 45; 51.5; 69.5-7; 73.6; 75.2-3; 79.6; 85.1-2; 93.1. Domitius Afer, (Cn.) (cos. suff 39), the orator ii 14.10-12 (P. repeats story about D. by Quintilian, q.v.); viii 18.5-7 (adopted Domitius Lucanus and Domitius Tullus, qq.vv.). From Nemausus, Jerome, Chron. 205. 01. p. 179f. H. PIR2 D 126. Cf. TiP no. 183. Domitius Apollinaris, (L.) (cos. suff 97) (FO) ii 9::· (cog­ nomen only: P. asks D. to support his friend Sex. Eru­ cius (Clarus), q.v., for office); v 6* (on P.'s Tuscan villa); ix 13.13. (spoke in senate as cos. des. in AD 97) From Ver­ cellae, patron of Martial (see his epigrams, iv 86, vii 26 and 89, x 12), father-in-law of Neratius Marcellus, q.v.: see PFOS no. 333 and RP VII

Persons and Deities

588ff., with further details on his career and family (stemma, p. 599). TiP no. 186. Domitius (Sex. f. Volt. Afer Ti­

tius Marcellus Curvius) Lu­ canus, (Cn.) (cos. suff ca. 79) viii 18.4-7 (on death of his brother, whom he prede­ ceased). His full names are known from ILS 990, Fulgin­ iae. PIR2 D 152. Son of Sex. Curvius Sex. f. Volt. Tullus (CIL VI 16671, cf. P/R2 C 1623), adoptive son of Domi­ tius Afer, q.v., son-in-law of Curtilius Mancia, q.v. His daughter, (Domitia Lucilla the elder), q.v., was adopted by D.'s brother Tullus. See also APN 37f.; TiP no. 182. Domitius Tullus, (Cn.) (cos. suff ca. 79, II suff. 98) (FO) viii 18 (on his death and tes­ tament). He probably had the same filiation and nomencla­ ture, from Afer to Curvius, as his brother Domitius Lu­ canus, q.v., but his inscrip­ tion, ILS 991, is acephalous. PIR2 D 167. Identified by C. Castillo Garcia, Aetas del I

Congreso Andaluz de Estu­ dios Clasicos Qaen 1982) 159ff., on the basis of a newly found fragment, AE 1976, 77, as the testator of CIL VI 10229, formerly assumed to

57

be a Dasumius. The implica­ tions are explored at length by Syme, RP V 521ff. His adopted daughter (i.e. Domi­ tia Lucilla the elder, q.v.), was his principal heir, his name was taken by P. Calvisius Tullus Ruso (cos. ord. 109). Cf. also TiP no. 182. Drusus, Nero (Claudius), younger stepson of Augustus iii 5.4 (names inverted by P.: his light verse). Egnatius

Marcellinus,

(M.)

(cos. suff. 116) iv 12 (on his quaestorship). Presumably identical with M. Egnatiu[s Marcellinus], cos. suf f . 116 (FO), as conjectured in PIR2 E 24, cf. 14; assumed by S-W 285. Encolpius viii 1.2 (P. 's lector, a slave or freedman, who had been ill). Ennius, (Q.), the poet ii 10.2 (unnamed: quoted on Latin language); v 3.6 (his light verse); v 8.3 (unnamed: Vir­ gil's allusion to E.'s epitaph quoted). Epigonus x 11.2 (P. requests citizenship for his daughter Stratonice, q.v., and her son of this name). Epimachus, imperial freedman and procurator x 84(T.) (P. to call on his assistance).

Indices

58

Erucius Clarus i 16* (on Pom­ peius Saturninus

(1 ), q.v.);

Fabius Justus, (L.) (cos. suff 102) i 5.8 (asked by (Aquillius)

ii 9.4 (his son Sex. Erucius (Clarus), q.v.). P/R2 E 94; RP

Regulus, q.v., to reconcile him

VII

write); ?vii 2':-

477.

Perhaps

Clarius,

q.v., of ix 28.5.

ord.

P.); i 11

::-

(P. begs him to

(cognomen only:

P. promises to send him his

Erucius (Clarus), Sex. (cos. 117, II

with

suff

speeches). Friend of Cornelius

146), son of the

Tacitus, q.v., Tacitus, Dial. 1.1.

foregoing, nephew of Septi­ cius Clarus, q.v. ii 9 (his can­

71: he was legate of Moesia in­

didacy

ferior in AD 106, Eck I 341,

for

office

recom­

P/R2 F 41, updated by Cab. F

mended by P. to Domitius

and of Syria in

Apollinaris, q.v.). P/R2 E 96; RP V 461, 559, 575, VII 476,

346£.; perhaps from Spain.

AD 109, id.

(cos.

Fabius Postuminus, (C.)

600. Perhaps the Clarius, q.v.,

suff

of ix 28.5.

in senate AD 97 ). Legate of

Eumolpus

see Claudius Eumol­

pus.

96:

FO) ix 13.13 (spoke

Moesia inferior in AD 103, Eck I 338, proconsul of Asia

i 10

ca. AD 111-112, id. 351. Cf.

(praised by P.). A Stoic, from

philosopher

PFOS no. 347 (his possible daughter).

Euphrates, Tyre,

PIR2 E 121.

Eupolis, the comic poet i 20.17 (quoted, on Pericles).

experiences at the Centumvi­

(Euripides), the tragic poet iv 11.9 (unnamed: quoted on death

of

Vestal

Fabius Valens (1) iv 24'� (on P.'s

Cornelia,

q .v.); iv 27.6 (unnamed: quo­

ral Court). Perhaps identical with the following. Fabius Valens

(2) x 86b (ap­

tation from applied to Sen­

'in­ structum commilitio tuo ; the

tius Augurinus, q.v.).

name

Eurythmus, imperial freedman procurator

vi 31.8-11

(ac­

cused of forging a will). Fabatus

see

Calpurnius Faba­

tus. Fabius

proved by P. as a man

'

is

restored

Equestrian

officer

here). recom­

mended by P. to Trajan, evi­ dently in his province,

PME

F 16; perhaps identical with the foregoing. Fabricii, i.e. C. Fabricius Lusci­

Hispanus

iii 9.12-14

(prosecuted as associate of

ous (cos. Pan. 13.4

Caecilius Classicus, q.v.).

to).

288, II 282 BC) (Trajan compared

Persons and Deities

59

Flaccus

see Ammius, Calpurn­

Fabricius Veiento, (A. Didius Gallus) (cos. suff. III 83?) iv 22.4

(at

dinner

with

Nerva); ix 13.13, 19-20 (in senate debate in AD 97); cf.

Pan. 58.1 (unnamed: perhaps the cos. III there mentioned). PIR2 F 91; RP VII 532, 533f., 556, 578. Cf. PFOS no. 127 (his

wife

Attica);

on

his

ius Flaccus.

Flavius (Fabius?) Aper, (M.?) (cos. suff 103?: FO, '[?M. Flavius Ap]er') v 13.5 (spoke in senate on Tuscilius Nomi­ natus, q.v.). Perhaps son of

Dial., a Gaul (Dial. 10.2, cf. 7.1), RP

the M . Aper of Tacitus,

II 701f., VI 226f. (also sup­ porting the reading

names, APN 119.

Fadius Rufinus, (L.) (cos. suff. 113: FO) ix 23.4 ('vir egre­ gius', pointed out P. to a 'mu­ niceps'). PIR2 F 99; RP II 716, cf. 520 n. 3, 594.

see Pompeius Falco. Fannia, (Clodia?), daughter of

Falco

'Flavius' Fa­

against the alternative

'

bius'). Cf. PFOS nos. 377, 455 (his presumed daughter

TiP no. 204. Flavius Archippus, of Prusa and wife);

x 58 (claimed exemption as a

elder

iu­ dex); x 59 and 60 (T.) (P. for­

Helvidius, qq.vv. iii 11.3 (her

warded his petition to T.);

exile); iii 16.2 (P.'s conversa­

x 81.1, 6 (EA.'s dispute with

tion with her); vii 19 (her ill­

Dion Cocceianus, q.v.).

Thrasea,

husband

of

philosopher from being

ness and P.'s tribute to); ix 13.3

Flavius Marcianus ii 11.8-9,

(her stepson and mother), 5

16, 19-20, 23 (African, ac­

(her return from exile), 15

cused and convicted as asso­

(right to protest against Publi­

ciate of Marius Priscus, q.v.).

cius

Certus,

friends).

q.v.),

17

(her

PFOS no. 259.

Fannius, C. v 5 (his death and history of Nero's victims).

RP II 716, VII 477, on possi­ ble links with Verona.

see Cornelius Sulla. Ferox see Julius Ferox. Festus see Valerius Festus. Firminus see Hostilius Firminus. Firmus see Romatius, Saturius Felix

Firmus.

Fonteius

Magnus

(Bithynian Varenus

v 20.4

prosecutor

Rufus,

q.v.);

of and,

cognomen only, vii 6.2 ('ille Magnus': his persistence), 6.6 and vii 10.1 (spoke against Polyaenus, q.v.).

Fortuna, the goddess iv 11.3 (addressed by Valerius Licin­ ianus, q.v.); vi 16.11 vours

the

brave',

Elder Pliny).

('F. fa­ said by

60

Indices

Frontinus see Julius Frontinus.

Gavius (P. f. Pal.) Bassus, (M.),

Fronto see Catius Fronto.

'praefectus

Frugi see Libo Frugi.

x

Fundanus see Minicus Funda­

to P.; requested more benefi­

nus. Furia Prima

x

59 (unnamed

'ac­

orae

Ponticae'

21 and 22 (paid his respects

ciarii, etc.);

x

86a (P.'s testi­

monial for him). His career,

60.2(T.) (ac­

in the tres militiae (with dec­

cused Flavius Archippus, q.v.).

orations bello Dacico) and as

cusatrix') and

x

Fuscus see Claudius, Pedanius

Gaetulicus see Cornelius Len­ tulus Gaetulicus. Galba,

the

a iudex selectus, followed by his Pontic prefecture, is known from IKEph 680,

Fuscus.

emperor

ii 20.2

which gives his origo as 'Ro­ mae', although the family was resident at Ephesus. The

(adopted (Calpurnius) Piso

career

Licinianus, q.v.).

Gavius

of

his

Balbus,

brother who

P. also

went through the tres militiae

Galla see Pomponia Galla. Gallitta vi 31.4f. (wife of sena­

and became a procurator, is

torial military tribune, con­

known from IKEph 48. His

victed of adultery before Tra­

son, M. Gavius M. f. Pal.

jan's consilium at

Centum

Gallus (1) i 7.4 (evidently of fice-holder,

probably

Maximus, Guard Prefect un­ der

Cellae). PFOS no. 400. pro­

Antoninus

nearly

twenty

Pius

for

years,

evi­

dently acquired close con­

consul, in Baetica, sc. in AD

nections to

96-7, Eck I 326f. and n. 183 -

num: see W. Eck, PS 368-377;

threatened with prosecution

cf. A.R. Birley, PS 49 and

by the Baetici; P. was asked by Octavius Rufus, q.v., to defend him). S-W 101f.; RP

Firmum

Pice­

n. 89. Gemellinus see Virdius Gemel­ linus.

II 716f. (with various possi­

Gemini us, C. i 12.9 (mutual

ble Galli); W. Eck, RE, Suppl. 15 (1978) 108 (rejecting S­

friend of P. and Corellius, q.v.). RP II

W's suggestion, Pomponius

identical with C. Geminius

Gallus Didius Rufus).

Priscus,

Gallus (2) ii 17*; viii 20::· proba­ bly Clusinius Gallus, q.v. See

also Asinius Gallus.

717:

equestrian

CIL V 6478,

perhaps officer,

Laumellum;

PMEG 16. Geminus see Rosianus Geminus.

Persons and Deities

Genialis

viii 1Y (read P.'s speeches with his father). Unidentified. Genitor see Julius Genitor. Gracchi, i.e. C. and Ti. Sempro­ nius Gracchus, tr.pl. 123-2 and 133 BC i 20.4 (their short speeches). Gratilla see Verulana Gratilla. Harmeris see Antonia Bar­ mens. Harpocr as, P.'s therapist x 5.2 (P. requests citizenship for him); x 6.1 (P. requests Alex­ andrian citizenship for him); x 7 (T. instructs P. to supply H.'s nome for transmission to prefect of Egypt); x 10.1 (P. complies). Hedia, (?Antonia?), freed­ woman of Antonia Max­ imilla, q.v. x 5.2 (P. requests Trajan to give her citizen­ ship). (Helvidia) ix 13.16 (unnamed: a daughter of Helvidius the younger and Anteia, qq.vv.). Helvidiae iv 21.1 (the daughters of Helvidius the younger, q.v.: their death in childbirth reported to Velius Cerialis, q.v.). PFOS nos. 415f.: one of them was perhaps married to (M. Annius) Herennius Pol­ lio, q.v. Helvidius (Priscus, C.) (pr. 70) vii 19.3f. (his wife Fannia,

61

q.v.), 5 (his biography by Herennius Senecio, q.v.) Stoic, son-in-law of Thrasea, q.v., executed by Vespasian ca. AD 74. PIR2 H 59; RP VII 571ff.; TiP no. 246. Helvidius, the Younger (cos. suff ca. 87) iii 11.3 (his death); iv 21.1ff. (his daugh­ ters, son and death): vii 30.4 (P.'s 'libellos . . . de ultione Helvidi'); ix 13.1 (P.'s 'libros

de

ultione

Helvidi'),

ix 13.13 (P. his friend), 4 (his widow Anteia, q.v.), 16 (his daughter). PIR2 H 60; RPVII 571ff. (Helvidius), son of foregoing iv 21.4f. (not named: last sur­ vivor of family). Perhaps identical with L. Valerius L.[f.] Messala Thrase[a] Pop­ licola Helvid[ius] Priscus, former legate of IV Scythica, who died as praetor desig­ nate, AE 1984, 38, Rome, as proposed by S. Priuli, EOS I 620ff. Raepsaet-Charlier, PFOS nos. 68, 617, suggests identity with P. Helvidius Pr­ iscus, husband of Plautia Quinctilia (CIL XIV 2845). (Hercules), the god Pan. 14.5 (unnamed, 'son of Jupiter': Trajan compared to). Herennius Pollio, (M. Annius) (cos. suff 85) (FO) iv 9.14 (spoke at trial of Julius Bas-

Indices

62

sus). On his names, APN 27.

Antoninus,

Probably

to).

Spanish,

Cab.

q.v.,

compared

(Hesiod), the poet iii 7.15 (un­

no. 82. Herennius Senecio, Stoic sena­ tor i 5.3 (abused by Regulus);

(cognomen only; his

iii 11.3

death); iv 7.5 (his joke about (Aquillius)

Regulus,

q.v.);

named: quoted on strife). Hispanus vi 25>:-, presumably Baebius Hispanus, q.v.;

see

also Fabius Hispanus. Hispo see Caepio Hispo.

of

Hispulla, wife of Corellius Ru­

Valerius Licinianus); vii 19.5

fus i 12.3, 7 (unnamed), 9, 10

(his trial for writing life of

(cognomen only); PFOS no. 418; see also Calpurnia,

iv 11.12

(his

Helvidius);

defence

vii 33.4ff.

(col­

league of P. in trial of Baebius Massa).

From

Baetica,

Corellia Hispulla. Homerus, the epic poet i 7.1

vii 33.5; PIR2 H 128; Cab.

(on 'Jupiter'), 4, 5 (P. will ad­

no. 83.

dress his correspondent 'Ho­

(cos. suff ('vir

mericis versibus'); i 18.1 (un­

under Hadrian?) iv 28

named: on dreams), 4 (un­

doctissimus', wished to ac­

named: on fighting for one's

quire portraits of Cornelius

country); i 20.22 (on Ther­

Herennius Severus

Nepos

and

Catius,

sites and Odysseus); ii 14.2

(?) (cognomen

(is studied at school); iii 9.28

Titus

qq.vv.); ix 22''

only: on illness of Passennus

(a stylistic device of H.'s);

Paulus, q .v.); S-W 505 fa­

iv 3.2-3 (Arrius Antoninus,

vours

q.v., compared to H.'s Nes­

identification

Herennius, but ius,

Catilius,

with

see also Ann­

tor); iv 11.12 (unnamed: on

Vettennius,

death of Patroclus); v 6.43 (on comparing small with

Vibius Severus. PIR2 H 130: perhaps the patron of Philo

great); v 19.2 (Valerius Pauli­

of Byblus and suffect consul

nus, q.v., compared to gentle

under Hadrian; RP V 602

father

in

H.);

praise

of

novelties);

(perhaps

Spanish);

Cab.

v 20.8

(on vi 8.3

no. 84 (favouring Valentia).

(unnamed: saying of Achilles

Hermes, (C. Plinius), P.'s freed­

in H.); viii 2.8 (unnamed: on

man vii 11.1, 6 (sold part of

honouring

P.'s estate to Corellia, q.v.).

equaUy);

Herodes (i.e. Herondas), the poet iv 3.4 (poetry of Arrius

long

and

evil

and

good

viii 4.4

(modified

short

syllables);

ix 1.4 (unnamed: on impiety

Persons and Deities

of boasting over dead); ix 13.20 (quoted in senate by Fabricius Veiento, q.v., on

63

PIR2 I 14;

XI 5805ff., etc.; APN120.

Julia, Juliae 'lex' vi 31.6; 'leges'

young attacking old); ix 26.6

Pan. 42.1, laws proposed by

(some striking phrases of H.).

Julius Caesar or Augustus.

Homullus see Titius Homullus. Honoratus

see Viteluus Hono­

ratus.

Oulia Paulina), daughter of Ju­ lius Servianus,

q.v.

vi 26.1

(not named: P. congratulates

Horatius poet

(Flaccus, iii 12.1

the

Servianus on his son-in-law,

(unnamed:

Q.),

the younger (Pedanius) Fus­

quoted on Socratic conversa­

cus

tion); ix 22.2 (Passennus Pau­

no. 452;

lus, q.v., compared to).

known from AE 1976, 77.

Salinator,

PFOS

q.v.).

her

names

are

Hortensius (Hortalus), Q . (cos.

Julius Africanus vii 6.11, 14

69 BC) v 3.5 (his light verse).

(grandson of famous orator,

Hostilius (legate

Firminus of

ii 11.23f.

Marius

Priscus,

q.v., implicated in charge); ii 12.1ff. (found guilty).

Hyperides, the orator i 20.4 (his long speeches).

represented a woman against Suburanus, q.v.).

contemporary

I 121,

cf. 120 (his grandfather).

Julius Atticus i 12.10 (friend of Corellius Rufus, q.v.). PIR2 I 185. Probably from Narbon­ ensis,

lsaeus,

PIR2

orator

ii 3 (praised at length by P.).

PIR2 I 52. !socrates, the Athenian orator vi 29.6 (his shyness and weak voice). Italicus see Siuus Italicus.

Julius

RP II 717f. Avitus

v 21.3ff.

(his

death on ship returning from quaestorship), cf. vi 6.6 (un­ named);

(the

addressee

of

ii 6'� (cognomen only, was probably Junius Avitus, q.v.);

PIR2 I 189, brother of Julius Naso, q.v.; they were sons of

Javolenus Priscus (C. Octavius Tidius Tossianus L.) (cos. suff 86) vi 15.2ff. (his odd re­ action to reading of poem by his friend Passenus Paulus,

the Gallic orator Julius Se­ cundus (PIR2 I 559), as shown by C.P. Jones, 72 (1969) 279ff.

HSCP

Julius Bassus, (C.), proconsul

q.v.).The jurist: full names,

of Pontus-Bithynia ca. AD

ILS 1015, Nedinum (Dalma­ tia); from Iguvium, cf. CIL

100-101 his trial for corrup­ tion, and defence by P. de-

64

Indices scribed at length in iv 9; men­

Publicius

tioned in:

Pan. 90.3 (named as P.'s 'col­ /ega'; cf. 91.1-93.3, un­

X

v 20.1; vi 29.10;

56.4ff.;

205;

X 57 .2(T.). PIR2 I SoTIR no. 19. Probably

phylia,

of C. Julius Quadratus Bas­ sus (cos. suff 105), PIR2 I

no. 22;

PIR2 I 408; SoTM APN 51, 6Sf.; he was

married

to

Plancia

Magna of Perge,

Julius

q.v.);

named). From Perge in Pam­

from Pergamum and father

508; SoTIR no. 26.

Certus,

M.f.

PIR2 P 444, C. Julius

Caesar, C., the Dictator i 20.4 (his long speeches); iii 12.2f. ('C. Caesar': on

and their son was

Cato's

ferred to by P. as 'Cornutus' or 'Cornutus Tertullus'; he

('divus

drunkenness);

v 3.5

his

light

julius':

verse); viii 6.13 (statue of

Plancius Varus Cornutus, cf. stemma, ib. p. 174. He is re­

'di­

was colleague of P. as treas­

vus Iulius' in Forum Julium); cf. also 'julia lex' vi 31.6; Pan. 42.1. Julius Candidus (Marius Cel­ sus, Ti.) (cos. suff: 86, II ord.

ury prefect and consul v 14.3,

105) v 20.5 (quoted on elo­ quence and loquacity). PIR2 I 241;

from

Syme, e.g.

western

Asia,

RP IV 165, 176,

315, V 552f., 597; VI 179; VII 539;

SoTIR no. 11; APN 133. Qulius P.f. Hor.) Cornutus Ter­ tullus, (C.) (cos. suff 100) ii 11.19ff., ii 12.2 (spoke as

cos. des. at trial of Marius Pr­ iscus, q.v.); iv 17.9 (he and P. friends for Corellius' daugh­ ter); v 14 (appointed curator viae Aemiliae; prais ed by P.); vii 21'� ('Cornutus': P. on

5,

cf.

Pan. 90.3 and (un­

named) 91 .1-93.3; and was his

successor

Bithynia,

in

Pontus­

ILS 1024, etc.; see

Eck I 353. Julius

Ferox, (Ti.) (cos. suff 99) ii 11.5 (spoke as cos. des. at

trial of Marius Priscus, q.v.); vii 13

(cognomen only: on 'non studere ... et studere'); x 87.3 (F., presumably as pro­

vincial governor, cf. Eck I 346 n. 264 and II 210, praised the younger Nymphidius Lupus, PIR2 I 306.

q.v.);

Julius Frontinus, (Sex.) (cos. suff 73 ?, II suff 98, III ord. 100) iv 8.3 (P. filled his place in college of augurs); v 1.5

own trouble with eyesight);

(cognomen

vii 31 >:· (P. recommends Clau­ dius Pollio, q.v.); ix 13.15ff.

q.v., in legal dispute); ix 19

(spoke in debate in AD 97 on

(cognomen only: rated higher

only:

P.

sup­

ported by him and Corellius,

Persons and Deities

65

than Verginius Rufus, q.v., by

ters, which he thinks unsuita­

(Calvisius) Ruso, q.v., proba­ bly his nephew). PIR2 I 322.

ble for S.'s life under arms); ix 18::- (cognomen only: a

His daughter Julia Frontina

postscript to the previous let­

was married to Sosius Sene­

ter).

cio, q.v., see PFOS no. 440,

mander of the garrison of the

Evidently

first

com­

cf. 439 O.F.'s presumed sis­

newly conquered province of

ter). From Narbonensis (Vi­

Dacia,

Julius Genitor iii 3.Sff. (recom­

RMD no. 148; K. Wachtel, Klio 72 (1990) 473f.; I. Piso, Fasti provinciae Da­ ciae I (1993) 10-13. This fits

mended as teacher for son of

the reference to his 'life un­

enna), as argued by Syme, RP VI 216,226.

Corellia Hispulla,

q.v.);

iii

der

arms,

camps,

bugles,

11 " (on the philosopher Ar­ temidorus, q.v.); vii 30"· (con­

trumpets, sweat and dust',

soled on death of a pupil);

nus, more likely to be the re­

'

ix 17"· (on vulgar parties). Julius Largus, of Pontus x 75, x 76(T.) (P. consults T . about J .L.'s testament).

Julius Naso iv 6::- (on P.'s prop­ erties); vi 6 (P. recommends

ix 2.4. See also Statius Sabi­ cipient of vi 18* (cognomen only).

Julius Servianus, (Ser.), later (L.) Julius (Ursus) Servianus (cos. suff 90,cos. II ord. 102, III ord. 134) iii 17::- (P.'s anxi­

J.N .'s candidacy for office to

ety at having no letter from

Minicius

q.v.;

J.S.); vi 26'" (P. congratulates

Naso also supported by Cor­

him on his new son-in-law,

Fundanus,

nelius Tacitus, q.v.). PIR2 I

the younger (Pedanius) Fus­

437; brother of Julius Avitus,

cus Salinator, q.v.); vii 6.8 (as­

q.v.; they were sons of the

signed as iudex by the em­

Gallic orator Julius Secundus

peror); viii 23.5

(PIR2 I 559), as shown by C .P. Jones, HSCP 72 (1969) 279££. Julius Piso x 110 (prosecuted at Amisus: not named in Tra­ jan's reply, 111). Oulius)

Sabinus

ix 2*

(cog­

nomen only: P. had been asked to write him long let-

only:

Junius

(cognomen

Avitus,

q.v.,

served under J.S. in Germa­ nia

(superior)

and Panno­

nia);; x 2.1 (P. thanks Trajan for granting him ius trium liberorum at request of J.S.). PIR2 I 631; STac. 231, 477, 600£., etc.; RP II 672, 770, III 1158f., 1166££., IV 288, 292,

Indices

66

301, v 467, 486, 492, 541£., 572, VI 144, 221, 401, VII 507, 632, and elsewhere, fa­

Julius Valerianus ii 15:{· (cog­ nomen only: P. enquires

vouring origin in Narbonen­

about J.V's Marsian estate); v 4\ v 13* (on debate over

sis; cf. Cab. Incertus no. 30.

petition by (Bellicius) Sollers,

See also Qulia Paulina), his

q.v.). PIR2 I 612 cites C/L

daughter; his wife Domitia

XV 7476, lead-pipe with the

Paulina, PFOS no. 12, was

name T. Julius Valerianus,

sister of Hadrian.

and XII 2608, a homonym at

Julius Sparsus , (?Sex.) (?the cos. suff 88) iv 5':· (on Ae­ speech­

Vienna; but P.'s correspond­ ent

remains

unidentified:

both names are very com­

schines'

Rhodian

reading);

viii 3':· (cognomen

mon.

only: on S.'s reaction to read­

Qulius)

Vindex,

(C.)

rebel

ing P.'s speech). P/R2 I 586.

against

Syme, RP II 718, 769, V 465,

ix 19.1 (in self-composed epi­

472, regards P.'s correspond­

taph

ent as a son of the cos. suff

q.v.). From Aquitania, PIR2 I

88,

and suggests origin in

Tarraconensis,

cf.

VI 218.

The cos. suff 88 was a patron of Martial (xii 57).

Cab.

no. 93.

of

Nero

vi 10.4

Verginius

and

Rufus,

628.

Junia, Vestal Virgin

vii 1 9.1

(kinswoman of Fannia, q.v.). PFOS no. 466.

Qunia), daughter of Junius Aru­

Julius (C.f. Gal.) Tiro (Gaetuli­

lenus Rusticus, q.v. i 14 (un­

cus, C.) vi 31.7 (his will alleg­

named: P. recommends Mini­

edly forged by Sempronius

cius Acilianus, q.v., as bride­

Senecio, q.v.). CIL II 3661,

groom

Ebusus,

no. 467.

presumably

his

for

her).

PFOS

home, gives his full names

Junior see Terentius Junior.

and status, senator of praeto­ by

Qunius) Arulenus Rusticus, (Q.) (cos. suff 92), Stoic sena­

rian

rank,

L.Sempronius

honoured

Quir.

tor i 5.2 (his prosecution and

Senecio, clearly the man ac­

L.f.

death), 5 (asked P. to support

cused of forging his will: P/R2

Arrionilla, q.v.); i 14.1ff. (P.

I 603; RP II 718; Cab. no. 94.

Julius Valens v 21.2 (his grave illness).

Unidentified:

both

names are very common.

recommends bridegroom for ii 18 (un­ daughter);

his

named: teachers

P.

for

to

recommend

his

children);

Persons and Deities

iii 11.3 (cognomen only: his death); v 1.8 (cognomen only:

P. endangered by friendship with); PIR2 I 730; RP VII 571££.; APN 150f. Brother of Junius Mauricus, husband of (Verulana) Gratilla, qq.vv.

Junius Avitus ii 6* (cognomen

67

Junius Pastor i 18.3 (P. acted for in court-case). PIR2 I 794. Salornies, APN 145ff., cor­ rects Syme, RP II 718, and elsewhere, on the supposed connection

of

this

man's

probable descendant A . Jun­ ius

P. f. Fab. Pastor L.

(his death as aedile designate

Caesennius Sospes (cos. ord. 163; PIR2 I 796) with Brixia;

and P.'s tribute). PIR2 I 731,

Salornies favours Patavium as

cf. 189 Qulius Avitus, q.v.).

the origin of these Junii.

only: on a stingy host); viii 23

Still alive in summer 108, when named as an heir of the so-called 'Testator Dasumius'

Qunius)

Silanus (Torquatus), L.

i 17. 1 (victim of Nero). PIR2 I 838.

(CIL VI 1 0299), who is now

Juppiter, the god i 7.1 (i.e.

identified as Dornitius Tullus,

Zeus: Homer on his power

q.v., RP V 479, 484f., 539.

and majesty); iii 6.4 (temple

Brutus, M. (Q. Servil­

of at Comum); Pan. 1.5, 6

ius Caepio Brutus) (pr. 44

(chose Trajan as emperor); 8.3 (Nerva placed laurel­

Qunius)

BC), the Liberator v 3.5 (his light verse).

wreath from Pannonia in lap

Junius Maurieus, Stoic senator

of his statue); 14.5 (Trajan

i 5.10, 15£. (not yet returned

compared to his son, sc. Her­

from exile); i 14'�

(P. recom­

cules); 16.1 ('Capitolinus Iup­

mends bridegroom for his late brother's daughter);

piter': laurel-wreath depos­

ii 18::·

(P.

to

recommend

teachers for his late brother's children); iii 11.3 (his exile); iv 22.3ff.

(at

Nerva); vi 14'�

dinner

with

ited in his temple); 94.1ff. (P. prays that he will protect Trajan). Justus see Fabius, Minicius, Tul­ lius Justus.

(P. accepts his

Juventius (P. f. [V]el.) Celsus,

invitation to stay at Formiae).

(T. Aufidius Hoenius Severi­

PIR2 I 771; RP VII 571£.,

anus, P.) (cos. suff ca. 114, II

581ff. Brother of Qunius) Arulenus Rusticus, q.v.,

spoke in case of Varenus,

probably from N. Italy, G.

q.v.). The jurist, PIR2 I 882.

Alfoldy, EOS II 361.

Legate of T hrace well before

ord. 129) vi 5.4-7 (as praetor

Indices

68

AD 114, Eck I 348 n. 272.

PIR2 L 97, cf. 96, his father,

For

A. Larcius Lydus, on whom

his nomenclature and

possible origin in Picenum,

see also W. Eck, ZPE 42

see APN 69, 139f.

(1981) 245f.; id., EOS I 202. Largus see Julius Largus.

Laberius Maximus, (M.') (cos.

suff 87, II ord. 103)

x

74.1

Lentulus see Cornelius Lentulus.

(his slave Callidromus, q.v.).

Lepidus see Catius Lepidus.

PIR2 L 9; from Lanuvium,cf. PFOS no. 478 (his daughter,

Liberalis see Salvius Liberalis. Libo

(Rupilius)

Frugi,

(?L.

wife of Bruttius Praesens,

Scribonius?) (cos. suff 88?)

q.v.).

iii 9.33 (consular, spoke in

Laelii, i.e. C. Laelius 'Sapiens'

(cos. 140 BC) Pan. 88.6 (his name 'Sapiens' alluded to and compared to Trajan's 'Opti­ mus'). Lappius Maximus, (A. Bucius), (cos. suff 86, II suff 95)

trial of Marius Priscus, q.v.).

PIR2 L 166,cf. PFOS no. 674 (his daughter Rupilia Faus­ tina).

see

Licinianus

Norbanus,

Valerius Licinianus. (Licinius) Crassus (Frugi), (M.)

x 58.6 (Domitian's letter to

(cos. ord. 64) i 5.3 (executed

him as proconsul of Pontus­

after being accused by (Aqui­

Bithynia quoted). Full names

llius) Regulus, q.v., Nero). PIR2 L 191.

in RMD 4; PIR2 L 84; cf.

PFOS no. 483 (his daughter); APN 95. (Not also called

under

(Licinius Macer) Calvus, C., the late Republican orator

'Norbanus', as still S-W 643;

and poet i 2.2

cf. PIR2 N 162.)

speech on his style); i 16.5,

Larcius Licinus ii 14.9,11 (first to pay people to applaud his

(P. modelled

iv 27.4,v 3.5 (his verses). RE, Licinius no. 113.

speeches); iii 5.17 (in Spain

Licinius Nepos, (M.?) (?the cos.

offered to buy Elder Pliny's

suff. 127) (FO) iv 29.2f. (stern

notebooks).

Juridicus

in

Spain, RP II 719, 755f., 764,

praetor, sc. in AD 105); v 4.2f. (cognomen only: as

VII 503f.; PIR2 L 95.

praetor

questioned

repre­

iii 14

sentatives of Vicetia in sen­

(son of freedman, senator of

ate); v 9.3££. (cognomen only:

praetorian rank, his murder

his edict as praetor); v 13.1

by

(cognomen

Larcius Macedo,

own

(A.?)

slaves described).

only: his sum-

Persons and Deities

mons to Tuscilius Nomina­ tus, q.v., in Vicetia case); vi 5 (spoke in case of Varenus, q.v.). STac. 661£.; PIR2 L 220, cf. 221-223; RP III 1051£., identifying him with the cos. suff. 127 (cf. PIR2 L 222), V 458, 478, 481l, 558, 591. Licinius Sura, (L.) (cos. suff 93?, II ord. 102, III ord. 107) iv 30* (on a spring at the 'Larius lacus'); vii 27':· (cog­ nomen only, on apparitions experienced by Curtius Rufus and Athenodorus, qq.vv.). From Tarraconensis, STac. 791; cf. PIR2 L 253; RP II 770, III 981, IV 81£., V 493, 506ff., VI 401fl, etc.; Cab. no. 103. Livius, Titus, the historian ii 3.8 (man from Gades travelled to Rome to see him); vi 20.5 (P. read him during Vesuvius eruption). PIR2 L 292. Lucanus see Domitius Lucanus. Lucceius Albinus, (Cn.) (cos. suff ca. 102) iii 9.7 (acts with P. against associates of Cae­ cilius Classicus, q.v.); iv 9.13 (acts with P. in defence of Ju­ lius Bassus, q.v.); vi to>:· (cog­ nomen only; letter on P.'s visit to Alsium). P resumably son of procurator of Judaea in AD 62-4 and of Maureta­ nia Caesariensis AD 68-9 (PIR2 L 354), doubtless the pontifex whose calator was

69

Cn. Lucceius P lutianus, CIL VI 2184 32445 (AD 101 or 1 02). Perhaps from Lusitania, or from Cumae, cf. S-W 232, 277, 365; PIR2 L 355; G. Camodeca, EOS II 121; RP II 772, V 470f.; Cab. no. 104. Lucretius (Carus, T.), the poet iv 18.1 (quoted on poverty of Latin language). Lupercus ii 5"< (received speech of P.); ix 26'� (P. defends grand style in oratory). Not identified. Perhaps Narbon­ ensian, RP II 771. Lupus see Nymphidius Lupus. Lustricius Bruttianus vi 22.2-6 (a provincial governor, re­ ported criminal offences of his comes Montanius Attici­ nus, q.v.). His gentilicium is not otherwise known: PIR2 L 446; RP II 719, cf. LE 254 n. 6, 334. The cognomen is epigraphically attested only three times, Kaj. 142, 193. (Lutatius) Catulus, Q. (cos. 102 BC) v 3.5 (his light verse). For the identification, not the cos. 78 BC, as S-W 317, but his father, see C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 139. Lyaeus (i.e. Bacchus) iii 21.5 (quoted from Martial's poem, x 19, on P.). Lycormas, freedman of Trajan x 63 and 67 (P. reports letters from L.). =

Indices

70

Lysias, the orator i 20.4 (his

Marii (i.e. C. Marius cos. VII 87 BC) viii 6.2 (Pallas, q.v., sar­

short speeches).

castically compared to). Marinus see Postumius Mari­

Macedo see Larcius Macedo. Macer vi 24':·, presumably ei­ ther Baebius or Calpurnius

nus. Marius Priscus, former pro­ consul of Africa ii 11 and 12

Macer, qq.vv. Macrinus ii 7*; vii 6\ vii to>:-; viii 5; viii 17'�; ix 4*: probably Caecilius Macrinus, q.v.; see also Minicius Macrinus. Maecilius Nepos see Metilius

(his trial, prosecuted by P. and Cornelius Tacitus, q.v.); iii 9.2, 4

(P. compares M. to

Caecilius Classicus, vi 29.9 (prosecution

q.v.); men­

tioned); x 3a.2 (P. on his se­

Nepos. Maesius (M.f. Vot.) Maximus,

lection as prosecuting coun­

(M.) iii 20':-; iv 25':- (both on

sel against M.). He came from

elections in the senate); per­

Baetica (iii 9.3). STac. 658; S­

haps

W 56££.; Eck I 328; PIR2 M 315 (proconsul probably AD

'Maximus

noster'

in

vi 8.4: RP V 453; from Bergo­ mum, identifiable as M. Mae­ sius M.£. Vot. Maximus, pa­

97-8); Cab. no. 113. Mars, the god vii 9.11 (in P.'s

tron of that city, CIL V 5138,

poem

RP V 434, 440f., 453. PIR2 M 77.

Pan. 13.1 (rhetorical expres­

Magnus see Fonteius, Pompeius

quoted);

c£.

sion for warfare). Martialis see Valerius Martialis. Massa see Baebius Massa.

Magnus. Mamilianus

here

see

(Pomponius)

Mater Magna (i.e. Cybele) x 49 and

Mamilianus. Mancia see Curtilius Mancia. Marcellinus viii 23* (on death of

SO(T.) (P. enquires if her

temple at Nicomedia may be moved and T. approves).

Junius Avitus, q.v.); probably

Maturus see Arrianus Maturus.

Aefulanus Marcellinus, q.v.,

Mauricus see Junius Mauricus.

otherwise known as recipient

Maximilla see Antonia Max-

of a letter; see also Claudius, Egnatius Marcellinus. Marcellus see Neratius Marcel­ lus. Marcianus Clanus.

imilla. Maximinus see Fabius Maximi­ nus. Maximus (1) ii 14�- (cognomen

see

Flavius

Mar­

only: probably Novius Max­ imus, q.v.); vi 11 '�(cognomen

71

Persons and Deities

only: probably Novius Max­ imus,

nomen

q.v.);

only:

(Quintilius

(cog­

viii 24*

probably

Valerius)

Max­

imus, q .v.); vii 26::· (cognomen only: probably Novius Max­ imus,

nomen

q.v.);

(cog­

viii 19*

only:

probably

Novius Maximus, q.v.); ix 1 ,.,

(cognomen only: Novius

probably

Maximus,

q.v.);

ix 2J>:· (cognomen only: prob­ ably Novius Maximus, q.v.). Maximus (2) vi 8.4 (to Priscus:

cognomen only; 'Maximus noster' is heir of Valerius Va­ rus, q.v., who owed money to Atilius Crescens, q.v.); per­ haps Maesius Maximus, q.v.: RPV 453ff. Maximus (3) vi 34':· (encour­ aged to give munus to the Ve­ ronenses in memory of his wife): RP V 449 ('one of the higher knights - if not rather a senator'); PIR2 M 423. Maximus ( 4), freedman procu­ rator of Trajan x 27 and 28 (T.) (P. reports his request for more soldiers, and T. gives decision); x 85 (P. attests his good qualities).

Novius,

(Quintilius

Vale­

rius), Vibius Maximus. Memmius, C. (pr. 58 BC) v 3.5 (his light verse). Meidias, opponent

of

Dem­

osthenes, q.v. vii 30.5 (D.'s speech

against

compared

with P.'s 'de ultione Helvi­

dii'). Menander,

the

comic

poet

vi 21.4 (imitated by Vergilius Romanus, q.v.). Messa(l)la

(Corvinus),

M.

(Valerius) (cos. ord. 31 BC) v 3.5 (his light verse). Messal(l)inus see Valerius Cat­ ullus Messal(l)inus Metelli (i.e. Q. Caecilius Metel­ lus Pius, cos. 80 BC and his adoptive son) Pan. 88.6 (their name, from the quality 'pie­

tas', compared with Trajan's 'Optimus') Metilius Crispus vi 25.2ff. (a feUow-townsman of P., dis­ appeared after setting out for centurionate).

'Maecilius') (Sabinus) Nepos, (P.) (cos. suff 103, des. II ord. 1 28) ii 3::· (cognomen only: on the

Metilius

(MSS:

orator Isaeus, q.v.); iii 1 6::·

(cognomen only: on Caecina

Maximus (5), baker of Nico­

Paetus and the elder Arria, qq .vv.);

the runaway slave

romus, q.v.): see also Anicius,

Nepoti': about to govern 'maximae provinciae', proba­

Laberius, Lappius, Maesius,

bly Pannonia, cf. Eck I 34 1;

Callid­

iv 26':·

('Maecilio

media x 74 (had employed

Indices

72

wishes to re-read P.'s speeches); vi 19::· (cognomen only:

on

price

of

Italian

by Domitian; P. asked by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v., for opinion on M.M.'s loyalty in

land). The Metilii came from

Centumviral

Novaria. The identity of this

dently from Arelate in Nar­

correspondent

is

problem­

atic. Most favour emending the

gentilicium to 'Metilio',

but it is not clear if our man was P. Metilius Nepos

suff

(cos.

91) or P. Metilius Sabi­

nus Nepos

(cos. suff

103), fa­

Court).

Evi­

bonensis, PIR2 M 565, cf. 566. Minerva,

the

goddess

i 6.3;

iii 21.5 (in poem by Martial, x 19, on P., here vii 9.11

(in

quoted);

poem

by

P.

quoted); ix 10.1,2. In i 6.3 and ix 10.1,2, both to Cornelius

voured here; cf. STac. 647; S­

Tacitus,

W 146f. (retaining the MSS

with Diana, q.v.

she

is

contrasted

'Maecilio', as do the editors of the text); P/R2 M 42, 544,

(Minicia Marcella), daughter of

545 (probably died before

(unnamed: her death). Her

entering on his second con­

names are known from her

sulship, AE 1967, 529); C . P.

funerary

Phoenix

Jones,

1 24 f.; W. Eck, xiv 282;

RP II

22 (1968) RE, Suppl.

Minicius Fundanus, q.v. v 15

inscnptton,

ILS

1030; PFOS no. 552.

Minicianus

699f., VI 147f.;

ctanus.

but cf. also above, under Ou­ lius) Sabinus, now identifia­

Minicius

see Cornelius Mini­ Acilianus,

son

of

Minicius Macrinus, q.v., of

ble as the Sabinus, recipient

Brixia

of ix 2::· and ix 18::·.

mended by P. as husband for

Mettius Carus i 5.3 (the dela­

i 14.3-10

(recom­

daughter of Qunius) Arule­

tor: his exchange of words

nus Rusticus, q.v.). P erhaps

with

(Aquillius)

the

q.v.);

vii 19.5

Regulus,

(interrogated

(cognomen

Acilianus

only) of ii 16.1ff., who made

Fannia, q.v., at trial of Heren­

a bequest to P. in a codicil to

nius Senecio, q.v.); vii 27.14

his will.

(cognomen only: information in his handwriting against P. found in Domitian's 'scrin­

ium'). P/R2 M 562. Mettius Modestus

Minicius (L.f. P ap.) Fundanus,

(C.) (cos. suff.

107) i 9'c (on

contrast between Rome and Laurentum); iv 15* (on Asin­

(cos. suff

82?) i 5.5-7, 13-14 (banished

ius Bassus,

q.v.);

v 15 (on

death of his younger daugh-

73

Persons and Deities ter, unnamed: she was called Minicia Marcella, q .v., ILS 1030); vi 6::· (on Julius Naso, q.v.); vii 12*

(P. sends him a

speech for a friend). From

Modestus iv 10 (slave of Sabina, q.v.). Montanius Atticinus vi 22.2-5

(comes of Lustricius Brutti­ anus, q.v.). RP II 720, stress­

Ticinum (Pavia), also friend

ing

of Plutarch, STac. 801;

'exemplifies a strong feature

PIR2 M 612; G. Alfoldy, EOS II 356f. and GCis 324, more sceptical than Syme, RP VII

that

his nomenclature

of the Celtic lands'. Cf. also

LE 170,192 n. 7; Kaj. 203.

603ff. (a full discussion of the

Montanus vii 29::· and viii 6::· (on monument for Pallas,

career), on the origin from

q.v.). Not T. Junius Mcmanus

Ticinum.

(cos. suff 81) (SoTIR no. 6), vii 2(?)*;

favoured by S-W 438,perhaps

vii 11.4 (husband of Corellia,

L . Venuleius Montanus Apro­ nianus (cos. suff 92),or a con­

Minicius sister

Justus of

Corellius

Rufus,

qq.vv.). Probably from Laus

nection of Curtius Montanus,

Pompeia

the

prosecuted in AD 62 (Tacitus,

EOS II GCis 322f. Formerly praef castr. of leg. VII Galbi­ ana in AD 69, Tacitus, Hist. iii 7.1. PIR2 M 615.

Ann. xvi 28f., PIR2 C 1616): RP II 720, V 465, 473, cf. Syme, Some Arval Brethren

Minicius Macrinus i 14.5 (from

(Mucius) Scaevola,Q. v 3.5 (his

(Lodi),

like

Corellii, G. Alfoldy,

355 and

Brixia, declined adlection to senate by Vespasian; father of Minicius viii 5

Acilianus,

q.v.);

(cognomen only: on the

Minicius Rufus, (L.) (cos. ord. 88) x 72 (Domitian's letter to M.R., sc. as proconsul of referred

to). PIR2 M 627.

tively

father

and

RE Mucius no. 23, tr. pl. 54 cos. 95

BC, rather than the

BC, as S-W 317, see C.P. Murena, (L. Licinius)

son

of

(cos. 62

BC) i 20.7 (Cicero's speech in defence

of).

RE, Licinius

no. 123. Murena,

Mithridates x 11.2 (two per­ sons of this name, respec­ Chrysippus, q.v.).

light verse). Cicero's friend,

Jones,Phoenix 22 (1968) 139.

death of his wife).

Pontus-Bithynia,

(Oxford 1980) 57, rejecting the first two. P/R2 M 681.

'tribunus [sc. plebis]'

ix 13.19, see under Pompeius Falco. Musonius (Rufus), C.,the Stoic philosopher iii 11.5, 7 (his

Indices

74

son-in-law the philosopher

plissimum'). PIR2 N 60; APN

Artemidorus, q.v.). PIR2 M

151ff.; cf. A.R. Birley, 'Die Nachfolgefrage

753.

unter

Tra­

Mustius ix 39* (evidently an ar­

jan', in: E. Schallmayer (ed.),

chitect, asked to buy marble

Traian in Germanien, Traian im Reich (Bad Homburg

columns for rebuilding of temple). Perhaps from Pata­ vium, RP IV 380, V 461.

v.d.H. 1999) 37-43, suggest­ ing that he may also be the Priscus of vi 8':·, vii 8':- and

Naso see JuliusNaso.

vii 15.3, see under Priscus (2).

Nepos see Cornelius, Licinius,

Neratius Priscus was gover­

Maecilius, Varisidius Nepos.

nor of Germania (?) inferior

(L.) (cos. suff. 95, II ord. 129) iii 8.1 (P.

AD 103-6; brother of the

Neratius Marcellus,

promises Suetonius, q.v., that the military tribunate he had

ca. 98-99(?) and Pannonia ca. foregoing,

from

Saepinum.

See also Priscus (1-3).

obtained for him from N.M.

Nero, the emperor i 5.1, 3 (bad

can be transferred to S.'s

times for senators under);

kinsman

Silva­

iii 5.5 (works by Elder Pliny

nus, q.v.). PIR2N 55; APN 64

written under); iii 7.3 (Silius

n. 11, 151ff.; probably hus­

Italicus, q.v., damaged repu­

band of Corellia Hispulla,

tation under); v 3.6 (his light

Caesennius

q.v.; for his second wife,

verse); v 5.3 (C. Fannius, q.v.,

Domitia Vettilla, daughter of

wrote history of N.'s vic­

(L.)

Apollinaris,

tims), 5 (appeared in Fannius'

q.v., see PFOS no. 333. He

dream); vi 31.9 (Trajan de­

Domitius

was from Saepinum in Sam­

clined

nium; governor of Britain,

Pan. 11.1 (deified Claudius);

dated there January AD 103,

46.4

and

stage);

presumably

offered

comparison (unnamed: 53.4

with);

acted

on

(avenged

by

Suetonius a tribunate in the

Domitian);

army there; brother of the

snatched consulship, sc. in AD 68); see also Drusus

following. (Neratius) Priscus, (L.) (cos.

suff 97) ii 13(?y:- (cognomen only; P. recommends Vocon­ ius, q.v., to Priscus, who commands

'exercitum

am-

57.2 (unnamed:

Nero. Nerva, (M. Cocceius), the em­ peror

ii 1.3

(unnamed:

Verginius Rufus, q.v., lived to seeN. as emperor); ii 7.1 (un-

Persons

and Deities

75

aHowed

94.4; cf. 21.2; 'divus Nerva' in 7.4; 38.6; 89.1; 90.6; 'Nerva': 7.7; 8.2, 3, 5; 10.2; 35.4; see also Acutius Nerva. (Nestor) iv 3.3 (unnamed, 'Ho­ merici senis': poetry of Arrius

Valerius Licinianus, q.v., to

Antoninus, q.v., compared to

named:

'princeps' proposed

triumphal statue for Vestri­ cius

Spurinna,

q.v.); iv 9.2

('Nerva': recalled Julius Bas­ sus, q. v., from exile); iv 11.14

('divus

Nerva':

go to Sicily); iv 17.8 ('Nerva': discussion young

on

men

promising before

N.);

iv 22.4-5 ('Nerva': (Valerius) Catullus

Messallinus

dis­

cussed with N.); v 3.5 ('divus

Nerva':

his

light

verse);

92.3;

N. in Homer). Nicetes Sacerdos vi 6.3 (his lec­ tures attended by P. and Ju­ lius Naso, q.v.). P/R2 N 83. Nigrinus see Avidius Nigrinus. Nominatus see Tuscilius Norni­ natus.

vii 31.4 ('imperator Nerva': appointed Claudius Pollio,

Nonianus see Servilius Noni­ anus.

q.v., to assist Corellius Rufus,

Nonius ix 30.1 (praised by P.'s

q.v.,

land-distribution);

friend Geminus). (Rosianus)

vii 33.9 ('divus Nerva': be­

in

Geminus, q .v., had praised

fore accession wrote to P.);

'Nonium tuum, quod sit fib­ era/is in quosdam'. This

ix 13.22 ('Caesar' brought no motion on Publicius Certus, q.v.), 23 ('optimus princeps' removed Publicius Certus,

might suggest a connection with

C.

Salvius

Liberalis

(Nonius Bassus), q.v., but R .

q.v., from treasury); x 3a.1 (P.

Syme, Some Arval Brethren

appointed

(1980) 31 n. 4, 'will not be

treasury

prefect

'indulgentia vestra', i.e. by

tempted to find a pun on his

N. and Trajan); x 8.1 (un­

nomenclature' in this sen­

named, 'pater tuus': encour­

tence; PIR2 N 111 compares

aged munificence); x 58.7-10

the names, including 'Non­

('divus Nerva': his edict and a

ius', of Geminus' polyony­

letter quoted); unnamed in

mous son, AE 1972, 153,

Pan. 611 ('imperator et pa­ rens generis humani', 'prin­ ceps', etc., besieged, adopted

Trebula Mutuesca, cf. PIR2 P Nonius Celer vi 32.1 ('honestis­

Trajan); 23.5; 37.6; 38.1-2;

simus vir', prospective hus­

939.

43.4; 45.1; 46.2-3; 47.4; 51.2;

band of daughter of Quintil­

56.3; 57.3; 61.7; 88.3; 892-3;

ianus, q.v.). Not identifiable.

Indices

76

Norbanus Licinianus iii 9.29,

(sc. castrorum), probably of

31-35 (a Baetican, banished

P.'s legion (III Gallica), when

by Caecilius Classicus, q.v.,

P. was military tribune and

witness in Classicus' trial,

had joined him in his prov­ ince as assessor). B . Dobson,

condemned for 'praevarica­ tio'). P/R2 N 168a. Novius Maximus iv 20':- (P. on N.'s book); v 5'� (on death of C. Fannius, q.v.); probably

Die Primipilares (Bonn 1978) no. 93; PIR2 N 248. Nymphidius

Lupus,

the

younger, son of the foregoing

also the Maximus (cognomen

x 87.3 (as prefect of a cohort

only) who received ii 14* (P.

under Julius Ferox and (Ped­

on his cases at Centumviral

anius) Fuscus Salinator, the

Court; 14.2 mentions cAtilius

elder, qq.vv., had won their

noster', i.e. Atilius Crescens,

praise; recommended by P. to

q.v., probably from Bergo­

Trajan; presumably not in P.'s

mum); vi 11::- (P. on (Pedanius)

province, since this is not

Fuscus

Salinator

mentioned).

midius

Quadratus,

and

Um­

qq.vv.);

P/R2 N 249;

PMEN 25.

vii 26':- (P. on a friend's illness); viii 19'� (P. asks M . to com­

Octavius Avitus ix 33.9 (legate

ment on book); ix 1::- (M.'s

to a proconsul of Africa, sc.

book, cf. iv 20.2, v 5.7f., at­

Tampius

tacking

Pompeius

Flavianus,

under

Planta,

Claudius or Nero, poured

q.v.); ix 23::- (P. on his reputa­

ointment on dolphin). S-W

tion; including the story of the

515£.; PIR2 0 26.

man who asked Tacitus 'Taci­

tus es an Plinius?'). RP V 441£., 449ff., 464 (not connected to Novius Priscus cos. suff 78, as S-W 66, 297, 363, 753); cf. S­ W 481; almost certainly from Transpadana,

especially

in

cAtilius noster' in ii 14.2, RP V 449f., 453; cf. P/R2 M 424, 425, 430; N 182. Numantini see Scipiones. view

of

Octavius Rufus i 7* (had asked P. not to act for Baetici against Gallus, q.v.); ii to::- (gentili­

cium only: urged to publish verses by P.); vii 25'� (?) (cog­ nomen only: on Terentius Jun­ ior, q.v.); ix 38(?) (cognomen only: his book published). But the addressee of vii 25 and the Rufus in ix 38 are probably Caninius Rufus, q.v. Identified

Nymphidius Lupus, the elder

by S-W 101, cf. 754, with C.

x 87.1f. (had been praefectus

Marius Marcellus Octavius P.

Persons and Deities

77

(cos. suff 80), but see C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 125; RP II 706, V 464; PIR2 0 53. Origin unknown,

Passienus (Equi( ], C. Sallust­

but A. Krieckhaus, 'Vermu­

the orator Julius Africanus,

tungen zu zwei Korrespond­

PIR2 P 146. 'Passienus Crispus', sometimes 'Crispus Passienus' in literary texts. Pastor see Junius Pastor. Paternus see Plinius Paternus.

Cluvius Rufus

enten des jiingeren Plinius', RhM (forthcoming), argues for Africa.

see Traianus.

Optimus

Parthian

Pacorus,

(presented slave

by

king

with

x 74 captured

Decibalus,

PIR2 P 32. Paetus see Caecina,

q.v.);

ius) Crispus,

ord. 44) Crispus': q.v.);

his remark about

APN

Mostly

(cos. suff. 27, II ('Passienus

vii 6.11

24f.;

called

Patroclus, the hero iv 11.12 (his death, described concisely by Homer).

see Valerius Paulinus. see Passennus, Velius

Paulinus Thrasea

Paetus.

Paulus

Paulus.

Pallas, (M. Antonius), freed­

(Pedanius)

Fuscus

man of Claudius vii 29 and

(Cn.?), the elder

viii 6 (P. sarcastically de­ scribes monument honour­

84)

Salinator,

(cos. suff

ca.

vi 26.1 (unnamed: his son); x 87.3 (cognomina only:

PIR2 A 858. Soteris see Ancharia

former superior officer of the

Papirii, i.e. L. Papirius Cursor

sarily a provincial governor,

ing Pallas). Pancharia Soteris.

(cos. V 313 BC) Pan. 57.5

equestrian Nymphidius Lu­ pus, q.v.; F.S. was not neces­ see Eck I 346£. n. 264, cf.

II

(Trajan's number of consul­

210, but perhaps tribunus lat­

ships compared to his).

iclavius

Passennus Paulus (Propertius Blaesus, C.) vi 15 (Roman

hence

or legionary legate, the

might

man

in

conceivably

x 87.3 the

knight, descendant of Prop­

younger F.S., q.v.); from Bar­

ertius, gave public reading of

cino,

verses); ix 22.1 (his illness);

Cab. Incertus no. 45. Father

from Asisium vi 15.1, dedi­ cated poem, 15.2, to Javole­ nus Priscus, q.v., from nearby

PIR2

P 199, cf. 202;

of the following. (Pedanius)

Fuscus

Salinator,

(Cn.), the younger

(cos. ord.

Iguvium; full names,

118) vi 11 (he and Ummidius

5405

Quadratus, q.v., praised by

=

CIL XI ILS 2925; PIR2 P 141.

Indices

78

P., whom they regarded as their teacher); vi 26 (P. con­

Phosphorus see Caesius Phos­ phorus.

Servianus,

Piso see Calpurnius, Julius Piso.

q.v., on acquiring F.S. as his

Pisones, (Calpurnii) Pan. 88.6

son-in-law; see PFOS no. 452, Gulia Paulina), q.v.);

(their name 'Frugi' alluded to

gratulates Julius

in comparison with Trajan's

course of study); ix 36'� (P.

'Optimus}. Planta see Pompeius Planta.

describes at length his sum­

Plato i 10.5 (Euphrates, q.v.,

mer days in Tuscany); ix 40':·

had Plato's 'sublimity and

(the last of the private letters: P. describes his winter days at

richness'); iv 25.5 (unnamed:

vii 9*

(P.

advises

him

on

Laurentum, briefly); referred

quoted on problems which only the gods can solve).

to in vi 11 and 26 by two cog­

Plautus, (T. Maccius), the poet

nomina; 'Fusco suo' in the the him; from Barcino, PIR2 P

i 16.6 (letters by wife of Pompeius Saturninus (1), q .v., compared to); vi 21.4

200, cf. 202. As son-in-law of

(comedies by Vergilius Ro­

address of the three letters to

Julius Servianus, q.v., F.S. was

manus, q.v., compared to).

married to Hadrian's niece

(Plinia), P.'s mother unnamed in

Gulia

Paulina),

q.v.,

and

i 19.1

{father

of Romatius

hence was 'heir presumptive'.

Firmus,

RP II 672, 678, 770, III 1158,

iv 19.7 (respected by Calpur­

1166, 1328, etc., IV 53, 55, 90,

nia Hispulla, q.v.); vi 16.21 (P.

q.v.,

her

friend);

301, 411, etc., V 525f., 572,

and his mother at Misenum

604, 670ff., etc., VI 222, 245,

during Vesuvius eruption);

399, etc., VII 603, 634, 644,

vi 20.4ff. (she and P. escape

etc.;

from

Cab. Incertus

no. 46.

Vesuvius);

Son of the foregoing, cf. there

(Corellia,

on the passage x 87.3, which

friend).

vii 11.3

q.v., her dearest

might refer to the younger

Plinius (L. f . Ouf.) Paternus

Fuscus, perhaps as perhaps

(Pusillienus, P.), of Comum i 21 >:· (P. P. had advised P. on buying slaves); cognomen

tribunus laticlavius or legion­ ary legate. Pericles,

Athenian

statesman

(Eupolis and i 20.17-20 qq.vv., (Aristophanes), quoted on him).

only in iv 14* (had expected a speech from P., was to receive verses); viii 16* (P. on illness and death among his slaves);

Persons and Deities

ix 27::· (on a reading by an un­ named historian, perhaps Cornelius Tacitus, q.v.); cf. AE 1916, 116, Comum (full names); PIR2 P 492. Presum­ ably a kinsman of P.s' mother's family. Plinius (L. f. Ouf. Caecilius) Secundus, C. (cos. suff 100) (FO) Universally 'C. Plinius' in addresses of letters. P. names himself in the follow­ ing: i 5.5 (called 'Secunde' by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.,), 8 (R. asks Vestricius Spurinna, q.v., 'rogo mane videas Plin­ ium domi'); iv 17.8, 9 (named as 'Secundus' by Corellius Rufus, q.v.); iv 27.4 ('Plinius' in poem by Sentius Auguri­ nus, q.v., here quoted); ix 13.8 (addressed as 'Secunde' by the consul in the Publicius Certus, q.v., debate); ix 23.3, 4 (coupled with Cornelius Tacitus, q.v., in the question 'Tacitus es an Plinius?' and called 'Plinius' by Fadius Ru­ finus, q.v., when pointing P. out to his fellow-townsman). Further, Trajan addresses Pliny as 'mi Secunde caris­ sime' in twelve letters, x 16, 20, so, 53, 55, 60, 62, 80, 82, 89, 95, 99, as 'Secunde caris­ sime' in x 18, 44, 91, 115, 121, and as 'mi Secunde' in x 97. PIR2 P 490; TiP no. 408; L.

79

Vidman, Klio 63 (1981) 592ff.; and see Introduction. (Plinius Secundus, C.), the Elder Pliny, P.'s maternal uncle and adoptive father. Never named; referred to in i 19.1 (father of Romatius Firmus, q.v., was friend of P.'s mother and un­ cle); iii 5 (full account of his literary production and hab­ its); v 8.5 (P.'s uncle, also adoptive father, wrote his­ tory); vi 16 (his conduct dur­ ing eruption of Vesuvius and death); vi 20. 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 (re­ ferred to in P.'s account of his own and his mother's conduct during eruption). RP II 742ff., VII 496ff.; PIR2 P 493. Plinius see also Hermes, (C. Plinius) and Zosimus, (C. Plinius). Plotina (Augusta, Pompeia), Trajan's wife ix 28.1 (P. promises to forward letter from Voconius, q.v., to 'Ploti­ nam, sanctissimam feminam '; Pan. 83.5-84.8 (unnamed: her

qualities praised). She evi­ dently came from Nemausus in Gallia Narbonensis; PFOS no. 631; PIR2 P 679. Poena, goddess Pan. 49.1 (per­ sonification of vengeance or punishment, burst open Domitian's palace). Pollio see Asinius, Claudius, Herennius Pollio.

Indices

80

Polyaenus vii 6.6, 14, vii 10.1

regulating the affairs of the

(Bithynian delegate for de­

reconstituted

fence of Varenus, q.v.); per­

Pontus-Bithynia:

haps descendant of Claudius

and 80(T.) (on age of local of­

Polyaenus, q.v., PIR2 P 554.

ficeholding);

province

x

x

of

79.1, 4

112.1 (on en­

Polyclitus, the sculptor i 20.10

trance-fees for local coun­

(as referred to by Cicero).

cils); x 114.1 and 115(T.) (on

Polyclitus, freedman of Nero

grants of local citizenship).

vi 31.9 (mentioned by Trajan

Pompei

at his

Pompeius Collega, (Sex.)

consilium).

Pompeia Celerina, P.'s mother­ in-law i 4::·

('socrui s. ': on her

Umbrian estates); i 18.3 (un­

see Pompeius Magnus. (cos.

ord. 93) ii 11.20-22 (spoke in

Marius Priscus trial).PJR2 P 601.

'socrus mea'- unnec­

Pompeius Falco, (Q. Roscius

essarily taken by S-W 128 to

Sex. f. Quir.) Murena (Coe­

be the mother of a previous

lius),

named,

wife of P., i.e. the first of three

(cos. suff 108?) (FO: '[]ius F[]') i 23::· (on practis­

wives: begged P. to abandon a

ing in courts while tribune of

case); iii 19.8 (unnamed: P. able

the plebs); iv 27* (on poetry­

to borrow money

reading by Sentius Auguri­

'a socru');

vi 10.1 (unnamed: P. had vis­

nus); vii 22::·

'socrus meae villam Al­ siensem '); x 51.1 (unnamed 'socrui meae': T. agreed to

P. requests military tribunate

transfer her kinsman Caelius

P. describes stay on Tuscan

ited

for

(cognomen only:

Cornelius

q.v.); ix 15::·

Minicianus,

(cognomen only:

Clemens, q.v., to P.'s province).

estate). RPV 483; PIR2 P 602.

PIR2 P 670;PFOS no. 626. She

His origin was probably in

was mother of a wife previous

Sicily,

W.

to Calpurnia, q.v., either P.'s

(1996)

121ff.;

first or second wife,

cf. PFOS

Eck,

ZPE

113

APN 124ff.,

rendering previous specula­

no. 869. Her parentage is also

tion obsolete. He is presuma­

discussed in

bly the Murena 'tribunus [sc. plebis']) of ix 13.19 (his ex­

APN 118f.; her

second husband was (Q. Ful­ vius Gillo) Bittius Proculus,

change

q.v., ix 13.13 (married to him at

Veiento,

latest in AD 97). Pompeia

lex the lex data of

(Cn.) Pompeius Magnus, q.v.,

with q.v.,

Fabricius in

Publicius

Certus debate), STac. 76 n. 1; PIR2 M

746, P 602; TiP

no. 414. He later acquired the

Persons and Deities

further names Silius De­ cianus Vibulki>us Pius Ju­ lius Eurycles Herclanus. He was married to Sosia Polla, daughter of Sosius Senecio, granddaughter of Julius Frontinus, qq.vv., see PFOS no. 723. Pompeius Julianus, father-in­ law of Euphrates, q.v. i 10.8 (leading citizen of his prov­ ince, sc. Syria). Pompeius Magnus, (Cn.) (cos. 70, II 55, III 52 BC) viii 6.2 ('Pompei': fame of Pallas, q.v., sarcastically compared to); Pan. 29.1£. ('Pompeius': his control of the 'annona' compared with Trajan's); 88.5 ('Magnus': his name com­ pared to Trajan's 'Optimus'); see also Pompeia lex. Pompeius Planta, (C.) ix 1 (cognomen only: object of hostile work by Maximus, probably Novius Maximus, q.v.); x 7 (T.): T. tells P. to supply nome of Harpocras, q.v., for him to transmit to Planta, prefect of Egypt); x 10.2 (P. complies). PIR2 P 637 (in Egypt 98-99/100; he wrote account of battle of Bedriacum, Schol. Juv. ii 99). Pompeius Quintianus ix 9 (to Colonus on Q.'s death -he died young); not otherwise identifiable, PIR2 P 64 7.

81

Pompeius Saturninus (1) i 8* (on Pliny's speeches); i 16 (praised as poet and orator); v 21 ::· (on illness of Julius Valens, death of Julius Avi­ tus); vii 7* (cognomen only: P. had thanked 'Priscus nos­ ter' with whom S . was work­ ing); vii 8 ('Saturninus noster' praised in letter to Priscus (2), q.v.); vii 15* (cognomen only: refers to 'Prisci nostri contubemium'); ix 38::· (cog­ nomen only: on book by 'Rufus noster', presumably Caninius Rufus, q.v.): RP V 454f.; cf. PIR2 P 650; to be distinguished from the fol­ lowing.

Pompeius Saturninus (2) v 7 (cognomen only: his death and legacy to P. and to 'rei publicae nostrae', 7.1, their 'communem patriam', 7.2); from Comum, v 7.1ff.; he is alluded to in distinction from the foregoing i 16.1, 'hunc dico nostrum'. RP V 454f.

Pomponia Galla v 1.1 (disinher­ ited her son Asudius Curi­ anus, q.v., made P. and Serto­ rius Severus, q.v., her heirs). PFOS no. 638; PIR2 P 773 (doubting her senatorial sta­ tus). Perhaps sister of C. Pomponius Gallus Didius Rufus (proconsul of Crete­ Cyrene AD 89,Eck I 315):RP

Indices

82

IV 157; PFOS no. 638; PIR2 P

Julius

716 (not daughter of this pro­

Spain, RP IV

q .v.).

From

147f£.; APN

133; PIR2 P 749.

consul, asS-W 312). Pomponianus

Bassus,

vi 16.12,

14

Pomponius

Secundus,

[?P.

night

Calv]isius Sabinus) (cos. suff

with him at Stabiae during

44) iii 5.3 (the Elder Pliny

(Elder

Pliny

stayed

Vesuvius eruption). PIR2 P

wrote

683. Not son of P. Pompon­

(writer of tragedies; his prac­

ius Secundus, q .v., adopted

tice at public readings). APN

by a Tascius, q.v., asS-W 373:

his

life);

vii 17.11f.

114; PIR2 P 754.

C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 127; RP IV 142.

Pontius Allifanus, (L.) v 14:·: (P.

Pomponius Bassus, (T.) (cos.

Tertullus, q.v.); vi 28* (gentil­

praises

Qulius)

Cornutus

suff 94) iv 23":- (P. congratu­

icium only: P. knew why

lates on plans for retirement).

Pontius could not greet him

P/R2 P 705.

on his arrival in Campania);

(Pomponius T. f . Gal.) Mamil­

vii 4:-: (gentilicium only: P. on

ianus (Rufus Antistianus Fu­

his own verse). Praenomen

nisulanus

known from A£ 1956, 187,

Vettonianus, T.) (cos. suff 100) (FO) ix 16* ('Mamiliano suo': P. not sur­ prised he enjoyed hunting so

much); ix 25::- ('Mamiliano suo': P. compares M.'s mili­

Paphos, where he was comes of his father, proconsul ca. AD 76. PIR2 P 794. The cog­ nomen, not in Kaj., presuma­ bly denotes origin from Alli­

tary affairs with his civilian

fae, a pagus of Nola, which

duties). M. had been legion­

fits 'Campania tua' in v 14.9,

ary legate in Britain, was evi­ dently governor of consular military province when he

cf. vi 28.1 ('in Campaniam'). Popilius

Arternisius

ix 28.2

(cognomen only except in

received ix 25: PIR2 P 734.

edit. Aldina: commended by

From Spain, RP IV 150f.;

Voconius, q.v., in letter to

APN 88, 133f.

Plotina, q.v., forwarded by

Pomponius [?Tu]scus

Rufus

(Acilius

Coelius Sparsus,

P.). PIR2 P 836: perhaps rela­ tive or freedman of Popillia

C.) (cos. suff 98) (FO) iii 9.33

Rectina, wife of Voconius.

(spoke as consular at trial of associates of Caecilius Classi­

(Porcius) Cato, (M.), the Elder

cus, q.v.); iv 9.3 (prosecuted

iv 7.5 (his definition of an or-

i 20.4 (his short speeches);

Persons and Deities

83

ator adapted by Herennius

Transpadana,

Senecio, q.v.).

alimenta );

(Porcius) Cato, M., the Younger

e.g. with the

Syme

M. Trebatius

suggested

Priscus (cos.

i 17.3 ('Catonum': his bust in house of Titinius Capito, q.v.)

for his consulship as col­

iii 12 (his prestige even when

league

suff 108), unknown except of

future

emperor

drunk); iii 21.5 ('Catones': his

Hadrian, CIL VI 2016, c£.

puritanism in Martial's poem,

10229, line 124, RP V 453f£.

19, about P.); iv 27.4 ('Ca­ tones': P. compared to in

W 363,

x

(c£. for other suggestions S­ 412). Trebatius Pris­

poem by Sentius Augurinus,

cus was perhaps from Um­

q.v.).

bria:

Postuminus

see Fabius

Pos­

ten

M.

Trebatii

are

known at Aeclanum, four at Mevania, c£. also Dig. xxxii

tuminus. 11 (doc­

35.2 (under M. Aurelius), the

tor who had treated P., who

'fundus Trebatianus qui est in regione Ate/lata' (sic: Atel­ lana or Stellatina?). For pos­

Postumius Marinus

requests

x

citizenship

for

P.M.'s relatives).

=

Praesens see Bruttius Praesens.

sible identity of Priscus

Prima see Furia Prima.

with the foregoing and with

Priscus (1) ii 13':· (P. recom­

Neratius Priscus, q.v., c£. A.

mends Voconius Romanus,

R. Birley, in: E. Schallmayer

q.v., to Priscus, who com­

(ed. ), Traian in Germanien,

(2)

'exercitum amplissi­

Traian im Reich (1999) 42

mum ; probably Neratius Pr­

n. 20. This Priscus is not reg­

mands '

iscus, q.v.). Priscus (2) vi 8>:· (P. requests his

help

for

'Maximus noster'

over testament of Valerius Verus); vii 7 ('Priscus noster' with whom (Pompeius) ·Sat­ urninus (1), q.v., was work­ ing); vii 8':· (P. thanks Priscus for helping 'Satuminus nos­

ter'); vii 15.3 (P.'s pleasure at Saturninus' 'contubemium' with Priscus, who evidently had some official

post

in

istered in PIR2 P. Priscus (3) vii 19::· (on illness of

Fannia: probably Cornelius Priscus, q.v.). Priscus see also Bittius, Cor­ nelius, Helvidius, Javolenus, Marius, Neratius, Stilonius Priscus. Probus see Baebius Probus. Procula see Serrana Procula. Proculus

see

Proculus.

Bittius,

Silius

Indices

84

poet

Quintilianus, husband of Tu­

vi 15.1 (his fellow-townsman Passennus

tilia vi 3Y (his daughter to marry Nonius Celer, q.v.).

Paulus, q.v.); ix 22.1, 2 (imi­

Quintilianus, (M. Fabius) the

Propertius, and

(Sex.),

descendant

tated

by

his

the

descendant);

Pan. 81.4

(unnamed: phrase 'floating sails').

his

teacher of oratory ii 14.9-11 (was P.'s teacher, his story about Domitius Afer, q.v.);

Publicius Certus ix 13.13, 16-

vi 6.3 (P. attended his lectures

17, 22-25 (treasury-prefect,

with Julius Naso, q.v.). PJR2

attacked by P. in senate de­

F 59

bate in AD 97, presumably for

his

younger

role

in

death

Helvidius,

of

q.v.).

(Quin(c)tilius

(Sex.

f.

Ani.)

Valerius) Maximus, (Sex.) viii 24::· (cognomen only: P.'s

PIR2 P 1040, suggesting that

advice on eve of M.'s depar­

he was father of C. Quinctius

ture to be corrector of free

Certus Publicius Marcellus

cities in Achaia); probably

(cos. suff 120), ib. 1042. APN

also Pan. 70.1-2 (unnamed:

12Sf. prefers the suggestion

his conduct as quaestor of a

that Marcellus was adopted. The latter was from Aquileia, G. Alfoldy, EOS II 332. Pudens see Servilius Pudens.

Python, Greek orator ix 26.9 (in

quotation

from

Dem­

osthenes, q.v., his opponent).

province praised by Trajan): identity with man in JLS 1 018 and Arrian, Diss.

Epicteti iii 7, cf. Philostratus, V. soph. ii 1.11, is clear, RP V 446ff.; SoTIR no. 40 (unnec­ essarily

doubted

by

S-W

479f.). He was from Alexan­

see

Quadratilla

Ummidia

Quadratus

dria Troas and was given la­

tus clavus by Nerva.

Quadratilla.

see

Ummidius

Quadratus.

Rectina, wife of Tascius (?), q.v.

Quietus see Avidius Quietus.

vi 16.8-9 (Elder Pliny tried to

Quin(c)tii, i.e. T. Quinctius

rescue

her

from

Vesuvius

Capitolinus (cos. VI 439 BC)

eruption). RP II 702, IV 142,

Pan. 57.5 (Trajan's number of

V 603 n. 124; PFOS no. 665.

consulships

to

She shared the name with the

Pompeius

q.v. It is epigraphically at­

compared

his). Quintianus Quintianus.

wife of Voconius Romanus,

see

tested only four times in CJL

Persons and Deities II and once each in III and IX, according to Kaj. 252.

Regulus see (Aquillius) Regu­ lus. Restitutus vi 17'�; presumably Claudius Restitutus, q.v. Robustus, Roman knight vi 25 (to (Baebius) Hispanus, q .v., on R.'s disappearance). Romanus see Vergilius, Vocon­ ius Romanus. Romatius Firmus, of Comum 1. 19* (P' s (mumceps . . . et condiscipulus et . . . contuber­ nalis', offered money to give him equestrian census); iv 29::· (on conduct of Licin­ ius Nepos, q.v., as praetor). Rosianus Geminus (Laecan[ius Bassus?], T. Prifernius Sex. f. [Q]uir. Paetus) (cos. suff: ca. 125) 'Geminus' only, except in x 26. vii 1 * (on G.'s ill­ health); vii 24* (on death of Ummidia Quadratilla, q.v.); viii S* (on death of wife of Macrinus, either Caecilius or Minicius Macrinus, qq.vv.); viii 22* (on people's faults); ix 11 ::- (on P.'s works being sold at Lugdunum); ix 30'} (on G.'s friend Nonius, q.v.); x 26 (P. recommends him to Trajan). Was P.'s quaestor in AD 100, eventually became consul and legate of Cappa­ docia in AD 129, AE 1976, 675, Archelais; probably •

.

85

from Trebula Mutuesca, PIR2 P 938, cf. 939 and stemma p. 393; APN 51ff.; RP II 483ff., III 131 tff., V S91; TiP no. 435. Rufinus viii 18::· (cognomen only: on the testament of Domitius Tullus, q.v.); identi­ fied with Fadius Rufinus, q .v., by S-W 468. Given the commonness of the cog­ nomen, Kaj. 229 (41 senators and nearly 500 epigraphically attested men), certainty is im­ possible. See also Trebonius Rufinus. Rufus vi 30.5 (a possible person to administer Campanian villa of Calpurnius Fabatus, q.v.). Clearly an 'agrestis', cf. 30.4, hence hardly Calvisius or Caninius Rufus, although both were from Comum, S­ W 390, and this Rufus was son of a friend of Fabatus, 30.5. Hardly Sempronius Ru­ fus, q.v., as Radice I 579; for the Rufus of vii 25* and ix 38, see Caninius Rufus. Rufus see Acilius, Asinius, Calvisius, Caninius, Corel­ lius, Curtius, Minicius, Oc­ tavius, Pomponius, Satrius, Sempronius, Varenus, Verginius Rufus Ruso ix 19:·: (cognomen only): see Calvisius, Cremutius Ruso.

Indices

86

Rusticus ·

ix 29'' (cognomen only: on P.'s attempts at 'var­

iis ... studiorum generibus');

not identifiable, cf. S-W 512, discussing possibilities, in­ cluding L. Messius Rusticus (cos. suff 114); this man was evidently from Siarum in Ba­ etica (PIR2 M 521; Cab. no. 121). See also Gunius) Arulenus Rusticus. Sabina iv 10 (had made P. and

Statius heirs).

Sabinus,

Sabinianus ix 21

q.v.,

her

(P. urges him to restrain anger with freed­ man); ix 24::- (P. pleased that S. had taken the freedman back). Perhaps identical with the Sabinianus cos. suff 112, C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 128, but doubted by Syme, RP II 721, denied VII 510 n. 104 (P.'s correspondent 'clearly not a senator'). Sabinus vi 18'\ see Statius Sabi­ nus; for ix 2* and ix 18::·, see Gulius) Sabinus. Sacerdos see Nicetes Sacerdos. Salinator see Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. Salvius (C.f. Vel.) Liberalis (Nonius Bassus, C.) (cos. suff 85?) ii 11.17 (defended Mar­ ius Priscus, q.v., at his trial); iii 9.33 (banished by Domi­ tian), 36 (spoke at trial of as*

sociates of Caecilius Classi­ cus, q.v.). From Urbs Salvia, cousin of L. Flavius Silva Nonius Bassus (cos. ord. 81), APN 80, 132f.; TiP no. 468. Sardus ix 31 * (P. had been en­ joying S.'s book, partly about P. himself). Perhaps an Asco­ nius Sardus from Patavium, thus Syme, comparing ILS 6692 from that town, C . As­ conius C.f. Sardus, RP IV 379f., 391, V 470f., 487. The name is otherwise exceed­ ingly rare: only seven bearers known to Kaj. 193. Satrius Abascantus, L. x 11.2 (P. requests citizenship for at the desire of his patron). His patron was presumably a L. Satrius, a protege of P., S-W 757, probably not the follow­ ing, who as a senator could have approached T. himself. Satrius Rufus i 5.11 (he and P. insulted by (Aquillius) Regu­ lus, q.v.); ix 13.17 (spoke in favour of Publicius Certus, q.v., in senate). S-W 99 sug­ gests link with [S]atrius Q.f. Hor. Sep[ ]tus, C/L X 135 = ILS 2719, Potentia, decorated as senatorial military tribune in AD 92, whose last name is restored as [Ru]fus by G. Camodeca, EOS II 147. Ori­ gin not discoverable accord­ ing to Syme, RP VII 556. Cf.

Persons and Deities

87

also the Augustan military

and a legatus from S.). PIR2 I

tribune [--] Satrius N.f. Ter.

550 (reigned AD 93/4-123/4).

Rufus,

ILS

9389,

Teanum

Sidicinum, perhaps an ances­

Scaevola see Mucius Scaevola. Scaurus see Atilius, Terentius

tor, PME S 10. Perhaps also

Scaurus.

the recipient of ix 35*, as sug­

Scipiones,

i.e.

P.

Cornelius

gested by C.P. Jones, Phoenix

Scipio Africanus (cos. 205)

22

emending

and his grandson (cos. 147

'Atrio' to '[S}atrio', cf. under

BC) viii 6.2 (here just 'Afri­ cani , 'Numantini ': fame of

(1968)

114,

Atrius, above.

'

Saturius Firmus iv 15.3 (son­ in-law

of

Asinius

Rufus,

q.v.). According to STac. 801 and RP II 483 perhaps C. Sa­ turius [ ], procurator of Rae­ tia in AD 80, and perhaps from Asculum, citing C/L IX 5241,

Asculum,

XI

Pallas, q.v., sarcastically com­ pared to); Pan. 13.4 (Trajan compared to).

see

Scribonianus

Arruntius

Camillus Scribonianus. Secundus see Plinius, Pompon­ ius Secundus.

1437,

Sempronius Caelianus x 29.1

Pisae, X 6260, Tarracina, for

and 30.1(T.) (S.C., 'egregius

people called Saturius Picens.

iuvenis',

But by mishap Syme took Sa­

slaves

had

found

two

among his recruits;

turius Firmus to be the fa­

clearly an equestrian officer).

ther-in-law of Asinius Rufus,

PME S 18, citing E. Birley's

not his son-in-law. A former

suggestion that he was pre­

procurator of AD 80 would

fect of coh. VI equestris (for

surely be too old to have

which see under Accius Aq­

married a daughter of Asin­

uila, above.)

ius Rufus. Origin in Picenum

Sempronius Rufus, (T.?) (?the

also supported by L. Gasp­

cos. suff 113) (FO) iv 22* (on

erini and G. Paci, EOS II 225;

P.'s membership of Trajan's

cf. PFOS no. 111 (on (As­

consilium, with story about

inia), wife of S.F.).

(Valerius) Catullus Messalli­

Saturninus see Pompeius Satur­ ninus (1 and 2).

nus, q.v.); v 9 (on the edict of the praetor Licinius Nepos,

Sauromates, (Ti. Julius), King

q.v.). For identity with the

of the Bosporus x 63, 64, 67.1 (P. reports arrival of respec­

cos. suff 113, S-W 298, Vid­ man, FO 108. Syme, RP V

tively a tabellarius, a letter

458,

is sceptical,

although

Indices

88

man

by S-W 306, this is accepted

looks like a senator'. The

by Syme, RP I 358, IV 380, V

names are too common to

463, VII 482 n. 80, 484, 543;

suppose

and, with hesitation, by G. Alfoldy, EOS II 343. Kins­

conceding

that

descent

'this

from

the

homonym recalled from exile by M. Antonius (Cicero, Att.

man of Vestricius Spurinna,

xiv 14.2). Hardly the Rufus,

q.v.,

q.v., of

Macedonia under Hadrian,

of

vi

30.5; for the Rufus

vii 25*

and

see

ix 38,

Caninius Rufus.

iv 27.5.

Proconsul

of

ILS 5947a. P/R2 G 135. Septicius (Clarus), C. i 1 * (gen­

Sempronius (L.f. Quir.) Sene­

tilicium only: S. had urged P.

cio, (L.) vi 31.8, 11 (Roman knight, accused of forging the

to collect and publish letters); i 15* (P. jokingly reproaches

will of his friend Julius Tiro,

S. for failing to come to din­

q.v.;

ner); ii 9.4 ('C. Septicius': his

evidently

acquitted).

Honoured Tiro as his 'amicus

nephew Erucius Clarus, q.v.,

optimus' at Ebusus, CIL II

praised); vii 28* (gentilicium

3661 and named his own son

only: P. admits he praises his

Tiro, as shown by AE 1975,

friends

849, Sidon, giving his procu­

(gentilicium only: on illness

ratorial career up to the proc­

of P.'s lector Encolpius, q.v.).

uratorship

of Judaea:

too

much);

viii 1 >:·

CP,

P/R1 S 302. Perhaps from

Suppl. no. 103A (presumably

Transpadana, cf. the high­

from Spain, probably from

ranking knight whose names

Ebusus).

included the rare Septicius,

Seneca see Annaeus Seneca.

ILS 1348, near Verona Qulio­

Senecio see Herennius, Sempro­

Claudian); Guard Prefect of Hadrian from AD 119, HA

nius, Sosius Senecio. Sentius Augurinus, (Q. Gel­ lius) iv 27.1££. (his poetry­

Hadr. 9.5, dismissed in Brit­ ain in AD 122, ib. 11.3: STac

poem

779f.; RP III 1300f., V 461,

quoted praising P., described

VI 101, 171, VII 476£., 481,

to

600, etc.; Syme, Historia Au­

reading,

including

Pompeius

ix 8':·

Falco,

(cognomen

q.v.);

only:

P.

pleased by S.A.'s praise). Pre­ sumably from Verona,

as

a

gusta Papers (Oxford 1983) 168ff. Serrana Procula i 14.6 (from

fellow-townsman of Catul­

Patavium, noted for her 'se­

lus, iv 27.4: although denied

veritas',

grandmother

of

Persons and Deities

Minicius Acilianus, q.v.). For her first name, LE 370f.

Plautia, daughter of L. Aelius Caesar, PFOS no. 205. These Servilii evidently came from Africa, M. Corbier, EOS II 721.

Sertorius, (Q.) (pr. 83 BC),

Marian leader in Spain iii 9.11

('Sertorianum

exemplum':

the story of the horse's tail, cf. Plutarch, Sert. 16, etc.).

Severus vi 27* (cognomen only:

v 1.1 (ex­ praetor; he and P. joint heirs of Pomponia Galla, q.v.). Perhaps father or uncle of Ummidius Quadratus, q.v., RP III 1163, IV 170, V 646. ,.

Sertorius Severus

Servianus see Julius Servianus. Servilius Calvus, P. x 56.2, 5

and x 57.1(T.) (proconsul of Pontus-Bithynia, banished men from province). In office ca. 108-9, Eck I 346. (Servilius) Nonianus, (M.) (cos. ord. 35), the historian i 13.3 (cognomen only: Claudius, q.v., attended a reading by him). PIR1 S 420; R. Syme, Ten Studies in Tacitus (Ox­ ford 1970) 91££. Servilius Pudens, (Q.) x 25 (P.'s

legate in his province: his ar­ rival announced). Presumed to be the owner of brick­ works near Rome, H. Bloch, HSCP 58-59 (1948) 46, whose homonymous father was legate of a proconsul of Africa, AD 77-8, AE 1949, 76, cf. 1955, 147: RP II 722. His son married Ceionia

89

'

perhaps Vettennius Severus, q.v.); ix 22::· (perhaps Annius Severus, q.v.); see also Catil­ ius, Herennius, Vibius Severus. Silanus see Gunius) Silanus. Silius Italicus, (Ti. Catius As­

conius) (cos. suff 68), the poet iii 7 (to Caninius Rufus, q.v., on S.'s death). His full names are supplied by MAMA VIII 411, Aphrodis­ ias. From Transpadana, RP IV 132, 135, 380f., V 470, 508, VII 483, 488, 527, 533, 557, 638, etc.; APN 92£., 96; TiP no. 495. Silius Proculus iii 15':· (P. to

read some of his poems). Un­ identified; but A. Krieck­ haus, 'Vermutungen zu zwei Korrespondenten des jiingeren P linius', RhM (forthcoming), suggests that he was really (C.) Julius Proculus (cos. suff 109), for whom see PIR2 I 497, cf. P 991, and A.R. Birley, ZPE 116 (1997) 231££. Silvanus see Caesennius Silva­ nus.

Indices

90

Socrates iii 12.1 ('Socratici ser­

(cognomen only: P. accedes to

mones': promised at P.'s din­

S. 's request to be advocate for

ner party).

people ofFirmum,S.'s home­

Sollers see Bellicius Sollers.

town),

Sophocles, tragic poet ii 14.5

nomen was exceedingly com­

(pun on his name).

although

the

cog­

mon, Kaj. 186 (38 senators

Sosius Senecio, (Q.) (cos. ord.

and over 700 male bearers of

99, II ord. 107) i 13* (on the

the name epigraphically re­

latest poets); iv 4::· (recom­

corded). vi 18::· cannot be to

mending Varisidius Nepos,

P. Metilius Sabinus Nepos,

q.v.). STac. 87, 228, 232, 476,

q.v., who came from Novaria,

505, 599, 602, etc.; RP III

whereas

1165, 1258, 1338, IV 98, V

from Firmum. Presumably to

473f., 554, 640, 646, VI 403f.,

be distinguished also from the Sabinus (cognomen only)

VII 549,558,615, etc. He was

this

Sabinus

was

son-in-law of Julius Fronti­

of ix 2'� and ix 18':·, for whom

nus, father-in-law of Pom­

see Gulius) Sabinus.

peius Falco, qq.vv., cf. PFOS nos. 440, 723 on his wife and daughter.

Cab.

Stilonius Priscus iii 9.18 (tribu­

nus cohortis under Caecilius

no. 164,

Classicus, q.v.; banished from

claims him as Spanish, but his

Italy for two years). PME S

origin remains uncertain.

80. The gentilicium is not

Sotades, salacious Alexandrian

treated in LE.

poet v 3.2 (P. writes 'Sotadi­

Strabo see Caecilius (Strabo).

cos [an editor's correction of the MSS Socraticos] intel­ lego', i.e. he could appreciate

Stratonice, wife of Chrysippus,

verses in the style of S.)

Suburanus

Soteris see Ancharia Soteris.

q.v.

x

11.2 (P. requests citi­

zenship for her). emended

vi 33.6 from

(name

'Suberinus':

Sparsus see Julius Sparsus.

involved in law-suit of Ania

Spurinna see Vestricius Spu-

Viriola, q.v.); not the same

nnna.

man

as

Attius

Suburanus,

Statius Sabinus iv 1o·� (S. and

q.v., but perhaps his son or

P. are heirs of Sabina, q.v.,

nephew: PIR2 A 1366, 1370;

whose instructions on freeing

S-W 400; PFOS no. 126; cf.

her slave are clear but not le­ gally binding); perhaps also the

recipient of vi 18::· (?)

RP II 700f, 722. Suetonjus Tranquillus, (C.), the biographer i 18::· (reas-

Persons and Deities

91

sured about his dream); i 24.1, 3 (cognomen only: P.

Tasc(i)us, husband of Rectina,

asks Baebius Hispanus, q.v.,

Vesuvius erupted). The name could be 'Tascius', 'Tascus' or

to help S. buy a small farm);

q.v. vi 16.8 (her peril when

Marcellus,

'Cascus', RP II 702; for 'Cas­ cus', cf. Cn. Pedius Cascus (cos. suff. 71), RP IV 142,

q.v., to S.'s kinsman Caesenn­

P/R2 P 213 (in favour). Not

ius

the same person as Pomponi­

iii go:· (P. promises to arrange transfer of military tribunate under

Neratius

Silvanus,

(urged

to

q.v.);

v 10*

publish);

ix 34>:·

(cognomen only: asked for

anus, q.v., as S-W 373.

Terentius (Afer, P.), the comic

advice on P.'s poetry-read­

poet i 16.6 (letters by wife of

ing); x 94 and x 95(T.) (P. re­

Pompeius

quests

ius trium liberorum

Saturninus

(1),

q.v., compared to); v 3.2 (un­ his

'homo

sum'

for S., probably on P.'s staff

named:

in his province, cf. 94.1).

quoted); vi 21.4 (comedies by

Probably from Hippo Re­

Vergilius

gius; ab epistulis of Hadrian, dismissed in Britain in AD

compared to).

Terentius Junior, (C.) vii 25.2-

Caesars to

5 (to Caninius Rufus, q.v., on

122, dedicated his Septicius

Clarus,

q.v.:

CP

no. 96; RP II 479, 482, 492f., III 1133, 1262, 1269, 1337ff., V 548, 696, etc.

Romanus,

q.v.,

T.'s procuratorial career and viii 15::· (cog­ nomen only: P. has sent him books); ix 12::· (cognomen

scholarship);

Sulla, Sullae see Cornelius Sulla.

only: on a spoiled young

(Sulpicius)

man). Cf. ILS 6120, Perusia;

Camerinus,

(Q.)

(cos. suff. 46) i 5.3 (victim of Nero, accused by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.).

Sulpicius (Rufus), Ser. (cos. 51 BC) the jurist v 3.5 (his light verse). Sura see Accius, Licinius Sura.

Susagus x 74.1 (Dacian, cap­ tured a slave of Laberius Maximus, q.v., in Moesia).

CPno. 69.

Terentius Maximus, probably procurator rather than pro­ consul

of

Pontus-Bithynia

x 58.5 (Domitian's letter to him quoted).

Terentius Scaurus, (Q.?) v 12':· (P.

asks

his

advice

on

a

speech). Either the grammar­ ian or his father, RE 5A.1 (1934) 671-6 (E. Groag, P.

Tacitus see Cornelius Tacitus.

Wessner).

92

Indices

Tertullus see Qulius) Cornutus Tertullus. Theon, husband of Ther­ muthis, q.v. x 5.2. Theophanes, Bithynian prose­ cutor of Julius Bassus, q.v. iv 9.3 (spoke second), 5 (fac­ tiosissimus'), 20 (had commit­ ted offences himself). Thermuthis, wife of Theon x 5. 2 (P. requests citizenship for her freedman Harpocras, q .v.). Thrasea (Paetus, P. Clodius) (cos. suff 56), Stoic senator iii 16.10 (son-in-law of Cae­ cina Paetus and Arria, qq.vv.); vi 29.1,7 (quoted by his friend Avidius Quietus, q .v.); vii 19.3 (his daughter Fannia, q.v.); viii 22.3 (a say­ ing of his quoted to (Ros­ ianus) Geminus, q.v.). Thucydides, the historian iv 7.3 (unnamed: on ignorance and reflection); v 8.11 (on his own history). Tiberius, the emperor v 3.5 ('Tiberius Caesar': his light verses). Timo, husband of Arrionilla, q.v. i 5.5. Tiro see Calestrius, Julius, (Tul­ lius) Tiro. Titianus see Cornelius Titianus. Titinius Capito, (Cn. Octavius) i 17 (erected statues of L. Qu­ nius) Silanus, q.v., and others ·

and wrote poems about them); v 8':· (his suggestion that P. should write history); viii 12 (on his public reading and promotion of 'studiosi'; wrote on deaths of famous men). Full names given by IL5 1448 and AE 1934, 154; APN 104; PIR2 0 62: he was an equestrian officer, then ab epistulis of Domitian, Nerva and Trajan, and praefectus vigilum. Perhaps from north­ ern Italy, RP VII 476, citing C. Octavius M.f. Capito, ILS 6705, near Verona; from Rome, according to PME 0 12. Titius Aristo i 22 (his illness and praise for his legal learn­ ing and character); v 3* (on wrmng of light verse); viii 14* (cognomen only: on senatorial procedure and murder of Afranius Dexter, q.v.). A jurist, probably equestrian, cited in the Di­ gest: see W. Kunkel, Herkunft

und soziale Stel­ lung der romischen juristen

(Weimar 1952) 141ff., 318ff. Not necessarily of eastern or­ igin, as Kunkel 142ff. because of his cognomen, see RP V 469f. Titius

(?) Homullus iv 9.15 (both names) and v 20.6 (cog­ nomen only: defended Julius

Persons and Deities

Bassus, q.v.); vi 19.3 (cog­ nomen only, 'Homullus nos­ ter': proposed that the con­ suls should ask Trajan to remedy bribery at senatorial elections). In spite of 'Titius [only in Mediceus and Vati­ canus MSS, cf. Bude ed., vol. I 18, III 164] Homullus' in iv 9.15, S-W 277f., PIR2 I 760 and Radice I 569 prefer to identify this Homullus as M. Junius Homullus (cos. suff 102). Cf. PIR1 T 198. For senatorial Titii of the period, cf. 'Titius Marcellus' in the nomenclature of Domitius Lucanus, q .v., perhaps the brick-producer of CIL XV 1476, and L. Epidius Titius Aquilinus (cos. ord. 125) (so far omitted by PIR). Titus, the emperor iv 9.2 ('Ti­ tus': feared by Julius Bassus, q.v.); x 65.3 ('divus Titus': his letters to Lacedaemonians and Achaeans mentioned); Pan. 11.1 ('Titus': deified by Domitian); 35.4 ('divus Ti­ tus', 'Titus': his measure to protect senators). Torquati, Torquatus, (Manlii) v 3.5 (their light verse). Which members of this patri­ cian family are meant is not clear. Traianus, (M. Ulpius), the em­ peror ii 9.2 (P. gained latus

93

clavus and quaestorship 'a Caesare nostro' for Sex. Eru­ cius (Clarus), q.v.); ii 11.10 ('princeps', also consul, pre­ sided at trial of Marius P ris­ cus, q.v.), 15 ('Caesar', con­ cerned for P.'s physique at trial); ii 13.8 ('optimus prin­ ceps': granted ius trium liberorum to Voconius, q.v.); iii 7.6 (arrival of 'novus prin­ ceps'), 7 ('Caesar' praised);; iii 13 and 18 (P.'s Pan. for 'op­ timus princeps'); iv 8.1 (P. made augur by 'gravissimus princeps'); v 13.7 ('optimus princeps' should be asked to remedy problem of advo­ cates' fees), 8 (decree on sub­ ject by 'princeps'); vi 5.5 (sen­ ators from both sides of de­ bate seek favour of 'Caesar'); vi 19.3f. ('princeps' takes steps to remedy bribery in senate elections); vi 22.2, 5 (Lustricius Atticinus, q.v., denounced his comes to 'Cae­ sar', who acted promptly); vi 27.1 (suitable tributes by consul designate to 'prin­ ceps'), 2 ('princeps noster'), 3 ('hie optimus'), 5 ('maximus princeps'); vi 31 ('Caesar nos­ ter' summons P. to join his consi{ium at Centum Cellae); vii 10.2 ('Caesar' listened to speeches for and against Var­ enus, q.v.); viii 17.2 (Tiber ca-

Indices

94

nal cut by ·

'providentissimus

Triarius vi 23':· (P. agrees to act

imperator'); viii 24.8 (testi­ 'princeps' to career

in case affecting T.). Unident­

mony of

fied. It is not clear whether

of (Quintilius Valerius) Max­

the name was a

imus, q .v.); P.'s letters to Tra­

as attested at Puteoli, CIL X

jan x

('Traiano

imperatori'):

1-3a, 4-8, 10-15, 17a-b, 19,

5021, and Clusium, XI 2093-

rhetor, Contr. ii 3.19 and

4, for the Augustan

21, 23, 25, 26-27, 29, 31, 33,

Seneca,

35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63,

lius,

64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75

iii 77, and the

(note

75.2,

games

named

gentilicium,

passim, the wife of L. Vitel­

Hist. ii 63f., consules ordi­ narii of 185 and 210, or a cog­ nomen, see Kaj. 320, as used Tacitus,

'Traiani' to be founded in Pontus), 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86a-88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100,

Valerii

102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112,

nos. 363-6), and by the sena­

by

republican

senatorial

(RE,

Valerius

114, 116, 118, 120; Trajan's

torial ladies Pomponia Tri­

replies to P.:

3b, 7, 9, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36,

aria,

38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 53,

daughter of A. Junius Rufi­

x

55, 57, 60, 62, 66, 69, 71, 73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117,

PFOS no. 642, slightly PIR2 P 780,

modified by nus

(cos. ord. 153), PIR2 I

806, and Sulpicia Triaria, W Eck, EOS I 422; PFOS no. 746. The latter, dated end of 1st or beginning of 2nd

Pan., e.g. 1.2 ( opti­ mus princeps'), 1.3 ('castus et sanctus et dis simillimus prin­ ceps'); 2.7 ('Optimi cog­ nomen') and passim.

Tuccius Cerialis, (?M.) (cos. suff 90?) ii 11.9 (consular,

see Suetonius Tran­

spoke at trial of Marius Pris­

119, 121;

Tranquillus

'

quillus. (Trebatius) Priscus, (M.)

see Pr­

iscus (2).

century, could well be con­ nected to P.'s correspondent.

cus). Perhaps M. Tullius Ce­ rialis

(cos. suff 90), as regis­ Fasti Potentini,

tered by the

which 'are notoriously weak

Trebonius Rufinus iv 22.1-2

on orthography',

RP II 698,

(local magistrate at Vienna,

i.e. the consul of 90 may be

gymnastic

the same man, with his name

suppressed games).

incorrectly

spelled

in

the

Persons and Deities

95

Fasti. He might be the Ceri­

in LE 247; his cognomen is

alis (cognomen only), recipi­

very rare, Kaj. 279 (nine epi­

ent of ii 19':·; see also Velius

graphic cases known). Clearly not himself a senator,

Cerialis.

Tullius

Justus

heading

of

x 58.10 (addressee of rescript

cf. v 13.2, as noted by S-W 319.

by Nerva). Probably procon­

Tutilius vi 32.1 (father-in-law

sul rather than procurator of

of Quintilianus, q.v., not the

Pontus-Bithynia, S-W 644;

famous

Eck I 327 n. 184 (in office

granddaughter given dowry

AD 96-97 or 97-98). Not

by P.). Probably the writer on

otherwise known: Tullii Justi are attested at Herculaneum

oratory referred to by Quin­ tilian, Inst. iii 1.21, and Mar­

(CIL X 1403d 1, 3) and Fae­

tial v 56.6; PIR1 T 316; per­

sulae (CIL XI 1566), but

haps ancestor of the senato­

both

common.

rial Tutilii, L. Tutilius Luper­

'Iustum' might conceivably be a corruption of 'Tuscum':

cus Pontianus (cos. ord. 135) and L. Tutilius Pontianus

cf. L. Dasurnius Tullius Tus­

Gentianus (cos. suff. 183), ib.

cus (cos. suff 152) (PIR2 D

318, 321. S-W 398 notes the

names

are

16 ), who was known

Quintilian;

his

for

Stoic philosopher C. Tutilius

short as L. Tullius Tuscus, see

Hostilianus of Cortona, ILS

APN98f.

7779.

(Tullius) Tiro, (M.), Cicero's

(Ulpia Marciana Augusta), Tra­

freedman secretary vii 4.3, 6

jan's sister Pan. 84.1-8 (un­

(Cicero's epigram on him).

named: her harmonious rela­

Tullus see Domitius Tullus.

tions with Plotina, q.v., and

Tuscilius Nominatus v 4.1-2

modesty).

and v 13.1, people

of

4

(represented

Vicetia

against

(Bellicius) Sollers, q.v.). His

(Ulpius) Traianus, (M.) (cos. suff

70),

Trajan's

father

Pan. 9.2 (patrician, consular triumphalis);

14.1

gentilicium appears as 'Tus­

and

culius' and 'Tuscillus' in some MSS, but he must be the Tus­

(Parthian successes helped by young Trajan); 16.1 (trium­

cilius Norninatus of CIL IX

phalis), all unnamed; 89.2-3

5746

('pater

=

ILS 5675, Ricina, who

Traianus':

observes

left property to Trajan; cf.

with delight, from place near

other examples of the name

the stars, rise to throne of son

Indices

96

who was tribune under him

(cognomen only: on the Pub­

trium­

licius Certus, q.v., debate in

and helped gain him

senate). Polyonymous, per­

phalia).

haps adopted, his full names

Ummidia (C.f.) Quadratilla

(C.

Ummidius

Quadratus

(Asconia Secunda) vii 24.1-7

S[everns Se]rtorius) known

(grandmother of Ummidius

CIL III 7539 + 12493 IGR I 606 AE 1977, 745, discussed by Syme, RP III

Quadratus, q.v.; her death and

fondness

for

panto­

from

=

=

mimes, etc.). Daughter of C.

1162f.,

U mmidius Durmius Quad­

1334, rv 55f., 163, 166, 169f.,

ratus

(cos. ca. 40), of Casi­ num, PIR1 V 600, 606; APN

416, V 463f., 646, etc.; APN 105: married, vii 24.3, per­

105; perhaps married to a

haps to a daughter of M. An­

Sertorius, cf. under Sertorius

nius Verns (grandfather of M.

Severns,

above;

her

names in NS 1929,

full p. 29,

AE); RP II 538, 659, 664f., 692f.,722, III Casinum (not in

1159, 1374, IV 52, 166, 169, 303 V 646, VII 583, etc.;

1176,

Aurelius,

PFOS

1302,

1309,

PIR2 A 696, cf.

no. 52);

friend

of

Hadrian, later persecuted by him, HA

Hadr. 15.7. See also

Sertorius Severus. Ursus see Cornelius Ursus.

PFOS nos. 829-830 (treating the woman in Pliny and in

Valens see Fabius, Julius Valens.

the inscription from Casi­

Valerianus see Julius Valerianus.

num

Valerius Aper, C. x 104 ('Aper' in ed. Ald.; otherwise 'Axer'; 'Asper' also possible; freed­

as

probably

sisters

rather than the same person).

Ummidius Quadratus (Serto­ rius Severns, C.) (cos. suff 118) vi 11 (he and (Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator, q.v., praised

man

of

Valerius Paulinus,

q .v.; P. asks Trajan for full cit­ izenship for him).

by P., whom they regard as

Valerius Astraeus, C. x 104

(cog­

(freedman of Valerius Pauli­

nomen only: advised on what

nus, q.v.; P. asks Trajan for

their teacher); vi 29::· court

cases to undertake);

full citizenship for him).

grandmother, unaffected by

Catullus Messal(l)inus, (L.) (cos. ord. 73, II suff 85) iv 22 .5-6 (was

her sybaritic tastes); ix 13'�

talked about after his death at

vii 24.2-6, 8-9 only: inherited

(cognomen from

his

(Valerius)

Persons and Deities dinner-party Notorious

with

Nerva).

informer

under

97

Valerius Paulinus,

(C.) ii 2':·

Domitian, PIR1 V 41; from

(cos. suff 107) (FO) (cog­ nomen only: reproached for

Verona, descendant of the

not writing to P.); iv 9.20-22

poet's brother, son of a Sta­

(spoke at trial of Julius Bas­

tilia Messal(l)ina, RP V 643,

sus, q.v.); iv 16'' (on P.'s ora­

VII 480, 494f., 578, etc.; cf.

torical success at Centumvi­

PFOS nos. 731-2 (his possi­

ral Court); v 19':· (P. asks V.P.

ble sister and wife).

to

Valerius Dionysius, C. x 104 (freedman of Valerius P auli­ nus, q.v.; P. asks Trajan for full citizenship for him). Valerius (P. f. P omp.) Festus, (C.

Calpetanus

Quirinalis,)

(cos.

Rantius

suff 71)

iii 7.12 (sc. as legate of III Augusta,

murdered

L.

(Calpurruus) P iso, q.v.). Full names and career in ILS 989, Tergeste; G. Alfoldy, Fasti

Hispanienses

(Wiesbaden

1969) 21f.; from Arretium, RP IV 120f., 173,281,404,VI 427, etc.; M. Torelli, EOS II 289; APN 40; TiP no. 544. Valerius Licinianus iv 11.1-5, 11-15 (expelled from senate by Domitian for incest with Vestal Cornelia, q.v., because teacher of rhetoric in Sicily). P robably from Spain, STac. 668,cf. Cab. Incerti no. 62. Valerius Martialis, (M.), the poet

iii 21 (rus death and

poem, x 19, on P.). From Bil­ bilis in Spain,PIR1 V 77.

allow

his

freedman

Zosimus, q.v., to recuperate at rus Forum Julii place); ix 3'' (cognomen only: on fame); ix 37* (cognomen only: on V.P.'s imminent con­ sulship and problems of let­ ting x

farms);

x

104

and

105(T.) (P. asks Trajan to

grant

full

citizenship

to

freedmen of V.P., evidently deceased). From Forum Julii, v 19.7,presumably son of ho­ monymous

procurator

of

Narbonensis in AD 69, also from there and a friend of Vespasian,

Tacitus,

Hist.

iii 43.1££. PIR1 V 105, 107, 108; STac. 63 n . 5, 806; RP II 752, V 467, 482, VI 224, VII 503. (Valerius) Paulinus, (C.) son of foregoing

x 104

('passed

over' by rus father- sc. in his testament - from succession in the question of the three Junian Latin freedmen, Valerius Aper, Astraeus and Dionysius, qq.vv., see S-W 714f.)

Indices

98

Valerius Varus vi 8.4 (died ow. ing

money

to

Atilius

Crescens, q.v.). Unidentified: both names are very common. Varenus, (L.) i 20.7 (Cicero's

Varus see Valerius Varus. Veiento

see Fabricius Veiento.

Velius Cerialis iv 21

(cognomen only), re­ see also Tuc­

Cerialis

Fulginium,

cipient of ii 19'�;

Varenus

no. 3, improved by RP I 318, stressing that the

gentilicium

(on the

Unidentified. He might be the

speech in his defence). From RE,

::-

death of the Helvidiae, qq.vv.).

cius Cerialis. Velius (?Vettius) Paulus, (?L.)

points to Umbria, or Meva­

(?cos. suff:

nia, III 888.

60.1(T.) (his decision as pro­

81)

x

58.3

and

Varenus Rufus his trial and de­

consul in case of Flavius Ar­

fence (sc. AD 106) by P. re­

chippus, q.v., cited). In office

ported in v 20; vi 5.1; vi 13;

ca. AD 79/80, Eck I 302, as he

'Rufus Varenus' in 20.1, then just 'Varenus'; proconsul of Pon­

Maximus, q.v., proconsul be­

tus-Bithynia, probably AD

beL . Venius Paulus (cos.

vi 29.11; vii 6; vii 10.

105-6, Eck I 341 f. RE, Vare­

nus no. 7, cf. 6, M. Varenus Liberalis, CIL XV 7562, a

was a predecessor of Lappius fore 86. Eck suggests he may

suff

81).

(cos. suff a. inc.) ii 20.7-8 (rich consular,

Velleius Blaesus

lead-pipe on Esquiline, cf.

preyed

RP I 318.

Regulus, q.v.). Perhaps poly­

Varisidius Nepos iv 4 (recom­

on

by

(Aquillius)

onymous, RP I 258 n., III Syme,

Some Arval

mended sc. in AD 102 or 103

1167;

to Sosius Senecio, q.v., for

Brethren (Oxford

six-months'

tribunate).

45, 47. E. Champlin, ZPE 21

Nephew of C. Calvisius Ru­ fus, q.v., hence perhaps from

(1976) 86, suggests that he

1980) 43,

was P. Velleius P.f. Tro. Luc­

Comum, PME V 51; RP I 319

ullus Sallustius Blaesus,

notes the Roman knight M.

suff 89.

Varisidius, friend of L. Mu­ natius Plancus (Cicero,

Fam.

cos.

Vena tor ix 20::· (on P.'s poor grape harvest). Unidentified.

7.1 and 12.2) and a Varis­

The

cognomen was rare, Kaj.

idius near Emona, CIL III

324

(ten epigraphic speci­

10740.

mens).

x

Varro, (M. Terentius) v 3.5 (his light verse).

Verania

(Gemina)

ii 20.2-6

(widow of (Calpurnius) Piso

Persons and Deities (Licinianus), q.v.; object of legacy-hunting

by

(Aquil­

lius) Regulus, q.v.). Daughter of Q. Veranius

(cos. ord. 49);

PFOS no. 788. Vergilius (Maro), P., the poet i 2.2 (unnamed: quoted on the favoured few); iii 7.8 (re­ vered by Silius ltalicus, q.v.); v 3.6 (his light verse); v 6.43 (on arms of Aeneas); v 8.3 (unnamed: his allusion to ep­ itaph of Ennius, q.v., and

'quamquam

o!'

quoted);

vi 20.1 (unnamed: Aeneas' reluctance to recount fall of Troy quoted); vi 33.1 (un­ named: Vulcan's call to Cyc­ lopes

to

abandon

present

tasks quoted); vii 20.4 (un­ named: quoted on Salius pur­ suing Nisus); viii 2.3

(un­

named: quoted on none de­ parting without a gift). Vergilius Romanus vi 21.2ff. (his comedy praised by P. who had attended reading). Unidentified. Verginius Rufus, (L.), (cos.

ord.

63, II suff 69, III ord. 97) ii 1 (his public funeral, sc. in AD

99

num, cf. ii 1.8;

STac. 86, 179,

615f., etc.; RP II 696f., IV 132, 382, V 434, VII 512ff. Verres, (C.), rupt

(pr. 74 BC), cor­

governor

i 20.10

of

(Cicero's

Sicily speech

against him). (Verulana) Gratilla, wife of Ou­ nius) Arulenus Rusticus, q.v. iii 11.3 (cognomen only: her exile); v 1.8 (cognomen only: friendship with her could be dangerous). Cf. Tacitus, Hist. iii 69.3 (on Capitol during siege by Vitellians in Decem­ ber AD 69; identity doubted by W. Eck, RE, Suppl. 14, 841). PFOS no. 790, proba­ bly daughter of L. Verulanus Severus

(cos. suff a. inc.), le­

gionary legate under Corb­ ulo, Tacitus, XV

Ann. xiv 26.1;

3.1; RP VII 576, 584, cf.

624. Verus vi 3':· (thanked for look­ ing after farm of P.'s nurse). Unidentified. V espa sianus, the emperor i 14.5 ('divus': offered Minicius Macrinus, q.v., adlection to

97, described); v 3.5 (his light

senate);

verse); vi 10 (his house at Al­

Elder Pliny visited him be­

iii 5.9

sium and tomb); ix 19 (com­

fore daybreak); iv 9.1 Qulius

('imperator':

pared with Qulius) Fronti­

Bassus, q.v., accused under);

nus,

x 65.3 (his letter to the Lace­

q.v.).

RE,

Verginius

no. 27; P.'s guardian after fa­

daemonians

referred

to);

ther's death, from Mediola-

Pan. 11.1 (deified by Titus).

100

Indices

Vesta, the goddess iv 11.7 (in­ voked by the Vestal Cornelia, q.v.); vii 19.2 (atrium of). (Vestricius) Cottius, son of Vestricius Spurinna and Cot­ tia, qq.vv. P. on his early death: ii 7 .3-7 and iii 10 (not named). Vestricius Spurinna, (T.) (cos. suff a. inc., suff II 98) (FO) i 5 .8-10 (cognomen only: (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v., ap­ pealed to S . to reconcile him to P.); ii 7 (on S.'s triumphal statue and death of his son); iii 1 (cognomen only: S.'s vig­ orous daily routine de­ scribed; he was then aged 77, iii 1 .10); iii 10* (jointly to S . and his wife Cottia, q. v., on death of their son); iv 27.5 (cognomen only: Sentius Augurinus, q.v., 'vivit cum

Spurinna, vivit cum [sc. Ar­ rio] Antonino', q.v.); v 17::·

(on poetry reading by (C.) Calpurnius Piso, q.v.). RP VII 541ff. (correcting Syme's own earlier discussions of his career): his names were Etrus­ can, but he might come from Transpadana. Syme, RP VII 508, cf. 542, conjectures that Vestricius was related to P. (Vettennius) Severus, (C.) (cos. suff 107: FO, '[C. Vette]nn­ ius Seve[rus]) vi 27* (?)(cog­ nomen only: P.'s advice to S .

as cos. des.). Perhaps recipient of ix 22* (cognomen only: on illness of Passennus Paulus), but see also Annius, Catilius, Herennius, Vibius Severus. Vibius Maximus, (C.) iii 2::· (P. requests favour from him for Arrianus Maturus, q.v.). Pre­ fect of Egypt AD 103-7, P.A. Brunt,JRS 65 (1975) 144; not necessarily approached by P. when holding that office, friend of Statius and of Mar­ tial, perhaps linked to Ve­ rona, RP v 442ff., 448f. Vibius Severus iii 18'� (on P.'s Pan.); iv 28* (on Herennius Severus' wish to have por­ traits of V.S.'s 'municipes', Cornelius Nepos and Titus Catius, qq.vv.); perhaps also recipient of ix 22'� (cognomen only: on illness of Passennus Paulus), but see also Annius, Catilius, Herennius, Vettenn­ ius Severus. From Mediola­ num or Ticinum because of iv 28.1, fellow-townsman of Cornelius Nepos and Titus Catius, RP II 706, V 459 {fa­ vouring Ticinum). Vindex see Julius Vindex. Virdius Gemellinus, procura­ tor in P.'s province x 27 (cog­ nomen only: P. had assigned him ten beneficiarii); x 28(T.) (V.G. to allocate two soldiers to the freedman Maximus,

Persons and Deities

101

q.v.); x 84(T.) (P. to ask for his

Domitian's death); ii 1

assistance

Nicaea). The

public funeral of Verginius

gentilicium is not in LE but is

Rufus, q .v.); ii 13.3ff. (recom­

found three times in N. Italy.

mended for post in army to

Presumably son of the centu­

(Neratius?)

at

rion Virdius Geminus, sent by Vespasian to suppress the

>:·

Priscus,

(on­

q.v.);

iii 13::· (P. sends him text of Pan.); vi 15'� (on poetry read­

revolt of Anicetus in Pontus,

ing

Tacitus, Hist. iii 48, S-W 597,

q.v.); viii 8'' (on source of the

by

Passennus

Paulus,

who plausibly suggests that

Clitumnus); ix 7'� (on build­

the family was local.

ing); ix 28':· (P. had received

Viriola see Attia Viriola.

three letters from V.R.); x 4

Vitellius, A., the emperor iii 7.3 (Silius Italicus, q.v., his

(P. requests Trajan to make V.R. a senator, probably un­

friend); cf. i 5.2 (the label

successfully). He was from

'Vitelliana cicatrice stigma­

Saguntum, married to Popil­

sum' applied to Gunius) Aru­

lia Rectina: PIR2 L 210; RP II

lenus Rusticus, q .v., by (Aq­

480ff., V 488; APN 33f.

uillius) Regulus, q.v.). Vitellius Honoratus ii 11.8-9 (African, accused as associate of Marius Priscus, q.v., but died before sentence). inheritance

by

daughters) Pan. 42.1 (treas­

the

historian

vii 32.2 (on praise, quoted by P.). Xerses

Voconia lex (of 169 BC, re­ stnctmg

Xenophon,

(i.e.

Xerxes),

Persian

king iii 7.13 (X. said to have wept

after

reviewing

vast

army).

ury enriched under Domitian more by treason charges than

Zosimus (C. Plinius), P.'s freed­

by this law and the lex Julia).

man v 19 (P. asks Valerius

Voconius Romanus, (C. Licin­

Paulinus, q.v., if he can send

ius Marinus) i 5':· (on (Aquil­

Z. to V.P.'s estate at Forum

lius)

Julii to recuperate).

Regulus,

q.v.,

after

Geographical Names Achaei (probably the council of the Achaeans, i.e. of the peo­ ple of the Peloponnese) x 65.3. Achaia

viii 20.2

(Greece);

Castel Gandolfo, south of Rome) iv 11.6 Albanum, the lake at (the mod­ ern Lago Albano or Lago di

viii 24.2 (the Roman province

Castello, south

of Achaia, covering much of

Pan. 82.1 ('Albani lacus').

Aedes Concordiae see under

zenship Egypt)

Roma. (inhabitant

of

Egypt, not eligible to be citi­ zen of Alexandria) x 6.1£. Aegyptus (the Roman province of Egypt) v 19.6; viii 20.2; x 7(T.); x 10.2; Pan. 30.1, 3; 31.1-6; cf. (unnamed) 30.2,5; 32.1, 3. Aemilia, Via (Roman road in Afri (the members of council of province

of

of

X

Alexandria

in

6.1, 3; 7(T.); 10.1.

Alpes (the Alps) Pan. 14.2. Alsiensis 'villa' (the villa at Al­ sium on the coast of Etruria, formerly owned by Verginius Rufus,

q.v.,

then

by

P.'s

mother-in-law Pompeia Ce­ lerina, q.v.) vi 10. Altinates (the people of Alti­ num, modern Altino in Vene­ tia, northeastern Italy) iii 2.2.

northern Italy) v 14.1. the

Rome)

Alexandrina 'civitas' (the citi­

modern Greece).

Aegyptius

of

Africa)

Amastriani

(the

people

of

Amastris in Pontus, on south coast of Black Sea.) x 98.1,

ii 11.2. Africa (the Roman province,

and 99(T.).

covering modern Tunisia and

Amerina 'praedia' (estates at

parts of Algeria and Libya)

Ameria, modern Amelia, in

ii 11.19; lll 7.12; vii 27.2; ix 33.2.

iii 9.2;

Africanae (sc. 'bestiae', wild beasts,

e.g. panthers, from 'villa'

in

Pontus,

q.v., on south

coast of Black Sea) x 92 and 93(T.); X 110.1.

Africa) vi 34.3. Albana,

Umbria) viii 20.3. Amiseni (the people of Amisus

(Domitian's

summer palace near modern

Andania (in Messenia, south­ ern Greece) x 65.3.

Geographical Names Anio, R . (in Italy, tributary of

the Tiber) viii 17.3. Apamea (Roman colony in Bithynia, q.v.) x 47.1. Apameni (the people of Apa­ mea, q.v.) x 48.1(T.). Appenninus, 'Mons' (the Ap­ ennine mountains in central Italy) v 6.2, 14. Appenninae 'valles' (the Apen­ nine valleys) v 6.29. Arpinae 'chartae' iii 21.5 (liter­ ally 'papers of Arpinum', modern Arpino south of Rome, i.e. writings by Cic­ ero, q.v.). Asia (the Roman province, ap­ proximately equivalent to the western part of modern Tur­ key) iii 7.3; iv 3.1; viii 20.2 Athenae (Athens) iv 3.5; vii 25.4; vii 27.5, 7; viii 24.4. Athenaei (men of Athens) ix 26.8, 11 (in Greek). Atrium Vestae see under Roma. Attica ix 26.8 (in Greek: Attica, the territory of Athens, q.v.); as adjective, 'anus' (an old woman of Attica) ix 23.5. Atticus 'sermo' (Attic speech, i.e. good Greek) ii 3.1; iv 3.5. Baetica (the Roman province,

roughly equivalent to mod­ ern Andalusia) iii 4.2; iii 9.1, 3, 6; vii 16.3; vii 33.4. Baetici (the members of the council of the province of

103

Baetica) i 7.2, 6; iii 4.6; iii 9.3, 6, 7; vi 29.8. Baianus 'more Baiano' ('in the fashion of Baiae', the Roman seaside resort) ix 7.3; 'Baia­ nique [sc. lacus]', i.e. Lake Lucrinus Pan. 82.1. Basilica Julia see under Roma. Bithynae 'civitates' (the cities of Bithynia, q.v.) x 108.1 and 109(T.). Bithyni (the members of the

council of the province of Bithynia) v 20.1, 2, 4, 6; vi 13.2; vii 6.1; vii 10.1; (the people of Bithynia) x 65.2; X

79.1; X 112.1.

Bithynia (the western half of

the Roman province of Pon­ tus-Bithynia, the northwest­ ern part of modern Turkey in Asia) iv 9.2; viii 24.8; x 17a.2; X

18.1(T.);

X

87.2;

X

X

66.2(T.);

113(T.);

X

X

77.3;

114.1; cf.

Pan. 70.1 (unnamed 'provin­ c£. (Quin(c)tilius Valerius) Maximus in Index of Persons). Bithynicae 'civitates' (the cities of Bithynia, q.v.) x 114.1. Bosporus (client-kingdom of Rome, centred in the Crimea) cia',

X

63; X 67.2.

(modern Brescia in northern Italy) i 14.4. Bructeri (free German people on right bank of the Rhine, opposite Cologne) ii 7.2.

Brixia

Indices

104

Byzantii (the people of Byzan­ tium) X

x 43.1

and

44(T.);

78.1(T.).

P.'s

(modern

home-town

Como

in

north­

western Italy) named i 3.1;

Byzantium (modern Istanbul) X

Comum,

77.1.

cf., unnamed, i 19.1

('muni­

ceps

fellow­

meus',

'my

ii 1.8 ('eadem municipia finitima',

townsman'); Camilliana,

'villa' (name of a

villa in Campania) vi 30.2. Campania

(region

of

regio,

'the same region, neighbour­

Italy)

ing towns'); ii 5.3

('patria', ('patria

iii 7.6; v 14.9; vi 4.1; vi 20.3;

'home town'); iii 6.4

vi 28.1; vi 30.2; vii 3.1.

nostra', 'our home town'); ('patria mea', 'muni­ cipis mei'), 4 ('patria'), 5 ('re publica nostra', 'our town'), 9 ('patriae'); iv 30.1 ('patria mea'); v 7.1 ('rei publicae nos­ trae'), 3 ('eandem rem publi­ cam'); v 11.2 ('patria nostra'); v 14.1 ('municipium'); vi 24.5 ('ne mihi quidem, qui muni­ ceps'); vii 18.1 ('municipibus nostris', 'rei publicae'), 3 ('rei publicae'); vii 32.1 ('patriam nostram'); cf. vii 22.2 ('re­ gionis meae'); ix 39.2 ('e re­ gione tota'); see also Larius.

Capitolinum

'iter', Capitolium

see under Roma. Capreae (modern vi 20.11.

Capri)

Carsulanum (villa at Carsulae, modern Consigliano, in Um­ bria) i 4.1. Carthago

(Carthage,

re-

founded as a Roman colony by Julius Caesar and Augus­ tus and the chief town of the Roman province of Africa) vii 27.3. Carystiae

'columellae' (small

columns of marble from the island

of Carystos

iv 13.3

in the

Aegean) v 6.36. Centum Cellae (on coast of Etruria, modern Civita Vec­ chia) vi 31.1. in

Bithynia,

q.v.) x 39.5 and 40.3(T.). Clitumnus,

'fons' (source of

the R. Clitumnus, modern Clitunno, in Umbria) viii 8.1, 5.

modern

Transylvania,

con­

quered and made a province

Claudiopolitani (the people of Claudiopolis

Dacia (roughly equivalent to

by Trajan after two wars, AD 101-2 and 105-6) vi 31.8. Dacicum

'bellum' (either the

first or second Dacian war) viii 4.1. Danubius, R.

(the

Danube)

Pan. 12.3; 16.2; 63.4; 82.4.

Geographical Names

Ephesii (the people of Ephesus,

105

mans, began by the cam­ paigns of Drusus) iii 5.4; 'ipsa

q.v.) vi 31.3.

Ephesus (important city close

Germaniae bella', of Domi­

to Aegean coast, in the Ro­

tian Pan. 14.5; the military

man

districts of Germania supe­

province

of

Asia,

roughly equivalent to west­

rior

ern Turkey) x 15;

northern

x 17a.1

and

and

inferior, i.e. the southern and

Rhineland, later provinces)

18.1(T.). Esquiliae see under Roma.

iii 5.4 (Elder Pliny's military

Euboea (in Greek: island off

service there); viii 23.5; Pan.

coast of Attica, q.v.) ix 26.8.

9.2 (sc. the province of Ger­

Euphrates, R. Pan. 14.1.

mania superior); Pan. 14.2, 5

Firmani (the people of Fir­

of Germania superior).

(probably also the province mum,

modern

Firmo,

in

northeastern Italy) vi 18.1, 3.

Formiana,

'villa'

(villa

Formiae, modern Mola

at 10

Formianum (another villa at see

conquerors of the Germans) Pan. 9.2, 3; 14.1. Gerusia, see under Nicomedia.

Graeca (expressions in Greek)

Gaeta in Italy) iii 14.2. Formiae,

Germanicus (title conferred on

foregoing)

vii 25.4; 'epigrammata' (epi­ grams iv 18.1;

vi 14.1.

in

Greek)

'oratio'

iv 3.3;

ix 36.3

(a

Forum Juli(i) (Roman colony

speech or other prose work

in southern Gaul, modern

in Greek); 'tragoedia' (a trag­

Fn!jus) v 19.7.

edy in Greek) vii 4.2; 'vocab­ ula' (Greek syllables) viii 4.4.

Gaditanae (dancing-girls from Gades, modern Cadiz) i 15.3.

Gaditanus (a man from Gades,

Graece (speaking or writing in Greek) iv 3.5; iv 18.2.

Graecia viii 24.2 (Achaia, q.v., the true Greece);

modern Cadiz) ii 3.8.

Germani (the Germans outside

Graed

the empire) iii 5.4.

x

40.3 (the

Greek-speaking world). (native-speakers

of

Germania 'Bellorum Germa­

Greek) i 20.4; iv 3.5; v 20.4;

niae viginti [sc. libri1)' (the

vii 4.9; vii 17.4; ix 26.4; 'ver­

Elder

sus' (Greek verses) viii 4.3.

Pliny's

twenty-book

history of Rome's wars in Germany,

sc.

east

of

the

Rhine, or against the Ger-

Graeculi

x 40.2(T.)

('little

Greeks', patronising term for native-speakers of Greek).

Indices

106

Graecum (the Greek language) vii 9.2;

'pallium' (the Greek

aly) vi 19.6.

Italicus (a man born in Italy,

cloak) iv 11.3

Graecus 'sermo' (the speaking of Greek) ii 3.1.

Heracleotae

Italica 'praedia' (estates in It­

contrasted with

'provincia/is'

ix 23.2.

(the

people

of

Heraclea in Bithynia) x 75.2.

Hipponensis 'colonia' (the Ro­

Juliopolitani (the people of Ju­ liopolis in Bithynia, q.v.) x 77 and 78(T.).

man colony of Hippo Di­ arrhytus on the north coast of the province of Africa, modern Bizerta in Tunisia) ix 33.2.

Lacedaemon (Sparta, in south­ ern Greece) viii 24.4.

Lacedaemonii (the people of Sparta) x 65.3.

Hispania

(Spain)

iii 5.17;

vi 20.5, 10; Pan. 14.2, 5. of

'Hither',

'lacus' (Lake Larius,

modern

Hispania citeri or (the Roman province

Larius

i.e.

northern and eastern, Spain)

L.

Como)

ii 8.1

('noster'); iv 30.2; vi 24.2 ('noster'); vii 11.5 ('noster'); ix 7.1.

Latina (expressions in Latin)

ii 13.4.

Hispellates (the people of His­

vii 25.4;

'epigrammata' (epi­ 'ora­

pellum in Umbria, modern

grams in Latin) iv 18.2;

Spello) viii 8.6.

tio' (a speech or other prose work in Latin).

lcaria (island in the Aegean, be­ tween

Delos

and

Samos)

Latine (speaking or writing in Latin) ii 13.7; iv 11.3; iv 18.1; vii 4.9.

vii 4.3.

Illyricum (the earlier Roman

Latini 'elegi' (elegiac poetry in

'libri' (books

name for the military district

Latin) vii 4.3;

and provinces on the east side

written in - sc. high quality­

of the Adriatic, later Panno­ nia and Dalmatia) iii 16.7.

see under Nicomedia. Italia i 14.4 ('ilia nostra Italia',

Iseon,

Latin) v 5.3.

Latinorum,

'ius' (a limited

form of citizenship, particu­ larly for freedmen, also called

'that Italy of ours', i.e. be­

'Latini luniani'; cf. Latium,

yond the R. Po, P.'s home

below) x 104.

district); vi 19.4.

ii 11.19;

iv 7,.2;

Latinum (the Latin language) vii 9.2;

'nomen' ii 14.5 (a

107

Geographical Names

Latin name for); 'os' vi 11.2 (lit. 'a Latin mouth', i.e. a

Bay of Naples) vi 16.4, 21; vi 20.1, 11, 15, 19. Moesia (Roman province on

good Latin accent). Latinus 'rhetor' (a teacher of

south

side

of middle and

lower Danube, in P.'s time di­

Latin rhetoric) iii 3.3. Latium (a limited form of citi­

vided into superior, western,

zenship, cf. Latinorum 'ius',

and inferior, eastern) x 43.3; x 44; x 74.1. All these refer to

above) Pan. 37.3; 39.2. Laurentinum (P.'s villa at Lau­ rentum,

near

Ostia)

i 9.4;

i 22.11;

ii 17.1

(also

called

Moesia inferior. (Gallia)

Narbonensis,

(the

'Laurens'); iv 6; v 2; vii 4.3;

southernmost and oldest Ro­

ix 40.

man province in Gaul, mod­ ern P rovence) vii 25.2.

Laurentina 'via' (the road from Rome to Laurentum) ii 17.2. Leptitani (the town council of Lepcis Magna, often spelled

Narniense (estate at Narnia, modern Narni in Umbria) i 4.1.

'Leptis', as by P., in the prov­

Neapolis (modern Naples) iii 7.1.

ince

Nicaea

of

Africa,

Tripolitania

in

modern western

northern

Libya) ii 11.23. Lucania (district in southeast­

X

in

Turkey)

x 31.2;

(the

people

of

Mcaea, q.v.) x 39.4 and 40.1, 2(T.); x 83 and 84.1, 2(T.).

vii 3.1. Lugdunum (Roman colony in Gaul, modern Lyon) ix 11.2.

Nicomedenses (the people of Nicomedia, X

Malea, (Cape) (in Greek: the southeastern tip of Greece)

q.v.)

37.1 and 38(T.);

X

x 34(T.); 41; X 49.

Nicomedensis 'civitas' (the city of Nicomedia, q.v.) x 38.1, 2(T.); 'lacus' (the lake, now L.

15.

Marsi (people of central Italy; here refers to an estate in the region) ii 15.1. Mediolanum (modern Milan) iv13.3;vii 23.1. Misenum

city

39.1; X 67; X 81.4.

Nicaeenses

ern Italy) vii 3.1. Lucanus (a man from Lucania)

X

(important

Bithynia, modern Iznik in

(modern

Capo

Miseno, Roman naval base in

Sophon, x 41.2,

near cf.

Nicomedia)

42.1(T.)

(un­

named); 61.1, cf. 62(T.) (un­ named); 'statio' (the military post at Nicomedia) x 74.1. Nicomedia (important city in Bithynia, modern Izmit in

Indices

108 northern

Turkey)

x 25;

x 31.2; x 33.1; x 74.1; 'aedes

... Matris Magnae' (temple of

Parthicum 'metallum' (a (gold-) mine in Parthia) x 74.3.

the Great Mother goddess,

Parthi (the people of Parthia, q.v.) Pan. 14.1.

i.e. Cybele) at Nicomedia

Patavinum 'municipium' (the

x 49

and

'Gerusia'

50(T.);

(building for Elders of the town) and 'lseon' (Temple of

town of Patavium, modern Padua) i 14.6. Pergamum (important city in the Roman province of Asia,

Isis) at Nicomedia x 33.1. Nilus, R. (the Nile) Pan. 30.2;

modern Bergama in Turkey) x 17a.l.

31.3ff.

Perusinum (estate at Perusia, Ocriculanum (estate at Ocric­

i 4.1.

ulum) i 4.1. Ocriculum (modern Otricoli in Umbria) vi 25.1. modern

close to Prusa,

Picenum (district in northeast­ ern Italy) vi 1.1.

Olympus, (Mons) (Mount Ol­ ympus,

modern Perugia in Etruria)

Ulu

Dag

q.v.) x 81.1.

Pontica 'ora' {the coast of Pon­ tus,

q.v.) x 21.1; x 86a.

Ponticae 'civitates' (the cities of

Ostiensis 'colonia' {the Roman

Pontus,

colony of Ostia, the port of

109(T.).

Rome)

ii 17.26;

'via'

{the

road from Rome to Ostia)

x 108.1

and

Pontici (the people of Pontus,

q.v.) x 112.1. Pontus (the eastern part of P.'s province, on south coast of

ii 17.2. Padus, R. {the R. Po) vi 1.1. Pannonia (Roman province on south side of middle Danube) (district

in P.'s

province between Bithynia and Pontus, qq.vv.) x 27. {kingdom

Black Sea) x 75.1. Porticus

see

Liviae

under

Roma. Praenestina 'praedia' {estates at

viii 23.5; Pan. 8.2. Paphlagonia

Parthia

q.v.)

bordering

Praeneste,

mod.

Palestrina

near Rome) v 6.45. Prusa {in Bithynia, mod. Bursa in Turkey) x 58.5

(?: see un­

Rome's eastern frontier, in­

der Prusias);

cluding modern Iran) x 74.1.

(MSS Prusiade emended by

Parthica 'laurus' {laurel-wreath marking

success

Parthia) Pan. 14.1.

against

x

70.1; x 81.1, 6

S-W 678 to Prusae). Prusenses (the people of Prusa, q.v.)x 17a.3;x 17b.2; x 23 and

Geographical Names

24(T.); x 71.1(T.); (the council of Prusa) x 58.3. Prusias (adjective from Prusa, q.v.) x 58.5 (but MSS 'Prusi­ adam' is emended by S-W 643 to Prusam). Pyrenaeus Pan. 14.2.

(the

Pyrenees)

Regia see under Roma. Rhenus, R. (the Rhine) Pan. 14.1; 63.4; 82.4. Rhodii (the people of Rhodes) ii 3.10; iv 5.1, 3. Roma ii 2.3; iii 5.15; iii 14.6; iii 18.4; iv 22.3; v 4.4; vi 1.2; vi 6.1; vi 9.1; vii 27.2; un­ named, 'civitas' ('city') i 14.9; i 18.3; ii 20.12; iv 15.11; v 9.6; viii 6.3; viii 18.3; 'urbs' ('city') i 9.1; i 10.1 ('nostra'); i 13.6; i 22.1; i 24.3; ii 11.19; iii 5.14; iii 11.2; iv 13.1; vi 1.1; vii 3.2; viii 12.2; vi 19.4; viii 18.11; ix 6.1; 'praefectus urbis' vi 11.1; 'urbanus' ii 17.29; 'res urbanas' ii 11.25; 'urbana negotia' vii 30.2; 'ur­ bana opera' ix 36.6; cf. 'Aedes Concordiae' (the temple of Concordia at the northwest corner of the Forum Ro­ manum) v 1.9; 'Atrium Ves­ tae' (the precinct of the tem­ ple of Vesta, next to the 'Re­ gia') vii 19.2; 'basilica' (i.e. Basilica Julia) ii 14.4; 'Basilica julia' (the hall at the side of

109

the Forum Romanum) v 9.1; 'Capitolium' (the Capitol, on which the temple of Jupiter stood) Pan. 5.3; 16.3; 23.4; 47.5; 94.5; 'Capitolinum iter' (the Capitoline way, leading to the Capitol) Pan. 52.7; 'circenses' (the races in the Circus Maximus) ix 6.1; ix 23.2; 'domus C. Cassi', the house of C. Cassius, q.v., vii 24.8; 'domum meam Es­ quiliis' (P:s house on the Es­ quiline hill) iii 21.5; 'forum' (the Forum Romanum) i 17.1, 'forum populi Romani' i 17.4; ii 14.2; v 8.8; 'pala­ tium' (the imperial residence on the Palatine) i 13.3; 'Porti­ cus Liviae' (the Colonnade of Livia on the Oppian hill) i 5,9; 'Regia' (the original 'royal' house, official seat of the pontifex maximus) iv 11.6; 'suburbanum' (a house in the suburbs of Rome) iii 11.2; 'agri suburbani' (estates close to Rome) vi 19.1.

'civitas' (Roman citi­ zenship) x 5.2; x 6.1, 3; x 107(T.); Pan. 37.5; 39.2; 'lin­ gua' (the Latin language); ii 10.2 'plebs' (common peo­ ple of Rome) Pan. 25.5; 32.1; 'soboles' (freeborn Roman children) Pan. 26.3.

Romana,

Romani,

'cives' (Roman citi­

zens) x 96.4.

Indices

110

Romanum, 'nomen' (the name

liburtina 'praedia' (estates at Tibur, modern Tivoli, east of

of Rome) Pan. 26.4. Roman us, 'dux' (a Roman gen­ eral,

Rome) v 6.45; 'via' (the road from Rome to Tibur) vii 29.3.

i.e. Trajan) Pan. 12.1; 'eques' (a Roman 'knight')

licinum (town in northern It­

i 19.2; ii 11.8 (twice); iii 14.7;

aly on the R. Po, modern Pa­

v 1.1; vi 15.1; vi 25.1; vi 31.8; 'homo': iv 3.5 (here meaning

Tifernum Tiberinum (town in

via) vii 16.2.

a native-speaker of Latin);

central Italy, now Citta di

iv 22.2 (meaning a Roman citizen); 'populus' (the Ro­

Castello) iv 1.4; cf., unnamed,

man

People)

Pan. 2.6;

28.2;

i 17.4; 31.3;

ii 1.1; 32.1;

x 8.1,6 ('municipium').

Transpadana 'regio' (the Italian region beyond the R. Po) iv 6.1.

'senatus popu­ lusque Romanus' (the Senate

Tusci (P.'s estate and villa in

and People of Rome) viii 6.7;

Tuscany) iii 4.2; iv 1.3; iv 6.1;

Pan. 88.4;

v 6.1,

46.1;

63.2;

2;

v 18.2;

ix 15.1;

ix 36.1; ix 40.1. Tusculana 'praedia' (estates at

Sicilia (Sicily) iv 11.1, 14. nope, a Roman colony on

Tusculum, south of Rome, modern Frascati) v 6.45.

easternmost Black Sea coast

Tusculanum (an estate at Tus­

Sinopenses (the people of Si­

of P.'s province) x90.1.

culum, cf. foregoing) iv 13.1.

Sinopensis 'colonia' (the colony of Sinope) x 91(T. ).

Vadimonis 'lacus' (Lake Vadi­

Stabiae (town on Bay of Na­ ples, modern Castellammare di Stabia) vi 16.12. Syria

Veronenses (the people of Ve­

(the Roman provrnce,

partly coinciding with the modern

country

mon, now Lago di Bassano, north of Rome) viii 20.3.

of

that

name) i 10.2; iii 11.5.

rona) vi 34.1. Vesuvius, 'mons' (Mount Vesu­ vius) vi 16.5, 13; vi 20 (un­ named). Vicetini (the people of Vicetia,

Tiani (the people ofTium in P.'s province, on the Black Sea coast) x 75.2. liberis, R. (the R. Tiber) iv 2.5; v 6.11; viii 17.1.

modern Vicenza in northern Italy) v 4.1, 2; v 13.1, 4. Viennenses (the people of Vi­ enna,

modern

Vienne,

in

Narbonensis, q.v.) iv 22.1, 3.

Miscellaneous aerarium Saturni {treasury housed in the temple of Sat­ urn) x 3a.l. Africus 'ventus' (the African, i.e. south-west, wind) ii 17.17. Camenae (the Muses) ix 25.3. Christiani (followers of Chris­ tus, q.v.) x 96.1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 97.1(T.). dates: ']anuarius mensis' {the month of January) ii 11.10; 'X Kal. Februarias' (23 Janu­ ary) viii 6.13; 'julio mense' {the month of July) viii 21.2: 'nonum Kal. Septembres' (24 August) vi 16.4; 'kalendis Septembribus' (1 September) x 8.3; 'idibus Septembribus' (13 September) ix 39.1; 'XV kal. Octobres' (17 Septem­ ber) x 17a.2; 17b.1; 'Idus Oc­ tobres' (15 October) i 7.4; 'VIII kal. Decembres' (24 November) x 25.

Corinthia, Corinthium ('sig­ num') (bronze statues in Corinthian technique) iii 1.9; iii 6.1,4 Laudiceni (punning name for hired applauders, lit. 'people who praise at dinner'; can also mean 'people of Laodi­ cea', the name of several east­ ern cities) ii 14.5. Musa, Musae (the ii 13.7; iii 21.5.

Muses)

Quirites (old-fashioned term for Roman citizens) x 58.7 (in Edict of Nerva); 'ius Quiri­ tium' (i.e. full Roman citizen­ ship) x 5.2; x 6.1; x 104 and 105(T.). Saturnalia (the end of year fes­ tival, associated with the god Saturn) viii 7.1. Vulcan alia (the festival of the god Vulcan, 23 August) iii 5.8.

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