KNOSSOS FROM GREEK CITY TO ROMAN COLONY Excavationsat theUnexploredMansionII TEXT BY L. H. SACKETT WITH K. BRANIGAN P. J. CALLAGHAN H. W. and E. A. CATLING J. N. COLDSTREAM R. A. HIGGINS M. R. POPHAM J. PRICE M. J. PRICE G. B. WAYWELL and others
THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS THAMES AND HUDSON 1992
© The BritishSchool ofArchaeologyat Athens and individualauthors1992 ISBN 0 0904887 081
Typesetby Oxbow Books at OxfordUniversity ComputingService Printedin GreatBritainat theAlden Press,Oxford
Contents Preface Introduction: Nomenclature,Abbreviations Layout,Stratigraphy, 1. Excavationand Architecture by L.H. SackettwithJ.E. Jones 2. Sub-MinoanPotteryby M.R. Popham 3. EarlyHellenicPotterybyJ.N. Coldstream 4. Archaicto HellenisticPotteryby PJ. Callaghan 5. StampedAmphorahandles,SigillataStampsand Graffiti by L.H. Sackett withV. Grace and others 6. Roman Potteryby L.H. Sackett 7. The Lamps by H.W. and E.A. Catling 8. The Coins by MJ. Price 9. PlasterSculpturesby G.B. Waywell 10. TerracottaFigurinesand OtherObjects by R.A. Higgins 11. Metal Objects and MetallurgicalDebris by K. Branigan 12. Objectsin Bone and Bone Workingby L.H. Sackett 13. OtherFindsin Stone,Clay and Faience by L.H. SackettwithJane Cocking and others 14. Glass Vesselsand OtherObjects byJ. Price 15. Summaryand Conclusions
Page vii xi 1 59 67 89 137 147 257 323 333 351 363 379 391 415 463
NOTES to Sections1-15
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Appendices 1. The AnimalBones by O. Bedwin 2. Recentand FossilMarine Invertebrates by D.S Reese 3. A Note on the Roman Pigmentsby R.E. Jones
491 493 497
Preface The excavationsitewas chosen,in consultation withMervynPopham,primarily witha viewto the area of the Minoan whose east facade had uncovering complete 'UnexploredMansion', beenrevealedbyEvans and remainedopenat thewestsideoftheLittlePalace excavation.The Minoan Mansion has dimensionsof 14.5x 24.5m.,but the total area excavatedin the four main seasonsmeasured16m.in width,based on a good estimateofthewidthofthe Minoan building,and 3 1.5-33.5m. in length,to includeat thenorthend thefullextentoftheRoman NorthHouse. This buildinghad alreadybeen revealedin outlineby Germanexcavationsof 1942 and was boundedat thenorthby a strongstone-built aqueduct,whichis on a different from the Minoan This a formed convenientnorthern limitto the alignment building. aqueduct excavation. It was recognisedfromthe startthatextensivepost-Minoanremainsoverlaythe Minoan on the later historyof Knossos. The buildingand could give importantnew information of soil on the east side of this where numerouswall stubswere visible overlay slopingsite, from a cut in measured to 6.0 metres section, protruding up depthfromsurfaceto Minoan floor and alreadypromiseduseful,ifcomplicatedstratigraphy. As yetno detailedinformation was available on Classical, Hellenisticor Roman settlementin this part of Knossos, and littlehad beenpublishedfromanypartofthepost-Minoantown.Thus, though comparatively limitedby principleschieflyto do withMinoan architecture, theexcavationwas undertaken withhighexpectationsof usefulstratigraphical and this results, hope has been fulfiled by a series of finds numerous destruction and other from almost good including deposits every periodfromSub-Minoan to the early3rd centuryA.D. The workwas initiatedby MervynPopham,thenAssistantDirectoroftheBritishSchoolat Athenswiththestrongand activesupportoftheDirector,A.H.S. Megaw, and oftheSchool's Managing Committee,and proceeded during the summersof 1967-8 and 1971-3, with workin 1977.The post-Minoanworkcame underthedirectionofL.H. Sackett, supplementary assistedin 1967 by Gerald Cadogan, thenMacmillan Student,and in 1971 byJ. EllisJones. devotedto Minoan work,in 1968and 1972-3, MervynPophamdirectedtheseasonsprimarily theresultsofwhichare now publishedin twovolumesas 'The Minoan UnexploredMansion' (henceforth MUM), and has contributedthesectionon Sub-Minoanpotteryto thisvolume. He also carriedout the supplementary workin 1977 in a southextensionover the 'South Platform'whoseresultsincludedsubstantialRoman remains.His advice and expertisehave been invaluablethroughout. Also gratefully acknowledgedare the skilland patienceofKen architect and MacFadzean, surveyorduringthefourmainseasons,and ofDavid Smythwho succeededhimin 1977,and workedduringthefollowing yearsofstudyin drawingup thefinal revisionsofall plans and sections,and adding a numberof new ones,as needed. Special thanksare due to StylianosAlexiou,Ephor ofAntiquitiesat Heraklionduringthe and encouragement, as also to his excavation,bothforofficial supportand forpersonalinterest Lebesis. A.H.S. as Director of the British not successor,Angeliki Megaw School, onlyhelped initiatetheproject,butgavevaluableadviceand administrative helpin thefirst year.In thishe was followedby P.M. Fraserand by H.W. Catlingwho providedeveryfacilityforstudyand vii
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who withElizabethCatlinghas undertakenan importantsectionof the publicationhimself. to thepublicationNicolasColdstreamand PeterCallaghan Amongothermajorcontributors with materialfromsome have shown particularpatience and long-termindustriousness and scatteredstratigraphical contexts.PeterCallaghanworkedduringmanyyearsat difficult Knossos,sorting,mendingand drawingmaterialfromnumerous,sometimesquite scrappy whichhas enabledhimto drawsome deposits,and makingsenseofcomplicatedstratigraphy, the Hellenistic and conclusions for period.I also owe a particulardebt to important original in the initialstagesof studyingthe a time at Knossos who deal of John Hayes spent great Roman pottery, and has continuedto givehelpin thisspecialistfield.Withouthim,thewhole would have been much and architecture the Roman stratigraphy processof understanding more laboriousand time consuming.Ellis Jones devoted a long summerto studyingand writingup a particularlymassiveRoman deposit (Deposit D4), and he has contributed to thesectionon Roman housesand frescoes. substantially Othermajorcontributors to thepublication,KeithBranigan,Hectorand ElizabethCatling, Martin Price,JenniferPrice (followingPamela Rumball-Rogers)and Reynold Higgins, worked have Geoffrey Waywell patientlywiththeirmaterial,and somehave made necessary a revision too toJane Cockingforundertaking overan extendedperiod.I am grateful revisions and a discussionofthismaterial(Section13); also to Harriet ofthecatalogueofloomweights Watrous for reading over the section on stone objects, and for making suggestionsfor improvement. RichardJones,BedwinOwen, David Reese and ShelaghWall have each made specialistor technicalcontributions. is made in theprefaceto theplates volumeto themanypeople who in Acknowledgement whichaccompany some350 pagesofillustrations or helpedputtogether drawing photography thistext. werethemembersoftheexcavationstaffin thesuccessiveyearsat Knossos: The following Gerald Cadogan (1967), ChrisBottomley(1967), J. EllisJones (1967, Excavation supervisors 1971, 1973), Roger Howell, Elizabethand Geoffrey Waywell(1967, 1971), CressidaRidley Smith Ken Wardle (1971), Richard Heyhoe (1971), Katie (1967), Jill Carington (1967), Ian Sanders Kerrin (1971), AndrewStewart(1971), John Hope (1971), Heywood (1971), staffOliver Dickinson (1967), John Younger (1971), Tony Spawforth(1973). Apotheke Bird (1971), Janet Blaker (1971), Susan White Sherwin Susan (1967), Raymond (1967), Miranda Buchanan (1971), Paul Cartledge(1971), PenelopeMountjoy(1971), Sarah Paton Ian Buist (1967), Lawrence (1971), Angela Wales (1971), Renee Jones (1973). Assistants Churchill(1967), StuartThorne (1967), Olivia Johnstone(1971), Mark Magowan (1971), CharlesCoolidge (1973), David Erhart(1973). In additionmanyof thosewho workedprimarilyon the Minoan excavationin the 1968, are acknowledgedin theprefaceto theMUM 1972and 1977seasonsand whosecontributions to time considerable also devoted volume, post-Minoanworkin thoseyears. Becausea basicpurposeoftheexcavationwas tofreethearea above theMinoan buildingfor subsequentexcavation, the work itselfdemanded a wide range of skills,fromcareful cleaningto theheavytaskofremovingsubstantialmassesofRoman masonry. stratigraphical carriedout underthesupervisionofAntoniZidianakis These taskswereably and efficiently who began as foremanin 1967,and who gatheredan experiencedand varied team ofup to and toughness. as remarkablefortheirskilland devotionas fortheirstrength sixteenworkmen, withhis wife Petro of later and the excavation the Petrakis, along years study Throughout now of the area in confined the first the and restored mended finds, building Eleni, cleaned,
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used as the Taverna annexe, and later in the more expansive conditionsof the new Museum. Stratigraphical Sincethiswas a School excavation,thecostofthefieldworkand ofmuchofthesubsequent studywas borneby theCommitteeoftheBritishSchoolat Athens,withgrantsfromtheSeager Fund, theEvans Fund and theBritishAcademy.In recentyearsgenerousstudygrantsfrom theDillon Fund ofGrotonSchool,Massachusetts, and fromHunterLewis,have enabledme to in considerable of time and to Crete, spend lengths completethestudyoftheRoman pottery and otherfindsthere,and later to writeup the excavationreportand to do the necessary editorialwork. Previously publishedaccountsoftheexcavationsincludepreliminary reportsin Archaeological in for as well as short notices the Bulletin relevant issues of de Correspondance Reports 1972-3, An and Deltion. account of the House of the Diamond Frescoeswith Hellénique Archaiologikon illustrations in colour appeared in Archaeology32 (2) 1979 pp. 18-27. A studyof the debrisby E. Photos,SJ. Filippakisand C J. Salterwas presentedin theBritish metallurgical MuseumOccasional Paper No. 48 for1985,pp. 187-197.An Orientalizingdepositofpottery was publishedin the AnnualoftheBritishSchoolat Athens 73, 1978, pp. 49-80. A numberof individualobjectshave also beenillustratedand discussedelsewhere:theMagenta Ware flask i 1975 p. 27; the lead-glazed cup A2,32 (see catalogue (TC55) in BritishMuseumYearbook Roman and some terra entry); sigillataware forms,selectedbyJ.W. Hayes as typeexamples, B Form 60). e.g. D3,3 (E sig L.H. Sackett BritishSchool at Athens
Introduction The Course of the Excavations and their Layout New trencheswerelaid out at thesurfacelevelduringthe twomain seasonsdevotedto postMinoan work,1967 and 1971,withan additionalsouthextensionin 1977. Excavationofthenorthhalfofthesitewas startedin 1967,and completedin 1968whenthe Minoan workbegan. Since somewall linesoftheNorthHouse had alreadybeen revealedby theGermanexcavationof 1942,whichhad reacheda depthofabout 1.50m.,it was decided afterpreliminary cleaningto excavateas faras possibleby rooms,ratherthanby a formalgrid oftrenches. Thus thefirstareasexcavatedwereNorthHouse,Rooms I- V (see thetrenchplan, plate 1). Room V was dividedintonorthand southsectors,and comprisedwhatlaterbecame forthearea ofthe RoomsV and VI (thenumberVI havingbeen reservedduringfield-work street). A broad stripacrossthesouthside showedno surfacewalls,and the area was accordingly VII (or SE) at thesoutheast,VIII (or SW) at thesouthwestand dividedintothreetrenches, IX (or SA) at thesmallcentralsoutharea (plate 1). When wall featureswerereached,the centralstreet(VI) tookup muchofthearea SA, whileTrenchVII coveredmuchoftheEast House, and Trench VIII most of the NorthHouse southernyard ('Room' VII). All the originaltrenchareas (I-IX) continuedin use throughoutthe excavationof the lower (preRoman) levels,afterthe removalof thelaterwall features. The northsectorwas completeddownto theMinoan levelsin theperiodsJune 19 -July 25 1967,and May 23 -June 5 1968.There followeda periodwhenattentionwas divertedaway fromKnossosto urgentworkin the Lefkandicemeteries(1969-70), begunin Spring1968. The southhalfofthesitewas excavatedin 1971.Aftertheremovalby machineofa metreof topsoiland wash levels,as theyhad been recordedin the 1967 section(SectionC, no. 1), a simplegrid of six trenches(X-XV), measuring6 x 4.50m., was laid out in an area which eventuallymeasured16m.fromnorthtosouthand 14m.fromeasttowest.Workin 1971lasted fromJune9 toJuly26, withfinalcleaningin 1972 fromJune 18-23. In 1973 a season was devotedto the excavationof outstandingwells. Well 5 (Classical, due to collapse)wereexcavatedbyTony abortive),and Well 14 (3rdcenturyB.C., unfinished Well 8a B.C. unfinished due to (6th Spawforth; collapse) was excavated by Nicolas a withfinalfillofHadrianicdate, set Well cistern of Hellenistic construction Coldstream; 12, an was excavated above directly Orientalizingwell, by Hugh Sackettand JohnEllisJones. in 1977 extended the excavation at the southwestcornerof the Finally, MervynPopham for Minoan tests walls of outside the the Minoan excavation,primarily building,(see plate 1 forthelocationand area). An importantresultofthisworkwas therecoveryofthesouthwing (Room IV) of the House ofDiamond Frescoes. Stratigraphy: the location and value of drawn sections The slopingcharacterofthesiteand itsintensiveoccupationovera longperiodhave resulted in a stratigraphy thatis bothcomplexand informative. Whilein places2nd centuryA.D. walls xi
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were foundeddirectlyon the Minoan building (House of Diamond Frescoes),in others sequences of Dark Age (Trenches III, XIII, XIV), Classical (Trenches I, XII, XIII), Hellenistic(TrenchesVII, XII, XIII, XIV) and 1stcenturyA.D. Roman (TrenchesX, XI, XIII, XIV) were found. In general, though, the earlier periods were more scantily represented, exceptby pits,and theRoman had richerdeposits. It happenedthatthenatureofthenorthern halfofthesitewas radicallydifferent fromthat ofthesouthernhalf(as was also trueoftheMinoan periods).Northofthestreet,whichmarks thecentraldividingline,was founda usefulsequenceof the 2nd-3rdcenturiesA.D., in and below the NorthHouse. Beneath this,scanty1stA.D. remainsoverlaya moresubstantial sequenceofClassicaland Hellenistic,and a seriesofEarly Iron Age and laterpitsand wash levels.These are recordedstratigraphically in themajoreast-westsectionsSectionsC and D, withthesupplementary SectionF (plates 8, 9 and 12; locationon plate 1, trenchplan). At SectionD, a centralbaulk was leftrunningfromeast to westacrossthe NorthHouse, Rooms I, V and IV, and was maintainedthroughout theexcavationofearlierlevelsbelow.A north-south sectionoriginallyleftacrossRooms II, V and VI, and recordedin corresponding 1967-8, was later abandoned as more divisivethan informative. However,at SectionF a orientation,and temporarybaulk was leftat rightangles across the street,on a different overHellenistichere.This shows providesa usefulrecordofthe 1stand 2nd A.D. construction the relativepositionof the followingdepositsat thisspot: Classical (H7), Early Hellenistic (HI 3), Neronian(Nl), Hadrianic (Dl-2) and Severan(S2). The centraleast-westSectionC (plate 8), drawnat theend ofthe 1967 and 1968 seasons,cut acrossthestreetat an oblique angle,recording partofthenorthsector(at west)and partofthesouthsector,notablytheEast House and itsHellenisticpredecessorat the east. SouthofthestreettheHouse ofDiamond Frescoeswas theonlymajorlate Roman building. It was howeverisolatedbothin plan and stratigraphically fromtherestoftheexcavation,since itsfoundations cut rightdown to theMinoan, and wereterracedback throughand removed almostall tracesoftheintermediate contextis quitesimple,in periods.Hence itsstratigraphical thatitprovidesa terminus antequern forall associatedlevelsand structures excepttheupperwash levels(see SectionsA, B, E and E'). The majorpartofthesouthsectorprovideda richsequence of 1stA.D. Roman deposits,conveniently to the latersequenceof the north complementary sector,an importantbut complexand, in places,scantClassicaland Hellenisticsequence,and some Early Iron Age occupation levels, pits and even wall traces. These are recorded in SectionsA, B, E and E'. A numberofpits,in bothnorthand southsectors, stratigraphically whichdo notappear in anysection,are recordedsolelyon thepitplan,plate 5. Otherspecial sectionsare providedforWell 12 (Roman cistern)at plate 12b,thecistsoak-awaybeneaththe paved streetsurfaceat plate 12c, and a pit sequence northof the streetat the westside (SectionJ at plate 14, showingDepositsH 18, H27, FI and Tl). The Excavation Reference System and the Recording of Proveniences As faras possible,proveniences forall classesofobjectsare givennotationswhichreferto dated unitsor otherspecificfeatures(e.g. DepositH 13,NorthHouse,Well 14, deposits,architectural weremarkedwiththeoriginal Pit 31). Most objects,includingthebulkoftheRoman pottery, were selected for excavationlevel numbers;many cataloguingduringexcavationand were markedwith site, year and serial number,a P- numberbeing reservedforpottery(e.g. UM/67/P35fora vase,but UM/71/502fora bronzenail). These numbersare includedin the do not have originalexcavationnumbers,theyhave catalogue.When publishedfragments
INTRODUCTION
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to each deposita listis given beenmarkedwiththepublishednumberonly.In theintroduction ofitsoriginaltrenchand levelnumbers(oftenmultipleforan individualdeposit)so thatcross reference can easilybe made froma publisheddepositto the objectsthemselves, including Museum. unpublishedsherdmaterialboxed in the Stratigraphical fromall over the Again,numerousobjectsofinterestcame froma varietyofproveniences In site,whichlie outsideor betweensuch contexts,and have not ratedseparatetreatment. thesecases the originalexcavationnotationis given,togetherwiththe date assignedto the or no notationat all (whichcould ratherthanan unacceptablylongverbaldescription pottery, "X 2 #2021"standsfor otherwise an unstratified or context). Examples: unsatisfactory imply TrenchX, level2, basket#2021;"I(S) #0858Wall cac' content"standsforTrenchI, southern half,basket#0858,removalofwall 'ac' of thesenotations,whichare also markedon the objects,there To clarifythe significance followsa briefaccountof thelabellingsystemused in thefield. Trenchesare as follows(see plan at plate 1): (in 1967) I(N) and (S), II, III, IV (N) and (S), V(N) and (S), VI (street),VII (theSE area), VIII (theSW area), IX (thesmallcentralSouth area or SA); (in 1971) X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV (originallywrittenin arabic letters). Excavated levelsweregivenarabic numbers(writtenin a triangle,followingBritishSchool with#.These practice),and each zembilor baskethad itsown serialnumber,hereidentified numberover 3,000 and are listedin a 53 page levelsindex,available in the Stratigraphical datesforeach. Wellsweregiventhenumberofthe Museumat Knossos,withsuggestedpottery trenchwheretheywerefound(so Well 5 or Well 12); wheremorethanone wellwas foundin a singletrench,letterswereadded (so Wells8a and 8b). Walls weredenotedalphabetically,in and ran fromWall 'a' to Wall 'gd', forming theordertheyappearedas excavationprogressed, a seriesof186wallsin all. Pitswerenumberedseriallywithineach trench,withan appropriate level number,but are hererenumberedby locationfromsouthto north(plate 5 withkey). All findspublishedin thisvolumeare denotedby a letter,whichmayrefereitherto a deposit (e.g. H 16,for2nd B.C. Hellenistic,Nl forNeronian,D4 forHadrianic) or to material(e.g. C forcoin, L forlamp, M formetal). For conveniencetheseabbreviationsare listedhere in alphabeticalorder: Catalogue Identification Code
A 1-2 Bl-2 C Cl-2 D 1-6 E Fl-2 G GA-GH H 1-35 IG J K L M Nl-3 P Rl-3
Augustandeposits(includingpre-colonial) Tiberiandeposits Coins Claudian deposits(mid 1stA.D.) Hadrianicdeposits Objects in bone Flavian deposits(late 1stA.D.) Glass Geometricand Orientalizingdeposits Protogeometric, Archaic,Classical and Hellenisticdeposits NorthItalian GreyWare Clay tiles Objects in clay Lamps Metal objects Neroniandeposits Plastersculptures Aurelian/Antonine deposits(later2nd A.D.)
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Objectsin stone 3rd A.D.) Severandeposits(late 2nd/early Trajanic deposits Terracottafigurines 3rd A.D. and later) Upper levelspotterydeposits(late 2nd/early Faience and spindlewhorlsetc. Clay loomweights Stampedamphorahandlesand graffiti Sigillatastamps
S S 1-2 Tl-3 TC U V W X Y
ABBREVIATIONS The followingabbreviationsoccurin catalogueentries: D H Th
= diameter = height = thickness
fr(s). = fragment(s) = circa c. c }
Wt L max près est ext
= = = = = =
bg bf rf rs us
W
= width
weight length maximum preserved estimated extant
centi=CentUry = = = = =
black glaze black figure red figure red slip unstratified
Measurementsare in centimetres exceptwhereotherwiseindicated. are givenat thebeginningof thenotesforeach to bibliographicalreferences Abbreviations Section.
Section 1 Excavationand Architecture (PLATES 1-41) L. H. SACKETT withJ. E.JONES and OTHERS1
The Early Periods:a SummaryofResults Introduction Sub-Minoan Protogeometric Geometric Orientalizing Archaic Classical and Structures The HellenisticPeriod:Stratigraphy Introduction The NorthwestSector:the Sequence in TrenchesI and II The NortheastSector:Building'al'/'ak' The CentralWest Sector The SoutheastSector:the Sequence in TrenchXII The SouthwestSector:Quarryingpitsand New Construction Summaryof the HellenisticEvidencein ChronologicalSequence The Roman Houses: Construction, Historyand Final Occupation The SouthwestHouse The SoutheastHouse The East House The House of the Diamond Frescoes The NorthHouse The Street The NorthAqueduct
Page 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 13 16 17 19 25 34 37 47 54 57
THE EARLY PERIODS: A SUMMARY OF RESULTS INTRODUCTION Whileclearindicationhas beenfoundofthepresenceofhumanactivityon thissitethroughout theEarlyIronAge,littlecan be said ofthequalityofhabitation,sinceno actualdwellingswere 1
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EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE
found,due to continuousand sometimesmassivelaterdisturbance.Indeed onlythreewalls (Walls 'bl/bk','fy'and 'gc') can be dated as earlyas the Geometricperiod.In general,our evidenceforall periodspriorto theHellenisticcomesfroma seriesofwells,pitfills,washlevels and isolatedpatchesofearthfloorwhichwereleftintactby laterbuilders. shownby thepit That one majorearlyuse ofthearea was as a stonequarryis sufficiently plate at 5. The Minoan mansion was a fine source of dressed limestone blocks.But it plan and itis shouldbe notedthatthefeatures shownat plate 5 are byno meansall contemporary, that a times see under the crossed the area from discussion likely trackway veryearly (PG? Roman Street,below),and thattherehad in factbeendwellingshere,tojudge fromthosewall and earth floorfragmentswhich do survive,and fromwells going as far back as the Orientalizingperiod. A number of pits, too, are rubbish pits showing contemporary occupation,ratherthansolelyrobbingpits. THE SUB-MINOAN PERIOD No structures or clearoccupationlevelsoftheSub-Minoanperiodwerefound.That thesehad existedon or close to the site,however,is indicatedby a substantialdepthof fillwithSubMinoan materialwhichhad accumulatedwithinthenortheast corneroftheMinoan building, a in hollow left after to floor level earlier (LM IIIC?) times(Section filling large deep robbing C no. 22; plan at plate 5, no. 51; and cf. MUM pl. 11, level 1). Althoughno occupation horizonwas found,and indeedmostexcavatedlotswerein partcorruptedbymaterialfromthe irregularGeometricpitcuttingswhichdelimitedtheentiredepositon each side,an important groupofmaterialwas collectedand is publishedin Section 2 by MervynPopham. The Context of the Sub-Minoan Deposit Re-occupationin thefinalLate Minoan phaseswithintheUnexploredMansionhad beenmost extensivein itsNE sector,and it was herethattheprincipallevelswithSub-Minoanmaterial above LM IIIC (SectionC no. 22 werefoundat depthc. 11.00-12.50m., in part stratified above no. 24) . These layersconsistedof compactgreyto brownearthinterlacedwithfine pebble strosesand thinlayersofyellowclay and seemto representthegradualfillingin of a largerobbingpit,perhapsbegunin LM IIIC, whenthe E facadeof the buildingmay have been razed to groundlevel,and continuedin Sub-Minoantimeswhenthehigherbased LM IIIB wall at theW. sideofRoom C seemsto have beenrobbedoutin itsturn(SectionC, at the as a combinationoftrodden W. sideoflevel22). The lowerlevelsherehave been interpreted earthfloorsand wash levelsin theMinoan CorridorE, as well as in Rooms C and D further north{MUM pp. 7-13); thesucceedinglayersnextabove thesewhichcontainedSub-Minoan materialseem ratherto have consistedof deliberatefillbroughtin fromoutside,since the did not have thewornappearanceofhillsidewash. pottery,thoughfragmentary, These levelswere excavatedin 1968 as VII 47, 47a and 48-9 (= VII Pit 11) in a wide surfaceovermostofthe area of thistrench,continuingformorethanone metrein depth,c: 11.00-12.50m. They had been cut fromabove by a seriesoflaterpits,primarilyGeometric, includingPits27, 32 and 47-8 (see plan at plate 5; SectionE' no. 17 cutting21a at N). This in itself,the material has meant that while much of the Sub-Minoan potteryis distinctive recoveredwas foundto be contaminatedby Geometricand later intrusions.However,the excavationofsimilarlayerscontinuedin Pit 52 deeperdowntheslopetowardstheE facadeof
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
3
theUM to depth 10.25/10.50m.(excavatedlevel = VII 51/52,Pit 12) and hereprovidedus Sub-Minoanlayer.This compriseda broaddepressionor withan apparentlyuncontaminated it ran outoverthefacadeoftheUM, butwitha betterdefined at the east where ended pit,open westernedge (see plan at plate 5, Pit 52; SectionC no. 22, lowerleft). The 'Main Deposit' to which the materialdescribedbelow (Section 2) belongs,comes fromtheexcavatedlevelVII 51, withadditionsincludingjoiningsherdsfromXII principally ofSub-Minoanmaterialon thesitewere 53 (Pit 32) and fromVII 49. Otherminoroccurrences as follows:in a mixedcontextofTrenchXIII at depthc. 12.00-12.50m.beneatha Geometric earth floornear the south section,and in associationwith the foundationsof Wall 'gc' (EG/MG), see Section A no. 17/18;and at the extremeedge of the Little Palace cutting overlyingthe Minoan NorthPlatform(SectionD level 27). This lattercontextresembleda and washlevelwhichoverlaythetopofLM 11IB pitfill,and was overlaidbya Protogeometric to us remained all that but to the further have extended well The level latersequence. east, may at 12.00m. a thin c. was strip 1.25m.wide, depth Otherobjectsfoundin associationwithSub-Minoansherds,thoughnotin contextsfreefrom a piercedclay weightWla, a bronzeknifeor saw blade M2 are thefollowing: contamination, Mil (VII 50a), incisedbuttonsKl (VII 47a), K2 (Wall bezel a bronze ring (bothVII 52), E K3-4 (V #1048,below Floor 7) and thekylixstembead K29 (VII 46). 'gc' foundations), a for Sub-Minoan This evidence presenceat the UM site,thoughlimitedto pit filland toward showingcontinuedoccupationin thevicinitythroughout perhapsstonerobbing,helps and the Early Iron Age supplementsthe fuller deposits found furtherwest at the Excavations Museum (P.M. Warrenin AR 1982-3 pp. 64-87). Stratigraphical THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
PERIOD
The North Sector Thereis evidence,albeitquite scanty,forcontinuedoccupationin theProtogeometric period. The beststratified sequencecomesin a seriesofoccupationlevelsin a narrowstripalong the edgeoftheLittlePalace cutting,at itsnorthend,SectionD, nos.24-26. Here,in a sequenceof fivesuperimposed occupationlevelsabove an LM IIIB pit (levelno. 28) and Sub-minoanwash layer(levelno. 27), are twosuccessiveEPG levels,thelowera troddenearthlevel (no. 26), the ofmudbrickwall. In uppera floorofhardwhiteplaster(no. 25) runningup againsta fragment character of with sherds MPG/LPG (level no. 24) sequence above theseare gravelstroses, The sherd 8th date of beneatha yellowclay floor LG/EO sequenceis centuryB.C.). (late in 3 below. Section in more detail illustratedat plate 25d, and discussed The area is too confinedto makeit possibleto evaluate thenatureoftheoccupationhere. These are narrowstripsof floorlyingdirectlybeneaththe preservedlinesof Hellenisticand was Roman paved streetlevelshere(SectionD, nos.8, 9, 22), and forthisreasonthesuggestion The section of of a was that this earlier made roadway(AR 1972-3,63). verylong-lived part latestfloor(LG/EO) runsup againsta substantialwall (Wall {bP or thelowestcoursesofcbk', on plan at plate 2), a wall whichformsthe upper line of the later East Street,to be seen runningsouthalongtheeastedgeoftheexcavatedarea, beforeturninguphillto thesouthwest. However,thequalityoftheearlierfloorsurfacesdoes notseemveryappropriatefora roadway, and the betterdocumentedlower (or south) line of the streetseemsnot to predatethe 2nd centuryB.C., at least in its stonewall construction(see discussionof the Hellenisticperiod below).
4
EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE
It is betterthento leave thequestionof the natureof theseloweroccupationlevelsopen. ifnotcontinuously, in thefindsheredo indicatean activepresencesuccessively, Nonetheless, the 10th,9th and 8th centuriesB.C. The principalfindsfromthe Protogeometric period come fromthreestratigraphically isolateddeposits,GA, GB and GC, all in thenorthsectoroftheexcavation.A moredetailed contextis given below in the separatediscussionof each descriptionof theirstratigraphie but it be well to thepositionhere. summarize may deposit, These depositsrepresentoccupationdebris,but are not associatedwith any significant architectural features.DepositGA consistsofthreecompleteLPG vases foundon an isolated area ofearthfloor(possiblyeventhebottomofa pit?)whichsurvivedin a muchdisturbedarea at the northend of the excavation.Two further vases, the skyphoiGH4 and 5, the latter a stone tool a were found on similar area ofearthfloor,close by to thewest containing (S3), This had a to (plate 38d). perhapsbelonged building,now lost,whichre-useda stretchof Minoan wall stillsurviving above surfacehereat thattime(plate 38c,d; plan at plate 2, top right). The two otherdeposits,GB and GC, are pit fills,and representrubbishor redeposited destruction debris,foundin pitsoverthenorthend oftheMinoan building.DepositGB, later 9thcentury(LPG/PGB),was foundin thefillofPit44, dug intotheMinoan storeroom, Room B (MUM pl. 1), and appears to representnormaloccupationrubbish.Deposit GC, late 9th century(PGB/EGI) is perhapspartofa once largerlot,redepositedintothemassiverobbing cornerof the Minoan building. pit at the northwest The South Sector material(EPG and LPG) occurredin twoareas excavatedin 1972at ScrappyProtogeometric thetopoftheMinoan levels(MUM AreasA and B). The mostsubstantiallotsoccurredwhere theback (western)wall oftheMinoan Room H was robbed(plate 5, Pit no. 20A). Original excavationnumbersforthelargerobbingpithereare as follows:MUM A Pit 1, MUM B 13, 15, 17, 21-25, 37; XI 35, 36, 44, 56. But the area is so disturbedby later activitythat no coherentpatterncan be made out.An illustrative material exampleofisolatedProtogeometric is theLPG skyphosGH3, foundintactamongbasicallyMinoan materialbeneathan earlyMG floorat thesouthwestof thearea (see SectionE, no. 18). THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD to above. EarlyGeometricis foundonlywithPGB in Deposit GC, referred Middle Geometric The early-mid8th centuryis best representedby the fillof Pit 27 at the centreof the excavation,Deposit GD (see plan, plate 5, SectionC, no. 21). Disconnectedareas ofearth south(XV 18) are associatedbyjoiningsherds,and floor,bothnearby(VII 29) and further a and that there was substantial quitelevelarea ofoccupationherein the8thcentury suggest one a mere B.C. Two wall fragments survive, scrapbeneaththe2nd A.D. flooroftheHouse of Diamond Frescoes(no. 18 on plan at plate 5; SectionB, no. 9), theothera substantialterrace wall constructed ofre-usedMinoan blocks,at thesouthend oftheexcavatedarea (no. 10 on
EXCAVATION ANDARCHITECTURE
5
plan at plate 5; SectionA, no. 17). This wall was robbedaway at theextremesouth,but the northtracesofpavingare earthfloorranup againstit at thesectionline,and at 2.50m.further preservedon itsdownhilleasternside,runningforabout 2.5.m. to thenorth(see periodplan plate 2). Here anotherpaved area ofuncertaindate,steppedup some40cms.,is preservedon theupper,westside,and thereappearsto have been a doorwayenteringfromthenorth.If so, thewesterndoorjamb is partofa rebuildlaid directlyon theMinoan, whichwas itselflater intothefoundationoftheSouthwestHouse. It is unsafeto associatetheadjacent incorporated hereis offoundations preservedon thenorthside (Wall 'gd'), sincethestratigraphy fragment features(Pits5-6, 8-9, 11; heartharea confusedby theoccurrenceofseveralArchaic-Classical 7; see plan at plate 5). These featuresdisturbedor removedthe evidenceforGeometric isolatedthissouthernarea offloorfroma secondsimilararea occupationhere,and effectively further north,whichis in directassociationwithPit 27 and Deposit GD (SectionE' no. 20). Bothfloorsare at depthc. 12.30-12.55m. They are linkedbyjoiningsherds.The numbersof theoriginalexcavationlevelsare thefollowing(asterisksshowjoins): VII 29, *43A, *44 (pit fill);XII 23, 24, *46 (pit fill),1972 #55,XIV 37, XV 18, MUM I Pit 1, MUM 1972 #38, MUM B 3, 11, *17, 17A. Maximumdimensionsof the totalrelatedarea are c. 14 x 5m. In additioncompactedwash levelscontainingMG materialoverlaythe westwall of the Minoan buildingas fillin the PG robbingpit (PLATE 5, Pit 20A), excavated as XI 34. Disturbedmaterialfromthisarea was also foundplaced as sealingovertheadjacentHellenistic discussionin thefollowingsection. robbingpit (plate 5, Pit 22); see further Late Geometric The later 8th centuryis best representedby the fillof Pit 41 (Deposit GE), dug into the corneroftheMinoan building(plate 5, no. 41), as a robbingpitforthesouthwall northwest here (MUM pl. 1, Room A). This pit howeveris isolated ofthesmallMinoan compartment and all associated occupation levels must have been removedby later, stratigraphically, in thisarea. Classicaland Hellenistic,construction date is a wash levelat thewestbaulk,runningfrom5 to The nearestlevelofcontemporary MG washlevels(XI 10m.to thesouth(SectionC, no. 19), excavatedas XI 25, and overlying in the 1stcenturyB.C., later was levels material both of these From extracted, probably 34). whenfirmfillwas neededto closethetop oftheadjacentHellenisticrobbingpit (plate 5, no. oftheSoutheastHouse. Hence derives 22), no doubtto providea firmbase forthefoundations a Late Geometricfillhere,above the Hellenisticand below the Roman foundations(XI 33 #2632). OtherLate Geometricmaterialoccurssporadically,oftenas residualmaterial,all overthe VIII 30, XI 22, 23, 24, 25, excavationlevels:VI 12-15belowroad surface, site,in thefollowing 42, 45, 49, 53, 54; XII 54, XIII #2721,30; XIV 34, 36, Floor III #2766,and MUM II 8, or where MUM V Room 10,4 and 5. But mostofthesecontextsare notofgreatsignificance, section. theyare, thematerialrunsa littlelater (to LG/EO) and is discussedin thefollowing THE ORIENTALIZING
PERIOD
The earlyseventhcenturyis bestrepresented by an interesting groupfoundin thefillofPit47, DepositGF, in thecentreoftheexcavatedarea (see plan at plate 5, no. 47; SectionC no. 20). This represents domesticrubbish,buttheoccupationlevelfromwhichit was dug downhas left
6
EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE
littletraceand doesnotappearin thesectionwhichcutsthroughthepit (SectionC). This level ran to thesouthsome40cms.higherthantheMG floor,but again onlya remnantappearsin Section E' (level no. 16). But theremay have been some occupationin thiscentralarea theseventhcentury, fora laterOrientalizing throughout deposit,foundonlysome8m. awayin the fillof Well 12, thoughisolatedstratigraphically due to laterconstruction, does indicate local habitationhereofsomequality(plan at plate 5, no. 30). This excellentdeposit,already discussedbelowby N. Coldstream(Section 3) in its publishedat BSA 73, 1978,49, is further relationto otherKnossiandeposits.Traces ofsimilarearthfloorswerepreservedbetweenpits at thesouthin theexcavatedlevelsXIV 34, 35, 36 (SectionA, no. 16), again lyingabove MG. Anotheroccurredin thenarrowstripbesidetheLittlePalace cuttingat thenortheast, stratified above Protogeometric and below Hellenistic(SectionD, no. 23). Here was foundan earth layersome 35-40cms.deep, overlyinga yellowclay floor,withsome pebble and ash. The occurrenceof an intermediatetroddenearth level suggestsa reasonablylong period of continuoususe.
THE ARCHAIC PERIOD A breakin thesequenceofevidenceforcontinuedoccupationat Knossoshas been notedfor muchofthe6thcenturyB.C., a periodnotenrichedby tombfinds,sincetheearlierserieshad cometo an end withtheclosingoftheold familychambertombsby thelate 7thcentury, norto be foundin thosesettlement contextswhichhave so farbeen investigated at Knossos.These factors are discussedbelowbyN. Coldstreamin relationship toDepositGG, a wellgroupwhich some a smallgroup,possiblyofa fairly towards the this is maygo way filling gap. However, wide chronologicalspread, and we must await furtherexcavationfora more convincing deposit. 5thB.C.) Apartfromthis,ourseriesofArchaicdepositsfallslatein theperiod(late 6th/early and fiveofthesixcontextsselectedby PJ. Callaghanas ofchronological value derivefrompit fills,forwe are again obligedto relymainlyon thistypeofevidence,due to a totallackofbuilt featuresdatable to thisperiod.One contextonly,Deposit HI (A), consistsof a smallarea of occupationdebrisleftintactin a muchdisturbedarea besideWell 14,towardsthesouthofthe excavation.Usefully, one elementin thisdisturbancewas thediggingofPit 8, containingthe laterArchaicdepositH3, and thusprovidingus witha clearstratigraphie sequence.The other concerned a are excavated at the west baulk of the 1977 excavationin Area pits partially pit a small rubbish-filled at the north end of the Minoan mansion XVI, DepositH1(B); pit dug HI Pit and two at the Pits 15 53; south, containingDeposit (C), largerpits (DepositH2) and 5 the at plate of For the location of see 5. these, (DepositH6). plan pits The natureofthesedeposits,all excepttwostratigraphically isolated,is describedin fuller detailin theintroductory remarksto thepotterydepositsat Section 4 below. OtherArchaicmaterialoccurredsporadicallyin a fairlywidescatteroverthesite,in mixed depositsor residualin Classicaland latercontexts.The originalexcavationnumbersofthese contextsare as follows:I(S) 33; I(N) 24; III(E) #1080b,East Street,troddenlayerwithwall cbk'upper courses;V #0605walls 'an' and cj' content;VI 7 #0909,8 #0697,12-13; VII 31 #0734;IX Pit 5 #0910;XI 51; XII 27-29 (mixedfill);XIII #2716;XIV 32-3, 46-9 and 51; MUM D 1A. These contextsincludePits6, 9, 11-12 and 24, whichcan be foundalong with thosefromwhichmaterialis published(Pits 5, 8, 15 and 53), on plan at plate 5.
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
7
Miscellaneousfindsfromsuch contextsare includedwith Classical materialat 'Deposit' Hll. Since manyof thesepits,especiallythosein the southsector,appear to have been dug to maybe formedthata fairlyevenoccupationlevelonce existed disposeofrubbish,a hypothesis thereduringthe Archaic period at a littleover 13.00m,the groundlevel fromwhich the diggingwas made (12.90m.forPit 5, 13.25m.forPit 15). This would have runsome 50cms. higherthantheMG earthfloorrecordedin thisarea (c. 12.30-12.55m.), and could have run up againstthe naturalrockledge whereit risesat the westside of the cuttingforthe deeply terracedMinoan building (Section A, west side, at c. 13.40m.). But thereis insufficient the contoursof the originalArchaicgroundlevel,and evidenceto enable one to reconstruct littlebeyondthedomesticpotteryto indicatethe characterofoccupation. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD The natureoftheevidencefortheClassicalperiodis similarto thatfortheprecedingstage.Of six Classical contextschosenfortheirstratigraphical value, fourconsistof pit or well fills (DepositsH5-6, 8, 10), whilethe othertwo representsuperimposedoccupationfloorsin the northsectorof the site (H7 and 9). Here, in Trench I, althoughno built structuresare identifiable,therewas at this time a fairlyextensivelevelled area, and a stratigraphical sequencecan be establishedrelatingsuccessiveearthfloors(H7 and 9) to pit fill(H8) and to bothHellenisticfloorsand a 3rd centuryB.C. well (Well 1 containingDeposit laterfeatures, at SectionD, nos. 11-16. H14). This sequenceis shownstratigraphically Our Classicaldeposits(H5-10) rangefromthelate 5thcenturyto theend ofthe4thcentury B.C. (H9 beingvirtually earlyHellenistic),butearlier5thcenturymaterialcontainedin Well 5 (DepositH6) does indicateearlyClassical occupationin the adjacent area (see discussionof thatdeposit).Additional5th centurymaterialwas foundin some of the less well stratified - see HI 1,2-5, and thelistofsuch Classical contextsbelow. contexts, AssociatedwiththeoccupationdepositsH7 (c. 410-360 B.C.) and H9 (later4th B.C.) are at the ofwallingwhichrunfromnorthto south,wall cbk'on earlierfoundations twostretches streetline to theeast,and V whichhad a longhistoryoflaterrebuilding,to thewest(plan at area at the the plate 2). Possiblysomeof the otherwall stubssurvivingin theintermediate remainsto limitoftheexcavationmayhave beenassociated;butthereare insufficient northern otherthanto say thatan extendedperiodofdomestic warrantany attemptat reconstruction, occupationseemslikelyin thearea. Though theClassicalwellwas abortive,and neverin fact used,it too mustindicatelocal habitationand thedesireto avoid watercarrying;and indeed anotherwell was in use onlysome 6.0m. away duringthe nextcentury(Well 1). corneroftheUM (thecomplexof Pit fillsincludepartofa massivedepositat thenorthwest Pits57 and 60) containingDepositH8 ofc. 375-350 B.C. ApparentlyPit57 (alongwithPit45) cut throughand partiallyoverlaythe earlierClassical occupationlayerhere (H7), but had becomecompactedand thegroundlevelledrightacrosstheexcavationsiteto thewestby the timewhenthelaterClassical occupationlevel (H9) was laid down. Thus theClassicalsequencein TrenchI consistsof (i) earthfloor(I(S) 33) withevidenceof 4thB.C. occupation(DepositH7), (ii) thediggingofa pit at thewest(Pit 57) late 5th/early cuttingthroughthisfloorand thenbeingrefilledwithmaterialof c. 375-300 B.C. (Deposit H8), (iii) thelayingofa new earthfloorabove boththese(I(S) 31) whoseuse continuesto c. 300 B.C. (DepositH9). Therefollowsa latersequencein which(iv) Well 1 (late 3rdB.C.) cuts
8
EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE
south (I(S) 26), and (v) was later througha continuationof thisoccupationlayerfurther overlaidby packingmaterialincludingmuchcut kouskouras(I(S) 24) for(vi) a further earth floor(I(S) 23 'floor4') oflaterHellenisticdate. For discussionofthecontinuing latersequence, betterrepresentedfurthernorth,in Trench I(N), see under Hellenistic(Deposits H34-6) below. Pit fillsin otherareas do not fitthe stratigraphical sequence in thisusefulway: Pit 23 to the south is see isolated, plan at plate 5, no. 23, thoughit can (DepositH5) comparatively be associated,along withPit 16 (DepositH 10) withthegeneralArchaic/Classical occupation horizonin thissector,- see discussionabove in connectionwiththeArchaicperiod.Othernear ofthissectorare Pits4, 17 and 24, alongwitha fragment features offloor,and a contemporary fill hearth with ash plates at 5 no. at plate view 2, 7; clay-built (plan 25b). Again domestic herefromtheArchaic occupation,cookingand thedisposalofrubbish,is indicated,continuing definition is possible. throughthe Classicalperiod,but no further Wall fragments whichcan be dated to theClassicalperiodare also foundin thecentraleast sector(TrenchesVII and XII). These are listedhere, but in view of the quite intensive Hellenisticoccupationwhichfollowedon, are best discussedbelow in relationto this.The is complicated;thewallsare scrappyand somemayhave beenno morethansmall stratigraphy terracewalls,so thatno conclusionmaybe drawnbeyondstatingthebare possibility thatthe Hellenistichouses which were terracedup the slope here, may have had some Classical The wall fragments in questionare 'be', 'bd', 'be', 'bm' (plan at plate 2, Sections predecessors. C and F), 'fg5and 'fu' (plan at plate 13 withSectionG). fromClassical contextsconfirmthe impressionthat the site was Sixtysevenloomweights used forlocal domesticactivities,includingweaving,as do some eleventerracottafigurines (TC15-25) and a numberofmetalobjects,includingsomesimpleweapons (M28), toolsand otherimplements (M31, 38, 46, 53, 57, 80, 83, 89) and personalobjects(M48, 50, 86). Justone of furnaceliningsuggeststhatmetal-working, betterdocumentedin laterperiods, fragment was alreadya local industrysomewherein the area. In summary, evidenceforClassicaloccupationis foundall overthesite,bestpreservedin a sectors;only stratigraphical sequenceat thenorth,butalso foundin thesouthand east-central are possibleas to theoriginalnatureand qualityofthisoccupation. verytentativesuggestions
THE HELLENISTIC
PERIOD: STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURES
INTRODUCTION A muchfullerrecordoftheHellenisticperiodat thissitewas recovered,eventhoughhere,too, severedisturbanceby Roman buildershas made the evidencediscontinuousand thus the and complex.A sequenceof26 dated pottery farmoredifficult depositshas processofrecovery beenselectedby P. J. Callaghan to illustratethisperiod,as comparedwithtenfortheArchaic floordeposits,floorpacking,fillsand and Classicalcombined,and ofthesesome 18 represent wall features,while the othersix comprisetwo wellsand fourpits.Many of thesedeposits, seriesat linksin one ofseveralcloselystudiedstratigraphical includingwellsand pits,constitute a numberoflocationswithintheexcavatedarea, and manycan be relatedto a builtstructure, Hellenisticcontextshas enabledP. J. Callaghan This sequenceofstratified albeitfragmentary. the most to establisha datable typeseriesforthe local Hellenisticpottery,and constitutes studies. Hellenistic the UM excavation to of contribution significant
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
9
A shortlistofthesedepositsin chronological ordercan be foundplaced withthestudyofthe in 4 Section but it be well to list here topographicallytheirvarious below, may pottery locations within the excavation, before proceeding to discuss building remains and contextsin moredetail. The principallocationsare as follows(see plans at stratigraphical plates 1, 2 and 5): (i) TrenchesI(N) and II, overlyingor cuttingthe Classical occupationlevels here and beneath the Roman North House court and Room II: Deposits H33-36 (1st B.C., Hellenistic)and H14 (3rd B.C. well). Trench VII, at theeast edge oftheexcavationin building'ak/al'whichwas constructed (ii) overearlierHellenisticand Classicalterracewalls and beneaththeRoman East House: Deposit H13 (3rd B.C.) Trench VIII at thecentralwestsector,withoccupationdebrisand pit fillsclose above (iii) disturbedMinoan fill,in a 2nd B.C. terracedarea beneaththeRoman NorthHouse yard: DepositsH15-16 (1st half2nd B.C.), H18 (2nd B.C.) and H37 (1stB.C.) (iv) TrenchXII at the east edge in a buildingof severalconstruction phases,situatedover Classicalterracewallsand beneaththeRoman SoutheastHouse: a sequenceofdeposits, H 19-27, runningfrom3rd to 1stcenturiesB.C. XI and XIII. A seriesofpitfillsand occupationlayersin thesouthwest sectorof Trenches (v) theexcavation;theseincludedrobbingpitsdug intoMinoan levelsand earlyoccupation levelsbeneaththeRoman Southwestand SoutheastHouses,in somecasesassociatedwith theirlowestcoursesor foundations. A description is givenhereoftheselocal contextsand thestratigraphie sequencesinvolved, on thesiteduringthe followedby a briefchronologicalsummaryoftheoveralldevelopments 3rd to 1stcenturiesB.C.
THE NORTHWEST SECTOR: THE SEQUENCE IN TRENCHES I AND II in thisarea. The wall fragments Littlecan be said ofthesurvivingstructures ofTrenchI(S), shownon plan at plate 2 withviewsat plate 35d,e (Wallsaa-ab, am-an, au-av and bn-bo), belongin thelate Hellenisticto earlyRoman period,but are in a disturbedcontextand not associatedwithany satisfactory potterydeposits.Althoughscrappy,theydo fitthepatternof evidencefora continuity ofoccupationthroughtheHellenisticperiod,whichis providedbythe stratigraphie sequenceelsewherein TrenchesI- II. the Following 4thB.C. sequencein TrenchI(S) was a phase to whichWell 1 (1sthalf3rd Later B.C.) belonged,but ofwhichno tracesurviveson thegrounddue to laterconstruction. buildersmusthave terracedthegroundback here,removingwelltopand associatedfloorsand buildings.A possiblereasonforthismaybe foundin thetracesofa 3rdB.C. destruction byfire, indicatedby a quantityofburntmaterialcontainedin thewell fill(Deposit H 14). Afterthe abandonmentand fillingin ofthewell,stonepackingwas placed overtheresulting hollowto 1 the new earth floors which D followed nos. are support (Section 1-13). These,however, better and have useful associated a little further to thenorth(excavation preserved deposits(H33-36) nos: TrenchI(N) 15, 18 and pit 5; II 7 #0146,7a #0299,8). DepositH33, thefloordepositat II 7 withassociatedpacking,cannotbe associatedwithany builtstructure, sinceit was cut on all sides by later,Roman, foundationtrenches.Deposits H34- 6 show a sequenceoffloorpacking,floordepositand laterpit fillwhichbelongto the
10
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
latest Hellenisticon the site, down to the 3rd quarter of the 1st centuryB.C., again associatedwithsurviving builtstructures. The latedatingofthefloor notdirectly unfortunately is on floor of a confirmed the the by post-Metellancoin,C73 (37-31 deposit(H35) presence which down to the us B.C.), brings virtually Augustanperiod.It is possiblethatthepatternof in from late Hellenistic continuity buildingplans throughearlyRoman, whichwe findin the southsectoroftheUM site,also obtainedhere,but extensive2nd A.D. Roman construction has disturbedall relevantremains,leavingonlya seriesofwall stubsat thenorthside (plates 2, 35c).
THE NORTHEAST SECTOR (TRENCH VII): BUILDING 'al'/'ak' Planat plate 2, SectionF. Two wallssetat rightanglesneartheeasternedgeoftheexcavationare all thatsurviveofa 3rd B.C. building,whichhad beenterracedbackintothehillsidehere.Wall 'al', thelonger century stretchrunningalong thecontourapproximately NE-SW was preservedc. 40-60cms.highin smallstoneconstruction. It was foundedcloseovera nearlyparallelClassicalwall ('be') and was backed close againstthe survivingtop ofa massiveMinoan wall on its upper,westside (SectionF nos. Il, 16, 20), so thatit formedone ofa seriesofsuccessiveterracewalls which appear to fanout at different periodsas theysupportthechangingline of the trackwayand later streetabove (plate 39a, b). The returnwall (cak5)stood ratherhigher(up to eight courses)butwas preservedrunningfora stretchofonlyabout 3.5m.,beforebeingcutshortat the scarp of the LittlePalace cutting.The two walls protecteda triangulararea of trodden earthfloor,on whichwas foundthefloordepositHI 3 (late 3rdB.C.) The roomofwhichthis formeda part seems to have been substantial(7 x 3.5m. preserved)but an insufficient proportionremainsto makerestoration possible.The potterydepositgivesno indicationofa functionotherthan domestic,but the discoveryhere of a homogeneousgroup of furnace bottomsfroma smithing metalworkin the foundry(M167- 174) does indicatecontemporary No metallurgical installation or otherindicationofthisindustry was foundwithinthis vicinity. buildinghowever,and thismaterialmay have been introducedfromelsewhere,thoughit is hardto see whyit wouldhave been transported anygreatdistance.Verysimilarmaterialfrom later periods (Section 11 below, nos. M551-600) adds supportto the hypothesisthat the metallurgical processeswerebeingcarriedout in theimmediatevicinity. It is not possibleto connectBuilding'al'/'ak' stratigraphically with any other.Though approximatelycontemporarywith the nearly adjacent Trench XII HellenisticPhase I building (the Tm' complex discussedbelow), thereis no structuralconnectionand the intermediate is unclear.The one directphysicalconnection,Wall 'be', whichis stratigraphy overriddenby 'ak' and evidentlycut and overriddenby 'bh'/'fm',seemsto be earlierthan eitherbuilding.
THE CENTRAL WEST SECTOR (TRENCH VIII) Planat plate 5 (Pits39-40,43). Sectionat plate 14b. werefoundin thisarea, but rathera seriesofpits(dated 2nd B.C., 2nd quarter) No structures cuttingthroughan earlierHellenisticoccupationlevel (VIII 33 withDepositH 15,dated 2nd
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
11
B.C., 1stquarter)and into a seriesof earlierpits (Pit 38, Classical; Pits41, 44, Geometric). Stratified above theprimaryfillofPit 39 was latermaterial(DepositH37, dated 1stB.C., 3rd a secondaryfill. quarter)constituting The occupationlayer containingDeposit H 15 consistedof a deep accumulationof dark earthoverlying a floorcomposedofwhitishclaywithstones,at depthc. 13.50m. sherd-packed no. it was tracedonlyin theirregularareas at thewestsideofTrenchVIII (see SectionC, 14); whichweremissedby theseriesoflaterpits.Thus it cannotbe associatedwithany building. in the However,in generaltermsitmaybe connectedwithfairlywidespread2ndB.C. activities Minoan southeastand southwest sectors,whichincludestonequarryingfromthe building,the NE-SW the line of the construction ofa massivestoneterracewall running trackwayand along south side laterstreethere,and a subsequentbuildingprogrammeon itslower, (see discussion of thesoutheastand southwestsectorsbelow). Whetherthe laterHellenisticpit diggerswho workedin thisarea (Pits 39-40, 43) had as theirpurpose the extractionof Minoan blocks is uncertain.The northwestcornerof the but thisarea may Minoan buildinghad alreadybeen robbedout, virtuallyto foundations, thepitsactuallycut intoearlier have seemedpotentially productive.Whatevertheintention, Geometricto Classicalpitfill(Pits38, 41, 44), and forsuccessful quarryingtheworkersturned workdating south(at Pits1,2, and 22). Traces ofthequarrymen's to Minoan masonryfurther B.C. wereleftin a strosisofmasons'stonechips,shownat SectionC, no. to themid2nd century 13. rubbishbut some evidenceforthequalityofthe The pitswererefilledwithcontemporary Hellenisticoccupationwas also providedby the 2nd B.C. depositsof Pits 39-40 and 43 destruction material(see discussionof the pottery (primaryfill)whichincludedre-deposited groupsin Section 4 below). Much laterHellenisticmaterial(DepositH37 in Pit 39, dated 1st above the2nd B.C. materialofPit 39 in a layerofgrey B.C., 3rdquarter)was foundstratified deliberatelevelling a secondaryfill.It mayconstitute earthwithcookingwares,and constitutes due to settlingoftheearlierpitfill,and thisevidentlyimpliescontemporary occupationin the area. It was sealed by an earlyRoman occupationlevelshowingAugustanbuild-upbeneath an earth floorwith Tiberian destructiondeposit (Bl). Althoughno trace of architectural survivedforeitherof theseperiods,due to later buildingactivities,the sequence structures seen elsewhereon thesite. seemsto fitthe patternof 1stB.C. /IstA.D. continuity THE SOUTHEAST SECTOR: THE SEQUENCE IN TRENCH XII (EAST) Tm'and 'fF/Te'. Planand sectionat plate 13. Two phasesofconstruction, Building complexes As notedabove therewas a broadlylevelledarea herein the Geometricperiod,and thereis evidenceforlateroccupationin theOrientalizingperiod(at Well 12) and theClassicalperiod deposits (Walls cfg'and Tu'). Subsequentactivitieslefta complexseriesof small stratified an important B.C., whichconstitute rangingfromthe3rdto the1stcenturies sequence,studied by P. J. Callaghan and describedin greaterdetailin connectionwiththepotterycontextsin Section 4 below. The summarygiven here is based on thisstudy.The potterygroupsin questionare DepositsH 19-27. Potterydepositson the Roman courtyardfloorabove were principally2nd A.D. (see Deposit D5). The wallswhichsurvivefromtheClassicalperiod(Tg' and Tu') are notsufficient to enable one to assessthe natureof the buildingsto which theybelonged,althoughone (Tu') does preservepartofa returnwall runningwestat rightangles (see plan at plate 13); therewas
12
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
howeversufficient disturbedClassicalmaterialin thefillfoundbehindtheHellenisticterrace wall 'fm'(SectionG no. 14) and in thefabricofthewallsto suggestthattherehad been local occupationat that time.These walls, then,may have belongedto houses of the Classical period,builthereon theeasternfacingslopes.Theywillhave beenrazedto belowtheiroriginal floorlevel,whentheHellenisticPhase I buildingswereconstructed. Building Phase I, the cfm5complex A numberofwall fragments survivefromthefirstHellenisticphasewithassociatedfloorlevels. The principalwall Tm' is a strongly builtterracewall runningnorth-south and is preserved somesevencourseshighin smallstonemasonry(plan at plate 13, SectionG no. 13); it has a returnwall 'fn'at thenorthend whichformsan anglegreaterthan90%, butis preservedonly fora stretchofc. 1.5m.Two otherconnectingwalls on theeast side are almostentirelylost, truncatedby the LittlePalace cutting,althoughsufficient remainsof 'fv' and 'fn' to showa constructed the for internal tightly 'dog-leg',possibly support steps.Two otherwall fragments ofthisphaseare founda littledistanceup theslope ('ffi'and 'fi"),one runningcloselyparallel, theseconda littleout ofline,and theseconstitute all thesurvivingstructures. SectionG showsno floorlevel survivingon the west,uphillside of Wall 'fm',due to the construction whichtookplace therein thesecondHellenisticphase; but a littlefurther north tracesoffloorwerefoundbetweenWalls 'fm'and 'fh',- possiblypartofan open area. Deposit theoccupationmaterialfromabove thisfloor,and a date runningdownto 175 H22 represents B.C. is suggested.Fragmentsofotherfloorlevelssurvive,some50cms.lower,on theeast side themainperiodof (SectionG nos. 11 and 12), thesecondofthesea cobbledfloorrepresenting The found sealed beneath this floor occupation. pottery (Deposit H21) givesa construction date forthebuildingphase in thelastquarterofthe3rd centuryB.C. This fitswiththelatest evidencefromthe terracefillbehindWall 'fm' and fromthe fabricof the walls themselves (DepositH20). Thus we have a first butyieldingsufficient buildingphase,notwellpreservedarchitecturally evidence to show construction in the years following225 B.C., followedby a period of oftheseremainsis that occupationreachingto about 175 B.C., and thenaturalinterpretation houses terraced into a which linked thehigherplatform theyrepresent gentleeast-facing slope of theUM area withthelowerlevel thenexistingover the LittlePalace. Building Phase II, the 'fF/'fe'complex In a laterphaseofbuildingWall 'fm'was levelled,newfillwas laid down,Walls'fF,'fe','fj'and different werebuilton a slightly 'fs'/'fr' alignment(plan at plate 13) and Wall 'fF replaced 'fm'as a terracewall whosefloorson itswestside weresome50cms.higherthanthoseon the east (SectionG, no. 7). Floorson theeast,downhill,sideare nowshownpreservedrunningeast fora greaterlengthbeforetheyare lostto theLittlePalace cutting,due to thefactthat'fFis set backa littlefurther west(SectionG nos.5-6). On theotherhandlater(Augustan)robbingand downto foundation on thewest,uphill,sideremovedthePhase II structures newconstruction levelat leastto thesouthofWall 'fe',thearea recordedat SectionG (SectionG nos.3.) Pottery flooron thenorthside ofWall 'fe'is publishedas froma betterpreservedarea withsurviving ofthePhase II complexis while material from the packingfillsand construction DepositH25, that the occupationof this It is Section nos. at H24 G, 8-10). suggested (see given Deposit B.C. into the 1st lasted down century phase
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
13
An importantfeatureof thisarea is the cement-lined bottlecisternat Well 12, described below in connectionwith the Roman Southeast House. Constructeddirectlyover the Orientalizingwell (Well 12 proper),it was foundchokedwith2nd centuryA.D. material whichcontinuedin (DepositD4), but thereis evidencethatit was a Hellenisticconstruction, in use throughthe 1stcenturyA.D. The potteryevidenceforthisis given DepositsH23 and H26-7, whichare associatedwitha seriesofstructural stages changesmadeduringthedifferent ofuse and re-useof the cistern.A photographicrecordof thesestagesis givenat plate 29. The cisterncap is alignedwitha Phase II wall (cff)whereasthe precedingPhase I wall nowabandonedforsome500 years;possibly ('fm')ranpartiallyovertheold disusedwell-shaft, at subsidenceoftheOrientalizingfillmay have proveda problemforthe Phase I structures, to cement-lined any rate its re-opening,sealingoffat depth 7m. and conversionfromwell bottlecisternseemsto have occurredsoon afterthelevellingof the Phase I building. The earliestarrangementat the cisternhead included the capstone,a small tile drain the upper stone-builtshaftat the north,and a flagstonefloorlaid down on the penetrating northside (plate 29a). The flagstonefloorpartiallyoverlaythe stumpof the Phase I wall is derivedDeposit H23. ('fm') and fromthisfloorand the earthbeneaththeflagstones In a secondstructural phase thiswashingarea was plasteredover.The flagstonefloorwas coveredby a good plasterlayerwhichturnedup in a continuoussurfacewiththeeast faceof Wall ;ffand also coateda smallbasinintowhichwaterwas directedby a raisedkerb(plates 12b nos. 2-3; 29b). The laterHellenisticpotterydepositH26 (2nd B.C.) was foundin this plasterbasin. A finalphaseofuse was markedby thelevellingofthiswashingarea and by thefillingin of thebasin.The fillwas closedby theplacingofa serratedmillstone(S36) overit. In additiona stonedrain ran out to the east, althoughthisis mostlylost to the LittlePalace cutting(for millstone and drain,see plate 29c,d). DepositH27 is derivedfromthelatestHellenisticphase of use (1st B.C.), and was foundon this floorlevel sealed beneath the later, Augustan, above. ofthe SoutheastHouse immediately foundations A probableconnectionofthisarea withcontemporary buildings(2nd and 1stB.C.) seton a widelevelledarea to thewestand ofgenerousplan,is indicatedbyjoiningsherdsfromDeposits H26 (here) and H30 (at the west). This is discussedbothin connectionwiththe Hellenistic oftheRoman Southeast sectorbelow,and also withthepre-Augustanfoundations southwest in dotted ofthebuildingplan is represented (and Southwest)Houses;a possiblereconstruction the Phase II walls 'ff and 'fj' (as shownat plate 13). linesat plate 2, incorporating In summary, thescrappyand complexremainsofthisarea have provideda usefulsequence B.C. They mayperhapsbe seen ofHellenisticdepositsrunningfromthe3rdto the 1stcenturies terraced as smallstructures as derivingfromhouses,beginningliketheirClassicalpredecessors into intothehillsideslope,butby theend ofthe2nd centuryB.C. mayhave beenincorporated a widernewplan whichcoveredall thelevelledgroundon theupper,west,side.By thistimea water cisternat Well 12, whichno doubt centralfeatureof the area was the cement-lined needed theextensivecatchmentarea thusprovidedto replenishitswatersupply.
THE SOUTHWEST SECTOR (TRENCHES X/XI AND XIII) Pits1-3 and 22 (on planat plate 5); bya periodofmajorconstruction. Quarrying pitsfollowed shownin dottedlineson planat plate 2. Pottery Walls'el', 'em','fa','fb','fc'and others Deposits HI 7 and 28-32.
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EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE
Quarrying pits Stone robbing took place on a large scale in this sector during the 2nd centuryB.C. and potteryfindsestablishthefollowing a smaller Stratigraphy sequence:Pit 3 was dug first, pitcontainingpotteryofc. 175-150B.C. (DepositHI 7); it was cut by Pit 1, whichcontained mid2nd B.C. pottery(alongwithearliermaterial)and whichmaybe linkedbyjoiningsherds withboth Pit 2 and Pit 22 (Deposit H28). OverlyingPit 22 are laterHellenistic(1st B.C.) occupationlevels,- DepositH29, floorpacking,and H30, floor- whichin turnconnectwith thelatestfloors(DepositH26) in theBuilding'ff/'fe'complexto the east alreadydiscussed. 1stB.C. OverlyingPits 1 and 2 are otherlate Hellenisticoccupationlevelsand fragmentary - DepositsH29, floor structures and from floors and structures. H32 packing, The pitsconcernedrobbedout thedressedrectangularblocksofone columnoftheMinoan pillarroom,and massiveblocksoftheexteriorterracewall on thewestside,verypossiblyalso partsoftheinternaland upperstorywalls.It seemsprobablethatone use fortheseblockswas in the construction of the streetterracewall, 'el', whosefoundationsused just such massive blocks (plan at plate 2; SectionC no. 7, foundations),plate 30e showstheirline resting directlyon the survivingMinoan west wall, beside Pit 22. An early 2nd centuryB.C. occupationlevelto thenorthand westofthiswall was describedabove in connectionwiththe centralwestsector(see DepositH 15,200-175 B.C.) alongwithanotherseriesofearly/mid 2nd B.C. pits(Pits39-40,43, DepositH 16). These add to thepictureofconsiderableactivityalong thewestside oftheUM siteduringtheearlyto mid 2nd centuryB.C., but cannotbe related withany greaterprecisionto thesubsequentbuildingprogramme. Late Hellenistic Construction The major terracewall ('el') referred to above providedstrongfoundations forthe trackor streetwhich ran obliquely uphill across the site, a line which was to remain essentially unchanged,throughvariousphases of rebuilding,forsome 300 years (see discussionof the Roman streetbelow). A numberof walls, essentiallyRoman but apparentlyon an earlier Hellenisticplan,abuttagainstthiswall on itslower,southside.These are shownin dottedline at plate 2. In twoareas Hellenisticpotterydepositsand relatedfragmentary have structures beenrecovered, and theseare discussedin thissection;elsewheretheevidenceis culledfromthe detailedexaminationof the Roman foundations(see discussionof Southwestand Southeast Housesbelow).Butalthoughtheevidencethuscollectedis discontinuous and fragmentary, itis ofsomeimportanceforour understanding ofurbandevelopmentat Knossos,sinceit leads to theconclusionthatbasicproperty lineswerelaid outand houseplanningwas developedduring the 2nd centuryB.C. in thisarea, and that theseremainedin theiressentialsunchanged untilthe major rebuilding throughvariousvicissitudes(includingearthquakedestructions) of with the construction of theHouse oftheDiamond the later 2nd centuryA.D., programme Frescoes. The firstarea wherelate Hellenisticdepositsoccurredis at thewesternend oftheSoutheast House (at TrenchX/XI), probablypartofthesame buildingwhichalso coveredthevarious featuresofTrenchXII describedabove. In the triangulararea whichlaterformedthewest oftheRoman SoutheastHouse (plan at plate 17a,viewat plate 30f)was founda workroom level of earthpacking (XI 30) whichcoveredthe mid 2nd B.C. robbingpit (Pit 22) and supporteda late Hellenisticearth floor(XI 27). Potterygroupsderivingfromthese two contextsare DepositsH29 (packing)and H30 (floor).These bringus downintothe1stcentury
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
15
B.C., and can be associatedwiththeterracewall cePat thewestand witha partitionwall ('es') at the east, thoughthe southerndividingline ('eo') may be a laterfoundation.Wall 'eo' is shownat plate 30d withre-usedolive pressbuilt-in,and again withits foundationcourses 'fq' (noton plan), restingon thisfloorat plate 30e; thislatterviewalso showsa wall fragment in mid cut Pit the of an earlier Hellenistic thesoleremnant 2nd centuryB.C. phasehere, by 22 a was well sealed stone This whole by heavy packingthrown sequence (plate 30e at topright). fill to further of the in forthesucceedingRoman floors, settling pit and consequent possiblydue in floor thisarea withthatin of the late Hellenistic subsidence(plate 39f). The connection a slenderlink,but sherds form to above;joining TrenchXII (DepositH27) has been referred thata widelevelledarea withunifiedbuildingplan alreadyexistedhere add to theimpression at thistime. and occupationwerefoundis at The secondarea wheretracesoflate Hellenisticstructures thewestsideofTrenchXIII, associatedwithWalls ceP,'em', 'da' and 'fa' to 'fc'.Althoughless exiguous than those of the contextjust described,the remainsare still slightand the recordedat plate tentative.A plan is givenat plate 2, and thestratigraphy interpretation 14a, SectionH (forwhosepreciselocation,see plate 1). The potteryevidencefromthisarea is a 1stB.C. Hellenisticsequenceprecedingtheearly assembledat DepositH32, and it illustrates Roman occupationof the SouthwestHouse area. Runningoverthemid 2nd B.C. robbingpitsin thisarea (Pit 2, DepositH28) was founda cobbled floor(SectionH no. 16), whichran up againstthe lowestcoursesof Wall 'da' (the This SouthwestHouse northwall), and evidently belongedto a pre-Roman1stB.C. courtyard. floorsbeneaththeSouthwestHouse (SectionA nos. 12, 12a) and tracesofothercontemporary combineto show thatthismajorwall line was pre-Roman.It may be suggestedthatit, too, on thestrong belongsto a majorlate 2nd or early1stB.C. plan ofurbanrenewalherefollowing ofthestreetat thewest(on to whichit abutted),a plan on broad alignment stoneconstruction walls of the SoutheastHouse. withthecontemporary insidethe remainsare poordue tointensive The structural Augustanand laterre-occupation SouthwestHouse,and to razingfollowedbyabandonmentin thearea on itsnorthside,leaving a rectangular structure enclosedbyWalls 'da', 'fa', These remainsconstitute onlyfoundations. 'fc' and 'el' (plan at plate 2; view at plate 26b, d), which containeda small clay-lined or tank(?) at the southeast,cobbled area at thesouthwest,thena centralclay compartment partitionwall ('em') withplasterfaceand an area ofearthflooron thenorthside,withraised in thecorneradjacentto theclay-lined'tank'.Takingintoconsideration mud-brick platform in theuppervillageofKnossos,interpreted as thedetailsofa betterpreservedsimilarstructure a Hellenisticwineryby J. CaringtonSmith (AR 1976-7, 61 and fig. 106), it is tentatively Agricultural productionof suggestedthatthisinstallationmayhave servedthesame function. thisnatureis likelyto have been an unchangingoccupationofKnossians. In summary,this southwestarea of the site preservesevidence for early Hellenistic sequencebeginsin the occupationonlyin residualmaterial(e.g. in pitfills),and thestratified B.C. witha seriesoflargerobbingpitsforbuildingmaterial.An extensivebuilding 2ndcentury ofthe plan follows,probablylaterin the2nd centuryB.C., includingthemassivefoundations centralstreetline. Traces of continuingoccupation,both floorsand fragmentary structures takeus on throughthe 1stcenturyB.C., and it is suggested,albeiton fragmentary evidence, linesseenin theRoman buildingsgo back to an original2nd century thatthatmainproperty B.C. development.
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EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE
SUMMARY OF THE HELLENISTIC EVIDENCE IN CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE The 3rd Century B.C. The earlierHellenisticphase fareda littlebetterthan the precedingperiodsin termsof Partsoftwobuildingswerepreservedon theeasternslopesat Trenches preservedstructures. VII and XII, Building'ak'/'aP to the northand the 'fm'complexto the south,the former at around the same time(4th quarter). destroyedlate in the century,the latterconstructed That occupationextendedmorewidelyovertheexcavatedarea, however,is indicatedby the materialin pitfillsand especiallyin twowells,Well 14 to thesouth,and presenceof3rdcentury halfcentury, thatofWell 1 Well 1 to thenorth.The fillofWell 14 showsoccupationin thefirst in thesecondhalf,thoughneitherwas fullyexcavateddown to its primarydeposit. The 2nd Century B.C. changestookplace in thesoutheastbuildingsat Trench Duringthiscenturymajorstructural ended by c. 175 B.C., and thelaterbuilding XII, whereoccupationof the earlierstructures bottlecisternat alignmentand now incorporateda cement-lined phase was seton a different of a here may have formedpart Well 12. The new structures major buildingdevelopment a seriesoflarge whicheventuallycoveredmostofthesouthernhalfoftheexcavation,following of the the west side area, and the quarryingpitsdug in theearlyto mid2nd centuryB.C. along A in later 2nd the date terracingup of the centralstreetline in heavy stoneconstruction. an line of earlier the centuryB.C. is suggestedforthisbuildingactivity.The streetfollowed Wall cbk' further and ofBuilding'al'/'ak' as shownforinstanceby theorientation trackway, above foundationlevelis lostto laterRoman north,and althoughitsHellenisticconstruction small patchesof earlystonecobblingdo survivein places wheretheyservedto re-building, supporta Roman wall (plate 39b-d). The 1st Century B.C. is suggestedby 1stB.C. occupationlevelsbylaterinhabitants Clearanceofsomelate 2nd/early materialfoundin themixedfillofPit65, whichincludedstampedamphorahandlesofthisdate (seeSection 5 below).No good floordepositsoftheperiodare found.But midand 3rdquarter contextsin north,centraland south 1stB.C. occupationlevelsare found,in small,fragmentary sectors.They are in buildingssome of whosewalls can be tracedback to the late 2nd B.C. buildingprogramme.It is suggestedthat thesebuildingscontinuedin use aftertheseearly a following periodsofoccupation,and thattheywererepairedand repeatedlyreconstructed in theearlyRoman period.The intensivelateroccupationaccountsfor seriesofdestructions is gained thatfarfromsuffering thescantynatureofthe 1stB.C. remains,but theimpression theKnossosofourarea showsa this at renewal urban followed destruction time, by widespread same buildingswiththesame of the 1st the of century through occupation pattern continuing lines. property
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
THE ROMAN HOUSES: CONSTRUCTION, OCCUPATION
17
HISTORY AND FINAL
Introductory The SouthwestHouse The 1stcenturyB.C. (Late Hellenisticand Early Augustan) The Claudian Period The SeveranPeriod HistoricalSummary The SoutheastHouse The HellenisticPrecursorto the SoutheastHouse Roman Phase I Roman Phase II The BottleCistern HistoricalSummary The East House Layout and construction The DestructionFills Function Chronology The House of the Diamond Frescoes Plan Size Construction Walls Floors Frescoes Occupationand History Dating Evidence The NorthHouse The NorthHouse: FirstBuildingPhase Late Roman Phase The Street The Pre-RomanStreet The Roman Paved Street The Late Roman Phase The NorthAqueduct
Page 17 19
25
34
37
47 54
57
INTRODUCTORY The steep slope of the groundwas a determiningfactor,in two importantways, forthe on thissiteand forthestateoftheremainsas we find construction characterofarchitectural and intothehill,cuttingaway earlierstructures often terraced were them:first, very buildings fill(as forinstancewiththe House of Diamond Frescoes);and second,buildingsat a single
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EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE
levels(as forinstancewiththeNorthHouse). periodmayhave floorsterracedup at different Thus difficulties in arise inevitably interpreting buildingsoftwolevels,and theirrelationship withthe naturalslope of the associatedsiltlevels. It should also be noted that the area of excavationwas determinedby Minoan factors, specifically by an educatedguessas to thewidthoftheMinoan building,a factornotrelevant to thelimitsofHellenisticor Roman buildingssincetherewas no continuity in architectural at Knossos. For this reason we are here with of history dealing fragments houses,someofwhich in continue the unexcavated areas to south or west, north,or indeedhave been removed may earlier excavation on the east side. by Thus the interpretationand presentationof architecturalunits here is inevitably ofsub-units is sometimes forsometimes noteven suppositious;eventhedescription incomplete, rooms are available. complete One exceptionto thisgeneralisation is at thenorthern limitoftheexcavation,wheretheline oftheacqueductwall was takenas theboundary,a wall whichservedas theouterwall ofthe NorthHouse. Anotherhelpfulfactoris thepresenceofa paved streetrunningacrossthecentreofthearea. This startsfromthe northeastcorner,thenextendsalong part of the east edge untilit (or a branchroad) turnsobliquelyto the southwest.Here at the westernlimitit beginsto veer southwards.This road performs a double service:firstas a line of communicationbetween discreteareas, but second as a clear dividingline betweenhouses.On the northside is the architectural to here as the NorthHouse; on the southside are buildings complexreferred referred to as the Southwest,the Southeastand the East Houses. The streetseemsto have had a verylonghistory. in stoneappears The earliestconstruction to be Hellenistic(2nd century at the earlier at the east. But theremarkably west,perhaps B.C.) state of of the Minoan remains themselves under the line of thestreetmay superior preservation that an much the same line there was earlier which was suggest along trackway respectedby thosewhoat different periodsdug pitson eithersideofit toextractbuildingmaterial.Thus itis alongthislinethattheMinoan wallsstandto theirmaximumpreservedheights(see plate 39a lowercentre;39b stoneat left;39e Hellenisticbuild directlyon Minoan; forfullerdiscussion, see below underThe Street). Sincethestreetis pre-Romanin itslayout,and showsan obliqueand somewhatmeandering plan,it seemsclearthatin thisarea ofKnossosno attemptwas made to forma newtownplan or to redevelop,forinstanceon a gridsystem.So, too,theplansoflivingunitson eithersideof thestreetare likelynotto be regularin formation, but to have grownup on an cad hoc' basis, an earlier Greek following pattern. influence on architectural layout,itis Althoughthestreetdid have thisslightpredetermining noticeablethatnoneofthewallsoftheadjacenthouseunitson eithersiderunat rightanglesto thestreet.This is no doubt the resultof a compromisebetweenthedemandsof a sitewhich direction whichrunsup in a southwest slopesdownto theeastand theobliquelineofthestreet, acrossthe area. north-south Generallyon the northside of the streetwall linesrun on an approximately more main but the of the with street, liningup orientation, closely leg forming oblique angles withthedirectionofthenortheast leg ofthestreet.But on thesouthsideofthestreetthemain east-west, oblique angleswiththestreet. again forming dividinglinesrun approximately These factorsalso cause thesub-units(or individualrooms)to be oftrapezoidalshape,even whenseparatedfromthestreetline (e.g. in the SoutheastHouse courtyard,and East House Room III).
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
19
ofthe A further to theconnectiveand dividingfunctions pointcan be made withreference at seems to have varied of the street and character that the street,namely private public in the Hellenistic or earth surface a cobbled different simple periods.Originallyhaving partly and earlierperiods,it developedin itsmain Roman period(the 1stcenturyA.D.) as a paved and fordrainageforthehouses street,and also servedat thistimebothas a publicthoroughfare on eitherside. There was at thistimea drainageoutletfroman unexcavatedhouse at the a soak-away emittedthrougha culvertintoa gulleyon thenorthside,and similarly northwest belowthepavingwhichserveda houseon theoppositeside ofthestreet(Claudian). But at a because at both laterperiodthestreetseemsto have ceased to serveas a public throughway with thresholds for walls were found section of the excavated ends doorways,which blocking had become of the street that indicates privatepassages,presumablyservingthe lengths houses (plate 4). adjacent This suggeststhatsomechangetookplace in thenatureof theoccupationwithinthearea excavated,and theadjacentarea,duringtheRoman period.In thelatestagethepavingstones ofthestreetwereburiedand thesurfaceofthenowinterrupted passagewaywas once again of troddenearth. unitsre-usedand builtup earlierones,usingthemas foundations, Some ofthearchitectural ofbasic linesoflayoutin housesas well as in theline of the whichindicatessomecontinuity of thoseearlierhouses. make foreasy definition not streetitself,thoughthisdoes necessarily can givea muchfuller which follows of houses discussion So it followsthatthearchitectural thanis possible which are better houses of the Roman account and moresatisfactory preserved, and earlier in thecase of theirHellenistic predecessors. A secondreasonforthisis thatin theRoman periodverygeneroususe was made ofstonefor ofupperstories,the buildingmaterial.Though mudbrickwas oftenused in the construction in stone. Furthermore built comparativelylittlestone-robbing groundfloorwas generally wallssurvived in and were occurredhereafterthehouses abandoned, manyplacesstone-built three metres. almost to one to two metres,occasionally standingup to a heightoffrom of the late of theinterpretation factoraffecting One further phase occupationin the north had been uncoveredby Germanmilitary structures there halfofthesiteis thattheuppermost in betweenthenand the since 24 yearsintervening excavationin 1943 and leftexposed then; erosion have suffered some remains the 1967 excavationstheexposed (forinstanceofthe may in the area becamecoveredto or downhill latestearthfloorson theeast side),although general A column base and stubsof from the hillside above. silt washed down varyingdepthsby new in wall remained view.
THE SOUTHWEST HOUSE A and H; plates 26c-e,27a-f. See plansat plate 15,Sections The buildingdefinedas the SouthwestHouse lies in the extremesouthwestcornerof the excavatedarea. It comprisesa rangeof threerooms,orientedeast to west,preservedhighin stoneconstruction at thewest,but robbedand erodedto foundationlevelat theeast. Outside tracesofan almosttotallyrazed thisbuildingon thenorthsideliesan openarea,withsurviving on itswestside,adjacentto thestreetterracewall (see periodplan at plate 3). For structure conveniencetheseremains,devoid of contents,but probablyassociatedin an originalplan (now lost) are also includedin thediscussionof the SouthwestHouse. or perhapswith The SouthwestHouse plot appears to have been occupied continuously,
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EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE
shortinterruptions, fromthelate Hellenisticto theSeveranperiods,and is mostconveniently discussedunderthreeseparateheadings,the 1stB.C. (late Hellenisticto Augustan),mid 1st A.D. (Claudian), and early3rdA.D. (Severan)- thoseperiodsforwhichthemostsubstantial evidenceis available,due to destructions and finalabandonment. The 1st Century B.C. (Late Hellenistic and Early Augustan) plates 3, 15, 27c-f. Layoutand Construction
Fromthefirstmainperiodofitsoccupationwe have theremainsofthreeroomsrunningalong thesouthernlimitoftheexcavation,fromthecentreto thewestside (plate 15a RoomsI- III) . None is fullyrevealedby excavation,but a good estimatecan be givenforthedimensionsof Rooms I and II, and one measurementforRoom III. The poorlypreservedremainsof roomsin theadjacentspace to the north,thoughnot certainlyconnected,are contemporary consideredalong withthe SouthwestHouse of thisperiod. Rooms I- III have a commonnorthwall, 60cms.thickand survivingto a lengthof9.20m. beforebeingerodedaway at theeast.This is wellpreservedin stoneat thewestto a heightof 2m. (includingprobable later rebuild), but robbed to foundationfurthereast, where abandonmentin theAugustanperiodwas final.RoomsI- III also sharedthesamesouthwall2 and thushave a commonlength,or north-south dimension,ofc. 4.10m. ROOM I By the Augustanperiod Room I had stronglybuilt stone walls which were preservedto a good heighton all sidesand whichcontinuedin use in laterperiods.The room measures4.10m. fromnorthto southand probablyalso about 4.10m. fromeast to west.The westside has not yet been revealedby excavation,but the house musthave been builtup this againsttheroad terracewall here.If one extendstheknownlineofthiswall southwards, excavated of the room the east-west dimension suggested(the portion givesapproximately measuresonly3.70m.fromeast to west.).An originaldoorwayon theeast side, 1.10m.wide, was foundblocked,so thatby theend oftheAugustanphase Rooms I and II wereno longer interconnected at groundlevel. ROOM II is a smallerunit,measuring4.10 x 2.35/2.40m. It has thesame buildas Room I on north,southand westsides,althoughitsnorthwall was robbedto foundationlevelin the northeastcorner.At thispointa small stonewithpivothole was foundbeside a stretchof beddingstoneswhichhad been laid verylevel.These suggestthata thresholdslab had been removedfromhere.Thus theroomwouldhave been enteredfromtheopen area to thenorth. of it was constructed The partitionwall withRoom III at theeastsideis comparatively flimsy: mud brickc. 25cms. thick,on a slightlywiderstonesocle (c. 35cms. thick).The socle was of small stonesto a heightof c. 60cms. but about halfconsistedof below-floor constructed foundations, (see SectionA, no. 12 at centre). ROOM III was ofthesamelength,4.10m.fromnorthto south,but thewidth(east-west)is unknowndue to earlyrobbing,erosionand finallycuttingaway by the House of Diamond Frescoeson theeast,downhillside.The entrancemayhave been on theeastside (nowlost)or cornernext to the doorwayof Room II, whereone at the north,possiblyat the northwest ofthewall perhaps the stone set at rightanglesthrough mainlymudbrickconstruction regular I in Rooms and better of as a The floor was II, earth, preservednearthe represents doorjamb. a small south (SectionE, bottomof no. 8). Interestingly wall at the north,eroded further north side was of room on the floor outside the of superiorquality,with segment contemporary
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
21
a welllaid layeroforangeclay,thussuggesting thattherewas eitheranotherroomon thisside, or at least a coveredportico. The finaloccupationand abandonmentofRoomsII and III is datedbymaterialofthelater 1stcentury B.C. Augustanperiod,contemporary withthedestruction depositfoundin Room I. At thetimeofthisAugustandestruction, then,Room I was cutofffromRoomsII and III by theblockingoftheoriginaldoorway,Room II was probablyenteredfroman open area to the northand Room III enteredeitherfromnorthor east. Thus it cannotbe shownthat they formedpartofone unitat thisperiod,at leaston thegroundfloorlevel.That theseroomshad originallyformeda singleunit,however,is clear fromthe primaryplan in whichall three roomshad thesame strongouterwall on thenorthside,Rooms I and II wereinterconnected, and Rooms II and III, dividedonlyby a lightpartitionwall,maybothhave openedontothe sincethefinaldestruction deposit layoutshouldbe pre-Augustan, space at thenorth.This first ofthisphase (DepositAl) whichrunsup againstthe blockingwall in Room I, is itselfto be dated earlyin theAugustanperiod. in detailtheevidencefora pre-Augustan At thispointit maybe worthreviewing occupation of thishouse plot: and Structural B.C. The Evidence for Pre-Augustan ChangesDuringthe1st Century Occupation
date and the The followingfactorsmustbe consideredin any discussionof the construction earliestphase ofuse of the SouthwestHouse. overtheloosefilloflate Hellenisticrobbingpits(Pits1-4, First,thebuildingwas constructed cornerof on plan at plate 5, SectionA, no. 15) whichhad been dug downintothesouthwest theMinoan building,and it mustpostdatethese.The latestmaterialfromthesepitsis mid to late 2nd B.C. (Deposit H28). Second,a firstperiodofuse ofthenorthwall is indicatedby a late Hellenisticcobbledfloor runningup againstitsouterfaceon thenorthside (SectionH, no. 14). This northwall ofRoom I (Wall 'da') is verydeeplyfounded.Its northeastcornerstone restsdirectlyon the Minoan (see building(Minoan Room M, eastwall) and is setamongdisturbedDark Age construction plan at plate 2 withwall complexincludingwalls'ga' and 'gc'). The cobbledfloor,perhapsto be interpreted as theyardofa late Hellenisticwinery(see Deposit H32) seals Pit 2 and runs beneathan AugustanflooroutsideRoom I to thenorth,at a depthsome25cms.lower.Thus thenorthwall,themajorlineon whichthebuildingwas oriented,was alreadybuiltand in use duringa phase precedingtheearlyAugustanperiod. ofat leastpartof Third,tracesofan early1stB.C. occupationlevelpre-datetheconstruction thebuilding(SectionA no. 12; SectionE, no. 12). This early1stB.C. flooris notfoundin direct withthewall foundations ofRoom I, but was cut througha littlefurther east by relationship thefoundationtrenchforthepartitionwall ofRooms II and III (SectionA, no. 12). It may also have runup againstthelowestcourseofthenorthwall ofRoom III, herepartlycomposed ofmudbrick(SectionE, nos. 12 and 9). It seemsquitepossiblethatit originallyalso ran to the westbeneathRoom I eastwall,and perhapsevenovertherobbingpits,butsubsidenceintothe softfillherepreventscertainty. However,a minimalconclusionfromthisevidence,takenwith thesecondpointabove,is thattherewas widespreadearlier1stB.C. occupationhereon a flat, levelledarea ofgenerousproportions, consideringthe slopingnatureof the site;it may well have been based on an expansivenew architectural layoutofthelate 2nd or early1stcentury if we take the area of the Southeast House also intoaccount,and thislayout B.C., neighbouring seemsto have been inheritedin its essentialsby the Romans. Fourth,thepartitionwall ofRooms I and II is builtwithfoundations restingon an earth
22
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
level (SectionA, bottomoflevelno. 11) whichlies some 10-20cms.below thefinalAugustan ofthiswallin itsfirst floorofRoom I (SectionA, no. 9). The construction phase,whenthedoor in to the stone socleofthenarrower was in use,is ofsmallstonescarefully similar set,quite style III plate wall II further lower six coursesto leftof Rooms and east 26e (see dividing parallel and plate then be blocking, 26c); theymay contemporary. Fifth,theblockingwall in thedoorwaylies on a slightaccumulationofearth(10-20cms.) above thisprimaryfloor.This suggeststhata shorttimehad elapsed afterthefirstbuild and beforeit becamenecessaryto reconstruct thewall and closeoffthedoor,fortheblockingwas of a this wall was originallyconstructed ofmud brickon a stone rebuild. major part Perhaps socleliketheeastwall ofRoom II and thenorthwall ofRoom III. At anyrate,therebuildwas a stronger in masonryofmediumand largere-usedblocks,ofone piece stonereconstruction withthedoor blocking(plate 26e, uppercoursesat centreand left)and now appropriatefor an outsidewall. It was againstthisrebuildthattheAugustandeposit(Al) ofRoom I fell. Thus a reconstruction oftheearlyhistoryof the SouthwestHouse includesan earlyuse at least of the northwall of Room I, forwhicha foundationdate of the late 2nd or early 1st for B.C. maybe suggested. Thiswouldfittheprobablepatternofbuildingconstruction century The which the Southwest House faced discussion of Street theterracedroad on to below) (see and forthe neighbouring house plots to the north.Traces of early 1stB.C. floorsbeneath Rooms II and III, thoughnot clearlyassociatedwiththe survivingwalls,show thatearlier occupationexistedhere;but theypredatethe buildingas we have it. Then the east wall of Room II was built,itsfoundation dug down throughan early1stB.C. floor,and a newearth floorlaid c. 25 cms.higher.It is suggestedthatitswestwall was builtat thesametimeorshortly to divideoffRooms I and II, but leavingan interconnecting afterwards, doorway.This was a of the new floor level. No thickerwall whosefoundations restedon top greattimecould have due to an earthtremoror to became necessary, perhaps elapsedbeforeanotherreconstruction the final involved the rebuild of structural weakness.This strong uppercoursesin stone change I and it the form used and thedoorblockingwhichclosedoffRoom duringtheAugustan gave at a Again, littletimecould have elapsed before major destruction, periodand thereafter. of Rooms ended the about thebeginningofthelastquarterofthe 1stcenturyB.C., occupation wallswhichranintothe II and III; afterthisonlyRoom I continuedin use. That theeast-west whiletheinternalnorth-south partitionwallswhichranalong slopeshouldhave a longhistory, withtherecurring needrebuildingis consistent thelineoftheslopeshouldcontinually pattern of and ofthevulnerability ofgood resistanceto seismicshockofwallsoftheformer orientation, in Frescoes the House of Diamond instance thelatter.This patternis repeatedelsewhere,for and theNorthHouse. In summary,then,an earlyphase of buildingand occupationnow basicallylost,major construction (partlyusinglate Hellenisticwalling),earthaccumulationon thefloor,rebuild and finaldestruction mustall have takenplace duringthe 1stcenturyB.C., or at leastafterthe B.C. robbingpitsand beforetheAugustanperiodwas faradvanced. of the mid 2nd sealing or thequalityofthisbuildingwas in itsearliestphase, We cannotbe surewhatthefunction since so few tracesremain.It is a fairpresumption, however,that here was an ordinary in side of the from the south entered residential street,one comparableto itssuccessors house, the Roman period,and to thosewhich have leftslightlyless exiguoustracesbeneath the thepoorremainsfoundin theadjacent SoutheastHouse a littleto theeast. If we mayidentify at itwouldbe possibleto reconstruct of a then as to the north winery, (DepositH32) part space and tosee thehouseholdas quitesimilarto leastone oftheoccupants'activitiesas agricultural, severalof thoseoccupyingthenearbymodernvillage.
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE The AugustanPeriod(to thelast quarterof the1st century B.C.)
23
The earlyhistoryof the building,withits variousstructuralchangesduringthe 1stcentury of and someinterpretation B.C., has beenoutlinedabove. It remainstogivea fullerdescription In thisAugustanphaseRoom I was destruction. as itexistedat thetimeofitsfirst thestructure an isolatedunit;theearlierconnecting doorat theeastwas permanently blocked,and thefloor levelwas muchlower(byc. 2m.) thantheadjacentstreetlevelon thewestside.So we maybest thisas a basementroomenteredby woodenstairor ladder. It seemslikelythatthis interpret room formedpart of a house enteredfromthe streetat the next floorlevel, and that it functionedas a kitchenstoreroomor wine cellar (see discussionof Deposit Al). Room II Each certainty). openedto thenorth,and Room ìli mayhave done thesame (erosionprevents room had an earth flooron which early Augustanmaterialwas found.This was in an destruction levelin thecase ofRoom I (plate 27c-d), butin one partlydisturbed undisturbed on thenorthside.By in RoomsII and III sincetheseweresoonafterrobbedout to foundations contrastthe roomsin the adjacent area to the northwere totallystrippedand nothing remainedon thefloors.The onlypartoftheSouthwestHouse or theadjacentbuildingat the northto be re-occupiedduringthe 1stcenturyA.D. was Room I; overtheotherareas a buildup ofAugustandebrisofvaryingdepthaccumulatedto be buriedin turnby similarlater 1st A.D. material(see SectionA, no. 10, SectionH, nos. 3-9). Thus the SouthwestHouse (as so farexcavated) comprisedonly Room I afterthe early Augustanperiod,fortheotherroomswereabandoned,dismantledand coveredin at thistime. of theiruse duringthe Augustan This circumstancemay be relevantto an interpretation a singleunitabove was an and to the as to whether there upperstoryforming period, question was an upperstoryabove Room I, sincepart RoomsI, II and III at thattime.Therecertainly fillhad fallenfromabove (plate 27c), and thisroommusthave servedas a ofthedestruction basement.However,therewas no traceofupperstoreyfallin Room II, and quite possiblythe to divideRooms I and II was intendedas an outside builtwall recentlyconstructed strongly II a and Room was either wall, separateunitor a lessvalued workroomenteredfromoutside Found on the floorof -one moreeasilysacrificedand razed afterthe Augustandestruction. Room II weremarblepestleand mortar(plate 27e) and setin a hollowin thefloora crushed amphora(A2, 97; plate 27f).A considerablearea ofash foundon thewestside oftheroom whichhad beenlitcloseup againstthewestwall (see appearstobe theremainsofa fire,or fires, plate at Since no could have been used insidesucha smallroomduringthe 3). fireplace plan thenotionthat lifeofthebuildingespeciallyiftherewerean upperstorey,thisseemsto confirm thiswas a partlyopenworkarea. Alternatively thefireplacemightbelongto an intervaloftime afterthe Augustandestructionbut beforethe subsequentaccumulationof contemporary (Augustan)rubbishlayersover thiswholearea. Room III will have been associatedwithRoom II, but is too poorlypreservedto make discussionofitsplan or possibleupperstoryfruitful. The principalcontentswerea depositof nineteenloomweights, whichcould equallywellderivefromweavingoperationsupstairsor at thegroundlevel.The loomweights clusteralong thewestwall oftheroom(see nos. 27-30 on plate at but have fallentherefromabove. The scantremainsofan L15a), theymay plan in structure mudbrick a little to the east of them,(no. 31 on the plan) do not in shaped themselves constitute theconvincing remainsofa loomstandas was firstthought.Indeed,ifwe are torestorea doorwayat thispoint,theyare morelikelytohave formedpartofan insidestep. Littleevidenceremainsforthedecorationor otherinteriorfurnishings oftheserooms.The mud brickdividingwall of Rooms II/III and othersin the buildingsto the northwere undoubtedlyplastered.In therazed roomsto thenorthofthisbuildingtwoclay or pisé walls
24
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
werefoundwithplasterfacepreservedon bothsides,one a strongwall (60 cms.thick)running to thenorthfromRoom I, and anotherveryflimsy one (10-15 cms.thick)runningwestfrom thisat rightangles(seeplan at plate 3; SectionH, no. 10;plate 26b). We have one roomhere, withplasterfacepreservedon threesides, measuring2.80 north-south by c. 3.0m. east-west, and a good troddenclay floor.The adjacentroomto the northhad a well laid floorofpink found plaster,and one ofitswallsused Pompeianredin itsdecoration,as shownby fragments in positionon thewestwall (theterracewall forthestreet;see SectionH, no. 11 forfloorand scatteredin the fill this was one colour wall). To judge fromnumerousotherfragments used also on other walls of this commonly period. The Claudian Period Afterthelate 1stB.C. destruction onlyRoom I continuedin use, and theareas to northand westwereallowedto siltup, or deliberatelyused as dumpsfordestruction debris(SectionA, no. 10; SectionH, no. 8). Perhapssomecleaningtookplace insideRoom I, but notenoughto disturbtheAugustandestruction depositwhichremainedintacttoa depthof10-30cms.on the floorand whichbecametroddendownbeneatha scatteroftilefragments. The roomcontinued in use, bringinga gradual accumulationof moreearthlayerscontaininglate Augustanand Tiberiansherds(excavatedas levelsXIII 35, 36 at depthc. 13.95-14.10;see SectionA, no. 9, ofthepottery date is providedbytheoccurrenceofthecoinC114 (Agrippa top). Confirmation and Octavia) in level XIII 36. At depthc. 14.10a newclayfloorwas laid, perhapstowardstheend ofthe 1stquarterofthe 1stcenturyA.D. Afterthisa further periodof continueduse had alreadydepositedanother buildup ofsome 10-20cms.,whena secondmajordestruction broughtthebuildingto ruinin themid 1stcenturyA.D. Again an earthquakehas been suggestedas thecause (see discussion ofDepositCl). This depositlay some60-70cms.deep overall theroom,and again included upperfloorcollapse.Partoftheeastwall was foundtiltedat an anglewhereit had slippedand come to restagainsttheloose fillof theinteriorof theroom (SectionA, no. 8). It is notclearhowmuchofthestonebuildofRoom I was added duringthe1sthalfofthe1st centuryA.D., sincethebuild is quite homogeneousall theway up fromtheblockingand the ofsmall oftheAugustanperiod.It showsthesame mixedconstruction earlierreconstruction stonesand largere-usedashlarblocks(plates 26e, 27a, d). It is worthnoting,however,that thereis a considerablespreadofmasons'stonechipsoutsidethebuildingto theeast,lyingon top of the redepositedAugustandebrisand associatedwithearly 1stA.D. (post-Augustan sherds(SectionA, at topoflevelno. 10). So we mayinferthattherewas a rebuild destruction) at thesame timethatthenew floorwas laid, or about 25 A.D. Littlecan be said of the succeedingperiodsin termsof architectural change. Some slight in association survives different traceofa rebuildoftheeastwall ofRoom I, on a slightly line, witha relaidflooroftheend ofthe 1stcenturyA.D. (SectionA, floorat thebottomoflevelno. 6), but thereafter onlyaccumulatedsiltof the 2nd centuryA.D. The Severan Period PLATE 15c.
Onlya smallpartofthishouseat itslatestperiodofre-usesurviveswithintheexcavatedarea. A sectionofpoor plasterfloorwas preservedat theupper,west,side at depth 15.60m.(or only stretch ofthenorthand southwalls, some70cms.belowsurface)alongwitha smallprotruding
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
25
preservedc. 30cms.above floorlevel.Both floorand wall wereerodedaway at the east side wheretheslope droppedaway. New is the use ofsquare,diagonallyincisedbuildingtiles,of whichnumberswerefoundin thefilloverthefloor;twowereapparentlysetin lineat thesouth edge of thefloor,perhapsas patchingor protectionforthe plastersurfacehere (plates 15c, 27b). roomsofthisor an adjacenthouseon the It is probablethattherewereothercontemporary remainssurvive.There is onlya secondsunkamphorabase, northside,but no architectural parallelto no. U132 in theSouthwestHouse, probablyalso setcentrallyin thefloorofa room (see plan at plate 4), along withtracesofearthfloorsbothin theadjacentarea and in other to thenortheast. These containeddepositsofpotteryin TrenchesVII, VIII and placesfurther IX whichare discussedas Deposit S2 (see also SectionC, level no. 2). fromthe level above the floor(XIII 3 and 29) are Severan,and The potteryfragments belongwiththis'Deposit'or group.Butitis likelythattheremainsofthebuildingcontinuedto be accessibleforsomelengthoftime,sincetwo4thcenturyA.D. coins(C174 and C190) were foundclose above thefloorlevel,and theearthlayernextabove (XIII 2 and 28) contained potteryofthe 3rd and 4th centuriesA.D. Historical Summary The first periodforwhichwe have substantialevidenceforoccupationin theSouthwestHouse are earlier.This is themid to late 1stcenturyB.C., thoughpartsofthebuildingconstruction changesand one periodis one ofcontinuousoccupationand is markedby internalstructural butit came to an end in a severedestruction, majorreconstruction, quitepossiblycausedbyan is quite earlyin theAugustanperiod(see earthtremor.The potterydate forthisdestruction discussionofDepositAl). The materialfromthisdepositis homogeneouswiththatfoundin a debrisredepositedabove theabandonedAugustanfloorsofRooms widespreadofdestruction II and III and theadjacentareas to thenorth(see DepositA2), so it evidentlywas partofa widerdestruction. To be notedalso is a Magenta Ware flask(TC55) foundin theAugustan destruction depositofRoom I and derivingfromCampania, and so possiblyto be associated withearlysettlersfromthisregion. Whoeverit was thathad reconstructed thisbuilding,theselatestoccupantsdid notenjoyits use fora longperiod.Afterthedestruction thewholearea was abandonedexceptforRoom I. Here earthfloorsaccumulatedabove thedestruction debrisduringthesucceedinghalfcentury, in anothermajordestruction in themid 1stcenturyA.D., perhapsalso due to an terminating earthquake.This second destructiondeposit fromRoom I ('Claudian' Deposit Cl) is a substantialone. Like theearlierdeposit,it too is homogeneouswitha spreadofcontemporary destruction materialredepositedin the surrounding area and stratified above the earlier1st A.D. layers. Againfloorsin Room I wererelaidand occupationcontinued,leavingtracesofintermediate untilabandonmentin the late 2nd or early 3rd centuryA.D. (see Severan reconstruction, Deposit S2). This is thedate suggestedforthegeneralabandonmentof thesiteas a whole. THE SOUTHEAST HOUSE Forplansseeplates 13 and 17,forgeneralviewsplates 26a and 28a. The buildingcomplexfoundin TrenchesX-XII in 1971at thecentreand eastpartofthesiteis
26
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
namedtheSoutheastHouse. As preservedit consistsofa largecourtyardwithcistern, stepped entrancefromthe street,and roomor coveredarea at the westbacked up againstthe road terracewall. There may have been otherroomsfronting on to thecourtyardat theeast and southsides.Nothingsurvivesat theeast,wheretheLittlePalace cuttingextendedas faras the east wall of the courtyard.Beyondthe courtyardto the souththe laterHouse of Diamond Frescoesreplacedany structures whichmayhave stoodalong theeast halfofthesouthfront, whileadjacentto thewesthalfthereappearsto have been an open area, withotherrooms(at leastin an earlyphase) backedup againsttheroad terrace.A doorwayat thesouthwest corner may have communicatedwiththisarea, whereonlyverypoorlypreservedremainssurvived (see discussionin connectionwiththe SouthwestHouse, Augustanphase). Two architecturalphases can be distinguished in the Roman period,the firstof which appears to have re-usedin parta late Hellenisticstructure. The Hellenistic Precursor to the Southeast House The complex early historyof the easternhalf of this house plot, where a successionof Classical and Hellenisticstructuressurvivedon what had previouslybeen a fragmentary These buildingsservedto Sector). slopinghillside,is discussedabove (see theHellenisticSoutheast level up thegroundhereand so to providea flatspace measuring5-6m. northto southand 10-11.50m.east to west,muchofwhichbecamea flagstone feature courtyard.One important survivedto linkthe HellenisticPhase II building(plate 13, wall complex'ff-Te5)withthe Roman Phase I building,and thiswas the bottlecistern(named 'Well 12') in thesoutheast cornerof theyard.This cisternwas a valuable amenityand once constructed seemsto have been kept in continuoususe throughthe late Hellenisticinto the Roman period.There is evidenceforcontinuedoccupationin thecourtarea intothe1stcentury B.C. (levelsXII 19,20, beneaththepavingofthefirst Roman floor,see DepositH25). The majorboundarywall at the northwas deeplyfoundedand had a first periodofuse,markedbya lateHellenisticoccupation and disturbedone,runningup againstthenorthface,beneatha layer,albeitan unsatisfactory Neronianfloor(see SectionE', nos. 11 and 15).3 Similarevidencecomesfromthe otherend of the house plot beneatha small triangular room,wherea 2nd centuryB.C. robbingpit (Pit 22) had beencoveredwithstonepackingand an earthfloorlaid downabove this,at about thelate 2nd/early1stcenturyB.C. (levelsXI 27 and 30; DepositsH29 and 30). This occupationlayerextendedup to theboundarywall ofthe houseplotat thestreetto thewest.This maysuggestthatthiswholearea was occupiedin the late 2nd and early1stcenturyB.C., withperhapsa houseplotofsimilarplan to thatofthefirst Roman phase.The excavatedstructure, however,is a late 1stB.C. and 1stA.D. buildingsome and it is moreconvenientto include ofwhoseelementsderivedfroma Hellenisticpredecessor, in a the section which follows. discussionof possibleoriginallayout Roman Phase I
Plan at plate 17a; view at plate 28a-b.
Layout, Construction and First Occupation orientedon The centralfeatureofthebuildingin thisphaseis thelarge,partlypaved courtyard an enclosed an east-westaxis and enteredfromthestreetat thenorthwest, triangular having space at thewest,possiblya workingor cookingarea, and thewell-headofthebottlecisternin
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
27
the southeastcorner.The positionof the cisternis of some importancein consideringthe originallayoutand extentof thishouse plot. Originallyconstructedoutsidethe Hellenistic into adjacentto theeastfaceofwall 'ff,it was laterincorporated building,thatis immediately This wall was built limit of the which the east of the new cross wall formed theline courtyard. overthetopofthe2nd centuryB.C. plasteredwashingarea withitsoval sump,whichhad been associatedwiththe cisternin its earlierphase,4and abuttedagainstthe northside of a now well-head. raisedand refurbished Fromitspositionin relationto each ofthesuccessivewalls,theHellenisticWall 'ff and the itis clearthatthecisternwas accessibleto thoseapproaching eastwalloftheRoman courtyard, todrawwaterfromoutsidethecourtyardat itseastside.Thus,it seemsto have servedboththe area to itswest,heredesignatedtheSoutheastHouse, and also anotherarea (now lost) to the east,whichmay have been partof thesame buildingcomplex.If it was a separateunit,the watersupplywillhave been a sharedamenitybetweenneighbours.In eithercase therewas a connectedarea to thesoutheast,possiblywithone or morerangesofroomson thesouthor the east sides,or both. The East House, adjacent to the north,could also have been connected on the east side,but is treatedas a separateunit,due to thelack of any surviving indirectly connection,and to itsverydifferent history. date forthefirstRoman buildingphase is close to, perhapsthesame as, The construction thatoftheSouthwestHouse: later 1stB.C. or earlyAugustan,but withsomere-useofearlier wallingor wall lines.The evidenceforthisis as follows:thelatestsherdsfrombeneaththestone pavingslabs (at SectionG, levelno. 2, = XII 18) belongto the 1stcenturyB.C., as do those cornerofthecourtyard. cistern'eq' at thenorthwest foundin thebuildofthesmallrectangular to above and were referred and its The nextlevelsbelowthecourtpaving packing(XII 19,20) B.C. Sherdsfrom in the to 1st an of late 2nd early century represent earlierphase occupation of date and are discussion the firstoccupationlevelsof the court occupation Augustan(see period,in the 1stcenturyB.C., the Hellenistic below). At some timeduringthe intervening wererobbedout (SectionG, no. 3) and the Phase II wallsbeneaththeeastendofthecourtyard of materialre-usedin a newbuildingphase. Such re-useoflargeblockswas also characteristic In the walls of both the same way the earlyAugustanbuild of the SouthwestHouse. major housesseem to have used earlierlines.The survivingremainsof the long southwall of the courtyardhave thesame orientationas thenorthwall oftheSouthwestHouse, probablyfirst in the later2nd or early 1stcenturyB.C. Howeverthiscourtyardwall was too constructed and indeedfor evidenceforearlyconstruction, badly preservedto provideany stratigraphie in muchofitslengthcan onlybe restored plan withdottedlines(plate 2), whereno physical remainssurvivedat all on theground.The northwall ofthe courtyard, however,was much betterpreservedand appearsto have beena rebuildon a previousHellenisticline,as indicated above. Since the Southeastand SouthwestHouses were built at about the same timein the 1st it is worth centuryB.C., and both seem to depend on an earlierplan fortheirorientation, a the of this area as whole. At the time of construction there was considering layout probablya x a considerable flat area at least 16 laid out on here, 12m., very rectangularplan which includedthesetwo house plotsand thatof the fragmentary roomsbetweenat thewest.The orientationof thesethreeunitsis the same. The majorwalls are of about thesame strength, 60-65cms.thick,and thefloorlevelsare approximately thesame.5Thus it seemsprobablethat thearea was laid out systematically at thesame time,whetheras one or morehouseplots.It is unfortunate thatthesurviving wallsare so fragmentary, especiallyin thecriticalcentralarea, whichincludesthesouthsideoftheSoutheastHouse, muchofthenorthwall oftheSouthwest
28
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
House and theeastfront oftheintermediate building.In particulartheevidenceforconnecting is weak. no floor Furthermore, doorways very depositsofthefirstRoman periodwerefound outside the SouthwestHouse much of which was abandoned at that time,whereas the SoutheastHouse continuedin use. These factors, and thecloselimitsoftheexcavationat south and east,makeit impossibleto be sureifand how thebuildingsmighthave beenlinkedin the 1stcenturiesB.C. /A.D. and a fortiori it is even moredifficult to restorein plan a putativepreRoman phaseofthelate 2nd/early 1stcenturyB.C. The outlinefora possiblereconstruction of in such a buildingis represented lines plate dotted 2. by The use of the courtyardfloorwas marked,particularly in areas lackingpavingslabs,by successivetroddenlayersofclayand ash,notproductivein findsnoreasilyseparatedfromone anotherin digging,but bestdistinguished duringexcavationin thecarefulremovalofa small north-south baulklefttemporarily acrossthecentreofthetrench.Sherdcontentin thelowest layerwas late 1stB.C./early1stA.D. (XI 14 #2265-6,baulk23), and above thislater1stA.D. (XI baulk 16). In additionone coin of the earlyempire(C140 Crassus)was foundnear the entranceat the northwest, troddeninto thefloorbuild-up(levelXI 19, see discussionof the courtyardbelow). The Buildings and Other Features and The first Roman phaseoftheSoutheastHouse, then,maybe assigneddatesofconstruction B.C. and A.D. withpartialre-useofearlierfeatures. The use whichfallwithinthe 1stcenturies featuresofthebuildingduringthisfirstphase maybe enumeratedas thefollowing significant withstepsdownfromthe which will be describedin order:1. a smalltriangularentryway, six, streetat thenorth;2. thecentralcourtyard;3. a workarea at thewestside ofthecourtwith floorbasin or mixingbowl sunkinto the earthfloor;4. a square stone-builtcisternin the northwest corner,connectedwiththe drainagesystemof the street;5. the small triangular workroom at thewest;and 6. thebottlecistern('Well 12') at thesoutheastcorneroftheyard this see Roman Phase II, to whichits contentsbelong). (for 1. Theentrance way A smalltriangulararea at thenorthwest containsan upperstepat 13.97and a bottomstepat 13.64.There mayhave been an intermediate step,6now lost,or possiblyjust a cobbledramp is In the first build there the two. likelyto have been an outerthresholdon thestreet linking was where the found eroded,sincethedrainlevelhereis 14.16,or 19cms.higher front, paving and the streetpavingwill have been 10-20cms.higher than the top stepor innerthreshold, thanthis.In itsoriginalconceptthissmallentrancecouldhave beenlikethatofmodernvillage housesnearby,a welcomingapproachadornedwithvineor pottedplants,butwe mayimagine thatit was allowedto rundown,pavingeroded,stepsrobbed,and finallytakenout ofuse,for further west.These changestookplace thedoorwas blockedand a newentrancebuiltslightly which 1stA.D. destructions with the well be connected and could the 1st centuryA.D., during befelltheSouthwestand East Houses (theneighbourson each side), althoughno comparable destruction depositwas foundin thisarea. 2. Thecourtyard The main architecturalelementof the SoutheastHouse unit, as surviving,is the large measuringc. 7.90m.fromeastto westwalls,and 5.0-5.70 fromnorthto courtyard, rectangular offoundation, south.The southwall survivesonlyin isolatedstretches beingin placespreserved
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
29
but itsoriginallinecan be tracedfromthewest intothePhase II rebuilding, forincorporation end to a pointsome2m. shortofthewell-head.It runsapproximately parallelto thenorthwall and to themajornorthand southwalls ofthe SouthwestHouse, 5.75m. distantto thesouth. The wallswhichsurviveon theothersidesare ofmediumlimestonebuild,withfairlyregular coursing,except where an occasional larger re-used block was incorporated,thickness 60-65cms.Examplesofre-usedblocksare a mouldedbase laid flatin theeast wall besidethe well-head(plates 17a and 29e), an olive press(S35b) builtinto the southwall of the west levelledand room,and longblocksmidwayalong thenorthwall. The courtyardwas carefully wellpaved. At itseastend thefloorlevel,at 13.15-13.20,was almostflushwiththeflatsurface ofthewell-head(now providedwitha raisedcementsurround,SectionG, no. 1, plate 29e), westat depth13.17,lie at about thesame level (SectionE, some4.75m.further and flagstones no. 11). The pavingwas best preservedin the northcentralarea, wherea numberof large survivedagainstthe northwall, and in a large area at thenortheastcornerwhere flagstones smallerslabshad been used.Elsewherethestoneswereonlysporadicand thefloorconsistedof successivetroddenlayersof clay and ash. Stone paving had originallycovered the entire easternhalfoftheyard,but therehad probablyalwaysbeen a simpleearthsurfaceat thewest levelwiththetopofa sunkenbasinat c. 13.20,butrosein the end.Here thefloorwas originally courseoftimeto c. 13.50 near thesteppedentrance(bottomstep 13.64). A successionoffloor a build-upofthedetritus layershere (excavatedas XI 19, 29 and 31 in sequence) represents arisingfroma period of continuoususe during this firstphase of occupation.These are describedin associationwiththewestsectorfloorsin thefollowingsection. 3. The westsectorof thecourt
Partofthewestsectoroftheyard,thoughnotseparatedoff,seemsto have servedas a working area and may have been roofedover to forma portico.The main featureofinterestwas an ovoidbasin,measuring49-44cms.in diameterat thepreservedtopand 33cms.in depth.It was oftile foundsetintotheearliestfloorlevel (XI 31), at depthc. 13.20m,and was constructed encasedin cementand beddedunderneathon smallstones.The cementsurfacewas fragments materialpacked with gritor coarse sand, with a wall thicknessof rough,of grey-brown 1.5-4.0cms.Originallyit maywellhave stoodmuchhigher,and have servedas mixingbowlor watercontainer.7 The sequenceoffloorlevelswas as follows: Level XI 31, dated by a decoratedjar (71/P184)to pre-Augustan1stB.C., consistedofa hard troddenearthlayerwithsomestonesand sherdslyingflat;on it werefoundhammerstone, dog one stamped(W49), clay disc bead (K33) (uncat.), twodisc loomweights, figurine fragment and clay sealing(K68). Level XI 29, a similarhard packed earth floor,withsome 5-10cms. build-upbeneathits and a pyramidalloomweight. two disc loomweights surface,containedhammerstone, and Level XI 19 was a hard troddenearthlayerwithpatchesofyellowclay, tilefragments carbonflecks,withtop surfaceat c. 13.50,oversome25cms.ofbuild-up.This levelcontained and threepyramidal,a stonetool,carnelianringstone Augustansherds,threediscloomweights (S89), bronzehook (uncat.) and a coin of theearlyempire(C140, Crassus). At thisfirst stagein thelifeofthecourtyardthereseemsto have been a doorwayin thewest wall leading out into the small triangularcompartmenton that side. One door jamb is preservedat the southside of flat-beddedstoneswhichresemblea threshold(or threshold ofa rectangularcistern destroyedby theconstruction bedding).The northjamb was evidently in time later the same at some here, buildingphase.
30
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
4. The westroom
The small triangularroom at the west had as its main featurea small hearthor oven of rectangularform.This was builtin theangleofthewestwall and thestreetterracewall, and had a smallclay surround(plan at plate 17; viewat plate 28b). Therewas a troddenearth floor.The roomseemsto have beena workingor cookingarea, perhapsopen to theskyor only in mudbrick herewas comparatively or pisé, weak,presumably partlyroofed.The construction and perhapstheroomwas partlyopen to thesouth.If therehad beena finestonewallherein a previousperiod,as thegenerousoverallplan argues,it musthave been quarriedout earlier, sinceapartfroma highwall stubat thewestwhichaffordedprotectionto thefireplace, little butthelinewas leftin theAugustanperiod.Earthfloor,oven,stonewall stuband foundations werewidelycoveredbya fillofgreyearth,fallenmudbrick,tileand stones(levelsXI 14-18,all Augustan).Nearbyon theearthfloorof theadjacentarea to thesouth,whichwas probably connected(and was excavatedas one unit,beingcoveredwiththe same fill),was foundan the earlyRoman coin dated 39 B.C. or later(C83, Lollius;on plan at plate 3); thisconfirms the evidence. chronology suggestedby pottery 5. Therectangular cistern This was preservedsome eleven coursesdeep, and was part of a water systemwhichwas connectedto thestreetbya culvertrunningnortheast insidetheporchwall and thenchanneled underthe streetwall, directlyinto the verysimilarcisternor soak-awaybeneaththe street paving (see discussionof the streetbelow). The house cistern(given the notation4eq') measured80cms. square internally, and was preservedto a depth of c. 1.30m.,so that its bottomat 12.30was virtually levelwiththatofthestreetsoak-away(see sectionat plate 12c). The construction toowas similar,withverticalinternalfacingofwelllaid coursesoffairlysmall stoneslevelledup withclay.It mayhavefunctioned as a waterclosetat theendoftheyard;ifso no doubt thedrainrunningthroughtheentrancewouldhave been covered.As notedabove, thecisternpostdatesthefirstconstruction of the courtyardwestwall and itsdoorway,but it was itselfalreadyout ofuse and builtoverby a clayovenin thesecondphaseofthecourtyard. and thefill,whereas The periodofuse is givenby mid-late1stB.C. sherdsin theconstruction thelaterstepsand clay oven builtabove are associatedwithearly1stA.D. sherds.The street soak-awayhowevercontinuedin use longer,and was foundcloggedwithmaterialofClaudian date (see remarksunderDeposit C2). cistern 6. Thebottle (Well 12) For thisfeature,whichseemsto have continuedin use overa longperiod,see discussionunder Roman Phase II. Roman Phase II Planat plate 17b,viewsat plates 28c-e,29e. ofa newsteppedporchat thewest,a The principalfeaturesofthisphase are theconstruction These combineto forma new,larger walls.8 two new and lined oven beside this, dividing clay to restrict the but entrance room, courtyard littlemorethanhalfitsoriginalsize. rectangular Here levelsof silthad accumulated,the pavingstoneswerenow buriedand the yardhad a continuedin use,and was providedwitha plainearthfloor.The bottlecisternat thesouthwest ofstonesand tilesseton edge (plate 29e), partsurviving waterchannelconstructed makeshift
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
31
on theextremesouthedge,but partremovedby thedeep foundationtrenchfortheHouse of Diamond Frescoes.This mayhave broughtwaterfromroofingat thesouthside,and a small buttress wall surviving herecouldbe interpreted as roofsupport(perhapsfora portico?)butall else is losthere. To the southwestthereseemsto have been an open area. In the early 1stcenturyA.D. a south (see pebbledfloorcoveredthe buriedremainsof the earlyAugustanbuildingsfurther the 1st A.D. successive SectionH, level 7), to be graduallyburiedduring layersof century by the until at the end of earthaccumulationwithredepositeddestruction material, centurythe groundhad risensome 1.70m.almostup to thelevelofthepaved street(SectionH, levels3 to 6). At the triangularroomon thewestside,floor,walls,hearthand cisternwerenow buried. The earthfloorslopedup moresteeplyto thewestthanbefore,and a new flightofstepswas builtgivingaccess to the street.These builtstepsare clearlypreservedand give a riseof c. 90cms.fromearthfloorto streetpaving,in fiveintervalsofnearly20cms.each.9 Signsofwear on thesestepssuggestthattheywerein use forsomeconsiderabletime.Severalsmallstructural alterationstookplace hereduringthisphase, as evidencedby theexistenceof two successive swivelholesforthedoor,thefirstsetback intothelineofthestreetwall,thesecondout on the surviving topstepitself(plates 28c, 17b); thelineofsmallstonesshownon plan runningacross thetopstepseemslikelyto be a lateradditionplaced thereaftertheremovalofa fineroriginal threshold. The stepswereconstructed partlyoverthemasonryofthesquarecisternceq',which had been filledin and was now coveredby a clay builtoven,lined withtiles.The oven was foundfilledwithand surroundedbywhitish-grey ash. Fragmentsofplain whiteplaster,fallen ontotheearthfloorsuggestthatthemainbuildherewas of amongmudbrickand tilefragments mudbrick,plasteredand protectedwithwhitewash. Sherdevidenceindicatesthatthelifeoftheentranceroomin itssecondformcoveredthemid to late 1stcenturyA.D. The floorlevelat thebottomofthesteps,contemporary withtheearly use of the oven, containedmid 1stA.D. sherds(level XI 10). But the roomitself,the new dividingwall at thesouth,thestepsand theovenwerecoveredby a deep layeroffillwithtiles, buildingrubbleand potteryofTrajanic date (levelsXI 5-9), plate 28e. The Bottle Cistern
(Well
12)
Viewsat plate 29, Sectionat plate 12b. The well-headwas discoveredin 1971 at the timeoftheexcavationoftheRoman courtyard, and subsequentinvestigationdemonstratedits connectionalso with earlier, Hellenistic but thecontentswerenotcleareduntilthespringof 1973,aftertheuppershafthad structures, beenremoveddownto theleveloftheLate Minoan floor.l° The following accountis based on a reportoriginallypreparedforseparatepublicationbyJ. EllisJones,who helped withthe excavationand at the same timeundertookthe studyof the verylarge quantityof pottery 1 derivingfromthefill(Deposit D4).1 Excavation
Excavationofthecisternwas carriedoutin threestages.Its existencewas first revealedin 1971 in theRoman levelsofTrenchXII almostbyaccident,whenthethickcrustofearthwhichhad formedoveritsmouthcollapsedintotheopen shaftand revealedthecapstone.In thisseason the capstoneand uppermostpart of the shaftwereexaminedand removed;as the shaftwas hollowforsomewaydown,workinvolveddemolitionratherthanclearanceoffill,and material
32
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
collectedderivedprincipallyfromthe fabricand the construction pit of the shaft.In 1972 a secondsectionoftheshaftwas dismantledand itsfillcleared,down to theMinoan floorlevel. These twostageshad removedtheuppertwo-thirds or so oftheshaft,2.86m.ofit as measured downfromthecapstone.A further toclearthat shortseasonofexcavationin May 1973sufficed a chamber of the level and wider shaft which remained below Minoan floor part plaster-lined in intowhichitopenedoutfurther fill was excavated a of 4.35m. The total further down, depth XII The interior of 50cms. a was noted 57 to levels where 65). arbitrary (levels change except was cleared to the floor,all but fora columnof earthleftin the northwest quadrantof the to a of c. its side to buttress chamber, 1.25m., height againstpossiblecollapse;forit was found whereas the well the adhered to that, shaft,it fellaway in largepatchesfromthe plasterlining roof of the chamber and out-sloping broughtlumpsofkouskouraswithit. The fillconsistedof brownclayishearthwithstones,tiles,plasterand otherbuildingand occupationdebris,the earthbecomingwhiteror grey-brown siltnearerto thebottom.Potterywas foundin quantities bothin upperand lowerlevels,thoughmostcamefromthelowestmetreoffill.12 It appearedto be a homogeneous, and basicallyone periodfilland theceramicdate placesitclearlyin thefirst thirdof the 2nd centuryA.D. forconveniencereferredto as the 'Hadrianic' period (see discussionunderDepositD4). Since the contentswere purelyRoman, but therehad alreadybeen indicationsof earlier (Hellenistic)phasesofuse,a testwas cutthroughthecistern'splasterfloor,and thisrevealedan unsurfacedwell-shaft directlyunder that of the cistern,going on deep down throughthe was also clearedout to itsfulldepth.Thus thefeature kouskourasrock.This lowerwell-shaft a wellhad beendug,rightdown denotedas Well 12 showedtwoobviousstructural phases:first to theancientwaterlevel,usedforsometimeand refilled; later,theupperpartoftheshafthad beenre-used,re-fashioned, extendedout at thesidesand linedwithwater-proof plasterso as to which had more than one make a bottle-shaped one indeed cistern, clearly periodofuse. Construction
The capstonewas a large square slab, 0.92 x 0.97m. in lengthand breadthand 0.25m. in height,havingin its centrea square opening,0.40 x 0.40m. in size, withslightlyrounded indentationcut at the top (plate 29a-b). The corners,each of which had a finger-sized a openingwasjust largeenoughto admit bucketor similarsizedvesselintotheshaftwhilethe indentations could have been cut to securea frameand lid overthemouthor to raiseoverit a fora winchor otherliftingapparatus.The surfaceof the stonebore two grooves framework extendingfromtheopeningto theouteredge - on theeast side,a verynarrowstraight-sided withthenarrow groove,and on thenortha deeperand broaderrunnel,ratherfunnel-shaped the outer to the outside. and the wider end to the opening edgesof the capstone, Along top in moulded ran a low kerb on two there sides, plaster(plate 29b,d). Plasterwas surviving only usedalso on thesidesofthecapstoneand in a neatpackingofstones,0.25m.deep,underneath it; incorporatedin thelatter,undertheline ofthewiderrunneljust noted,was an upturned covertileofroundedLaconian typewhichextendedrightthroughfromtheouteredgeintothe shaftand was probablyset thereas a drain to let in thewaterwhichwas to be storedin the cistern(plate 29a). round Belowthecapstonetheshaftwas seento be quitenarrow,ovoidratherthanperfectly witha largerdiameterof0.6m. It was lined withpinkhydraulicplasterc. 5cms. thick,laid against the neatlyfittedsmall stonesof the shaftlining.The round to ovoid sectionwas maintained,but theshaftgraduallywidenedall theway down,so thatat 4.0m. belowthetop ofthecapstone,it measured1.0m.in diameter.Belowthat,thesidesslopedaway moresharply
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
33
and theshaftopenedout intoa roundchamber,verynearly3.0m.in diameter,withthelower walls curvingin to a floorwhichwas nearlyflat,dippingonlyslightlyin to the centre.The maximumdepthofthecisternfromthesurfaceofthecapstoneto thecentreofthefloorwas c. a bottleshapecloselyresembling that 7.25m.Its formwas one commonamongancientcisterns, of a modernconical flask.*3 The interiorwas lined throughoutwiththe same pink cement notedat thetop oftheshaft;ofvaryingthickness(5-8cms.),it had been applied to stonework kouskourasof the natural subsoil; large higherup, and lower down to the grey-yellow from theslopingroofofthechamberduring fell still with some kouskouras adhering fragments excavation.The totalcapacityofthecisterncan be calculatedas veryroughly2,800gallonsor 12,600litres. Use and history
ofthewellcomplexas a whole,givingthe Firstit maybe convenientto summarisethehistory threeperiodsofuse: (1) a deep dates assignedto the associatedpottery.We may distinguish in theArchaicperiod(late 7thcenturyB.C.), and from welldug,used,abandonedand refilled whichthematerialhas alreadybeenpublished(BSA 73 1978,49); (2) a cisternfashionedoutof in the2nd centuryB.C., and to be relatedto DepositH23 (construction therefilledwell-shaft and secondphaseofuse,late c. 175-150 and first B.C.) and DepositH26 (reconstruction phase, at re-used same cistern cleaned 1stB.C.); (3) the out, (withonlyminormodifications 2nd/early in the and refilled and abandoned the verytop to the well-headand its surrounds), again Roman imperialperiod (see Deposit D4, early2nd centuryA.D.). The Hellenisticand Roman use ofthecisternmayhave been continuous.Hellenisticsherds and thatofthecistern,and by wereconspicuousby theirabsencefromthefillofthewell-shaft basins and channelsadjacent to the theirpresencein the fillof thoseexternalplaster-lined formedpart whichhad (althoughreplacedand overlainbysecondarystructures) cistern-head, forthestorage,use and disposalofrainwiththecisternofthesame,and original,arrangement of the cistern,their water;theirpresencethereguaranteesan earlydate forthe construction and refurbished for absencefromthecisternitselfonlythatit had beencleanedout thoroughly lateruse. The same consideration periods(1stB.C./1stA.D.) for appliesto thoseintervening whichthereis ampleevidenceforcontinuedoccupationin thearea, butnonefromthefillofthe cisternitself.As theRoman fillwas fairlyhomogeneousin character,and belongedwithinthe first thirdofthe2ndcentury A.D., theevidencepointstoa finalcleaning,re-useand refillat the *4 join withothersfromthefinalRoman beginningofthisperiod. Some sherdsfromthecistern depositsin thecourtyard(DepositD5), providingevidencethatcisternand yardwentout of use at about the same time.Both were abandoned and buriedat about the timewhen the House ofDiamond Frescoeswas constructed. neighbouring Historical Summary The SoutheastHouse plotseemsto have been laid out in generalplan, perhapsin conjunction withthe SouthwestHouse and the intermediate buildings,in the 2nd centuryB.C. A clear terminus is at the west end the postquern provided by deep 2nd B.C. robbingpit (Pit 22, Deposit to be associated with the first H28). Probably building is evidence for late Hellenistic construction bothto theeastat thecisterncomplex(DepositH26, levelXII 26) and to thewest of the two beneaththe triangularroom (Deposit H29, level XI 30). The interconnection is shown sherds. There follow scant traces of by joining deposits pre-Augustan 1st B.C.
34
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
occupation beneath the Roman floors,Deposit H27 (level XII 25) at the east, and Deposit H30 (level XI 27) and level XI 31 at the west. The paved court and associated buildings as we have them seem to be basically of later 1st B.C. (Augustan) build, re-usingearlierwall lines,although one earlier earth floor(the firstin a seriesof three) was foundat the west side of the court,and indicates continuityin that working area during the 1st century B.C. Continued occupation through the 1st century A.D. is indicated by the sherd material which accumulated in a deep build-up at the west,whereas the east end was kept comparativelyclean and level, presumablyto ensure continued access to the bottle cistern.Structural alterations to the west end took place around the middle of the 1st centuryA.D. and lifeand work continued here until about the end of the century,when that area was abandoned. The western part of the building was found covered with material of Trajanic date, whereas above the courtyardfloorfurthereast and fillingthe bottle cisternwas found a mass of redepositeddestructionmaterial of Hadrianic date. Thus, at about the time of the firstdestructionof the North House across the street,thisarea too suffereddamage and was finallyabandoned. Rebuilding took place at the North House, and new constructionon the adjacent plot to the south (the House of the Diamond Frescoes), but no later structureswere found above the Southeast House itself.
THE EAST HOUSE Plan at plates 3, 16b; viewsat plate 31; SectionsC and F.
Layout and Construction The East House is a buildingin the east centralarea of the excavationand consistsof two on theveryedgeoftheLittlePalace cutting. completerooms,and partsoftwootherspreserved The greaterpart of the buildingwas excavatedin 1967 (Trench VII) and the remaining portioncompletedin 1971 (TrenchXII); it is cut by thecentraleast-westsection(SectionC). sidethehouseis delimitedbytheobliquelineofthestreetterracewall,on the On thenorthwest south by the line of the SoutheastHouse, while on the east it was cut away by Evans' excavation(plate 31c). The internaldividingwalls are orientedapproximatelyeast-west, parallel with the line of the south wall. Thus we have an approximatelytriangulararea containingtwotrapezoidalrooms,and thediagonallycuthalvesoftwoothers.The roomswere Room I withRooms II and III, and Room II also withthearea to thenorth, interconnected, buta changeduringthelifeofthebuildingcausedthedoorwaybetweenRoomsI and III to be blocked,thusmakingthecornerroomlessaccessible.Afterthedoorwaywas blockedtheonly entranceintoRoom I was fromthenorthside,passingthroughRoom II. The doorwayleading intoRoom II fromthenorthis notwellpreserved;but althoughwe have no threshold block, stretchofwallingheredoes indicatethat thesurvivalofa doorsocketat theextremenortheast therewas an entrance. theoverallplan, Fromthesurviving portionofthebuildingit is notpossibleto reconstruct norto estimateitsoriginalsize. The principalmeansofaccessmayhave been fromthestreet east. Evidenceforthisis now lost,as is thatfora level above, or froma lowerlevel further SoutheastHouse, of which littlemore than a with the connection neighbouring possible We can say thattheroomslie at thewesternedgeofthebuildingand was preserved. courtyard that theyprobablyopened out onto more spacious unitsfurthereast. The natureof their and workrooms. contentsshowsthattheywerestorerooms
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
35
in stonetoa maximumoflm. high.Two, The wallsofthesurviving structure werepreserved thesouthwall and thewestwall ofRoom III, are thicker(ôO-ôScrns.)and betterbuilt;these an originalbuildofa higherqualitythanwas maintainedin are bondedand seemto represent theflimsier and thinnerpartitionwalls at northand southsidesofRoom II. In the original build at least one doorway,thatconnectingRooms I and III, was providedwitha finecut blockand doorjambs(plate 31b). A studyoftheSoutheastHouse has suggestedthat threshold theEast House southwall,was ofAugustanbuildon late itsnorthwall,whichalso constitutes Hellenisticfoundations.Since the west wall of Room III is bonded in, it should be at leastwiththemain (Augustan)build.Howeverno traceofoccupationlevels contemporary, as earlyas Augustanwerefoundin theEast House. Close beneaththefinalfloors,whichwere Neronian,were foundthe scant remainsof a Hellenisticbuilding,withdestructiondeposit oftheEast House, tojudge partlypreserved(DepositH 13), but disturbedby theconstruction coins sherds and of Hellenistic occurrence the (C20, 90, 91, 97) in the fabricof the East by House walls,and byothersfoundin thefill(C3, 40, 48, 59, 64, 84). Threeotherconsiderations usingsomeAugustan suggestthatthebuildingas we have it is a post-Augustanreconstruction walls. First,the subsidiarywalls (Room II northwall, Room I northand westwalls) abutt be laterthantheAugustanlinesalreadymentionedand also later onto,and shouldtherefore thanthestreetterracewall,whichseemsto have been builtin theearly1stcenturyA.D. (see discussionoftheStreet).Secondly,therewas no buildup ofearthfloorsfromtheintermediate periodsduringthelifeofthebuilding(the 1sthalfofthe 1stcenturyA.D.), as therewas in the SouthwestHouse (Room I). This would suggesta major clean-up or a new phase of reconstruction duringthisperiod.Thirdly,the closureof the connectingdoorwaybetween III I and Rooms blockingwall showsthatsome replanningdid take place. by a stone-built ofmudbrick, someofwhich ofthewallswereconstructed courses In thefinalbuildtheupper of in the roof. fill fallen over was foundin the whereit had Fragments whiteplaster collapsed in thefill, and otherfragments in the south wall of Room III, backingwerefound positionon an floor above we should reconstruct colouredred,pinkand blue. From thisevidence upper above Rooms fill that such a floor also extended was no evidence from the Room III, butthere I and II. The roofwas of Laconian tiles,patched or sealed with white plaster,and apparently 15 weighteddown in places by largeflatstones,whichlay among the tilefall. The Destruction Fills The East House was destroyedviolently, perhapsby earthquake,whenits tileroofand mud brickwallingcollapsedand sealed overthecontentsofitsrooms.The destruction depositwas foundintacton a yellowclay floorat depth 12.95-13.35m. (slopingup to thewest),withthe rooftileslyingthicklyoverit (plate 31a, c-d). The lowerfillconsistedofloose brownearthamongthetiles,changingto a loose greyashy beneath.In Room I therewas an area oforange-redmudbrickin the southwest consistency elsewhere dark earthdown to a fineyellowclay floor,withsome ash. The amphora corner, no. on 12 base, plan, containeda pure greyashysubstance,whosepurposeis not clear (see discussionin thefollowing section).In Room II therewas a spreadofpale greyash overmuch of the floor,thicklyconcentratedin a patch near the northeastcorner,and withina semicircular featureofwhiteclay,evidentlya poorlyconstructed hearth,on theeastsideofthe room.Thoughtherewereflecksofcarbontroddenintotheclayfloorofthisroomduringitsuse, therewereno instancesofcharredwood on thefloorto suggestdestruction byfire,nortracesof
36
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
burningon tilesor stones.The fillin theadjacentarea to thenorthwas quiteparallelto thatin Room II, ashyfillovera yellowclay floor(SectionF, level no. 9). In Room I was foundtheskeletonofa largedog,whichwas evidentlycaughtin thesudden destruction ofthebuildingand struckby fallentiles(plates 16b,3 Id). The following noteon theskeletonwas providedby ShelaghWall, who kindlystudiedthebonesand reconstructed thedetailsof thedrawing(no. 7 on plan). "The skeletonof a dog foundin thisdepositwas fairlycomplete.It belongedto an adult animal.The rightfemurhad a healedfracture in thecentreoftheshaft,whichwouldprobably have caused some degree of lamenessto the animal. The heightof the animal could be estimatedfrommeasurements ofthelong bonesusingfactorsgivenby Harcourt(1974).16 It would have stoodto 49.5cms.at theshoulder." Function The contentofRooms I and III showthattheywereused principallyforstorage.In Room I fourcompleteor nearcompleteamphorae(Nl,43-44, twoas Nl,45) lay on thefloor;in Room III thebase ofone was foundset uprightin a rectangularstandconstructed besidethesouth in and two others were found association with a built or wall, (Nl,51, Nl,45) compartment rackat thenorthside (see plan at plate 16b: Room I nos. 2, 4, 6, 15; Room III nos. 19, 22). Anotherfiveamphoraefromthe fillbringthe total to twelve.The presenceof a large dog, presumablya watch-dog,in Room I suggeststhatthe contentsof the roomwereconsidered worthguarding. A secondaryfunction mayhave been cooking,tojudge fromthecookpotsalso foundon the butthehearth floor(nos. 1,5, 8 and 13on plan). Room II did notcontainanystoragefacilities, or It clear whetherthe east wall indicates that it served for is not setagainstthe cooking baking. ash piled againstthesouthand westwallswas merelytheclearingsfromthehearthawaiting disposalor was to be retainedforsomepurpose.As mentionedabove, one amphorabase set intothefloorin theadjacentroom(no. 12 on plan) containeda greyashysubstancesimilarto thatfoundin quantityin Room II. 17 It couldhave beensetintothefloorwithhotash fromthe nearbyfireforuse as a warmingdevice. Suggestionscan be made concerningotherpossible 18 useas domesticorindustrial usesforcollectingfineash and thesemightincludethefollowing: in baking(as sometimestoday,bothin bread and Greekhoneycakes, an additive/adulterate suchas themelomakarona orfinikia);fortheclarifying ofwine;or as a polishingagentforcopper (withlemonjuice). of the findsfromRooms I and III, it seemslikelythatall these From the close similarity roomswere part of a singleunit and served the combinedfunctionof storageand food The blockingofthedoorwaybetweenRoomsI and III mighthave beenintended preparation. toprovidegreatersecurity forRoom I, or to protectRoom III againstsmokeor fumesfromthe of Room for the II, fireplace fireplacewas barelya metrefromtheblockeddoorway.That the roomswerestilllinkedand partofone unitis also suggestedby thefindingin Room III ofthe lid (Nl,29) whichbelongsto thering-handled cookpot(Nl,31) ofRoom I (nos. 5 and 24 on plan). Chronology As suggestedabove, two of the major walls of thisbuildingwere probablybuiltduringthe length to warrant some internal Augustan period. An occupation period of sufficient
EXCAVATION ANDARCHITECTURE
37
is suggestedby theblockingwall foundin thedoorconnectingRooms I and III. restructuring The make-upofthefloorcontainedone Neroniancoin (G134 Nero/Claudius,no. 10 on plan) whilethefillwhichlay in the triangularspace northofRoom II containeda second (C133, Nero and Octavia). This evidenceis consistent withthatof the pottery(Deposit Nl), which antequern finds3rdquarter1stcenturyA.D. parallelsfromthedepositsat Pompeii.A terminus forthedestruction depositis providedbya coinofDomitian(C141) foundin cleaningaway the remainsofRoom III westwall. Above the latersiltwhichhad accumulatedoverthesurviving was later 1st A.D. at the southsidesealingthespreadofrooftiles some silt, and, century deposit there,was an early2nd centuryA.D. occupationlevel withsomewhole potsrestingon it,19 level (SectionC, no. partofa disturbedand mostlyperhapsredepositedHadrianicdestruction 5). In summary,then,we have elementsof a buildingconstructedat least in part in the cleared away Augustanperiod (like the SoutheastHouse), but whosefinalfloorseffectively level earlieroccupationlevels,since theywere laid closelyover a late 3rd B.C. destruction in 1st to a violent end the 3rd of the Its was century brought quarter (DepositH13). occupation A.D. The resultant destruction deposit(DepositNl ) was foundintactbeneathlater1stcentury A.D. silt,and partlysealed beneatha disturbedearly2nd centuryA.D. occupationlevel.This deposit along with other contemporarymaterialis describedas 'Neronian' followingthe evidenceof the coins,and it may be suggested,withsome reservation, that an earthquake recordedfor Knossos in Nero's thirteenth 67 A.D.20 was the occasion of the year destruction.
THE HOUSE OF THE DIAMOND FRESCOES at plates 21-2 and 34. B and E; viewsat plate 24b,32-3;frescoes Planat plate 20; Sections The latest house constructedon the site of the UnexploredMansion was located in the southeastcornerof the excavated area. Its existencehad been brieflynoted by Sir Arthur Evans; above thesouthend oftheashlarfacadeoftheMansion,nearthebridgebetweenit and the Little Palace, he came across the remainsof 'a Graeco-Romanhouse with tracesof decorativewall-paintings showinguprightmarbledbands of greenand red.'21He observed that the remainswere set only 'about a metrehigherthan the Minoan floorlevel.' Evans' workmenremovedmost of the structureof the house, but leftthosewesternparts which extendedback beyondthefacadeoftheMansionand thelimitsofhisexcavation.It was from on theseremainingwalls thatthishousewas named the'House of thewall-painting surviving theDiamond Frescoes'. fourwesterly roomsofa largercomplex(plate Plan The remainsfound'in situ'represented was set furthest backintothehillside,and I in northwest corner of the house that Room the 20). as foundwas definedon all foursidesbystandingwalls.Room II lay in linewiththeeastend of Room I, butonlythepartitionwall and veryshortstubsoftheadjoiningwallssurvived.Room widestripof south,preservedthewestwall,partsoftheadjacentwallsand a metreIII, further roomlocated,Room IV, was represented its itsfloor.The southernmost again by westwall, and partsofitsnorthand eastwalls.RoomsI- III, alreadymuchdisturbedbytheearlierwork, wereclearedin 1971;theirremainswererecordedand laterin 1972removedto exposepartof theMinoan building.Room IV was excavatedin twostagesin 1977;itssouthedgeliesbeyond thelimitsofthelatestexcavation.22
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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
Size The overall dimensions,as recovered,are 14.80m. north-south to the limitof the excavation,and 10.60m.east-westfromthebuiltend ofRoom I to theprojectionoftheeast end ofRoom IV. At leastone securemeasurement can be givenforeach room.Room I was 3.45m. north-south and 5.80-5.90m. east-west;Room II was 3.45m. north-south; Room III was 4.95m.north-south; and Room IV was 7.40m.east-west.ComparisonbetweenRoom IV and theotherssuggests thatthe4.75m.north-south ofthearea so farclearedmay measurement notbe farshortofthefullwidth.Similarlyifone wereto projectitseastwall northwards across thebuilding,Room III would be 7.0m.longeast-west, but Room II only3.50m.long,which wouldmakeit considerably smallerthanall theothers.That is one reasonforconsidering that thecomplexextendedsomeway further east,down theslope. The natureof the survivingstructurecarriessome implicationsforthe plan of the house. Room I had wallsstandingto a considerableheighton all foursides,and as highas 3m.on the fillof all west,wheretheybacked up againstthe accumulatedoccupationand destruction from Minoan to In I the drawn sections of Room periods (SectionsB and mid-empire. detail, show that the west as in thecore stood at the face and 2.70m. 2.92m. wall, preserved, E) high above theadjacentfloor(witha highpointof3.15m.at thesouthwest while itsnorth corner), and southwallswere2.74m.and 2.45m.high(2.52m.and 2.0m.at theface),and eventheeast wall stoodto a heightof 1.20m.So thefloorlay well below thecourtyardand roomlevelsof earlierRoman housessituatedto the west,and the standingwalls preservedno trace of a window.The same was trueofthewestendsofRooms III and IV thoughtheretainingwalls werenot preservedso high:a sectionacrossRoom III (SectionA) revealsthatalthoughthe westwall retainedonly1.15m.ofitsinnerfaceabove floorlevel,itssolidcorestood2.0m.high. As Evans had previously noted,thishouselay verylittleabove thesubstantialremainsofthe Minoan building,and indeedin 1971 and 1977 thewalls and floorsofRooms I, III and IV a werefoundto lie in placesdirectlyon Minoan walls. It is clear thatRoom I was effectively back into basementroom,and RoomsIII and IV wereat leastsemi-basement terraced rooms, thatothermoreopen roomsand an open courtexistedto slopingground.It is likelytherefore theeastofthem.Againit is possiblethateithera flatbalconyroofextendedoverRooms I, III and IV, or a setofupperrooms,whichcould have openeddirectlyto groundlevelto thewest; otherwisetiledroofslaid overRooms I, III and IV, even ifsomeextraheightwereallowed, would have reacheddown close to groundlevel on theuphill,westside. The walls of the house walls was solid but unpretentious. Construction The construction were of coursedrubble and re-usedbuildingstonebonded withlime mortarand included pieces of architecturaland other stone features;for example the northwall of Room I a wholecourseofsegments ofbrokenroundmillstones (plates 29e,33d), a rowof incorporated rowon theouter seven,set at 1.70m.above theflooron theinnerface,and a corresponding cornerofRoom I had been theoutersouthwest side.Again,highup in thesurviving stonework, style. by three courses of re-usedrectangularblocks set in long-and-short strengthened Otherwisetheexterioroftheouterwallsofthatroomand thewestwallsofRooms III and IV are not givena builtface,but constructed againstthe back of a terracecut into the slope, whereastheinnerfaceshad beenrenderedsmoothwitha thicklayeroflimemortarand faced with plaster.A numberof putlog holes were noted in the courseof excavationand final demolitionofthewalls,butthesewouldhave beensealedbehindtheplasteredface.Demolition forthe westand southwalls of also revealedsome verylarge blocksre-usedas foundations blocksand slabsperhapssalvagedfroma Minoan building. Room I, includingfinerectangular
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
39
Walls The walls variedconsiderablyin thickness.In Room I thewestwall was 64-70cms. thick(72-74cms.withthe plasterface), the northwall was oô-oScrns.(62cms.withplaster as bare stonework,was only face),thesouthwall 62-66cms.thickand theeastwall,surviving 40cms.thick,but mighthave been c. 50cms.thickwithitslostplasterfaces.The westwall of Room III had an overall thicknessof 1.10-1.28m., and that of Room IV was similarat 1.10-1.20m.,whereasitseast wall was only50cms.thick. The house walls preserveclear evidence of structuraldamage and subsequentrepair, involvingalso minorchangesofplan. The southwall ofRoom I showeda verticalbreakin the stoneworkin line withthe northwest cornerof Room III (plate 33d), perhapscaused by subsidencebut moreprobablyresulting fromthesame causeswhichrequiredmajorrepairsin thelatterroom.In Room III itselfthethickwestwall revealedduringdemolitiontwodistinct phases of build (SectionA, plate 32d). It incorporatedin its lowestpart the levelledstub (50-60cms.high)ofan earlier,thinnerretainingwall, only50-56cms.thick,but neatlybuilt, and witha plasteredfaceto theroom;theearlywall had tiltedand bulgedout ofline and so was reducedto a safeheight.Repair involvedadding a new front,60cms.thick,builtwith and largerstones(includinga re-usedmouldedbase), and thencontinuing deeperfoundations at the combined withsquarishfacingstonesbackedby rubble.The earlier thickness, upwards wall had beenbondedat base withthesouthwall ofRoom I, (therepaironlybuttedagainstit theplasteredfaceoftheearlierwall was there,and cut acrossitslinehigherup). Furthermore, in line withthewestend ofRoom IV, and represented the originallayout.The rebuildhad involvednot merelythe slightreductionin lengthof Room III but also the blockingof a corner.The blockeddoorway doorwaybetweenthatroomand Room IV setat theinnermost was onlyfoundwhenRoom IV was investigated; it was 55cms.wide and had a slightly jutting westjamb witha hard mortaredface,apparentlyunpainted,but littledamagedby therubble and mortarpackingin thedoorway(plates 20, 32c, e). The blockingwas sealedwithplaster, hiddenbehindthepaintedfrescoes whichbelongedto thefinalphase ofthehouse. completely The discoveryin 1977 ofthisblockeddoorwayin thesouthwestcornercornerofRoom III raised the questionwhethera similardoorwayhad existedin the corresponding northern also blocked the same in The vertical break the south wall I might of Room corner, by repair. marktheeastjamb ofsucha doorway,or elsea deliberatebreakin thewall made to allow the intothewestend ofthesouthwall,whichwas masonryoftherepairto be mortaredforstrength also a retainingwall; certainlyduringdemolitionin 1971no otherbreakin thesouthwall had been notedwhichmightcorrespondto anotherjamb. That Room I was enteredfromtheadjacentRoom III is quite clear,and indeedthereis an obviousdoorwayin itssoutheastcorner,in linewithEvans' exploratory trench.The condition of the stonework, on the east made it to measure its truewidth side, especially impossible at even or to decide whether this was the (80cms. least,perhaps 1.0m.), originalentranceor a a for narrower the of Room replacement I, ratherthanin its doorwaymidwayalong length corner. One otherdoorwayis to be considered,a door setin theeast wall ofRoom IV at c. 3.30m. along fromitsnorthend, and close to thelimitofexcavation.Large slabs forma substantial thresholdand a stepdown on theoutside,and theirwidthindicatesa doorwayup to 1.50m. wide.The evidenceis notconclusive,but theverysize ofthestonessuggeststhatherewas the intendedmain entryinto the room, and that it was an originalfeatureand not just a fortheblockednarrowdoorwayin theinnermost cornerwhichconnectedRooms replacement III and IV together.
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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
contrastsand someevidencefor Floors The floorsofthehouselikewiseprovideinteresting intact for examinationwas notverylarge. repair.The totalarea offloorsurfacewhichsurvived In Room I thewesthalfofthefloorwas protectedby thedeep fill,but mostoftheeasternhalf had beendug away by Evans' workmen.In Room II no real floorwas traceableat thefootof thepartitionwall betweenit and Room I. In Room III no morethan a metre-wide stripof madefloorremainedbetweenthewestwall and theslopingedgeofearlierexcavation,whilein Room IV, althoughmoreofthelevelarea oftheroomwas availableforexcavation,therewas The floorof betweentheroomsis suggestive. hardlyanytraceofa preparedfloor.The contrasts Room I seemedto be made ofa layerofpale pinkishplaster,whichwhencut through, proved existedbelow, to be ofhard troddenclaywithlargepiecesofplasterin it. No stonebottoming and thefloorin placeslay directlyon crumbledmudbrickoftheMinoan periodand elsewhere on theattenuatedpost-Minoanbutearlylayers,mostlycutaway bytheRoman builderswhen theylevelledthegroundforthishouse (SectionB, beneathno. 2, SectionE, no. 4). In Room III, thefloorlevelwas represented bya layerofflatstoneslaid againstthefootofthewallsand with the associated obviously repairof the westwall. Underneath,at 30-35cms.below the was an earlier floorof hard-packedyellow-brown stone clay whichis to be layer, packed associated with the original,narrowerwest wall (though a trenchdug for the deeper to foundations oftherepairhad cutrightthroughit). The secondarystonefloor,notdissimilar in floor a finished than a better surface for be the seemed rather to bottoming roughcobbling, of paintedplasterand mouldedcornice, itself,yetupon it in confusionlay manyfragments of whiteplaster fallenfromthe wall, pieces of tile, and, most notably,severalfragments and plates below 9 Section busts or heads unfinished (see perhaps sculpture,representing its westwall of the foot laid stone of some few IV also Room along patches 278-293). preserved its rather than floor of Room lower earlier level with the III, secondary'cobbled' (roughly earth a of defined was no well but there floor,merely layer clayish slopingtowardsthe floor), east end; and below thatvariouslengthsofearlierwallingwerefound,in places risingalmost floorlevel were up to thelevel of the bottomof thefrescoedwalls. Again,on thisill-defined ofplastersculpture,mainlyofdrapery foundmanypiecesofelaboratecorniceand fragments and outerstepofRoom IV onlysoft outsidetheeastthreshold (seeSection 9 below).Similarly, earthwas found,withouttrace of laid gravelor stoneworkwhetheras finalsurfaceor as natureof the bottomingforothermaterial.In generalthe crude and seeminglyunfinished contrastto the elaboratelyplasteredand floorsthroughoutthe house providea significant paintedwalls,and thispointis discussedbelow. Frescoes (plates 21, 33-4) The mostnotablediscoverymade in thishousewas ofthewellof preservedevidenceofitsfrescoeddecoration.In other,earlierhouseson thissite,fragments and in such but nowhere found had been wall or rarely quantities ceilingplaster painted adheringto thewall surface.In thislatestphase paintedplasterwas foundon thewallsofall in twoofthem(I, III) threeroomsreasonablywellpreserved(RoomsI, III, IV), and sufficient of the decorativescheme,and to warrantthe to make possiblea general reconstruction adoptionof the name of the House of Diamond Frescoesforthisbuilding.A preliminary ofthehouseunderthatnamehas alreadybeenpublished.23 accountwithcolouredillustrations The paintedplasterof the threeroomswill be describedin order. Room I had boththelargestarea ofpreservedwall surfaceand ofpaintedplaster'in situ', witha fairlycontinuousstriprunningalong the base of thesouth,westand northwalls and large pieces risingunbrokento head heightin some places withsmallerisolatedpatchesof colourtraceableevenat heightsof2.0-2.50m. up fromthefloor(plate 21a, b, c). Aroundthe
EXCAVATION ANDARCHITECTURE
41
room the lowerwall had been paintedwitha dado, c. 40cms. high,of alternatingpanels, narrowerpanelsofyellowmarbledwithooliticpatternsofochreblotchesand red lines,and widerpanelsmarbledwithzigzagor meanderingbandsoflighterand darkergreen.The wellpreserveddado on the westwall had an axial layoutof threeooliticpanels,the centralone 35cms.wide,theothers38cms.wide,withgreenpanels70 and 78cms.widebetweentheseand greenpanels45 and 40 cms.at thecorners.The patterncontinuedon thenorthwall,starting fromthenorthwest cornerwitha greenpanel,43cms.wide,and thenpanelsofooliticred and yellowdesign,38-40cms.wide, alternatingwithbroaderpanels,80-75cms.wide,of banded green.These widthswould have allowedfivered-on-yellow panelsand six greenpanels to fit intothenorthwall dado. The southwall also startedfromthewestcornerwitha greenpanel and thencontinuedwithalternating red-on-yellow panels,38-40cms.wide,and greenpanels, 70-74cms.wide;fourred and fivegreenpanelswouldsuitthedistancefromthecornerto the doorway.All the dado panels were edged at top and sides with narrow black lines. A continuousdarkgreenband, 6cms.wide,also edgedwithblack,separatedthedado fromthe upper zone of the decorationand fromit rose verticalgreenbands of similarwidthwhich separatedtheseriesofhighpanelson theupperwall. Here panels,78-80cms.wide,alternated withnarrowerones,only 16-18cms.across.Each of the wide panels enclosedan elongated diamondor lozenge,borderedwitha blue or blue-greenband,6cms.wide.The colourscheme of the diamondpanels was an alternationof yellowdiamondson dark red panels,and red diamondson yellow;theyellowofbothdiamondsand panelswas lightlymottledwithbrown in a different marbleeffect fromtheyellowofthedado. The narrowbandswereofpale streaks, more marbled with black lines.Each diamondtraceableon thepreservedplaster pink, heavily seemedto be centredabove a red-on-yellow panel of thedado. So theseriescan be schematically reconstructed withthreediamondpanelson thewestwall, fouron thesouth,and fiveon thenorth;thoughno plasterremainedon theeastwall,probably itsdecorationmirrored thatofthewestwall opposite(as in thereconstruction in plate 21). No was to its full but the of the diamonds singlepanel preserved height, proportions suggesta of 1.45-1. 50m. for this zone of which have been bordered height decoration, above, as may a dark band. Further small traces of were found on the below,by green up only greenplaster westand northwalls,at 2.25-2.50m. above the floor- the remainsperhapsof a continuous friezeofgreen,plainor marbledin thestyleofthegreendado panels (plate 21 reconstruction adopts a minimalheight).The next elementsof the decorationhave to be reconstructed of mouldedcornice.Above the greenfriezecame a entirelyfromnumerousfallenfragments 1 lcms. with a projectingcornice, high projectionof8cms.,withitsface'marbled'in theredof the several dado; and-yellowstyle fragments preservedalong theirupper edge the red of anotherfriezeof undefinedheight,which ended in a second cornice,6cms. in heightand and projection,and plain whitein colour (plate 22A and B). The corniceswereflat-topped retainedin placesthetrough-like or holesfortheirreedor woodensupportsused to impression fix the corniceitselfto the wall, or the shuttering againstwhich it was moulded. Several of the lower cornice were on with redand blue paint,thereddoubtless fragments spattered top fromthefriezeabove it,and someoftheuppercornicefragments had spattersofblue,which that there was a blue frieze at the of the wall and suggested verytop perhapsa blue ceiling; of blue on the floor some for that pieces plaster provided support suggestion. In Room II paintedplasterwas foundin positiononlyat thesouthwest corner,withrather moreon the west than on the southwall, and verylittleabove the dado (whichoccupied 40cms. of the preservedheightof 50-55cms.). The dado itselfwas similarto that already described(plates 2 Id, 32b-c). On the west wall, fromthe corneroutwards,was a green
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EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE
marbled panel, 23cms. wide, a red-on-yellowoolitic panel, 38cms. wide, and another green panel, at least 46cms. wide. The south wall displayed, fromthe same corner outwards, a wide green panel, 84cms. across, and part of a red-on-yellowpanel. The panels were definedat sides and top by a black edging, 2cms. wide, with an overpainted yellow or reddish line along the top. The next element was a horizontal band, 6-7cms. wide, of dark blue-greencolour, faded or flakedin places, which sent up equally wide vertical bands to border the panels in the upper zone. One such panel was just traceable on the west wall. The panel, 73cms. wide, was of mottledochre-yellow,and preservedthe lowest part of a red diamond, correctlycentred over the red-and-yellowpanel of the dado below. One differencein the scheme was that both panel and diamond were outlined with thinred lines set in fromthe edge; another was that the dark verticalbordercame rightinto the corner,allowing no room therefora narrowerpanel. On the southwall only a fragment,at most58cms. wide and 22cms. high,remained above thedado. As on the other wall, the lowest element was the dark horizontal 6cms. band, here mostlyfaded but with the usual blue-greentraceable in places and on the vertical band risingfromit, again at the very corner. Within the dark border came a strip of red-on-yellowoolitic marbling, a second border ratherthan a solid panel, fora straightline marked the top of the lower 7-8cms. band while the marblingrose higherat the corneras fora vertical band. Within thisagain was a patch of pale indeterminate,probably faded colour. As 50cms. of the bottom edge of the oolitic border was preserved,it followsthat thisparticular panel differedin width as well as in colour scheme fromthe narrow pink marbled panels which alternated with diamond panels in Room I. Too littleplaster survivesto make it possible to reconstructthe decorative scheme of this room with any confidence. However it is worth noting that one diamond panel, 73cms. wide, and one marbled panel, c. 50cms. wide, with their dark borders, would fiton to the survivinglength of the north wall, between the corner and the doorway. Moreover, the full length of the west wall itselfcould accommodate four similar diamond panels, set with a diamond panel at its north end, just as was found at the south end, and between these three marbled panels, again with dark vertical bands as borders. Possiblyin thisroom also the wider panels had an alternatingcolour scheme of red diamond on yellow, and yellow diamond on red. Fallen fragmentssuggestedthat two cornices projected fromthe upper walls, a lower and an upper cornice of the same profileas those in Room I, the lower again with a red-on-yellow marbled face and the upper again white,but here with a pink friezebelow, edged with black at the base of the cornice, and a red friezeabove. One fragmentof upper cornice preservedthe startof a rakingcornice, as fora pediment set against the upper frieze,perhaps over a niche or some other moulded embellishment. Room IV was the thirdroom which preservedsome painted plaster, on its west and north walls, but as no great height of face had survived,very littleabove the now familiarmarbled dado was found. Here again was an alternationof red-on-yellowoolitic panels and wider green marbled panels, with their colours so vivid that the patterningseemed crude and brash. In contrast to the sequence found in Rooms I and II, here it was a red-on-yellowpanel which occupied the cornerpositionon both west and northwalls. The layout on the west wall can be reconstructedfromplasteringstill adhering to it and fromfragmentspieced togetherduring study. An oolitic panel, 49cms. wide, occupied the north end, and then came a long green panel, 90cms. wide, and another oolitic panel; furthersouth,near the limitofexcavation, was a complete oolitic panel, 39cms. wide, flankedby incompletegreen panels, one disappearing into the south baulk (plate 32b). The exposed length of the west wall (4.75m.) would accommodate foursuch oolitic panels with three green panels in between; if the green panels were all of comparable length and the sequence required another red oolitic panel in the
EXCAVATION ANDARCHITECTURE
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southerncornerto balance thatfoundat thenorthend,thenthedado wouldsuggesta minimal lengthof5.90m.forthewestwall. The northwall also startedwitha red ooliticpanel, (oddly only 15cms.wide) at the west corner,with a long green panel next to it; thissectionof coveredtheblockeddoorwaybetweenRooms III and IV, and thatchangepartly plasterwork accountedforthe result- a totallengthof64cms.ofred-on-yellow marblingat thiscorner. in itscolourscheme,traceablein thesmallsectionof Room IV displayedotherdifferences corner.The dado panels had been edged withthin plasterabove the dado in the northwest blacklinesat sidesand top,but above themcame nota darkgreenband but a darkred band, 4cms. wide, also black edged; above that anotherhorizontalband, 4cms. wide, of white marbledwithregularoblique streaksofred,and a thirdband, ofdark green,again 4-5cms. wide and ochreedged; thethreewiththeirvariousedgingsofblack and ochreformeda zone, 16cms.high,overthedado. Above that,partofa verticalschemewas visiblein theverycorner, a verticalband,9cms.wide,on each oftheadjoiningwalls,ofwhitemarbledwithredlinesin a meanderzigzag pattern,and thena widerband, 20cms.wide or more,again on bothwalls, coloureddarkgreenor brown,and overpaintedwithpairsofthinverticalyellowlinesoutlining ofpaintedplastercame fromthefillofthisroom,someifnot thepanels.Many otherfragments all fromits walls or ceiling.A varietyof multicolouredpieces suggestedpanels, stripesor borders;e.g. parallelredlineson blue,nextto blendedgreenand ochre;greenand red bands; ooliticmarbling;and whitewithzigzag linesof black borderedon twosidesby red-on-yellow black,red and green.They presentno clear pictureofthedecorationon theupperwalls,and preserveno evidencefordiamondpanels,such as thebottomor cornerofa lozenge.A point tendingagainsta schemeclose to thatofRooms I and III is thatwhereastherethediamonds are centredoverthenarrowred-on-yellow panelsofthedado, thelocationofsucha panel in theverycornerofRoom IV makesitimprobablethattherewas a diamondpanelabove it,with thelozengepaintedpartlyon thewestand partlyon thenorthwall. But a juttingcorniceand a 2m. lengthofa othermouldingsadornedtheupperwall: 14 collectedfragments represented in the cornice of Room I but in and lower cornice, height projectionresembling flat-topped mouldedprofileitsuppercornice;theypreservedpartofa darkgreenfriezebelow,a 3m. band ooliticmarbling,and thenthe main 11cms. profiledsection,in whitewith of red-on-yellow ofanothercornicewithmouldededgingwere indistinct tracesofredmarbling.Two fragments was a heavyplasterpedimentrepresented recorded.Most impressive by 10joiningfragments withthe lowerand the rakingcornices,suggestinga pedimentat least 1.70m.wide; such a featuremighthave embellisheda doorwayin thehouse,suchas thewidedoorwayofRoom IV (plate 34c). The decorativeschemesofthefrescoedroomsare based almostentirelyon theimitationof theveneeringofwalls in panels and bands; none of the fragments preservetracesof painted floralor animalmotifs.The effectiveness ofsuchveneeringdependson scenesor offormalised thejuxtapositionofmarblesofcontrasting colourand veiningin variousgeometricpatterns, and the imitationmarblingof thishouse adopts the same principleof bold contrasts.The banded greenpanels of the dado probablyimitatedVerde antico' or 'marmorThessalicum' fromnearLarissa,whilethered-on-yellow ooliticpanelsrepresented 'gialloantico'or 'marmor Numidicum'fromChemtouin NorthAfrica.Various kindsof 'marmorscritto'or whitishor pale marbleswithveiningin a scribblepatternare seenin thepink-on-black panelsand in redon-whiteborders.The dark red diamonds,panels and bordersmay have imitatedlocal material,thedarkredstoneofMt Dikte,and it is possiblethatotherCretanmarbleswerealso simulatedbysomeofthepanelsand borders.24 Whereasin thishouseonlyimitationmarbling was used in thedado, diamondpanels,bordersand cornices,bothsimilarimitationmarbling
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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
and real marbleveneerswereusedin theVilla Dionysosat Knossos,a prosperousurban'villa5 situated350m.to thenorthwest.25 Fragmentsofseveralofthemarblesimitatedin thehouse 'verdeantico','gialloantico','marmorscritto',thedarkredofMt Dikteand others have been foundin Roman levelswithinthe'Unexploredmanson'site,and thatsuggeststheuse ofreal veneeringin housesmuchcloserthan theVilla Dionysosto thisarea.26 Occupation and History Thereare twoodditiesabout theHouse ofDiamondFrescoeswhichare crucialforinterpreting contrast thenatureofitsoccupationand history. One is thearchitectural oddityofthestriking thicklayersofmortar between,on theone hand,thehousewallswiththeirsolidconstruction, and plaster,theirelaboratefrescoes, cornicesand mouldings, and,on theother,thecrudefloors ofearthand plastermix,roughcobbling, or plainclay.The otheris thearchaeologicaloddity of plastersculpture,cornicesand tiles,lyingtumbledon of thediscoveryofmanyfragments thesecrudefloors,but thelack of any propersherddepositindicativeof positiveoccupation and abandonment.Thereis an inherent oddityin a builderspendingso muchtimeand trouble its sideswiththickmasonrywalls and then in excavatingso deep a house siteand revetting floors than thoseactuallyfound.When such an as no better surfaces permanent intending elaboratedecorativeschemehad been adopted fortheserooms (whichwere afterall only roomsabove roomsofa housewithpossiblyevenmoreimpressive basementor semi-basement or east of them),it would appear moreconsonantwithsuch standardsto have floorsalso of morefinished appearance,suchas smoothcement,'opus signinum',or evenmosaic.Indeed in roomsso deeplysunkinto the hillside,intendedforsocial use not storage,it semi-basement unsoundnot to providehard,sealed floors,as damp-proofas possible. would be structurally be bestexplainedon the hypothesisthatsome disruptivefactor The contrastscan therefore whenthedecorationofthewallshad beencompletedor of the course construction, interrupted musthave ofthefloorshad beenlaid. The disruption faradvanced,butbeforethefinalsurfaces beforeitwas properlyoccupiedand lived beensuchthatthebuildingwas abandoned,in effect and withthe'mod cons'thathispurseand tastes in bytheowner,at leastnotin thefullcomfort material tumbled Some of the mighthave been salvagedfromtheruin:thetile mightrequire. to far too few on the floor are representa fullroofcollapse,and probablymostof fragments themwere takenaway forre-use.The shell of the buildingwas howeverabandoned, and allowed to fillup with the soil washed in fromthe slope above, or perhapseven used for dumpingmaterial.That thisprocesswas gradualis suggestedby theconditionoftheplaster foundadheringto thewalls;it was pitted,fadedand friablehighup on thewalls,smoothand vividin colourlowerdownwheretheearthfillhad protecteditsoonest.The driftmaynothave comeintoall theroomsat an evenrate:littleactual paintedfacewas found'in situ'in Room III, and thatwas in places faded,whereasmoreofthedado survivedin Room IV, and that withparticularly brightcolours.27 is complicatedby the evidence This suggestionof a house abandoned duringconstruction thatthishouse itselfhad, at least in one part,two buildingphases;and the questionmight reasonablybe asked whetherthat in itselfdoes not of necessityimply the lapse of some an intervening 'occupation'.As noted appreciabletimebetweenthe phases and therefore wall was foundto be a ofRoom III, theouterlineofthewestretaining abovein thedescription replacementforor rathera thoroughrepairof an earlierthinnerwall whichhad tiltedand withina muchthickerwall. bulgedand thenbeen reducedto a safeheightand incorporated wall whichthebuildersfoundby That firstthinwall was by no meanssomeantique,forgotten
EXCAVATION ANDARCHITECTURE
45
chanceand builtintotheirownwall tosave timeand trouble;ratherit belongedto theprimary layoutand buildingofthehouse,forit actuallybondedintothesidewall ofRoom IV and was associatedwiththe interconnecting cornerdoorwaywhichwas blockedby the thickrepair. That thisoriginallayoutdoes not representa real occupationperiodis clear: the argument thetimefrom fromtheimpermanence ofthefloorsofRooms I and IV holdsgood throughout thelayoutofthehouseuntilitsabandonment,and theprimaryfloorofRoom III is itselfonly of troddenearthand had no real occupationdebrison it below the make-upforthe slightly highercobbledfloorwhichwas added as part of the repairworkon thewestwall. The tiltof the stumpof the primarywall suggestsa reasonforthe two stagesof build structural damage caused to a vitalretainingwall by pressurefrombehind,theresultofwater a seepage, shiftin thesoil,or probablyan earthtremor.This occurredwhenthewholehouse had beenlaid outin plan,and thewallsbuiltup to a good heightand plastered,butbeforethe walls weredecoratedand certainlybeforeany properfloorswere laid down and beforethe ratherthancontractors. The damagewas onlylocalised,the buildingwas occupiedbyresidents evenifthatmeantlosing unsoundfabricwas removedand thewall rebuiltto an extrathickness the convenienceof a connectingdoorway a littlein the lengthof Room III and sacrificing moreplasterwas laid on thewallsand betweenitand Room IV. Then workproceededfurther, in cornices were added colours and moulded (and suchadornmentmustimply painted bright thatthe walls had reachedtheirfullheightand a roofnow extendedover them).And then somethingelse occurredto interruptthisworkforever.The disruptionmay have been of a socialor politicalnaturewhichaffected thewholecommunity. But thatitwas perhapsanother which caused even more serious to the fabric ofthehouse (notnecessarily damage earthquake in thepartfoundand excavated)is suggestedbyone circumstance: thetumbleofplasterheads, cornicefragments and tileslies directlyon the bare cobblesof the higherfloorin Room III, withno intervening accumulationof soil such as mightbe expected,if the house had been abandonedwhilestructurally soundand thenonlydecayedovera longperiodoftime.Their a hintthata suddenand partialcollapseofthefabricpersuaded on the stones is directly resting thebuildersand ownersto abandon thenear-complete housewithouttryingthistimeto repair and modifythe building. So in summarythe historyof the house is seen as one long processof construction, by partialdamage, renewedwithrepairs,continueduntilnear completion,and interrupted then terminatedsuddenly, possibly by earthquake; other external factorsmay have to re-useor adapt this complicatedthesituation,sincetherewas no attemptmade thereafter plot,norindeedany further buildingover any part of thewholesite. Date For datingtheconstruction and abandonmentofthehouse(dateswhichithas beenarguedare farapart), threetypesofstylistic notsignificantly evidenceare available- thoseoftheplaster of the and of the The frescoes, sculpture, pottery. plastersculptureis discussedin detail in Section 9, and itis sufficient hereto notethatthestyleis consonantwitha date in thelate 2nd centuryA.D. The styleof the painted wall plaster,with its so-calledincrustationstyleof imitationmarblingand geometricformsexemplified in thedado and diamondpanels,is not in datable because variants of the itself, closely styleprevailedfora longtimein manypartsof the Roman empire.It is certainlynot a stylewhich findsclose parallels at Pompeii and Herculaneumwhichexemplify stylesprevalentup to 79 A.D. However,PlinytheElder who died in thatlocalityat thatdate was familiarwiththe genuineincrustation stylebased on
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marbleveneers,whichhe termed'lapide pingere',and indeedso was Vitruviusevenearlier,so the basis for the imitatorystyleborrowedfromthe East was already then established.28 Rostovtzeff noted that the incrustation stylebased on imitationmarblingbecame common fromthe1stcenturyA.D. onwards,butitis nowclearthatitsoriginsgo back to theHellenistic period.29The closestlocal parallelis the Villa Dionysosat Knossos,whereit is knownthat thereweresimilarities in thedecorativeconceptsand imitationmarbling,thoughmoredetailed comparisonsmustawait an architectural reporton thatbuilding;potteryevidencesuggests thatthefinalelaboratebuildingphase ofthevilla belongedto late in Hadrian's reignand its abandonmentto c. 160-180A.D. Parallelsforparticulartypesofmarbling,suchas theoolitic stylein variouscolourscan be cited fromItaly, fromeasternand westernprovinces,and howeverinteresting cannotbe used to fixa date fortheKnossian beyond;butsuchsimilarities, because the was Particular motifs suchas theenclosedlozengeor examples, style long-lasting. diamondmayprovidea morespecificbasisfordatingwithinthegeneralstyle,and instancesof lozengepanelscan be citedfromCatterickand LullingstoneVilla in Britain,thoughin both in thedado ratherthanuprighton theupperwall. Upright cases thelozengeis setlengthwise diamondsin blackagainstalternating panelsofredand greenwerefoundin thebathscomplex a date in thesecondhalfofthe2nd century at Virunumin Austria,a multi-period structure; A.D. was proposedforthedecorativephase based on diamondpanels.30 The thirdbasisfordatingis pottery fromthehouse.As notedabove,therewas in no roomof debris.So thehousea definite of deposit occupationpotteryon thefloor,sealed bydestruction a balancemustbe drawnbetweentheverylatestofthedatablesherdsfoundin thefabricofthe wallsand foundations, and again underthefloors,and thegeneralrangeofthesherdsfromthe those from thelowerfill. fill,particularly Mostofthesherdsfromthewallsand foundations rangedin date fromlate Hellenisticto 1st cent.A.D.; thelatestitemsincludedthefollowing: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Çandarlisaucer 71/P225,profile,d.17. FormL9. Late fabric.2nd A.D. plate 163 no. 9. Çandarli bowl,base fr.of FormHI or H2; mid 2nd-3rdA.D. Plain ware bowl,rimfr.withpie crustrim (cf.U86); 2nd-3rdA.D. Cookpots,2 rimfrs.withflatevertedrim;2nd A.D. ware.
From underthe floorof Room I, withmainlyHellenisticto 1stB.C. material,the latest sherdswere: 5. Cookpot,3 rimfrs.as no. 4 above.
In Room III, fromthelayerofstonybuild-upbetweentheearlierclay floorand thelater cobbledfloor,came 10 datable sherds,4 1stA.D. and 6 ratherlaterincluding: 6. E Sig B bowl,base fr.withsteppedfloor.Form80. Mid lst-mid2nd A.D. 7. Cookpot,ribbedwall frs.2nd A.D. ware.
The fillinsidetheroomscan be dividedintotwomainlevels:firstan upperwash (SectionB no. 1, SectionE no. 2), higherthanmostofthepreservedsectionsofwall plaster,and likelyto containat least some materialpost-datingthe abandonmentof the house; and secondlythe lowerfilloverthefloor(SectionB no. 2, SectionE no. 3), a fillwhichaccumulatedwhilethe withthe decoratedwallswerestillvisibleand whichis likelyto containmaterialcontemporary abandonmentor earlier. 3rdA.D. pieces.The Materialfromtheupperfillincludesmany2ndA.D. and late 2nd/early latest,no. 2 below,belongsto the mid 3rd centuryA.D. Included are thefollowing:
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
47
1. Çandarli FormsHI, 2, 3 and 4, as U18a, b, U23, U25, plate 191. Mid 2nd to 3rd A.D. 2. NorthAfricanRed Slip Ware,Form8A, as Ul (plate 190), to 2nd A.D.; and Form50, as U7 (plate 190), to mid 3rd A.D. withflatevertedrim,as R2, 16 (plate 185), later2nd A.D. 3. Greyware cookpots/casseroles 4. Cookingdishfr.withrisingrim,as U65 (plate 193), late 2nd/early3rd A.D. 5. Coarse ribbedjars, as SI, 4, (plate 187), Severan.
The materialfromthelowerfillis quitesimilarto thatfromtheupperfill.Many ofthesame formsoccur,and are typeswhichare foundbothin thelater2nd and in the3rdcenturyA.D. to attributed (nos. 1,3 and 4 below). Lacking,however,are thoseformswhichcan be definitely theSeveranperiodor later(ÇandarliForm4, N.AfricanRed Slip Form50, coarseribbedjars). The followingare includedin thelowerfill: 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Çandarliware,Forms2 and 3, see no. 1 above. 2nd A.D. E Sig B profileForm60. plate 163, no. 8. 100-150 A.D. Cookpotwithflatevertedrim,as R2, 10; see no. 3 above. 2nd A.D. Fryingpan rimfr.withrisingrim.2nd A.D. Large baggystoragejar, U 105, plate 196. 2nd A.D.(?)
In summary, then,thedate ofmaterialin theconstruction belongsin the2nd centuryA.D., fillis no later,whilethatofthe that of the lower ofthat century, goingup to thelaterdecades in but runsintothe3rd is similar character upperfillwhichpostdatestheabandonment, very centuryA.D. Considerationof thisevidencein conjunctionwith the suggestionmade above that this when it was abandoned,havingsuffered perhapstwo buildingwas stillunderconstruction makes it that it disasters likely belongswithinthe duringtheperiodofbuildingand decorating, last quarterof the 2nd centuryA.D. This date is consistent withthe evidencepresentedin Section 9 fortheplastersculptures, of the Villa Dionysosclose by, and withthe potterydate suggestedforthe finaldestruction whichperhapsfellvictimto thesame earthquake. THE NORTH HOUSE Plansat plates 3, 4, 19; SectionsD, F; viewsat plates 35-38. The excavatedarea is definedbythesouthfaceoftheaqueductat thenorth,12.50m.in length, by thestreetwall at theeast,measuring9m. in length,thecentralstreetat thesouth,20m. in length,and thewestbaulk at thewest,some20m. long.This givesa trapezoidalarea ofsome 180 square metres. There are twomajorbuildingphasesin thisarea, theearliercharacterised by a Hadrianic destruction the later a marked Severan Some lines of walls are commonto deposit, by deposit. boththeseperiods.Theyincludethoseoftheaqueductat thenorth,thestreetwall at eastand the otherstreetwall on the southside. In the case of the streetwalls therewas substantial rebuilding,the east wall being resetabout one wall thicknessfurtherto the west,in effect about 80cms.ofthewidthofthehouse to thestreet,but thesouthwall beingreset sacrificing further out,so thatitnowslightly slightly overlappedthefrontedgeofitspredecessor(seefuller discussionof the construction of the street). Thus the lines of theseoutsidewalls remained basicallythe same. Two otherfeaturescommonto both periodswere: (a) a centralwall, line running roughlydividingthistrapezoidalarea into two equal parts,on a north-south to the east street and a wall at to this and to the wall; parallel (b) rightangles parallel aqueduct
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ofthefirst at a distanceofsome3m.fromit.These twofeatures werepartofthebasicstructure in use a continued area at the southeast of the and house, they phase,defining trapezoidal the through laterphase. The wholeof thisarea is treatedhereas one unit:the NorthHouse. That it was a single itshistory cannotbe claimedforcertain;it is notimpossiblethatthearea dwellingthroughout mayhaveformedtwodwellingunitsat sometime,perhapsa westernand an easterndividedby thecentralnorth-south to. partitionwall alreadyreferred The North House: firstbuilding phase The NorthHouse in its firstphase was a substantialand spaciousproperty.It occupiedthe wholeofthelarge,roughlytrapezoidalarea ofsome 180sq.m.describedabove. Indeed it must have been ratherlargerthanthat,and extendedsomeway westbeyondthebaulk,forin the earlyphase therewas no wall visiblein thefaceofthebaulkwhichcould be takenas thewest end wall ofthehouseor an internalpartition(at a higherleveltherewas suchwallingwhich did markan outeror innerlimitofthelaterRoman phaseofthishouse;see discussionbelow). Therewereonlytwoslightindicationsofwheresucha westlimitmighthave lain in theearly uncoveredin 1967,was thecurvingcourseofa drain,notedin thesouthwest phase.The first, partofthehouse (see periodplan at plate 3, Room VII); herethenorthwardcourseofthe drain suggestedthatit ran parallelwitha wall a littlebeyondthe limitof excavation.The returnfromthesouthstreetwall in the second,notedin 1971,was a wall makinga northward southwestcornerof that same area ('Room' VII); if that wall continuedin the same line itsprojectedcoursewould be roughlyparallelto boththeeast wall and themain northward, centralpartitionofthehouse,and wouldlie at a distanceofc. 8.50m.fromthelatter.If sucha line had markedthewestlimitof the house,its totalarea would have been over 200 square metres. remains The size ofthefirstphase housewas therefore substantial,but itsactual structural weremuchless so, forseveralofitswalls had been reducedformuchof theirlengthto their on and had been overlain,and by no meanseverywhere lowestcoursesor evento foundations the same line or orientation, by the much betterpreservedwalls of the laterRoman phase. had been robbedforre-usein thatmajor reconstruction. Doubtlessmuch of its stone-work butbecauseoftheirrobbedcondition, Even so, themaininternaldivisionwallsare identifiable Nor itis rarelypossibleto recognisedoorwaysand recordhow theroomswereinter-connected. is it possibleto decide whetherall of the areas enclosedby walls wereroofedroomsor how manymay have been open courts. The variousareaswithinthehouseare describedin theorderin whichtheyare numberedon plan (plate 3). ofnearly10m.and a 'Room' I was thelargestunitin thehouse.Witha lengthnorth-south on north,east and walls maximumrevealedwidthof 7.50m.,its area as excavated,between westwardsto the had it extended southand an earthbaulk on west,comesto some58 sq.m.; a it more nearlyrectangularshape,itsarea projectedlinesuggestedabove, whichwould give an area of 10 x 8.5m. betweenits walls How such could have been as much as 80-85 sq.m. is a if it were under singleroof, not indicatedby any remains mighthave been spanned, featurewas notedwhichcould be I no structural Room preservedinsideit. Indeed within wall ofRoom I seemsto preserve The south construction. with the securelyassociated primary in a builtend, and thegap between the wall terminates west a near its of end, doorway: part a westwall beyondthebaulk) mayrepresent thatand thewestbaulk (or rathera hypothetical
ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION
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door in thesouthwestcorner,givingaccess to the adjacentRoom VII. Room II is one of two smallerroomseast of Room I borderingthe aqueduct wall. It measuresabout 3 x 3.25m.Its westernwall was fairlywide but ill preservedbelow thefloorof the later Roman phase; it rose to its highestpoint at the middlebut had been reducedto where towardsitsjunctionwiththenorthand southwallsoftheroom.Its construction footings itwas highestsuggestedthatitretaineda higherfloorto thewest(i.e. withinRoom I) thanthat to theeast,in Room II itself.The east wall - thepartitionbetweenRooms II and III - was a thinnerwall, again reducedto footings. Room III was ofmuchthesame size,havingthesame limitson northand south.Its eastern limitis problematical.The wall mayhave been removedin therebuildingofthewholestreet involvedbringingthelineof facadeofthehousein thelaterRoman phase.That reconstruction of theEarly Roman streetwall werediscoveredin thewall in a littlewestwards;thefootings frontoftheimpressive upstandinglaterRoman wall just southofRoom III, and theyhad a builtcorneron thelineofthesouthwall oftheRoom, as iftherehad been a returnwestto an fromthelayerofpackedsmallstones insetporchwall. The floorwithinRoom III itselfdiffered foundeast ofthefoundationtrenchof thelaterRoman wall. East ofRoom I and southofRoomsII and III therewas a largetrapezoidalarea (measuring ofthehouseon westand and 7m.east-west),definedbytheinnerpartitions 5-8m. north-south, northand the streetfrontageon east and south.This trapezoidalarea formedone of the of the NorthHouse in its later Roman phase also, withsome modifications characteristics It appearsthatin thefirstRoman phasenow involvedin therebuildingofthestreetfrontages. in part by the re-useoffeatures was the form of this area described, alreadypre-determined fromevenearlierperiods.Such werethelinesoftheobliquestreetand itseasternleg, inherited wall on thelinebetweenthisarea and Room I, whichservedat various and also a north-south ofthis a floorshigherto thewestthanon theeast; theconstruction as terrace to retain periods and repair. wall showedstagesofheightening Withinthe trapezoidalarea so defined,theearlyRoman phase preservedtracesofa triple divisionintotwosquarishroomsat thenorth,RoomsIV and V, and a smallertrapezoidalarea to thesouth,Room VI, butthedoorwaysbetweentheseunitswerenotrecognisableapartfrom a doorin thewestwall ofRoom V leadingintoRoom VI. A similartripledivisionwas adopted in the later Roman period,but with the southernelementreduced in size and with new partitionwallsand floorswhicherasedand overlaymostoftheearlierwork.Withintheearly In Room IV stone Roman phase Rooms IV and V certainfeaturescould be distinguished. faced'benches'werebuiltagainstthreeof thewalls. In Room V themostinteresting feature was an area ofrough'mosaic'floormade oftilefragments seton edge (perhapsas bottoming for a betterlaid plasteror mosaicsurface),plate 35a; thisbordereda small rectangular'tank' with plasteredfloor (0.55 x 22m.) edged with square tiles set flat,probably laid as the foundations fortheupstandingwall ofthetank (see plate 35b), but theupperstructure was in removed the course of for later reconstruction. Room VI had no features totally levelling whichcould be securelytiedin withthe earlyRoman phase. Furtherwest,betweenthesouthstreetfrontand Room I, lay anotherlongtrapezoidalarea, Room VII. This mayhave servedas a courtratherthana closedroom;itsmostnotablefeature was a plastereddrainwhichborderedthestreetwall, and emittedthrougha culvertintothe drain whichborderedthe northside of the paved street.WithinRoom VII thisdrain was edgedwithstones,plasteredon floorand faces;a re-usedrooftilefoundinsitusuggestedthatthe drainhad been coveredover forat least part ofits length.Towards the southwestcornerof Room VII, the drain made a sweepingcurve as if towardsthe northedge of the doorway
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betweenRooms I and VII and perhapstheline ofa westwall beyondthebaulk.A well had cornerofthe beendug in thesmallarea betweenthecurvedlineofthedrainand thesouthwest yard,but had provedabortiveand had been refilled. The maindivisionsoftheNorthHouse in itsearlyRoman phasehave beendescribedabove in outline.The stratigraphy was complicated,withvariousfloorsand depositsfoundwithinthe areas described.Some of the earliestperhapsbelongedto yet earlierbuildingplans, both Roman and Hellenistic,whichprecededthelayoutoftheNorthHouse in itsfairlycompletely even had suffered recognisablefirstform(the 'earlyRoman phase'). These earlierstructures moredrastically fromtheconstruction oftheNorthHouse in itsearlyRoman phase thanhad thelatterfromthereconstruction in thelaterRoman phase.No recognisable overallpatternor fromtheshortlengthsofwall notedunderthefloors,buttheyare shown plan can be identified withtheletters'aa', 'ab', 'ad', on theperiodplans I and II (at plates 2 and 3) and identified 'af and 'ap' (see also plate 35c-e). Walls goingback intotheHellenisticperiodare markedon plan at plate 2, notablywalls underthefloorsofRooms III, VI and VII (theseincludewalls 'aa', 'ab', 'am', 'au', 'av', 'bn' and 'bo'). That plan indicatesthatthestreetfrontageof the buildingplot wentback to the Hellenisticperiodand even earlier,whilethecentralnorth-south partitionline can be traced back to wallingprobablydateable to the Hellenisticperiod but not earlier:theyoverliea Classicalwell (Well5) whichwas situatedunderthepartitionwall ofRoomsVI and VII ofthe earlyRoman house (see plan at plate 2; also plate 35c-e). Amongthe potterymaterialrecognisableunderthe Phase I floorsof theNorthHouse are sherdsofAugustanand Tiberiandate, probablyto be associatedwithsomeofthewallsnoted above, (see underDepositsA2 and B2). of the main NorthHouse in its firstphase can probablybe The layoutand construction in half of the 1st the second centuryA.D. The streetoutsideit to thesouthhad beenlaid placed downand paved earlyenoughforthedeep squarecistunderitspavement(servinga houseon thesouthsideofthestreet)to have becomefilledup withearthcontainingsherdsofClaudian date. The NorthHouse's southstreetfrontage mayhave been builtat about thesame timeor somewhatlater,perhapsin thesecondhalfofthe 1stcenturyA.D. Trajanicmaterialwas found corneroftheyardrepresented in somequantity(DepositsTl to 3) in thesouthwest by Room over it and thedrain in a scatter in and its in abortive well the corner, VII, very (Well8b) dug whichled out into the street.This accumulationresemblesoccupationrefusein a building constructedsome time beforethe Trajanic period itself.(The Flavian materialstratified ofoccupationhereeven beneaththeTrajanicdepositsmentionedindicatea continuity directly of the North house is Roman in of the A main the horizon early phase history earlier). and VI (see Deposita V of Rooms the floors found on Hadrianic IV, by deposits represented D 1-2). In theseroomssomeofthepotterywas foundon thefloor,somefallenin thefill,which comprisedloose brownearthwithcharcoal,stonedebris,mudbrick,yellowfloorclay,white and sherds,but was darkerin someoftherobbingtrenches (e.g. on the plaster,tilefragments east side). There was no traceof burningexceptin one isolatedarea of Room IV, near the fire,possiblyagaindue to cistern, indicatingthatthebuildingcollapsedwithoutaccompanying a smallashyarea with west side at the central I contained Room The adjacent earthquake. stonesurround,presumablya hearthforcooking,but mostoftherestofthefillin thisand the material(see depositR2). Sinceeventhefloorselsewherein the otherroomswas laterterracing building were considerablydisturbedby later building operations,these did not yield deposits(see Deposit D3). comparabledestruction fillat thewestofRoom Areasofgreyashyfloorwerehoweverpreservedbeneathmud-brick
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51
III. Two Hadrianiccoinswerefoundoverthefloorhere (C158-9) and one ofAntoninusPius (C167), frompartlydisturbedfill.AnotherHadrianic coin (C171) also comesfromthe fill beneath the Phase 2 floorof Room III, while a fourth(C163) comes fromfill,perhaps debris,in the courtyardat the southwest(Room VII). redepositeddestruction The Late Roman Phase In itslate Roman phase theNorthHouse includedat leastfiveroomsor areas,definedin part by walls re-usedand heightened,or rebuilton the foundationsof thoseof the earlyRoman Re-use in places phase,and in part by new walls unrelatedto thoseof theearlierstructures. as withthesouthand east walls borderingon thestreet. involvedalmosttotalreconstruction, Each ofthesewas rebuiltfromthefoundations up. In thecase oftheeast wall, thefirstphase was demolisheddown to streetlevelleavingthelowestcourseto serveas partof construction renovatedpavingthere(plate 41c-d), a foundationtrenchwas dug downthroughtheeastern fillinsideRoomsIV and VI (see SectionH, levelno. 3 at right)and the edgeofthedestruction oftheold, on thewestside. The new wall was builtimmediately adjacentto thefoundations southwallwas foundedactuallyon thereducedearlyRoman streetwall,butin sucha waythat itslowestcoursejuttedbeyondthetileddrainedgingthenorthsideoftheearlierstreetpaving (see SectionF, wall no. 3); thusin thelate phasetheeaststreetencroachedbya wall'sthickness into thehouse plot and receiveda bettercobbled surface,but the southstreetwas pusheda and itssurfacewas raisedand formedofpackedearth.The wallsofthisphase littlesouthwards werewellbuiltin stonewithmediumsizedblockssetin coursesor semi-coursed stylein earthor as doorjambs (plate 36a-b). The wallswere mortarand withwell-shapedslabsusedvertically preservedto a considerableheightbothalong thestreetfrontand in theinnerpartitionsand thelast major phase ofbuildingon thispart of thesite. represented Therewas an entryintotheNorthHouse at thenortheastcorner,fromtheEast Street.The slab doorwaywas formedoftwoflatstones,1.50m.wide overall,insidewhichwas a threshold bolts of a twofor the and x corners and centre with at its outer jambs (1.47 0.50m.) cuttings leafdoor.Thisdoorwayled intoa squareinner'porch'(Room III), c. 3.0m.wide,whichhad a benchagainstthe righthand wall (the aqueduct wall), a doorway0.90m. low stone-fronted wide in thelefthand wall leadingintoa side room,and a door straightahead leadingintoa longnarrowroom.This longroom(Room II, 8-9m. x 3m.) was definedbythe'aqueduct' wall on thenorthand on thesouthbya parallelwall wellfoundedin part(at theeastend) on a wall founded inheritedfromtheearlyRoman phase,but extendedwestwardwitha newstructure, of at a higherlevel.The wall betweenthelongroomand theporchwas likewisea newstructure at thewestin a wall thelate phase,withabuttingjoins at each end. The longroomterminated whichappearedin thefaceofthewestbaulkoftheexcavatedarea, and formedeitherthewest limitof theNorthHouse in thisphase or one ofitsinnerpartitions. The southeastquarterof the North House was basically that trapezoidalarea already in boththeearlyand late phasesfromthecommonlinesofcertain mentionedas identifiable innerand outerwalls.The trapezoidalarea was subdividedin thelatephaseintothreerooms,a pairofrectangular roomsofroughlyequal sizeat thenorthend,and a triangular area behind the new south of the house the street. The easterlyroom extending along frontage along oblique ofthepair (Room IV) measured3.6 x 2.5m. and openedfromtheporch-room; it had no built internalfeatures. The westerly room(Room V) was a littlelarger(3.7-3.9 x 3.0m.). It had two area behind,and doors,an entryfromthelongroomand a doorwayleadingintothetriangular had againstitsnorthwall a benchformedin partofmudbrickand stonefaced.The triangular
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area,6.0m.longand 3.0m.wideat itsbroadnorthend,had no doorexceptthatfromtheroom just described;its main featurewas a stonefacedbenchwhichran along theouterwall and turned,roughlyat rightangles,to cut acrossthe apex of the triangulararea. The northern withfineverticalslabs as doorjambs (plate doorwaysof Rooms IV and V werefurnished surfacedwithlaid mudbrick of earthsometimes were All in rooms described floors the 36a-b). or yellowclay. In the angle betweentheelementsso farnoted,- thelong roomand thesoutheastunitof Room I. This is consideredhereas enclosedarea was recognisable, threerooms- one further doorbetween was no interconnecting there in late House the of the North phase,although part it and the roomsso farnotedand indeedits floorlay at a somewhathigherlevel (c. 60cms. higherat c. 15.00m.).Its westand east walls wereat oblique angles,but itsnorthand south walls wereparallel,the northwall being the newlybuiltpartitionwall withthe long room ofthelate phase. The area was (Room II) and thesouthernwall again beinga newstructure based on a squarepedestalset a column-drum mostlikelya part-roofed, partopen courtyard: a short and in the centrewithan adjacent embeddedpithos, oblique lengthof wall jutting column on the forwardfromthewestwall and aligned suggestedthatthenorthand eastparts theeavesofthetwo column with the had beencoveredwitha roofslopinginwards, supporting to collectwatershed butt' a 'rain-water as wingsoftheroofat thisangleand thepithosserving 1 and 4 fig. and fromtheroofand led downintothatangle (plate sketch;plate 37). plan
V
IV
E
fig. 1 NorthHouse, late Roman phase; east-westsectionthroughRooms I, IV and V. Scale 1:65.
The columnbase was a squarishslab (0.53-0.59m.squarex 0.14m.high)foundedon rubble (SectionD, at no. 3; plate 37c). The lowestdrum,stillin situon thebase, was 0.56m. high witha plain top surface,0.36m.in diameter.Lyingnearbywas partofthemainshaft,1.50m. tapering,witha diameterof0.355,reducingto 0.326; a horizontalcutin theside long,slightly a or rail) would have come at c. 1.30m.above thepedestalifthisshaftwererebeam for (as erectedon thelowerdrum.Near thenarrowerend lay a Roman Doric capital (0.23m.high) witha squareabacus (0.63m.square),a reededfilletbelowtheechinusand a stubofshaft0.46 in diameter.In the roomadjacent to the south (Room V) was foundanothercolumnshaft, 1.33m.long,withits diameterdecreasingfrom0.325 to 0.310, and at the narrowend were
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
53
cuttingsset at rightangles as forbeam ends. All the elements were of limestone. Peculiarities such as a mortise hole cut into the thick end of the shaft found in the court without a correspondingfeaturein the top of the shortorthostatedrum, and the oversize diameter of the capital suggestthat the column was formedof re-used material. It could be reconstructedas a column witha total heightof 3.62m., but therecould have been a verylate phase when only the threeelementsfoundin the court (Room I) were used together,givinga stumpycolumn about 2.30m. high. The courtyardwas, like most areas of the house, flooredwith earth. It appeared to have one entryat itssouthwestcorner,where a doorway was visible in the wall which formedat thislevel the west baulk of the excavation; that door may have led through into other rooms lying beyond the limits of excavation, but belonging to the North House of this phase. Another possible entryinto the court was at its southeasterncorner,where a large stone in the south wall seemed to mark the position of a door jamb; a short stub of projecting wall, parallel to the protrudingcornerof the southeastquarter of the house (plan at plate 4 and plate 37a) could have formedpart of a small external porch in frontof the doorway. That door led out to an open space, not clearly definedbut which in thisphase appeared to extend south across the area of the once dominant featureof this part of the site, the formerly paved street;all that remained recognisable ofit in thisphase was an earth flooredpassageway extendingjust along the southeast facade of the house. The passageway was formed by the house wall and a shortwall parallel to it at a distance of 1.50m; a doorway at the east end of the passage, identifiablefroma fragmentof the thresholdblock with cuttingsfordoorjamb, showed that thiswas no longer a public way but a passage giving entryfroman open area to the east (the 'East Street5)but now capable of being closed offby the occupants of the North House. The major reconstructionrepresentedby the North House late phase can be best dated by a featurewhich underlay one of the main new partitionwalls of the layout at that phase, namely the northwall of the square pillared court (plate 3; Room I). This wall was not built on any early Roman phase predecessor, but ran over the top of a small rectangular stone-edged, plaster-lined cist which was found filled with earth containing pottery of mid to late 2nd centuryA.D. date (Deposit Rl, c. 150-175 A.D.) The cist itselfrepresentssome intermediate and perhaps localised phase of reconstructionor modificationbetween the early and the late Roman phases of the North House. The late Roman structuralphase probably dated thereforeto the period c. 170-190 A.D. The house was thenoccupied forabout a generationat most; the abandonment material found on the late Roman floors,best exemplifiedby a deposit found in Room III (Deposit SI), is characterisedby material of Severan date (late 2nd/early3rd centuryA.D.). The fillof Room III was comparativelyundisturbedand more informativethan that in otherrooms. It included building debris of stone, mudbrick,plaster,charcoal, burntwood and Laconian tilesand some of this material probably derived fromupper storeyand ceiling collapse. Blue-painted plaster perhaps came fromthe ceiling, as suggested for the House of Diamond Frescoes. These and survivingfragmentsofmarble dado suggesta reasonably prosperoushouse. None of the marble fragmentswas found in position on any wall, and so may have belonged to a betterdecorated upper storey,fromwhich the majorityof the potteryand other findshad fallen. But it remains possible that robbershad prised out all the marble panelling fromaround the room: only small fragmentswere found. Only 17 of the 49 objects listed in the room deposit were found in position on the flooror close above (see plan at plate 22, plate 38a). Patches of ash at the centreand in the southeastcornersuggestthat thisporch may in its finalphase have been used forcooking, but the coarse jars symmetricallyplaced on either side of the door are a puzzle;
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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
each was set on a bed ofsherds,and may have serveda ritualor decorativepurpose(flower thebuildingfromthestreet.The flooritselfwas composedofa layerof vase?)forthoseentering red and whiteclay,wornand unevenin places,but overlaidby about 5cms.ofaccumulated troddenearth.
THE STREET Planat plate 3, SectionsC nos.6-7, F nos.2-4, 6-7; viewsat plates 39-41. The streetwhichrunsacrossthecentreoftheexcavationon an obliquelineis a mainfeatureof the site. Leading presumablyfromthe centreof the Roman townwhichshouldlie to the it servedas a thoroughfare northeast, givingaccessto thehousesofthishillsidequarterofthe town.One sectionofthestreetrunson an approximately lineat theeastsideofthe north-south NorthHouse, and anotherturnsobliquelyup the slope at the cornerof thishouse,veering southwards nearthewesternlimitoftheexcavation.The pointwherethetwolinesjoin liesjust notpossibletosay on theeastedgeoftheexcavatedarea and has mostlybeenlost;itis therefore whethertherewas a roadjunctionat thispointand whethertheobliquelinecontinueddirectly downhillto the northeastforminga branchline, or whethertherewas merelya change of directionat thecornerof theNorthHouse property. At theperiodofitsbestconstruction and repairduringthefirst centuryA.D. thestreetwas a surfaceand drainage with well-built terrace substantialstructure, walls, stone-paved provided systemservingthehouseson each side.Beforethisit was lesswellappointed,at firstprobably that no morethana dirtroad or trackand latercobbled,and thereare reasonsforthinking somekindofpublicthoroughfare wenton about thesamelinefroma veryearlyperiod.In the 3rdcenturyA.D.) thesurfacewas again latestRoman phase foundon thesite(late 2nd/early to have function seems of trodden and the earth, changedfrompublic to private,to mostly corner and at the westend. It willbe mostconvenient threshold blocks at the from added judge to discussthe threeperiodsseparately. The Pre-Roman Street Planat plate 2. firstthepossible For thepre-Romanperiodsthereare twoseparatequestionsforconsideration: fromveryearlytimes,perhapsgoingback to theearlyIron existenceofa publicthoroughfare and datingof Age, thoughtheevidenceforthisis rathertenuous;and secondthedescription sectionsofthestreetas we have it. The situationis ofthedifferent thefirststonefoundations stretch complicatedby theperiodicrebuildingon thissite.The wallsborderingthesouthwest ofthestreetare notcontinuousnorofone buildwiththewallsborderingtheeastand northeast theupperwall on structural and seemto have had a different stretches, history.Furthermore timesfromtheraisedterracewall on the thenorthside ofthetrackwas renewedat different southside. Geometric to Classical One piece ofnegativeevidencewhichshouldbe consideredfora continuouspublicway here varying througheventheearliestphasesofoccupation,is theabsenceofpitsalong theslightly line whichthestreettookat itsvariousperiods.The plan ofpitsat plate 5 showsthatearly
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
55
local builders had a very active interestin quarrying fine stone fromthe Minoan building; a consideration of the few points where Minoan walls survived unquarried to the second floor level show that several of these coincide with the line of the street,- two are shown on the plan (plate 5 nos. 20, plate 39e) and two others are found near the angular turningpoint of the streeton the east side (Section F, no. 20, plate 39a, b). In the earliest times (pre-Classical) a track appears to have run between the Geometric to Archaic pits nos. 44 and 47-8, directlyover the top of the Minoan blocks (nos. 20) and just south of Pit 20a (PG). But later the line moved a little up the slope in a northwestdirection, running over the top of Pits 20a, 37, 43-4 and 49, more or less along the line of the later, Roman street(whose line is clearlyshown by the centrallyplaced 1stA.D. streetsoak-away, Pit 42). At thistime the late Hellenistic robbing pit (no. 22) was dug on the south side of the street. If this suggestionis correct,the earlier line may well pre-date the Protogeometricpit (no. 20a) whose south edge appears to be oriented to follow the upper side of the road. The adjustment of the line to a position furthernorth may have occurred gradually over a long period, but a line close to the finalone will have been in place when the late Hellenistic robbing Pit 22 (containing Deposit H28) was dug. On the other hand this line runs over and so must postdate Pit 43, an earlier Hellenistic pit, which contained Deposit H 16 (200-175 B.C.). This gives us a close dating bracket in the middle of the 2nd centuryB.C. forthe final layout of the streetline at this upper, westernend. The earliest stretchof stone-builtstreetwalling was found lower down near the northeast edge of the excavation. It runs from north to south, but then curves upslope in a westerly directionalong the upper side ofthe street(plan at plate 2, Wall 'bk'; plate 39a-b). Although not physically connected with the survivingstretchof early walling furtherwest (being the other side of the street), it clearly turns to run at the same orientation. Here, too, Minoan blocks standing almost to second floor level were preserved close beneath the streetsurface (plate 39a, Section F, no. 20). Occupation levels associated with thisstretchof walling belong, on the northside, to the 4th centuryB.C., dated by Deposits H7 and H9 (Section D, nos. 14 and 15), and on the east side in a thin strip survivingon the edge of the Little Palace cutting and below the line of the later street,to the Archaic period (Section J, no. 23). A series of earlier levels lay beneath thisin a sequence beginningwith Sub-Minoan (Section D, nos. 22-27), but the interpretationof such tiny levels is difficult,since they could representsome other kind of occupation than street surface. Dating sherds fromthese early levels are illustratedat plate 25d. A later sequence, fromGeometric on, found at the cutting of Section F (level nos. 13-17), was more clearly formedby hard trodden levels of streetbuild-up, and included some patching in small stones. Such deposits become less frequentfurtherwest as the fillhas less depth (e.g. at Section C, level no. 11), and do not occur at all at the southwestwhere Hellenistic or early Roman floorswere close to the level of the natural rock (e.g. at Section A, level no. 9). In summary,the earliest streetbuild at the east is Archaic or earlier, considerably earlier than at the west. The interpretationof the earliestlevels is difficult.It is also noticeable that the wall line at the east is furtherremoved fromits Roman successor,and does not have the same direct continuityof masonry(e.g. at Section D).
Hellenistic The first structure at thewestsectoris a lineoflargestoneslaid lengthwise along theslopeand thelowestfoundationcourseofthelaterstreetterracewall here (Wall ceFon plan at forming
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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
plate 2; plates 30e,39e). As suggestedabove,thislineshouldpostdatePit43 (200-175 B.C.), butmusthave beenin use whenthelaterPit 22 (c. 150B.C.) was dug,thoughtheactual build couldbe later.Possiblythestonesderivedfromthemid2nd centuryrobbing,fortheblocksare largeand ofa kindwhichmightbe expectedfromsuchquarrying.StudyoftheSouthwestand SoutheastHousessuggeststhata majorbuildingprogramme was undertaken at about thelater 2nd or early1stcenturyB.C., and theprioror contemporary construction ofan improvedway ofaccessis a logicalfirststep.As withthelayoutofthehouses,theconstruction on thisstreet line is moreconveniently discussedwiththeRoman wallingofwhichit formeda part. At the east some small tracesof earlierpaved levels survivebeneath the Roman street oftheHellenisticperiod,occurhere surface;patchesofcobblingin smallstones,characteristic (plate 39b, c, d) and in thearea ofthestreetcist(at levelVI 7).31 However,theremainsare too fragmentary and scatteredto warrantfurther conclusions. The Roman Paved Street It was on thelargeblocksof theHellenisticline thatthewell-builtRoman terracewall with regularcoursingwas founded,muchofit probablyearlyin theRoman period.An accountof the extentto whichthe lowerbuild of the southweststretchmay be late Hellenisticshould await furtherexcavation there,and in particularknowledgeof the relationshipof the date ofthe SouthwestHouse northwall withthestreetwall there.But theearlyconstruction next stretch,the centralsection,is shownby the factthat the latestHellenisticand early Roman wallsoftheSoutheastHouse abuttontothestreetterracewall. This suitsthesuggested as late 2nd/early1stcenturyB.C. The latestsherdsfrom date forthe earliestconstruction Archaic(VI 7 and IX beneaththepavingstonesofthecentralsectorwereAugustanoverlying in thelate 1stcentury or rebuilding 23) , a sequencewhichindicatesclearanceand refurbishing B.C. That a highterracewall forthestreetwas wellestablishedbyAugustantimesis shownby itsuse as a housewall in the'winery'buildingto thenorthoftheSouthwestHouse: redpainted plasterwas foundin positionon thiswall and preservedto a heightofalmostlm. (see Section H). There was also some tilepackingin thelowerfabric. The foundation courseoflongblocksfoundat thewest(plates 30e, 39e) did notcontinueas different faras theEast House. Here a seriesofterracewallsbuiltat slightly angles,as theroad a line was moved graduallyfurther upslope,fannedout froma singlecentralcornerstone, la standingblockofthenorthwall oftheMinoan building(plate 39b,d).3 The strong,evenly coursed stone build of the Roman wall at this stretchis shown at plate 40d.32 The immediatelyprecedingwall also shownhere is the late 3rd B.C. Wall 'al', associatedwith different angle (plate 39a). The East House wallsand DepositHI 3 and runningat a slightly theporchwall oftheSoutheastHouse (earlyphase),notlaterthanAugustan,abuttagainstthe streetterracewall and the Neroniandeposit(Nl) lies againstit. Thus we have a likely1st centuryB.C. date forthe walls (late Hellenisticor Augustan)and certainlya periodof use throughthe 1stcenturyA.D. This concurswiththeevidencefromtheSoutheastHouse,whichwas fittedin itsearlyphase witha stonebuiltcisternand drainconnectedwiththestreetdrainagesystem(see discussionof at SoutheastHouse, Phase I). The verysimilarstone-built soak-awayin thestreetis illustrated a of about to This feature was 2m. plate 12c, plan and section,and plate 41a. depth dug belowstreetlevel,and linedwithelevencoursesofevenlylaid stonemasonrysimilarto thatof thestreetwalls.It was connectedto thedrainagesystemoftheSoutheastHouse,whoseeffluent overflow or rain-water pouredin througha tile-basedchannel(shownat lefton thesection).It
EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
57
was covered with two large paving slabs at streetlevel, one of which survivedin position while the other was found collapsed into a fillof silt which contained material of Claudian date (see Deposit C2, contextno. 4).33 In a similarway the house plot on the northside of the streetwas provided with a drain, stone-built,plastered and tile-covered,which skirtedthe courtyardhere and connected with the drain at the northside of the street(plan at plate 3; SectionJ nos. 2-3 at left;plate 36d-e). This drain was not connected with the cist but entered the streetlower down; it contained mid and late 1st A.D. sherds and seems to have gone out of use by the Trajanic period: the debris associated with a deposit of this period (Deposit Tl, with T2-3 associated) finallyclogged and covered this whole yard area. Similarlyat the east stretchof streeta major reconstructionof about this time at the North House ignored and built over the tile-flooreddrain there (Section F no. 3, plate 41b).34 For this building phase, see discussion of the North House, early ('Hadrianic') phase. The same kind of reconstructiontook place on the east frontof the North House, but in this case the new wall was moved back into the area of the house plot, leaving the foundationsof the earlier wall as streetpaving (see period plan at plate 3; plate 41c- d).
The Late Roman Phase In its last phase the main stretchof the streetwas closed at the east end witha doorway.A blockwas foundin positionagainstthenorthwall,c. 50cms.higherthantheoriginal threshold An accumulationof silt here containedpotteryof the later 2nd centuryA.D. (see paving. ofthe VI 5). This suggeststhatafterthemidto late 2nd A.D. reconstruction level DepositR3, NorthHouse, whenthestreetdrainhad goneout ofuse and was builtover,theformer paved builtforwhathad becomea surfacewas allowedto siltup, thelevelraisedand a newthreshold privatearea, perhapsa passageway, thoughthe area to thesouthseemsto have been open was foundat theupper,westend ofthepaved street groundin thisperiod.A similarthreshold but this could be 3 and earlier,ofone piecewiththe1stand early2ndA.D. paved 40e) (plates westto whichit belongedis neededto elucidatethe street.Excavationofthebuildingfurther a One is that substantial lay there,on thewestside,and it was this property possibility point. that after the destructions oftheHadrianicperiodand and whichthestreetprincipally served, to increasehis theabandonmentoftheSoutheastHouse plot,theownerfoundan opportunity metres downhill to the and to move the outside some seventeen east,fromnowon gate property instead of the as the the lower end of the street, propertyboundary. using upperend, THE NORTH AQUEDUCT plates 4, 40a. whichcarrieda The northern limitoftheexcavationwas formedby a massivestonestructure water channel,and which was partlystandingabove groundbeforethe beginningof the excavation.Cleaningrevealedstrongwallingwithsomeevidenceofrebuild,especiallywherea channelwithstoneslabsfor slightchangeofcoursebegan at thelowerend,and a plaster-lined covers.The wallingstoodup to 1.50m.highat itssouthface,whichalso formedtheoutsidewall oftheNorthHouse, and had a totalwidthof2.50m. The masonrywas well constructed and used mortarbetweenstones.The waterculvertitselfwas 35cms.wide and had a considerable downgradientat thispointrunningfromwesttoeast (0.50 in 10m.,or 1 in 20). Sherdsderiving fromcleaningoperationscan be dated as late as the 4th centuryA.D. and indicatethatthe
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channelremainedopen even afterthedestruction ofall the buildingsin theexcavatedarea. The strength ofthestructure, thecare withwhichit was lined,coveredand keptup, as well as the long continuity of its use, seem to supportan interpretation as aqueduct ratherthan drain.Perhapsit is also pertinent thatmuchlaterwaterchannelshave also broughtwaterto Knossosfromthisdirectionalong thecontourat thefootoftheAcropolis'east slope.Further excavationto thewestshouldpickup itsline in thatdirection.
Section2 The Sub-Minoan Pottery (PLATES 42-50) MERVYN POPHAM The contextofthepotteryhas been describedin theexcavationreportabove. Most ofit was containedin the fillof Rooms C and D and CorridorE of the UnexploredMansion where extensivestonerobbinghad takenplace afterthebuildinghad been abandoned.Subsequently thisarea and theadjacentregionappear to have been levelledwithmaterialwhichincluded theSub-Minoanpotteryto be consideredbelow.1The extremely characterofthis fragmentary with its virtual lack of restorable indicates that it was not a vases, pottery, any primarydumpof brokenand discardedpotsbut thatit had been broughtin fromelsewhere,possiblyfromwest of thearea whereSub-Minoanoccupationis attested. At a laterstage the Mansion was again extensively robbedforbuildingstone,principally the Geometric when some of its walls were almostcompletelyremoved.This during stage disturbed the Minoan levels and the Sub-Minoan fill,contaminating activityconsiderably themwithlaterintrusions whichit was not alwayspossibleto detectduringexcavation. At an earlystagein thestudyof thepottery,the extentofpossiblecontamination was not and the material was considered to be a conclusion fullyappreciated essentially contemporary, As mostofthelotscollectedseparatelyduringexcavation supportedbyitsbasic homogeneity. wereso smalland scrappy,makingindividualstudyimpractical,theywerecombinedand only featuresherdsretained.However, since the lower levels of the fill of the extensivepit, centredoverthesouthpartofRoom D, appearedto be undisturbed, principally theywerekept from the rest and retained. This will be referred to below as the Main apart mostly pottery and the material from it is in the illustrations. On its Deposit, own, it is distinguished insufficient and too fragmentary to provide anythinglike an adequate coverage,though valuableas a generalcontroloverthebasicallysimilar,and perhapscontemporary, bulkofthe restof thepottery. The term Sub-Minoan has been generallyretained throughout,not howeverwithout considerablemisgivings. There can be littledoubt that mostof the potteryfallswithinthe definitionof this stage, in so far as the materialavailable to them allowed, by Evans, Desboroughand Brock,and latersomewhatamplifiedby Coldstreamand Warren.2But it is betweenSubapparentfromthesestudies,especiallythatofBrock,thattheessentialcontinuity Minoan and EarlyProtogeometric makesdistinction betweenthetwophasesa veryfineone. Some ofthematerialconsideredhere,otherthan thatfromtheMain Deposit,mayfallmore closelywithintheEPG phase as definedby Brock,and thismay be correct. about thegeneraldescription ofthepotteryas SM are in order.How therefore, Misgivings, 59
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SUB-MINOANPOTTERY
far it is valid will only become clear with the fullpublicationof other,betterpreserved, foritspublicationis thatitconsiderably occupationdeposits.Meanwhile,themainjustification materialknownfromthisstage howeverimperfectly, the verylittlesettlement supplements, whenclassifications have been largelybased on multipletombdepositsand and sub-divisions stylistic analysisofthem. ComparativeSM materialis slight.Evans'sdepositfromtheSpringChamberremainsbasic, ofsomeof and is herereproducedas published,plate 49d,supplemented bybetterillustrations the vases, plate 50.3 Apart fromcemeteryfinds,additionshave been few,- Coldstream's carefulpublicationof scrappymaterialfromthe Royal Road (RR), with a littleSM but consideredbasically EPG and later, and Warren's preliminaryaccount of his recent Museum (SM Ext.). Gerald Cadogan has generously excavationsbeside the Stratigraphical me to supplementmyaccountwithtwovasesfromthesmallsoundingsmade under permitted Museum (Strat.Mus.) in 1962 ofthe Stratigraphical his supervision duringtheconstruction (plates 42, 1 and 49a-b).4 Of theFortetsatombspublishedbyBrock,onlyTomb Pi is a closedSM depositand it is an essentialgroupforanystudyoftheperiod.5The subsequentpublicationbyBoardmanoftombs at AyiosIoannis added only threedefiniteSM vases,all stirrupjars,6 but our depositmay indicatethatothervases too could be earlierthanEPG to whichtheyare ascribed.The new cemeteryrecentlyexcavatedat the Universitysite,the NorthCemetery,includessome SM accountsto lack the open vases theyappear frompreliminary groupsbut, disappointingly, of ofoccupationmaterial.7Hereinliesthemaincontribution whichare an essentialconstituent ofthecups,skyphoiand decorated tobe consideredbelow,- a betterunderstanding thepottery kraterswhichwerein everydayuse. THE MATERIAL to allow The Main Deposit, consistingof about threefullzembils (baskets),is insufficient ofany value; in factsomeshapesare absentfromit. Certainofitsfeatures, statistics however, the fabric,cups with wavy line, monochromeskyphoi, may be consideredcharacteristic; decorated bell-cratersand trays, while other shapes present include the pyxis, coarsewarebasins, tripodcooking-potsand baking trays.Other similar amphora/hydrias, areas will be consideredwithit, a distinctionbeing made only potteryfromneighbouring in shape or decorationmake thisdesirable. wheredifferences Fine Wares Fabric
from The fabricofthefinerwareshas alreadybeenwelldescribedbyothersand is quitedistinct thatofLM pottery.The clay,finewithlittlegritcontent,and buffto brownin colour,has a oftenhas a distinctive mattsurface.The paint,whichrangesin colourfromblacktored-brown, so thatthedecorationcan be mauvetinge;it,too,is generallymattand is frequently fugitive discernedonly in shadow image; exceptionally,the miniatureskyphoisometimeshave a slightlymetalliclustre. Wavy-linecups
ofthedepositis a bell-shapedcup,decoratedon a claygroundwitha wavyline Characteristic
SUB-MINOAN POTTERY
61
placed highon thebodybetweena thinband coatingthelip and a thickerband nearthebase of the handle: the interior,apart fromthe paintedlip, has a furtherband whichvariesin position(plates 42, 1-6; 47a, 1-8; 47b, 1-8, 11; 48a, 3). No completeprofileis preservedbutit maybe assumedto resemblethatat plate 42, 1 from theS trat.Mus. excavation,whichalso illustrates themethodofattachingtherollhandleto the topofthelip,therathersmalland somewhatconicalfootand thegentlyundulatingcharacter of thewavyline typicalof thesecups. Two such vases, with much the same shape, illustratedby Warren,show some slight variationsin decoration,- one has an additionalband at thejunctionoffootand body,the other two interiorbands.8 These additional featureswould be less easily recognisedin materialbut theyare absenton an examplegivenby Coldstreamfromtheearlier fragmentary RR deposit,whichalso has a lessflaringrim,as do someofthesherdsin our deposit.9Several sherdsof other such cups are present,too, in the RR later deposit,which suggeststhe continuation ofthetypeintoEPG, thedate givenbyBrockand Boardmanto thetwoexamples fromFortetsaand AyiosIoannis.10 It seemsprobablethatthewavy-linecup developedlocallyout oftheversionwitha zone of zig-zag,represented by one sherdin our deposit(plate 47a, 7). Such cupswithwidelyspaced zig-zag,perhapsan intermediate stage,are presentin theearlygroupsoftheSpringChamber *l like the similarlydecoratedSub(plate 50b) and of FortetsaTomb Pi. Alternatively, Mycenaeancups on theMainland,it mayhave itsoriginin an LM IIIC cup withwavyline, thoughnone has so far been publishedfromCrete. The bell-shapedprofileof thesevases appearsto be a purelyCretancharacteristic, alreadyapparentin theSpringChamberdeposit (plate 50b). Othercups
The monochromebell-cup,withreservedlower body and foot,is attestedonly in Fortetsa Tomb Pi; it is notapparentin our deposit,thoughthisshouldnotbe takenas firmevidenceof itsabsence,sincerimsherdswould not be distinguishable fromthoseofsmallermonochrome skyphoi. A versiondecoratedin blob technique,shallowerand withlesscurvedprofileis presentin the Main Deposit and otherlevels (plates 42, 7-8, 47a, 12 and 47b, 4); its typeof base is not knownthoughitmighthave beenflat,likethelaterexamples.The practiceofpartiallydipping thesidesofvasesin paintis knownfromat leastLM II onwards,so itscontinuation intoSM 13 and lateris not surprising. In addition,thereare tworimsherdsofa shallowopen cup withroundedprofileand slightly incurvedrim,decoratedwitha wavyline betweena lip and a bodyband (plates 44, 1; 47a, 14). Its profileand decoration,includingtheinteriorband closelyresemblethecup withsmall flatbase in Ayios Ioannis Tomb V, no. 16, tentatively ascribed to EPG.14 On a further of a examplein FortetsaTomb VII, no. 622, Brockcommentsthatthe shape is reminiscent Mycenaeankylix,an unlikelyoriginbut I can thinkofno better.15 The sherdat plate 47a, 15 with verticalhandle, wavy line outside and monochromeinteriormightbelong to a yet shallowerversionwithmoreincurvedsides. Bell-skyphoi
These occurin a wide rangeofsizes,fromthelarge to theminiature(plates 42, 9-19). The usualversion,withrimdiametervaryingfrom10-16cm.,has an S-shapedprofileand restson a thelowerbodyand foot raised,somewhatconical,foot.They are nearlyalwaysmonochrome,
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SUB-MINOANPOTTERY
being unpainted, and a lip band and disc at the base being reserved on the interior.Their heightis somewhat greaterthan theirdiameter. Few of the bases are trulyconical or have a flat footplate and arched interior;usually theyare out-turned,round edged and have a projecting 16 lump beneath, a characteristicnoted by Coldstream. Subsidiary bands may be added below the monochromeupper body; two on a vase fromthe Spring Chamber (plate 49d), fouron a skyphosfromthe S trat. Mus. excavation, the latter also having a narrowreservedhandle zone containinga wavy line, similarto the sherdat plate 17 46a, 10. This type, also presentat Fortetsa,18is clearly in the LM IIIC tradition,as is the purely monochromeversion. The latter in its normal size is well representedin SM and EPG deposits and may have served as the standard eating vessel. The miniatureversion,with an average lip diameter of 6-7cm., also occurs frequentlyboth in the Main Deposit and elsewhere;it may have replaced the traditionalMinoan conical cup as a common small drinkingvessel. These are similarin shape and decoration to the largerversion though they tend to be narrower waisted. Some do not have the interiorreserved lip band, perhaps indicatingthat the later and quicker method ofdipping such vases in paint ratherthen coating them with a brush was already being adopted. Decoratedbell-kraters
withpyxidestheyappear to featureofthedeposit;together Thesevasesare themostdistinctive have monopolisednearlyall elaboratedecorationat thisstage. In shape theyare essentially deep bowl, largeversionsofa late typeofMycenaean/Minoan to as an Switha roundedbody and a markedlyoutwardflaringrim,sometimesreferred but are considerablylargerwithlip shaped profile;in thistheyresemblethe bell-skyphoi, diametersvaryingbetween20 to 25cm. A fairlytypicalexample is that illustratedat plates 43, 1 and 45a, whichwas in part containedin theMain Depositwhichalso providedtheevidenceforthetypeoffootadded to it at plates 43, 2-5; 45 are illustrated ofsuchkratersand profiles Otherfragments in restoration. and 46. Decorationis containedin a deep zone betweenthehandles,boundedabove by a thinlip ofa thickupperlinewiththinonesbeneath.The band and belowbya seriesofbandsconsisting witha reservedband belowtherim;a fewhave a widepainted interior is usuallysolid-painted band withsplashdecorationbelow,possiblya laterdevelopment. is thatseen on the restoredkrater,plate 45a, The mostfrequentdecorativearrangement witha centralpanel, in thiscase containingthe double axe or butterfly motive,whichis are containedwithinframingverticaland wavylines;eitherside of this paintedunattached at plate 45b,also krater a arcsorloopsofmoustache-like appearance.The largepartof similar no wavylines and side at the fromtheMain Deposit,variesonlyin detail,havinglargerloops side The variation. showconsiderable loopsmay borderingthecentralpanel. Otherfragments be attachedto therim(plate 46c, 1 and d, 3) and thecentralpanel borderscan containcrossstrokesand even semicircles(e.g. plate 46d, 6). The general hatchingand have fringing too,has considerablevariation.In one case,thecentralornamentconsistsoftwo arrangement, linkedbyhatchedverticallines,plate 45c, 4 fromtheMain Deposit; groupsofverticalstrokes into a cross-hatched in otherinstancesit is further triangleor a groupof vertical simplified for are There and 46a d, 15). clearlyotherarrangements; straightand wavy lines (plate from Fortetsa of one that resembles and plate 45c two of instancethedecoration d, kraters, top in havingside ornamentsofpendentloops withfillwhichterminatein spirals.19Two sherds
SUB-MINOANPOTTERY
63
depicting realistic double-axes prove the continuityof both pictorial representationand of Minoan religious symbolism,plate 49c. Little contemporarycomparative material has been published. Evans illustratedone piece from the Spring Chamber, plate 46d, 1, with 'double-axe' design closely resembling our example at plate 45a.20 The fewsherdsfromthe earlier RR deposit and some of the later ones may contain contemporarypieces and, in any case, show a continuityto be seen on some of the later kraters from Fortetsa whose straighter and deeper sides appear to be an EPG 1 development,as, too, is the general adoption ofsplashed in place of monochromeinteriors.2 A sherd fromthe Spring Chamber as well as that at plate 46c, 6 attest a type of crater with a rolled lip. 22 The sherd illustratedat plates 43, 5 and 46d, 2 fromEvans's excavation of the Little Palace provides evidence fora differentsystemof decoration in which the decorative zone is divided into panels with differing,though probably repetitive,designs. The LM IIIC origin behind much of the decoration is clear, - the central panel with side loops (now usually detached and simplified), outlining of motives, the double-axe motive, framinglines with a wavy or scalloped border,fringingstrokes,spiral terminalsand triangular fillingstrokes.23Basic continuityis obvious, though such precedentsat Knossos are fewdue to the little material of the LM IIIC stage so far found on the site. Trays Several sherds in the Main Deposit belong to circular trayswith flat base, shallow sides and loop handles attached verticallyon the rim,plates 44, 3; 47b, 6-8; c 3, 4 and 8. Most resemble those known fromthe Ayios Ioannis and Fortetsa tombs in having bands on the exteriorwalls, monochrome on their inside with concentric rings on the base.24 A few fragmentsdifferin having two finelydrawn wavy lines on the exteriorrunningaround the side between a lip and base band. The IIIC origin of the shape is now well established; it occurs on the Mainland, on Melos and at Karphi, in the last case painted monochrome.25 Kalathoi Decorated kalathoi, though presentin otherearly deposits,are uncertainlyrepresentedin ours. A rim sherd and two body sherds, plate 47c, 2 and 5-6, are possible pieces, the latter resemblingthe decoration of Fortetsa Tomb VI, no. 72. 26 LM IIIC predecessorsare frequentat Karphi including the plain, handleless versionwhich is said to be Very comparable to offertory vases in the Spring Chamber'; it has so farnot been found in any tomb and it is not clear how long it persisted.28 Other open shapes
Almost the complete range of known open shapes seems to be present in the deposits. An addition to theseis the rim sherd with a miniaturecup perched on its handle plates 44, 2 and 47a, 13; it is likelyto belong to a straight-sidedjar similar to one fromFortetsa with the same attachmenton its handle and having similardecoration consistingof a lip and body band with an intermediatewavy band; it, too, has a dotted rim and interiorband.29 Miniature cups attached to the rim of kalathoi occur at Karphi and elsewherein LM IIIC but I know of no earlier example for their addition to handles.30 The sherd at plate 47c, 7 appears to be part of a fenestratedstand and may be an LM III fragmentout of context.
64
SUB-MINOANPOTTERY
Closedshapes
The fragmentary of the closed shapes natureof the depositadds littleto an understanding in a matters of with few detail, except exceptions. Amphorasjhydrias
was possiblebetweenthetwoshapes,and thenumberofhorizontalloop handles No distinction could belongto eitherbelly-handled amphorasor hydrias,thelatterbeingrathermorelikely. hollowedin themannerintroducedin IIIC; rimsare paintedwithusuallya Lips are slightly carriesa wavyband,a feature interior band (plate 44, 5-8). The necknotinfrequently further not well attestedin the tombdeposits(plate 47d, 2-3). Two shoulderpatternsare present, fromtheearlierRR deposit,and probablythehorizontalS pendentloopsofa kindillustrated 1 and the latterknownfromtombvases.31 47d, 4), (plate pattern can nowbe seentohave Thesevases,once thoughttoderivefromProtogeometric prototypes IIIC antecedentsin theirdecoration.Our knowledgeis mainlyconfinedto the Mainland largelythroughthe scarcityof the equivalentCretanevidence;Karphi is unhelpfulthough Palaikastro(Kastri) providessome parallels.33Coldstreamsuggeststhatthe LH IIIC tassel ornamentmay have been the originof the pendentloops (or bracketpattern);inverted Twistedhandlescan now be tracedback to an 'antitheticstreamers'is anotherpossibility.34 of IIIC.35 earlystage Thepyxis
The Late Minoan pyxishad oftenattractedelaboratedecorationand thispersistedinto the versionwithsloping IIIC stageas is well illustratedat Karphi. It is theearliercollar-necked shoulderswhichcontinuesinto SM, initiallylittlechangedin shape apart froma somewhat higherneck.A fineSM exampleis illustratedat plate 49a-b fromthe Strat.Mus. trialsof - pendent 1962. Its designon the one faceresemblesthatfoundon some of the bell-craters, loopseithersideofa centralgroupofverticallineswitha wavyborder;theotherfaceomitsthe centraldivision,joins theloops togetherwitha cross-hatched lozengeplaced below them,an Pi and relatedto thaton a Tomb Fortetsa from an to that on similar amphoriskos arrangement kalathosfromthesame depositon whichthe same elementsare differently arranged. Two sherdsofsucha pyxisin theMain Deposit (plates 44, 4 and 47c, 1) belongto a poorer on a betweenverticallines,a designforeshadowed triangles examplewithlinkedcross-hatched muchlargerLM IIIC pyxisfromZakro.37 The tallerpyxiswithhigherneckand moreroundedshoulders(Brock'sstraight-sided jar) foundin burialsis likelyto have evolvedfromtheforegoing typeratherthanto have had an independentorigin.38 Otherclosedshapes
little.A shoulderfragment Information on otherclosedshapesin thedepositsis disappointingly froma jug (plate 47d,5). Oddlythereis no obvious is presumably withcross-hatched triangles or krateriskos thoughpresentin theSpringChamber(plate 50e-g), in partofan amphoriskos earlytombgroupsand in the Strat.Mus. extensionexcavation.Stirrupjars, morea tomb in theRR deposits,is attestedby one thana settlement shape,thoughnotinfrequent offering a spoutand probablyby thesherddepicting degenerateoctopuswhichcould wellbe an LM IIIC hangover(plate 47c, 9).39
SUB-MINOAN POTTERY
65
Storage vessels These are usuallymade ofa coarseclay containingconsiderablegritand otherinclusionsand a darker firedto a lightbrowncolour;theslipis oftena lightgreenishbuffshadebutsometimes brown. carination The shallowbasinor tub,withmoreor lessstraight sidesand havinga distinctive somewhatbelow therim,is wellin evidence(plates 44, 9-10 and 48a, 1). The basic shape is knownfromLate Minoan, and a completeLM IIIC examplewiththesame carinatedrimis illustratedby Warren(his lekane),who recordsthesame typein his SM levels.40The shape, littlechanged,continuesat least into Geometrictimesas appears fromthe laterof the RR 1 deposits.4A moreglobularversionis impliedbysomeoftherimsherds(plate 44, 11-12 and LM similarprofilessuggestit was a deepervessel.42 14-15); Pithossherds,too,demonstrate a basiccontinuity fromtheLate BronzeAge withtheirraised bands carryingincisedherring-bone, and arcs,zig-zags impressedcircles(plates 48b and d). The large sherdfroma storagestirrupjar decoratedwithwavy bands (plate 48b, 9) is unexpectedand surelyan LM III intrusion. Cooking pots The two typesmostreadilyapparentsharethesame heavilygrittedand red fabricwhich,in thecase of the thinnerwalled pots,is oftenverybrittle. Continuityof Minoan vesselsis again evidentin the cookingpots. Rims, horizontaland verticalhandles,and legsclearlybelongto thetraditionaltripodcookingpot,withsomeofthe legsscoredwitha verticalslashon theouteredge (plates 48c, 5-6, 9-13, 15-17 and 48d, 5). The groovedcollar to be foundon Geometricversionsseemsnot yetto have appeared.43 Bakingtrays,circularin shape,thickwalled withshallowsides,a roughundersideand lug handles,and usuallycoated witha thickdark brownslip, are well in evidence(plates 44, 16-20and 48a, 18 and d, 7). Theyoftenshowsignsofburninginsideon thebase. Theyoccurin LM II depositsin theUnexploredMansion,in LM IIIC at Palaikastroand Karphi and are varianttypewithsloping presentin theSM/EPG levelsoftheRR excavation.44A distinctive wallsand verythinbase,also witha longhistory, (plates 44, 21 and 48c, 7) occursin theMain Deposit but is not apparentlyrecordedelsewhere.45 Conclusions the basic SM characterof the potteryis reasonably Despite some probable contamination, certain.It usefullysupplementsthe verylittleoccupation materialpublishedso far from Knossos.The wavyline cup, monochromeskyphoi,and decoratedcratersare typicalof this stage thoughthey,togetherwithdecoratedkalathoiand pyxides,continuewithonlyslight variationinto thesucceedingEPG phase. fromtheclosingstagesoftheLate BronzeAge is clear,notleastin storageand Continuity kitchenvessels.Shapes and decorationindicatea developmentwhichmaywell turnout to be notonlylargelyinternalbut specificto Knossosand itsimmediateneighbourhood. Elsewhere in Cretechangesand evolutionseem to have takendifferent lines. A betterand fullerunderstanding of the earlystagesin the Knossian sequence will only becomeapparentwhenotherbetterpreservedoccupationdepositsare published,suchas those fromtherecentStrat.Mus. extensionexcavations.
66
SUB-MINOAN POTTERY
It appears probablethatthe depositconsideredabove fallssomewhatlater than Fortetsa with are moremarked,butmaywellbe contemporary Tomb Pi in whichLate Minoanfeatures theSpringChamberdeposit.The potteryalso suggeststhatsomeofthetombsin theFortetsa and AyiosIoanniscemeteries mayhave beenfirstused at thisstageratherthanin EPG, butit at thistime. would be prematureto attemptsuch a reassessment
Section3 Early Hellenic Pottery (PLATES 51-73) J. N. COLDSTREAM AftertheSub-Minoanlevelsthereseemsto have beenverylittletraceofoccupationduringthe tenthcenturyB.C. Thereafterthe sequence is continuousfromthe ninthcenturyonwards. Seven stratified depositsare presentedhere,designatedGA to GG, and yieldinga seriesfrom theearlyninthcenturyuntilwellintothesixth.In each case thecatalogueis prefacedbya brief statement ofthestratigraphical context,whichforGA to GF has beensuppliedby thedirector ofexcavations,Mr Sackett.UnderGH are listedpieceswhich,thoughnotfromwell-stratified ofintrinsic interest. contexts,are nevertheless I followthe chronologicalsubdivisionsand abbreviationsemployedby J.K. Brock1for Cretan Protogeometric, Geometric,and Orientalizingpottery.Knossian domesticware of thoseperiodsis now well enoughknown2to obviatethe need fordetaileddescriptions of the fabric,or forexhaustiveanalysisofthestyle.Hence, in thecatalogue,fabricis mentionedonly whenit departsfromwhatis usual: i.e., forProtogeometric, softishclay,pale orangeto buff, oftenwitha thinyellowwash,and coatedin thindull paint;forgeometricand Orientalizing, harderclay of a darkerorangetone,and thickerpaint whichmay be dull or semi-lustrous. Open vesselsare fullypaintedinsideunlessotherwisestated. The cataloguesbeginwithlocal fineware,closedshapesfollowedbyopen; thencoarseware and finallyimports.Referencesto photographic illustrations (plates 60-73) are omittedfrom catalogueentriesexceptwherea photographappearsfarout ofnumericalorder.An asterisk thatno photographicillustration is includedamongthe againsta cataloguenumbersignifies plates. DEPOSIT GA, LATE PROTOGEOMETRIC PLATES 51, 60
ofthreecompletevases,was foundat theN. end oftheexcavatedarea "DepositGA, consisting towardsthecentre,on an isolatedpatchofearthfloor,see plan at plate 2. The vaseslay onlya fewcentimetres belowthefoundations oftheLate Roman aqueduct,whichwas deeplyfounded in an area wherethe stratigraphy had already been much disturbedby earlierwalls. No materialwas found in the levels which were horizontally contemporaryProtogeometric adjacent. Below was the Minoan fillof the high terracedplatformoutsidethe Unexplored Mansion to thenorth,whilethelevelsabove containeda mixedfillwithmaterialfrommost periodsfromGeometricto Roman. MUM V 1. 67
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
68
A similartroddenearthleveloccurredabout 5.0m. to thewest,again on theMinoan North Platform,perhapsan isolatedpatch of floorsurvivingin thismuch disturbedarea at the extremeNW. corneroftheexcavation,see plan at plate 2. This was levelwiththe topmost courseofa LM wall,and protectedbyit (plate 38c). On thefloorlay a bell-skyphos surviving (GH 4) witha stonepolisheror grinder(S3) insideit (plate 38d); a secondsimilarskyphos (GH 5) was foundnearbyamongdisturbedMinoan material"(LHS). 1 2 3
plate 5 1. H. 15. 1, D. 14. One handleand partofrimmissing.Largewhitegrits.Irregularspiral Bell-skyphos. ridgeoutsidefoot.LPG. Cf. F. no. 303. près.Large whitegrits.Two groovesbelowrim. High-footed skyphos.plate 51. H. 15.7,D. 16.7.Two-thirds LPG. Cup. plate 51. H. 6.9, D. 11-12,ellipticalrim.Large grits,brownand white.Straphandleinsiderim,spiral underbase. Dipped fromthehandle. LPG. Cf. F. no. 291. stringmark
DEPOSIT GB, LATE PROTOGEOMETRIC plates 51-2, 60-1
TO PROTOGEOMETRIC
B
"Deposit GB was foundin a pit (Pit 44) dug into Room B of the UnexploredMansion,the see plan at plate 5 no. 44. The pit was irregularin of the threeN. storerooms, westernmost x 1.00m.Belowwas thedebrisoftheLM IIIB reof c. 1.80 with dimensions at the top shape, was a laterpit ofthesecondcenturyB.C. (Pit from above while into the dug pit occupation, from this the material depositprovidesevidenceoflocal activityin the9th 43). Thus, though or occupation structure it withany contemporary to associate it is not possible centuryB.C., in Pit44 and Also found area. within the excavated in even state, level,surviving fragmentary to be associatedwithDeposit GB, was an incisedclay bead, (no. K5) MUM II 1, la, 2." (LHS). Round housemodel,plate 52. Près.H. 9, totalH. c. 11.5. Max. D. c. 14.4, D. ofroofholec. 4. Two frs.,floor missing.To L. ofdoorwaya piercedlug, as thoughforan externalbar. On theanalogyof themodelfrom Archanes(see Commentary),thislug shouldercomes halfwayup thejamb, and the total heightin our drawingis restoredaccordingly.LPG. Neck-handledamphora.Part of handle. LPG-PGB. Also two amphorarimsas F. no. 285, and one with 2 verticalbars as F. no. 212. 3 Hydria.Shoulderfr.Centralpartofdouble bracket. 4 Threefrs.ofneckand bodywithbothhandleroots;mouthand base missing.Semicircles pendent Stirrup-jar. fromirregularband betweenneck and shoulder;on belly,standingsemicirclesabove band and lines. Probablyfromopen-neckedtype.LPG. Cf. F. no. 141. 5, 6 Oinochoai (?). Shoulderfrs.Diagonal hatchingpendentfromband (5); open trianglesin double incised outlinefollowedby paint (6). 7 Lekythos.Max D. c. 6.5. Neck to bellywithhandleroot.Cream slip. PGB. Cf. KCh4 (1950) pl. 31, 7 from Archanes. 8 Straight-sided pyxis,plate 61. Bodyfr.Large whiteand browngrits.Sharpcarinationat shoulder.EPG? Cf. F. no. 163. 9* Straight-sided pyxis.Two frs.,one withrootofdouble-rolledhorizontalhandle.Exteriorfullycoated,ladder patternon handle;spatterinside. 10-12 Large closedvessels,bodyfrs.Diagonals to L. ofcheckpattern(10); checkpatternbetweenpanelsofcrosshatching(11); horizontalsenclosingverticalbars and contiguoustriangleshatchedin one direction(12). LPG-PGB 13-15 Large closedvessels,bodyfrs.Millsail (13), perhapsfromshoulderofstraight-sided pithosas F. no. 697; hatchedcable (14); diagonal net enclosingcross-hatched lozenges(15), cf.F. pattern5ap. PGB. stand. Body fr.Traces of rectangularwindowsabove L. and below R. For plain 16 Cylindricalfenestrated cf.Teke tholosnos. 105-07 (PGB). counter-parts 1
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
69
Krater,plate 51. D. c. 25. Rim fr.Bars on rim;band inside,no paint below. LPG-PGB. Small krater.plate 51. D. c. 17. Rim to belly.Frs.fromfourmoresimilarvesselswithpendentsemi-circles. LPG-PGB. Cf. BSA 29 (1927-28) pl. 6, 8. 19 Skyphos.Rim fr.Profileas 17 above. Band insidelip. 20 Skyphos.Wall fr.Inside unpainted. 21 Skyphos.plate 51. D. c. 17. Rim fr.withribbonhandle.Paintworn:band outsideand insidelip,linealong handle. 22 Skyphos.plate 51. D. c. 12. Rim withpartofribbonhandle.As 21 above butwithwavylineon handle.For 19-22 cf.F. no. 280, LPG. plate 51. Près.H. 8, D. 8.4. Rim to lowerbody. LPG. Cf. F. no. 435. 23* Bell-skyphos. Conical footand lowerbody. Inside fullypainted. 24 Bell-skyphos. one side 25 Cup. plate 51. H. 6, D. 10.8. One- thirdprès.,handle missing.Rough base, spiralstringmark, dipped in paint. LPG-PGB. Cf. F. no. 1408. 26 Cup. plate 51. D. c. 9. Rim to lowerbody. Fullypaintedoutsideand inside.F. 167 class C, Atticizing. 27 Cup. Rim to lowerbodywithstraphandle attachedinside.Fullypaintedoutsideand inside.Cf. 26 above. Miniatureconical cup. plate 51. H. 2.5. D. 6.7. One-thirdprès.All surfacescoated. 28 Kalathos. D. c. 31. Rim fr.Profileas GH 7 but withsharperinneredge. Band and threelinesoutside,solid 29 triangleson rim,fullypaintedinside. 30 Kalathos-lid.Rim fr.,slightlyaverted.Band and spatterinside. 31 Lid. Upper part. Domed withflattop. Dots, zigzag, Maltese crosson top. Inside unpainted. 32 circles.Below,solid Tray.Base fr.Heavy fabric,Th. 1.25. Creamwashon undersideonly.Above,concentric Maltese crossat centre,two zones ofsinglezigzag. 33 Tray. Base fr.Above: circles,band, verticalbars. Below: as illustrated. 34, 35 Pithoi.Wall frs.Red clay withgreycore,large whitegrits,wheelmade.Incised lines betweendiagonal notches. 36 Large vessel.Wall withstrap handle root. Grittydark red clay. Handle: incisedcrossbetweendiagonal strokes. 37* Cookingjug. plate 51. Près.H. 10.5,D. c. 10. Rim to bellywithroundhandle.Grittyred clay. Ridge and threegrooves. 38* Cookingjar. plate 51. D. c. 24. Rim fr.Hard red clay,grittyand micaceous.Splash ofbuffpaintoutside. 39 Bowl, plate 51. D. c. 17. Rim and straphandle. Grittyorange-buff clay,red core. 40 Oinochoe. Strap handle. Orange-buff clay,lustrousbrown-blackpaint.AtticEG II-MG I. 41 Amphora.Body fr.Hard red clay, small whiteinclusions,shinyorange surface,red paint. Full circles, drawn.Euboean SPG. imperfectly Krater.Wall fr.Hard orange-redclay,smallwhiteand largerbrowninclusions,shinyorangesurface,red42 brownpaint.Trace ofhandleto L. withdiagonalband; traceofcircleto R. AtticLPG-EG I. Cf. Kerameidos V. 1 pl. 16 no. 2133 (EG I). 43 Skyphos.D. c. 15. Rim fr.Fine orange-buff clay,lustrousblackpaint.Insidepaintedbutforthinreservedline underrim.AtticLPG. 44 Skyphos.D. c. 15. Rim fr.Pink-brownclay,shinybuffsurface;blackpaint,flaking.Misfired.Band, circles; band below riminside,otherwiseno paintvisible.AtticLPG. 45 Skyphos.plate 51. Près.H. 7. D. c. 15.8. Rim to bellywithhandleroot.Orange-buffclay,chestnut-brown inclusions,lustrousblack paint.Bars in reservedline insidelip. AtticMG I. Cf. F. no. 366. 17 18
DEPOSIT GC, PROTOGEOMETRIC PLATES52, 62
B TO EARLY GEOMETRIC
"DepositGC is a smallgroupwhichwas foundin thelowerfillofa hugerobbingpitat theNW. oftheexcavatedarea, Pit 60; see plan at plate 5 no. 60, SectionD no. 17 and plate 25a. This pithad beendug toquarryout thewallsoftheNW. corneroftheUnexploredMansionand the N. wall ofthecorridoradjacenttoit (see plan at plate 5, SectionD no. 19). Therewereseveral pitsdug intoeach otherhere,thecontentsincludingquarrymen'sstonechips (SectionD no. 18), muchMinoan debris,lensesofPG and G material,and in theupperpartofthepitsherds
70
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
as late as fourth B.C. FromherecomeGH 12,84, 132, 134-5 (9th-7thcenturies B.C.), century and see also DepositH8 (4thB.C.) and SectionD no. 16. DepositGC is a homogeneousgroup ofpottery, perhapspartofan originallymuchlargerlot,whichremainedtogetherin a very disturbedstratigraphical context.It givesus a date forthe beginningof the processofstone here. Other finds fromPit 60 (lower),to be associatedwithDeposit GC, are three robbing incisedbeads, nos. K6-8, a whetstoneno. S5 and a piercedstoneweightno. S7. Blk I/V pit, I(N) 23, I Pit XI (lower)" (LHS). Amphora.Neck fr.Profileslightlyconcave. PGB-EG. Hydria(?). Neck fr.Opposed solid triangles,traceofzigzag above. PGB. Hydria.Shoulderfr.Coarse orangeclay,brownand whitegrits,creamslip.Bracket,two lines. whileprofile.Heavy fabriclikeGB 32: max. Th. Cauldron,plate 52. H. c. 13,D. c. 23.5. Six frs.preserving 1.5.The smallestfr.in thecentreis burntgrey.No traceofhandle.PGB. For thedesignunderthebase cf.the treeson GH 62, 63. Wall fr.Centralrectilinear 5 Bell-krater. panel, circlesto R. Spatterinside.PGB. Rim plate D. 10.8. and roundreflexhandle.Creamslip.Two ridgeson paintedlip,vertical c. 6 52, Skyphos. bars on and above handles,band insiderim.PGB-EG. 7* Skyphos.plate 52. D. c. 12. Rim to bellywithhandle root.EG. 8*,9* Cups, plate 52. D. c. 10, 12. Rim to belly,(8) withstraphandle. PGB-EG. F. 166 class B(ii). 10 Domed lid. plate 52. H. c. 5.5, D. c. 24.8. Five frs.,centremissing.Pinkishclay,creamwash. EG. forthe centralrosettecf.F. no. 402 and Teke tholosno. 44. 11 Underneath,circlesenclosingreservedcross,F. motif Tray. Base fr.Fabricas GB 33. Upper sideillustrated. 3aa. PGB. Cf. F. no. 1440 foruppermotif. 12 Cookingjug. Rim to bellywithstraphandle.Crispredfabric,a fewwhitegrits,wheelmade.Handle attached insiderim,slightridgeon neck,two groovesby lowerhandle root. 13* Basin,plate 52. H. 10.9,D. c. 31. Completeprofilewithrootofstraphandle. Red-brownclay,verylarge whiteand browngrits,creamwash. 14 Oinochoe. Handle fr.,strap.Orange-buff clay,well smoothed;lustrousblack paint.AtticMG. V 1 pl. 72 no. 2149. 15 Oinochoe. Shoulderfr.Fabric as 14. Triple zigzag. AtticMG I. Cf. Kerameikos 1 2 3 4
Note on otherPG Contexts
PG materialwas foundin threeotherseparateareas: "Stratified (a) in a stripalongtheedgeoftheLittlePalace cutting,at theN., on thelowesttwoofa series offivesuperimposed occupationlevels,see SectionD nos.24-26 (MUM V 6-8). The sherdson thehardtroddenlevelat SectionD no. 26 (MUM V level8 'Floor7') were10thcentury B.C., of an SM/EPG EPG or earlier:illustratedat plate 25d nos. 8-9 are the shoulderfragment ofan EPG bellkraterwith withtightzigzag (9) and therimfragment oinochoeor amphoriskos verticalwavylines(8). Also fromthiscontextcomesa bronzespatula,no. M8. The antithetic plasterfloorsealingthese(SectionD no. 25) shouldalso be EPG, sincethesherdsin thegravel whilethose above (SectionD no. 24, lowerstrosis)werealso 10thcentury, strosisimmediately thelower from Illustrated in thehighergravelstrosis(MUM V level6, 'floor6') wereM-LPG. late 10th an Attic and of krater ofan EPG bell strosisat plate 25d are therimfragment (7) base and bell (5), bothc. skyphos centuryskyphos(6), and fromtheupperstrosisa jug base (4) 900 B.C. (b) at theS. edgeoftheexcavatedarea beneatha MG earthfloor(XV 18) in mixedLM III and PG fill.Here theskyphosGH 3 was found,see SectionE no. 18. (c) in a small triangularrobbingpit (Pit 20a), probablydug to rob out thesecondstorey Minoan Masonrywhichhad been setoverthehighterracewall at theback or W. side ofthe UM, see plan at plate 5 no. 20a. XI 56." (LHS).
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
71
DEPOSIT GD, MIDDLE GEOMETRIC plates 53-5, 62-4
"DepositGD was foundin an oval shaped pit,Pit 27, about 2.0 x 3.0m. at itstop and 0.75m. deep, situatedin the terracedhillsidearea above the centralE. side of the UM, see plan at plate 5 no. 27, SectionC no. 2 1 and SectionE no. 17.This pithad an upperfillofloosegreyish twonearly and a lowerfillcontainingmorestones,and mayrepresent earthand brokenpottery E' nos. 17, Section a cut rubbish pit (cf. cuttings, evidentlyforming purposely contemporary SM material plate into wash 5 nos. and It was 26 17a,21a; (Section layerscontaining 27). dug C no. 32, = VII 47, 48; and cf.SectionE' nos. 21a) and associatedwitha troddenearthlevel on thehigher,SW. side (plan at plate 2, Section orfloor(XII 45, XI/XII 22) partlypreserved oflaterwalls:a smallClassical terrace E' no. 20), but cut away elsewhereby thefoundations wall (Wall 'bm') was dug intothetop ofthepit itselfand a substantial1stcenturyA.D. wall was foundedat thesame levelonlya fewcms.to theE. There seems,however,to have been a sectionof similarearthfloor large levelledarea of occupationat thisperiodsince a further survivedat theS. limitoftheexcavationsome 14m.away,see plan at plate 2, SectionA no. 17. Sherdsfromtherejoin withothersfromthe pit itself. of The only structurewhichmay have been associatedwiththesefloorswas a fragment Wall fy(see plan at plate 2, SectionB no. 9) preservedone course terracewall foundation, high fora littleover 2.0m., sandwichedtightlybetweenthe LM IIIA2 fillover the UM Corridor'L' below,and the 2nd A.D. floorof theHouse of theDiamond Frescoes,c. 0.20m. above. It seemslikelythattheRoman buildersdug out theGeometricoccupationlevelswhich wereapparentlyaboutone metrehigherto theW. ofWall Ty'thantheywereto theE. (Section B nos. 7 and 9). Alsofoundin thispit,in associationwithDepositGD, werea claydiscweight (71/755)no. Wl, and a copperor bronzebar (68/84)no. M20. VII/XII pit 8" (LHS). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Large Pyxis,plate 53. PH. 13, D. 12. Risingdouble-rolledhandles.Paint on insetrim.Decorationslightly different on each side. MG. Belly-handled amphora,plate 53. H. ofneck22.8, D. c. 20. Neck and twobodyfrs.Flakingblackpaint.No traceofhandles;at handlelevel,reservedpanel ofmeanderbetweenmultiplezigzags.Painton andjustinside mouth.MG. Small neck-handledamphora.Neck to bellyand base frs.Hard redclay,semi-lustrous blackpaint.Rootsof verticalhandle on neckand shoulder,thelatterneatlypierced.MG. Two morefrs.ofsimilaramphorae. Hydria.Fr. withstraphandle,neckand shoulder. Hydria.Frs.ofbase, body,and lowerrootofverticalhandle.Red clay,tracesofthickwhiteslipon reserved areas.Bracketspendentfromshoulderand belly,pendentfromspacedbands.In added white:on upperband, triplezigzagwithdotsin thespaces;whitehatchingacrossupperbracket;fourwhitelinesroundband at base. Krater,plate 53. D. c. 34. Rim fr.Cream slip,flakingbrown-blackpaint. MG. Cf. Vrokastro fig.106. Krater,plate 53. D. c. 25. Rim fr.MG. Cf. Teke tholosno. 20. Krater.Rim fr.A fewparticlesofsilvermica,lumpysurface,semi-lustrous red-brownpaint.Reservedband insiderimwithgroupsof bars. MG, possiblyimported. Krater,plate 55. D. c. 19. Rim and handle frs.Fine orange-brown clay, browngrits,lustrousred-brown paint. Star in cornerabove handle attachment.Interioras 8. MG, possiblyimported. Krater,plate 53. Fr. ofhighfoot,D. c. 26. Orange-brownclay,streakyred-brownpaint. MG. Krater,plate 53. D. c. 22. Two frs.,rimto bellywithhandle stumps.MG. Krater.Wall fr.EG. Krater.Two wall frs,withtraceofrim.Creamwash.Inside,band belowrim,spatterelsewhere.EG. Cf.F. no. 1539. Skyphos.plate 54. D. c. 15. Rim fr.Cream wash. Band insidelip, no paint below. EG. Skyphos.D. c. 14. Rim fr.As 14 above. Skyphos.plate 54. D. c. 12. Rim fr.Greyclay,burnt.Reservedline insiderim.MG. Skyphos.plate 54. D. c. 11. Rim fr.Thin reservedline insiderim.MG.
72
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
black paint,ratherstreakyinside.E-MG. Skyphos.plate 54. D. c. 12.5. Rim to lowerbody.Semi-lustrous Skyphos.D. c. 15. Rim fr.Streakybrown-blackpaint. Profileas 18 above. Reservedline insiderimwith groupsofverticalbars. below.MG. 20 Cup. plate 54. D. c. 14. Rim to near base, handlemissing.Dull paint,black above, red-brown Cf. F. no. 611 and BSA 67 (1972) pl. 28, G 104. 21 Cup. plate 54. H. 7.2. D. 9.8. Two thirdsprès,withhandle roots.Rough base. Fullycoated. 22 Cup. plate 54. c. H. 9.8, D. 12. Body nearlycomplete,withlowerhandle root.Grey-buffclay,dull black paint. Rough base. Fullycoated. Domed lid. plate 54. H. 9.8. D. c. 27. Frs.,withwholeprofile.Singleroundhandle. EG. 23 Lid. Wall fr.Four zones ofhorizontalSs. Inside painted.E-MG. 24 Domed lid. Large fr.fromcentre.No paintinside.MG. 25 Domed lid. plate 54. H. 5.4, D. 21.5. Nearlycomplete.Two suspensionholesnear rim.Whiteon dark.Six 26 bands inside. Domed lid. Wall fr.withtop. Whiteon dark,fugitive: 27 partofarcaded rosette,nothingelsevisible.No paint inside. Domed lid. Wall fr.Whiteon dark: zone withcolumnofchevrons.Bands inside. 28 at centre,outerzone ofleaves (?) in outline.No Domed lid. Fr. fromcentre.Whiteon dark:cross-hatching 29 paintinside. Domed lid. plate 54. H. c. 3.5, D. c. 18. Rim to near centre.Whiteon dark: arcaded rosettein centre.No 30 paintinside. 31 près,withrootsof two reflexhandles.Bars on handlesand Tray, plate 54. H. 2.8, D. 21. Frs.,two-thirds insidelip; concentricbands on floor.Undersideillustrated.MG. 32 Cookingjug. plate 55. Près.H. 16.2,D. 10.2. Two-thirdsprès.,base missing.Grittyred clay,wheelmade. Trace ofburningin front.Flattenedhandle.The base appearsto have been rounded,probablywithtripod feet. Pithos.plate 55. D. of base 20.7. Orange-buff 33 clay,largegreygrits,creamwash. Basin,plate 55 H. 10.2,D. 33.4. Two-thirdsprès.Reddishclay,brownand whitegrits,creamwash. Strap 34 handles. 35* Basin,plate 55. H. 8.8. Rim to base. Fabric as 34 above. No traceofhandle. Pedestalledkrater.Frs.ofbodyand ribbedstem.Hard redclay,orange-brown 36 surface,brown-blacklustrous paint. Meanderin reservedpanel, framedby stripsof triplezigzag. MG, perhapsEuboean MG II: cf.AE 1903,3 fig.2 fromEretria. vessel.Meander,traceofzigzag above. Krater.Wall fr.Fabric like 36, but froma different 37 Krater.Rim fr.Fine orange-buff 38 lip; columnsof clay,burntgreyin parts;lustrousblackpaint.Dots on offset cross-hatched lozengesand chevrons,beginningofmain designto R. AtticMG II. 39 Belly-handledamphora.Wall fr.Pink-orangeclay, red-brownpaint. Panel of concentriccircleswithdot rosettein corner;meanderto R., bars above. AtticMG. Cf. AJA44 (1940) pl. 23, 3. 18 19
DEPOSIT GE, LATE GEOMETRIC plates 55-6, 65
"DepositGE is thefillofa robbingpit,Pit 41, foundat theNW corneroftheUM, dug deep belowtheLate Roman courtS. wall,see plan at plate 5 no. 41. Its purposewas evidentlyto rob the S. wall of the small square Minoan compartmentthere(Room 'A') and the stair wall; thetopsurviving stepoftherearstairs(Area 'K') was closeto thebottomofthis retaining pit. smallpit,c. 1.00x 0.50m.,and 1.30m.deep. The fillconsistedof This was a comparatively ofblocksfromthe Minoan walls), loose siltand sherds,witha wider largestones(fragments at thislevelfromthe spreadofstonesand sherdsat thetopofthepit,impossibleto distinguish the with associated Finds similarfillof otheradjacent pitsin thisarea. pit surfaceinclude Orientalizing:GH 83, 94, 118-20. Above was a wash level (VIII 34) containingClassical and earliermaterialincludingthe
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
73
ofan earlyRoman wall (Wall 'ac'). GeometricGH 9, 22 and 61, and closeoverthisthefootings withan occupationlayer Thus it is notpossibleto linkthecontentsofthispitstratigraphically or otherhorizonwithinthe excavatedarea. VIII 35, pit 10" (LHS). 1
Pithos.Fr., rimto lowerbody. D. c. 22. Reddishclay,creamslip,flakingblack paint; tracesofburningon twohorizontaland somefrs.Painton insetlip. Upper rootofverticalstraphandle;probablyfour-handled, twovertical.Double zigzag and meanderin panelsat handlelevel,zonesofdouble circlesabove and below. LG. 2 Belly-handled amphora,plate 56. H. ofneck27, D. 26. Neck and partofshoulder.Large whiteand small black grits,creamwash. LG. 3* Hydria.plate 56. Neck and partofshoulder.H. ofneck9.8, D. 15.8. Pinkishclay,creamwash.No traceof handle. 4 Oinochoe. Wall fr.Creto-Cypriot class,F. 155 III. LG. 5 Krater.Wall fr.To L., birdwithhatchedwing,outlinedcross.Spatterinside.LG. 6 Krater.Rim fr.Shape as 11 below. Cross-hatched lozengesin panel. LG. 7 Krater.Rim fr.D. c. 28. Shape as 11 below.Inside,reservedband belowlip. LG. Cf.BSA 55 (1960) 163f.no. 39. 8 Krater.Rim fr.,perhapsfromsame vesselas 7 above. 9 Krater.Wall frs.Lozenge crossesas 7 above, but withoutdots and withsmallchevronsin thequadrants. 10 Krater.Base fr.D. of base 8.8. Disc foot,concave underneath. 11 Krater,plate 56. D. c. 20. Rim to lowerbody withroundhandle. Reservedlinesonly.LG. 12* Skyphos.plate 56. H. 9.4, D. 13.8. Half près.,withfullprofileand one handle.On theotherside,panel of cross-hatched lozengesbetweenverticalbars. LG. 13-15 Skyphoi.plate 56 (13). Rim frs.Ds. 11-15. Lips lesssharplyoffset than12 above. Panelscontainingvertical chevrons.LG. 16 Skyphos.Wall fr.,rimmissing.LG. 17 Cup. plate 56. H. 10.3, D. 14. Two- thirdsprès.Strap handle. Fullycoated. LG. G. 166f.class B(iii). 18 Cup. plate 56. H. 10.8, D.14. Nearlycomplete,straphandle brokenoff.As 17 above but thinnerfabric. 19 Cup. D. 14.5. Base missing.Thin fabric.Strap handle. Fullycoated. (Frs. ofleast eightmore,similar) Lid. Wall fr.withpart ofavertedlip. Whiteon dark: outlineleaves,gridpattern. 20 Lid. Wall fr.Whiteon dark: multiplezigzag. 21 Lid. Rim fr.Whiteon dark: dotson evertedlip, triplecircles.Cf. Teke tholosno. 53. 22 Lid. Wall fr.Whiteon dark:double semi-circles,pendentand standing.Cf. F. no. 788. 23 24* Tray,plate 56. H. 3.5, D. c. 32.5. Heavy fabric,max.Th. 1.2. Root ofreflexhandle.Wall fullypaintedinside and out; circularbands on floorand underneath. 25* Cookingjug. plate 55. Rim to bellywithroundhandle.Grittyorange-grey clay,wheelmade.LG. Cf.BSA 67 (1972) 87, F 27, fig.9. Basin,plate 55. H. 10.8,D. 32. Nearlycomplete.Pink-buff 26 clay,largewhitegrits,creamslip.Straphandles, roughbase. Frs. of threemore. Conical bowl,plate 55. H. 16.2,D. 37. Half près.Reddishclay,largewhitegrits,buffwash. Pinchedrim. 27 Strap handles,roughbase. 28* Small pithos.Wall fr.Grittyredclay,greycore. Inciseddecoration:diagonalbars,double chevrons(cf.GH 56-7). Note on otherLG contexts
"(a) A thickwash level containingLG material(XI 34) was preservedbehindthe 2nd B.C. roadwayterracewall (Wall 'el') at theW. centreoftheexcavatedarea, withsomePG in the underlyinglevel, see plan at plate 2. The terracewall cut back into these early levels, depositingsomeofthespoilintothecontemporary pit nearby(Pit 22; see plan at plate 5 no. 22), withtheresultthatin a reversestratigraphy homogeneousLG materialwas also foundin theupperfillofthisHellenisticpit (XI 33). Fromthewash levelXI 34 comeGH 28 (LG), as well as theearlierfindsGH 21, 24 and 66. (b) LG materialwas also foundin a stripalongtheedgeoftheLittlePalace cutting,at theN. (MUM V 3-4) - on thethirdin a seriesofstratified occupationlevels,markedin thiscase by
74
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
layersofgraveland ash,see SectionD no. 23 (lower).Illustratedat plate 25d,nos.2 and 3, are a MG/LG amphoraneckfragment withbattlement(3) frombelow the troddenlevel and a kraterrimfragment withwhitecircles,c. 700 B.C. (2) fromtheflooritself(MUM V level 3, 'floor5'). See also GH 73, EPC kotylewithwirebirds,fromthiscontextand contemporary, GH 124"(LHS). and the Cypriotjugletfragment DEPOSIT GF, ORIENTALIZING PLATES57, 66
"DepositGF was foundin Pit 47, about lm. to theW. oftheMG pitcontainingDepositGD; thispit was of similardimensions(2.0 x 3.0m.,depthc. 0.80m.), and was dug down froma similarearthlevelsome0.40m.higherand runningovertheMG 'floor',see plan at plate 5 no. 47, SectionC no. 20. It was dug throughtheMG levelsintotheSM and earlierlevels,and was VIII pit oftwoHellenistic-Roman walls and a threshold. overlaidby theheavyfoundations 13. The pit contentwas a loose fillofearthand sherds,withmorestonesat thebottom.It was notpossibleto associateany wideroccupationlevelofthisphase withthepit,as was thecase with the earlier (MG) phase; however,some tracesof an earth floorwith LG/EO sherds above MG in twootherareas: occurredstratified (1) betweenpitsnear the S. section(XIV 34-6); see SectionA no. 15. (2) in a stripalong theedge oftheLittlePalace cuttingat theN. (MUM V 1-2), theupper twoofa seriesofstratified occupationlevels,see SectionD no. 23. Illustratedat plate 25d no. 1 is a mid 7thcenturykraterwall fr.,withapplied whiteon reservedground,froma trodden earthlevelhere (MUM V level 2 'floor4')"(LHS). Hydriai.plates 57(1) 66. D. of 1 c. 11.5. Frs.,neckwithroundverticalhandle (1), shoulder(2-3, 5), and belly(4, 6, withhorizontalhandlestump). 7 Oinochoe(P).Wall fr.Compass-drawncable. Krater.plate 57. D. c. 25. Rim to lowerbody,handlesmissing.In added white:erraticlineson band below 8 belowcircles,lineson bothbands below.Insidefullypainted,withone whiteline rim,one lineimmediately below rim.EO. Krater.Wall fr.Two bands withtriplewhitecircles. 9 10 Krater.Wall frs.Reservedat upperedge; whitecircleson broad band. 11 Small krater.Wall fr.Fine thinfabric,metallicblack paint. In white:two zones of spaced triplecircles, separatedby lines. 12 Krater.Wall fr.,cut out as roughdisc. Forepartofgrazingbird,quadruplecircles,dotsbetweeninnermost two: threetangentsto R. Spatterinside. 13 Krater.Wall fr.withhandlestump.Line in reservedband above and below handle zone containingset of largewhitecirclesand columnas smallwhitedouble circles;morewhitecircleson band below.Whitebars betweenlineson handle. 14 Krater.Wall fr.Panelscontainingdottedfloralmotif(lotus?),and volutesattachedto corneroflozenge(cf. in white.EO. BSA 68 (1973) 42, J 3, pl. 15). Reservedlinesreinforced 15 Skyphos.plate 57. Halfprès,withhandlestump.H. 9, D. 12.2.Whiteon reddecoration.EO. Cf.F. nos.808, 1260. 16, 17 Skyphoi.Rim and wall frs.,perhapsfromthesamevessel.D (16) c. 12. Fullycoated,withwhitedecoration whichhas assumeda purplishtingein firing:zones ofsinglecirclesbetweenlineson lip and body,reserved area at top of 17. Reservedline insiderim. White 18 Skyphos.Rim fr.Fullycoated,decorationin white:threelines,double circles,theouteron thickened. line insiderim. 19 Skyphos.Wall fr.Triple zigzag,triplecircles. 20 Skyphos.Wall fr.Neck and head ofbird,hookedbeak, reservedeye; swastikain field.Chevronsto R. 1-6
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
75
(22). 21, 22 Domed lids.Wall frs.Whiteon dark:masseddouble circles(21), zonesoftonguesand cross-hatching 23 Cup. plate 57. H. 8, D. c. 14. One quarterprès.Softorangeclay,traceofyellowpolishedsurface.Handle missing. 24 Cookingjug. plate 57. D. c. 9. Rim tolowerbodywithroundhandle.Grittyredfabric,greycore.Grooveson neckand belly. Pithos.Rim fr.D. c. 50. Grittyred clay,creamslip. Overhanginglip withroughlyincisedrunningspiral. 25 Pithos.Rim fr.D. c. 35. Fabric as 25 above. Over-hanginglip withincisedsinglecircles. 26
DEPOSIT GG, ORIENTALIZING TO ARCHAIC PLATES57, 67
DepositGG is theupperfillofWell 8a, sunkthrougha rearcorridor(Room 4J')oftheUM and grazingitsouterwall,see plansat plates 2 and 5, no. 36. At a depthof5.50m.theexcavation had to be abandonedowingto theseriousriskofa collapse;thesidesofthewellwerefoundto be ofjagged rock,withominouscracksand dangerousoverhangsin places.The fillyieldedfour basketsofratherscrappydomesticpottery, mainlylate seventhto earlysixthcenturyB.C., but witha smallad- mixtureof LG includingthe reliefpithosfr.GH 58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hydria.plate 57. D. c. 13. Billetsoutsidelip, outlinetongues(?)on neck,thecurvedendsoverlappingwith band above. Inside,line below rim. Hydria.Neck and shoulderfr.Part of bracketon shoulder. Largejug(?). D. c. 14. Cylindricalneck,projectinglip, withgroove.No paintinside. Wine amphora,plate 57. D. c. 15. Hard porousorangeclay,greycore,grittyand verymicaceous. Krater,plate 57. D. c. 32. Reddishclay,creamslip,unpainted. Krater.D. 30. Rim fr.Lip slightly at rim.Fullycoated,withfadedwhitedecoration:two concave,thickening lines,triplecircles.LO. Cf. BSA 68 (1973) 42, J 20, pl. 15. Stirrupkrater.plate 57. D. c. 32. Fullycoated. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 34. Rim fr.Reservedband below rimoutside,otherwisefullycoated. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 30. Rim fr.Paint on rim,linesoutside,band inside. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr.withstraphandle. Dipped in paintfrombase. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr.Paint on rim,groovesbelow,bands inside. Small lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 14. Rim fr.,rootofstraphandle. Probablydipped in paintfrombase. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr.and straphandle. Rim onlydipped in paint,trickling inside. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr.Paint on and outsidelip only. Cup. plate 57. Base fr.D. 6.2. Slightsmearofpaint underfoot,otherwisefullycoated. Cup. plate 57. Base fr.,D. c. 6. Irregularridgesbetweenfootand bodyand underbase. Coated in streakyred paint. Lamp, plate 57. H. 2.6, D. c. 4. Lip missing.Open nozzle,withburning.Frontdipped in paint. Pithos(?).Wall frs.Grittyred clay. Double circleson whiteslip,whitequintuplecircleson clay ground. Pithos.D. c. 60. Rim fr.Grittyred clay,whiteslip. Overhanginglip, undercut.Large and small stamped circles. Pithos.Part ofstraphandle. Fabric as 19 above. Decorationimpressedwithfinger. Pithos.D. c. 40. Rim fr.Grittyred clay. Rim profilelike 14 above. Single stamped circlesforminga battlement. Basin. Wall fr.withrootofreflexhandle.Hard red clay,well smoothedinside,traceofburning.At handle level,stampedwhirligigbetweenridges. Basin.Wall fr.Hard redclay,but notsmoothedinside.Incisedtriangularpatternin hatcheddoubleoutline.
76
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
GH. MISCELLANEOUS
plates 58-9, 68-73
Ninth century 1 plate 58. Wall fr.Grazingbird,tail in air. Spatterinside.(VIII 33) Bell-krater. plate 58. Wall frs.,probablyfromdifferent sidesofvessel.Concentriccirclesto L. and R. ofbird. Bell-krater. 2 Spatterinside.LPG-PGB. (II pit 13;IV N 5) plate 58. H. 8.3, D. 6. Handles and part of rimbrokenoff.Irregularridgeon conical foot. 3 Bell-skyphos. E-MPG. (XV 18). 4* plates 58. H. 9, D. 8. Handles brokenoff.Grey-brown clay. LPG. Cf. F. no. 1471. (II 9; Bell-skyphos. II 10) anothersimilarbut morefragmentary, plate 58. H. 9, D. 9. Nearlycomplete.Brownclay. LPG-PGB (XIII pit 14). 5 Bell-skyphos. 6 Fullycoated. Skyphos.plate 58. H. 7.5. D. 12.5. Half. près,withone handleroot.Pale greyclay,misfired. Local imitationofAtticMG I. (UM/67/P181, Pit 62) 7 Kalathos. plate 58. H. c. 14.5, D. c. 32.6. Rim to near base withone handle root.Inside,bars below lip, bands,painton floor.LPG: slightlyearlierthanF. no. 357. (XI 50, 55) 8 Kalathos-lid.plate 58. H. 7.3,D. c. 19.5.Halfprès,withone handleroot.Two linesroundlip; insidepainted but forone reservedband. LPG-PGB. Cf. F. Cf. F. nos. 358 and 1018.(UM/72/P242, XIV #0076) Kalathos-lid.D. c. 30. Fourholesnearrimforsuspension.Groupsofbarson rim,oneband inside.PGB. Cf.F. 9 no. 524. (I 6E, I 33, VIII 34) 10 Kalathos. D. c. 27. Rim fr.Profileas 8 above. Inside illustrated;two bands outside.(XI 35) Domed lid. plate 58. H. c. 8, D. c. 28. Two frs.,wholeprofileexceptforcentre.No paintinside.PGB- EG 11 (VII 37, 43A) 12 Lid. Wall fr.Creamslip,fugitive paint.Two zones:pendentand standingdoublescales.No paintinside.EG. (Pit 57). 13 Lid. Wall fr.near centre;flattenedtop. Heavy fabric(max Th. 1.4). No paintinside. 14 Lid. Wall fr.,partoflow centralknob. Cream slip. Inside painted.PGB-EG. (VI 13) 15 Tray,plate 58. H. 3.2. D. c. 24. Wholeprofile.Deep redclay,semi-lustrousbrown-black paint.Slighttrace ofrisinghandle.Outsideillustrated.Thick bars on rim;two bands inside.PGB. (II 7) AtticLPG or EG. (IIIE 12) 16 Krater.Wall fr.Pink-brown clay,shinypale orangesurface;blackpaint,flaking. 17 Amphora.Shoulderfr.Red-brownclay,muchsilvermica,cafe-au-laitsurface,dull blackpaint.East Greek PG or EG. Cf. ClaraRhodosVI fig.134 fromKameiros. (IV(N) 5)
Eighthcentury 18 19
20 21 22 22a
23 24
25
Belly-handled Amphora.Près.H. 42. Shoulderto near base, rootofroundhandle. LG? (Pit 51) withlozengenetsin square alternating Amphora,plate 59. Bodyfr.Whiteon dark:double zigzag,griffins LG-EO. with leaves double (Pit 51) diagonal hatching. zigzag, panels, Amphora.Neck fr.Trace of ridgeunderrim.MG. (MUM A pit 4, 12) Amphora.Neck fr.Sharp ridge,multiplezigzag below. (XI 34) Amphora.Neck fr.Meander and triplezigzag in reservedpanel, paint to R. MG. (VIII 34) blackpaint. Four-handedpithos.Rim handleand bodyfrs.Orange-pinkclay,whitegrits,creamslip,fugitive horizontalhandle.Ovoid body.Painton lip. Panels: Concaveinsetlip,risingrim.Verticalstrapand flattened A, zigzag withdots,two palm treeswithhatchedleaves (lowerpartmissing);B, missing;C, double zigzag, palm trees(lowerpartonly),doublezigzag;D, traceofpalm treeabove doublezigzag.Below,zone ofsimple lozengechain. Bars on horizontalhandle,linesdown verticalhandle. EG. (S. Extension,1977) Oinochoe.Bodywithstumpofroundhandle.Près.H. 16.5.Flat base. Trace ofpanel on shoulder,framedby chevrons.LG. Cf.F. nos. 583, 940. (VI verticals:partofdiagonalcross,each quadrantfilledbydiminishing 13) Lentoidflask.Bodyfrs.Unevensurface.Groovedowncentre,wheretwohalvesofbodywerejoined. On each flank,flattenedcentraldisc with paint, surroundedby concentriczones: A, zigzag, runningspiral with hatchedloops,spiralwave pattern;B, radiatingrectangles containinggridorzigzag,spiralwave pattern.EG? (XI 34) withhatchedtriangularwing,no tail, head Large closed vessel,plate 59. Wall fr.Incised equine griffin (?) behindneck.Partofa secondincisedanimalabove. Blackpaint,nearlyall flakedoff,follows missing;tress theincisedlines;carelesssplashesofpaintin thefield.(I Blk #0845,pit below floor4)
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
77
26-28 Kraters.One wall and tworim(D. c. 25) frs.Reservedlineinside,belowrimsof27-8. LG. (I 33, VIII 30, XI 34) shorton 29, medium 29-36 Skyphoi.D. c. 10 (35), c. 12 (34), therestc. 13-14. Rim frs.Lips notverysharplyoffset, on 30-34,highon 35-6. Interiorof30 fullypainted;on therest,reservedlineunderrim.29-31 MG; 32-6 LG. 35 mayperhapsbe froma cup: cf.F. nos.989, 1003. (I 22 N., XIII 41, V E 5, VII 43A,VI 12,1 25, 1 60, Vili 30 S pit 3) semi-lustrous 37 grey-brown paintall over. Cup. plate 59. H. 9.8, D. 10.7-12.3,elliptical.Greyclay,misfired; • Poorlymade, unusuallythickwalls. Strap handle; roughbase, slightlybevelled.LG-EO. (VII 43A) 38-43 Domed lids.Wall (38-9) And rim(40-43) frs.D. c. 24 (40), 22, (41), 20 (42-3). Trace ofhandleon 40, and a raisedcentreon 39. Rim sharplyevertedon 40, 41, 43, hardlyat all on 42. Inside,38-9 fullypainted, slightly 40-43 unpainted.38-9 EG; 40, 41 MG; 42-3 LG. (XIV 35, VII 43A, VII 29, XI S. Blk,XIII 38, I 34) 44-8 Trays.Base frs.,47 withwall also (H. 3). Heavyfabric,minimumTh. 0.7 (46), max.Th. 1.3 (47). Profileof47 similarto GD 31; verticalbarson wall. Main decorationalwaysunderbase,as illustrated. Inside,47 has bars on rim,and is otherwiseall painted;spaced concentricbands on all others.44, EG; 45, 47, MG; 46, 48, LG. (XI 34, XI 24, VIII pit 5, VIII 33, VI wall X) 49 Tray, plate 59. H. 4, D. c. 25. Rim to base withstumpof reflexhandle. Cream slip. Wall: band on rim, horizontalSs, twolines,band, barson handle.Underneathas illustrated. Inside,spaced concentricbandson floor.LG. Cf. BSA 67 (1972) 97, G 113, pl. 28. (VI 15, VII 27-8) 50 Largelid(?). Wall fr.Heavy fabric,Th. 2 at upperbreak,1.3 at lower.Two birdsofprey,witha smallworm; to R., meanderand zigzag. Inside unpainted.M-LG. (MUM II 12) 51 Lid. Wall fr.Birdfile;no paintinside.LG. (Pit 43) 52 Skyphos.Wall fr.Cream wash. Part of two hatchedbirdsin panel. LG. (XII 6) 53 Oinochoe(P). Neck fr. Cream slip. Domesticfowl;bands, one passingacross the bird's body. LG. (VI, roadwayfillW. ofcesspit) 54 Large closedvessel.Wall fr.legs and claws of predatorybirdin panel. LG. (I 33) 55 Oinochoe.Près.H. 9. Most ofmouthand handlemissing.Fine buffclay,polishedsurface,handmade.Strap handle,traceof trefoillip. (VI 2) 56 Pithos.Shoulderfr.Orange clay,greycore,large browngrits.Incisedchevrons.(VI 23) 57 Cookingvessel.Wall fr.Red micaceousclay. Inciseddecoration.(VI 21) 58 Reliefpithos.Wall fr.D. ofroundels5. Max. Th. 2.8. Grittyredclay,buffwash.Stampedroundels:horseman R., wearingcrestedhelmet,flourishing spearin one hand,whipin theother.LG. J.N. Coldstream,Geometric Greece 276 fig.87f. (Well 8a = depositGG) 59 Skyphos.D. c. 14. Rim fr.Orange-buff clay,lustrousblackpaint.Lip no sharplyarticulated.Multiplezigzag in panel. Inside,reservedband below rimwithgroupsofverticalbars. AtticMG II. (Pit 51) 60 Krater.Wall fr.Fabric as 59 above. AtticMG II. (VII 28) 61 Oinochoe(P).Shoulderfr.Greyclay,whitegrits,flakingcreamslip,dull black paint. Hatched battlement. Similarto East GreekMG (Cf. GGP pl. 59ffromRhodes) but foundto be local by AA analysis.(VIII 34) 62-3 Amphora(?)Two wall frs.,perhapsfromsamevessel.Red-buffclay,chocolatebrownpaint.SchematicTrees of Life withstraighthatchedleaves; possiblypalm trees(in whichcase the illustrations would be upside 3 (1969) fig.27, 11, colonial down). LG, perhapsEuboean, or local imitation.Cf. Dialoghidi Archeologia Euboean fromPithekoussai.(XI 23, 146) 64 Krater.Wall fr.Hard buffclay,semi-lustrousblack paint,zone ofleaf-lozenges withverticaldashes.LG, Argiveor local imitation.Cf. GGP pl. 30d. (VII 28) 65 Amphora,Wall fr.Orange-buff clay,largewhitegrits,smallparticlesofgoldenmica,lustrousblack paint. Reservedarea above, perhapsbelow handle. AtticMG. (XII 1) 66 Kantharos.D. c. 15. Rim to nearbase. Orange-brownclay,goldenmica,semi-lustrous redpaint.Lip slightly offset. Panel ofverticalchevrons, verticalbar to R. Threereservedlinesinsiderimwithgroupsofverticalbars in upperband. AtticMG II. (XI 34) 67 Skyphos.D. c. 10. Rim to near base withhandle stump.Gingerclay,smallparticlesofmica, semi-lustrous black paint.Offsetlip, two reservedlinesinside.CycladicMG II-LG I. (XII 48) 68 insideall Skyphos.D. c. 18. Rim and bodyfr.Orange clay,mica,thinbrown-black paint.Lip sharplyoffset, painted.Parian LG or Subgeometric.Cf. Délos XV, Ae 64. (VI 7A) 69 Skyphos.Wall fr.Fabric as 68 above. Parian LG. Cf. DélosXV, Ae 60. (VII 23) 70 D. c. 17. Rim fr.Fabric and shape as 71 below. Verticalbars in panel, one chevronto L. Proto-kotyle. Reservedline insiderim.CorinthianMG II. (VIII 30) 71 plates 59, 71. D. c. 20. Pink-buff Proto-kotyle. clay,yellowsurface,red paint. Verticalchevronsin panel;
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
78
reservedline insidelip, withgroupsofbars. CorinthianMG IL Cf. BSA 48 (1953) 276 no. 624 pl. 41 from Ithaca. (XII 28) 72-5 Deep kotylai.Two rims(D. c. 13), wall, base frs.Fine yellowclay,red to brownpaint.Wirebirdsin panels (72-3), finelines,paintbelowinterrupted byon reservedline (74). Ringfoot.Inside,tworeservedlinesbelow rim.Corinthian,EPC. (XI 22, MUM V 3 room 10 floor5, XI 23, XI 25)
Seventh century 76
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Amphora.D. c. 20. Rim fr.Shape as BSA 73 (1978) 45 no. 1 fig.1. Fullypaintedoutside,whitetriplecircles on rim,band inside.EO. in white.EO. (VII 37) Amphora.Neck fr.Reservedlinesreinforced Amphora.Neckfr.Ridge belowrim.Large guilloche,dottedborder.EO. Cf.BSA 73 (1978) 45 no. 1 fig.1. (Well 12, 65) Amphora.Neck fr.Columnofopposeddouble arcs,lozengesbetweenEO. (XI 42) and eyesofcable. in reservedlines,floralmotifs, Pithos.Wall fr.Cable, lotuswithbuds.Whitereinforcement EO. (VIII pit 10) Pithos.Wall fr.Debased guilloche.EO. (XI 23) line.Same repeatedon upper Oinochoe.Neckto bellyfr.On neck,whiteon dark:wavylinesbetweenstraight shoulder.LO. Oinochoe. Mouth to shoulderwithflattenedhandle.Grittyred clay,grooveson shoulder.LO. Cf. BSA 73 (1978) 54 no. 20 pl. 12. (VII pit 10) Oinochoe. Wall frs.Polishedbuffsurface.Whiteline on upperband. (Pits45 and 57) Lekythos,Praisostype.Shoulderto bellywithhandle root.Whiteon dark. EO. Cf. F. no. 1499. (XI 25) in white.(VIII 29) Lekythos.Wall fr.Verticalzones,reservedlinesreinforced Aryballos.Wall fr.Rays(?) at upperbreak.EO. (I 7) Aryballos.Wall fr.Verticalbars above, double arc in cornerof rosettepanel. LO, mannerof the Fortetsa painter.(V43) class,F. 158f.E (iiib). (VII 37) Lekythos.Wall fr.Circleson flank.EO, Creto-Cypriot Aryballos.Lower part. Polishedsurface.F. 157f.B (ii) or (iii). (VIII 30) Pyxis.Fr. withinsetrim.(Pit 65) Pyxis.D. c. 20. Lowerbodywithflatbase,verticalwall. Cable in whiteon clayground,smallbrowncirclesin each 'eye'; band withwhiteline. LO. lid. D. c. 11. Fr. fromwall and top.Wall slopesoutward.Fullycoated,withwhitedecoration:part Cylindrical oflotuson top,lines.Cf. lid ofF. no. 1218. (VIII 30) Cylindricallid. D. c. 8. Top and partofverticalwall. Fullycoatedwithdecorationin white.Cf.F. no. 689. (VIII pit 10) Pyxis.D. c. 8. Lowerbodywithringfoot.Verticalwall.Band belowfootunderneath.Insidefullypainted.(XI 21) Krater.D. c. 32. Rim fr.Concave lip, rimslightlyprojecting.Whiteon dark; spatterinside.(I S 29) Krater.D. c. 20. Rim fr.,vertical.Whiteon dark: runningspiralbetweenlines. (I 20 N) Krater.Wall fr.Guillocheframedby double circles.(I pit 1IB) Krater.Wall fr.withhandlestump.Lip and shoulderwithwhiteon dark decoration;main panel reserved in first reservedlinebelow.LO. Cf.BSA 68 (1973) 42,J 20, pl. 15. (XI withtriplecircles.Whitereinforcement 25, 34) Krater.Wall fr.withhandlestump.Two cables,dotsin spacesbetween.Above and below,band withwhite lines. (Ill 10) Krater.C. c 32. Rim and wall frs.Tall verticallip. Decorationconfinedto broadbandson lip and belly,with double circles.Spatterinside,withone band added white:cables, the 'eyes' consistingof compass-drawn wherelip joins body. (Pit 9) Krater.Wall fr.Dotted diagonal crossin panel, dotsin columnto L. (XI 25) Krater.Fr. oftalllip,groovenearrim.Whiteand darklinesbetweenbands;outlinedsolidpetalsissuingform dottedtendril.Band below riminside,spatterbelow. (I 22 N) Krater.Wall fr.Lower partof three-petalledpalmette,dottedcalyx.Spatterinside.(V pit 16) Dinos. plates 59, 72. D. c 11. Painton rimwithgroupsofthreewhitebars.Shoulder:groupsofthreebars. Columnkrater.plate 59. D. c 27. Painton rimwithwhitebars.Neckpainted,withtwowhitelines,reserved below. Inside,band below rim,withtwo whitelines.LO. (Pit 65) Columnkrater.Handle plate. Cream slip on top. LO. (XI 54)
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
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108-110 Cups. Dc. 13. Frs.oftallverticallips.Inside: 108 all painted,109has twolinesbelowrim,110 all painted but forreservedline underrim.LO. Cf. F. no. 981. (VIII pit 11, MUM A VI 20, V E 5) 111 Skyphos(?).D. c. 17. Rim fr.Concave profile.Zone ofsigmas.Insidefullypaintedbutforreservedlinebelow rim.(Ill E 12) 112 Skyphos(?).D. c. 16. Rim fr.Deep concavitybelow rim.Lip painted,panels of cross-hatchingand solid quatrefoilbelow. Reservedline below riminside.(MUM V 1) 113 Cup. Bowlfr.withstumpofstraphandle.Rosetteon floor;horizontallineson handleoutside,interrupted by twozones ofverticalbars; otherwiseall painted.LO. (Ill Below Blk) 114 Kotyle.Lowerbodyfr.Band withtwopurplelines,attentuatedrays.ImitationofCorinthian.(XII #2261) 115 Lid. Wall fr.Bee typelotuses.(V 5) 116 Lid. Wall fr.Palmettetree,quatrefoilin field.(XI 24) 117 Tray,plate 59. D. c. 25. Rim to base. Unevensurface.Painton rim.Outside,band above and underbase, each withone whiteline; same inside.(XI 25, 34) 118 Lekanis.plate 59. D. c. 26. Rim to lowerbody,withrootofreflexhandle.Two groovesbelowrim.Painton rim,two bands inside.LO. (VIII pit 10) 119 Tray, plate 59. D. c. 32. Rim to base. Outside wall painted,withwhitewavyline betweenstraightlines. Grooveand floralmotifunderbase. Paint on rim,band insideat edge offloor.LO. (VIII pit 10) 120 Lekanis.D. c. 30. Rim and wall fr.,rootofstraphandle.The rimprojectsslightly.Circlesoutside,white-ondark fishinside.LO. (VIII pit 10) in the formof a sphinx.Th. 1.1. Frs. of body and wing,probablynot fromthe same 121 Ajouré attachments creature.Breakson bodyfr.at neck,forepaw,wing,and rump.Fullycoated,withwhitedecorationon outside ofbud,buton bothsideofwing.Two-dimensional modelling.Fromone or twocouchantsphinxeswithsickleshapedwing,perhapsseatedupon therimoflargeopen vessel;thereverseside ofthebodyhas wheelmarks, and itshorizontalcurvatureis consistent witha D. ofc. 25. (131 S, 32) 122 Large closedvessel(amphora?)Wall fr.Hard redclay,lustrousblackpaint.Bodyofblack-figure lion;incised mane and ribs,whiteline along belly.(V S 6) 123 Amphora(?).Wall fr.Red clay, cream slip,semi-lustrous brown-blackpaint. Leg and tail of horseto L., humanfootto R. Imitationof Corinthian.(Pit 51) 124 Juglet.Shoulderfr.Pale orangeclay,deep orangesurface,triplecirclein lilac paint.CypriotBlack-on-RedII. (MUM V4, room 10) 125 Aryballos.Shoulderfr.Grey-brown clay,black paint.Of Rhodian type,probablysixthcentury:cf. TocraI no. 765. AA analysis,however,revealsa compositionsimilarto Euboean. (VII 41) 126 Oinochoe. Shoulderfr.Incised tongues,everyotherone paintedalternatelywhiteand purple.Corinthian, EC. (XI 19) 127 Oinochoe. Shoulderfr.Ends ofincisedtonguesas 126 above; fourpurplefilletsbetweenwhitelines,all on black ground.Corinthian,EC. (MUM D la) 128 Alabastron.Wall fr.Two robedfigures:purpleon drapery,incisedzigzag acrossshoulders.Corinthian,EC. (VIII 31) 129 Alabastron.Wall fr.Mane and back oflion: purplelinesbetweenincisedribs.Corinthian,EC. (Pit 57) 130 Alabastron.Wall fr.Forelegsand one hindpaw ofcouchantlion. Purpleon flanks.Corinthian,EC. (Pit 38) 131 Alabastron.Wall fr.Panther:purplecheeks,whitedotson forehead,nose,and neck.Above and to R., large rosetteswithincisedcentralcircle;at R., purpleon alternatepetals.Corinthian,EC. (SW 29) 132 Alabastron.Wall fr.Bodyand clawsofbird(siren?).Purpleon wing,purpledotsbelow.Corinthian,EC. (Pit 57) 133 Alabastron.Round base. Rosette,twopurplecircles,thesecondwithwhitedots;dotsabove. Band and dot type.Corinthian,EC. (Pit 38) 134 Pyxislid. D. c. 13. Rim fr.Profileas 135 below.Swans: purpleon shoulders,purpledotson neck;purpleline roundedge. Corinthian,EC. (Pit 57) 135 Pyxislid. plate 59. D. c. 8. Half près.,knobmissing.Silhouetterunningdogs betweenpair ofpurplecircles. Corinthian,late seventhcentury.(SW 9; Pit 57) 136 Powderpyxis,plate 59. D. c. 9.4. One thirdprès.Purpleon groovedfoot;underneath, groupsofthreesigmas betweencircles.Corinthian,EC. Cf. Corinth VII 2, 128, An 151. (SW 29) 137 Pyxislid, knob.Purplecircleon top; purpleon conical part,betweenthinwhitelines.Corinthian.
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COMMENTARY Ninth Century notmuchcould at Knossosin tombpottery, Althoughthiscenturyis abundantlyrepresented recorded about itsdomesticwares.The onlypreviously be said hitherto depositis fromtheuse decorated ofthewellexcavatedby Mr R. Stopford, waterpotsand a fewother yieldingsimply into miscellaneousscraps.3Our GB, mainlyLPG but lasting PGB, containsa much wider range of shapes currentin the middle of the ninthcentury,a date consistentwith the occurrenceof Atticimportsno later than AtticMG I (GB 40, 42, 45) and also of a SPG piece fromEuboea4 (GB41). The smallerdepositGC, predominantly (Subprotogeometric) PGB but withsomeEG elements,takesus down to thefinalyearsof the century. Shapes
a formfoundalreadyin LM Of unusualinterestare thefrs.GB 1 froma roundhousemodel, theDark Age withoutanyconsistent IIIA2 and thenpersevering changeofshape.5 throughout varietiesoccurin both a round Some have no aperturein theroof,others likeours opaion; the realisticdoorway is LM III and surviveintotheearlyIronAge. Commonto all, however, In timeGB 1 stands door. detachable flankedbylug holes,as thoughfora bar to makefastthe betweentheSM modelfromtheKnossianSpringChamber6(withoutopaion),and themuchdiscussedmodelfromArchanes7(withopaion)coveredwithrunningspiralsofPGB. Whereas datable onlyby theircontexts, mostearlierexamplesare ofcoarsefabric,plain,and therefore forma compendium,as it motifs Its four GB 1 is fullydecoratedin thepotterystyleofitsday. were,ofKnossianLPG. is What was itspurpose?For the SpringChamberand Archanesmodels,a sacredfunction a in found The therein. ofgoddessesresiding shrine,clearly assuredby thefigurines former, a shrine.For thelatter,probablyfroma tomb,attemptshave beenmade to discover represents somerelevanceto funerary practicesand beliefs.8Too littlesurvivesfromGB 1 forus to know whetherit had houseda similarresidentidol,as no traceofthefloorwas found;norcan we be surethattherewereno figuresrecliningon theroof,as on theArchanesmodel.Its domestic context,however,linksitwiththeLM III examples,and allowsus to envisagea purelysecular function:it mightperhapshave been a child'stoy,innocentofany terracottaattachment. to throwany newlight For thestandardclosedforms,theUM materialis too fragmentary domestic that oinochoai, on theirdevelopment;we can only say stirrup-jars, hydriai, amphorae, are the open sidedpyxidesare all represented.Much more informative and straightlekythoi, made in carefully shapes.We beginwithGC 4, a rareimitationofa carinatedbronzecauldron, undated the from The cauldron motifs. PGB with all over Tiryns heavyfabricand covered shallowshape is whiletheextremely a somewhatdeepermetallicprotoype,10 treasure9offers sharedby the earliestuncarinatedexamplesfromIthaca.11 Our cauldron,withits inwardGB 17-18, which leaningshoulderand articulatedlip,has closerelationsin thedeeperkraters thetombs,and from known well krater bellKnossian orthodox more the to resemblance bearno GH 1-2. frs. in the here represented fourtypescan be detected,twoofwhichhave highfeetand no decoration Amongtheskyphoi theminiatureof otherthanpartialdippingin paint.Traditionalto Knossosis thebell-skyphos, foot,probablyEPG and well thebell-krater.Earliestand tallestis GH 3 withitsill-formed 12 Thence we can followthedevelopmenttowardsa lessdeep form back in thetenthcentury. throughGA 1 to GB 23 and GH 4 (LPG) wherethe heightis hardlygreaterthan the rim
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
81
diameter;duringPGB the bell-skyphos disappears.Alongsidethisseriesrunsa less popular PG type (GA 2, GH 5), normallya little the of mainland alternative, high-rooted skyphos broaderthanitsheight,and witha morepronouncedlip. A thirdtype,startingin LPG (GB 19-22,GC 6), is muchshallowerand lookslikea miniatureofthecauldronand kratersalready mentioned;it has shortlip, a slopingshoulder,level ribbonor reflexhandles,and summary decorationamountingto no morethana thickwavyline;completeexampleselsewhere(e.g. F. nos. 1041,1044) have flatbases.Finally,GC 7 is an unexpectedly earlyversionofthelow-based mainlandGeometrictype (cf.GB 45), otherwisenot recordedat Knossos beforethe eighth *3 century, but nevertheless closelyparallelto the earlyblack cups GC 8-9. Cupsconformto threeclassesalreadywell defined,14all withlow bases: the shallowbell shape of LPG, its side dipped in paint (GA 3, GB 25); in PGB-EG an earlyversionof the belliedblack cup witha pronouncedlip, fullycoated in paint (GC 8-9); and a smallertype, also coated,based on theAtticGeometricmodelwherethelip is sharplyoffset(GB 26). The PG kalathos, as an independentvessel,is a largedeep bowl withconcave profile,fully paintedinside.Whenit beganto be usedas a lid fora cremationurnfromPGB onwards,15 the sizediminishes, theshape becomesshallower,thesolidinteriorpaintis replacedby bands,and motifsbegin to appear under the base. By thesecriteriaGH 8 (PGB) would already be a kalathos-lid; whereasGH7 (LPG), in spiteofitsinteriorbanding,stillhas thelargedimensions of the independentkalathos.In thisdomesticcontext,however,we have no good reasonto supposethatkalathoiwereeverusedas lids.Indeed,thereis nowsomeevidenceto thecontrary in GC 10 and GH 11, lidsdesignedas such well back in the ninthcentury.Both are of the domedtype,unknownin thecemeteries beforeEG. GC 10, withitssharpcarinationnear the coveredlip,is at leastas earlyas theoldestdomedlidsfromFortetsa,suchas nos.389 and 402. GH 11,however,is earlierstill,bearingmassedtriangledecorationwhichcannotbe laterthan PGB.16The PGB trayGH 15, decoratedin a similarmanner,is a late specimenofthenormal PG typedistinguished wall and threehandlesrisingfromtherim;the by an outward-sloping undersideis at firstleftroughand plain (e.g. F. nos. 74 and 90, both EPG), but fromLPG onwardsmay carryconcentriczones ofornament. Decoration
Since livingcreaturesare so rarelyseen on ninth-century pottery,the PG credentialsof the birdson thefrs.GH 1-2 mustbe stated.Verticalprofileand interiorspatterindicatethebellthe birds of GH 2 seem to be krater,a formwhich did not outlast PGB. Furthermore, sandwichedbetweensets of concentriccircles,the orthodoxdecorationof thesekraters.A dottedwormis added forgood measure.Aftertherecentdiscovery oftwoPG bell-kraters in the NorthCemeterywithremarkablefigurescenes,17 theearlyoccurrenceofthesebirdsneedsno longersurpriseus. They belongto a late stageofthebell-krater sequence,whentheusual PG canon - circlesflankinga rectilinearpanel - was beginningto breakup. In Brock'sgeneralsurveyLPG was "nota well-definedphase" (F. 143); nevertheless deposit - especiallythe GB mayhelptowardsa clearerdefinition ofmotifs collectedtogether repertoire on themodelGB 1: thependentsemicircles (also on GB 4, 17, 18), thediagonalcheckpattern (cf.F. no. 428), and the griddedchevrons(also on GB 7). ContactwithEuboea mightwell of pendentsemicircles.The chevronsbetokena generalmovement explainthe introduction towardsgridding,already launched on large LPG vesselslike F. nos. 277 and 301, and continuingin PGB (e.g. thegriddedmeanderon GC 5). New in PGB are threefreehandcurvilinearmotifs, all presenthere:thehatchedcable (GB 14), thescale pattern(GH 12), and therunningspiral(GH 9), thebackgroundofwhichmay
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EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
be filledwithhatching(GH 14). Also at home in thisphase are the millsail(GB 13), and massedrowsoftriangles, whetherhatchedor solid (GH 11, 15). A compendiumofrarerPGB as unusual as the motifs, shape,appearson thecauldronGC 4: opposedsolidtriangles(also on GC 2), hatched leaves, and combs between solid hourglasses.The leaves are hatched 18 comb pattern,borrowed horizontally, exactlyas on a hydriafromFortetsa. The mysterious 1 9 fromCyprusat leasta centuryearlier, also has a contemporary parallelon a birdaskosfrom theNorthCemetery.20 The EG phase,notalwayseasyto separatefromPGB,2l is represented bythefinelid frs.GC 10. A typicalmotifis itscentralarcadedrosette,and orientaljeweller'sdesign22hererendered exactlyas on someof the moregrandiosetombvases of thistime.23 Eighth Century In contrastto thefreeinventionofthepreviousperiod,theeighthcenturyat Knossosbegins with a strongurge towardsthe imitationof Attic Geometricshapes and motifs,without however entirelysubmergingthe native tradition.Many symptomsof this Atticizing substantialdepositofMG potteryto cometolightin the can be seenin GD, thefirst movement ofLG is already thedomesticrepertoire For thelaterpartofthecentury, Knossiansettlement. the small but knownfromtherubbishfillsofwellsand otherdomesticcontexts,24 depositGE makesa fewusefuladditionsto our knowledge. Shapes
introducedshortlybefore800, is theleadingshape The newovoid and necklesspaintedpithos, oftheKnossianGeometricstyle;butwe rarelyseeithere,itschieffunction beingas a cremation oftwo had the full urn.Our twopithoi,fragmentary complement thoughtheybe, seemtohave and horizontaland twoverticalhandles.GH 22a, withitsunusual interesting plantornament, is probablystillEG, beforetheAtticizingmovementhad gatheredmuchforce;theflattened withthatearlyand raisedlip (cf.F. no. 1419) are consistent horizontalhandleand theslightly flat insetrim.Between with LG piece, phase ofthesepithoi.GE 1 is a standard experimental with two thetwostandsGD 1, a whollyAtticizingminiatureversion handles,whichis better shortverticalnecks, have regardedas a pyxis.Even thoughmostCretanGeometricpyxides both other and smallerexamples with inset lip are known from funeraryand domestic contexts.25 like GD 3 are already well-knownfromdomestic Whereas small neck-handled amphorae our depositsthrowsomenew lighton theprogressofthemuchlargerbelly-handled contexts,26 The Geometrictypeis ofAtticorigin,27and an essentialfeatureis thestrengthening amphora. ridgebelowtherim.The necksGD 2 (MG) and GE 2 (LG) suggestthatthecompletevessels musthavestoodat least70 cms.high.Ifwe setbesidethemtworecently publishedEO necks,28 more and becomes the a cleardevelopment undercut,whiletheheight sharper emerges: ridge and 19 afforda glimpseof 18 frs. GH The width. to its in relation oftheneckincreasessteadily these of bodies on the amphorae. sumptuousLG decoration MG typeofh ater,withbelliedbodyand shortlip,is wellrepresented The Atticizing byGD forthe attested is here Attic of the the but are 6-9. Most bases originals low, largest pedestal taller is for local LG the In context in Knossian domestic a firsttime lips preference (GD 10). GD 14-15 preservethe (GE 6-8, GH 27-8), oftenmoresharplyoffset.Amongthe skyphoi, memoryofa nativetypewhichwe have alreadynotedin theninthcentury(cf.GB 19-22); but understrongAtticinfluence, themainGeometricseries,starting developson thesame linesas
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thekraters:shortlips and shallowbodiesin MG (GD 16-19, GH 29-31) followedin LG by deeper bodies, and taller and more sharplyoffsetlips (GE 12-15, GH 35-6). A similar fromGD 21-2 (MG) toGE 17-19 (LG); deepeningoftheshapeis apparentin thecup profiles, in fabric, also noticeablewithinthisseriesof large coated cups is the steadyimprovement thin. walls to become the increasingly allowing Lidsfoundin the cemeteriesare of two main types:(i) conical,withknob handle,usually and oftenmatchingtheirdecoration;and (ii) domed,nevermatching designedfora pithos-urn Smallwonder,then, themsatisfactorily. theurnswithwhichtheywerefound,and rarelyfitting - are all of the domed typewhich thatour lids - as faras we can judge fromthe fragments A resemblanceto thevotivebronzeshieldsfrom appearsto have had an independentfunction. and theirfloriddecorationwas meantto be seen and the Idaean Cave has been remarked29 admired.The singlepairofsuspensionholesneartherimofGD 26 wouldhave beenat leastas to a householdstoragevessel. appropriateforhangingon a wall (as a votive?)as forattachment The singlehandleofGD 23 is an earlyfeature,notoutlastingMG. Early,too,is theflatcentral disc, and the broad lip (cf. also GD 26, MG). By LG, domed lids have no handle,a much curvedcentre. shorterlip (GE 22), and a continuously in havingan fromits predecessors The Geometrictray(GD 31, MG; GH 49, LG) differs rim. The main and two reflex handles attached well below the concave inward-leaning lip in be under the when not the continues to base; use, perhaps decoration,however, trays,too, werehungon walls by theirhandlesto displaytheirfloridornament. Decoration
MG character,also containsseveralpiecesofEG, a DepositGD, in spiteofitspredominantly the turn of the which century.These pieces,and otherslistedunderGH, display phase spans ofthelaterninthcentury:runningspiral(GD 23, GH motifs derivedfromthelocal repertoire or horizontal Ss broken (GD 24), thickwavylines(GD 13), griddedrectangles(GD 24), spiral GH and arcs which 12, 24), (GH 44) may also occurenmasseas a scale pattern(GH 39). A moreremarkablemotifofthispre-Atticizing unknown,is thepalm treeseenon phase,hitherto thepithosGH 22a. The Atticizing decorationofMG takestheformofhatchedmeanders,multiplezigzags,and variousformsoflozengechain,oftenenclosedin a reservedpanelwhilegroupsofreservedlines thepainton thelowerbody (e.g. GD 1). The elegantleafdesignsofGD 25 and 31 interrupt seen underthebases ofAtticpyxides.30But mayperhapsowe somethingto thecompositions nativecurvilinear motifs werenotforgotten: thusa cable maybe combinedwithmeandersand multiplezigzagson thesame vessel(GD 2), and Atticizingreservedpanelsmay encloselocal motifs liketongues(GD 20) or horizontalSs (GD 11). The extensiveuse ofwhitepaintforthe designsof GD 5 and 26-30 comes as a surprisein this phase, when its applicationwas previouslyregardedas 'experimental'.31 Much of thisrepertoiresurvivesinto LG, but in a modifiedform.On kraters,multiple zigzagsare closelypacked,and flankedbylozengecrossesin metopalpanels(GH 27). Lozenge chainsare cross-hatched and tightlysquashed (GD 6; GH 28, 32). Loose verticalchevrons on appear mainly high-lippedskyphoi(GE 2, GH 19), sometimessolid (GH 46, 48). Small circlesappear,eithersingleand quartered(GE 2; GH 35, 49), or in miniatureconcentric sets, oftenin white(GE 22, GH 43). The guillochearrivesat a late stage(GH 2b), elaboratedinto an extensivenet on the large amphora GH 18. In contrastto the stalenessof the linear thebirds(GE 5, GH 50-54) stilldisplaya refreshing is repertoire, variety;ofespecialinterest
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the domesticfowlof GH 53, an orientalnewcomerto Greekart and lifein the latereighth century.32 on GH 19 and 2533 may be Finally,at or near theend of thecentury,thewingedgriffins thatthe knownofKnossianLG figuredwork,34confirming added to thefewexampleshitherto seen on the much more adventurous were not unaware of iconography vase-painters GH the incision of The Cretan metalwork. 25, anticipating wildlyexperimental contemporary mustsurelyhave beenencouragedby orthodox'blackfigure'ofKnossos35byalmosta century, the engravingtechniqueof the bronzesmith, allowing the renderingof inner anatomical details.The white-painted creatureson theamphoraGH 19, withtheirhead-in-airpose,are on theKnossianbronzerelieffoundat Kavousi;36and the closelymatchedby thesmallgriffins of one particulargroup same dryand compactstyleis seen in the wingedlionsand griffins withinthecorpusof the Idaean bronzeshields.37 Seventh Century DepositGF shouldbe dated wellintoEO, butis too scrappyto throwmuchnewlighton that phase. A much more substantialUM deposit,fromthe fillof Well 12, has already been published;38thistakesus down to the end of the seventhcentury,and thusoffersa useful standardof comparisonforthe little-known periodat Knossoswhichfollowsthe end of the Fortetsasequencearound630 B.C.30 Shapes
EO rimstend hereofferany enlightenment. For thelargerclosedvessels,onlytherimprofiles fr.GH 7640 to have a verticaloutersurfacewitha sharploweredge: forexampletheamphora in to the addition concentric the GF 1. In this and thehydria circles, hydriamaycarry phase are of the GH its miniature GH and The base ornament.41 bracket traditional 95, 92, pyxis and Arkades the from well-known 'hatbox' cemetery especially variety straight-sided of LO.42 GH 93-4, on whichthedecorationextendsover the flatsurface,are characteristic lidsintendedforsuch vessels.The domedlid, however, probablynot pyxides,but cylindrical decoration(GF 21-2). 43 bears white-on-dark and continues, usually stillfollowtheLG form,butwithan evenhigherlip (GG 8, EO); on GH 96 and Mostkraters GG 6 theslightprojectionoutsidethe rimis probablya LO feature.44Sometimesthereis a habit of interiorspattering(GF 12; GH 96, 101, 103-04) in reversionto the pre-Geometric formmaybe seenin the A ofthishigh-lipped miniature tosolidpaint. Subgeometric preference ornatehigh-lipped EO skyphos GF 15. In LO theskyphosis seenno more,butan exceptionally inside.46In decoration even and makes its rim carry may appearance, fr.) cup45(GH 108-10, butare poorlyrepresented thelaterpartofthecenturytwonewformsofkraterare introduced, krater48 here:thedinos41(GH 105) and thecolumn(GH 106-07). GH 117 bears some relationto the LG typewithconcave lip, whichis now Of the trays, deeplyundercut;but GH 119 lookslikea new LO formwithwidelyprojectingrim,possibly LO lekanidesoccurin twovarieties: thelekanis. influenced bya newcomerto thefinerepertoire, outward-leaningwall recalling and a rim with flat GH as outwards, 120, straight projecting (i) the earliercoarse basin fromwhichit is derived;50and (ii) as GH 118, withroundrimon convexwall profile.51 Strap handles,sometimesreflex,are normalforbothforms. Decoration
and lineson ofthiscenturyis theextensiveuseofwhitepaint,notonlyformotifs Characteristic
EARLYHELLENICPOTTERY
85
a dark ground,but also forreinforcing reservedlines,and in LO even formotifson a light The decorative effect mayoftenbe enhancedby thealternationoflight-onground(GH 92). dark and dark-on-light zones on the same vessel. in thisso-calledOrientalizingperiod As is wellknown,theornamentoffinedomesticpottery consistslargelyofSubgeometricmotifs.Chiefamongthemis thesetofconcentricsemicircles, oftenonlythreeto a set,and veryrarelymorethanfive.The circlesmaynow be organizedin circleofeach setthickened(GF 10, 12; GG 6, 18; variousindividualways:withtheoutermost GH 76, 120); withlarge and small setsalternating(GF 13); or withsetswidelyspaced (GF 9-11). In LO thewavylineis revivedfroma distantpast,normallyin whitebetweenstraight lines,and oftenin conjunctionwithzones of circles(GH 82, 99). Othersimplelinearmotifs includethe N Pattern(GH 91) and the rectilinearcable arrangedlike the 'natural' signin musicalnotation(GH 77, 86, 109, 113). Guilloches(GH 98) and cables (GH 80, 92) continue, circles(GH 78, the'eyes'ofthelattersometimes beingrenderedas compass-drawnconcentric 101). TrulyOrientalizingfloralornamentis scarce.There are tracesofthevolutetree(GH 116), ofpalmetteand lotus (GF 14; GH 80, 103), and ofthat peculiarlyCretanformofdetached lotusresembling a bee (GH 115). The manneroftheLO FortetsaPaintermay be seenin the neatrosetteofGH 88, enclosedin a dottedcircularframe;and also in thefloralchainsofGH 103-04.52 The outlinedwhitefishinsideGH 120 is a pleasantadditionto theknownfigured in black-figure of Knossian LO, whileGH 122-3 show local experiments animal repertoire suggestssome connectionwiththe drawing.The ajouré sphinxGH 121, sadlyfragmentary, cut-outplaques in bronze.53 contemporary Sixth Century Afterc. 630 B.C. we no longerhave theguidanceofwholeshapesfromthetombs;thenit was that,forreasonswhichare stillobscure,all the knowncemeteriesof chambertombsin the Knossosarea wentout ofuse. Even so, thedomesticrepertoire of the late seventhcenturyis becomingquite familiarthanksto thewell depositslistedon thelast page of thischapter,of which the latestis UM Well 12. There we see a wide range of whole profiles,dated by Corinthianand Corinthianizing we pieces to c, 600. For any substantialdepositthereafter, have towaituntilRoyal Road (RR) WellH, datable toc. 500-480 B.C. throughan abundance ofAtticimports. It seems,however,thatsome piecesin our depositGG may fallwithinthissixth-century 'darkage' in theKnossiansequence.The materialis extremely scrappy,decorationis minimal, thereare no importsto guide us, and some piecesare clearlyLO (GG 6, 18) or even earlier (GH 58). Nevertheless, parallelsoutsideCrete would suggesta date not beforethe second quarterofthesixthcenturyforat leasttwopiecesin thismeagredeposit.The fragmentary lamp GG 17 is theearliestrecordedpost-Minoanone fromKnossos;whensetbesidetheseriesin the AthenianAgora,it fallsbetweenno. 5 ("early sixthcentury")and no. 30 ("middle to third quarterofsixthcentury").54LikewiseGG 7 is froma local copyoftheLaconian stirrup krater, and the earliestknownLaconian originalof thisfullycoated class comesfromdepositII (c. 590-560 B.C.) atTocra.55 Less easy to relate to better-known GG 8-14. The sequenceselsewhereare the lekanides rims(GG 8-9) and theroundedrims(GG 10-11) have hardlyprogressed overhanging beyond thoseofUM Well 12 nos. 43-4; and yetthetypewithroundedrimis stillcurrentin theLate ArchaicRR WellH no. 35 and perhapsone maysingleout thedeep undercutting ofthelip as a
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EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
featureunknownon thisshape beforethe veryend of the seventhcentury.56GG 13-14, an entirely newtypewiththickened'collar' rim,unknownin anyseventhhowever,represent but some resemblanceto mortarsofsimilarshapefroma sixth-century century deposit, bearing wellat Corinth.57 This form,too,persists at Knossosintotheearlyfifth-century contextofRR Well H in a modifiedform,usuallywiththelip undercut(nos. 28-33). Finally,thecup bases GG 15-16 have higherfeetthanone would expectin the seventhcentury,and thesmearof paintunderGG 15 is a practicestillfollowedat the timeofRR Well H (nos. 53-7).
A Note on the Coarse and Plain Domestic Pottery
We concludewitha fewremarkson some shapes fromthe Knossian kitchen,tracingtheir fromtheninthto theseventhcenturies. References to comparandamaybe found development in thelistofdepositsgivenbelow. untilMG; fromLG onwardsthefabric Cooking jugs are made ofhard grittyclay,brick-red assumesan orangesurfacewithgreycore,becomingthinnerand lessgritty.Duringtheninth centurythe neckis shortand poorlyarticulated(GB 37, GC 12), growingtallerfromMG onwardsas the shoulderbecomesmore rounded (GD 32, MG; GE 25, LG; GF 24, EO). Decorationis limitedtosetsofincisedgrooveson theneck,or on theshoulder,oron bothareas. wellno. 31), theroundedlowerbodyprofileof Althoughflatbasesare known(e.g. theStopford in GD 32 suggeststripodfeet the Minoan tradition,as on no. 27 fromthe Road Trials deposit.58 wallsand roughbases,firstappear Shallowhouseholdbasins,withstraightoutward-sloping continues concavelip, in PGB/EGwithGC 13. This form,withoffset throughMG (GD 34-5), but laterlips are shorter,undercut,and sharplyeverted(GE 26, LG; Road Trials no. 34, LG-EO). The straphandlesmay be attachedeitherat the lip or just below. Althoughthe in a creamwash (PG-MG), and fabriccontainslargegrits,thesurfaceis alwayscoated,at first thenin a thickercreamslip (LG-EO). as comingfromone ofthe GH 58 is ofspecialinterest ofcoarsepithoi, Amongthefragments earliestknownvesselswithfiguredreliefdecoration.The Cretan pioneersin thisfieldused circularor rectangular stamps,59 repeatingthesamedesignin a horizontalzone. The looseLG styleofour armedhorsemanis matchedby two othercirculardesignswithhorsesonly,one fromAmnisos,theotherfromthesanctuaryofDemeterat Knossos.60
List of Knossian Domestic Deposits, c. 1000-480B.C. Royal Road Dep. A Royal Road Dep. B UM Dep. GA StopfordWell, use (Lower Dep.) UM Dep. GB UM Dep. GC UM Dep. GD VenizeleionWell 1 (Dep. D) VenizeleionWell 6 (Dep. E) StopfordWell, fill(Upper Dep.) UM Dep. GE Road Trials well(?) (Dep. F)
Publication
Phase
Est. date B.C.
BSA 67 (1972) 68ff. BSA 67 (1972) 71ÍT.
SM-EPG E-MPG LPG MPG-PGB LPG-PGB PGB-EG E-MG M-LG LG LG LG LG-EO
1000-950 950-875 875-850 900-825 875-825 850-800 800-750 750-725 740-725 725-710 725-710 725-700
BSA 55 (1960) 159ff.
BSA 67 (1972) 8 Iff. BSA 67 (1972) 84f. BSA 55 (1960) 163ff. BSA 67 (1972) 85ff.
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EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY TelegraphPole Dep. UM Dep. GF Villa Well, use (Dep. H) Villa Well, rubbish Royal Road Well LA (Dep. J) UM Well 12 UM Dep. GG
BSA 73 (1978) 45ff.
Royal Road Well H
BSA 68 (1973) 48ff.
BSA 68 (1973) 37ff.,H 1-9, 72-7 BSA 68 (1973) 37ff.,H 10-71, 78-82 BSA 68 (1973) 42ff. BSA 73 (1978) 49ff.
EO EO LO LO LO LO Early Archaic Late Archaic
700-680 700-675 700-675 650-620 640-610 625-600 600-500? 500-480
Analysis by Atomic Absorption: A Note overa hundredsamplesofvarious Aftertheconclusionofexcavationsin theNorthCemetery, 1 in for were taken fabrics and local analysis theFitchLaboratory6byAtomic pottery imported Absorption.The samplescame mainlyfromthe tombs,and theresultsoftheanalysiswill be publicationof the cemetery.Here, meanwhile,we list the fullyset out in the forthcoming thirteenpiecesfromour UM corpuswhichwere includedin thisprogramme.We give our visualdiagnosisofthefabricsbeforeanalysis,and thentheoriginssuggestedby theAA analysis whichhave also been citedin thecatalogueentries. GB 41 GB 42 GD 1 GD 6 GD 36 GH 61 GH 65 GH 66 GH 68 GH 69 GH 124 GH 125 GH 135
amphorafr. kraterfr. pyxis kraterfr. kraterfr. oinochoefr. amphorafr. kantharosfr. skyphosfr. skyphosfr. jugletfr. aryballosfr. pyxisfr.
identification Preliminary
Euboean Euboean Knossiancopy ofAttic Knossiancopy ofAttic Euboean Dodecanesian Cycladic:Melian ? Cycladic:Naxian ? Cycladic:Parian ? Cycladic:Parian ? Cypriot Dodecanesian Corinthian
AA result
Euboean Attic Knossian Knossian Euboean Knossian Attic Attic Parian Parian Cypriot Euboean (!) Corinthian
Section4 Archaicto HellenisticPottery (PLATES 74-118) P. J. CALLAGHAN
Introduction The ArchaicPeriod DepositsH 1-4 The ArchaicPottery The Classical Period DepositsH5-11 The Classical Pottery The HellenisticPeriod DepositsH 12-38 ChronologicalList ofHellenisticDeposits Archaic,Classical and HellenisticKnossos:A HistoricalSummary
Page 89 90 90-92 92 93 93-98 98 100 100-133 133 133
INTRODUCTION The depositsin thissectionare arrangedas faras possiblein somesortofchronologicalorder but I have feltit moreimportantto keep stratified sequencestogetherand thishas led to a numberofdislocations, themostsevereofwhichis theinclusionofH9 in theClassicalsection. Hll and H38 are bothcollectionsofmaterialdatingto theArchaic/Classical and Hellenistic In in H38 have order to classes of material some objects together keep periodsrespectively. been removedfromtheirstratified deposits.Wherethishas happenedthedisplacedfragments are clearlynotedin therelevantdepositsummaries. The UnexploredMansionexcavationshave produceda richseriesofdepositswhichhelp to illuminatethe ceramicdevelopmentat Knossosover a periodof fivehundredyears.The, I hope, relativelysecure chronologicalgrid establishedby these depositsalso allows us to securesuchas the incorporateotherrichgroupsfromthecitysite.Some oftheseare relatively potteryfroma kilnand cisternon thesouthernslopesoftheAcropolisat Knossos.Others,like theshrineofGlaukos,have potsrepresenting a timespan almostas greatas thatstudiedin this theformofmanyofthe section;buttheytendto be wholepots,thusallowingus to reconstruct smallfragments foundabove the UnexploredMansion. Mostoftheshapesdescribedbelowwillbe relatively unfamiliar to Classicalarchaeologists or 89
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ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
POTTERY
willbe novelversionsofmoremetropolitan forms.Knossianpotteryduringtheperiodsunder discussionwas a complexamalgamoflocal traditions descendingfromtheearlyIronAge and selectiveborrowingfromAtticand otherstyles.To followthe processof assimilationand oftheborrowedelementswas one ofthemostexciting adaptation,somemightsay perversion, and interesting aspectsof thisstudy. THE ARCHAIC PERIOD The ArchaicPeriodis represented byseveralpitsand a certainamountofdisplacedmaterialin remainscan be safelyattributedto thisphase, we laterdeposits.Althoughno architectural At all events,theamountof operationsin thevicinity. mightblamethisgap on laterterracing habitationclose foundin theexcavatedarea does suggestthattherewas contemporary pottery withdepositsfromotherexcavationsat Knossos1,impliesthatlaterArchaic by and, together dense. occupationwithinthecityarea was widespread,thoughnot necessarily The earliestArchaicpotteryfromtheUnexploredMansionexcavationsprobablytakesthe back to c. 525 B.C., shortening by perhapsa generationthe mysterious historyofsettlement sixthcenturygap in thecity'sarchaeologicalrecord.2 Deposit HI Three scrappydeposits,each of littlevalue in itself,but all sharingcertainformsand with associatedlamps thatcan be dated to theperiod525-500 B.C. Deposit HI (A) (XIII 48) Planat plate 5 no. 14.plate 74. This depositderivesfroma layerofdark earth,evidentlyoccupationdebris,a smallpart of whichsurvivedbesideWell 14,but had been mostlycut away by thediggingofWell 14 itself, (Plate bya laterArchaicpit (Pit 8, DepositH3) and probablyalso bylate Roman foundations 5 no. 12). The depositwas excavatedwhentheliningstonesofWell 14 wereremoved,along insulation. withthebank ofearthleftaroundit as protectionand stratigraphical rimfr,D. 17.8.Rimdipped. 1 Krater,
2 Cup, Profilebase to belly,D. 6. Fullyglazed. 3 Hydria,rimfr,D. 8.8. Rim dipped. 4 Lamp, profileexceptnozzle,D. 5.9. Nozzle dipped. Local copyofHowland Type 16B and BroneerType II: III, 6-8. 525-480 B.C. AgoraIV, 31-33; Isthmia
Deposit Hl (B) (1977 westsectionofArea XVI) Plan at plate 1. plate 74.
Thisdepositderivesforma pitfilledwithdarkearthin thewestsectionofArea XVI. The fillof the pit appeared in the sectionwhile cleaningoperationswere in progressin 1977 at the a sampleof Minoan 'South Platform'.Althoughit provedimpossibleto excavatethepititself, here. included is and thepotteryfromthefillwas takenforrecordpurposes, 5 Cup, base fr,D. 6. Fullyglazed in red gloss. 6 Cup, base fr,D. 5.8. Fullyglazed in black gloss.
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC 7 8 10 11
POTTERY
91
Cup, base fr,D. 5.5. Fullyglazed in red gloss. High Neckedcup, rimfr,D. 11. Fullyglazed in black gloss. Lamp, profileexceptnozzle tip,D. 7.9. Nozzle dipped. For the typecf.no. 4. Jug,rimfr,D. 24.9. Porridgefabricwithdull black wash forthedesign.
Deposit HI (C) Pit 53 (V 5A, Pit 8) Plan at plate 5 no. 53. plate 74.
This depositcomes forma small circularpit, about 25cms. deep, at the northend of the excavation. It was filled with small round stones and a quantity of Geometricand Orientalizingpottery;thedatingsherds,however,weresomewhatlaterand are listedhere. 12 13 14 15
Cup, base fr,D. 6. Fullyglazed outsidewithblack gloss;insidefugitive. Hydria,base fr,D. 10.9. Jug,base fr,D. 9.7. Unglazed. Jug,base fr,D. 10. Unglazed.
Deposit H2 Pit 15 (XIV Pit 10) Planat plate 5 no. 15;SectionA no. 13.plate 74. This depositcomes froma small stone-filled pit lyingbeneath the Classical pit containing DepositH10. Bothweresealedby a 2nd B.C. floor.Much ofthefillconsistedofGeometricand Orientalizingsherds,but thedatingpotteryis somewhatlaterand is listedhere. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
AtticSkyphos,rimfr,D. 14. cf.AgoraXII no. 537: 490-80 B.C. Cup, base fr,D. 5.5. Fullyglazed in black gloss. Cup, base fr,D. 6.5. Reservedunderfoot. Bowl,profilebellyto rim,D. 12. Fullyglazed in black gloss. Jug,base fr,D. 9. Dull brownwash all over. Pyxis(?), rimand shoulder,D. 9.3. For the typecf TocraI no. 926. Hydria,base fr,D. 12. Jug,base fr,D. 9.5. Bowl,base fr,D. 12.9. Mottledglossall over. Bowl,base fr,D. 14.9. Probablyrimdipped withtrickle. Basin,rimfr,D. c. 31. Buffselfslip. Basin,rimfr,D. c. 31. Buffselfslip.
Deposit H3 Pit 8 (XIII Pit 13) Planat plate 5 no.8, wherehowever theE sidetowardwell14andDepositHI (A) is obscured bythe oflaterfoundation trenches plate 75. recording (no. 12). This depositderivesfromthefillofa late Archaicpitwhichcutintotheearthlayercontaining controlsforlate6thcentury DepositHI (A), thusprovidingus withone ofourfewstratigraphie B.C. ceramicdevelopment. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Atticstemmeddish,base fr,D. 8.2. cf.AgoraXII, 139ff.Late Archaic;no close parallels:c. 500-475 B.C. Atticoinochoe,body frs.Late bfc. 500-480 B.C. Not illustrated. Cup, base fr,D. 5.5. Black glosswithreservedunderfoot. Cup, base fr,D. 6.2. Mottledglosswithsmearunderfoot. Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. 8. Unglazed. Jug,base fr,D. 9.35. Dull brownglosswithreservedunderfoot. Bowl,base fr,D. 11.1. Thick slip inside. Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 10. Cookingware.
92
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
POTTERY
Deposit H4 Pit 5 (XII 46, Pit 14) MUM Section6, pitcutintolevel1 Planat plate 5, no. 5. plates 75 and 76. This depositderivesfromthefillofa robbingpit forthesouth-west pieroftheMinoan pillar and the rich of rubble amounts fill of consisted large room.The potterydepositlistedhere. GH the 5. included material Residual skyphos 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Atticcup, Type C, profilerimto belly,D. 20.1. Cf.AgoraXII no. 91. Early in theseries:510-480 B.C. Attickrater,pedestal,D. 18. Late Archaic. Cup, base fr,D. 6. Glosson outside,smearedunderfoot. Cup, base fr,D. 5.3. Fullyglazed. Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. 7.5. Unglazed. Bowl,wholeprofile,D. 10.5. Fullyglazed. Hydria,wholeprofile,D. 13.8. Lamp, wholeprofileexceptnozzle,D. 3.8. One ofthree,all similarto Howland Type 21A, cf.AgoraIV, 44-6; Corinth IV, ii Type IV, 39-42. c. 500-475 B.C. Lekane,profilerimto belly,D. 25.9. Rim dipped. Lekane,profilerimto belly,D. 18.6. Rim dipped. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. c. 20.5. Rim dipped in orangewash. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. c. 21.5. Unglazed. Pithari,neckand shoulderprofile,D. c. 20. Porridgefabric.
THE ARCHAIC POTTERY All theArchaicgroupslistedabove are associatedwithAtticpotteryor withlocal typesbased on Atticmodelsofthefifty yearsc. 525-475B.C. Our othermajorcontrolforthisperiodis Well H just northoftheMinoan palace, whoseabundantfilldepositcan be securelydated to the firstquarterof thefifth centuryB.C. on thebasis of the manyAtticimports(BSA 68 (1973) 48-63). The Archaicgroupsfromthe UM can be dividedintothosewhoseformspre-datethefillof The threesmallgroupsofHI containcups WellH, and thosewhichare roughlycontemporary. A versionofthistypeis foundamonglaterOrientalizingcups from witha steppedunderfoot. Crete3and on someearliersixthcenturyCretanexamplesat Tocra in Libya.4The UM cups ofa splayedfoot.This seems,then,to in thedevelopment fromtheirpredecessors differ chiefly of thelaterArchaicperiod. be a featurecharacteristic losesitssteppedprofile BeginningwithH2 we finda new typeofcup base. The underfoot and is gentlyconcave,whilethefoottendstosplaywidely.Good parallelsexistamongthemore conservative cups in Well H5 and in theearliestcup fromKRS.6 One ofthebowlsfromH2 for These may all be survivors, followssuit,but all thejug bases retaintheridgedunderfoot. thereweremanycup basesin thisdepositretainingthesame sixthcenturyfeature;butit may well mean thatthecups led theway. The cups ofH3 are broadlysimilarto thepreceding,but herewe findthejugs sharingthe formas well. H4 is similar.The rimsofjugs, bowlsand storagejars exhibita new underfoot a fairlysimpleroundedmouldingto a fullydevelopedhawksbeakin H4. from development The lamps are all local versionsof types belongingto the latest phase of the Archaic on theGreekmainland.The twocarinatedcups (H3,5 and H4,5) are fardeeper development thantheirearlyClassicalsuccessors(H7,7) and resembletheearliestexamplesfromKRS (nos. fromotherjug 60-6 1).7 It would seem thathydriaimay alreadyhave been distinguishable foot the on of band horizontal a broad of the H2,7; H4,7).8 13; (HI, gloss presence typesby
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY
93
The combinedevidencesuggeststhatwe place Well H close to 475 B.C., date H2-4 in the period 500-475 B.C. and HI to the previousgeneration.This would suggestthat the occurredc. 500 B.C. orjust a littleafter.For a counter introduction oftheconcaveunderfoot argumentcf.DepositGG above. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD As fortheArchaicperiod,theClassicalmaterialwas recoveredfromthefillofseveralpitsand some use surfaces.Apartfromthesescatteredtracesleftafterlaterterracinghad obliterated and fourthcentury in thisarea, a largequantityoffifth mostsignsoftheClassicalsettlement in laterdeposits,probablyindicatingtheextentofour loss. materialoccurredas survivors Deposit H5 Pit 23 (XI 48 pit) Planat plate 5 no. 23. plates 76-7; 105a-c. This depositwas foundin thefillofa smallpit,c. 1.5m.in diameterand 1.0m.deep,dug down eastofand intotheLate Minoan pillarroomat itssouthside.This area, whichis immediately below theline oftheraisedstreet,may have been an open space at thistime;in any case no survivingtraces of Classical buildings were found here. Thus the pit fill is isolated stratigraphically, dug down through7thcenturyB.C. and earlierlevels,and sealed overby a Hellenisticoccupationlevel (see underDepositH32). In addition to the potterycatalogued below were foundeleven clay loomweights:five pyramidal(typea) and six biconical(typen). 1 Atticpelike,profilerimto belly,D. c. 11. Decorationin rf:obverse,two confronted women,one holdinga mirroror distaff; reverse,a singledraped female. 2 High neckedcup, profileexcepthandle,D. 13. 3 High neckedcup, rimfr,D. 9. Rim slightlyflaring. 4 Juglet,profileshoulderto base. H. (rest) 10. Neck restoredfroma secondexamplein thisdeposit. 5 Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 4.5. Rim dipped. wash. 6 Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 6.5. Rim dipped in pale orange-brown 7 HouseholdKraterType I, profilerimtoshoulder,D. 20.2. Rim dipped.Close to KRS 30, whosepedestaldates it to theperiod400-375 B.C. on thebasis ofcomparisonswithcontemporary bg cups. 8 Hydria,base fr,D. 14.5. Paintedband on foot;droppedfloor.Hadra prototype? 9 Beehiveextensionring,profile,D. 28. Porridgefabric,buffslip. Inside surfaceplain; mouldedrim. 10 Cookingtray,profile(handle notjoining),D. 28.5. Brickred to greyfabric;surfacesmoothedin out. 11 Small lopas, profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 18.5. Brickred fabric,granular.
The AtticPelikebelongsto thefinalyearsofthefifth centuryB.C. or a littlelaterand helps this to providea terminus for the time theHigh neckedcup (no's 2-3) has postquern deposit.9By lostthebroad ringbase characteristic offifth centuryexamples(BSA 73 (1978) 8 no's 16-18) and is moredevelopedthanthebasesfoundin a kilndepositat Knossosand datingtoabout the closeofthefifth century(BSA 45 (1950) 171,fig.5, a-c). The smalljuglet (5) possiblydescends froma largershapein cookingfabricwhichhas been foundat Knossosin seventhcenturyand earlyfifthcenturycontexts(BSA 73 (1978) 55, no. 24; Deposit H3, 8). It is squatterthan Hellenisticversionsoftheshape (DepositsH12,32-4; H13,12-15; H14,9; H28,10-ll and BSA 76 (1981) 50 nos. 37-8) and stilllacks theWestSlope decorationcharacteristic ofmostofits successors. The jugs (5-6) have plain rims unlike the Hellenisticversionof the shape (Deposit
94
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
POTTERY
rimdipped.No. 7, thehouseholdkrater,has a highcollaredrim H12,42-44) but are similarly closeto thatofBSA 73 (1978) 12-13,no. 28 datedto450-400 B.C., butprobablydid notpossess ofthatpiece.The base (no. 8) is thatofa hydria,plainjugs not theearlierconcaveunderfoot horizontal the broad paintedstripeon theirfeet,and has a droppedfloorcharacteristic having of Hadra Hydriae.This was probablyone and predatesthe foundationof Alexandriaby at thelocal originof the type.l° leastfifty years,confirming As to date,thekilndepositmentionedabove shouldbelongto theyearsaround400 B.C., so shouldbe placedwellintothefirst thisdeposit,withitsfarmoreadvancedforms, quarterofthe fourthcenturyB.C. Deposit H6 (Well 5; I/V Pit XIB) Planat plate 2, plate 5 no. 46. plate 77. The depositderivesfroma well cuttingof c. 92cm. in diameter(wideningto 1.16m.at the preservedtop due to collapse)whichhad been dug to a depthofat least4.80m.,whenit was abandoned afterencountering a stratumof hard rocksome 2.50m. below the Minoan floor at The builders ofthewellcut throughand carefully shapedthelargeblocks (bottom 8.35m.). of Minoan debrisand providedthe well shaftwith a seriesof rungsat intervalsof about in thelowerfill. 40-50cms.The fillconsistedofearthand stoneswiththelatterpredominating The top of the well togetherwith any contemporary occupationdepositsoutsidewere Pit57 (XI upper),containing B.C. when the later Classical removedduringthefourth century and Pit 45 were excavated. (XIA) DepositH8, Apart fromthe publishedmaterial,whichincludesthe latestsherdsin the fill,the large numbersoffifth centuryB.C. sherdsshouldbe notedhere.Many ofthebg cup baseshave the underfoot characteristic of the earlierfifth concave centuryB.C. (cf.H4 above). One simple at Knossoshas been a form whose introduction a Cretan seems to be from Kantharos, fragment dated to theyearsafter450 B.C.1 1 1 2 3 4 5
Attic,rootofa Cup Kantharoshandle. Post 380 B.C. Attic,Cup Kantharos,rimfr.Post 380 B.C. Cup, base fr,D. 7. Fullyglazed. Jug,neckfr,D. 9.8. Rim dipped? HouseholdKraterType II, rimfr,D. 21.7. Rim dipped.
The Atticimportssuggestthatthisdepositbelongsafter380 B.C. thoughthecup base (3) is a survivorfromthefifth century.The jug (4) has a distinctrimmouldingunlikethosefromthe thatthisfeatureis a fourthcenturydevelopment.The Bell Krater suggesting previousdeposit (5) descendsfroma typewellknownelsewhereat Knossos(BSA 73 (1978) 14,nos. 37-41 but of the fifth has lost the collaredneck characteristic centurytypes.It mostresemblesno. 40 whosedate was estimatedas 400-350 B.C. and whichpossessesthefullydevelopedringbase a ofthefifth centuryexamples.The date ofthisdepositshould opposedto theconcaveunderfoot be somewherein therangeof 380-350 B.C. Deposit H7 (Pit 57 (I (S) 33/V (S) 6 'Floor') SectionD, no. 15; SectionF, no. 12.plate 77. This depositderivesfroman earthflooror use surfacewithmuchsurvivalpotteryfromthe Early Iron Age. No architecturalremainscould be associatedwith thisdeposit,with the at the centreof the northend of the exceptionof one wall fragmentrunningnorth-south
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
POTTERY
95
excavatedarea (plan,plate 2; SectionD, no. 15 at centre).The Atticpotteryis generallyvery earlyin thefourthcenturyB.C., withsomematerialprobablytakingus back to thelatestfifth century.There are bases ofAtticskyphoiwiththeslightringbase of thatperiod,and a rim withthesubtleeversióncharacteristic of the period400-375 B.C. The low echinus fragment bowlwithalmostcompleteprofileis closetoAgoraXII, nos.828 and 830. This takesus intothe secondquarterof thefourthcentury. 1 AtticBolsai or one handler,whole profile,D. 11.8. Fullyglazed. Foot close to AgoraXII, nos. 557-8. Early fourthcenturyB.C. Foot closetoAgoraXII 2 AtticEchinusBowl,profileexceptpartoffloor,D. 15.4.Fullyglazed exceptunderfoot. no. 830; c. 375-50 B.C. 3 AtticConical Bowl,profileexceptfoot,D. 11. Fullyglazed. As AgoraXII no. 776. 375-50 B.C. 4 AtticOinochoe (Chous Shape III), base fr,D. 8.5. Profileclose to AgoraXII, 121-128. 400-350 B.C. 5 AtticSkyphosor one handler,handle.As AgoraXII 322-326. 400-350 B.C. 6 Cup, base fr,max. prèsH. 1.9. Fullyglazed. The constricted base/belly junctionresemblesH5,2 and is more developedthanany of the examplesin BSA 45 (1950) 171, fig5, a-c). 7 Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. 9.2. Unglazed. 8 Hydria,base fr,D. 11.8. Dropped floorwithbroad horizontalband above base: Hadra Hydria? 9 Jug,base fr,D. 14.5. Selfslipped,glossysurface.Dropped floor.Similarto Hadra Hydria type. 10 Basin,wholeprofile,D. 39.8. Unglazed,granularfabric.
The manyAtticimportsin thisdepositconfirma date withinthe firsthalfof the fourth B.C. forthelocal types.In general,thedepositseemsroughlycontemporary withH5-6 century and togetherthesedepositsgive a fairlyclear idea ofpotterydevelopmentc. 400-350 B.C. Deposit H8 Pit 57 (I(S) 32, Pit 11 upper) Planat plate 5 no. 57; SectionD, no. 16.plates 77-8. This depositderivesfromthefillofa pitwhichwas cut throughtheClassicalfloorcontaining fortheremovalofthetopofWell 5 (H6). Potteryincludes H7, and was also partlyresponsible earlyfourthB.C. Atticskyphosfrs.and therimofa Cup Kantharoswithmouldedrim.The earliestpossibledate forthispieceis c. 380 B.C. 12 An Attickantharosbase corresponds to types datingto theperiod375-50 B.C.13 For local potterychronologythemostusefulpiecesare bg cup bases moredevelopedthan KKG, and a good exampleof an earlycarinatedcup very similarto H7,7. In additionto thepotterycataloguedbelowwerefounda clay cylindricalstamp(no. K67) and a stonepounder(S20). Attic 1 2 3 4
Skyphos,rimto belly,D. 11. As AgoraXII, no. 348., c. 400 B.C. Skyphos,base fr,D. 7.4. Close to AgoraXII, no. 349, c. 400-375 B.C. Skyphos,base fr,D. 5.4. As AgoraXII, nos. 349-50, c. 400-350 B.C. Cup Kantharos,rimfr,D. 10.2. As AgoraXII, no. 666, c. 350 B.C.
Local 5 Cup, base fr,D. 5.5. Glazed in out. 6 Cup, base fr,D. 5.2. Glazed in out. 7 Hydria,base fr,D. 14. 8 Dinos, rimfr,D. 13.3. Banded decoration. 9 Dinos, rimfr,D. 14.4. Banded decoration. 10 vacat. 11 Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. 5.9. Glazed in out.
96
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
POTTERY
Bowl,rimfr,D. 19.2. Glazed in out. HouseholdkraterType I, rimand shoulder.Selfslipped,polished. Basin,rimfr,D. uncertain.Unglazed. Bell krater,pedestal,D. 14.8. Lamp, profileexcepthandle,D. 4.7. Nozzle dipped. Local copy of Howland Type 23c (AgoraIV, 59-60: c. 400-350 B.C.) 17 Transportamphora,rimfr,D. 19.1. Unglazed.
12 13 14 15 16
B.C. The The Atticimportshelpto date thisdeposittowardthemiddleofthefourth century and in the earlier those from than 5-6 are more nos. H7,6), century (H5,2 developed bg cups found on the is the earliest The in constricted more example (11) profile. CylindricalCup being siteand was obviouslyfarlargerthanitsHellenisticsuccessors(BSA 73 (1978) 17 nos.45-50; Deposit H12,12-13; H13,l-2) and more nearlyresembledthe Attic mug fromwhich it andRoman obviouslydescended(AgoraXII nos. 196-7 (to c. 440 B.C.) and D.E. Strong,Greek GoldandSilver Plate,Plate 18centre(c.400 B.C.). The startofthissequenceat Knossosprobably belongsin theearlyyearsofthefourthcenturyB.C. The HouseholdKraterType I (13) has a farheavierlip thanH5,7 and thisis probablya laterfeature. Deposit H9 (I(S) 31) SectionD, no. 14.plate 78. This depositis a laterClassicalto earlyHellenisticflooror use surfaceassociatedwiththefinal features. use ofWall 'bk', at theEast Street(see plan at plate 2), butlacksotherarchitectural It also runsoverand sealsDepositH8. None oftheformsin thisdepositcertainly post-datethe firsthalfof the 3rd centB.C. Above it was a Late Hellenisticoccupationlayer (I(S) 30; see SectionD, no. 12), therebeingno evidenceforactivityduringtheintervening periods. In additionto thepotterycataloguedbelowwas foundone bronzecoin Cll (Zeus/Artemis head) dated to 320-300 B.C. 1 AtticSkyphos,profilebase to belly,D. 3.5. Glazed in out. Close to AgoraXII, nos. 353-4 whichare dated c. 320-300B.C. but thetypeis nowknownto have survivedintotheearly3rdcentB.C.: Hesp.3 (1934) 319,A26 ofthisdepositcf.AgoraXXII, 107-8); AM 85 (1970) PL 56, 83-4. This fillis now (fortherevisedchronology 3rd centB.C., cf.AgoraXXII, 110-111. Hesp.43 (1974) 231, 19. half of the first to the dated 2 AtticCup Kantharos,rimfr,post380 B.C. 3 AtticFlaringRim Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 18. As AgoraXII, no. 808 whichis dated c. 310 B.C. But this typealso survivesintotheearly3rd centB.C.: Hesp.43 (1974) 232, no. 25; 3 (1934) 317, nos. A, 7-13. 4 AtticEchinusBowl,rimfr,late 4th-early3rd centB.C. ofH12,31. 5 Juglet,profilenecktoshoulder,max.près.H. 6.6. A moredevelopedtypethanH5,4 and a precursor withhorizontalrillingon the Both are somewhatmoreelaboratethanthe usual runofAmphoriskos/Juglets neck. 6 Bowl,rimsherd,D. 22.6. Glazed in out. 7 One Handler or lamp, profile,D. 4.2. 8 PHouseholdKraterType I, profilerimto shoulder,D. 21. A moredevelopedversionofH8,13 witha shorter neckand hawksbeakprofileat therim.Selfslipped,glossy.For a moredevelopedversionofthesameor a very similarshape cf.H12, 59.
The importanceof thisdepositlies mainlyin thefactthatthreeofits local shapescan be placed earlierthantheirequivalentsin H12 (H9,5 and H12,31; H9,6 and H12,58; H9,8 and H12,59). Since both the Knossiancoin Cll and the rangeof importedAtticpotterywould supporta date about theend ofthe4thcentB.C. or a littlelaterforH9, thisis yetanothergood reasonforbelievingthatthelaterdepositshouldbe placed in thefirstquarterofthe3rd cent B.C.
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY
97
Deposit H10 Pit 16 (XIV Pit 9) Planat plate 5 no. 16;SectionE no. 13. Later4thcentury B.C. plates 79 and 105d. This depositwas foundin thefillofa broad,shallowpitdug intoLG/EO wash levelstowards thesouthwest oftheexcavatedarea. The pitwas sealed above by thefloorofthearea between the Southwestand the SoutheastHouses, a floorofgood yellowclay, and oflate Hellenistic date (late 2nd-early1stcentB.C.). The materialfromthepitis remarkably homogeneous,and mostvesselsin it have made up to completeor near completeprofiles.The pit was excavated fairlycleanly,and the fill containedonlythreecharacteristic sherdsfromtheLG/EO levelsbelow.Subsidenceofthefloor above themiddleofthepitalso introducedfragments offiveLate Hellenisticdippedbowlsinto the fill.Joinswiththe floordepositindicatedtheiroriginalpositionand theirchronological distancefromthe materialof the pit fillmade theirisolationand identification as intrusions obvious.It seemsclearthatthisis a one periodrefusedump,principally ofutilityvessels,froma Late Classicalkitchen. Representedin the depositare substantialpartsof sevensemi-glazedjugs, fourhousehold bowls,twocookingpotsand twohydriae.The fineware makesup onlya smallproportionof a local amphoriskos thewhole,and includesan Atticskyphos, and threelocal bg. cupsoffourth in few sherds the centurytype.Comparatively depositbelongto potsotherthan thoselisted, and theseadd nothingto the natureof thedeposit. Attic 1 Skyphos,rimand handlefr,D. 12. AgoraXII nos. 350-351. 400-350 B.C. frs.ofthreeothervesselsofsimilar date. 2 Bg pedestalcup base, D. 5.8. Glazed in and out, smearunder.Pimpleunderfoot.400-350 B.C. 3 Bg amphoriskos, neckto base (non-joiningfrs.)H. (rest) 12.7. Rim restoredfromfr,in same deposit,D. 7.2. Base reservedwithsmear. 4 Deep bowl,profileexcepthandles;D. 15.6. Self-slipped and rimdipped withtrickles. 5 Bowl,profile(non-joiningfrs.)D. 14. Granularfabric,creamslip. 6 Bowl,profile(non-joiningfrs.),D. 16. Self-slipped, worninside. 7 Lekane,profileexcepthandles,D. 33. Polishedbuffslip.Pale, mattorangepainton rim.Two suspensionholes throughrim. 8 Spoutedjug, profilerestored(handlemissing).H. (rest.)24.5. Self-slipped, dippedwithtrickle.Moulded rim, flatbase, slightlyconcave beneath. 9 Jug,H (rest.)23.5. Surfaceand decorationas 8. Moulded rim. 10 Jug,profile(non-joining),H. 33. Surfaceand decorationas 8. Thickenedrim. 11 Jug,profile,H. 33. Surfaceand decorationas 8. Groovebelow rim. 12 Jug,rimand handle restored,H (rest.)27.5. Surfaceand decorationas 8. 13 Jug,narrow-necked, handle and lip restored,H (rest.)25. Surfaceand decorationas 8. 14 Hydria,base fr,D. unknown.Black paintedband on ringbase. 15 Hydria,rimfr,D. 9. Wide groovebelowrectangularrim.Red paintedband on lip,in and out; handlestripes. Not illustrated. 16 Householdkrater,rimfr,D. 17. Shortcollaredneck.Rim dipped. Not illustrated.
Coarse Ware
17 Chytra,rimto lowerbody,D. 14. Not illustrated. 18 Cookingdish,rim,handle and bodyfr,D. 27. Brown,micaceous,slipped.Not illustrated. 19 Pithosrimand neck,threefrs.D. unknown.Porridge;pinkwithcreambuffsurface.Not illustrated.
The fourAtticimportsdate thisdepositto thefirst halfofthe4thcentB.C. butthedeveloped mouldingson thejugs 8-12 place themafterH5-6 and therefore precludea date muchearlier thanc. 350 B.C. The low spreadingbase of2 resemblesthoseon H8,5-6 butis closerto theplain
98
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
POTTERY
truncatedconicalbasesoftheveryearly4thcentB.C. (BSA 45 (1950) 171,fig.5, b and many a unpublishedexamplesfromthegeneralarea ofthekilns).These data would tendto confirm date withinthesecondquarterof the4th centB.C. We mightnotetoo theshallownessoftheLekane 7. This fitsin withwhatlittlewe knowof theshapein theearlierperiodsat Knossos(H4,9-10; BSA 45 (1950) 173,fig.9) butis in stark contrastto thedeeperexamplescurrentlater (H12,58; H13,21-2; H16,19 etc.). We have alreadynotedthedevelopmentofmouldingson therimsoftheJugs8-9,11. The jug witha spouton theshoulderseemsto have been reasonablycommonat Knossostojudge fromthe numberof spoutsthathave been foundthere.In the late 4th centB.C. the shape became moreelongatedand mightsometimesbear decorationin the Hadra style(ADelt29 B3, 886 and PI. 661,d). (1973-4) Chron Deposit Hll PLATE 106.
This consistsofvariousdecoratedsherdsoftheArchaicand Classicalperiodsfoundin different partsofthe UnexploredMansion excavations plate 106. 1 Lebes Gamikos,VIII, Pit 6, H. 7.7, W. 4.2. Late Atticbf,probablyoftheearly5thcentB.C. This fragment comesfromtheshoulderofa largeritualweddingvase. Here we see partoftheweddingprocession:a kitharode walksbesidetheweddingcar. The incisedand paintedgroupsofhorizontaland diagonallinesare reins.They indicatethattwoofthehorsesoftheteamprocessedwiththeirheadsheldat a normalangle,theothertwowith theirsthrownback. Close to theTheseusPainter14 2 AtticBell Krater,UM 73/S.Section,W. 7.3. Rim fr,decoratedwitha horizontallaurel branchwithadded whiteberries.About 400 B.C. 3 AtticKrater,UM 73/S.Section,W. 4.4. Bodyfragment depictingthelowerpartofa femalefigurewearinga decoratedchiton.Close to theTalos Painter,c. 400 B.C.15 H. 2.2. Body fragment 4 AtticKrater,unstratified, depictinga male figuredressedin a shortdecoratedchiton movinglefttojudge fromthefallofhis chlamys.This has dotsat thehem and seemsto be decoratedwitha patternofsolid raysabove. The rightangledline delineatingthekneecap places thisclose to the Pronomos Painter.Date: c. 400 B.C.16 H. 2.8. Legs ofa standingmale figure.Date, probablylater5th centB.C. 5 AtticOinochoe,unstratified, 6 AtticPelike,XIII, 15b,H. 3. Woman's head. Date: 4th centB.C. Traces of an ancientmend.17 7 AtticChous, XII, 34, H. 3. Figureofa runningboy. Date: 4th centB.C. 8 AtticBell Krater,H38, D. at base c. 11. The degeneratelaurelbranchon therimis similarto manyon kraters fromOlynthos.The mainfieldhelda horse'shead similarto thoseon later4thcentB.C. pelikaifromOlynthos, Athensand othersiteswheretheywerejuxtaposedwithveiledwomenand griffin protomes.Date: 350-300 B.C.18
THE CLASSICAL POTTERY The fiveClassicaldepositslistedhere (H9 is Hellenisticbut has been retainedin thissection since it formspart of the stratified sequenceH7-9) may be placed in the followingrough B.C. 400-375 H5 order: Stage II; H7 400-350 B.C.; H6 380-350 B.C.; H8 c. 350 chronological B.C. 375-350 B.C.; H10 Two vital fixedpointsexistforthisproposedsequence.The lateris made up of the Attic perhaps,is the importsin H8, givinga date afterc. 380 B.C. forthisdeposit.More important, BSA 45 in of the side south on the kilns of a series from (1950) 165-175. citypublished pottery ofthisarea is morecomplicatedthanimpliedin thatreportbut thesherds The stratigraphy
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY
99
Museumat Knossosare sufficient to suggesta laterdate thanthat keptin theStratigraphical kiln circularone had beenexcavated The oval which sealed the remains of the earlier proposed. in Box 197 the Museum contains materialsaid to come froma by 24.2.37. Stratigraphical burntlevelin thesouthhalfoftheearlierkiln.Box 198is also fromtheearlierkilnsincethetag is dated 11.3.37. The kilnflooritselfwas dug on 19.3.37. The materialin thesetwo boxes kilndescribedin BSA 45 shouldtherefore belongto thatrichpackingabove theruinsofthefirst a of Attic contain an of ?local 170-5. Both boxes skyphoioftheearlier4th (1950) example copy to downdatethisimportant centB.C. and theseshouldbe sufficient groupto thefirst quarterof the4th centB.C. Nothingactuallyfoundon the burntarea on thekilnflooritself(Box 109) be as late as thisbut one cup base clearlypostdatesKDS B17-18 of thelast need necessarily of the 5th centB.C. This shouldallow us to place the kiln'suse periodin the years quarter around400 B.C. The richseriesofprofilesfromthe packingabove includesa varietyofcup in BSA 45 (1950) 171,fig.5: a-c. Of thesea is closeto baseswhosegeneralrangeis illustrated an and even closer to both H7,6, H5,2 occurringin depositswithAtticmaterialsuggesting 4th cent B.C. date. early the followingdevelopmentfor This rathercomplicateddigressionallows us to reconstruct local cup bases.In thelastquarterofthe5thcentB.C. thejunctionbetweenfootand bellywas wide. The footitselfhad a truncatedconicalprofileand therewas a small stillcomparatively sunkendiscus underfoot.An example fromthe floorof the early kiln is similarbut has thatwas to becomea hallmarkof theseriesduringthe4th cent developeda knobunderfoot B.C. Amongthecupsstackedabove thekilnthereare variantformsbut themajoradvancein all is the constriction of the foot/belly junctionso thatwe may forthe firsttimespeak of true bases. pedestal The closestparallelforthesekilntypesamongthematerialfromtheUnexploredMansionis H7,6 but H5,2, withitssteppedprofile,is onlya littlemoreevolved.Bothshoulddate within theperiod400-375 B.C. H10,2 and H8,5-6 all have a narrowerbase/belly junction,theknob underfootis smaller,and the pedestalless spreadingand witha thickeredge. These types should all fitinto a period c. 380-350 B.C. Afterthisthereis a long gap in the Knossian sequenceuntilwe reach the richcollectionof formsin H12,5-10 withtheirhigherconcave pedestalsand bevelled'shoulders'just below thejunctionof bellyand pedestal. Amongthejugs fromthissequenceof depositsit is also possibleto tracea generalline of H5, 5-6 have plain rims.That ofH6,4 is thickenedand bevelled,whileH10,8-9 development. and 11 have all developedpropermouldings.All are dipped,a fashionthatremainsconstant fromtheArchaicuntilthe end of the Hellenisticperiod. of Perhapsthemostimportantresultofisolatingand datingthesedepositsis therecognition a sequenceofHadra vasesdatingto theClassicalperiod.Therewas alreadya littleevidenceto suggestthata typeofhydriawithmoreambitiousdecorationthantheusual horizontalbands ofthedomesticvarietyexistedas earlyas thelateArchaicperiod(BSA 68 (1973) PL 18,8).Our 4th centurydepositsadd fourbases of Hadra type to thislist of pre-Hellenistic examples: H5,10; H7,8-9 and H8, 7. It shouldbe stressedherethatthereis ampleevidencethatthemore normal,lower,hydriabase like that of H 12,30 continuedthroughoutthisperiod (BSA 52 (1957) 229,fig.2). Its simplerimis earlierthanthatofH12,30 and earlierthana rimfoundon theflooroftheearlykilndiscussedabove,so it shoulddate to the5thcentB.C. Unfortunately ourscrappydepositshave notpreservedanyofthedecoratedzoneswhichshouldbe associated withthesebases. A generalimpression of thestylea littlelateris givenby ADelt29 (1973-4) Chron. 886 and PL 42 B3, 661,d. KRS, may also belongto thisgeneralperiod.
100
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
POTTERY
The relativepositionsoftheHouseholdKratersand closelyrelatedvases(H5,7; H6,5; H8,13 and H9,8) have alreadybeen discussedin the relevantdepositsummariesso we need add nothinghere.As forthefewotherimportantshapescataloguedforthesescrappydeposits,the notesin thedepositsummariesshouldalso suffice. It can hardlybe claimedthatthesequencesoutlinedabove do muchto elucidatewhatwas in the4thcentB.C. butourdeposits,as wellas thericherkiln probablya richceramictradition now offer a few relativelyfixedpointsforsomeimportantand popularshapesat groups,do Knossos.It is to be hoped thatfurther excavationon thecitysitewill add morecontrols. THE HELLENISTIC
PERIOD
Deposit H12 (Well 14) Planat plate 5 no. 14;plate 2. plates 80-86; 107-8. This depositwas the fillfroma deep earlyHellenisticwell in the centralsoutharea of the excavation.The diameterof the well at the top was 80cm., varyingdown the shaftto a maximumofc. 85 cms.A stoneliningwas preservedat thetop to a depthof 1.10m.,butbelow thisthewellwas driventhroughnaturalkouskourasand providedwitha seriesoffootholds in staggeredsequenceat intervalsof30-40cms.The surviving depthofthewellwas 10.30m.,but itis estimatedthatabout one metreoftheoriginaltopwas lostwhenthefoundation trenchfor theHouse ofDiamond Frescoeswas dug. Excavationceased beforethebottomofthewellwas reacheddue to partialcollapseof the kouskouraswalls. It will have gone muchdeeper (the nearbyWell 12 had a depthofc. 23.70m.;Well 1 has waterat a depthof 17.75m.) In addition to the potterycatalogued below were foundthe followingobjects:pottery late 2nd coins,C35 (Zeus/labyrinth) H38,10-13, 43-4, 62-3, 70, 73-5; GH12 (EG lid), bronze at depth3.25m.;C12 (Apollo/Artemis) 320-300 B.C. and C92 (Argos),bothat B.C., intrusive bronzebangle(M51), bronzebox handle(M59), ironknives(M75, M78), depth6.50m.;metal: tool (E5), awl metalfurnacebottom(M175); bone:handle (E2a), discbutton(E4), burnishing 81 pyramidalincludingW9 and stampedexamplesW34-36, stone: (E6); clayloomweights: pounder(S21) and weight(S22). Attic 1 2 3 4 4
Kantharos,complete,D. 9.6. Pedestalclose to Hesperia52 (1983) 286 no. 26. c. 325-300 B.C. Kantharos,pedestal,D. 4.8. Fullyglazed, similarto above. Kantharos,pedestal,D. 4.4. Fullyglazed, similarto above. Kantharos,pedestal,D. 5.5. Fullyglazed, similarto above. bis.Lid, twofrs.decoratedwithwomen'sheads.
Local 5 Tulip Cup, profile,D. 7.2. Glazed in out. Wide splayingbase. 6 Tulip Cup, profile,D. 6.8. Glazed in out. Constrictedbase. 7 High NeckedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8. Glazed in out. Base copiesAttickantharostypes. 8 Low NeckedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8.2. Glazed in out. High constricted pedestal. 9 Low NeckedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 9. Glazed in out. Base similarto no. 6. base. 10 Low Necked Cup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8.4. Glazed in out. High constricted 11 CylindricalCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8.6. Wide base withconcave underfoot. 12 CylindricalCup, profilerimto belly,D. 7.7. Glazed in out. 13 CylindricalCup, profileexcepthandle. Glazed in out, steppedunderfoot.
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC 14 15 16 17
POTTERY
101
Cup, pedestal,D. at base 3.7. Glazed in out. Similarto no. 7. CarinatedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 7.5. Side dipped. CarinatedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8.1. Unglazed. CarinatedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8.9. Unglazed.
Attic 18 Bowl withevertedrim,rimto belly,D. 10. Glazed in out. Similarto Hesperia 52 (1983) 266 and 287, no. 31, c. 325-300 B.C. 19 Bowl withevertedrim,rimto belly,D. 9.6. Glazed in out. Similarto above. 20 Bowl withevertedrim,rimto belly,D. 13.6. Glazed in out. Similarto above. 21 EchinusBowl,profile,D. 11.8. Glazed in out. Palmettesand rouletting in bowl. 22 EchinusBowl, profile,D. 8.4. Glazed in out. Foot as in Hesperia52 (1983) 266, no. 36, c. 325-300 B.C. 23 EchinusBowl, profile,D. 9.2. Glazed in out. Local 24 EchinusBowl,profile,D. 20.8. Glazed in out. 25 EchinusBowl,profile,D. 13.8. Glazed in out. 26 Plate,profileexceptpartof tondo,D. 19.9. West Slope decoration. 27 Plate,profile,D. 17.5. Glazed in out. 28 Ladle (?), profileexcepthandle,D. 14.1. Unglazed. 29 Lebes, profilerimto belly,D. 7.5. WestSlope decoration. 30 Hydria,profile,D. 10. A local type. 31 Amphoriskos/Juglet, profileexcepthandle and rim,D. at base 6.2. Glazed in out. 32 Amphoriskos/Juglet, profileexcepthandles,D. 9.2. Glazed in out. 33 Amphoriskos/Juglet, profileexcepthandles,D. 7.5. Glazed in out. 34 Amphoriskos, profile,D. 7.6. Glazed in out. 35 Juglet,profileexcepthandle,D. 4.6. Glazed in out. 36 Olpe, profile,D. 10.6. Glazed in out. An outsizedversionof the Low Necked Cup, nos. 8-10. 37 Hadra Hydria (two non-joiningfrs.),rimto shoulder,D. 12. 38 Hadra Hydria,base, D. 11.6. Dropped floor. 39 Hadra Hydria,base, D. 7.8. Dropped floor. 40 Askos,profile,D. at base 8.8. Dipped. 41 Oinochoe,profileexcepthandle.D. at base 11.1.Unglazed,selfslipped,polished.Athenahead protomebelow lowerhandle root. 42 Jug,profileexcepthandle,D. 8.3. Rim dipped. 43 Jug,profileexcepthandle,D. 8.6. Rim dipped. 44 Jar,profilebase to neck,D. at base 8.5. Rim dipped. 45 Jar,profileexcepthandles,D. 15.3. Selfslipped,Hadra styledark on plain grounddecoration. 46 CylindricalKrater,base fr,D. 15.7.Selfslipped;Base Ringworkshop.For theshapecf.DepositH28 nos.36-7. Glazed in. 47 CylindricalKrater,base fr,D. 15.8. Selfslipped;Base Ring workshop.Glazed in. 48 CylindricalKrater,base fr,D. 14.8. Selfslipped;Pseudo-BaseRing workshop.Glazed in. Coarse 49 Chytra,profileexceptbase, D. 17.2. 50 Chytra,profileexceptbase, D. 12.2. 51 Casserole,profileexceptbase, D. 21. 52 Casserole,profileexceptbase, D. 22. 53 Casserole,profileexceptbase, D. 18.9. 54 Cookingtray,profile,D. 25.8. Outsized and others 55 Basin,rimto belly,D. 42. Porridgefabric,smoothedin. 56 Jar,rimto shoulder,D. 26.2. Micaceous withpurplishslip as 60.
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ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
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57 Basin,rimfr,D. 56. Slipped in out; smoothedin. 58 Lekane,rimto belly,D. 29. Brownglossin. 59 Pithari,rimto shoulder,D. 18.4. Selfslipped,polishedout. Amphorae 60 Amphora,rimto shoulder,D. 10. Red fabricwithpurplishmicaceousslip. 61 Amphora,rimfr,D. 12.4. Mushroomrim.Pinkishfabric,pale slip. 62 Amphora,rimfr,D. 16. Mushroomrim.Rust red fabric,granular. 63 Amphora,rimfr,D. 15.6. Mushroomrim.Orange fabric,soft. 64 Amphorabase, D. 3.5. Micaceous bufffabric,slipped. 65 Amphorabase, D. 2.4. Buffwithpale slip. 66 Amphorabase, D. 5.4. Dark fabricwitha micaceousbuffslip. 67 Amphorabase, D. 4.2. Softpale bufffabric,unslipped. 68 Amphorabase, D. 2.6. Buffwitha pale buffslip.
Despitechangesin thematrixofthefill,thepotteryseemsto belongto one periodand the as wellas thefreshconditionofmostofthefindssuggestthatall were numberofwholeprofiles forthe newwhendepositedin thewell. The coin C12 givesa firmterminus postquern relatively Attic materialas do, to a certainextent,the imports. The Attickantharoiand thelid (4 bis) all suggesta date aroundthelater4thcentB.C. or to c. evenlater.1 seemsmoredevelopedthanHesp.52 (1983) 265,26 whichis datedbyRotroff B.C. The cent 4th or 3rd in the later well 300 B.C. The bases 2-4 could equally early belong Tulip Cups 5-6 togetherwith the High and ShortNecked Cups 7-10 have by this time from developeda low,spreading,pedestalbase whoseprofileoccasionallyshowssomeinfluence 4th cent B.C. and earlier 5th Atticforms.They are generallysmallerthantheir contemporary of the versions than earlier Profilesare elegant:theTulip Cups are moreslender predecessors. that had underfoot shape, the other shapes more rounded. All have lost the omphalos earliervases. characterised The CylindricalCups 11-13 exhibitseveralstagesofdevelopment.11 is possiblya survivor and is the closestknownKnossianexampleto a putativeAtticoriginalof c. 400 B.C. (D.E. andRomanGoldandSilverPlate,Plate 18,centre;AgoraXII, 197:c. 450 B.C. H8,ll Strong,Greek seemsalreadymoreevolvedthanthisand dates to themid4thcentB.C. The simpleconcave of our examplelinksit ratherwithcups of the 5th centB.C. and an unpublished underfoot of a moredevelopedcup was foundin thefirstkilnof theKKG groupat Knossos fragment thatprobablybelongsto theclosingyearsofthe5thcentB.C. or a littlelater.13 amongpottery withthe othervases in our deposit.It is more the formcontemporary probablyrepresents slenderthan the pot just discussedalthoughit retainsa slightlytaperingprofile.There is a withan annulargroovedefininga sortof discus.Generally,it shallowhollowingunderfoot resemblesH8,ll ofc. 350 B.C. and The CarinatedCups 15-17 are farsmallerthan mostof theirClassical forerunners 17 seems the of feature a characteristic becomes type. possesstheevertedrimthathenceforth and preservesthewide base ofearlierexamples. themostconservative Amongthebowlsin thewellAtticmodelsfor18-24 are obvious.21 is itselfan Atticexample 3rdcentB.C. horizonthatwe have presumedfortheAttic and shoulddate to thelate4th/early model for22 in thelate 4thcentB.C. {Hesp.52 (1983) 283 Attic the dates kantharoi.Rotroff Rim Bowls 18-20 have alreadybeendiscussedin relationto for the no. 5). Atticmodels Flaring Nos. 26 and 29 bothbearWestSlope B.C. seems reasonable. c. A of date bracket 310-275 H9,3. whiteforthe formerand incised added motifs with bold Hellenistic of the decoration type: stemsforthelatter.These suggesta date in the thirdratherthan thefourthcenturyB.C.
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Several examples ofjugs or amphoriskoiwith rilled neck decoration were found in the well. Compared withH5 no. 4 the shape has now become much deeper and the shoulder zone is now marked offwith groups of incised horizontalsunder the glaze. It is thiszone that will in future bear West Slope decoration (cf. H13 no's 12-15). Three or more Hadra Hydriae were found in the deposit (nos. 37-39). The characteristic high ringbase with dropped floorand the patternedneck with ledge rim are unmistakable and representthe earliest properlystratifiedexamples fromthe site with the exception of H7,8-9 and H8,7. The hydria (no. 30) is of the class normal at Knossos and, as with the Hadra vases, examples have been found exported to Egypt in antiquity (Babesch61 (1986) 46 'Type O' and 48 fig. 5) where theirKnossian origin has been acknowledged. The Olpe no. 36 is simplya larger variant of the Cup with Low Neck (nos. 8-10) and thisis the forerunnerof a long seriesof Hellenistic types,usually bearing West Slope decoration until the middle of the second centuryB.C.19 On theJugs nos. 42-3, and on all the other fragmentsof this shape in the well, the rim is marked offby a carefullymoulded top. This seems to be a development of the second halfof the fourth century B.C. and is completely absent on H5,5-6. Once established, it became a standard featureof the Hellenistic period. Very few examples of the Cylindrical Krater (nos. 46-8) have been found at Knossos. The only whole profilethus farunearthed is H28,37. Even at thisearly stage ofits development it is possible to distinguishbetween the products of the two workshopsat Knossos: nos. 46-7 being from the Base Ring Workshop, no. 48 from the Pseudo-Base Ring atelier (BSA 76 (1981) 37-40). Among the larger shapes nos. 55-57 the one common featureis the developed hawksbeak moulding at the rim. The Pithari (no. 59) shares several morphological featureswith various developed typesof the Household Krater Type I (BSA 73 (1978) 12, nos. 35-6) and the two typesmay be closelyrelated. At all events,it seems to be thisHellenistic variant of the Classical type that survivesthrough the whole period until the Roman conquest. The Amphorae 60-68 make up a group that could easily fitinto the early 3rd cent B.C. Interestingare 61-3 with mushroomor bevelled rims.A similar typewas foundin an early 3rd centuryB.C. contextin the Agora.20 The firstquarter of the thirdcenturyB.C. seems the most likelydate. Chronology
The Atticpieceswouldallow a date eitherwithinthelastquarterofthefourthcenturyor the firstquarterofthethirdB.C. The local types,however,appear to be farmoreadvanced than anythingin H9 whichdates down to thelatestyearsofthefourthcentury,and it thusseems mostlikelythatwe are well withinthe thirdcenturywith thisrich group of pottery.The numberofshapesrepresented as well as thegood conditionofmostof thefindsmakesthisa vitaldepositin thehistoryofHellenisticpotteryat Knossos.Date: 300-275 B.C. One mostimportantfragment whichis morefullydiscussedas H38,43 belongsto a Hadra of Enklaar's with Hydria Group Spirals(Babesch61 (1986) 46f).21Severalofthesehave been foundat Alexandriaand this,too,suggestsa 3rd centuryB.C. date forthedeposit. Deposit H13 (VII 21a-b and 16a) SectionF nos.10-11;planat plate 2. plates 81 and 100a-b. This depositconsistsofan undisturbed floordepositsurviving in an isolatedtriangulararea at
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thenortheast sideoftheexcavatedarea. This triangular area was delimitedbyWalls 'ak' to the 'al' to the northwest and the of Evans' Little Palace excavationto theeast. The south, scarp floorrunsoverthetopmoststonesofWall 'be', whichis also cut and partlyover-ridden by the HellenisticPhase I Wall 'bh' in Area XII to thesouth.The wallswerebuiltofsmallundressed stones,and werein mostplaces preservedto a heightof40-60cms.The floorwas a layerof troddenearth. These walls are the sole remainingfragments of a substantialroom whichhas the same orientation as theHellenisticPhase II buildingofArea XII to thesouth(cf.DepositsH24-27). To judge fromtheremaininglengthsofwall, theroommeasuredat least 7m (northto south) by 3.5m (east to west). The floordepositwas both the firstand last vestigeof Hellenisticoccupationwithinthis room. In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow were found:one stoneweight(S23); and a in depositoffurnacebottoms(M167- 174). The lattershowthatmetalworkingwas in progress thisarea at thisdate, but unfortunately too littleofthebuildingwas preservedto relatethese directlyto itsfunction;theymay have been broughtin fromoutside. Local 1 CylindricalCup, profilerestored,D. 8.1. Glazed in out. 2 CylindricalCup, profilerestored,D. 7. Glazed in out. 3 CarinatedCup, profile,D. 10. Unglazed. 4 BaggyKantharos,rimfr,D. 8.1. WestSlope decoration. 5 Cup, pedestal,D. 4.2. Glazed in out. 6 FlaringrimBowl,profile,D. 10.8. Glazed in out. 7 FlaringrimBowl,rimto belly,D. 18. Glazed in out. 8 FlaringrimBowl,rimto belly,D. uncertain.Glazed in out. 9 Bowl,rimto belly,D. 17. Glazed in out. 10 Cylindrical Jug,upperhalfofprofile,D. 17. WestSlope decoration. 11 Cylindrical Jug,base fr,D. at base 8.2. Glazed in out. 12 Juglet,profileexceptneckand handle,D. at base 4.5. WestSlope decoration. 13 Amphoriskos, profileexceptneckand base, max. D. 7.5. WestSlope decoration. 14 Juglet,shoulderto belly,max. D. 7.3. WestSlope decoration. 15 Juglet,shoulderto belly,max. D. 7. WestSlope decoration. 16 Juglet,rimfr,D. 8.1. Glazed in out. 17 Jug,rimfr,D. 8.5. Rim dipped. 18 Jug,rimfr,D. 8. Rim dipped. 19 Hydria,rimfr,D. 11.8. 20 Hadra Hydria,bodyfr,W. 7.5. Dolphinsand rosettesin dark on lighttechnique. 21 Lekane,rimto belly,D. 19. 22 Lekane,rimto belly,D. 11.8. 23 Casserole,rimto shoulder,D. 22.8.
An approximatedate is providedby theJuglet12. It was painted by Pylon who also decoratedHadra Hydriaein theperiodc. 220-200 B.C.22 Typical ofhis workare thefloppy swanswithhorizontalpinionswhichalso occurin taileddolphinsin added whiteand theflying LPW 6 and GuerriniA,l wheretheyare once again juxtaposedwithhis dolphintype.The shape itselfis muchsmallerand moreslenderthan it had been earlierin the 3rd centB.C. hollowedfootofthe (H12,31-4; KSD, D12 and 15;AR 31 (1984-5) 128,fig.19) and theslightly ofthisshapefrom earlierexampleshas beenreplacedbya simpleflatbase. The otherfragments thedeposit(13-15) look to be at a similarstageofdevelopmentand all are decoratedin the West Slope style,anotherrelativelynew featureforthisshape.
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The Cylindrical Jug 10 is probablyevenmoresensitivefordating.It has notyetdeveloped oftheshapein thelastquarterofthe thereliefmouldingbeneaththerimwhichis characteristic 3rdcenturyB.C., but it does have theslightlybulging"shoulder"thatis also a featureofthis ofLyttosin 220 B.C. but the base 11, period.This piece shoulddate close to thedestruction ofthearticulation is withitsalmostflatunderfoot, shouldbe later.Thisdegeneration underfoot paralleledamong the closelyrelatedcups 1-2, and has also been notedon the slightlylater LPW8. The CylindricalCups 1-2 have developed an elongatedflaringprofilewhich is quite different fromearlier wide based examples fromthe site (H12,11-13). The handles are in profile, a featurealreadypresentby220 B.C. (ADelt26 (1971) Ckron B2, distinctly triangular PI. 513: secondrow,secondfromleft).As withthejug 11,however,theirflatbaseswithonlyan annulargrooveas articulationunderfoot shouldpostdatethe Lyttiandestruction.23 A fragment fromthebellyofa Hadra Hydria20 was paintedby an artistwhosecareermust have begunsometimebefore220 B.C. sincesomeofhisworkwas on straight sidedCylindrical withinthe JugslikeH28,20,butwhoalso decoratedversionsofthesameshape thatdate firmly last quarterof the 3rd centB.C. H28,27 is but one of severalfragments paintedby him at Knossos.Characteristic ofhis dolphinsare a "U" shaped tail,twinfinson the back and two lowerfinsthatoftenjoin toformanother"U" or approachthatshapeevenwhenstillseparated as here.This again suggestsa date forthedepositwithintheperiod225-200 B.C. The CarinatedCup 3 also exhibitsseveralfeaturesthatmarkit offfromitsearly3rd cent B.C. predecessors(H12,15-17). The shoulderhas becomeflattenedto almosta straightline and thedistinctly triangularhandleresemblesthoseon theCylindricalCups fromthisdeposit. The Baggy Kantharos4 is similarto an example fromAghia Pelaghia thoughits slender makeit a productofa different proportions workshopfromtheexamplespublishedfromthat site(cf.thediscussionforDepositH18,3-4). Note especiallythesubtlythickenedrim,a feature thatsoondisappearsin thecourseofthe2nd centB.C. The sidesoftheFlaringRim Bowls6-8 are morestrongly evertedthan theirpredecessors (H12,18-20) a generalline ofdevelopment theysharewiththe productsof otherpartsof the Greekworld.24The Hydria 19 has a rim mouldingverysimilarto thatofH12,30,butis farmoreemphatic.Note,too,thebeginningofa ofthe2ndcent concavitybehind,whichwilleventuallylead to thehollowedrimscharacteristic B.C. (H18,17-20). Taken together, all thisis verystrongevidencethatthefloordepositshouldbe dated within thelast quarterof the 3rd centB.C. withthelatestvases beingclose to 200 B.C. Deposit H14 (Well 1) Plansat plate 5 no. 56, and plate 2. plates 88 and 100c. The depositconsistsofthelatestsherdsin thefillofa welldug at theextremewestedge ofthe excavatedarea. The wellwas clearedto a depthof 17.75m.beforeit was stopped,due to the dangerofa kouskourascollapse.Thus no primarydepositwas reached,althoughthewellnow 90cm. The fillconsistedof earth, holdswater.The diameterof the well was approximately tile and other ofthestonewellheaditself stones, fragments buildingdebris,includingfragments found at a of c. and curved stones 4.50m, (D. 88cm) depth lining presumably derivingfromthe construction oftheupperpartofthewell.The intenseburningofsomeofthevases and other materialin thefillat a depthof13-14mwouldseemto indicatea domesticcatastropheofsome sortwhichcaused the abandonmentof thewell.
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Later buildingactivityon the site removedboth the upper sectionof the well and the habitationdeposits. associatedcontemporary In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow were foundthe following:two bronzecoins: C112 (type uncertain) and C87 (Cydonia); Lamps L13 and 22; bone peg (E3); clay 26 pyramidal,threedisc and twobiconalincludingthestampedexamplesW37 loomweights: and W38. Also H38,9 and 45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CylindricalCup, base, D. at base 4.8. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, base, D. at base 5.7. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base c. 4. Glazed in out. FlaringRim Bowl,profile,D. at rim9.3. Glazed in out. EchinusBowl,profile,D. 10.9. Glazed in out. EchinusBowl,profile,D. 13.5. Unglazed. Cylindrical Jug,profile,D. 14.6. WestSlope decoration. Cylindrical Jug,upperprofile,D. 13. WestSlope decoration. Juglet,profileexceptneckand handle,D. at base 4. WestSlope decoration. Juglet,shoulder(nonjoining) max. D. c. 10. WestSlope decoration. Juglet,shoulderfr,H. 4.4. DromeusPainter. Hadra Hydria,neckfr,max. D. 11. AlikiPainter.
This wellfillliesclosein timetoH13; manyoftheformsare slightly earlier,manyjust a little later.The Hadra Hydria12 was paintedby theAlikiPainter(Enklaar'sDolphin Painter).25 whose careerspanned the yearsc. 230-200 B.C. For the astragalon the neck see Brooklyn are theovoidblobsof Museum Annual10 (1968) 114-138,figs.5-7; IHVY'. 5, 17. Characteristic the beads and the twinnedcurved verticalsof the reels. Other vases by this painterare publishedhereas H28,ll, 13 and 15. As we can see fromhisflatbasedJugletH28,ll, partof his activecareercertainlylay close to the end of the 3rd centB.C. The articulatedunderfoot. The Juglet9 is earlierthanH13,12 sinceitstillretainsa carefully was at it evident even of its fineness ofitswallsand theexceptionally surface, though highgloss sometimebadlydamagedbyfire,suggestthatitshouldstillbe placed withinthelastquarterof the3rdcentB.C., albeitearly.A similardecorativeschemecan be foundon H28,9. The Juglet 11 is by theDromeusPainterwhoselongcareeras a painterofHadra Hydriaehas been well documentedby Enklaar.26We bothagree on a later3rd centB.C. date forthisartistbut I thatitspan theperiodc. 230-200B.C. ratherthanthelongerspan offourdecades wouldprefer ofhiswork:thetail him allotedto byEnklaar.At all eventsthedolphinshereare characteristic in case almost or this line of the is formedbytherearend so,bya shortcurved transected, body our vase is Guerrini on to the treatment the Hadras line.The closestparallelamong A,3. This the end of the artist'scareer,so it is was placed by Enklaarin his latestgroup,representing likelythattheJugletdates close to 200 B.C. Both the CylindricalJugs7-8 have developedmouldingsbeneaththe rim.8 has a fairly ofjugs in thelastquarterofthe verticalupperwall withouttheconvexshouldercharacteristic 3rdcentB.C. so it is probablyearlyin thatperiod.Conversely7 has ratherthickerwallsthan usualin thelate 3rdcentB.C. and maybe closeto 200 B.C., evena littlelater.The pedestalled cup 3 has a set of complexmouldingsat the base and a highcolumnarstem,bothfeatures (H12,5-10) but verysimilarto thoseon separatingit fromitsearly3rd centB.C. progenitors anotherlater3rd centB.C. vase in AR 31 (1984-5) 128,fig.21. The EchinusBowls5-6 are lowerthantheyhad beenearlierin thecenturyand bothhave a of5 resemblesthatofthecontemporary pronouncedbevelon theirupperwall. The underfoot less in seem 1-2. These, turn, slightly evolvedthanH13,l-2 sincetheyretain CylindricalCups and are morecarefullyturned.Finally,theFlaringRim Bowl 4 a slighthollowingunderfoot
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seemsmoredevelopedthanH13,6. The rimis morestrongly evertedand thefootlesscarefully turned. The date rangeforthevasesin thisdepositshouldthenbe c. 230-200 B.C., withthemajority towardthe end ofthatperiod. perhapsclustering Deposit H15 (VIII 33 and 32 Spit 3) plates 89 and lOOd. This depositwas foundon thewestside ofTrenchVIII and consistedofa deep layerofdark soilrelatively richin pottery.This layerwas cutintoby thelaterpitno. 43 (VIII Pit 9) which containedDepositH16, see plan at plate 5, no. 43. Althoughnotsealed,thecompositionand colourofthedepositallowedtheexcavatorsto discountthepossibility ofdisturbance.Thus the as an uncontaminated depositcan be interpreted occupationlayer. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cup, pedestal,D. at base 5.1. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. BaggyKantharos,bodyfr,max. D. 11. WestSlope decoration. Medusa Bowl, bodyfr,max. H. 3.4. West Slope decoration. Bowl,rimfr,D. uncertain.Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 10. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 9.9. Glazed in out. Olpe, upperprofile(threenonjoining),D. 9.9. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, profilerestored,D. 11. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, rimfr,D. c. 12. West Slope decoration. Olpe, rimfr,D. c. 16.5. WestSlope decoration. Jug (?), bodyfr,max. D. 10.1. WestSlope decoration. Oinochoe (?), shoulder(two nonjoiningfrs.),max. D. 5.1. West Slope decoration. Hydria,rimfr,D. 15.5. Ladle (?), rimand partof belly,D. 13.8. Unglazed.
Coarse 16 CookingTray, profileto base, D. c. 24. Two of the heat spreadingannulargroovespreservedunderfoot. 17 Casserole,profileto shoulder,D. c. 20.2.
The potteryfromthisdepositseemsto belongto a singleperiodand itsdatingdependsin H16. The CylindricalCup 2 is verysimilarto thosein H13 and the partupon thefollowing flareofitslowerbodyplacesitin a smallsubgrouprepresented amongpublishedvasesbyKRS 47-8. The FlaringRim Bowls6-7 definitely in those the twopreviousdeposits:therim postdate is morestrongly evertedand we may notethesharpline ofcarinationwheretheangle ofthe wall changes.The BaggyKantharos3 and theCylindrical Jug 12 bothhave thethinwallsand characteristic of the later 3rd cent B.C. like thefragment ofa Medusa Bowl4, highgloss They, could be theearliestvases in thegroup. The Olpai 8-11 all have tall neckswithbroad rimsand theprofileof9 showsthatthetall ovoidprofilewithhighcentreofgravitycharacteristic ofthe3rdcentB.C. (H12,36,LPW 59) is nowbeginningtogivewayto a depressedovoidformwithfairlystraight upperwalls.The West on all these vases is now rather bolder and is Slope patternwork appliedin thickerstrokesthan was usual in thelater3rd centB.C. (H13-14; H28,10-ll, 13, 15, 19, 21). The Ladle 15 is deeperthanit becamelater(H30,10 and discussion)and theHydriarim14 is strongly evertedin comparisonwithH 13,19 and earlierexamples,creatinga distincthollow behind.
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Mostofthevasesin thisdepositcan be shownto be moreevolvedthananyin H13-14 and it is therefore highlylikelythattheyrepresentthe earliestphase of the 2nd centB.C. ceramic in any sortofstratified contextat Knossos. developmentsurviving Deposit H16 Pit 40/43(VIII Pits 7 and 9) Planat plate 5 nos.40 and 43. plates 89-90; 109e;110a. The depositconsistsofthefillofa largeirregularpit,itselfcutintoby thelaterPit 39 (VIII Pit 2, containingDepositH18; see plan at plate 5 no. 39). Althoughnotsealed,thepotterywas homogeneousand givesa good idea oftherangeofshapespresentin a 2nd cent particularly B.C. kitchenat Knossos. Initiallyexcavated as two separate pits on eitherside of the disturbance causedby Pit39 (DepositH18), thedepositwas foundto be one,belowthelevelof laterintrusion.Studyof thepotteryalso producedmanycross-joins. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Cup, pedestal,D. at base 5.5. Glazed in out. EvertedRim Cup, profileexcepthandle,D. 9.5. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, profilerestored,D. 8. Glazed in out. Kantharos,profilerimto belly,D. 9. WestSlope decoration. BaggyKantharos,profilerimto belly,D. 10.1. WestSlope decoration. Ribbed Kantharos,profilebase to neck,D. at base 4.7. WestSlope decoration. CarinatedCup, profilerestoredrimto belly,D. at rimc. 8.8. Unglazed. Cup (?), base, D. at base 5.9. Glazed in out. Cup (?), base, D. at base 5. Glazed in out. Fish Plate, profile,D. 17.4. Dipped. FlaringrimBowl,profile,D. 13.5. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 14.4. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 23.2. Glazed in out. Juglet(?), profilerimto shoulder,D. 9. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, profilerestored,D. 13. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, rimfr,D. 12.5. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, bellyfr,L. 8.2. WestSlope decoration. Jug,rimand neck,D. 8.7. Rim dipped. Lekane,profile,D. 19.2. Unglazed.
Coarse 20 GlobularJar,rimand shoulder,D. 23.5. Round rimmedjar witha filletbelowtherimand twoincisedlinesat theshoulder.Fabric like thatof thecookingvesselsbelow. Not illustrated. 21 Chytra,profilerestoredrimto shoulder,D. 11.9. 22 Lid, edgeslost,max. près.D. 9.5. Hole throughknob to let out steam. 23 Lid, edgeslost,max. près.D. 8.9. to spreadheat. 24 Cookingtray,profile,D. 26. Annularringsunderfoot 25 Basin,profile,D. 43. Unglazed.
all depositedat thesame time.The Cylindrical Thisis a smallgroupofcontemporary forms, with the base articulation:it has a flatunderfoot of a further exhibits degeneration Cup (3) Glazed the forms. hollowed the of as a reminder annular a shallow 2, Cup previous groove only an innovationsharedwiththeOlpe withEvertedRim has developeda depressedbaggyprofile, 15 and a Tulip Cup fromAghia Pelaghia/Apollonia, destroyedin 171 B.C.27 We mightnote thoseoflater3rd more a 14 retains that the nearlyresembling here,though, profile TulipJuglet fall of the than earlier is our that This B.C. Apollonia. deposit implies examples. century No. 7, a CarinatedCup, retainsthe straightshoulderprofileof H13,3 and has stillnot developedthehorizontalgroovebetweenlip and shoulderthatbecomesan importantfeature
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oftheshapein theLate Hellenisticperiod.The BaggyKantharos,5, retainsa smallmoulding at therim(cf.H13,4), thelatestexampleon thesiteto do so. 8 mightwell be thebase ofthe same shape, similarin its carefularticulationto that on a publishedexample fromAghia Pelaghia.28 SeveralexamplesofFlaringRim Bowls,11-13,are shallowerand have a moreflaringprofile thananyoftheexamplesoftheshape listedabove. At thispointtheAtticseriesceasesto be of anygreathelpto us and we mustsimplyfollowthelocal sequencein laterdeposits.29The Fish Plate 10 is similarto an examplefromAghia Pelaghia.30and shouldbe close in date. The thickerlip may even indicatethatoursis lightlylater.9 is almostcertainlythe groovedring base fora Tulip Cup. A close parallelonce again comesfromAghia Pelaghia.31 Olpai like15 nowhave a distinctly baggyappearancewiththecentreofgravityfardownthe vessel'sprofileand an almoststraight forthisshapeduring upperbodywall. No wholeprofiles the3rdcentB.C. survivebutthecloselyrelatedpedestalledvarietyall possessa highercentreof
Vasenin Deckfarbentechnik, gravity(H12,36; LPW 59 and E. Bielefeld,Eine Fundgruppe griechischer
9: themostdevelopedofthethree).17 probablyhad decorationlikeLPW 59 or Guerrini C,2. The Lekane,19, has a plain flatrimwithouttheeleganthawksbeakofH13,21-2 but it has developeda concavecollarbeneath,a featurealso seenon theLadle, H15,15. Of thedomestic lid 22, whichallowedsteamto escape, shapesthereis littleto noteapart fromtheperforated and thesophisticated concentricgrooveson thebase ofthecasserole24, a featurethatwould have spreadheat moreevenlyacrossthesurface. Togetherwithitsstratigraphie position,all thiswould seemto indicatea date bracketofc. 200-175 B.C. forthisgroup. Deposit H17 Pit 3 (XIII Pit 8) Planat plate 5 no. 3; SectionA, no. 14.plates 91 and 110b. The depositconsistsofthefillofa smallshallowpitin thesouthwest corneroftheexcavation. This was cutintoby laterpitsdug to rob out theMinoan wallsat theback oftheUnexplored Mansion(seeH28). Therewerecrossjoins betweenthetwodeposits,and theseare listedbelow. The fillofthepit mainlyconsistedofstonesand earth,withverylittlepottery.The fewvases intactand seem to forma homogeneousgroup. however,weresubstantially represented, In addition to the potterycatalogued below was found one bronze coin, C117 (type uncertain). 1 2 3 4
CretanKantharos,profileto lowerbelly,D. 10.2. Glazed in out. BaggyKantharos,profile,D. 7.9. West Slope decoration. Bowl,rimto belly,max. près.H. 4.4. West Slope decoration. Amphoriskos, profile,D. 6.6. WestSlope decoration.
There was also in thisdepositthefragmentary remainsofan Olpe partsofwhich,like the neck of 4, were foundin H28 - presumablydisplacedwhen that robbingpit cut into our deposit.The Olpe rimis decoratedwitha patternalmostidenticalwiththatof4 and thebody seemsto have possesseda plumpand elongateddepressedovoid profilesimilarto thatofthe TulipJugLPW32. This smalldepositseemsremarkablyhomogeneous,ifonlybecause all its decoratedvases bearvariationsofa singlemotif.The Kantharos2 is farmoredevelopedthantheversionsofthe shape foundat Aghia Pelaghia/Apollonia(destroyed171 B.C.).32 It has lost the small rim ofearlierversionsoftheshape (H16,5) and themouldingsofthebase mouldingcharacteristic
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have coarsened,obviouslyheaded towardtheplain conicalpedestalsofLPW 18-19. 4 has a sufferprofilethanH13,12-15 but is earlierthan LPW 37-38 whosedate is discussedin the discussionforH23. Consideringall thesedata it seemsreasonableto place our groupbetween170-150B.C. It mustbe veryclose in timeto thefollowing deposit. Deposit H18 Pit 39 (SA 14, Pit 2) Planat plate 5 no. 39; Section J,no. 8. plates 91-2; 110c. The depositwas containedin thelowerfillofa largeshallowpit.The earthwas crumblybrown The potteryis reasonablyhomogeneous and was mixedwithmanystonesand tilefragments. arosebecausematerialfrom but somepotentialdifficulties and includesseveralwholeprofiles, had intruded. To overcomethisproblem Late Hellenistic/Augustan theoverlying layer(H37) the selectionprocessforpublicationwas rigorous.Althoughthismighthave excludedsome contemporarymaterial, it should ensure that the shapes presentedhere are indeed contemporaneous. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EvertedrimCup, profile,D. 10.1. Glazed in out. EvertedrimCup, profileto lowerbelly,D. 9. Glazed in out. BaggyKantharos,rimfr,D. 10. WestSlope decoration. BaggyKantharos,rimfr,D. uncertain.WestSlope decoration. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 3.4. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 3.3. Glazed in out. MegarianBowl,Delian Class, profilerestored,D. 13. Glazed in out. Fish Plate, profile,D. 17. Glazed in out. Rolled rimBowl restored,D. 21.9. Glazed in out. Oinochoe,neckand shoulder,max. près.D. 12.5. WestSlope decorationin white,brownand madderpink.
A date forthisdepositis providedin partbytheImportedIonian Bowl7. This piecedoesnot belongearlyin the Ionian seriesand examplesthat are closelysimilarhave been foundin of theAtheniancleruchyin 166 B.C.33 Delian housesbuiltaftertheestablishment The glazed Cup withEvertedRim 1 is tallerthanthatin H16, tallerindeedthananyofthe publishedexamplesfromPhaistos,a citydestroyedby Gortynsometimeafter183 B.C. and withinthesecondquarterofthe2nd centB.C.34 Like itspredecessors, however,it presumably This laterdevelopedan annulargroove(H25,l), a featureretained retainsa hollowunderfoot. evenon theyetlaterflatbased examples(LPW, 22). Forfullerdiscussionofthisshapesequence cf.H29. 2 is probablyshallowerbut introducesa sharpcarinationbetweenrimand shoulder. twoforms:a fatbodiedand a moreslendervariety.We The BaggyKantharoi3-4 represent can followbothfromthelater3rdcentB.C. (H15,3; H16,5 on theone hand and H13,4; H28,4 and H 17,2 on the other). Proportionsthereforehave less chronologicalthan workshop of At all eventsboth our exampleshere shouldbe placed afterthe destruction significance. and the Apolloniain 171 B.C. They are poorlyglazed, have sloppyWest Slope decoration levelofthatcity.354, pottingis notas carefulas thepublishedexamplesfromthedestruction basesfor however,has notyetdevelopedthestraight upperprofileofH17,2. 5-6 mayrepresent than in careful more thisshape and, ifso, indicatethat the pottingof thisfeaturewas also H17,2. The plate8 is closetoH16,10 butthepottingis a littlecoarser.The bowl9 could also fitinto theearlier2nd centB.C.36 All theHydriaiare moredevelopedthanthoseofthe3rdand early 2nd centB.C. (H12,30; H13,19; H15,14). The rimshave emphaticallyhollowedprofileslike
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LPW, 44 and twohave developeda mouldingat therimitself.In general,all are moreevolved thanLPW, 44 but closeenoughto suggesta generalcontemporaneity. The evidencefromthe UnexploredMansion excavationswould seem to indicatethat the date I publishedforthe mainfilloftheLittlePalace Well mainfill(c. 150-125B.C.) was slightly too low. The second quarterofthe2nd centB.C. nowseemsthemostlikelydate ofdeposition,perhapstowards150 B.C.37 16, froma Cylindrical Jug,is a survivorpiece. Its inclusionhereis based solelyon thefact that it was decoratedby the Dromeus Painter:the crescentcurve of the dolphin'stail fin therearpartofthebodyin a characteristic fashion.It is also interesting in thatthe transecting straight upperwall ofthejug and thelackofa mouldingbeneaththerimbothindicatethatthis vase was pottedbefore220 B.C. A date withintheperiod240-220 B.C. would fitin withthe proposedchronologyof thisartist'scareer.38 We nowcometo theOlpai 11-15. 11 has a distinctly biconicalformwhichprobablyreplaces thedepressedovoid profilecharacteristic ofOlpai and TulipJugsoftheearlier2nd centB.C. 1973,PL 218,b;theTulipJugform (H16,15; theringbasedTulip Cup fromApollonia:Praktika Phaistos:Annuario 45-6 (1967-8) 159,fig.115 and anotherfroma finalfloordeposit:Kretika Chronika 21 (1969) PI. I oppositep. 168,top). This transition, then,seemsto have takenplace sometimeafterthefallofApolloniain 171 B.C. and thenewformcontinuesto at leastthelate 2nd centB.C. whenitis foundon manyoftheOlpai in KCG (BSA 76 (1981) 48, fig.6:32), this, at bothApolloniaand Phaistos.Necksare highand the too,seemsto postdatethedestructions rimtendsto be heavierthan was generalin the later3rd and early2nd centB.C. (H12,36; H15,9-10; H21,4; BSA 76 (1981) 56, fig. 10, 59 and 48, fig. 6, 29-30 as well as many unpublishedexamplesfromthe Royal Road excavationsat Knossos). Anotheradvanced featureis thecomparatively broadshoulder.This becomesmoreemphaticduringthecourseof thelaterHellenisticperiod (H27,l and 3; BSA 45 (1950) 182,fig.21: A and C). All thesedata takentogethersuggestthatwe shouldplace thisdepositwithinthe second quarterofthe 2nd centB.C., probablylate in thatperiod. 12 and 14 bothhave trefoil patternssimilarto thaton 7, on manywhitegroundlagynoiand on Enklaar'sBranchlessLaurel groupofHadra Hydriae.Enklaarhas now constructed a very strongcase forregardingthesevases as Egyptianproductsand fora date bracketwithinthe secondand thirdquartersof the 3rd centB.C.39 This makesthe patternless of an horizon markerthan I had once thought.40 Deposit H19 (XII 30 31) SectionG, no. 14.plate 93. The depositconsistsofa massivefillofmainlylate Classicalfragments. This was placed to the west(upslopeside) ofwall Tm',and manyjoiningpieceswerefoundpackedintothewall fill. The realdate ofconstruction is providedbythefewHellenisticfragments in thefill,whichseem to pointto theperiodjust before200 B.C. Fragmentsofno. 5 werealso foundin theroadway in thatarea. construction higherup to thewest (XI, 35), possiblyindicatingcontemporary In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow werefoundnineclay counters(K43-52). 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cup, base to belly(profilerestored),D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. CarinatedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 9. Side dipped. Hadra Hydria,neck (non-joining),H. (restored)6.9. Hadra styledecoration. Jug,neck,D. 7.5. Glazed in out. Lekane,profile,D. 35.8. Glazed in. Lekane,profile,D. 36.1. Glazed in.
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The datingmaterialfromthislargefillmay be placed in thelater3rd centB.C. Our most sensitiveand conclusiveindicatoris thebg cup 1. Its base is farmoreadvanced thanthoseof H12,9-10 or thanthatofAR 31 (1984-5) 128,fig.20. Thereis increasedarticulationbetween the columnarpedestaland the splayingbase: a shallowchannelemphasisesthe thickened angular base moulding.Slightlymore primitivestagesof thisdevelopmentmay be found amongpublishedand unpublishedcups froma Cretangravegrouppublishedby E. Bielefeld, whichshouldbe dated to earlyin thereignofPtolemyIV (222-204 B.C.). The bestparallel, however,is to be foundon thebase ofan Olpe fromLyttoswhichDr. K. Lembesiswas kind in 220 enoughto allowme to examine.Sincethisvase shoulddate closeto thecity'sdestruction date for our is also the likeliest this B.C., cup. Anotherreasonablywelldatedpieceis theCarinatedCup 2. This is farshallowerthanH12, 15-17 and close to H13,3. The shoulder,though,is stillroundedand thissuggestsa slightly earlierdate, possiblylate in theperiod250-225 B.C. withthe and are likelyto be contemporary The Lekanai 5-6 survivein multiplefragments fill a in of found the 6 were also of the fill. nearbyroadway Many fragments depositionof (TrenchXI, 25) suggestingthat the 'fm' complexwas part of a largerbuildingscheme.5 descendsfromearliercollaredtypessuchas BSA 45 (1950) 173,fig.9, A. The closestparallelfor 6 is H12,58 whichdatesto thefirst quarterofthe3rdcentB.C. Our vase seemsmoredeveloped and thenumberofgroovesat thepoint rim the thanitspredecessor: profilehas beensimplified has increased. ofwidestdiameter foundon Enklaar'sGroup The wavylineon theHadra Hydria3 is similarto thetreatment can be close date no 61 withSpirals(Babesch (1986) 46f),though givenforthemembersofthis 41 The has more it since 4 than neck is later H12,42-3 emphaticmouldingsand the Jug group. thanthecoarserH13,18, earlier it is behind. ofa slighthollowing probably Equally, beginnings B.C. the within period270-20 givinga generaldate bracket ofthesubstantial'fm'complexin TrenchXII shouldbe placed close Thus theconstruction to thefallofLyttosin 220 B.C. The vaseslistedabove indicatea generaldate bracketbetween and thepackingbeneaththefloors 270-220 B.C. The datingsherdsfromthewallsthemselves this that listedin thefollowing buildingactivityshouldfallintothe deposits(H20-21) suggest laterpartof thisperiod. Deposit H20 (XII, wallsofHellenisticPhase I buildings:'fm,fn,fl,fh'). Plan at plate 13. SectionG, no. 13. plates 93 and 111b. This depositconsistsofthelatestsherdsfoundin thewalls of thefirstphase building. 1 2 3 4
Jug,rimfr,D. 7.4. WestSlope decoration. Jug,shoulderfr,max. D. 16.5. WestSlope decoration.Fromthesame vase as no. 1 above? EvertedrimCup, base f,D. at base 4. 1. Glazed in out. Juglet,base fr,D. at base 2.9. Glazed in out.
Thereis nothingto preventus fromlinkingtherichWestSlope decorationof1-2 withthe highperiodofKnossianpaintingin thelast thirdofthe3rd centuryB.C. but thereal dating sherdsare thebg onesdescribedbelow.3 is thebase ofa Cup withEvertedRim. The surviving a shapesimilarto an examplefromLyttos.The base oftheAmphoriskos/Juglet profilesuggests somewherebetweenH14,9 and H13,12 and thus stillretainsa slightlyhollowedunderfoot, 3rd of the last the within centuryB.C. The finelyarticulatedbase of the quarter firmly as has no 5 preciseparallels yetbut thehighqualityofthepottingwouldagain Jug Cylindrical above. Date: 225-200 B.C. fitin withthedates proposedforthefragments
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Deposit H21 (XII HellenisticPhase I, cobbled floor) SectionG, no. 11.plates 93 and 111b. This depositconsistsof the latestsherdsunderthe cobbled floorin the extremesoutheastof Area XII, runningup againsttheeastfaceofwall 'fm'at itssouthernmost end,and cut by the of Evans' Little Palace excavation. This floor is scarp contemporarywith the Phase I of the but have been laid at occupation buildings may any timeduringtheirlifetime. 1 2 3 4
EvertedrimCup, profilerimto belly,D. 7.9. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, rimfr,D. 7.9. Glazed in out. Jug,bodyfr,max. près.H. 4.2. Hadra Styledecoration. Olpe, rimfr,D. uncertain,WestSlope decoration.
The Cup withEvertedRim is eccentric:a mouldedlip replacesthe usual slightlyflaring profile.Otherwisethe profileas preservedsuggestsa shape witha highcentreof gravityin contrastto the baggyversionsof the 2nd centuryB.C. (H16,2) and Phaistos.42The closest outturnedrimof3 are to be foundin about 200 B.C. (H13,l-2). The parallelsforthecarefully Jug3 is decoratedin thebfstylefoundon Hadra Hydriae.Presumablywhatwe have hereare twoconfronted eithersideofa palmette.The griffin is foundon someHadra vasesand griffins herethecarefuluse ofincisionbringsus close to thestyleoftheDromeuspainterwho worked duringthelastthirdofthe3rdcenturyB.C. The closesetgroupsofincisionsatjowlsand on the neckare particularly close to hisstyle(Guerrini A5-6) thoughnotenoughsurvivesforus to be able to attributethispiece to him. 4 is fromtheneckofan Olpe. The largerosettein brownand whiteis similarto,thoughnot identicalwith,thoseoftheCentaurPainterwho workedin thesecondhalfofthe3rd century B.C.43 The heightoftheneck,though,probablyprecludesa date earlierthanthefallofLyttos in 220 B.C. Deposit H22 (XII 33, occupationofHellenisticPhase I building,the cfm'complex) Planat plate 13,- area between wallsTm'and 4fh'plate 93. This depositconsistsofthematerialabove a fragment ofsurviving floorbetweenwalls'fm'and 'fh' This was the onlyundisturbedoccupationlayersurvivingon the west (upslopeside) of wall Tm'. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CylindricalCup, base, D. at base 4.8. Glazed in out. Base ringworkshop. CylindricalCup, base, D. at base 4.9. Glazed in out. Base ringworkshop. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4.6. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup (?), base, D. at base 4.4. Unglazed. EvertedrimCup, base, D. at base 4.4. Glazed in out. Jug,bodyfr,max. près.H. 3.35. West Slope decoration. Jug,bodyfr,max. près.H. 3.9. West Slope decoration.
The CylindricalCups 1-2 correspondexactlywiththe stateof developmentexhibitedby is moredevelopedstill(but its smallsize probably H13,l-2, while5, withits flatunderfoot, makesiteccentric).The pedestalledfoot3, withitshighcolumnarstemand cushion-like base is close to formsfromthe Bielefeldgrave group thoughthisis a formadmittedlynot closely datable. 4 is almostidenticalto thebase ofa cup fromtheLyttiandestruction depositof220 B.C. The base ofthebg Cup withEvertedRim withitsflatunderfoot resemblesH20,3 and is likewiselikelyto be laterthan220 B.C. The trefoils of7 and thesloppymeanderof8 probably
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belongto the2nd centB.C. A good parallelforthelatter,at least,existsin H28,18 an Olpe whosepositionin itsshape sequencesuggestssucha date. Thus thegroupas a wholeseemsto indicateoccupationofthe'fm'phase ofthebuildingspanningthelastquarterofthe3rdcent B.C. and probablyinto theearlyyearsof the 2nd. Deposit H23 (XII 35, cisterndeposit) Planat plate 13.Viewat plate 29a. plates 94 and Ilia, c-d. The firstoccupationon theeast side ofthe Phase I buildingcomplex,afterthedemolitionof ofa cisternbuiltabove an Orientalizingwell Wall 'fm',was connectedwiththeconstruction was The cistern head 73 1978,49). providedwitha capstoneand drain,and a flagstone (BSA floorwas laid to thenorth.This overlaythestumpofWall Tm'and was itselfsealedbya plaster and the floorin thesucceedingperiod.The materialpublishedherecame fromtheflooritself, beneath the sealed flagstones. pottery 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
CylindricalCup, profile,D. 6.9. Glazed in out. Base Ring Workshop. CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. Pseudo Base Ring Workshop. CylindricalCup, rimfr,D. 7. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 11.8. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 17.9. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 10.7. Glazed in out. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D.H. Glazed in out. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 13.9. Glazed in out. Olpe, profilerimto belly,D. 13.9. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, rimsherd,D. 14. WestSlope decoration. Lekane,base fr,D. at base 9.8. Glazed in. Bowl,base fr,D. at base 7.9. Underfootreserved. Basin,profileexceptbottom,D. 35.4. Unglazed.
It shouldbe stressedat theoutsetthatthisdepositis a closedone. Even thougha fewofthe it is knownthatnos. 1 and 9 sat on the sherdscomefromdirectlybeneaththestoneflagging, flooritself.The CylindricalCups 1-3 resembleH13,l-2 and H22,l-2. More importantly, perhaps,theyfindtheirclosestparallelsin themainfilloftheLittlePalace Well:noteespecially thedumpybase and unsmoothedridginginsidethecup. As we shall see, thewell groupalso providesthe best parallelsformany othershapes in our depositand in the courseof this discussionwe willhave to considercarefullythedates ofboth. we findat Knossosin the The threeFlaringrimBowls4-6 are moreadvancedthananything 3rd centuryB.C. (H13,6-8; H14,4) or in the early2nd century(H15,6-7) thoughtheydo resemblethosein H16 (11-13). Once again the closestparallelsseem to be fromthe Little a feature Palace Well (4-6). The Lekanai 11-12 possessringbases withslovenlyarticulation, Echinus shallow The absent on still oftennotedon potsfromtheLittlePalace Well but H16,19. shallow their retains and of version Bowl withbevelledrimseemsto be a simplified H14,5-6 Well.44 Palace Litlle fill of the the form.Otherwiseit closelyresembles64 from upper On morphological groundsagain theOlpe 9, withitsbiconicalprofileand highneck,should meanderon the ofLyttosin 220 B.C. The perspective be placed sometimeafterthedestruction Hadra whose Painter Bichrome of the work withthe neckconnectsitstrongly Hydriaeare now ofthemotifin Earlier versions B.C. the 3rd of decades two century generallydated to thelast and the B.C.43 171 before to the be dated can as such theWestSlope style H31,3 period safely the Bielefeld and Bowls Medusa with the linked also be can vases gravegoup,all of perspective A of the 2nd. 3rd the later date to which fragment a Medusa Bowl centuryand, perhaps, early
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was in factfoundabove theplasterfloorwhichsealedthisdeposit(H26,2 and especiallyH38,29 ofthesevesselswellintothe2nd whereitis discussedin detail.),perhapsimplyingmanufacture centuryB.C. At all events,it is unlikelythatour Olpe shouldbe too farremovedfromthese otherelementsin the stylistic complexand, althoughI have dated it late in the past,46it is perhapssaferto place thiswhole depositsomewherein the period 180-160 B.C. Much will eventuallydepend on the publicationof the findsfromboth Aghia Pelagia/Apolloniaand whichcan be placed between Phaistosand the possibleresolutionof thelatter'sdestruction, 183 and c. 150 B.C. an earlystageofoccupation All thesefeatures implya date forourfloordeposit,representing in thenew buildingthatreplacedthe 'fm'complex,withinthesecondcenturyB.C. This late date is also suggestedby thegenerallylater3rdcenturydatesgivento thesherdsrepresenting oftheearlierbuilding.Morphologicalanalysisplaces boththeoccupationand theconstruction thedepositafterH13- 15. It probablylay betweenH16 and thelowerfilloftheLittlePalace Well; it has linkswithboth. Deposit H24 (XII HellenisticPhase II. Building and packing under floorsof 'ff/'fe' complex) SectionG, nos.7-8; SectionEl, nos.13 and 14.plate 95. This depositderivesfromthe packingin the walls of the Phase II building,and underthe primaryfloorsofthe new construction. 1 2 3 4 5
Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, rimfr,D. 7. Glazed in out. EchinusBowl,rimfr,D. 9.9. Rim dipped. EvertedrimCup, base fr,D. at base 4. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4. Glazed in out.
ofthesecondbuildingcomplexin Trench12 thoughnone Thesesherdsdate theconstruction is overlyhelpful.The pedestalbaseswithmultiplemouldingsare ofa generaltypewhichonly occurin 2nd centB.C. contextsat Knossos(H18,5-6) or on vasesthatcan be dated withinthis grounds.47The eleganceand carefulturningofour examplesshould periodon morphological in them the early sequence.The outturnedrimof2 linksit closelywithCylindricalCups place like4 fromthe LittlePalace Well, and thesloppydouble dippingof theEchinusBowl 3 is a featurethatoftenreplacestheoverallglaze of3rd centuryexamples.The closestparallelsfor boththeseshapescome fromtheupperfilloftheLittlePalace Well (nos. 53 and 65). The bg is probably unhelpfulbut thehollowedunderfoot Cup withEvertedRim, 4, is comparatively bestparalleledbyH16,2 and therefore shouldalso date to theearly2nd centB.C. The date of the construction of this buildingcomplexhas an obvious bearingon the date of the rich thattheOlpe H23,9 occupationdepositdiscussedabove (H23) and suggestsyetmorestrongly shouldnot be placed too close to 200 B.C. Date: 200-175 B.C. Deposit H25 (XII 19 and 20). PackingunderAugustanfloor,and flooron uphillside in Phase II 'ff/Te5complex. SectionG, no. 2. plates 95 and lile. This depositconsistsofthematerialfromthelatestsurviving floorin Phase II, betweenWalls 'ffand 'fe' The floorwas well-preserved and ranup againstWall 'fe'on one side,butthewalls
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floordeposit.The on theothersidehad beenrobbeddownlowerthanthetopofthesurviving above. a the floor was sealed hard for Augustan by packing deposit In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow were foundthe following:fivebronzecoins, C44-6 (Europa/labyrinth) early2nd B.C., C97 (Rhodes), C125 (uncertain);metal:lead nail disc (M70); clay loomweight, stamped(W47) and glassgamingpiece. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
EvertedrimCup, profile,D. 4. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4.3. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. Base Ring Workshop. CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 3.9. Glazed in out. Pseudo Base Ring Workshop. Ribbed Kantharos,profilerimto belly(non-joining)D. 9.9. WestSlope Decoration. Plate, rimfr,D. 13.9. Glazed in out. Cup withevertedrim,profile,D. 6.1. Glazed in out. Not partofcanonicalseries. CarinatedCup, profilerimto belly,D. 7.8. Unglazed. FlaringrimBowl,profile,D. 10.5. Glazed in out. Olpe, rimto shoulder,D. 11.8. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, neckfr,max. près.L. 3.8. West Slope decoration.
This floordepositwas notsealed untiltheAugustanperiodand may not be securesinceit may incorporatesome of the Augustan packing material.We can but note the shapes but is notas developedas, thosefroma 1, theCup withEvertedRim resembles, represented. rich late hellenisticcisterngoup fromKnossos.48It seems identical to H27,2 and thus habitationbothwithinthehouseand in thecourtyardduringa late contemporary represents It clearlypostdatesH18,l and thusshouldbe placed afterc. existence. of the building's phase 160B.C. The pedestalbase withmultiplemouldingsbelowa columnarstemis of2nd century type;fora fulldiscussionsee H24. To thisperiod,too, we mightassign3-4 withtheirflat on the lack ofsmoothness relievedonlyby an annulargrooveand witha distinctive underfeet interiorsurfaces(cf.thediscussionforH23). The ribbedKantharos,5, cannotbe dated other - and theprofilehas been restoredafteran thanby context- it survivesin multiplefragments examplein HerakleionMuseum.It probablypredatedH28,3 and H16,6 sinceithas a farmore lie between200-180 B.C. 6 is a typical2nd centB.C. and shouldtherefore elegantarticulation, versionofa popularplateshapeand is moredevelopedthanH16,10. It morecloselyresembles exampleslikeH30,4,H31,2,BSA 76 (1981) 90 no. 283,all ofwhichdate to thelaterHellenistic period. 7 is eccentric.8 exhibitsa straightshoulderedprofileclose to LPW 27-8 a form with to the2nd centB.C. and replacedsometimelate in it by thedepressedprofiles restricted of KCG. The deeply hollowedunderfootof 9 is slightlyroundedshoulderscharacteristic to date it to the 1stcentB.C. thougha vague parallelexistsat Phaistos.49 probablysufficient The twoWestSlope sherds10-11 belongwithinthe2nd centB.C. 10 closelyresemblesH15,9 in bothshapeand decorationand,ifitis nota survivorpiece,couldbelongto theearliestphase ofoccupation. ofcistern(at Well 12). Deposit H26 (XII 26). Reconstruction Viewat plate 29b.plate 96. Thisdepositconsistsofthematerialfromthefinalplasteredarea placedin frontofWell 12 and sealingDepositH23. This plastershowedsignsofhavingbeen renewedat leastonce,and we mightimaginethattheperiodofuse was not a shortone. The plasterran up theeast faceof Wall 'fF and was also used to coat a basin witha smallkerbon itssouthside to guide water fromthe wellheadinto the basin. It seemslikelythat the area was used forsome formof washingactivityin thisphase.
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The publishedsherds,werefoundin thebasin. No. 2 joins withothersherdsfromDeposit H29. 1 Olpe, profileneckto shoulder,D. restored14.3. WestSlope decoration. 2 Phiale,profile,D. 18.2. West Slope decoration.Joiningfr,fromXI 26. Discussedas H38,29. plate 116.
Anothersealeddeposit,thoughnota richone. Stratified above H23, theuse ofthisplastered area shouldpostdatethelatestsherdson thatfloor.The Olpe 1 has a farhigherneckthanany we have seenhithertoand looksforwardto laterformssuchas H27,3. The sloppyWestSlope decorationbroadlyresemblesthaton H17,2-4 and H18,3-4, all datingto thesecondquarterof the 2nd centB.C. The Medusa Bowl, morefullydiscussedas H38,29, has joiningfragments fromH29. The richergroupfromthelast depositmighttherefore giveus a betteridea ofthe truedate forthisphase of the cistern'suse: c. 150-125 B.C. Deposit H27 (XII 25). Final Hellenisticin thecisternarea. Viewat plate 29c,d. plate 96. The nextphase in thedevelopmentof the cisternarea is represented by theplacingofa flat serratedmillstoneslab (S36) overthetop oftheplasteredbasin,and theaccumulationofsoil above the plastered area in frontof the wellhead (leaving only a small rectangular below thewell). Part ofa stonedrainwas preservedin thenorthplasteredarea immediately easternpartofthearea, butthisfeaturehad beensubstantially removedbyEvans'sexcavation. This depositrepresents thelatestsurvivingHellenisticactivityin thearea. The east wall of the Roman SoutheastHouse was built immediatelyabove all of thesefeatures,effectively sealingthemduringtheAugustanperiod. 1 Olpe, profilerimand shoulder,D. 12. Glazed in out. 2 Evertedrimcup, base fr,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. 3 Olpe, profilerimand shoulder,D. 10. Glazed in out.
The vasesin thisdepositresembletypesfromKCG (BSA 45 (1950) 181,fig.20; 182,fig.21, A and C) and shouldalso be placed closeto thelatestuse phaseoftheLittlePalace Well (BSA 76 (1981) 58). The underfoot ofthecup 2 is closeto thosefromKCG and helpsus to place this groupafterH30. A date withinthelast quarterof the 2nd centB.C. seemslikely. Deposit H28 Pits 1, 2 and 22 (XIII Pits 7 and 9; XI 32-33) Planatplate 5,nos.1,2 and22;SectionA,no. 15(Pit1); SectionH, no. 15(Pit2). plates 96-100;112. The fillsfromthesepitsproducednumerouscross-joins, and wereclearlydug at one timeto rob out the Minoan masonryfromthe south-westcornerof the UnexploredMansion, and the northwest pierofthe PillarRoom. The approximatepositionofthisactivityin thehistoryof thesitecan be arrivedat stratigraphically. Pit 1 (XIII Pit 7, H28) cutsintoDepositH17, and Pit 22 (XI 32-33, H28) is underDepositH30 (itselfconnectedwithDeposit H26). The fills wereveryrichin finepotterywhich,althoughoftensubstantially pre-datingthefillingofthe pits,can be used to illuminatestagesin Knossianceramicdevelopmentotherwiserepresented characteristic ofsettlement and onlyby thesmallbatteredfragments deposits.These terracing intensified construction and rationalisation in thisarea during robbingactivitésseemto reflect the 2nd centuryB.C. - H38, 15-16, In additionto thepotterycataloguedbelowwerefoundthefollowing: pottery 38, 48, 50-1, 55, 57, 59-61,66,68-9, 71; bronzecoin,C93 (Tegea); bronzefinger-ring (M49);
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metal furnace bottom (M177); clay: two bell-shaped weights (W27-8), two stamped (S35). pyramidalweights(W54-5); stone:weight(S33); limestonebowl fragment 1 CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 4.7. Glazed in out. Base Ring workshop. 2 CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 4.8. Glazed in out. Pseudo Base Ring workshop. 3 Ribbed Kantharos,profile,D. 8.9. WestSlope decoration. 4 BaggyKantharos,profilerimto belly,D. 8. WestSlope decoration. 5 CretanKantharos,profilebase to neck,D. at base 4.4. Glazed in out. 6 Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4. Glazed in out. 7 Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4. Glazed in out. 8 Juglet,profile,D. 8.75. Glazed in out. 9 Juglet,profilebase to neck,D. at base 4.75. WestSlope decoration. 10 Juglet/Amphoriskos, profilebase to neck,D. at base 4.8. WestSlope decoration. 11 Juglet,profilebase to neck,D. at base 4.15. WestSlope decoration. 12 Oinochoe,profilerestored,D. at base 8.1. Westslope decoration. 13 Oinochoe,profilerimto belly,D. 7.3. WestSlope decoration.AlikiPainter. 14 Guttus,profileexceptbase, D. 4. WestSlope decoration. 15 Juglet,shoulder,max. près.L. 9.1. Westslope decoration.AlikiPainter. 16 OutsizedCretanKantharos,profile,D. 18.8. WestSlope deocrationon neck. 17 Cylindrical Jug,profilerestoredexcepthandle,D. 12.1. WestSlope decoration. 18 Cylindrical Jug,rimfr,D. c. 15.2. WestSlope decoration. 19 Cylindrical Jug,profilerimto shoulder,D. 13.2. WestSlope decoration. 20 Cyliindrical Jug,rimfrs.D. 12.8. WestSlope decoration. 21 Cylindrical Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 18.2. WestSlope decoration. 22 Cylindrical Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 15.9. WestSlope decoration. 23 Cylindrical Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 17.3. WestSlope decoration. 24 Cylindrical Jug,shoulderfr,max. prèsL. 2.9. WestSlope decoration. 25 Cylindrical Jug,shoulderfr,max. prèsL. 3.6. WestSlope decoration. 26 Cylindrical Jug,shoulderfr,max. prèsL. 4.5. West Slope decoration. 27 Cylindrical Jug,shoulderfr,max. prèsL. 3.4. WestSlope decoration. 28 Plate, profilerestored,D. 20.9. WestSlope decoration. 29 Outsizedunguentarium, profilerestored,D. 4.8. Glazed out. 30 FlaringrimBowl,profile,D. 11.4. Glazed in out. 31 FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 15. Glazed in out. 32 FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 10.2. Glazed in out. 33 FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 20.3. Glazed in out. 33b FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 16. Glazed in out. 34 ColumnKrater,profilerimto bellyrestored(non-joiningfrs.),D. 34.2. Hadra styledecoration. 35 EchinusBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 13.4. Glazed in out. 36 CylindricalKrater,profilerimto belly,D. 12.1. Glazed in. 37 CylindricalKrater,profileexcepthandles,D. 19. Glazed in. Coarse 38 Cookingdish,profileexceptbase, D. 25.4. 39 Casserole,profilerimto bellyexcepthandles,D. 20.2. 40 Casserole,profilerimto belly,D. 17.4.
wellfixedby thedate ofthedepositsthat Sincethedate ofdepositionforthisfillis relatively HI ternimus the and it postquern providedby 7 intowhichit cuts,thedate ofthelatest by overlay notfullysecure. sherdsin thedepositis probablyreasonablycertainthough,itmustbe stressed, in the period somewhere lie should of date the Given its stratigraphie deposition position notcommonat Knossos, 175-150B.C. The absenceofMegarianbowls,whichare admittedly mayimplythattheserobbingpitsweredug earlyin thistimespan. The CylindricalCups 1-2 are thelatestoftheirtypefromthedeposit.The ridginginside,the slovenlybase articulationand theflatbases relievedonlyby an annulargrooveconnectthem
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withLPW 2-4 and H23,l-2 so theyprobablydate 175-150B.C. Of theFlaringRim Bowls,the mostadvanced seem to be close to LPW 40-1 but are possiblyslightlyearlier.This again and the CylindricalCups. All theother suggeststhesame generalperiodas thestratigraphy has been chosen either for its intrinsic interest or quality,or as examplesofrelatively pottery rare typesat Knossos.Discussionis arrangedby shape as faras possible. Juglets:10-11 belong to the class withhorizontallyrillednecks.Both belong to the last quarterofthe3rdcentB.C. and have theflatbasesintroducedat thattime(cf.thediscussionof H13-14). 11 is by theAlikiPainterwhosecareerprobablyspans the period230-200 B.C.50 The narrowneckedjuglet 15 also has dolphinsofthe typecharacteristic oftheAlikiPainter. Oinochoai:13 maybe assignedto theAlikiPainteron thebasisofthecharacteristic astragal at thetopofitsshoulder.This is ofsomeinterest becausewe can nowassignhima typeofflying bird.The astragalof the Guttus14 may also be by thishand. Possiblyslightlylateris thefineovoid oinochoe12 withitshanginggarlandsand bows.A closeparallelforthisdecorativeschemecan be foundon H15,3 whichpossiblydatesto thelast decade of the 3rd B.C. The oinochoeor juglet 9 may be assignedon the groundsofitshigh qualityto roughlythe same date. The Cylindrical ofthisshapein thedeposithave been Jug:onlya fewofthemanyfragments chosenforpublicationhere.20 givesa good impression ofa typepredatingthefallofLyttosin 220 B.C. The upperwall is verticalwithlittlesignof thehollowedshoulderof225-200 B.C. Nor does it possessa mouldedcollarbelowtherim;an incisedgroovesufficing to articulatethe A similar has been reached the shoulder/rim junction. stage by uniquepedestalledexample17. 21 mustlie closeto 220 B.C. It doesnotyetpossessa mouldedcollarbuthas a fullydeveloped convexshoulder.We mightnote,too,thatthesimplehorizontalbranchis a motiffoundon one of the publishedvases fromthe Lyttiandestructiondeposit.22 is slightlylater and has a mouldedcollarcharacteristic oftheBase Ring Workshopwitha raisedfilletflankedbyincised lines.The zone ofbucraniaand candelabrais interesting and theformer suggestthatthismay have been painted by the same hand as the Olpe neck H21,4. Both belong in the period 225-200 B.C. 19 probablyalso belongshereor a littlelater.Its strangerimformhas a parallel in LPW 8 whichgivessomeidea oftheoriginalformofthispot.The use ofmadderpinkon the theMedusa Bowls.The grapeclustersconnectsthisvase withthewholecomplexsurrounding rimand profileof23 looksverysimilarto LPW 5 whichI have assignedto theDromeusPainter and dated230-200 B.C. Bothvasesprobablylie closeto theend ofthisperiod.The thickwalls, stiff to place it in the2nd centB.C. Its closest profileand sloppypaintingof 18 are sufficient at Knossos is LPW 57 parallel (180-60 B.C.?). The smallfragments 24-7 all belongto 225-200 B.C. on shape. 26 has dolphinswithfloppy tailscharacteristic ofPylon;27 is by thesame hand as H13,20. Various: 16, an outsizedCretanKantharos,has no good parallelsbut the thinnessof the wallsand thefineness oftheglaze suggesta date 225-200 B.C. The smallerversion,5, has been restoredafterit. Bold decorationenlivensthebowl 28. It shoulddate 225-175 B.C. but there are no local controlsforthisshape.The kantharoi3-4 probablybothdate to theearly2nd cent B.C. 3 is of the same typeas H25,5 but theirrelativeplacementwithinthe shape sequence remainsproblematic,as do theirdates. The cup pedestals6-7 are undatable on present evidencebut mustobviouslybe placed beforec. 150 B.C. as musttheoutsizedunguentarium 29. The ColumnKrater34: thisis a highlyornatevase decoratedin the besttraditionsof the Hadra style.The bestparallelsamongHadra Hydriaeare to be foundin thepegasoiofGuerrini C,9, possiblyby the same hand. Guerrini C,10 is obviouslyclose in date and has in factbeen
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ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
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givento thesame painterby Enklaar.He datesthispainter,hisPegasosPainterto theperiod 235-220 B.C.,51 but thepegasoion C,10 are actuallyby thesame hand as H23,9 and we have earlierand seen thatthisdepositcannotpredatec. 180 B.C. I would place our kraterslightly suggestherea date c. 200-180 B.C. Deposit H29 (XI 30). SoutheastHouse: packingunderthe Late Hellenisticfloor(H30). Planat plate 17a.plate 100. This packingdepositran over the top of Pit 22 (containingDeposit H28), and the pottery forthe layingof the floorabove (see foundwithinit helps to establisha terminus postquern for terminus ante a as well as quern therobbingoftheMinoan remains probable DepositH30), (H28). bronzecoinC22 (Zeus In additionto thepottery cataloguedbelowwerefoundthefollowing: late 3rd centB.C., fromangle ofWalls 'el' and ceo'; ironcatch (M87); and to left/labyrinth) Lamp L25. 1 2 3 4 5
EvertedrimCup, rimfr,D. 9.25. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4. Glazed in out. CarinatedCup, profilerimto belly,D. 9.9. Unglazed. FlaringrimBowl,profile,D. 10.9. Glazed in out. Cylindrical Jug,profileupperhalf,D. 14. Glazed in out.
The bg Cup withEvertedRim 1 is froma deep formthatpostdatesH18,l and is probably featuresto noteare thecontinuingtendency similarto H30,l and H25,l. The mostimportant to evermoredeep formsand the factthatin the threelast examplesthe rimis thickenedto This featureis stillpresenton thelatercupsfromKCG butis producea sortofcollaredeffect. absentin H18 and theLittlePalace Well. The bestparallelfor4 is H30,7 and thetwomustbe close in date. The CylindricalJug 5 has a simpleflaringprofilewherethe slightlybulging "shoulder"ofthelater3rdand earlier2nd centB.C. has beensuppressed.It liesbetweenLPW 9 and KCG IV,3 wheretheshape has developeda highflaringrimunknownearlier. theseformsclearlypostdateanyofour earlier2nd centB.C. deposits.1 also Taken together indicatesthatit shouldcome afterbothH19 and theLittlePalace Well main fill.We should thusnotbe veryfarfromthetruthifwe dated thedepositto theyearsaround150B.C. and this forthefillingin of therobbingpitsbeneath. antequern givesus a clear terminus Deposit H30 (XI 27). SoutheastHouse: floorabove XI 30 (H29) Planat plates 2 and 17a.plate 100. This floordepositwas delimitedby theroadwayretainingwall to thewestand wall 'es' to the an earlier east.It seems,however,to have rununderWall 'eo' in thesouthand thusrepresents sealedbyroof Late HellenisticuseforthispartoftheRoman Southeasthouse.It was effectively area. in the and wall fallabove and thereis no signofdisturbancefromlateractivities In additionto thepotterycataloguedbelowwerefoundthefollowing: lamp (L26); bronze binding(M56); ironknife(M77); ironbloom (M166); glassbowl fr.(G18). fromfabricofwall 'es'; Two bronzecoinscomefromrelatedcontexts:C17 (Hera/labyrinth) C36 (star/labyrinth, small) late 3rd centB.C., fromwall ces'foundations. 1 EvertedrimCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 9.3. Glazed in out. 2 CarinatedCup, profile,D. 8.8. Unglazed. 3 Juglet,base fr,D. at base 5.7. Glazed out.
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POTTERY
121
Fish Plate, profile,D. 13.2. Glazed in and on rim. EchinusBowl, profile,D. 10.9. Rim dipped and glazed in. Unguentarium, profilebase to neck,D. at base 2.6. Greywarewithwhitehorizontallineson unslippedfabric. FlaringRim Bowl,profilerestored,D. 22.5. Glazed in out. FlaringRim Bowl,profile,D. 9.8. Glazed in out. FlaringRim Bowl,profileexceptbase, D. 11. Glazed in out. Ladle, upperhalfof bowl,D. 12.1. Plain.
The comparativepositionof 1 in the shape sequence has already been discussedin H29 above. 2 also has a clear positionin itsshape progression. The roundedformsofthe3rd cent B.C. became much moreangularby c. 200 B.C. (H13,3). By the early2nd centurya sharp carinationhad been introducedbetweenshoulderand belly (H16,7). This featurecontinued and theshoulderbecameprogressively straighter throughtime(LPW 28; H25,8) thoughitwas out. a reintroduces H29,3 alwaysangled slightconvexityin theshoulderbut also replacesthe line with a vertical one. H30,2 developsboth thesefeaturesand the sequence then oblique moveson to LPW 69 wherea channelbetweenrimand shoulderintroducesa featurewhich was to remainstandardfromthenon. The Plate 4 is probablytheearliestofits typeto have been foundat Knossos.It probably descendsfrom4th and 3rd cent B.C. fishplatesand beginsa long traditionof the typeat Knossos.5 is a deep formof the EchinusBowl and has descendantsat Knossos (KSP 362). LPW 42 is a predecessor and AgoraD,9 is butone ofmanynon-Cretanversionsofthetype.The 6 is of the international fabricoftheHellenisticperiodand belongs Unguentarium grey-ware within the cent B.C. The Rim 2nd Bowls 7-8 resembleH29,4 and obviously firmly Flaring descendfromLPW 40-1 withwhichtheysharea straightbellyline. The Ladle 10 is oftheveryshallowformfoundin KCG. Early 3rd centB.C. examplesare deeperand rounded(H12,28). In the early2nd centB.C. theyare stilldeep (H15,15). The probablecontemporaneity of thismaterialwiththe use phase represented by H26 in TrenchXII has been mentionedin the discussionof thatdeposit.The date is likelyto be c. 150-125B.C.
Deposit H31 (XIII 39). SouthwestHouse, packingforAugustanfloor;top ofrobbingpits. SectionA, no. 12a.plate 101. The materialfromthisdepositformedpart of the packingforthe Augustanfloorof the SouthwestHouse, Room I. The packinghere ran over the top of the robbingpits (H28). A similarpackingalso extendedfurther westunderRooms II and III, see SectionA, no. 12. Many oftheformshereare Late Hellenisticand reflectfirstcenturyB.C. activityin thearea beforethefoundationof theAugustancolonyin 25 B.C. In additionto thepotterycataloguedbelowwerefoundthefollowing: bone eyeinlay(E9); clay counter(K55); H38,33. 1 FlaringRim Bowl,profile,D. 13.6. Glazed in out. 2 Bowl withOverhangingRim, profile,D. 17.7. Glazed in out. 3 Olpe, rimand neck,D. 11.85. West Slope decorationof a typecurrentbefore171 B.C.
These threevases come fromthelayerbetweenthe top of the robbingpits (H28) and the packingforan Augustanfloor.Theyare publishedhereas examplesoftypesthatmaybe better dated in future. The deep FlaringRim Bowl 1 may be as late as the 1stcentB.C. The plate 2 is similarto
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H30,4 and probablyliesbetweenit and earlier2nd centB.C. typeswithflatrims(H15,10 and H18,8). The Olpe 3 withits perspectivemeanderpredates171 B.C. and is probablyto be connectedwithHadra Hydriaeby theBichromePainterwhoworkedin theverylate 3rdcent B.C. (Enklaar'sMeander Painter,cf.Babesch60, 1985, 136). Deposit H32 (XIII 28, 28a, 28b, 29) Planat plate 2; SectionH, nos.13 (= XIII 28a) and 13a (= XIII 28); plate 26b,d. These depositsrepresentoccupationof a buildingwhich preceded the SouthwestHouse, constructedabove the robbingpits (H28) and sealed by an Augustanfloor.It providesa reasonablyclear pictureofpre-colonial1stcenturyB.C. activityin thisarea. In the southwestcorneris a cobbled floor,whichmay well have been a courtyard.The potteryfromherewas excavatedas XIII 28a (SectionH, no. 13), apparentlyseparatedfrom thecourtby a mud brickwall. In thesoutheastcornerofthisroomwas a largeshallowclaylined area (XIII 28b) adjacent to a smallerplaster-lined structure(XIII 29). Althoughthe stateofpreservation militatesagainstdetailedanalysis,thesetwofeaturessuggesta treading floorand associatedholdingtankforan agriculturalactivitysuch as wine making.52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 3.8. Glazed in out. Cylindricalcup, rimto lowerbody,D. 7.5. Glazed in out. Carinatedcup, rimto belly,D. 9.3. Unglazed. Cup withhollowedrim,rimto belly,D. 8.8. Glazed in out. Megarianbowl,profileexceptbase, D. 14.7. Glazed in out. Floral decorationin relief.Also H38,85. HemisphericalBowl, profile,D. 11. Dipped. Plate withrolledrim,profile,D. 13.2. Glazed in out. Plate withbevelledrim,profilerimto belly,D. 15.4. Glazed in out. Plate,profilerimto belly,D. 14.2. Glazed in out. Lekane,profilerimto upperbelly,D. 23.5. Glazed inside. Basin,profilerimto upperbelly,D. 26.3. Unglazed. Basin,profilerimto upperbelly,D. unknown.Unglazed. Basin,profilerimto upperbelly,D. unknown.Unglazed. Basin,rimfr,D. unknown.Unglazed. Hydria,rimfr,D. unknown.Glazed at top. Amphora,rimfr,D. 12. Unglazed. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 12.5. Unglazed. Chytra,profilerimto belly,D. 10.7. Unglazed. Casserole,profilerimto belly,D. 12.5. Unglazed. Lid, outeredge missing,D. unknown.Unglazed. Chytra(?), neckand shoulder,D. 10.1. Unglazed,horizontalribbingon neck.
froma glazed Cup withEvertedRim. The formby thisstageis a very 1 is a base fragment AR one similar to 24 (1977-8) 82, fig.36. Many exampleshave beenfoundat Kommosin deep and Kommosagain providesa reasonableshapesequencethatallowsus 1stcentB.C. contexts, thanearlierin the tofollowitsdevelopment throughtime.53The base is muchmoreconstricted Hellenisticperiod and the walls rise at a steep angle. Later examplesare discussedin the Deposit summariesforH33, H35 and H37. ExamplesfromKCG are shallowerand have a of ofaround 100B.C. fortheintroduction broaderbase. They providea firmterminus postquern thenew deeperform.54 No basesofCylindricalCups werefoundin thedepositbut2 indicatesthatby thisstagethe ofthe profilehad developeda sharplyflaringshape,a featuresharedby a verysmallminority KCG of the to some almost identical 3 is Carinated in KCG.55 The Cup CylindricalCups
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
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cups56 and has still not been given a groove to separate lip and shoulder- a feature characteristic ofmostof the CarinatedCups in thelaterHellenisticdepositslistedbelow. with Hollow Necksoccurearlierat Knossos (LPW, 23-5). 57They maydescendfrom Cups rathertallertypesoftheearlier2nd centB.C. suchas AM 85 (1970) 144a-b butthesequencein Creteis defective. The MegarianBowl,5, (also illustratedand discussedas H38,85) is oftheDelian class. Its mainperiodofproductionseemsto lie between166B.C. and 70 B.C. Our examplecomesfrom theworkshopofPhilon(Délosxxxl,247ff)who producedmanyvasesoftheLong Petalvariety. The low calyxofacanthusleavescan onlybe paralleledin thisatelier(Délos xxxi,PL 60, no. 2010). Its presencein thedepositmayimplythatoccupationbegan as earlyas c. 70 B.C. but someforms,such as 9 look later. The Hemispherical Bowl6 is probablya local copyofan EasternSigillataform(SamariaIII, 80 1stcentB.C.) althoughit retainsthe widerringbase of Knossian 332-4: fig. 1-2,4; pp. Echinus Bowls. 7 is a fineand very late versionof the Plate with OverhangingRim. A somewhatsimilarplate was foundin a 1stcentB.C. dump at Knossos (BSA 76 (1981) 99, fig. 10: no. 357) and severalmoreexistedin KCG (unpublished).All theseweredeeperthan,and probablyearlierthan ours. We mightnote in particularthe exceptionallydeep hollowing underfoot: thisoccursagain on a late 1stcentB.C. plate (BSA 66 (1971) 259,fig.9, no. 16) and is probablya late feature. Few parallelsyet existforthe domesticpotteryfoundin thisdeposit.10 is froma deep Lekane with a sharp change of angle in the body wall just below the rim. It seemsless developedthan anotherlekane foundin the 1stcentB.C. dump mentionedabove (BSA 76 (1981) 99, fig.10, no. 366). The Hydriarim,15, is hollowedbehindand has a sharpbevelat the top. The casserole,19, lookslate. An exactdate is difficult. We are certainly withinthe 1stcentB.C. but theformsthatcan be with the seem earlier forthemostpart.9 and 19, however,look compared following deposits later.They may be intrusive.Perhapsit were best to be contentwiththe fairlywide date bracketof 100-25 B.C. at thisstage. Deposit H33 (II 7 #0146;7A #0299;II 8). Floor depositbeneathNorthHouse, Room II. PLATE 102.
This floordepositwas foundin thenorthwest area ofthesite,belowthefootings oftheRoman NorthHouse, Room II. This was a verydisturbedarea, and it is notpossibleto associateany architectural features withthisfragment offloor.Includedwiththedepositare sherdsfromthe floormake-upitself(II 8). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
E Sig A bowl,pedestal,D. at base 4.4. Red glaze in out. Bowl,pedestal,D. at base 5. Glaze in out. Cup, rimand shoulder,D. 10.2. Dull glaze in out. Cup withhollowedrim,rimfr,D. 7.2. Dull glaze in out. Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 5. Dull glaze in out. Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 5. Dull glaze in out. Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 5.1. Dull glaze in out. Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 4.5. Dull glaze in out. Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 4.4. Dull glaze in out. Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. 9.2. Unglazed. Bowl, base fr,D. at base 4.6. Glazed in out. Bowl,base fr,D. at base 5. Glazed in out.
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
124 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
POTTERY
Echinusbowl,profile,D. 7.5. Glazed in out. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 15.1. Glazed in out. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 12.3. Rim dipped out,glazed in. Bowl,rimfr,D. unknown.Glazed in out. Facettedprofile. Bowl,rimfr,D. unknown.Glazed in out. Facettedprofile. Casserole,profilerimto belly,D. 15.1. Unglazed. Casserole,profilerimto belly,D. 13.1. Unglazed.
It is possiblethatthisrichdepositwas part of the same flooras H35 but the local forms, wheretheycan be compared,seem a littleearlier.A date of sortsis providedby the East Sigillata A pedestal. 2 seems to be a local attemptat copyingthe foreigntype. More is 4. This hollowrimmedcup or jar has nothingto do withvases such as H32,4 informative whichhas a long easternMediterraneanancestry.It is, rather,an Italian thinwalledjar ofa typewhosemainphaseofpopularitylay between100and 80 B.C. {MAAR32 (1973) Type IV: pp. 59ff.PL. 4, no. 44: 100-50 B.C.). and Of thelocal shapes,theCylindricalCup, 5-7, has a flatbase withstringmarkunderfoot a tooledhorizontalchannelat thefootofthewalls.The glazed Cup withEvertedrim,8-9, has a shallowannulargroovecreatinga raiseddiscushere. a hollowedunderfoot, The CarinatedCup, 10, is the firststratified examplefromtheseexcavationsto possessa horizontalgrooveseparatinglip fromshoulder,a featurethatis also seenin thetwocasseroles occurson therimsofthetwoPlateswithOverhangingRim, 16-7. lft-9.A peculiarfacetting This probablyformsa transitional stagebetweentheroundedprofilesofearlierexampleslike H31,2 and thestraightprofileofH35,13-5.58 This thinwalledjar suggestsa periodwithinthefirsthalfofthe 1stcent Dating is difficult. B.C. and thetwocasseroles18-9 are lesswelldevelopedthanthosefroma post-Metellan/precolonialhousein thesouthernpartofthecity(BSA 76 (1981) 93, fig.6, nos. 326-7). H35 also wherecomparisons exhibitsmoreadvancedstagesoftheforms maybe made. Sincethisdeposit is datedbya cointo theperiod50-25 B.C., a date withinthesecondquarterofthe1stcentB.C. butthiscannotbe proven.59 forH33 seemsmostlikely.I wouldsuggestthatitis post-Metellan, Deposit H34 (I(N) 18). Floor packingbeneathNorthHouse court,Room I. plate 102. architecturalremainsin the This depositagain comes froma contextwithoutsignificant floorpackingsurvivedunderthe sectoroftheexcavatedarea. A hardyellow-brown northwest beneaththefollowing halfoftheNorthHouse courtfloor,and was stratified northern deposit fr. bowl Also found: (G32). glass (H35). 1 Cup withhollowedrim,rimfr,D. 8. Glazed in out.
beneaththe The smallcup or jar fromthisdepositis includedherebecause it is stratified whose IV walled thin an Italian of a It is local H35. greatestperiodof jar Type copy following no. 44; 100-50 PL B.C. 32 100-80 in the at Cosa 41, 59ff; {MAAR (1973) period lay popularity in form of this actual an note We H33,4. example might B.C.). Deposit H35 (I(N) 15). Floor depositbeneathNorthHouse court,Room I. plate 102-3.
A richfloordepositwas foundlyingabove thefloordescribedabove (H34). It maywellbe part
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ofthesameflooras H33, foundbeneaththeadjacentNorthHouse Room II. The formsare precolonialand an absolutedate ofsortsis providedby thebronzecoin C73 (Zeus/eagle,franked by Romans), a 3rd quarter1stcentB.C. coin. Also found:Lamps L48 and 80. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 4.9. Glazed in out. Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 6. Glazed in out. Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 4.6. Glazed in out. Cup withevertedrim,rimfr,D. 8.1. Glazed in out. Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. 8.1. Unglazed. Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 4.1. Glazed in out. Cylindricaljuglet (?), lowerhalf,D. at base 6.5. Paint splashes. Jug (?), base fr,D. at base 5.1. Glazed in out. Jug (?), base fr,D. at base 6. Glazed in out. Olpe, rimand neck,D. 13.2. Glazed in out. Olpe, rimand neck,D. 12.3. Glazed in out. Bowl withevertedrim,profilerimto belly,D. 12.25. Glazed in out. Bowl withoverhangingrim,profilerimto belly,D. 16.3. Glazed in out. Bowl withoverhangingrim,profilerimto belly,D. 17.4. Glazed in out. Bowl withoverhangingrim,profilerimto belly,D. 17.5. Glazed in out. Lekane,rimfr,D. unknown.Glazed in. Chytra,profilerimto shoulder,D. 12.6. Unglazed. Casserole,profilerimto shoulder,D. 15.2. Unglazed. Chytra,profilerimto shoulder,D. 15. Unglazed. Cookingjug, rimand neck,D. 9.3. Unglazed. Casserole,profilerimand side,D. 23.3. Unglazed. Casserole,profilerimand side,D. 22.3. Unglazed.
A securedepositdated byC73 to thethirdquarterofthe 1stcentB.C., thisoccupationlayer is also relativelyrichin formscommonon the citysite,thusprovidinga good fixedpointin many Late Hellenisticsequences.The flatbased CylindricalCups 1-3 have a stringmark below. The channelled groove at the base, already noted for H33,5-6 continuesbut no rimssurviveto tellus whetherthe flaringlip ofH32,2 does so as well. The unfortunately of the earlierKSP 284 and BSA 66 (1971) 267,fig.16 no. 33. whichis probably profiles slightly later60implythatthiswas also a constantfeature. 4, theglazed Cup withEvertedRim obviouslybelongsto theverydeep formintroducedin our sequencebyH32,l. The mostinteresting featureis theshallowgrooveat theshoulder/rim the of the two features(cf.H34,l fora similarprogression on junctionemphasising separation anotherroughlycontemporary A also serves to the articulation of shape). groove emphasise on the carinated 5 The base of the with Everted separateparts Cup (cf.H33,10). glazed Cup Rim 6 is similarto H32,l and H33,8-9 buthas lostmostofthearticulationunderfoot: onlyan annulargrooveremaininghere.7 is probablya scaled down versionof the CylindricalJug. Precursors are knownforthe3rd-2ndcentB.C. (H28,8 and LPW 13 and 15). Here theshapeis only partiallyglazed (probably rim dipped) and the underfootis flat. For an almost contemporary examplewitha moreflaringprofilecf.H37,4. While the base of the Cup withevertedrimgraduallylost its articulationin thisperiod, thoseofthejugs 8-9 werecarefully turned.That of8 resemblesin itsgeneralstructure thoseof bowlsand plates(BSA 66 (1971) 259 17, 19-20). A groovealso emphasisesthe contemporary structural divisionson theOlpe neck11 and boththisvase and 10 are moreadvancedthanany in KCG or in BSA 76 (1981) 91, 290; 99, 347 - materialdatingfromtheperiod 100-25 B.C. The FlaringRim Bowl 12 is similarto thosefroma late 1stcentB.C. depositat Knossos(BSA
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POTTERY
66 (1971) 259 16-17) and to an almost contemporary habitation deposit (BSA 76 (1981) 90, 278-281). The Bowls with Overhanging Rim 13-5, with their straight rims and lack of curve on the belly, are more developed than examples from a Knossian cistern deposit (BSA 45 (1950), 178-9 figs. 15 and 17) and closely resemble a pre-Augustan dish from a domestic deposit close by (BSA 76 (1981), 90, 283). Forms such as H33,16-7 and BSA 76 (1981) 99, 360 with their facetted rims probably mark the transition from the earlier rounded profile to the later straight rims. Little need be said of the domestic pottery 16-22 except to state that these vases form an important transitional group between the later Hellenistic tradition and the early Roman.61 Deposit H36 PLATE 103.
(I(N)
Pit 5, above 'Floor 35)
above fromKnossos,stratified ofthelatestHellenisticpottery Thisdepositconsistsoffragments H35. 1 Cylindricalcup, lowerhalf,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. 2 Lekane,rimfr,D. unknown.Glazed in. 3 Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 15. Glazed in out.
The threesherdsillustratedhereweredepositedlaterthan therichfloordepositdiscussed above (H35). 1-2 are roughlyas theirequivalentsin H35 (1-3; 16) but the Bowl with in the earlierdeposit.It more OverhangingRim 3 is moredevelopedthan its counterparts nearlyresemblesBSA 66 (1971) 267, 26 froma contextofthelate 1stcentB.C. Deposit H37 Pit 39 (SA 14, Pit 2) SectionH, no. 7. Planat plate 5 no. 39. plates 103-4. whoseformsapproximatethoseof A depositofgreysoil,containingLate Hellenisticpottery, H33-36. All thematerialis pre-colonialand appears,on thewhole,to be kitchenrefuse.The layer was introducedimmediatelyabove H18, possiblyas a supplementaryfill,due to subsidence. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 3.5. Glazed in out. Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 3.3. Glazed in out. Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. unknown.Unglazed. Cylindricaljug, profilerimto belly,D. 11.2. Rim dipped. Bowl withoverhanging rim,profilerimto belly,D. 16. Glazed in out. Bowl withoverhangingrim,profilerimto belly,D. 17.3. Glazed in out. Bowl withflaringrim,profilerimto belly,D. 23.2. Dipped in dull red wash. Bowl withflaringrim,profilerimto belly,D. 12.2. Glazed in out in dull red wash. Straightsided bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 18.1. Rim dipped. Hadra hydria,profilerimto shoulder,D. 12.1. Banded decoration.Grittyfabric. Hadra hydria,profilerimto shoulder,D. 14.1. Banded decoration.Grittyfabric. Cylindricalkrater,profilerimto belly,D. 19.3. Rim dipped in a dull wash. Grittyfabric. Casserole,profile,D. 20.1. Unglazed. Casserole,profile,D. 19.5. Unglazed. Casserole,profile,D. 16.8. Unglazed.
H37 was a secondaryfillin pit 39. It shouldbe stressedhere that the two fillswere not ofthepithad to in thecourseoftheexcavationand thatthecomplicatedhistory distinguished on thesherdtables.The primaryfillis publishedin thisvolumeas H18 and is be reconstructed
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grouped around a complex of whole shapes, whole profilesor nearly complete profilesof the firsthalf of the 2nd cent B.C. The later 1st cent B.C. deposit published here is easily distinguished from the earlier fill and forms an important goup of late Hellenistic types, possibly of the Augustan period. The Cups with Everted Rims 1-2 are even more developed than those of the period 50-25 B.C. listed above (H35,4 and 6). The base is now even narrower than hithertoand the walls rise at a far steeper angle. One characteristicof many of the sherds in the deposit is that the interiorsurfacebears distincthorizontal ridgeswhich were not smoothed out in the finalstages of the potting.3 is similar to H33,17 and H35,4 in that it posseses a shallow groove separating the rim from the shoulder. The Cylindrical Juglet, 4, is rim dipped and gives us a further development fromthe stage reached by BSA 45 (1950) 187, fig. 30. 5-6 are similar to their precursorsin H35 (13-4). The Flaring Rim Bowl 7 is more developed than any we have as yet described. With its shallow form,wide flaringrim and almost horizontal floorit is almost as advanced as the Augustan examples such as KDS J22 and BSA 66 (1971) 259 16-7. It is also roughly coated with a dull wash approximating the Augustan orange colour wash at Knossos.62 The two Hadra Hydriae 10-11 are interestingas verylate examples of theirtype. That they certainly belong here rather than in the primary fill is amply demonstrated by the exceptionally gritty,almost concrety,fabric of both. This is characteristicof most plain and banded wares of the later 1st cent B.C. but not of the 2nd. In type, with their high narrow necks, theycorrespond to Guerrini's most advanced stage of Group F. One of these was found in a grave group at Itanos along with other vases indicating a latest 2nd to later 1st cent B.C. date bracket forthe tomb.67 Many fragmentsof other late Hadra Hydriae have been found at Kommos in southernCrete in similarcontexts.64The threecasseroles 13-15 fitin tolerablywell with the state ofdevelopment reached by otherversionsof thistypein the later 1stcent B.C. at Knossos (BSA 66 (1971) 93, 326-7; 76 (1981) 260 39). The handle types are especially advanced. It is possible that the cylindricaljuglet 4 and the cylindricalkrater12 belong to the earlierfill (HI 8). They retain the bulging shoulder and flaringlip of the 2nd cent B.C. typessuch LPW 8-9,16. If so they date close to 150 B.C. Many of these vases were probably produced during the period post-dating the establishementof the Augustan colony at Knossos in about 25 B.C., none of the others look earlier than theircounterpartsin H35, securelydated to the period 50-25 B.C. Some survivors of the Hellenistic ceramic tradition will be found in the early Roman deposits below but in general the older Greek types did not long survive the demise of Knossos as an independent political entity.
Deposit H38
PLATES113-8.
The materiallistedhereis a collectionofHellenisticsherdsfromtheexcavationsarrangedby types.Somesherdsderivefromdepositswhichhave beendiscussedabove buthave beenplaced here so that they may be juxtaposed with similarpieces, where this has happened an appropriatenotehas been appended to the relevantdepositsummary. A. Terracotta protomes fromvases plates 113-4 1 XI 14.Handleterminal intheform ofa negroid head,H. 4.6.Darkbrownglazewithaddedlightbrownpaint.
128
2 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
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The typeis probablyrelatedto thenegroesand grotesquesfromSmyrnaand Alexandriawhichdate fromthe 2nd centB.C. and later.Date: 2nd centB.C. IV (N) 5. Handle terminalin theformofa silenhead withivywreath;plasticleafabove, H. 5.4. Dull orange wash and grittyfabrichelp to date thispiece to the 2nd centB.C. US. Handle terminalin theformofa Herakleshead withlion skincap, H. 5.2. Selfslipped.Descendedfrom anotherexamplein H28 and therefore 2nd centB.C. or later. US. Handle terminalofa jug withfemalehead, H. ofprotome1.6. The heavywigsuggestsEgyptianinfluence; thefabrica laterHellenisticdate. I 16N. Handle terminalin the formof a silen head, upper half only preserved,H. 5.3. Slipped. Date: Hellenistic. H28. Handle terminalin theformofa child'shead,H. ofhead 2. 1. Slipped.The contextsuggestsa 3rdto early desFigurines et Raisonné 2nd centB.C. date. The typeis derivedfromterracotta (S. Besques,Catalogue figurines ReliefsIII, PL 39, D171-4) of theTanagra style. II 7. Spout in theformof a comicmask,H. 3.3. Glazed. Date: Hellenistic. US. Spoutin theformofa lionhead, L. 4.4. Slipped,thestrongmodellingsuggestsa date withinthe2nd cent B.C. as does thefabricand slip. H 14. Mould in theformofa satyrmask,possiblyforuse as a spout,H. 6.9. Contextsuggestsa date neartheend of the 3rd centB.C. H12. Protomein theformofa gorgoneion,H. 5.3. Slipped. Contextsuggestsa date c. 300-275 B.C. H12. Protomewiththehead ofAthena,H. 5.6. Slipped. Contextsuggestsa date c. 300-275 B.C. H 12. Handle ternimalin theformofa femalehead, H. 3.1. Slipped. Contextsuggestsa date c. 300-275 B.C. Handle terminalwithhead identified byJ.R. Greenas thatofa cookfromNew Comedy.Rotellaabove,H. 6. 1. Slipped. Contextsuggestsa date c. 300-275 B.C.
Theselastfouritemsfroman earlyHellenisticcontextsuggestthatcontemporary coroplastic art was at a fairlybasic level and give littlehintof the deeper modellingin the fullblown Hellenisticstyleto come. 14 US. Handle terminalin theformofa femalehead attachedto a reededbaskethandle,H. ofhead 3. Dull red slip. The head is diademed and has the featuresand hairstyleof BerenikeII (D.B. Thompson,Ptolemaic on thecrownofthehead suggestthemouldwas taken inFaience, PL B. Veryfinestriations andPortraits Oinochoai as froma metallicoriginal.Despitethefactthatthehead doesnotcomelatein theseriesofthisqueen'sportraits of her son, PtolemyIV discussedby Thompson,its presenceat Knossosmightreflectthe politicalinterests Philopator,in theisland. 15 H28. Handle terminalin theformof a femalehead withfloral'umbrella'above, H. 5. Slipped. The hair is strandsand is piledhighat thetop.Contextsuggestsa date in thelater3rdor earlier arrangedin thickrope-like 2nd centB.C. 16 LittlePalace but partoftheoinochoeH28,13. Handle terminalin theformofa satyr'shead, H. ofhead 3.8. Date: 225-200 B.C. 17 VII 32. Tondo of a plate or bowl witha male head, D. of tondo 3.3. Slipped. The head is diamededand Alexanderthe Great.Date: Hellenistic. probablyrepresents B. Vases decoratedwithfloral reliefdecoration plate 114 18 I(S) fillofwall 'ac'. Lowerpartofa closedvesselwithplasticacanthusdecorationon thebelly,H. 9.8. Slipped withtracesofmagentaaroundtheacanthusleaves.Related to typessuch as Guerrini F,20. Date: later3rd to cent B.C. 2nd early fromthebellyofa largePhydria.Unglazed,selfpolished.Belowa plainhorizontal 19 Variousdeposits.Fragments band is a calyxofreliefacanthusleaveswithincisednymphaeacaerulealeaves between.Similarto but finer thanGuerrini F,20. Date: ? 220-180 B.C. 20 VII 32. Threejoiningbellyfrsfroma largevessel,H. 16.2.Black glaze. Above a horizontalplain band sprout reliefacanthusleavesto forma calyx.The glaze is relatedto GreyWare vesselsand thisvesselmaydate to the laterHellenisticperiod. in theformofan acanthuslead, H. 3.8. Fine bg withmagentapinkaroundthefronds. 21 II 7. Plasticattachment to thestylistic Guerrini related to F,22 and therefore complexdescribedin BICS 30 (1983) 31-39. Date: Closely 220-180 B.C.
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C. BrazierLugs plate 115
These fragments formedthe supportsforcookingpots above the brazierchambersof tall Hellenisticheatingstands.TherewereprobablyseveralproductioncentresofwhichEgyptwas certainlyone. As we shall see, two of our examplesmay well be local, implyinga minor productionon Creteas well. The comparativerarityofthe typeon mainlandGreeceand its abundanceon Delos and in Asia Minor mightlead us to supposethatothermajorcentresof manufacture existedin Turkey. The periodof productionappears to be betweenc. 150 and 50 B.C. Certainly,no earlier exampleshave been foundat Knossos. 22 VII 22, Wall 'ah' contents.Brazierlug withhead ofsatyr,L. at top 7.3. The hair is arrangedin a mitre-like aureolewithstriations arrangedin a palmettefashion.B.C.H 29 (1905) 390-1, Type IV, D, fig.43. For similar examplessee Délosxxvii,PL 52 no. D365; Hesp.3 (1934) 392 and fig.79. 23 X 11. Brazierlug withsatyrhead, L. at top 5.5. Similarto above. 24 Roman DepositNl. Brazierlug withsatyrhead, L. 8.3. The figurewearsa pointedcap. B.C.H29 (1905) 387f mouldssee B.C.H 85 (1961) 481,fig.7; Délosxxvii Type IV, B. Forexamplesofthesametypebutfromdifferent 272 D361-4, PL 51. 25 Ramp. Brazierlug withhead ofa satyr,L. at top6. The hairis wreathedin ivy;a tonguepatterndecoratedthe surround.B.C.H 29 (1905) 388-90, Type IV, C. 26 Pit 65. Brazierlug withhead ofa stayr,L. at top 6.4. The head is wreathedin ivy.B.C.H 29 (1905) 388-90, Type IV, C. Similaris Délosxxvii,273 D393 and PL 51. The fabricof thispiece lookslocal. 27 I, Pit 5. Brazierlug withbull's head, L. 9.7. B.C.H 29 (1905) 393-5, Type V. Délosxxvii273 D401, PL 52. 28 Pit 65. Brazierlug withdebased head ofa satyr,L. at top 5.2. This head belongsin Mayence'sLinear Group B.C.H 29 (1905) 383-5, Type II althoughit is somewhatcloserto thesatyr'shead modelthanany illustrated there.The fabricis similarto thatof26 and may be local.
D. Medusa Bowls and related forms plate 116a-b
This seriesofphialai withreliefheads in thetondowerefirstidentified as Cretanproductsby Hadjimichali( B.C.H 95 (1971) 205-6, nos. 3-4). Buschorhad longbeforeestablishedthemas a HellenisticversionoftheRondaninitype(MedusaRondanini, 17) and I, somewhatcavalierly, associatedthemwith a rich serieson Canosan vases which in fact date far earlierin the Hellenisticperiod(BSA 76 (1981) 65-7; J. Swaddling(ed) ItalianironAgeArtefacts intheBritish Museum(1986) 215-221). Frederikevan der Wielen-vanOmmerentellsme thatneitherseries can be associatedwith the Medusa Rondanini and has shown that many of the Canosan Medusasdo not,in fact,belongon thevasesto whichtheyare nowattached(Genava26 (1978) 141-169). At all events,the Cretan stylisticcomplex remainsintact and the general period of reinforced productionhas been further by the workof Enklaar on Hadra Hydriae (BSA 76 (1981) 61-65; BICS 30 (1983) 31-9; Babesch60 (1985) 126-9; 136, no. 13. The Meander Painterequals myBichromePainter). Only the proposeddate foran examplefromLato on stylisticgrounds( B.C.H 95 (1971) 208) goes against this later 3rd/early2nd cent B.C. chronology. 29 The tondowas foundin H26 (no. 2) and H29 produceda joiningsherdgivingtheprofileof thebowl. West a zone decoratedwithribbonsand bowsin white.In thecentreof Slope phialewithroulettedbands flanking thetondois a reliefhead ofMedusa surroundedby a radiatenimbusin whiteand a fugitive colourthatmay have been blue or pink.It is worthnotingherethatour head derivesfroma late generationmouldand that muchofthedetailrecognizablefromearlierexamples,forexampletheowl wings,have been lost.Even so, the contextsof thefragments suggestthatthe piece was alreadyold whendeposited.Date: c. 200-175 B.C. 30 XIV 5. Rim fr,H. 4. Roulettingcoveredwithsalmonpinkjust below therim.Part of a whitepaintedbow, ribbonand tassel.Date: 220-175 B.C.
130
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31 VIII, Pit 7, Rim fr,H. 3.7. Froma PlateMedusa Bowlor a variantformwheretherouletting ofthecanonical seriesis replacedby a simplelineincisedthroughtheglaze. Dull bg withpartsofa bow and ribbonin fugitive white.Date: 2nd centB.C. white 32 XIV 8. Rim fr,H. 4.5. Roulettingin pinkwithwhitefilledgroovesalongside.Partofa ribbonin fugitive at loweredge. Date: 220-175 B.C. 33 H31, fr.frombowl,H. 3.5. Part ofa tasseland ribbonin whitepaint.Date: 220-175 B.C. withcoiledsnakes on incisedstemsalternating 34 VI 7a. Bodyfr,H. 4.2. dull bg withwhitepaintedpomegranates in a fugitive colour,possiblyblue or pink.Date: 2nd centB.C. 35 II 7. Body fr,D. 3.1. Band ofbrownpaintwithpartofa ?bow in white.Date: ?2nd centB.C. 36 XIV 11. Body fr,H. 3. Part of the bowl showingfringedtasselsin whiteabove a roulettedzone withwhite overpaint. 37 XIII 38. Bodyfr,H. 3.4. Partofthetondobelowa roulettedband withsalmonpinkoverpaint.The fieldabove was decoratedwithbows and ribbonsof whicha tasselledend of a bow survives.The tondohad a radiate whiteand pinkrays.Date: 220-175 B.C. nimbusfilledwithalternating E. Hadra Hydriae and relatedtypes plates 116-7 38 H28. max près.L. 7.2. Fragmentofa Dinoid Krater,unglazedin; horizontallaurelstemabove,bandsout.The resemblesthaton thenecksofEnklaar'sLaurel Group (Babesch60 (1985) 117-36). No complete patternwork exampleof thisshape has been publishedfromKnossos.The upper partsof threefromPhaistoshave been ornano.Studiin onoredi A. Adriani812). Date: PLater 3rd illustrated by la Rosa (Alessandriae il mondoellenistico-r
centB.C. 39 VI 10 and I, wall 'at', threejoiningfrs.max. près. L. 13.3. From the shoulderof a Dinoid Kraterwitha horizontallaurelstembelow a broad black band. Date: PLater3rd centB.C. Polished 40 US. Max. près. L. 5.6. Fragmentfromnear the handle of a Hadra Hydria witha simplerinceau. surface. similar rinceau 41 III 17. Max. près.L. 5.8. Fragmentfromthebellyofa Hadra Hydriawithpartsofa spiraliform to KRS 42. Date: Hellenistic. 42 VIII 30. Max. près.L. 6.3. Fragmentfromnear thelowerrearhandlerootofa Hadra Hydriawitha typical rinceau (Babesch60 (1985) 123,fig.8). Date: Hellenistic. froma Hadra Hydriaof Enklaar'sSpiral Group (Babesch61 (1986) 43 H12. Max. près.H. 6.4. Body fragment 46-8 and fig.6). KRS 42 is an earlierversionof thisstyle.Date, fromcontext:300-275 B.C. above 44 H 12. Max. près.W. 7.8. Bodyfr.froma largeHadra Hydriaor Kraterwithpartofan horizontalrinceau bands. Date, on context:300-275 B.C. 45 Also H 14,12. See thedepositcatalogueand discussionfordetails. 46 I(S)20. Max. près.H. 6.9. Bellyfr.ofa Hadra Hydriawithan horizontallaurelstemabove bands and a fully glazed area. A coin dates thisdepositto post221 B.C. Date: later3rd centB.C. 47 US. Max près.W. 2.6. Fragmentfroma Pjugdecoratedin Hadra stylewitha bull's head and dottedfillets betweenPspirals.Polishedsurface.Date: later3rd centB.C. 48 H28. Max. près.H. 11.6. Fourjoiningfrs.fromthe shoulderand bellyof a Hadra Hydria. Pendentleaves aroundthebase oftheneckand threebandsat theshoulder/belly junction.The mainzone was decoratedwith Date: Plater3rd centB.C. rinceau. a spiraliform 49 VI 34a. Max. près.W. 5.8. Dull brownpainton a mattslip. Partofan ivyscroll.The dull paintand surface belongsin thelaterHellenisticperiod. suggestthatthisfragment 50 H28. Shoulderfr.froma Kraterwithpartof an ivyscroll.Date: Plater3rd centB.C. 51 H28. L. 5; D. at base ofneckc. 9. Shoulderofa Hadra Hydriawithscrollin bg enlivenedby a whiterosette. Date: later3rd centB.C. 52 XI, wall 'fc'. Rim fr.of a Hadra Hydria. D. 12. Blobs on rim and two horizontallinesjust below. Date: Hellenistic. 53 I(S)31. Max. près.H. 5.4. Fragmentfromtheshoulderofa Hadra Hydriawithhorizontalbands and an ivy scroll.Date: Hellenistic. 54 US. Max près.L. 4.8. Bellyfr.froma Kraterwithpartof a largepalmette.Date: later3rd centB.C. 55 H28. Non-joiningfrs.froma PKraterwithmeanderpatternand horizontalbands. Date: later3rd centB.C.? 56 US. Max. près.H. 5.8. Verticalrearhandlefroma Hadra Hydriawitha laurelbranchon a thickpale slip. Fabric,slip and glaze all suggesta date withinthe 2nd centB.C. 57 H28. Max. près.W. 5.4. Bodyfr.froma Hadra Hydria.Vine leafor grapeclusterin bg withwhitedots.Partof a vinescrolldesign.Date: later3rd centB.C.
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131
withtripodcauldronsandjoined 58 US. Two non-joining frs.froma Kraterwitha lineofcandelabraalternating withpendentdot chains.Filletsare hungfromthecandelabra.For a directparallelsee Guerrini C,7. Date: later 3rd centB.C. 59 H28. Max. près.W. 6.6 Shoulderfr.froma Dinoid Krater.Bucraniumwithfilletsbetweenrosettes.Close to Babesch60-(1985) 141, fig.21. 60 H28. Max. près.W. 7.5. Bellyfr.froma large krater.ivyscrolland horizontalbands. Date: 3rd centB.C. 61 H28. Max. près.H. 6. Body fr.froma Kraterwithivyscrollbetweenhorizontalbands. Date: 3rd centB.C. 62 H12. Max. près.W. 6.8. Vine leafwitha chain ofdots. Date: by context,300-275 B.C. 63 H 12. Max. près.L. Rim and shoulderfr.froma smallkraterwithan ivyscroll.Neckblack,and a blackvertical markingtheend of thedecoratedzone. Date: by context,300-275 B.C. 65 MUM. Max. près. W. 9. Shoulderfr.froma Dinoid Krater with plasticringhandles copied frommetal B2, 325 and PL. 375a. Found withvasesofThompson originals.Egg and dartsimilarto ADelt18 (1963) Chron. GroupsC-D. Date: early2nd centB.C.? 66 H28. Max près.H. 5. Egg and dot above horizontalbands. Date: later3rd centB.C.? 67 XIII 33. Max. près.W. 8.6. Shoulderfr.froma Kraterwitha horizontallaurelbranchand horizontalsabove. Date: 3rd centB.C.? 68 H28. Max. près.W. 10.8.Threejoiningfrs.froma Kraterwithhorizontallaurelbranch.Date: 3rdcentB.C.? 69 H28. Two non-joiningfrs.froma Kraterwithegg and dart betweenhorizontals.Date: 3rd centB.C.? 70 H 12,39.Hadra base. 71 H28. D. at base 11. Dropped floor.Date: later3rd centB.C.? 72 US. D. at base 14. Dropped floor.Paintedout. Date: 2nd centB.C.? 73 H12. D. at base 14. Dropped floor.Date, by context300-275 B.C. 74 H 12,38.Dropped floor.Date, by context300-275 B.C. 75 H 12. D. at base 10. Bell shapedbase ofa smallHadra Hydriaancestralto typeslikeGuerrini F,l 1 or ofa large jug. Date: by context,300-275 B.C.
RobertCook was thefirstto advance thenotionthatsomeHadra vasesmightbe ofCretan origin.65More recentworkhas establishedthatmostClay Groundhydriaewerein factmade on thatisland.66The materialpresentedhereis by no meansall thathas been excavatedat of shapesand Knossos;the restwill be publishedin due timeand will add to the repertoire motifs. It is interesting to notethatthemajorityoffragments comefromkratersandjugs rather thanhydriae,but theclose relationship betweenall is firmly in establishedby thesimilarities thepatterneddecoration.The Italian excavationsat Phaistoshave also produceda numberof vases otherthanhydriaedecoratedin thisstyle.67 There is now no controversy as to the Knossian originof manyof the vases in Enklaar's 60 Dolphin Group (Babesch (1985) 140-46; 61 (1986) 59-60). Knossian vases,eitherin the WestSlope or Hadra stylesconnectedwiththisgroupare listedat theend ofthissection.There is stillsomedisagreement, forEnklaar's however,about theoriginoftheworkshops responsible laurelGroup.The complexmakesup thevastmajorityofClay Groundhydriaeand Enklaar 61 (1986) 49) wouldgivethemall to Phaistos,wheresomehave been found.I would (Babesch continueto prefera Messariotoriginonlyforthosevaseswithbroad straphandlesat thesides and tosee Knossosas a major,thoughnottheonly,producerofthosevaseswithsidehandlesof circularsection.68I am surewe willeventuallyfindthattherewereseveralproductioncentres on CreteduringtheHellenisticperiodand findsat Lato giveus a good impression ofwhatthe moreprovincialvarietiesmay have lookedlike.69 At all events,manyofthefragments notedheredo indicatethatlocal painterscouldworkin a stylecloseto,ifnotidenticalwith,thestyleoftheLaurel Group.We findlaurelpatternson 38-9, 46, 67-8 and H28,34. All thesealso occuron manylocal vases in theWest Slope style whichalso bear othermotifs suchas thelineofpalmettes(BSA 76 (1981) 43, 56) also foundon vasesoftheLaurel Group.Giventhisrichbodyofmaterial,I findit extremely difficult to rule outa Knossianoriginformanyofthosevases.If I am right,thisraisestheinteresting possibility
132
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thatwe mightone day be able to findconnections betweentheLaurel and DolphinGroups.70 Boththestratigraphy ofthesiteand independentcontrolsovermorphological development ofthefiguredHadra vasesto someextent.For oflocal shapesallow us to refinethechronology of a CylindricalJug H18,16 bears a dolphinin the DromeusPainter's example,a fragment earlierstyle(Babesck 60 (1985) 140-2). Sincetheformofthejug shouldpredatethedestruction of Lyttosin 220 B.C., thiswould tend to confirma generalperiodof c. 240-30 B.C. as the ofhiscareer.That he continuedtoworkat Knossosduringthelastquarterofthe3rd beginning centB.C. is demonstrated Jugsfoundthere(BSA 80 (1985) 15,fig.5 and by otherCylindrical PL 3) and bya sherddecoratedin hislatestylefoundin a depositoflate 3rdcentB.C. date and periodforthe Aliki Painter(Enklaar's publishedhere as H14,ll. A roughlycontemporary the local is also confirmed by shapesupon whichhe workedH28, 11-15; DolphinPainter)71 BSA 80 (1985) 12,fig.3 and PL 2. Pylonalso belongsin thisgeneralperiod:Babesch60 (1985) 142; BSA 80 (1985) PL 3b, and thisis confirmed by theotherformsfoundassociatedwitha him H13,12. jugletpaintedby Vases connectedwith Hadra Painters:
Dromeus Painter.H14,ll; H18,16; ?H21,3; LPW,5. Pylon:H13,12; H28,26. £U>Tail Painter: H14,12; ?H16,17; H28,l 1,13-15.PegasusGroup:H23,9; H13,20; H28,24 and 27. AlikiPainter: H28,34 F. BandedFlasks levelsat Olynthus(Olynthus Vases in thisstylewerefoundin thepre-Persian V, 34-5, P52, Pis. the Dervenitombs. from the finds later in a somewhat and 32 context,among xxxiii)and, 76 V(E),5. Flask,H. 6. Horizontalbands in black and red withan uprighttrefoilin thezone between. fromtheshoulderwithhorizontalbandsin red, 77 I 32; I 23(S); II 5 and 7; V,48. Flask,max. D. c. 12. Fragments whiteand black. 78 VI, 10. Flask,H. 7.7. Fragmentfromtheshoulderwithhorizontalbandsin redand blackand an uprighttrefoil below.
G. MegarianBowls
fromtheseHellenisticmouldmade reliefvesselsare ofthe Almostall thehundredsoffragments fora majorproduction Delian Class fullydescribedin Délosxxxi.Laumonierarguesstrongly to have been mostly seem centres The B.C. B.C. and 69 166 between c. producing phase and eastern situatedin Asia Minor and theirbowlswerewidelyspreadaroundthenorthern littoralsof theEast Mediterranean.72 Belowthosea diagonalrelief 79 Net Patternor ShieldBowl,D. c. 14.Belowtheblankrimzone is a rowofrosettes. line is preservedthatcould be partofeitherof the two patternsheadingthisentry. 80 Rim ofbowlwithrowofpalmettes.The bestparallelsforthispatternare foundin Délosxxxi,Pis. 13,2108; 15, the occurson a hightrunkand thusalmostcertainlyrepresents 2286 and 2403; 77, 1113; 79, 619. It sometimes of a tree: of symbol Apollo? foliage palm froma Long Petal Bowl, D. c. 14. The flatpetals alternatewithtwistedstems.There is no 81 Rim fragment zone ofdecorationbetweentherimand petals. intermediate ofan ImbricatedBowl, H. 4.7. The smallleaves are triangularwitha mid-rib. 82 Body fragment of an ImbricatedBowl, H. 5.8. The plain rimsurmountsthe calyx of small leaves 83 Two joiningfragments decorativezone. The leavesare in theformofan ogivalarchwithcentralmid-riband withoutan intermediate branches. diagonal 84 Fragmentofan ImbricatedBowl,H. 3.5. The smallleaves are triangularwitha centralmid-rib. 85 H32 5. Fourjoiningfragments givingthewholeprofileexceptfortheemblemaat thefoot,D. 14.7.Below the
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC
POTTERY
133
belowthatgroupsofdolphinsflanking palmettes.The emblemawas surrounded plainrimis a zone ofrosettes, by a calyxof shortacanthusleaves. The closestparallelfortheseleaves is Délosxxxi,PL 60, 2010 fromthe workshopof Philon. 86 Base, D. 4.2. Stamped in relieflettersaround the flatbase is the fabricant'sname: Menemachou.For this importantworkshopsee Délos xxxi,21-68.
H. WestSlope Style
87 II 7. Fragmentsfromtheshoulderofa jug, rest.H. 5.6. The floridivyscrollwithheavybloomsand prominent brachtsis verysimilarto IHV, no. 3 datingto 225 B.C.: Enklaar'sPainteroftheDiagonal Bands (Babesch60 Enklaar'stheses (1985) 133and fig.15). The fabricand glaze looka littleodd forKnossian,perhapssupporting thatHadra Hydriaeof thistypewerenot producedin thatcity.73
Hellenistic Deposits in ChronologicalOrder
This list includesall the UnexploredMansion Deposits and a fewothersof chronological importance.It omitsall the DemeterSanctuaryvotivestrewsand some of the later 1stcent B.C. depositsfromthecity. H9 H12 H19 H20 H21 H13 H14 LPW H15 H16 H22 H24 H23 H25 H17
Afterc. 310 B.C. c. 300-275 B.C. c. 250-225 B.C. 225-200 B.C. 225-200 B.C. 225-200 B.C. 230-200 B.C. Upper fillc. 200-175 B.C. Stage I. 200-175 B.C. Stage I. 200-175 B.C. Stage II. 200-175 B.C. Stages I and II. 200-175 B.C. Stage III. c. 180-160B.C. 175 B.C. and later. 175-150B.C. Stage I.
ARCHAIC, CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC SUMMARY
H28 H18 LPW H26 H31 H29 H30 H27 KCG H32 H33 H34 H35 H36 H37
Mixed to 175-150 B.C. Stage I. 175-150 B.C. Stage II. Main filllatestvases: 175-150 B.C. Stage III. 175-150 B.C. Stage III and later. Mixed to 150 B.C. and later. 150-125 B.C. Stage I. 150-125 B.C. Stage II. 150-125 B.C. Stage III. 125-100 B.C. 100-50 B.C. Stage I. 100-50 B.C. Stage II. 100-50 B.C. Stage III. 50-25 B.C. Stage I. 50-25 B.C. Stage II. c. 50-25 B.C.
KNOSSOS - A HISTORICAL
In theearly5thcentury B.C. therewas stasisat Knossos.Ergoteles,whowonthemen'sfootrace at Olympia in 472 B.C. had earlierbeen expelledfromthe city.73The knownhistoryof settlement afterthemysterious 6thcenturyB.C. breakdoes notextendverymuchfurther back than theseevents(Hl-4) and it may be significant that a shrineconcernedwithinitiation practiceswas also establishedin thesouthernpartofthecityat about thistime.74The evidence frompotterymay in factbe defectivehere.We will see thattherewas littlechangein many formsbetweenthelater7thand thelater6thcenturyB.C. (Hl-4; GG) and sincemostofthe Archaicmaterialwas foundout of contextin the betterpreservedClassical and Hellenistic layersit is impossibleto date muchofit closely.In otherwordsmuchoftheso-calledlacuna may be a resultofour inabilityto date the potteryclosely. Aroundthemiddleofthe5thcenturyB.C. Argos,Tylissosand Knossosbecameallies.Two have been foundrelatingto theseevents:one in Tylissosand one in closelyrelatedinscriptions Argos.75Apartfromvariousritualand hospitableacts whichneed not concernus here,two general themesshould be noted. The firstconcerns the joint Knossian and Tylissian
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of the Acharnaeans,part of which was already in Knossian exploitationof the territory is not unusual in Crete76and the main possession.Jointexploitationof tributaryterritory Most moderncommentators of the land involved. concerns the identify problem position AcharnawithmodernArchanesalthoughthefirstmentionof the latterbelongsto thelater shouldlie in theHerakleion mediaevalperiod.Kent Rigsbyrightly pointsout thattheterritory still the he equation.77I wouldpreferto place the valley,although accepts Acharna/Archanes siteofAcharnasomewherin thevicinityofTylissos,a positionthatwouldmakemoresenseof Tylissos'sclear subsidiarypositionvis à vis Knossosin theinscriptions. ofspoilswhichare envisagedas being The secondsetofprovisionsconcernthedistribution ofvictoriesat sea and ofthe Knossia the This includes takenonfuture possibility campaigns. itselfbeing invaded. Quite probablyno specificenemyis envisionedand theseare general ofArgos theengagement to covereverypossiblefuturecourseofevents.Conversely, provisions allies are her and and that a arena into wider been drawn that Crete had indicate Sparta may theshadowyenemylurkingin thebackground.In thiscase Lyttoswithitsclaimsto Laconian originsmaywell be involved.78 In 346 B.C. Phocianmercenaries, workingin alliancewiththeKnossians,capturedLyttos. Diodorusstatesthat the originalinhabitantswere expelledand only regainedpossessionof afterreceivingaid fromtheSpartans.79Archaeology, theircityand territory however,tellsa ofArchaic the remains found were sack at a later the debris of different Lyttos story.Among If was no there here.80 related the events intact have survived must therefore which pithoi oftheastyit seemsto me farmorelikelythattheLyttianswerereduced wholesaledestruction a situationbroadlysimilarto thatat Acharnabutin statusand receiveda garrison, totributary starkcontrastto thewarsofextirpation waged in theHellenisticperiodand relatedbelow. of a networkòf That politicalprominencewas achievedmore throughthe establishment alliances and the holdingof smallerplaces in a tributarystatus than throughwholesale is amplyillustrated destructions by thetreatybetweenMiletosand severalCretancitiesdated to the period260-40 B.C.81 The Cretanstatesare organisedin threegroups.Phaistoswas Mátala and Polyrheniain thefarwest.Gortysheaded a group allied withthe neighbouring oftheAriaioiand theHyrtaioiand smallscale communities thatcomprisedtheneighbouring and Arkades of cities the twolargerneighbouring Lyttos.Thus thisnetworkwas a powerful one. purelyregional In contrastKnossosheaded a farlargergroupof citiesthatmusthave made it the most oftheallied perhaps,is thedistribution powerfulCretancityoftheperiod.More important, states.We findthat the immediatehinterlandof Knossos was controlledby a networkof alliances:Apollonia,Tylissos,Rhaukos, Eltyniaand Herakleionall followedthe Knossian banner.To theeastLyttoscould be neutralisedor at leastcontainedby themanyalliedstates fromChersonisosto Istron.All ofthecitiesin thisarea in a broad band ofterritory stretching were part of the alliance. AgainstArkadesstood Priansoswhile in the fareast Itanos and Praisos could be used to counterbalancethe influenceof Hierapytna.Just west of the HerakleionValley the powerfulstatesofAxos and Eleuthernaformedpart of the Knossian Theirinfluencewouldhave neutralisedthatofRethymnaand Lappa. In thewest federation. oftheislandofKydonia and Phalasarnaadheredto theallianceand formeda powerfulproKnossianblockthere. In otherwords,Knossosseemsto have maintaineda positionofpredominancethroughout itfrom thewholeislandand itis this,ratherthanthenumberofitsadherentsthatdistinguished themoreparochialGortys. featureof thistreatyis the absence of Tritonion,Lykastos,Rhizenia and An interesting
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY
135
Pannona from the list of allied states. This may imply that the firsttwo had already been swallowed up in the Knossia and the others by Gortys.Tradition states that Lykastos at least was razed to the ground on its capture82 thus, perhaps, providing the firstevidence for the alternativeand increasinglyapplied Hellenistic strategyof territorialexpansion by the major powers at the expense of lower order order settlementsin the hierarchy. In the Lyttian War of 221-19 B.C. it is said that the whole of Crete followed Gortys and Knossos against Lyttos. If this is so then the web of alliances we noted above must have been extended considerablyin the interveninggeneration.83Foreign powers also intervenedin this struggleas the opposing factionscalled in their external allies.84 In 220 B.C. Knossos managed to surprisea Lyttoswhose defenceshad been depleted by the absence of its field army. The city was thoroughlysacked, an event which has left a clear impression in the archaeological record. The women and children were carried away to Knossos and the returningLyttian troops were forcedto leave theirdevastated homeland and seek shelter with the sympathetic population of Lappa.85 Already, though, the previously monolithic alliance had been broken up by the defection of many important cities and the Gortynianstate was itselfparalysed by stasisover the question.86 Knossos may originallyhave intended to subsume the conquered territorywithin its own borders but in the event this proved impossible and it is likelythat Lyttos was soon resettled.It was certainlya forceto be reckoned with as early as 184 B.C. In 184 B.C. Knossos sufferedwhat must have been a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Gortynians,probably allied with the Rhaukians and Lyttians. It was deprived of Tritonion and Lykastos which were given to the two allied cities. Gortys itselfmay well have kept additional territorynot mentioned in the sources.87 The Gortynian policy appears to have been to strengthenKnossos's immediate neighboursin a sort of policy of encirclement,but in the event Roman diplomatic interventionforced a returnto the statusquo antebellum. The next major event was the fallofApollonia to the Kydonians in 171 B.C. The territoryof the strickencity was seized by the Knossians who held it until it was awarded to Gortys by Egyptian arbitration about 166 B.C. The two cities then took advantage of a new found harmonyof purpose to furtherextend theirholding in the Herakleion Valley. They sacked the The new border ran straightthroughthe powerfulcityof Rhaukos and divided its territory.89 city,past the Prytaneion and then in what seems to have been a south-westerlydirectioninto the flanksof the Ida massif.It is fairlyobvious that the cityofRhaukos thus ceased to existas a functioningurban settlement.Of some interestis the fact that Knossian territoryextended all the way into the mountains; it is possible that Tylissos had already fallen to Knossian arms by this time. It makes its last appearance in historyin a treatybetween Eumenes II and many Cretan cities in 183 B.C.90 and the ensuing silence as well as the known Knossian hold on territorynorthof the cityof Rhaukos in 165 B.C. both suggestthat Knossos was the aggressor and victor. Thus it would seem that,in a relativelyrapid process,mostof the middle order settlementsof the Herakleion Valley were wiped out in the early part of the 2nd centuryB.C. and the spoils divided between Knossos and Gortys.The suppressionof the urban centresthemselvessuggests an intensificationof the strategyof exploitation currentin the earlier periods and implies the rise of vast territorialunits here that find parallels in other parts of Crete.91 The extensionof Gortynian power north of the spine of the island and into territorythat had been under Knossian influenceduring the 3rd centuryB.C. implies a diminutionof the latter'sinfluenceat the same time as its absolute power was growing. Nor was the formerpre-eminenceof Knossos in the upper Valley the only point of attrition.
136
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POTTERY
to the east We have seen that in 260-40 B.C. she also controlleda vast belt of territory In B.C. most of thisland from Istron. the course of the Chersonessos to 2nd century stretching on Knossos'srightflank. fellundertheinfluenceof Lyttosthuscreatinga strongcompetitor There is good evidence92thatmuchof thisLyttianexpansionwas carriedout in thefaceof strongKnossianopposition.By the 1stcenturyB.C. the haplessKnossiansmay have found themselves betweenthehammerand theanvilwheneverLyttosand Gortyscared to unite.93 The later2nd and early1stcenturyB.C. weretakenup by a seriesofwarsbetweenKnossos but a notein Vitruviussuggeststhata and Gortys.94 At timestheKnossiansweresuccessful new borderbetweenthe two statesran along the riverPorthereus(probablythe modern thatthe Gortyniansmay have been able to take the area includingthe Gazanos) suggesting fromthenorthto the of former territory Tylissosand to establisha corridorofland stretching southcoasts.95 Evidence for Knossian diplomaticactivityoutside the island during the Classical and Hellenisticperiodsis relativelysparse.Her captureof Lyttosin 346 B.C. broughther into conflictwithSparta and in the followingyear the Knossianswereawarded a wreathby the Athenians.96Generallyanti-Macedonianduringthe Hellenisticperiod,Knossos supported Rhodes againstDemetriusPoliorketesin 305 B.C.97 and seemsto have adhered to a proShe had to submitto thehegemonyofPhilipV in Aetolianpolicywithremarkablefidelity.98 once more.100The Aetolianconnexion anti-Macedonian was soon actively 217/6B.C.99 but in Aetoliahave uncovereda sealing at Kallion Recent excavations one. was a wellestablished in a inhabited house of the Knossians official crest withthe by prominentstatesmenof the Gauls the was Kallion Since AetolianLeague.101 duringthefirsthalfofthe3rd destroyedby interaction. such date for a this is also relativelyearly centuryB.C. to allow EumenesII access The treatywithPergamonin 183B.C. mayhave beenprimarily Rhodes with treaties and other soldiers102 to a pool ofmercenary may have been concerned Knossian The with similarrightsof access.103 (and general Cretan) penchantforeither wrackedthe Hellenisticworldprobably wars that in the many mercenaryserviceor piracy and it is unlikelythattherelative states104 and rulers with many broughtthemintocontact have been mainteined.Nevertheless, could Classical Archaic and isolationof the periods to the rest of most of the island,managed remainfreeofany subjugation Knossos,along with Roman the brutal fromtheoutsideuntil conquestby Metellusin 67 B.C. statein the in short this I have soughtto show summarythattheriseofa greatterritorial more of the It is one Hellenistic Knossiawas a featureofthe confusing aspectsofCretan period. and at states other t rise of the concomiten that Gortysmightverywellhave Lyttos great history its absolutepowerincreased. as same time at the the influence of in relative a fall the led to city and 3rd of the 2nd in the course new the access of centuryB.C. musthave territory Certainly of allowedan increasein populationto takeplace. It is one ofthemoreimportantdiscoveries the UnexploredMansion excavationsthat such an increasein intensiveand permanent in the archaeologicalrecordforjust thisperiod. seemsto be reflected settlement
Section5 StampedAmphoraHandles, SigillataStamps and Graffiti L. H. SACKETT withVIRGINIA GRACE and others Whilethepreliminary catalogueofthematerialin all thesecategorieswas made duringstudy seasonsat Knossosby L.H. Sackett,readings,interpretations, commentand references have been providedby thosequalifiedto do this,mostlyfromphotographs: M. Grace and Virginia for the Howard Comfort and handles; Savvatianou-Petropoulakou John Hayes, amphora Kathy Slane forthesigillatastamps,and Alan Johnstonforsomeof thegraffiti. StampedAmphoraHandles Catalogue withcommentary Table ofstampedamphorahandlesfromPit 65 AmphoraewithGraffiti OtherGraffiti SigillataStamps Index ofnames Catalogue
Page 137 138 141 141 142 142 143 144
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES
PLATES119-120
Abbreviations Bon Delos
Gentili NessanaI Nilsson TarsusI
A.-M et A. Bon ÉtudesThasiennes IV. Les timbres de ThasosParis 1957. amphoriques P. Bruneauet al. Exploration de Délos Faitepar l'ÉcoleFrançaise d'Athènes Fase. XXVII. Archéologique L'Ilot de la Maison des Comédiens. Paris 1970. Chap. XIV V.R. Grace et M. SavvatianouGrecs. PetropoulakouLes Timbres Amphoriques G.V. Gentili"I TimbriAnforariRodii Nel Museo Nazionale di Siracusa" Archivio Storico Siracusano IV 1958, 18-95. H.D. Colt and othersExcavations at Nessana/, London 1962 M.P. NilssonTimbres deLindosin Exploration deRhodes Vol. V Copenhagen Amphoriques Archéologique 1909. H. Goldman and othersExcavations at Gó'züKule,TarsusVol. I. Princeton1950.
In thissectionare describedin catalogue formsome thirtyone stampedamphora handles whichderivefromscatteredcontextswithinthe UnexploredMansion excavations.Included 137
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI
138
are readingskindlymade fromphotographsin 1975 by Virginia Grace and Mrs M. comments oftheAgoraMuseum,alongwiththeiridentifications, Savvatianou-Petropoulakou from Pit65 handles in of interest one took and references. deriving group eight They particular dated to later2nd to early1stcenturyB.C., and theirtableshowing whichwas provisionally theestimateddate. However,a and periodis appended;it basicallyconfirms thesebyfabricant decisionwas latermade (PJ. Callaghan) notto treatthislargegroupas a dateddepositforthe due to possiblecorruptionby laterRoman wall a potterytypology, purposesof establishing also to thefactthatall thematerialfromthepithad of the and the foundations pit cutting top been amalgamated at an early stage of processing.Neverthelessthe amphora stamps do forma fairlycoherentgroup,consistingof nos. X5-11, 17, 22 and 24. Three themselves handles (X14, 21, 23) derivefromPit 39 (see DepositH18) ofthemid 2nd century stamped and three others B.C., (X29-31) fromWell 14 (see DepositH12) oftheearly3rdcenturyB.C. frommixedcontextsor are residual,thoughX26 appearsto be intrusive Othersare principally in a 2nd B.C. context. ofthesehandlesgivesomeindicationofone routetakenby thewinetrade The proveniences Rhodes on comparativevolume.Not unexpectedly, in theseearlyperiods,and perhapsreflect and southeastAsia Minortakethelion'sshare:seventeencertainand possibleexamples,byfar the majority,come fromRhodes, and fiveare fromKnidos. Also representedare Thasos, Corinthand Brindisi.Severalothersare as yetunidentified.
Catalogue withcommentary Thasian XI
Cluster fHyy)(Ti.TéXY)ç
3rd A.D. For the Context:VI 6, late 2nd/early name,cf.Bonnos.689-692; butthistypeis postBon. Four other examplesknown to Virginia Grace comefromAbderaand Thasos; cf.B.C.H 62, 1958, 388-9 no. 55 for an example from Thasos, poorlypreserved.3rd B.C.? CorinthianB (formerly 'Corcyrean?cf.Hesperia22, 1953, 108-9, no. 166) X2 68/P21Fine lightred to pinkclay; pale creambuffslip.Handle sectionoval. Circularstampat rootofhandle,D. c. 2.5. Monogram,perhaps XPT in ligature.Context:VIII 29, late 2nd/early1st B.C. Other examplescome fromCorinthand Isthmia (Carolyn Koehler, publicationforthcomingin theCorinthexcavationseries). Early 3rd B.C.
Rhodian X3
Angular handle, with round section.Rectangularstamp3.7 x 1.4. IS
67/P205 Light red-brown clay, hard-fired, micaceous. Handle sectionoval. Rectangular stamp2.5 x 3.2.
67/P130 Fine pink fabric; cream buff slip.
X4
X5
X6
Context:IV 4 #0516,early 1stB.C. Name not Late 2nd/early1stB.C.? identified. 71/P326Fine pinkfabric,cream slip. Angular handle, round section. Rectangularstamp c. 4.8 x 1.7. ] [ ou Flava (jl]ou (retr.) Context:XIV/XV #2736,Hellenisticand to 1st monthIIANAMOZ. A.D.? Name notidentified; For Rhodian monthscf. Nilssonp. 132. Late 2nd/early1stB.C. 67/P236 Fine light-redto pink fabric; good cream slip. Section oval. Rectangularstamp 3.0 x 1.4. < ç > (slipped),herm. 'Epfxatcrxoç 1stB.C. Cf.Délos Context:Pit65, late 2nd/early 27, p. 209 underE22. Towardsend of2nd B.C. clay, good cream 67/P234 Light brown-buff slip.Angularhandle,oval section.Rectangular stamp,c. 5.4 x 1.8. MevECTTpaTou
Anchor& dolphin Context:Pit 65, late 2nd/early1stB.C. For this see Delos27, 296 withn.2, wherethe fabricant,
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI
X7
X8
group describedhas as device eitherhead or dolphinand anchor.Late 2nd B.C. 67/P233 Light pink clay, cream slip. Round section,(a) Circularstamp,D. c. 3.5. 'Em fE[cruet]ou'Ayp[tavíou around central rose, (b) Secondary stamp beneath,rectangular1.3 x 1.8. 0A Context:Pit65, late 2nd/early1stB.C. Eponym 'Ecraeîoç,month 'Aypiavo. Probably from an Cf. Délos 27, 296 and amphoraof'Ava^rcmSaç. n.2. Late 2nd B.C. 67/P237Lightred-brown clay,firedpalerat the surface;small browninclusions.Rounded oval section.Rectangularstamp2.9 x 1.7.
5E7r"Iepéci> ç Hevog rpáxou Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1stB.C. Eponym SevoaxpaToc,named with title fkpeúç.His term fellin the next to last decade of the 3rd century B.C., cf. Ath Mitt 89, 1974, 193-203. X9 67/P235 Fine pink-buffclay, cream buff slip. Round section. Circular stamp, D. c. 2.8. ['Eipjyjvatou(retr.) around Helios bust. Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Ajar of his is dated to the eponym 'ApaxocpávYjç 2nd, cf. Délos 27, 313 under E34. Late 2nd B.C. XIO 67/P238 Light pink clay, cream slip. Round section. Rectangular stamp. L. c. 4.5. Mvaatov 'Avjxio^eúç Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. For an example from a differentdie, see JVessana1, p. 117 no. 10, with comment and references.Late 2nd/early 1st B.C. XI 1 67/P232 Fine yellow-buffclay; tiny particles of mica; pale cream-buff slip. Round section. Rectangular stamp (leftedge only preserved. H. c. 1.9. 'Em *E[(raei] ■ o[U] 'Ay(3[(.aviou Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1stB.C. Eponym 'EcttisToç,month 'AypLavtoc.For date, see X7 above. XI 2 67/P202 Fine pink clay, darker at core; creambuff slip. Oval section. Rectangular stamp c. 3.7x 1.7. 'Em['Api]
X13
X14
XI 5
X16
XI 7
X 18
139
H87 (same die?), and Gentili p. 36, no. 18, the Late 2nd dating stamp of a jar of 'AfxúvTaç. quarter,2nd B.C. to pinkclay,a littlemica; 67/P127Orange-buff cream slip. Rounded oval section. Trace of rectangularstamp,H. c. 1.7. O[ Context:I(N) 15, 50-75 A.D. Type not identified. 67/P228 Fine pink clay, cream slip. Round section.Part ofcircularstamp. 'EttiAopJxuXtSa [Kapvetov aroundcentralrose. Context:Pit 39, mid 2nd B.C. and to 1stA.D. month (cf. Deposit H 18). EponymAopxuXíSaç, but identification of typenot perhapsKapveïoç, certain.This eponymoccurson manyexamples, in different types.The name should be Koan (P.M. Fraser). Date (based on name connections and shape): last quarter 3rd B.C.; in a tentativesequence,c. 210 B.C. 67/P263Pale pinkclay,somemica; good cream slip. Rounded lip, D. c. 13. Handle section roundedoval. Rectangularstamp2.8 x 1.7. Scott] [ptj/ou,withoutdevice. Context: VIII 32, 1st quarter, 2nd B.C. Cf. TarsusI, 140, no. 14 and fig.114. Last quarter 3rd B.C. 71/P318 Pinkish red clay with small grits; smoothpale-redto buffsurface.Oval section. Small square stamp 1.2 x 1.2. 21 Context:DepositH28 (Pit 1), mid2nd B.C. Not absolutelycertainthat thisis Rhodian, but a similarstampoccurson a jar in Rhodes thatis one of the proto-Rhodianshapes,with mushroom rim. In that case, date perhaps 2nd quarter 3rd B.C. For early Rhodian jars cf. Hesperia1963322-4; Delos27, 291-2; withdates reviseddownwardas AthMitt89. 193sq. 71/P317Brick-redclay, with grey and white grits;some mica. Light red to pink slip. Oval section.Part of rectangularstamp,H. 1.5. ]A[ ]MOT Context:Pit 65, late 2nd/early1stB.C. Possibly Not illustrated. Rhodian; namesnot identified. 71/P319 Brownishpinkclay,ratherpure;cream slip. Angular handle, round section.Rectangular stampin poor condition,H. c. 1.5. [ ] 'ApT(X(i.LTL[oU
Context:XI 14, Augustan.Personalname not monthname Rhodian. identified, X19 67/P129Fine orange to pink clay, cream slip. Broad spreadingmouth,straightlip, D. c. 15.
140
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI Rounded oval handle section. Rectangular stamp.L. c. 4.2. •Etc[ TaxivÖiou Context:III wall T (2nd A.D.). Personalname notidentified; monthname Rhodian.
Knidian X20 67/P204Light orange-redto pink clay, small whiteto browngrits;hard fired.Oval section. Rectangularstamp,H. 1.9. 'EtcìfHpo9<xvTo[u 'E7u<paveuç KviStov boukranion Context:IX 4, 1st A.D. (and to 2nd A.D.). in thetermof'Hpócpavxoç. For thetwo 'E7tl9<xvy)ç namessee the indexof Delos 27, chap. 14. 4th quarter2nd B.C. (beforec. 110 B.C.) X2 1 67/P219 Red-brownclay,pale brownslip;white and browngritsand somemica. Rolled rim,D. 13. Oval handle section.Rectangularstampc. 1.8x2.0. Kv (retr). Context:Deposit H18 (Pit 39), mid 2nd B.C. (and to 1stA.D.) Perhapsan abbreviationofthe A similarstamp,thoughnotfrom ethnicKviStov. the same die, comesfroman Agora depositof probablythe 4th quarter3rd B.C. (SS 4493, fromK6-7:l). X22 67/P231 Lightred-brown clay,browninclusions and some mica; pale pink slip. Oval section. Circularstamp,imperfectly preserved. AafjLoxpaxeuç tou]'ApLcrrfoxXeuc] around forepartof lion. Secondary stamp: hexagonin roundstamp,D. c. 1.5. Context:Pit ó 1stB.C. Type ofAa[zoxp<xT7)ç 65, late 2nd/early withforepartof lion; probablythe 'ApiGToxXsuç eponymstamp,whichwas on theotherhandle Cf.Delos ofthejar, namedtheeponymAióxXtjç. 27, 327-8, under nos. E66 and 69. C. 3rd quarter2nd B.C. X23 67/P227Dark pinkclay, hard fired;surfaceof same colour.Oval section.Rectangularstamp, H. 2.3. 'A/Y)<7Í7CO XlÇ EpfJLO
«pávxoç herm? Context:Pit39, mid2nd B.C. (and to 1stA.D.), cf. Deposit H 18. Type naming the commisand fEp[xo
ation. On the commissioners (or duoviri),see ibid.320sq. Early 1stB.C. X24 67/P239 Dark red-brown clay with white inclusions;hardfired;darkpinksurfaceslightly Rolled rim,D. c. 11. Rectangularstamp, gritty. H. c. 1.8. 'E^fi UToXefjiat,] ou nfuÖovt.] xou [Kvi&i] ov[ boukranion,inverted Context:Pit 65, late 2nd/early1stB.C. Type of IIuOovlxocwith boukranion,in the term of This is the only typeof a Knidian IlToXsfjiaLoç. fabricantIIuoóvixoç. Seventeenotherexamples knownto VirginiaGrace (unpublished;noneat Agora). Three Knidian eponyms nToXe(j.atoç have beenidentified, belongingto PeriodsIVA, V and VIII (forthese,cf.Delos 27, 286). This example probably of Period V (c. 146-108 B.C.).
Brindisi X25 67/P128Fine pink to brownclay, some mica; good creamslip.Round section.Partofrectangularstamp,tapering;H. 1.2. 'HJpaioç Context:I(N) 15, 50-75 A.D.From jar made nearBrindisi?Some 34 otherexamplesknownto Virginia Grace, including some from Alexandria. This class includes amphorae with a Latin name on one handle and a Greekname (oftenin Latin letters)on theother.Cf. TarsusI 147, fig. 118 no. 100; NessunaI 127-8. For a duplicatefromBrindisiIG XIV 2393, 264. 1st quarter1stB.C.
Romanand Unidentified
X26 68/P35Dark red-brownclay, pale brownslip. Oval section.Rectangularstamp,c. 1.5 x 4.0. TE AT (bothin ligature) Context:VIII 32, 2nd B.C., intrusivein this context? X27 67/P21Shoulderstampon amphoraU150 qv. Rectangularstamp 1.0 x 2.4. MEF (retr.) Context:II (W) 4, 200 A.D. and later. X28 71/P230Brick-red clay,softfired.Surfaceworn. Oval section. Small rectangular stamp, c. 1.5 x 1.8. TC (retr.) Context:XI 14, Augustan.Unidentified. X29 Brick-red clay,softfired;somewhitegrits;pink slip?Oval section.Rectangularstamp2.5 x 1.2. Ar (retr.)
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI Context:Well 14, 1sthalf3rdB.C. Unidentified. X30 Brick-redclay, hard fired;small greygrits,a littlemica. Oval section. Part of rectangular stamp,W. 1.6. ET Context:Well 14, 1sthalf 3rd B.C. Unidentified.
141
X3 1 Orange buffclay,smallwhitegrits,a littlemica. Flattenedoval section,ribbed?Part of rectangular stamp,W. 1.6. ]IS[ Context:Well 14, 1sthalf3rdB.C. Unidentified. Not illustrated.
1stB.C.) Table of Stamped AmphoraHandles fromPit 65 (late2nd/early RHODIAN
Fabricant
Device
Eipijvaïoç (V-VI) 'Ep[jiat(Txoç (VI)
Helios bust Herrn
MevéaTpocToç (V-VI) Mváarcov (VI) 'AvTio^eúç
KNIDIAN
FIuoOVLXOC
Rose (above) anchorand dolphin
boukranion
Eponym fE<meïoç(Ve?) 'E<meToç(Ve?)
lep. SevóerrpaToç(II) nxoXefxaioç(V)
Month
Cat. no.
'Ayp. 'Ayp.
X9 X5 Xll X7 X6 X10 X8 X24
Seven of the eighthandles fromthispit, i.e. all except no. X8, seem close in date, and 1stcenturyB.C. The Roman numeralsreferto withthepottery date,late 2nd/early correspond theperiodsallottedto theseriesofamphorastamps;V is about between146and 108B.C., and VI c. 108 to a littleafter80 B.C. (see Delos27, 268). The revisionwhichhas beenappliedto the earlierpartofthisseries(see commentunderno. X8) does notapplyto PeriodsV and VI. My is thatthisgroupdoes notapproachtheend ofVI but could all be perhapsbefore impression 100 B.C. No. X8 shouldthenbe residual.(VG.) AMPHORAE WITH GRAFFITI PLATE
121
The followingsevenfragments werefoundwithgraffiti scratchedon a handle or elsewhere, usuallyneckor shoulder.EntriesforX32-3 wereprovidedby AlanJohnston.The othersare simplylistedwitha noteof theirpotterycontexts. X32 68/P36Amphorarimand handle.Dark brick-red claywithmuchsmallmica; fairlyfinefabric.Simplerolled on rim,1.2 high.Rim D. c. 14. Oval sectionto handle,3.8 x 2.4, withimpressedfingermarkat base. Graffito top ofhandle,IAPE (max. letterH. 2.7). Context:VIII pit 5; Archaic/Class. Datingbyshapeofamphoraor ofletterformscannotbe close;550-500 is probablytherightperiodthough it may be earlier.The graffito, although(or because?) it is short,is problematic.I assumethatit shouldbe transcribed tape,and thatthefirstletteris not a 'freak'ofany kind.Given theprobabledate, thetextis not Cretan,sincewe shouldexpectcrookediota.The dialect,however,is broadlyDoric, and unaspirated.The sincein Doric we wouldexpectan alphaifthewordwereanyfeminine form epsilon compoundsthedifficulties, of the adjective íapóç,and personalnames commencingHiere., are very rare. While we may have an abbreviationoftheformlapetov or Eápeia,it is difficult to see thesignificance ofanysuchword,cuton a wineor oil-amphora,seemingly beforeit reacheditsCretandestination. On balance it maybe preferable to see an abbreviatedpersonalnamehere.Taken together, itis hardtoparalleltheletterforms, thelackofaspirateand theDoricdialectin anyarea ofGreece;theDoric Hexapolisis perhapsthemostplausibleprovenance,though I am notawareofparallelsforthefabricon Rhodesor at Knidos;Aeoliscan certainlybe ruledouton grounds
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI
142
X33
X34 X35 X36 X37 X38
offabric.Conventionally thepiece may have been termed*N.Greek',but Doric is singularly lackingthere (save at Potidaia,wherecrookediotawould also have been used). (AWJ) slip, 68/P44Amphorahandle. Lightred clay witha littlemica, fairlyfinefabric;tracesof a creamy-buff flaking.Oval shape,withfairlysharpedges,c.4x 2.5. LetterH. 3. Context:VIII pit 6; mixedGeom. 4th B.C. The fabricis notdiagnostic,but thepieceseemsclassical.The graffito maywellbe a ligatureoí lambdaand onGreekVases198 and 236-7). (AWJ) upsilon(cf.JohnstonTrademarks 71/P20Amphorashoulderfr.(tall cylindrical shapewithconicalneck,as Nl, 51, Neronian).Lightredclay, c. 4.0 above carinationat surfacefiredto pale brown;traceof creamslip?Graffito micaceous,hard-fired; shoulder:'E' (letterH. 3.3). Context:Deposit Cl, Claudian. above carinationat shoulder:KAP 67/P136Amphorashoulderfr.Lightred clay,good creamslip. Graffito (letterH. 2.5-3.2). Context:VIII 7, Flavian. cct/xX (letterH. 1.5). 67/P216Amphorabodysherd?Pale buffclay,pinkat core;creamto buffslip.Graffito: Context:IX 20, mid 1stA.D. APT (letterH. 2.1). The loop ofthe clay;cream-buff slip.Graffito: 71/P273Amphoraneckfr.?Pale pink-buff secondletterdoes notjoin theverticallowerdown; presumablyGreek(AWJ). Context:X/XI 3, Trajanic. 71/P274Amphorabodyfr.?Pinkclaywithwhitegrits;surfacepocked,especiallyinside;creamslip.Graffito: AP/T (letterH. 7-9mm.). Context:XIV 11, Augustan(see DepositA2).
OTHER GRAFFITI PLATE 122
contexts: werealso found,fromwidelydiffering othergraffiti The following X39 67/P124Bg bodysherd,H. 3.2. Graffito (two linespartlypreserved): Context:I(N) 15, late Hellenistic(see DepositH34). casual scatteroflettersas illustrated.Surfacefind. X40 72/surface. Bg bodysherd,H. 3.2. Graffito: on underside:2Q[. and impressedpalmettes.Graffito X41 68/P31Part offloorofBg open vase, withrouletting 4th B.C. (AWJ) Context:VIII Wall V foundations, 'A'. Date ofvase 4thB.C. Attic.Context:VIII 7, 1stA.D. X42 67/uncat.Bg kantharoshandlefr.Graffito: 'A'. Context:XIV 7, Claudian (Deposit C2). X43 67/P133Bg cup base fr.Graffito on underside:XA. Context:Pit 65, late 2nd/early1stB.C. X44 67/P226E Sig A dish base. Graffito 'E' on underside(potter'smark).Augustan.See A2,14. X45 71/P147E Sig A lagynoswithgraffito X46 68/P33Base ofAtticbg bowl;D. (foot)7.8. Notchedstandingringand pointat centreofunderside;a holehas been drilledthroughthe upper part of the standingring.Decoratedwithten small,linkedpalmettesand underthefootmayreadEPMA , withan additionalhorizontalline.Later on thefloor.The graffito rouletting 4th century?(AWJ) VIII 29. plate 202. See also underB 1,2la.
SIGILLATA STAMPS
PLATES123-4
contextwhen The cataloguegivesa shortdescription, provenienceand date ofstratigraphical known,plates 123-4 giveline drawingsof thevase or sherdprofileswithphotographof the stampattached(at doublescale). In a fewcases,wheredrawingshave beenincludedas partof is givento therelevantdrawing. a stratified deposit,a crossreference and specialistfieldby As withtherestoftheRoman pottery, helpwas givenin thisdifficult John Hayes; some suggestionsforreadingswere also made by Kathy Slane and by Prof. Howard Comfort(fromphotosonly);thesealong withmanyoftheirsuggestedidentifications
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES,SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI
143
forerrorsremainswiththe and references have been included,thoughnaturallyresponsibility author. Measurementsare in centimetres, unlessotherwiseindicated. a list For conveniencein referring to thecatalogue,whichis basicallyin theorderoffinding, in within is givenhereofpotter'snamesand othermanufacturers' stamps alphabeticalorder, wares. Potters'stampsoccur in approximatelydouble the frequencyon Italian wares as on all Easternwarescombined,in inversefrequency to thenumberofpotsrepresented. This reflects themuchmorewidespreaduse ofmanufacturers' in the and it is worth West, stamps noting that secureproveniencesinclude NorthItaly (Pisa) as well as Arretiumand Puteoli. The practicewas taken up in the East but evidentlydid not catch on to the same extent. thestampofa pioneering Interestingly entrepreneur usinghisLatin nameGaius Sentiusoccurs twiceon Easternwares(Y12, Y29); a secondexampleappearsto be Asellus(Y6). In mostother instancesofbothE Sig A and E Sig B thestampuses Greek (see indexofnamesbelow). Sigillatastamps indexof namesin alphabeticalorder,bywares A Italian Sigillata - Y40 ACO (N. Italian) AMAR -Y17 - Y19 ANN< US SEX.ANN(SEXTUS ANNUS) - Y16 ARVI (CARVI) - Y6 ASELLI - Y52 ATEI - Y 14 ATEI EVODHI AV
-Y8 B> ARCAE (M.PERENNIUS BARGATHES) - Y39 - Y23 BASSUS CALID -Y24 - Y50 C > AMUR (CAMURIUS?) - Y21 CANOPUS STATILIAE - Yl CHRESTI RNELI -Y7 - Y3 P.COR (P.CORNELIUS) CRESTI -Yll,Y30 FELIX (seeUMBRICIUS) - Y5 GELL - Y36 L.GELLI (L.GELLIUS QUADRATUS) . H (seeUMBRICI) - Y28 MJULIUS - Y27 L.S.M. M > ANNE -Y2, Y32 - Y46 RASIN (RASINIUS) - Y33 CRASI (CRASINIUS) (N. Italian) LRP (L.RASINIUS PISANUS) (N. Italian) - Y25 - Y31 RU < FIO T.RUFRENI> SEXTUS (seeANNUS) STATILIAE (seeCANOPUS) - Y13 TETTI (L.TETTI) - Y20 UMBR (FELIX UMBRICIUS) - Y4 UMBRICI (L.UMBRICI HOSPITIS)
Uncertain A>M >CE CI< >DI MSIT (Illegible) B Eastern Sigillata ESIGA ONHPA (Illegible) E SIGB
AAMA AftPON AQPOT EPMA EPMHN KEPA02 KOIPANOT MATEOT nO0OT CSE (GAIUS SENTIUS) CSEN (GAIUS SENTIUS)
Otherand Unidentified ASELLI HPMHC MIMOT MSI MSPV
-Y34 -Y10 - Y22 -Y15 - Y55 - Y26 - Y35 - Y41 - Y49 - Y43 - Y42 - Y47 - Y37 - Y45 - Y48, Y38 - Y53 -Y51 - Y29 - Y12 - Y6 -Y44 - Y54 -Y18 - Y9
144
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI
Catalogue Yl Italian platefloorfr.67/P122.Fabric2. Stampinsidegroovedcircle,D. 3.8: CHRESTI followedbywreath, inplantapedis.O-C 425, but not paralleledwiththewreath.I(N) 12 #0401.C. 20-40 A.D. Italian plate base 67/P143,high ringfootslightlyconvex,D. 9.2. Four concentriccircleson floor(D. Y2 in secondring.CentralstampANN inplantapedis.PMANNE, O-C 2440. Same 8.9-14.8), faintrouletting stampas Y32; date probablyClaudian. DepositNl, Neronian;see Nl,4. Y3 Italian bowlfloorfr.71/P32.Fabric 1. Partofoval stamp.L. 1.05. Loweroftwolineshas P.COR; workshop of P. Cornelius,O-C 480-546. DepositD5, Hadrianic. Y4 Italian smallbowl floorfr.71/P321.Fabric 4. ProbablyL UM(brici)] H(ospitis),O-C 2440, inplantapedis; lst/2ndquarter1stA.D. Residual in late 2nd A.D. context(XV 12). Y5 N. Italian smallbowl base 71/P322.Spreadingringfoot.Groovedcircle,D. 1.9. Fabric 1. StampGELL in plantapedis;lst/2ndquarter1stA.D. Residual in late 2nd A.D. context(XV 2). Y6 Easternimitationof Italian plate 71/P86;base, D. 8.1. The fabrichas silvermica,especiallyin theslip,cf. ANTE? Y 12. Shape and decorationveryclose to Italian; heavyfoot,bevelled.On the underside,graffito betweenconcentric grooves Slightridgeinsideatjunctionofwall and floor(D. 13); broad band ofrouletting (D. 4.1-6.6). RectangularstampASELLI, not Asellusof the Po valley(O-C 141) norAsellioSaufei (O-C 1687). Context:X 11 Augustan;see A2, 29. Y7 Italian smallbowl base fr.67/P283,D. 5.6. Haltern8(?). Fabric 1. Stamp inplantapedis,partlypreserved [CO]RNELI, as O-C 471 3.11.15. Tiberian.Residual in late 1stA.D. context(VIII/IX #0597);see B2,8. Y8 Italian small bowl base fr.67/P284,D. 3.5. Haltern8. Fabric 2. Part of oval stampwithwreatharound AVfilli](?), O-C 226. Context:II acqueductwall; Severan. Y9 Easternimitationof Italian bowl 68/P65,base withringfoot,D. 3.9. Stamp inplantapedisMSPV, O-C 1631(?). ContextVII 42. Y10 Italianplatefloorfr.67/P285.Fabric3. Insidegroovedcircle,D. 1.9,partofstampinplantapedis]CE[I]. I(S) 11 #0049,mid/late2nd A.D. Yll Italian bowl base 67/P286,Haltern8; ringfoot,D. 5.8. Fabric 1. Insidegroovedcircle,D. 2.8, CRESTI in plantapedis,poorlyimpressed;O-C 425, 45a. Context:II 7, mixedlst/2ndA.D. Y12 EasternimitationofItalian (by Italianpotter)71/P324;smallbowlbase,Haltern15. Ringfoot,D. 3.6. Slight ridgebeneath.StampCSEN[. inplantapedis;O-C 1732,butnotthisshape. Perhapsby C. Sentius,thepotter who startedE. Sigillata,herestilldoingan Italian form.Context:X 7, mid/late1stA.D. Cf. Y29. Y13 Italianbowlfloorfr.68/P1.Fabric4. Insidedoublegroovedcircle,D. 1.5,2nd oftwolinestampL.TETT[I] O-C 1977-1988.Residual in upperlevels. Y14 Italian plate base 71/P325; high ring foot,D. 9.6. Inside double grooved circle, rectangularstamp 4.5 x 20.0mm,ATEI EVHODI. Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,12. Y15 Italian plate base fr.71/P188;heavy ringfoot,D. 14.4. Inside double groovedcircle,partlypreserved swallow-tailstamp;upperof twolineshas ]DI. Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,14. Y16 Italian small cup base 71/P326;ringfoot,D. 2.7. Rectangularstamp inside groovedcircle,5x 13 mm. CARVI. O-C 137. Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,5. Yl 7 Italianplate,floorfr.67/P123.Insidegroovedcircle,D. 2.6, rectangular stamp5.5 x 19mm.AMAR. Cf.O-C 154,but withouttheligature.Context:DepositTl, Trajanic; see Tl,l. Y18 Imitationof Italian,dish base 67/P206.highringfoot,D. 8.9. Step at base ofwall. Goudineau 43. Stamp insidedouble groovedcircleMSI inplantapedis;toes to left.Cf. Y9, possiblyby same potter.Deposit Fl, Flavian; see F 1,3. Y19 Italian smallbowl base fr.71/P327.ProbablyHaltern8. Fabric 4(?). Small ringfoot,D. 4.5. Rectangular stamp5 x 10mm,SEX ANN in twolines,O-C 88. Context:X 9, 50-75 A.D. Y20 Italian plate base fr.67/P287;heavy ringfoot,D. 26. Fabric 1. On floorabove foot,roulettingbetween grooves;radiallystampedFELIX VMBR in twolines.O-C 2429. Last 1/41stB.C. Context:V 2, Severan. Y21 Italian dish base fr. 71/P328. Fabric 1. Inside grooved circle,D. 5.5, rectangularstamp 10 x 17mm, CANOPVS STATILIAE in twolines.O-C 1851. Context:XIV 24, Tiberian;see B2,7. Y22 Italian smallbowlbase fr.71/P329,low ringfoot,D. 5.5. Haltern8. Fabric 1. Partofstampin centreC.I[ . Context:XIII #76,cleaning. Y23 Italiansmallbowlbase fr.67/P288;ringfoot,D. 4.5. Haltern8. Fabric 1. Partofrectangular stampin centre, H. 7mm.BAS S]VS in twolines.O-C 324. BassusofthePo valley.Context:I(S) wall ac upper;Claudian. Y24 Italian smallbowl base fr.67/P201;spreadingringfoot,D. 4.5, withgrooveoutsideand beneath;probably Haltern8. Fabric 1. Rectangularstampin groovedcircle,D. 3.2, 6 x 10mm.,CALID. O-C 362. Calidius. Context:VII 17, early/mid1stA.D.
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI
145
Y25 N. Italian plate base fr.71/P5;highringfoot,D. 6. Stamp insidegroovedcircles,D. 2.4 and 8.6: L.R.P in plantapedis.O-C 1558; L.Rasinius Pisanus,who probablyworkedat Pisa on late Italian reliefbowls,most commonat Pompeii.Context:XIII 15b,Neronian;see N2,9. Y26 Italian smallbowl base 67/P133;smallringfoot,D. 3.8. Haltern8. Fabric 1. Illegiblestampinplantapedis, on underside:two interlocked impressedtwice.Concentricgroovesscratchedon body above foot,graffito 'Vs. Context:IX 2, residualin Severan. Y27 Italian bowlbase 71/P6;spreadingringfoot,D. 6.1. Haltern12(?). Fabric 1. Stampinsidegroovedcircle,D. 4.5, L.S.M inplantapedisO-C 1862; c. 50-60 A.D. Context:XII 8, residualin Hadrianic. Y28 Italian smallbowl base, 71/P202;ringfootwithgrooveoutside,D. 3.8. Haltern8. Fabric 1. Circularstamp insidegroovedcircle,D. 3.2, in twolinesM IVLIVS in a wreath.Cf. O-C 853, but notwiththewreath.M. Iulius of Pozzuoli. Context:XIII #2555.Augustan. Y29 E Sig B small bowl base 71/P201;spreadingringfoot,D. 5.3. Groove beneathfoot.Rectangularstamp 7 x 10mm.on floorinsidedouble groovedcircle,D. 2.7, C.SE. Gaius Sentius.O-C 1712 or 1713. Y30 Italian bowl base fr.67/P289;spreadingringfoot,D. 6.5. Haltern 8. Fabric 3. Stamp inplantapedis(P), CRfESTI. 0-C 425. Context:I(S) 15 #0341;mid 1stA.D. Y31 Italian plate floorfr.67/P290.Fabric 1. Inside double groovedcircle,D. 2.5, part of framedrectangular stampin twolines,H. 8mm.RV[FIO T.[RVFR. O-C 1601.RufioT. Rufreni.Context:VIII 8 #0676,earlymid 1stA.D. SeeB2,ll. Y32 Italian platefloorfr.71/P84.Fabric 1. Stampinsidegroovedcircle,D. 8, ANN inplantapedis.Same stampas Y2. Context:X/XI 3, Trajanic. Y33 N.Italianplatefloorfr.71/P330.Fabric 1. Stampinsidegroovedcircle,D. 7, C + RASI inplantapedis.Cf.O-C 1557,but not thisstamp;C.Rasinius,a non-Arretine potter.Context:XIV 7, Claudian. Y34 Small Italianbowl71/P331. Haltern12. Fabric 1. Spreadingringfoot,D. 3.5. Stampinsidegroovedcircle,D. 1.5, A].M inplantapedis,impressedtwice.Cf. O-C 908. ContextX/XI 3, Trajanic. Y35 E Sig A bowl 71/P83,floorfr.In centrethreeconcentriccirclesofrouletting, D. 4-5. StampedradiallyON HP[A in twolines,in a rectangle.Cf. JAOS 58 1938,44. Context:XIV 10, early 1stA.D.; see A2,7c. Y36 Arretinesmallbowl base 71/P332;spreadingringfoot,D. 3.4. Fabric 1. Inside groovedcircle,D. 3, lunate L.GELLI, withan 'X' beneaththe'E' Cf.O-C 737, 182 and 159; L.GelliusQuadratusof stampretrograde, Arezzo. Context:XIII 17 #2075,Neronian;see N2,8. Y37 E Sig B bowl 71/P186,pedestalbase, D. 4.5. Rectangularstamp(8 x 5mm.)insidedouble groovedcircle,D. 3.2: EP MHN in two lines.ContextXI 14, Augustan;see A2,28. Y38 E Sig B plate71/P333,base fr.Verylow ringfoot,D. 12, withslightridgeand twogroovesbeneathatjunction withfloor.Pronouncedwheelmarksbelow;slightgroovesand paringmarkson thefloor,withfaintrouletting at D. 4.4. Centralrectangularstamp,8x7 mm.KOIPA NOT in twolines.O-C 461; Iliffe(¿DAP 6 1936,35, and 9 1939,23. ContextXIV Pit 4, Tiberian;see B2,31. Y39 Arretinereliefbowl 71/P334,bodyfr.fromnear rim,D. 16. Fabric 2. Ridge mouldingwithovolo; below,a bunchofgrapes.StampBJARCAEin rectangle, withmillededge;O-C 1256and pl. VII 15-17; M. Perennius BargathesofArezzo.Anotherfr.ofthesame vase preservesvineleaves and bunchofgrapes.Context:XIII #75and XIV 23, Tiberian;see B2,5. Y40 ACO cup 67/P217,bodyfr,D(max.pres). 8. Thin-walled,finepale grey-brown fabric.Thornpatternon lower body withpalmettesbelow. AC[O in horizontalband above. H. of lettersc. 5mm. O-C 15, Aco of the Po Valley. Context:XI 16, Augustan;see A2,44. Y41 E Sig A bowl 71/P31,floorfr.Poor stampinplantapedis,perhapsin Greekletters;illegible.Context:XI 3, Hadrianic. Y42 E Sig B smallbowl71/P125,straight-sided, H. 3.2, D. 6.5. Small ringfoot,D. 3.8. Lowerbodyhas flangewith twogroovesabove,one below.Palmettesappliqué belowrim,one oftwopreserved.Insidegroovedcircle,D. 2.1, rectangularstamp (5.5 x 12mm.):AQPOT; cf.JAOS 58 1938,40. Context:Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,30. Y43 E Sig B small conical bowl 71/P45,D. 8. Form 30. Rectangularstamp (8 x 5mm.) insidedouble grooved circle,D. 2.2: AQP ON in twolines(N retrograde).Cf.JAOS 58 1938,40. Context:XIV Pit 4, Tiberian;see B2,22. Y44 Imitationof Italian (cf. Y12) small bowl 71/P35;base fr.withsmall ringfoot,D. 5, withridgebeneath. HPMHC inplantapedis-, cf.JAOS 58 1938,41. Context:X 2, 100-150 A.D. Y45 E Sig B dishbase 71/P335,smallringfoot,D. 9.2. Rectangularstamp(5.5 x 10mm.)insidedouble grooved circle,D. 5.7: KEP AOS; in two lines;cf.JAOS 58 1938,42. Context:Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,22. Y46 N. Italian cup base 71/P187.Haltern8. Steep,ratherthickwall; bevelledringfoot,D. 5.4. Fabric 1. Graffito
146
Y47 Y48 Y49 Y50 Y51 Y52 Y53 Y54 Y55 Y56 Y57
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI 'X' on underside.On floor,whichis ratherpocked,a rectangularstamp(5 x 13mm.)insidegroovedcircle: RASIN, perhapsC.Rasinius(O-C 1557),a non-Arretine potter,ratherthanL.Rasinius(0-C 1558)?Cf.Y33. Context:XIV 25, Augustan. E Sig B bowlbase 71/P85;spreadingringfoot,D. 6.2, withgroovebeneath,and anotheron theunderside.Bl ware.Groovedcircle,D. 3.8, on thefloor,withcentralstampEPMA; cf.JAOS 58 1938,41. Context:XIV 14, Augustan;see A2,28a. E Sig B bowl base 71/P275;low ringfoot,D. 6.2. Stamp on floorinplantapedis:KOIPANOT; O-C 461. Context:X 10, mid 1stA.D. E Sig B small bowl base fr,71/P336;low ringfoot,D. 4. Small circulardepressionin floor,D. 1, with rectangularstampAA MA in twolines.Cf.JAOS 58 1938,39. ContextX 9, mid 1stA.D.( + ). 'AIR' on underside.Stamp Italian smallbowl67/P194;smallringfoot,D. 3.3. Haltern8. Fabric 1. Graffito on floorinplantapedisC] AMVR, cf.O-C 397; Camurius,a Claudian potter?Context:I surface. E Sig B bowl base fr.71/P265,spreadingringfoot,D. 5. Flaking,burntand in poor condition.Grooveat restingplace and on underside.Rectangularstamp(5.5 x 10mm.)insidedouble groovedcircle,D. 3.2: IIO GOT in twolines.Cf.JAOS 58 1938,44. Context:XIV 22, Claudian; see C2,31. Italian platefloorfr.71/PI23, ringfootD. 8. Haltern2. Double grooveon floor,and at centrestampwithin singlegroove,D. 3.5, inplantapedis:ATEI and branch(?). Cf.O-C 143. Context:DepositCl, Claudian; see Cl,8. E Sig B dishbase fr,D. 13. Fr. ofrectangular stamp[M]AT EOT in twolines.Context:DepositCl, Claudian; see C 1,26b. Large dish base fr,D. 8.1. Micaceous red ware of uncertainorigin.Wornstampinsideconcentricgrooves MIMOT inplantapedis.Cf. GoudineauType 43, from2nd quarter1stA.D. Context:X 7, Flavian; see F2,25. di domesticum Italian cup base fr,D. 4.1. Fabric 2. StampinplantapedisMSIT. Cf.A. CaradiniUinstrumentum nellaprimaetaimperiale Ercolano e Pompeii (Quadernidi culturamateriale1); Rome 1977.Context:I(S) 13,later 2nd A.D.; see R2,2. = X44 qv. = X45 qv.
Section6 The Roman Pottery (PLATES 125-223) L. H. SACKETT Introduction The Deposits,theirnatureand comparativevalue The Fine Wares EasternSigillataA CypriotSigillata Italian Sigillata EasternSigillataB ÇandarliWare PonticSigillata South Gaulish Sigillata Knidian ReliefWare and otherimports NorthAfricanRed Slip Ware Late Roman C (Phocaean) Othersigillatawares Local colour-coatedwares Local wareswithpainteddecoration Summary The Coarse Wares Thin-walledcoarsewares NorthItalian thin-walledgreyware Pompeian-redWare and similar The casserole The globularcookingpot Coarse Ware Lids The cookingdish and frying pan Trefoiland otherjugs Miscellaneous The Plain Wares The Roman Deposits:Catalogue of the Finds Augustan(Al-2), Tiberian (Bl-2), Claudian (Cl-2), Neronian (Nl-3), Flavian (Fl-2), Trajanic (Tl-2), Hadrianic (Dl-6), Later 2nd A.D. (Rl-3), Upper levels (U) 147
Page 148 149 150 150 152 153 156 158 159 160 160 160 161 161 161 162 164 165 165 166 168 168 170 172 173 173 174 174 178
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THE ROMAN POTTERY INTRODUCTION The potterywas processedduring excavation by O.T.P.K. Dickinson (1967), by P.A. Mountjoyand P.A. Cartledge(1971) and byJ.E.Jones (1973) as well as by the author.At thosetimesall fineware was kept,and onlyfeatureless sherdsofcoarseand plain ware from mixeddepositswerediscarded.In additionresidualmaterialfromearlierperiods(Neolithicto Hellenistic)was setaside forothers.The verylargemassofmaterialwhichthusaccumulated was thenstudiedat available intervalsduringthefollowing years,and thesame principleof as thequalityofthedepositsbecamemoreevident.The selectionwas appliedmorerigorously effectwhich this methodof processinghas on the validityof quantitativeanalysisand whetherbetweensuccessiveRoman depositsat thissiteoroverallbetweenthisand comparison, othersites(forgivenperiodsor specificwares),is as follows.For thefinewaresa quantitative countis available eitherbased on a sherdcount(beforeor aftermending)or on an estimateof forthecoarseand plain wareson theotherhand it can be thenumberofvesselsrepresented; Measurements basedonlyon theestimatednumberofvesselsrepresented. byweighthave only been made to indicatethe approximatemagnitudeofa deposit.l All sherdshave beenmarkedwithoriginaltrenchand levelnumber,so thatin caseswherea materialhas beenamalgamatedforconvenienceofstudy,itis still widerrangeofcontemporary possibleto assignanyindividualpieceto itsoriginalfindspot.All thematerialis housedin the Museum at Knossos,exceptin the case of a fewof the morecompletepieces Stratigraphical to the HeraklionMuseum,as recordedin the Stratigraphical whichhave been transferred Museumregister. Since thepurposeofthisexcavationwas initiallyto clearthegroundfortheexcavationofa majorMinoan building,itwas notanticipatedthatthesitewouldproducean excellentand full sequenceofRoman deposits.Indeed thecombinedexperiencein thefieldofRoman ceramics limited. of all thoseindividualsmentionedabove as workingon the materialwas extremely Thus it is withthegreatestgratitudethatI acknowledgethe assistanceofJohnHayes, who made numerousvisitsto Knossos,examinedthe materialin detail, and offeredhis identiand his assessmentofchronologyand provenience.He also ficationofwaresand type-forms to comparativematerial,not least through followedup with help in obtainingreferences ofa seriesofhisown studiespriorto theirpublication.2Withoutthis sharingthemanuscripts helpit is hard to see how thisstudycould have been begun,thoughit mustalso be statedthat whichremain. he cannotbe held responsiblefortheerrorsand shortcomings I shouldalso liketo acknowledgethekindnessofP.M. Kenrickand J.A. Rileywho sentme of Berenice(Benghazi),since theirtheseson the fineand coarse/plainwares (respectively) publishedin theseriesofLibyan Studies.These publicationsare modelsofa fullstudyofthis kindofmaterial,at once vastin quantityand complicatedin detail,and I have placed great relianceon them. This studydoes notpretendto be so exhaustiveor thorough.It does attemptto publishwith deposits,ofvaryingquality,whichmaybe of backinga seriesofstratified fairlyfullillustrative in Crete,forwhich littlecomparative sites some guidance in the futurestudyof Roman a crossroadsoftradingroutesin theeast is at materialhas been publishedso far.Since Crete to numerous dated some new itdoes also provide Mediterranean, depositswithcross-reference studies. more in some also be wares.These may different specialisedpottery helpful
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THE DEPOSITS: THEIR NATURE AND COMPARATIVE VALUE unitsin a rangeofverynumerousexcavated Nine depositswereselectedas thebeststratified "levels" coveringthe period fromthe later 1st centuryB.C. to the 4th centuryA.D. Not a greatdeal ofvaluable material,includingbetterexamplesof the potterytypes surprisingly foundin the best deposits,comes fromotherless well stratified groups.These have been in as or which the appended supplementary groups "deposits", typeseriesare oftenfullerand of greaterinterestthan thosefromthe betterstratified contexts.The stratigraphy of these while often did not the isolation of closed clear, groups, supplementary permit groupsto those of the For some with selected there are more than two compare deposits. periods groups. The depositsselectedforthebestavailable stratigraphy fora givenperiodare denotedby the number'1' aftera letter(Al, NI, SI etc.); supportingmaterialor less well stratified groups have thenumber'2', or wheremoreoccur'3', '4' and up to '6' (A2, N2, D2, D3, D6, S2 etc.) The selecteddepositsincludeone forthelate 1stcenturyB.C., fourforthe 1stcenturyA.D., and fourforthe2nd centuryA.D., as follows:Al (later 1stB.C. - 'Augustan'),Bl (early 1st A.D. - 'Tiberian'),Cl (mid 1stA.D. - 'Claudian'), Nl (3rdquarter1stA.D. - 'Neronian'),Fl 2nd A.D. - 'Trajanic'), Dl (early/mid 2nd A.D. (later1stA.D. - 'Flavian'), Tl (late lst/early - 'Hadrianic'), Rl (3rd quarter2nd A.D. and SI 3rd 'Antonine/Aurelian'), (late 2nd/early A.D. - 'Severan'). Six oftheseare floordeposits,ofwhichfour(Al, Cl, Nl and Dl) are excellentstratigraphie debris,perhapscaused by earthquakes.DepositAl ('Augustan') groupssealed by destruction was foundwithinRoom I of the SouthwestHouse sealed by Deposit Cl ('Claudian') with intermediate levelsofbuild-up.DepositNl ('Neronian')lay sealedbydestruction debrison the floorsoftheEast House,as did DepositDl ('Hadrianic') in Rooms IV-VI oftheNorthHouse, earlyphase. In thislattercase a partofthedestruction depositwhichmaywellincludeupper floorfallhas been cataloguedseparatelyas Deposit D2, due to probablecorruptionby later 2nd A.D. levellingand reconstruction operationswithinthe NorthHouse. Bl is as partofa floordepositremainingin an extremely ('Tiberian') interpreted Deposit disturbedarea - NorthHouse Room VII (the so-called'Room of the Antiquary');it is a peculiargroup,containingapparentantiquesin a basicallyearly1stA.D. context.In thiscase itmaybe feltthatthesupplementary materialofthisdate (thelargerDepositB2) derivingfrom a dump and so not a closed deposit in the same way, may nonethelessbe of greater value. DepositSI ('Severan') is a floordepositfromNorthHouse Room III, late chronological phase; thoughthereare possiblesignsof a localised destruction,the depositis somewhat limited,closeto thesurface,and speaksratherofa finalabandonmentofthebuilding.A great deal morematerialofthisdate derivesfromtheupperlevelswhosepotterywas amalgamated 3rd earlyon in thestudy.This is presentedas partofDepositU (Upper Levels,late 2nd/early with some later into the 4th centuryA.D., going centuryA.D.).3 Deposit Rl (3rd quarter2nd A.D.) comprisesa limitedbut well-sealedgroupfoundin a smallcistor cess-pit, whichwas coveredoverand sealedin by thelate phaseofconstruction in theNorthHouse (late 2nd centuryA.D.). It is supplemented which R2 by Deposit comprises similarmaterialderivingfromlevellingoperationsin thissame reconstruction. The later 1stand early2nd centuriesA.D. (the Flavian/Trajanicperiods)did not yield destruction depositsof comparablequality.In each case a pit fillfoundbeneaththe North House yard(AreaVII) has beenselected(DepositsFl - Flavian,and Tl - Trajanic), thelatter on theformer. stratigraphically superimposed DepositFl is theweakest,thematerialbeingso
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that it was felt betterto illustrateit by referenceto the betterpreserved fragmentary piecesof Deposit F2. Deposit Tl is supplementedby the contiguousbut less supplementary T2 puredeposits (fillofWell 8b) and T3 (linkingdeposit,but corruptedby laterintrusions). and forthewiderangeofdepositsavailable,that It is a convenient fact,bothtopographically thearea northof thestreet(basicallytheNorthHouse) preservesthe best2nd centuryA.D. to thesouthofthestreet(East and laterlevels,whereasthe 1stcenturyA.D. is bestrepresented This is due to the fact that whereasthe Southwest Southeast House and House, House). oftheNorthHouse clearedaway almostall tracesofthe 1stA.D. buildingswhich construction had lain there,no comparablebuildingcoveredthe southernarea. Not only the 1stA.D. materialin destructiondeposits(Al, Cl, NI) but also the veryextensivesupplementary in and are from this derive area, places stratigraphically principally DepositsA2, C2, N2/N3 material. layersofredepositeddestruction superimposed ofthesedepositsis discussedin detailin theintroductory and proveniences The composition remarksto each of them.
THE FINE WARES There seem to have been changesin fashion,and presumablyalso in the directionof trade, of thefine by thechangingproportions duringthesuccessiveRoman periods,as represented taken in the order wares. The basic orderof thischangingpopularityis reflected by the Italian E Sig A), CypriotSigillata, Sigillata, analysis:EasternSigillataA (henceforth following E Sig Bl, E Sig B 1/2and E Sig B2), PonticSigillata,Çandarli EasternSigillataB (henceforth Ware and NorthAfricanRed-slipWare, Otherwaresof rareoccurrenceare South Gaulish sigillata,Knidian reliefware and Late Roman 'C ware (= 'Phocaean Red-slipWare'). A summary,withstatisticalanalysisand table of comparisonwiththeBerenicefinewareswill follow;forthe latterpurposethe thin-walledwaresand Pompeian-redware, treatedas fine waresin theBerenicepublicationbut hereattachedto thecoarsewares,are omitted. The problemsinvolvedin thestudyofRoman finewaresare aggravatedby thefragmentary as forinstance ofassociatingnon-joining natureofthematerial,and bythedifficulty fragments, Until base withrimtypes.Mistakesin thisprocesshave notbeen fullyavoided. recentlythere itsown Form with each has been a bewildering varietyoftypeseriesin manyofthesewares, a numbers,due bothto thegreatvarietyofshapesand thelack of simplemajorand inclusive publishedcorpus.This situationhas changedwiththepublicationofJ.W. Hayes' typeseriesin delleFormeCeramiche theAtlante II,4, and I followKenrickin employingtheseFormnumbers (withthe prefixEAA), usingalso whereconvenientKenrick'sown formnumberswiththe prefixK.
Eastern Sigillata A (E Sig A) (total count578)
called "Pergamene"but perhapsoriginatingfroma Syriancentreof This ware, formerly manufacture,has the followingcharacteristics: pale clay, yellow or cream coloured like but rangingto buffor pale orange,hard and pure,chunkyat thebreaks;theslip Corinthian5 withtheclayand can be darkredand as fineas Italiansigillata,butrangestoorangecontrasts or red-brown,even maroon;it is sometimesfugitiveand leaves clear signsof the "doubledippingstreak".
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Commonfromabout 75 B.C. to 75 A.D., thiswareis now thoughtto have itsoriginsas early as 150 B.C., and to continueintothebeginningofthe2nd centuryA.D. Our examplesdo not shed lighton thesepoints,not least because E Sig A formshave been used as datingcriteria themostnotableinstanceoftheearlyoccurrenceoftheware,in themassive here.Furthermore, fillofPit65 (late2nd/early 1stB.C.) has had to be treatedrathersummarily as a mixeddeposit, whilelate occurrenceof theware has normallybeen treatedas residual.6 The totalcountofE Sig A ware piecesfoundin theRoman depositsis 578 (aftermending). The heydayof thisware at Knossosseemsto have been theAugustanperiod;its fullestand mostrepresentative groupcomesfromDepositA2, whichhas a suggesteddate rangefromc. 40 B.C. to 10/15A.D. but appears to contain a high proportionof redepositeddestruction materialfromtheearlierpartofthisdate range.E Sig A ware comprisesabout 68% ofall the importedfinewaresfoundin thisdeposit,and thispercentagegraduallydecreasesover the courseofthe 1stcenturyA.D., from45% (Bl/2,Tiberian) and 24% (Cl/2 Claudian) to 16% (Nl-3, Neronian)and 19% (Fl/2, Flavian), thelastprobablycontaininga greaterproportion ofresidualmaterialdue to the natureof thedeposits. For the Augustan period formsrepresentedinclude a series of flat dishes with plain upcurvingrim (A2,7-10), EAA Forms3 and 4, dated fromearly 1st centuryB.C. to late Augustan.Form3, a largerdishwithmoreupslopingflooris represented by therimfragment A2,9a and byA2,8,whoseheavierwall belongslaterin theseries(Augustan).The smallerdish, Form4, is represented bynos.A2,7a-b and possibly9b, showinga moreopen curveto therim and Variant (A2,7a,b) steppedundersideto thebase (A2,9b), bothAugustancharacteristics.7 dishtypesare A2,10 withincurvingrimand steppedundersideand A2,ll withgentlysloping floor,shortoblique wall and flatrim (EAA Form 7, c. 50-1 B.C.). A largerdish form,finely decoratedat therimwithbeadingand roulettedpatternsis represented by A2,13 (EAA Form 9, c. 50-25 B.C.). In additionflat-baseddisheswithsteppedunderside,low curvingwall with bead rimand groovedor roulettedon thefloor(A2, 5-6) can be dated to theAugustanperiod (EAA Form 12, c. 40 B.C.-10 A.D.). Othershapesrepresented are thehemispherical cup (Al,l and A2,4) dated 1stcenturyB.C. and (withbeaded rim)up to c. 10 A.D. (EAA Form22), and thelagynos(A2,14) whichis a typenot hithertosecurelydated (EAA Form 101, 'probably1stcenturyB.C.'). In theTiberianfloordeposit(Bl) theconicalcup withplain flaringrim(EAA Form42, 10 B.C. - 20/30A.D.) appears (Bl,l) alongsidea hemispherical typewithexteriorand interior grooving(Bl,10), while the contemporarymaterialof Deposit B2 includes a numberof examplesof the plain hemisphericalcup (B2,32 and 34-5) - EAA Form 22 (1st B.C. and Augustan),and ofsmalldisheswithflatfloor(B2,37-8) - EAA Forms30/33(1-50 A.D.). A broad open bowl or dish withinternalgroovesor ledges,and perhapsflatbase, seemsto be represented by B2,41-42. Comparabletypesoccurin themid 1stcenturyA.D. deposit(Cl,30-35), - EAA Forms3/4, 22, 24(?), 30 and 42; and in the supplementary group of the same date (C2,48-56) - EAA Forms12, 22, 30, 35(?). A laterdishformappearsin theNeroniandeposit,Nl,5 (EAA Form37 and Berenice Form B332), a largeflangeddish dated 60-100 A.D. A secondlaterformis thesmall conical cup, EAA Form 45 and Berenice Form 334, foundin the Flavian depositFl (Fl,4), one of the commonestE Sig A formsoccurringat Pompeii. In summary, E Sig A ware was in vogueat thissiteat Knossosin thelater 1stcenturyB.C. and to themid 1stcenturyA.D. Some fifteen different shapeshave beenidentified (Forms3, 4, afterthemid 7, 9, 12,20, 22, 24?,30, 33, 35?,37, 42, 45, 101). The wareis scantilyrepresented
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1stcentury A.D., and indeedonlytwoforms(37 and 45) have so farbeennotedas belongingin thesecondhalfof thecentury.
CypriotSigillata (total count62)
This ware,identified byJ.W. Hayes and associatedbyhimsince1967witha sourcein Cyprus, a rival in the Near East,8 has the followingcharacteristics: redclaim fine-grained, despite hard the brownclaywithfewimpurities, occasional lime grits,breakingcleanly; glossis except a self-slip ofthesamecolour,usuallyfireddarkerand witha metalliclustre.The earlierpieces tendto be finer,thinner-walled and betterfired,withcolourrangingfrombrick-red through and orange-red.Double-dipping maroon to dark brown,the later frequentlysofter-fired Its date rangeis estimated streaksoccuron dishes,and finger-marks aroundthebase ofvessels. at about90 B.C. - 150A.D., withexportsfromCyprusnotbeginningbeforearound40/30B.C. Our examplesfitthisdescription and thischronology well,thefullestrangebeingfoundin thelater 1stcenturyB.C., whenCypriotsigillatarepresents 17% ofthe totalimportedwares in occur and under Al,2 (see A2,15-23). Examples depositsofotherperiodsin thefollowing Neronian Tiberian Claudian 0.2% and only sporadicallythereafter, 6%, 2%, proportions: as residual pieces (D4,8-10; U29-30). principallyperhaps The moststriking shapesfoundare thelargedecoratedkrater,EAA Form38 withastragal feet(see underAl,2; A2,23), and thesmallbut relateddecoratedbowlor cup, EAA Form34, withincurvingrim and ringfoot (A2,20-22), a shape which was not well representedat Paphos, the site which providedHayes with the bulk of his type series.Deposit A2 also containeda small bowl withincurvingrim,EAA Form 22, commonin the late 1stcentury B.C./early1stA.D. (A2,15); a feeder,close to EAA Form48 (A2,17); a dishwithlow curved wall,EAA Form5, early1stcentury A.D.(?) (A2,18); and a smallplateor saucer,as EAA Form 10 (?), foundin theearly 1stcenturyA.D. (A2,19). Shapes foundin the Tiberian levels are a decoratedbowl, like EAA Form 37, but with variantrim formrunninghorizontaland withoutoverhang(Bl,9), and a small dish with roulettedrim imitatingArretine,EAA Form 8 (B2,43), both well placed in the early 1st centuryA.D. Other shapes foundare the lagynos(EAA Form 44/6) which occursin a mid 1st A.D. in DepositC2 (listedtherebut at Cl,28, neckand shoulderfragments context:handlefragment otherforms:EAA Forms10, of some small also included notillustrated).DepositC2 fragments 31A, 37. A laterform,rareat Knossos,is theroulettedkrater,EAA Form40, withoverhanging rimand thickspreadingringfoot,ofwhichfragmentary examplescomefromtheHadrianicfill found(D4,8-10) cistern House of the Southeast ("Well 12"). All thefragments (DepositD4) are fromthe smallersized version.This is a typemostcommonin early2nd centuryA.D. groups. 3rdA.D. contextin theUpper ofthesame type,foundin a late 2nd/early Otherfragments of a shallowdish withflat levels (U30a,b), mustbe residual,along withthe rimfragment roulettedrim,EAA Form4B, an early/mid1stcenturyA.D. form(U29). rareat thissite,butitdid enjoya shortperiod In summaryCypriotsigillatais comparatively have beenidentified forms fromabout25 B.C. to25 A.D. Ten different ofpopularity (4B, 5, 10, 31A, 34, 37, 38, 40, 44/6,48). One ofthese(Form40) belongsto an early2ndA.D. contextand in the Cyprusconnection. showsat least somecontinuity
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Italian Sigillata (total count 726) and complicationsinvolvedin the attemptto identify, date and typologize The difficulties Italian sigillataare verygreat.Anysuchattempthas to dependbasicallyon thevarioustype series and chronologicalfixed points provided by sites such as Oberaden,9 Rodgen,10 Haltern,11Mainz,12 Vindonissa,13 the Dramont D shipwreck,14Corinth,15Bolsena,16 18 Conimbriga17and Magdalensberg. The problemis compoundedby the fact that it is uncertainhow many centresof manufactureexistedwithinItaly in additionto thosewell knownat Arezzoand Puteoli.The complexities ofthissituationhave beenclearlydiscussedby P.M. Kenrickin his treatment oftheBerenicematerial,and resultedin hisdecisionto forma 19 new typeseriesand to attemptto isolatefourdistinctfabrics. I have used his typology(givinghis formnumberwiththeprefixK) and so faras possible whichhe describesas follows: assignedthe UM piecesto his fourfabricclassifications, 1 2 3 4
Pale, pinkish-buff clay (likesomeE Sig A) Munsell5YR 7/4,7/6,7.5YR 6/4,7/4,7/6. Pinkclay. Munsell5YR 6/4,6/6. Darkerpinkclay,good adherentslip. Munsell5YR 5/4,2.5YR 5/4. Similarto 3) butoftena littleredder,generallyglossybutflakingslipwhichmayleave a whitishfilmbeneath. Munsell2.5YR 6/4.
seemed to me less than secure ifi certain Though this processof fabricidentification the classification to future instances, mayprovehelpful study,and thegeneralapplicationofhis fourclassesto theKnossosmaterialseemedgood,as perhapsis to be expectedin viewofthefact that Crete and North Africa became linked for the purposes of Roman provincial administration. In viewoftheknownconnectionofKnossoswithCampania,it willbe ofinterest to examine thefabricswiththatproveniencein mind,and to considerwhatproportionofItalian imports may be assignedto Puteoli (see concludingremarksunderthissection). Italian Sigillata is consideredto have flourishedthroughoutthe 1st centuryA.D., and perhapsup to 120A.D. In theseexcavations726 pieceswerecollectedand manyoftheseserved as importantdatingcriteriaforthe 1stcenturyA.D. levels;some207 pieces (or 28%) derived fromthe2nd centuryA.D. or laterlevelsand have in mostcases been treatedas residual. This wareis notfoundin theearlyAugustandestruction deposit(Al) norin themainbody ofDepositA2, whichcontainsa largequantityoflater1stcenturyB.C. material.It does make an appearancein certainlaterAugustancontextsand formsabout 3% of theAugustanfine ware overall.Its popularity,as expressedby a percentageof importedfinewares,increased decades to itshighpointin the mid-lstcenturyA.D.: 29% ofTiberian duringthefollowing of the Claudian deposits;43% deposits.Afterthisthepercentagedwindles,withthetake-over offirstE Sig B and thenÇandarliware,to 38% oftheNeroniandeposits,21% oftheFlavian, 17% oftheTrajanic; thena residual7% in Hadrianic,18% in thelater2nd A.D., and 6% in Severanand laterlevels. Augustan
The threepiecescataloguedwiththeAugustanmaterialofDepositA2 (A2,24and 26-7) come notfromthelargelater1stB.C. fillsouthofthestreetbutfromscatteredand disturbedcontexts beneath the North House foundations.A2,24 seems to be the earliestappearance of the Puteolanreliefbowl,commonin mid 1stA.D. contexts(see under'Claudian'). Interesting, too, is thecomparatively crudeimitationofa reliefbowl ofthistype(A2,25) in an Aegean fabric; anotherfragment comesfroma latercontext(Bl,4). These suggestthatGreekpotterswerenot
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slowto imitatethesefineItalian imports.The otherformsoccurringare thesmallplate,Form conicalcup, FormK208 (Halterntype8) dated K205 {Haltern type2), and thecorresponding c.lO B.C. - 25 A.D. (A2,27 and 26). Found withthe main part of Deposit A2 was one stampedcup base (Y46, Form K210, Haltern type8, c. 10 B.C. - 25 A.D.), whichalong withtwoothersin earlyE Sig B ware (Y37 and 47) are thelatestmaterialfromthisdepositand giveit itslowerdatinglimitin thelate Augustanperiod.Being,however,odd menout in thisdeposittheymaybetterbe regardedas transitional to the nextperiod,or even intrusivefromit. Tiberian The formsoccurringin theTiberianfloordeposit(Bl,l- 4) are verysimilarto thosedescribed of above - bowlsofFormK208 {Haltern 2) and thefragment 8), platesofFormK205 {Haltern betweenthe two an Italian reliefbowl imitatedin local ware; the chronologicaldistinction groupscannotbe large.The fullerselectionofDepositB2, thoughscrappy,includesa number fromthesame typeofplate,FormK205 (B2,12-17 and 19), to be datedc. 10 ofrimfragments B.C. - 25 A.D. In thesethereis a verywiderangein size,withrimsvaryingfrom12, 14 and 17 to 35 and 40cms.Again the conical cup, Form K208 (B2,10), occursalong withreliefbowl (B2,4-5 and perhapsalso B2,l, B2,3 and 9), thebowlB2,5 bearingthestampofM. fragments Perenniu«BargathesofArrezzo.A different 'Service',withplain styleofplate,froma different to be dated c. 10 B.C. Form rim is K218 {Halterntype4), by B2,2, incurving represented A.D. 50/60 Claudian The Claudian depositsmake it clear that the reliefbowl, alreadyfoundin Augustanand in DepositCl Tiberiandepositsand imitatedlocally,was a favouredimport.The fragments the others four one at least bowls, (exceptCl,2) of the (Cl,l) certainlyPuteolan, represent M. Perennius Puteolan fabric. Another same Bargathesworkingthere,is import,evidentlyby are also for this other sources However C2,l. by C2,2-3 (S. Gaulish) and represented shape eastern source,perhapsPergamon). C2,4-5 (an bowl occursin threeforms,withflange(FormK217 or Goudineau The smallhemispherical rimroulettedand havingspiralappliqué (FormK228b, Haltern flat with type38b, our Cl,4), Tiberian formwithdate rangec. 15-60 A.D., and a thirdtypewith a common 13,our C2, 6) decoration rim barbotine everted having (as theS. GaulishexampleK31 1, our C2,7). This is in Forms conical K208 and K210 {Haltern the 8-9), ourCl,5-6 and C2,8, cup accompaniedby withdate rangec. 10-45 A.D. There is a varietyof plate forms,all currentin the yearsc. 25-50 A.D. In thedestruction 3, our Cl,13), K209 2, our Cl, 16), K206 {Haltern deposit(Cl) are foundFormK205 {Haltern our 39 our 1973 Form K213 Cl,ll) and K224 Cl, 7-9), 8, {Goudineau type large, (Hayes in the found forms of The our Form 9, supplementary range plate Cl,10). (Hayes 1973, materialis verysimilarand includesForms K201 {Goudineau type 15, our C2,17), K205 (C2,18-19), K206 (C2,13), K207 (varianton Haltern2, our C2,16), K209 (C2,ll-12 and 14-15) and K213 (C2,10? and 20-22). In addition the cylindricalbeaker {Haltern16) is by C2,9. represented JVeronian In thedestruction depositNl are foundthreeforms,commonto the mid to late 1stcentury A.D.: the dish (or bowl) withslopingrim,Form K237 (Hayes 1973 Form 13), a late form
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startingc. 40 A.D., common at Pompeii and continuinginto the 2nd century (our Nl, 1); the small flangedbowl, Form K217 {Goudineau38b), which is dated 35/40-80/90A.D., again found at Pompeii (our Nl,2); and thirdlythe plate with flat floorand flatvertical rim, Form K213 (Goudineau39), dated as the preceding (our Nl,3/4). From the supplementarymaterial of this period come fragmentsof some five reliefbowls (N2,7, N3,l and la), of a number ofdishes similar to those of the mid 1stA.D. deposits (Forms K206, K209, K217, K224) with a considerable varietyof appliqués (plates 208-9), and again of a cylindricalbeaker (Haltern16, our N2,l) and cylindrical salt-cellar (N2,2), Form K226, with a Tiberian to Flavian date range. Of two stamped fragmentsfound,one (Y25) comes froma North Italian plate by L. Rasinius of Pisa, whose work was common at Pompeii, and the other from an Arretine bowl by L. Gellius Quadratus (Y36). Flavian
The Flavian pit (Deposit Fl) containedscrappymaterial,includingthe conical cup, Form K210 (Haltern 9, ourFl,la), thehemispherical bowl,FormK217 (Goudineau 38b,ourFl,lb-c) and theplate,FormK209 (Hayes1973Form8, our Fl, 2). The fullerrangefromotherFlavian contexts('Deposit' F2) includesa reliefbowlfragment, with a varietyof probablyPuteolan (F2,l) and numeroussmall bowl and dish fragments bird which in did not appliqués (rosette,daisy,rabbit,festoon, etc.) appear earliercontexts. But in such fragmentary materialit is difficult to evaluate the proportionwhichis residual. Thus thislothas beentreatedquitesummarily illustration byphotographic only(plate 209F). Trajanicand later
Piecesthoughtto be residual,but nonetheless worthnoting,have been listedin thecatalogue, but notillustrated, in the case of relief bowl fragments except (as R2,l, plate 209), appliqué variants(lion at T3,la) and potters'stamps(see Section5). The flangedhemispherical bowl if identified as this must relate to Goudineau 38b and the R2,3, correctly ware, type Çandarli FormLI 9, and shouldbelongin thelater 1stcenturyA.D. Whileno doubt theexperteye in searchoflate Italian materialformsmightextractmore carriedout at a sitefurther west. material,it was feltthatsuchstudywouldbe moreprofitably Thereis in any case no doubt thatthemarkethad by thistimebeen capturedby theE Sig B and Çandarliwares. Note on thefabrics
In view of thedetailedworknow in progresson fabricidentification and by thin-sectioning at and it would seem out of to draw elsewhere, spectrometry, Carthage place any conclusion fromthe tentativefabricclassification made here. Sufficeit to say thatof the 98 catalogued pieceswhichhave been assignedto one ofthefourclassesoffabric,42% are assignedto Fabric 1, 37% to Fabric 2, 15% to Fabric 3 and 6% to Fabric 4. Since Puteolan reliefbowls are assignedto Fabric 1, includingone signed by N. Naevius Hilarus of Puteoli (Cl,l), one hypothesis mightbe that thisfabricis fromPozzuoli, and is indeed appropriatelythe most ware at Knossos. Then the pinkerFabric 2 mightbe assignedto Arrezzo,and prevalent a appropriately stampof theArretinepotterM. PerenniusBargathesis assignedto thisware (B2,5). The picture,however,is not so simple,since not only does a signedreliefbowl by PerenniusBargathes(C2,l) come in Fabric 1, but so does a late bowl stampedby L. Gellius causes mightbe suggestedfortheseconditionssuchas QuadratusofArrezzo(Y36). Different
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or variantclaysin one locality,and themattermustremainunresolved, and travelling potters, in thehands of thespecialists.
Eastern Sigillata B (E Sig B) (total count 1353)
This is the mostpopularimportedfineware at thissite.Introducedearlyin the 1stcentury A.D., perhapsfroma sourcenearTrallesin Asia Minor,it overtooktheItalian sigillataby the 3rdquarterofthe 1stcentury, and reacheditspeak duringtheHadrianicperiod.Its frequency to other fine wares can be expressedby thefollowingpercentages:Tiberian 16%, compared Claudian 27%, Neronian42%, Flavian 48%, Trajanic 43%, Hadrianic57%, late 2nd A.D. 21%, upperlevels 19%. ofitsforms,and thechangingqualityofthefabric, Thoughverydiversein thecomplexity and thisware has becomemoreamenable to studywiththe availabilityof the classification I follow of whose and form numbers exclusively type-series J.W. Hayes, descriptions throughout. The earlyversionoftheware (Bl ware) is describedas follows:orange-redclay,fulloffine mica, oftensoft,flakyand veryporous;it has a glossyslip of the same colour withwaxy pale orangeor black. appearance,tendingto flake.Occasional piecesare firedcreamy-white, Decorationincludesfinegroovesoftenservingto defineelaboratemouldings,and potters' ofthiswarewas One ofthefounders withGreeknames)in imitationofArretine. stamps(at first theAugustanpotterC. Sentius20who had workedbothat Arezzo and Lyon,and itsearliest occurrence is c. 10 B.C. in AgoraGroupF, a depositclosedaroundtheturnoftheera.21 Hayes devoteshis Formnumbers1-50 to thisware. to thelaterB2 ware,with A.D. thereis a transition Aroundthe3rdquarterofthe1stcentury at Pompeiiand at the is well ofnewshapes.The transitional theintroduction phase represented South Stoa depositat Corinth(Hayes 1973). The B2 wareis thicker-walled, flakyand oftenpoorlyfired;theformsare simplerand massname The potters' stampshave givenway to simplestampedmotifs(rosetteand produced. ware was popularin theEast Aegeanfromc. 70-150 A.D. Hayes This version of the palmette). devoteshis Formnumbers51-100 to thisware. The earliestappearanceoftheware at thissiteis Y37 ( = A2,28) thestampedpedestalbase (EPMHN in Greek) of a bowl or goblet.Though not a recognisedtype,it belongswiththe likethebowl,Form26 and krater,Form38. Sinceno othersherdofthis articulatedearlyforms wareoccursin theAugustandeposits,one mustregardit as eithera rarespecialtyat thisdate, to thenextperiodor intrusive or (sinceit occursat thetop ofan open deposit)as transitional fromit. Tiberian offourthin-walled A.D. depositsare foundsmallfragments In theearly1stcentury examplesof E Sig Bl ware.These derivefromdishes(Forms9 and 23/5?),and bowls(Forms21 and 30?), and are part of the dating evidence for the floordeposit Bl. The materialfromother contextsincludessimilararticulateddishes(Forms5-7, 18/19;= B2,24-6 and contemporary = 30), and bowls(Forms9, 14?,17A, 18/19,24?,29, 30; B2,27 and 29, 21, 30, 28, 20, 22-3). Two stampsoccur (Y38 and Y43). Claudian ofsmallbowlsand dishes,but in muchbettercondition,derivesfromthe A similarrepertoire
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ofForm destruction depositCl. Includedare bowlsofForms29 and 30 (Cl, 17-19), salt-cellars 33 (Cl,20 and 20a) and smalldishes,Forms5, 6, 13, 15 (Cl,21-16), thelatterform(Cl,26) in Bl/2 ware. Also includedis a cylindricalbeaker,Form 40 (Cl,27). There are threestamps: Y42, 45 and 54. Fromthesupplementary material(C2) also comesa varietyofdishtypes(Forms2, 5-8, 19, our and 20?,58, 59?; C2,23-29 44-5), bowls(Forms21?,32-5, 37; ourC2,30-42) and again the beaker our cylindrical (Form40; C2,43). Not all thebowlformsfindsecureparallels(cf.C2,33 forshape, and C2,36 forwall thicknessand slip application;see catalogue),but the general pictureof a mid 1stA.D. assemblage,withone or two laterpieces (C2,44-5) is satisfactory. Two stampsoccur:see Y48 and 50. Neronian
In the Neroniandestruction deposit(Nl) comesa good groupof the 3rd quarterof the 1st bowls of Form 30, 53, 74B and 80 (earlyversion?)(Nl,6-7, Nl,9 and 13), and dishes century: ofForms18,58 and 60 (Nl, 10-12). Fragmentsoftwolagynoi,one carinatedand one globular (Nl,14 and N2,12) seemto be ofthisware. One bowl fragment (Nl,8) has a late appearance 80 with thick and is of a not known at Pompeii;it would be an (Form slopingwall) type occurrence of this form and is best considered intrusive. here, unusuallyearly Alsofoundin thesupplementary material(DepositN2) are bowlfragments ofForms37 and 70 (N2,10-ll) and dishesof Forms18 and 19/60(see underN2,12). Flavian
The Flavian pit (Deposit Fl) containedthe B2 bowl Forms62B and 70 (Fl,5-7), whilethe contemporary DepositF2 includedbowlsofForms30, 35, 60, 70-1, 76, 78 and 80 (F2,8a and 12, 15-19), and dishesof Forms20, 57-9, 62B and 63? (F2,8 and 9-14). The stampswhich occurare all rosettes, and apart fromone or twoearlyand perhapsresidualpieces (F2,8 and 8a) thismaterialfitswell in thelast quarterof the 1stcenturyA.D. Trajanic
In theTrajanicpit (DepositTl) are foundfragments ofbowlsofForms73 and 80 and ofdishes ofForms60 and 62A (Tl,2-5); fromWell 8b (DepositT2) come bowl fragments ofForm58, 74B in and the levels similar but less well stratified 60, (T2,l) supplementary pieces.A poorly rosette is found on the dish Tl,2 (Form60). applied stamp The formsare now heavierand morestandardised,withlessvariety. Hadrianic
In thefloordeposit(Dl) are foundgood examplesofthedish,Form60, in threedifferent sizes (Dl,2-4), and oftheconicalbowl,Form70 (Dl,l), whiletheassociatedfill(DepositD2) has Forms58, 70-1 and 80. The fillin theotherroomsoftheNorthHouse containsForms20 and 72 (residual?),58, 60 and 80. Commonformsin themassivecisternfill(DepositD4) are again thedish,Form60 (some 13 examples),and Form58 (fiveexamples),a dishofForm59/71?, and bowlsofForms59, 68, 70-1 and 80 (sevenexamplesof80). The associatedfillhas,in order offrequency, Forms60, 80, 58, 71, 76, 70, 62B, 73 and 78 (figures to givenin theintroduction thecatalogueofthatdeposit);and in theotherHadrianiclevelschieflyForms60 and 80, but with59, 71 and 76 represented. One dishwhichseemsintermediate betweenForms51 and 77 is illustrated(D6,5).
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These largedepositsdemonstrate and thelimitedrangeofformsnow thegreatersimplicity in this ware. mass-produced Later2nd century A.D.
ofthebowl Form80, whichoccursin otherfillsof The cistdeposit(Rl) containedfragments thisdate along withForms59, 60, 61 and 77. The lattertwo forms,not foundat thissitein earliercontexts, are illustrated as R2,4-5, thoughtheseand theothersmaywellbe residualby 3rd E B thistime,as the Sig 17% proportion ofall finewaresin theupperlevels(late 2nd/early A.D.) is certainlyconsideredto be. Çandarli Ware (total count 959) This ware was firstidentifiedand investigatedby S. Loeschcke (Loeschcke 1912) at its sitenearPergamon.It has sincebeen morefullystudiedby Hayes (LRP, EAA manufacturing A forAugustanseries,L and typeclassification (withprefixes Supplement),whosedescriptions forLoeschckeseries,H forHayes series)are followedhere. to thenorthand ofthiswarewas mainlyrestricted In the 1stcenturyA.D. thedistribution it 4thcentury, A.D. into the north-west Aegean,but in itslaterperiod,extendingfromc. 150 North via Crete to Black Sea was widelyexportedand in a broad zone extendingfromthe Africait became theleadingfineware.22 The fabricconsistsofa hard brick-red clay,withinclusionsoflimeand mica witha golden glint(biotite).The slip is a firm,red-browncolour,applied betteron the inside than the withheavy outside,whichgenerallyshowsscratchesfromtheturning.Vesselsare thick-walled hard to are The best feet,and have saggermarkson the floor;usuallyno decoration. pieces and has fromlate Italian sigillataware.The earlystage(1stcenturyA.D.) clay slip distinguish ofa lighter,moreorangecolour. in the field.Early pieces The two lattercharacteristics pointto problemsof identification to assigned thisware.On theother mayhave been missed,thoughsomehave been tentatively mass of hand late Italian piecesmayhave been lostin the Çandarliware whichoccursin the late periods. The heydayof Çandarli ware at Knossos was in the latest Roman period on our site (Severan),whenit seemsto have had a nearmonopoly.The trendis shownby thepercentages forthe ofthiswarein relationto theotherimportedfinewares.No piecewas securelyidentified other and at illustrated are halfcentury1-50 A.D. thoughtwo possiblefragments B2,44-5, makes ware levels up 10% of (N2,13-14). Çandarli possibleexamplescome from'Neronian' later the of 2nd A.D. the of the theFlavianfinewares,15% of Hadrianic,54% Trajanic, 13% in the material of the and a small 47% material,96% of the Severan (Deposit SI, sample) upperlevels. Flavian
thefirstappearanceoftheware is in ApartfromthetwouncertainNeronianidentifications, bowl where the Flavian the (FormLI 9) occursbothin theearlyand hemispherical deposits, thelatefabric(Fl,9; F2,21), alongwiththebroadbowl,FormL26A/B(F2,22), and smalldish or saucer,FormL9 (F2,20).23 Trajanic
In theTrajanicdepositsare foundvariousbowlforms(LI 7, 19,26A/B;ourTl,6-8 and T3,8a
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and c), and again the saucer,Form L9 (T3,9). Later formsintrusivein the materialof this periodare notedunderT3,8. Hadrianic
No Çandarli formwas foundin the NorthHouse Hadrianic floordeposit (Dl); one of two piecesderivingfromthe associatedfill(D2,l, saucerofForm L9) may belong,but theother bowlofFormH3) shouldbe intrusive, as is thecase withthreepiecesfrom (D2,2, hemispherical theNorthHouse Room IV (D3,4a/b; FormsHI and 2). Only bowlsoftheearlyFormsL19 and 26 occurin theHadrianiccistern(DepositD4) and in theassociateddump (DepositD5), thoughboththeearlylightfabricand the later,deep plum-redfabricare noted. Late 2nd century A.D.
The cistdepositRl containedfragments ofthreelateforms, thebasin (HI), shallowbowl (H2) and thehemispherical bowl (perhapstransitional L19/H3). The NorthHouse fillsbeneaththe Severanfloorscontainedthesame forms,withtheadditionofdishfragments fromtheshape Form H4, the shallow dish (H2) being the most commonshape. Only one possiblerim of thesmall bowl,FormH5, was noted. fragment Severanand later
The samelimitedrepertoire is foundin DepositSI (NorthHouse Room III floordeposit).The Form in occurs three different sizes (one a fineexample,Sl,l), along with the dish, H4, of the other forms and one of Form5. fragments (H2-4) fragment The largestquantityofmaterialin thiswarecomesfromtheupperlevels(648 pieces).Thus thebestrangeofillustrations comesfromtheseratherpoorlystratified levels,U 18-27 at plate 191. They bear a close resemblanceto thelate 2nd A.D. assemblagefromtheVilla Dionysus (Fi7Z)Figs.2-3). Pontic Sigillata (total count 34) plates 153,169,171,192,213. This ware has a hard pale-orangeor pinkish-brown fabricwithsilverymica and lime grits sometimes lustrousand sometimes breakingthesurface.The slipis orange-redto dark-brown, metallic,unevenlyapplied,collectingin crevicesand cracking.Decorationincludesgrooves, plantapedisstamps(withoutnames),applied spiralsand, mostcharacteristic, rouletting, plant designsin barbotinetechnique. Thoughcurrentin SouthRussia fromAugustanto Severantimes,publishedexamplesfrom elsewhereare so farknownonlyfromc. 50 to 150 A.D.24 The forms identified hereare all bowlsand shallowdishes,mostwithcharacteristic flangesat or belowtherim.Includedare thedishwithdown-turned rim,FormK3871EAA III (ourF2,7, Tl,10 and U28), the hemisphericalbowl, Form K393/EAA IV (our Tl,ll and D3,2), a bowl withflangebelow the rim,Form K389 (our Tl,12) and a tallermore hemispherical bowl cylindrical shape (T3,9). Althoughtheseincludethreestraysfromearlycontexts(C2,47a/b; F2,7), and eightothers fromcomparatively late contexts(sevenpiecesfromtheHadrianic,includingD3,2; and U28), themajorityfallfirmly intotheTrajanic period,makingup 8% oftheimportedfineware then current,and 27% of that in the best stratified deposit (Tl).25 This appears to reflectan increasedinterestin and activetradewiththe Ponticregionin the early2nd centuryA.D.
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South Gaulish Sigillata (total count 10) plates 153,206,209. A fewpiecesofthisware wereidentified byJ.W. Hayes. These come fromperhapsfiverelief bowls(9 fragments: G2,2 and 3, T3,2 and 2a/b), and includein additiona nearcompleteink well (C2,46). The fabric,as describedforC2,2, is brown,granularwithsmallwhiteand brownparticles and has a red-brownslip. visibleundermagnification, The contextsof our piecesare part Claudian (C2,2-3) and part Trajanic (T3,2 and 2a), withone surfacefind(subsumedwiththeothersin thecatalogueat T3,2b). These piecesdo indicatetradecontactswiththe west,but the rarityof thisware here is on byKenrick,26 It conforms to thatfoundat Bereniceand commented perhapsnotsurprising. further east (at Antioch). who notesthattheware is betterrepresented Knidian Relief Ware (total count 5) plates 186, 192, 213, 219.
Other Imports (total count 21) plates 130,139,169,175. as KnidianreliefwarebyHayes.The fabricis hard-fired, A fewfragments have beenidentified with thin uneven red to brown, slipofthesamecolour,withdullmetallicsurface.The granular mould-madepiecesdecoratedin reliefand relatedin techniquetolamps.27It is warecomprises dated mainly in the 2nd centuryA.D., and has a wide distributionthroughoutthe Mediterraneanand occasionallybeyond(eg. to theDanube and to Britain). ofbowlsdecoratedwithvinemotif(C2,56a?, R298,R2,4), ofa Includedhereare fragments decorated lagynos(U31), a jug (U32) and a verticallygroovedpatera (U33), the similarly lattertypeevidentlyimitatedlocally(U34). None comesfromthebeststratified contexts,but all seemto belongin thelate 2nd century which A.D., exceptC2956a, (unlessintrusive)shouldbelongto themid 1stcenturyA.D. carinatedbowlswithtwistedhandles, AnotherKnidiantypeis foundin a seriesofhard-fired to greyclay,pure and harda red-brown have dark These to be Koan.28 formerly thought and on the darker metallic brown with inside, onlypartlycoveringtheoutside,which fired, slip oftenshowssplashesor dripson thelowerhalf.Twentyone exampleswerefoundin contexts rangingfromAugustan(A2,34) and Tiberian (Bl,19) to Trajanic (Tl,13), by whichtimethe formhas takenon a moreverticalrimgroovedon theoutside,and Hadrianic (D4,15). handle (only partlypreserved),a A relatedtypeof carinatedcup or bowl withdifferent Tiberian context(B2,47), and othersin in a occurs with of section, lip triangular deepershape theHadrianic (see underD4,15). One smalldish,perhapsimitatingItalian sigillata,seemsalso to be of thisware (Tl,14). bowlswithdimplesofwhich A relatedclassofKnidian importmaywellbe thethin-walled formalso fromKnidos is Another in the Claudian come deposit(Cl,81-2).20 good examples theribbedjug of thelater2nd centuryA.D., Rl,3. North African Red-slip Ware (total count 219) plates 186,190,219. beneath ofthisware,froma lid ofFormLRP 196A (R2,19) was foundstratified One fragment
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theNorthHouse latestfloor,and shouldbelongin thelater2nd centuryA.D. Otherwisethis ware does notplay a significant rolein thesedeposits,sinceapart fromsix straypiecesin less wellstratified in N2), Trajanic (T3,ll) and Hadrianic (D6, Neronian earlygroups (intrusive not catalogued) - all the materialcame fromthe upper levels,whereit is associatedwith potteryand coins of the late 2nd to 4th centuriesA.D. Here it comprises16% of all the importedfinewares. The fragments foundhere (Ul-15) have the hard light-red,granularfabricwithglossy described orangeslip byHayes.30These piecesare identified accordingto thetypeseriesgiven by him,are attributedto LRP Forms8A, 27, 31, 45A, 50A/B,58, 59B, 61A and 171, and illustratedat plates 190 and 219. The date range fortheseexamplesis fromthe later 1st centuryA.D. (Ul) to thelater4th century(U9, U13). Late Roman 'C Ware (Phocaean) (total count 3) plate 190nos.16-17. Three fragments are assignedto thisware,a hard-fired red ware withfinered-slipfusedwith thebodyclay,and datedfromthe5thto the7thcenturiesA.D.3 1Our fragments (U16-17) are identified as LRP Forms1 and 2.32 Bothcome fromtheupperlevels,and do littlemorethan indicatesomeactivityin thisgeneralarea at thislatedate,a periodbetterknownin otherparts ofKnossosto the north.33 Other Sigillata Wares plates 130,154,167,187,201. Inevitablythereare piecesofuncertainorigin,by reasoneitheroffabricor shape,and someof theseare discussedin thefollowing section,in combinationwiththelocal colour-coatedware. A few pieces,however,were identifiedby Hayes as Atheniansigillata,and theseinclude ofa reliefbowl (A2,25 and Bl,4) and ofa smallplate withcurvedwall and offset fragments rouletted and stamped'ASELLF (A2,29 = Y6). Also foundwere the fragments of a rim, shallowbowlor dishwithgroovesand rouletting rimas E (C2,57) and a dishwithoverhanging SigBFormôO (C2,58). Other itemsforwhich no identification has been suggestedinclude the Flavian bowls F2,23-4 and stampeddishF2,25, and the SeverandishSl,3. Local Colour-coated Ware (total count 1,192) plates 125,130-1,136,139,145,154,157,160-1,163,172-3,175,183,185,200,204. A considerableproportion ofthewholevolumeofslippedfinewarefoundconsistsofgenerally soft-fired vesselsoflocal buffto creamclaywitha colourwashrangingfromdark-red,maroon and red-brown all thewaytoorange-or yellow-brown. The quantityfoundin 1stcenturyA.D. contextswas significantly at c. 35% as againstc. 13% higherthanthatfrom2nd A.D. contexts, of the totalslippedwares (see fig. 2).34 This ware servedas a supplementto the higherquality importedwares, providingin particulara seriesofsmalljugs, a formnot producedby the foreignsigillatawares.35 The mostcommonclosed shape, the baggyjug withflaringrimand small verticallip, is representedin mostdeposits,and remainsfairlyconstantin formthroughoutour period. Startingperhapsfromthefinelymade Augustanwine-jug,whichhas trefoil lip and appliqués
162
ROMAN POTTERY
inside the lip in the Hellenistic tradition (Al,3-4), a series with funnelrim runs throughthe Claudian (01,61), Neronian (N2,43), and Trajanic (Tl,15, T2,3) to the Hadrianic (Dl,10 and D4,20) and late 2nd A.D. periods (Rl,ll). Most are baggy (Al,4, T2,3, D4,20), otherstaller and more ovoid (D4,10, R1,U); handles are rounded (Rl,ll) or angular (T2,3; D4,20). All have a low ringfoot.Early examples are harder-firedand betterfinished,but the shape is not a usefulchronologicalcriterion.A variant froma Claudian contextwith strainerinside the rimis at 01,64-6 (seven examples). There is a great varietyof open shapes. During the Augustan period both the shapes36 and the presence of a fairamount of part-paintedware, discussed below, point to a continuationof the Hellenistic tradition. On the other hand there is also a trend towards imitatingE Sig A shapes,37 a tendencywhich continuesthroughall the Roman phases and expands to embrace practically all the imported wares. Suggestions as to some particular formswhich may have provided the models are offeredin the catalogue. In 1stcenturyA.D. contextsimitationsare found of various formsin the followingwares: E Sig A,38 E Sig B,39 Italian sigillata including reliefbowls,40 Pontic sigillata41 and Cypriot sigillata.42In the 2nd centuryA.D. imitationsare also foundof Çandarli types43and Knidian reliefware.44 Among pieces of unusual interestare the following:two mould-made fishplates, one Hadrianic (Dl,5) and one later 2nd A.D. (R3,5), perhaps based on a Pontic model; a carinated bowl of Hadrianic date with wide flaringrimdecorated with reliefpattern,moulded rather than rouletted? (D2,3), and a late 2nd A.D. thin-walleddish with similar rim profile, undecorated (R2,10). The Knossian potters, restrictedperhaps by their traditional outlook and methods of manufactureas well as by theirclay sources,seem to have been contentto followinternational and thereforemore generalised, trends,copying imported types,but generally in softer-fired on as occur such less articulated forms.Potters' stamps lamps, were not found. Clearly this group does not amount to a Knossian sigillata ware, wheel- or mould-made, nor was it intended to rival the finequality imported wares.
Local wares with painted decoration or internal colour wash only ('semi-glazed5) plates 125,132,137,146-7,157,174. In the Augustanperiod,followingHellenisticand earliertradition,it remainedcommon practiceto givepainteddecorationto otherwiseplain local vessels,whethersimplehorizontal jars bands, as the lagynosAl, 10, or a moreambitiousfloraldecorationas the two-handled are bowlspaintedon theinsideand overtherimand leftplainoutside, A2,66-7;mostfrequent ofsome30 as thedeep lekaneAl, 11 and numerousotherbowls(see A2,68-70,withfragments others). These featurescontinueto be foundduringthe 1sthalfof the 1stcenturyA.D.: thereis a Tiberianlekane (Bl,22) and lid (Bl,28);45 bowls,jars,jugs, lid, 'thymiateria'(alternatively as domed lids)46and pyxisfromthe Claudian deposits(01,52-75; 02,64, with interpreted of 'thymiateria'(see fragments 13 others);a Neronianjar (Nl,17) and again contemporary catalogueentryafterN2,32). This typeofdecorationceasedto occurbythelate 1stcenturyA.D., and theonlyoccurrence in the2nd centuryis a partpaintedpyxis(D3,15), perhapsresidual,thoughtheexistenceof parallelsin a later 1stA.D. tombat Knossoshas been drawnto myattention(see catalogue entryforD3,15).
163
ROMAN POTTERY
AUGUSTAN
CLAUDIAN
TIBERIAN
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NERONIAN
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Later 2nd A.D.
HADRIANIC
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(Local 19%) SEVERAN
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(Local 36%)
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fig. 2 Roman finewares,frequencycharts.
ROMAN POTTERY
164
Summary In summary,theimportedfinewaresshowa considerablevarietyduringmostoftheRoman periodshere investigated.During this time,fromabout 40 B.C. until the thirdcentury in which A.D.( + ), thesewaresalso showa changingcharacterand a changein theproportion in and which impliesalso a change the proveniences presumably any one is represented, in thepatternand directionof tradeover thistimeperiod. therefore ofeach These patternsmaybe bestindicatedin diagrammaticform,wheretheproportion has been made warecan be relatedto thatoftheothers.In fig. 2 a 'pie-crust'diagram up for each for four each oftensuccessiveperiods:one forAugustan(mainlylater 1stcenturyB.C.) is evident that material. It the 1stand 2nd centuriesA.D., and one forthelatest(upperlevel) the EasternSigillataA ware (Syria?)controlsthe marketduringthe firsttwo periods,to be takenover by the Italian sigillataby the mid 1stcenturyA.D. Though the Italian is well place by duringthewhole1stcenturyA.D., it has alreadybeensupersededin first represented EasternSigillataB (Asia Minor) by the3rdquarterofthecentury.EasternSigillataB remains in favouruntilabout themid 2nd centuryA.D., whenÇandarliware (Pergamon)takesover and maintainsthefirstplace fortherestofour period.To be notedin additionare the brief amountsin theearlyyearsofthe2nd century A.D., appearanceofPonticsigillatain significant ofNorthAfricanred-slipwarein considerablequantityand varietybythe and theintroduction thirdcentury,a farfinerproductthan the Çandarliware currentat the time. a summarylistofwaresis given,withquantitiesnoted.Since this Finally,foreasyreference his listcompareswell (exceptin relativequantities)withthatgivenbyKenrickforBerenice,47 in form shown and also (fig. 2). A diagram figuresare appendedforcomparativepurposes, Eastern Italian whereas SigillataA, South sigillata, comparisonbetweenthe twoshowsthat, whole of the Gaulish and Pontic sigillatawares formcomparableproportions quantityof at Berenice more are much (by about a frequent importedfineware,theNorthAfricanwares wares Eastern three eastern the factorof ten) as is to be expected.Interestingly, SigillataB, Çandarliware and Cypriotsigillataare verymuchmorefrequentat Knossos(also by a factor of ten, for the firsttwo). One conclusionmightbe that the volume of 'local' Eastern Mediterraneantradewas verymuchgreaterthanthemoreadventurouslongdistancetraffic, duringthe earlyRoman period.But a secondfactoris no doubt theverymuch particularly greaterimportanceoftheNorthAfricansitesin thelaterperiod,whichwouldtiltthestatistical bias in thatdirection.
Freauencvof importedfinewares M.
W
Ware
Date
Italian sig.
c. 1-125 A.D.
SouthGaulish E Sig A E SigB Çandarli Cypriotsig. Ponticsig. Knidian reliefware OtherKnidian N. AfricanRS Late Roman C TOTAL
c. 50-100 A.D. c. 75 B.C. - 100 A.D. c. 15-150 A.D. c. 74-250 A.D. c. 50 B.C. - 150 A.D. c. 50-100 A.D. c. 1-200 A.D. c. 80-400 A.D.
Origin
Arezzo,Pozzuoli and elsewhere South France Syria Tralles? Çandarli Cyprus Black Sea Knidos Knidos Tunisia Phocaean?
No. of sherds recorded
(Berenice)
726(18%)
(1,935)18%
10 578(15%) 1,353(34%) 959(24%) 62(2%) 34(1%) 5 21 218(5%) 3 3,969
(12) (1,494)14% (354)3% (257)2% (44) (133)1% (31) (6,186)56% (557)5% (11,003)
ROMAN POTTERY
165
THE COARSE WARES Two specialcategoriesare includedhere.Firstare thethin-walled wares,whichare foundin a profusionof fabricsand shapes in the 1st centuryA.D., later to be reduced to a limited a particularlyrich of morestandardisedformsin the 2nd centuryand thereafter; repertoire group,theNorthItalian greyware has been extractedfromthevariousdepositsand forthese thecatalogueis includedhere.The secondcategoryis thePompeian-red pieces,exceptionally, wareand relatedfabricswhichcomprisea rangeofcookingdishesin coarsefabricwithslipped interiors. Apartfromtheseand a veryfewotherexceptionalpieces,thereare fivebasicshapesmadefor kitchenusein thehard-fired coarsefabricswhichare intendedtowithstand directcontactwith firein cooking.These are thecasserole,thecookingpot,lids intendedmostlyperhapsforthe casseroles,unslippedcookingdishesand frying pans, and finallyjugs, mostlywithtrefoillip. In thissectionthesefivecategoriesare discussedindividually, statistics are given,and where the evidence seems to warrantspecial attentionto typologicaldevelopment,a selective takenfromthefullillustrative materialofthePlatesVolumeis givenat a smaller recapitulation scale. A sixthcategorycoversmiscellaneousshapes whichhave been catalogued as 'coarse ware': bowls,platter,cookpotkernos,dolium,micaceousamphoraeand brazierstand. Thin-walled coarse wares (total count 345)48 plates 130,147,154,157,161,163-5,169,172,176,184,193,201,205-6,208,210-2,219. Thin-walled waresof the 1stcenturyA.D. are foundin a challengingvarietyof fabricsand shapes,derivingno doubt frommanyregionalcentresof productionin Italy and elsewhere. The 2nd centuryA.D. formsare fewerand morestandardised. One outstanding1stcenturyclass,theNorthItalian GreyWare, is treatedseparatelyhere and is thoughtto be a mid- or thirdquarter 1st centuryA.D. product,derivingfroma firstoccurin Neroniancontexts, whichaccountfor workshopnearRavenna.49Our fragments 54% ofall thosefound.For thepurposesofthecataloguethedistinguishing prefixassignedto thisgroupis 'IG'. Knidos has been suggestedas the sourceof a secondspecificclass of one-handledcups or bowlswithrough-cast surface.Some have a simpleratherrectangularprofile,as theClaudian exampleCl,78 (follwedby theNeronianNl,20 and 21), but themostdistinctive shape is the smallbowl withindentations or dimples,also foundin a Claudian context(Cl,81-2), witha related2nd A.D. format D4,16.50One-handledcups ofnearcylindrical formand in a similar fabricprobablycome fromthesame source(see catalogueentriesforCl,78 and Nl,21). OtherknowncentresofproductionincludeSutri,51Syracuse52and Spain.53In viewofthe in our present warningsofKenrickand othersofthedangersofattempting any classification stateofknowledge,it seemsbestto be contentwitha briefsummaryofthefindsmade in these excavationsand to hope thatthe descriptions and thatthe stratigraphie givenare sufficient contribution be useful. may The Augustandepositshave a seriesofsmall beakers,bowls,juglets,one ACO cup and a smallsieve(A2,33-45). FragmentsoftheItalian beakertype,A2,37,also occurredin Deposit Al, along witha local imitation(Al, 12). The Claudian depositshave a seriesofsmallcups,bowlsand juglets(Cl,76-85; C2,65-7) of whichsome may derivefromKnidos, as suggestedabove; others,like the decoratedpieces C2,66-7,lookforwardto thetypesproducedat Ravenna (ourgroupIG). These first appearin
166
ROMAN POTTERY
theNeroniandeposits(Nl, 18-19; N2, see catalogueentryafterN2,19;N3,4), alongsideroughcast one-handledcups or bowlsof Claudian type (Nl,20-21, parallel to Cl,78), and other smallhemispherical bowlsand an ovoid beaker(N2,18-20; N3,3). The Flavian depositscontain a hemisphericalbowl with overhangingrim (F2,29) and numerousexamplesofa typeofjugletwithconvexrim(F2,30) whichseemsto be theprecursor of a standard2nd A.D. form.Trajanic examplesare almostidentical(Tl,17, T2,4; T3 not catalogued;T4,3), but in theHadrianicperiodthisformco-existswitha newformwhichhas developed a higherbase, rim with slightS-curve,and closer,pinched handle (D 1,7-8; D4,19a-d; foundwiththeoldertypeD17-18). This is theformalso commonlyfoundin the later2nd centuryA.D., and thereafter (Sl,6). Otherformsfoundin our latestcontextsare the small ribbedjar (Rl,7; R2,13; U40-52), whichis also foundwiththickerwall (Sl,4-5), and the globularbeakerwithapplied white decoration(Sl,8; U54-7). North Italian Thin-walled Grey Ware plates 164-5,206,208,210-11. contexts, stratigraphical By exceptionthisgrouphas been collectedtogetherfromdifferent represented varietyofforms, datingfromthemid 1stcenturyA.D. on. Thereis an interesting in deposits,but worthbringingtogetheras a group.Precursors poorlyin thebetterstratified These are and nos. are as follows: theearlier1stA.D. deposits C2,65-67. A2,36-45,Cl,76-82 basicallyin brownware,thoughtheyexhibita widerrangeofcolourvariation,and onlyC2,67 has the hard greyfabricof thisgroup,as describedbelow.The commonestform,IG 1-4, is whichare listedin thecatalogueunderIG 4, but theearliest foundin widelyvariedcontexts, in theDepositNl. Parallelsto someoftheothershapes in a comes occurrence securecontext in in a fabric the different are found Augustanpit at Sabathra (see underIG 17, 21, 22). Chronology
66 derivefromcontextsdatable to 50-80 A.D., 49 are Fromthetotalcountof 123 fragments, fromlatercontextsbutmaybe consideredresidual,and only4 seemto be fromearliercontexts mid 1stA.D. DepositCl. The (i.e. mid 1stA.D.).53a None occurin thelargeand wellstratified NI ware: latergroupsdo containthis (nos.NI, 18-19), and N2 (see under Deposit marginally at theRoyal Road (North),the found were bowlsfromKnossos N2,17). Parallelhemispherical in an Acropolistile grave (see and no. BSA Road Trials (1960) (see Hayes 1966, 270 17), are all These no. givensuggesteddatesofthemid-lstcentury V338). CatlingBSA 1976,101-2 from the evidence The A.D. (or 'Claudian'). UnexploredMansion,suggestsa slightlylater This Claudian. rather than Neronian date, dating seems confirmedby the analysisand in fabric her Maioli whose of C, closelyresembleourcommonest type(IG types34-5, typology to theend of the 1stcenturyA.D.53 times Neronian from most and are popular 1-4),
Catalogue
The fabricof thisware is a finedarkgreyclay,witha lustrousblack slip,insideand out. In someareaswheretheslipis wornthesurfacetendsto showa dulleryellowishgreycolour.Drip downthelowerbody;in somecasesthereare finger marksoccurwherethesliphas runthicker marksat or above thefoot,wherethepotterheld thebowlwhiledipping.The vesselsare thin-
ROMAN POTTERY
167
walled, sometimesegg-shellthin,and have a great varietyof decorative motifsin barbotine or rouletteddecoration. IG1
IG2 IG3 IG4
IG5 IG6 IG7 IG8-9 IG 10 IG1 1 IG 12 IG 13 IG 14 IG 15 IG 16 IG 17
IG 18 IG19 IG20
Bowl, D. 10.6. About two thirds.Lustrousblack slip except where worn. Roulettingon lower body. Appliquédecorationofstriatedblobson upperbody.Horizontalscratchesfromturningon thewheel.Cf. CosaFormXLII (cup,mid 1stA.D.), and fromKnossosHayesBSA 66 270,no. 17,and CatlingBSA 76 1981 101-2, no. V338; suggesteddate Claudian. XIII 15A, and XIV 5. Maioli, Type 34. Bowlrimfr,D. 11.2. As no. 1, butthisexamplehas largerappliqué blobs,whichshowmoreclearlyhowthey were smoothedonto the wall surfacewith a small four-pronged instrument, presumablya fork.Single grooveat thelip. XI 3. Bowl base fr,D. 4. As no. 1, but a moreroundedprofile.Roulettingin fourtiers.Vili 6B and IX 18 (cist). Bowl rimfr,D. 11.8. As nos. 1-2, but a shallowerformwithsharpercarinationand incurvingwall. No survivingtraceofrouletting. Deposit Nl, Neronian;see Nl, 18. Frs.ofabout tenothersofthistype,D. 10-14. (Included are 20 rimfrs.fromabout tenbowls,50% with mostblack;and 13 base frs. good metallicblackslip,50% worngrey;30 bodysherds,mostwithrouletting, fromat least9 bowls).Contexts:mid 1stA.D.: IX 18 (cist),XIV 7 ( x 2), 8; Neronian/Flavian I(N) 12,1(S) 15,II 7, VII 15,VII baulk#478,VIII 7 Pit4, IX 5, X 7, XIII 5, 7, 15B,XIV 5, 6; Trajanic X/XI baulk2, 3, XI 2 Pit2, 7, 9; later(residualin Hadrianic- Severan):V 3, V wall b, IX 3, 5, XII 2, 3, Well 12,XIV 1, 2, XV 4, 9. Bowlrimfr,D. 13. Similarform,withappliquédecorationof"halfmoons".Cf. VegasForm34, 8 (undated). The interiorhas a sparse"roughcast" surface. Bowl as no. 5, lowerbodyfr,D(max). 13.7. Carinatedbowl,rimand bodyfrs,notjoining.D (max). 9.6. Roulettingin threetiersabove carination,plain below. Groovebelow rimand rouletting on bothfrs.I(N)12 (Neronian)and VIII 7 (Flavian). Bowls withbarbotinedecoration.Rim fr,D. 10. Floral motifof linkedcirclesor wreaths.Body fr.of a second,similarbowl,D(max). 10. I(N)12 and X 7 (both mid-late 1stA.D.). Carinatedbowl withbarbotinedecoration,rimand body fr.D. 8.4. Two groovesbelow rim,one above carination.Floral motifin crossformon upper body. X/XI 3 (late lst-early2nd A.D.). Bowlwithbarbotinedecoration,rimfr,D. 11. Formand decorationsimilartono. 10. Lessregularbarbotine blobs.XIII(N) Pit 1 (later 1stA.D.) Illustratedat N3, 4. Bowlwithbarbotinedecoration,threefrs,rimto lowerbody.D. 10. Runningfloralmotifbelowrim.Ill 10 (mixed,to mid 2nd A.D.). Bowlwithrouletting and barbotinedecoration,D (max). 9. Rim restoredfroma secondfr.withverysimilar decoration,butprobablynotfromthesamebowl.Startofhandle.V 3 (2nd A.D.) and VII 16 (mid-late1st A.D.). Carinatedbowlwithbarbotinedecoration,D. 9.6. Two frs,notjoining,rimto lowerbody.Startofhandle. Runningfloralmotif,heavilyapplied.Three horizontalridgesbelow.X 7 (mid-late1stA.D.) and Deposit Nl. Carinatedbowlwithbarbotinedecoration,D. 10. Rim and bodyfrs,notjoining.Groovesabove and below runningfloralmotif,carelesslyapplied. Upper and lowerbreaksfortwohandles.XIV 2 and XII 2 (both late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.). Bowl withbarbotinedecoration,rimfr,D. 9.6. Rounded formwithsmallevertedlip. Simplefloralmotif. Unstratified. Bowl,rimfr,D. 10. Formas no. 16. Small evertedlip; twogrooveswithrouletting below.Unstratified. For shape cf.theAugustanexampleSabrathaPit 2 no. 50 Also found:frs.ofabout tenothersimilarbowls,withstraightlip (highrimand low rim)or withsmall thickenedlip. One to threegroovesbelow lip. A varietyof barbotinefloraldecoration,each different in detail.Most are probablybowls;none showhandle breaks,and onlyone separatehandlewas recognised. (Two in Neronian/Flavian contexts,fourin redeposited1stA.D. material,threein latercontexts). Bowl rim fr, D. 10. Lip slightlyeverted. Two grooves beneath rim with concentricarcs below. Comparativelythickwalled. Unstratified. For a similarbowl (rimfr,D. 11.2. Verythinwalled and withfinefacetting beneathrim) see C2, 67. Beaker,body and base fr,rimfr.notjoining.D(max). 8.5. Carefulrouletting in six tierson lowerbody; horizontalgroovesabove. Formsimilarto ACO beakers(cf.A2,44); and cf.VegasForm25. X/XI 3 and XI 5 (late 1stand 2nd A.D. mixed). Beakerrimfr,D. 7.5. Incurvinglip setoffbygrooves.Bodyhas decorationofsmallhorizontalgrooves.(Also on twolowerbody frs,notjoining). XI 3. (Severan).
168 IG21 IG22 IG23 IG24 IG25 IG26
ROMAN POTTERY Goblet(?)base fr,D. 3.8. Flat bottomwithdroppedfloor.Wall turnsout sharplyfrombase. X/XIII baulk #2484(Neronian-Flavian).For shape cf.theAugustanexampleSabrathaPit 2 no. 55. Beaker(?)base fr,D. 6. Small ringfootwithgroovebeneath.Cylindricalformcarinatedat base. Grooveat Pit 2 no. 57; CosaForm carination.XIV 9 early-mid1stA.D. forshape cf.theAugustanexampleSabratha XXXIII. Beakerrimfr,D. 10. Straightlip; roulettedthornpattern.Provenienceuncertain. Large beaker(?) rimfr,D. 14. Straightlip markedoffby slightridge.Roulettedthornpattern.I(S)15. (Mid-late 1stcenturyA.D.) on top Carinatedcup, rimand handlefr,D. 15. Thornpatternin handlezone. Groovedhandleflattened withthumbprint.X 2 Pit 1 (Hadrianic). Bowl withhighlip, rimfr,D. 10.3. Rim set offby groove.Thorn patternbelow. X 2 Pit 2 (Hadrianic).
Pompeian-red Ware and similar (total count 35) plates 140no. 78; 157no. 23; 168no. 34; 174no. 10; 178no. 37; 186no. 17; 188no. 11; 193nos. 69-72;fig.3. This wareis characterised slipon the by a hardgranularfabric,witha thickredor red-brown insideand over the rim,and comprisesa seriesof flat-basedcookingdishes,groovedon the floor.Thoughitsnamederivessimplyfromthedarkredcolouroftheslip,itis thoughtthatthe primarysourcemay in factbe Campania, withperhapsregionalbranchfactoriesin other is wide, rangingfromAntiochto Gaul and Britain.The detailed areas.54The distribution such regional workshopshave been begun by fabricanalyses necessaryto differentiate fabric most whose common,Italian, byreddish-brown Peacock,55 (Fabric 1) was characterised a and little white volcanic of black with inclusions sand, goldenmica (biotite). particles clay and later A.D. of our 1st to some This description examples,thoughin manycases the applies In micaceous with fine is particles. general,too, thematerialfromthis slip especiallypacked excavationis veryfragmentary. are scatteredthroughdepositsof all periods.Those that come from1st Our fragments contexts A.D. (A2,84; B2,78; Nl,23; F2,34) and two later ones which could be century survivals(D4, 37; U68) have a short,thickenedor rolled rim, as on 1st A.D. Corinth examples.56Many of the 2nd centuryA.D. exampleshave a broaderflatrim (D3,10; Rl,5; R2,17; Sl,ll), withhorizontalribbingbecomingmore pronouncedon the later examples; thesealso tendto have a thinner,lessglossy,brownslip,and perhapsfallratherintoHayes betweenthe two,witha short VilD dishType 2, consideredlocal. Some appear transitional thickenedrim,horizontalor slightlyoblique at thelip (U70-2; T4,l). A relatedware is represented by a bakinglid or "tegame"in Italian fabric,whichcomes fromtheNeronianfloordeposit(Nl,24).
THE CASSEROLE (estimatednumber153) plates 126,134,148,154,158,161,168,174,176,184-5,188,194,200,216,218;fig.4. This shape is foundin almosteverydeposit,apparentlyin about halfthenumberofthemore capacious cookingpots.57The commonearlyformis shallowwithcarinatedbody,rounded base, evertedrimwithflangeand smallhorizontalhandlesattachedtightlybeneaththerim; withtheshallow buta muchdeeperversionalso appears(e.g.A2,79,thedeep form,contrasting redor pinkclay,sometimes formA2,78and Al, 15-16). The earlyfabricis a hard-fired, gritty, firedgrey at the core, oftenwith inside surfacered, outside grey. Vertical handles are
169
ROMAN POTTERY
L... s r~2 ? * i, _.
-i
=j
'Zir_r_::
^^.
i
j
^o
«*^w
.^8
'
*^
11
fig. 3 Pompeian-red Ware. 1-2 Augustan (A2,84a & b), 3 Tiberian? (B2,78), 4 Neronian (Nl,23), 5 Flavian (F2,34), 6-7 Hadrianic (D3,10; D4,37), 8 later 2nd A.D. (Rl,5), 9 Severan (SI, 11), 10-11 upper levels (U70-1). Scale 1:3.
occasionallyappliedin theearly1stcenturyA.D. (eg. Cl,90; C2,68), theybecomestandardin the2nd century(D3,12; D4,22-24) and eventuallyturnintolittlemorethan tightlypinched coilsofclay by thelate 2nd century(Rl,4; SI, 14). Two otherchangesmay be noted:firsta changein theangleoftheevertedrim(fig.4), fromtheraisedoblique angleofthe progressive loweranglefromthemid 1stcentury Augustanperiod(c.45% as Al, 16; A2,78) to a frequently A.D. onwards(as Cl,91-2; C2,69; N2,22; D4,22-4); an almostflatformin thelate 1stand 2nd centuries(as F2,31; D3,12; R2,16); a quite flatformby the later 2nd century(Rl, 4) and finallyan overhangingformwhichfirstappears in the Severanperiodalongsideone of the standardearlierforms,whichseem to persistthroughout(SI, 15 and cf.SI, 14; U73). salmonpink,withblue to greysurface)is introducedfor Secondly,a newfabric(hard-fired this,as forothershapes,at about the beginningof the 2nd centuryA.D. The firstexamples (two)in thisshapeare cataloguedas T4,6b (Trajanic), and thoughnotfoundin theHadrianic cisternfill(DepositD4) thisfabricmakesup 50% oftheexamplesfoundin theassociatedand contemporary depositD5, and occursalongsidethebrownfabricsin otherdepositsin thelater 2nd centuryA.D. (Rl,4) and upper levels (U73, one exampleout of thirteen).This kindof spottydistribution mightsuggestthat thisfabriccomes froma particularworkshop,whose productstooktheirplace beside othersin traditionalfabrics,both importedand local, and
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fig.4 Coarsewarecassoroles.1-2 Augustan(A2,78;Al, 16), 3 Neronian(N2,22),4 Hadrianic(D4,22)3 5 later2nd A.D. (Rl,4), 6 upperlevels(U73). Scale 1:3. captured an increasingshare of the marketduring the 2nd centuryA.D. (see fullerdiscussion under the cooking pot type).
The Globular Cooking Pot (estimated number 394) plates 126,133,137,140,148,154,158,161-2,168,170-1,174,177-8,184-5,187,193-4,207, 216,218;fig.5. This is thecommonesttypeofcookingvesseland occursin all depositsoftenin greatnumbers and withvaryingshapes,sizes and fabrics.The developmentof one shape withstraightor concaveevertedrim(VilD Type 3) is shownin fig.5, based on theprogressive turning slightly out and loweringoftheangle oftherim,a developmentcloselyparallelto thatnotedon the casseroleshape: nos. 1-3 are 1stcenturyA.D., nos. 4-6 2nd centuryand later.But again it shouldbe emphasisedthatthenewlyintroducedformsdo notsimplytakeoverfromtheearlier in considerablenumbers,evenallowing ones.Someofthesecontinuetoco-existwithnewforms forresidualpieces.For instancetherimwithoblique angle (fig. 5 no. 4) continuesto be the mostpopularformin theHadrianicdeposits. A secondtypewithhighconcaverimnearlyuprightseemsto be retainedthroughall periods (unlessall theexamplesin latercontextsare residual,whichseemsunlikely):see fig. 5 no. 2 (Augustan)and 6a (Hadrianic).
171
ROMAN POTTERY
^TH f=TJ~ fT^' ^ -_
-''la
V J ^L^4a
V
V7
^^
- i0 yñ ^
^
-^7a
a - p gg==
'
8a
fig. 5 Roman CookingPots. 1, la, 2, 2a Augustan(A 1,19 & 21; A2,73-4); 3, 3a Tiberian-Claudian (B2.71; C2,72); 4,4a Neronian(Nl,33 & 31); 5, 5a Trajanic-Hadrianic(T1.19; D4,29); 6, 6a Hadrianic & Neronian(D3.13 & N2.27); 7, 7a later2nd A.D. (Rl,7 & 6); 8, 8a upperlevels(U75 & 77). Scale 1:8.
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ROMAN POTTERY
A distinctive introducedin theTrajanic periodand type(Tl,19, as VilD Type 1), evidently evertedlip oftriangular commonin theearly/mid 2nd centuryA.D.,58has slightly section,fig. 5 no. 5. Otherformshave pronouncedflanges,internal(fig. 5 no. la, Augustan;8a Severan?),or external(fig.5 no. 2a, Augustan);highcollarrimswithringhandles(fig.5 no. 4a, Neronian; evertedas Bl,27 (Tiberian)and T2,9 (Trajanic),or 7a, late2ndA.D.); shortstubbyrimforms, Two othertypesare common:one has evertedrim as fig. 5 no. 3a. upright C2,72 (Claudian), withoverhangas D4,34 (Hadrianic), the otheran uprightrim with flattenedlip hooked inwards(fig. 5 no. 6a, Neronian;5a Hadrianic); thislatterformis foundin contextsranging fromClaudian (Cl,105) to Hadrianic (D4,29). A varietyofotherrimformswhichare illustratedincludessomefroman early1stcentury A.D. group(Tiberian),B2,73-7 at plate 140,othersfroman early2ndA.D. group(Hadrianic cisternfill),D4,30 at plate 177,and othersperhaps3rdA.D. (upperlevels),U75-6 and 7859 at plate 194. Also to be mentionedare the smallerversionsof cookpot,commonto the 1st and 2nd centuriesA.D., oftenwithone handle (as Al,13; Cl,101; C2,70; Tl,18; T2,8) and forthis reasontreatedhereunderthe headingof coarsewarejug (below); and the small ribbedjar A.D., and ( VilDType 4, ourSl,4 and 5) whichis introducedat thissitein thelater2ndcentury relatesto the thin-walledtype,but is in effecta smallcookpot. Horizontalribbingis a featurewhich becomesnoticableon early 2nd A.D. vessels(cf. Tl, 18-19,Trajanic;Dl,9; D3,ll and 13, Hadrianic),60butis onlypronouncedon thoseofthe later2nd centuryA.D. and thereafter (cf.Rl,3 and 7-8; R2,13; Sl,4-6 and 9; U73-7). to Untila specialisedstudyhas beenmade ofthefabricofthesecookingwares,it mustsuffice 1st to to common fired or burnt fabrics red to brown that the century grey) (oftenpartially say A.D. productscontinuein a majorityrole in the 2nd centuryA.D. A newlyintroducedand first foundat thissitein thetrefoil distinctive surface, jug shape (qv.) pinkfabricwithblue-grey in the3rd quarterofthe 1stcenturyand also notedforthelate 1stA.D. casseroleshape,was foundin a numberofcookingpotsfromtheFlavian/Trajanicperiodson. Sinceit was thought to as 'the ofas a chronologicalcriterion, basicallya 2nd A.D. fabric,it is sometimesreferred are notedand discussedforeach deposit. 2nd A.D. fabric'in thecatalogue,whereproportions In summary,six examplesare notedfromFlavian contexts61and threefromthe Trajanic depositsTl-3,62 but thisfabriccomprises50% oftheother(scatteredand lesswellstratified) jugletsin Trajanic material(T4). In the Hadrianic it is sporadic:two of threethin-walled in the rare but and in material D2 of the about and Dl D5, Deposits 50% 9), (Dl,7 Deposit cisterndeposit(D4; see nos. 19, 21, 23). In thelater2nd centuryA.D. and Severandeposits, and in the materialof theupperlevelsthisfabricis the preponderant(but notonly) one.63 It seemslikely,as suggestedby Hayes,64thatthesewaresare primarily imported,and it is knownthattheAegeanhad a specialisedtradein suchwaresfrommuchearlierperiods.That some of the coarse brown,sandierfabricsmay be local is suggestedby Hayes, and thisis supportedby theoccurrenceofkilnwastersamongtheNeroniancookingware (see catalogue noteprecedingNl,31). Coarse Ware Lids (estimated number 147) plates 126,134,140,148,158,161,176,184,188,193,205,207. Lids occurin almosteverydeposit,and are made in a coarsegritty fabric,usuallyofred-brown or greycolour. Many are ratherclumsilymade withcrude cylindricalknob havinga deep
ROMAN POTTERY
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concave depressionbeneath (eg. A2,77; D4,26). Some have carefullymade knobs, with depressionabove (Al, 14; B2,69; SI, 13, withbutton),or centralsteam-holepiercedthrough (Cl,93). One late example (U63) has horizontalribbing. Thoughdiametersvarywidelyfrom13.2 to 40cms.,a commonsizeis around21cms.,which fitsthepresumption thatthesewerecommonlyused withthecasseroleshape (see illustrations at plate 126 - Al,14; plate 134 - A2,77; plate 158 - Nl,28; plate 176 - D4,25-6). The rough coincidencein the numbersin which these shapes occur (153 casseroles,147 lids) perhapssupportsthishypothesis.65 However lids were surelyalso used forcookpots.Two exampleswith a ratherdifferent profile,having straightcylindricalrim,are illustratedat plate 158 (Nl,29 over cookpot Nl,31) and plate 184 (Sl,8 overcookpotSl,6). The largestlids,at diameter40, maywellhave been intendedfortheflatcookingdish. The Cooking Dish and Frying Pan (estimated number 78 and 88) plates 134,137,140,148,157,161,168,174,178,186,193,205,207,218,220. Cookingdishesoccurin almosteverydeposit,and are made ofhard-fired granularfabricof brownor greycolour.It is assumedthattheyare in generalimportedas a specialisedproduct, thoughsome are perhapslocal imitations.66 The principaltypeofcookingdishin the 1stand early2nd centuriesA.D. is flatflooredwith low slopingwall, straightlip or slightlythickenedand roundedlip and withpie-crusthandle attachedto therim.Good examplesare theClaudian and Neroniandishes(Cl,94; Nl,25 and N2,24), the formerthinnerwalled withslightlyroundedbase, the lattertwo closerto the standardfrying pan profile.The same typeis foundalso in theHadrianiccisternfill(D4,35). A small dish withcurvingwall and groovedrim,no handle preserved,is foundin early contexts(A2,80; B2,79).67 Exceptionalis thedeep dish withcarinationand hightubularhandle attachedto the rim (F2,33b).68This typeofhandleis standardon theflatfrying pan shape,moreoftenoccurring withscrewform. The frying pan withflatfloor,slopingwall and thickenedrimwithtubularscrewhandleis best exemplifiedby the Severan pan SI, 10. Earlier examples occurredbut are not well preserved:one fragmentcomes froma Tiberian context(Bl,24), othersfromClaudian,69 Neronian,70Flavian (F2,33a), Trajanic,71and Hadrianic72contexts. In the late 2nd centuryA.D. the practiceof givingthe wall horizontalribbingbecomes apparent(R2,18). Pronouncedribbingis foundon somelate examples(U67-8), butnotall (cf. U64). Potters'signatureson the undersideare foundon threeexamples(SI, 10; U68, U68a). A separatetypeofdishwithslopingwall,flatrimwithouthandle( VilDType 2) is also found. Some examplesare slipped,and so consideredwiththe Pompeian-redware,but not all (eg. U65). A variantwithhighangled rimis D4,36. Trefoil and other jugs (estimated total 70 and 8) plates 126,133,148,154,170,172,215. Fiveexamplesofthetrefoil mouthedjug occurin theearlyto mid 1stcenturyA.D., one froman context Augustan (A2,76) and fourClaudian (Cl,89). These have plain unribbedwalls,and theone fullypreservedexamplehas a flatbase, slightlyconcavebeneath(exactlyas thethin-
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ROMAN POTTERY
walledjuglettype,cf.Cl,87). These exampleshave finehard-fired lightredclay,withsurface of thesame colour. Fragmentsof fourtrefoil jugs froma Neroniancontext,however,(Nl,35) bringthe first of the hard salmon-pinkfabricfiredblue-greyat the surface,which distinctive appearance becomesa commoncoarseware fabricin the2nd centuryA.D. Unlesssomehowintrusivein of this thisdeposit(fragments onlyare preserved)thisseemsto push back the introduction 1st A.D. fuller discussion ware to Knossos into the third of the (see century quarter specialist undercookpots). The common2ndcentury A.D. (and later)formhas horizontalribbingand hollowbase with buttonbeneath.Fragments ofsomesixtywerefound.The bestexample,in thehardpinkfabric withgreysurface,comesfromtheHadrianicfloordeposit(Dl,9) and compareswellwiththe Villa Dionysusexamples(VilD 76, 77).73Othersare dividedbetweenthisdistinctive imported fabricand a perhapslocal red or sandybrownfabric.74 Othercoarsewarejugletsare found,some in effectbeingsmall one-handledcookpots(as type(C151O1,withwhichcompareCl,87-8; Al,13), otherscloserto thecommonthin-walled C2,20; Tl,18; T2,8). One fragment ofa jug withribbedverticalrimcomesfroma Tiberiancontext(B2,80). Miscellaneous Coarse Ware (total 11) plates 148-9,157,188,220. Severalothercoarseware formswerefoundand are listedhere. Small two-handledbowlswithevertedrimand flatbase as Nl,39 (in plainware) comefrom 1st A.D. contexts;threeexamplesare Augustan (A2,83), one Flavian (Fl,18) and a fifth Tl,19). Trajanic (see catalogueentryfollowing or measuringbowls A rim fragment, perhapsof a cookpotkernos,with small offering attached to the rim, and a dolium fragment(Vegas Form 49) come fromthe Claudian destruction deposit(Gl, 106-7). The micaceousribbed amphora,knownfromthe AthenianAgora (J47) occursin four 3rd centurycontexts(Rl,9; R2,21, two;Sl,9, the fragmentary examplesfromlate 2nd/early latterillustratedat plate 220). A possiblebrazierfragment, large,burnt consistingof a simplecylindricalwall fragment, and warped,comesfroma late 2nd A.D. context(R2,20; not illustrated). THE PLAIN WARES The plainwaresnotonlycomprisethegreaterpartofthetotalceramicmaterialbyweightand bulk,sincea highproportionoflargervesselssuch as amphoraeand utilitybowls,tubsand storagejars is included,but also containa greatvarietyofsmallerforms. contextshave been cataloguedand illustrated Those exampleswhichoccurin wellstratified in linedrawings.For othercontextsnewtypesand well-preserved exampleshave been treated made to and reference been has either material of the but the bulk catalogued briefly similarly, of vessels number of the an estimate with listed or stratified represented. examples, simply to creamcolouredclay, The fabricis forthemostpartthelocal,rathersoft-fired orange-buff oftenlistedin the catalogue as 'cream ware' (followingHayes' descriptionfor the Villa Dionysus).Wherea fabricis thoughtto be of foreignoriginthisis noted,and a distinction
ROMAN POTTERY
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in thecase oftheamphorae,althoughforcertainty in thisfieldthereis need drawn,particularly forfurther backed study by clay analyses. Here a briefresumeofthematerialis offered underthreebroadcategories, withsomesixteen vesseltypes,givingreference to illustrations and catalogueentries. The firstgroupconsistsofmainlyopen shapesincludingmanysmallerones: cups,censers, smallerbowlsand, mostcommon,thelarge lids,platesor platters,thestand,pyxisand strainer, bowl or basin. straight-sided utility in thelater1stcenturyB.C. and theearly1st Cups (estimatednumber32) occurprincipally and to follow the Hellenistic traditionwithhandleattachedinsidea small A.D., century appear evertedrim.75Twentytwocome fromAugustancontexts(Al,22. A2,87; plate 134); six are fromClaudian contextsand fourFlavian, wherea more carinatedformis found(F2,36d; plate 168) but is perhapsnow residual? Censersor 'thymiateria' (estimatednumberwithoutpainteddecoration53) plates 134,155, 195. 179, 183, The smallcenser(or pedestalcup) whichalso resemblesa domedlid76has been mentioned above withthepart-painted wares,sincesometenexampleshave painteddecoration(dotsand rim on the in and the stripes interior).Othershave no survivingtraceofdecorationand are includedwiththe plain ware. They occur in Augustan,Tiberian,Claudian, Neronianand Flavian contexts.77 A largertypewithincisedand pie-crust decorationand largehollowpedestalbase is foundin theearly2nd centuryA.D. (see D5,l-2), withfragments ofperhapsfiveofthesmallertype.78 These are paralleledat the Villa Dionysus79and in theWesternMediterranean.80 Lids (estimatednumber54) are foundin all contexts,and parallel the coarse ware type discussedabove (plates 134, 137, 149, 162, 170, 179, 195). In the 1stcenturyA.D. someare almostflatwithlow knob (A2,85), othershave a higherprofile(Bl,29), occasionallyone is made disc knob (N2,32). Late in ridged(Cl,109a) and rarelyone is providedwitha carefully thecenturya silver-white is in imitation of metalor glassware (Fl, 19),- a slip found,perhaps surfacetreatment also observedon jugs (to whichFl,19 may thenhave belonged),flasksand bottles.A domedformalso appearsin thelater1stand the2nd century(N2,41,Tl,20, D4,41?, U95-6),81 alongsideothersof thefamiliartype(N2,30-32; D4,39; U94 and 94a). The plate or platterand otherbroad open shapesare shownat plates 155, 179, 188, 194, 212D. Threeexamplesoccurofa largeflatplatterofdiameter35-40cms.One ofClaudian date is a simpledisc ofdiameter35cms.withlow oblique side-wall(C2,77). Another,of Severandate (SI, 17), has higherwall withincurvingrim,an externalgrooveand internalridgeat the junctionofwall and floor,and perhapsimitatesa sigillatadish,suchas theÇandarliwaredish Sl,l or the E Sig B ware exampleD6,4. A similarand probablycontemporary examplefromtheupperlevelshas thickcurvingwall withfacetted(knife-pared) exterior(U80). This shapeis paralleledat theVilla Dionysus(VilD no. 167). A larger,flatvesselofHadrianicdate withhigheroblique sidewall,diameter72.5,maybest be describedas a trough. An oddityis themouldedopen vesselA2,110,withsatyrand vinein relief,evidentlya local imitationofa finerqualityimportedtype. The stand (estimatednumber6) is illustratedat plates 155 and 162. A tall hollowstemof Claudian date,C2,74,appearsto be thebase ofa stand;otherfragments ofa similarnatureare Neronian(N2,39) and Flavian (F2 uncatalogued).
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ROMAN POTTERY
The pyxisfragments of two) plate 149, foundin a well stratified Cl,110 (fragments Claudian contextwould appear to be residual.To be noted,however,is theoccurrenceofa part-paintedexample in a Hadrianic contextwithparallelsin a Roman tomb at Knossos (D3,15 qv.) and apparentlyofa Roman fabric. A small strainer(plate 134) is foundin an Augustancontext(A2,88) but not paralleled elsewhere,exceptin coarseware (U59). One fragment fromthe late levelswithcut-outopen work,incisedfloraldecorationand was identified by Hayes as an earlyChristianchafer(U99) plate 221. groove, The most common plain ware open shape is the straight-sided utilitybowl or basin plates number 125, 129, 134, 137, 140, 149, 162, 170-1, 175, 179, 186, 188, 324), (estimated 195, 201, 218, 221. It was also the commonesttype at the Villa Dionysus,whereit was as standardkitchenequipment(VilD 108 and figs.15-16). It is foundin quantityin identified a almosteverydepositfromAugustanto Severan,withsome varietyin detail,fewoffering The flooris flat,leftroughbeneath;thestraightsideslead to a usefulchronologicalcriterion. flator slightly raisedrim,eitherplainor grooved(withone or moregrooves)and occasionally withincisedwavy lines (A2,91; B2,92; N2,42; F2,37 etc.); wavy line decorationalso occurs occasionallyon the floor,as VilD no. 181. Handles may be horizontalstripswith thumb (Bl,30; Cl,112) or simplelugs (N2,42). Late featuresappear to be theabsenceof impressions ofincisedwavylineson the handles, higherangleoftherim(as D4,43-4), thegreaterfrequency therim(as SI, 19) goingwitha generaltendencytowardsfinerrimdecorationsuchas a milled edge to therim(U82), perhapsalso an increasein horizontalribbingon thewall (SI, 18-19). Small bowlsand similarvessels(estimatednumber24), plates 158, 162, 195,are foundin variousshapes,somehemispherical (Nl,38-9, N2,40,F2,36e,U89), otherscarinated(A2,89), fromthe upper levelshas barbotine or tall conical like flowerpots (A2,90). One fragment decoration(U93).82 The secondgeneralcategoryincludesstoragevesselsand similarlargertypes,used perhaps thecontents. notonlyforstorageand workingpurposesbutalso,in somecases,fortransporting Theseincludethedolium,pithoidand otherjars, tubsand buckets,theunguentor perfume jar and thebeehivekalathos. Storagejars (estimatednumber64) are shownat plates 137,140, 149,155, 186,188, 195-6. as belongingto a largestoragejar or doliumwith are identified Severallargerimfragments Tiberian from everted mouth and rim, (Bl,27; B2,88-9), Claudian (Cl,115, C2,76) narrowing and Severancontexts(SI, 16); One withrolledrimis Claudian (Cl,107). Otherstoragevessels are thelargepithoidjars withstraightneckfromClaudian (Cl,123; C2,78-9), Neronian(Nl not catalogued),Flavian (F2,36g), Hadrianic (D5, type2, manywithpie-crustat rim),late 2nd A.D. (R2,23) and later contexts(U102-4, withinciseddecoration).A unique formof wide-bodied,carinatedstoragejar was foundon theflooroftheHouse ofDiamond Frescoes, Room I (U105; Vegastype48). Tubs and buckets(estimatednumber9) are shownat plates 155, 184 and 195. Tubs or and withsidehandlesare foundin Hadrianic (D2, type buckets,as VilD 174-6, straight-sided or later contexts(SI, not illustrated;U101, four and Severan A.D. later 2nd (Rl,12) 7), earlier one with examplein a Claudian context(C2,75). One withinternal possible examples), in latest levels the was found (U98), and may be associatedwiththeVilla Dionysus'nonlip spill' type(VilD 173,fig.14). Two perfume jars (or stoppers?)of the importedtypefoundat the Villa Dionysus(VilD nos. 168-70, 110-1, fig.14) werefoundin a Hadrianiccontext(D5, type 2; notillustrated). Beehivekalathoiwithextensionringsand lids also occur83(estimatednumber12), plates
ROMAN POTTERY
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134 and 221. Fragmentsof beehive kalathoi and extensionrings come fromAugustan (A2,96), Tiberian (B2, not catalogued), Claudian (Cl,117; C2, not catalogued),Neronian (N2,37), Flavian (F2, not catalogued), Trajanic (Tl,27) and late, upper level, contexts (U100).84 intended The thirdcategoryincludespouringand storagevessels,mostlybutnotexclusively forliquids:jugs, flasks,bottles,stamnoiand amphorae. The jug or pitcher(estimatednumber246) is shownat plates 137, 140, 162, 170, 173, 180, in almosteverydeposit,oftenin a very 184 and 196.Jugsin variousformsare represented to restore and difficult state, (see A2,93). The commonplain shape is long-lived fragmentary and resemblesthe painted examples (as Cl,60-l), with squat globular body, depressed undersideusuallywithbutton,and flaringmouthusuallywithshortverticallip. plate 146 whiteslip, a varietyofHadrianicexamplesofthistype(D4,60-64). Jugswitha silverillustrates and in Flavian and Hadrianic contexts or are noted metal D5). A variant (F2 imitating glass, withverywide squat bodycomesfroma Tiberiancontext(Bl,31); twooftheearly2nd A.D. and mayhave servedas feedingbottles(Tl,22 and Dl,ll). jugs are providedwithside-spouts, mouthsas theHadrianicexampleD4,55 (and 35 othersfoundwithit) and Some have trefoil the small late example U112. As on othershapes horizontalribbingis a late feature(cf. at rimand handlewhichsuggestimitation U107-9, plate 196). The jug U107 displaysfeatures ofa metaltype. Flasksand bottles(estimatednumber63) are shownat plates 134, 140, 159, 162, 171, 174, 180, 183, 185 and 196. In almosteverydepositare foundthesmallnarrowcylindricalnecks withevertedrimofflasksor bottles.85They have eitherone or twosmallneckhandles.None makeup intocompletevessels;one, froma Hadrianic context(D6,10) is restoredin drawing witha base whichseemsto belong,to forma globularflaskwithconicalneck,sphericalbody and smallringfoot(plate 183). This examplehas a silver-white slipwithvitreousor metallic colour of Three other the surface sheen,evidentlyimitating glass. examplesfromtheFlavian not show the same surface treatment. Anotherfeature F2 catalogued) deposits(Fl,21, two; whichappears occasionallyfromthe early2nd centuryA.D., on thisas on othershapes,is horizontalribbing(D3,16; U110). Two exampleswerefoundoftheimportedbrown-burnished bulbousunguentarium or 'tearplate one from a Claudian context and one Neronian plate bottle', (C2,63, 154) (N3,5; 163). Parallelsare knownfrom1stcenturyA.D. contexts(see underC2,63). Thestamnos(estimatednumber20) is illustrated at plates 137, 140,155, 158,162,170, 181 in both1stand 2nd A.D. contexts.86 and 189.This largesingle-handled vessel is found pouring Mostexampleshave tallcylindrical and thickened rimswithgroovesor ridges.One necks, flat, is inscribedon the rim (B2,84); one has incisedwavy line decorationand ringfoot(Sl,20). Horizontalribbingis foundon someexamplesfromtheearly2nd centuryA.D. (Tl,23; Sl,20). An unusual,importedtypeis in a distinctive coffee-brown, grittyporousware, light-weight and rathercoarse (Nl,36, threeexamples). The amphorais themostcommonplain wareshape,witha totalestimatedcountof432. In thecatalogueand in thediscussionwhichfollowsan attempthas beenmade todistinguish local fromimportedtypes,butwhilemanyimportsare easilydistinguishable somemayhave a fabric whichcannotbe differentiated offrequency by eye fromthelocal range.Thus consideration has also been takeninto account. Even so, whileit would obviouslybe desirableto offera definitive typeseriesof the local types,fromAugustanto Severanand latertimes,thismust awaittheclayanalysiswhichit has notyetbeenpossibleto carryout. In themeantimea series ofthecommontypes,presumedlocal,maybe ofsomehelp.They are illustrated at figs.6-7. A
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ROMAN POTTERY
further complicatingfactorhowever,noted by Hayes,87is thatfamiliartypesfromoutside sourcesseemto have been copied locally. Local amphorae(estimatednumber293) plates 127,135,149,159,168, 170,173,181,189, 193,201, 207, 215, 218. figs.6-7. Augustanamphoraehave tall cylindricalnecks,thickenedlip, long verticalhandleswith oval section (some also double-rolled,some peaked) and pointed or small nipple bases (Al,27-9; A2,99-100and examplesas theimportsnos.97 and 102; plates 127,135). The same typeis foundin themid 1stcenturyA.D. (Cl, 118-9; uncataloguedexamplefromC2). C1512O is perhapsa tableamphora,ratherthana largejug (?).88AlongsidesimilarNeronianexamples (Nl,43) are otherswithmorecurvingpeaked handlesofRhodian type(Nl,47) and thefirst occurrenceat thissiteofthecommonlatertype(VilD type2) withnarrowneckand straight collarrimand handlesofroundsection(Nl,49, probablylocal). In laterexamplestheslight of thelip disappears,the neckbecomesshorterand thehandlesare splayedmore thickening obliquely(cf.D2,4 and D4,67 Hadrianic;Sl,24, Severanand U119, possiblylater,fig. 6). A narrowmouthedamphoraofRhodiantype89was foundin a Flaviancontext:a slenderform,it has curvinghandlesof roundsection,peaked at the top, and a long cylindricalneck with thickenedlip (F2,39a). It seemsto be in local fabricimitatingan importedtype(F2,39b). Commonin Hadrianic contextsis an amphorawithshortcylindricalneck,thickenedlip on top,shortsplayedhandlesofoval sectionfromnecktoshoulder,cylindrical usuallyflattened button base (VilD type1). Dl,13 appearsto be a smalltableversionofthefullsized and body in seen D3,3 and D4,72. Late variantswithhorizontalribbing(as VilDA8-9) are found shape in Severancontexts(Sl,28-9). Some twelveamphorastandsand six stoppersor lids werealso found.90 Importedamphorae(estimatednumber137) plates 127, 135, 149, 159, 163, 168, 170-1, 181, 189, 197-9. It is hoped that the catalogue entriescombinedwith the line drawings, materialmay help with the arrangedin chronologicalsequence alongsidecontemporary oftheconsiderablevarietyofshapesand wares,and be ofsomehelpin datingthe identification variousseriesinvolved.It is also to be hoped thatat a laterdate fullerstudyof thismaterial may be undertakenthanis possiblehere. The amphoraefoundincludeexamplesofAegean red-waretypes:U133 (VilD type33-4), U134-43, U145-7 (VilD type34); Sl,31, U144 (VilD type37); also amphoraeofKoan type (Nl,51; D4,76; U149; cf. VilD types19-23); ofRhodian type(F2,39b), Campanian (Al,30), Tunisian(U150), Spanish(U155?); Cypriot(U139) and Egyptianand Numidian(byfabricof kindlymade by V. Hankey). Others are of unknown body sherdsonly; identification as VilD two for type18 (Sl,30 and U151). provenience, example
THE ROMAN DEPOSITS: CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS
SouthwestHouse: AugustanDestructionDeposit (Al) plates 125-7, 200-1. The Natureof theDeposit
A closed destruction depositwas foundlyingon a firmgreyearthfloorin Room I of the SouthwestHouse, at depth13.60-13.80m. (see SectionA, plate 6). This mayhave originated froman earthquake,since no signsof burningwere noted. The room has not been fully
179
ROMAN POTTERY
WI J
'
fig.6 Roman narrow-necked amphoraeofthelocal series:1 Augustan(A 1,29);2-3 Neronian(Nl,43 & 49); 4-5 Hadrianic (D2,4 & D4,66a, b); 6-7 Severan (Sl,22 & 24); 8 upperlevels(U119). Scale 1:8.
180
ROMAN POTTERY
P^A"-
ÇT
-
6
8
_J
7
9
fig. 7 Roman broad-mouthedamphorae of the local series: 1 mid-1st B.C. (A2,97) 2 Augustan (A2,102); 3 Neronian(Nl,48); 4-5 Hadrianic(Dl,13 & D3,3); 6-7 Severan(SI ,28-9); 8-9 upperlevels (U 123-4). Scale 1:8.
ROMAN POTTERY
181
excavated,butaftertheblockingofthedooron theeastsidein pre-Augustantimes,itevidently became a basementapproachedonlyby an internalstairway,presumablyofwood.91 On thefloorwas a numberofvases (Al,2-6, 8-10, 14-16, 20-1, 24, 27-33) and otherfinds (listedbelow),along withtilefragments, piecesofwhiteplaster,somestonerubble,and bone The depthofthedepositwas about 35cms.at theeast,butonly15 cms.at thewest fragments. wherethefloorrose.Someoftheobjectsin thefloordepositare likelytohave fallenfromabove, in particularthe finejugs, Al,3 and 4. Othersmay have been in a cupboardor on a stand, possiblyrepresented bytwolargestonessetbesidethenorthwall. Towardsthesouthsideofthe room an L-shaped mud brick structureserved as an amphora rack. One amphora was in positionhere,whileeightothers(somein fragmentary preserved form)werefoundnearby,one whichhad lostitsneckwas setdeeplyintothefloor,and had beenre-usedforthestorageof a drysubstancesuch as grain,to judge fromthe placing of an iron shovelinsideit. These amphorae,alongwithseverallargebasinsand a lekane,suggestthatthiswas a basementwine and foodstoreroom, perhapsdoublingas a kitchen.The later(mid 1stA.D.) use was probably similar(see Deposit Cl). It was perhapssituatedbelow thelivingquartersofa modesthouse enteredfromthe southside of the street;and it was fromtheseroomsthat the finerwares collapsed into the basementat the time of the destruction.The occurrencehere of some oftheCypriotkrater71/P276ofwhichotherfragments fellelsewhere(see Al,2 and fragments was widelyscattered, and thusitis A2,23) showsthatsomeofthematerialfromthisdestruction linkedwithotherevidencefora widerdestruction. This materialformsa majorpartofDeposit A2. The fillconsistedof buildingdebris:stones,yellowand greyclay and tiles,along with potsherds.It was excavatedas XIII 37 and 38. In thedepositwerefoundthefollowing, in additionto thepotterydepositcataloguedbelow as Al, 1-33: lampsL30, 51; coin C27 (Hellenistic);terracottas TC 55, 60; stonepounderS37; metalobjects:(bronze) boss (M290), (iron) arrowhead(M354), shovel(M385), uncat. knife blade fr.(71/641),pin fr.and 4 nails;metallurgical debrisM551; bone objectE12; clay bead K21; loomweights (10 pyramidaloverthefloor:71/452,534-539,one uncat;9 in thefloororits packing);one spindlewhorl(71/580);glassfr.(G164). Beneaththisfloorwerefoundthe tracesofan earlier1stB.C. level (plate 6 SectionA no. 12a) whichin turnoverlaya large pit withmixedHellenisticfill(SectionA, no. 15). Above laterAugustan/Tiberian DepositAl a seriesofsmallearthlevelsseemsto represent build-up, sealed beneaththemid-1stA.D. floorabove withitsown destruction depositofClaudian date (Deposit Cl). From theseintermediate levels,whichwereexcavatedas XIII 34-36, come the following finds:pottery:A2,32, 55 (part), 65 and 71; coins: C16 (Hellenistic),C80 (Kydas), C126 (Agrippa/Octavia);disc loomweight(71/661)and bronzeboss (71/512). Chronology
thisdepositis placed betweenmid 1stB.C. and early 1stA.D. levels.The Stratigraphically potteryfollowsin the Hellenistictraditionas regardsbothjug and bowl forms(Al,3-5 and 8-9), and it does not include the E Sig A formswith offsetbeneath the base which are distinctive ofthe turnof thecentury(1stB.C. /IstA.D.), and whichare foundin DepositA2 (A2,9-10). It is howeverhomogeneouswiththebulkofthematerialfromDepositA2, and may be assignedto theearlyAugustanperiod,in thelaterdecadesofthe1stcenturyB.C. In support of the interpretation of thisas the earliestRoman materialon the sitementionmay also be
ROMAN POTTERY
182
made of the occurrence here of the Campanian
Al,30.
figurine (TC55)
and the Campanian
amphora
Catalogue E Sig A (Not illustrated).Frs. of at least threevessels:(a) the hemisphericalcup (Form EAA 22), Al,l bybodysherdsonly;(b) thesmalldishwithcurvedrim(FormEAA 4), base fr.D. 14; and (c) represented rimfrs.ofa largedish (FormEAA 3), D. 36. Al,2 CypriotSig. (notillustrated).Frs.ofat leastfour:FormEAA 37-8 kraterwithastragalfoot,bodysherdof largeexample(A2,23),footofa smallerexample;FormEAA 7A smallbowl,rimfr.D. 14; FormEAA 12 lagynos,shoulderfr.withcarination,D. 18.5. ware (and partpaintedware) Local colour-coated
Al, 3
Al,4 Al,5a
Al,6a
Al, 7 Al,8 A 1,9 Al, 10 Al, 11
Oinochoe71/PI31 withappliquéT.C. head in rim,H. 16.5. Completeexcepthandlefr.Fine pale pinkto buffclay; paintlightred to darkchocolatebrown,metallic.Ring footunpainted;insideofrimand neck painted.Ellipticalrimwithridgeabove and grooveoutside,pinchedup on longersides.Ribbed vertical handle withfemalehead appliqué insiderimfollowingthe Hellenistictradition,plate 200. A larger exampleofthistypefromHellenisticCreteis in the Khania Museum (Inv.1820). Oinochoe 71/P145as no. 3, D(max). 11,H(est). 15.5. Rim,handleand upperbody,base frs.notjoining. Foot and undersidepainted.Appliqué head of archaisingmale, plate 200. Oinochoe 71/P198as no. 3, H(pres). 11. Rim and handle fr.only.Triple groovedhandle,femalehead appliqué, plate 200b-g (wheresix otherexamples,survivorsin later contexts,are also illustrated:b. 67/812child'shead, fromI(S) 15,Neronian;c. 67/555femalehead, fromVII 6a, Hadrianic;D. 71/P316 archaisingmalehead,fromXIV 24a, early1stA.D.; e. 71/140comicmask,fromXI 14,Augustan;f.67/20 3rd A.D.; g. 71/P52similar,fromXII 12, lst/2ndA.D.) beardedhead, fromV(S) 2, late 2nd/early at surface.Matt, Kantharos71/P311D. 9.5. Rim, handleand bodyfrs.Pale, pink-buff clay,yellow-buff to black paint,carelesslyapplied; lowerbodyunpainted.Angularhandleswithhorizontal greenish-grey ivyappliqué (leafand berries)on top surface,plate 200 (wherethreeotherexamplesare also illustrated: c. 71/P267fromXIV 14, Augustan;b and d fromundatedcontexts). somegrits;darkorange-brown painton Juglet71/P143highhandle,H. 8.3 (withhandle). Orange-buff, rim,neckand handles;splashesbelow. Shallowbowl 71/P207D. 9.5. About two thirds.Dark orange-buff clay,whitegrits,poorlymade. Worn red-brownto black paintin and out. Bowl,rimfr,D. 21. Dark, pink-buff clay; pale crimsonto brownpaint,glossyinside,dull outside. paintin Lagynos71/P155about threequarters,H. 19.7. Pinkishbuffclay,creamslip,pale orange-brown horizontalbands,black on lip and shoulderwherethicker.Twistedhandle,groovesat base ofneck. Krater 71/P224about two thirds,D. 42. Yellow-buff paint inside, clay, pink at the core, grey-brown on handles,rimand in streakbelow rim.Horizontalhandleswithtwo applied buttons. yellow-brown Also found:therimfrs.of a second,D. 22.
Coarse Ware
Al, 12
Al, 13 Al, 14 Al, 15 Al, 16 Al, 17 Al, 18 Al, 19 Al,20 Al,21
Beaker71/P204about two thirds,H. 9.6. Coarse,dark red-brownclay,gritty;smoothedsurface,darkbrownto black.Local imitationofthinwalled Italian type,as A2,37. Smallfrs.ofimportedexamplesalso occurin thisdeposit. Smalljug 71/PI34 profile,D. 7. Dark red clay withwhitegrits. Lid 71/P313D. 13.2. About one half.Hard brick-redclay,gritty.Conical knobwithdepression. Also found:frs.of threeothers,one withsolid knob. Small casserole71/P138D. 14. Complete.Coarse,redgritty clay,surfaceblackened.Crudelymade; thick walled. Casserole71/P315D. 22. Floor missing.Straightsides;smallinternalflange. Cookingdishwithflange,as A2,81,rimfr.D. c. 30. Not illustrated. Cookingdishwithgroovedrim,as A2,80,rimfr.D. c. 35. Not illustrated. Evertedrim,slight Cookpot71/P168aboutone third,D. 17. Handlesmissing.Dark reddishbrown,gritty. Cf. A2,74 (P169) flange. Cookpotwithsmallflange,as A2,72. Rim frs.of two. Not illustrated. Cookpotwiththickinteriorflange,71/P312.Profileexceptbase, D. 23. Dark red clay withwhitegrits.
ROMAN POTTERY
183
Plain Ware
Al, 22 Al, 23 Al, 24 A 1,25 Al, 26
Cups, as A2,87, rimand handle frs.of at least five;creamware,D. 9-10. Not illustrated. Deep bowl,rimand body fr,D. 25. Grittycreamware. clay,smoothedsurface.Lug handle on rim. Deep bowl,rimfr,D. 20. Brown-bufF Basin 71/PI46 completeexceptone handle,D. 40. Cream clay,largewhitegrits,smoothedsurface. Basin 71/PI37 completeexcepthandles,D. 40. As 25. Also the rimof a third,D. c. 50. Not illustrated.
to 28 and 30-33 imported) Amphorae(nos. 27-9 local; comparandum
Al, 27
Al, 28 A 1,29 Al, 30 Al, 31 A 1,32 Al, 33
Rim to shoulderfr,D. 9.5. Local creamware. Thickenedlip; double rolledhandles,sloping.Slightneck ridge. Rim,neckand startofhandle,D. 11. Greyishcreamclay,local. Thickenedlip,slightneckridge.Vertical handlesofoval section. Also fr.of anothersimilar,in hard-fired pinkclay,micaceous,withpurplishpinkslip. Import. Lip to belly,and nipplebase, notjoining,D. 6. Greyishwhiteclay,selfslip; local? Rim to shoulder,D. 11.5. Dark red gritty, hard-fired. Insidesurfacedeep maroon;thinlyapplied cream doublerolledhandles,carinatedat shoulder.Froma tallcylindrical formas slipoutside.Rolled rim,offset; Nl,51. Campanian; cf.Riley Berenice 149, typeER4, and fig.74. Completeexceptneckand handle frs,D. 10.2. Pinkporousclay withbrownbits;creamslip and rough surface. Anothersimilar,D. 11, has brownish-buff clay and creamslip. Shoulderto base, D (max). 31.5. Hard light-redclay withlime grits;unslipped. Shoulderto base, D(max). 48. Pale red clay,pale buffslip,surfaceflaking.Wide globularform.
Other Augustan Material (A2) plates 128-35,201. The Natureof theContexts
DepositA2 includesall selectedAugustanmaterialnotfromtheSouthwestHouse floordeposit in Room I, DepositAl. Over 80% of thismaterial92comesfroma homogeneousfillextendingover much of the centraland southareas oftheexcavation,(see SectionA levels10-11 and SectionH level8). This is referred to below as 'the main southerndeposit'.It represents redepositeddestruction debrisand otherrubbish,possiblyfrombuildingswhichlay higherup the slope,outsidethe excavatedarea to thewest.ThoughconnectedwithDepositAl throughtheinclusionofsherds fromthesamevesselsand containinga largebodyofcontemporary material,it is nota closed depositin thesame senseand has a widerchronologicalrange.Sherdsfromthetop ofthefill runinto the 1stcenturyA.D.93 The main filllay partlyover destroyedand abandoned roomsin and adjacent to the SouthwestHouse. But the occupationlevelson the floorsbeneathdid not produceclearly defineddestruction depositslikethatin Room I. Only in theadjacentRoom II was founda smallgroupofobjectson the floor,plate 27f:fromherecome nos. 81, 88, 97 and 102. Othercontextsincludedin Deposit A2, but stratigraphically distinctare thefollowing: XIII 35-6. Nos. 55 65 and 71 to a level insidetheSouthwestHouse, 32, a) (part), belong whichran overtheearlyAugustandestruction and was latersealed by themiddeposit(Al), lstA.D. destruction Cl . This then be a as later deposit may regarded Augustangroup,or more an 1st A.D. build between these two destruction levels(see also discussion generally, early up and listoffindsunderDepositAl). b) VIII 29. Five pieces,9 (part),40, 52, 61 and 64 are fromthelevel(VIII 29) immediately belowtheflooroftheTiberian"Room oftheAntiquary",DepositBl, and sealed overby this (see SectionC, level 12).
184
ROMAN POTTERY
c) The followingcome fromisolatedlevelsor pocketsof Augustanmaterialnorthof the street:3, 24-27, 44, 62, 76. Some oftheselevels,too,are linkedwiththemainsoutherndeposit byjoiningsherds. d) Nos. 53, 63 and 98 derivefromthefabricofthewallsoftheSouthwestHouse (53, 98) and thebuild up of the SoutheastHouse courtyardfloor(63). are givenonlyforthosepieceswhichdo not In the cataloguewhichfollowsproveniences come fromthe main southerndeposit.These are also markedwithan asterisk. Chronology
withDepositAl in thelatter As indicatedabove, themainsoutherndepositbelongsprimarily which coins B.C. This datingis confirmed halfofthe1stcentury belongto theperiod40-20 by B.C.94 Howevera numberofsigillataformsincludedin thisdepositbringitsupperdate into theearly1stcenturyA.D. These are theE Sig A dishformswithsteppedunderside(A2,9-10), 1stB.C. to 1stA.D., and twostampedE Sig B bases (A2,28and 28a) whichmight transitional in thisdeposit,sincetheyare notaccompaniedby anyotherfragments be consideredintrusive of first foundin theTiberiandeposits(withthefine-walled and thewareis otherwise fragments FormsEAA 9, 21, 23 and 30). Notableis thevirtualabsencefromthemainsoutherndepositof Italian sigillata(see catalogue entryprecedingA2,24). Those pieces which are listedhere fromXIII 35-6 bring as notedabove,and withthepottery derivefromseparateproveniences, theentireAugustanperiod. theoverallrangeoftheA2 materialto coverapproximately Alsofoundin thelevelsofthemaindeposit:lampsL42, 675; coinsC6, 23, 52, 64, 66, 70-1, 74, 79, 83, 85, 99, 119, 128-9; terracottasTC 38, 57, 91; stone objects S38-42, 78, 89; W56-71; metalobjectsM208, 215, 241, 248, 274, 276-7, 279, 289, 293-4, 289-9, loomweights debrisM541; bone objectsE13-20a; 326, 334, 349, 353, 361, 367, 375, 383, 387; metallurgical glassG2, 6, 14, 16, 20, 30, 34, 40, 47, 50, 58-9, 63-5, 67, 72, 91, 145, 253, 306. Catalogue 's C2 ware) Black ware ( Kenrick'
This ware todark-grey fabric,somemica. Flakyblackslip,withgood glosswherewellpreserved. Pure,dark-brown familiarin late Hellenisticdeposits(e.g. at Delos) may be a survivalin thiscontext,but was foundwithAugustan as precursorto theE Sig A types material,and seemsworthincludingforthisreason,and foritsbasic relationship whichfollow. A2,l A2,2 *A2,3
Platter71/P73rimand base frs,notjoining,D. c. 40. Roulettingin twozoneson floor,betweenconcentric grooves. Profileofa secondexample.VI over threshold'bu'. Plate (a) rimfr,D. c. 22. Worn,flakingsurface,(b) base fr,D. c. 9. Rouletted.Illustratedtogetherin drawing,but possiblynot thesame plate. Reliefbowl 67/P251,rimfr,D. 17. Lustrous,waxyblack slip. Egg and dart and runningspiralpattern beneathrim.Cf. Bl,21 (68/P23).IX 13
E Sig A Unlessotherwise noted,all have pale cream-buff clay,whichis fine,hard,and chunkyat breaks,witha darkorangewiththefabric. red gloss,contrasting 323, EAA 22). Late 2nd B.C. to c. A2,4 Hemispherical cup (a) rimfr,D. 9, (b) base fr,D. 5 (Samaria16,Kenrick 10 A.D. Bases ofnineothers. on floor(Samaria10b?,Kenrick *A2,5 Flat-baseddish,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 15.5. Faint rouletting 319.2, EAA 12?). XIII 24A. Rims offiveothers,D. 15-19.
ROMAN POTTERY A2,6 A2,7
A2,8 A2,9a A2,10 A2,ll A2,12 A2,13
A2,14
185
offset on floor{Samaria10c?,Kenrick Flat-baseddish,base fr,D. 9. Base slightly beneath,rouletting 319.3, EAA 12, Hayes71, Fig. 3.13). Small dishwithcurvedrim(a) 71/P148D. 21. Aboutone half.Rouletted.(Samaria1, Kenrick 314.4,EAA 4). (b) 71/P257profileexceptridgeoffoot,D. 22.4. Pinkishbuff;pockedsurface.Palmettesand rouletting. (c) 71/P83base fr.withstamp,perhapsthisform.See Y35. Frs. of about 20 othersincludingsix withpalmettesand rouletting, D. 20-30. Large dish with curved rim; rim and base frs,not joining,D. 31. Thick-walled,square-cutfoot,no decoration(Samaria1, Kenrick 313.3, EAA 3). Frs. of about 15 others. Large dishwithcurvedrim;rimfr,D. 38; unburnt(FormEAA 3). XI 16. (b) non-joiningbase fr,D. 12. underbase. Roulettingon floor.(FormEAA 4A?). VIII 29. (These Burnt,wornand badlypocked,offset frs.are incorrectly associatedin thedrawing.) Smalldishwithoffset underbase, rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 15.Fine buffclay,flakyredgloss.(Hayes '71 Fig. 3,4; Antioch 115/6).This formdevelopsat the turnof thecentury,1stB.C. /IstA.D. XIV 11. Frs. of threeothers. Small carinatedplate,rimto base fr,D. c. 18. (Samaria5, Kenrick 317, EAA 7). Dish withoverhanging rim,rimfr,D. c. 34. Dark redmattsurface,flaky.Cf.thedecoratedplateform,no. A2,13. Frs. ofone other. Plateswithmouldedrim (a) 71/P89rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 42. Good dark-redslip,mottled. Stampedovolomouldingon rim,withbead rowabove. (Antioch140,Hayes'71 Fig. 3,5; Kenrick 318,EAA Form9, c. 50-25 B.C.) Anotherverysimilar,(71/P88),D. 42. (b) Same mouldingwithheartsabove, rimD. 42. Two otherssimilar. (c) Same mouldingwithrunningspiralabove, rimD. c. 40. Lagynos71/PI47, neckto shoulderand base frs,notjoining,D (max). 19. Fine pale orange-pink clay,dark red-brownslip,slightlyglossy.Carinatedshoulder,graffito on underside,see X45.
CypriotSigillata
The fabricis hardand fine,orange-or brown-to dark-red;theslipis similarin colour,rangingfromorange-brown to dark red-brown, near maroonin places,and sometimesmetallic. A2,15 A2,16 A2,17 A2,18 A2,19 A2,20 A2,21 A2,22 A2,23
Small bowl 71/PI56, profile, D. 14. The slipis dull and streakyinside,blotchyon loweroutsidewall. EAA FormP22A, late 1stB.C./early1stA.D. (Joinsfromstepsdu #2746and df21344 and XI 16.) Small bowl 71/P278,base fr,D. 7.5. Ring footwithgroovebeneath,grooveand ridgeabove, rouletted. EAA Form P14(?), late 1stB.C. Feederjug 71/P286,rimand neckfr,D. 10. Conical mouth;evertedlip withridgeand grooves;strainerin rim.Anotherexamplewas foundat neck;ridgedhandle. Similarto EAA Form P48, but withdifferent Knossosin the Strat.Mus.excavation(P. Warren);cat.no. SEX/80/P459. Shallowdish71/P279,profileexeptcentreoffloor,D. c. 20. Low curvedwall; low mouldedringfoot.EAA FormP5, early 1stA.D. Small plate 71/P256,profileexceptfloor,D. 14.8. EAA Form P10(?), early 1stA.D. Krater 71/P277,rim,handle and upper body, D. 18.5. Peaked handle at rim,withlug at lowerend; crudelymade, in contrastto restof bowl. Decorationof horizontalgrooves,verticalgougings,dots in added white.EAA Form P34. Krater71/P93,rimand bodyfrs,D. 13.3. Base restoredfromfr.ofsimilarvesselwithringfoot,D. 7.5. Good red-brownslip,metallic.Roulettingin two zones on body,and on rim. Also frs.of a thirdexample. Krater 71/P114,neck to base frs,D(max). 18. Decorationof horizontaland squigglygrooves,vertical gougings,and dotsand chevronsin appliedwhite.Formas preceding.Fragmentsfoundwidelyscattered in thisfill(XI 14, 16, 17; XIV 19; ec/ej). Krater71/P276,neck,body and base frs,notjoining,D. c. 48. Part of one astragalfoot.Decorationof as illustrated.Heavy smearingmarksaround foot.EAA Form P38. Fragments groovesand rouletting, foundwidelyscatteredin thisfill(XII ec/ej;XIV 14, 24, 28; XIII 10a, 35, 38 = DepositAl; XI 18).
186
ROMAN POTTERY
Italian Sigillata (and imitations)
constitute thedating Allfourfragments listedherecomefromminordepositsnorthofthestreet,and theythemselves evidencefortheircontexts.Theyshouldbelongto a laterdate in theAugustanperiodthanthebodyofthematerial nonein themainsouthern here.No ItalianSigillatawas foundin thedestruction depositAl, and virtually presented deposit,thebulkofwhichshouldpredatethefirstarrivalof thesewaresat Knossos.The scrapsfoundinclude25 no featuresherdsexceptone stampedfr.belongingto theearly1stcenturyA.D. (forwhich bodysherds,no profiles; see Y46), and thefollowing: *A2,24 Reliefbowl,rimfr,D. c. 15. Fabric 1. Good gloss,as Cl,l-2; surfacepocked.IX 23, 691. fulloffineparticlesof *A2,25 Reliefbowl,bodyfr,D. c. 15. Vine withcluster.Light-redclay,rathersoft-fired, well preserved, silvermica; worndark-redslip outside,browninsidewithslightblack mottling, slightly lustrous,plate 201. Athenianimitationof Italian type?(JWH). Or Ionian bowl? (Kenrick).I(S) 18. *A2,26 Conicalcup rimfr,D. 9. Fabric2, excellentlustrousslip.FormK208.3, datedc. 10B.C. - 25/30A.D. I Blk = I(S) 13. Small *A2,27 plate,rimfr,D. c. 18. Fabric 2. FormK205.3, dated c. 10 B.C. 25/30A.D. I(N) 12. Also found:a stampedcup base, Y46 (qv.) E Sig B A2,28 Bowl 71/P186,pedestal base, D. 4.5. Bl ware. Micaceous; brightorange slip, pocked and flaking. Rectangularstamp(8 x 5mm.) insidegroovedcircle,D. 3.2. See Y37. FormEAA 28? A2,28a Bowl base 71/P85,spreadingringfoot,D. 6.2. Bl ware.Grooveon floorand beneathfoot.Stamped.See Y47. Otherslippedware
A2,29
A2,30 A2,31
red-brownclay withsilvermica,especiallyin theslip;dull Small plate 71/P86,profile,D. 17. Soft-fired, red-brown sliplustrousinside,roughand pockedoutside.Heavy ringfoot,bevelled;on undersidegraffito AF ligatured;slightridgeatjunctionofwall and floor;grooveon lowerwall and insiderim.Broadband of betweenconcentricgrooves,D. 4.1-6.6. Rectangularstamp,12 x 15mm.,ASELLI. Local (or rouletting Athenian?)imitationofArretine.See Y6. Flutedbowls (plate 130a,b),local yellow-buff clay,red slip in and out. (a) Rim fr,D. 15, withstartof handle, (b) Rim, body and base frs,notjoining (71/P281),D. 10. B806. Perhapslocal imitationsof the Cypriotetype(cf.A2,20 and 22). Cf. Berenice Broad hemispherical bowl,rimfr.D. 25.
Lead-glazedware
*A2,32 Skyphos(a) rimfr.71/P269,D. 8. Finedark-grey fabric,lead-glazesurface, varyingfromturquoisetolight green.Moulded decorationin reliefwithvine motif.XIII 34 inside,whitishgreenbeneath;perhapsfromthesamevessel.XIII (b) base fr,D. 5.9. Glaze yellow-green 34. This belongsto Hochuli-Gysel'sTarsus Group 3 (Hochuli-GyselKleinasiatische Reliefkeramik glasierte and is dated tooearly);the provenience, 1977,103,where,however,thispiecehas beengivenan incorrect to thisgroupare fromHaltern(pre-9A.D.), cf.Hochuli-Gysel attributable earliestdatablefragments op. cit. 37 and 167,T 194-5. Our pieces,fromlevel XIII 34, partofa build up ofstrataovertheAugustan destruction depositAl, and below themid-1stA.D. depositCl, are bestdated 'early 1stA.D.'95 rimfr,D. c. 9. Fine brownfabric,hard. Silver-white glaze outsideand extendinge. lem. A2,33 Skyphos/beaker insidelip. Straightlip. Knidianware
A2,34 A2,35
Carinated bowl 71/P49,about threequarters,D. 17.2. Pink, grittyclay, hard; brownslip. Crudely finished;surfacerathergritty. Carinatedbowl,rimand twistedhandle frs,D. c. 15. Fine dark-brownclay,roughsurfacedark-brown inside.Shape as no. 34. Not illustrated; outside,dark-grey Also rimfrs.of twoothers.
Thin-walledcoarseware
1.5-2mm. all offine,hard-fired Small frs.ofabout twentyvesselsincludethefollowing, fabric;wall-thickness clay; surfacepale-browninside,grittyand abrasive; A2,36 Barbotinebowl,rimfr,D. 8. Pale-brown,hard-fired brownto black outside,smoothedbut withsharpbarbotinepoints.
ROMAN POTTERY
187
Beaker71/P263,about one half,D. 6.8. Streakybrownto red,greyat thecore. Italian import. Small rimfrs.of 2 or 3 otherscome fromDeposit Al; forlocal imitationsee A 1,21. A2,38 Juglet,rimfr,D. 7. Pinkfabric,greyto pale brownsurface. rimand bodyfr,D. 7. Hard greyfabric;black,blisterysurface. A2,39 Beaker,vertical-lipped, *A2,40 Jug(?) rimand bodyfr,D. 9. Pink to brownfabric,greysurface.No handle preserved.VIII 29. 40a Also rimof a second,D. 10; grittyred-brown, withgreysurface,plate 201. A2,41 Beaker,rimand bodyfr,D. 7. Grey-brown fabric,greysurface.Verticalbarbotinedecoration. 41a Also rimof a second,dark red-brown, plate 201. A2,42 Beakerrimfr,D. 7.5. Brown;deep horizontalridging,plate 201. plate 201. A2,43 Beaker?,base fr,D. 5. Pale brown,smoothwithhorizontalribbingand rouletting, 43a-d Also bodyfrs.offourothers:one hard,black thornware; twowithverticalridgesand notched (greyand brown);one withcurvingverticalgrooves,finepolishedbrown,plate 201. LettersAC preserved.Thorn *A2,44 Aco beaker 67/P217body fr,D(max). 7, H(pres). 4. Pale grey-brown. Pit 2 no. 56; patternon lowerbody,palmettesbeneath.IX 16,N ofstreet,plate 124 no. 40. Cf.Sabratha Vegas RCRF Acta11/12(1969-70) 107-124. A2,45 Strainer,rimand body fr,D. 13. Fine, hard grey.
A2,37
Local slippedware
The fabricis usuallyfine,yellow-or cream-buff, varyingto a pinkishbuffor pale brown;theslipred (dullor slightly in deciding glossy)rangingfromred-brownto darkmaroon.There is a greatvarietyofshapes,and somedifficulty whichare late Hellenisticformsand whichgenuinelycontinuedin use into theAugustanperiod.Nos. 51 and 53 perhapsfallintotheformercategory. Small dish,profileD. 17. Glossyredinside,streakymattmaroonoutside.Curvingrim;groovedringfoot. Cf. theE Sig A dish FormEAA 3. Also frs.of tenotherssimilar. A2,47 Dish 71/PI42, about two-thirds,D. 21.5. Light-redto blackslip,metallicin places.Rim slightly incurving; carinated.Plain ringfoot.Form as preceding. A2,48 Hemisphericalbowl,rimand body fr,D. 24. Pale red slip. Turned out lip. Also frs.of threeotherssimilar. A2,49 Hemisphericalbowl,rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 18.5. Glossydark maroonslip. Also frs.ofsix others,D. 18-20. Perhapsimitatingthe E Sig A bowl FormEAA 22. A2,50 Carinatedbowl,rimfr,D. 20.5. Slip pinkinside,wornblack outside. Frs. ofsevenothers. withglossyself-slip. Groovesin floorand at rim. A2,51 Small plate 71/PI57, complete,D. 13.6. Fine pink-buff Survival? *A2,52 Plate rimfr,D. c. 20. Dark red,mattslip; maroonon outside.VIII 29. Frs. of two otherssimilar. *A2,53 Shallowbowl 71/P232,about threequarters,D. 20. Carinated;groovedoutside,at rimand beneath.XIII wall 'dg' blocking#2607. A2,54 Groovedbowl,rim,body and base frs,notjoining,D. 27. Flakyred slip outside,dark maroonwithin. A2,55 Jug,rim,handleand bodyfr,D. c. 8.5. Matt red-brown slipoutsidein upperbodyonly.VI 18/XIII 34. Also frs.of two otherssimilar. A2,56 Juglet,rimand handle fr,D. 7. Brownslip outside,red inside. Also rimfrs.ofsix others. A2,57 Small bowl,rimto near base fr,D. 7. As no. 47. Also rimfrs.ofsix others.A2,58 Mug? rim,handle and base frs,notjoining,D. 10. Profileas no. 47. Also frs.ofelevenothers,includingone fromdepositAl. A2,59 Juglet71/P92,about one half,D. 8.5. Matt black slip in and out. The heavyringfoot,squat bodywith slightcarination,and incurvingrimsuggestthatthisis an AugustanformstillusingtheHellenisticblack finish. A2,60 Modiolus,upperbodyand base frs,notjoining;base D. 10. Fine pink-buff clay;lightredslip,flaking.Start ofhandlewithreel.Cf. HesperiaXLI pl. 75 fora green-glazedexampleof thisshape. A2,46
Miniaturesand miscellaneous
*A2,61 Lid 68/P5,D. 6.8. Hard buff;crude.Brownpaint splodgesoutside.VIII 29. *A2,62 Table amphorastopper67/P138.Ill Pit 12.
ROMAN POTTERY
188
*A2,63 Bottle71/P41,H. 4.8. Plain, pale buff.SE House Phase I, make up ofcourtyardfloor. *A2,64 Jar 68/P9,H. 6.5. As no. 63. Slightlyburnt.VIII 29. *A2,65 Pedestalbowl fr.71/P117,D(max). 4.4. Foot missing.Plain, pale buff.XIII 35. Plain ware withpainteddecoration
A2,66
A2,67
Pale bufffabric,creamslip, Modiolus71/P96,aboutone half,D. 19. Startofone verticalhandlepreserved. chestnutbrownpaint,thinlyapplied in vine motif. at surface;pale red-brown firedcream-buff D. 21. Grittyred-buff, paint Jar,aboutone half,base missing, inside,and in spiraldecorationoutside,as shown.Horizontalshoulderhandles.
Semi-glazedlekanai (and similar)
to yellow-buff; the Frs. of about 17 includenos. 68-69 following.The clay variesfromred throughbrown-buff outsidesurfaceusuallysmoothbuffor cream,withwavylineor upperzone painted;theinsidefullypainted.The flat rimwithdoublegrooveoutside,as no. 70 is mostcommon.The slipis browntodeep redand ofvaryingquality,from a thinflakycoatingto an excellentgloss,closeto theE Sig A finish.Ten plain ringbases (as no. 68) are preserved; also varyingrimfrs.and ringbases of about 18 smallerbowls (base D. 4.5-8.0). A2,68 A2,69 A2,70
Lekane, rimbody and base frs,notjoining,D. 33. Softbrownbuff;flakydark-redslip. For shape cf. SabrathaPit 2 nos. 119-20. pale red-brownslip. Hemisphericalbowl,rimand bodyfr,D. 22. Softyellow-buff; bowl,rimfr,D. c. 22. Brownslip. Straight-sided
Coarseware
*A2,71 Cook pot 71/P50,completeexceptone handle/profile exceptfloor,D. 23. Hard dark-redwithfinelime grits;flakingsurface,burnt.Rim turnedout, withflattop. No flange.Slightridgeat neck.Horizontal handleswithtriplegroove.XIII 22 (7), on Floor 4. Also rimfrs.of about 15 others,orange-redto yellowishgreyin colour. A2,72 Cook pot,rimand handlefr,D. 13. Brickred. Groovedrim,slightflange,grooveon shoulder.Vertical handles. A2,73 Cook pot 71/P169,profileexceptfloor,D. c. 20. Dark grey,gritty;red at the core; some mica. Ridged verticalhandles.XII 23. Also rimfrs.fromabout 18 others. Brickred,outsidesurface A2,74 Cook potwithexterior flange,D. 13.5.profileexceptfloor.No handlepreserved. to black. grey A2,75 Cook pot,rimand handlefr,D. 16.5. Brickred fabric,pinkto maroonsurface.Insideflange,grooveon shoulder,ridgedverticalhandles. D(max). 14.7. Base missing.Hard red clay,creamslip. IV 4. *A2,76 Trefoiljug 67/P176,about three-quarters, browngritty.Crude cylindricalknob;rimturnedup. Perhapsforsmall A2,77 Lid, profile,D. 14. Hard-fired, casserole,as no. 79. XI 14. as knoband centraldepression, Alsofrs.of 19 otherlids;twelvesimilarto no. 77, sevenwithcylindrical D. 16-28. Frs.ofone largelid, D. 28, or greyfabricabout equallyrepresented. A 1,14. Brownto light-red coarse,brown,grittyand verymicaceous. red and greyat thecore;surfaceredinside,grey A2,78 Shallowcasserole,rimand bodyfr,D. 16. Hard, gritty, outside.Flanged and carinated. Also frs.of 20 others,similar,D. 16-26. Two withoutarticulatedflange,as Al, 15. pink;undersidegrey.Flanged and carinated. A2,79 Deep casserole,profileexceptfloor,D. 25. Hard-fired, Also frs.ofsix others,similar. A2,80 Cookingdish withgroovedrim,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 24. Light-red,grittyclay withbrown surface;undersideblackened. Also frs.ofone other. smoothinsidesurface.XIV gritty; *A2,81 Cookingdishwithexternalflange,rimand bodyfr,D. c. 30. Light-red, 30. pinkgrittyfabric.Not illustrated.Shape as Nl,39. A2,82 Small bowl,rimand bodyfr,D. 17. Hard-fired, Also rimfrs.of twootherssimilar. and micaceous,blackenedbeneath.Not A2,83 Fryingpan, profileexcepthandle,D. c. 30. Heavy,brown,gritty illustrated.As Bl,24.
ROMAN POTTERY
189
Coarseware disheswithappliedred-slip('Pompeian redware')
A2,84
Rim and base frs.offour,D. 30-c. 50. Dark brownclay withblack and whiteinclusions;verymicaceous. Dark red slip withfineparticlesofsilverand somegold mica; well burnished,(a) Three withshortand thickenedrims,at oblique angle; (b) one withplain curvingrimas FormK479/480;cf.Hayes(1973) no. 173. Froma sourcein Campania?
Plain ware
Thereis a greatvarietyofplainwareforms.Of perhaps45 different shapes,sevenhave beenselectedforillustration, due to theirbetterpreservation, or particularinterest. A numberoftheothersare briefly listedand described,with reference tootherdepositswherepossible.An exhaustivestudywouldrequireexcessivespace. The fabricvariesand is notedbriefly underthe types. Lid, profile,D. 9. Warm buff. Also thefrs.ofeightothers,withwide cylindricalknob,as forthecoarselids,but rimnot turnedup. Fabric cream,whitishcream,sandybuff,or pinkishbuff;D. 9-17. A2,86 Pedestalbowls,rimfrs.ofthree,D. 9.5-1 1. As C 1,68-73.Basesoffive,includingone hollowedbeneathand mouldedas C2,73. D. 5-6. One rimillustrated. A2,87 Cup 71/P87,about two thirds,D. 8.8. Handle missing,but was attachedinsiderim. Also frs.of about 16 others,D. 8.5-10. Fabric cream,cream-buff, pink-buff. *A2,88 Strainer,profile,D. 6. No handle preserved.XIV 3O.A2,89Shallow bowls,rim frs.of four,one with incurvingrim,threecarinatedwithflaringrim;ringbases of about ten;D. 15-20. Not illustrated. A2,90 Small basins,evertedrimsoffive,D. 10-15; one groovedas no 91. Bases ofeight,fiveflat,threewithring foot.Two straight-sided "flowerpots". Not illustrated. A2,91 Basin,rim,handle and body fr,D. 30. Buttonsapplied to handle. Cf. A 1,25. Frs. of about 20 similar,with flatrim,double groove,straightsides,applied handle at rim; three thumbimpression at centreofhandle.Fabriclightorange-red, D. preserving pink,buff,creamorgreenish, 30-50. About 20 otherlarge deep bowls or basins are represented withtheserimvariations:sevenwithno groove,D. 26-35; fourwithinternalflange,D. 27-40; fourwithsinglegroove,D. 33-38; twowithdouble grooveand wavy line, D. c. 36; one withtriplegroove,D. c. 42; one withraised transverse ridges.In internaldivisions. addition,one bowl had tripartite withlimeand browngrits.For shape,cf.C2,73. Not A2,92 Standor censer?,mouldedbase fr,D. 26. Cream-buff illustrated. A2,93 Jugs,base frs.ofabout 35, mostwithstraightor spreadingringfoot,D. 7-15; 12 withroundedringfoot and concaveundersidewithcentralbutton.Rim formsare varied- rolled,straight, turnedout and flator creamor pinkish-buff, and comparatively thinridgedat lip, and flaring,D. 5.5-14. Most are soft-fired, and hard to restore.Not illustrated. walled,and henceveryfragmentary A2,94 Bottle,rimto shoulderfr,D. 3.5. Light-redwithpale buffsurface,burnished.Conical lip. A2,95 Bottle,rimto shoulderfr,D. 4.2. Hard pinkto buff;creamslip. Rolled rim. Also rimfrs.offourothers. creamslip; interiorgrooves. A2,96 Beehivekalathos,rimfr,D. 30. Dark brown-buff, Also rimfrs.of threesimilar,D. 26-30. Lid fr,D. 28, withdouble concentricgrooves. Extensionrings,frs.ofeight,D. 24-27, W. 3-6.5. A2,85
Amphorae
*A2,97 71/P183,complete,H. 80.8. Hard pink to red clay, cream slip. ShoulderinscriptionKA in dark red. Thickenedrim,peaked handles(double rolled),neckridge.Veryslightlyribbed.Nipple base. XIV 30, deposit. Also frs.of 16 otherswithdouble rolledhandles,mostwithrolledrim,one straight, one withflatlip, sharplyoffset(see A2,102). Fabric: creamware mostcommon;somesandybrown,threelight-redwith creamslip,one dark brownmicaceous,one orange-pink.Illustratedare three,nos. 98-100: *A2,98 Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 10. Brick-red clay,pale buffsurface.As 97. SE House Phase II, wall content. lime grits;cream-buff A2,99 Rim, neckand handle fr,D. 12. Soft,dark sandy-buff; slip; flatlip. smoothed.Flat lip, offset. A2,100 Rim, neckand handle fr,D. 12. Pale red clay,self-slip, A2,101 71/PI22, about one third,rimto belly,H (près).36, D. 8. Creamware,slightly pinkat core;somegrits.A slimmerform;peaked handleswithroundsection.Local. XI 15.
190
ROMAN POTTERY
Alsofrs.of 10 othersofthisform.Most local,withcream,pinkand sandy-buff fired clay;one light-red, creamat surface,one greenish. *A2,102 Rim to lowerbody,pointedfoot,notjoining,H(rest).84.4,D(rim).13.3. Light-redclay,sandytexture; creamslip. Short,wide neck;handlesofoval section.Cretan?XIV 18, 20, 28, 30. rim.Fabric:local buffto cream Alsofrs.of15 otherswithflator oval handlesection;rolledor thickened claymostcommon;somesandybrown,orange,pinkwithcreamslip,and red. Illustratedare nos. 103-4: A2,103 Rim,neckand startofhandles,D. 14.4. Soft-fired, greyishcream,flakingcreamslip.High thickenedlip, offset. withgreycore. Groovedlip; ridgedhandle. A2,104 Rim, neckand handles,D. 13.4. Hard brick-red A2,105-108 Amphorabases Of 64 amphorabases,42 werepointed,eitherplain as 102,or withnipplemarkedoff,as 97; 9 had a broaderbase withnipple plain or slightlybevelled (105, 106, both local); 10 had a shortconical or withlimegrits,local?); 3 weremoretaperingwithconicalfoot(108,hardfoot(107,sandy-buff cylindrical fired,maroonto grey;imported). A2,109 Amphorastand,D. 14. Soft,pinkto cream,porous;creamslip. Local. Addendum
ofmouldedvesselwithsatyrand grapes.Local bufffabric,unslipped.Ring handle; A2,l 10 Modiolus?,fragment ridgebrokenaway at carination(near base?). A sportof the local potters'workshop?Fragmentswere foundscatteredin DepositsA2 (XI 15; XII 25), B2 (XIV 27) and N2 (XIII 19c). plate 212D.
Tiberian Floor Deposit (Bl) The 'Room of the Antiquary5 plates 126-7, 202. The Natureof theDeposit
cutat the In thewestcentralarea oftheexcavationa small,isolatedarea offloorwas preserved, plate Section west baulk under the further westbya laterwellbutextending C, 8), cutat (see later These later walls. of foundations the and south and cut at north theeastby a laterpit, by first of the the turn from of them derive plate several floor are shownon the features 16a; plan, in this have been considerable to when there seems tothesecondcentury locality. A.D., activity indeedtotallynegative,architectural In spiteoftheunsatisfactory, aspectofthiscontext,there was foundon thisarea of floora cohesivegroup of pottery,whichappears likelyto have belongedto a room,nowlost.This lay on an earthfloor,witha smallnumberofotherobjects (listedbelow). The earthlayerabove (VIII 27) containedsherdsbelongingto the mid 1st centuryA.D., that below (VIII 29) Augustanover Hellenistic(2nd cent. B.C.). Thus the and ithas beenselectedas thebestgroupbelongingto groupis bothisolatedand wellstratified, theTiberianperiod. The topofthefillwas markedbya layeroffallentiles,lyingflat,withsomestonetumble.In thesouthwest corner,near thewellcutting,was an area ofyellowclaywithplasterfragments, were considerabletracesofburningto theeast ofthis.Possibly,then,theassociated and there a destruction. is now lostsuffered which building The floordeposititselfwas excavatedas VIII 28, a shallowlens ofearth,littlemorethan lOcms.deep, overa hard packed earthfloor. date makeit almostcertainthatseveralobjectsofa totallydifferent The findcircumstances an earlier from not and have this to also 14 on the floor, strayed belong plan) (nos. 2, 6, 10, as stratumwhich mightbe adjacent in the slope of thissite.96Thus theyare interpreted collector'spieces.They comprisean intactpaintedlid ofOrientalizingdate (Bl,20), an ape (TC72A), all evidently (TC25), a medallionwithcock (TC72) and a mouldfragment figurine whichappeared forthecurious.Apartfromthefigurine witha qualityofattraction collectibles in the tileand stonefillat thelevelof the top of the pot deposit,all lay on theearthfloor.
ROMAN POTTERY
191
Thereis thefurther thatseveralotherpiecesderivingfromlevelVIII 29 (which possibility includedfloorcontentand make up) mightbe associatedwiththeseas collector'spieces (see underBl,21). One is remindedof the interestin Knossian antiquitiesdisplayedduringthe reignofNero by charactersin the DictysCretensisstory.97 In additionto thegroupofpotterycataloguedbelowas B 1,1-32, thefollowing objectswere foundin thisdeposit: terracottafigurine(TC25); medallion (TC72), mould fr. (TC72a); metal:ironnails (2, uncat.); loomweights: 3 pyramidal(68/45-47);glass:G35, 53-4, 92. Chronology
Thisdepositis markedbythefirst occurrenceofE Sig B ware (nos.BI ,5-8) It should significant thenbe later than the Augustangroupsdescribedabove. The date givenby Hayes forthe introduction ofthesesmallfinewalled bowlsis early1stcenturyA.D. (EAA underForms1, 4 A The few E and we etc.). scrappy Sig and Italian Sigillatapiecesfoundare contemporary, notethatItalian Sigillatawas totallyabsentfromthemajorAugustandepositson thissite.The witha Tiberiandate. Cypriotand otherwaresare consistent Catalogue Italian Sigillata
Bl,l Bl,2 Bl,4
Plate rimfr,D(est). 18. Groovedand rouletted.Fabric 2. Form.K208. Bowl rimfr,D(est). 13. As Bl,l. Bl,3 Bowl base fr,D. 7. Fabric 3, good gloss.FormK203? Reliefbowl,bodyfr,D. c. 14. Vine withclusters, as A2,25and C2,82 (AtheniancopyofItalianSig?) plate 201.
ESigB All smallfrs.fromthin-walledexamplesofBl ware. Bl,5 Bl,6 Bl,7 Bl,8
Bowl rimfr,D. 15. Form21. Bowl rimfr,D(est). 12. Related to thedish Form9(?). Bowl base fr,D. 3.6. Foot groovedoutsideand beneath;double grooveon floor;centralrosettestamp. Form30(?). Dish base fr,D. 8. Grooveson floor,on footand beneath.Rectangularstamp5 x 8mm,illegible.Form 23-25(?).
CypriotSigillata
Bl,9
Krater68/P14about three-quarters. D. 15.5,H. 10.8.Astragalfeet,no handles,roulettedas shown.Form EAA P37, but withrimflat,not overhanging;c. 50 B.C. - 50 A.D.
E Sig A Bowl rimfr,D. 11.5. Groovedin and out. FormEAA 17 (10 B.C. - 20/30A.D.) Bl,10 Bowl 68/P22rimto carination,D. 10. Base missing.FormEAA 42. Bl,ll Local colour-coated
Bl,12 Bl,13 Bl,14 Bl,15 Bl,16 Bl,17
Dish base fr,D. 11. Groovebeneathfoot,steppedunderside,double rouletting on floor.Soft-fired, pale buffclay withorange-redslip; worn.Local imitationof E Sig A FormEAA 4. Bowl 67/P256profile,D. 13. As B 1,12; slipflaking.Pronouncedparingmarkson theoutside.ImitatingE Sig A FormEAA 22. Bowl rimand body fr,D. 13. As Bl,12. Jug rimfr,D. 9. As Bl,12. Rim groovedoutside. Conical bowl bodyfr,D(max). 9.5. Fine pale brownclay, mattred slip. ImitatingE Sig B Form30. Lidfr, D. 16.2. As Bl,12.
Thin walled coarseware
Bl,18
Beakerrimfr,D. c. 7.5. Fine pale-brownclay,gritty.Flakylightbrownslip withmica. Also found:bases of two beakersin fine,hard red fabric,as A2,37.
192
ROMAN POTTERY
Knidianware
Bl,19
Carinatedbowl 68/P16 rim and body fr,D. 20. Pure hard-fired clay red-brownfiredto greyinside. Metallic slip,black inside;brown,red and black outside;splashesonlyon lowerpart. Red band from stackingeffectbelow carination.Cf. A2,34.
Survivalskeptas Collector'sPieces
Bl,20 B 1,21
Orientalizinglid 68/P17intact,D. 12. Pale brownto buffclay,dark brownto black paint,as shown. Blackwarereliefbowl68/P23rimfr.D. c. 2 1, H (près). 8. Finegreyfabric,lustrousand waxyblackpainted surface.Elaborate handle imitatingmetalreel withhangingloop of twistedwire;femalehead in relief rowsofegg and dartand runningspiralsbelow rim.Palmetteson lowerbody.A belowreel;alternating secondfragment (perhapsfromthesamevase), 67/P251comesfromIX 2/13,and is of 1stB.C. date as this exampleshouldalso be. plate 202. Corinthianpyxis Corinthianstyleanimalpottery, 2 1a Otherpossiblecollector'spiecesare thefollowing: on one side,graffito and interlocking lid,and 4thB.C. bg. sherdwithrouletting (GreekEPMA palmettess ratherthanLatin ERAM) on theother,(= X45, qv.); all fromfloormake-up,VIII 29.
Semi-glazedware
Bl,22
Lekane rimfr,D. c. 37. Cream ware withgood crimsonslip insideand on rim;slightly lustrous;flaking.
Coarseware
Bl,23 Bl,24 Bl,25 Bl,26 Bl,27
Small cookingdish rimfr,D. 18. Hard, greygritty;purpleat core. Carinated.Grooveon rim. Fryingpan 68/P18about one third;D. 31.5, H. 4. Coarse,grittybrownfabric;burnt. Small cook pot 68/P15about threequarters,H. 13,D. 12. Red grittyclay,greyoutside;burnt.Angular handles,smallevertedrim. Large cook pot rimfrs,D. 20. Brickred withsmallwhitegrits;lightbrownsurface.Rounded handles, smallflattenedrim. Large cook pot rimfr,D. 20. Pale pinkishbrown,gritty.Double grooveon shoulder.
Plain ware
Bl,28 Bl,29 Bl,30 Bl,31 Bl,32
withcreamslip.Trace ofwavyline in thinlyapplied red Lid withsphericalknob.D. c. 13. Brown-buff paint. Lid withcylindricalknob.D(rest). 17. Cream ware. grittyclay,creamslip. Rolled handle applied Utilitybowl 68/P19about two-thirds,D. 30. Brown-buff beneathrim,withthreethumbprints. Squat jug 68/P20aboutone half.D (max). 19.5,H (près). 16. Rim and handlemissing.Creamware.Thin walled. Stamnosrimand neckfr,D. 12.9. Cream ware. Grooveoutsiderimand on neckbetweenhandle tops.
OtherTiberian material (B2) PLATES138-40
and The Natureof theDeposits The Proveniences
mud There is one principaldeposit,whichconsistsofa scatterof potteryand disintegrating beneathDepositN2 brickon an occupationlevelofpackedearth,southofthestreet,stratified (Neronian)and above partofDepositA2 (Augustan),see SectionH level6. Includedwas a loose tip of burntrubbish,fromwhicha large proportionof theselectedmaterialis derived. The excavatedlevelsconcernedare XIV Pit 4 (the tip) and XIV 8/9and 23/24,whichform unit.This depositis separatedfromDeposit Bl by the street,and is at a one stratigraphie thesame depth,and could distanceofsome5 metresfromit; it is howeverat approximately same from the derive buildingcomplex.98 originally Few itemswereselectedforcataloguingfromtheother32 excavatedlotsattributedto the fromscanttracesofan Tiberianperiod,orfromothercontexts.Those chosenderiveprincipally and House North of the floor level beneath early1stA.D. build 12) (I(N) courtyard occupation
ROMAN POTTERY
193
up above DepositAl in theSouthwestHouse (XIII 35/36)," along withoccasionalmaterial fromtheconstruction ofwalls.The provenienceofeach ofthesepiecesis listedin thecatalogue and each is markedwithan asteriskforeasy identification. The value ofthismaterialis thatit broadensthepicturegivenby theratherlimiteddeposit a widerrangeofforms,but at thesame timeconfirming thegeneralcharacterof Bl, offering thatgroup. In summarythe natureof thisgroupis as follows: Sigillataand other slippedwares.(Totals: E Sig A 82. Italian 51; E Sig B 26; Cypriot11; unidentified 7; Knidian 6; local 154,or 46% of the total). Of theimportedwaresE Sig A (at 45%) stillpredominates in bulk,butis scrappyand occurs mostlyin thelargershapes. Some of thismay be residualmaterial.Italian sigillata(28%) is quitecommonand E Sig B (14%) nowoccursin severalsmallshapes.Cypriotsigillata(6%) is less commonthan in the Augustandeposits.There is a greatvarietyof local conspicuously colour-coatedforms, forexamplein imitatingtheE Sig showingsomeapparentconservatism, A forms1 and 3, and Augustanstylejugs, unlesstheseare all survivalpieces. In the partpaintedware thelargelekanewithflatrimgroovedat theedge is mostcommon. CoarseandPlainWare.Most formsseemto continuein theearlier1stB.C. /IstA.D. tradition, thetwomostcommonplain wareformsbeingamphorae(or stamnoi)and largestraight-sided basins.Fairlycommon,too, is the collaredjar, not foundbefore;bottlesoccur,and beehive kalathoi,as well as a varietyofsmallforms,but all scrappy. Chronology
The same considerations apply as are discussedunderDeposit Bl above.100 Also foundin theselevels:lampsL157, 264, 268-9; coinsG34, 68; terracottaTC85; metal objectsM228, 313, 344; metallurgicaldebrisM548, 554. Catalogue Italian Sigillata
Froma totalof 51 pieces,the following19 have been selectedforillustration and cataloguing.The numbersare in viewof thefactthatthisware is absentfromDeposit Al and fromthe main groupofA2. significant, Reliefbowlrimfr,D (est). 12. Straightsided,straightlip; groovesin and out; rouletting outside.Cf.Form K279. Fabric 2. Bowl rim fr,D. c. 12. Curvingrim with straightlip; grape clusterappliqué. Form K218, dated c. B2,2 25/30-50/60A.D. Fabric 2. Reliefbowl rimfr,D. c. 13. Overhanginglip. Fabric 2. B2,3 Reliefbowlrimfr,D. c. 16. Threebodyfrs,notjoining,probablybelong:(a) pendanttonguesand tendril, B2,4 near rim;(b) vine leaf; (c) vine leaffromnear pedestal.Fabric 2. plate 201. Reliefbowl71/P334twobodyfrs,notjoining.D(max). c. 16. StampofM. PerenniusBargathesofArrezzo; B2,5 vine motif.See Y39. plate 201. Reliefbowl handle supportfr.Fabric 2. plate 201. B2,6 Dish 71/P328base fr.Fabric 1. Rectangularstamp17 x 10mm:CANOPUS STATILIAE. See Y21. plate B2,7 123 no. 21. *B2,8 Bowl 67/P283base fr.withpartofstampCORNELIE inplantapedisSee Y7. plate 123 no. 7. B2,9 Large platterrimfr,D. c. 40. Fabric 1. Cf. Form K201. B2,10 Conical bowl rimfrs,D. 11. Form K208. Fabric 2. Also found:rimfr.of a secondsimilar,D. 12. Plate floorfr.withpartof rectangularstamp:RU... and T... in two lines.See Y31. plate 124 no. 31. B2,ll B2,12 Dish rimfr,D. c. 20. Articulatedwithgroovesinsideand out. FormK205. Fabric 2. B2,13 Dish rimfr,D. c. 17. As B2,12. outside.Form as K208. Fabric 3. I(N) 12. *B2,14 Cup rimfr,D. c. 14. Groovesinside,rouletting B2,l
194
ROMAN POTTERY
Cup rimfr,D. 12. Groovesinsideand out; roulettedoutside.Formas K208. Fabric 2. A secondexamplealso found,D.H. *B2,16 Large dish rimfr,D. c. 35. Verticalrimwithgrooveinsideand out. Formas B2,12. Fabric 1. I(N) 12. B2,17 Large dish rimfr,D. c. 40. Groovedand rouletted.Formas B2,12. Fabric 3. B2,18 Hemisphericalbowl base fr,D. 7. Internalgroove,externalridge.Formrelatedto K203. Fabric 2. B2,19 Dish base fr,D(max). 18.1, (foot) 10.2. Double grooveon floor.Formas B2,12,fabric2. betweengrooves,a third Basesoffourotherssimilar,one withtriplegrooveon floor,twowithrouletting withhigher,curvingfoot,D. 8, and two grooves. B2,15
ESigB B2,20
Bowl rim and base frs,notjoining,D. 13 and 6.1. Overfired;dull red to grey-brown slip; micaceous. Surfacepockedand flaking.Darkerband 15mm.wide at rim,fromstacking.Groovedand roulettedas shown.Rectangularstampinsidetwo grooves,illegible.Form29. band at rim. Also found:frs.ofeightotherssimilar,somewithplain,unrouletted bowl,rimfr,D (est). 18. Orange-brownmicaceousclay,waxygloss,mottledinside. B2,21 Large hemispherical ProbablyB2 Form 76, and intrusivein thiscontext(JWH). B2,22 Conical bowl 71/P45about two thirds.D.8. Rim groovedand rouletted.Form 30. Rectangularstamp AQPON. See Y43. plate 124 no. 43. Transitionalto Form36? B2,23 Conical bowl rimfr,D. 9.5. As B2,22,but straighter lip, withoutrouletting. B2,24 Dish carinationto base fr,D(max). 13.8, (foot)9. Red micaceous,flaky;good waxyglossofsame colour; pockedoutside.Form5-7. For rimcf.B2,25-6. B2,25 Dish rimfr,D. 17. Carination,ridgeand groovesas shown.Form 7. dark brown. Two others,D. 18-18.5 one overfired B2,26 Dish rimfr,D. c. 17. As B2,25, but lowerrim.Form6. *B2,27 Dish rimfr,D. c. 13. Good glossyslip,firedblack outside,browninside.Form9. I(N) 12. B2,28 Hemisphericalbowl base fr,D. c. 8. Form24? B2,29 Hemisphericalbowl base fr,D. c. 10. Form 14? B2,30 Dish base fr,D. c. 16. Flat bottom.Form 18/19. B2,31 Dish 71/P333floorfr.withrectangularstampKOIPANOT. See Y38. plate 124 no. 38. ESigA B2,32
Hemisphericalbowl rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 13 and 8. Straightlip. FormEAA 22A (1stB.C.). Frs. of twootherssimilar. B2,33 Dish rimfr,D. c. 15. Straightlip. Rouletted.FormEAA 30. B2,34 Hemisphericalbowl rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 12 and 7. Beaded lip. FormEAA 22B (Augustan). *B2,35 Hemisphericalbowl rimfr,D. 10.5. As B2,34,but a moreroundedform.Formas B2,34. XIII 35. B2,36 Large bowlrimfr,D. c. 30. Thickevertedlip. also found:rimfrs.ofthreeothers,D. 14, 19 and 27.5. Two have an internalgroove. on floor.FormEAA 30? B2,37 Carinateddish,profileexceptfoot(and floor),D. 14. Lightrouletting B2,38 Carinateddish,base frs;(a) ringfoot,groovedbeneath,D. 11; (b) low ringfoot,flatbeneath,D. 8.5. Form EAA 30/33?. rim.FormEAA 7? B2,39 Dish rimfr,D. c. 28. Heavy flat-topped on floor.FormEAA rim,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 13. Faintdouble rouletting *B2,40 Dish withincurving 4. XIII 35. Alsofound:about45 featuresherdsfromat least 10 similardishes,withincurvingrim,D. 15-35. Heavy or grooves,rouletting ringbases,D. 7-10, somesteppedbeneath(as A2,9b). Five withseriesofconcentric a combinationof theseon thefloor.Fromdishesas A2,7-9 (FormsEAA 3-4). B2,41 Bowlwithoverhanging lip, (a) rimfr,D. 18. Grooveson lip and inside;(b) base fr,withlow flatringfoot, and underside grooveson floor,D. 11. FormEAA 12. stepped B2,42 Bowl withoverhanging lip, D. 30. Rim grooved;seriesofdeeplycut steppedridgesinside(makingthisa EAA 28. Form veryfragileshape). CypriotSigillata
werefound,includingrimand base frsofkratersas A2,21and Bl,9; D. (rim) 15-16, (ringfeet) About 11 fragments of a smalldish,a typenot foundin theotherdeposits,is cataloguedhere. 7-8. One rimfragment
ROMAN POTTERY B2,43
195
an Externalflange.FormEAA 25; imitating Cup rimfr,D. c. 11. Straightrimwithgroovesand rouletting. early1stA.D. Italian form(Haltern8?)
OtherSigillata
are tentatively identified as earlyÇandarliforms, The following havingan orange-redglossas E Sig A, a darkfabric ofsimilarcolour,as E Sig B but withless mica; some particlesofgoldenmica. B2,44 B2,45
Shallowflat-baseddish,profile.D. c. 16. Related to FormEAA A4? Bowl base fr,D. 4.9. Slightridgeinsidewherewalljoins floor;grooveon floor.Plain spreadingringfoot.
The following has rathersoftorange-redfabric,withno micavisible,and a darkredgloss,dull on theoutside.Ware uncertain. B2,46
Plate,heavybase fr.withringfoot,D. 9.6. Roulettingon floor.
Knidian Ware
B2,47
Carinatedcup, profile, D. 16. Fine mauvishpinkclay,hard-fired, mostlyto grey;insidesurfacepale grey; upperbodyoutsidecoatedwitha smoothbrownishcreamslip,lowerbodygrey,footand undersidepink. Double groove at carination;footundercut;amorphousattachmentto handle. Form related to the carinatedbowl withtwistedhandle (see A2,34).
Local Colour-coated Ware
The following have thelocal lightred to yellowbuffclay,oftencontainingsmallwhitegrits,witha pale red,thinly applied and streakyslip, sometimesvaryingto maroon on the outside.When an example seems to imitatea particularSigillatashape, thisis indicatedin thecatalogue. Conical cup rimfr,D. 9.5. Straightlip. Cf. E Sig A FormEAA 42?. Carinatedcup rimfr,D. c. 11. Evertedlip. Dish base fr,ringfootD. 8. Floor rouletted. Hemisphericalbowl rimfr,D. 18. Cf. E Sig A FormEAA 22. XIII 36. Pedestalfootfr,D. 10. Cf. E Sig B FormEAA 26/8. Carinatedcup 71/P81D. 12. Aboutone half;handlemissing.Thickwalled;low ringfoot;slightly ledged carination. *B2,54 Carinatedcup 71/P80D(max). 12,H (est). 6.5. Rim and handlemissing.Sharpcarination;rimoffset bya groove;restoredas no. C2,59. NorthHouse, east wall foundationtrench. *B2,55 Salt cellar,profile,D. 9. Lightyellow-brown slip,exceptfootand underside.Worn. Survival?XIII 23. B2,56 Large dish rimfr,D. 30. ImitatingBlack Ware dish?Cf. A2,l. B2,57-64 Bowl rimfrs,D. 17, 22, 25, 23, 22, 18, 10.4,9. These frs.illustratesomeof thevarietyofmediumand smallbowlshapesmade locally.Mosthave flattoppedrims.Nos. 57-60 and 63 are roundedin profile, nos. 61-2 straightsided,no. 64 flaring.No. 59 is perhapsfroma shallowmortar.No. 61 has a rectangular basin (cf.A 1,25). profile,like thecommonlarge straight-sided B2,65-67 Jug rimfrs,D. 10.5,9, 14. No 65 has simpleturnedout rim,no. 66 is similarbut thickenedwithslight overhang,no. 67 has a verticallip withoverhangand grooveson theoutside.All are slippedoutside,and insidetherim. In additiona numberoflocal base frs.werefound,bothofbowlsandjugs; profiles uncertain.Mosthave low, thickringfeet.None are illustrated. B2,48 B2,49 B2,50 *B2,51 B2,52 B2,53
ware Part-painted
werefoundofat leasteightplainor bandedlekanai,rimprofileas Bl,22, lowerbodyrounded.These are Fragments in creamware,or pinkwithcreamslip,witha colourwashinsideand occasionallyin bands outside,varyingfrom red throughmetallicbrownto a metalliclightgrey.Diameterrange:rim29-42, ringfoot9.5-13. Not illustrated. Coarse Ware
A smallselectionofcommonformsis illustrated whoseprofiles showvariationfromexamplesfoundin DepositBl. Lids
Frs.ofabout thirteen, diameterrange,15-40. Hard fired,coarsegritty; mostlyred,withwhitegrits;one greyat the core.Two have burnishing markson surfacebelow knob and rouletteddecorationat rim.Three are illustrated:
ROMAN POTTERY
196 B2,68 B2,69 B2,70
Lid fr,D. 21. Knob missing.Groovedand rouletted. Lid fr,D(est). 15. Tall buttonknobwithcentraldepression. Lid fr,D. 21. Burnishedand rouletted.
Cookpots
Frs. ofabout twentyfive.Diameterrange 12.5-29. Fabric dark red to brownor grey,withwhitegrits;smoothed rimsturnedout and flat. surfaceofpaler colour.Near sphericalprofiles, B2,71 Cook pot 71/P53completeexceptone handle.D.I 7.5. Undersideburnt.Flat evertedrim.Slightflangein neck.Ridged handle. surface.Ridgedhandle.Flangeat withpale yellow-brown B2,72 Cook pot,profileexceptbase. Dark greygritty, B2,73 B2,74 B2,75 B2,76-7
up.
Cook pot,rimto bellyfr,D. c. 25. Flange insideneck.Collar ridge. Cook pot, rimfr,D. 18. Flat evertedrim.Ridges on shoulder. Cook pot, profileexceptbase, D. 13.5. Oblique, evertedrim. Cook pot rimfrs,D. 29 and 23. Wide,flatevertedrims.No. 76 has flangeinsiderim.Bothhave pale red fromthe common2nd centA.D. typewith grittyfabricwithlighterred-brownsurface,and thusdiffer similarprofile.
Othershapes
B2,78 B2,79
Cookingdish,profileexceptfloor.D. c. 34. Hard black,withheavygrit,burnt.Red glosson rimand inside outside.An earlyexampleof PompeianRed Ware? (worn).Thick,roundedrim,slopingand offset hardfired.Undersideburnt.Plain Cookingdish,profileexceptfloor.D. c. 36. Coarse pale brown,gritty; at rim. curvingwall; ridge
Miscellaneouscoarse
B2,80 Jug rimfr,D. 10.8. Pale red clay. Verticalrim,ridgedoutside. B2,81-83 Small cookpotrimfrs,D. 8.8, 10, 12.5.Lightredwithwhitegrits;pale greyto brownsurface.Nos. 81-2 have evertedlips,flatat top; no. 83 is turnedout horizontal,as nos. 76-7 (in largersize). Plain Ware
Stamnos71/P110 rimto shoulderfr,D. 11. Creamware.Thickenedlip inscribedX X III. Handle section flatwithslightridges. B2,85 Flaskrimto shoulderfr,D. 2.8. Thin walled,creamware,burntto greyin places.Trumpetlip; neckwith slightbulge;collar ridge.Ridged handle. B2,86 Flaskrimand neckfr,D. 4. Pinkto buff;surfaceburnttogrey.Funnelspout,ridgedoutside.Handle offlat section. B2,87 Pitcher(?)rimand neckfr,D. 7.5. Cream ware. Straightneckwithsmall,angularinturnedrim. B2,88-89 Collaredjar rimfrs,D. 20 and 20.5. Grittycreamware. Evertedrimswithflattop. No. 86 ridgedand groovedoutside. B2,90 Pitcherrimfr,D. 15.9. Cream to buffclay,gritty.Shortneckwithevertedrim;slightcollarridge. B2,91 Pitcher(?) ringbase, D. 14. Probablyfromformas no. 90. Plain ringbases from14 otherssimilaralso found. B2,92 Utilitybowl rimfr,D. 37. Creamware.Singlegrooveon rim.Horizontalhandlewiththumbimpression. Rimsof20 otherssimilar,D. 29-40. Rimsare plainor have one or twogrooves.Mostare turnedoutflat, a fewturnedup at a higherangle. B2,93 Jugrimfr,D. 14.4.Finesandypinkwithcreamslip.Turnedoutlip withoverhang.Base perhapsas no. 94. B2,94 Squat jug, base fr,D. c. 10. Cream ware. Small roundedringfoot.Cf. B2,93. Ring feetofnumerousotherclosedvesselsalso found,D. 4.5-14. B2,84
Othershapeswhichoccurin plainwareincludethepedestalbowl (one solidbase,D. 5.5), beehivekalathoi(two, D. 20-25), large mortar(rimD. 40) and amphorae(frs.of about 40).
ROMAN POTTERY
197
Southwest House: Claudian Destruction Deposit (Cl) plates 141-9, 203-4. The Natureof theDeposit
The richestand most varied Roman potterydeposit found on this site occurredin the SouthwestHouse, at depth 14.20-14.80m., overlyingan earthfloor.Since thisroomis only than one partlyexcavated,the depositis not complete,and objectsare more fragmentary an at the floor on which the had surface The irregular top of an mightexpect. depositlay a well-laid earth floor. Those few of 15over 25cms. objectswhich untidybuild-up primary werefoundon thefloorincludecasserole(90), cookpot(104) and coarsejug (as 89), see plan plate 15(b). On theprimaryfloorsat anothercookpot(B2,71), itsmouthbarelycoveredby theearthfloorabove. This suggeststhatwhatlittleuse was made ofthisbasementroomwas concernedwithcookingor the preparationoffood. Most ofthepotteryand otherfindswerein thefill,fallenfromabove in a destruction quite possiblyto be attributedto an earthquake,sincepartof the east wall was foundtiltedat an werenoted.The fillwas angle, (see SectionA at plate 6) and no signsof a firedestruction an as is to be from the of floor. varied, expected collapse upper Lyingon theearthfloorwere stonesand disintegrated reddishmudbrick, withloosegreyearthand tilesabove them,notably at the east side. Above this were lenses of yellow clay, furthermudbrickdebris and an occasionalpatchofloose ashyearthwithtilefragments, potteryand otherobjects. The originallevels as excavated were numberedXIII 14, 16, 18 and 32. These were subsequently amalgamatedintoone unitdue to thegreatnumberofcrossjoinswhichoccurred in thepotteryfragments. The flooritselfwas cleaned as XIII 21. In additionto thepotterydepositcataloguedbelow as C 1,1-123, werefoundthefollowing objects:lamps:L102, 103, 111, 114, 141, 153, 171, 175, 281, 381, 685; coin: C86 (Zeus/Eagle 49-40 B.C.); metalobjectsM216, 235, 240, 296, 300, 372, 382, 386, 392 and (not cat.) hooks (2), nails (17); terracottas:Female head (TC78), Seated woman (TC36), Aphroditefr. (TC33); loomweights:threepyramidaland two disk, includingW73-4 (stamped); bone: spoonsetc. (E22-24), pin frs.(71/116 and 316), comb (E25), box fr.(E26); stone:millstonefr. S43; glass:G43, 93, 139, 144? Chronology
This depositwas founda littleabove a good earthfloor(SectionA at bottomoflevel no. 8). Sealed below the floorwas the Augustanfloordeposit(Al), togetherwitha slightbuild up above thiscontainingearly1stA.D. material(XIII 35-36). This build up was formedduring withitsnew floor,some theintervening yearsofre-useofthebuildingbeforeit was furnished to 1st The floorpacking,withthe the destruction or nearer mid before A.D.?). (Tiberian, years materialimmediatelybelow,was excavatedas XIII 22 and 34 and containedthe cookpot B2,71 (71/P53), six loomweights(71/160,161,162,565,653a,b), a marble louter fragment (S42a), and bronzecoin (C86 Hellenistic). The destruction deposititselfis welldated by thepotterywhichincludesmid 1stA.D. types in a wide rangeofwares,includingItalian Sigillata(nos. 1-16; nb. rimwithappliqué) and E Sig B (Forms5, 6, 30, 33 and 40). Cf. Hayes' KnossosgroupfromRoyal Road well (BSA 66 1971,249). Also to be comparedare thethin-walled wares,a one-handledmugand frying pan handle.The date suggestedby Hayes forour depositis 50-60 A.D. The depositwas overlaidbya layersome70cms.deep containinga buildup oflater1stA.D.
198
ROMANPOTTERY
and early2nd A.D. material.This in turnwas partlysealed by a Severanfloor(SectionA, no. 2). It is perhapssurprising to finda similardestruction depositin the East House, onlysome 10m.away along thesouthsideofthestreet,whichis also to be attributedto earthquake,but later(see DepositNl, Neronian).However,in theintervening space a appearstobe marginally seriesoflevelswas found,partlydisturbedtowardstheeast,but in stratified sequenceat the A.D. wash levels which an earth floor mid 1st contained west, (XIV 14), containing Augustan above these, formsparallelwithDeposit Cl (see Deposit C2, contextno. 1), and, stratified destruction materialoflater1stA.D. type,DepositN2 (qv.). Thus, themorecomplicatedand withina decade or two seemsthe less economicsuppositionof two earthquakedestructions one. right Catalogue The Fine Wares
finewares ofthedifferent A totalof233 piecesofimportedfinewarewas found(185 aftermending).The proportion occurringis as follows:Italian Sigillata(148 frs.beforemending,122after)63.5%; E Sig B (52 frs.beforemending, 31 after)22%; E Sig A (27 beforemending,26 after)12%; other(6 frs.)2.5%. Local colourcoatedwares(154 frs. as theItalian,or about40% ofthecombinedtotal. beforemending,60 after)occurin onlyaboutthesamefrequency Italian Sigillata
9 different 18 are selectedforcataloguing,illustrating Of some29 vases represented types. by fragments, Puteolanreliefbowl 71/P109base,stemand lowerbody.D(max.pres.) 13.6,(base) 8.6. Fabric 1. Hunting scenewithmask;signatureNNH in tabulaansarta, by N. NaeviusHilarusofPuteoli.Cf.Howard Comfort "PuteolanSigillatain the Louvre" (RCRF Acta5/6,1963-4, 7-28). Reliefbowl71/P103rimand upperbodyfr.D. 17.2,H(pres). 8.3. Fabric2; excellentredgloss.Upperpart Cl,2 of reliefhas horizontaldouble palmettes,rosettesand circles. Otherreliefbowlfrs.(a-b) Rim and neckfrs.notjoining,D. 17.2. (c-d) Two pedestalbases,D. 8 and 5. Cl,3 All fourfabric1. handle.Fabric 1. bowl 71/PI26 base missing.D. 9.2. Spiralappliqué on therim,imitating Cl,4 Hemispherical FormK217.6; date range35/40-80/90A.D. Cl,5 Cup base fr.71/P326smallringfoot.Fabric 3. RectangularstampCARVI. See Y16. Conicalcups (a) rimfr.withspiralappliqué,D. 7.2. Fabric2. FormK210.2; date range5/10-45A.D. (b) Cl,6 Rim fr,D. 12. Ridges roulettedabove and below appliqué. Fabric 2. FormK210.1. Not illustrated,(c) Rim fr,D. 12. Ridgedrim,slightly hooked;ridgesrouletted.Fabric2. FormK.208.1; date range12 B.C. A.D. 25/30 C 1,7-10 Small plates Cl,7 71/P102profile,D. 17. Fabric 4. FormK214. Cl,8 71/P123profileexceptfoot,D. 17.5.Fabric4. Owl appliqué.Stampunclear,ATEI(?) inplantapedis.Form K214. See Y52. D. 17. Fabric 1. FormK209; dated 10/15-45A.D., plate 204. 9a Rim withspiralappliquéon rouletting, Cl,9 Also found:threeothers,one not rouletted(plate 204). Rim withmultiplemouldings,D. 17. Fabric 2. FormK224; dated 20-50/60A.D. Cl,10 Two otherssimilar,plate 204. Cl,l 1-12 MediumplatesCl,l 1. Rim fr,D. 25. Lion head appliqué. Fabric 1. FormK213; datedc. 30-80/90A.D. Also therimfr.ofanothersimilar. Base fr. 71/P325about two thirds,D. 9.5. Central rectangularstamp ATEI EVHODI (both words Cl,12 ligatured).Fabric 3. See Y 14. Cl, 13-16 Large plates Rim fr,D. 34. Fabric 4. FormK213/215,dated c. 30 B.C. - 80/90A.D. Cl,13 Base fr.71/PI88, abouttwothirds.D. 14.4.Trace ofcentralrectangular stampwithswallowtail:E...DI on Cl,14 4. lines. Fabric of two upper D. 15.Notjoiningbutpossiblyfromthesamevessel.Both C 1,15-16 Rim fr,D. 35 and twobase frs.withrouletting, Fabric 2. FormK205; date range 10 B.C. - 25/35A.D. Also found:two rimfrs.froma thirdsimilarplate. Fabric 4. Cl,l
ROMAN POTTERY
199
ESigB Cl,17
D. 13.6.Surfacemuchflakinginsideand out.Bl ware.Spiral,now Conicalbowl71/P59,about twothirds, lost, was applied to rim. Grooves inside rim copy Italian sigillata. Early examples have elaborate treatment ofthefoot;thisone probablynotbefore50 A.D. Cf.AgoraM33 (Plate62); EAA Form30 (and cf. Form 70, earlyversion). Conical bowl 71/PI24 profile,D. 7. Bl ware. Appliedspiraltypicalof 3rd quarterof 1stcenturyA.D. Cl,18 Also rimfr.of a third;same treatment of rim. Cl,19 Deep bowl withstraightlip, rimfr,D. c. 10. EAA Form29. Base fr.notjoining,D. 4.2., could belong. Also rimfr.of a secondwithoutgrooves,D. 10. Salt cellar 71/PI25 about two thirds,D. 6.5. Small ringfoot;lowerbody has flangewithtwo grooves Cl,20 above, one below.Two palmettesapplied below rim.RectangularstampAQPON (N retrograde)inside groovedcircle.Cf.EAA Form33, a relatedformwhichhas formedlip withgrooves.Mid 1stA.D. or a little later.See Y42. C 1,20a Salt cellar71/PI1 intact,D. 5.5. As no. 20 exceptadditionalhorizontalgrooveabove palmettesappliqué, and rouletting on ridgebelow. Wornrosettestamp. Smalldish71/PI01 about twothirds,D. 14.6.Good waxygloss,wornin places.Rosettestampwithdotsin Cl,21 insidetriplegrooveswithrouletting. Related to EAA Form5. interstices, Small dish 71/P335base fr,D. 9.2. Two thirdsof floor.Excellentwaxy gloss.Fired mottledblack and Cl,22 brown.Small ringfoot,as Cl,13. Small rectangularstampinsidedouble groove.See Y45. Small dish base fr.withbroad foot,D. 11. EAA Form 13? Cl,23 Small dish base fr.withlow ringfoot,groovedbeneath,D. 8.8. Roulettingand stampedrosetteon the Cl,24 floor. Two otherbases withsimilarrouletting. Small dish (a) rimfr,D. 16. Surfaceveryworn.Similarto EAA Form6. (b) Base fr.in similarcondition, Cl,25 notjoining,may belong. Smalldish(a) rimfr,D. 16. OverfiredE Sig B 1/2ware.EAA Form15. Roulettingon rim.(b) Base fr,not Cl,26 joining,D. 13. Possiblythe same dish. Fr. of rectangularstamp (M)AT-EOY in twolines.See Y54. Cl,27 beaker,base fr,D. 9.5. Concentricgroovesand ridgesbeneath.EAA Form40. plate 204. Straight-sided CypriotSigillata
Cl, 28
Lagynoshandle,H. 8.5. Hard, dark orange-redfabric.Ribbed handle,probablyfromEAA Form44/6.
Unidentified Sigillata ware
The followingare smallscraps,but do not seem to fitintoany of the normalcategories. Cl,29
Flat-baseddishfrs,withincurving rim.D. c. 25. Profileas A2,7 (E Sig A). Fabric:flaky,brown,micaceous, withorange-brown slip. PerhapsAthenianSigillata?(suggestedby Hayes). Not illustrated. Alsorimfragment ofa second,withstraight lip,profileas A2,28 (blackware). Darkerbrownfabric,less mica. D. c. 30. Not illustrated.
E Sig A Of thenineexamplesofthiswarewhichoccurin thisdeposit,all fragmentary, twobowl typesand twosmalldishes are selectedforillustration, as eithernotoccurringor beinglesswellpreservedin theearlierdeposits.In additionto thesewerefoundfragments of thedishwithincurvingrim {EAA Form 3/4;see A2,6); fourexamples(D. 25-35). Cl,30 Hemisphericalbowl rimfr,D. c. 15. EAA Form 22. Small dish base fr,D. 8.4. Low ringfoot;steppedunderside.EAA Form4? Cl,31 Conical cup rimfr,D. 8. Thin walled. Two groovesinsiderim.SamariaForm24? Cl,32 Conicalcup base fr,D. 7.2. High ringfoot;steppedunderside.EAA Form42; date rangec. 10 B.C. - 20/30 Cl,33 A.D. Small dish71/PI28 about one third,D. 15. Floorand insideoffootmissing.Double dippingstreak.Faint Cl,34 on outside.SamariaForm 12; EAA Form 30. Dated c. 10-50 A.D. rouletting Smalldishrimand base frsnotjoining.D. 16. Centreoffloormissing.Slightringfoot.Roulettingon floor. Cl,35 Plain evertedrim.SamariaForm 10. EAA Form 12.
ROMAN POTTERY
200 Black ware
ofthreeoccurredin thisdeposit,and twoare illustrated as occurringhereforthefirsttime.All however Fragments may well be survivals. Cl,36 Cl,37 Cl,38
Large platterwiththickincurvingrim,as A2,27; rimfr.D. c. 45. Waxy blackgloss;fineclay,micaceous; fireduniformly grey. Platter71/P127profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 24.8. Black surfacegloss flaking;interiorworn,and scratchedwithknifemarks.Heavy mouldedrim;low ringfoot.Cf. FormK72. Large platter,rimfr,D. c. 50. Heavy mouldedrimwithincisedeggand leafpattern.Fine greymicaceous fabric,red at thecore. Related in formto the E Sig A plate A2,8. Cf. FormK73.
Local colour-coated ware
in buffor cream-buff The local versionsofimportedsigillatawaresare soft-fired fabric,usuallywitha mattred to browncolourcoating.Variationson thisare notedwheretheyoccur. Most are rathercrudelymade and poorly withflakingsurface.Of nineteensmalldishesand bowls,thirteenare illustrated(nos. 39-51). Two are finished, either1stB.C. survivalsorimitatethese(nos.45-6). Wherea particularSigillataformis imitated,thisis notedin the cataloguebelow. Reliefbowl, body fr,D. 15.5. Local yellow-buff Cl,39 clay withdull red slip. Acanthusleaf motifin relief, imitatingItalian vesselsofearly1stcenturyA.D. (by Corneliuset al.) plate 204. wornand flakylight-redmattpaint,except Cl, 40 Dish 71/P205about two thirds,D. 28. Buffclay,soft-fired; underside,footand a littleabove. Horizontalparingmarksoutside. outside. Dish rimfr,D. 25. Incurvingrim,offset Cl,41 Dish rimfrs,D. 25. About one halfofflat,evertedrim.Groovebelow. Cl,42 Dish 71/P1O7,D. 26. Abouttwothirds.LetterH scratchedon underside.Cf.theE Sig A dish,EAA Forms Cl,43 35-37. Flat-baseddish 71/PI52 profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 14. Matt black paint,insideand out. Cf. the Cl,44 CypriotsigillataEAA Form 10. Shallowbowl71/PI53 profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 12.6.Red paint,firedbrownishpurpleinside;slight Cl,45 metalliclustreoutside.Fingermarksnearbase (as on E Sig A examples).A crudeversionofthefollowing: Shallow bowl 71/P108about threequarters,D. 15.9. Matt black paint. Cl,46 Cl,47 Deep bowl withhorizontalribbing71/PI16, D. 11. About threequarters. Conical bowl 71/PI18 about threequarters,D. 12.7. Heavy and crudelymade; worn.ImitatingE Sig B Cl,48 EAA Form30. Form7; Conical bowl,D. 8.7. Aboutone third.Good darkredgloss.ImitatingItalian Sigillata,Loeschcke Cl,49 Goudineau Type 18; cf.SabrathaPit 2 no. 29, dated fromc. 12 B.C. Cl,50 Hemisphericalbowl, (a) rimfr,D. 14. Pale red slip inside,mattbrownoutside,(b) Base fr,D. 5. Not joining.Brownpaintin dripsto base, outside.ImitatingE Sig A EAA Form45? Carinatedbowl fr,D. 11.5. Hard-firedpinkclay; wornblack paintinsideand out. Cl,51 Cups and largerbowls,closedshapes,pedestalbowls
Included in thissectionare the partlyslippedwares and also a numberof basicallyplain ware shapes,which howeverhave somepainteddecoration(nos. 56, 67-75). outside.Flat inturnedrim;two Cl, 52 Bowl 71/PI97 rimfr,D. 25. Matt red-brownpaint,firedyellow-brown groovesoutside.Worn. Cl,53 Cup 71/P69profileexceptlip, H. 8, D(rest). 9. Matt black paint. Lower bodyoutsidereserved,but has spotsand smudges. Lekane 71/PI30 profile.D. 28. Light-redmattpaint. Groovein outeredge ofrim. Cl,54 Rim D. 34. Slightoffset. Cl,54a Rim and base frs.ofat leasttensimilarlekanai;D. 16-43. One rimfr.illustrated, Red ridged. paint. Cl,55 Jar71/P154aboutthreequarters,D. 14,H. 15.5.One handleonlypreserved.Coarsebuffclay.Red slipon upperbody,withdripsto the base, and insidethe rim. Cl,56 Jug 71/P211base and body fr,about one half,D. 7.5, H(pres). 16. rimand handle missing.Buffclay, creamslip,pale orange-brown paintin bands and floraldecoration. Cl,57 Jar rimfrs,D. 12.2. Thin walled. Buffclay; mattblack wash on theoutsideand over theriminside. Smalljar, rimand bodyfrs,D. 5, H(pres). 5. Buffclay,fullypainted,black outside,browninside. Cl,58
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201
Tankardrimfr,D. 14.Aboutone halfofrim.Ridged.Mattlight-red paintoutside,and in band insiderim, whereit is firedyellow-brown. Wornand flaking. Cl,60 Jug 71/P64H. 10.2,D. 6.3. Made up complete.Softbuffclay,creamslip; mattyellow-brown painton upperhalfand over riminside.Simpleflaringlip. Frs. of two others,bothwithred-brownpaint,D. 7 and 9. H. 12,D. 6. Thin walled.Buffclay,creamslip.Matt crimsonpainton upperbodyand inside Cl,61 Jugprofile, lip. Incurvinglip. Frs. of two others,one black,one red-brown.D. 9 and 12.5. Cl,62 Jugswithtrefoil lip. Rim and upperbodyfrs.ofthree,handlesoftwo.Formas A 1,3-4,but withrimsless one black, one dark carefullyarticulated;one with straightlip. Matt paint, one pale yellow-brown, crimson.Not illustrated. Cl,63 Pitcher?,body fr,D(neck) 7, H(pres). 12. Pale buffclay,softfired;pale red-brownpaint,mostlyworn. Outsidedecorationofhorizontalgrooves. Frs. ofa secondsimilar. Strainer?rimfr,D. 9.1. Cream ware; tracesofmattblack paint;wide flaringmouthwithincurvinglip. Cl,64 Strainer71/P212neck fr,D. 5. Buffclay, red to black slip outsideand insideto just below sieve; five Cl,65 perforations. Four otherssimilar,D. range4.5-5.5. Strainer?rimfr,D. 10. Deep grooveinsidelip. Wide flaringmouth.Perhapsa varianton thisshape? Cl,66 Lid 71/P193about twothirds, D. 9, H. 4.5. Cream-buff Cl,67 clayand slip;pale red-brown painton knoband in horizontalbands. Pedestalbowl 71/P56H. 8, D. 12. Complete.Soft-fired creamclay; red paintin dotson rimand in band Cl,68 inside. Cl, 69-74 Pedestalbowls71/P119,P199,P120,P194, P192,one uncat.H. 5.3-6.5. D. 8.5-10.5. All have solidstems withflatbases,wire-cut, a depressionat thecentreofthefloor,ofvaryingdepth,and painteddecorationof dotsor linesinside.Identifiedas a domedlid byHayes and Catling( VilD 221 and reís,there),nonetheless the heavy base of some examples,the roughsurfaceof the wire-cutbase, the commonoccurrenceof internaldecoration,and theexistenceofexampleswithmouldedfootseemto pointto use as a smallopen The shape has a traditional(evenGeometricor Minoan) appearanceand shape,likea bowl ofofferings. werefoundin thearea ofthePalace car park mayhave a verylonglocal history.Hellenisticforerunners fromMervynPopham). Modern thymiateria of thisshape are stillin commonuse. Thus I (information taketheirfunction to be thatofoffertory vasesor incenseburners,thoughfewshowany traceofburning. The deep internaldepressionis paralleledon a Flavian examplefromOstia [VegasForm64, no. 2). Cl,75 Pyxisrimand bodyfr,D. 8, H (près). 7.5. Buffclay,pinkishwhiteslip,pale red paintin linearand floral decoration.Thin walled. Globularprofile.Survival? Cl, 59
Thin-walledcoarseware
Cl,76 Cl,77 Cl,78 Cl,79 Cl,80 Cl,81 Cl,82
D. 10. No handlepreserved.Fine orange-buff Roughcastcup 71/PI00, profile, clayfireddarkgreyat the surface;abrasivesurfaceofadded micaceousgrit,exceptat rim.Cf.CosaFormXLII bis,no. 336; Tiberian to earlyClaudian. Cup 71/P190,about two thirds,D. 10.5. No handle preserved.Hard brick-red clay,surfacepinkinside, pale brownoutsideabove stackingline. Smoothsurface;profileas no. 78. D. 9. Abouttwothirds,includingstartofridgedhandle.Fine hard Roughcastcup 71/P67,straight-sided, grittyred clay; surfaceofsame colour;abrasivetextureinsideand out. Straightlip; tinyflatbase. Hemisphericalbowl 71/P195,roughcast,D. 15. Base missing.Ratherpureredclay,hardfiredto greyin mostplaces; black paintedsurfacewithmetalliclustre,coveredinsideand out withfinemicaceousgrit, exceptat rim. Frs.ofsixothersimilarroughcastvessels,rimD. 10-10.5.Colourred-brown to black.Two are carinated; two have circularridgedhandlesas restoredon no. 78. Bowl withindentations to grey;lustrousmetallic 71/P68,about one half.D. 9.2. Fine redclay,hard-fired blacksurfaceon upperbody,red below;mauvishgreyinside.Much ofsurfaceroughand gritty.Circular indentations(made by pressurewiththefinger)horizontally around the body. Bowl withindentations71/P62,roughcast, D. 9.5. About threequarters,base missing.Fine red clay; insidesurfacesmooth,and a lustrousbrownishred; outsidesurfaceabrasive,and varyingin colourfrom yellow-brown throughred to near black. Indentationsas no 81, but at an oblique angle.
ROMAN POTTERY
202 Cl, 83 Cl,84 Cl,85 Cl,86 Cl,87 Cl,88
Small bowl withflatrim,D. 13. Red brownclay; smoothsurface. Also found:rimfrs.of twoothers. Juglet71/P58,D. 5, H. 8. Aboutone half,handlemissing.Fine pale brownclay; smoothsurfaceofsame colour. Juglet71/P144,D. 7.7. Lightred; handle preserved. Juglet71/P57,D. 7.5. Pale mauvishgrey.Higherrim. red to brown. Also found:frs.ofsix othersof thesame dimensions, Jugwithhandle to neck,D. 9.5. Profile.Lightred clay; outsidefiredto pale brownon upperhalf,dark brownin band on lowerbelly,red-brownat base. Decorativeeffectofkilnstacking? Jug 71/PI39, handleto rim,D. 8.2. Aboutone half.Red clay withwhitegrits;smoothgreysurface,pink inside. Also found:the rimfrs.of two others,D. 8 and 11.
Coarse Ware
Jugwithtrefoil lip 71/PI32, rimto shoulderand base frs,notjoining,D (max). 15.5,H (rest.)14.5.Handle 42 missing.Finelightredclay;surfaceofsamecolour;thinwalled.Cf. 1stA.D. importto CorinthHesperia (1973) 466 no. 135. Alsofound:frs.ofthreeothers,D (max). 14.5-15,including71/P21,foundon thefloor.Not illustrated. Shallowcasserole71/P23,D. 17.5.Handlesmissing.Lightredwithwhitegrits.Blackenedfromuse; found Cl,90 on floor. Cl,91 Deep casserolerimfr,D. 18.6. Formas A2,79,but withwiderrim.Dark red-brownclay,black surface. Cl,92 clay,pinksurface. Deep casserolerimfr,D. 22. Hard firedbrick-red Cl,93 Lid, D (est). 20. Coarse brick-red clay,pinksurface.Cylindricalknobwithhole piercedthroughcentre. as A2,85 and Bl,29. Alsofound:twootherlids,withoutcentralhole,one firedgreyto thecore;profiles Cl,94 Cookingdish71/P7O,D. 25.5. Aboutone half.Thin walled.Red-brownclaywithsmallwhitegrits;burnt beneath.Striphandle applied to rim,indentedwiththumbprints. darkbrownclay;surfacebrownto black.See also Cl,96(d) below. Cl,95 Cookingdish,rimfr,D. c. 40. Gritty, withdishwall frs.(a) Fine redclay withpinksurface,as C74. L. none handles. Four, Cl,96 joining Fryingpan 7.5, D. 5.6. Broad flaringknobwithconcentricgroovesat theend. (b) Anothersimilarofcoarsergritty clay, (c) Smaller;grittybrownclay withgreysurfaceridged spirally,(d) Similar.L. 4.1, D. 3.1. Fabric and colouras Cl,95, to whichit may belong. Cl,97 Amphora(amphoroidjar?) rimfr,D. 15.4.Hard pinkfabric,greysurfaceand creamslipas Cl,99, which could belong.Wide mouth. Cl,98 Amphorarimfr,D. 13. Similarfabricfiredpinkat thesurface. claywithlargewhitegrits;firedgreyat Cl,99 Amphorastand71/P76,D. 14.5. Aboutone half.Hard brick-red thesurface.Patchycreamslip. C 1,100 Amphorastand,D. 15.5. Similarto no. 99, but withslighthorizontalribbing. Also found:a secondsimilar,D. 13.5. CljlOl Small cook pot 71/P191,rimto bellyand base, notjoining.D. 8.5. Hard greyclay withwhitegrits. bufffabricwithredsurface,firedbrownCl, 102-3 Small cookpotswithturnedout rim.102:D. 11.5, thin-walled; greyin places outside.103: D. 11. lightred clay,firedgreyoutside. six preserving C 1,104 Large cook potswithverticalhandles,flator ridged.Rim frs.offourteen, profilerimand or pinkishred grittyfabricwith handle to belly.Two have internalflange.D. range 14.5-24. Brick-red surfaceofsame colour,brownor grey.Illustratedis 71/P24,D. 15, foundon floor. Cl ,105 Largecookpotswithhorizontalhandlesattachedat rim.Rim frs.ofthree,D. 20.2,24 and 27. Hard brickD. 24. red clay withlargewhitegrits,firedto greyat thesurface.One illustrated, C 1,106 Cook potkernos,rimfrs.withadded miniaturebowlsabove,D (est). 17. Normalcookingware;hardgritty pinkclay,firedgreyat thesurface.Three bowlsare preserved,D. 3.2, 3.6, and 5.6. Or perhapsfroma brazierwiththreesupportsforcookingpot? (JWH) Cl,107 Dolium,rimfr,D. 24. Hard brick-red clay withwhitegrits,firedgreyat thesurface.
Cl,89
Plain Ware
Cl,108 Lid 71/P105,D. 13.5. Cream ware,rathercrudelymade. Cl,109 Four otherlids,D. 10-15. Cream or pale buffclay and slip; carelesslymade. One has upturnedrim. C 1,110 Pyxisrimfr,D. 8.5. Thin walled,finepale buffclay,firedcreamon theoutside.Grooveat theshoulder. Also found:frs.of a second,D. 15.
ROMAN POTTERY
203
C 1,111 Large bowl 71/PI29, D. 28.5. Profile.No handlepreserved.Groovedrim,slightly turneddown.Pale buff clay and slip. Undersiderough. C 1,112 Largebowl71/P65,D. 33. Aboutone half.Buffclaywithgrits;smoothedsurfaceofsamecolour;underside rough.Lug handlewiththumbprintsat rim. Alsofound:rimfrs.ofsixotherlargebowls,D. range30-35. creamto buffclay.Most have twogrooves on therim. Gl,l 13 Bottle,rimto shoulder,D. 3.5. Cream ware. Shape as B2,85. Gl ,114 Largejug rimfr,D. 14. Soft-fired cream-buff clay and slip. Shape as Cl,61. Also found:ringbases offive,D. range7.8-12.5. Cl ,115 Jar rimfr,D. 13. Fabric as no. 114. Thickenedrim;collar ridgeat neck,horizontalgroovesbelow. Also two spouts,(D. 1, L. 3.5, and D. 3.5, L. 4.5) fromsimilarlarge utilityvessels. Cl,l 16 Pithoidjar rimfr,D. c. 40. Cream ware; shape as Cl,107. Gl,l 17 Beehivekalathos,fourbody sherds.D. c. 25. Amphoraein localfabric
Cl ,118 Rim withthickenedlip and double rolledhandles.Local creamware. Rim frs.offive.D. range7.5-11. One otherofthesame formhas hard,pinkgrittyclay,firedcreamat thesurface,D. 11.5. Froma second locationin Crete? Gl ,119 Heavy thickenedrim; handles of flatsection.Rim fr.D. 15. Pale orange-buff clay, cream slip. Not illustrated.As A2,102. C 1,120 Rim fr.withflangeinsideand groovesoutside,D. 14. Buffclay, firedcream at surface.Handles not preserved. Also found:peaked handlesofroundsectionfromthreeamphorae;peaked handleswithflatsectionof two; bases offivewithlow knobs.
Imported amphorae(see also C1,97-8)
C 1,121 Rim,handleand base, notjoining.D. 10.5. Hard gritty, brownish-red clay;smoothcoffeebrownsurface. Thick ribbedhandles.Base withknobcould belong. Other
Cl,122 Amphorastand 71/P140,D. 16, H. 9. Profile.Buffclay. Also found: two others,D. 15 and 13. Orange-buffclay firedpale buffat the surface.See also Cl,99-100. C 1,123 Storagejar, D. 41. Aboutone third,base missing.Pale brownclaywithlargewhiteand darkgrits,cream slip. Surfacepocked.
Other Mid-firstCentury A.D. Material (C2) plates 150-5, 206.
The Nature and Proveniencesof the Material
Materialof thisdate fromotherdepositswas amalgamatedforthe purposesof studyand is listedhere.101Itemsare cataloguedand illustratedin so faras theyadd to the main briefly as miscellaneous materialoftheperiodc. depositCl . The groupas a wholeis bestcharacterised 25-50/60A.D., since the proveniencesare fromall over the site. Some pieces,however,are from better stratifiedcontextsthan others,and to provide an approximateorder of dependabilitythesecontextsare groupedbelow in nine categories.Each catalogueditemis givenits originalexcavationlevel number,and also attributedto one of the followingnine categories: 1. Wash layerto Northof the SouthwestHouse, stratified beneathDeposit N2 and above XIII A2. XIV 22. 19, 19A, 20; 7, Deposit 2. The same,less well stratified, and extendingto thesouthand east. XI 11, 12 and pit 2; XIII/XIV baulk #2492,2487, 2494; XV 8.
ROMAN POTTERY
204
level (Deposit Cl), eitherdisturbedfromthisor 3. Top oftheSouthwestHouse destruction residualin laterlayers.XIII 10A, 13, 14 (part). 4. Fillofcistin street.IX 20. (See periodplan plate 3; pitplan,plate 5 no. 42; detailedplan withsection,plate 12c). G147. VII 15, 5. PackingbeneathEast House floorand DepositNl. Coin ofNero/Claudius, 16. 6. Wash levelsabove Tiberianfloordeposit,Bl. VIII 8, 10, 27. 7. Wash layer beneath North House courtyard,having similar material of Neronian and 0401; I(S) 15 (#0417, 0341) 16; characterabove, Hellenisticbelow.I(N) 12 ##0315 baulk #0842. 1stA.D. wallsbeneathNorthHouse ('ab', 'an-af); 8. Contentsofwallsand otherstructures. NorthHouse courtwall ('a'); NorthHouse east wall foundationtrench(T at threshold); NorthHouse, Rooms IV/V, northwall (V); streetwall at NW (X wall 'dd' #0804);door intoEast House ('ac' door); cisternat entranceto SoutheastHouse Phase I; area ofcobbled paving ('ee') cut at east by House ofDiamond Frescoes. 9. Residual materialand isolatedfindsin TrenchesII, III, V, VIII, IX, XI and XIV. Chronology
As is indicatedabove, thisis not a closed group like Deposit Cl, but an amalgamationof smallerdeposits,and shouldbe givena widerchronologicalrange. Some of the materialis below stratified above Augustanor Tiberiandeposits(Contextsno. 1, 6, 7), some stratified Neroniandeposits(Contextsno. 1, 5, 7). The coin ofNero/Claudius(C147) in Contextno. 5, forthefloordepositNl . Butin general postquern givesa usefuldate forthisgroup,and a terminus termsthe materialis homogeneouswiththelarger,well stratified unit,Deposit Cl. Otherfindsfromthesecontextsinclude:coinsC31, 53, 84, 107, 114, 134-5, 143 (Claudian) and 145 (Claudian); lamps L233, 256, 260; looweightsW74-7; metal object M350; bone objectsE27-35; glassG49, 102, 141, 214?,219. Catalogue The Fine Wares
A total of 388 pieces of importedfinewares was found.These wares occur in the followingquantitiesand Italian Sigillata31% (121 sherds);E Sig B 29% (113 sherds);E Sig A 32% (123 sherds);Gypriot4% proportions: (14 sherds);Gaulish2% (9 sherds);"Pergamene"1% (4 sherds);and other1% (4 sherds).Not includedin these warewhichoccurredin a ratherlargerquantity(191 beforemending,172 after),or is thelocal colour-coated figures 33% of thecombinedtotal. Relief Wares Imported
C2,l
C2,2
C2,3
Italian ReliefBowl 67/P220,body fr,D(max.pres.) 15. Preservedare: mouldingbeneath rim with roulettingand spirals below, and part of vintage scene. Probably by M. PerenniusBargathes(H. Comfort).IX 20 (Context4). Small base fr,D. 10, probablybelongs.XIV 22 (Context1). South Gaulish ReliefBowl, body fr,D(max.pres.) 15. Fine brown,granularfabric,darkerthan most Good red-brown whiteand darkparticlesvisibleundermagnification. Italiansigillataand withdistinctive are ovolo Preserved as Puteolan than less lustrous colour and of C2,l. examples, good gloss, lighter mouldingbeneathrim,and on the bodyfestoonswithvine leaves above and below,and on eitherside dolphinsseparatedby an elongatedwhorlshell.XIII/XIV blk #2492(Context2). Also lowerbodyfr.withpalmettes.I(N) 12 (Context7). SouthGaulishReliefBowl 71/P47,bodyfrs.Fabric and surfaceas no. 2. One fr,H (près). 4.9, has ridge below rimwithovolo mouldingand partofa reliefscenewithwreathedfemalefigurebendingforward. XIV ee #2315(Context8).
ROMAN POTTERY
C2,4
C2,5
205
Three othersmallfrs.have vine leaves. I baulk underFloor II #0841;XIV ee #2315;I(S) 15 #0341 plate 206. (Contexts7, 8 and 7 respectively), EasternReliefBowl, body frs.D(max). 15, H(pres). 3.4. Four frs,twojoining.Pure fineorange-brown clay,micaceous;good waxy glossas E Sig B. Preservedis mouldingbeneathrim,withthreehorizontal from withacanthusleavesbelow.PerhapsPergamene,in transition ridgesand largeovolopatternin relief, Pergameneto Çandarli Ware (suggestedby Hayes). Ill Pit 12, II 7 Pit 5, III 7-9 (all Context9). EasternReliefBowl,bodyfr,H(pres). 3.7, D(est). 13. Lightred clay,darkerred slip,mattinside;slight glossoutside.This fr.is fromnearbase and has largeacanthusleavesand filleroftruncatedovolo pattern in thefield.Originuncertain.XIII/XIV (N) #2492(Context2).
Italian Sigillata
Nos. 6-10 Bowls C2,6 C2,7 C2,8 C2,9 C2,10
Hemisphericalbowl rimand body fr,D. 9. Flat turnedout rim.Roulettingand spiralappliqué above. Fabric 1. FormK228B, date range 15-60 A.D. XIII 19 (Context1). Vacant no. Conical bowl rimand bodyfr,D. 9.4. Spiral appliqué below rim.Formas Cl,6a. II 7 (Context9). betweengroovesbelow. Fabric 2. Jar rimfr,D. c. 14. Straightlip withgrooveinsideand out; rouletting XIII 10a (Context3). Cf. Pompeii 5, VI, /, no. CE 1585,pl. 121, no. 1. Dish? rimfr,D. 25. Verticalwall withridgesand groovesat rim.Roulettingand fruitstand appliqué. Fabric 1. XI 9 (Context9). FormK213?; date range30-80/90A.D. plate 209E no. 1.
Platesof the middlesize range (D. 16-18). Rim frs.ofsix: C2,l 1 Profile;horizontalgrooves.D. 18. FormK205; date range 10/15-45A.D. Fabric 2. VII(W) 15 (Context 5). C2,12 Profile;double grooves.Formas preceding.D. c. 17. Fabric 2. I(S) 16 (Context7). C2,13 Profile;withrouletting.D. c. 17. Fabric 2. Related to Form K209, but withquarter-roundmoulding beneathrim;date range 1-30/35A.D. XIII 13 (Context3). C2,14 Profile;withspiralappliqué; FormK209, as Cl,ll above. Fabric 1. I(S) 15 (Context7). head appliqué; doublegrooveand ridgeabove,singlebelow.D. c. 17. C2,15 Profile;withfineverticalrouletting, Fabric 1. Formas preceding.XIV Pit 2 (Context9). plate 209E no. 5. inside.D. 17.5. Fabric2. FormK207/214;date C2,16 Fivefrs.notjoining,rimtofloor;steppedprofile;rouletting 1stcent.A.D. IX 7, VIII 7 Pit 4, IX 5 Pit 1 (all Context9). Platesof thelargesize range,D. 25-35. Rim frs.ofseven: C2,17 Verticalrimwithhookedoverhang,mouldedinside.D (est). 35. Fabric 1. FormK201,2; date range1-15 A.D. XIII 19A (Context1). C2,18 Groovesand rouletting outside,insideas no. 16. D(est). 25. Fabric3. FormK205; date range10 B.C. - 35 A.D. XIV 7 (Context1). and grooves.D(est). 35. Fabric 3. XIV 7 (Context1). C2,19 As C2,18, but withdifferent rouletting C2,20 As C 1,11. Simplerprofile.Lion's head appliqué. D. 27. Fabric 4. FormK213; date range30-80/90A.D. VIII 10 (Context6). C2,21 Verticalwall. Thickenedlip. Spiral appliqué. D (est). 29. Fabric 2. Form as preceding.Foundationof NorthHouse east wall, at threshold(Context8). C2,22 Profileas Cl,7; maskappliqué. D(est). 25. Fabric 3. Formas preceding.I(N)12. (Context7). Alsofound:sixstampedfrs,67/P201,P288, P290, 71/P322,P329, P330. For thesesee cat. nos.Y24, 30, 31, 5, 22, 33. ESigB All exceptnos. 29 and 38 have the normalorange-buff clay withmica, and good glossof thesame colour,badly flakingin someexamples,firmin others. C2,23 C2,24 C2,25 C2,26
Dish base fr,D. 12. Possiblerimfr,notjoining.EAA Form2. XIII 19A (Context1). Dish rimfrs,as Cl,21 (71/P101).Cf. EAA Form5. Frs. of three,D. 12. 12 and 12.5. XIV 7, XIII/XIV 2487, and fabricofsouthwall ofstreet(Contexts1, 2 and 8 respectively). Dish rimfr,EAA Form6. D. 17. Cf.B2,26.FabricofNorthHouse (Rooms IV/V northwall) (Context8). Dish rimfr,EAA Form 7. D. 18. XI 11 (Context1).
ROMAN POTTERY
206
Dish rimand base frs,EAA Form8. D.(rim) c. 17.Base fr.ofa smallerexample.D(max). 12.XI 11 and XI 7 (Contextsland 9 respectively). C2,28 Dish rimfr,EAA Form 19. D. c. 18. VII(W) 15 (Context5). C2,29 Dish profile,EAA Form 20(?). D.14. Fired grey;waxy black surface.XIV Pit 3 (Context9). A second examplefromXIV 7 (Context1), D. 14, and twoothersD. 17 and 16. C2,30 Bowl,base and wall frs,notjoining.EAA Form21? as B2,28. D.(base) 8. VIII 27 and XIV 7 (Contexts6 and 1). C2,31 Bowl base fr.71/P265,stampednO0OT XIV 22 (Context9). See Y51. C2,32 Bowl base 71/P275,stampedIIANOY (inplantapedis). X 10 (Context9). See Y48. outsiderim C2,33 Small bowl rimfr,D. 8. Thin walled. Straightlip. Groovesinsideand out; faintrouletting ofburnishedmetal).Perhapsan earlyE Sig B imitationofArretine.Fromfabricof 1st (givingimpression A.D. wall fragment ('ab') beneathNorthHouse Court (Context8). C2,34-38 Conical bowls,rimand bodyfrs,EAA Form32. C2,34-35 Double grooveinsidelip, singlegrooveoutside;roulettedon lowerridgeonly.One exampleillustrated, D. 10.2; bothfromVII(W) 15 (Context5). C2,36 71/P30D. 11. Profile.Roulettingon lip and ridgeat carination(but not all round). Unusuallythick walled,butclay and glossas E Sig B. Surfaceoffloorinsideunslipped;broad rectangular stamp,illegible. FormEAA 70 late; dated later 1stA.D. and so intrusivein thiscontext.XI 9 (Context9). C2,37 D. 10. Ridge and grooveinside;groovebelow rimoutsideand above and below ridgeat carination. Roulettedat rimand lowerridge.X 10 Pit 2 (Context9). Alsofound:twoothersfromVIII 27 and XI 11 Pit 2 (Contexts6 and 1). C2,38 71/P79D. 14.4. Largerversionofno. 35, firedgreywithfullblack to red gloss.XIII 19A (Context1). C2,39 Bowl rimfr,D. 13.5.Thin walled;surfacebadlypocked.EAA Form34. Non-joiningfrs.fromI(S) 16 and VIII 27 (Contexts7 and 6). C2,40 Bowlrimfr,D. 13. Similar;heavywalled.Clearingdrainthroughnorthwall ofstreetat west(Context8). C2,41 Bowl rimfr,D. 11. EAA Form35. V 3A #0198(Context9). C2,42 Bowl rimfr,D. c. 7. Slightlyincurvingrim,double grooveoutside.Thin walled. Good waxygloss.EAA Form37. XI 11 (Context1). C2,43 Cylindricalbeaker,base fr,D. 10. Good orange-redgloss.EAA Form40. V 3A #0198(Context9). inside,pale C2,44 Small dish67/P218,profile.D. 9. EAA Form58 early(?).Good waxygloss,pale orange-buff fleshcolouroutside.Lightwheelmarksinside.IX 20 (Context4). C2,45 Dish rimto base fr,D. 16. EAA Form59(?). XIV 22 (Context1). C2,27
SouthGaulishSigillata
C2,46
redder.Thickwalled;wheel Inkwell71/P16,nearcomplete.H. 6.9. Clay and surfaceas C2,2; clayslightly Form13 (cf.LRP marksbeneath.Insideunpainted,and stainedblack.XI 9 #2179(Context9). Ritterling p. 77).
CypriotSigillata
Fourteensherdsonlyofthiswareoccurredin theselevels,includingrimfrs.ofEAA Forms10 (XIII 20 - Context1. D. c. 17), 31A (I Baulk #0842- Context7. D. c. 17), 33 (XIII/XIV 2492 - Context2. D. 13), 37 (1stA.D. wall beneathNorthHouse court,aa-af. D. c. 9). Also neckand shoulderfrs.ofcarinatedlagynos,Form44 or fragments 45, bodyfrs.oflargekrateras A2,23, and lug handle of a krateras A2,20. Most or all may be residual.None is illustrated. PonticSigillata
C2,47
Two bowl frs.(a) Rim, D. 16. Thick flaringrim,groovedinside,(b) Body fr,D(max). c. 14. Barbotine floraldecoration. Bothhave pale salmonpinkclay,witha brilliantorange-vermiliongloss,exceptthat(b) is firedbrown on theinside.They may belong.BothfromXIII 19A (Context1).
E Sig A ofthiswarewas foundin thesedeposits,muchofthisprobablyresidual.Includedwerethe A totalof 123fragments following:
ROMAN POTTERY
207
Small bowlsand cups
Formas B2,32. rimfrs.of at least three. Formas B2,34. rimfrs.of at least three. C2,48 C2,49 C2,50
Shallowbowlrimfr,D. 10. Double dippingstreak.EAA Form45? Date range40-70 A.D. XI 12 (Context 1). Also found:rimfr.of a second,D. 15. Stemmedcup base fr,D. 5.2. II baulk #0142.FormEAA 22. on floor(as A2,7). I(S) 16 and XIII 19 (Contexts Alsofound:frs.oftwoothers,one withfinerouletting 7 and 1). beneathNorthHouse court,'aa'-'af (Context8). Jug rimfr,D. 13.4. Fabric of 1stA.D. wall fragments
Small dishes
Formas A2,5. Base fr,D. c. 12. Formas A2,7b. Floor fr.withpalmettesand rouletting. C2,51 C2,52 C2,53 C2,54
Flat-basedwithsteppedunderside.Profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 15. Roulettingon floor.XI 11 Pit 2 (Context1). FormsK319; EAA 12; date range40 B.C. - 10 A.D. Also found:frs.of threeothers. 71/P254Flat floor,straightslopingwall. Profile.D. 15.4. Marked offseton underside.Surfaceworn. XIII/XIV #2492(Context2). EAA Form 30; date range 10-50 A.D.( + ). Form as C2,52. Base fr,D. 6.2. Good red gloss.High foot;six grooveson the floor.XIII/XIV #2492 (Context2). Also found:base frs.of nineothers,mostgroovedor rouletted. Formas C2,52. Rim frs.ofthree:(a) D. c. 16. Roulettedabove carination.Fabricofnorthwall ofNorth House court(Context8). (b) D.I 6. Straighterprofilewithsharpcarination(cf.greyware dish A2,2a.) I(S) 16 (Context7). (c) D,23. Roulettedabove carination.I(S) 16 (Context7).
LargerDishes
C2,55 C2,56
Rim withoverhang,D. 31. Formas A2,12. XI 11 Pit 2 (Context1). Rim withoverhang,D. 28. Carinated.Slightridgeinsidelip. XIII/XIV 2494 (Context2). Also found:rimfrs.withincurvinglip, Form as A2,9. Base frs.of ninedishesas A2,9 or 13.
Knidian Ware
Rim and handlefragments offiveKnidiancarinatedbowlswithtwistedhandles(formas A2,34). Hard-fired pinkor greyclay,roughsurface. C2,56a Reliefbowlfr;brownfabric,brownmetallicsurface,mouldmade; thumbprintsand smearmarksinside. Littlepreservedexceptcordedband in reliefand fr.ofvinedecoration.XI 11 (Context2). Cf. R2,8 and R3,4. plate 213. Unidentified Sigillata
The followinghave a distinctive dark red clay withsome mica and a deep red slip of a similarcolour,flaking. PossiblyAthenianSigillata (as suggestedby Hayes). C2,57 C2,58
Bowl rimand base frs,notjoining.Uncertainifbelonging,(a) Rim, D. 15. Multiplegroovesoutsiderim. XIII 20 (Context1). (b) Base, D. 8.5. High ringfoot.Floor rouletted.II 7 (Context9). Dish rimfrs,D. 16.4.Perhapsimitating E Sig B FormEAA 60, whichbeginsin itsearlyformaboutthemid 1stcenturyA.D. XIII 20, I(N) 12 (Contexts1 and 7).
Local ColourCoated Ware
As in DepositCl, thereis a greatvariety.The surfaceis matt,withthepreponderant coloura brightred,as E Sig A, but oftenlighter,as in thePonticBowl frs.(C2,47). But thereis also a considerablevarietydue to thefiring, and coloursrangefromyellowish-brown to red, maroon-brown and black. The slip coat is thinlyapplied and has a tendencyto flakeoff. Many shapesare represented: cups, bowls,bottles,jugs,jars and dishes(large and small). Oftentheseimitate familiarimportedshapes,in a heavier,less articulatedversion. Five are selectedforillustration. Othersare discussedbriefly in relationto examplesalreadyillustrated.
ROMAN POTTERY
208 C2,59 C2,60 C2,61
Carinatedcup, D. 10. Profile.Surfacecolour yellow-brown on upper body outside,elsewherebright orange-red.NorthHouse East wall foundationtrench(Context8). Also found:frs.ofat least threeothers. metallicbrown.VIII 8 and 27 (Context6). Jugletrimfr,D. 7.5. Hard-fired, Juglet(?)base fr,D. 6. Fabricas no. 60. From1stA.D. wallsbeneathNorthHouse court,'aa'-'af (Context 8). Alsofound:frs.ofthreeotherssimilar.Rim and handlefrs.ofaboutelevenjugs withrimsas A 1,1 (five), B2,67 (three),B2,65 (three).
Bowls
bowlsas Bl,13, four;one carinatedbowl of Knidian formas A2,34; are: hemispherical Bowl shapes represented oftheItalianformC2,9,and ofstemmedbowlsas shallowbowlswithflatevertedlip,as A2,48and B2,57;imitations C 1,1-3.Base fragments showa varietyofform:simpleringbase; one or twoarticulatedwithgroovesand ridges;flat bases; base ridgewithconcaveunderside.No stampsor rouletting. Also fragments oflargerbowlswithflatrim,as A2,48 and B2,57-8 (six); and a broad bowl withflaringlip, as Cl,40. Dishes
C2,62
Other
C2,63
Small dish 71/P39,D. 12.5. Profile.Worn.XIII 19A (Context1). Alsofound:rimfrs.oftwodishes,(a) ImitatingE Sig B Form5, D. 20; and (b) Largedishwithincurving rim,imitatingE Sig A Formas A2,9. D. c. 28. Bulbousunguentarium 71/P8,D (max). 5.7, H (près). 11.6. Fine pale brownclay;polishedsurfaceofsame colour;neckand wholeofinsidehas mattdarkbrown,metallicslip.Flat bottomwithknifeparingmarks. XIII 14 (Context3). For thisshape,cf.BSA 11 (1982) 291, no. 129,- an examplefromKnossos,dated 50-100 A.D. Alsofound:rimand neckfrs.oftwootherssimilar.XIII 19 and I(N) 12 (Contexts1 and 7). Alsojar rim fr,D. 13.5. AsCl,55.
Black Ware
formsA 1,44(heavydishwithincurving rim);Cl,25 (dish probablyall residual,representing Eightwornfragments, withvertical,ridgedrim);Cl,26 (similar,withdecoratedrim,but thisone has reedpatterninsteadofovolo); dish neckofflagonor bottle,thickwalledwithsmallaperture(D. 8mm.),taperingupwardsfrom floorfr.withrouletting; neck(verticalhandleperhapsbelongs);and base fr.ofsmallbowl (D. 10) withhighringfootand largepalmettes stampedradiallyon thefloorabove thefoot.Not illustrated. Part paintedWare
C2,64
Lekane rim and base frs,D. 32. Pale red slip insideand over lip. Worn and friable.From fabricof SoutheastHouse, phase I cistern('eq') (Context8). Also found:rimand bodysherdsof 13 otherssimilar,D. 22-40.
Thin-walledCoarse Ware
C2,65 C2,66 C2,67
bowl 71/P44,D. 9.3. Profile.High offset incurving.Dark brownto greyfabric lip,slightly Hemispherical and surface(changeat lowerbodyfromstackingeffect).XIII 19A (Context1). Cf. CosaFormXXXVI nos. 191-3 (Augustan). Bowl withbarbotinedecoration71/PI67, rimand bodyfr,D. 6.8. Brownclay withmattpinkishbrown . Northwall ofstreetat west- dd, #2335(Context8) . Cf. surface.Decorationofblobsand finelines(floral?) CosaFormXLII no. 423 (Tiberian-earlyClaudian). plate 211. darkgreyclay,egg-shellthin.Combeddecorationin formof bowl,rimfr,D. 9. Hard-fired Hemispherical concentricarcs. XIII 20 (Context1). plate 210. or grey,mostwithflatbottom;four oftwentyothervesselsofthisware,firedlight-red Base fragments withsmallringfeetwithgrooves.
ROMAN POTTERY
209
Coarse Ware Casseroles
Rim frs.ofabout twenty, as C 1,91;severalhave a striphandleattachedto therim,as Cl,95, butwithoutthethumb formare illustrated: prints.Hard red clay withwhitegrits,D. 19-26. Two othersofdifferent C2,68 C2,69
Casserole,rimand handle fr,D. 18. Lightred gritty.Verticalridgedhandles.VIII 27 (Context6). Casserole,rimand handle fr,D. 25.5. Brick-redwithwhitegrits,firedpale brownto lightgreyat the surface.Horizontalhandle formedfromdouble stripof clay applied to rim.XIV 7 (Context1).
Lids
often,twowithpiercedknob,as Cl,93, therestsolid.One has higherconvexform,as Nl,29. Lightredor Fragments greygrittyfabric.D. 14-20. CookingDishes
Formas A2,80: fragments of two; hard,gritty, micaceous;D. 15-23. grey-brown, Formas Bl,24 (heavyfrying offive,includingone screwhandle; pale yellow-brown, pan): fragments gritty. Large cookpots
Formas C 1,104: rimand handle fragments of at least six,D. 16-20. Formas B2,71 (smallflatevertedrim): fragments offour,D. 18-20.
Small cookpots andjuglet
Formas C 1,101 (straightlip): rim,handle and body fragments offour,D. 11-20.
C2,70 C2,71 C2,72
Juglet,profile,H. 7.1, D. 3.5. Thin-walled.Pale reddishbrownclay and surface;gritty;surfacerough exceptat lowerbody,whichhas scratchmarkswheresmoothedon thewheel.Small evertedrim.Handle to rim.Ill Pit 12, #0439(Context9). Small cook pot,rim,handle and bodyfr,D. 11. Red clay withwhitegrits,firedmaroon-brown outside. Evertedrim;verticalhandle to rim.XIII/XIV #2492(Context2). Small cook pot 67/P158,H. 14.1, D. 13.7. Complete.Fine browishred clay, with some whitegrits. Blackenedfromuse. Small flange.Verticalridgedhandlesto rim.Ill 10 (Context9).
Plain Ware
A brieflistingis givenof the commontypes,notingquantities.In additioneightvariationsare cataloguedand illustrated. Lids
Formas C 1,108;fragments ofseven.
Pedestalbowls
Frs. offive,twowithridgeat footas Cl,68. All solid beneath.One larger,withmouldedbase, hollowbeneath: C2,73 Base fr,D. 13.4. Cream ware. SA 20 (Context4).
Stands
C2,74
Base and stemfr,D. 13. Pale red clay,firedcreamat thesurface.XIII 20 (Context1). Also frs.of twoothers,D. 7 and 12,8.
Beehivekalathos
Formas A2,96. Body fr,D. 22. Pale pinkgritty;interiorcrossgrooving.Contentof streetnorthwall - x, #0804 (Context8). Also one extensionringfr,D. 23. Cream ware,oblique grooving,XIII 19 (Context1).
Cups
Formas A2,87. Rim or handle fragments ofsix. D. 8.5-10.
ROMAN POTTERY
210 Utilitybowls
at leastthirty Formas Cl,l 12,standardstraight-sided bowlor basin.Seventy-two bowls,D. fragments, representing Flat evertedrim,plainor withone or 25-40 (mostc. 35). Most are creamware (65%), theresta lightorange-buff. twogrooves.Horizontalhandlesapplied at therim,commonlywiththumbprint,as C 1,112. Large storagevessels(tubs,jars etc.) and Tray
C2,75
C2,76 C2,77 C2,78 C2,79
Tub rimfr,D. c. 50. Thick-walledand veryheavy.Pale mauvishbrown,grittyclay,firedto creamat surface.Thickenedrimwiththreedeep groovesabove. VIII 27 (Context6). a deep Jarrimfr,D. c. 50. Creamware.Evertedrimwithheavyhorizontalhandleattached,and forming XI 11 for (Context1). pocket gripping. Trayrimfr,D. 35. Hard, pinkishclay,firedcreamat surface.A simplecirculardiskwithlowverticalridge at rim.XI 11 Pit 2 (Context1). Pithoidjar, rimand neckfr,D. 29. Salmonpinkclay,creamslip.Shortneck.II baulk#0142(Context9). Pithoidjar, rimand neckfr,D. 28.5. Pinkishbuffclaywithcreamslip,flaking.High neck.IX 20 (Context 4).
3U&S
Base fragments ofabout ten,withringfootand droppedfloor,as B2,91. Cream ware,excepttwowhichare a pale D. 10-12. orange-brown.
Amphorae
fabric(also body sherdsof some six in different Fragmentsof at least thirteenin thelocal creamor orange-buff fabrics).Thickenedrimwithdouble rolledhandlesas A 1,27 (four);withpeakedhandlesofroundsectionas A 1,31 (four).Pointedbases as A2,102 (eight),ridgedas Al,29 (two). Stamnos
C2,80
Rim and neckfr,D. 12. Light-redclay,creamslip. Ridged handleofoval section.XIV 22 (Context1).
East House: NeronianDestructionDeposit (Nl) plates 156-9, 206-7. The Natureof theDeposit
This depositwas foundin thebuildingnamedtheEast House, at theeast centralsectorofthe excavation(plan at plate 16b; SectionC no. 10, SectionF no. 9). Originalexcavationlevel nos.are VII 9b, 11-14,VII (W.ext.)3, 3a, 3b; baulkbelowWall 't', part;XII 13. The deposit is the product of a violent destruction,unaccompaniedby fire,possiblycaused by an earthquake.Two completeroomsand partsof two otherswerepreservedat the edge of the LittlePalace cutting,and thefindsfromall are consideredtogetherhereas one deposit.The on a yellowclay floorand was sealed by a thickspreadof destruction depositlay undisturbed rooftiles,overpartofwhichwas a later(Hadrianic)occupationlevel(SectionC no. 5). The fill Whitish containedbrownearthand buildingdebris:mudbrick, stones,tiles,plasterfragments. fires. ash on thefloorseemsto derivefroma hearthor ovenin Room II, notfromdestruction was Palace Little the of vertical the near cut where at the east excavation, scarp by edge, Only such as Nl,7 and 8. thedepositopen ratherthansealed; and thismay explainintrusions Chronology
ofthemid 1stA.D. (C147, The East House in itsfinalstageis dated by threecoins:thefirst, Nero/Claudius)comes fromthe floormake-up;the second,whichis closelycontemporary (C133, Nero and Octavia) fromthefillofthe northroom,whilethe third(C154, Domitian) derivesfromthesiltaccumulatedabove theruinsofRoom III westwall. The characterofthe
ROMANPOTTERY
211
witha date in the3rdquarterofthe 1stcenturyA.D., and findsparallels potteryis consistent fromthedepositsat Pompeii.The Italian sigillatasuggestsa date ofc. 50-75 A.D.102 (no. 2 35/40-50/90;no. 2A 10/15-40A.D.; nos. 3-4 30-80 A.D.); the E Sig A dish, no. 5, is 50-75 A.D. The E Sig B Forms 18 (no. 12, mid 1stA.D.), 53 (no. 10, 50-75 contemporary, 60 A.D.), earlyform(no. 11, 50/60-80/90A.D.), 74B (no. 13, late 1stA.D.) may suggesta ratherlaterdate. But thegeneraldate givenby Hayes forthetransitional Bl/2 ware is 50-75 a and no. 8 to be later intrusion. The nos. A.D., 23-25, are types only appears cookingdishes, knownat Pompeii.The thin-walledNorthItalian greyware now makesitsfirstappearance (nos. 18-19). Therewas no greataccumulationoverthefloor(as forDepositCl) to suggestanyextended timelapse afterthelayingofthefloor.Thus all indicationsare thatthebuildinghad a shortlife is made thatan earthquakerecordedforKnossosin duringthereignofNero. The suggestion Nero'sthirteenth 67 A.D. have beentheoccasionofitsdestruction year may (see discussionof the East House). In additionto thepottery werealso found depositcataloguedbelow (N 1,1-51) thefollowing in thisdeposit: Hellenisticbrazierhandle (H38,24), Kantharos(67/P195);Lamps L84, 97, 293, 354, 478, 510, 618; CoinsC10, 33, 53, 67, 76, 94, 146-7 (C53, 72, 94, 106, 132 are in associationwiththe wall construction); Metal objectsM198, 224, 250, 262, 284, 305, 328, and, not catalogued: bronzeclamp,iron nails (17), hook; lead mend (67/734);glass gamingpieces; faiencebead (V3); terracottasTC69, TC92; piercedshell 156; glass G174 306, 316; loomweights,two pyramidal(W78 and one uncat.); whetstoneS44; bone stylus(E27),103and theskeletonofa dog. Catalogue TheFine Ware The importedfinewarecomprises97 fragments Italian (64 aftermending),and occursin thefollowing proportions: 19%, E Sig A 6%, E Sig B 75%. Local ware (37 fragments) 28% ofthecombinedtotal.Significant represents pieces are catalogued,the restinterpreted as residual. ItalianSigillata Five piecesare selectedforthecatalogue.Two (nos. 1 and 2A) could possiblybe residual,but all are oftypeswhich could have been in circulationc. 50-75 A.D. Bowl rimfr,D. 18.5. Evertedrimwithrouletting. Fabric 1. Probablyfroma reliefbowl; cf.Form K296. Hemisphericalflangedbowl 71/PI64 about two thirds,D. 7.5. Fabric 1. Form K217; date range 35/40-80/90A.D. N1,2A Small dish fr,D. 17. Profileas Cl,7. Fabric 4. FormK209.4; date range 10/15-45A.D. Nl,3 Large plate rimfr,D. 25. Thunderboltappliqué. Possiblybelongswithno. 4; same fabric;betterglosson rimfr. Nl,4 Large plate 71/P143,base, D. (foot)9.3. FormK213; date range30-80 A.D. Stamp .ANN inplantapedis, withinconcentriccircles.See Y2. Nl,l Nl,2
E Sig A Plate rim fr.with flangeD. c. 25. Matt orange-redslip, pocked on the inside. Form K332, EAA 37, Nl,5 commonest50-75 A.D. E Sig B TransitionalBl/2ware,exceptno. 8, whichappearstobe a laterform.Surfaceofmost,and fabricofsome,wornand flaking.
ROMAN POTTERY
212 NI, 6 Nl,7 Nl ,8 Nl,9 Nl,10 Nl,l 1 Nl,12 Nl,13
Small conical bowl, rim and body fr,D. 10. Form 30, as Cl,17. Frs. of threeothers,one withspiral appliqué (as Cl,18) D. 13. One withlowerbody reservedoutside(D. 12.). Bowl,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 19. Evertedrim,low ringfoot,droppedfloor.Dark orange-brown clay; good waxysurfaceglossofsame colour.Form80(?). Probablyintrusivehere. walledand lessarticulated.B2 ware. Bowlprofileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 15. Similarto no. 7, butthicker EAA Form80. Intrusivein thisdeposit. Shallow bowl,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 15.5. Low ringfoot.Straightlip. Form53. Smalldish67/P164,nearcomplete,D. 10.Two smallspiralsappliquéon rim.Rectangularstampon floor, illegible.EAA Form58, earlyversion. turnedin. EAA Form60, early Small dish,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 12.2.Flat bottom,rimslightly form. Rim frs.ofa secondexample. Small dish,rimto base fr,D. c. 19. Flat bottom,straightlip. EAA Form59. Conical bowlrimfrs,D. 13. Shortoverhanging rim,hookedup at thelip. Rouletted.Startofstriphandle applied to rim.EAA Form 74B.
ESigB(?) fabricas E Sig B, thougha littlelighterin colour,exceptat neckand rim.Inside The following has orange-brown surfacepale coffee-brown, glossof showingmuchmica, slip splashesdull mediumbrown;outsideorange-brown standardE Sig B colour,mostlywornoff. Nl,14 Nl,15
Lagynos67/P144,rimtoupperbodyfr,D. (shoulder)13.8,(rim)4.2. The neckis ridged.The handle(now missing)was attachedto theshoulder. vacant no.
Ware Local Colour-coated
Nl,16
Nl,17
Small hemispherical bowl, rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 10. Soft-firedorangeclay, dark red slip. Evertedrimwithoverhang;ringfoot;grooveon floorabove foot.Related to Ponticbowl,FormK390? Rim and body frs.of threeothers,D. 8.5-9. Harder fired;two pale yellow-brown outside,bright vermilionred inside. Smalljar, rimto bodyand base frs,notjoining,D. 7.5. Thin streakybrownslipon theoutside,and inside rimwithdrips.
Thin-walledWares
Nl ,18 Nl,19 Nl,20 Nl ,21 Nl,22
Bowl,rimtolowerbodyand base frs,notjoining,D. 10. Shape and decorationas IG 1. NorthItalianGrey Ware, plate 206. Carinatedbowl,rimand body frs,D. 11. Form as IG 12. Startof handle. Floral designin reliefas IG 14-15. NorthItalian GreyWare, plate 206. Carinatedbowl,rimto lowerbodyfr,D. 11.8. Dark brownclay withtinywhitegrits,surfacefiredgrey. Rough Cast Ware. Shape as Cl,78. withsmalldarkbrownand One handlepreserved.Pale red-brown Carinatedcup,D. 9. Abouttwo-thirds. whitegrits,some mica. Red-brownslip in and out, turningmetallicpurplishbrownin patcheswhere thicklyapplied. Rough Cast Ware. Dish rim fr,D. 16. Thin-walled.Hard-firedto greythroughout.Local imitationof Sigillata shape? Misfiredin kiln.Not illustrated.
Coarse Ware
Cookingdish,D. 31. Profileexceptfloor.Brownto greyfabricwithmanywhite,dark-brownand grey slip insideand overrim.Upper grits.Much silverand a littlegold mica. Lustrousred to yellow-brown outsidewall smoothed;veryroughand pittedsurfacebeneath.Pompeian-redWare. Nl,24 Baking-lid('tegame') 67/P162,made up complete,D. 32. Fine brick-redclay, withsmall black grits, micaceous.Thin-walledforitssize.Smoothmattinsidesurfacewithslightridgemark(D. 12) from slightly stackingin thekiln.Wheelmarksoutside;tinyringfoot.Italian,relatedto thePompeian-redWare series. II pp. 324-5, and refs.there.JWH) Riley'slid Type 7, cf.Berenice some N 1,25a Cookingdish,D. 31.5. Near complete.Heavy walled;hard-fired pinkishbrownto blackclay,gritty; marksveryevidenton thefloor.Two horizontal mica. Smoothinsidesurface,withtransverse burnishing handlesapplied to rim,withthumbprints.
Nl,23
ROMAN POTTERY
Nl,26 Nl,27 Nl,28 Nl,29
Nl,30
213
whenfound,as a stand Also:25b-c.Rim fr.ofa secondexample,D. 30.5. Floorofa third,D. 20, serving, forthecook pot Nl,31 (not 33 as in plate 207). Fryingpan handlefr,L. c. 5. Coarse brownclay,redat thecore.Good creamto greyslip.Screwhandle, piercedat theend, as C1,96(C). Lid 71/P166,D. 11.5. Hard light red-brownclay; burntbeneath. Smooth surface.Warped. Crude cylindricalknob,hollowbeneath. Lid, D. 17.5. Profile.As no. 27. Possiblybelongingto casseroleNl,30. Lid 67/P165,D. 15.8. Intact.Brick-redclay,smoothpinkto red surface.Slightwheelmark,resembling rouletting,above the carination.Carinated formwith neatly made conical knob, pierced through. ProbablybelongswiththecookpotNl,31. Also found:frs.ofsix others,D. 17-25. rim to floor.Hard brick-redclay withwhitegrits;pinksurface, Casserole,D. 19.6. About two-thirds, blackenedoutside.No handle survives.See no. 28. Also found:rimfrs.of a second,D. 18.
Cookpots
There are fourforms,represented by nos. 31-34. Two are preservedin completeexamples(Nl,31 and 33), the othersin fragments. There was a greatquantityof thisware found,whichdid not make up (one fullzembil). Ten kilnwasterswereincluded. Nl,31
Nl,32 Nl,33
Nl,34
Nl,35
Large cookpot67/P169,made up complete,H. 25.5, D. 13.4. Browngrittyclay,outsidesurfacesmooth coffee-brown to black,insiderough.Broad ovoid shape withshortverticalrim.Two verticalshoulder handles,threadedwithlargeclaysuspensionrings,D. 6. A slighthorizontalgrooveat theshouldermarks the positionforthe top of the handles.See also no. 29. Rim frs.offourothers,D. 13-16; one handle ring. Cookpot,rimto shoulderfr.withhandle,D. 16. Brick-redclay,smoothpinkoutsidesurface,red inside. High straightrim,slightlyeverted,flaton top. No flange.Ridged,verticalhandle attachedbelow lip. Rim frs.of threeothers,D. 16-17, one withslightflange. Cookpot67/P167,completeexceptbase fr,D. 18.7.Red claywithwhitegrits,firedto greyinside.Smooth red-brown to black;insiderougherand ribbed.Sharplyevertedrimwithridgedverticalhandles exterior, attachedbelow rim. Rim frs.ofsix others,D. 20-26. Cookpot,rimand handleto shoulderfr,D. 20. Hard, brick-red clay withbrownsurfaceoutside.Everted rimwithflange,flatat thetop; ridgedhandle attachedbelow rim.Formas A2,75 and G 1,81;but these have handlesattachedto rim. Also found:rimand handle fr.of another,D. 18. Trefoiljug, rimand handle fr,H (près). 11.5. Hard salmonpinkclay,firedmetallicgreyat thesurface. Micaceous. Ridgeson neck,as Cl,89. Also found:frs.of threeothers.
GrittyPorous Ware
Coffee-brown fabriccrammedwithlargeinclusions- whitegrit,smallpebblesand quartzite- whichobtrudeand the surface. Outsidesurfacepale brownto cream.The fabricis porousand light. speckle Nl,36 Nl,37
Stamnos,rimto shoulderand handlefr,D. 12. Evertedlip,shortneck,handleattachedto rim.Alsofound: rim and handle frs.of two similar,D. 14-15. Tall cylindricalneck fr.of an amphora,D. 13.5-15. H (près).19; slenderhandlesof roundsection. Amphorabase and bodyfrs.Taperingconicalbase, D. 5, withslightdepressionbeneath.Lightbrick-red clay,withcreamslip outside.
Plain Ware
An unusuallysmall proportionof the total; all shapes except the amphora (fourexamplescompleteor near ofabout fifteen complete,and thefragments others)and thelargebowl (Nl,38) are represented byfragments only. These are notcatalogued,sincemanycould be residual.They includefragments oflids (3), formas Nl,28; standor censerbase,D. 9.5, as C2,73; closedvesselswithringbase, mostly jugs (c. 15); largestraight-sided utilitybowlswith flatrim,D. 29-35 (7), one withtwogrooveson therim,one withgrooveat therimedge,therestplain; twosmaller ofa largepithoidjar, D. 23.5, creamware,formas C2,79. bowls,D. 18 and 22, formas C 1,111. Also rimfragments
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214
Fromthisgroup (ofabout 64) fourteen(including10 amphorae)are selectedforillustration: Nl,38 Nl,39 Nl,40 Nl,41 Nl,42
creamslip,mostlywornoff. clay,soft-fired; Large bowl,rimto lowerbodyfr,D. 24.5. Pale orange-pink belowtherim.Horizontalgrooveson the Flat evertedrim;horizontalribbonhandleattachedimmediately inside. Two handledbowl67/P166,complete.H.6.5, D. 13.2.Finebrick-red clay,surfacepinkto red;roughfinish especiallynear base. Flat evertedrim;smallflatbase. Also found:rimto lowerbodyfr.of a secondexample,D. 13. Bottlerimand neckfr,D. 4. Collarridgebeneathrim.Handle as no 41. Pale orange-buff clay,creamslip. Bottle71/P165,rimand neckfr,D. 3.6. Creamware.Pronouncedcollarridgeabove handle;narrowneck. Bottlerimand neckfr,D. 4.3. Pale buffclay withcreamslip. Broad conical neck.
Amphorae
Nos. 43-48 are judged to be in thelocal fabric,nos. 49-51 imported.But onlyanalysiscould make thiscertain. Nl,43 Nl,44 Nl,45 Nl,46 Nl,47 NI,48
Nl,49 Nl,50 Nl,51
67/P209,made up complete,H. 67. Pale buffclay,selfslip.Slightlythickenedrim,low neckbroadening forhandleswhichare peaked,and groovedon theoutside.Cf. Riley no. 104. 67/P198,completeexceptsmallfrs,H. 67. As no. 43. Completeexceptrim,H(pres). 67. As no. 43. Also found:frs.ofat leastthreeothers,includingbase and bodycontainingash (on plan at plate 16). One ofblotchywhitefabric,withgood creamslip on theinside. Amphorastand67/P170,complete,D. 17. Pinkto buffclay,gritty;creamslip. Frs. offoursimilar,D. 15-17. Rim to shoulderfr,D. 6.8. Fabric as Nl,43. Long conical neckwithcurvingpeaked handlesof round section.Cf.Rileynos. 107-8with'horn-handles'(Rhodian;commonat Berenicein the1stCent.A.D., but runninglater,- into2nd A.D. at Ostia). neck.Rolled rim,pared horizontally Rim to shoulderfr,D. 9.5. Buffclay,creamslip.Shortercylindrical beneath.Handles as Nl,47, but vertical. Rim to shoulderfr,rimD. 6.3. Dark orangeto buffclay,good creamto buffslip.Straightlip; handlesof roundedbase with buttoncould belong. (Possiblywithinthe range of local round section.Soft-fired fabrics?). Rim to shoulder(rimD. 6.8) and nipplebase. Dark brick-red clay. Formsimilarto Nl,49. 67/P208,base to neck(rimand handlesmissing)H (près).84.5. Dark redclay,hardand ratherpure;good, thickcreamslip well preservedinside,mostlywornoffoutside.Tall cylindricalformwithpointedbase, carinationat neck,startof double rolled handles. Shallow horizontalribbingon the outside,widely spread. Also found:neck,shoulderand body frs.of a second; hard, pale mauvish-brown fabric;small grits fired surface outside mica some and silver good yellow-brown; pale mica, particles; larger gold including creamslip on outsideonly. See also Nl,38.
Neronianfillto Northof SouthwestHouse (N2) plates 160-2, 208. The Natureof theDeposit
Thisdepositlayin thedeep fillagainstthestreetterracewall,wherethestreetrunsbetweenthe SouthwestHouse (withtheClaudian destruction, DepositCl) and theEast House (withthe The depositwas excavatedas Trench 14.80m. at Neroniandestruction, depth Deposit Nl) XIII (N) 14A, 15, 15A, 15B, 17B, 17C and 19 #2203.It appearsto be a spreadofredeposited materiallyingovera troddenearthoccupationlevel,and to deriveeitherfroman destruction unexcavatedbuilding to the west, or fromone to the north,later demolishedby the A.D. Therewas a successionofcomparable oftheNorthHouse in the2nd century construction in successionbeneaththisdeposit,at thewest earlier1stA.D. levelsin thesame area, stratified side: the Augustan(part of Deposit A2, XIII 23-25) and Claudian (part of C2, Context1,
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215
- thatthiswas not a closeddepositin thesame XIII 19 #2205,2208). These circumstances senseas Cl or Nl - and theoccurrenceofa fewlaterintrusions value. reduceitsstratigraphical Thus it is treated strictlyas a supplementarygroup: only pieces which appear to be withDepositNl, and thenonlythosewithintrinsic or thosewhichadd interest, contemporary to theknowntypes,are illustrated, and othersare notedbriefly. Chronology
This depositis stratified above earlyand mid-1stA.D. levels.The importedfinewaresbelong to the period 50-75 A.D., and are generallycomparablewith thoseof Deposit Nl. More residualmaterialis to be expectedin a depositofthiskind,and thisis no doubtreflected in the ofE Sig A sherdswhichoccurhere.Howeveritmaybe thought comparatively highproportion thatthesignificantly ofItalian in relationto E Sig B ware,and theabsence higherproportions of thelatestE Sig B forms,does suggesta date marginallyearlierthanDeposit Nl. OtherfindsincludelampsL92, 140, 164, 196, 199, 205, 254, 261, 270, 274, 277, 282, 291, 337, 501, 538-9; terracottas TC39, 49; metal objectsM287, 343, 346-7, 368; metallurgical debrisM564-5; bone objectsE36-9; glassG28, 71, 124, 142, 295, 323. Catalogue The Fine Wares
Of a total142fragments theimportedfinewaresare foundin thefollowing Italian Sigillata43%, E Sig proportions: B 31%, E Sig A 21%, and Çandarli(?) 5%, withthe additionofone sherdofCypriotSigillataand twoofNorth AfricanRed-slipWare (body sherds,intrusive). Italian Sigillata
N2,l
N2,2 N2,3 N2,4 N2,5 N2,6 N2,7 N2,8 N2,9 ESigB N2,10 N2,l 1 N2,12
Cylindricalbeakerrimfr,D. 9.5. Appliedspectaclespiral,above twohorizontalgrooves.FormHaltern16; cf.Hayes(1973) 20 (25-50 A.D.). Cylindricalsalt cellar,profile,D. 7, H. 2.6. Double horizontalgrooves.FormK226 (Neronian/Flavian). Hemisphericalbowl rimfr,D. 10. Head appliqué on highrim.Formas no. 4. Hemisphericalbowl rim fr, D. 12.2. Spectacle spiral, rosetteand heart appliqués. Form K217 5, vi 1, no. CE 327, pl. 122, no. 19. (35/40-80/90A.D.). Cf. Pompeii Smalldishrimfr,D. 11. Profileas Cl,13. FormK215, cf.Hayes(1973) Form 1ID. 1-30 A.D.; Pompeii 5, vi 7, no. CE 1787,pl. 122 no. 2. Mediumdishes,rimfrs.ofat leasttwelve.D. c. 17. Illustratedare threedecoratedfrs:withdog appliqué (profileas C 1,7-8;spectaclespiraland rosetteappliqué on rouletting (profileas C 1,10);dolphinappliqué on rouletting(profilesimilarbut withrimslightlyhooked,and twogroovesinsidelip). Reliefbowl bodyfr,D. c. 14. Festoonsand vine leafbeneathroulettedridge. Also one conical base fr,D. 13. Bowl base fr.withlunatestamp,71/P332.See Y36. Bowl base fr.71/P5.D.(foot) 6. Stamp L.R.P. inplantapedis. See Y25.
Conical bowl,D. 13.2. Profile.Poor spiralappliqué. FormEAA 70 (earlyform,50-75 A.D.) Also found:frs.of at leastsix others. Deep bowl 71/PI2 D. 12. Made up complete.Threegroovesbelow rim.Stampedasteriskon floorinside groovedcircle.FormEAA 71. 50-100 A.D. Lagynosbase and neckfrs.D.(neck) 1.8; (ringfoot)5.9. Flakingorange-redclay;splashesinsideneckand on floor;worn; tinypock marksoutside. Small neck ridge. Globular form.For the contemporary, carinatedform,see Nl,14. Also found:rimand base frs.ofdishes,includingFormsEAA 18 and 19/60.
ROMAN POTTERY
216 OtherSigillata Ware (Çandarli?)
N2,13
N2,14
and slightlymicaceouswithgood Bowl base fr.withstamp,D. 5.8. Dark crimson-red clay, hard-fired qualitybrightorange-redtodarkredgloss,betteron theinside.Square-cutringfoot.Singlegroovebelow; two grooveson floor;largeand uninscribed plantapedisstamp. Dish 71/P26,D. 24.8. Near complete.Lightred micaceousclay; rathermattdarkerred slip.Heavy ring foot;centreoffloorsomewhatraised.Insidesurfaceworn;outsidesurfacepockedand flaking.Cf.Çandarli FormEAA LI.
ware Local colour-coated
The following have thelocal darkbuffto pale creamclaywithsmallwhitegrits,and slip-coatofvaryingcolours,as noted.
N2,15 N2,16 N2,17
Large dish rimfr,D. 28. Dark red slip,pockedand flaking.Imitatingthe Italian formN2,5(?). Modiolus?rimfr,D. 11.3. Pale orangeslip. Groovedat upperand lowerneck. Bowl 71/P97,about half,base missing.D.20. Traces ofblack slipinsideand out; worn.Groovedoutside rim;ridgedon lowerbody.
NorthItalian GreyWare
bowlwithstriatedblobs,formIG 1. Rim tolowerbodyfr.offormIG 4. occurofthehemispherical Smallfragments Not catalogued.
Thin-walledcoarseware
Fragmentsmostlyofsmallbowlsand jugletsin pinkor greyfabric,includethefollowing: N2,18 Hemisphericalbowl, profile.D. 12.5. Hard-fireddark brownfabric,pale brownto maroonat surface. Thickenedlip; simpleringfoot. Base frs.of twootherssimilar. N2,19 Hemisphericalbowl,rimto near base. D. 13.5. Hard-fireddark greyfabric.Broad flatrim,turnedout. Startofhorizontalhandle below rim. N2,20 Juglet71/P42rimto belly,D. 6.5. No handle preserved.Fine, pale red clay; hard. Smoothedoutside surface. clay N2,21 Ovoid beaker,rimto belly,D. 10.5. Startofone shoulderto bellyhandlepreserved.Hard, brick-red outsidesurface. withsomewhitegrits.Pale mauvish-brown Coarse Ware
N2,22 N2,23
N2,24
N2,25
N2,26
gritty preserved.Pinkto brick-red, Deep casserolewithlid 71/P30.D. 20.7,lid 18.2.Aboutthree-quarters clay; pink to red surface;blackenedinside.High evertedlip, slopingsides,slightcarination.Vertical handles(fromcarinationto rim)now lost. dark Deep casserole,rimhandleand bodyfr,D. 25. Fabricredat core,withsmallwhitegrits;hard-fired, handles. Horizontal carination. vertical everted surface. at surface. walls, rim, sharp High Rough grey to brownfabric,D. 17-24. One handleas no. 23; fourvertical. Alsofound:frs.oftenothersin light-red Also frs.ofsix lids,D. 17-20; red-brownclay; knobsas no. 22. grittyand micaceous;partly Cookingdish,profileexceptcentreof floor,D(est). 36. Pale grey-brown, handleattachedto blackenedinsideand out. Flat base; slopingwall,concaveoutside;horizontalpie-crust rim.Knifeparingmarkson floorin zigzag form. Also found:rimfrs.offourothers;one screwhandle in hard pinkfabric.One dish rimfr.withsmall flange,D. 35. Formas A2,80. Small cookpot,rimto bellyand handlefr,D. 12.5.Hard brick-red claywithwhitegrits,firedpale brown to greyoutside.Lip withslightinwardcurve,hardlythickened,no flange.Ribbed handle. mauvishpinkto pale grey. Frs. offourothers,colourfrequently in A kilnwaster,about two-thirds deep purplewithsurfacespeckledyellow-grey complete,over-fired made. was this that locally type suggests places, claywithwhitegrits;surfacefired Largecookpot 71/P28,D. 20.5. Base and handletopsmissing.Brick-red grey.High rim,flatat top; no flange;verticalridgedhandles. others(incl.cat. no. 71/P99);D. 16-21 (mostc. 17); rimH. 1.5-3. Colour Alsofound:frs.ofaboutfifteen range:pale brownto dark grey.This is the mostcommonform.
ROMAN POTTERY N2,27 N2,28
N2,29
217
Large cookpot 71/P27,H. 21.7, D. 15. Lightredclay;pale brownto redsurface,blackenedbeneath.Flat rim;flange. Frs. ofat least fourotherswithflange,D. 16-20. Large cook pot 71/P55,profileexceptbase and handletops,D. 19.5. Lightred to brownclay,withwhite grits;greyat thecore. Flange or ledge at therim.Flat straphandle. Slightcollarridgewhereseparately made rimwas attached. Also one other,D. 14. Large cook pot 71/P29,D. 21.2. Profileexceptbase and handle roots.Orange-brownclay. Top of rim grooved;pronouncedcollar ridgeoutsideand flangeinside. Otherlargeshapes- collaredjar withhorizontalhandlesand pithoi- are represented bysmallrimand handlesfrsonly.
Plain Ware Lids
N2,30 N2,31 N2,32
High conical,D. 10.5. Profile.Cream ware, carelesslyfinished.High cylindricalknob. Fr. of a second similar,D. 10. Low conical,D. 13. Orange buff.Tall cylindricalknob,hollowbeneath.Two otherssimilar. Low conical,D. 17. Profile.Cream ware. Flat cylindricalknob,hollowbeneath.
Pedestalbowls (censers?)
Frs.offour,rimprofileas Cl,73. D.(rim) 11, (bases) 4.2 and 5.1. Cream or orangeclay; paintsplashesinside.One base concave beneath,one withshorthollowstem.Not illustrated.See also N2,38 below.
Bottles,flasksetc.
Fragmentsofnine:
N2,33 N2,34 N2,35 N2,36
Shortconical neck,D.(rim) 3.5. Brownclay withpale creamslip. Rim frs.of threeothers,D. 4.5-5.1 (one withhandle attachinginsiderim). Swellingneck,D.(rim) 3. Cream ware,but withsmallbrowninclusions.Startof ridgedhandle. Tall conical neckwithgroovedlip, D.(rim) 4. Pinkishbuffclay withcreamslip. Broaderneckwithflaringlip, D. 6.4. Cream ware. Also found:frs.of twootherssimilar.
Bowls, standsand others
N2,37
N2,38 N2,39 N2,40 N2,41 N2,42
Beehivekalathosrimfr,D. 23. Brown-buff clay and slip. Spreading,flatrim;verticalcombinginside; singlegrooveoutsideat 7.5. beneathrim.Cf. A2,96. Not illustrated. Stand or censer,base fr,D. 29. Set offby deep grooves,as C2,73. crimsonredfabric;good creamslipoutside,pinkto greyinsidesurface. Stand,base fr,D. 12.5.Hard-fired bowl,profileexceptbase, D. 18.5. Lightred clay withpale buffslip,flakinginside. Deep hemispherical Flat evertedrim. Also found:rimfrs.of threeothers,D. 20-22. Domed lid rimfr,D. 23. Lightred to mauve,gritty;firedcreamat surface. Large utilitybowl 71/P95,D. 27. Profileexcepthandles.Cream-buff clay,gritty.Two grooveson rim. Concentricknifeparingmarkson underside. Also found:frs.of 19 others,D. 26-36. Seven withtwogrooves,fivewithone, sevenwithoutgrooves. Handles are attachedto rimwiththumbprint,as C 1,112.
Closedshapes,stamnoi,amphoraeetc.
N2,43 N2,44
N2,45
Pitcher(?) rimfr,D. 16. Pale red clay withcreamslip. Stamnosrimto shoulderfr,D. 11.5. Red-brownwithsmallwhitegrits,firedbuffai thesurface.Cream slip. Cylindricalneck;startofhandle withoval section. Also found:frs.ofabout twentyothers.Cream and brown-buff ware in about equal proportion, both probablylocal. Ribbed verticalhandles;ringbases withdroppedfootand navel in centraldepression beneath. Amphorastand,D. 14.5. Complete.Coarse withheavybrowngrits;good creamslip. Frs. of two others,D. 16 and 17.
218
ROMAN POTTERY
Amphorae
Fragmentsofabout eighteen.Most are local and of thesame typeas Nl,44. Rims thickenedor rolled;handlesof broad ridgedform(4), double rolledand peaked (14), or peaked and ofroundto oval section(9); taperingbases with small nipple. Two of importedred ware, in the tall cylindricalformwith pointedbase, as Nl,51. Not illustrated.
OtherNeronianMaterial (N3) PLATES163, 208.
Contexts
southof thestreet(in TrenchesX-XIV) All thecataloguedobjectscome fromproveniences whichare close to Deposit N2, and may have originallybeen associatedwiththis.But the circumstances of theirexcavationand theirwide spreaddo notjustifydefiniteassociationor ofimportedfinewareswhichoccurin thesecontextsare detaileddiscussion.The proportions the Italian are as follows:of a total 100 fragments and for given comparativepurposes, Local colour Knidian A and E E B 3%. 5%, 25%, 17%, 50%, Cypriot Sig Sig comprises coated ware comprises29% ofthecombinedtotal (141). Catalogue
1. Italian reliefbowl,rimfr,D. 15. Fabric 1. X 7 and 9, XI 7 (joining). Also: (a) fourotherreliefbowlfrs;and (b-f) mediumand smalldishrimswiththefollowing appliqués:cupid withtrumpet, spectaclespiral,rosette,garland,dog (plate 208); and stampedbase fr.(see Y 19). micaceousand coarsetextured, 2. Plateprofile, D(rim). 17, (base) 9. Fabricpale pinkas Italian butcomparatively withsmallwhitegrits.Softfiredand crumbly.Dark red mattslip,wornand pocked.High footas on Arretine forms.Scratchmarksoutside;twobroadconcentric grooveson floor;ridgingat lip and belowrimrathercrude; fabrictoo coarseforfinergrooves.Local Aegean imitationof Arretine?Cf. the Italian formK206. XI baulk #2454,X 7/XI 4 3. Bowlrimfr,D. 10. Thin walledcoarseware.Finehardbrownfabricwithsurfaceofthesamecolour.Decoration ofimpressedtriangles,as on Cypriotsigillata.Italian? X 9. plate 208. 4. Bowlwithbarbotinedecoration,rimfr,D. 11.5. XIII (N) pit 1. Italian. See IG 11. Also:4a. frs.ofa thirdwith decorationofconcentricarches(plate 208); X 9. Cf. N 1,19. rimand neckfr,D. 2.4. Pale coffeebrown,burnishedsurface.Import.XIV 5 #2310. 5. Unguentarium, 6. Amphora,rimto shoulderfr,D. 12.2. Pinkishred to brickred clay,lightred surface.Import.X 9. 7. Amphorastopper71/P38,D. 8. Disc withcentralboss.Brokenat stringhole. Incisedletterphi.XIV 5.
Flavian Deposit Fl, Pit Fill PLATE 166.
The Natureand Chronology of theDeposit
No destruction depositdatable to thelast twodecades ofthe 1stcenturyA.D. was found,but laterE Sig B (B2 Ware, therewereseveralcontextscontainingpotteryofthisdate,specifically Forms62, 70) and earlierÇandarliforms.One ofthese,VIII 7 Pit4, is selectedfordescription, as DepositFl . Then,as fortheotherperiods,better as typical,thoughscrappy,and is identified fromotherlevelsare listedas Deposit (or of and other of these forms, pieces interest examples from of the so few In this F2. instance, DepositFl are as completeor worthyof pieces group) as thoseofthegroupF2, thattheyare notillustrated illustration exceptin twocases (Fl,4 and thestampedbase Fl,3 (qv.). and series into the inserted F2 have been which 166), (plate 7), betweenthislotand earlierdepositsnotonlyin theSigillata Thereare noticeabledifferences forms(see underFine Ware), but also in thecookingware shapesand theplain ware shapes
ROMAN POTTERY
219
and theirsurfacetreatment (e.g. somehave a metallicwhitishor pinkishslip,perhapsimitating silveror glass). In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow werefound:lamps L120, 161, 283, 574, 587; terracottaTC42; metalobjectsM376; and bone objectsE44-5; glassG119, 171, 238, 318-9. Catalogue The Fine Ware
ofSigillataware are distributed as follows:Italian 23%, E Sig A 23%, E Sig B 35%, Çandarli Seventyfragments theothersbeingreferred to illustrated 18%, unidentified 8%. Veryfragmentary; onlynos.3, 4 and 7 are illustrated, slowdeclinein thepopularity(or availability)ofItalian parallelsin 1stA.D. deposits.To be notedis thecontinuing imports,thefairlyconstantpresenceofE Sig A (thoughmuchis scrappyand probablyresidual?),theincreasein popularityof E Sig B ware, and the suddenappearance of Çandarli ware on the marketin significant quantity. These trendsare borneout by the combinedfiguresforall the Flavian material. Italian Sigillata
F 1,1
F 1,2 Fl,3 E Sig A
Fl,4
ESigB Fl,5 F 1,6 F 1,7
Small bowls(a) rimfr.as Cl,6a, D. 7.5. Plain rimwithoutappliqué or internalgroove;(b) rimfr.as Cl,4, D. 11. Fr. ofsmallrosetteappliqué,as F2,3a; (c) rimfr.as G 1,4,D. 11,butwithhigherlip,and no internal groove.Fr. oflargerdaisy appliqué, as F2,36. Small dish,rimfr,D. 19. Formas C2,15, rouletted.Fr. ofspiralappliqué. Easternimitationof Italian Sigillata,67/P206dish base, D. 8.9. Stamped;see Y 18. Conicalbowl,base to nearrim,D(max). 7. Worn.High flaringfoot.Carinationwithgroovebelow.Form as Antioch 453/455and 460; EAA 45-6; K334-5 (commonat Pompeii). Small bowl,rimand body fr,D. 15. Form 70. Verticallip, as F2,15. Small bowl,rimfr,D. 10.5. Form 70 variant(?). Incurvingrimwithdouble rouletting on flattenedtop surfaceoflip. Good waxygloss. Small bowl,rimfr,D. c. 14. Form62B. Small horizontalribbonhandleapplied to lip. Illustratedwiththe matchingdishform,F2,13.
Çandarli Ware and similar
Fl,8 F 1,9
F 1,10
Large plate,rimfr,D. c. 34. Profileas Cl,13. Small hemispherical bowl,rimfr,D. 12.5. Pale fabric,brightorangegloss.FormLI 9. As F2,21. Base frs.of two others,one in theearlyfabric,D. 4.5, one thelate, D. 4.6. Small bowl,rimfr,D. 11. Hemisphericalformwithflatlip, as F2,23. Two examples.
Local colour-coated ware (20 frs.)
Note thatwhereasthefineimportedwaresare almost100% open shapes (bowls,dishes,plates),thelocal slipped ware containsa preponderanceof closedshapes,principally jugs. Fabric: yellow-buff clay,softfired.Matt orange,crimsonand red-brownto black paint. F 1,11 F 1,12
Closedshapes;rimfrs.ofthreejugs withoffset lip as C 1,61; D. 8- 13. Two withplainflaringlips,as A2,40, D. 6-8; twowithtrefoillip (smallshortspout). Bowlrimfr,D. 15. Orange-buff clay,redpaint.ImitatingthecommonE Sig B type,Forms4-8. As F2,28. Also found:ringbases of two similar,D. 6.2 and 7.5.
Thin-walledCoarse Ware
Ten frs.includeone jug rim,as F2,30 and thefollowing: F 1,13
Small hemispherical bowl withevertedrim,D. 12. As F2,29. Also a second,D. 9.5.
ROMAN POTTERY
220
CoarseWare(17frs.) F 1,14 Casserole,profile, D. 16. Fine greygritty, firedpale red-brown at surface.As Nl,30. Frs.oftwoothers,D. 22 and 24; thickerwalled. F 1,15 Lid, profile,D. 18.5. Pale brown.Low conical shape,crudeknob,horizontalridging. F 1,16 Fryingpan, rimfr,D. c. 31. As Nl,25; and cf.F2,33. evertedand F 1,17 Cook pots.Rim frs.ofsix; threewithnear verticalrimand no flange,as Nl,32; one slightly withflange,D. 18.5,as Nl,33; twowithlip turnedout horizontal(as in thecasseroleform),D. 17 and 13. Fabric lightred gritty, one greyat thecore. See F2,35 fordiscussion. F 1,18 Two-handledbowl,rimto near base, D. 13.5. Brick-redgritty;pale red surface.Shape as Nl,39. Plain Ware(18frs.) Nos. 19 and 22 have a lustroussilverwhiteslip,possiblyin imitationofmetal.See discussionunderDepositF2, plain ware. F 1,19 Fl,20 F 1,21 Fl,22 Fl,23 Fl,24
whiteslip;traceofa band in Lid fr,D (rest),c. 8. Neatlymade;flat-topped knob.Local buffclaywithsilveradded pink. Pedestalbowl,rimfr,D. 11. Cream ware. As Cl,73. Flat base of a second,wire-cut,D. 5.8. Bottle,rimand neck,D. 4. Yellow-buff claywithsilver-white slipoutsideand overlip inside.Low conical shape as Nl,33. Rim fr.ofanother,D. 6; rimprofileclose to A2,95. Stand fr,D. 10. Hard fired,creamto grey.As C2,73. in one case Large utilitybowls:rimfrs.ofeight,D. 20-37. Cream ware; threea softerfiredorange-buff, as N2,42. firedcreamat surface.Profiles:two roundedas N2,40; the reststraight-sided Amphorae,frs.of two as F2,39A; two as F2,39B.
OtherFlavian Material (F2)
plates 166-8,209,213. This group,not a stratigraphical unit,is a listofsupplementary pieceswhichseemedworth than thosein Deposit Fl. as better in cases worth and illustrating examples many noting, Of the 335 Sigilata pieces collected,21% were Italian, 18% E Sig A, 48% E Sig B, 8% Çandarli and 5% otheror unidentified. Other findsfromthesecontextsincluded:coins C81, 127, 151; and bone objectsE46-53; glassG77, 82, 110, 134, 220. Catalogue
ItalianSigillataplate 209B andF sincetheseappliqué typesdo notoccurin earlier whichappear to be laterforms, Seventyfrs.includethefollowing levels. F2,la,b Reliefbowls(Puteolan?);rimfrs.oftwo,bothD. 18. XIV 3; X/XI baulk#2483.Also twobodyfrs,plate 209B. horizontalhandle withpartofspiral,plate 209F. Small bowl,rimfr,D. 11.5. Evertedlip; projecting, F2,2 Small bowls,rimfrs.withappliqués: (a) smallrosette(rimD. 12), fromX7; (b) daisy (rimD. 13); (c) F2,3 rabbit(rimD. 12); D. floralfestoon(rimD. 12.5). plate 209F. Small bowl,base fr,D. 3.4. Stamp inplantapedis.XI 4. plate 209F. F2,4 Small dishes,rimfrs.withappliqués: (a) rosette(rimD. 12), X/XI 2; (b) daisy (rimD. 18), X/XI baulk F2,5 #2483.plate 209F. F2,6 Large dish,rimfr,D. 29, withbirdappliqué, XI 9. plate 209F. E Sig A Sixtyone frs,mostperhapsresidual;not catalogued.
ROMAN POTTERY
221
PonticSigillata
F2,7
Shallow bowl 71/P259,rimto base fr,D (max). 15.2. Part ofspiralappliqué on lip. Poor surface,worn. Formas K387, EAA III; dated late 1st- mid 2nd A.D. as AgoraG61 and H31.
ESigB 161 frs,includingtenprofiles; Five have onlythecentreofthefloorpreserved, and ofthesefour veryfragmentary. one a rectangularstampin two lines,but illegible(FormEAA 30; residual?).Only one fr. have stampedrosettes, (body sherd)of a closedshape. F2,8 F2,8a F2,9 F2,9a F2,10 F2,ll F2,12 F2,13 F2,14 F2,15
F2,16 F2,17 F2,18 F2,19
Small dish 71/253,rimto base fr,D. 15.2. FormEAA 20 (perhapsa late variantof thisform?) Small bowl rimfr,D. 13. FormEAA 35. Worn. Residual?As C33. Small dish,rimto base fr,D. 17. FormEAA 53. XIII Pit 1. Small dish,profile,D. 14. FormEAA 57. Bl/2 ware. Small dish,FormEAA 58, frs.ofat leastfour(D. 14-17). (a) profile,D. 18. Good waxygloss.Degenerate stampedpalmetteon floor,(b) rimto lowerbody fr,D. 17.5; spiralappliqué beneathrim. Shallowdish,rimto base fr,D. 15.5. FormEAA 59. Good gloss;flaking. Fr. ofa second,shallowerexample,D. 16. Small bowl,rimto base fr,D. 15.5. FormEAA 60. Dull surface;worn. Frs. of a secondlarge example,rimD. 32. As N3,la. Dish, rimto base fr,D. 19. FormEAA 62B. Good waxygloss. For a horizontalhandle fr.of thistype,see Fl,7. The rimfr.of a secondexamplewas found. Dish, rimto base fr,D. 18. FormEAA63(?), but withfootcloserto thatof Form 17. Thick waxygloss. Many scratchmarkson theoutside. Small bowl,profile,D. 11. FormEAA70. Poor surface,pocked.Rosetteon floor. 15a Frs. of at least threeothers,D. 12-13. Also of the earlierversionof thisform(Form EAA30), a remarksabove) and rimfr,D. 8, withfinerrouletting. One body stampedbase, D. 6.5. (see introductory sherdwithinciseddecorationbetweendoublegroovescomesfroma superiorexampleofthisshape (plate 213) Small bowl profile,D. 7.2. Form£.4,471.Also frs,of two others,D. 12 and 12.5. fabric,darkredgloss,(b) base fr,D. 22; same Largebowl,FormEAA76; (a) rimfr,D. 27. Dark crumbling fabricand surface,but not thesame bowl. Worn. Scratchmarksinsideand out. Rim fr.of a secondexample,D. 24. Large bowl rimfr,D. c. 29. FormEAA78. Not illustrated. Small bowl rimfr,D. c. 15. FormEAASO. Rim frs.of two others,D. 16 and 18, one withlargegrooveinsidelip.
Çandarli Ware
not illustrated. 28 frs,veryfragmentary; F2,20 F2,21 F2,22
Small dish rimfr,D. 16. Form L9. Hemisphericalbowl, Form LI 9; (a) rimfr,D. 12. Dark red clay and gloss (late fabric);outsidesurface muchscratched;(b) bases of two,D. 4.8 and 5. Rim (D. 13) and base (D. 4.8) frs.also occurin the earlyfabric,withbrightorangegloss. Largebowl,rimto base fr,D. 22. FormL26A. Base frs.oftwoothers,D. 10 and 13. One ofFormL26B, D. 11.
OtherWares (uncertainorigin)
F2,23
F2,24 F2,25
Small bowl rimfr,D. 11. Hemisphericalwithflat-topped, incurvinglip, overhanginginside.Pale redbrownfabricwitha littlemica; orangegloss,as earlyÇandarli. Also a secondexample,D. 17. Large bowl,rimand bodyfr,D. c. 32. Wide rimwithverticallip. Fabricsimilarto 23; good gloss,darker red,slightlymottledinside;scoringmarksoutside.For shape cf.A2,31. Large dishbase fr,D. 9.1. Dark red clay and gloss,surfaceveryworn.Many veryfineparticlesofmica. WornstampM I MO Y inplantapedis,insideconcentricgrooves.See Y55. Çandarli Ware? X7.
CypriotSigillata
Six frs,perhapsall residual,includingForms1, 7A and 11.
ROMAN POTTERY
222 Local imitation of imported sigillataware (15frs.)
F2,26
Mediumdish,rimand bodyfrs.(mostnotjoining),D. 17. ImitatingtheItalian dishformwithquarterroundmouldingbelowrim,as C 1,13 and N2,5 (a smallerversion).For anotherexamplesee N2,15.For the Italian prototypecf.KenrickB215 (30-80/90A.D.).
ware Local colour-coated
Fabric and surfaceas forDeposit Fl. 59 frs. In thisgrouptheproportion ofclosedto open shapesis about 50-50, theformer jugs, thelatterbowls principally or smalldishes,whichmay in severalcases be imitatingsigillataforms. F2,27 F2,28
Closedshapes:rimfrs.often;varietyas DepositFl, mostwithoffset lip. For theshapes,cf.Cl,55, 60-61. bowl,D. 17,as A2,49; (b) bowlwithincurvingrim, Open shapes,rimfrs.offourtypes:(a) hemispherical evertedand overhanginglip; threeexamples,D. 22, 12.5, and 7.5. As Nl,16. (c) Small bowls,perhaps imitatingtheE Sig B FormsEAA4-8. Three,D. 11 (withflatbase), D. 18,and D. 11. fig. '43'. (d) Large bowl withevertedrim,D. 25. As A2,50. Residual?
9 frs. of NorthItalian greyware,scrappy) Thin-walledcoarseware (95 frs, including
F2,29 F2,30
Rim fr.of bowl 71/P51,D. 12. Evertedrimwithoverhang,ringfoot.Hard pale red,gritty. Hemispherical a second,D. 13. Juglet67/P142,H. 10. Handle missing,but restoredfromthefr.ofa second,identicaljuglet.Pale brown clay,and smoothsurfaceofsame colour.This formwithitsincurvinglip,squat biconicalbodyand small of thecommon2nd centurytypein greyware. flatbase, appears to be theforerunner Flat bases of about twentysimilar;rim frs.of about ten, straightlip and incurvinglip equally represented.
Coarse Ware
secondflangebeneathrim(F2,31). Three Casseroles.Rim frs.ofseven,fouras F 1,14,D. 19-25,one withdistinctive ofthelatertypewithflatevertedrimand small,pinchedverticalhandlebeneathrim,fabricbrightpink,firedto greyat thesurface,D. 19, 17 and 16, as Rl,4. Intrusive? F2,31 F2,32 F2,33 F2,34 F2,35
Casserole,rimhandleand bodyfrs.(to carination),D. 22.5. Finebrick-red clay,firedbrownat thesurface. Horizontalhandles;distinctive grooveoutsideand secondflangeinside,1.8 below the rim.Frs. of two others,D. 24 and 25. Lids, frs.of 14 (20 frs.),as F 1,15, but mostwithoutridging.Fabric hard,grittyand lightred,brownor threewithconcavedepresssion. grey;knobsvaryfromD. 2.2 to 4.4, mostflat-topped, Fryingpans,(a) Screwhandlesand rimfrs.ofat leastfour,D. 26-32. Cf.Cl, 96 NI, 25. (b) Handle and rim fr,D. c. 24. Pale red-brown;thinwalled,carinatedshape withnearverticalhandlein theformofa tube attachedto the rim. gritty.Pale brownoutside;smooth,glossyinside Cookingdishrimfrs.D. c. 45. Thick walled,brick-red, surface,coated withverymicaceousyellow-brown slip and burnished.Pompeian-redware?Cf. B2,78. Cookingpots,(a) rimand handle frs.of at least 13, withnear verticalrim,withor withoutflange,as Nl,32.(b) Rim and handlefrs.ofeightwithrimturnedout near horizontal,fiveof thesein thenormal to pinkfabric,firedgreyat the brick-red rangeofcolours(lightred,brownor grey),threein a distinctive to be sure whetherthisdistinctive2nd A.D. ware is intrusivein theselevels,or surface.It is difficult butin viewofthenumberofassociatedpotsofthis whetherit startsalreadybeforetheturnofthecentury, Cf. also examplesin the casseroleshape shape in the earlierfabric,the latterseemsa good possibility. forthedating one criterion constitutes of these sherds the however that be noted It should F2,31. presence of theexcavatedlevels.104
Plain Ware
is amphora,about 75% in weight.Of therest,about 36% consistsoflargebowls,34% Byfarthelargestproportion ofjugs or similarclosedshapes,and only30% ofother,includingall thesmallershapes. withthesilver-white slip (5) or metallicpink(5) compriselid (as F 1,19), bottlerimand neckas F 1,22, Fragments jug handle (double-rolled)and ringbase frs.D. 4.5-10.5; mostof thelatterare in a softorangefabric. F2,36
Smaller forms,and misc. (81 frs.)Too scrappyto catalogue, but a considerablevarietyof formsis Mostoccurin DepositFl, or are familiarfromearlierand betterdeposits:(a) lids (5) as F 1,19; represented.
ROMAN POTTERY
F2,37 F2,38 F2,39
F2,40 F2,41
223
(b) pedestalbowls (4) as Cl,73; (c) stands(2), one similarto C2,73; (d) cups (3) as A2,87, one more or nearcarinated(71/PI3, D. 8) plate 168, perhapsresidual;(e) bowls (8), a varietyofhemispherical forms(D. 18-31),withsmallrolledrim;(f) beehivekalathoi,bodyfrs,oftwo,D. 20 and 23; hemispherical extensionring,D. 24, lid, D. 25; (g) pithoidjars (7), a varietyofrimforms,D. 21-34 (cf.C2,76-9); one withincisedwavyline decoration. Large utilitybowls,rimfrs.ofover30. Local, D. 20-33. They occurin almosteveryexcavatedlevel;rims as N2,42,or morerounded,as N2,40. One withincised plain,or withone,or twogrooves;straight-sided, wavyline decorationon rim.Two of theapparentlylaterformwithoblique rim,as D4,42-44. withringbase,D. lip. Local. Base frs.ofover20 jugs/stamnoi Jugfrs,rimsofnine,D. 6-15, one withtrefoil 5.5-13.5, manywithcentraldepression,as D4,63A. Amphorae,about 458 frs,from32 amphorae(by a base and handlecount),(a) Pale creamor orange-buff fabric,probablylocal (c. 65% of the total). Illustratedis 71/P135,rim,handles and body fr,D. 7.5, H (près).59. tallcylindrical neck,narrowrolledrim,peakedhandlesofroundsection.All thebasesin this fabrichave small nipples,as Nl,43; handlesare peaked and have eitherround,oval or double rolled red section;rimsthickenedor rolled,D. 6.5-14.5. The base and body of one of thistypehas soft-fired fabric,firedcreamat thesurface(D. 21, H. près.28). (b) Red fabric;hardpinkto maroonwithcreamslip; long pointedbases offive;rim,neckand handle frs.offour,D. 1.7-12.9; handlespeaked,sectioneither roundor double rolled.Also carinatedshoulderfrs,as N 1,51. (c) Shoulderfr.ofone (67/P136),D. (neck) 9, (carination)16; bearsgraffito Kappa Lambda Rho; see X35 (plate 121). (d) Red fabric;softbrick-red, Illustratedis 71/P337,D. 19.5, H (rest).99. Flaringrim, verygritty,micaceous;surfacedisintegrating. heavydouble rolledhandles.VegasType 54? Bases oftenothersofthistype,(e) Grittyporousfabric,pale red-brownwithcreamslip; one cylindricalbase withdepressionbeneath,as Nl,37. Amphorastands,frs.of two,D. 13 and 17. Local. Amphorastopper71/P3,hard,maroonred withwhitegrits,D. 5.6.
The Trajanic Deposits, Tl-3 PLATE 213-4.
The Natureof theDeposit
These depositsare interrelated and are discussedtogether,followedby a stratigraphically, of each. The best stratified separatecatalogue group(DepositTl) is a depositor tipofpottery foundon a yardfloorat thesouthwest oftheNorthHouse, wheretherewas a drainwhichran intothestreetgutterand an abortivewellcutting(Well 8b). The originalexcavationlevelno. fortheyardtipwas VIII 4, Pit 2. The yardfloorran overa late 1stA.D. fill(DepositFl with originalexcavationno. VIII 7, Pit 4), and was itselfoverlaidby wash levelswithsomeofthe latestmaterialfoundon thesite. The fillofthewellis contemporary, but includesa proportionofearliermaterial;it is listed as T2. separately Deposit In thesame yardarea, at thesame level but notexcavatedas partofthesherddump,was founda further groupofsimilarmaterial,DepositT3 (originalexcavationlevelnos.VIII 4-6). These levelslinkthe top of the well shaftwithDeposit Tl, but do not constituteas clean a fromthewash levels depositsincetheycontainseverallater (3rd A.D.) intrusions originating above (formsas U67, U123, U153A). In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow werefound:lamps L123, 200, 225, 239, 259, 402; objectsin stone S46; metal M201, 311, 379; and bone E54; coins C57, 137 and 155 (Domitian);glassG115, 154, 287, 315. The Fine Ware
DepositTl is about equally divided (threeways) intofineor slippedware,coarseware and plain ware. The sigillataware (95 frs;53 aftermending)was composedof E Sig B (24%),
ROMAN POTTERY
224
Çandarli (19%), Pontic(19%), and local slippedware (30%), Italian (3%), E Sig A (3%), The Italian and unidentified (2%). The unusuallyhighproportionof Ponticis noteworthy. and E Sig A are takento be residualin thiscontext. The materialfromthe well cuttingcontains20 pieces of sigillata:E Sig B 11, Italian 8, of Çandarli(?) 1. But thebulkofthedepositwas coarseand plainware,witha preponderance theformer. From the generalarea of the yard (Deposit T3) comes a collectionof 88 further sigillata These provideda similarpicture,exceptthatthePonticware was notas frequent. fragments. are E Sig B (30%), Çandarli (22%), Pontic(5%), Italian (9%), E Sig A (7%), Proportions other(Cypriot,Knidian,N.African)(6%), unidentified (5%), and local (16%). Deposit Tl Catalogue Italian sigillata
Tl,l
ESigB Tl,2 Tl,3 Tl,4 Tl,5
Dish base fr,67/P123,Th. 6mm.Rectangularstamp'AMAR' insidegroovedcircle,D. 2.5. See Y17.
Medium dish 67/P108,D. 17.8. Made up complete.B2 ware; Form 60. Poorlyapplied stamp (rosette) insideroulettedcircle. Rim frs.of twoothers,D. 17.5 and 19. Large bowl,rimfr,D. 21. Form 73. Medium dish rimfrs,D. 17. Form62A, as F2,13, but not rouletted. Shallowbowlwithlow ringbase, D. 7.5; Form80, withgrooveand steppeddepressionin floor.A rimfr. fromDepositT3 is drawnwiththis,D. 18.5.
Çandarli Ware
Tl,6 Tl,7 Tl,8 Tl,9
Small conical bowl 67/P109,D. 11.8. Made up complete.Flat bottomed.FormL17. Small bowl,rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 12.4. FormL19. As F2,21, but withlowerlip. Deep bowl,rimand bodyfr,D. 29. Hard, dark pinkfabric,good gloss.FormL26A/B. Bowl ringbase fr,D. 8. Lightred fabric,ratherpure;good red-browngloss,dull on theoutside.Three concentricgrooveson thefloor. in drawing.Cf. A non-joining rimfr.in thesamefabric,D. 2 1, could belong.They are placed together FormL26A.
PonticSigillata
Tl, 10
Tl,l 1 Tl,12
fabricwithsomemica;good orange-redslipinsideand Shallowdish,rimfr,D. 15. Hard, fineorange-buff on upperbodyoutside.Appliedspiralon rim.FormEAA III, K387.2. Kenrickrelatesa parallelfroma Kepoi tombdated by a coin of SauromatesI to 93/4-123/4A.D. coarserfabric.Cf.Agora Alsofound:a ringbase ofthisform,D. 7.5,withsimilarslipoverall, butslightly V, G61. D. 16. As 10,butfireddarkerand partlyburnt.Rosetteon floorinsidecrude bowl,profile, Hemispherical concentricgrooves.Base markedoffby broad grooves.Paringmarksand scratchesoutside,especiallyon lowerbody,whichis unslipped.FormEAA IV, K393. bowlwithflange,D(max). 17. Profile,exceptlip and centreoffloor.Formas theÇandarli Hemispherical bowlTl,7, butwithhigherlip and flangerisingat a different (higher)angle.Fine,hard,redfabric;little mica,occasionallimegrits;good red-brown slipwithmetallicsheeninside;base and lowerbodyunslipped; on floor.FormK389, c. 50-100 A.D. scratchmarksoutside;rouletting
KnidianGreyWare
Tl,13 Tl,14
Carinatedbowl,base to nearlip, handlemissing.D(max).13.5. Hard browngritty fabric;roughsurface, outside; slippedinsideand on upperbodyoutside metallicdark greyto browninside,pale red-brown frequentscratchmarksoutsidebeneathcarination. Small dish,rimto near base, D. 14. Hard purplishgreyfabric;roughsurface,greyto brownbeneath, wherenot slipped,metallicgreyto black inside.Similarto no. 13. Perhapsthisware?
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225
Local colour-coated
Tl,15 Tl,16
Juglet67/P111,H. 10.7. Made up complete.Local buffclay,thickdarkredslip,similarto Çandarliware. Wheel marksbelow rimand on lowerbody. Poorlymade. Juglet67/P72,H. 11.7. Complete.Red paint,muchworn.Broad mouth. Alsofound:frs.ofa secondexampleas no. 15,ofa largercarinatedjug or lagynos,D (max). 16,and ofat least threeotherjugs withred slip,softfiredand fragmentary.
Thin-walledCoarse Ware
Tl,17
Juglet67/P112, profile,H. 8.8. Fine,hard,darkgreyfabric;mauvishgreyat thesurface,darkerat base fromstacking.Rough surface. Bases of a similartypeare commonin the deposit,two of a similarmauve-greycolour,otherspink, brownor yellowish,15 in all; D. 3.4-3.8.
Coarse Ware
Tl,18 Tl,19
fabricwithsmallwhitegrits;roughsurface,pinkinside, Jug67/P73,nearcomplete.H. 15.6.Fine brick-red pale brownoutsideon upperbody,darkerbelow belly,lower3.5cms.red (fromstacking). Cook pot 67/P114, H. 18. About threequarters.Fine, red to brownfabric;insidesurfacepale brown, burntbeneath.Thickenedrimoftriangularsection,turnedout and down; slight outsidepale blue-grey, collar ridge. Rim frs.ofeightothers,threewithprofileas no. 19, twowithincurvingrim(as T 1,17), but threewith since none occur among the many flatturnedout lip, as D4,59. These mightbe thoughtintrusions, and cookpotsin thefillof Well 8b, but one, of a warmbrownfabric,has severallarge bodyfragments, seemslikelyto be an earlyexampleofthiscommon2nd A.D. form(see also underF2,35,and D4,59-61). Otherforms(in frs.only)are: frying pan withscrewridgedhandle,lids(2), jug withtrefoil lip,and small two-handledbowl as F 1,18 (D. 12).
Plain Ware (local fabric unlessnoted)
Tl,20 Tl,21
Tl,22 Tl,23
Tl,24 Tl,25 Tl,26
Tl,27
Lid rimfr,D. 14. Hard fired,pale pinkishbufffabricand surface,exceptupperbodyoutside,whichhas firedto cream. Also found:rimfr.of a second,D. 20, ofnormallocal fabric. Large straight-sided utilitybowlsand similar:(a) withgrooveat outer,verticaledge,rimfr,D. 35. Pink clay,firedcreamat thesurface.Flat ribbonhandleappliedbeneaththerim.Two otherssimilar,D. 24 and 35. (b) normaltype,withoutthegroove,rimfrs.offour,D. 30-35 (as D4,90). (c) one withbrownwash inside,D. 35, profileas D4,43, but no internalgroove,(d) one withpie crustand impressedcircles,D. 34. Censer?Cf. D4,51. 67/P113,made up complete,H. 19.3. Creamware.Otherjugs represented Spoutedjug withfilter bybase frs.only,D. 5-11.5, at least ten. Stamnos,rimto shoulderfr,D. 5.5. Fine,hard,brick-red fabric;roughlightred-brown surface;twofine bands in applied whiteon shoulder. Rim, neckand handleofa second,D. 5.1, withdistinctive fabric,greyat thecore.Both yellow-brown imports? Small table amphora,rimto shoulderfr,D. 10. Local, soft-fired, fabricwithwhitishcream orange-buff slip. Bottle,rimand neckfr,D. 5.5; as Nl,43. Rim of a second,D. 6. Amphora,rimand neck,D. 6.5. Gritty,pale brownfabricwithgood creamslip.Narrowneck;rolledrim; peaked handles,as Nl,48. Rim frs.ofsix otherssimilar(D. 7-14); onlyone nipplebase. Rim frs.of threewithcollar rim,as Nl,50, D. 6.3-6.7. One softorange-buff, twocreamware. Beehivekalathos,bodyfr,D. 21. Cream ware; veryheavyscoringson theinside.Not illustrated.
Deposit T2, the fillof Well 8b
A cuttingwas made fora wellexactlyoverthemassivewestwall oftheMinoan building,but was abandonedat depth2.70m.whenit provedtoodifficult to cut throughthehardlimestone blocksencounteredthere(plan at plates 3 and 18, SectionC, nos. 8-9). Thus the well was
ROMAN POTTERY
226
neverused,and it seemslikelythattherewas no timegap betweenthecuttingoftheshaftand rubbishthrownin withthefill, itsfillingin. Even so it appearsthatamongthecontemporary therewas a fairproportionof earliermaterial,includingno doubt refillfromthe original cutting(see above, underDepositTl, discussionof thefinewares). to DepositTl. Eighteenitemsare selectedforcataloguing,as supplementary debrisM600a. Also foundin thiscontext:Lamp L158, terracottas TC66, 74; metallurgical Catalogue Fine Ware
T2,l T2,2 T2,3
as E Sig B: Bowl frs.ofForm58 (D. 12) as F2,10; Form60 (D. 18) as Tl,2; Form74B (D. 18) rouletted, F2,13. Local dish,ringbase, D. 11. Imitatingthe Çandarli formTl,9(?). Local jug 68/P49,H. 18. About twothirds.Pale sandybuff;creamslip;mattblack painton upperbody outsideand insiderim.Thin walled.
Thin-walledcoarseware
T2,4
to greysurface.As Juglet68/P38,H. 9. Near complete.Fine, hard red-brownfabric;mauvish-brown Tl,17.
Coarseware
T2,5 T2,6 T2,7 T2,8 T2,9
Trefoiljug 68/P48,rimto lowerbody,D(max). 15.5. Reddishbrown,greyat thecore. Cook pot 68/P47,profileexceptbase, D. 16. As N2,26. Cook pot 68/P46,completeexceptbodyfrs,D. 16.5,H. 21.5. Verticalrim.As no. 7. D.H. Fine redclay;outersurfacegreyto brown.As no. 7, butwithsingle, Smallcookpot68/P50,profile, moreangularhandle. Cook pot68/P45,completeexceptbodyfrs,D. 16.5,H. 18.5.Dark grey-brown claywithsmallwhitegrits; fineyellow-orange slip,thickand well preservedbeneathsmallevertedrim.Blackenedfromuse.
Plain ware
includedare thefollowing(local fabricunlessnoted): Mostlyratherfragmentary; T2,10 Plate base, low ringfoot,D. 7.5. Softbuffwithwhitegrits;finethickcreamslip. Not illustrated. whiteslip and pinkbands. Cf. NI, 19. Lid fr,D. (knob) 2.2. Trace ofsilverT2,ll T2,12 Bottlerimand conical neck,D. 3.7. Whitishbuffclay withsilver-white slip. bowl 68/P42,D. 34. Cream ware. Profileofa secondsimilar. T2,13 Straight-sided T2,14 Stamnos,rimand neck,D. 12.5. Broad mouth;rolledrim. T2,15 Amphora,rimand neck,D. 6.6. Pale buff,sandy;whiteslip. Collar rim;groovebetweenhandles. section;slightcollarridgebeneath.Soft T2,16 Amphora,rimand neck,D. 7.4. Broad flaringlip withtriangular clay witha littlemica; reddishbrownslip. Import? orange-buff T2,17 Amphora68/P51,base and body,H (près).55.5. Hard lightorange-redclay,creamslip.Formas D4,135. Import. T2,18 Amphorastand,D. 17. Cream ware withlargewhitegrits.As D4,136b.
Deposit T3
Levels associatedwiththe main deposit(Tl), but less well isolatedstratigraphically (VIII fromotherTrajanic contexts remarksto TI. Some sigillatafragments 4-6); see introductory are appendedto nos. T3,l and 2. Also foundin thiscontext:lampsL91, 116, 348, 432; metalobjectM261; coin C154. Catalogue Italian sigillata
T3, 1
Smallbowlrimfr,D. 13.5.Roulettingand appliedspectaclespiral.Pale yellowish fabric,as E Sig A. Good dark red gloss.
ROMAN POTTERY
227
Otherformsas Cl,7 (dish) and Cl,4 (hemispherical bowl), la Dish rimfr.withlion appliqué. VIII 10 #0599.plate 209. See also underT3,ll. Gaulish
T3,2
Body fr,of reliefbowl, D(est). 20. Hard, fine,dark-redclay and gloss. Identifiedby Hayes. II pit in acqueductwall #0109. 2a-b Alsofound:twootherfrs:(a) bodyfr.withspikyfloraldesignand palmetteVIII 5; and (b) lower 5 vi 1 no. CE475, pl. 128 no. 9. plate 209. bodyfr.withsimilardesign.VIII 1 (surface).Cf. Pompeii
ESigB Formsas in DepositTl: Form60, 3 examples(D. 17-20); Form80, one example (D. 14.5). T3,3 T3,4 T3,5
D. 13. Worn,flaking, 67/P253Conical bowlprofile, partburnt.Form74A; pinchedrim,vestigialringfoot Also therimfr.of another,D. 18. Large bowl rimfr,D. 28. Good waxygloss.Form 76. Large dish rimfr,D. 27. Thick fabric,flaky;waxygloss,flakingoff.Form 77.
ESigB(?) Carinatedcup,rimto lowerbody,D. 8. Finegreytogrey-brown, T3,6 verymicaceous,flakingas E Sig B. Black greyware?A slip,flaking,pocked.Perhapsan Easternimitationofthelater 1stA.D. Italian thin-walled similarformoccursin Italian sigillata;cf.Pompeii 5 vi 1 no. CE 1818/1,pl. 124 no. 10. Çandarli Ware
T3,7 T3,8
Saucer,profile.D. 16. Lightsoftorange-brown fabric;good orange-redgloss,flaking.Çandarli FormL9 (1st and early2nd A.D.) Shallow dish withincurvingrim,rimand base frs.notjoining,D. 26 and 14. Pale reddishbuff;good orange-brown slip,dull red outside.Body and slip have silvermica. TransitionalformL6-H4? Possibly intrusivein thiscontext? Alsofound:thebase fr.ofanother,in thenormallate fabric,and thefollowing intrusive types:(a) Large bowlrimfrs,D. 27. FormL26B. Late fabric.Cf.theItalianformTl,8. (b) Deep basinrimand base frs,D. c. 40. FormHI (as D3,4). Late fabric,(c) Small hemispherical bowlrimfr,D. 12.5. Fine red-brown, some micaand limegrits;orange-brown slip;pocked,wornand flakingbeneathflange.FormLI 9. A secondrim fr,D. 11 was also found.
PonticSigillata
T3,9
Knidian
T3,10
insidesurface,whereunslipped.Lustrousorange-brown Cylindricalbowlrimfr,D. 16. Pinkish-brown slip outside,metallicwherethickbeneathlip inside.Barbotinefloraldecoration.
Bowl, rimand handle fr,D. 14. Pure,hard dark-brown(greyat the core); occasionalwhiteinclusions. inside.Profileas preceding,butwith Slipped.Rough pale-brownsurfaceoutside;metallicpurplish-brown higherlip above theflange.
Late Italian (notfromthisdeposit)
T3,l 1
rimwithbarbotinedecoration.MUM 1977I 1. Hemisphericalbowlrimfr,D. 13.5. Curvedoverhanging Intrusivein mid 1stA.D. context.Late Arezzodecorativetreatment, late 1st- early2nd A.D. (JWH)
NorthAfricanRed-slipWare
T3,l la
Bowl rimfr.D. c. 20. Form8A, dated 80/90-160A.D. LRP 35. For form,see Ul.
Local imitation sigillata
Fourteenscrappyfragments include:jug rim,handle and spout frs,shape as Tl,15 and 22 (spout), and the following: T3,12
Bowl rimfr,D. 22.5. Softorange-buff; mattred slip. Imitatingthe CypriotformP40, common100-150 A.D. AsD4,13.
ROMAN POTTERY
228 Coarse Ware
Includedare thefollowing, all fragmentary: thinwalledjuglet,D. 6.5, as T 1,17; cookpotswithflatturnedout rimas withmauvishgreyoutside D4,32 (five),D. 20, threewithgreyor brownfabricand surface,twopale pinkish-brown surface;cookingdisheswithplain turnedout rim,as S 1,11 (two), slippedwithflangeand broad groovedrimas D3,17 (one); frying pan as N2,23,butwithscrewhandle (one); casserolesas D4,24 and N2,22 (two);jugs as D4,64b (two); trefoil jugs as D 1,9 (two); One ofeach ofthesepairshas light-red to brownfabricfiredpale greyat thesurface,theothersare pale brownor one greyat thecore.This maysuggestthatthesebelongto a transitional red-brown, stagewhenthenew2nd A.D. 'blue-grey'fabrichad begun to replacethe normal1stA.D. brownware. Plain Ware(32fis.) All fragmentary, onlyone fullprofile.Most are shapesfamiliarfromotherdeposits:incenseburners(2) as Cl,68; lid whiteslip,as T 1,12; largebowlrimfrs,one withrim (profile)D. 14.5,as C 1,108; bottlerimfrs(2) D. 4.5, withsilverand incisedwavylineon rim,D. 35. The amphoraeare all risingobliquely,closeto D4,44, D. 24; one withpie-crust and betterpreservedin laterdeposits. but betterstratified fromformsnot previouslyencountered, T3,13
Stamnos,rimand handle fr,D. 5. One-handled.Dark-brown,withwhitegritsand some mica; inside surfacemauvishbrown;outsidesurfaceflaking.Swellingneck,thickenedrim,as D4,57; oval handle section.
OtherTrajanic Material (T4)
Fiftyfiveotherlotsof thisdate wereidentified, primarilyon the basis of EasternSigillataB and seven This materialis discussedsummarily, forms and on cookingwarefabricand profiles. in not illustrated drawing. piecesare selectedforcataloguing,but The Fine Ware
E Sig A 7%, Italian21%, 132frs.ofSigillataand similarlocal slippedwarewerefoundin thefollowing proportions: were:Forms E Sig B 38%, Çandarli2%, unidentified 4%, local 28%. The E Sig B forms(all B2 ware) represented 29, 58 ( x 4), 59 ( x 2), 60 ( x 3), 70 ( x 2), 71 ( x 2), 74, 75 and 76 ( x 2); two stampsoccurred,one largespikey rosette,one smallrosetteinsideconcentricgrooveswithrouletting(plate 213). The local slippedware included about an equal proportionofjugs (and similarclosedvessels)and bowlsofvaryingform. fabric One lead-glazedfragment was included,D. 8, profileas A2,51,butwithslightly higherlip; softpinkish-buff withvitreousgreenglaze (weatheredto whitein places) on theoutsideand insidetherim;brownishyellowinside, below rim;startoffloraldesignin relief. and one Gaulish are includedwithDeposit T3 (nos. T3,la, T3,2 and T3.11). Two Italian sigillatafragments Otherwisethismaterialremainsunpublished,as includinga fairamountofresidualpieces,notworthnotingperse. Coarse Ware
in an attemptto clarifythegeneraldistinction The coarsewareis also ratherscrappy,butit seemsworthdiscussing, between1stand 2nd A.D. types.Thus a statisticalcomparisonoftypesin thistransitional stagewiththoseofthe later 1stcenturyA.D. on theone hand, and the mid 2nd centuryA.D. on theother,may be useful. T4,l T4,2 T4,3 T4,4 T4,5 T4,6 T4,7
Cookingdish, profileas D3,10, D. 29. Brick-redfabricwithmanywhitegritsand some mica; rough outside,brilliantred slip within.Pompeian-redware. Also found:frs,fromtwoothers. Frs.ofat leasttwoothers. to greyfabric,gritty. Fryingpan, rimfr,D. 29. Profileas N 1,16. Pinkish-brown Thin-walledcoarseware; flatbases offourteen vessels;rimfrs.as D4,19, and Cl,88. Veryfragmentary. Lids, frs.ofeight,one withhole throughknob,the restofclumsyand heavyform,as D4,25. withpale fabric,one is brick-red Jugswithtrefoil lip, rimfrs.ofsix. Four have hard greyor grey-brown surface.All have slightgrooveor flangeat lip,as one a brilliantredwithblue-grey mauvish-brown surface, D4,55 (a plain ware example). formas N2,21,three(6 frs.)D. 19,21, 23. (b) Pinkfabric, Casseroles(a) Browntogreyfabric,thin-walled, formas D4,23, but withoutgroove,two (6 frs.)D. 24 and 27. blue-greysurface;thick-walled; Cook pots (a) Collar rim,brownto grey,no flange;formas Nl,22; rimfrs.offive,D. 11-16. (b) Everted with rimoftriangular section,as T 1,19; lightredto brownfabric;threeexamples,D. 17,21, 22; light-red
ROMAN POTTERY
229
hooked,as D4,31; red surface,two (fourfrs.)D. 17 and 19. (c) Evertedrimwithflange,slightly blue-grey concaveevertedrim,as D3,13 and withblue-greysurface,threeexamples,D. 15-17. (d) Flat or slightly togreyware,D. 18.28;twopinkwithblue greysurface,D. 20 and 21. D4,32; sixrimfrs.in pale red-brown Thus, in theselevelsthenew 2nd A.D. fabricaccountsforapproximately 50% ofall thecookingware forms. (bothcasserolesand cookpots)and occursnow in fourdifferent Plain Ware
The plain ware is equally fragmentary, but is not informative.
Early to mid 2nd centuryA.D. - Hadrianic (Deposits D 1-6) DepositDl
The early2nd centuryA.D. was a periodofgreatactivityincludingnewbuildingin stone,and was also markedby a destruction, surelythe resultof an earthquake,whichleftsometimes massiveremainsovermuchofthesite.The firstbuildingphase oftheNorthHouse belongsto thisperiod,and thebeststratified group,DepositDl, is a destruction depositfoundon thefloor ofNorthHouse Rooms V-VI. DepositD2
The fillin Rooms V-VI overlyingthe floordeposit (Dl) containsmaterialverysimilarin characterto thatofthefloordeposititselfand oftheHadrianiccistern(Well 12,DepositD4), and represents in partupperfloorfallfromthesame destruction. Howeverthismaterialwas in thediggingfromtheupperfillbroughtin as levellingmaterialforthelater notdistinguished 2nd-early3rdA.D. rebuildabove. Thus thefindsfromthiscontextare in partmixed.Theyare describedseparatelyas DepositD2, and an attemptis made to isolateintrusive materialwhich derivesfromthelater2nd centurylevelling. DepositD3
There was similarlevellingmaterialabove theotherroomsoftheNorthHouse, and thiswas betterisolatedin thedigging(see DepositR2), buttheseroomsdid nothave thesamequalityof floordeposit,northerelatively undisturbed ofRoomsV-VI. Significant material stratigraphy fromand overthefloorsofRooms I and IV is listedseparatelyagain, as DepositD3. Material fromRooms II and III is not included, as being altogethertoo disturbed,although paradoxicallya numberofHadrianic coinswerefoundin thisarea. DepositsD4 and D5
In thecentralarea oftheexcavation,on thesiteoftheSoutheastHouse, buildingactivity, full is indicatedbothby thefillofthecisternat Well 12 (Deposit occupationand heavydestruction D4), and therelatedpileofrubbleand otherrubbishfoundlyingon thecourtyardfloornearby to thewest(DepositD5). These are largeand comparatively well stratified groups.They do a indicate or destruction at the Southeast House forwhich not,however, buildingphase itself, thereis no structuralevidence,and should be ratherinterpreted as redepositeddestruction material,presumablyfromhigherup theslope to thewest,or possiblyfromtheNorthHouse. DepositD6
Other Hadrianic materialwas foundin wash levelsor fillwhichspread over much of the excavatedarea, and a numberofpiecesfromhereare listedas 'Deposit' D6.
ROMAN POTTERY
230
North House Rooms V-VI, Destruction Deposit on Floor I (Dl) D no. 5, F no. 5. The original plates 172-3,214-5.See planat plate 19,Sections excavation level no. is V 3 (part). This is a good group,limitedin size butshowinga varietyoftypicalvesselsin use in one simple sized livingroomat one time,- a set of finedishesin foursizes and a numberof different pouringvessels,bothcoarseand finer,along withone table amphora. Otherfindsfromthisdepositare as follows:coinsC39, 165 (Hadrian?); metalM225; bone E59. Chronology
The fineware,D 1,1-4,comprising late versionsofE Sig B2 ware,shapes60 and 70, pointto a halfofthe2nd centuryA.D. The jug Dl,ll is verysimilarto theearly2ndA.D. date in thefirst exampleTl,22, whereasthethin-walled jugletsDl,7 and 8 relateto theAntonineor latertype, Rl,2. The trefoil jug, Dl,9, findsparallelswithAgoraG 188 (late lst-early2ndA.D.) and M 101 (laterin the 2nd centuryA.D. ?). Consideration ofthesecombinedfeatures givesa suggesteddate withinthe2ndquarterofthe 2nd centuryA.D., and thedepositmay thusbe describedas a Hadrianicgroup. Catalogue E Sig B (all B2 ware) and crudelymoulded;good waxygloss.Form70, Small bowl67/P90,D. 10.7.Intact.Ratherthick-walled Dl,l late in theseries.Cf. AgoraJ29 (and dishJ 28); AR 72/368 fig.21 (right). D 1,2 Small dish 67/P91,D. 15.5. Complete.Waxy gloss inside,badly flaking;mattorange-brownoutside. Rosetteon floor;somescratchmarks.Form60. Cf. AR 72/368 fig.21 (centre). D 1,3 Mediumdish67/P92,D. 21. Complete.Good orange-redglossin and out. Palmette;somescratchmarks. Form60. in havingtwosmallgroovesinsideat Also found:thefr.ofa second(67/P243),D. 23. This one differs junctionofrimand wall. Dl,4 Large dish67/P245,D. 29.5. Profileexceptcentreof floor.Form60, a largerversion. Othercolourcoatedware,Plocal
Dl,5
Dl,6
Fish plate 67/P107,W. 15, L(rest).29.Aboutone quarter.Fine pale reddishbuffclay,lightred to dark brownslip withmetalliclustrewherethicklyapplied; smearsand fingerprintsbeneathend handles. Mould made. The reliefpatternincludes:floralvoluteon handles,partofshipon floorand partialovolo borderon floorand rim.One pelletmarkfromkilnstackingin centreof shortside, two on long side, enablingone to restorefulllengthas 29. Perhapsa local imitationof a silverware original.Positionin XI 100no. 415 pl. 55 and 80, dated 3rd uncertain.Cf.Demeter 47,J10 PL 28; Pergamon Sanctuary deposit/fill A.D. 67/P105,H. 12.5. Completeexceptpartofrim.Fine sandybuffclay,firedyellowat Jugwithindentations zone at lowerbodyand underside,fromkilnstacking.Matt red to brown surface,exceptfororange-buff paintdown to bellyand insiderim.Six indentations.
Thin-walledcoarseware
Dl,7 Dl ,8 Dl,9
Juglet67/P94,H. 11.5. Completeexceptchips. Fine pale reddishbrownclay firedblue-greyon outer surface,exceptlowerbodyand base whichretainoriginalclaycolour,due to kilnstacking.Surfacerough. clay,withsurfaceof Juglet67/P101, H. 11.5. Completeexceptrimand handlefrs.Warmchocolate-brown same colour.Shape as D 1,7. Trefoiljug 67/P104,H. 21. Made up complete.Red clay,firedgreyat surface.Bellyribbed.
Plain ware
Dl,10
For shapecf.Tl, 15 and RI, 11,also D4,60ff. Juglet67/P106,H. 13.5.Made up complete.Pale red-brown.
ROMAN POTTERY Dl ,11 Dl, 12 D 1,13 Dl,14
231
Spoutedjug withfilter67/P96,H. 19.5. Completeexceptforchipsand filter.Brickred clay withwhite lowerleftroughwithknifeparingmarksevident.Cf. Tl, 22. grits.Surfaceofupperbodywet-smoothed, Narrowneckedjug 67/P103,H(pres). 13. Base to shoulderfr.Fine greenish-white clay, selfslip. Shape similarto D 1,11,but finer,moretaperingform.Not illustrated. Smallamphora67/P95,H. 33. Completeexceptone handle.Lightbrown-buff clay,withwhiteand brown at surface.Rough sandysurface.Slight,broad ribbing. grits,firedyellow-buff Amphorastand67/P102,D. 14. Intact. Cream ware.
NorthHouse Rooms V-VI, Fill over Floor I (D2) (excavatedas V 3) PLATE 173.
The fillbeneaththeSeveranfloor(Floor II) ofRoomsV-VI was excavatedin one lotdownto and includingthe destructiondepositon the Hadrianic floor(Floor I) below. The group ofthefloordeposit,withthesole exception presentedabove as DepositDl consistsexclusively of D 1,5,whichseemsverylikelyto belong.The ratherslightcontentsof the restof the fill constituteDeposit D2, whichwill therefore include: 1) fragmentary remainsfromthe floor remainsofupper depositnotoriginallylistedas cataloguedpotson thefloor,2) fragmentary floorfalllyingabove ratherthanon thefloor,and 3) any materialplaced withinthearea of these roomsas levellingmaterialfor the later floor(see Deposit R3 forstratigraphically comparablegroupsfromotherroomsin the house). DepositD2 is a smalland ratherscrappygroup,addinglittlethatis newand containingfew About30% appearsto be residualmaterial,and thiscan be attributed to the completeprofiles. levellingfillforFloor II above, along withone later Çandarli bowl, D2,2, which gives a construction date forthelast phase oftheNorthHouse in thelate 2nd centuryA.D. The rest withthefloordepositand withtheHadrianiccistern appearshomogeneousand contemporary fill,DepositD4. Otherfindsfromthisdepositare as follows:lampsLI 18, 147, 255, 306, 341, 371, 423, 444, 456, 465, 551, 560, 626, 636, 640, 693; coinsC75, 133; objectsin metalM222, 312, 364; and bone E60-66; glassG45, 184-5. The ware fine
Includedare rimfragments ofE Sig B Forms58, 70, 71 and 80, profiles oftwoÇandarliforms(nos.D2,l and 2) and the rimofone flaringbowl withreliefdecoration,perhapslocal (D2,3). D2,l D2,2 D2,3
Çandarlidish 67/P242,D. 18. Profileexceptfloor.FormL9. bowl 67/P244,D. 8.8. Profile.FormH3, a typenot startingbeforethelate 2nd Çandarli hemispherical centuryA.D., and thusintrusivein a Hadrianicdeposit.It shouldbelongratherto the upperfillbelow Floor I. Bowl,mouldedrimfr,D. 30. Reddishbuffclay,red-brownpaint,darkerand withmetallicsheeninside. Flaringrimwithtripleline of blobs in relief.Local?
The coarseware
A veryfragmentary lot. Bothcasserolesand cook potshave flatevertedrims(as D4,22 and D4,32) and about half are in thenew2nd A.D. fabric(pinkto lightbrownclay witha whitishor blue-greysurfacewithmattfinish),the restlightred or brown.The onlyotherformswhichoccurare thecook pot withoblique triangularrim,as T 1,19 (threeexamples,all in 2nd A.D. fabric)and one withflangeand externalgrooveas D4,29. Similarly,offourtrefoil jugs two have the 2nd A.D. fabric,two purplishbrownclay and surface. The plain ware
In thiscategoryonlyone pieceis noted:a local narrowneckedamphoraofa typefoundin early2nd A.D. contexts and later,thoughnot occurring(surprisingly) in thecistern. D2,4
Amphora,narrownecked,D. 6. Rim to shoulderfr.Reddishbuffwithyellow-cream slip;local. As T2,15, and cf.Sl,24 and U119.
ROMAN POTTERY
232
NorthHouse: OtherHadrianic Levels (Rooms I and IV), Deposit D3 plates 173-5, 215.
These contextsare withinthearea ofRoom IV and beneaththecourtfloor(Room I). Rather the fewpiecesare selectedforcataloguingand illustration, wheretheyserveeitherto confirm D forms of or to the the as discussed under supplement interpretation stratigraphy, Deposit 1, foundin thesedeposits. Otherfindsfromthesecontextsare as follows:lamp L561; coinG171 (Hadrian); terracottas TC90, 93; metalobjectsM232, 332; glassG26, 170. RoomIV
This room,adjacentto Room V, lackeda comparablefloordeposit,butthematerialin thefill, linkedwithV 3, beingsealed beneaththe Severanfloorand overlyingthe stratigraphically is Hadrianic, verycomparable.Threepieces,late Çandarlibasinand dishfragments (D3,4a,b; Form HI, as U 18, and Form H2, as U20) and a flangedcookingdish (D3,5, as R2,17 and SI, 11), should belong with the upper part of the fill,but the rest,thoughcomparatively lot,withlittleresidualmaterial. scrappy,is a homogeneousand contemporary E Sig B Forms20 and 72 (bothsurvivals?),58, 60 and 80, and a ofthefollowing: The finewareincludesfragments smallPonticbowl (D3,2). There was also a near completeamphora (D3,3) and the rim,handle and shoulderof another,as D2,4 (both local). E Sig B small bowl rimfr,D. 13. Form 72. Illustratedhere as being a rare form,thoughprobablya D3,l survivorin thiscontext(dated by Hayes to later 1stcenturyA.D.). Ponticsigillatabowl rimfr,D. 16. As Tl,l 1, but somewhatheavierand thickerwalled. D3,2 D3,3 complete.Pale reddishbuffclay,pale buffslip. Local. Amphora67/P172,H. 59.5. About three-quarters Rim withtriangularsection,wide neck,slopinghandle,cylindricalbody,nipplebase. D3,4a Çandarli basin,rimto carinationfr,D. 34. FormHI. Cf. U18. D3,4b Çandarlidishbase fr,D. 11.5. FormH2. This fr.is fromRoom I. Bothtypesare dated to mid2nd - 3rd to belongto thelevellingmaterialofFloorII and notthedestruction A.D., and likelytherefore depositon Floor I. Cf. U20. D3,5 Cookingdish, profileexcept floor,D. 32.5. Light red clay; whiteand browngrits;silverymica and occasionallargeflecksofgold mica; mattpale greysurface.Profileas theslippedexampleU72; perhapsa or earliercontexts.The late 2nd A.D. form,since thisprofilehas not appeared in any contemporary flangedrimis a late feature,cf.U66-68.
RoomI
Beneaththe courtfloor,in an area separatedfromRooms IV-VI by a partitionwall, and slightlyterracedup (see Section D nos. 4-6), was founda burntearth level containing coarse ware (level I(S) 13). This lay on Floor I and was designatedby the predominantly excavatoras a cookingarea. The potteryformsa good littlegroup,includingsomequitelarge Thoughpossiblynotin thesame houseat thisperiod,sinceno piecesmakingup intoprofiles. doorlinksRoom I withRooms IV-VI, thiscookingdepositis to be associatedwithlevelV 3, as DepositsD 1-2, leftundisturbedby laterclearingand and is part of the same destruction seriesofpotterytypes. a It offers complementary rebuildingoperations. Fromthecookingarea proper,foundin theashyearth,comeD3, 12-14,theothersare from theunburntearthsurrounds. E SigB D3,6 D3,7
Dish, profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 23. Form60, as H 1,3. Bowl,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 14.5. Form80.
ROMAN POTTERY
233
Çandarliware
D3,8 D3,9
Hemisphericalbowl 67/P241,D. 12. Profile.FormL19. Also found:the base of a second,largerexample,D. 6.5. Dish rimfr,D. 19.5. Form H2.
ware Pompeian-red
D3,10
slip clay,micaceous;orange-brown Cookingdish,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 33. Greyto browngritty inside. Also found:a secondexample,smaller,D. 28.
Thin-walledcoarseware
D3,ll
at the surface.Ribbed. No handle Jar rim fr,D. 9.5. Fine brick-redclay, firedmatt yellowish-grey preserved.
Coarseware
D3,12 D3,13 D3,14
some mica. Casserole,rimto lowerbody fr,D. 20. Dark browngritty, Also found:rimfr.of a secondsimilar,D. 16. Cook pot, rimto lowerbodyfr,D. 15. Brickred,withpinkishbrownsurface;ribbed. surface. Trefoiljug, rimfr,neckD. 6.8. Hard dark brownto grey,firedto a pale mattorange-brown
and plain ware Part-painted
D3,15
D3,16 D3,17
Pyxis,bodyand handlefr,D(max). 13. Pale buffclay,creamslip,band and dot in added crimson.For this form,handleless;information ware,cf.1stA.D. pyxidesfromKnossosKMF Tomb 232 (a low cylindrical fromJ.A. MacGillivray);forthe shape,cf.our Cl,75. Bottlerimand neckfr,D. 5. Hard, pale red clay; creamslip. Ribbed. selfslip. Large utilitybowl rimand body fr,D. 36. Softorange-buff;
Deposit D4 - Well 12 plates 175-182,216. The cisterndenotedas Well 12 was situatedin one cornerof the courtyardof the Southeast House. It was foundchokedwithdebris,includingmuchpotteryin a wide varietyofwares, coarseand plainwares.This fillwas homogeneouswitha largedumpfoundon preponderantly sherdswerefound.It was a thecourtflooritself(DepositD5), and a numberofcross-joining of some 36 zembils of 1200-1500 (c. cwt.) potteryand was processed largedepositconsisting Ellis in and a preliminary made study by J. Jones Spring 1977. The followingnotes and are based on his (much fuller)notes. Althoughit is thoughtthat the original catalogue construction ofthiscisternwas Hellenistic, it musthave been thoroughly cleanedout,probably severaltimes,beforetheearly2nd centuryA.D. No admixtureofHellenisticpottery was found. A testthroughthe cementfloorfounda deep well whichproducedthe Orientalizinggroup publishedin BSA 73 (1978) 45. The materialfromthe cisternis a homogeneouslot, and providesthebestand fullestgroupfromtheearlyto mid 2nd centuryA.D. foundon thesite. For thisreasonit seemsworthwhileto publishit quite fully,at leastso faras thecoarseand plain waresare concerned. Otherfindsfromthisdepositare as follows:lampsL95, 136, 167,209-10,248, 296, 298,305, 312, 349, 372, 404, 446, 534, 598, 621, 698; coins C58, 65, 69, 122, 170; terracottaTC94; objectsin bone E67-70; stoneS42c, 50-1; and metalM214, 233, 252-3, 257, 267-9, 271-2, debrisM571-3; glassG90, 157, 179-81, 201, 283, 297, 342, 358, 360, 363, 394; metallurgical 262, 278-9, 281, 299, 303.
234
ROMAN POTTERY
Thefinewares Of a total245 fragments in thefollowing found(212 aftermending),finewareswereidentified A E E B Italian proportions: sigillata9%, Sig 5%, Sig 54%, Çandarli8%, Cypriot5%, local and unidentified 19%. The firsttwocategoriesare takento be survivalsand notconsideredhere.The E Sig B ware is by farthemostcommon,and consistsofthethickwalledB2 ware,withthicksoapyorangered slip, thoughan occasionalfinerpiece in Bl/2 ware survives.An occasionalexampleof is foundon the floorof stampedpalmetteand of concentricgrooves,rarelywithrouletting, dishes,but mostformseitherhave rathercrudegroovesat therimor are plain.The following varietyofshapesoccurs:Forms58 (D4,2), 59 and 59/71(D4,4), 60 (D4,l), 68 and 70 (D4,3), 71 and 80 (forquantities,see catalogueentryfollowing D4,3). ofthebowl FormL26, The Çandarliware is scrappybut includesrimand base fragments LI Note that the later forms H3-4 do notyet and thesmallhemispherical Form 9. bowl, flanged appear. oftwokratersin Cypriotware,withdarkerredclayand slip,occur.One is badly Fragments worn,withsurfaceweathered;perhapsresidual.But thisshape (EAA Form40) is wellplacedin theearly2nd centuryA.D. Local ware in imitationof standardsigillatashapes include copies of E Sig B Form 59 (D4,12) and of Ponticbowlswithoverhangingrim (D4,13-14). The coarseware
A roughestimateof the numberof vases represented juglets,13 larger gives30 thin-walled trefoil oinochoai,14 casseroles,16 lids,75 cookpotsand 21 cookingdishes.A selectionofthese to showtherangein whatappearsto be an experimental phase,whichis in typesis illustrated betweenthe 1stA.D. typesand thelater2nd to early3rd A.D. types somewaystransitional in formand fabric.The thin-walled different whichare characteristically jugletshave boththe the A.D. and in rim the 1st common slightly (D4,19c/d) straighter century highincurving evertedrimtypesetoffby a grooveand ridge(D4,19a/b) commonlater;thefabricis red or surfacecommonlater.The sameappliesto the brown,withhardlyanyofthesilveror blue-grey trefoil mouthedoinochoai.The casseroles,boththeshallowand thedeep form,have turnedout and raisedrims,and theearlierfabric.Most remarkableis thevarietyofcookpottypes.Rims range fromslightlyincurvingto straightupright,everted,hooked,flatand turneddown oftenwithpurplishbrownsurface. The fabricagain is mostlyred-brown gritty, (overhanging). withred-brown The cookingdishesare in brownware,sometimes slip,and are straight-sided The hollowscrewrim flat or wall and thickened with or shallower (D4,36-7). curving (D4,35) handledformwas not foundin thisdeposit. Theplain ware
Threeshapesare byfarthemostcommonin thisdeposit:thebroadstraight-sided utilitybowl, or baggyjug and the amphora.A fewothershapes occur,lids,shallowbowls, the piriform decoratedbowlsor censersand largetubsor troughs;butmostoftheseare represented bysmall of censers decorated the in other better and are example (for deposits preserved fragments U. The DepositD5). A muchwidervarietyoftypesis foundin theupperwashlevels,Deposit of perhaps34 bowls,D. 25-37. The fabricis in fragments bowl is represented straight-sided oftengrittybut with grey-green, grey-buff, varied, pale buff,sandy yellow,orange-buff, slipped surface.Eight are selectedfor illustration,showinga varietyof profileand rim
ROMAN POTTERY
235
treatment. Rimsare raisedangularor flat;theyare eitherplainor have one groove(at outeror inneredge) or two grooves.This is a commonlocal Cretan shape, knownto have been in quantityat a kilnsite near Tsoutsouros,on the southcoast. None in this manufactured is decorated withwavylines. deposit There were fragments of some 35 plain jugs and othersimilarpouringvessels.Most are standardlocal ware,softgrittyfabric,firedto coloursvaryingfrompink-buff to yellow-grey, brownand orange.A fewothersare in a distinctive colour. Included is one trefoil grey-green in narrow the thinner walled coarse five necked forms(most ware, jug (D4,55) normally flasks or table rather than with funnel necks and perhaps amphorae jugs) flaring lips (D4,56-9) and therestwideneckedjugs havingflaringrimswithridgeat thelip,piriform bodiesand ring feet(D4,60-65). A numberof theseare illustratedto show the considerablevariationin rim profileand in the angle of the handles. Fragmentsof over 40 amphoraewere found.There are threedistinctive importedwares, withhard brick-red, brownmicaceousor extremely gritty, lightporousfabricof pale coffee colour. These are listedseparately,D4,76-81, as imports.The restappear to be of local withthepossibleexceptionofnos.D4,69 and 70. Includedare thestandardlocal manufacture, narrow-necked typeD4,66 and thecommonwide-neckedtypebestrepresented by D4,71-74. further However, studyoftheKnossosamphoraeincludingclay analysisis neededto establish theproveniencewithcertainty, and to clarifytheirnormaluse, beforefurther valid comment can be made. Chronology
The cisterndepositis dated by the fineware whichrelatescloselyto thatof the Hadrianic depositDl, but has a widerrange,bothin thevarietyoftypesas beinga muchlargerdeposit, and chronologically, as beinga rubbishdeposit,nota floordeposit.The characteristics ofthe coarseware,too, are consistent witha date earlyin the 2nd centuryA.D. The mostcommonE Sig B shapeis Form60 (13 examples),whichin thelate formoccurring here belongsto the period c. 90-125 A.D. Form 80 is the nextmostpopular form(with7 examples)and is also a late form,withthe same date range.The occurrenceof Forms58 (4 examples),71 (3 examples)and 70 mightsuggesta date somewhatbeforetheend ofthisperiod (suggesteddate range75-125 A.D.). Note also thepresenceoftheearlierForms59 and 68, in Bl/2 ware,whichcould howeverbe survivals. Çandarliware occursin FormsLI 9, oflate fabric,and L26B, bothdatable to theearly2nd centuryA.D., as is the Cypriotkrater,EAA Form40. For thecoarsewareitis to be notedthatthefabricis almostexclusively thered-brown gritty warecommonto thelate 1stcenturyA.D., thoughoftennowfiredto a purplish-brown surface. The metallicwhitish-grey or -bluefiringcommonlate in the2nd centuryA.D. seemsto occur by chanceor experimentation, especiallyon thejug form(see D4,19, 21 and 31) and is quite exceptional. Catalogue E Sig B Dish profile,D. 17. Double groovesbeneathrim,insideand out, and on floor.Form60. Cf. D 1,2-4. D4,l Also found:frs.of 12 otherexamples,with rim D. 15, 17, 21 and 26. Two have rimswith more pronouncedoverhang.Grooveson wall as above; twoor threegrooveson floor,in twocases surrounding palmettes,one roulettedbetweengrooves. D4,2 Dish,D. 14.2. Near complete.Roulettedon rim;twogroovesinsidelip, twoon floor.Form58. Cf. F2,10. Also found:frs.of at leastfoursimilar.
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236 D4,3 D4,4
Conical cup, lip and carinationto base frs,notjoining.D. c. 11. Worn.Form 70. thin-walled.Groovesat rim,insideand out. Bl/2 ware. Dish rimfr,D. 19. Black fabric,comparatively Form59/71(?) Also found:frs.of small bowls,Form 59, Form 68 (two examples,D. 17.5 and 20), Form 71 (three examples,one D. 10.5), Form80 (sevenexamples,one D. c. 13).
Çandarliware
A totalof 18 frs,all but one (D4,6) in thelate fabric. D4,5 D4,6 D4,7
Bowl rimfr,D. 23. FormL26B. Bowl base fr,D. 15. Chunky,pale redfabric,withsilverand gold mica. Pale orange-redslip.Heavy ring foot,square cut; twogrooveson floor.FormL26(?) Hemisphericalflangedbowl,rimfr,D. 15. FormLI 9. Rim frs.of two others,one firedpartlycreamon outsidesurface.
CypriotSigillata
D4,8
D4,9 D4,10
Krater(a) base and lowerbodyfr,D. 8.8. Dark orange-redclay and slip.Worn.Rouletted.(b) Shoulder fr,probablyfromsame vessel;rouletted. Carinatedbowl,base and lowerbody,D. 7. Red clay,dark red slip (darkeroutsidebelow carination). Roulettedabove carination. Kraterrimfr,D. 24. Overhangingrimwithgrooveabove,concaveoutside.Fabricas no. 9; froma similar kraterofgreaterdiameter?EAA Form40, commonearly2nd centuryA.D.
Local and unidentified
D4,l 1
D4,12 D4,13 D4,14 Knidian
D4, 15
Deep bowl rimfr,D. 20. Fine pale orangeclay; thickglossyslip,mottledpinkinsideand out,exceptin band outsiderim above stackingline, wheremattorange-red.Double groovesinsiderim;fourto six doubleconcentric scratchlinesoutsiderim.Flat base fr.preserves grooveson floor,no foot.Formas E Sig B 37/71,but perhapsanotherware? Flat based dish,profile,D. 15. Pale buffclay,orangeslip. Local, imitatingE Sig B Form59. rim,D. 12.5.Aboutone half.As no. 12. ImitatingTrajanic Pontic Hemisphericalbowlwithoverhanging T Cf. 1,10. type? Hemisphericalbowl withoverhangingrim,D. 8. About one third,footnot preserved.As no. 13. Carinatedbowl,rimtolowerbodyfrs,D. 15. Brownto greyfabric;mattred-brown slip,metallicin places. Twistedhandles. Also found:rim,handleand bodyfrs.ofat leasttwoothers;rimand handlefr.ofcup in similarfabric withstraightlip, verticalhandlewiththumbreston outeredge ofcurve.
Thin-walledcoarseware
fabricwithpurplishbrownexterior.Six grey-brown Dimpledjar, rimto lowerbody,D. 8. Hard-fired, horizontal central groove. dimples; greyin places.Curvingrim,markedoffby D4,l 7 Juglet,H. 8.5. Grittyorangefabric,withsandybrownexterior, plate outside, 216. groove D4,18 Juglet,rim to lowerbody fr,D. 9. Dark red-brownfabric;surfacepurplishbrowninside,grey-brown outside.Shortneckwithflaringrimand collar ridge.Ratherthickhandle. and purplishgrey.Basesof D4,19a-d Rim frs.ofsimilarjuglets,D. 3.5-6. Fabricvariesfromsandybufftobrick-red on contrast colour effect The 1-4.5. D. 3. were these,includingdarkgrey gives found, stacking twenty eight above brightorange. above purplishbrown,blue-greyabove sandybrown,grey-brown Grittyorange-redclay,plate 216. D4,20 Jug profile,H. 17.5. Made up fromfragments. Frs. of twoothers,D. 7.2 and 5.2, thesmallerofsofterorangefabricwithred slip. Hard gritty fabric,red to orangebrown,sometimes D4,21 Trefoiloinochoai,rimand neckfrs.ofabout thirteen. or walledin sandybrown,brick-red or red.Some are thicker withgreycore;surfaceblue-grey, brown-grey D see Not fabric. red 1,9. illustrated, plum
D4,16
ROMAN POTTERY Coarseware
D4,22 D4,23 D4,24 D4,25 D4,26 D4,27 D4,28 D4,28a D4,29 D4,30
D4,31 D4,32 D4,33 D4,34 D4,35 D4,35a D4,36 D4,36a D4,37
D4,38 D4,38a
exterior.Burnt. Shallowcasserole,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 23. Brick-redclay withyellow-brown Evertedrim,sharpcarination.Groove. Two others,D. 20.6 and 24. Deep casserole,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 24. Lightpurplybrownfabric,red at the core; smoky brownexterior.As no. 22, but a deepershape. Frs. of at least sevenothers;two have D. 23 and 25. Small casserole,rimfr,D. 20. Grittyorange-redfabric,withbrown-grey exterior;burnt.Spreadingrim withinteriorflange;wall slightlyconvex;carinated. Frs. of two similar,D. 20 and 18. Lid profile,D. 19. Greyto buffclay,pale orange-brown slip. Burnt.Low knobhandle. Lid profile,D. 25. Grittypinkto buff.Slightribbing;well-formed highknob. Frs. of 14 otherlids,D. 17-19 (wheremeasurable),coarse brown,greyor red fabric,mostwithlow knobsas no. 25. surface.High Cookpot,rimto lowerbody fr,D. 19.8. Brightorange-redgrittyfabric,withgrey-brown rim,slightlyconvex.Groovedhandle. Frs. of at least 18 others,D. range 12-20; twoillustrated(D. 20 and 19). Cookpot,rimto lowerbodyfr,D. 13.5. Red-brownfabric,withgreyto blacksurface.High straightrim, slightlyeverted,flaton top; slightcollar ridge. A secondsimilarillustrated, to black,withwhitegrits. withstraphandleto lip,D. 24. Dark purplish-grey Cookpot,rimto bellyfr,D. 18. Grittydarkbrownto black.Straightevertedrimwithinternalhook,and internalflangebelow.Broadershoulder. as nos.27-29. Of about 20 otherexamplessixare illustrated:(a) Rim D. 15. Cookpotrimfrs,withprofiles with Grittyorange-brown, sandybrownexterior,(b) Rim D. 12. About threequartersofrim.Brick-red to purplygrey,(d) Rim D. 23. Six frs,twojoining. sandybrownto greyexterior,(c) Rim D. 15. Brick-red withdull brownslip,(e) Rim D. 26. Thick,coarseorangefabricwithwhitegrits;burntsandy Grey-black surface,(f) Rim D. 20. Similarto (e). Sharp internalflange.Collar ridgeand slightadditionalridgeon neck,(g) Rim D. 22. Thick evertedrim,two externalgrooves.Dull orange-red,withpurply-brown to surface. grey-black Cookpotwithcurvingevertedrim,and internalflange,D. 17.5. Profileexceptfloor.Dark sandy-brown fabricwithdark grits;surfacefiredorange-brown to blue grey. Frs. often others,two illustrated, D. 20 and 23. One has slightcollar ridge. Cookpot,rimto bellyfr,D. 22. Orange-brown,grittyfabric.Low evertedrim,ridgedhandle. Frs. ofabout 20 others,D. range 16-22.5,twoillustrated(D. 20 and 19). Fabric grittysandy-brown, or red,withpurply-brown, -redor -greyto -blacksurface. orange-brown rim to lowerbodyfr,D. 23. Gritty,pale buff-grey fabric,withdarkerbuffsurfaceinside,brown Cookpot, greyoutside.Burnt.Flat evertedrimwithslightridge.Slightbulge to neck. rim;rim,neckand handlefrs.(sevenjoining),D. 17. Brick-red fabric,greyat Cookpotwithoverhanging thecore,withred-brownto greysurface.Rim turnedover and down. Slightbulge to neck. D. 37. Coarseorange-redtogrey-brown fabric,gritty. Cookingdish,profile, Straightwall; lowerbodyleft markson the floor;traceof trademarkbeneath(Greeklambda?) rough;pie crusthandles.Burnishing Frs. ofperhapstenotherssimilar,one illustrated, D. 32. Slightwheelridgingon wall. fabric.Low slopingwall with Cookingdish,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 38. Grittyorange-brown thickenedrim;lowerbody leftrough,as pared by the knife. Fr. ofanother,transitional to rimtypeofD4,37; D. 35. brick-red togrey-brown Cookingdish,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 39.5. Coarseand gritty, clay,fullof large brownand whitegrits,includinglarge flecksof goldenmica, especiallyin slip; burnt.Thick redbrownslipinsideand overrim.Curvingwall withthickenedrim,flaton top,markedoffoutsidebygroove. Outer wall facettedby knifeparingmarks,leavinglowerbody rough.Versionof Pompeian-redware Fr. ofone othersimilar. Fryingcasserolerimfr,D. 22. Fabricand surfacesimilarto nos.35-36; but theshapeis thatofa casserole, withflangeforlid. Small lug handleson rim. Frs. offiveothers,D. 23-28, one illustrated.
Plain ware
D4,39
237
Lid, D. 7.4. Complete.Pale pinkto bufffabric,buffslip. Crude. Also found:twootherssimilar.
238
ROMAN POTTERY
fabric.Groovedrim;slightcarination. bowl (or lid?),rimtolowerbodyfr,D. 12. Pink-buff D4,40 Hemispherical D4,41 Shallow bowl (or lid?), rimand wall fr,D. 14. Pale pinkto buff,withbuffslip; gritty.Incurvingrim. D4,42-49 Large straight-sided slipinsideand in utilitybowls42 Rim fr,D. 28. Yellowishbuffclaywithred-brown dripsoverrimoutside.Worn.Thickenedrim,comingto point;internalgroove. Rim and base frs.(notjoining),D. 25 and 17. Orange-buff 43 clay,reddishslip. Similarto 42. withdark grits;buffslip. Worn.Rim at highangle. 44 Profileexceptfloor,D. 28. Pale grey-green Rim to lowerbody,D. 27. Grittybufffabric,pale buffslip. Flat rim;slopingwall. 45 Rim and handlefr,D. 37. Sandy yellowwithpinkcore;gritty.Singlegrooveon rim;horizontalhandle 46 withthumbimpressions, applied to rim. Rim and bodyfr,D. 26. Grittygreyishbuffclay. Flat, taperingrimwithtwo grooves. 47 Rim and bodyfr,D. 30. Pale buffwithpinkcore.Flat square cut rimwithtwogrooves.Anothergroove 48 outsidebeneathrim. Rim fr,D. 35. Yellowish-grey withpale orangeslip.Worn.Curvingevertedrimwithslightflange. 49 gritty, D4,50-52 Decoratedbowlsor censers Rim fr,D. 32. Grittybuffclay. Flaringcurvedrimwithmillededge; pie-crustdecorationoutside. 50 Rim fr,D. 36. Fabric,shape and decorationas 50, but withadditionofsmallimpressedcirclesinsiderim 51 (made by strawend). Rim fr,D. c. 40. As no. 51, but withadditionofincisedwavylines. 52 D4,53 Bowlor tubrimfr,D. c. 71. Sandyorangeclay. Flat rimwithouterridge.A secondexamplein grey-buff fabric,pinkat thecore. withpinkcore; interiorsmoothed,exteriorrough. D4,54 Trough?rimto base fr,D. 72.5, H. 13. Pink-buff D4,55-65 Jugs Trefoilrim,neckand handlefr,D(max). 6.3. Yellowishbuffclay,pinkand greyat thecore; red-brown 55 slip. Grooveinsidelip; pinchedspout,ridgedhandle. 56 Rim, handle and funnelneckfr,D. 4. 1. Grittyorange-buff. High taperingneckwithexternalgroove. to orange.Bulgingneck.Also found:rimfr.ofa Rim and funnelneckfr,D. 4.4. Soft,grittyyellow-buff 57 second,D. 4.6. Rim and funnelneckfr,D. 6.5. Pink-buff 58 clay withpale buffslip. Evertedrimwithoverhang. 59 Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 5.3. Grittyorange-brown clay.Two-handledjug (or smalltableamphora?). betweennos. 57 and 58; swellingneckwithhorizontalgroove. Evertedrim,intermediate 60 slip. Worn.Flaringrimwith (a) Rim, neckand handlefr,D. 11.5. Soft,grittybuff,withorange-brown verticalridge.Ridged handle,verticaland straight. 60 (b) Base fr.ofanothersimilar. withdull ochre-brownslip. As 60 but lip more open, handle Rim and handle fr,D. 12. Sandy-buff 61 rounded. Thickerrimwithflange;moreangularhandle. Rim to belly,D. 13. Grittygrey-buff. 62 63 (a) Base withringfoot,D. 9. Buff.Raised floorwithcentraldepression.Fromjug as no. 62. (b) Base withringfoot,D. 7. Lightgrey.Similarto preceding.Thin-walled.Slopingfloorwithcentral buttonbeneath. and to grey-green Rim frs.ofsome24 others,D. 10-13. Fabricvariesfromsoftand gritty 64 lightgvrey-buff sandyor lightorange-brown. Small rimwith Five variationsare illustrated:(a) Rim, neckand handle,D. 12.5. Grittysandy-buff. outerridge,(b) Rim and handle,D. 12. Lightgreen-grey. Angledrim;highhandle,(c) Rim and handle, D. 13. Sandy-brown.Thick rimformingexternalflange;angularhandle, (d) Rim, D. 10. Sandy-buff. Finer.Low rimwithgrooveon top and outside,(e) Rim,D. 10. Buff.Groovedbelowriminsideand out. H. 34, D. 12. Made up complete.Grittypinkto buffclay; irregularsaggingshape. 65 Baggyjug/pitcher, Flaringrim,thickenedlip and angularstraphandle of amphoroidtype,plate 216. D4,66-75 Amphorae- local typesand similar. six amphorae,narrow-necked fromsomethirty Selectedfragments (66-68) and broadernecked(69-75) are listedhere.Most appear to be oflocal manufacture. Shortneck;plain loop handlesto broad shoulder. 66 (a) Rim, neckand handlefr,D. 7. Grittycream-buff. Grooveon neck. (b) Base fr.fromthisor similaramphora;broad base withbuttonknob. Fabric as a. Similarto 66, but withhighercollarrim. 67 Rim, neckand handlefr,D. 7. Pale pinkto yellow-buff. Also found:necksof two otherssimilar.
ROMAN POTTERY
239
Rim, neck and handle fr,D. 6.6. Gritty,yellow-buff clay. Thickenedrim;neck groove;tallervertical handleswithgroove,risingto spurnear rimheight;a slendererform. Also found:necksof twootherssimilar,handlesof 18. 69 Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 10.6. Pinkwithwhitegrits,firedcreamat thesurface;micaceous.Rolled rim, cylindricalneck.Not local? 70 Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 10. Red-brownto pink,withyellowishgreyslip.Rolled rimsetoffbygroove. Grooved,verticalhandlesrisingto rimheight.Not local? 71 (a) Rim, neckand handlefr,D. 13. Grittysandy-yellow. Heavy thickenedrimwithflattop. Wide strap handleswithslightridge,risingto near rim. (b) Base fr,fromthisor similaramphora,taperingto button(now missing). withwhiteslip. Shortfunnelneck;rimas 71. Shorter 72 Rim,neckand handlesfr,D. 11.6. Fine sandy-buff handles. sloping Shortcylindricalneck;verticalhandles,slightlyridged. 73 Rim, neckand handlesfr,D. 13. Cream-buff. 74 Rim, neckand handlesfr,D. 15. Pinkto buff,firedcreamat thesurface.As 73. 75 Rim, neckand handlesfr,D. 13. Orange-pink,withpale buffslip. As 73. micaceousfabric fabric(81, 84), ofsandy-brown D4,76-81 Amphorae- importedtypes.Waresofhard brick-red (76-77) and oflightgrittyporousfabric(79-80, 82e, f). Rim and neckto shoulderfrs.(notjoining),D. (rim) 13.7. Micaceous,sandy-brown. Tall conicalneckon 76 cylindricalbody;verticaldouble-rolledhandles.Also found:handle frs.ofsix otherssimilar. Rim and neck fr,D. 15. Grittysandy-brown, micaceous (as 76). Funnel rimwiththickenedlip. Tall 77 cylindricalneck. 78 withbuffslip.Thickenedlip; cylindricalneck;spur Rim, neckand handlefrs,D. 15. Grittysandy-buff, handles. Rim fr,D. 13. Porousgrittyware; pale coffeebrownwithverylargewhiteand browngrits.Thin white 79 slip. Thickenedlip. Strap handlesattachedat rim. 80 Collar rimfr,D. 12. Porousgrittyware,as 79. 81 Lowerbodyand base frs,D. (base) 6; H (près).38. Grittybrick-red fabricwithred-brown slip.Hollow peg foot. D4,82 Amphorabase types: (a) Low buttonbase,pale brownbuff(local), (b) Round buttonbase,pale pinkishbuff(local), (c) Higher pointedbase, pale red-brownd.(d) Pointedbase. Fine pink,firedcreamat surface;(e) Hollow peg base, concavebeneath,D. 7.5. Porousgritty ware,as 79. (f) Solid peg base, roundedat bottom,D. 6.2. slightly Porousgrittyware,as 79. D4,83 Amphorastand,D. 15. Pale buff. D4,84 Amphorastand,D. 14.5. Brick-redfabricwithyellow-buff slip.
68
Deposit D5 A rubbleand rubbishtiplyingon thecourtyardflooroftheSoutheastHouse, linkedwiththe cisternfill(DepositD4) by severaljoiningfragments. The originalexcavationlevel numbers XII in plates are 8 and 9 (also continued thewestbaulk), 183, 213. This is a substantialgroupof material,veryhomogeneousin character,not a destruction deposit proper but evidentlyderivingfromthe clearance of such a deposit,ratherthan a slowlyaccumulatingrubbishtip. Though basicallyfragmentary, the group representing numerous in E B a fuller the ware. It to cover preserves profiles, especially popular Sig appears of in the wares use towards the middle of the A.D. than one of the better 2nd century range any in treated but otherwise has little new to and is full, add, preserveddeposits(Dl-4), already in thesensethatthepopularformsare verynumerous.For thisreasonitseemsbest monotonous to treatit summarilyand statistically, to the other depositsalmost entirelyfor referring but this to earlier and laterperiodsin termsofthepopularity illustration, using group compare offorms. Otherfindsfromthiscontextare as follows:lampsL90, 107, 124, 183, 217, 252, 262, 280,
240
ROMAN POTTERY
311, 375/317,344, 347, 359, 386, 391, 393-4, 397, 424, 463, 476, 494-5, 506, 556, 571, 588, 603-4, 617, 655; coinC5; objectsin stoneS49; faienceV2, 4-5; boneE71-4; metalM200, 206, debrisM574-6; glassG85, 112, 136, 159, 213, 219, 263, 270, 295, 371, 390; and metallurgical 284. 223, 234, Thefineware
There were324 fragments ofsigillataand otherslippedware,distributed as follows:E Sig B 58%, Çandarli 17%, local and unidentified 12%, Italian sigillataand E Sig A each 5%, Cypriotand Pontictogether3%. Mostofthelastthreecategoriesare scrappyand assumedto be survivals.One smallItalian bowlfragment offine dark pinkfabricand mattred slip (Goudineau Type 38) is illustrated(plate 213) forits late and degenerate on to thesurfacejust above theflange.Two Cypriotkrater rosetteflattened appliqué decoration,- a rudimentary occurred,one withgrooveddecoration,as A2,23, the othera verylarge astragalfoot(D. 6). For two fragments Italian stamps,see Y3 and Y27. formsare included, The E Sig B, all excepta fewsurvivors B2 ware,formsthebulkofthismaterial.The following in orderofpopularity(by sherdcountratherthanthenumberofvasesrepresented, sincethereare comparatively fewjoins): Form60 ( x 36), Form80 ( x 30, one black), Form 58 ( x 10), Forms71 and 76 (each x 8), Form 70 is foundon ( x 7), Form62B ( x 2), Forms73 and 78 (each x 1). No applique decorationoccurs;coarserouletting and palmettesas in therimsofForms70 and 62B and on threebase fragments only;stampsare confinedto rosettes DepositHI. to be attributedto the small flangedbowl Type LI 9. The Çandarli ware includesa numberof rimfragments These muchresembleItalian sigillata,but have no grooves;theyhave a rathermattoutsidesurfaceshowingwheel marks.Rim fragments ofthisshape number13 (9 in theearlier,lightfabric,theothersdeep plumred). The heavy, squarishringbases includetwoin a granular,lightbufffabric,somewhatlikethatofE Sig A (a variantnotedby are theshallowdish,L9 ( x 12,all in thelate fabric) Hayes in hisdiscussionofthisware). Otherformsrepresented each x 4). and thelarge bowlsL26A/26B(base fragments, of threeKnidian carinatedbowls,as D4,15. Not includedin thecountabove are thefragments Coarseware
bya handlecount).Seven (over50 cookpotsare represented, Againa largesampleoffamiliartypes,all fragmentary in quantity(no. of rimfrs.given): commontypesare represented 1. Fryingpans, as D4,35 ( x 18), two withpie-crusthandle, threewithscrewhandle. Also cookingdish with flange,as U67-8 ( x 2, one withpie-crusthandle), and one red-slippeddish as U69. and carinated,withturnedout lip as D4,22-23 ( x 29). About50% are ofbrick-red 2. Casseroles,straight-sided togrey;onlytwohave groovesoutside.Alsofoundwerefour fabricwithmattgreysurface,theothersred-brown otherswithflangeas D4,24. 3. Lids withcrudelyformedknobs,as D4,25-26 ( x 15); red-browngrittyfabric,sometimesfiredgrey. 4. Cookpotswithevertedrim,as D4,32 ( x 71), 75% in pinkto redfabricwithgreysurface,25% in brownware. thatsomecasserolefragments This is clearlythepopularformofthisperiod(even allowingforthepossibility withthesame rimtypemay have been includedhere). 5. Cookpotswithflangeand sharplyincurvinglip, profileas D4,29 ( x 50), 56% in pinkto redfabricwithmatt greysurface,44% in brownware. 6. Cookpotswithtriangularrimsection,as Tl,19 ( x 13); grey,pinkand grey,and brownfabricabout equally represented. surface.Two have spoutso tightly 7. Trefoiljugs, as D4,55 ( x 14), fabricas no. 6, exceptone firedsandy-buflfat pinchedas to be bridged. Other formsincludethe cookpotwithverticalrim,slightlyincurving( x4), and thin-walled jugletsas D4,17 (x9). The plain wares
in similarquantity,and are equallyfragmentary. These are represented Theyhave littleto add to thefulltreatment is a summarylistofthecommontypes(withthenumberofexamplesfound ofthecisterndepositD4. The following givenin brackets): 1. Straight-sided utilitybowls,as D4,43-48 ( x 49). 2. Pithoidjars ( x 19), 14 withpie-crust.
ROMAN POTTERY
241
3. Pedestalbowls/censers ( x 13). Two have flaringpie-crustrim,as D4,50-51; see D5,l-2. 4. Jugsetc. ( x 51 withringfoot;x 14 withflatbase). One smalljug in pinkfabric,D. 5, has a metallicsilver-pink slip,perhapsin imitationofglass?Profileas D4,62. 5. Flasks/bottles as D4,56-59 ( x 4). 6. Perfume/unguent jars withsmallflatbase, as VilD 168-170 ( x 2). 7. Tub withbuckethandle at sides,as VilD 174-176 ( x 2). 8. Beehiveextensionring( x 1; D. c. 25; W. 6). 9. Amphorastands( x 5). 10. Amphorae( x 25). Most commonare thenarrow-necked typeas D4,66-67; local, withcollarrim,sometimes hardlythickenedand markedoffby a groove,D. 6-7 ( x 10). Also apparentlylocal is a parallelwide-mouthed variety,as D4,71a, D. 12-14 ( x 12). But anothersevenofthisformare foundin brightorange,vermilionred, darksandybuffand hard pinkfabric.Largerstill,D. 17, is a heavyrimwithpeaked handles,formas D4,78. One largefr.ofa different type,withheavyflaringrim,largehandleofoval sectionparallelsU157 (Spanish?). Catalogue
D5,l
D5,2
rimand bodyfr,D. 38. Soft-fired Pedestalbowl/censer plain buffclay,selfslip. Pie-crustdecoration.Cf. VilD 111, no. 193,fig.16. VegasForm64. As no. 1. D. 34.5. This has a moreelaboratelygrooveddecoration,withthreewavylinespreserved outside, anotherwithdots insidethe rimand verticalwavylinesinsidethe body (one preserved).
D6 - Other Hadrianic Material PLATES183, 213.
A numberof otherlevelsin TrenchesI-VIII and X-XII (29 levelsin all, comprising47 baskets)containedpotteryofHadrianiccharacter,as alreadydefinedin DepositsD 1-5. Many of thesewerewash levelswhichcontainedredepositeddestruction material,see forinstance SectionC no. 5, SectionE no. 4 and SectionH no. 2. Publicationof thismaterialhere is limitedto a fewbriefremarkson its generalnature, relatingit to the betterdeposits,and to a catalogueof ten typesnot previouslynoted. Thefineware
to 59% ofthefineware.The formsare virtuallyrestricted AgaintheE Sig B wareis themostcommon,comprising Form80 ( x 21) and Form60 ( x 15), but one fragment occursofeach of Forms59, 71 and 76. There is also one ofa dish(D6,5) intermediate betweenForms51 and 77,withdoubleconvexprofileas Form51, butthickfragment has lug handle at rimand coarse rouletting. walled and withverticalrimas Form 77; it is over-fired, bowl Form L19 ( x 11), The Çandarli ware (23%) is likewiserestricted to two main types- the hemispherical withthreefragments ofthelaterformH3; and thelargebowlFormL26B ( x 3), withone fragment ofthelaterform HI. Thereis also one rimfragment ofthebowlwithflatrimas L27 (see Hayes EAA discussionunderFormL26B). Otherwares(19%) includeE Sig A ( x 5), Italian ( x 10), Cypriot/Pontic ( x 5), Knidian ( x 3), N. African( x 3). and maybe consideredas largelyresidual.Two piecesofthin-walled NorthItalian grey They are veryfragmentary ware are cataloguedas IG 15a, b. The coarsewareoccursin thesame formsas in DepositD5 and in similarproportions: type1 ( x 31) 53%, type2 ( x 5) 8%, type3 ( x 3) 6%, type4 ( x 14) 24%, and type5 ( x 5 ) 8%. The plain wareis also similar.I notetheoccurrenceofthetraditionalflat-basedpedestalbowlsor censers( x 3), and of two perfume/unguent jars(?) as VilD 168-70; bothhave small projectingflatbases. Catalogue Italiansigillataplate 213 Moulded dishrimfr,D. c. 18. Fabric4. Shortverticalridgesoutsiderim,oblique oneswithdotsinside.X D6,l 2, Pit 1. D6,2 Hemisphericalbowl rimfr,D. 13. Fabric 4. Degeneraterosetteappliqué. X 2, Pit 1. Conical bowl fr,D. 7.5. Fabric 3. Rosetteand dog appliqué. X 2, Pit 2. D6,3
ROMAN POTTERY
242
ESigB D6,4
D6,5 D6,6
excellentwaxygloss.X Dish profileexceptfloor,D. 31. Form53. Incurvingwall,exteriorlightlyfacetted, 2, Pit 1. to black.Double convexprofileas Form51, but thick-walled Large dishrimfr,D. 28. Firedgrey-brown XII 7. and withverticalrimas Form 77. Lug handle on rim;coarserouletting. Medium dish,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 16.5. Worn.Form 76. I(N) 10.
Çandarliware
D6,7
Hemisphericalcup, rimand base frs.notjoining,D. 12.5. FormH3. X 2, Pit 1. plate 213.
Otherslippedware
D6,8
D6,9
Bowl withflangedrim,rimfr,D. 18. Dark orange-brown, pure;slipofsame colour.Paler thanE Sig B. Semi-lustrous but not waxy.Originuncertain.Cf. A2,31 forsimilarAugustanform.XI 3. Stand(?) fr,D. 1.5-2.5. Hard pinkishbuffclay,red-brownslip,flaking.Solid. Groovedspirally.Startof handle. XII 7.
Plain ware
D6,10
slip.XI 3. Flagon,rimtoshoulderand base frs,notjoining,H (rest).20. Pale buffclay;traceofsilver-white
Mid to late 2nd century A.D. (Antonine-Aurelian)- Deposits Rl-3 and partialrebuildoftheNorthHouse,overthetopof This period,whichsaw a re-occupation the Hadrianic destructionlevels,was apparentlya time of slow regrowth,of continuing at and nearthesiteand perhapsofbusinessas usual.Thereis no destruction depositof industry the periodto comparewiththosethatboth precededand followed.Rather,the materialis beneaththelatestfloors theHadrianic,and stratified preservedin isolateddeposits,overlying materialis of the NorthHouse, whichbelongto the early3rd centuryA.D. Contemporary at construction evidence indicates half south of the from the site, althoughfragmentary lacking theHouse ofDiamond Frescoes,quicklyfollowedby destruction(see underDeposit S2.) or cist The beststratified group,DepositRl, comesfroma smallrectangularcompartment unit whichsurvivedsealed beneaththe northwall of the courtyard,the only architectural in area. this to this attributable phase specifically OtherdepositswithintheNorthHouse occuras packingfillbeneaththefloorsofRooms II, IV, V and VI, as well as beneaththe courtfloor(I), wheretherewas a moresubstantial pithossunkinto the terracingup and deep fillwas needed around the large water-storage as R2. are treated These at of the the centre Deposit together courtyard. ground A thirdcontemporary and homogeneouslot comesfromthe disusedpaved surfaceof the street(VI,5). This was blockedoffat the east end duringthe latestoccupationperiodand seemsto have formedan internalpassageway.See DepositR3. Deposit Rl (Antonine-Aurelian)II Pit 2 (cist) PLATES184, 216.
This is a smallwell-sealeddepositin thecistfill.Since thenorthwall ofthecourtran overthe periodofthecourt.The depositconsists topofthecist,thefillpre-datesthefinalconstruction ofcoarseand plainware.Finewarewas represented almostentirely only:E sig bysixfragments B Form80, tworimfrs,D. 16 and 18, one firedpinkto creaminside,bothwornand flaking; and Çandarli,base frs.offormsHI and H2, and Rl,l below; also found,glassbottleG298.
ROMAN POTTERY Rl,l
243
bowl,(a) rimfr,D. 12.5.Pale reddishbuff, Çandarlihemispherical granularbody,deep redgloss,dulland scoredinside,(b) base fr,froma similarbowl,D. 4.2. Crudeconcentric grooveson thefloor;clumsysquare to H3. cut ringbase, pointedcone beneath.Form LI 9, transitional
Coarseware
R 1,2 Rl,3 Rl,4
Rl ,5
Rl,6 Rl,7 Rl,8 Rl,9
Thin-walledjuglet67/P11, H. 11. Brick-red claywithwhitegritsand somegold mica;firedpale mattgrey outside,exceptnear base (due to stacking).As D 1,7. Mint condition. at surface;self Jugrimto nearbase,D. 6.5. Hard, darkgrey,ratherpure;somegoldmica;firedred-brown at lower carinated collar to black. warm brown metallic with body, slightribbing ridge, Slight drips, slip above belly.Rim pinchedslightlyout of the round. firedmatt whitishgreyat Casserole67/P98,D. 14. About three-quarters complete.Pale brown-buff, surface.Flat rim,angularcarination,crudestriphandlesapplied beneathrim. togreyclaywithdarkand whiteinclusions; Cookingdish,D. 28.5. Completeexceptfloor.Dark red-brown micaceous,withmuchsilverand somegoldmica. Upperwall smoothedoutside;leftroughbelow;pale redbrownslip inside,also micaceous.As D3,10. Also found:fr.of another,D. 29, withoutwall facetting. Red-brownwithsmall dark gritsand some gold mica; Cookpot67/P100,H. 27. About three-quarters. firedpale greyat surface.Collar neckwithgrooveat carinationbelow;handleswithsuspensionrings(one missing).Slightribbing.For lid, see Rl,8. Cookpot,profileexceptbase, D. 19. Fabric as no. 6; formas D3,13. Lid profile,D. 15. Pale buff,gritty;burnt.Perhapsbelongswithno. 6. Ribbed amphora, handle and body frs,D. 18-20. Dark red-brownclay, micaceous; matt surface, chocolatebrowninside,greyto black outside.As S 1,9.
Plain ware
Rl,10 Rl,l 1 Rl,12
somemica; cream-brown Bowl rimfr,D. 18. Fine pale brown-buff, slip. Surfacestainedblotchypurple, perhapsfromburning.PerhapsimitatesÇandarli shallowdish,FormH2. selfslip. Smoothupperbody,withvery Jug 67/P10, H. 18.8. Completeexceptrimfrs.Pale brown-buff, slightribbing;knifescoringsbeneathcarination. Bucket67/P99,completeexceptbodyfrs,H. 27. Local pale brown-buff clay and slip. Round at base but oval at rim,D. 22.5-28. Also found:large bowl frs,as D4,45.
Deposit R2, packing fill beneath the Severan floors of the North House PLATES185-6.
The followinglevelsare treatedtogetheras Deposit R2, and comprisebelow floorfillfrom Rooms I-VI: I(N) 11 Pit 3; I(S) 9-12; II 7, 7b, 8 and Pit 8; III 3 and 9a; IV 2, 2a, 2b and 3; IV/V(E) baulk 2; V baulk 1 and 3(part). Inevitablyin the processof terracing,fillingand rebuildingthereis some disturbanceof earlier deposits, and these fills do contain a substantialamount (about 10-15%) of recognisablyearliermaterial;howeverthesepieces are generallyscrappyand are ignored one stampedbase) and two (fourwithrelief, exceptin thecase offiveItaliansigillatafragments E Sig B profilesofformsnot preservedelsewhere(R2,l-5). The fullestand bestpreserveddepositcomesfrombeneaththecourtfloor(I(N) 12 Pit 3), and theseare thepieceslistedin thisdeposit,and illustratedwheretheysupplementDeposit Rl. PiecesfromRooms II-VI are notedundereach ware or typeon a statisticalbasis only, interest. exceptforthoseofintrinsic Chronology
Althoughthisdepositdoes representa transitionalphase betweenthe Hadrianic and the and in therangeofitsfineand coarsewares,it shouldnotbe Severan,bothstratigraphically
ROMAN POTTERY
244
taken as a closed group datable to a particularpoint within this period of years. A consideration bothofthequantityofresidualpiecesand ofthelatestfeatures, the particularly ribbedcoarsewareofSeverantype,as R2,13-14,suggestthatwe mayhave a spreadofwaresof thistransitional period,depositedperhapsquite late in the 2nd centuryA.D. Alsofoundin theselevels:lampsL99, 301,307-8, 333,388,395, 661,692; coinC110; faience debris V9-19; metalobjectsM191, 199,226,231,314-5, 324, 331,351,377,402; metallurgical M544; and bone E83-94; glassG70, 128, 166, 183, 191, 195, 277. Catalogue The ware fine
Fine slippedwares occurredin the followingproportions(of a total count of 190 pieces): E Sig A 4%, Italian as Knidian. Sigillata18%, E Sig B 21%, Çandarli 41%, local and unidentified 16%. One piece was identified The first threecategoriescan be regardedas largelyresidual.Thoughnonewerediscarded,theseare notincluded in thecatalogueexceptforfragments ofItalian reliefware,a stampedbase and twoprofiles ofE Sig B notpreserved elsewhere(R2,l-5). The Çandarliware is treatedmorefully. Italian reliefbowls,fourbodyfrs,perhapsfromthreebowls,D. (a/b) c. 20, (c) 7-10, (d) 9-12. All are Fabric2. (a) Vintagescene:head and torsoofmale figure,treadinggrapesin vineyard,claqueurin right hand; borderof spiralsabove. Mould almostidenticalto that of C2,l, but fabricquite different, (b) Similar;head and torsowithpartofvine to right;probablyfromsame bowl as (a), (c) Vine leaves,(d) Olive above mouldingwithgrooves. From I(S) 11 and 13. Mid 1stA.D. survivals,plate 209. Italiancup base fr,D. 4.1. Fabric2. StampinplantapedisMSIT. I (S) 13. 1stA.D. survival.See Y55. plate R2,2 124 no. 55. R2,3 bowl,rimand bodyfr,D. 18. Hard pinkishbuff,granular;littlemica; semilustrous Large hemispherical gloss,slightlymottledinside,scoredoutside.Late Italian? of thisware were found,all perhapssurvivalsby now. Representedare Forms R2,4-5 E Sig B 41 fragments 59,60,61,70,77and 80. The followingtwo profileshave not occurredin earlydeposits: 4 Shallowdish,D. 16. Profileexceptcentreoffloor.Flakingslip,pockedinside.Trace ofpoorrouletting on rim.Form61; later 1stcenturyA.D. 5 to Large dish,D. 29. Profileexceptcentreof floor.Pale, flakingmicaceousfabric;glossorange-brown black,burnt.Form 77; early2nd centuryA.D. R2,l
Çandarliware
In all 78 fragments werefound,and thoughlessthan50% ofthetotalslippedware in thesefills,thisis surelythe commonfineware in use in thisperiod.Most are in thelate fabric,dark plumred withmattred slipof thesame ofthelargebasin,FormHI, in a paler,moregranularfabric. colour;butincludedare threerimand base fragments Formsrepresented are HI (seven,see U 18-19), H2 (twenty-seven), H3 (sixteen),H4 (foursmallrimfrs,see U25). Two of thecommonformsare illustrated. R2,6 R2,7
Shallowdish rimfr,D. 19. Late fabric.Base restoredfromnon-joiningfr.FormH2. bowl,profile,D. 13. Late fabric.Lower rimthanRl,l. FormH3. Flangedhemispherical
Knidianware
R2,8
Relieflagynos,shoulderfr,D. 10-13. Pale brown,greyat thecore;lustrousand metallicchestnutbrown surface.Vine leafin relief.I(S) 13. plate 213.
Local slippedware
R2,9
R2,10 R2,l 1 R2,12
mattsurfacewithslipin and out,firedblotchy bowl,rimto nearbase,D. 14. Orange-buff; Hemispherical pale red and grey. mattblack paint,flaking.Residual. Thin-walleddish,profile,D. 25. Fine pale brown-buff; rim,rimto lowerbody,D. 32. Pale reddishbrown,greyat thecore;some Large bowl withoverhanging largegrits,micaceous.Traces of red slip,as E Sig B, insideand out. brightvermilionred to brown slip. Wheel marks Flagon, rim and neck fr,D. 6. Soft orange-buff; resembling groovesbeneathrim.
ROMAN POTTERY
245
Thin-walledcoarseware
R2,13 R2,14
Ribbedjar, profileexceptcentreof base, D. 9.5. Fine pale brownto grey;surfaceburnt. two withmattgrey Also foundin I(N) 12 Pit 3, frs.offourothers,D. 9-10, red-brownto brick-red, surface.Five othersfrompartsof thefill.Cf. S 1,5. surface,twowithpurplish-brown Ribbedjuglet,base of two,D. 3.3 and 4. Purplish-brown or red,firedgreyon outersurface.As S 1,6. Frs. offourothersin thefillof Rooms I, III and IV.
Coarseware
R2,15 R2,16
R2,17
R2,18 R2,19 R2,20 R2,21
Cookpotprofile,D. 19. Pale brownwithgreyoutsidesurface;lightlyribbed.Formas Rl,7. Rim and bodyfrs.of twoothers,bothD. 19. Body sherdsofa fourthwithmorepronouncedribbing, brilliantred fabric,firedgreyoutside. Casserole,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 22.5. Red-brown,firedgreyoutside.Sharp carination;ribbed below. A secondexample,near complete(67/P44),D. 20, in brighterred fabric,comesfromI(S) 11. Also found:frs.of threeothersin brownware,D. 20-21. silverand gold mica; pale red-brown Cookingdish,profile,D. 34. Red-browngritty; slipinside;bevelled above base outside.Pompeian-redware? Also rimfrs.oftwoothers,D. 28 and 29; one ribbed;bothburnt,and fora completeexamplesee U65, fromIV 2 (baulk), whichmay belonghere. firedgreyat outersurface;partlyburnt.No handlepreserved. Fryingpan profile,D, 29. Brick-red gritty, Ribbed. Two others,D. 30, withoutribbing. Lid fr,D. 25. Hard, pinkgranularunslipped.Firedpale greyat outeredge ofrim.N. African,LRP 208, Form 196A. Fire screen/brazier standfr,D. (base) c. 20, irregular;H (près). 7.5. Hard, brick-redto pink,grittywith some mica; greyat surface.About half of circumference preserved,includinga finishededge, foran opening,and air hole (D. 2) to leftof this.Trace of burningon theinside. Otherformsrepresented are thefollowing: trefoil jug, as D4,55, two rimto shoulderfrs,brick-redgrittywithmattgreysurface. Ribbed amphora,as S 1,9,handle and rim,D. 4.5. flakydark-brownware fullof tinyparticlesof mica; at surface;the handle of anotherfromRoom III fill. grey-black
Plain ware
R2,22 R2,23
somemica; firedcreamto whiteat surface;wetsmoothed. Utilitybowl profile,D. 30. Hard pinkish-red, Profileof a second,D. 37; softorangefabric,cream-buff at surface. Pithoidjar, rim to shoulderfr,D. 27.5. Pale sandy buff,whiteslip. Grooved decorationon neck of intersecting wavylines.
Otheropen shapesrepresented are: smalllids (two),thebucket(handlefr.in orangefabric)as R 1,12, and pedestal bowlsas Cl,73 (two). Closedshapesincludethebaggyjug, as R 1,11 (frs.ofeight,mostwhiteware,one orange-buff, one yellow);flagonrim,as R2,12, and amphorae- rimfrs.ofeight,all narrowmouthed,sixwiththickenedrim,D. thickenedand markedoffbya groove,D. c. 5 and 6.5, cf. 7-10, as D4,68,inwhiteware;twowithcollarrim,slightly D4,67
'Deposit5R3 - material fromotherlate 2nd A.D. contexts PLATES186, 217.
I. Lyingon the paved surfaceof the road, and representing the latestperiodofits use as a before blocked about the of the 3rd centuryA.D., was founda throughway, being beginning smallgroupofverysimilarcharacter(VI 5). The occurrenceofR3,2 and 3 suggestthatthisfill belongsto theveryend of the 2nd centuryA.D. Included also were lamps L295, 353, 460, 531, 591, 601, 633; coins G21, 61, 78?, 173 (AntoninusPius); terracottas TC80-1; metalM210, 230, 236; and bone E95-8. The finewarewas all Çandarli,exceptforthreeresidualpieces(E Sig A and Italiansigillata)
246
ROMAN POTTERY
and R3,3-4. The ÇandarliincludesFormsHI (sixexamples),H2 (two),H3 (seven),H4 (five) and H5 (one possiblerimfr,D. 10). The following are noted,to supplementthematerialofDepositsRl and 2. R3,l R3,2 R3,3 R3,3a
Hemisphericalbowl 67/P247,profile,D. 9.1. Late fabric.Clumsilygrooved.TransitionalfromL19-H3. crimsonslip. Dish profile(non-joining frs.)D. 23. Ratherpure,plumred;a littlesilvermica; thin-walled; FormH4, commonin early3rd A.D. deposits. Lid rimfr,D. 37. Hard, dark red granular;lustrousorange-redslip on theoutside;rimfiredpale grey. N.Africanred-slipware,LRP Form 182 (later2nd - mid 3rd A.D.). Vault pin,head fr.D.(disc) 9, (stem)4.5. Local clay. Main sectionofpin and terminaldisc missing.See discussionunderU165. plate 217.
The coarsewareincludesfragments oflids,cookpots,cookingdishesand oinochoai,as DepositR2; theplainware are ribbedor grooved. is veryscrappy,but it is worthnotingthatmost(c.78%) of thefragments
II. Fromthesouthwestyard,overlyingtheTrajanic pit (DepositTl) come thefollowing: R3,4
R3,5
Knidian reliefbowl 67/P249,rimto lowerbody,D. 12. Pale brownfabricwitha fewlimegrits,slightly micaceous.Matt orange-brown slip insideand out,worn.Mould made; designofvinesborderedabove and below by grooves;traceofsimilar(?) mouldeddesignbelow carination.Cf. LRP 412; SpitzerD.C. xi 1942,162-92.Joiningfrs.ofthisvase werefoundin theupperlevelsabove (IX 2). plate 213. Hesperia Fish plate 67/P134,L(pres). 25.5, L(rest). 30, W(est). 20; about one third.Hard lightred clay, rather a typefrom slip,flaking.Two fishin reliefon thefloor,rosettebeneath.Local, imitating pure,red-brown thePonticRegion (Hayes). Joiningfrs.fromVII 1-4, IX 6 and themake-upofthecourtfloor(I(S) 8), whoseuse was of Severandate, plate 217.
Also fromthe make-upof the courtfloor(I 7 and 8) and perhapspre-datingits use in the Severanperiod: R3,6
PonticSigillata(?),small rectangulardish fr.67/P264,H. 2.2, l(pres). 4.6. Fine red-brownwithgood orange-brown gloss.Low ringfoot(rectangular);ridgebetweengroovesaroundfloor.Flat rim,slightly raised,withthreegroovesand mouldedfloraldecoration,plate 217.
North House Room III, Deposit SI (Severan, - early 3d century A.D.) plates 187-9,218,220. The latestphase ofoccupationon thissiteis bestrepresented by a smallgroupfoundin the corner(III 1 snd2), see plan NorthHouse on and overthefloorofRoom III, in thenortheast were in on the floor plate Found situ at 22(b). SI, 1-5, 10, 14, 17-18, 20-23. of beneaththe 1967surface,or terminus The fillin Room III was encountered immediately the 1942excavation,and consistedofloosegreyishearthwithbuildingdebris- charcoal,wall plaster,marbleslab fragments and much brokenpottery.This fill,along with the floor or fromhastyabandonment a minorand localiseddestruction, from have resulted deposit,may and subsequentbuildingcollapse;elsewherein the buildingthe latestlevelsratherindicate at thesouthofthesite.Fromthefill structures abandonment,as do thosein thecontemporary ofRoom III come Sl,7-9, 11-13, 15-16, 19, 25, 27 and 31. waste thisfillwas continuouswitha tipofash,charcoaland metallurgical Stratigraphically outsidethe thresholdin thestreetto theeast; one jug (Sl,6) and severalamphorafragments debrisis M581-600. (Sl,24 and 26, 28-30) fromhereare included;the metallurgical Thus Deposit SI (SI, 1-30) consistsof the Room III floordepositalong withthe material fromthefilllyingoverthisin Room III and extendingthroughthedoorintothestreetto the east; theseare treatedas one unit. The samefloorcontinuedto thewestintoRoom II, whichcontainedonlyscrappymaterial,
ROMAN POTTERY
247
abandonmentratherthandestruction and to thesouthintoRooms IV and V, whichsuffered and werepartiallyerodedaway at thislevel.Piecesfromthelatterarea and fromthecourtfloor to thewestare listedwithDepositS2 (nos. U3, U37 and U53b) and formpartoftheevidence forthelatestoccupationof thesebuildings. The chronology of thedeposit
DepositSI bearsa generalresemblanceto theVilla Dionysusfloordepositsand to thetopfills in theRoyal Road (North)(Hayes). It shouldthenbe approximately withthese contemporary 3rd The considerations that it should be (late2nd/early A.D.). following suggest placedearlyin the3rdcenturyA.D., closertoAgoraGroupJ (early3rdA.D.) thanto GroupK (mid/late3rd A.D.). The Çandarli bowls,Sl,l and 2, are a standardearly3rd centuryA.D. shape; Sl,3 imitatinga 2nd A.D. E Sig B dishshape (Form60) is a longlivedformand notout ofplace in theearly3rdcentury.The ribbedmicaceousjars, Sl,4 and 5, findparallelsin AgoraGroupK, thejuglet S 1,6 in Agora GroupJ. The commonfrying pan SI, 10 is a long-lived2nd century but does not occur as late as the Herulian whereas theflat-rimmed levels, type, typeSI, 11 is the 3rd The absence of African Red ware of the fine('LRA') already centurytype(Hayes). slip common after c. also a indicates date 240-250 before the mid 3rd A.D., variety, century.The coin evidence,C182-3 (330-335 A.D.), also pointsto a date in the 2nd quarterof the 3rd centuryA.D. OtherfindsincludedlampsL129, 232, 297, 322-3, 416, 422?,425, 434, 441, 457, 469, 474, 480, 520, 565, 594, 615; coins C166, 174 (AntoninusPius), 182 (ConstantiusII), 183 (Constans);objectsin bone E99; metalM221, 319, 363; the metallurgicaldebrisM581-600; glassG242, 297A. Catalogue Çandarliware
S 1,1 Sl,2
Large dish67/P151,D. 36. About twothirds.Hard redfabric,smallflecksofsilvermica,darkerredslip. Scratchmarkon floorabove foot.FormH4. Small dish profile67/P148,D. 22. As no. 1. Wornand chipped. Also found:profileof a third,D. 18.5. OtherÇandarliformswererepresented in thefillabove thefloorand outsidethethreshold byfragments as follows(24 frs.):HI (one, D. 34), H2 (two,D. 17 and 22), H3 (6 bases), H5 (one, D. 11).
Otherslippedware
S 1,3
Dish 67/P145,D. 26.5. About one half.Hard brownishred fabric;somesilvermica; good red-brownto maroonslip, slightlymetallicwherethickest.Two grooves;slightledge at junctionof wall and floor. ImitatingE Sig B dish shape, Form60.
Thin-walledcoarseware
S 1,4 SI, 5 S 1,6 S 1,7 S 1,8
Ribbedjar 67/P30,H. 9.4. Intact.Hard-fired red,micaceousclay;surfacepurple-brown inside,greenishgreyoutside.One-handled.Cf. AgoraK103 (mid 3rd A.D.). Ribbedjar 67/P25,H. 9.3. Intact.As no. 4, butfiredgreythroughout, and withouthandle.Cf.AgoraK101 (mid 3rd A.D.). From thefillcame fiveothers(threenear complete),H. 9.5-10; also thefollowing: Ribbedjuglet67/P29,H. 11.9. Aboutthreequarters.Hard red,gritty clay,withsomemica,firedpurplebrowninside,greyoutsideabove stackingline. Cf. AgoraJ43 (2nd-early3rd A.D.) Otherjuglets(a) Rim and handlefr,D. 5.7. Hard red,firedgreyat surface;glossyblackslipoutside,rough fr.comesfromthecourtfloor,I(N) 8. (b) Rim fr,D. 7. Hard pink, (cf.blisterware). A second,non-joining firedpale greyoutside.Formas S 1,7a. (c) Rim fr,D. 9. Pale brown,firedpale greyoutside.Higherlip. Mug withwhiteslip decoration,base fr,D. 3. Hard red,firedgreyoutsideabove stackingline. Dots in applied white.Cf. AgoraM 147. plates 220 and 193(withDeposit U).
ROMAN POTTERY
248 S 1,9
A rimfr.withcollaredneck,as U33b, also occurredin thisdeposit. Thin-walled,ribbedamphora,neckto base frs,notjoining,D(max). 20, H (rest).44.5. Hard, darkbrown fabric,micaceousand flaky;greysurface.Cf. AgoraJ47. plate 220. Frs. of two othersalso foundin thisdeposit.For rimtypesof thisware see U60-61.
Coarseware
S 1,10 S 1,11 S 1,12 S 1,13
S 1,13a S 1,14 SI, 15 SI, 16
Fryingpan 67/P153,D. 27. Made up complete.Hard, light-redgrittyclay; pinkto greysurface;burnt. Screwhandle.Trace ofpotter'ssignaturebeneath,plate 220. Cf.AgoraGl 15 (2nd and Pearly3rdA.D.). withdarkand whitegrits,somemica; red-brown Cookingdish,D. 30. Aboutone half.Coarsered-brown, slip insideand overrim;burnt.Pompeian-redware? Also found:frs.of threeothers,D. 27-29. Lid, brokenaway at rim,D (rest). 18. Heavy, grey-brown gritty. darkgreyto greengranular;gold and silvermica. Well made; smooth Lid, knobonly,D. 3.4. Hard-fired, outersurface. in one fabricfiredgreyat thesurface;spoutpinchedtightly, Trefoiljugs; rimsand necksoftwo;brick-red case touching.Cf. D 1,9. somemica; pale brownsurface;slightribbingbelow Casserole67/P147,D. 21. Aboutone half.Brick-red, XIV 139 no. K233 pl. 40, dated 3rd A.D. carination.Cf. Pergamon Also found:frs.offourothers. Cookpotrimfrs,D. 19.5. Hard red;greyoutersurface;largeflecksofgold mica. Rim turneddown,slight ribbing. Also found:frs.of twoothers. pale redsurface;silverand gold mica. Thickevertedrim;external Cookpotrimfr,D. 15. Hard brick-red; groove.
Plainware Platter67/P150,D. 40. Aboutone half.Softorange-buff clay,buffslip. Crudelymade; undersiderough; 51. 17 paringmarkson wall. clay,whitishouter 51. 18 Straightsidedutilitybowl67/P146,D. 34.5. Made up complete.Soft,pale orange-buff undersideleftrough.Slightribbinginside. surface;wet-smoothed; Also found:largefrs.ofa secondsimilarfromthefloordeposit(67/P149),and twoothersfromthefill and withoutgrooveson the rim). (one havinghorizontalhandleswiththumbimpression, S 1,19 clay. Two wavylinesincisedon rim utilitybowl,D. 46. About one half.Fine cream-buff Straight-sided betweengrooves. Otheropen shapesin plain creamware includecensersand bucket.Decoratedrimfrs.oftwocensers,one with D. 35, cf.D5,l-2. Bucket,handleand wall fr,D. 22 at roulettedrim,D. 34, one withpie crustand rouletting, flaring handle;hard pinkclay; incisedwavyline. Cf. Rl,12. Stamnosbase to neck67/P26D(max). 17,H(rest). 28. Soft,pale buffclay;incisedwavyline;wheelridge marks. Sl,21-31 Amphorae.Nos. 22-25, 27-29 and 30(?) appear to be oflocal fabric. S 1,21 Table amphora67/P155,H. 42. Completeexceptone handle and floor.Hard pinkishred, micaceous; creamsurface.Broad cylindricalneck.Slightwheelridging.Cf. AgoraM 177 (2nd and 3rd A.D.) slip. Base nipplein depression. 51.22 Amphora67/P154,H. 41.5. About one half.Softbuffclay, cream-buff Pronouncedribbingon shoulder.Cf. AgoraG197 (2nd A.D.) and M102 (early3rd A.D.). VilD type2. rim.Ware as 51.23 Amphora67/P152,rimto shoulderand bodyfrs,D(max). 30, H(rest). 65. Shortneck,offset Sl,22. S 1,24 Rim to shoulder,D. 6. Pinkishclay firedcreamat the surface;smoothed.Straightlip, slopinghandles, slightridging.As S 1,22. neck;thickenedlip; vertical S 1,25 Rim,neckand handlesfr,D. 8.4. Hard pinkwithwhiteslip.Tall cylindrical handles. S 1,26 Rim and handlefrs,D. 15. Hard pink,whiteand dark grits,somemica; whiteslip. S 1,27 Rim and handle fr,D. 20. Cream ware,core slightlybuff;small brownand whitegrits;wet-smoothed surface.Heavy rolledrim;heavyhandle applied beneathrim.Cf. VilD type15. littlegrit;smoothedsurface.Rolled rim,shortribbed S 1,28 Rim,neckand shoulderfr,D. 11. Pale orange-buff; neck,slopinghandles.
Sl,20
ROMAN POTTERY S 1,29 S 1,30 S 1,31
249
Rim and neckfr,D. 9.5. Dark yellow-buff withcreamslip; softfired.Sleeve rim;ribbedneck,as S 1,28. Also found:twootherexamples,one in thesame fabric,one withpinkclay and whiteslip. Rim fr,D. 24. Lightred,firedcreamat thesurface.Some whitegritand mica. Smoothedsurface.Broad conicalmouth,chamferedrimwithridgeat outeredge. VilD type18. Rim and neck,D. 7. Hard darkredwithwhiteand blackgrits,surfacepink.Small mouthwithgrooveand ridgebelow;long narrowneck,ridged.Handles riseabove rim. VilD type37 (A86).
'Deposit' S2 - other late 2nd/early3rd century A.D. material a decisionwas made to markand amalgamateall Earlyin theworkofprocessingthepottery, thematerialfromthe86 upperlevels- all thoseconsideredat the timeto overlieand hence post-datethelatestbuildings- and thismaterialis now conveniently presentedin summary formas DepositU. However,theselevelswereto someextentstratified, and therewas a late 3rd A.D. horizon over much of the often as a 2nd early site, extending plain earthlevel,in to isolateand hard to recognize. places difficult It is thepurposeofthissectiontoidentify someofthesecontextsand tolistand briefly discuss thematerialderivingfromthem,whereit has a chronological forthefinalphaseof significance occupationin varioussectorsof theexcavatedarea. Thereare fourmainsectors.Firstis theNorthHouse,wherean apparentdestruction deposit in and adjacentto Room III has been takenseparatelyas DepositSI, but whoseotherrooms seemto have suffered abandonment.Second,an earthlevelstretched overmostofthecentral and westernpartofthesite,level2 in mosttrenches; levelVII 2-4 containeda substantialand evidentlyhomogeneouspotterydeposit,which incidentallyalso provideda join with the abandonmentlevel ofNorthHouse Room V (level V 2), see SectionC no. 2. Third,at the southa smallarea ofhousefloorsurvivedunerodedin theSouthwestHouse (Room I, XIII 3 and 29-30; SectionA no. 2), whileat thesoutheastare thewell-preserved floorsoftheHouse of Diamond Frescoes,whichis howeverto be dated ratherearlier,in thelate 2nd centuryA.D. 1. FromtheabandonedroomsoftheNorthHouse cometheÇandarlibowlU21 (Rm V), part oftheslippeddishU36 (Rm V), decoratedmugfragment U53b (Court),cookingdishU64 (Rm IV), and amphoraeU127 and 133 (Court) and U157 (Rm IV). See also R3,5-6 (Courtfloormake-up). 2. From the fielddeposit (VII 2-4) come the North Africanred-slipware Ul and U6, ÇandarliU18a,b and U26 (also examplesoftheotherÇandarliformsH2-5), theKnidian U31, local slippedwareU34 and U36 (part),pithoidjar U102, and amphoraeU144, 154, 158-9, withamphorastandU159. 3. FromtheSouthwestHouse, at theerodededgeofthesurviving patchoffloor,comethejar U39, fromthefilloverthefloorU58 (71/P203),whilesetin thefloorwas theamphorabase U132. 4. On thefloorof theHouse ofDiamond Frescoeswas thejar U105. Other findsassociatedwiththesedepositsare as follows:lamps L50, 69-70, 115, 126, 193, 227-8, 230, 237, 243, 288, 307, 355bis, 366bis, 415, 421, 454-5, 512, 516, 524, 568, 616, 620, 659, 679, 696; coinsC9, 96, 140, 142, 161, 164, 172, 178 (Lucilia), 180 (ConstantiusII, 318 TC47, 79, 86-7; objectsin stoneS52-4; clay K35-6; faienceV20; bone A.D.); terracottas E100-109; and metalM188, 190, 195, 209, 212, 258-9, 317, 329-30, 335, 381, 388-9; glass G52, 80-1, 97, 100, 111, 121, 178, 182, 194, 206, 230, 241, 247, 260, 276, 308.
250
ROMAN POTTERY
Deposit U (Upper levels)
plates 190-9,217-22. Wash levelshad accumulatedovertheentiresite,deepestin thesoutheastand east,wherethe lateRoman buildingswereterracedrightdownontotheMinoan,and in thecentraleastarea, - shallowestin thenortheastbeneaththe 1942excavations.The potteryfrom86 upperlevels, as excavated,was markedwith area and level numberand then amalgamatedto forma thefinalSeveranoccupation substantialgroup.This willincludeall thematerialpost-dating material of Severandate (see discussion it will also include a certain amount of disturbed levels; underDepositS2); thereare also someearlierpiecesre-deposited by theprocessesoferosion, in thestratigraphy here and othersincludeddue to uncertainty (e.g. U65). All thisis presented in summaryform,withthedoublepurposeofpublishingthelatestmaterialon thesite,and of sometypesnotfoundin otherdeposits.In addition,forsomewaresa widerrangeis illustrating available in thislargergroup:thisapplies especiallyto Çandarli ware,and some plain ware typessuch as amphorae,whoserangeand varietyat Knossosis itselfofsomeinterest. Catalogue The ware fine
There was a totalcountof 1,542pieces (including21 cataloguedpots) ofsigillataor similarslippedwares.These occurredin thefollowing 16.5%, NorthAfrican Çandarli42%, E Sig B 17%, local and unidentified proportions: red-slipware 14%, Italian5%, E Sig A 4%, Cypriotor Pontic1%, and Knidian0.5%. Threesherdswereidentified as Late Roman 'C ware.Of thesecategoriestheLate Roman 'C, theNorthAfricanred-slipand theÇandarliwares are describedand illustrated(Ul-27) plates 190-1 and 219, as are a fewunusualpiecesofCypriotand Knidian ware (U28-33) plates 192and 219. The restare ignoredas beingeitherresidual(E Sig A, E Sig B) or notusefulin thiscontext(local and unidentified). All, however,exceptfeatureless bodysherdswerekeptand are storedin the Museum.For stampedsherdsfromtheselevels,see Y5, 8, 13, 20, 22, 26, 50. Stratigraphical NorthAfricanred-slipware plates 190, 219
in thethickerwalledpieces.It has a slipof This warehas characteristically fabric,granularor gritty hard,light-red thesame colour,tendingto orange;thickand glossy.It is fullydescribedby Hayes in LRP. Our piecesare listedin orderfollowingtheLRP typologyofforms. Carinatedbowl rimfr.67/P269,D. c. 22. Form8A. Rim rouletted;internalgrooves.One otherexample. Ul Residual. Bowl rimfr.67/P270,D. 9. Form 14C. Fine, hard fabric.Wheel marks. U2 Dish 67/P3,D. 24. Profileexceptcentreoffloor.Form27. Threegrooves.Greycore;surfaceslightly U3 pimply. Dish 67/P271,D. c. 28. Profileexceptfloor.Form31,4. U4 U5 Large bowl rimfr.67/P237A,D. 36. Form45A. Rouletted.Large bowl base fr.67/P237B,D. 6. Froma similarbut smallerexample. U6 Large bowls,rimand base frs.oftwosimilar,67/P272A,B,D. 24 and c. 8.5. Grooveon rim.Roulettedrim and floor. U7 Large dish67/P79,D. 29. Profileexceptfloor.Form50A. Mid 3rd A.D. U8 67/P272as U7, D. 26. Form50A/B.A moreslenderform.4th A.D. U9 67/P23as U7, D. 37. Form50B. Outsideslippedforonly2cm. below rim.Late 4th A.D. Dish rimfr.67/P276,D(est). 25. Form58. Grooveon rim. U10 Dish rimfr.67 P274, D(est). 28. Form58. Two grooveson rim. Uli U12a,b Dish, base and rimfrs.of two,67/P277A,B,D(rest). 15.5 and 17.5. Form 59B. Slightstep underbase, grooveand ridgeon floor;two grooveson rim. U13a,b Dish 67/P275A,B,base fr,D. 11, rimfr,D. 30. Form59B. Stamp and grooveon floor,groovesbeneath. Rim ridges.4th centuryA.D. c Bodyfr.withverticalgrooves,Form59A (2nd half4th A.D.) plate 219. Dish rimfr.67/P278,D(est). 30. Form61A. U14 U15 Jug body fr.67/P279,D(max). c. 10. Form 171. Olive sprayappliqué.
ROMAN POTTERY
251
Late Roman(Ci (Phocaean)
U16 U17
Dish rimfr.67/P280A,D(est). 24. Form1. Hard light-red, gritty; orange-redslipinside,outsidesurfacedull red,unslippedwithscratchmarks. Dish rimfr.67/P280B,D(est). 36. Form2. Hard dark-redfabric,slip ofsame colour,worn.
ÇandarH ware plate 191
All have thelate fabric:deep brownishredwithsilverand gold mica (muscoviteand biotite),good redglossinside, in fragmentary dull outsidewithwheelmarks.Hayes FormsH 1-5 are represented state (by a countof bases) in thefollowing approximately quantities:Form 1, about 15; Form2, about 38; Form3, about 37; Form4, about 50; Form5 (froma rimcount) about 15. For typologyand discussion,see LRP 318-322 and Fig. 64. U18 U19 U20 U21 U22 U23 U24 U25 U26 U27
Large conical bowls. Form 1. (a) rimfr.67/P45,D. 44. (b) base fr.67/P267,D. 13. One saggermark preserved. Large conical bowl. Form 1. Base 76/P246,D. 9.8. Three saggermarks.Marked carination.A less broad material). example,withsteepersides.Cf. VilD 2 (destruction Shallowdish profile67/P12,D. 19. Plain rim.Knifeparingmarkson outside.Form2. Shallowdish profile67/P46,D. 19. Rim slightlythickened;slightgrooveon floor.Form2. IV(N) 2. Shallowdish profile67/P20,D. 19.5. Thickenedrim.Form2. Hemisphericalflangedbowl 71/P249,D. 13. Profile.Form 3. Hemisphericalflangedbowl,profile;a smallerversion,D. 7. Dish 67/P67,profileexceptfloor,D. 23. Form4. Dish 67/P38,D. 37. Made up complete.Knifeparingmarkson outside,heavywheelmarksinsidefoot.Floor scratchedfromuse; undersidepocked. Bowl withuprightwall, rimfr,D. 15. Slightcarinationon lowerbody. Form5.
Ponticand Cypriotsigillata plates 192, 219
U28
U29 U30
Shallowbowl rimfr,D. 13. Fine red fabricand gloss,metallicwheredarker.Ponticsigillata,cf.Kenrick 387.1 and 2. Shallowdish rimfr,D. 16. Rouletted.Cypriotsigillata,EAA Form4B. 1stA.D. survival. Krater(a) rimfr,D. 10.5. Pinkto red fabricwithsomelimegrits;pale red mattslip inside,glossyyellowbrownoutside.Thickrimwithgroovededge.Ridgebelowrimwithsinglelineofrouletting. Cypriotsigillata EAA Form40, and cf.K385. (b) base fr,D. 5. Spreadingringfoot.Rouletting.Fromthisor a similarform. (c) Also two body frs.plate 219.
Knidianreliefware plates 192, 219
U31
U32 U33
Lagynos67/P262,shoulderfr,D. 23. Hard pinktogreyfabric;blackslipoutsidewithmattsurface.Moulded decorationofvine leaves on shoulder.2nd A.D. Jugfr.67/P248,partofone plasticwingonly,7.8 x 3.9. Hard pinkfabric,slightly gritty; lightredslip,worn. Paterarimfr.67/P260,D (est). 20. Hard, pale-brownfabric,greyat thecore;lightredsliptendingto brown inside.Moulded withverticalgroovesoutside.Imitatesmetaltype,cf.Agora M 209. Early 2nd A.D.
Localfineware plates 192, 219
The following have thelocal pinkor brown-buff to marooncolour.Theyare fabric,withmattslipofpale red-brown soft-fired. comparatively U34 U35 U36 U37
Bowl rimand handlefr.67/P261,D (est). 11. Poor light-redmattsurface.Moulded, withpeal decoration; partofapplied horizontalhandle at rim.Local imitationof Knidian? (Hayes), plate 219. Shallow dish 71/P251,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 13. Dark red-browninside,lighterand splodgy inside.ImitatingÇandarli FormH4. Flat baseddish67/P68,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 22. Pale red-brown. Slightstepat startofwall; knife paringmarksoutside. Flat based dish 67/P69,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 26. Matt pale red-brownslip exceptunderside. Pronouncedstepinside;threebroad grooveson floor;two scratchgroovesbeneath.Incurvingrim.
Thin-walledcoarseware
Included in thiscategoryare examplesof the commonsmalljar, usuallyribbed,of Severan type (U39-50), a numberofdecoratedpieces (mostlysurvivals)and a fewlesscommonforms(U38, 58-62).
252
ROMAN POTTERY
Deep basinfrs.71/P271,rimand body,threefrs.notjoining.D.(rim) 33, body21-27. Lightredclay,gritty, hard-fired; pale buffslipoutside,darkbrownpaintinside,on rimand splashedoutside.XV 1. Restoredwith non-localware? base fr,D. 17, fromII 2a. RestoredH. c. 30. Cf. VilD 117, a hard-fired, thin-walled, Hard redgritty fabricwithlimeparticles;roughpale Smallribbedjar 71/P60,D. 9.4. Aboutthree-quarters. U39 greysurface.As Sl,5. XIII 29. U40-44Ribbedjars, rimfrs,D. 9-12. Fabric as U39, witha widercolourrange,varyingwiththefiring;thesefive piecesare pale greywithpinkcore,dark grey,reddishgrey,dark red and pinkrespectively. Frs.ofabout 16otherexampleswerefound,abouthalfgreyand helflightredtomaroon.The rimprofiles, all everted,rangefroma nearverticalto a near horizontalangle,witheitherslenderor thickenedlip. The mostcommonformis thatof U42. see Sl,6-7. Of 36 basesofthisand the U45-50 Ribbed and unribbedjugs,rimfrs.ofabout 12,D. 7-9; forprofiles nos. 46-48 withribbing,nos. relatedmug form,12 showribbing,24 not. Six base profilesare illustrated, 49-50 without.Diameterrange2.6-3.8.; fabricand colourrangeas fornos. 40-44. Oftenthelowerbody Smalldrainageholeat and base are firedpink,wheretherestofthevesselis grey,due to thestackingeffect. the base of U48. U51-52 Unribbedjars, rimfrs.oftwo,D. 12 and 12. Fabric and colouras U40. No. 52 showsrimprofileturned down below thehorizontal. U53-57 Mugs withwhiteslip decoration.Fabric and colouras nos. 40-44. plate 19. Rim fr,D. 6. Flaringlip, collarridge,traceoffloraldecoration. 53a Rimfr.ofa similarexample,D. 6.5. Double collarridge.Undecorated.I(N) 8, Severancourt;floorcontent. 53b 54-56 Bodyfrs.withfloraldecoration;whiteon red or brownsurface.Base, D. 3.1. Singlerowofdots,whiteon grey. U58 Bowl rimfr,D. 11. Pale brown,gritty; roughsurface.Broad evertedrim;collarridge.Residual (late HL?). U59 Strainer,bodyfr.Hard grey,withroughsurface. U60 Amphora,rimand neck,D. 4.8. Hard red micaceous.Cylindricalneckwithsmalltriangularlip. U61 Flask/jugrimand neck,D. 7.6. Hard brown,litlemica; smoothgreysurface.Broad evertedlip. Also foundwerethe bases of threeribbedamphorae,of brownmicaceousfabric,as S 1,9. U62 Jug rimfr,D. 12. Hard red withwhitegrits,some mica. Rough red to greysurface.XIV 20. U38
Coarseware
in catalogueforma largebodyofmaterial,illustrating An attemptis made heretosummarise onlya few,mostlylate notedtypes.An estimateis made undereach type or fortheirvariationfrompreviously formsfortheirowninterest found. of thenumberofvases represented by thefragments burnt.Crudelymade,warped.Slightribbing.The knobis Lid 67/P28,D. 19.8.Complete.Hard red,gritty; U63 formedby a crudecylindricalprojection.Cf. Agora K107 (mid 3rd A.D.). made and symmetrical Frs.ofabout 19 others,grittyred or brown,heavyand clumsy.One is carefully withdisc knob,as N2,32; threesmallerwithdepressionon knob,as A 1,14. Abouthalf.Slightridgeon insideat startofwall; corresponding U64 Fryingpan 71/P252,D. 31. Straight-sided. grooveat outsideangle. Frs.ofabout 12 otherexamples(tenwithscrewhandles),D. range25-31 (mostc. 30). Some have slightly flaringprofileas SI, 10. Hard dark-brown,grittyfabric,many with pink and whitegrits;some have fabric;mostare partlyburnt.Thick walled,insidesmoothed. greenish-grey U65 Broadcookingdish67/P74,D. 35. High angledrimwithslightridge;twoconcentric ridgeson underside.IV 2 baulk; perhapsbelongingwiththelater2nd A.D. fill.Cf. R2,17. Frs. ofabout 16 others,D. range23-26. Fabric as U64. U66-68 Cookingdisheswithflangedrim,profilesexceptcentreoffloor. Small dish,D. 13. Ratherfinered-brownfabric.Residual (late HL?). 66 Ribbed dish67/P15,D. 20. Dark brownto black. 4th-5thA.D. (JWH) 67 68 Heavilyribbeddish67/P255,D. 23.5. Coarseredwithmanywhiteand somebrowngrits;somemica.Partof potter'ssignatureon underside-NOY. plate 220. Base fr.of anotherwiththesame potter'ssignature,plate 220. 68a U69-72 Cookingdisheswithcurvingwall and interiorred slip; Pompeian-redware; profilesexceptfloor.Coarse grittyfabric. Dish fr,D. 27. Hard brownto grey;burnt.Rough exterior,red-brownslip inside. 69 70 Dish fr,D. 33.5. Ribbed. Dark greyto black; red slip insideand overrim.
ROMAN POTTERY
253
Dish fr,D. 28. Thick,overhanging lip. Light-redto brownclay withdarkand whiteinclusions,occasional flecksofmica; burnt.Red-brownslip insideand over rim. 72 tinyflecksofmica; blackened Largedishfr,D. c. 45. Grittyorange-redclaywithdarkand whiteinclusions, inside. thick red-brown micaceous exterior; slip rough Also found:frs.offiveothers. U73 Casserole,rimto lowerbody,D. 20. Hard brown,gritty;roughgreysurface.Rim turneddown as S 1,15. Frs.offourothers,D. 18-24; one has hardgritty, outside,creaminside.Eight pinkfabricfiredblue-grey otherswithraisedrimprofile,as S 1,14, D. 16-25. U74 Cookpot67/P76,D. 15. About one half.Ribbed; flaringrim,thickenedas S 1,4. Frs. ofabout 15 others,D. range 12-28. All have hard red or greyfabricwithsmallwhitegrits;rough surface,usuallygreyor blue-grey;one red,one withyellowsurface(slipped?). with small whitegrits;roughblue-greyouter surface. U75 Cookpot rim fr,D. 27. Hard, dark grey-brown Ribbed; overhangingrimas S 1,16. Frs. ofone other,D. 13. withwhitegrits.Ribbed; rimabove horizontal,as Rl,7. U76 Cookpotrimfr,D. 22. Hard orange-brown U77 Flanged cookpotrimfr,D. 23. Hard, grey-brown gritty;greyto black core; burntsurface.Pronounced ribbing;flaringrimwithinternalridge.4th A.D. (Hayes). II 2A. Cf. VilD 126 nos. 94, 98. Frs. of two others,D. 19 and 23. XIII 28 and II(N) 1. U78a-e Frs.ofa varietyofothertypes:threeunflangedas Tl,9; one withflangeas D5,63-5 and 66d-f;thesemay all be 2nd A.D. survivals;one withincurvingrim. U79 Trefoiljugs,frs.of 18 (cf.D 1,9;D4,55). Hard and ratherpurebrick-red fabric;roughsurface,in threecases at the ofthesame redcolour,but mostmetallicgreywitha greenor bluishtinge.The lip is pinchedtightly has an as is and on one internal (which groove, D4,55) touching. spout, example 71
Plain ware
in catalogueforma largebodyofmaterial,whichincludesa greatvarietyof Againan attemptis made tosummarise and a countofvesselsrepresented in fragments is given.The fabricis withinthenormallocal range,orangeto forms; unlessotherwisenoted. cream-buff, U80
Largeplatter67/P42,D. 40. Aboutone half.Softorange-buff clay,self-slip. Rough underside,pocked;knife paringmarksoutsideon wall. Cf. S 1,17. U81,81a Largestraight-sided bowls,frs.ofabout42, D. range30-40. Local fabricvaryingfromsoft-fired orangeto buffor cream.22 have groovedrims,10 have plain rims,tenhave incisedwavylines (fromone to three, oftenbetweengrooves),in two cases also on thefloor,plate 221. Cf. S 1,19. U82-88 Bowlsand censerswithpie-crustrim,frs.of 12, D. 21-40. plate 221. Small bowl 67/P282,D. 21. Profile.Rim groovedand notched.Cream ware. 82 83 Bowl rimfr,D. c. 30. Heavy thickenedrim. Bowl rimfr,D. c. 40. Red wash on rim. 84 85 Censerrimfr,D. 30. Red to black wash insideand out. 86 Censerrimfr,D. 35. 87 Censerrimfr,D. 30. Pie crust,notches,impressedcircles. 88 Large censer(?), rimfr,D. 40. Triple grooves. Also found:frs.ofsevensmallpedestalbowlsas C 1,33-36.Residual? U89-93 Miscellaneoussmallbowlsetc. Local fabric. 89 Bowl rimfr,D. 18. Flat groovedrim,traceofred wash. 90 Bowl rimfr,D. 14. Softorange-buff; overhangingrim. 91 Bowl,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 10. Cream ware. 92 Dish, profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 25. Softorange. 93 Bowl rimfr,D. 13.5. Hard pinkwithwhiteslip. Barbotinedecoration,plate 221. XIII 28. U94-96 Lids. Local fabric,plate 221. 94 Lid, D. 7.8. Sandy micaceouswithbuffslip. Crude form,commonin coarseware. 94a Lid fr,D(rest). 13.5. Flanged. 95 Lid fr,D. 15. Flanged. 96 Lid fr,D. 18. As U95, but withgroovesand incisedwavyline. U96-106 Jars,storagejars, basinsetc. 97 Ribbed jar rimfr,D. 10. Grittypinkwithyellowslip. Overhangingrim. 97a Frs. of5 otherswiththisprofileor thickenedflaringrim.
254
ROMAN POTTERY
Bucketwithinteriorgriphandle,rimfr,D. 28. Cream ware. Rim profileas S 1,11. Frs. of5 similar.Churnor vomitbowl?.A commontypein theVilla Dionysus;cf. VilD 173. 99 Early Christianchafer,body fr,D. c. 15. Hard pink; cream slip. Decorationof cut out diamonds(and and incisedfloraldesign,plate 221. triangles?), withsmoothyellowslip;ribbed.Interiorscratched 100 Beehivekalathosrimfr,D. 23, and bodyfrs.Pinkgritty and grooved,plate 221. Tub withhorizontalside handles;frs.of5, D. 30-35. As Rl,12. 101 Pithoidjar rimand neckfr.67/P78,D. 31.8. Grooveand incisedwavyline; no handlespreserved. 102 103-4 Pithoidjar rimand neckfrs,D. 32.8 and 29.4. As 102,but one has horizontalhandlesbelowrim,one on neck. Frs. of4 otherexamplesD. 30-35. One smaller,D. 8. 105 Storagejar 71/P151,D. 25. Profileexceptfootand handles.Fine pinkishbuff,smoothcreamsurface.Baggy shape,withtallconicalneck;startofringfoot(or pedestal?).XV 15 (House ofDiamondFrescoesfloor).Cf. VegasForm48 forthegeneraltype. Sitularimfr,D. c. 40. Overhangingrimwithgroovedridgeon upperedge,as U86. Appliedribbonhandle 106 in imitationofmetal,plate 222. U 107-112 Jugsand otherpouringvessels. 107 Jug rim,handle and neckfr,D. 8.1. Stepped collar rim,withslightoverhang.Ivy leafappliqué on rim; ribbonhandlein imitationofmetal,plate 222. Ribbedjug 71/P2,D. 7. Completeexceptbase. Cream ware. Rim as U107. 108 Frs. of about 20 others,D. 6-9, mostwithribbinglesspronounced. 109 Baggyjug withraisedbase 67/P40,D(max). 11. Rim missing.Ribbed. Cream ware. Profileas SI, 20. Not illustrated. somemica;creamslip,flaking.Broadflaringrim 110 Flagonrimto shoulderfr.71/P36,D. 9.5. Softred-brown, withholloweduppersurface;narrowneck.Slightribbing. 111 Flagon rimfr,D. 8. Steppedrim,withslightoverhang. 12 otherswithflaringlip, D. 4-9. One has buttonappliqué at handle top. Smalljug withtrefoil 112 fabric,creamslip.Fr. ofone othersimilar. lip,rimto belly,D(max). c. 8. Finelight-red U 113-6 Small one- and two-handledamphoraeor flasks,rimand neckfrs. FunnelneckD. 4.4. Cream ware; one handle. 113 114 Funnelneck,D. 4.1. Dark buff,firedcreamat surface.Two handles. Frs. of6 others,D. range4-7. Narrowneck,thickenedrim,D. 4.5. One handle. 115 Broad cylindricalneck,square evertedrimwithgroove,D. 7.8. 116 U117-8 Amphorastoppers,71/P7(D. 5.3) and 71/P66(D. 5.5), bothin formof miniaturejars, plate 220. U 119-158 Amphorae Frs.ofabout95 werefound,includinga bewildering varietyofformsand fabrics.An attemptis madehereto local fromimportedpiecesand to illustrateand discussthosewithdistinctive differentiate profileor fabric. wherepossible made reference form for similar in of are convenience, being arranged groups broadly They to therichVilla Dionysustypeseries. Probable proveniencesof importsinclude Spain, Gaul, Italy, the Aegean, Tunis, Cyprus,Egyptand Numidia. U 119-125 Local types.The fabricvariesin colourfromcream (clay and surface)to pink,buff,pale brown,or It is orange-redat thecorefiredcreamat thesurface(or withcreamslip),and to orange-redthroughout. - usuallyratherpure; brown white and of amounts has and grits, soft-fired, varying alwayscomparatively not micaceous. Ul 19-120 Local shape as Sl,21; VilD type2. At least 14 examples,ofwhichtwo are noted: smoothsurfaceofsamecolour.Slightcollarridgeat base U 119 Rim toshoulder71/P25,D. 6.5. Lightorange-pink, ofneck,- a late feature? Rim and neckfr,D. 6.8. Distinctivelightpinkporousclay,fullofsmallwhiteand browngrits,and some 120 mica; poor creamslip. Not illustrated.Cretanprovincial? U121-122 Tall cylindricalneckwiththickenedlip, as Sl,25. Four narrow-necked examples,D. 6-8, six broadnecked,D. 10-14,- one ofthesein thesame distinctive pinkporousware as U120 (not illustrated).Two narrowneckedvariantsare noted: Rim to shoulder,D. 7.4. Rim withslightoverhang;shorterneckwithbulge; thelowerpartoftheneckis 121 conical and set offby a ridge.
98
ROMAN POTTERY
255
Rim and neckfr,D. 5. Rim offsetby groove;neckslightlyridged. 122 U 123-4 Ribbed amphorae,as S 1,21-2; shortneck,spreadingrim,thickened lip withslightoverhang.Shortsloping handles. VilD typeII (laterversions).About 20 examples,ofwhichtwo are noted: Rim to shoulderfr,D. 8.8. Cream ware. 123 Rim toshoulderfr.67/P66,D. 9. 1. Variantin redfabric.Light-redpureclay;wet-smoothed surfaceofsame 124 colour.Cretan? local shape ofrelatedform,but withdouble-rolledpeakedhandles.Rim to shoulderfr,D. U125 Narrow-necked, 7.3. Local creamware. Early 2nd A.D. survival? U 126-132 Fragmentsof relatedor similarformsin variouswares,probablynot local. Rim to shoulder,D. 7.8. Hard pink,ratherpure. Slightbulge in neck,horizontalincisionon each side 126 betweenhandles. 127 Bellyto base frs.notjoining,67/P282,D(max). 30. Pale pinkporousfabricwithbrowninclusionsand some mica. Ribbed. Small cylindricalfoot. Rim and neckfr,D. 10. Hard dark red clay withcrimsonslip. 128 Rim and neckfr,D. 7. Hard dark brownwithlimegrits,micaceous. 129 Rim and neckfr,D. 10. Hard darkredwithmanysmallwhitelimeand quartzitegrits.Oval handlesection. 130 Rim and neckfr,D. 13. Softred,ratherpure;smoothpale orange-buff 131 slip,micaceous.Oval handlesection. 132 surface.Ribbed. XIII Bellyto base fr.71/P136,D(max). 36. Hard pinkwithbrowngrits,wet-smoothed 27a, set in Severanfloor. U133 Rim to bellyand base frs.notjoining,67/P97,D. (rim) 13, H(est). 83. Hard brightbrick-red, fairlypure; creamslip. VilD type33-4. Aegean? U 134-143 Red ware withwhiteor creamslip (as U133); otherrimand base profiles. 134 Evertedrim,thickenedwithslightoverhang,D. c. 18. 135 Thickenedrimwithoverhangand additionalridgebelow,D. 16. 136 Thickenedrimwithconcave outersurface,pronouncedoverhang,D. 18. 137 Broad overhangingrim,D. 16. Micaceous. 138-143 Conical and pointedbases. No 139 of Cypriotfabric(Hayes). U144 Rim, handle and shoulder,and base frs.notjoining,D. 6.8. Hard red withsmall brownand whitegrits; somemica. Lip offset by deep grooveand ridge;highswunghandlesrisingfromrim;cylindricalbase with highringfoot.At leastsevenexamplesrepresented, includingone tall ribbedneck.Aegean type.Cf. Ostia III 631 no. 39. U 145-147 Red ware amphoraewithconical taperingneckand overhanginglip. Hard, dark-redwithwhiteand browngrit.Handle of roundsection,possiblygroovedas no. 108. Frs. offive. Rim and neck,D. 10.5. Slightribbingon lip and upper neck. 145 Rim fr,D. 13.6. Pronouncedridgeon lip, groovebelow rim. 146 147 Rim fr,D. 10. Simpleoverhangingrim. U148 Red ware,ridgedhandle of roundsection.Cf. nos. 145-147. U149 Neckand shoulderfr.67/P168,D. (neck) 10.5, (max) 26. Hard light-brown to mauve,withlimegritsand mica; creamslip.Tall cylindricalneckwithhighconicallowersection,setoffabove and below. VilD type 18, late in theseries;2nd A.D. survival? U150 Rim to shoulder67/P21,D. 13. Hard, brilliantlight-red fabricwithfinewhiteparticles;creamywhiteslip outside.Heavy hookedrimwithknifeparingmarksoutside.Shortconical neck;low ringhandles;thick walled. Stamp MEF retrogradeon shoulder.Cf. OstiaIII 629 no. 25. Tunisian (Hayes). U 151-2 Amphoraewithincurvingrim 151 Rim fr,D. 20. Hard red fabric,firedcreamat the surface.Chamferedlip, as S 1,30; VilD type18. Three otherexamples,all local creamware. Rim fr,D. 15. Hard red withcreamslip. Incurvinglip withslightbevel. 152 U 153-158 Amphoraewithfunnelrim. 153 Rim fr,D. 15. Hard light-red to mauvewithcreamslip,as U149. Flaringlip withoverhang;slightridgeon top. Perhapsfromsmalltable amphorawithraisedfloorand ringfoot.Non-joiningfrs.also found,giving profile,shoulderto base. 153a Rim fr.and neckto shoulderfr.notjoining,D. 12.3. Ware as U153. Small verticalrim. 154 Rim fr,D. 16.5. Hard brightred fabricwithwhitegrits;greyat thecore;creamslip. Heavy mouldedrim. DresselForm20; and cf. OstiaIII 152 no. 102. c. 100 A.D. 155 Rim and neckfr,D. 17. Light,pale sandy-brown, porousware;largewhitegrits;greyishcreamslip.Heavy, thickenedrim;twogrooves,crudelydone, beneathrim.Handles ofoval sectionattachedto rim.Spanish? Cf. OstiaIII 628 no. 18 (4th A.D.)
256
ROMAN POTTERY
withsmallbrowninclusions;and somelargewhitegrits; Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 20.5. Softcream-buff smoothcreamsurface.Thickenedrimoffset bygroove.Heavy clumsyhandle.Fainttraceofdipintoin red, readinguncertain.Cf. OstiaIII 626 no. 9, - an earlierversionof thistype. belowlip; conicalneckwithincisedwavy 157 Rim,neckand handlesfr,D. 23. Buffclay;flaringrim;slightoffset line. Long handlesofoval section. 158 Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 23.5. Light-redsandyfabric,ratherpure;creamslip.Slightribbingbelowrim; long conical neckwitha seriesof two and threedeep grooves. U 159-160 Amphorastands. 159 Stand 67/P41,D. 13.8. Light,grey-green porousfabricwithspongeyappearance. 160 Stand,D. 14. Coarse pinkwithcreamslip. U 161-164 Amphorafrs.withgraffiti and dipinti;see plate 220 fordetailsand forscale; see also U156 above. Handle withgraffito 161 67/P35.Hard pinksandy,withmuchmica;pale buffslip.Slopinghandleas Ul 19-120 {VilD type2). 162 dipinto Bodyfr.withdipinto67/P71.Softbuffsandywithwithmuchmica;smoothedsurface.Fragmentary runningverticallyin mattred: A.B?; cf.AgoraM 169. 163 Body fr.withdipinto67/P33.Softdark pinkwithmuchmica surfacefiredcreamywhite.Dipintoin red, but withnon-micaceousclay. runninghorizontal,... rax.Cf. VilD type16, examplewith'oXufxrax', 164 Neckand handlefr.67/P21.Hard darkpinkwithsomemica; smoothedsurface,whitishbuff,partlyburnt. Finelywrittendipintoin mattred,runninghorizontal:NAT. U165 Vault pin, head missing,L(pres). 22. Local red-buffclay. Round sectionat head, then splayed and tocurvedend. Surfacefind.For a head fr.(missingterminaldisc) see R3,3a (late2ndA.D.) plate flattening 217. For a smallerexample,probablyfromtheoikosoftheVilla Dionysus,see VilD nos. 171-2,fig.14,and and fromvaultcollapseofc. discussionBSA 78 (1983), 98-9 and 103; probablyofHadrianicconstruction, XI 4 (1984) 57 nos. 623#,pl. 21. A 225-250 A.D. Exampleshave also been foundat Pergamon,Pergamon of theirfunctionhas been suggestedto me by G.W.M. Harrison (personal different interpretation to newfindsin a hypocaustat as supportsfordead-airinsulationin a doublewall; he refers communication) Balboura. 156
Section7 The Lamps (PLATES 224-274) H. W. and E. A. CATLING Introduction Catalogue Early Lamps (LI- 11) KnossianLate Hellenisticwheelmadelamps (L12-23) Late Hellenisticlampswithcollaredfillinghole (L24-27) Fragmentsof Late Hellenisticwheelmadelamps (L28-30) Knidos lamps (L31-35) Hellenisticmould-madelamp (L36) Ephesoslamps (L37-57) Local Late Hellenisticmould-madelamps (L58-80) Cretanmould-madeivy-leaflamps(L81-204) Ivy-leaffillers(L205-6) Outsize and double ivy-leaflamps(L207-9) Double ivy-leaflamps(L2 10-225) Miscellaneousand unassignedivy-leaflamps(L226-251) Mould-madeRomanlamps:
Early Italian lamps (L252-278) Double volutelamps (L279-281) Otherearlylamps BroneerXXV lamps arrangedby subject:deities (L294-340), gladiators (L341-353), love-making (L354-366bis), genre scenes (L367-373), doubtful (L374-389), animals and birds (390-439), florals etc. (L440-453), "wreath and mask" (L454-471), rosettes (L472-498), scallop shells (L499-501), unidentified(L502-531ter), with decorated shoulders(L532-569), withshouldertongues(L570-612) Globule lamps (L6 13-635) and variants(L636-7) Importedlamps: Corinthianand Attic(L638-649) Red-on-Whitelamps (L650-657) Double or singlehanginglamps (L658-673) Multiplelamp (L674) Plasticlamp (L675) Elaboratehandles (L676-687) Signaturesand devices(L688-702) Commentary 257
Page 258 260 260 261 261 261 262 262 262 263 265 273 273 273 274 275 277 277 278
302 302 303 303 305 305 305 306 307
258
THE LAMPS
INTRODUCTION The TerracottaLamps
wererecovered,710 ofwhichhave been includedin the More than 1380lampsand fragments the first The series is of interest as largecollectionto be publishedfroma settlement Catalogue. wheelmade numberofveryscrappyArchaic/Classical sitein Crete.Apartfroman insignificant with Roman date is of late Hellenistic and the material particularemphasison Imperial lamps thelaterfirst,the secondand the earlierthirdcenturiesA.D. Almostthroughout, imported lampsare foundside by sidewithlocallymade material,includinglampsfromItaly,Corinth, Athens,Asia Minorand Cyprus.Bothin late Hellenistictimes,and again fromthemiddleof thefirst centuryA.D., typesoflamp are foundwhichare peculiarto Crete,apartfromthefew that have so farbeenreported.Lamp makersin Cretealso copiedstandardHellenistic exports and, especially,Roman mouldmade lamps.Thereis firmevidencethatone lamp makermade Cretan'Ivy Leaf lamps and producedlamps withdiscuseswithdesigns boththedistinctive familiarfromone end oftheRoman worldto theother.Whilethereis muchthatis familiarin the repertory ofdiscusornaments,severalare rare types,whileforat least one I have been unable to finda parallel. This studyhas beenverylong- too long- in gestation.I am gratefulto Mr. Sackettforhis originalinvitationto studythematerialforpublication,and his patiencewhileit has been in preparation.As willat once be apparentthisis notan expertstudy,butverymuchtheaccount ofan interested layman.I firstlearnedoftheinterestofRoman lampsduringtwoperiodsof oftheAmericanExcavationsin theAthenianAgora,whenDr. studyin 1955in thestorerooms JudithBinder(JudithPerlzweigas she thenwas) explainedsomebasic facts,and showedme fromthe some of the materialwhichwas later to figurein her Agoravii. I have benefitted from thework not least appearancesinceI began thisworkofmanymajorlamp publications, London collection. ofDonald Baileyin his magnificent (BMC i, ii, and iii publicationof the 1971and 1975 between excavated withiv stillto come) and hisinvaluablereporton thelamps but literature combed the at Sidi Khrebish,Benghazi.I do notpretendto have exhaustively, who will that which others have triedto presentit as sourcematerialon is, maywork,others, have a farclearerpicturethan I of thewiderrelevanceof the UM series. I am gratefulto Zillah Pettitand Emma Faull forexcellentdrawings;I am also gratefulto Sheila Raven who made the photographs.Jacqui MacGillivraymade fair copies of the cataloguecardswhichhave been thecoreofmywork.Othertypingwas done byEleni LoukaHatzi. I was helpedby Donald Baileyto examinepartoftheLondoncollection,and by Roger Mooreyto restudylampsin Oxford.I have receivedimmensehelpand supportfromElizabeth Catling,both in the originalstudyof the materialat Knossos,in the organisationof the Withouther help, the task uncataloguedpieces and in the preparationof the illustrations. would have remainedan aspiration. ofthe Catalogue leaves muchto be desired.For reasonswhichneed not The arrangement withtheresultthat concernthereader,finalcataloguenumberswereallocatedprematurely, to in what follows.The some itemsare out of place. Some of theseanomaliesare referred arrangementis partlychronological(thus, Hellenisticlamps precede Roman lamps); in general,BroneerXXI-XXIV lampsprecedeBroneerXXV and XXVII. The largenumberof BroneerXXV lampshas beenarrangedin sequenceofdiscusscenes,beginningwithdeitiesand followinga sequence generallysimilar to many lamp publications.There are separate oflargehandlesand hanginglamps,fragments categoriesofCorinthianand Athenianimports,
THE LAMPS
259
reflectors,multiple lamps, signaturesand marks. In addition to the Catalogue number, each entrynormallygives excavation number of the lamp (e.g. '67/234'), the Knossos Stratigraphie Museum number (e.g. CSML 456') and plate reference(s). If diameter and height cannot be calculated, two overall dimensions are quoted. The state of the lamp or fragmentis described ('shoulder and discus fragment').The general descriptionusually includes informationon the state of the mould ('crisp'; 'worn'; 'very worn') and, followingD. Bailey's criteria,whetherit can be identifiedas plaster. Informationis given on shape and ornament.A briefdescriptionof fabric is given, including surface finish.The term 'wash' is used where many scholars prefer 'paint', or 'glaze'. 'Glossy' implies the wash is lustrous all over; 'semi-glossy' that varying degrees of lustrecan be traced here and thereon the surface.'Matt' means a complete absence of lustre.In many cases, the surfacewash is worn or has peeled off;no referenceis made to the state of wear. 'Dribbled' means excess wash has run fromthe coated part of the lamp onto the reserved area. 'Dabbled' means smudges of wash appear on reserved areas, perhaps as the resultof careless handling before the wash had dried. Terms used for parts of a mould-made lamp include 'handle','shoulder'(the 'rim3of some writers),the flat,curved or sloping area between the circumferenceand the discus,the central, normally round area which contains the 'fillinghole' and perhaps the much smaller 'air hole', which can be little more than a pin-prick,but is usually rather larger. In the 'nozzle', which may project some way fromthe lamp body and have a 'nozzle-bridge',or be quite deeply inset into the lamp's circumference,is the 'wick-hole'.Nozzle, nozzle-bridge and adjacent shoulder . It is may well be 'blackened',from use. The lamp wall below the shoulder is the 'underbodf divided from the flat or concave 'base' a a or low foot. The usually slightly by groove, ring space withingroove or footmay be called 'underfoot' . On it may appear, impressed,the name of the or, rarely,a device. Some very large lamps may have 'handle-reflectors' factory-owner, , copying the similar,functionalfeatureon metal lamps. There are several types; ours are eitherin leaf form (vine or acanthus) or cresccntine. The lamp's context is quoted, togetherwith the estimate of that context's date. In many cases, this covers a considerable period. The final catalogue section attempts to relate each piece to known material, including, where possible, attribution to one of the standard classificationsof shape (Harland, forpre-Roman material, Loeschcke and Broneer forRoman lamps). This practice has been followed despite Perlzweig's decision (Agoravii, 2 and n. 2) to abjure referenceto such classificationsin her treatmentof the Athenian Agora lamps. In selectingcomparanda, preferencehas been given to other Knossian, then other Cretan material. In the lightof the occurrence of Cretan lamps at Benghazi, particular attentionhas also been paid to the Sidi Khrebish material. Thereafter,parallels have been cited fromGreece and the East Mediterranean. Major collectionsfromsitesin the westernprovinces (notably, Vindonissa and Trier) have helped solve problems of identity,particularlyfragmentarydiscus scenes. The same use, finally,has been made of museum catalogues, not least oí BMC ii. When I have felt able to do so, I have suggested a date of manufacturefor the lamp itself. Relatively fewlamps have previouslybeen published fromCrete, though many hundreds,if not thousands, must have been found there. An important but small selection (57 pieces) of Herakleion Museum lamps was presented by Lilian Mercando in her 'Lucerne romane del museo di Iraklion' in AntichitaCretese235-39, with plates XXXIV-XXXVIII. Lamps from Kommos are illustratedHesperia47, pl. 42. Fourteen lamps fromtombsof the firstcenturyA.D. at Ayia Theka and Mátala were published by A. Lebessis in PAE 1969, pls. 278-279. Y. Sakellarakis published eleven more froma second centuryA.D. tomb at Plateia Daskaloyianni, Herakleion, in ADelt 20 (1965) Chr562, pl. 708. Several complete and fragmentarylamps have
THE LAMPS
260
been reportedfromdeposits at Knossos itself,including B. Homann-Wedeking, BSA 45 (1950) 174-5; 190-191. J.W. Hayes 'Four Early Roman Groups from Knossos' BSA 66 (1971) 249-275, with plates 39-40. J.N. Coldstream, Demeter, Deposits F, H, and J (plates 18, 26, 30), H.W. Catling, BSA, 76, 101-104, fig. 11 and fromKnossian tombs, includingJ.M. Cook, in JHS 73 (1953) 127, fig. 13, fromthe Hospital site, K.A. Wardle in BSA 67 (1972), 271-278, Marathianou Lakkos Tombs 1 and 2; J. Carington-Smithin BSA 11 (1982), 291 and plate 44, from the Monasteriaki Kephala tomb. All the material from these earlier publications has parallels in the UM series.
ADDENDUM The volume in honour of ProfessorN. Platon, Eilapini (Herakleion, 1987), contains an article by V. Apostolakou on the 'Ivy Leaf lamps of Crete. This only became available to me afterthis catalogue and study had been completed. A number of complete lamps are described and illustrated,drawn from the collections in the Ayios Nikolaos Museum and the Hierapetra Collection. The majorityof items are without history,and theirvalue forthe presentstudy is thereforesomewhat restricted.
CATALOGUE Earlylamps LI
L2
L3
L4
L5
(67/L349) plate 246. D. c. 9.0. Almost complete section,includingcentralcone. Flat base, flat rim. surface.Nozzledippedin Greyclay,lightgreyself-slip blackwash,worn.Wheelmade.N House, semi-glossy Rooms IV/V; contentof E wall-2ndA.D. Howland Type 12. 6th centB.C. ? Attic. (67/L353) plate 246. 7.0 x 3.0. Part sectionrim to floor,part of nozzle. Flat base and rim. Red clay, roughplain finish.Nozzle and interiorcoated matt dark red/brown.Wheelmade. VI 8, ArchaicClassical? Howland Type 12. 6th centB.C. ? Attic. (67/L351) plate 246. 6.5x2.5. Part section,rim to floor.Pale red clay, thickwalled. Plain tan surface, roughened. Wheelmade. VI, Roadway cist. See Deposit C2(4), Claudian. Near HowlandType 12 cf.a KnossoslampBSA 45, 175,fig.13B (kilns)and PI. 12c,froma late 5thcent B.C. group. (67/L350) plate 246. 4.7 x 2.0. Part section,rim to floor. Brown clay, matt red wash (very worn). Wheelmade.VII 35, late 4th-early3rd centB.C. Howland,Type 12. See L3. 6th-5thcentB.C. (67/L348) plate 246. 8.5 x 3.0. Part section,rim to floor.Startofnozzle. Lightred clay,veryfinecream surface,nozzle end dipped in glossydark red-black wash. Nozzle blackened.Wheelmade.VI 7 and 11, streetand contentofwall, ? Late HL. Howland Type 12a. 6th centB.C. ? Attic.
L6
L7
L8
L9
LIO
LI 1
(71/L277)plate 246. 5.5 x 1.6. Partsection,rimand wall. Startof nozzle. Light red clay, cream surface, partlycoveredglossyblackwash.Wheelmade.XI 29, late HL. Howland Type 21. 5th centB.C. ? Attic. (71/L66) plates 224, 246. D. 7.8, H 2.7. Nozzle,part of rim and wall lost. Raised base (cuttingmarks), horizontalstraphandle.Wheelmade.Rathersoftgrey clay,partcoveringof mattdark brownwash,lighter patches.XI 33, 2nd centB.C. (to post-150B.C.). Howland 2 IB. 5thcentB.C. A Knossianexampleis Demeter 44, H. 104 and pl. 26. (Deposit H contained materialofthe 5th centB.C.-2nd centA.D.). (67/L354) plate 246. 4.0x2.5. Shoulder and lug wheelmade.Red clay, glossyblack wash fragment, out, red in. VI 10, mixed 1stcentB.C.-lst A.D. Howland Type 25B. Second half 4th cent-first quarter3rd centB.C. (71/L290)plate 246. 4.0 x 4.5. Nozzle, partrimand wall section.Wheelmade.Pink clay, cream surface, part coverof glossyblack wash. Undersideof nozzle XV 10a, HL to 1stcentB.C. knife-trimmed. ? Howland Type 21. (71/L274)plate 246. 5.7 x 3.5. Partofbase and wall, remainsof ? horizontallypierced lug. Wheelmade. Red-brownclay,mottledplumred-darkbrownwash, in and out. XI content of road terrace wall. Geometric-ClassicaWHL. (67/P120)plates 224,246. D. 6.3, Ext L. 10.2,H. 2.8. Intactsave nozzle-tip,lost.Wheelmade,ratherthick Flat base. Horizwalls. Lower part knife-trimmed.
THE LAMPS ontal straphandle.Yellow clay: nozzle and adjacent wall dipped in thinmatt red wash. N House, V 4, mixedHL/lst centA.D. Cretan version of wheelmade lamp, recalling Howland 21, with much elongatednozzle. Another Knossianexampleis Demeter 33, no. E. 31, pl. 15 and fig.16.DepositE is datedlate 3rd-early2nd centB.C.
L21
L22
Knossian Late Hellenisticwheelmadelamps L12
L13
L14
L15
L16
LI 7
L18
L19
L20
(71/L67) SML 152 plates 224, 246. D. 6.3, Ext L. 8.2, H. 3.4. Tip of nozzle and handle lost,otherwise intact. Thick walls. Flat base (cutting marks). Orange-bluff clay,coated mattreddishbrown,worn. Nozzle blackened.XI 47, HL to 1stcentB.C. (67/P211)SML 155 plates 224, 246. D. 6.4, Ext L. intact.Thickwalls. 9.0, H. 3.0. Handle lost,otherwise Pinkishbuffmicaceousclay. Cuttingmarksunderfoot. Rough plain finish.Nozzle (blackened)and adjacent wall dippedin mattblackwash.Well 1, DepositH 14, late 3rd centB.C. Close to the Knossianlamps Demeter 33, E. 32, 33, pl. 15 and fig.16 - mid-late3rd centB.C. deposit. (72/L7O)SML 153plates 224,246.D. 5.8, Ext L. 8.2, H. 3.4. Handle and nozzle tip lost,otherwiseintact. Cuttingmarksunderfoot.Thick walls more upright than LI 3 and LI 4, nozzle root narrower.Nozzle blackened.Soft pale buffclay, partlycoated matt plum to dark brown wash. XIII Cleaning. Unstratified. (71/L31)SML 620 plate 246. D. 6.3, H. 3.6. Handle, nearlyall nozzlelost,otherwiseintact.Cuttingmarks underfoot.Thick walls. Fine buffclay. Upper part coated mattplum brownwash; blobs and dabble on reservedparts.XII 17,mixed1stcentB.C.-early2nd centA.D. (71/L62)SML 617 plate 246. D. 6.8, H. 3.5. Handle, nozzle,part of wall lost. Thick walls. Cuttingmarks underfoot.Walls slope inward more than L14 and LI 5. Buffclay,smoothsurfacefinish.Patchesofsemiglossyblack wash. XII 36, late 3rd-early2nd cent B.C. (68/P26)SML 622 plate 246. D. 6.4, Ext L. 10.0,H. 3.0. Handle lost, otherwiseintact. Thick walls. Nozzle blackened.BuffCuttingmarkson underfoot. brownclay. Plum-brown wash on nozzleand close to it. VIII 32, 4th-3rdcentB.C. (67/P180)SML 624 plate 246. D. 6. 1,Ext L. 11.3,H. 3.1. Chipofnozzlelost,otherwise completeand intact. Thick walls. Cutting marks on underfoot.Nozzle Coarse clay (manyinclu(blackened)knife-trimmed. sions) overfiredgreenish.Plain rough finish.Partly coateddark(discoloured)wash.Pit65, late 2nd-early 1stcentB.C. (71/L53) SML 618 plate 247. D. 6.0, Ext L. 9.6, H. 3.0. Part of wall and base lost. Thick walls. Cutting marksunderfoot. Nozzle blackened.Pinkish-buff clay, creamsurfacefinish,rough.Reserved.XI 14, Augustan, 1stcentB.C.-lst centA.D. (67/L164) SML 609 Not illustrated.5.0x2.8. Body near handle.Greyclay,coated black wash. fragment I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D.
L23
261 (67/P118) SML 614 plate 247. D. 5.9, Ext L. 8.5, H. 2.8. Handle, rim chip lost, otherwiseintact.Thick walls. Cuttingmarks underfoot.Nozzle blackened. Pale buffclay,veryroughfinish.Nozzle and adjacent wall coated mattblack. E House, VII(E) 16, 1stcent A.D. Close to LI 3. (67/P179)SML 623 plate 247. D. 5.9, Ext L. 8.2, H. 3.4. Handle, nozzle tip lost; otherwiseintact.Thick walls. Orange buffclay, plain finish,nozzle and adjacentwalldippedmattblackwash.Well 1,Deposit H 14, late 3rd centB.C. (71/L32) SML 155 plates 224, 247. D. 6.1, L. 12.5, H. 3.2. Complete, intact. Handle at steep angle. Circulargroove underfootgives impressionof separately added base. Nozzle blackened. Buff clay, coarse, grit temper.Dark red matt wash on upper part.House ofDiamond Frescoes,Room I, upperfill; late 2nd centA.D.
Late Hellenistic lamps with collared filling hole L24 (71/L40)SML 156plates224,247.D. 5.9,ExtL 8.7,
L25
L26
L27
H. 3.4. Much ofnozzlelost,otherwiseintact.Handle at steep angle. Flat base, cutting marks. Nozzle blackened. Pinkishclay, cream surfacefinish.Reserved.XIV 15, earlyto mid 1stcentA.D. Profileas BSA 45, 190, 4:3, fig.32.5 and PI. 14F, dated to thesecondhalfof the 2nd centB.C. (71/L58) plates 224. D. 6.2, Ext L. 8.3, H. 3.7. Nozzle and part of wall lost,otherwiseintact.Thick walls.Handle at steepangle.Flat base,cuttingmarks. Pinkish-buff clay. Partlycoated semi-glossyred to dark brownwash. XI 30, DepositH29, thirdquarter 2nd centB.C. (71/L63) SML 616 plate 247. D. 6.2, H. 3.4. Nozzle and partofwall lost.Handle at steepangle.Flat base. Softbuffclay. Coated semi-glossy reddish-brown to darkbrownwash,worn.XI 27, DepositH30, packing underAugustanfloor,3rd quarter2nd centB.C. (71/L39) SML 619 plate 247. D. 6.4, Ext L. 7.7, H. 3.5. Handle, spoutand partofwall lost;recomposed. Flat base, cuttingmarks. Nozzle blackened. Buffbrownclay. Plain surfacefinish.Reserved.XI 16,last quarter1stcentB.C.
Fragmentsof Late Hellenisticwheelmade lamps L28
L29
L30
(67/L302) SML 621 plate 247. L. 4.7. Nozzle, blackened.Cream clay. I 5, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. As the nozzle of LI 3. (71/L68) SML 615 plate 247. 6.8x5.0. Nozzle (blackened) and wall fragment.Orange-buffclay, rathercoarse.Coated plumredto brownwash.XI 47, HL to 1stcentB.C. (71/L280) plate 247. 8.0x8.0. Nozzle and part of wall. Tip of nozzle blunt and angled, with hint of flukes.Pink-buff clay,rathercoarse.Coated mattlight to darkbrownwash.SW House, Room I, DepositAl; earlyAugustan.
THE LAMPS
262
Cf. the completeEphesos lamp BMC i, Q, 157, whosefabricdescriptionis similar.A 2nd cent B.C. date is suggested.
Knidos lamps
See Howland,Agoraiv, 126-7 and BaileyBMC i, 124-31. L31 (71/L41) SML 272 plates 225, 247. Est D. 6.8, H. 3.5. Handle, nozzle,partsofwall lost.What remains recomposed.Wheelmade.Double convexbody,deeply sunkdiscuswithfillinghole. Raised base, concave On theshoulder,applied,a "Knidian leaf underfoot. and plain disk. Rather granular grey clay, plain surfacefinish.XI 19, 1stcentB.C. (? secondhalf). BMC i, pls. 64-65, Q 332-342. Second half 2nd half1stcentB.C. cent-first L32 (67/L309) SML 599 plate 247. D. 6.6, H. 4.3. Handle, nozzle, discus and half body lost. Recomposed.Featuresas L31. Greyclay,partlycoated matt darkgrey.IX 3, mixed 1stcentA.D. half1stcentB.C. Second half2nd cent-first L33 (71/L233) Not illustrated.5.2x2.0. Rim, wall and nozzlefragment, includingappliedleafand disk.Grey clay,hard; partlycoated mattgrey.XI Unstratified. half1stcentB.C. Second half2nd-first L34 (67/L271 bis) plate 247. 2.0x1.6. Fragmentwith slave-maskaffixfromwall. Red clay, rathercoarse, surfacereducedgrey.I 9 pit 2, 2nd centA.D. half1stcentB.C. Second half2nd-first L35 (71/L294) plate 247. 2.6x2.0. Fragment,as L34. Wornmould.Red-brownclay;affixgreyclay.XIV 7, Claudian. half1stcentB.C. L34 and L35 Secondhalf2nd-first a commonwalldecorationofKnidoslampsillustrate BMCi, pls.69-71. Ours are even manyare illustrated moreschematicthanany of these.
Hellenisticmould-madelamp L36
(67/L366) plate 247. 4.7x3.7. Nozzle bridgefragment,withslave mask in relief,trace eitherside of something.Grey clay, coated glossyblack wash. N House, I(s) 13, Hadrianicand later. Cf. Délos60, no. 2467 and pl. 13; on eitherside of the mask is a leaf in relief,suggestingone way of This Delos lamp thetraceson our fragment. restoring belongsto Group I of Bruneau'sverywide rangeof 'Lampes dites d'Ephése'. Bailey {BMC i, 90, n. 2) suggeststhe term 'Ephesos Lamp' ought to be to HowlandType 49a and Bruneau'sGroup restricted V of his 'Lampes ditesd'Ephése'. The originof L36 may well have been in Asia Minor.
Ephesos lamps
HowlandType 49 - Agoraiv, 166-70;Bruneauin Délos72-73 ('Lampes dites d'Ephése' Group V). Bailey in OpAthVI, 1969,66, describingno. 224. Baileyin BMC i, 88-93. L37 (71/L30)SML 168plate 225,247. D. 6.2, Ext L. 9.0, H. 3.6. Part of handle, mostof nozzle lost. Mould made,biconicalbody.Threesmalloil-holessurround the centralfillinghole,all enclosedby flaringcollar.
No reliefornamenton the shoulder.Flat oval base. Brownclay,micaceous.Coated in verydarkmattgrey wash. XI 14, Augustan. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentB.C. L38 (71/L224) SML 607 plate 247. 8.0x4.7. Handle, collarand partofbody.Handle ribbed;smalloil-holes not fully pierced. Trace of leaf garland on the shoulder.Greyclay,rathercoarse.Coated semi-glossy black wash. X 11, early 1stcentA.D. Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st cent A.D. The ornamentmay recallCorinth 67, fig.29:22. L39 (71/L311) SML 605 plate 247. D. 4.5, Ext L. 7,8. Part of collar, etc. and nozzle. Only one of two smalloil-holesfullypierced.Indecipherable surviving trace of shoulder ornament. Grey clay, very micaceous.Coated mattgreywash.VI 7, 1stcentB.C. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentB.C. L40 (71/L236)SML 601 plate 247. 4.0 x 2.2. Handle and collar fragment. Grey clay, micaceous.Coated matt darkgreywash. XI 19, 1stcentB.C. (? 1sthalf). Last quarter2nd-mostof 1stcentB.C. L41 (71/L235)SML 602 plate 247. 3.8 x 1.5. Collar and fillinghole fragment.Grey clay, micaceous.Coated mattdarkgreywash.XI 19, 1stcentB.C. (? 2nd half). Last quarter2nd-mostof 1stcentB.C. L42 (71/L228)SML 212 plates 225, 248. D. c. 5.6, Ext L. 11.0. Handle, part of shoulder and nozzle, all undersidelost. No collar. Three small oil-holes,two fullypierced.On the shoulderin reliefrow of dots above "arrowheads".Grey clay, micaceous.Coated dark grey semi-glossywash. XIV 11, Deposit A2, Augustan. Last quarter2nd-mostof 1stcentB.C. 5.0 x 4.8. Collar and filling L43 (61/L225)Not illustrated. hole (smalloil-holelargerthanusual). Trace ofrelief on what remainsofshoulder.Greyclay,soft.Coated darkgreywash. XIII 25b. semi-glossy Last quarter2nd-mostof 1stcentB.C. L44 (67/L310) SML 604 plate 248. D. 5.7. Part of shoulder,collar, etc. Two survivingsmall oil-holes fullypierced.Rosettesin reliefon theshoulder.Grey clay,rathersoft.Coated mattdarkgrey.N House, V 4, mixedHL-lst centA.D. Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st B.C. A Knossos exampleis RR/K/60,no. 35, BSA 66 (1971) 253 and pl. 34e. The groupis dated 20-1 B.C. by Hayes. The ornament occurs on Howland's lamp 651 (late 2nd-early1stcentB.C. context),Agoraiv, 168,pl. 49. Also Corinth lamp 320, p. 160 and p. 67, fig.29:34. Note BMC i, Q, 168, 177, 185 and 191, all foundat rosettes. Ephesos,withslightlydiffering L45 (71/L226) SML 606 plate 248. 6.5x5.6. Handle stumps,partofshoulderand collar.Reliefkeypattern betweenpairsof dots. Lightgreyclay. Coated semiglossydarkgreywash. XII 12, Augustan. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcent B.C. A rather different keypatternon BMC i, Q,200, fromEphesos. L46 (67/L245) SML 290 plates 225, 248. 5.0x2.8. Fragmentof shoulderand top. Relief tripleleaves with"cabled,cigar-shaped objects"(BMC alternating i, 101on Q, 165and 168). Greyclay,soft.Coated matt brown-blackwash. N House, I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D.
THE LAMPS
L47
L48
L49
L50
L51
L52
Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentB.C. The motif recalls Corinth 67, fig. 29:15. Délos 59, nos 2427, 2431-2, (Group I of Bruneau's "Lampes dites d'Ephése",pl. 13). BMC i, Q 178 fromEphesoslacks thefillingpattern.The motifon thePergamonmould Schäfer,147,pls. 68-9 T.4 is similar. (67/L246) SML 208 plates 225, 248. 3.0x2.4. Shoulder fragment.Relief maeander. Grey clay, coated mattblack wash. I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D. Last quarter2nd-first quarter 1stcent B.C. Very close to Délos 58-9, nos. 2387, 2394, Group I of Bruneau's"lampesditesd'Ephése". A morecanonical Ephesoslamp, BMC i, Q 200, has a widermaeander border. (67/L159) SML 610 plate 248. 3.0x2.5. Shoulder and fillinghole fragment.Reliefornamentof swag betweenverticalline of threedots. Greyclay,coated in black wash. I(N) 15, Deposit H35, mid-1st cent B.C. Last quarter 2nd-1st cent B.C. The design may resembleDélos 76, no. 3180 and PI. 19 (Group IX of Bruneau's"lampesditesd'Ephése"). (67/L312)SML 600 plate 248. 2.2 x 1.7. Fragmentof collarand shoulder.Tongue in relief.Lightgreyclay. Coated semi-glossy dark greywash. IX 3, mixed 1st centA.D. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentA.D. Délos 72, nos 2952, 2957 (pl. 17). Bruneau's Group V of his "lampes ditesd'Ephése". The motifappears on the GroupII lampsDélos2703,2716,2720,2724. See also BMC i, d 193 and Corinth 67, fig.29:55. (67/L247) SML 291 plate 225, 248. 4.0x2.0. Fragmentofshoulderand collar.Reliefgarland-cable and three lobed leaf. Coated black wash. VII 2, DepositS 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Last quarter2nd-muchof1stcentB.C. As Délos73, no. 2997, pl. 17. Group V ofBruneau's"lampesdites 67, fig.29:11. Recalls a Pergamon d'Ephése". Corinth lamp, Schäfer146-7, pl. 69, T.2. (71/L234) SML 603 plate 248. 3.8x2.0. Handle, shoulderand collar fragment. Relief? vine leaf and clusteron shoulder.Greyclay. Coated darkgrey.XI 14,Augustan. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentB.C. (71/L232)SML 148 plates 225, 248. Est W. 7.4, Ext L. 10.0. Handle, much of collar, part of nozzle and undersidelost.Recomposed.Differsfromthe preceding in that the collar entirelysurroundsshoulder.A smalloil-holeon thefullypreservedsideofthenozzle; triangularnozzle terminal.Raised rimenclosesfilling hole. Spiral volutein relief,its stemson the nozzle, spiralson theshoulders,whichare also decoratedby long tonguesabove a cable border.The (lost) handle triple ridged. Grey clay, rather micaceous, soft. Coated mattdarkbrownwash.SW House, Room III, firstphase; mid-late 1stcentB.C. Firstcent B.C. Close to Délos 75, no. 3155, pi 20 (Group VIII ofBruneau's"lampesditesd'Ephése"), apart fromlatter'sroundnozzle. BMC i, 111-112, Q 165 no. 367 and pl. 204, pl. 38. fromEphesos.Corinth VI. For theshoulderornament,Corinth 67, fig.29:46; fortheneck,op. cit. 68, fig.30:13.
L53
L54
L55
L56
L57
263 (71/L288)plate 248. D. 5.6. Handle stump,shoulder and wall fragment, non-joiningtriangularnozzle tip. Wornmould.Reliefon shoulder-threeparallelbands ofobliquestrokes.Greyclay.Coated mattblackwash. SW House, Room I, DepositAl; Augustan. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentB.C. Cf. Corinth 67, fig.29:4-6, 159-60,no. 316 and pl. VI. (71/L28) SML 305 plates 225, 248. D. 5.8, H. 2.9, Ext L. 10.8. Handle lost;what remainsintact.Worn mould. No small oil-holes.Triangularnozzle, blackened. Concave underfoot. On the shoulder,in relief, dots and separate spirals. On the bridge, floral betweenparallelrowsofdots.Finecreamclay.Coated mattorange-brown wash. XII 14, 1stcentA.D. into 2nd. ? Much of 1stcentB.C. ? ImitationEphesos.Close parallelAgoraiv 169, no. 658. The designis akin to Corinth 67, fig.29:41; p. 165-61, no. 368 and PI. VI (lamp typedifferent). (71/L37)SML 215 plates 225,248. EstD. 6.0, ExtH. 3.2. Handle, part of collar and shoulder,base and muchof bodylost.A small oil-holeremains.In relief on theshoulder,separatespirals;on thenozzlebridge, olive spray. Grey clay. Coated slightlyglossydark greywash. XII 12, Hadrianic. Last quarter 2nd-firstquarter 1st cent A.D. For spiral,no. L54. The nozzle bridgeornamentrecalls, butis notthesame as Délospl. 12,nos.2370, 2381; pl. 13, no. 2469. (67/L297) SML 611 plate 248. 4.7x2.0. Collar, handle stump, shoulder fragment.Grey clay. Reserved.II 7, mixed1stcentB.C.-2nd centA.D. Class doubtful. (67/L360)SML 608 plate 248. 3.9 x 2.4. Handle root and collar fragment.Grey clay, coated black wash. Wall makeup,N House courtyard, late 2nd centA.D.
Local Late Hellenisticmould-madelamps L58
L59
L60
(68/P4) plates 226, 248. D. 6.2, H. 4.0, Ext L. 10.8. Handle lost,otherwiseintact.Deep bodied,withpair of relief nipples between fillinghole and nozzle (blackened).The (lost) handlehad threegroovesand a 'frill'(Hayes) at junctionwithbody.Wornmould. Pinkishbuffclay,rathercoarse.Creamsurface, coated mottledmattreddishbrownwash. Bulldozedarea surface,Severan (and to 4th centA.D.) Late 1stcentB.C. NearlyidenticalKnossianlamps have been reportedby Hayes, 'Four Early Roman Groups' BSA 66 (1971), 249-275. These include RR/K/60,nos. 36, 38, op. cit. 256 and pl. 39e and f (datedc. 20-1 B.C.) and MW 58-9, no. 65, op. cit.262 and pl. 40c. (68/P12) SML 157 plates 226, 248. D. 6.2, H. 4.0, Ext L. 10.8. Handle, partofnozzlelost.As L58. Grey clay. Coated glossyblackwash.VIII 29, 1stcentA.D. with2nd centintrusions. Late 1stcentB.C. See L58. (71/L42) SML 627 plate 249. D. 6.4, H. 3.6, Ext L. 10.1.Handle, tipofnozzlelost;restintact.No nipples, otherwiseas L58. Fine brownclay,soft.Coated semiwash.XII 25b,late 1stcentB.C. glossyorange-brown
264
L61
L62
L63
L64
L65
L66
L67
L68
THE LAMPS BSA 66, 262, pl. 40a, no. 64 of MW/58-9,late 1st centB.C. (71/L231) SML 172 plates 226, 248. Est D. 7.4, H. 5.2. Nozzle,muchofwall,partofshoulderlost.Fourribbedhandle. Near L58. Remains of incisedsignatureunderfoot: ...AOT. Grey-brown clay,rathersoft. to darkbrownwash. XI Coated glossyorange-brown 17,Augustan(and muchHL). Late 1stcentB.C. Cf. L58, etc. (71/L227)SML 169 plates 226, 249. D. 6.2, Ext L. 8.8. Handle, nozzle,partofwall lost.As L58. Deeply incised signatureunderfoot:AP (prominentserifs). dark grey Greyclay, rathersoft.Coated semi-glossy wash. SW House, Room I; XII 36, Tiberian. Late 1stcentB.C. See L58. (71/L229)SML 170 plates 226, 249. W. 6.6, Ext L. Four9.5. Handle,shoulderand fillingholefragment. ribbedhandle, iugs' on oppositesides of the body. Otherwiseas L58. Grey clay, rathersoft. Coated glossyblackwash. XI 14, Augustan. Late 1stcentB.C. See L58 forthegeneraltype. (71/L159)SML 159 plates 226, 249. W. 7.4, H. 3.5, Ext L. 9.2. Handle, part of wall and nozzle lost. As L63. Greyto buffclay - ? burnt.Partlycoated matt wash.XI 16,lastquarter1stcentB.C. orange-brown (Augustan). Late 1stcentB.C. (67/P89) SML 166 plates 227, 249. D. 6.1, H. 3.3, Ext L. 10.6. Handle, nozzleend lost,restintact.Akin to L63. From a very worn mould, retouched, theladderpatterneithersideofthenozzle particularly root. Four 'nipples', more closely resemblingrivet heads. Very small lugs. Nozzle blackened.On the underfoot,in very low relief,the signatureTOS;. Pinkishclay, compact,hard. Coated in matt dark brownwash that has peeled. II 7, mixed 1st cent B.C.-2nd centA.D. Late 1st cent B.C. A Knossos lamp, no. 38 from RR/K/60,BSA 66, 256 and pl. 39f, also has four nipples,butno otherdecoration.The groupis datedc. 20-1 B.C. (67/P118)SML 161 plates 227, 249. D. 6.1, H. 3.5, Ext L. 11.3. Handle lost,otherwiseintact.A clumsier versionofL58 etc. withtwo pairsofparallellineson the shoulderseach side; inconspicuousnipples.Retouch on the 'frill' at the handle root. Concave Nozzle blackened.Buff-brown underfoot. clay, hard. Coated metallic plum wash, large areas blotched dark.V 4, mixedHL-lst centA.D. Not beforethelate 1stcentB.C. (71/L45) SML 173 plates 227,249. D. 7.0, H. 3.8. Handle stump, much of shoulder,wall and base; fillinghole;verywornmould.Frillsat base ofhandle. Nipplesand parallellinesas L66, but an ivy leaf in reliefon theleftshoulder.Fine greyclay,soft.XI, S. baulk 1-2, Flavian-Trajanic. Thoughtheformand ornamentis neartheIvyLeaf class,thisseemsto precedethatclassand have itsroots in local LHL mouldmade lamps as L58, etc. (71/L43) SML 209 plates 227, 247. W. 7.0, H. 3.3, Ext L. 8.2. Handle, much of upper part and nozzle lost.Mould made. Parallelridgesand grooveson the
L69
L70
L71
L72
L73
L74
shoulder,repeatedon the prominentlugs. Flat base, dark grey ovoid. Fine greyclay, coated semi-glossy wash. XI S. baulk 14-16, #2489,Augustan. The shape, and ornamentalscheme with rays recalls Howland's Type 52 Lamps, {Agora iv, 190-193), particularlyno. 726, pl. 51 (dated third quarter1stcentB.C.-early 1stA.D.). ?Late 1stcent B.C. 5.0 x 4.5. Partof (67/L233)SML 626 Not illustrated. shoulder,fillinghole and nozzle ridge.Reliefrayson black theshoulder.Greyclay,soft.Coated semi-glossy wash.VII 3. DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rdcentA.D. ?Late 1stcentB.C. Akinto Howland Type 52. See L68. (67/L233) SML 626 plate 248. 4.8 x 2.3. Shoulder Mould made withretouch and fillinghole fragment. on thetongues.Nippleovertongues.Greyclay,semiglossy black wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? Akinto Howland Type 52. ? Late 1stcentB.C. (71/L20) SML 309 plates 227, 249. D. 6.1, H. 3.8, Ext L. 10.2. Handle, partsof body,base and nozzle lost. Recomposed.Worn mould. Round nozzle,ring foot, slightlyconcave underfoot.Tongues on the shoulder.Double ridge,and grooveon nozzlebridge. Fine brown clay, soft. Coated matt orange-dark brown wash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. Howland Type 52, particularly Agoraiv, 193, no. 755 and PI. 51 (no nozzle-bridgeornament). A comparable Knossian lamp is no. 63 in the Well MW/58-9,BSA 66, 261 and PI. 40c, left,thoughthis had handlefrillsand nipplesat thebase ofthenozzle. The groupdates 20-1 B.C. (71/L230) SML 171 plates 227, 249. Est D. 10.0. Handle stump,partofrightshoulderand fillinghole. Relief ornament(crisp - some retouch)large boss and scroll.Grey-brown cross-hatched (thyrsos-head?) clay,soft.Remainsofglossyblackwash. XII 24, late 1stcentB.C. ? 1stcentB.C. This designis not easilyparalleled. Notice, however,the three lamps Délos 90-2 nos. 4220-22, pl. 22, probablyfromPergamon,decorated withfrondsand ivy berries('guirlandede feuilleset de lièvre')- lastquarter2nd-1stquarter1st corymbes centB.C. (71/L25) SML 158 plates 227, 249. D. 5.1, H. 3.2 (4.2 to handletop),L. 11.6. Verticalringhandlewith deep central groove, deep shoulder,plain nozzle bridge,round nozzle. Large fillinghole enclosedby ridgedrim.Slightlyconcavefoot,ill defined.In light reliefon the shoulders,double stems.Worn mould. Nozzle blackened.Buffbrownclay. Largelycoated mattplum-redwash. XIV 3, Trajanic. ? Late 1stcentB.C. Perhapsrelatedto Chypre 63, no. 141 and pl. 8. (67/L295) SML 275 plates 227, 248. 5.0x4.5. Reliefshoulders; Shoulderand fillinghole fragment. wornmould- twofrontalEroteswithclaspedhands, heads close to each other.Grey clay. Coated matt wash. II 7, mixed 1stcentB.C.-2nd centA.D. Secondhalf2nd cent-early1stcentB.C. Howland's
THE LAMPS
L75
L76
'Kite-shaped'lamp, Type 47B (veryrare in Athens) Agoraiv, 154-5 and pl. 48, no. 613. Several are reportedfromDélos. Délos 887-88, nos. 4144, 4201: 'Lampes aux Eros affrontés' pl. 21, whereBruneau threeversions,the Erotessupport1) a distinguishes palmette,2) a dramaticmask,3) a caduceus.It is not clearto which,ifany,oftheseL74 belongs.The Delos lampsdate to the secondhalfof the 2nd-first partof the 1stcentB.C. Otherexamplescome fromCyprus, includingone fromPaphosT. 2792 BCH 110,874, fig. 118 and twoin Nicosiawithoutprovenance,Chypre 59, nos. 132-3,pl. 8. Oziol suggestsmanufacture beganas earlyas themid-3rd centin viewof Tarsus101,lamp 37, pl. 94. Bailey, BMC i, 236 discussesthe type, attributing Q,509 to theLevant.Menzel lamp 60 is of thesame type. (67/L224) SML 553 plate 249. D. 5.3, Ext L. 5.6. Part of shoulderand fillinghole area, two joining. Mould made withretouch(parallelgrooves).Grooves and nipples.Pinkishbuffclay,firedash greyin part. Coated reddishbrownwash. V 3a, firsthalf 1stcent A.D. This lamp's place is equivocal, but it may best be seen as of themain typeof L58 etc. (71/L254)SML 543 plate 249. D. 5.8. Shoulderand Reliefornamenton the shoulfillinghole fragment. ders - triangulararrangementof largish globules betweenpairs of parallel grooves.Buff-brown clay, coatedsemi-glossy brownwash. XIV 4, 1stcentA.D. ? Related to lamps of the typeof L58. A possible influenceis Howland Type 56, whereimbricatedleaf
L77
L78
L79
L80
265 designalternateswithtongues.Agoraiv, 204-05, nos. 797-803 and pl. 53, dated late 1stcentB.C.-early 1st centA.D. (71/L276)plate 249. D. 5.7, Ext L. 6.0. Handle, part of base, wall and collar, recomposed.Wheelmade. Biconicalbody,flaringcollar.Red-brownclay,rather coarse.Coated red-darkbrownwash,mottled.XI S. baulk #2489,Augustan. The shape is otherwiseunrepresented. (67/L346) plate 249. Ext L. 4.4, W. 4.6. Nozzle bridge. Mould made, relief ornament of winged caduceus withoblique strokeseitherside. Greyclay, coated matt red-brownwash. Contentof wall, late 2nd-early1stB.C. ? 1stcentB.C. Carthage pl. XXXIII, 256 (ofrather different form)has a caduceuson thenozzle (1stcent B.C.). The fineBroneerXXI lamp Agoravii, 73, no. 16, has a reliefcaduceus on each nozzle. Perlzweig refersto Prime452, fig.560. (71/L268) SML 270 plates 225, 249. D. 6.2, Ext L. 8.6. Handle, (fourribbed)partofshoulderand filling hole, underbody and base. Worn mould. Relief shoulderornament,runningspiral. Grey clay, soft, buffsurfaces.Matt red wash. XIII/XIV #2492.To mid 1stcentA.D. This lamp has no parallel. (67/L293)SML 625 plate 249. Ext L. 6.4. Base, part of handle and underbody.Mould-made,oval base, three-rib handle.Greyclay,coated. I(N) 15, Deposit H35, mid 1stcentB.C. Perhapsto be comparedwithL69 and L70.
Cretan mould-made ivy leaf lamps L8 1-251, are attributedto thisclass,whichseemsalmost Nearly200 lamps and fragments, restricted to Crete. The featuresoccuron a numberof entirely easilyrecognizeddistinguishing different nozzlebridge lamp shapesand sizes.A majorityhas a bodyroundin plan,prominent and carefullymodelledround nozzle mouth.The profileis usuallybiconical,the shoulders deeper than the underbody.The base may be concave, withor withoutfootring.Except outsizelamps,thereis a verticalringhandle,almostinvariablywithdeep centralgroove.The holevariesin size;it is placed centrally in a quitedeeplyconcavediscussurroundedbya filling lowrimwhichmaybe grooved.The outerdiscusis oftenpickedoutbycrispencirclings. As well as lampsofstandardsize withlongnozzle,thereare severalwithshortnozzles.Outsizelamps withsinglenozzlesmayhave ringhandles,but reflectors in theformofan acanthusleafwere also used,and forthelargedoublelampswhichshowthelamp typein itsmostsplendidform. The maindecorativemotifis therelief devicewitha ivyleaf whichappearsas a heart-shaped vertical into two deep groovedividing halves,each lobe pickedout by a prominent impressed circlet.The leaves are alwayspointdown. Their mostfrequentuse is to pick out the nozzle bridge,but theyare also commonon theshouldersat rightanglesto handle and nozzle,less on theshouldersnear thehandle.Nipplesare usuallypresent,twonear thehandle frequently twoeitherside ofthenozzleroot. Vertical are also verycommonlyused on attachment, grooves theshoulder,usuallyto separateothermotifsfromone another.The groovesoccursingly,in is thesameon bothshoulders.The syntaxofthestandard pairsor in threes;theirarrangement
266
THE LAMPS
ivy-leaflampornament,readingfromhandleto nozzle,is: groove(s), nipple,grooves,ivyleaf, additionsto thisstandard Thereare lessfrequent grooves,nipple,groove(s), ivyleaf-on-bridge. with bone on thenozzle-bridge of motifs. One of the most is incised chevron/ herring popular group is the leaf the sometimes or withouta medialline.This sometimes ivy imposed replaces ivyleaf, These tonguesmaybe overit.The shoulderornamentmaybe replacedbylongmoulded tongues. and appear overcircletsor detachedspirals.Othershoulderdesignsconsistexclusively shorter, or circletssetoffbyincisedzig-zag,or circletsin theanglesofincisedcrossed ofimpressed circlets, is veryclear,yetveryfewoftheivylampsare duplicates;there lines.The familyrelationship of musthave been a veryrichseriesofmoulds.Retouchis fairlyprevalent.The arrangement and but outsize thematerialthatfollowsis dictatedby thetypesofornamentand theirsyntax, double lamps are treatedseparately.A discussionof chronologyand originis reservedfor anothersection(See now,V. Apostolakouin Eilapini(Herakleion,1987) 35-44). existenceof a seriesof metallamps which There is a verystrongsenseof the underlying thisstriking providedtheinspirationformost ifnot all of the featureswhichdistinguish series.Cf. e.g. L208 and L209. L81
L82
L83
L84
L85
L86
L87
L88
(67/P131)SML 160 plate 229, 250. D. 6.5, H. 3.9. Handle, part of underbodyand nozzle lost. Thick walls.Ratherwornmould.Standardsyntax- grooves arranged1-2-2-2 (fromhandleto nozzle). Underfoot Pale grey, concave. Filling hole small, off-centre. compactclay.Coated mattdarkbrownwash (including much of the inside). Wash over N House ? Severan. (71/L218) SML 593 plate 250. D. c. 6.0. Part of nozzle,shoulderand discus.Worn mould. Syntaxof what remainsas L81. Grey buffclay, soft.Coated matt red wash. XIV 1 (Trajanic) and XI 3 (Hadrianic). (67/L185) SML 532 plate 250. 3.3x2.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Rough modelling.Two circlets above thenipple.Syntaxperhapsas L81. Lightbrown clay,coatedredwash.N House, Room V finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L205) SML 566 plate 250. 3.0 x 2.6. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispmould.Syntaxperhapsas L81. Light brown clay, coated plum red wash. E House, DepositNl, Neronian. (67/L206) SML 565 plate 250. 3.2x3.0. Part of shoulderand discus.Crisp mould.As the last. Light brownclay,coateddarkbrownwash.N House,Room V, finalPhase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L200) SML 569 plate 250. 4.0 x 3.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould; two grooveson discus.Syntaxas L81? Lightbrownclay,coatedplum red wash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L217)SML 524 plate 250. Ext L. 7.9, D(nozzle) 3.7. Nozzle and partofshoulder.The roundnozzlein twodegrees.Whatremainsofsyntaxas L81. Buffclay, wash.XV 1, upperwash, soft,coatedmattred-brown late 2nd to 4th centA.D. (67/P37) SML 213 plates 228, 250. W. 8.7, L 14.5, Ext H. 3.5 (to handle top 5.6). Most of body lost; recomposed.Thin walled. 'Ear lugs'; the ringhandle has one deep and two shallow grooves.The round
L89
L90
L91
L92
L93
nozzle (blackened) is very neatly modelledin two degrees.Fine groovejust insidethediscusrim.Crisp mould.Standardsyntaxwitha groovecount2-3-3-2. metallicplumred Buffclay,compact.Coated slightly wash (includinginside). VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. For shape (but notsyntax)PAE 1969,pl. 278b left. For the same syntaxsee the Knossianlamp BSA 67, 278, no. 102, fig. 5. The same syntax,with the additionof chevronson the nozzle,on the Knossian 50, J. 35, and pl. 30 (late lst-mid2nd lamp Demeter centA.D.). Cf.also PAE 1969,246-8, pl. 278b second fromright,pl. 278d, middle. (67/P51) SML 146 plates 228, 250. D. 9.0, H. 4.3, Ext L. 14.3.Handle,smallpartofshoulderand discus lost; recomposed.Worn mould. Two small filling holes.Syntaxas L88. Nozzle blackened.Pinkishbuff clay. Partlycoatedmattdarkbrownwash.VII 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L212) SML 210 plates 228, 250. Est D. 9.0. Fragment(3 joining) of shoulder,discusand underbody.Crispmould.'Ear' lug and syntaxas L88. Buff brown fine clay. Coated semi-glossyplum-brown wash. XII 9, Deposit D.5, Hadrianic. (67/P117)SML 130 plates 228,250.W. 8.9, H. 3.8, Ext L. 12.6. Handle and scraps of nozzle lost. Recomposed.Mould ratherworn.Lugs and syntaxas L88. The mouldsforL88 and L91 mustbe closely akin. Reddishbuffsandyclay. Coated mattlightred wash (includinginside). VIII 6. See Deposit T3, Trajanic, withlaterintrusions. Cf. HM 923, Mercando pl. XXXIV.7. (71/L54) SML 150 plates 228, 250. D. 7.5, Ext H. 3.8, L. 8.5. Handle, partofdiscusand shoulder,much of underbody,base and nozzle lost. Crisp mould. Syntaxas L88. The nozzlewas inset.Buffclay,coated matt plum-brownwash. XIII 15a, Deposit N2, Neronian. (71/L6) SML 258 plate 250. Est D. 8.0. Handle
THE LAMPS
L94
L95
L96
L97
L98
L99
L100
L101
L102
L103
L104
stumps,much of shoulderand discus. Crisp mould. Syntaxprobablyas L88. Fine buffclay,coated matt darkbrownwash.XI 1,late 2nd to mid3rdcentA.D. (71/L219)SML 572 plate 250. 6.1 x 2.6. Fragmentof discusand shoulder.Crispmould.Syntaxprobablyas L88. Buff-brown clay. Coated matt red wash. X, cleaning;to late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (73/L309) plate 250. 6.5x2.8. Shoulderfragment. Crisp mould. Syntaxprobablyas L88. Dark cream red wash. Well 12, Deposit clay. Coated semi-glossy D4, Hadrianic. (71/L223)SML 571 plate 250. 5.0 x 2.8. Fragmentof discusand shoulder.Crispmould.Syntaxperhapsas L88. Pink-buff clay. Coated matt plum red-brown wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. (67/L198) SML 557 plate 250. 4.0x2.6. Shoulder fragment. Crispmould.Syntaxperhapsas L88. Light brownclay, coated reddishbrownwash. E House, DepositNl, Neronian. (67/P87) SML 306 plates 229, 251. D. 5.8, H. 3.0, Ext L. 10.1. Handle, part of nozzle and base lost, otherwiseintact.Crisp mould. Nozzle mouthin one degree.Three concentricmoulded ridgeson discus. Standardsyntaxwitha groovecount3-3-1-2. Nozzle blackened.Buffbrownclay. Coated metallicgoldenmottledbrownwash. N House, Rooms IV/V, final phase - contentofS wall. Late 2nd centA.D. (67/L230) SML 582 plate 250. 4.0 x 2.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crisp mould. Three concentric mouldingson discus. Syntax may be as L98. Light brownclay,coated mattdark plum wash. N House, Room I, pit 3, Deposit R2; late 2nd centA.D. (67/L196) SML 547 plate 250. 4.0x3.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispmould.Syntaxprobablyas L98. Cream clay,coated plum red wash. N House, I 12, lst-2ndcentA.D. (67/L204)SML 567 plate 250. 3.0 x 2.5. Discus and shoulderfragment.Crisp mould. Syntaxperhapsas L98. Lightbrown-grey clay.Coated darkredwash.N House, I(S) 15, Neronian with 2nd cent A.D. intrusions. (71/L13) SML 316 plates 229, 251. D. 5.9, H. 3.2. Handle and much of nozzle lost, otherwiseintact. Crisp mould. Discus plain, no grooveon rim.Large hole,offcentre.Standardsyntax,withchevrons filling on nozzle.Groovecount2-2-3-2. Nozzle blackened. Fine buff-brown clay. Coated slightlyglossyreddishbrown wash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. A KnossianexampleBSA 11, 290 no. 133,fig.7 and PI. 44a (Group dated 50-100 A.D.). (71/L287) plate 251. D. 7.4, Ext L. 9.0. Much of handle,nozzle,part ofshoulderand underbodylost. Crispmould.Plain discusand rim.Standardsyntax; groove count 1-2-3-2. Chevronson nozzle. Light brown clay, coated mottled plum-redwash. SW House, Room I, Deposit CI; Claudian. Near the Knossian lamp no. 62 fromthe Well KQ/51/13BSA 66, 269 and pl. 40d, left.? Claudian. (67/L321)SML 562 plate 251. Ext D. 6.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Two concentricmouldingson thediscus.Chevrons,no ivy
L105
L106
L107
L108
L109
LI 10
LI 11
LI 12
LI 13
267 leaf,on thenozzle.Two smallcircletsabove thenozzle nipples.Groovecount 2-3-3-0 (the place of the last chevrons).Greybuffclay. groovesis takenby thefirst Coated mattplum-brownwash. VIII 7, Flavian. (71/L221) SML 558 plate 251. 5.7x3.0. Shoulder, discusand nozzlefragment. Crispmould.Plaindiscus. No circletsabove nozzle nipple.Otherwiseas LI 04. wash. Buffclay,soft.Coated semi-glossy plum-brown XI 5, mixed lst-3rdcentA.D. (71/L220) SML 560 plate 251. 5.5x4.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. As LI 05. Nozzle blackened. Buff-brownclay. Coated semiglossyplum-brownwash. XI 5, mixed lst-3rd cent A.D. (71/L222) SML 570 plate 251. 6.0x3.1. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn mould. Groove count ?-3-3-2; nozzle chevrons.Pink buff clay, coated mattplum-brownwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. (71/L4) SML 554 plate 251. D. 6.5. Handle attachment,discus and shoulder fragment.Crisp mould.Plain discus.Circletseitherside ofivyleaftip. Groovecount3-3-(3)-?. Buffclay. Coated mattred wash. XI 4, Trajanic, late lst-early2nd centA.D. (71/L213)SML 573 plate 251. Est D. 6.0, Ext L. 3.0. Handle stump,part of discus,shoulder,underbody and base. Crispmould.Two concentricmouldingson discus.Standardsyntax;groovecount2-3-2-?. Buffbrown clay, coated matt orange-brown wash. XII/XV baulk,mixedHL-R. (67/L186) SML 530 plate 251. 8.0x4.5. Discus, shoulder,startofnozzlefragment. Fairlycrispmould. Two concentric mouldings on discus. Standard syntax;groovecount?-?-3-2. Pink buffclay,coated dark red wash. VII 4, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L48) SML 310 plates 229, 251. D. 6.0, H. 3.8, Ext L. 8.2. Handle and part of nozzle lost. Crisp mould. Plain discus. Standard syntax(nozzle chevisolated rons,withoutivy leaf) withembellishments, impressed spiralsbeloweach nippleand eithersideivy leaf tip. Groove count 2-3-2-0 (subsumedby first chevrons).Pinkbuffclay,fine,coated mattredwash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. The syntaxis as HM 927, Mercandopl. XXXIV.5. (71/L3) SML 234 plate 251. D. 7.0, H. 3.0. Handle roots,partofdiscus,all shoulder,partofnozzle.Worn mould. Discus rimset offeitherside by finegroove. Mouldingon discus.Long ivy-leafon nozzle bridge, with close set parallel oblique lines either side continuingbeyondleaf,towardsnozzle tip. Unusual shoulderornament,reliefspiralsreplacenipples,and thereare no ivy leaves on the shoulder.The syntax reads 'spiral,two grooves,tonguewithdot in centre, two grooves,reservedspace, two grooves,similar tongue,twogrooves,spiral'.Greenishclay (overfired). Coated dark brown wash. XI 3-4, Trajanic-Hadrianic. (71/L60)SML 313 plates 230,251. Est D. 6.4, H. 3.2. Handle, part of discus,shoulder,underbody,base. Crispplastermould.Five concentricmouldingscover discus.Borderof tongueson the shoulder.Carefully made ringfootwithinteriorridge.PMouldarchetype
268
LI 14
LI 15
LI 16
LI 17
LI 18
LI 19
L120
L121
THE LAMPS red a metallamp. Buffclay,fine.Coated semi-glossy wash. XIII 19, Claudian. Perhaps akin to the HM lamp Mercando pl. XXXVI. 1. (71/L61) SML 329 plates 230, 251. D. 8.2, Ext L. 3.7. Shoulder,discus and startof nozzle fragment. Crisp and precisemould. Shoulderborderof tongue and dartpattern(dartsterminatein circlets).Pair of circletsabove nipple, anotherpair adjacent . Fine grooveinsidediscus rim. A beautifullymade piece, closeto itsmetalarchetype.Buffclay,coated orangeredwash.SW House, Room I; DepositCI, Claudian. (67/L214) SML plates 230, 251. Est D. 6.0. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould.Borderoftonguesas LI 14; chevronsat startof nozzle. Buffclay, coated mattplum red. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L218) SML 585 plate 251. 4.5x2.0. Shoulder fragment.Crisp plaster mould. Border of long tongues.Reddish buffclay, coated matt red wash. VIII 5. DepositT3, Trajanic withlaterintrusions. (71/L59) SML 230 plate 251. D. 7.2, H. 2.8, Ext L. 9.1. Handle, part of nozzle lost. Crisp, probably plaster,mould. Small handle,six concentricmouldingson discus.Large fillinghole.Borderoftongueson shoulder,volutesat nozzle stem.The concave base is definedbythreeconcentric grooves;within,an incised made. Tau withdouble circletterminals.Beautifully Buffbrownclay, fine.Coated blotchedmatt plumbrownwash.SW House, Room I, XIII 34; early-mid 1stcentA.D. 230 (42) fig. Probablyan Italian import.Vindonissa 6.1 lamp fromPompei, (Loeschke Type V). The device underfootappears on the bridge of Tarsus Lamp 140 - Tarsus109, pl. 98, fromthe "Roman Fill", dated firstthirdof the 1stcentA.D. Goldman cited Vindonissa 245/6(57/8)fig.9:190. It also occurs, underfoot,at Isthmia - Isthmiapl. 13, no. 3079 (incomplete).See Agoravii,54-5 on the4thcentA.D. T workshop (which can hardly be connected). (67/L282) SML 323 plate 251. 6.5x3.0. Discus, shoulder and underbodyfragment.Crisp mould. Deep discus,one grooveat itsedge.Borderofdoubleoutlinedtongues.Neatly coiled spiral at the nozzle root.Granularbuff-brown clay,coatedlightplum-red wash, blotchedtowardsblack. N House, Room VI, DepositD2; Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. as Close to LI 17. Both are probablymisclassified Ivy Leaf lamps. (67/L219)SML 584 plate 251. 4.5 x 3.0. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Plain discus, long double-outlinedtongues. Light brown clay, coated mattdark plum red wash. N House, II 6, to mid 2nd centA.D. (67/L226) SML 579 plate 251. 5.0x4.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Plain discus, prominentrim, large fillinghole. Long doubleoutlinedtongues.Reddish brownclay. Coated dark mattred wash. DepositFl, Flavian. ? filler. (67/L236)SML 580 plate 252. 3.0 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Worn,crudemould.Plain discus,
L122
L123
L124
L125
L126
L127
L128
L129
L130
L131
tongues.Greenishclay,coarse.Coated mattdarkgrey wash. N House, II 7, mixed 1stcent B.C.-2nd cent A.D. (67/L243)) SML 399 plate 252. 5.8 x 4.0. Discusand shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Multiplemouldings enclosean otherwiseplain discus. Light buff-brown granular clay, reduced in part, coated matt dark brownthinwash. IX 3, mixed 1stcentA.D. Froma largelamp akin to L209. (67/L188) SML 529 plate 252. 4.5x2.0. Small ofdiscus,shoulderand nozzle.Ratherworn fragment mould. Double outlined tongueson shoulder- ? chevronson nozzle. Light brownclay, coated matt brownwash. VIII 4, pit 2, DepositTl, Trajanic. (71/L161) SML 194 plates 230, 252. 5.0x2.1. Shoulderfragment. Wornmould.Quadrupleoutlined tongues. Buff clay, fine. Coated semi-glossydark brownwash. XII 8, DepositD5, Hadrianic. as an Ivy Leaf lamp. Cf. the Probablymisclassified tongueson Délosno. 250, pl. 13,assignedby Bruneau to Group I of his "lampesditesd'Ephése". (71/L33) SML 328 plates 230, 252. D. 6.2, H. 3.6, Ext L. 11.0. Handle and part of nozzle lost. Fairly crispmould.Chevronson thediscusrim,discusplain. Long tonguesand dartson the shoulder,no nipples, chevronson the nozzle. Two isolatedspiralsby the discusrimfacingthenozzle,in thepositionfrequently usedforan ivyleaf.Buffbrownclay,fine.Coated matt red wash. XI S. baulk 1-2 #2482,Flavian-Trajanic. As HM 932 (no provenance), Mercando pl. XXXIV, 9, p. 235, n. 4. (67/L215) SML 591 plate 252. D. 6.0, Ext L. 7.5. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn plaster mould. Moulding on mid-discus.Shoulder ornamentoftongueson each ofwhichis an impressed circlet.An ivyleafis imposedon thenozzlechevrons. Cream clay. Coated drab plum-redwash. IX 2, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L57)SML 220 plates 230,252.Est D. 6.4, H. 3.2, Est L. 11.0. Much ofshoulder,discus,nozzle,partof underbody.Crisp mould. Concentricmouldingson discus, otherwiseas LI 26. Differentmould. Buff brown clay, fine. Coated matt light brown-plum wash. XIV, pit 2, mid-lstcentA.D. (67/L216) SML 590 plate 252. 6.4x3.5. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. As LI 27. Brown clay, coated red wash. N House, I 15, Neronian(with2nd centintrusions). (67/L217) SML 588 plate 252. D. 6.O. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As LI 27. Reddish greyclay, coated plum red wash. N House, Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. (71/L269) SML 327 plate 252. Est D. 8.4. Handle stump, discus and shoulder fragment.Very worn mould.Mouldingson discus,whichhas remainsoftwo fillingholes. Tongues with impressedcircleson the shoulder. Buff-brownclay, coated matt plum-red wash. XII/XV baulk,mixedHL-R. (67/L221) SML 587 plate 252. 4.6x3.0. Shoulder, discusand nozzle fragment. Crispmould.Ivy leafon the nozzle bridge,separatedfroma nipple by two
THE LAMPS
L132
L133
L134
L135
L136
L137
L138
L139
L140
grooves. Shoulder ornament of double outlined tongues,belowwhichare impressedcirclets.I 6, late 2nd-early3rd A.D. (67/L223) SML 586 plate 252. 5.2x2.5. Shoulder Crisp mould. As L131. Nozzle blackened. fragment. Reddish-brown clay,coated mattredwash.VII 5, to late 2nd-early3rd centA.D., withearliercoins. (67/L323)SML 504 plate 252. 4.5 x 2.5. Discus and shoulderfragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. As L131. Pink-buff clay, soft.Coated matt red wash. Drain N ofstreet,N House yard,to 2nd half1stcent B.C. (67/L335)SML 330 plates 230, 252. Est D. 6.6, Ext L. 8.6. Handle, shoulder, discus and underbody Wornmould.Three concentricgrooveson fragment. the discus.Variant shoulderornamentwith nipples and ivy leaf but no grooves- syntax:nipple- short doubleoutlinedtonguesabove twoimpressedcirclets, ivy leaf,tongueand circlets,nipple. Pink buffclay, coatedsemi-glossy plumred- plumbrownwash.VIII 7, Flavian. (67/L220)SML 589 plate 252. 6.0 x 5.0. Discus and shoulder fragment.Crisp mould. Two concentric grooveson discuswithinprominentrim. Ivy leaf on chevronsat nozzle root, prominentnipple. Very carefullymade even, double outlinedtongues.Reddish brownclay, coated red wash. VI I I/IX baulk, mixed 1stcentA.D. (73/L305) plate 252. 7.1 x 4.0. Discus and shoulder fragment. Crispmould.Successionoffourconcentric on the discus. Apart from the grooves/mouldings nipples,all the ornament(includingthe ivy leaf) is impressed.Syntax- nipple,small tongueabove two large circlets,ivy leaf, tongue and circlets,nipple. Creamclay,coatedglossydarkred-brown wash.Well 12, DepositD4, Hadrianic. For some of the elementsin this syntaxcf. the outsizeMátala lamp, PAE 1969,pl. 278b, left. (61/L267) SML 541 plate 252. Est D. 6.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. What remainsof discus plain. On shoulderneat double outlinedtonguesabove separaterighthandedspirals. Buffbrownclay,soft.Coated mattplum-brown wash. XIII/XIV baulk,Claudian. (67/L222,L237) SML 332 plates 231,252.4.5 x 6.0. Handle, part of discus, shoulder and underbody. Fairlycrispmould.Two concentric grooveson discus. Shoulder as LI 37. Granular lightbuff-brown clay, coated plumred-brownmattwash. I(N) 12, 1stcent A.D. (71/L18) SML 307 plates 231, 252. D. 6.2, Ext H. 2.2, Ext L. 10.2. Handle, parts of underbodylost; recomposed.Fairlycrispplastermould.Discus plain. Shoulderas L137; ivy leaf at nozzle rootwiththree oblique grooves either side. Ring base, concave underfoot.Brown clay, fine. Coated slightlyglossy plum-darkbrownwash. XIII 10a, SW House, Room I; late 1stcentA.D. (71/L15) SML 315 plates 230,252. D. 6.1, H. 2.2. Handle, nozzle and part of underbodylost. Crisp mould.Two concentric mouldingson discus.Close-set rayson theshoulder;nippleseithersideofnozzleroot
L141
L142
L143
L144
L145
L146 L147
L148
L149
L150
269 separatedfromivyleafbytwogrooveseach side.Ring foot.Buffbrownclay,fine.Coated mattplum-brown wash. XIII 17c,Deposit N2, Neronian. A KnossianexampleBSA 77, 291,no. 134and fig.7 withpl. 44b (froma groupofc. 50-100 A.D.). From Herakleionis A.Delt 20 (1965), Chr 562, pl. 708d, bottomright.The decorativeschemeappears on the earedlamp fromKnossos,SanatoriumJHS 73 (1953) 127,fig.13. AnothercomesfromMátala, PAE 1969, 246-8, pl. 278b. (71/L47) SML 236 plate 252. D. 6.0, H. 3.2, Ext L. 8.0. Handle, partsofshoulder,underbodyand nozzle lost.A scrapofnozzle may belong.Crispmould.Flat base. Plain discus;chevronson nozzle in place of ivy leaf,otherwiseas L140. Buffbrownclay,fine.Coated matt dark plum-brownwash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. (67/L228) SML 577 plate 252. 5.0 x 3.2. Sectionof discus,shoulder,underbodyand base. Plastermould. Concentricmouldingsenclose a large fillinghole. Parallel groovesin groups on the shoulder.Light brownclay, coated dark red wash. N House, IV 3, Hadrianic,and to late 2nd centA.D. (67/L182)SML 533 plate 252. 6.0 x 3.4. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Mouldingson discus insiderim.Ivy leafat nozzleroot.Shoulderornament ofparallelgrooves.Nipple separatedfromivyleafby two grooves. Grey clay, coated dark brown-black wash. VII 8, Hadrianic. (67/L178)SML 539 plate 252. 5.0 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Mouldingon discus withinrim. Shoulder ornamentof close-set parallelgroovespassingbelow nipple,reachingas far as thenozzlebridgeivyleaf.Reddishclay,coated red wash. N House, Room V finalphase; late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. (67/L229)SML 576 plate 252. 3.5 x 3.5. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Plaindiscus.Grooves run up to, but not under,nipple.Light brownclay, coated red wash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L227)SML 578 plate 253. 3.5 x 2.5. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.As LI 45. Red clay,coated red wash. VIII 4, Hadrianic. (67/L225) SML 347 plates 230, 253. 6.2x3.5. Shoulder and underbodyfragment.Crisp mould. ?Retouched.Parallel grooves- ? disintegratedtongues. Light brown clay, coated plum-redwash. N House, Room VI, Phase 1 fill;DepositD2; Hadrianic and to later2nd centA.D. (67/L235) SML 581 Not illustrated.5.0x2.5. Small discus and shoulderfragment.Parallel grooveson shoulder.Light brown clay, coated plum red matt wash. VII 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L232) SML 583 plate 253. 4.6x4.8. Handle, fragmentof shoulderand underbody.Fairly crisp mould.Grooveson tongues.Lightbrownclay,coated matt dark plum red wash. N House, II 9, mixed HL-R. (67/L231) SML 596 plate 253. 3.0x2.3. Shoulder and underbodyfragment. Quite crispplastermould. Parallelgrooves.Cream clay,coated brownwash. N House, I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D.
270
THE LAMPS
L151 (71/L38)SML 129 plate 229,253.D. 6.5, H. 3.2, Ext L. 11.3. Handle lost,otherwiseintact.Crisp mould. Concentricgrooveson discus. Ring base. Standard shoulderornament, chevronson nozzlein place ofivy leaf. Groove count 2-4-3-1. Nozzle blackened. clay,coated mattred wash. XII 15, 1st Orange-buff centA.D. L152 (71/L34) SML 136 plate 253. D. 7.0, H. 3.0, Ext L. 11.3. Handle, smallpartofshoulder,underbodyand nozzlelost.Fairlycrispmould.Verycloseto L151 but the greatersize may suggesta previousgeneration. Cream buffclay,fine. Ring base, concave underfoot. Coated semi-glossyplum-brownwash. SW House, Room I; early-mid1stcentA.D. L153 (71/L12)SML 165plate 229,253. D. 6.2, H. 3.4, Ext L. 10.0.Nozzle,smallpartofshoulderand discuslost. What remainsintact.Fairlycrisp mould. Standard syntax(chevronson nozzle). Groovecount2-3-2-0. Pinkbuffclay. Coated mattredConcave underfoot. dark brownwash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. L154 (67/L199) SML 555 plate 253. 6.0x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Two concentricmouldingson discus. Standard syntax (chevronson nozzle),withsmallcircletsbesidelateral ivy leaf and above nozzle nipple. Groove count ?2-3-2-0. Greyclay,coatedmattdarkbrownwash.N House, Room V, benchat W; late 2nd centA.D. L155 (67/L174) SML 540 plate 253. 4.8x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp. Plaster mould. Prominentdiscusmoulding.Syntaxas LI 54, but no circletsbeside the lateral ivy leaf. Nozzle blackened.Greyclay,soft,coated plum-redwash. N House, I(S) 13, Hadrianic (and some later). L156 (67/L252)SML 559 plate 253. 4.2 x 2.3. Nozzle and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Plain discus,herring bone on nozzle, grooveson shoulder.Light brown clay,coated dark brownwash. II 3, Severan. L157 (71/L215) SML 544 plate 253. Est D. 6.4. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Plain discus.Chevronson nozzle.Shoulderornament confinedto fairlyevenlyspacedivyleaves.Buffbrown clay. Coated matt red wash. XIV 23, Deposit B2, Tiberian. L158 (68/P39)SML 628 plate 253. D. 7.1, H. 3.1, Est L. 11.6. Handle, part of underbodyand nozzle lost. Rather worn mould. Fine groovejust inside rim, discus otherwiseplain. On shoulder,two lines of circletsoffsetfromeach other. Above nozzle, impressedisolated spiral eitherside. Shallow trough leads to nozzle hole, narrowingfrom the rim; circletwithinthetriangle.Dirtywhiteclay, impressed coated matt plum brown wash. VIII, Well 8b, Deposit T2, Trajanic, with 1st cent A.D. material redeposited. L159 (71/L26) SML 232 plate 253. D. 6.5, H (to handle) 4.0, Ext L. 10.6. Nozzle tip lost, otherwiseintact. Crispmould.As LI 58 but one incisedzig-zagline is threadedbetweenthe two runsof circlets,and each sideofthenozzleis hatchedwithincisedlinesfromthe spiralon. Ring base. Brownclay, coated mattplum brownto darkgreywash. X 10 pit 4, Claudian.
L160 (71/L17) SML 233 plate 253. D. 6.6, H. 2.9, Ext L. 11.6. Handle, partofunderbodyand base lost.Fairly crispplastermould.Discus rimdefinedby a veryfine grooveeitherside. Shoulderas LI 59. At nozzle root either side, two concentriccircles within nozzle triangle.Underfootslightlyconcave (no ring). Buff clay, coated matt plum-brown wash. X 8, Neronian/Flavian. L161 (67/L248) SML 379 plate 253. D. 6.5, Ext L. 8.0. Handle stump,shoulder,discus and part of nozzle. Crisp mould. Discus as LI 60. Shoulder as LI 58. Spirals and hatched nozzle as LI 59. Circlets in triangleas LI 60. Creamclay,coatedmattdarkbrown wash. VIII 7 pit 4, Deposit Fl, Flavian. L162 (67/L250) SML 406 plate 253. 4.8x3.0. Discus, shoulder and nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Fine chevronband on shoulderbelow discusrim.Circlets on lower shoulder,spiral and chevronson nozzle, circletin the triangle.Buffbrownclay, coated matt dark plum red wash. VII 6-7, Hadrianic. L163 (67/L251) SML 561 plate 253. 4.2x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp plastermould. Three concentricmouldingsformthediscusrim.On the shouldera run of impresseddouble concentric circleswithminutecircletsabove and below,offset. Reliefspiral at side of nozzle root,nozzle hatched, impressedconcentriccircletsin the triangle,with minutecircletbeside. Pink buffclay, evenly fired mediumhard;mattplumredwash.N House, II 5-7a, Neronian. L164 (71/L245)SML 384 plate 253. 4.0 x 3.5. Discus and nozzle fragment.Crisp plastermould. Chevronson discus rim, two fine concentric grooves inside. Concentriccirclesat nozzle root in place of spirals, circlesin thetriangle nozzlehatched,threeconcentric as L161. Buffclay, coated matt plum brownwash. XIII 15b,Deposit N2, Neronian. L165 (67/L285)SML 419 plate 253. 5.8 x 2.0. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Discusrimas LI 60. Shoulderas LI 59. Light brownclay, coated dark brownwash. I(S) 15, Neronian(some2nd cent intrusions). L166 (67/L281) SML 396 plate 253. 6.0x3.5. Handle Worn plaster stumps,discusand shoulderfragment. mould. No discus rim. Shoulderornamentas LI 59. Pinkbuffclay,coated dark red wash. Unstratified. L167 (67/L317)plate 253. D. 5.4, Ext L. 7.0. D. 5.4, Ext L. 7.0. Handle, muchofshoulder,nozzleand underbody lost. Crisp mould. Unusual syntax,ivy leaf on the nozzle, with circletseitherside of its tip. On the shoulder,'noughtsand crosses'arrangementreplace lateral ivy leaves, ivy leaves replace nipples beside handle. Groovecount: 2-2-2-2. Cream clay, coated dark red-brown wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. L168 (67/L286)SML 433 plate 253. 4.0 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment.Crisp plastermould. Concentric grooveson discus.On shoulder,'noughtsand crosses' and a pair ofgrooves.Lightbrownclay,coated matt dark brown wash. VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D., withearliercoins. L169 (67/L287) SML 405 plate 253. 3.5x3.0. Discus,
THE LAMPS
L170
L171
L172
L173
LI 74
L175
Worn mould. Discus shoulder,underbodyfragment. as LI 68. On shoulderpartsoftworepeatsof'noughts and crosses'as LI 67. Lightbrownclay, soft.Coated mattred wash. II 4, to 3rd centA.D. (71/L214) SML 437 plate 254. Est D. 6.0. Handle attachment,shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crispplastermould.Plaindiscus.Eithersideofhandle, two groovesfollowedby 'noughtsand crosses'panel, thenfourgrooves.Buffclay,fine,coated plumbrown wash. SW House, Room I; XIII 34, early-mid1st centA.D. A Knossianlamp BSA 77, 291 no. 135,fig.7 and pl. 44c (groupdated A.D. 50-100) has a similarsyntax, butthereis a spiralin place ofthelowercircletin each 'noughtsand crosses'group. (71/L49) SML 164 plates 233, 254. D. 6.4, H. 3.8, Ext L. 7.5. Handle,muchofunderbodyand base,part ofshoulderand nozzlelost.Fairlywornplastermould. Plain discus.Variantsyntax,chevronson the nozzle, witha circletbeside.On theshoulder,betweenpairs of grooves,ivy leaf and 'noughtsand crosses'group. Groove count 2-2-2. Yellow-buffclay, soft.Coated mattplumredwash.SW House,Room I, DepositC I; Claudian. (71/L216) SML 563 plate 254. 6.5x2.5. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Plain nozzle. Chevronson nozzle. Shoulderas LI 70. Buff brown clay, coated matt red wash. XIII pit 1, Trajanic. (71/L21) SML 218 plates 233, 254. D. 8.5, H. 4.1, Ext L. 11.0. Most of nozzle, much of discus and shoulder,partof underbodyand base remain.Fairly crispplastermould.Air hole on discus(at 6 o'clock). Two concentricgrooves withindiscus rim. Nozzle mouthin twodegrees.Prominentringfoot.Standard syntax,but fussydetail. The pairs of grooveseither sideofthenozzlerootare also hatched.The nozzleivy leaf is set on hatched lines. Groove count ?-3-3-2 (hatched). Nozzle blackened.Buffclay, coated dark brownwash. XII 1,2 and 6, Hadrianic. (67/L190)SML 550 plate 254. 4.3 x 3.0. Discus and shoulderfragment. Worn mould. Fine grooveeither side of discus rim. Fragment only of shoulder ornamentnipple,flankedby verticalchevronpanels in place of grooves.Light brownclay, coated light brownwash. VII 4, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L279) plate 254. D. 6.5, Ext L. 8.5. Handle, muchofnozzle,underbodyand base lost.Fairlycrisp mould. Unusual syntax.The nozzle is flankedby curvedornamentswithconcave surfaces(Bailey) in the mannerof Loeschcke'sType I or BroneerType XXII earlyimperialItalian lamps, but withoutthe characteristic voluteterminals.This featuremay for conveniencebe called a 'voluteflange'.In the space between,chevrons,and (verycompressed)a line of impressedcircletsbetweenthecurvedornamentsand the discusrim. On the shouldera familiararrangementofnippleseitherside ofan ivyleaf,separatedby grooves.Groove count 2-2-1-2. Grey clay, coated very dark plum red wash. SW House, semi-glossy Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian.
LI 76
L177
L178
L179
L180
L181
L182
LI 83
L184
L185
L186
271 Close to HM 926 (no provenance)Mercando PI. XXXIV.4, p. 235, n. 4. (67/L207) SML 564 plate 254. 6.0x2.4. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Syntax,etc.,as LI 75. Groovecount?-2- 1-2 . Reddish brownclay, coated dark red wash. II 4, to 3rd cent A.D. (67/L180) SML 535 plate 254. 4.3x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Double mouldingon discus.As LI 75,butnozzleflangeendsin a boss whichmay have been a volute.Reddishclay, coated dark red wash. VII 9, to Trajanic. (67/L175) SML 536 plate 254. 4.3x3.8. Discus, shoulderand nozzlefragment. Crispmould.As LI 75. Pale greyclay, coated dark plum red wash. VIII 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L256)SML 393 plate 254. Est D. 6.4, Ext L. 7.4. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. Nozzle flange ends in reliefspiral. Impressedcircletin the nozzle triangle.Discus rim definedby two finegrooves.Shoulderornamentof a singleline of circlets.Buffclay soft.Coated mattred wash. XII 15, 1stcentA.D. (67/L284) SML 402 plate 254. 6.5x2.2. Discus, shoulderand nozzlefragment. Crispmould.As LI 79, with addition of groove on discus, and no spirals attached to nozzle flanges.Grey clay, coated matt dark greywash. N House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L249) SML 426 plate 254. 4.5 x 3.0. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crisp plastermould. Discus edge markedbysinglefinegroove.Shoulderas LI 79. Grey clay, coated matt orange wash. N House, I(S) 16, Claudian. (71/L272)SML 421 plate 254. EstD. 6.0. Discusand shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Discus plain, discusrimpickedout withtongueand dart in relief. Circletson shoulderas LI 79. Buffclay, fine,coated plum brownwash. XIII 1, to mid 3rd centA.D. (71/L241)SML 403 plate 254. Est D. 6.5. Discusand shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Plaindiscusand rim. Shoulderornamentofcircletsabove incisedhatching. Grey-brownclay. Coated matt plum-brownwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. (71/L243) SML 391 plate 254. 6.5x2.4. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp plastermould. Plain discusset offby finedeep groove.Slightnozzle flangeset offat one end by impressedsemi-rosette, circlet at the nozzle opening. Triangle reserved. Alternationof circletsand single rays on shoulder. Nozzle blackened.Pinkbuffclay,soft,coatedmattred wash. XIII 30, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L254) SML 542 plate 254. 4.4 x 2.7. Discus and shoulderfragment.Rather worn mould. What remainsas LI 84. Greyclay,coatedmattbrownwash.N House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. (71/L246) SML 431 plate 254. 4.0x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp plastermould. Moulding on discus. Nozzle flange with spiral terminal.Two bandsofcirclets, offset fromeach other,
272
THE LAMPS
impressedon shoulder.(Cf. L161). Brownclay,soft. Coated mattplumbrownwash. XIV 4, 1stcentA.D. L187 (71/L253)SML 428 plate 254. 3.5 x 2.0. Discus and shoulderfragment.Crisp mould. Discus definedby threefineconcentric grooves.Shoulderas LI 86. Grey clay,coatedmattplumredwash.XI 1,late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. L188 (71/L242)SML 424 plate 254. Est D. 7.0. Discusand shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Plaindiscusset offby a singledeep, finegroove.Shoulderas LI 86. Buff-brownclay, coated semi-glossyplum-brown wash. XIII 19a, Claudian-Neronian. L189 (67/L258) SML 383 plate 254. 7.0x2.5. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Discus rimmarkedfromshoulderby finegroove;two grooveson discus just inside rim. Hatched nozzle flangewithreliefspiralterminal.Shoulderornament as L186. (Cf. L161). Grey clay, fine. Coated matt red wash. VIII 4, late 1st and early 2nd cent A.D. L190 (67/L257)SML 427 plate 254. 3.5 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Veryprecise mouldingson discusand eithersideitsrim,suggesting archetypeveryclose to a metal original.Shoulder ornamentas LI 86 but circletscloserset. Grey clay, coated mattdarkbrownwash. N House, Room I(N) 6; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Circletsas denselysetas thisoccuron theKnossian KW/51/13no. 59, BSA 66, 269 and pl. 40b, fragment whosecontextwas Claudian, or slightlylater. L191 (67/L256) SML 525 plate 254. 2.8x2.5. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Plaindiscus.Minutedotson discusrim.Large double circletwithsmall circletsabove beside top of nozzle chevrons.Reddishbrownclay,coated red wash. VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L192 (71/L247)SML 509 plate 254. 3.5 x 2.0. Discus and shoulderfragment.Crisp mould. Discus rim set off eitherside by deep finegroove.On shoulder,zone of double concentriccirclesimpressed, with,above and below,line of offsetverysmall circlets.Buffbrown clay, coated semi-glossyplum-brownwash. XI 5, mixed lst-3rdcentA.D. A Knossianexample (withmoreelaboratediscus) in KW/51/13no. 58, BSA 66, 269 and pl. 40b (Claudian or slightlylater). L193 (67/L279) SML 358 plate 254. 3.5x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Three finegroovesset offdiscus fromshoulder.Borderof closeset impresseddouble concentriccirclesrecalling L192. But nozzlesuggeststhismustbelongto Broneer Type XXV or XXVIII. Brown clay, coated matt plum-redwash. IX 2, DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Corinth 103,fig.48:23. Isthmia pl. 28, no. 2482 (Type XXV-Type XXVIII). LI 94 (67/L305)SML 434 plate 254. 3.3 x 2.0. Discus and shoulderfragment.Fairly crisp mould. Discus rim definedby finedeep grooveeitherside. On shoulder, isolatedpair of impressedconcentriccircles.Brown clay, dark brown semi-glossywash. VI 5, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D.
LI 95 (67/L255)SML 546 plate 254. 3.6 x 2.0. Nozzle and start of shoulder fragment.Crisp mould. Nozzle in flange,hatched,withreliefcircleand dot terminal, rivethead). Probablythree place ofspiral(? imitating circletsin thenozzletriangle.Startofborderofcirclets on shoulder.Light brownclay, coated red wash. N House, I(N) 6, late 2nd-early3rd A.D. L196 (71/L239) SML 283 plates 225, 254. Est D. 6.8. Discus and shoulderfragment.Where were handle and nozzleattached?Fairlycrispmould.Plain discus. Shoulder ornamentof individual impressedspirals circletsabove and (righthanded) witha zone ofoffset below.Red-buff clay.Coated semi-glossy plum-brown wash. XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian. L197 (67/L280) SML 422 plate 254. 3.5x2.0. Shoulder and discus rim fragment.Crisp mould. Shoulder reserved;reliefspiral fromnozzle flange.N House, Room I(S), Neronian(some 2nd A.D. intrusions). LI 98 (67/L344)SML 297 plate 254. L. 4.3. Shoulderand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Reliefspiral (? at head of voluteflange)at end of borderof neat double outlined tongues.Trace of mouldingssurroundingdiscus.Greyclay, hard. Coated mattdark brownwash. IX 3, mixed 1stcentA.D. This must go closely with LI 17. Two similar Isthmialamps,Isthmia 59, nos.2452-53 and pl. 28, are classedas Type XXIVD byBroneer,said to be rarein Greece.He refersto theLoeschckeType I lamp from 230, fig.6, left,whichevokes,in Pompei, Vindonissa turnCorinth ill, no. 458 and pl. XXV. UnlikeL198, however,thetongueson thosetwolampsare wellinset fromthe edge of the shoulder.Is LI 98 a Cretan imitationofan Italian original? LI 99 (71/L260)SML 646 plate 254. Est D. 8.0. Discusand shoulderfragment. Crisp mould. Plain discus,set off fromshoulder by deep groove. Relief spiral from nozzle flange(as LI 86). Buffclay, coated matt red wash. XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian. L200 (67/L288) SML 400 plate 254. 4.8x1.8. Handle Fairlycrisp stump,shoulderand underbodyfragment. mould. On shoulder,borderof impressedconcentric circlets.As LI 92. Grey clay. Coated drab brown wash. VIII 4 pit 2, DepositTl, Trajanic. L201 (67/L278) SML 508 plates 254. 3.8 x 1.4. Shoulder and underbodyfragment.Crisp mould. Border of individual impressedspirals with minute circlets between.Brownclay,coated reddishbrownwash. N House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L202 (71/L240) SML 430 plate 254. 5.0 x 1.8. Shoulder and underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould. As L201, with ratherlargercirclets.Buffclay, soft. Coated mattred wash. X 9, Neronian. L203 (71/L283)plate 254. Est D. 6.0. Shoulderand discus Wornmould.Plain discus,markedofffrom fragment. shoulderbyfinegroove.Two nipplesat base ofnozzle; small ivy leaf impressedbetween.Dark brownclay, coated matt dark brown paint. XI S Baulk 1-2, Flavian-Trajanic. L204 (71/L285) plate 254. 4.7x4.0. Discus and nozzle Worn mould. Plain discus.Tiny reliefivy fragment. leafon nozzle bridge,circletseitherside. Lightbrown
THE LAMPS dark plum-redwash. X 9, clay, coated semi-glossy Neronian.
Ivy-leaffillers
L205 (71/L27) SML 126 plates 233, 255. D. 8.7, H. 4.6. Handle lost, nozzle chipped. Crisp mould. Ring handle. Ring foot,slightlyconcave underfoot.Deep concave discus,centralfillinghole, ? two unpierced small air holes beside. On discus rim-top,chevrons twice.Ivy leaves withcircletbelow tips interrupted eitherside of spout, shoulderdecorated with long tongueand dart (endingin circlets)border.Fine buff clay. Coated in thinmattwash,darkbrown,through plum-brownto orange. XIII 17c, Deposit N2, Neronian. The ornament recalls the ivy leaf lamp from Mátala, PAE 1969,pl. 278d, right. L206 (71/L281) plate 255. D. 7.8. Discus and shoulder fragment. Fairlycrispmould. As L205 but chevrons on discus rim are largerand coarser.Light brown clay,coatedmattpale redwash.XI 9, Claudian (mid 1stcentA.D.).
Outsize and double ivy-leaflamps
L207 (67/P60) SML 149 plates 232, 255. Discus, part of shoulderand lug-handles,part of nozzle,underbody and scrapof base. Worn mould. Small fillinghole in centreof discus,air hole (at 6 o'clock). Prominent nozzle flanges(no volutes);elongatedivy leafin the triangle.Lateral ivy leaves betweennipples beside lugs, picked out by circlets.Pinkishbuffclay, soft. Coated in mattdark red wash. VII 3, late 2nd-3rd centA.D. L208 (67/P48)SML 254 plates 232, 255. D. 12, W. 14.3, H. 6.0, Ext L. 21.6. Handle, small parts of discus, shoulder,underbodyand footlost. As L2O7; plaster mould;roundnozzlemouthin twodegrees,connected to the body by lateralflanges,discusdecoratedwith 16-petalrosettein relief,fillinghole at itscentre,air hole at '7 o'clock'. Incised design on lugs. Ovoid underfoot,on which the impressed inscription FAMOY. Pale buff clay. Top and spout coated metallicbrownwash, drippedand dabbled on side. VII 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Somewhat similar syntax,but a more carefully mouldedrosetteis theKnossianlamp Demeter 51,J.37 and pl. 30. DepositJ is dated late lst-mid2nd cent. L209 (73/L3OO)plates 231, 256. W. 11.2, H.5.5, L 22.5, Wt. 256g. Completeand intact.Verycloseto a metal original.Ring foot.Three-ribbedhandle;discuswith high rim,concentricridgeand grooveornamenton discus. Very large nozzle mouth, in two degrees. Double lugs either side. Relief ivy-leafon nozzle bridge,witha circletand spiralon eitherside. Three grooveseitherside of ivy leaf, with nipple beyond. Shoulderornamentof large tonguesabove isolated impressedspirals.Nozzle blackened.Light buffclay, coated matt plum-redpaint, with darker patches. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic.
273 Furtherfromthemetaloriginalis an inferior lamp of thissize fromMátala, PAE, pl. 278d., left.
Double ivy-leaflamps
L210 (73/L301)plates 233, 256. (Body)W. 11.6,H. 5.6, L. 17.7. Handle, mostof one nozzle lost. Recomposed. Crispmould.Ring base. Discusmarkedfromshoulder bydeep groove.Outerornamentoffinerays,innerof 7-petalledrosettewithimpressedcircletsbetweenthe petal tips.Chevronsor herringbone on each nozzleivy leaf with two grooveseitherside in the space betweennozzles. On the shoulderfournippleswith raysbetween;two groovesbetweenthe frontnipples and nozzles (blackened).Pink buffclay, soft,coated matt orange-brownwash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Generallysimilardoublenozzleivy-leaf lamp (plain discus)fromKnossos,Sanatoriumtombs,JHS 73, fig. 13, bottomcentre. L211 (67/P61) SML 522 plate 257. Ext W. 15.5, Ext L. 22.0. Most ofshoulderand discus,partofone nozzle. Recomposed.Wornmould.Discus plain exceptsingle groove.Nozzleopeningin twodegrees.Nozzle flanges, betweenthem an elongatedivy leaf with a circlet betweenit and thediscus.On theshoulder,lateralivy leaves between nipples, both picked out with impressedcirclets.Thickwalls.Pinkishbuffclay. Coated mattdark brownwash, firedred in patches.VII 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L212 (71/L2) SML 312 plates 232, 255. Opening,D. 3.8, Ext L. 6.8. Nozzle. Crisp mould. Opening in two degrees.Large ivyleafwithdouble impressedcirclets imposedon incisedchevrons.Pinkclay,coated glossy red wash. XI 3, Hadrianic. For a completelamp of thisnozzle type,HM 921 fromAxos,Mercandopl. XXXIV. 11,p. 235 and n. 7. L213 (71/L55) SML 518 plate 255. D. 5.7, Ext L. 11.0. Discus D. 8.0. Non-joiningdiscus and nozzle fragment.Crisp plastermould.Triple concentricmouldingson thediscus,prominentrim.Nozzle openingin two degrees. Close to a metal original.Buffclay. Coated mattred wash. XII 6 and 8, Hadrianic. L214 (71/L147)SML 652 plate 255. Est D. 5.0. Fragment ofnozzle opening.Crispmould. In twodegrees,with part of lateral flange.Blackened. Buffbrown clay. Coated semi-glossy, plumbrowndarkwash. XII 1-2, mixed2nd-3rdcentA.D. L215 (67/L296) SML 523 plate 255. D. 5.6. Fragmentof nozzle opening.Crisp mould. In two degrees.Relativelysmall wickhole. Pinkishclay, coated mattred wash, black on lip. N House, II 7a, mixed 1stcent B.C.-2nd centA.D. L216 (67/L291) SML 408 plate 256. 5.0x4.5. Nozzle fragment. Fairlycrispmould.Partofopening(in two degrees)and lateralflanges.Creamclay,coatedglossy dark plum-redwash. VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. (withearliercoins). L217 (71/L278) plate 256. 5.2 x 1.2. Most of handle lug. Quite crispmould. Antitheticfloraldesignin relief. Pink buffclay, coated red-brownmattwash. XII 9, Deposit D5. Hadrianic.
274
THE LAMPS
L218 (67/L208) SML 414 plate 256. 5.8x2.0. Most of handle lug. Crisp mould. Floral design as L217. Pinkishbuffclay, coated plum-redwash. Above N House, I(S) 4, to 4th centA.D. L219 (67/L174) SML 537 plate 256. 4.2 x 3.3. Fragmentof lug and shoulder. Fairly crisp mould. Concentric circlets, groovesand nipple.Orange clay,coateddark red wash. Above N House, II surface.To 4th cent A.D. L220 (67/L298) SML 737 plate 256. L. 3.8. Lug handle. Fairly crisp mould. Volute terminals.Light brown clay, coated dark brownwash. N House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-^early 3rd centA.D. L221 (67/L209) SML 260 plate 256. 5.0x4.2. Handle, reddish tripleridged.Light brownclay, semi-glossy wash. N House, V 3a, firsthalf1stcentA.D. L222 (67/L210)SML 519 plate 256. 7.8 x 4.6. Discus and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould. Concentricgrooveson the discus. Ivy leaf, nipple and concentriccircletson shoulder.Surfaceof ivy leaf picked out with incision.Brown clay, coated dark plum-redwash.VII 4b, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L223 (67/L306)SML 640 plate 257. 2.8 x 1.6. Discus rim fragment. Crispmould,air hole. Buffclay,veryfine. red wash. VII 9, to Trajanic. Coated semi-glossy L224 (67/L211) SML 521 plate 256. 6.0x4.0. Discus withtraceof shoulder.Crisp mould. Five fragment, concentricridgesand grooveson discus,circletand trace of somethingelse on shoulder.Pink buffclay, coated dark plum-redwash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L225 (67/L244) SML 510 plate 257. 4.0x2.8. Discus Worn mould. Concentricridges,of which fragment. two are pickedout withfinechevrons.Cream clay, coated plum-redwash. VIII 4 pit 2, Deposit Tl, Trajanic.
Miscellaneousivyleaf fragments
L226 (67/L197) SML 516 plate 257. 6.0x3.5. Shoulder fragment.Crisp mould. Large ivy leaf with double circlets,a singlecircletabove, a double at the side. Light brownclay, coated plum-redwash. N House, Room IV, Phase I fill;Hadrianic,and to late 2nd cent A.D. For a similarleaf the Knossian fragmentH. 114, 44 and pl. 26. (Deposit H dates fromthe5th Demeter centB.C.-2nd centA.D.). L227 (67/L212) SML 520 plate 257. 6.0x4.0. Shoulder fragment. Crispmould.Nipple,circletand ? hatched nozzleflange.Brownclay,coatedplum-redwash.VII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L228 (67/L203) SML 517 plate 257. 5.8x2.8. Shoulder Fairlycrispmould.Lateral ivyleaf,nipple fragment. and circlets.Red clay, coated red wash. VII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 3.4 x 2.0. Nozzle. L229 (67/L260)SML 575 Not illustrated. Reddishclay,coatedmattredwash.N House, II 6, to mid 2nd centA.D. L230 (67/L261) SML 416 plate 257. 4.0x2.8. Nozzle, includingwickhole. Fairlycrispmould.Wickhole in
L231 L232
L233
L234
L235 L236
L237
L238
L239
L240
L241
L242
L243
one degree,chevronson nozzle. Blackened.Reddish brownclay,coated red wash. VII 2. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 4.2 x 2.8. Partof (67/L259)SML 574 Not illustrated. nozzle. Blackened.Reddish brownclay, coated red wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian. (67/L253) SML 435 plate 257. 2.5x2.0. Tip of nozzlewithwick-hole.Crispmould.Trace ofhatched nozzle flanges,with stud (not spiral) simulating attachment.Granularpinkishclay, coated mattred wash. Patchesof darkerwash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L342)SML 552 plate 257. 4.2 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould. Plain discus- ivyleaf,groovesand nipple.Buffclay,coated wash.VI 18,cist,DepositC2 semi-glossy plum/brown (4), mid 1stcentA.D. (67/L192) SML 550 plate 257. 2.0 x 1.8. Shoulder fragment.Crisp mould. Trace of discusrim,prominent nipple, circlet,groove. Light red-brownclay, coated dark red wash. V 5, mixed,HL and Roman. (67/L201) Not illustrated.4.5x2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Plain discus. Ivy leafand flanking grooves.Provenienceuncertain. (67/L193) SML 549 plate 257. 3.0x2.5. Shoulder fragment.Very crisp plaster mould. Ivy leaf with concavesides,circlet.Reddishclay,coated red wash. VIII 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. (67/L194) SML 545 plate 257. 5.0x4.0. Discus, shoulder and nozzle root fragment.Worn mould. Small fillinghole with air hole at 6 o'clock. Two concentricmouldingson thediscus.Ivy leafat nozzle root. Grooveseitherside. Light brownclay, coated plum-redwash.VIII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. (67/L177) SML 538 plate 257. 4.0 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould. Plain discus. Ivy leaf. Grey clay, coated dark plum-red wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian (withsome 2nd centA.D. intrusions) (67/L202)SML 568 plate 257. 4.0 x 3.5. Discus and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Plain discus, grooveon the rim.Lateral ivy leaf,nipplebesideit, circleton one side ofthelip,singlegroove.Pink-light brown clay, coated dark red wash. VIII 4 pit 2, DepositTl, Trajanic. (67/L176)SML 531 plate 257. 4.4 x 3.8. Discus and nozzle fragment. Worn,ratherclumsymould. Small air holeon discusat 6 o'clock,on innermoulding.Ivy leafon shortnozzle,partofrimofwick-hole.Grooves eitherside ofivyleaf.Lightbrownclay,coated dark brownwash. VII 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L189)SML 527 plate 257. 4.0 x 5.5. Discus and shoulder fragment.Crisp plaster mould. Discus coveredin metallicconcentricmouldings.Lateralivy leaves, grooves.Light brownclay, coated dark red wash. E House, DepositNl, Neronian. (67/L191)SML 556 plate 257. 3.3 x 1.5. Discus and shoulderfragment.Crisp mould. Discus plain apart fromgrooveinsiderim. Lateral ivy leaf. Grey clay, coated dark brownwash. I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D. (67/L187) SMI 526 plate 257. 4.0 x 3.3. Discus and
THE LAMPS nozzle rootfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Concentric mouldingswithindiscusrim.Ivy leaf at nozzle root, threecircletsbetweenitand discusrim.Pinkbuffclay, coated matt dark red wash. IX 2, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L244 (67/L183) SML 528 plate 257. 2.6x2.8. Shoulder fragment.Crisp mould. Elongated ivy leaf between grooves. Grey clay, coated dark red wash. Unstratified. L245 (67/L181)SML 534 plate 257. 2.5 x 2.3. Discus and shoulderfragment. Discus rimand interiormoulding. Ivy leaf,grooveseitherside. Red-brownclay,coated redwash.N House, I(S) 15,Neronian(with2nd cent intrusions) L246 (67/L195)SML 548 plate 257. 2.5 x 2.3. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Plain discus, ivy leaf. Light brown clay, coated red wash. II 7, mixed1stcentB.C.-2nd centA.D.
Unassignedivy-leaflamps
L247 (67/L234) SML 595 plate 249. 4.5x4.5. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Rather worn mould.
L248
L249
L250
L251
275 Plaindiscus,wickholeinset,separatedfromdiscusrim by line ofthreecirclets.Grooves.Cream clay,coated redwash.N House,Room V2; late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. (73/L307) plate 257. 5.6 x 3.5. Handle stumps,part of shoulder and underbody.Grooves on foot and shoulder.Cream clay, coated glossyred to plum-red wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. (67/L238)SML 713 plate 257. 4.5 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Worn mould.Plain discus;nipple on shoulder.Brownclay,coated red wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian. (67/L184) SML 438 plate 257. 3.3x2.2. Shoulder fragment.Very crisp plaster mould - nipple with impressedcirclet,grooveseitherside. Light brown clay,coated darkred wash. N House, II 7, mixed1st centB.C.-2nd centA.D. (67/L239)SML 594 plate 257. 4.8 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Plain discus.Nipples and grooves.Greyclay, coated dark brownwash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian (and some 2nd cent A.D. intrusions).
Mould made Roman lamps
In thislongsectionofthecatalogueare includedthoselampswhichare ofdistinctively Roman characteras definedby Perlzweigin her introduction to Agoravii. The arrangement is very but withinmain chronologicaldivisionsby class ofsubject- thefinal roughlychronological, part of the catalogue deals with undoubtedimportedlamps - Corinthian,Attic,Red-onWhite.Whileit is likelythatmuchoftheremainingmaterial(particularly theverynumerous BroneerXXV lamps) was manufactured in Crete,and, in thecase oflampswiththeFAMOT in manycases is impossible. signature,almostcertainlywas, certainty notto Thoughrecentmajorlamp publications, notablyAgoraviiand BMC ii,have preferred use theBroneerclassification, I have chosento revertto it,as muchformyown instruction as offiguretypes. anythingelse.I also have made use ofBailey'sand Trier'sgeneralclassification ThoughsmallcollectionsofCretanRoman lampshave previouslybeen published,notably by Mercando, thisis the firstlarge assemblageto be made available. It has, accordingly, seemed appropriateto presenta veryhigh proportionof the recognizablematerial,both completeand fragmentary.
EarlyItalian lamps (Broneerxxi-xxiv)
L252 (71/L29) SML 231 plate 258. W. 7.0, H. 4.3, Ext L. 10.0.Completesave nozzletipwickhole.Handle with twogrooves.Pelta-shapeddiscus,plain,centralfilling hole; plain shoulders,which are divided fromthe nozzle by flanges recalling the volute flanges of standard early Roman lamps. The nozzle tip was probablytriangular.A champlevépeita on the flat base. Buffbrown clay. Coated mottledsemi-glossy plum-redwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
Recalls BMC i, Q, 721, pp. 341-2 and pl. 134, attributedto Italy and dated latterpart of 1stcent B.C. or early1stA.D. This once had an applied band handle,and has a reliefslave masknear the nozzle. L253 (71/L75)SML 715 plates 234, 258. D. 7.4, H. 3.5, L. 10.8. Part of discus, shoulderand underbodylost. Fairlycrispmould. Plain discus,centralfillinghole; air hole, separated from plain shoulder by two mouldings.Long nozzle, triangulartip. Yellow-buff
276
L254
L255
L256
L257
L258
L259
THE LAMPS clay,fine.Coated slightly glossyplum-redwash. XII 11, Hadrianic. VariantofBroneerXXII. Close to LoeschckeType II, Vindonissa 385, no. 318 (slightlysmaller,with 8-petal rosetteon discusand shouldertongues)dated, earlyImperial,but post-Augustan- ? Italian import. (71/L293)plate 258. D. c. 7.0. Discus,shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. The missinginnerdiscuswillhave beenflatand plain- the outer (preserved)part covered in very fine rays. Triangularnozzle.Greyclay,coatedmattblackwash. XIII 17a, DepositN2, Neronian. LoeschckeType II. There are seven of this type illustratedTrierdated to the 1sthalfof the 1stcent A.D. A completeexample (withcoarserrays) came fromtheRoman Fill at Tarsus- Tarsus109,no. 143 and pl. 98. (67/L121) SML 656 plate 258. 3.0x2.5. Discus, shoulderand nozzle volute fragment.Fairly crisp plastermould.Verynarrowshoulder,separatedfrom discus(finerays) by concentricmouldings.Vesicular buffclay, evenlyfiredmedium hard, coated semiwash. N House, Room V, Deposit glossyplum-brown D2; Hadrianic,and to late 2nd centA.D. 1sthalfofthe 1stcentA.D. RecallsBroneerXXI or no. 396 (pl. VII) and Q, 1002,BMC ii, XXII, Corinth 205 and pl. 28. ? Italian import. (67/L357) plate 258. 6.5x4.0. Discus and nozzle volutefragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Veryneat nozzle volute. Discus decorated in fourzones separatedby ridges- tongues- dots- rays- chevrons.A beautifulpiece.Red-brownclay,coateddarkbrownredbrownwash.IV 20 cist,DepositC2 (4), Claudian. BroneerXXI or XXII. ProbablyAugustan.The syntaxofornamentpointscloselyto a metalorigin.An Italian lamp ofthe 1stquarterofthe 1stcent.A.D. in Berlin- Heres no. 3, P. 12 and pl. 2 -, an elaborate BroneerXXI has a similarnarrowzone oftonguesin thesame position;Chypre 82, no. 172 and pl. 11 has a zone of rays in the same position as this with mouldingseitherside.Cf.also Waldhauer38, no. 204, fromKerch. pl. XX a dilychnos (67/L338) SML 655 Not illustrated.Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Volute rib. Concentricmouldingson the shoulder; short rays on discus. Filling hole was probably surroundedby concentricridges. Fine buff clay. wash. VII 28, to mid 1st Coated mattorange-brown centA.D. Cf. L255. (67/L329) SML 276 plate 234, 258. Est D. 7.5. Discus and shoulderfragment.Mould beginningto wear. Concentricmouldingson the shoulders,short close-setrayson thediscusslope,partoftheconcentric (lost) fillinghole. Cream-buff mouldingssurrounding wash.VII 8, early-mid clay,fine.Coated plum-brown 1stcentA.D. Cf. VAM no. 69-Op. AthVI, 37, pl. V, Broneer XXII said to be 'onlyone generationfromitsItalian Archetype'.BMC ii, 232, nos. 1090-91 are very similar- dated late 1stcentB.C. to firstthird1stcent A.D. (67/L165)SML 295 plates 243,258. 5.0 x 2.8. Discus
L260
L261
L262
L263
L264
L265
L266
L267
L268
L269
and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Fine rays on shoulderand mouldingseparatingshoulderand discus. Furthershortrays on steep slope of discus. dark brown Reddish brownclay, coated semi-glossy wash, blotched red. VIII 4 pit 2, Deposit Tl, Trajanic. (67/L316)SML 182 plate 234, 258. 4.5 x 4.0. Discus and shoulder fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Concentricgroovesseparateshoulderand discus.On the discusslope, many petalled rosette;triplemoulding surroundsfillinghole. Greyclay. Coated semi-glossy plum-redwash. IX cist,Deposit C2 (4), mid 1stcent A.D. SimilarBhenghazi 50, nos. 339-341; 58, no. 407, pls. X and XI, all dated withinthefirsttwo thirdsofthe 1stcentA.D. Cf. also Q.857 and 1022,BMC ii, both dated to thefirsthalfof the 1stcentA.D. (71/L93)SML 731 plate 258. 4.3 x 3.5. Shoulderand discus fragment.Mouldings on shoulder, many petalled rosetteon slope of discus surroundingflat reservedarea. Brown clay, soft.Coated red wash. XIII 17, Deposit N2. Neronian. (71/L27O) SML 645 plate 258. 4.0x3.0. Discus fragment.Many petalled rosette and concentric hole.Buffbrownclay,coated mouldingsaroundfilling matt plum-brown wash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. From a lamp as L260-261. ? BroneerXXII or XXIII. 1stcentA.D. (67/L82)SML 300 plates 243, 258. 4.0. x 2.7. Discus fragment.Crisp mould. (Remains of) rosettesurroundingsmallfillinghole. VIII 4, late lst-early2nd A.D. Uncertainrelationship. (71/L78) SML 641 plate 258. 4.0x2.3. Shoulder, discusand nozzle fragment. Crisp mould.Very neat volute, continuingas rib. Concentricgrooves on shoulder.Greenishclay, fine. Coated plum-brown wash. XIV pit 4, DepositB2, Tiberian. Early 1stcentA.D. ? BroneerXXI or XXII. (67/L118) SML 637 plates 234, 258. 3.0x2.8. Shoulder,discusand nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Volute. Knob not spiral.Fine concentricgrooveson shoulder.Greyclay.Coated drabdarkbrownwash.N House, Room I; I(N) 10, Hadrianic (somelater). ? BroneerXXI or XXII. Early 1stcentA.D. (67/L116) SML 639 plate 258. 4.0x2.5. Shoulder, discus,nozzlefragment. Crispmould.Similarto L265. Needle air hole. Yellow clay, fine. Coated brown wash. N House, I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D. Earlier 1stcentA.D. (67/314)SML 287 plate 258. Est D. 7.4. As L266. Needleair holeat nozzleroot.Lightgreyclay.Coated mattplum-brownwash. N House, wall content.1st centB.C.-lst centA.D. BroneerXXI-XXIII. Earlier 1stcentA.D. (71/L149) SML 653 plate 258. 4.2 x 2.0. Fragment on discus- ? groundline. as L266. Scrap ofsomething wash. XIV Buffclay,fine.Coated mattplum-brown pit 4, DepositB2, Tiberian. ? BroneerXXIII. Earlier1stcentA.D. (71/L95) SML 650 Not illustrated.Est D. 6.0.
THE LAMPS Shoulder and discus fragment.Very crisp mould. Three grooveson shoulder.Many petalled rosette. Buffclay,fine.Coated mattplum-redto brownwash. XIV 8, DepositB2, Tiberian. Earlier1stcentA.D. L270 (71/L258)SML 176 plates 235, 258. (a) 8.0 x 5.0 (b) 3.0 x 2.5. (a) crescenthandle plate (b) discus fragment. Crisp mould. Filling hole enclosed by concentric mouldings,beyond which very fine rays. Yellow clay, covered semi-glossyplum red-orange brownwash. XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian. BroneerXXI. The handle plate close to BMC ii, 205, and pl. 28, Q, 1002,whichhas thesame finerays in thediscusslope.Cf.thehandleAgoravii,74, no. 30, and thelamp loc cit no. 22. - bothlate 1stcentB.C. into 1stcentA.D. L271 (71/L158)SML 647 plate 258. 3.0 x 2.2. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Veryfineconcentric groovesseparate shoulderand discus. One double outlinedivy leaf preservedon shoulder.Cream-buff dark brownwash. XII 12, clay. Coated semi-glossy mid 1stcentA.D. BMCii, 188and pl. 22, Q,962 (BroneerXXIV) has a shoulderornamentofa continuousborderofsimilar but less elaborateleaves,dated second half 1stcent A.D. L272 (71/L65) SML 174 plates 234, 258. D. 7.6, H. 2.8, Ext L.9.0. Partofdiscus,muchofnozzle lost.Mould (plaster) beginningto wear. Ring foot.Three concentricgrooveson shoulder.Cavalrymanto left.Fine clay, reduced to grey. Coated semi-glossyorangebrownwash.SW House, Room I; XIII 35, early-mid 1stcentA.D. BroneerXXII or XXIII. MotifBaileyIII (b)i, not 97, nos. 222-23 and pl. I(d) XII (M. Curtius).Chypre 13 belongto thesame series.Agoravii, 75, no. 37 and references. L273 (71/L76)SML 278 plates 234 (incomplete),258. Est D. 7.0, Est H. 2.7. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Crisp mould; singlefinegrooveseparates shoulderfromdiscus. Trace of discus ornamentclay. Coated couch-leg- ? love-making.Buff-brown semi-glossy plum-brownwash. XIII 1, to mid-3rd centA.D. BroneerXXIII, mid 1stcentA.D. L274, (71/L80)SML 341 plates 234, 258. Est D. 7.2. Nonof shoulderand discus.Very crisp joiningfragments plastermould. Four finegrooveson shoulder.Remainsofkantharoswithreededlowerbodyand spray of vine leaves. Buffclay, fine. Coated glossydark brownwashthathas runoffthereliefleavingmuchof thegroundcolourshowing.XII 12, DepositN2, mid 1stcentA.D. and Neronian. BroneerXXII or XXIII Isthmia 63 no. 2538 and pl. 29 ("This is a rathercommon design, but details differ")Délos XXVI, 126, and pl. 29 no. 4596, with comment and parallels. An elaborate version in Nicosia (1966/II-3/5,BCH 90 (1966) 286, fig.27) has no provenance.Cf. also Trierpl. 41, no. 103 fromthe 2nd halfof the 1stcentA.D. grave 169. L275 (67/L315)plate 258. Est D. 8.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp plaster mould. Three shoulder
277
grooves.Fragmentof relief- ? drapery.Light buff wash.VII 18,early1st clay.Coated mattplum-brown centA.D. BroneerXXII or XXIII, 1stcentA.D. L276 (67/L317) SML 334 plates 234, 258. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould.Fourshouldergrooves.Upper partofdivineor humanfiguretoleft,armsraised.Unidentified. Brown clay,soft.Coated semi-glossy lightbrownwash. VII 27, Augustanand to mid 1stcentA.D. BroneerXXII/XXIII. L277 (71/292) plate 258. 2.2 x 1.8. Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Triple mouldingson the shoulder;uncertaindiscus subject - ? gladiator(s). Cream clay, coated dark brown wash. XIII 17a, Deposit N2, Neronian. BroneerXXII/XXIII, 1stcentA.D. L278 (67/L337) SML 654 plate 258. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crisp plastermould. Grooveat edge of discus,two fineridgesenclosingunidentified subject - top cornerof wing of an Eros or Nike? PEagle. Fine buffclay. Coated semi-glossyplumbrownwash. VIII 27, Augustanand to mid 1stcent A.D.
Double volutelamps
L279 (67/L289) SML 242 plate 259. Est D. 10.8,L. 21.0. Handle plate,muchofunderbody,partofdiscusand shoulderlost.Fairlycrispplastermould.Four grooves separateshoulderand plain discus.Large wickholes in pointedvoluted nozzles. Buffbrownclay, coarse withgrit.Coated mattplum-brownwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXI. The Ontariolamp 385 (Egyptian) also has a plain discus.Cf. Qedemno. 48 (withrelief ornament),1stcentA.D. L280 (71/L14)SML 145plates 235,259. D. 7.1,H. 3.6, Est L. 12.2. Handle, part of base and one nozzle lost. Fairly crisp mould. The metallicfeaturesare very distinct,notablyin the false rivetheads associated with the prominentnozzle flangesand the handle. The tinyscallop in thecentreof thediscuscopiesthe coverofa metallamp,and scallop-shapedfilling-hole is not an absurdlyshrunkendiscus device. Illegible ofthreelettersimpressedon theunderfoot. inscription Nozzlesblackened.Buffbrownclay,coated mattpale red wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. BroneerXXI. For shape cf.Menzel fig.25. 1stcent A.D. L281 (71/L282) plate 259. Est L. 6.5. Nozzle and part of underbody.Fairly crisp mould. Large wick hole. Volutes. Nozzle blackened.Light brown clay, fine. Coated mattlightred-brown wash.SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. BroneerXXI, 1stcentA.D.
Otherearlylamps
L282 (71/L52,L160) SML 229 plate 259. D. 6.4, Est L. 9.0. Part of shoulder,discus and underbodylost. Fairlycrispplastermould.Groove betweenshoulder
278
L283
L284
L285
L286
L287
L288
L289
THE LAMPS and discus.Ridge enclosesdesign(Scallop). On what finalletterofan inscription remainsoftheunderfoot U. Lightred clay,fine.Coated semi-glossy plum-red wash. XIII 17, DepositN2, Neronian. BroneerXXIII. A similarlamp Q940, BMC ii, 179 and pl. 18 has a simplerscallop (dated late 1stcent A.D.). Well representedat Delos - Délos pl. 30, 4607-9. Kenchrai 30, no. 139 and pl. 6. (67/L326-327) SML 342 plates 234 (incomplete), ofshoulder,discusand 259. EstD. 7.0. Two fragments nozzle. Fairlycrispmould.Tongueson theshoulder; discusseparatedby ridgeand groove.Myrtlewreath. Buffclay, fine,coated plum-redwash. VIII 4 pit 2, Deposit Fl, Flavian. BroneerXXIII BaileymotifV(b). Cf.Q867, BMC 50 and pl. X, nos.335-336; ii, 162and pl. 11. Benghazi 69, pl. XIII, no. 465; 70, pl. XIV, no. 467. (67/L318)SML 649 plate 259. 5.2 x 3.6. Discus and nozzle fragment. Fairlycrispmould Three shoulder grooves between nozzle and discus. Non-pierced needleair hole. Foot ofcouch- ? love making.Nozzle blackened.Pink-buff clay, coated matt plum-brown wash. VII 7a, mid-late1stcentA.D. BroneerXXIII. For thecouch,e.g. Q880, BMC ii, 67, fig.70 and pl. 13. Later 1stcentA.D. (71/L188) SML 294 plates 234, 285. 5.8 x 1.6. Two of shoulderand nozzle. Crisp non-joiningfragments mould. Two groovesbetweenshoulderand discus. Nozzle blackened.Greybuffclay. Coated glossydark brown wash. X/XI baulk 4-5, Mid 1st cent A.D.-Flavian. BroneerXXIII. (71/L56)SML 345 plate 259. 6.0 x 5.5. Shoulderand all nozzle. Crisp mould. Needle air discusfragment, hole betweennozzle and discus. Shoulderseparated fromdiscusby threegrooves.Trace of somethingon discus - ? foot of frontalstandingfigure.Nozzle blackened.Buffclay, fine.Coated semi-glossy plumbrownwash,mottledto dark brown.XIV pit 2, mid 1stcentA.D. BroneerXXIII. Nozzle and volutesmuch as the Italian lamp Q947 BMC ii, 181,pl. 19 (2nd half1st centA.D.). (67/L358)plate 259. Shoulderand discusfragment, all nozzle.Quite crispplastermould.Needle air hole between nozzle and discus. Two grooves between shoulderand discus.Grey clay; coated matt brown wash,verymottled.VIII 24, mainly1stcentA.D. BroneerXXIII. (67/L120) SML 648 plate 259. 4.6x4.3. Shoulder, discusand nozzlefragment. Verywornmould.Needle air holeon discus.Tongueson shoulder,smallvolutes on nozzle. Discus figureillegible. Clay reduced. Coated matt drab dark brown wash. VII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXIII. (71/L157) SML 183 plates 234, 259. 4.1x3.5. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Quite crisp mould. Needle air hole on mouldingbetweennozzle and discus.Small neat tongueson discus,veryneat volute.Trace of oak leaf on discus- ? oak wreath. Ridge and two finegroovesseparate shoulderand
L290
L291
L292
L293
discus.Creamclay,fine.Coated semi-glossy plum-red wash. BroneerXXIII. Oak wreathperhapsas BMC ii,87 fig.101, Q 1212. Notice the uppervoluteinsetfrom thelamp edge. (67/L117) SML 656 plate 259. 3.0 x 2.5. Discus and nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Air hole between volutes.4 grooveson shoulder.Indecipherabledesign - ? drapery.Clay reducedlightgrey.Coated, drab dark brownwash. N House, I(S) 13, mixed 1stand 2nd centA.D. ? BroneerXXIII. (71/L210)SML 638 plate 259. 4.2 x 3.4. Discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Plain discus, separatedfromshoulderby threegrooves.Needle air hole. Cream whiteclay,coated plum-redwash. XIII 17a, DepositN2, Neronian. (71/L23) SML 141 plates 234, 259. D. 7.7, H. 2.9, Ext L. 12.1.Completeexcepthandleand chips.Fairly crisp mould. Needle air hole just beyondthe three ridgeswhich separate the plain shoulderfromthe discus.Dolphinto right.Lightbuffclay,coatedsemiwash. X 10, Pit 4, Claudian. glossyplum-brown BroneerXXIV. BaileymotifIV (a) xi. Cf. L412, a BroneerXXV fragment,thoughthis is a different series (noticeable in the anal fin, in particular). 125-6, pl. 18, no. Perhapsthe same seriesas Chypre 321. A verysimilarseriesis represented by Berlin30, 40, pl. pl. 14,no. 101.The dolphinswimsto leftArgos, 5, no. 219. The lamp typeis commonestin the 2nd halfofthe1stcentA.D. Cf.BMC'û, 191and pl. 23, no. 972, made in Central Italy, foundat Ephesus, an earliergenerationmould.Dated A.D. 50-75. (67/L340) SML 651 plate 259. Est D. 7.5. Discus, Worn plastermould. shoulderand nozzle fragment. Plainshoulderseparatedbysinglegroovefromdiscus. - ? wing- on the left.Buffclay, Trace of something fine.Coated matt orange-brownwash. East House, DepositNl, Neronian. BroneerXXIV.
Broneerxxvlamps, arrangedby subject Deities
L294 (67/L34) SML 138 plates 235, 260. 6.6x6.5. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp mould. Filling hole on discus' rightside, needle air hole in the two groovesdividingrim and discus. Small tongueson shoulder.Bustof Serapisto left.Thick walled. Detail of hair and draperyparticularlycareful.Pink clay, coated mattbrownwash. VIII 6, mid-late2nd cent A.D. See L296. L295 (67/L35) SML 263 plate 260. 6.6 x 4.6. Discus and As L294. Worn.Airholelow,left. shoulderfragment. Pink buffclay, coated mattpale brownwash. VI 5, DepositR3, late 2nd centA.D. Same generationmouldas L294, ifnotsame mould later in its career. HM 953 mightbe same seriesto Mercando237 and n. 36, pl. XXXVI. 10 referring G. Libertini,//MuseoBescari(1930) no. 1287 and T. Ancient Lamps(Amsterdam,1969) n. 184. Szantleleky,
THE LAMPS
L296
L297
L298
L299
A verywornexample Corinth 104, fig. 117, no. 604. Benghazi133,no. 918, fig.9 mustalso be veryclose.A ratherdifferent versionCarthage 181,and pl. LXXVI, no. 823. (73/L318) plates 235, 260. 2.6x2.7. Discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Part of bearded head to right.Light brownclay. Coated matt almost black wash. Well 12. Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Bailey motifgroup II, forthisis veryclose to the Londonfragment Q, 1073BMC ii,43, fig.47 and 226, pl. 37 dated to the 1stquarterof the 2nd cent A.D. as a portraitofHadrian;itis and tentatively identified also noted that Herakles is an alternative.Other no. 216,pl. XXI, Kenchreai, 29, no. examplesHermitage 137,pl. 6. Délosnos.4604-5, pl. 30. Bruneaudiscusses the identification op. cit. 128. 1stquarterof the 2nd centA.D. (67/P53)SML 216 plates 235, 260. Est D. 7.8, Ext L. 9.5. Part of handle,muchof discus,part of shoulder and nozzle.Two grooveson handle,smalltongueson shoulder.Two ridgesdivideshoulderand discus,small fillinghole offcentre,needle air hole on grooves. Heart shaped blackened nozzle. Bust of Athena Promachosto left,wearingcrestedCorinthianhelmet. The gorgoneionappearsto be wornas a pendant,and has prominent scalylocks.Buffbrownclay,fine.Top coated matt pale red wash. Ill E. edge. Probably associatedwithDeposit SI, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. The respectiverolesof Athensand Corinthin the developmentof the Athena Promachos type are discussedAgoravii, 111-112. (73/L303) plates 235, 260. 5.6x3.2. Shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Grooves on shoulder.Athena,left,armedwithhelmet,shieldand spear. Lightbrownclay,coated mattbrownto dark brownwash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. BroneerXXII-XXIII. Discus typeBaileyI (a) ix; TrierM. 29. A popular motif.In Crete,HM 6278 Mercando PI. XXXV.5 and p. 236 withn. 20 and parallels.Agoravii,82, no. 116. Délos 127 and pl. 29, nos.4600 and 4601. Othersat Tarsus- Tarsus125and pl. 107,no. 341 (FactoryDeposit) and fromCyprusChypre151, and pl. 23, no. 440, with numerous references. BMC ii, p. 13 and fig.9, p. 188 and pl. 22, Q,962. Popularin the 1stcentA.D. (71/L22) SML 127 plates 235, 260. D. 7.7, H. 4.7. Nozzle, part of shoulder,discusand underbodylost. Fairlycrisp mould. Grooveson handle, tongueson shoulder.The flatbase outlined.Bust of Tyche (or Cybele) to left,wearingcorona,cornucopiaover the left shoulder. Buff brown clay, fine. Semi-glossy reddishbrownwash, drippingonto underbodyand base. Unstratified. BroneerXXV. The typeis familiarin Crete,e.g. the 2nd cent A.D. tomb in Herakleion, Plateia DasA.Delt20 (1965) 562 and pl. 708,2nd row, kaloyianni, middle.A fragment was foundat Knossos,BSA 72, 104, L. 6. Anothercomes fromKavousi (Mercando PL. XXXVI.9, p. 237 and n. 35 on HM 3263). Note BCH 95, 479, no. 40 and fig.41, a Corinthianlamp fromPatras(no cornucopia).Op. cit.493^, figs.56-8
L300
L301
L302
L303
L304
L305
279 materialin HM. Chypre 199 and pl. 32, no. illustrates 598. (67/P88) SML 128 plates 235, 260. D. 8.0, H. 3.4, Ext L. 9.9. Nozzle lost; what remainsintact.Worn mould. Rather thickwalls. Two grooveson handle front.Fillinghole at 10 o'clock.Air hole above heartshaped nozzle. Ridge separates shoulder (tongues) fromdiscus. Flat base definedby groove. Artemis standingfrontal,in a shortchiton,buskins,looking threequarterright.Rightarm akimbo,leftextended holdingbow. To left,seated hound lookingback to right.To right,small altar. Yellow buffclay, coated mattplum-redwash (dabbled on the underbody).N House,Room V, makeupofwall;? later2ndcentA.D. BroneerXXV. See L301, 302. (67/L71) SML 192 plates 235, 260. 6.8x6.5. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould.Fillingholeat 9 o'clock,air holeabove nozzle. Fine grooveeitherside of ridgeseparatingshoulder and discus. Small tongueson shoulder.Artemisas L300 on discus.Yellow buffclay withsand and mica. Rathermetallicplum-redwash.N House,DepositR2, later2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. See L300, 302. (67/L72) SML 201 plate 260. 4.5x2.0. Discus Wornmould.PartofArtemisas L300, 301. fragment. Grey buffclay. Dark brownmattwash. VII 3. See Deposit S3, late 2nd- early3rd centA.D. The subject of L300-302 was popular in Crete. Mercando citesfourexamplesall signed FAMOT in HM, including9266 and 6212. Mercando236, n. 24, pl. XXXV, 11 and 12. AnothercomesfromKnossos, BSA 72, 104, L. 1. L300 is a later generationthan L301. A Benghazifragment, Benghazi105-6, no. 725, pl. 21 and fig.8 is of thistype.Bailey (loc. cit) notes the scene probably shows the statue of Artemis 923 Laphria at Patrai (Pausanias vii, 18,6). Benghazi and 1059 (figs.9 and 10) are similar,said to be local. (67/L313) SML 318 plates 236, 260. Est D. 7.2. Worn mould. Shoulder,discusand nozzle fragment. Ridge and finegrooveseparateshoulderand discus. Heart-shapednozzle. Double outlinedtongues.(Part of) death of Aktaeon.Buffclay, partlycoated matt plum brownwash. VIII 4. Broneer XXV. L303-311 show a stag to right attackedby threehounds,one at theneck,one at the rump, one at the underbody.Though this might to identify merelybe a sceneofthechaseitis tempting the stag as Aktaeon,completelymetamorphosed. A moreconventionalversionis Bailey'sI (d) iii - BMC ii> Q, 771, seen again on e.g., Benghazi156. This of a discus typeobviouslypopular at interpretation Knossosmaybe strengthened ofthe by thefrequency Artemistype,L300-302 and parallelsquoted. (71/L121)SML 267 plate 260. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Wornmould.Ridge and groove separateshoulderand discus.Tongueson shoulder.As L303 - forepart ofstag,partofone hound.Buffclay, coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. XII 2, mixed 2nd centA.D. (and to early3rd). See L303. (73/L316) plate 260. 4.0 x 2.0. Shoulderand discus Wornmould.As L303, 304. Forelegsofstag fragment.
280
L306
L307
L308
L309
L310
L311
L312
THE LAMPS and one hound.Lightbrownclay,coatedsemi-glossy red-brown.Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. See L303. (67/L55)SML 266 plate 260. 5.6 x 2.8. Shoulderand Wornmould.As L303-5. Hind legs discusfragment. ofstag,muchofone hound.Yellow-buff clay,slightly metallicplum-redwash.N House, Room VI; Deposit D2, Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. See L303. (67/L81) SML 268 plate 260. 5.0 x 2.0. Discusnozzle Wornmould.Air hole above heart-shaped fragment. nozzle. As L303-6. Part of lowesthound. Pale buff clay. Coated red to brownwash. N House, Deposit R2, later2nd centA.D. See L303. (67/L37)SML 325 plate 260. 6.0 x 5.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Central filling hole.As L303-7. Mostofsubjectpreserved.Clay fired grey,coatedreddishbrownmattwash,blotcheddark brown.I(N) 11pit3, DepositR2. Later2ndcentA.D. See L303. (67/L38) SML 325 plate 260. 5.2 x 4.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Worn mould. Central hole,air holeabove nozzle.As L303-8. Bodyof filling stagand lowesthound.Pinkishbuffclay.Coated matt dark brown.IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXV. See L303. (71/L81) SML 333 plates 236,260.6.7x4.1. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Prominentridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(withvery worn tongues) fromdiscus. ? Death of Aktaeon hound leaping (at the rump of the stag), overshadowed by a leafytree.Orange buffclay,coated matt red wash. XV 3, upperwash - to Severan. The complete scene is preservedon the local Benghazilamp Benghazi137, pl. 27, figs.10, 18, no. 962, wheretwohoundsattacktheback legsofa stag. 960 and 961 are thesame;six The Benghazifragments fromearlyto mid3rd otherfragments are mentioned, centuryA.D. contexts. (71/L113) SML 285 plates 236, 260. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Heart-shapednozzle. As L303-309. Forelegs of stag and lowesthound. Buffclay, coated plumbrownwash. XII 9, DepositD5, Hadrianic. See L303. Benghazi137, no. 963, pl. 27, fig. 10 (unslipped,local clay) preservesthe completescene, describedmerely'stag attackedby threehounds'. (73/L302) plate 260. Est D. 8.0. Part of shoulder, discus, underbodyand nozzle. Crisp mould. Plain shoulder,ridgeand twogroovesseparatingit fromthe discus.Large fillinghole at 8 o'clock;air hole; hearton to leftofa ? tree-stump shapednozzle.Erosfrontal, whichthe lionskinhangs,wingsdisplayed,Herakles clubin thelefthand,righthandon rightthigh.Stands on doubleground-line. Lightbrownclay,coatedsemiglossydark red-brownwash, blotcheddark brown. Well 12, DepositD4, Hadrianic. BroneerXXV. BaileyI (b) i, BMC ii, Q.809, where This maywellhave come he is describedas urinating. fora parallelsigned(with fromtheGamosworkshop, pelta-shapedfeet)is figuredby Menzel (57, no. 316, fig.47) whileBaileyrestores[FAMO]T on a Benghazi lamp ofthistype- Benghazi123,no. 848. Nos. 844-47
are ofthesame type,whilethebase signed[ FAMO]Y no. 848 may be fromthesame mould;thishas peltafeet.BMC iii, Q, 1877,fromCyprus,also withpeltafeet,has the same discus ornament.From Knossos, Demeter 52 and pl. 30, DepositJ.50 (contextdate late lst-mid 2nd cent A.D.) may be of the same series. Furtherafieldare Tarsuspl. 98, no. 139 (fromthe 'Roman Fill') and Chypre 148-149,nos.427-30,pl. 23, describedas a 'Genius'. L313 (67/L68) SML 369 plates 236, 260. 3.5x2.5. Shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.Tongues on the shoulder,separatedfromthe discusby ridge and groove.Remainsof [Eros and] boat - lefthand clay,coated glossydark red partofboat. Buff-brown wash.VII 5, late 2nd-early3rdcentsA.D. See L314. L314 (67/P82) SML 131 plates 236, 260. D. 8.1, H. 2.9, Ext L. 9.5. Most of nozzle lost, otherwiseintact. Rather worn mould. Three vertical grooves on handle. Small tongueson broad shoulder,separated fromdiscus by ridge and groove. Fillinghole at 3 set o'clock,air hole above nozzle. Concave underfoot off by groove. Heart-shapednozzle with two imleft,head turned pressedcirclets.Eros,three-quarters to right,wingsdisplayedrightarm raised,lefthand restingon thegunwaleoftheplankedboat (? clinkerbuilt)withprowand sternposts,in whichhe crouches. VIII 8, early-mid1stcentA.D. BroneerXXV. L315 (67/L167) SML 309 plate 236. 5.8x2.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly worn mould - trace of tongueson shoulder.Head and displayedwingsof frontalfigure- ? Eros or Genius. Light brownclay, wash. N House, Room VI, coated reddish-brown contentsof S wall; later2nd centA.D. Carthage196, no. 936, pl. LXXXV, describedas 'Genie ailé, deboutde face...' L316 (71/L133) SML 349 plates 236,260. 6.2x5.2. Handle,shoulder,discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould. discus Two grooveson handle.Shoulderseparatedfrom by two ridgesand two grooves.Eros with Herakles club frontal.Grey clay, matt orange-brownwash. XII 2, mixed2ndcentA.D. and toearly3rdcentA.D. L317 + L375 (71/L100+ 104) SML 189+ 335 plates 236, 260, 262. D. 8.0. Shoulder,discus and underbody fragment,two joining. Fairly crisp mould. Large fillinghole. Prominentridge and groove separate shoulder(ivy leaves impressed)and discus.Winged Erosastridea dolphinto right;Eros,head back,blows a conch.Dolphinwithelaboratetail.Fine buff-brown wash. XII 6 and 8, reddish-brown clay, semi-glossy DepositD5, Hadrianic. For a Cretan example (different series),A.Delt20 (1965) 562 and pl. 708.8,top,centre- 2nd centA.D. tombin Herakleion,Plateia Daskaloyianni.A differentversionis BMC ii, 361, Q, 1379. Closeris BMC iii, Q, 3026, pl. 99 (Ephesos). ProfessorWarrenkindly allows me to mentionan identical lamp fromhis MuseumExtension excavationsat theStratigraphical site at Knossos, froma 2nd cent. A.D. (see now Warrenin AR 1987-8894 and fig.38) context.Agora vii, 742-5 are both later and representa rather different version,whereEros is wingless.
THE LAMPS L318 (71/L74+P61) plates 236,260. D. 8.4, H. 3.3. Partof handle,shoulder,discus,underbody,base and nozzle. Fivejoining.Crisp plastermould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Three impressedcircletsbehind heart-shapednozzle (blackened). Two wingedEroteswrestle.On the underfoot [F]AMOY. Buffclay,fine.Coated darkmattredwash. House of Diamond frescoes,Room I fill; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. The completelamp fromHagia Pelagia,Mercando pl. XXXVI.3 = HM 9710 is also signedTAMOT. At D. 8.0, this may be a later generationmould than ours. Tarsus127,no. 378 and pl. 109showstwoErotes ofsimilartype'dancingor playing'. L319 (67/L69) SML 348 plates 236, 261. 6.0x5.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Wornmould.Tongues on theshoulder,interrupted by a raisedpanel; ridge and groovedivideshoulderand discus.[Remainsof] Eros ridinga hippocampleft,scallop as background. Buffclay, Fillinghole;air holenotpiercedcompletely. reduced grey. Coated orange-redmatt wash. N House, II surface- to 4th centA.D. The motifoccursat Knossos,Demeter 51,J. 46 and pl. 30. A Nereidridesa sea-bull(no backgroundshell) on BMC ii, Q886. L320 (71/L136)SML 202 plates 236, 261. 3.5 x 2.2. Discus Wornmould.Air hole betweenlegsofEros fragment. (?) to left,draperyflowingbehind.Discus definedby two finegrooves.Buffclay, coated mattdark brown wash. XV 1-upperwash - to 4th centA.D. This maybe thedesignofAgoravii,115,no. 715-16, to pl. 16 (secondhalfof3rdcentA.D.) Perlzweigrefers Corinth 195,no. 616 and pl. XXVII. Also Menzel fig. 47.1. L321 (67/L80) SML 354 plates 236,261.4.5 x 3.5. Discus Ratherwornmould. Eros as Harpocrates, fragment. seatedfrontal.Fine modelling,notablyofthehead, in view. Orange clay, coated matt red to threequarter plum-redwash. II 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. A very differentHarpocrates from a Tiberian contextat Benghazi - Benghazi39, no. 232 - is paralleled by BMC ii, pl. 2, Q 769 (late 1st cent B.C.-early 1stcentA.D.). L322 (67/L52) SML 139 plates 236, 261. 5.8x4.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Tongueson shoulder,separatedfromdiscusby ridge and groove.Fillinghole at 10 o'clock.Pan runningto right,pedumin lefthand, on groundline. Perhapsa secondfigureon thelostpart.Orange-redclay,coated mattred wash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Tarsus114-115, nos. 194-196, and pl. 101, show otheraspectsof Pan. L323 (67/P24) SML 144 plates 237, 261. D. 9.3, H. 3.6, Ext L. 11.3. Complete(recomposedof three)except handle,scrap of underbodyand base. Worn mould. Three grooveson handle,smalltongueson thebroad shoulderseparated by ridge and two groovesfrom discus with fillinghole at 8 o'clock; air hole above heart-shapednozzle. Recessed base, definedby a groove.Frontalhead ofDionysos.Pink-buff clay,top coatedmattdarkbrownwash,underbodydabbled. N
L324 L325
L326
L327
L328
L329
L330
281 House, Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. BroneerXXV. See L325. plate 237. 6.2 x 5.8. Shoulderand discus fragment. Worn mould.Discus as L323. Foliate shoulder. See L325. (71/L64) SML 205 plates 237, 261. 4.0x2.3. Fragmentof discus. Crisp mould. As L323, (lower part). Brown clay, very fine. XIII 1 #2555,SW House, latestphase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BaileymotifI (a) xiii.Mercando237 and n. 33 with pl. XXXVI, 5 and 6 noticesHM 6276 and 6277,with the same scene and oak leaves on the shoulder.She mentionsa fragment at Phaestos(F.1652 b) fromH. Photini,and suggeststheyare closeto theworkofthe Gamos Shop. This is supportedby Benghazi132,nos. 915-16, pl. 26, figs.9, 16, plus severaluncatalogued forthesameor parallelmoulds,ofwhich915 is signed TAMOT.Most ofthesedate to themid-3rdcentA.D. (67/L347) plate 261. 4.2 x 3.6. Shoulderand discus fragment. Verywornmould.Fillinghole at 8 o'clock. Floralsofuncertaintypeon shoulder,separatedfrom discus by ridge and groove. Frontal head - ?gorgoneion. N House, Room V, upper wash; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? 3rd centA.D. (67/P509)SML 598 plates 237, 261. 4.2 x 3.9. Discus fragment. Crispmould.Fillinghole at 5 o'clock.Part of gorgoneion,snakes knottedunder chin. Whitish buffclay, greenishsurface.Coated mattdark brown wash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BaileyI (d) vii. Close in style(thoughnotin detail) is Tarsus110,no. 149,pl. 99, 'Middle Roman Unit',a lamp of BroneerXXIII, dated A.D. 25-50. Other - Agoravii, 77, no. 60; Gorgoneiaare quite different 118,nos. 771-72 and pl. 17; Corinth 175,no. 445 and 129-130,nos.894-899, pl. 26, fig. pl. XXV. Benghazi, 9. (71/L127)SML 199plates 237, 261. 4.6 x 4.8. Discus Ratherwornplastermould. Air hole at 7 fragment. o'clock. Part of frontalhead of Zeus Ammon.Pink buffclay, coated semi-glossy dark red wash. XI 3, Hadrianic. Chypre112, no. 269, pl. 15, belongs to the same series,unlikeChypre 201-2, nos. 585-7, pl. 33. Also fromCyprus (Ayios Serghios) is a very elaborate version,BCH 90 (1966), 380, fig.140. See also Corinth 175, no. 444, pl. XXV, and Waldhauerno. 352, pl. XXXVI (fromthe Chersonese).From Knossos,not illustrated are thefragments L. 7 and 23, BSA 72, (P. 105). Said to be from'Egypt' is BMC iii, Q 1907 (BroneerXXIII), firsthalf1stcentA.D. 'Smyrna'is the provenanceof Oxford 1910. 702 with the same subject. (71/LI80) SML 483 plate 261. Est D. 9.0. Shoulder, discus, underbody fragment.Crisp mould, large double outlinedtongueson shoulder,separatedfrom discusby ridgeand groove.Trace of Zeus Ammon's head on discus.Buffbrownclay, coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. X 9, Neronian. (77) plate 261. D. 8.2, L. 10.5. Complete,recomposted. Very worn plastermould. Two grooveson
282
L331
L332
L333
L334
L335
L336
THE LAMPS handle.Shoulderplainapartfromraisedpanelson the crossaxis. Large fillinghole 6 o'clock; (needle) air hole. Herakles and the Nemean Lion - Herakles, to left,lion's head nude, club laid aside, struggling caughtin thecrookofhisleftarm.Lightbrownclay, coated in semi-glossy darkred wash,dribbledon the underbody- reservedsurfaceareas cream.Unstratified(S extension). ofthesamesubjectfromKnossosare L4 Fragments and 5, BSA 72, 104. HM 2962, Mercando237, n. 37, pl. XXXVI, fromKavousi is smaller,and probablya latergeneration.Otherfragments, Benghazi149, nos. 1061-63 and fig.10. Mid 2nd-mid3rd centA.D. A different versionCorinth 253, 1169-1172,pl. XXIX. Agoravii, 773-775 and pl. 17. (71/L1O3)SML 191plates 237,261. 3.8 x 3.5. Discus Worn mould. Satyror Silenushead. Bufffragment. brown clay, fine. Coated matt red wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. BaileymotifI (a) XIII, as BMC ii,Q895, 1071-72. seriesis Chypre Menzel,no. 180,fig.31.14. A different 137,nos. 378-81, pl. 20. (71/L59) Not illustrated.4.0x4.3. Discus fragment. Crisp mould,highrelief.Part of head and mouthof Silenus mask. Light buff-clay.Self-slippedsurface finish.XV 1, late 2nd-early3rd (and some to 4th) centA.D. (67/L59) SML 351 plates 237, 261. 6.0x4.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge and two grooves separate shoulder to (tongues)fromdiscus. [Part of] sphinxcouchant, right.Clay reducedgrey,coated mattgreywash. N House, DepositR2, late 2nd centA.D. See L334. (67/L74)SML 366 plates 237, 261. 4.0 x 2.2. Discus fragment.Crisp mould. As L333. Yellow-buffclay, metallicchocolatebrownwash. N House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Close to Corinth 197,no. 628, pl. XXVII. (Broneer XXVII). (67/P7)SML 219 plates 237,261. D. 7.2,H. 3, Ext L. 9.4. Handle, partofshoulder,discus,underbodyand base. Worn mould. Two grooveson handle. Ridge and twogroovesseparateplain shoulderfromdiscus. Fillinghole at 9 o'clock. Air hole below the discus wingsdisplayed,feeton a designofa sphinx,frontal, spreadingacanthusleaf.Pinkishbuffsandyclay. Top and handle coated matt pale red wash, dabbled on underbody.Surface,to 4th centA.D. A populardesign(Bailey I (e) ii). From Knossos, Demeter 52, J. 51, and pl. 30 (crisper).From Crete, HM 6281-82, Mercandopl. XXXVI, 15-16, p. 237 and n. 39. Benghazi127,no. 881, pl. 25, fig.9. Carthage 153,no. 604, pl. LXI (Broneerno. XXIV acanthus); 169, no. 726, pl. LXIX (withleaf) (BroneerXXV) series.Italian Berlin84, no. 536, pl. 58 is a different lamps of thisdesignBMC ii, Q, 1284-85,pl. 67 date A.D. 90-140. (67/L15) SML 725 plate 261. 7.3x1.6. Shoulder, discus,nozzleand underbodyfragment. Crispmould. Plain shoulderdivided fromdiscus by two grooves. Impressedcircletbehindnozzle. [Partof]? sphinxon discus. Filling hole at 7 o'clock. Buffbrown clay,
L337
L338
L339
L340
coated metallic dark brown wash. VIII 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. This maybe partofa BaileymotifI Cf. e.g. Carthage (a) ii Zeus + eagle + thunderbolt. 126,no. 403 and pl. XLV. (71/L79) SML 196 plates 237, 261. 2.5 x 3.2. Discus fragment.Fairly worn mould. [Part of] gryphon galloping right.Pale grey clay, fine; coated semiglossy plum-brownwash. XIII 17a, Deposit N2, Neronian. BaileymotifI (e) iii; TrierM. 161.Benghazi117,no. 81 1, pl. XXIII and fig.8 is a different series- Broneer 111-112,nos. XXII, firsthalf 1stcentA.D. Carthage 306-09 and pl. XXXVII are all BroneerXXII. See also Menzel, 34, nos. 133-134 and fig.28; BMC ii, 169, no. Q,901 and pl. 14 ( A.D. 40-80). See also Tarsus129,no. 403, and refs. (67/L21) SML 352. Not illustrated.6.0 x 5.0. ShoulWorn mould. Plain der,discusand nozzle fragment. shoulderseparatedfromdiscus by two grooves.Air hole at 7 o'clock. [Part of] winged creature.(? as L336). Grey-buff clay, coated dark brownmetallic wash.N House, Room IV, Phase 1 fill,Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. (67/L78) SML 353 plates 237, 261. 4.4 x 3.0. Discus Verycrispmould,highrelief.Fillinghole. fragment. Herakles, three-quarterleft, fightsthe Lernaean hydra.He stands,nude,legsapart,impressedcirclets fornipplesand navel,groovesforsternumand belly musculature.Smallerincisedlinesforthe pubic hair. Behind Heraklesa confusionof reliefmay represent theLion skin.Grey-buff clay,coated mattpale plum wash. VIII/IX baulk,mixed 1stcentA.D. BaileymotifI (d) i. A closeparallelforthemotifis London 68/6-20/169 (Broneer XXVII) signed AKTAOT. See also Vindonissa 393, no. 394, pl. VII. The same scene, but in different versions,includes 155,no. 455, pl. 24; Agoravii,. 118 and pl. 23 f Chypre and g, bothfromthe Kerameikos.There is a similar syntaxin scenesshowingHeraklesin theGardenofthe 127,nos. 411-412, pl. XLV. Hesperides- Carthage (67/L340)SML 299 plates 237, 261. 3.5 x 2.5. Discus Worn mould. [Part of] Odysseusand the fragment. ram, to right.Pinkishbuffclay, coated glossyred wash.N House,Room IV, Phase 1 fill,Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. See L409. A Knossianlamp, (BroneerXXV), fromMarathianou Lakkos Tomb 1, no. 1 preservesthe complete scene,whichwas popular elsewhere- Benghazi124, nos.851-52. Berlin16,no. 23 and pl. 6 (doublenozzle) and 26, no. 128,pl. 17. Op. AthVI, pl. VII, 128-130 (BroneerXXV's, perhaps fromCyprus) have now to the BritishMuseum, and have been transferred as BMC'ûi, Q,2482-84. L409 is same beenrepublished subject.
Gladiators L341 (67/P64)SML 142 plates 238, 261. D. 8.9, H. 3.4, L. 12.3. Completeand intact.Crispmould.Two grooves on frontof handle. Ear lugs (double volutes) with
THE LAMPS
L342
L343
L344
L345
L346
L347
L348
impressedcircleton the undersideattached to the shoulderson the lamp's cross-axis.Ridge and two groovesseparateshoulder(tongues)fromthe discus. Fillinghole at 7 o'clock,air hole at 5 o'clock. Heartshapednozzle.On discus,gladiatorto rightin frontof ? cypresstree? palm frond.Loin cloth,visoredand crested helmet, greaves, sword-arm band, small rectangularshield,armed with ? pilum.The equipmentrecallsa hoplomachos (apart fromthepilum).Buff clay. Upper partcoated metallicplumwash,dabbled and dripped on underbody.N House, Room VI, Phase 1 fill,Deposit D2; Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. See L343. (67/P83)SML 255 plate 261. D. 8.8, H. 3.7, L. 12.4. intact.Mould somewhat Top ofhandlelost,otherwise worn. As L341. Pinkishbuffclay. Surfaceas L341 (lightto dark brown).118,2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. See L343. Mould probablysame generationas L341 but not identicalmould. (67/L77) SML 259 plate 261. 8.0x3.0. Handle, shoulder,discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrisp mould. As L341 (shield and part of helmetcrest). Grey-buff clay.Dark brownwashon top. II 6, to mid 2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. Mould close to L341-2. Not one of themorepopulargladiatormotifs.Vindonissa 342, no. 139, pl. X had the same figureto left,withno tree frond.Eared lampswithfigureddiscusare relatively rare. (71/L109) SML 667 Not illustrated. 4.4x3.5. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Very worn mould. Two fine grooves on handle. Tongues on shoulder.[Partof]gladiatorto right(head). Buffclay. Semi-glossyplum brownwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. (71/L91) SML666 plate 262. 5.0x2.5. Shoulder (handle scar) and discus fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge and groovedivide shoulder(tongues) fromdiscus. Helmet of gladiatorto right.Pink buff clay, coated mattred wash. XV 6, upper fillto late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? As L341-343. (71/L209)SML 734 Not illustrated.3.5 x 2.6. Discus fragment.Worn mould. Gladiator (head, feet and shieldlost).Pink-buff clay,coatedmattredwash.XII 2, mixed2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L24) SML 177 plate 238, 262. D. 8.0. Much of shoulder,all discus,partofnozzle.Verywornplaster mould. Ridge separates shoulder (tongues) from discus. Filling hole at 7 o'clock. Air hole above blackenednozzle. Gladiatorthreequarterto rightthrax. Brown-buff clay,fine;slightly glossyplum-redto brownwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. Broneer XXV. Earlier generation mould than L348, q.v. (67/P85)SML 162 plates 238, 262. D. 7.6, H. 2.9, L. 10.0. Complete, intact. Very worn mould. Two grooves on handle; heart-shapednozzle. Slightly concave base outlinedby a groove.As L347. Yellow buffclay, fine.Top coated glossychocolate-brown wash, dabbled and dribbledon underbody.VIII 5. See DepositT3, Trajanic with3rd centintrusions.
283
BroneerXXV. BaileyMotifIII (c); [The thrax was helmet,roundshield,sword, equippedwithloin-cloth, greavesand has bindingon thesword-arm].See BMC ii, 54-5 and refs;op. cit, 173,Q, 918 (fromCyprus). L349 (73/L310) plate 262. Est D. 8.0 (9.2 x 7.0). Handle, shoulder,discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrisp mould. Two grooveson handle. Ridge and groove separatesshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus. Helmet of clay, gladiatorto right- ? as L347-8. Orange-buff glossyred wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. L350 (71/L73) SML 273 plates 238, 262. Est D. 7.6. Handle, shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Groovesand incisedhatchingon handle.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues and darts)fromthediscus.Fillingholeat 5 o'clock,air hole at 6 o'clock. Gladiatorto rightwithpart of the groundedshieldofa secondbehind- thelostfragment probablyshoweda kneelingfigure.Buffclay, partly coated matt plum-brownwash. House of Diamond Frescoes,Room I, upperfill;late 2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. BaileymotifII (c) i. The gladiatoris The completescenemayhave equippedas hoplomachos. been as Agoravii, 124, nos. 838-39, pl. 19, cited by 736-37, fig.8. Bailey,Benghazi107,on thefragments 199,no. 645, fig.123. Perlzweig(loe. cit.) citesCorinth L35 1 (67/L75)SML 356 plate 238. 4.0 x 4.6. Shoulderand discus fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus.[Part to righton leftof of] gladiatorialduel - hoplomachos scene.Orange buffclay,remainsof (veryworn)semiwash. VII 5, late 2nd-earlier glossyreddish-brown 3rd centA.D. The completescene may have been as Vindonissa 370, no. 115, pl. IX. Bailey in publishingrelated fromBenghazi [Benghazi108, no. 744, PI. fragments 22, fig.8; 125, nos. 859-860 fig.8, perhapsalso nos. 861-862) citesBerlinno. 552. L352 (71/L89) SML 481 plate 262. 5.7x3.2. Shoulder, discus and underbodyfragment.Very worn mould. Ridge and groove separates shoulder (trace of tongues)fromdiscus;raisedpanel at crossaxis. Partof ? gladiatormovingright.Lightbuffclay,coatedsemiglossyplum-brownwash. XV 3, upper wash - to Severan. L353 (67/L66) SML 365 plate 240. 3.6x3.5. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus. and lionor bear. Pale [Partof]duel betweenbestiarius buffclay, largely reduced. Pale red wash. VI 5, Deposit R3, late 2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV? Perhapsto be restoredas Benghazi 134,no. 938, fig.9. L353bis (67/L76) SML 679 Not illustrated.4.0x3.8. Shoulder and discus fragment.Ridge and groove separateshoulder(tongues)and discus,withalmost centralfillinghole,incompletely piercedair hole at 6 o'clock.Impressedcircletat nozzle.Gladiatorto right and beast - ? lion. Orange-buffclay. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Love making L354 (67/P171)SML 171 plate 239 (incomplete).D. 7.7,
284
L355
L356
L357
L358
THE LAMPS - handle, part of H. 3.0, Ext L. 10.2. Fragmentary shoulder,discus, underbody,nozzle and base lost. Composed of six (part now missing).Rather worn mould.Prominent ridgeseparatesverynarrowshoulder (herringbone) fromunusuallylargediscus.Volute nozzle, blackened.Lovers on a couch. Yellow buff clay,coateddarkbrownmattwash.E House,Deposit NI, Neronian. In thecompletescenethewomanfacesleft,propped on cushions; her companion kneels between her thighs,holding her leftleg above the ankle. This recallsBMC ii,65, nos.Q, 1407-1408.Closerare Délos 126,no. 4591, pl. 29 (lamp typeand design),Carthage 190, no. 889, pl. LXXXI. Benghazi135-36, nos. 948-50 and (unpublished)Oxford1929. 172. (71/L5) SML 132plates 239, 262. D. 6.9, Ext L. 9.4. Handle, shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment. Very worn mould. Vertical ring handle of ivy-leaf type. Groove separatesplain shoulderfromdiscus. Large fillinghole at 6 o'clock. Love-making.Pink clay. Coated matt red-brownwash. XII 12, Hadrianic.(Hayesconsiderspotterylst-2ndcentA.D. but lampssecondhalf2nd centA.D.) The ring handle makes a Cretan origin almost certain. Trier M. 132. The scene, with minor variations,is common.Cf.BMC ii, 69, fig.71, Q,800; pl. 18,Q,937. The latter(thoughhandleless)is a close parallelforlamp form.It is dated A.D. 40-80. Others includeVindonissa 396,nos.419^-21, pl. VIII, Carthage 138,nos. 488-490, pl. LI. Op. AthVI, pl. V, no. 62. (67/L86)SML 343 plates 239, 262. 6.5 x 3.5. Nozzle and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Large filling Pale buffclay, holeat 3 o'clock.[Partof]love-making. coated matt dark brownwash. N House, I(N) 10, Hadrianic. Broneer XXV. Complete scene depicts woman kneeling,facingto her right,her companionbehind her,lifting drapery,usuallyset on couch,thoughnot as highas thisappears.Cf.BMC ii, 66, fig.69 Q,887, 368,no. 888,and 166,pl. 13.OthersincludeVindonissa 89 and pl. VIII. (67/L87) SML 200 plates 239, 262. 3.5 x 3.0. Discus fragment.Fairlyworn mould. Love-making.Naked woman to right,crouching- ? over companion. Orangebuffclay.Coated glossyorangeredwash.VII 9, to Trajanic. The completesceneis unknownto me. Almostthe ofit is preservedCarthage samefragment 163,no. 683, pl. LXVI, which has rathermore of the drapery hangingfromthe couch. A similarscene is perhaps Argos41, no. 221,pl. suggestedbytheArgosfragment, 5. (67/L74) SML279 plates 239, 262. 6.5 x 4.0. Shoulder, discus and underbodyfragment.Rather worn mould. Groove separates shoulder (tongues) from discus. [Part of] love-making- man recliningon couch, facingleft.Pale buffclay, coated mattdarkbrownwash.I 11-12a, N House; tolate 2ndcentA.D. The completescene shows a couple on a partly drapedcouch,theman recliningto left,weighton the leftelbow, partlysupportedby a foldedbolster,his companioncrouchedover him, also facingleft.Cf.
BMC ii 69-70, Q. 1401, 1406 for compositionnot detail. Closer,probably,are the fragments Benghazi 135,nos. 945-47, fig.9. L359 (71/L102)SML 336 plate 239. Est D. 10.0.Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispmould.Ridge and groove separateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Part oflower leftsectorof discus- ? love-making. Buffclay; semiglossyplum-redwash. XII 8, DepositD5, Hadrianic. L360 (67/P17)SML 198 plates 239, 262. 4.0 x 3.5. Discus fragment.Very crisp mould. Fillinghole. [Part of] unexplainedsubject to righta ? seatedfigure,right arm extendedholdinga wreath,witha stoopingor kneelingdraped femalefigureclaspingthe formerat thewaist.? Erotic.Buff-brown clay,coatedmattdark red wash. N House, Room V final Phase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. The bold, even crudeuse ofincisionon the mould makesthisa distinctive piecein styleas wellas subject. L361 (67/P55) SML 135 plates 239, 262. D. 7.7, Ext H. 3.1, L. 10.7. Partofshoulder,all underbodyand base lost. Part of reliefbadly abraded. Recomposed of three.Crispmould.Ridge and threegroovesseparate shoulder (tonguesand darts) fromdiscus. An impressedcircleton theridgeeach sideofhandle.Filling hole 7 o'clock, air hole 5.30. Heart-shapednozzle, blackened. Congressbetween woman and stallion. Palm frond,vase in the field.Pinkish-buff clay, fine. Coated thinpale mattredwash.II 7, N House,mixed 1stcentB.C.-2nd centA.D. Broneer XXV. Bailey motif III (g) Hi. This parodiessuch love-makingscenesas BMC ii, 327, Q, 1295, pl. 18. Other scenesinvolvingequids include Waldhauer nos. 495 and 498, and Agoravii, no. 833. L361bis (67/L54) SML364 plate 238, 262. 4.2x3.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp plastermould. Ridge (withimpressedcircletnear handle) and three groovesseparate shoulder (tonguesand darts) and discus.Top leftsectordiscus- treeor frond.Yellowbuffclay,coatedmattbrownwash.II 2, N House; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. As L361; probablysame mould. L362 (71/L132) SML 719 plate 262. Est D. 7.5. Handle; shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. Two grooveson handle, ridge and groove divide plain shoulderfromdiscus.? Love-making,(? rightend of couch). Buffclay,coatedmattbrownwash.XI 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXV. L363 (67/L26) SML 304 plates 239, 262. 2.5x2.0. Rather worn mould. Shoulderand discusfragment. Two groovesseparateplain rimfromdiscus.[Partof] Drapery.Buffclay,coated mattbrown ?love-making. wash. I Surface,Severanto 4th centA.D. Cf.draperyon, e.g. BMC ii, 69, Q, 1079,fig.71 and pl. 37. L364 + 582 (71/L9+ 131) SML 257+ 264 plates 262, 270. frs.Handle; shoulder,discus, D. 9.O.Two non-joining underbody,base and nozzle fragment.Very worn mould.Two grooveson handle.Large fillinghole off centre towards 7 o'clock, unpiercedair hole with - legs,partof discusat 6 o'clock.[Partof]love-making
285
THE LAMPS couch. Yellow buffclay; coated semi-glossyplumbrownwash. X 2 pit 2, Hadrianic. BroneerXXV. Akin,perhaps,to BMC ii, 66, fig. 69, QJ371 (and pl. 80). L365 (67/L138) SML 671 plate 262. 7.0x3.0. Shoulder, discusand nozzlefragment. Fairlycrispmould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus. Bottomof design- ? love-making(feetof? couch). Pinkclay,creamselfslip.V Surface,to 3rdcentA.D. BroneerXXV. L366 (71/L201) SML499 plate 262. 3.5x3.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Ridge and two groovesdivide shoulder(tongues) fromdiscus. [Part of] ? love-making- bolsterand draperyfrom wash. couch.Buffclay,fine.Coated mattplum-brown XI 5, mixedlst-3rdcentA.D. Perhapsakin to L358. L366 bis (67/L24) SML729 Not illustrated.4.8x3.0. Two groovesseparate Shoulderand discusfragment. shoulder(raisedpanel at the crossaxis) fromdiscus. Lower rightdiscussector- love-making(?) (cushion or couch). Pinkbuffclay; coated mattbrown- dark brownwash. VII 3, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D.
L370
L371
L372
Genrescenes L367 (67/L17) SML362 plates 239, 262. 5.8 x 3.2. Shoulder and discusfragment. Very wornmould.A ridge betweentwo groovesseparate plain shoulderfrom discus. [Part of] boar hunt - tree,hindquartersof houndmovingto left.Orange-buff clay. Coated dark brownwash. VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Two Hermitage lamps - Waldhauer, 52, nos. 346-347 pl. XXXVI, fromtheChersoneseand Kerch - preservethe subject- a boar in the respectively upper field,hound in the lower,tree to suggestthe forest. L368 (67/L58) SML 357 plates 239, 262. 3.8 x 4.0. Two ofshoulderand discus.Crispmould. joining;fragment Ridgeand twogroovesdivideshoulder(tongues)from discus.Part ofcentralfillinghole. Part of righthand half of discus. Unexplained pastoral scene. Small, ratherheavy figureseated to left,withsheep to left behind.Partofquadruped above (withlong,twisted tail); anotherbelow. Orange buffclay, coated matt plumwash. VIII 6, mid-late2nd centA.D. BaileymotifIII (a) i (withoutclose parallel). Not thesame as sheep-milking of,e.g, Menzel fig.33:9 or Trierpl. 18,47. An alternativemightbe Orpheus- a different versionof Corinth 205-206, no. 703 and fig. 139,or thesceneChypre pl. 15, no. 253 {notOrpheus, since the musicianplays a flute).The seated figure recallsthe righthand figureWaldhauer63, no. 489, pl. XLVI (BroneerXXVI, fromChersonese)where two seated apes face each otheracrossa table. It is possiblethatthefragment Benghazi,138,no. 970, fig. 10, is partof thesame scene (thiswould preservethe completeupperanimal,and merelythe rumpof one sheep). L369 (67/L57) SML 288 plates 240, 262. 4.4x3.8.
L373
Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate broad shoulder(tongues) and discus. Top leftquadrant - unexplained? pastoral scene- goat to right.Orange buffclay, coated matt dark red wash. I(S) 13, Hadrianic (and some later). (71/L202SML 140 plates 239, 262. 3.6 x 2.1. Discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Unexplainedsubject. Nearly nude male figure three-quarterto right, draperyslippingfromhis rightshoulder.Buffclay, fine. Coated matt plum-brownwash. House of Diamond Frescoes,Room I; late 2nd centA.D. Recalls thefrontalHerakles,Corinth pl. XXVII, no. 620. Cf.also thefrontalDionysos,Tarsus126,no. 369, pl. 108. (67/L84) SML 733 plates 239, 262. 2.3 x 1.8. Discus fragment.Crisp mould. Unexplainedsubject- from centreof discus torso of naked male turnedthree quarterleft.The arms flexedat rightangles at the side. Room forat least one otherfigurein the scene. Fine modelling.Pale buffclay,coated metallicplum wash.N House,Room VI, DepositD2; Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. Cf. the size and style(thoughnot the mould) of L372. (73/L311) plates 239, 262. 2.5x1.8. Discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Unexplained subject upper part of semi-drapedyouthfrontal,head three quarter left, left arm wrapped in drapery,right extended.Room forat least one otherfigurein the scene.Cream clay,coated mattplum-redwash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Cf. modellingof L371. (71/L244)SML 207 plates 239, 262. 2.3 x 3.4. Discus fragment.Worn mould. Man wearingshortchiton crouched to leftover an animal with which he is struggling.Buffclay, plain surfacefinish.XII 6, Hadrianic. The completescene,which appears to be rare,is 98, nos. preservedon fourlamps in Cyprus- Chypre theanimalas 226-229, pl. 13 - whereOziol identifies a pig and suggeststhe man is a slave.
Scenes of doubtfulidentity
L374 (71/L129) SML 500 plate 262. 4.5x2.7. Shoulder and discusfragment. Wornplastermould.Ridge and two groovesdivide shoulder(tongues) fromdiscus. Part of unexplainedsubject.Buffclay, fine.Coated dark red wash. XII 2, mixed 2nd-early semi-glossy 3rd centA.D. L375 JoinsL317 plates 236, 260, 262. L376 (67/P54) SML 147 plates 239, 263. D. 7.4, W (includingears) 8.0, H. 3.2, Est L. 9.5. Handle,partof underbodyand base lost. Extremelyworn mould. 'Ear' lugs - trace of ridge separating shoulder (tongues) and discus. Heart-shapednozzle. Filling hole at 8 o'clock,air hole at sixo'clock.Singlefrontal figureon discus, perhaps as L377. Pale buffclay, coated matt plum-redwash. N House, II 4a, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. See L377. L377 (67/P56) SML 269 plates 239, 263. 6.0x6.0.
286
L378
L379
L380
L381
L382
L383
L384
L385
THE LAMPS Handle; shoulderand discus fragment.Very worn mould.As L376; fillinghole at 9 o'clock. Upper part of draped female figure,frontal,in chiton and himation,apparently holding somethingin both hands below the breast. Sandy yellow-buff clay. Coated mattdarkbrown-reddish wash.N House, 117, mixedlst-2ndcentA.D. The figureremainsunidentified. (67/L64)SML 206 plates 239, 263. 4.5 x 2.6. Discus Fairlycrispmould.Ridgeand groove.[Part fragment. of] figurestandingfrontal(leftleg), draperyblowing to rightovera low altar.Buffclay,corereduced.V 5, mixed,HL and Roman. Unexplainedsubject. (67/L13)SML 726 plate 263. 4.0 x 3.2. Shoulderand Thickwall. Wornmould.Ridge and discusfragment. groove separate broad plain shoulderfromdiscus. Unexplainedrelief.Sandybuffclay,coatedmattdark brownto plumred.N House, Room IV, latestphase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? Subject. (67/L83) SML 302 plates 239, 263. 2.5 x 2.0. Discus fragment.Crisp mould. From centredesign.Lower to left. part of woman wearinglong chitonhurrying Orange clay,coatedredwash. I 5, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? Maenad, as BMC ii, 139, Q, 787 and pl. 3. Also Agoravii, 75, no. 36, pl. 2, and refs. (71/L275) plate 263. 3.4x2.4. Discus fragment. Rather worn mould. From centreof discus- lower part of woman in long chiton to left. Grey clay. Coated mattdark brownwash. SW House, Room I; Deposit Cl; Claudian. ? Maenad. Similarto L380. (67/L60) SML 195 plates 239, 262. 3.5x4.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. Ridge separatesshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus.Lower left sector- womanin longchitonto right- something ?tendril- behind her. Buffclay, coated dark plum wash,crackled.V 5, mixedfillbeneathN House, HL and Roman. ? Maenad, as Carthage 109,no. 289, pl. XXXV. (67/L61)SML 368 plates 239, 263. 4.2. x 3.0. Discus and nozzle fragment.Worn mould. Ridge between grooves divides shoulder (tongues) from discus. Impressedcircletseitherside ofnozzle.Lower partof femalefigurewearingchitonand himation.Yellow clay,coated.V 5, mixedfillbeneathN House,HL and Roman. Unexplainedsubject. (71/L90) SML 480 plate 263. 4.7x2.2. Shoulder, discusand underbodyfragment. Crispmould.Ridge and blurredgroovesdivideshoulder(doubleoutlined tonguesand darts); lowestpart of ? draped figure. Greyclay,reserved.XII 2, 3rd to 4th centA.D. Unexplainedsubject. (71/L85) SML 204 plates 239, 263. 3.2x2.6. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge separatingshoulder (tongues) from discus. Upper partofboxers,to right.Buffclay,coated matt red to dark brownwash. XIV 1, Trajanic. The sceneshouldprobablybe restoredas BMC ii,
L386
L387
L388
L389
212, Q, 1023, pl. 32, and 59-60, fig.63, withmany Our figurewill have been the lefthand references. combatant,who notinfrequently appearsalone - e.g. Corinth 172,no. 432, fig.97 (BroneerXXII). (71/L162) SML 497 plate 263. 5.5x4.0. Handle; shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment.Worn mould. Ridge and fine groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Head of figure.Orange-buff darkredwash.XII 8, Deposit clay,coatedsemi-glossy D5, Hadrianic. Unexplainedsubject. (71/L46+ 177) SML 184 plates 238, 263. D. 7.7, L. 10.5. Handle,shoulder,discus,nozzleand underbody fragment.Rather worn mould, two finegrooveson handle,ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(tongues) fromdiscus; heart-shapednozzle, impressedcirclet besideit. Air hole. On underbodyan 'arrow'shaped Part oflowerhalfof markin low relief-? fortuitous. standingfigure.Buffbrownclay, fine;coated glossy wash. XII 6-7, Hadrianic. orange-brown BroneerXXV. Unexplainedsubject. (67/L53) SML 657 plate 263. 4.3 x 2.5. Shoulder discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and groove separateshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus.Upper part of ? Nike withpalm frond.Grey buffclay, patchily coated mattdarkbrownwash. I(N) 11 pit 3, Deposit R2, late 2nd centA.D. Perhapsa variantofBMC ii, 26, Q, 1402fig.22 and 193, no. 600, pl. XII, 370, pl. 84. See also Corinth whereshe looksleft,away fromthefrond,notat it,as here. (71/LI24) SML 723 Not illustrated.Est D. 7.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Large fillinghole. [Part of] standingwingedfigure. Buff brown clay. Coated matt red wash. X 2, early-mid2nd centA.D. Subjectunexplained- ? Nike.
Animalsand birds
L390 (67/P4) SML 143 plates 240, 263. D. 7.8, H. 2.9, L. 10.1. Tip of nozzle lost,otherwiseintact.Very crisp mould.Two grooveson thehandle.Grooveseparates shoulder(tongues)fromdiscus.Panelson shouldersat cross-axis.Fillinghole at 5 o'clock. Two impressed circletsat base of nozzle (blackened) Lion sejant, to right.Head and mane veryfullyworkedrampant Pretouched.Pinkish-buff clay. Top coated matt red wash; underbodydabbled. II 4a, N House; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXVII. Type as Mercandopl. XXXVIII. 4 = HM 9268. This particularlionseemsrare,though lions in general as main ornamentwere popular, on laterlamps,e.g. Corinth 259-261, nos. particularly 1216-1239,pl. XVIII and Agoravii,nos.970-987,pl. 21. The type occurs (very worn) on the Broneer XXVII lamp Carthage,190, no. 892, pl. LXXXI, markedC MAR EV. L391 (71/L108) SML 338 plates 240, 263. 6.5x4.5. Shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. Ridge and two grooves divide shoulder (tongues) from discus.Fillinghole offcentretowards6 o'clock.Lion,
THE LAMPS
L392
L393
L394
L395
L396
L397
raised tail, to left.Buffclay, worn, semicouchant, glossy, orange-brownwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. BroneerXXV. See L392. (67/L65) SML 350 plates 240, 263. 4.4x4.8. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly worn mould. Ridge and one groove,otherwiseas L391. Grey-buff clay. Coated dark brownmattwash. Unstratified. WithL391, close to a BroneerXXV fromMátala, PAE 1969,246-8,pl. 279a, topleft.FromKnossos,the L8, BSA 72, 105. More of the scene (calfs fragment head below the lion's head) is preservedon Benghazi 136,nos. 956 and 957, fig.10. (71/L115) SML 716 plate 263. Est D. 7.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Ridge betweengroovesseparatesreservedshoulder fromdiscus.[Partof]lion?Buffclay,fine;semi-glossy wash. XII 8, Deposit D. 5, Hadrianic. plum-brown Top rightsector- tail tuft.Possiblyas L391-2. (71/LI 18) SML 717 Not illustrated.3.0 x 2.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulderand discus. [Part of] lion? dark plum-brown Lightbuffclay,coated semi-glossy wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. A scrapofreliefmay be an animal's tail. (67/L36) SML 337 plates 240, 263. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge dividesshoulder(tongues)and discus. Filling hole offcentretowards8 o'clock. Stag to rightat the gallop. Pinkishbuffclay,coated in metallicplum-red wash. N House, Deposit R2, later2nd centA.D. Bailey motifIV (a) vii. TrierM. 177. A Cretan examplefroman older generationmouldPAE 1969, 246-8, pl. 279 right,bottom,fromMátala. HM 6293 = Mercandopl. XXXVI. 8 and p. 237, n. 40, and pl. XXXVI. 12, possibly nPEIMOT. The design is common. Agora vii, 86, no. 163 (Red-on-White). Vindonissa 402, no. 501, pl. XIII; TrierPI. 38, nos. 194, 219,239,244. Benghazi 25, no. 125,pl. 7, fig.3; 136-7, nos. 958-59, pl. 26 and fig. 10. A full list of comparandais givenbyBailey,BMC ii, 76, discussing Q, 1085 and 1204. (71/L125) SML 193 plates 240, 263. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(leaves in relief) fromdiscus.Partofgoat/deerto left.Buffclay,coated wornmattredwash. XII 2, mixed2nd and early3rd centA.D. The leaf garland on the shoulder recalls HM 6276-7, Mercando pl. XXXVI, 5-6, suggestedas productsof the Gamos shop. The animal seems to have long, straightscrew-horns. Horns seem to be renderedin this way on Carthage194, no. 197, pl. LXXXIII, "Antilope". (71/L101) SML 187 plates 240, 263. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn mould. Two grooves separate (reserved) shoulder fromdiscus.Fillinghole offcentre,towards8 o'clock. [Part of] bull chargingleft.Buffclay, fine,coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. BroneerXXV. ?As Agoravii, 82, no. 107 (unillus-
L398
L399
L400
L401
L402
L403
L404
287 trated).The subjectofCarthage pl. XL is thesame,but the treatment differs. (71/L122) SML 326 plates 240, 263. Est D. 6.5. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Two groovesseparate(reserved)shoulderand discus. Top rightsector- bull's head, threequarterview,to right.Buffclay, semi-glossy plum-brownwash. X 7, Flavian. The completedesignwas probablyas Benghazi, 136, nos.952-53 fig.10; cf.theItalianfragment op. cit.33, no. 185, fig.4. Cf. also Délos 125, no. 4588, pl. 24 (Italian) and Carthage140, no. 506, pl. LII. Tarsus 126, no. 354, pl. 108 is describedas "....facingr., pawinggroundwithleftforlegand whiskingtail". (71/L112) SML 301 plates 240, 263. 2.2 x 2.7. Discus fragment. Fairlycrispmould.Ridge and groove.Part of ? lowerleftsector- underpartofquadruped. Buff clay, fine, coated semi-glossyred wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. Small animal, perhaps part of a more elaborate scene. (71/L114) SML 296 plates 241, 263. 3.4x4.1. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (olive leaves) fromdiscus.Animalto right.Yellow-buff clay;coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. XII 6, Hadrianic. Though thiscould be takenas a sheep,it is more probablya cock'shead, as BMC ii, 83, Q,825, fig.95; 147,pl. 6. Also Menzel fig.32.20. (67/L331) SML 370 plates 240, 263. 3.6x2.8. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)from discus.Partofrightsector- head and forelegs ofhorse at the gallop. Fine pink-buff clay; coated semi-glossy plum brownwash. VII baulk. Unstratified. This mightbe ajubilator(e.g. BMC ii, 177,no. 933, pl. 17) or Pegasos at the gallop - e.g. Carthage pl. L, 474. Benghazi45, no. 288 and fig.6 has a void horse gallopingto left. (67/L16) SML 340 plates 239, 263. 6.8x3.5. Shoulderand discusfragment.Rather worn mould; ridge and two groovesseparate shoulder(reserved) and discus.Part of biga on righthand discussector. Part of fillinghole. Yellow buffclay, coated matt plum-redwash. VIII 4 Pit 2, DepositTl, Trajanic. BaileymotifIII (d) ii. Fairlycommon.BMC ii, Q 883 pl. 13 is dated A.D. 40-75. Trierpl. 33, no. 119, comesfromthe Claudian grave 116. Benghazi44, no. 281, fig. 6 is dated firsthalf of the 1st cent A.D. 136,no. 474, pl. L is a BroneerXXIII. OpAth Carthage VI, 31-32, no. 34 and pl. IV. Chypre 145,no. 414 and pl. 22. BMC iii Q2388, fromSalamis or Kourion. (71/L7)SML 163 plates 240, 263. D. 7.7, H. 3.4. Part ofhandle,shoulder,discusand underbody,all nozzle lost.Ratherwornmould.Ridge and grooveseparate shoulder(reserved)and discus.Slightringfoot.Partof ? horse to right.Pink clay, fine;slightlyglossyred wash,onlysplashedon underbodyand base. XII 3 Pit 1, Severan (? to A.D. 220). Not fullycomprehensible. If a horse,mightbe the reverseofthesubjectCarthage 117, no. 346 and pl. XL. (73/L315) plate 263. 4.5 x 2.8. Shoulderand discus
288
THE LAMPS
fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge between grooves separatesshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus.Subject as L402. Lightbuffclay,mottleddarkredwash.Well 12, DepositD4, Hadrianic. Forepartsof the two horses. L405 (67/L343) SML 197 plates 240, 263. 3.1x3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment.Worn mould. Ridge and two grooves separate shoulder and discus. Crouchingquadrupedto right(hindpart). Red clay, coated semi-glossy red wash. VII 8a, Trajanic. Probablythesame designas L391, 392. L406 (71/L10)SML 277 plates 234,263. Est D. 6.8, Est H. 2.8. Part of shoulder,much of discus. Fairly crisp mould. Two grooves separate (reserved)shoulder fromdiscus.Fillinghole offcentretowards6 o'clock. Hare to right,eating grapes, enclosed by leaves. Pinkishclay,coatedsemi-glossy redwash. XII 1, mid to late 3rd centA.D. Probably importedfrom Cyprus, where fabric, finish,shape and designalike are well attested- e.g. 130,nos.344-45,pl. 19.BMC'm,Q241 1 comes Chypre fromKourion T.I 18. Oxford 1961.431is also likely to be Cypriot.For comparandaelswhere,BaileyBMC ii, 76-7. L407 (71/L135)SML 495 plate 264. 6.0 x 3.5. Shoulder„ discusand nozzlefragment. Verywornmould.Trace ofridgeseparatingshoulderfromdiscus.Raised panel on the shoulderat the crossaxis. Nozzle blackened. Part of leftside of discus- figure(? animal) erectto right.Buffclay, coated orange brownwash. XII 2, mixed2nd to early3rd centA.D. L408 (71/L106) SML 346 plates 240, 264. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Extremely worn mould. Ridge separates shoulder (reserved) from discus. Remains of two very faint figures, probablyto right.Lightbuffclay,fine,coated semiwash. XII 6, Hadrianic. glossyplum-brown Broneer XXV. Perhaps to compared with the man and ramofChypre confronted 139,no. 390. Might be an obscenesymplegmaas TrierM. 138. L409 (71/L139) SML 718 plate 264. Est D. 7.5. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)and discus.Top rightsectorofdiscus- Odysseusand the ram. Buffclay, coated semi-glossydark plum-red wash. XII 2, mixed2nd and early3rd centA.D. See L340. L410 (67/L67) SML 660 plate 264. 4.5x2.5. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Thick body. Worn mould. Ridge between grooves divides shoulder (tongues) from discus. Top left sector of discus; unexplained relief.Grey-buffclay, cream surface finish.I(S) 4, N House, to 4th centA.D. Perhapsan animal. L411 (67/L144) SML 659 plate 264. 2.7 x 1.8. Shoulder Wornmould.Ridge and groove and discusfragment. separateshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus.Unexplained relief.Light brownclay, coated reddishbrownmatt wash. N House, Room V, finalPhase; late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. L411bis (71/L123) SML 722 Not illustrated.4.0x2.7. Discus fragment.Rather worn mould. Discus sep-
aratedby twogrooves.Trace offillinghole. [Partof] recumbentanimal to left- ? lion. Buffclay, fine, coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. X 2, early to mid 2nd centA.D. L412 (71/L82) SML 186 plates 240, 264. 5.7x6.5. Shoulderand discusfragment.Rather worn mould. Fourgrooveson shoulder.Large fillingholeoffcentre towards6 o'clock.Dolphin to right.Buffbrownclay, coated mattred wash. XIII 31. SW House, Room I; 2nd centA.D. Bailey motifIV (a) XI. See commenton the BroneerXXIV lamp 292. This is a different series. Note the unpublished Oxford lamp 1953. 310 (BroneerXXIII). L413 (71/L86) SML 665 plate 264. 4.0 x 2.3. Discus and Ratherwornmould.Grooveat underbodyfragment. the discus edge. Unexplained relief.Buffclay, fine; coated mattred wash. XIV 5, Neronian/Flavian. - dolphinor Perhapspartofa sea-creature hippocamp. L413bis (67/L330) SML 380 Not illustrated.4.0x2.7. Shoulderand discusfragment. Ridge and finegroove separateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Rightpartof design- largedolphinto right,smallersportingbyits head. Brownclay,verysoft.Coated glossyredwash.N House II 7-9. Late lst-early2nd centA.D. The compositionmayhave resembledBenghazi, 73, no. 493, fig.7. L414 (67/L45) SML 265 plates 241, 264. D. est 8.O. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Quite crisp mould(thoughtonguesveryworn).Ridge and groove separateshoulderand discus.Fillingholeat 8 o'clock, air hole at 5.30. Nozzle blackened.Eagle perching frontalon horizontalthunderbolt,wings half unwreathin folded,head to right,holdinga many-rayed itsbeak. Orange buffclay,coated plumwash.VII 4, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXV. An unusuallycommontypeat this site (see L4 15-427). AnotherKnossian example is Demeter 51, J. 44 and pl. 30. (The depositdates late lst-mid2nd centA.D.). It is lesscommonelsewhere. Examples include Trier pl. 58, no. 405 (late 74, no. 494, fig.7; Tiberian-earlyClaudian), Benghazi 125-6, no. 867, fig.9; 137, nos. 967-9, fig.10; Qedem 8, 30, no. 98; Waldhauer,48, no. 313, pl. XXXIII (from Kerch), 53-4, no. 377, pl. XXXIII, from Chersonesos.More summaryis Haken, 1-2, 72f,no. 54, pl. X (boughtin Smyrna).Menzel fig.27:20 the eagle has a branchin place ofa wreath.BMC ii, 329, Q, 1308, pl. 70, fig. 90 is the same eagle and but no wreath.The same designrecurs thunderbolt, fromtheIdaean Cave, Ergom1986,pl. on a ringstone 136. L415 (67/L50)SML 675 plate 264. 4.0 x 3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Verywornmould.As L414 - partof rightwing. Clay reduced,coated mattbrownwash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L416 (67/L49) SML 673 plate 264. 5.0x3.2. Shoulder, discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould. as L414 (head and wreath). Large tongues- otherwise Clay reduced, coated matt dark brown wash. N House,Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D.
THE LAMPS L417 (67/L48)SML 672 plate 264. 5.0 x 2.3. Shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould (but tongues vestigial).Ridgeand twogrooves.As L414 - head and wreath. Yellow-buffclay, metallic dark plum red wash. N House, Room V, phase I fill;Hadrianicand to later2nd centA.D. L418 (67/L47)SML 676 plate 264. 7.0 x 3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Thick body. Fairlycrispmould. As L414. Top ofrightwing,back ofhead. Pinkbuffclay, coated lightbrownwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? Late generationmould. L419 (67/L44) SML 261 plate 264. Rest D. 7.2. Shoulder and discus fragment,with start of nozzle. Worn mould. As L414 - part of wreath and left wing missing.Air hole not fullypierced. Pink buffclay, coated mattred wash. I(N) 10, N House, Hadrianic. L420 (71/L69) SML 474 plate 264. 5.7x2.6. Handle; shoulderand discusfragment. Thickbody.Veryworn mould. As L414. (top of rightwing,back of head). Orange-buffclay, coated matt dark red wash. XIV/XV baulk,mixedHL-3rd centA.D. L421 (67/P57) SML 178 plates 241, 264. 5.5x5.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould.Fillinghole at 3 o'clock.As L414. All ofupper partofbird.Pink-buff clay,top coated thinmattred wash. VII 2. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L422 (67/P32)SML 175 plates 241, 264. D. 7.5, H. 3.6, L. 9.6. Handle, small part of shoulderand underbody lost. Recomposedof three.Extremelyworn mould. Flat base. Shoulder apparentlyreserved.Design as L414. Buffclay.Slightlymetallicdarkbrownblotched red wash, dabbled on the underbody.N House, probablyassociatedwithDeposit SI, late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. BroneerXXV. L423 (67/L328+ L171) SML 303 plates 241, 264. 4.6 x 3.5. Shoulderand discusfragment; twojoining. Crisp mould. As L414 - body and part of wings. Brownclay;coatedsemi-glossy brownwash.N House, Room VI, phase 1 fill,Deposit D2; Hadrianic and later2nd centA.D. L424 (71/L110) SML 677 plate 264. 3.6x2.2. Shoulder and discusfragment.Rather worn mould. Shoulder and two grooves.As L414. Head and wreath.Buff clay, coated plum-redwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. L425 (67/L51) SML 361 plates 241, 264. 4.0x2.7. Shoulder,discusand nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. neat tongueson shoulder,witha smaller Particularly set forthespace betweenthe nozzle (blackened)and ridgeand groove.Circletbesidenozzle.Motifas L414 (partof thunderbolt). Orange buffclay,coated matt red wash, blotched black. N House, Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L426 (67/L46) SML 674 plate 264. 6.5x5.0. Handle; shoulderand discusfragment. Very wornmould; as L414 - topofrightwing,head. Buffclay,mottledred to dark brownwash. VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L427 (67/L23) SML 730 plate 264. 7.6x3.7. Handle,
289
shoulder, discus and underbody fragment.Worn mould - as L414 - head. Orange-buffclay, coated warmred wash. VIII 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. L427bis (71/L125) SML 724 Not illustrated.5.3x2.0. Discus fragment.Ridge and two grooves separate shoulderand discus.Lowersectionofdiscus- ground line (? thunderbolt)and foot.Buffclay, fine.Coated mattplumbrownwash.X2, early-mid2nd centA.D. L428 (71/L111) SML 363 plates 241, 264. 3.5x2.8 and 2.8x2.6 (Two non-joining).Shoulder and discus fragments.Crisp mould - ridge and two grooves separate shoulder and discus. [Part of] peacock displayedfrontal,head to right.Preciserenderingof oftheeyeat theend.Buffbrown feathers, particularly clay,coatedmattdarkbrownwash.XII 6, Hadrianic. ProbablyBroneerXXV. Cretanexamplesinclude HM 9258 fromKavousi Mercando 237, n. 27, pl. XXXVII, 7, suggestedas a Gamos productand (very worn mould) fromthe Knossos Martyrion,BSA 57 74,no. 495 (1962) 235,no. 52 and fig.24 (a). Benghazi, and fig.7 (head toleft);124-5,nos.853-58, pl. 24, fig. 8, plus six uncataloguedexamples;137, No. 965, pl. 27, fig.10. Contextdatesvaryfromsecondhalf2nd to mid-3rdcentA.D. OthersincludeCarthage, 176, nos. 774-5, pl. LXXIII (heads to left). Op. Ath.VI, pl. VIII, nos. 142-153,pp: 48-50 (fromCyprus) Tarsus 131, no. 436, fig.122; 112, no. 166,fig.100 (head to 403, nos. 513-522, pl. XIII. left),pl. 112. Vindonissa Menzel,41, fig.32:21, no. 200. WaltersBMC 106 no. 701, fig.125,fromColchester. L429 (71/L134) SML 367 plate 264. 4.0x2.2. Discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L428 (feathers). wash.X 6. Mixed Grey-buff clay,coatedplum-orange 1stcentA.D.-Severan. L430 (67/L10) SML 344 plate 264. 6.5x4.5. Handle, shoulder,discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrisp mould. As L428 (feathers).Pink-buffclay, coated drab brownwash,blotchedred. II aqueduct - ? late 2nd centA.D. L431 (67/L11) SML 339 plates 241, 264. 5.2x5.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus. Bird (? peacock) perchingto right.Featherson tail and wingshownby deeplyincisedlines,on breastby circlets.Yellowclay,coatedmetallicplumwash.IV 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BaileymotifN (b) V. This is relatedto BMC ii, 82, Q, 1211, fig.93 and 298f,pl. 57. Trierpls. 44-5, nos. 287, 297-8, 307, 316 (M 202) Menzel, fig.31:17. L432 (67/L264) SML 668 plate 264. 5.5 x 3.2. Shoulder, discusand nozzlefragment. Fairlywornmould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(singleolive leaves in nozzle.[Part relief)and discus.Probablyheart-shaped of] 'victorious'cock to right(tail feathers).Buffclay, coateddarkgrey-black wash.VIII 5. See DepositT3, Trajanic, but withlate 3rd centA.D. intrusions. Cf. L433, 435-6, all share the olive leafdesignon theshoulder,whichis repeatedon the Knossoslamp Demeter44, H- 115, pl. 26 (contextdate 5th cent B.C.-2nd centA.D.) and on Benghazi130/1,no. 906, pl. 26 and fig.9 (singlecockto right).This shouldbe a versionofBailey's'victoriouscock',BMC ii,83, Q825
290
L433
L434
L435
L436
L437
L438
L439
THE LAMPS which'...are foundon manylamps,all ofwhichare of thefirst centuryA.D.'. It occurson theRed-on-White lamp Agoravii, 87, no. 171, pl. 6 (2nd cent A.D.). Earlierare theCarthage lamps518 and 519, p. 142and carriesa palm frond(as pl. LI 11, ofwhichtheformer BMC ii, Q, 825). Others include Benghazi47, nos. 309-10,fig.6; 130-1,no. 906,fig.9, pl. 26. Waldhauer 32, no. 135,pl. XII (withfrond)- Italy; 36, no. 180, pl. XVII, fromPompeii;50, no. 322 (BroneerXXV), pl. XXXIV fromChersonesos;52, no. 349 (Broneer 404, nos. XXV) pl. XXXVI, fromKerch. Vindonissa 523-25, pl. XIII. (67/L120) SML 324 plates 241, 264. Est D. 6.5. Shoulderand discusfragment. Fairlycrispbutrubbed mould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues) and discus. [Part oí] cock fight- lefthand bird, to right,head lost.Buffclay; coated matt,brownwash, blotchedlightbrown.Late 2nd, some early3rd cent A.D. Not to be confusedwiththeseriesL432, 435, 436. As Mercando, 238, no. 45, pl. XXXVII, 3, which citesLibertine,//MuseoBuscanno. 1343.Benghazi136, nos. 954-55, fig. 10. The same subjectbut different archetypesBMC ii, 193, Q,977, pl. 24, fig.95, (last third 1st cent B.C.) and Carthage pl. LXXXI, 897 (BroneerXXVa). (67/P86)SML 319 plates 241,264. D. 7.5,H. 3.1, Est L 8.4. Handle; shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment.Rather worn mould. Two grooves on handle.As L433. (Righthand bird,to left).Buffclay; coated, top and handle,mattbrownwash, blotched lightbrown.N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. As L433. (67/L265) SML 670 plate 264. 5.0 x 3.5. Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. As L432. Grey clay,dark greywash. IV 2, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. See L432. (67/L266) SML 669 plate 264. 3.5x4.5. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.As L432 (tail and back oflefthand bird).Buffclay,mattdark wash.VII 4a, late 2nd-early3rdcentA.D. grey-black See L432. (71/LI 19) SML 298 plates 241, 264. Est D. 7.0. Shoulderand discusfragment.Rather worn mould. As L433 (muchofrighthand bird).Buffclay,coated mattplumbrownwash.XI 1,late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. (71/L1O7) SML 282 plates 241, 264. 4.2x3.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge separatesshoulderand discus.Perchingbirdto clay,coated semiright.Partoffillinghole. Pink-buff wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. glossyplum-brown motif.See L439. 'Bird-on-bough' (67/L12) SML 188 plates 242, 264. 5.2x4.5. Worn mould. Broad Shoulderand discus fragment. ridge and finegrooveseparate plain shoulderfrom discus.Trace ofcentralfillinghole.Leaves,from'bird on bough'.Pinkbuffclay,coatedwarmredwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L438 and L439 togetherpreservetheelementsofa BMC ii, 82, fig. verypopularscene- 'bird-on-bough'. 94, on motifIV (b) vi. For a Cretan example,PAE
1969, 246-8, pl. 279d, bottom left,fromMátala. OthersincludeCarthage 142,nos. 522-23, pl. LXXII; 404, nos. 526-30, 176,no. 77, pl. LXXIII; Vindonissa, pl. XIV. Tarsus 125, no. 347, pl. 107 with refs; half 125,nos.863-866 fig.9, (one froma first Benghazi, 2nd centA.D. context).Oziol regardsthemotifas one of the most frequentin Cyprus,where it is found especially on Broneer XXII, XXIII and XXIV lamps - Chypre88, no. 190 (where the design is reversed,thebirdperchingto left)and 191,withrefs; 55 nos. 119, 122,pl. 128,nos.334-35, pl. 18. Salamine, III. BMC iii, Q, 2419-21 (BroneerXXIII), dated A.D. 40-100. The unpublishedOxfordlamps 1946. 143 and 1953.566 come fromCyprus;BeazleyGifts 146, no. 559, pl. LXXIII (Oxford 1966.289) is also probablyCypriot.
Florals, etc. L440 (67/P47)SML 133 plates 242, 265. D. 7.8, H. 3.3, L. 10.6. Recomposedofseveral.Handle, part of underbody and base lost. Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) from discus. Between the (blackened) heart-shapednozzle and discusa doublevolute,at eitherend ofwhichis a stud at the end of the tongueborder.At the crossaxis on the shouldera raised panel withincisedline. Large fillinghole at 5 o'clock, air hole at 6 o'clock. On discus,narrowbased craterwith reeded body from whichspringthreestems- centreends in a vine leaf, leftand the othersin grape clusters,symmetrically right.Buffclay, coated metallicdark brown pale brownwash, dabbled on the underbody.IV 2a, N House, Room IV, upperfill;later2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. Cf. a similarmotifon the earlier lamp L274, wherethestemsat thesidesend in leaves, notclusters.For anotherCretanexample,HM 2976, Mercando,238,no. 47, pl. XXXVI, 13fromKavousi. OthersincludeBenghazi138-39,nos.971-72, 991-92, 194, pl. 27, fig.10. Thereare otherversions Carthage no. 196,pl. LXXXIII. L441 (67/L41) SML 190 plates 242, 265. 4.2x4.5. Shoulderand discusfragment. Verywornmould.As L440 (top leftofgroup).Buffclay,coated plummatt wash.N House,Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. See L440. L442 (67/L43)SML 663 plate 265. 3.5 x 3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Quite crispmould.As L440. Orangered clay. Coated mattplum wash. N House I(S) 13, Hadrianic. See L440. L443 (67/L42)SML 664 plate 265. 5.0 x 3.0. Shoulderand Rather worn mould. As L440, but discusfragment. ridgebetweengroovesseparatesshoulderand discus. Raised panel on shoulderat cross-axis.Pale buffclay, coated mattdarkbrownwash. Fill beneathN House, V 5, mixedHL to Roman. See L440. L444 (67/P84)SML 134 plates 242, 265. D. 7.0, H. 2.9, L. 8.7. Complete,cracked.Verywornmould.No handle. Ridge betweengroovesseparatesshoulder(reserved) fromdiscus. Ovoid nozzle, with impressedcirclet
THE LAMPS
L445
L446
L447
L448
L449
L450
eitherside. Base flat,definedby groove;markon the underfoot perhapsa cursiveinscription. Fillingholeat 8 o'clock. Two handled tall vase fromwhich hang leavesor fruitin threegroups.Pinkbuffclay; (traces of) mattbrownwash. N House, Phase 1, DepositD2, Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. ? Parallel. (67/L33)SML 678 plate 265. 5.0 x 2.2. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and groove separateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Part oflower leftdiscus.Unexplainedrelief- part of floral?Light buffclay, partly reduced, matt wash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (73/L313+ 314) plates 242, 265. Est D. 7.5, Est L. 8.5, Two joining. Handle, shoulder, discus and underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Deep groove separates shoulder (reserved)fromdiscus. Central fillinghole, air hole at 6 o'clock. [Part of] myrtle wreath. Orange clay, coated semi-glossydark red wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Bailey Motif V (b) Trier n. 144, pl. 41 (late Tiberian-earlyClaudian) BMC ii, 175,¿925, pl. 17, with 87, fig. 101 (dated c. A.D. 40-80). Closer, perhaps,BMC ii, 319, Q, 1253-54, pl. 64 (dated c. A.D. 90-140). Also Italian is Waldhauer,47, no. 298, 157, no. 632 pl. LXIII (Broneer pl. XXXI. Carthage XXIV) Menzel, no. 225, fig.34.9. (67/L339) plate 265. 3.5 x 1.4. Shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Trace of myrtlewreath.Grey-buff clay. Coated matt plumbrownwash. IX 13, Hellenistic,and to 1stcentA.D. See L446. (71/L83)SML 389 plate 265. 5.7 x 3.5. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp mould. Grooves separate shoulderand discus.Partofmyrtlewreath.Buffclay, fine. Coated matt plum brown wash. XIV 6, Neronian-Flavian. Versionofmyrtlewreathas BMC ii, 88, (¿867, fig. 101; 162,pl. 11. Probablyfroma BroneerXXIII. (67/L73) SML 292 plates 242, 265. 4.0x3.2. Shoulderand discusfragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparatesshoulder(tongues)and discus. Central fillinghole. [Part oí] rosetteand pectén shells enclosed by herring-boneborders. Yellow buffclay,coated mattplumwash.VII 4, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. The designprobablycopiesa CorinthianoriginalIsthmia 69, no. 2833, pl. 10, 30 signed EniTTNXANOT; BCH 95 (1971) no. 42 and figs. 42-3, withthesame signature.Agoravii,95, no. 283, PI. 9, firsthalfof the 3rd centA.D. (71/L11) SML 374 plate 265. Est D. 7.6. Handle; shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Two grooves on the handle. Ridge between grooves separatesshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus. [Part of] oak leaf and acorn wreath. Pink buffclay, fine. Slightlyglossylightred-brownwash. X 2, early-mid 2nd centA.D. Bailey motifV (b) Cretan example HM 952 (no provenance)Mercando237, no. 34 and pl. XXXVI. Demeter 51, no.J. 47, pl. 30 (depositdatedlate lst-mid
291
2nd centA.D.). Probablynear theItalian lamp BMC ii,300,Q,1212,pl. 57 (whichlacksacorns)2ndhalf1st cent A.D. Closer is Benghazi35-6, no. 207, pl. 10 (Italian,2nd half1stcentA.D.); 36, no. 212,fig.5 and perhaps op. cit. 74, no. 502, pl. XIV (context 2nd-mid3rd centA.D.). L451 (71/L126) SML 281 plate 265. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispmould.Two widelyspaced groovesseparateshoulder(reserved)and discus.[Part of] oak wreath.Pinkbuffclay,coated mattorangered wash. X 7, Flavian. As L450 (thoughno acorns). L452 (67/L270) SML 409 Not illustrated. 4.8 x 3.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Wornmould.Broad petalled rosetteon discus.Oak leavesand acornalternate(? on shoulder).Ash greyclay,coated mattbrownwash. N House, surface,Severanto 4th centA.D. L453 (71/L130)SML 757 plate 265. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Three grooves separate shoulder and discus. Top left of upperpartof tree.Buffclay,fine.Coated mattplum brownwash. X/XI 3, Trajanic.
'Wreath-and-mask' L454 (67/L90) SML 274 plates 242, 265. 4.5x4.6. Handle, shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment. Rather worn mould. Ridge and groove separates shoulder (traces of tongues) and discus. [Part oí] wreath,tiedat thebottom,decoratedat thetopwitha slave mask.The centralfillinghole is surroundedby two ridges.Orange clay, coated matt orange wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. One of the most popular moulded lamps at Knossos,all ofwhichappear to be ofBroneerXXVII containsthe type.The centreofthediscusis reserved, fillinghole, and is surroundedby two concentric ridges,outsidewhichthewreathis placed.The wreath is tied at the bottom;an air hole may be placed betweentheends.The subjectis BaileymotifIII (f) ii, illustratedby BMC ii, 64, Q, 1325,fig.67; 335, pl. 72 and references. A CretanexamplefromMátala PAE 1969, 246-8, pl. 279d, bottomright,is smallerand may be a later generationmould. Others include Berlin80, no. 497, pl. 53, with referenceto Brants, Leiden(1913) pl. 7, 1035. Oxford1951. 123 (Broneer XXIII) has a verysimilarwreath,but no mask. L455 (67/L88) SML 214 plates 242, 265. Est D. 9.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Very worn mould. As L454. Most of wreath.Nozzle blackened. Orange buffclay, coated mattred wash. VII 2. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L456 (67/L95)SML 179 plate 265. 6.5 x 3.4. Shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. As L454 - trace of tongueson shoulder.Much ofrightsideofwreathand mask. Grey brown clay, coated slightlymetallic brown wash. N House, Room V, Deposit D2; Hadrianic and to later2nd A.D. L457 (67/L96) SML 753 Not illustrated.5.8 x 3.6. Discus fragment. Verywornmould.As L454. Mask and most of leftside of wreath. Pale buffclay, coated matt
292
L458
L459
L460
L461
L462
L463
L464
L465
L466
L467
L468
L469
L470
THE LAMPS brownwash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L93) SML 180 plates 242, 265. 4.0 x 5.0 Shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.As L454. Mask and partofrightsideofwreath.Pinkbuffclay,coated slightlyglossydark brownwash. N House, II 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 4.5 x 3.5. Shoulder (67/L92)SML 747 Not illustrated. and discusfragment. Crispmould.As L454. Mask and partofwreath.Pinkbuffclay,coatedlightplumwash. N House, I(S) 6, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 6.8 x 6.0. Shoulder (67/L91) SML 748 Not illustrated. and discus fragment.Worn mould. As L454. Mask and muchofwreath.Pale buffclay,slightlymetallic brownwash.VI 5, streetfill,DepositR3, late 2ndcent A.D. (67/L89) SML 280 plates 242, 265. 7.0x5.5. WornmouldShoulder,discusand nozzlefragment. as L454. Three groovessurroundthe fillinghole. Trace of? ivyleafbetweenwreathand nozzle.Orange buffclay, coated matt red wash, blackenednozzle. VIII 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. (71/L99) SML 181 plates 242, 265. 5.8x3.5. Crisp plastermould. As L454. Three ridgesround filling hole. Incompletely piercedair hole. Lowerleftpartof wreath.Buffclay, fine.Coated matt brown wash. Surface,late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. (and some later). (71/L163) SML 754 Not illustrated.Est D. 9.0. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Probablyas L454. Trace ofwreath.Nozzle blackened.Buffbrown wash. XII 9, orange-brown clay, coated semi-glossy DepositD5, Hadrianic. (71/L193)SML 750 Not illustrated.5.2 x 3.3. Discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Three groovesround fillinghole. Lower partofwreathas L454. Buffclay, coated mattred wash. XI 3, Hadrianic. mould. As L454, but different 4.6 x 2.7. Shoul(67/L325)SML 749 Not illustrated. der and discus fragment.Worn mould. As L454. Lowerpartofwreath.Buffbrownclay. Coated semiwash.N House,Room VI, Phase I glossyplum-brown fill,DepositD2; Hadrianicand to later2nd centA.D. 3.6 x 2.5. Shoulder (67/L97)SML 756 Notillustrated. and discusfragment.Crisp mould. As L454. Lower partofwreath.Clay reducedgrey;coatedmattbrown wash. VII 6-8a, early-mid2nd centA.D. (67/L98) SML 203 plates 242, 265. 3.5x3.2. Shoulderand discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.As L454. Right side of wreath.Grey buffclay; coated crackleddarkbrownwash.VIII 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 3.2 x 2.0. Discus (71/L138)SML 752 Not illustrated. Fairlycrispmould.As L454. Rightside of fragment. wreath.Buffclay,fine.Coated mattdark red-brown wash. XI 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 2.8 x 2.2. Shoulder (67/L99)SML 755 Notillustrated. and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L454. Lower part of wreath.Grey buffclay, coated pale plum-redwash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI. 3.2 x 2.6. Shoul(71/L137)SML 751 Not illustrated. derand discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.As L454.
Leftside ofwreath.Buffclay,coated mattred wash. XII 2, mixed2nd-early3rd centA.D. L471 (67/L94) SML 746 Not illustrated.5.0x3.0. Discus Wornmould.As L454. Mask and rightside fragment. of wreath. Buffbrown clay, coated matt reddish brownwash. Surface,to 4th centA.D. Rosettes L472 (67/P5) SML 223 plate 266. D. 7.9, H. 3.0, L. 10.6. Mostofunderbodyand base lost;whatremainsintact. Crispmould.Three grooveson handle. Deep groove separatesshoulder (reserved)fromdeeply concave discus. Nozzle blackened.Rosetteof 22 petals surroundinga centreofridgesand grooves.Centralfilling hole. Pinkish-buff clay, fine. Coated light to dark brown wash. N House, Room V upper wash; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. CretanexamplesincludeHM 9273,942 and no no., Mercando pl. XXXVII nos. 9, 11, and 15 respectively,also A.Delt20 (1965) 562,PI. 708 d, bottomleft, froma 2nd cent A.D. tomb, Herakleion,Plateia Daskaloyianni. The many-petalled rosette(BaileyMotifV (a)) was a universally populardesign,in a numberofversions. Close to theKnossiantypeare Benghazi126-127,nos. but'band of 875-879,pl. 25 (described,notas rosette, to 113 uncataloguedfrs.of tongues').Baileyhererefers similarlamps,comingfromdepositsdatingfromthe firsthalfof the 2nd cent,withchiefemphasison the mid-third cent.Vindonissa 384,no. 305 and pl. XV has an identicalrosetteexcept fora thirdridge at the centre. L473 (67/L2) SML 228 plate 266. Est D. 8.0, H. 3.2. Handle, shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment.Crispmould.As L472. At leastthreeconcentric grooveson base. Sandy buffware, coated chocolate brownwash. N House, 114, late 2nd and to mid 3rd A.D. L474 (67/L3) SML 381 plate 266. 6.8x3.5. Handle; shoulder,discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrisp mould.Two grooveson handle. As L472 (Top right section).Buffbrownclay,coated mattplumwash. N House, Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. L475 (71/L190) SML 411 plate 266. 4.5x3.8. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.As L472. Handle withthreegrooves.Top ofrosette.Buff-brown clay, coated matt plum-brownwash. XII 2, mixed 2nd to early3rd centA.D. L476 (71/L116) SML 398 plate 266. Est D. 8.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Ridge betweengroovesseparatesshoulder(reserved) fromdiscus. Many-petalledrosette,probablyfewer petals than L472 (fromtop of flower).Yellow-buff clay. Coated semi-glossyplum-redwash. XII 8, DepositD5, Hadrianic. L477 (71/L164) SML 436 plate 266. 4.5x2.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L472. Lowerleftpartoftherosette.Nozzle blackened. Buff-brown clay. Coated plum-brownwash. XII 6, Hadrianic.
THE LAMPS L478 (67/L4) SML 392 plate 266. 6.8x3.2. Shoulder, discus,and nozzlefragment. Verywornmould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus. [Part oí] rosette.Pale brick-redclay,coated metallic plum-redwash. E House, Deposit Nl, Neronian. Cf. Benghazi69, no. 460, pl. XIII (Italian import, dated A.D. 50-100); 74, no. 503, pl. XIV, (probably Italian). L479 (67/L119) SML 732 plate 266. 4.0x2.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Three grooveson shoulder;[partof] manypetalledrosette. Grey clay, coated dark brown wash. II 5-7a, Nëronian. 120, no. 368, Perhapsa BroneerXXII as Carthage pl. XLII. Of also BMC ii, 131, Q, 760, pl. 1; 159, Q, 857, pl. 10. L480 (67/L5) SML 432 plate 266. 5.2 x 2.6. Shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.As L472. Pale buffclay, dine. Coated mattbrownwash. N House, Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L481 (67/L1) SML 413 plate 266. 5.0 x 2.5. Shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L472. Buff clay, coated matt dark brown wash. VII 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L482 (67/L6) SML 423 plate 266. 4.0 x 1.8. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp mould. As L472. Part of rosette.Orange-buff clay; coated mattred wash. I 2, above N House, to 4th centA.D. L483 (71/L194) SML 418 plate 266. 3.6x3.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Quite crispmould.As L472. Part of rosette.Buffclay. Coated mattplum-brownwash. X/XI baulk l,?Trajanic. L484 (67/P4a)SML 224 plate 266. D. 8.4, H. 3.0, L. 10.9. Handle top lost, otherwisecomplete and intact. Rather worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder(tongues)and discus. Heart-shapednozzle (slightlyblackened). Base reserved,enclosed by a groove.Centralfillinghole; 14-petalrosette.Brownish buffclay, top coated reddishwash; underbody splashed.N House, Pit 3, mid-late2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. There is much varietyin petalnumber in the many-petalledrosettes. Vindonissa 383-84; BMC ii, 85-88, fig. 100. 14 seems an uncommonnumber. L485 (67/P132)SML 227 plate 266. D. 8. 1,H. 3.3, L. 10.9. Much ofdiscuslost;whatremainsintact.Fairlycrisp mould. 2 grooves on handle. As L484. Nozzle blackened.Pale buffclay. Top coated dark brown mattwash;underbodydrip-marked. N House, Room VI, finalPhase; late 2nd centA.D. L486 (67/L27) SML 226 plate 266. Est D. 8.0, H. 3.5. Handle, shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment.Crispmould.As L484. Recessedbase,outlined. About a thirdof the rosette.Pink-buff clay, coated matt brown wash. Surface and cleaning, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (and some later). L487 (67/L28) SML 387 plate 266. 7.3x6.5. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.As L484. Herring bone between grooves on handle. About a quarteroftherosette.Pale buffclay,coated mattbrownwash. N House, Room IV, latestphase, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D.
293
L488 (71/L84) SML 377 plate 266. Est D. 8.2. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge separatesshoulder(tongues)and discus.Centralsmallfillinghole. 14 or 16 petal rosettewithlarge centre,enclosingsmall fillinghole. Buff-brown clay, coatedmattdarkredwash.SW House, Room I, latest phase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. seriesfromL484-487. Same subject,but different L489 (67/L31) SML 410 plate 266. 5.2x5.5. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Worn mould. Two grooves separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Nozzle blackened. [Part of] many petalled rosette, akinto L472. Brownclay;coateddarkmattwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Different seriesfromL472; the petalshereare not separated,(Cf. BMC ii, 86, ¿1327) as in L472; there was probablya largernumber. L490 (71/L77) SML 225 plate 266. Est D. 8.6, Est H. 3.3. Shoulder,discus,nozzle, underbodyand base fragment.Crispplastermould.Ridge and grooveseparate shoulder(tongues)and discus. Heart-shapednozzle. Centralfillinghole, tinyair hole at 6 o'clock. Eight petalledrosette.Brownclay;coatedmattbrownwash. XII 13, Deposit Nl, Neronian. BMC ii,85-88, ÇU 125,fig.100and For thisrosette, 252-53, pl. 44; Carthage,145, no. 542 (Broneer XXIII); 178, no. 794, pl. LXXIV (BroneerXXV). 68, no. 458, pl. XIII - contextlastquarterof Benghazi 1stcentA.D.; 74, no. 504, pl. XIV contextmid-3rd centA.D. Agoravii,78,no. 75,pl. 3. Italian,ofthemid 1stcent. L491 (67/L29) SML 425 plate 266. 3.7x2.0. Shoulder, discus,underbodyand nozzle fragment.Fairlycrisp mould.As L490. Impressedcircletbetweennozzleand discus ridge. Tips of threepetals. Buffclay, coated mattpale brownwash. N House, Room IV, Phase I fill;Hadrianic and later2nd centA.D. L492 (67/L30) SMI 439 plate 266. 3.0 x 2.2. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. [Part of] manypetalledrosette.Reduced clay - ? by burning. Matt reddishbrownwash.N House, Room IV, phase I fill;Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. Perhapsas L484. L493 (71/L144) SML 441 plate 266. 2.2x2.4. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L492. Buff clay, fine. Coated matt red wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. L494 (71/L169) SML 440 plate 266. 3.2 x 1.6. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L492. Buffclay,fine.Coated semi-glossy dark brownwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. Perhapsrosetteas L484. L495 (71/LI 17) SML 415 plate 266. 5.0x2.8. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus. Partofrosettewithfourbilobatepetals.Buffclay,fine. Coated semi-glossy plum red wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. As BMC ii, 85-88, Q, 1008, fig. 100, 208, pl. 29. BroneerXXI. A.D. 25-75. There are thesame bilobe petalson Agoravii,83, no. 129,pl. 5 perhapsKnidian,
294
THE LAMPS
late 1stor early2nd centA.D. butfiveinsteadoffour. Thereare five,too,on Délos129,30 no. 4618-4623,pl. 30, also possiblyKnidian. Four bilobepetalsoccurin Cyprus- BMC iii, Q, 2369-72 (all but one of which wereonceVictoriaand AlbertMuseum)Q201 1,with thesame subject,comesfromEgypt.Benghazi34, no. ofsucha discusofan Italian 193,pl. X is thefragment importofthemid 1stcentA.D.; op. cit.69, no. 464,pl. XIII is also a 1st cent A.D. Italian import.Other Benghazi lamps with this design are attributedto Knidos- op. cit.95-7, nos.658-59,662,669,pl. XIX. It is possibleL495 is itselfKnidian. L496 (71/L192) SML 429 plate 266. 4.0x5.1. Shoulder Wornmould.Ridge and groove and discusfragment. separate shoulder(tongues) fromdiscuss.Trace of rosette.Buffclay. Coated mattplumbrownwash. XI 2, later2nd-early3rd centA.D. Too littlepreservedto determinerosettetype. L497 (71/L183)SML 382 plate 266. EstD. 10.5.Shoulder, discus,underbodyand base fragment.Fairly crisp mould.Ridgeand threegroovesseparateshoulder,on which are deeply impressedthe outlinesof leaves. Many petalledrosette.Light buffclay, coated matt red wash. XI 3, Hadrianic. Type ofrosetteuncertain. L498 (71/L92)SML 478 plate 266. 5.7 x 3.3. Shoulderand discus fragment.Extremelyworn mould. Trace of air hole. Rosette.Pink clay, coated matt unfinished redwash.XV 4, upperfillto later2nd-early3rdcent A.D. Too wornto determinerosettetype.
Scallop shells L499 (67/L172) SML 417 plate 266. 5.8x2.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)and discus.Betweenthenozzleand discusa doublevolute. Air hole at 6 o'clock. [Part of] scallop shell. Light dark brownwash. N House brownclay, semi-glossy courtfloor.Late 2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. Bailey MotifIV (d) iv. Too little 179, preservedto seekcloseparallel,but noteCarthage no. 798, pl. LXXV, a lamp ofsimilartype. L500 (67/L18) SML 397 plate 266. 7.0x3.5. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn plaster mould.Ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(reserved) fromdiscus.Small air holeat 6 o'clock.Heart-shaped nozzle. ([Part of] scallop.) Orange-buff clay; coated wash.II 4, N House,to 3rdcentA.D. mattorange-red BroneerXXV. Bailey motifIV (d) iv. ? Knidian. The renderingof the shellrecallsthe earlierQ, 850, BMC ii, 156,pl. 9 and fig.99. Est D. 7.0. Discus, L501 (71/L52)SML 229 Not illustrated. Crisp mould. Two underbodyand nozzle fragment. groovesseparate shoulderand discus. Small filling hole. Scallop. Red clay. Coated slightlyglossyplumred wash - blotcheddarker.XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian. Cf. Menzel fig.34:10.
Unidentified L502 (67/L32)SML 420 plate 267. 4.0 x 2.3. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp plaster mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. PBilobedleaf. Buffclay, coated matt red wash. N House, I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D. ? BaileymotifIV (d) iv. L503 (67/L301) SML 735 plate 267. 2.1 x 1.6. ? Discus Crispmould.Unexplainedrelief.Red clay, fragment. reserved.N House, contentofS Wall, early2nd cent A.D. L504 (71/L87)SML 661 plate 267. 4.0 x 2.6. Shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.Ridge and twogrooves separateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Unexplained relief.Buff-brown clay, coated slightlyglossyredbrownwash. XIV 1, Trajanic. L505 (67/L70)SML 479 plate 267. 4.8 x 3.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) from discus. Fragmentof relief ? head and forelegsof hound. Buff-brown clay, coated slightlyglossydark brownred wash. Unstratified. Animals in this positioninclude Bears - Bailey MotifIV (a) iii, BMC ii, 73, fig.77, Q, 1216. Also Carthagenos. 507-508, pl. LU. Cf. the hound Waldhauer30, no. 321, pl. XXXIV. L506 (71/L15a) SML 662 plate 267. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, Very worn discus,underbodyand nozzle fragment. mould.Ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(reserved) fromdiscus.Heart-shapednozzle, blackened.Unexclay. plained relief(bottomleftsector).Buff-brown wash.XII 9, Deposit Coated semi-glossy plum-brown D5, Hadrianic. L507 (71/L96) plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Shoulderand discus Verywornmould.Grooveseparatesshoulfragment. der (reserved)fromdiscus. Top leftsector- unexplained relief.Buffclay; coated slightlyglossydark brownwash.House ofDiamond Frescoes,fillofRoom 5; to late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? rabbit'srump. L508 (67/L142) SML 448 plate 267. 3.8x2.8. Shoulder and discusfragment. Very worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) from discus. Illegiblerelief.Greyclay,coateddarkplum-redwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L509 (71/L141) SML 477 plate 267. 3.5x2.4. Shoulder Wornplastermould.Ridge and and discusfragment. grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus. Illegiblerelief(leftcentresector).Buffclay,coated matt plumbrownwash.XI 2, late 2nd-early3rdcentA.D. L510 (67/L173) SML 658 plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Three Fairly joining.Shoulder,discus,and nozzlefragment. crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues)fromdiscus. Largely unexplainedrelief Erotes and boat? (lower sectorand part of right). Granular brown clay, coated glossy red wash. E House, DepositNl, Neronian. The sceneis not thesame as L313 and 314. L51 1 (71/L105)SML 709 plate 267. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Two grooves separateshoulder(reserved)and discus.Unexplained
THE LAMPS
L512
L5 13
L514
L515
L516
L517
L518
L519
relief.Brown clay, fine; coated matt plum-brown wash. XII 7, Hadrianic. The orientation of thefragment is doubtful. (67/L14)SML 708 plate 267. 6.2 x 2.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Ridge and two grooves separate shoulder (reserved) and discus. Circletimpressedon shoulderto rightof nozzle. Air hole at 7 o'clock. Unexplainedreliefin lower right sector. Pale buffclay, sandy. Coated matt plum brownwash.VII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-earl?3rd centA.D. This could be thetipoftheleafysprayon theright of the 'Bird and Bough' motif(see L438 and 439). (67/L56)SML 473 plate 267. 4.0 x 3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Verywornmould.Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) fromdiscus. Panel on crossaxis. Illegiblerelief(leftcentre).Greybuffclay; coated mattdark brownwash. VII 2, late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. BroneerXXVIII. (67/L130) SML 462 plate 267. 4.0x2.8. Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder(tongues) and discus. Unexplained relief.Grey clay, coated dark reddish brown wash. N House, Room IV, tile 2nd centA.D. structure, (67/P58)SML 256 plate 267. D. 7.7, H. 3.4, L. 10.4. Recomposedof four.Much of discus,part of nozzle lost.Verywornmould.Two grooveson handle.Ridge separates shoulder (tongues) and discus. Heartshapednozzle (blackened).Base flat,outlinedbyfaint groove.What remainsofdiscusdesignillegible.Pinkbuffclay.Top coatedmattpale redwash.Underbody dabbled. N House, II 4, late 2nd-early3rdcentA.D. Possibly(remainsof) twogladiators. (67/L274) SML 371 plate 267. 2.5x2.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Three groovesseparate shoulder (reliefdot rosettes)from discus.Unexplainedrelief.Light brownclay, coated matt brown wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. For a similarrimornament,Menzel,fig.47.2 = no. 538,said to be fromMiletos.Op AthVI, 58 pl. IX, no. 194. Waldhauer,61, no. 473, pl. XLIV. (67/L7) SML 707 plate 267. 5.0 x 2.5. Shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.Threegroovesseparate shoulder (reserved)and discus. Unexplained relief. Orangebuffclay.Coated warmredmattwash.VII 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. PerhapsKnidian. (71/L191)SML 488 plate 267. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discusand nozzle fragment. Worn mould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Heartshaped nozzle.Trace ofunexplainedreliefat bottom of discus. Grey buffclay, partlycoated matt plum brownwash.XII 2, mixed2nd to early3rdcentA.D. (67/L154) SML 506 plate 267. 4.2x3.4. Shoulder and discusfragment; nozzle.Fairlycrispmould,ridge and groove divide shoulder (tongues) and discus. Heart-shapednozzle. Trace of unexplained relief. Orange-brown clay,coated plum-redwash.N House, Pit 8, A.D. 150-200.
295
L520 (67/L25) SML 764 plate 267. 5.8 x 2.3. Shoulder, discusand nozzle fragment. Ratherthickwall. Fairly crisp mould. Two ridges and grooves separate shoulder (reserved) and discus. Three impressed circlets on shoulder behind heart-shapednozzle. Lower left sector - unexplained relief.Red clay, coated warm matt red wash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L521 (71/L151) SML 355 plate 243. 4.8x1.7. Handle, shoulderand wall fragment. Crispmould.Broadridge and fine groove separate shoulder (impressedivy leaves) and discus.Trace of unexplainedrelief.Pinkwash. buffclay,coated semi-glossy dark plum-brown XII 1-2, mixed2nd-3rdcentA.D. The shoulderornamentis a variantofCorinth 80, fig. 38.6. L522 (71/L165) SML 496 plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and discus.Lower separatesshoulder(dot-and-circle) right sector; unexplained relief.Buff-brownclay, coated matt plum-brown wash. XII 10-11, Hadrianic. L523 (67/L125) SML 470 plate 267. 5.0x5.5. Handle, shoulder,discusand underbody.Ratherwornmould. Three verticalgrooveson handle. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Top right sector; unexplained relief.Brown clay, grey core. Coated red wash. Surface, Severan to 4th cent A.D. L524 (67/L319)SML 503 plate 267. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discusand nozzle fragment. Wornmould.Ridge and groove separate shoulder(tongues) and discus. Extremerightsector- traceofunexplainedrelief.Heartshaped nozzle. Pink-buffclay. Coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. VII 2. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L525 (67/L320)SML 262 plate 267. Est D. 10.0.Shoulder, nozzle.Rather discus,underbodyand base fragment; worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (neat, double outlinedtongues) and discus. Heartshaped nozzle with impressedcircletat eitherside. Scrap of discusbottom- traceof unexplainedrelief. Buffclay, coated semi-glossydark brown wash. N House, Pit 3, mid-late2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. L526 (67/L131) SML 467 plate 267. 5.0x2.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispmould.Ridge and groove separate shoulder (double outlined tongues) and discus.Bottomleftsector- trace of relief,including groundline and something, unexplained.Blackened. Pinkclay,coatedredwash.VIII 1,late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L527 (67/L128) SML 469 plate 267. 3.6x2.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Wornmould.Ridge and groove separateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Centreright sector- traceofunexplainedrelief.Lightbrownclay, coated plum red wash. I Surface.Severanand to 4th centA.D. L528 (67/L126) SML 471 plate 267. 5.0x2.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Raised panel at cross-axis.Extremerightsector;unexplained
296
THE LAMPS
relief.Reddishclay, coated red wash. VIII, surface, Severanand to 4th centA.D. L529 (67/L127) SML 472 plate 267. 4.3x2.8. Shoulder, Worn mould; ridgeand discusand nozzle fragment. grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Centre and bottomleft sector; unexplainedrelief.Heartshaped nozzle. Grey clay, coated dark grey brown wash.N House,Room IV, phaseI fill;Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. L530 (71/L167)SML 446 plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder Wornmould.Ridge and groove and discusfragment. separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Extreme clay; right;trace of unexplainedrelief.Buff-brown coated matt plum reddish-brownwash. XII 6, Hadrianic. L531 (67/L134) SML 463 plate 267. 3.5x2.0. Shoulder Ratherwornmould.Ridge and and discusfragment. grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Trace of unexplainedreliefin verysmallsectionpreserved. Brownclay,coated red wash. VI 5, Deposit R5, late 2nd centA.D. L531bis (67/L22) SML 728 Not illustrated.6.0x2.2. Shoulder,discusand nozzlefragment. Ridge and two groovesseparateshoulderand discus. Part of right sectorofdiscus- unexplainedrelief.Greyclay,coated mattlightbrownwash. N House, III 8, Trajanic. L531ter (71/L14O)SML 721 Not illustrated.Est D. 7.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Broad ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(reserved) and discus. Trace of relief,unexplained.Buffclay, fine.Coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. XII 2, mixed2nd-early3rd centA.D. Lamps with decorated shoulders L532 (67/P6) SML 378 plate 267. Est D. 7.2 (fragment 5.5x4.0). Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Rather worn mould; ridgeseparatesshoulder(vine leaves and clusters)fromdiscus.Kite-shapednozzle. Deeply concave discus; finerays. Pinkishbuffclay, coated matt reddish brown wash. II, N House, surface;to 4th centA.D. Broneer XXVII, Vine-and-Ray lamp, perhaps Cretan imitationof a Corinthianoriginal.Shoulder ornamentas Corinth 80, fig.38: 19-21; a complete Corinthianlamp op. cit. 189,no. 570, pl. XI; Isthmia nos.2796-2801.Agoravii,94, nos.271-274,pl. 8 Délos 135, nos. 4658/9, pl. 31. Benghazi102-104, nos. The use of a 698-712 and pl. 21, withcommentary. wash suggeststhisshouldnot be Corinthian. L533 (67/L271) SML 514 plate 268. 2.5x2.0. Shoulder Worn mould. Olive or myrtle and discus fragment. leaveson theshoulder.Greyclay,mattbrownwash. VII 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L534 (73/L304) plate 268. D. 7.3, H. 3.4, L. 10.5. Complete save handle and part of nozzle. Worn plaster mould. Shoulder separated fromdiscus by ridge and groove. Impressed detached leaves on shoulder, including space behind nozzle. Large central fillinghole. Red-brownclay, fine. Coated dark brownwash. Well 12, Deposit D4, semi-glossy Hadrianic.
L535
L536
L537
L538
L539
L540
L541
L542
For the shoulderornament,Corinth 80, fig.38.11; III, no. 2504,pl. 182,nos.505 and 509, pl. X. Isthmia 28. AgoraVII 90, no. 216,pl. 7 is also Corinthian.The shape recallsa BroneerXXIII or XXIV, but there are no volutes. The preceding stage in such a 157,no. 634, developmentis perhapsseen in Carthage pl. LXIV. Note Tarsus109, no. 140, pl. 98 withan even moredrawnout nozzle. 4.5 x 2.2. Shoul(71/L152)SML 390 Not illustrated. der fragment. Ridge and threefinegroovesseparate shoulderand discus.On shoulder,widelyspaced olive leavesand flowers. Brownmicaceousclay,fine.Semiwash. XII 18, 1stcentB.C. glossyplum-brown (71/L153) SML 388 Not illustrated. 4.0x2.0. Ratherworn Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. mould.As L535, but closerspacingofshoulderornamattwash. ment.Buff-brown clay;coatedplum-brown XIII 34, SW House,Room I; Early-mid1stcentA.D. (67/L268) SML 501 plate 268. 4.5x2.5. Handle, Worn mould.As shoulderand underbodyfragment. L534. Lightbrownclay,coated darkbrownwash. N House, Room IV, phase I fill;Hadrianic,to later2nd centA.D. (71/L154)SML 404 plate 268. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulderand discus.On shoulderoak leaves and acorns in reliefalternate. Yellow-buffclay. Coated plum-redwash. XIII 17, DepositN2, Neronian. Cf. Benghazi63^, no. 438, PI. XII, of the same withpseudodoubleseries.These are Italian imports, ended volutes,a versionofLoeschckeType V; Bailey describesthemas Flavian; at Benghazitwocomefrom Neronian-earlyFlavian contexts,fourfromFlavian, elevenwereresidualin 3rdcentA.D. or latercontexts. Délos 130, no. 4629, pl. 30 has discus ornamentof bilobe.The lampis signedR and maybe Knidian.See also BMC ii, 195-98,and pl. 25, petalrosette.Thereis ofconfusionhere.Délos4629 mustgo, the possibility not withBailey Type CV, but ratherwithhis Type OV, BMC ii,303-304,and 306,Q, 1228,datedlast 1/3 of the 1st cent A.D. (BroneerXXV = Loeschcke VII). Est D. 8.0, Est H. (71/L150)SML 375 Not illustrated. 2.2. Shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment. Crisp mould. Three groovesseparate shoulderand discus.As L538 - trace of eightpetalledrosetteon discus. Buff-brownclay, fine. Coated semi-glossy wash. XIII 17, DepositN2, Neronian. orange-brown (71/L156) SML 394 plate 268. 7.0x2.0. Shoulder Wornmould.Ridge and groove and nozzlefragment. separate shoulderand discus. As L538. Grey clay, coated mattdark brownwash. XII 1, mid-late3rd centA.D. (67/L332) SML 293 plates 242, 268. 4.0x1.5. Wornmould.As Shoulderand underbodyfragment. wash. L538. Buff-brown plum-brown clay;semi-glossy VIII 24, mixed lst-2ndcentA.D. (mainly1st). 4.8 x 3.2. Handle (71/L155)SML 407 Not illustrated. and shoulder fragment.As L538. Buffclay, fine. Coated mattplum-redwash. XII 10, early2nd cent A.D.
THE LAMPS L543 (67/L262) SML 376 Not illustrated. 7.5x6.0. Handle, shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment. Burnt,ratherwornmould;ridgeand grooveseparate shoulderand discus.Broad shoulderwithlarge oak leaves in relief;discus reserved.Brown clay, coated lightbrownwash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L544 (67/L267+ 269) SML 386 plate 268. (a) 4.3 x 2.0 (b) 5.5 x 2.0. Non-joiningshoulder,discusand rimfragment.Crispmould.Shoulderas L538; discushas trace ofunexplainedreliefbottomleftsector,includingpart of fillinghole at 8 o'clock. Brown clay, semi-glossy dark brownwash. N House II 4, to 3rd centA.D. L545 (67/L263) SML 502 plate 268. 6.2 x 3.3. Shoulder, Worn mould. underbody,base and nozzle fragment. Partsofimpressedleaves (? oak) on shoulder.Heartshaped nozzle. Grey clay, dark brown wash. VIII Surface,Severanand to 4th centA.D. L546 (67/L283) SML 284 plate 268. 6.0 x 2.0. Shoulder, discus and underbodyfragment.Crisp mould. The ridgeseparatingshoulderand discushas veryneatly impressedchevrons.On the shoulderclose-setindividual impressedspirals,impresseddots between,top and bottom.Lightbrownclay, plum-redmattwash. N House I 6, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L547 (71/L196)SML 311 plates 243, 268. D. 7.4, H. 3.6, Est L. 9.4. Handle, shoulder,discus,underbody,and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plastermould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (impressedstylised ?leaves). Central fillinghole, air hole at 6 o'clock. What remainsof discus reserved.Blackened kiteshaped nozzle. Buffclay, coated plum-brownmatt wash. XI 5 #2186,mixed lst-early2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. L548 (67/L276)SML 320 plates 243, 268. Est D. 6.8, Ext L. 5.4. Handle, shoulder, discus and underbody fragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Two grooveson handle- horizontalstrokesincisedbetweengrooves; chevronslow on handle as it runsinto disintegrated underbody.Three grooves separate shoulder (Sspiralsin relief,separatedby small studs) and discus (reserved).Red clay,coateddarkredwash.II surface, to 4th centA.D. Broneer XXVIII. Shoulder as Corinth103, fig. 48:18. See the late lamp op. cit. 255, no. 1185, pl. XVI. L549 (71/L19)SML 308 plates 243, 268. D. 7.3, H. 3.2, L. 9.4. Much ofhandleand discus,underbody,base and nozzle lost. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulderreliefalternatingtongued spiral in a continuousband that passes behind the nozzle. Discus apparentlyreserved.Buffclay, fine. Coated glossyplum-brownwash, patchyon underbody.XII 10, Hadrianic (early2nd centA.D.). The ornamentis as Corinth 80, fig.38.12. L550 (71/L261) SML 322 plates 225, 268. Est D. 6.0. Shoulder,discusand lowerwall fragment. Fairlycrisp mould.Ridge separatesshoulder(zones of impressed circlets,single spirals and furthercirclets) and reserveddiscus.Buff-brown clay,coated mattbrown wash. XI 4, Trajanic (late lst-early2nd centA.D.). L551 (67/L272+ 273) SML 642 plate 268. 2 non-joining
L552
L553
L554
L555
L556
297 (a) 6.4 x 3.2 (b) 6.0 x 5.2. Partsofshoulder, fragments discus and 'ears'. Rather worn mould; groove and ridgeseparateshoulder(reservedapart from'ears') and discus (reserved). Between discus and nozzle (traceremains)longvolutes,earshapedlugsendingin volutes,fromthe centreof each of whichrisesa leaf whose tip reaches the discus ridge. Buffclay, fine. Coated mattdrab plum-redwash.N House, Room V, Deposit D2; Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. Thereare voluteson theear handlesoí BMC ii,234, 235, Q, 1092 and pl. 38. On eared lamps,cf.op. cit. 233-234; unlikeL551, many of the class have "....a short narrow channel extendingfrom the discus towardsthewick-hole".Cf. also Agoravii, 105-6,nos. 397-417,pl. 13. See also Carthage 158-159,Deneauve's 420, no. 712,pl. XVII = typeVG. Closeris Vindonissa LoeschckeType VII A, withwhichis compared,op. cit. 241-243 and fig.8:1, a lamp fromTrier,havinga veryshortnozzle withvoluteseitherside. (71/L8)SML 714 plate 268. Est D. 9.0. Handle, part ofshoulder,discus,underbodyand base. Ratherworn plastermould.Two grooveson handle. Deep groove separatesshoulder(reserved)and discus. Base outlined by finegroove;one and part ofa secondout of threereliefpeltae preserved.What remainsof discus reserved.Buff-brown fineclay,coatedglossyredwash. X 2 pit 1, early-mid2nd centA.D. On peltae underfoot,Perlzweigin Agoravii, 79, no. 82, pl. 4; shenotesa Gamosshoplamp withpeltae illustratedMenzel 237. (71/L238) SML 331 plates 243, 268. D. 7.0, H. 3.0, Ext L. 6.8. Handle, part of shoulder,discus,underbody and base. Fairlycrispmould;grooveand ridge separate shoulder (reserved) and discus. Central hole;grooveon outerdiscus.Voluteon shoulder filling nearnozzle.Flat base,outlined.Buff-brown clay,fine; coated semi-glossyplum-brown wash. X/XI 4, Flavian. Probablya LoeschckeType V withpseudo-double volute- Vindonissa 230, fig.6; Benghazi63-65 on nos. 436-443. Flavian. (71/L16) SML 715 plate 269. D. 7.7. All of discus, nozzle, part of shoulderand underbodylost. Worn mould; herringbone on handle top, raised foot.No division between shoulder and discus. Blackened. Buff-brown clay. XI 8, Trajanic. (71/L185)SML 740 plate 269. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder, 'ear', discus and underbodyfragment.Crisp plaster mould.Ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(reserved) and discus. Filling hole off-centretowards 2.30 o'clock. Unpierced 'ear' lug, terminalbent back. Discus reserved.Buff-brown clay, coated matt red wash. XI 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. (Trajanic). On 'ear' - lug lamps,see L551. OthersOntario no. 220, pl. 22 (Italian) 3rd quarter 1st cent A.D.; Nikolaou, Kitionpl. XXXIIL5 = BCH 100 (1976) 859, fig.39 Menzel,fig.19,nos. 13-15; Chypre 116,no. 276 and pl. 16. (71/L146) SML 482 plate 269. 3.5x2.7. Shoulder fragment;nozzle. Worn plaster mould. Three impressedcircletson shoulderbetweenthe blackened heart-shapednozzle and discus. Buffclay, coated
298
L557
L558
L559
L560
L561
L562
L563
L564
L565
L566
THE LAMPS glossy plum-brownwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. ? BroneerXXV. (71/L97) SML 704 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge between grooves separate shoulder (reserved)and discus (reserved).Blackened heartshapednozzle.Buffclay,coated slightlyglossyplumbrownwash. XV 1, upperwash to 4th centA.D. (67/L294) SML 745 plate 269. 8.5x4.0. Handle, halfbody remains;discus totallyabraded. Shoulder reserved.Brownclay,sandy.Matt brownwash. II 4, N House, to 3rd centA.D. (67/L19) SML 727 plate 269. D. 7.5. Two joining. Shoulder and discus fragment.Thick wall. Rather worn plaster mould. Discus (reserved)offsetfrom shoulder(reserved).Pink-buff clay.Coated mattplum wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian (with 2nd cent A.D. intrusions). (67/L153) SML 720 plate 269. 4.2 x 1.8. Shoulder and discusfragment. Thickwalled.Fairlycrispplaster mould.Deep grooveseparatesshoulder(reserved)and discus.Lightbrownclay,coatedplum-redmattwash. N House, Room V, Deposit D2; Hadrianic and to later2nd centA.D. (67/L18) SML 706 plate 269. 3.2x3.3. Shoulder, discus and underbodyfragment.Worn mould. No divisionbetweenshoulder(reserved)and discus.Clay reducedgrey.Coated in a metallicalmostblackwash. N House, Room IV, Phase 1 fill;Hadrianicand later 2nd centA.D. (67/P115) SML 775 plate 269. D. 7.2, H. 3.0, Ext L. 8.3 (recomposedof three). Handle, small part of shoulder,discus,underbodyand nozzle lost. Fairly crisp mould. Two grooves separate shoulder and deeply concave discus (both reserved). Impressed circletbehindnozzle.Flat base outlined.Clay reduced grey, coated matt golden wash, discoloured on underbody.VII 10, late lst-early2nd centA.D. Cf. e.g. Benghazi70, no. 468, pl. XIV, dated to the last thirdof the 1stcentA.D. (67/L146) SML 711 plate 269. 3.6 x 1.7. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge betweentwo groovesseparatesshoulder (reserved) fromdiscus. Light brown clay, glossydark brown wash. N House, Room V, Phase I - tile structure; Hadrianic. (71/L98)SML 712 plate 269. Est D. 10.0. Shoulder, nozzle.Fairlycrisp base fragment, discus,underbody, mould.Partofone ofthreepeltaeon theflat,outlined base. Pink buffclay, fine.Coated slightlyglossyred wash. XIII 4, Hadrianic. See L552 forpeltaeunderfoot. (67/L9) SML 597 plate 269. 4.2x2.8. Shoulder, Ratherwornplaster discusand underbodyfragment. mould. Ridge separates shoulder (reserved) from discus.Light buffclay, coated glossyreddishbrown wash.N House,Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. (67/L20) SML 684 plate 269. 5.2 x 2.5. Shoulder, discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Three grooves separate shoulder (reserved) from
discus. Clay reduced (or burnt) grey.Coated matt dirtybrownwash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L567 (67/L341)SML 774 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, Worn plastermould. underbodyand base fragment. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)and discus.Raised panel at crossaxis on shoulder,with tinyimpressedcircleteitherside.Greyclay,fine.Selfslippedlightbuff.VIII 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. BroneerXXVII. ? Corinthian.2nd centA.D. L568 (67/L148) SML 710 plate 269. 4.5x2.2. Shoulder fragment.Worn mould; ridge betweentwo grooves separatesshoulder (reserved)fromdiscus. Rectangularpanel at thecrossaxis.Orangeclay,coateddark red mattwash.VII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. L569 (71/LI74) SML 492 plate 269. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder, discus,underbodyand lug. Worn mould; ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus.'Ear' clay, coated mattplumlug, unpierced.Buff-brown brownwash. XII 4 pit 2, mixed 1stto firsthalf2nd centA.D. Other'ear' lamps,L551 and 555. For an ear lamp withshouldertongues,Benghazi70, no. 471, pl. XIV, an Italianimportoflate lst-early2nd centA.D. date, close to LoeschckeVili A lamps. Fragments of Broneer xxv lamps with shoulder tongues L570 (71/L2OO)SML 905 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould. Chevronson the ridge separatingshoulder,(large double-outlinedtonguestakingup entireshoulder) fromdiscus (probablyreserved).Orange-buffclay, coated mattred wash. XI 1, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L571 (71/LI75) SML 453 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Two nonWornmould. joining.Shoulderand discusfragments. Ridge separatesshoulder (single outlined tongues) fromdiscus (reserved).Blackened.Buff-brown clay, coated semi-glossy orange-redwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. L572 (67/L63) SML 286 plates 243, 269. 5.8x4.0. Worn mould. PromiShoulderand discusfragment. nentridgeseparatesshoulder(smalldouble outlined clay,coated tongues)and discus(reserved).Grey-buff dark brown wash. N House, I(N) 8, 2nd cent A.D.-Severan. L573 (71/L237)SML 487 plate 269. D. 7.8. Shoulderand discus fragment.Rather worn plastermould; ridge and grooveseparatesshoulder(small singleoutline tongues)fromdiscus (reserved,centralfillinghole). No handle.Buffclay,fine.Coated mattplum-brown wash. X 7-8, Neronian-Flavian. HandlelesslampsofthistypeincludeTriernos.654, 698 and 712, pl. 73. L574 (67/L136) SML 458 plate 269. D. 8.5. Much of shoulderand discus.Wornplastermould.Ridge and two groovesseparateshoulder(small singleoutlined tongueswith darts ending in circlets)and discus (reserved apart from two fine ridges). Probably
THE LAMPS
L575
L576
L577
L578
L579
L580
L581
L582 L583
L584
L585
withouthandle. Lightbrownclay. Coated plum red wash. Pit,Flavian. (71/L187)SML 486 plate 269. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder, discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlywornplaster mould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(medium single outlined tongues) and discus (reserved,off centre fillinghole, 12 o'clock). Buff-brownclay. red wash. XII 2 mixed2nd-early Coated semi-glossy 3rd centA.D. (71/L51+ 176) SML 476 Not illustrated.Est D. 8.2. Two joining. Handle, shoulder, discus and wall fragment.Crisp mould. Two ridges, two grooves separate shoulder(clumsytongues)and discus (reserved), with large fillinghole. Buff-brownclay, wash.SW House,Room I, slightly glossyplum-brown XIII 10; late 1stcentA.D. (67/L137) SML 461 plate 270. 7.4x4.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp plastermould. Ridgeand twogroovesseparateshoulder(longdouble outlinedtongues)and discus.Red clay,coated plumred wash. II 4a, N House, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. (67/L141) SML 449 plate 270. 5.8x4.5. Handle, shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (doubleoutlinedmediumtongues)and discus.II 7, N House, mixed1stcentB.C.-2nd centA.D. (71/L189) SML 485 plate 270. Est D. 8.0. Handle, Worn shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment. plastermould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder (mediumtongues)and discus. Recessed base. Light buffclay,partlycoated mattplum-brown wash. XII 1, mid to late 3rd centA.D. (67/L140) SML 450 plate 270. 7.8x6.5. Handle; shoulder,underbody,base fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Chevronson handle. Ridge betweengrooves separates shoulder (medium tongues) fromdiscus. Panel on crossaxis. Pink-buff clay,coateddarkplumred wash. Surface.Severan,and to 4th centA.D. BroneerType XXVII. (71/L171) SML 494 plate 270. Est D. 7.5. Handle, shoulder,discus, underbody,base fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (medium tongues) and discus. Flat base outlined. Buff-brown clay,partlycoveredin veryunevenplumbrownwash. XII 1, mid to late 3rd centA.D. = partofL364 (qv). 5.2 x 2.0. Handle (71/L197)SML 612 Not illustrated. and shoulderfragment. Wornmould.Two grooveson handle. Ridge and grooveseparate shoulder(small tongues)and discus.Buffclay,fine.Coated plum-red wash. XI 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L139)SML 464 Not illustrated.7.0 x 2.5. Shoulder, discus,underbodyand nozzle fragment.Fairly worn plaster mould; ridge and groove separates shoulder(mediumtongues)and discus(reservedas far as preserved).Nozzle blackened.Grey clay, coated matt plum wash. N House, Room IV, Phase I fill; Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. (71/L181)SML 498 plate 270. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discus,underbodyand nozzle fragment. Fairlycrisp mould.Ridge and twofinegroovesseparateshoulder
L586
L587
L588
L589
L590
L591
L592
L593
L594
L595
299 (smalldouble outlinedtongues)and discus (reserved as far as preserved).Nozzle blackened.Buff-brown clay, coated plum-brownwash. XI 2, late 2nd cent A.D. (withsome 2nd/3rdcentA.D. material). (71/L166)SML 454 plate 270. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Worn plaster mould; ridge separates shoulder (tongues) and discus (reserved). Nozzle blackened. Pink-buffclay, coated semi-glossyplum-brownwash. XII 1-2, mixed 2nd-3rdcentA.D. (67/L151) SML 592 plate 270. 5.0x2.0. Shoulder and nozzle fragment.Worn mould; on shoulder tongueand dart. Heart-shapednozzle. Brownclay, coated plum-red wash. VIII Pit 4, Deposit Fl, Flavian. (71/LI72) SML 490 plate 270. 4.2 x 2.6. Shoulder, discusand nozzlefragment. Wornplastermould.Two groovesseparateshoulder(smalltongues)fromdiscus (fineridge). Heart-shapednozzle. Buff-brown clay. Coated patchymattplum-redwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. (71/L94) SML 705 plate 270. Est D. 6.8. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. Three groovesseparate shoulder (reserved) and discus. Fillinghole at 9 o'clock suggestsa relief designin the lost part of the discus. Circletsat the nozzle (blackened)root.Buffclay,fine.Coated matt wash.XV 2 (S ext),2ndcentA.D. lensin plum-brown latersurroundings. (71/L248) SML 644 plate 270. D. 8.O. Shoulder, underbodyand base fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould.Long doubleoutlinedtongueson theshoulder. Base enclosedby threegrooves.Red clay,coatedmatt redwashwithblackstreak.XV 2, 2nd and to mid3rd centA.D. This is probablypartofa LoeschckeV withpseudo double volutee.g. Benghazino. 440. (67/L145) SML 443 plate 270. 3.3x2.4. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(mediumdouble outlined tongues)and discus.Light brownclay, coated reddishbrownwash. VI 5, Deposit R3, late 2nd cent A.D. (67/L123) SML 466 plate 270. 3.8x2.3. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Long double outlined tongues on the shoulder (upside down). Three ridgeson thediscus.Greyclay,coated drab redwash.VIII 7, ? Pit4, laterlst-early2nd cent A.D. (67/L135) SML 459 plate 270. 4.0x2.2. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and two groovesseparateshoulder(double outlined tongues)and discus.Brownclay,coated red wash. N House, II 4, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L129) SML 468 plate 270. 4.3x3.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder(small double outlinedtongues)and discus(reserved).Light brownclay,coateddarkbrownwash.N House,Room III, Deposit SI, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L179) SML 475 plate 270. 4.0x2.4. Shoulder and underbodyfragment.Crisp mould. Medium
300
L596
L597
L598
L599
L600
L601
L602
L603
L604
L605
L606
L607
THE LAMPS double outlinedtongues.Buffclay, fine.Semi-glossy plum-redwash. XIV 5, Neronian/Flavian. (71/L178) SML 493 plate 270. 3.1 x 2.0. Shoulder and underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Double outlinedtongues.Buffclay: coated mattplum-brown wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. (67/L124) SML 457 plate 270. 6.0x3.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and two groovesseparateshoulder(mediumdouble outlined tongues) and discus (reservedso far as preserved). Brown clay, coated plum-red wash. Unstratified. (L73/L308) plate 270. 6.0x3.0. Shoulder and Worn mould. Ridge separates underbodyfragment. shoulder(largedouble outlinedtongues)fromdiscus. Pale brownclay,fine,coatedglossydarkbrownwash. Well 12, DepositD4, Hadrianic. (67/L132) SML 465 plate 270. 4.0x2.3. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(medium,deep tongues) fromdiscus, (reservedas far as preserved).Light brownclay, coated red wash. VII 1, late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. (67/L143) SML 442 plate 270. 3.5x2.4. Shoulder and underbody fragment.Rather worn mould. Tongue and dart border fillsthe shoulder. Light dark brownwash. N brownclay, coated semi-glossy House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. (67/L133) SML 460 plate 270. 4.0x2.3. Shoulder Ratherwornmould.Ridge and and discusfragment. groove separate shoulder (small double outlined tongues)and discus (reservedas far as preserved). wash. VI 5, Lightbrownclay,coated orange-brown DepositR3, late 2nd centA.D. 2.3 x 1.8. Shoul(71/L182)SML 484 Not illustrated. der and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Buff clay, coated glossydark brownwash. House of the DiamondFrescoes,Room I; tolate 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. (71/L173) SML 489 plate 270. 4.8 x 1.6. Shoulder and underbodyfragment. Very worn mould. Small clay, coated matt tongueson shoulder.Buff-brown orangewash. XII 8, DepositD5, Hadrianic. (71/L142)SML 447 plate 270. Est D. 9.0. Shoulder Wornplastermould.Ridge and and discusfragment. faintgrooveseparatesshoulder(small tongues)and discus (reservedas faras preserved).Buffclay, fine. wash.XII 9, Deposit Coated semi-glossy plum-brown D5, Hadrianic. (71/L170) SML 491 Not illustrated. 4.8x4.0. Handle, shoulderand underbodyfragment.Worn mould. Tongue and dart borderon shoulder.Greywash. XII 10, buffclay. Coated mattorange-brown early2nd centA.D. (Hadrianic). (71/L198)SML 511 plate 270. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, underbodyand base fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Double outlinedtongueson the shoulder.Flat base outlined. Pink-buffclay, coated semi-glossyplumbrownwash. XI, unstratified. (71/L199) SML 451 plate 270. 6.0x3.3. Handle,
L608
L609
L610
L61 1
L612
shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment.Worn plaster mould. Ridge and 2 fine groovesseparate shoulder(smalltongues)and discus.Buff-brown clay, red wash. XII 2, mixed2nd-early coated semi-glossy 3rd centA.D. (67/L149) SML 456 plate 270. 3.2 x 1.5. Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(mediumdouble outlinedtongues)and discus.Greyclay,coatedplumredwash.VIII surface,Severan,and to 4thcentA.D. (71/L168) SML 452 plate 270. 3.6x2.6. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(mediumtongues)and discus (reserved).Buffclay,coated mattdark brown wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. (71/L148) SML 445 plate 270. 4.5x2.5. Shoulder Wornmould.Ridge and groove and discusfragment. separateshoulder(mediumtongues)and discus.Buffbrownclay. Coated in matt plum red-brownwash. XII 6, Hadrianic. (71/L143)SML 444 plate 270. Est D. 10.0.Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould; ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(mediumdouble outlined tongues) and discus (reservedas far as preserved).Light buffclay, fine,coated semi-glossy orangebrownwash. XII 6, Hadrianic. (67/L147) SML 455 plate 270. 4.2x2.0. Shoulder, Wornplastermould. discusand underbodyfragment. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(double outlined tonguesand darts)and discus.Greyclay no traceof wash. VII surface,late 2nd-early3rd centA.D.
Globule lamps L613 (71/L259) SML 211 plate 271. Est D. 7.6. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould.The smallreserveddiscusis separatedfromthe shoulderby a successionof threeridgesand grooves. Five rowsofglobuleson theshoulder.Pink-buff clay, surfacefinish.XV 7 and XII 2, mixed self-slipped 2nd-early3rd centA.D. A completeCretanglobulelampis Demeter 50,J. 48, pl. 30, dated by contextlate lst-mid2nd centA.D. The AthenianAgora was veryrich in superficially similar lamps, dating from A.D. 50-200, which '....have a plain disk, globulesall over the body, a rounded nozzle with volutes,and a curved ridge definingtheundersideofthenozzle' Agoravii, 106, on nos.418-438, pl. 14. In additiontheselampshave an alphain reliefon the base (op. cit. 15-17). These 70-73), correspondto Broneer'sType XX (Corinth considered by Broneer as a bridge between the Hellenisticand Roman series.He regardsthem as Attic,and citesmaterialfromtheCave ofPan on Mt. Parnés to supporthis argument.No alpha globule lamp occurs in the Knossian material, which is abundant to suggestlocal manufacture. sufficiently of thiscomes fromColdstream's Some confirmation statement(loc. cit.) thatDemeter].48 is identicalto a 1960 chance find fromthe Knossos area inscribed FAMOT. Agoravii, 83, no. 124, pl. 5 is closerto our series,withits shortnozzle set well into the lamp's
THE LAMPS
L614
L615
L616
L617
L618
L619
L620
L621
L622
L623
shoulder,and fourrowsofglobules.It is dated to the secondhalfofthe 1stcentA.D. See Benghazi128-129, nos.890-893,pl. 25, classedbyBaileyas local; op. cit. 78-9, nos. 539, 543, pl. 15 he considersimportsfrom Tunisia.The lamp typewas also producedin Italy,by the very active Fiorenti us factory(perhaps to be ofRome) - BMC ii, 375-6, type locatedin thevicinity Q, Group X "Late LoeschckeType VIII lampswith wide,globuledshoulder",illustrated byQ, 1421-1422, PI. 86, dated "some timein the firsthalfof the third century".Baileyseesthisclassas thepossiblemodelfor hisType R, 'Fat GlobuleLamps' ofthelate 3rd-early 5th centA.D. - BMC ii, 377-81. (71/L250) SML 696 plate 271. Est D. 8.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould.Two grooveson handle. Shoulderand discus separated by ridge and two grooves.Five rows of globules.Coated in mattredwash. SW House, Room I; early-mid1stcentA.D. See L613. (67/L110) SML 691 plate 271. 5.2x3.0. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Ratherwornmould.As L614 (at least fiverowsof globules).Reddishbrown clay, coated matt red wash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI. See L613. (67/L100) SML 685 plate 271. Est D. 5.4. Handle; shoulderand discusfragment. Wornmould.As L614, but only threerows of globules. Light brownclay, coated dark brown wash. IX 2, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L255) SML 695 plate 271. 5.2x2.8. Shoulder and nozzlefragment. Worn mould.As L614, at least fourrows of globules.Nozzle blackened.Buffclay, coated matt dark brownwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic.See L613. (67/L333) SML 698 plate 271. 6.5 x 1.5. Shoulder and nozzlefragment. Ratherwornplastermould.As L617. Buffclay,fine.Coated,semi-glossy plum-brown wash. E House, Deposit Nl, Neronian.See L613. (67/L111) SML 690 plate 271. 5.7x2.8. Shoulder, Wornplastermould. underbodyand nozzlefragment. As L617 (at leastthreerowsofglobules).Brownclay, coatedredwash.VIII 1,late 2nd-early3rdcentA.D. (67/L103) SML 217 plate 244, 271. 6.0x4.5. Shoulder,discus, underbodyand nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge and two deep groovesseparateshoulderand discus. Seven rowsof globules on the shoulder.Pink-brownclay, coated mattredwash. VII 3, DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. See L613. (73/L312) plate 271. 6.2 x 5.3. Shoulderand discus fragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.As L620 (three rowsofglobulescertain).Trace ofblackening.Orange clay, coated dark red wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic.See L613. (67/L101) SML 682 plate 271. 6.0x6.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.As L621 - at leastfourrowsofglobules.Pinkclay,coateddarkred wash. II 9, mixedHellenistic-Roman.See L613. (67/L113) SML 693 plate 271. 5.5x5.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. RatherwornmouldAs L621 (at leasttworowsofglobules).Red-buff clay,coateddark plum-redwash. VII 7, Hadrianic. See L613.
301
L624 (71/L251) SML 694 plate 271. Est D. over 7.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly worn mould. Ridge and one grooveseparateshoulderand discus. Fillinghole offcentretowards3 o'clock.At leastfour rows of globules. Buff-brownclay, rather coarse. wash. XII 2, mixed2nd to Coated mattplum-brown early3rd centA.D. See L613. L625 (67/L109) SML 701 plate 271. 3.2x2.6. Handle; shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispmould;twogrooveson handle. At least fourrows of globuleson shoulder. Brown clay, coated dark red wash. Fill beneath N House, mixedHellenistic-Roman.See L613. L626 (67/L322) SML 697 plate 271. 4.2x3.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould;as L620 - at least five rows of globules. Buffclay, coated matt brown wash. N House, Room VI, Deposit D2; Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. See L613. L627 (67/L334) SML 699 plate 271. 3.5x2.0. Shoulder and discusfragment.Fairlycrispmould. Ridge and two groovesseparate discus and shoulder.At least threerows of globules.Pink-buff clay; coated semiglossyplum-brownwash. VII 9-14, early-mid 1st centA.D. L628 (67/L108) SML 700 plate 271. 4.2x2.4. Shoulder and discusfragment. Wornmould.At leastfourrows of globules.Grey clay, no surfaceremains.VIII 4, Trajanic. L629 (67/L107) SML 689 plate 271. 3.8x3.1. Shoulder and discus fragment.Worn mould. Ridge separates shoulderand discus.Five rowsofglobules.Greyclay; coateddarkgreywash.VII I, late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. See L613. L630 (67/L114) SML 692 plate 271. 3.2x2.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge separatesshoulderand discus.Tongues and rowsof circlets,simulatingglobules.Brownclay,dark brown mattwash. VIII 5, Severan (and to 4th centA.D.). As Demeter 45, H. 118,pl. 26, dated 2nd centA.D. L631 (67/L106) SML 688 plate 271. 4.9x3.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp plastermould. As L620. At least fiverowsof globules.Pink-buff clay, coated darkred wash. VII 2, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. SeeL613. L632 (67/L105) SML 686 plate 271. 4.5 x 1.8. Shoulder fragment.Fairlycrispplastermould. ? As L620. At least fourrowsof globules.Brownclay, coated plum red wash. N House, above Room I; to 4th centA.D. L633 (67/L102) SML 681 plate 271. 3.0x2.7. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crispplastermould. As L624. At least threerows of globules.Brown clay, coated reddishbrownwash. VI 5, Deposit R3, late 2nd centA.D. See L613. L634 (67/L112) SML 683 plate 271. 2.7x2.3. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Wornmould.Syntaxas L620, butglobulessurrounded bya circlet.Brownclay, coated mattbrownwash. II surface,to 4thcentA.D. L635 (67/L336) SML 702 plate 271. 3.8x4.0. Shoulder, underbodyand base fragment.Very worn mould. Globulesapparentlyfromridgeto edge ofshoulderthreerows survive.Base outlined.Light buffclay. Partly coated matt plum-brownwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. See L613.
302
THE LAMPS
Globulelamp variants
L636 (67/L104) SML 687 plate 271. 5.0x3.2. Shoulder and discus section.Worn mould. Ridge on narrow discus surroundsfillinghole. At least five rather irregularrows of globuleson the narrowshoulder. wash.V 3, Greyclay,coatedglossydarkbrown-black N House, Room V, Deposit D2, Hadrianic and to later2nd A.D. - Italian lamp ofthesecondhalfof 1st Warzenlampe cent B.C. See BMC i, 336-339, pl. 133, with full concernstatement discussion, includingthefollowing of theselamps are "The find-spots ing distribution. indicativeofthemaindirectionoftheearlyAugustan exportdrive,to thewestand thenorth,and to Africa, ratherlimited".Otherexamples witheastwardtraffic Benghazi10, nos. 41-44, pls. 2-3, with six uncataloguedexamples.Bailey also cites Carthage103, no. 265, pl. XXXIV. L637 (67/L115) SML 360 plates 244, 271. 5.8x2.7. Rather worn mould. Shoulderand discusfragment. No real divisionbetweenshoulderand discus.Small raisedpanelon shoulder,withtworowsof rectangular placed globules.Lightbrown large,ratherirregularly clay, coated matt brownwash. N House, Room II; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? BroneerXXVII.
Importedlamps: Corinthianand Attic
L638 (67/L62) SML 512 plates 244, 271. 3.8x3.0. Worn plastermould. Shoulderand discusfragment. Broad ridge between grooves separates shoulder (smalltongues)fromdiscus(finerays).Clay reduced grey,fine.Plain surfacefinish.N House, Room IV, Phase 1 fill;Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. Corinthian.Corinth 188, no. 155, fig. 112, and pl. no. 2781, pl. 30 (Type XXVIIa). XI, 556. Isthmia, BCH 95 (1971) 468,no.26, fig.26.7. Agoravii,94, no. 259, pl. 8 (dated firsthalf2nd cent A.D.). Benghazi, 104,nos. 713-714,pl. XXI. L639 (67/L277) SML 770 plates 244, 271. 4.5x3.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. As L638 exceptoblique impressedleaves on shoulder.Pale buffclay.Plainsurfacefinish.N House, I(S) 11, mid-late2nd centA.D. Corinthian.BroneerXXVII. Corinth 187, no. 548, fig.110. L640 (67/L166) SML 768 plates 244 (incomplete),271. Wornplaster 3.8 x 3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. mould.As L638. Pale yellowclay.Plainsurfacefinish. N House, Room V, Phase 1 fill. Deposit D2, Hadrianicand to late 2nd centA.D. Corinthian.See L638. Mid 2nd centA.D. L641 (67/L168) SML 507 plate 271. 4.3x2.5. Shoulder and discus fragment.Worn plaster mould. Two ridges,two grooves separate shoulder (very worn tongues)and discus (rathercoarse rays). Red clay, plain surfacefinish.N House, II 6, to mid 2nd cent A.D. ? Origin. ? Non Cretan copy of a Corinthian originalas L638 and 640.
L642 (67/L152) SML 769 plate 271. 4.8x2.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispplastermould.Broadridge betweengroovesseparatesshoulder(double outlined tongues)fromdiscus.Pale yellowclay; plain surface finish.VII 4a, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Corinthian. Corinth177-178, no. 463, pl. X. Perhapsto be restoredas Agoravii,90, no. 215, pl. 7, late 1stcentA.D. L643 (67/L170) SML 771 plates 244, 271. 4.5x3.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould.Ridge betweentwogroovesseparatesshoulder (vineleavesand clusters)fromdiscus(finerays).Pale - surface, yellow clay, plain surfacefinish.VIII cent A.D. to 4th and Severan, Corinthian.Rim ornamentas Corinth, 80, fig.38, no. 19. BroneerXXVII. Corinth 189,no. 570, pl. XI signed KaXXiaxouAgora vii, 94, no. 271 signed Also BCH 90 no. 272, signed KaXXúrrou. StcuktuxvoG; (1966) 509-10, no. 10,fig.27. The typewas common amongtheCorinthianimportsat Benghazi Benghazi 102-104,nos.698-712 pl. 21 and uncataloguedpieces. Late 2nd-3rdcentA.D. L644 (71/L211) SML 137 plates 244, 271. Est D. 10. Recomposedof four.Handle, shoulder,discus,and underbody fragment.Crisp plaster mould. Two grooveson handle. "Channel-and-panel"shoulder. On whatremainsofdiscusone ofthreemasks- thisis a slave. Pink buffclay, fine.Plain surfacefinish.XI 2-3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Corinthian.BroneerXXVII Corinth 205, no. 702, The subjectappears on pl. XII, signed'Apicrrovéixou. an Italian lamp of different form,BMC ii, 335, Q, 1326,and commentop. cit. 333. For lamps withthe same rim-type Agoravii, nos. 223, 250, 275 and 283. L645 (67/P248)SML 289 plates 244,271. 3.0 x 3.5. Discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Head of Athena Promachosto left.Part ofsmallfillinghole offcentre towards9 o'clock. Pale yellow clay; plain surface finish.II 2a, upper wash, to late 4th-early5th cent A.D. ProbablyAttic.DiscussedAgoravii, 111-112.Ours recallsno. 653 op. cit. 112,pls. 12, 15 (dated mid3rd centA.D.). Severalwerefoundat Tarsus- Tarsus116, no. 209,pl. 102,fromtheFactoryDeposit.Waldhauer 61-62, no. 476 fromS. Russia. L646 (67/P52)SML 222 plates 244,271. EstD. 8.0, H. 2.6. Very Shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment. thinwalls. Fairlycrispplastermould. Channel-andset panel shoulder.Withinthechannel,petal-rosettes in reversinghookswithtendrilsbetween(Perlzweig, Agoravii, on no. 781). On the discus, (part of) Aphroditeand ThreeGraces(twoofthethreeGraces, of and theirpedestal).Smokeblackenedon fragment nozzle. Low ringfoot.Fragmentof reliefinscription on the underfoot[ ]PO. Buffbrown clay with minute white particles; plain surface finish,pale cream. N House, Room II; late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. Attic. Broneer XXVII. Of great delicacy. The scene consistsof,left,the threeGraces on a pedestal withbase in twodegrees,top in twodegrees.Centre, Aphrodite,frontal,righthand restingon the Graces
THE LAMPS pedestal,head turnedleft,draperyaroundher lower limbs.In herraisedlefthand is a veil whichhangsto theground.To herrightan altarwithsomething on it; a treebehind. The subjectis exclusivelyAttic;it was apparently the creation of Elpidephoros,and taken over by Eutyches.It belongsto thefirst(and finest)ofthefour has groupsof lamps into whichElpidephoros'oeuvre been dividedby Perlzweig- Agoravii, 31-32, which dates to the firsthalfof the 3rd centA.D. Perlzweig (op. cit. 110 on Agora no. 639) states"The onlyAttic cultwhichwouldsuitthereliefon thelampsis thatof Demos and theGraces,whoseshrinewas northwest of theAgora and withwhomAphroditeHegemonewas associated; the cult survived in Roman times". Perlzweigpointsout that otherinstanceshave been collected by A Kubier, 'Zum Formwandelin der spätantikenattischenTonplastik', Jdl 67, (1952) 99-145,esp. pp. 108and 116,withfigs.3-5. Add Délos 136, no. 4686, pl. 32, signed EAniAE
L651
L652
L653
L654 L655
L656
L657
303 Wornmould.Three grooveson underbodyfragment. shoulder.Brownclay,coated whiteslip and overlaid semi-glossy brightred wash. XIII la, 2nd centA.D. The attributionby J. Perlzweigof this class to Ephesos,Agoravii,5-6, seemsgenerallyaccepted.See also Isthmiaiii, 60, no. 42. Benghazi97-8, on nos. 673-80. Kenchreai, 30-32, nos. 141-145. (67/L308) SML 765 plates 244, 274. 3.8x1.7. Shoulderand discusfragment.Rather worn mould. Reservedshoulder,separatedfromdiscusby grooves. Red clay,surfaceas L651. VII 9, to Trajanic. BroneerXXIV? (71/L205) SML 761 plates 244, 274. 4.0x2.4. Shoulder,discus, underbodyand nozzle fragment. Rather worn plaster mould. Shoulder (reserved) separatedfromthediscusby ridge.Circletbesidethe blackened heart-shapednozzle. Red-brown clay, surfaceas L650. XII 4 Pit 2, mixed 1stcent-1sthalf 2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. (71/L2O7)SML 759 plates 244, 274. L. 2.3. Handle fragment.Three grooves.Pink-buff clay, surfaceas L650. House of Diamond Frescoes,Room I; to late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L208) SML 758 plate 274. 4.0 x 1.4. Shoulder fragment.Fairly worn mould. As L650. Fabric as L650. XIV 1, Trajanic. (71/L203) SML 763 plates 244, 274. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder, discus, underbodyand nozzle fragment. Very worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (reserved)fromdiscus (indecipherablerelief).Red clay,soft.Surfaceas L650. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. BroneerXXV. (71/L204) SML 762 plates 244, 274. 3.8x2.6. Worn mould. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Ridge betweengroovesseparatesshoulder(reserved) and discus (traceof relief- ? Eros frontal).As L650. XII 2, mixed2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXV. (71/L206) SML 760 plates 244, 274. 5.0x3.0. Worn mould. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Two grooveson handle.As L650. Fabricand finishas L650. XII 2, mixed2nd-early3rd centA.D.
Double and single hanging lamps L658 (67/P9) SML 241 plate 273. W. 9.8, L. 15.5,H. 3.9. Top of handle, part of discus and underbodylost. Wornmould.Oval bodyendingeach side in rounded nozzles. The roundedshoulderscontinueonto each nozzle bridgepickedout by double parallel grooves in smallhookvolutesleavingopen a whichterminate narrow channel between the oval discus and the nozzle bridge.Large ear lugs on the crossaxis. Ring handle with deep groove at the top of a short cylindricalstem.A smallfillinghole eitherside ofthe handle on the long axis. Base oval, slightlyrecessed. Orange-buff clay. Handle, nozzlescoated matt reddish brown wash, largely blotched dark brown. Underbody dabbled and dribbled. VII 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D.
304
THE LAMPS No obviousparallelfoundforthiscommonKnossian lamp. Hanging lamps with opposite nozzles probablystandcloseto theirmetaloriginals- oursare 8, 92, nos.373-376. perhapsnotas closeas, e.g. Qedem On metallamps,M. ContinelloDe Spagnolisand E.
L668
de Carolis, Le Lucernedi Bronzo di Ercolano e Pompei
L659
L660
L661
L662
L663
L664
L665
L666
L667
Rome, 1988, especiallyp. 184, N 120 fromHerculaneum.Ratherdifferent versionsincludeAgoravii, 157, no. 636, pl. LXIV. 82, no. 110, pl. 5; Carthage Waldhauer35, no. 168,pl. XV Chypre 176,no. 537,pl. 30. A single hanging lamp Agora vii 79, no. 82, attributedby Perlzweigto the EasternAegean area, dated firsthalf of the 1st cent A.D., has a similar groovedshoulderand a channelfromthediscusto the nozzlebridge;thehandle(stump)is setat thecentreof a rosette.Three pelta-shapedreliefsappear on the whichrecallsthatat least one lamp with underfoot, thisfeature(Menzel 237) is signedby Gamos. The Agora lamp also has piercedear-lugs. (67/P62)SML 239 plate 273. W. 9.7, L. 15.4,H. 3.8 (to handle top 9.7). Part ofone nozzle,shoulderand discuslost. Recomposed.Extremelywornmould.As L658. Buffclay,coatedmattgoldenbrownwash.VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/P63)SML 240 plate 273. L. 15.1,W. 9.5, H. 3.6 (to handletop9.0). Partsofshoulder,lug,underbody and base lost. Recomposedof several.Worn mould. As L658. Nozzlesblackened.Buff-brown clay.Coated worn semi-glossyplum-redwash. N House, I 11, mid-late2nd centA.D. (67/L158) SML 738 plate 273. 6.6x2.4. Lug, shoulderand discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.As L658; twocircletson theshoulderbesidethelug. For much of the shoulder,only one groove. Red clay, coateddarkredwash.N House, DepositR2, late 2nd centA.D. (71/L195) SML 739 plate 273. 5.0x3.0. Lug, Ratherwornmould.As shoulderand discusfragment. L658. Buff-brown clay, coated matt plum-brown wash. XII 2, mixed2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L264)SML 253 plate 273. Est D. 9.0, Ext L. 7.8. Shoulder,discus and handle stumpfragment.Very wornmould.Littletraceofshouldergrooves.As L658. Buff-brown clay, coated matt brown wash. XV 1, upperwash to 4thcentA.D. (71/L262) SML 246 plate 273. D. 7.5, Ext L. 9.8. Very worn plaster mould. As L658, but a later Buffclay,coatedmattbrownwash.XV 1, generation. upperwash to 4th centA.D. (71/L263)SML 247 plate 273. EstD. 7.6, Ext L. 8.0. Shoulder,discus, nozzle bridge,and handle stump brown fragment.Very worn mould. As L658. Buffclay,coated mattred wash. XII 1, mid-late3rd cent A.D. (71/L265) SML 249 plate 273. 7.5x4.8. Shoulder, Worn mould. As L658. discusand handle fragment. Pink-buff clay, coated plum-redwash. XI 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L156) SML 248 plate 273. 8.0x2.6. Shoulder, discusand nozzle fragment. Fairlycrispmould.One circleton shoulder.As L658. Buffclay, fine.Coated
L669
L670
L671
L672
L673
mattwash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early3rd orange-brown centA.D. (67/L157) SML 252 plate 273. 6.0x6.5. Shoulder and nozzle fragment.Very worn mould. Clumsier versionofL658 - latergeneration.Lightbrownclay, coated dark red wash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. (67/L155) SML 401 plate 273. 5.2x3.7. Shoulder and nozzle fragment.Fairlycrispmould. The same as L660 suggests in theshoulderterminals asymmetry the same or closelyrelatedmould. Grey clay, fine. Coated mattdrab dark brownwash. N House, wash above Room I; Severan and to 4th cent A.D. See L658. (67/P50)SML 238 plate 272. D. 9.0, L. 10.5,H. 3.7 (withhandle9.4). Partofshoulderand nozzle,much ofunderbodyand base lost.Surfacerubbed.Recomposedofseveral.Crispmould.Ridge and twogrooves separateshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus (reserved). stem Groovedverticalringhandleon shortcylindrical risingfromcentreof discus.Fillinghole at 6 o'clock. Slightlyconcave footoutlinedby a groove. Three circletsbetweennozzleand discusridge,the impressed centre one smaller than the other two. Nozzle blackened. Pink-buffclay; top, handle and nozzle coated dark red-brownmatt wash. N House, II 7, mixed 1stcentB.C.-2nd centA.D. Single nozzle hanging lamps are uncommon, Agoravii, 79, no. 82, perhapsthroughtheirfragility. to above. Add op. cit.84, no. 139,pl. 6 pl. 4 is referred (late 1stinto2ndcent)op. cit.286-287are Corinthian importsof the firsthalfof the 2nd cent and the 3rd cent respectively.The Athenian lamps op. cit. 156-157,nos. 1992,2003,2005, 2007,pl. 32, 49, have centralhandles,but ofquite different type. (67/P8)SML 237 plate 272. D. 7.8,W. (at lugs) 9.8, H. 3.9, L. 9.3. Intactexceptforupperhandle.Worn mould. Groove and ridge separate shoulder and discus.Double volutelugs,unpierced;? pine cone on theshoulderat mid-lug.Betweenthenozzleand ridge antitheticlong stemmedvoluteswith an impressed circlet between. Discus reserved;fillinghole at 6 o'clock.Handle risesfromdiscuscentre.Orange clay. wash. Top, handleand nozzlecoatedmattorange-red VII 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. See L670. Cf. Agoravii, 79, pl. 4. (67/L324) SML 515 plate 272. 7.0x5.5. Shoulder, discus and handle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Remainsofivyleaf,grooves,bossesand circletson the shoulder.Ridges on the discus,fromthe centreof which suspensionhandle rose. At least two filling holes. Buffclay. Coated plum-redwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. See Ivy Leaf class. Probablya dilychnos. (71/L266)SML 250 plate 272. H. 8.O.Handle; trace of shoulderand discus. Ivy Leaf on shoulder.Buffbrownclay; coatedmattplum-redwash.XIII 1, mid to late 3rd centA.D. For other handles Corinth 282-83, nos. 1426-28, 1431-32, 1434, pl. XX. Benghazi174, no. 1254, pl. XXXVIII.
THE LAMPS
Multiplelamp
L674 (71/L50)SML 244 plate 274. L. 9.3, Ext H. 3.3, Ext W. 16.5.Handle, all ofone lamp,mostofshouldersof another,most of nozzles lost. Very worn mould. Verticalringhandle attached to the middleof five lamps.Round bodied,mountedin line,intercommunicating.Large centralfillingholessurroundedby a broad ridge.Curvilinearornamentin reliefextends onto thenozzle bridgesfromtheshoulder.Greyclay, coated glossyblack wash. XI 19, 1stcent B.C.-2nd half? For a fiveunit lamp, with palmettehandle and different reliefornament,Délos 104, no. 4450, pl. ofthe 1stcentB.C. 26-2nd halfofthe2nd-beginning op. cit.4454 has a ringhandle,but onlythreelamps. Benghazi7, no. 23 has seven lamps in a rectangular frameand palmettehandle,secondhalf2nd cent-first quarter 1st cent B.C. Undeterminedsource in Asia Minor.Berlin61/2,no. 214 is thefragment ofa many bodied lamp withina frame,greyclay, black glaze, reeded bodies. BMC ii, 251-2, Q, 112, pl. 44, five lampswitha ringhandle,withthestampL.CA.MSA dated firstthirdcent. Nb also Crowfoot,SamariaSebasteIII, 371, and fig.87.8, dated 2nd-lst centB.C.
Plastic lamp
L675 (71/L44)SML 776 plate 274. W. (ear toear) 8.8, Ext H. 6.4. Two non-joining (a) Handle,brow,horns,ears withpart of underbodyand base (b) part of nozzle. Rather worn mould. Bull's head. Incision for the woolly hair on the brow. Relief for the wrinkled muzzle. Palmettehandle plate. Betweenit and the hornstwopiercedlugsforhanginglid to coverfilling hole. Carelesslymade ringfoot.Signatureon underfoot- AP. Grey clay, fine.Coated semi-glossy dark greywash. XIV 14, DepositA2, Augustan. BMC ii, 258, no. 114, pl. 47 is generallysimilar, withoutthe lugs. Bailey notesop. cit. 255 that bull's heads are the mostcommonlyfoundanimal's head lamps. A verypoor versionQedem8, 147, no. 606. Waldhauer 65, nos. 509-512, pl. XLVIII are not close: none has the lid-lugs.These are foundon a bronze bull's head lamp with inscribedcresccntine in theCollectionFroehner- Froehner, reflector 81-82, no. 80, dated 1stcentA.D. Severalclay versionswere foundon Délos Délos 153, nos. 4771-4776, one of which is closer to ours (lid lugs, in everycase, are missing).Perlzweig.Agoravii, 73, on no. 11, has collectedreferences to otherlamps withlugs (which she terms'hinges');thereare not many.
Elaboratehandles L676 (67/P121) SML 380 plate 272. 6.7x4.9. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. Stem of handle reflector;narrow ridge separates shoulder (reserved) from discus (what remainsreserved).Yellow buffclay, coated in matt blotched dark brown wash. N House, Room I; Neronian(some 2nd centintrusions).
305
The reflector could have been palmette,crescentor triangularwithreliefdesign.? BroneerXXI. L677 (71/L289) plate 272. 11.0x 7.5. Reflectorfragment. Fairly crisp mould. (Part of) acanthus leaf. Cream clay,coatedsemi-glossy plum-redwash.XII 2, mixed 2nd-early3rd centA.D. This typeof leaf reflector is relativelyfrequenton BroneerXXI lamps,whereitsharespopularitywitha palmetteor a vineleaf.Distinctionbetweenvine and acanthusleavesis notalwayswhollyclear.BMC ii,pl. 27, Q995 and pl. 32, Q, 1023 and describedas 'vine leaf is surelyan acanthus,as are op. cit. 94, nos. 382-383, and 95, no. 286. There is a heterogeneous collection of leaf-reflectorsDélos 144-5, nos. 4735-4752, pls. 34-35, where 4739 perhaps stands closesttoours.The handlesare datedfromthe1stcent A.D. A glazed lamp fromHerculaneum,figuredby Loeschcke,Vindonissa 223,fig.3, has a verynaturalistically renderedacanthus leaf. The closest parallel, however, is an ivy-leaflamp in Herakleion (no number),Mercando235, pl. XXXV. 1,fromtheSitia region,preserving manyof the featuresencountered piecemeal among the fragmentsdescribed here. PublishedKnossianexamplesincludeKW/51/13no. 64, BSA 66, 269 and pl. 40b - the group contained both 1st cent B.C. material (? Augustan) and Claudian date', and Demeter 51,J. 36, 'approximately pl. 30. The depositcontainsmaterialfromthelate 1st centB.C. to the 2nd A.D. The prevalenceof thistypeof reflector among Ivy Leaf lamps helps to confirmtheirclosenessto metal prototypes. L678 (71/L72)SML 251 plate 272 W. 5.3, Ext H. 5.4. Part of large handle reflector. Fairlycrispmould. Apparentlya two-lobedleafwithverticalincisions,witha birdshead in reliefat itsbase. Pale creamclay,coated semi-glossy plum-redwash. House of Diamond Frescoes, floorof Room III; later2nd A.D. A minor,but distinctive reflector typewithseveral variants.Corinth 75, fig.36; pl. VII, 413, pp. 170/1, nos. 406-08, 413. 406 has a bird'shead as op. cit. fig. 36 shows.413 is clearlya leaf,withthe veinsclearly marked.Délos, 144-145,nos. 4746-4748 are similar, clearlyleaf-form. Agoravii,80, no. 90, pl. 4 (mid-lst cent A.D.) hàs a pointedtwo-lobedleaf with three incisedlines betweenthe lobes (mid-lst cent A.D.). An unusualvariantmakingan apparenttrilobedleaf comesfromtheGerasa group- Qedem8, 95, no. 385, dated to the2nd centA.D. In a simplerform,op. cit. 98, no. 396,describedas Nabatean. Simplerstillis the handle of a seven-nozzlelamp, Waldhauer,48, no. 303, pl. XXXI. Op. cit. 58, no. 444 pl. XLII shows the leaf-form in a verysimpleversion,with incised veins.The leafbecomesverystylizedin theJerashno. 129form- (¿DAP XI (1945), 21, and pl. VII. Close is Berlin12, no. 4, PI. 2. The BMC ii, 221, Q, 1050, pl. 36 is close to our handleincludingthebird'shead. The handleis nearly complete,and has a smallsphericalfinial.Discussing ofBachofen,repeatedby it,Baileyfollowsa suggestion Broneerand Iliffe,thatthishandleformrepresents the 'externalfemale genitalia'. He has then to go on
THE LAMPS
306
"...emergingfromthe lower part is the head of a duck". I suggestinstead the combinationof bird's head and the bilobeformportraysa birdwithwings readyto unfold,or in thathalfraisedpositiontypical ofswans,"...neckis drawnback and elbow raisedso that secondaries are arched over back..." (H.F. Witherby et. al, Handbookof BritishBirds III
L679
L680
L681 L682 L683
L684
L685
L686
L687
L690
(1941)
176). Bailey repeatsthe vulvate explanationin his commentBenghazi 62, no. 431, pl. 12 (dated 1stcent A.D.). (67/L355) plate 272. 8.5 x 5.5. Handle, and rootof reflector.Fairly crisp mould. Light brown clay. Coated mattplum-redwash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. See L677. The false rivet appears in a slightly different positionon Mercandopl. XXXV. 1. (71/L284)plate 272. 6.5 x 5.4. Partofreflector. Crisp mould. Part of large leaf with many veins. Plain headed false rivets. Light brown clay. Surface reserved.XII 6, Hadrianic.See L677. (67/L345) plate 272. 6.0x4.8. Part of reflector. Ratherwornmould.As L677. Pink-buff clay. Coated mattred-darkbrownwash. Very (67/L352)plate 272. 6.5 x 2.5. Partofreflector. crisp mould. Light brown clay, fine,coated glossy dark brownwash. No findspot.See L677. (67/L292) SML 395 plate 272. 5.8x4.0. Hollow reflector, nearlycomplete.Very worn mould. Vine leaf.Buffclay,coatedreddishbrown.N House,Room IV, latestphase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. as Délos 144, no. 473, pl. Perhapsfroma reflector 35. (67/L290) SML 245 plate 272. 7.0 x 5.8. Stalk of false rivet. Crisp mould. handle, part of reflector, Acanthusleaf.Buffclay,coated reddishbrownwash. N House, Room IV, Phase 1 fill;Hadrianic and to later2nd centA.D. (71/L286) plate 272. Est D. 6.7, Ext L. 8.5. shoulder,discus and underbody Handle/reflector, fragment.Quite crispmould. Three grooveson the shoulder, part of myrtlewreath on the discus. Reflectorcresccntine. Lightbrownclay,coated matt dark red wash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. BroneerXXI. Fora similarcombinationofreflector and wreathBMC ii, 208, Q, 1007, 1010,pl. 29. (67/L213)SML 373 plate 272. 6.5 x 4.8. Stem,part ofreflector and falserivet.Fairlycrispmould.Base of leaf. Light brownclay, coated dark plum-redwash. VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. See L677. (72/L71) Not illustrated.3.5x2.7. Handle plate. Crude mould. Palmette.Buffclay, coated plum-red wash. XIII unstratified.
Signatures and devices L688 6.0 x 5.5 Fragmentof underbody;base. Wheelmade. Concave base. On the underside,MENEMAXOT. Clay reduced grey. Slightlymetallic dark brown wash,in and out. No context. L689 (67/L307) SML 631 plates 245, 274. 5.5x6.2. Ratherworn Handle, underbodyand base fragment.
L691
L692
L693
L694
L695
L696
L697
L698
mould.Two groovesoutlinebase. On the underfoot, clay, part of an inscriptionFPO. .../..OI. Cream-buff coated patchymatt dark brown wash. VII 4, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L184) SML 635 plates 245, 274. 4.2x3.0. Wornmould.Base of Underbodyand base fragment. handleon underbody.On theunderfoot(enclosedby finegroove)(?)AIKIOT. Pink-buff clay,partlycoated plum-redwash. XI 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L39) SML 632 plate 274. 4.5 x 2.8. Underbody and base fragment.Crisp mould. Recessed base outlinedbygroove.On theunderfoot, FAMO(Y).Buff wash.VIII 4, late clay,coatedmetallicorange-brown lst-early2nd A.D. (67/P116) SML 235 plate 274. D. 8.7. Handle,small partofshoulder,muchof underbody,all base. Crisp mould.Two grooveson thehandle.Oak leaveson the shoulder. On the underfoot (within a groove) (T)AMOT. Yellow-buffclay (sandy). Handle and shouldercoated matt orange-redwash, dabbled on shoulder.N House. Deposit R2, late 2nd centA.D. For shoulderoak leaves,see L543 and L544. (67/L359) Not illustrated.Base fragment.On the underfoot(TA)MOT. Buffclay, coated glossy red wash.N House, Room V; DepositD2; Hadrianic,and to late 2nd centA.D. (71/L271) SML 629 plate 274. D (of base) 4.0. Worn mould. Planta Underbodyand base fragment. Any inscriptionillegible. pedis, slightlyoff-centre. Grey brown clay. Coated semi-glossyplum-brown wash. X 2, early-mid2nd centA.D. (71/L145) SML 767 plates 245, 274. 3.8x4.0. Handle and underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Two verticalgrooveson the handle with two cross groovesbelow. On the lowestpart of the handle the inscriptionET. Light buffclay, plain surfacefinish. XII 2, mixed2nd-early3rd centA.D. The inscription maybe completedas EYTYXEZ the the productof a mostprolificAttic lamp therefore workshopofthemid3rd-4thcentA.D. The shopwas very fullystudied by Perlzweig,Agoravii, 34-38, whereit is shownthatET was thecommonestway of signing(froma totaloften methods). (67/L169)SML 633 plate 274. 4.3 x 3.5. Underbody Wornmould.Base enclosedwithin and base fragment. a round groove. On the underfootinscription GriQ[....]. Buffclay,fine;streaksofdarkbrownwash, glossywherethick.VII 3, DepositS2, late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. The signaturemaybe restoredas CIIiiCIANOT, for 3 11. Cf.Agoravii, whoseworksee,forinstance,Corinth 92, 244. (71/L273)SML 630 plate 274. 4.0 x 3.0. Underbody and base fragment.Worn mould. Round base one of three enclosedby groove.On the underfoot, raisedpeltashields,and partofan illegibleplantapedis clay. Coated mattredwash. X 1, to stamp.Pink-buff mid 3rd cent.See L552 forthe reliefpelta. (73/L306)plate 274. D. 7.4, H. 2.5. Abouthalflamp remains(if handle, lost). Fairlycrispplastermould (upper)worn(lower).Deep grooveseparatesshoulder (reserved)fromdiscus (reserved).Large nozzle. On
THE LAMPS the underfootpart of worn inscriptionF1A..../...H. Dark red clay, coated matt dark red-brownwash. Well 12, DepositD4, Hadrianic. The prominentspout recallsitemsfromBenghazi classedas Knidian- Benghazi 94-97, pl. XIX no. 661 - fabricis consistent withsuch a source. L699 (67/P59)SML 634 plates 245,274. 7.6 x 6.5. Handle, underbodyand base fragment.Composed of three. Crisp mould. Low ringfoot,enclosingan underfoot witha neatinciseddevice- a quatrefoiloveran equalarmed cross,a curve-stemmed ivy leaf eitherside. Pink-buff clay, tracesof matt red wash. VII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L700 (71/L186) SML 766 plate 274. 5.0x4.0. Handle, shoulder, underbody and base fragment.Worn mould.Chevronson the handle.Raised base. One of threeraisedpeltashieldson theunderfoot. Fainttrace ofan illegibleinscription. Buff-brown clay,self-slipped lightbrown,with matt plum-redwash. XI 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. See L552 forpelta underfoot. L701 (71/L252) SML 743 plates 245, 274. 3.7x2.8.
307
Ratherwornmould. Underbodyand base fragment. Raised base, outlined by groove. Lightly incised petals?Circlet.Greyclay. Lightbrownsurfacefinish, coated plum-redwash. XII 2, mixed2nd-early3rd centA.D. This recalls(but does notduplicate)Agoravii, 153, no. 1825, pl. 31 - '...crudelyincised eightpointed star'.This is statedto occur43 timeson bases in the Kerameikos.1sthalfof the4th cent. L702 (67/P126)Not illustrated. 5.3 x 3.6. Fillingholecover. Rather worn mould. In the shape of a cockle-shell, withpiercedtangto hingewithinlid lugssuchas those on L675. Greyclay,coatedsemi-glossy blackwash.N House, Room I, I(S) 13; Hadrianic (and somelater). A similarlid Agoravii, 102,no. 370, pl. 11 is dated 5thcentA.D. For theuse ofhingedlidson claylamps, BMC ii, 400-402 wherethe lids are decoratedwith dramaticmasks.Berlin12, no. 4, pl. 2, is a complete lid insitu,dated to the1st lampwithtangednegro-face halfof the 1stcent B.C. AnotherKnossianlamp lid mustbe the slave maskRR/K/60/28,publishedBSA 66, 281, no. 50 and pl. 47, describedas a 'pendant'.
COMMENTARY Thereare threeareas ofparticularinterest in thisseriesofroughly2000 lampsand fragments. betweenlocal and importedmaterial.Second, the developmentof the First,therelationship Cretanseriesin Imperialtimes.Third,thechronology offered specifically by theat timesvery of the site. will be said of each of in these turn. complexstratigraphy Something It mustnotbe supposedthatconditionsallowedan evenrateofpreservation the throughout fivecenturies whenthebulkofmaterialdescribedwas produced.It is bettertooverestimate the elementof capricein what has been preservedthan to attach undue importanceto the fact that,forinstance,contextsascribedto the 'late 2nd-early3rd' centuriesA.D. account for 11.8% ofall lampsrecovered, whilethoselabelled'Hadrianic' takeanother17.35% withthem. Some othercrude figuresare striking;theymay be of more real significance. 59.5% of the are of Roman mould-made while to the cataloguedlamps types, only21% belong 'Ivy Leaf class thatis evidentlyoflocal origin- yetthe Ivy Leaf class appears in nearlyeverycontext wheretheRoman lampsare found.Of 89 cataloguedlampsfoundin Hadrianiccontexts,19% are Ivy Leaf,76% Roman. That bothwerein productionat thisperiodseemsclear fromthe preservationof completelamps of both classes. The percentagesare verysimilarfor the If it is recalledthat,on average,lampsof uncataloguedmaterial- 22% and 76% respectively. theIvy Leaf class are largerthanRoman lamps and that,on fracturetheyare likelyto yield morefragments between19% and 22% is of no significance. per lamp, thedifference Though ColoniaJulia NobilisCnossuswas foundeda fewyearsaftertheBattleofActium, thiseventseemsnot to have had an immediateeffecton the choice of lamps in circulation. From levels designated'Late 1st B.C.' up to and including'Augustan' 126 pieces were cataloguedofwhich8.7% are Roman lamps- supposedlyItalian imports,ofBroneerTypes XXI and XXII while22% are Ivy Leaflamps.The materialis all veryfragmentary, and none is includedin the catalogue.At thisstage thesetwo classesof lamp whichwere quicklyto
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becomedominantwereverymuchin a minority whencomparedwiththe latestHellenistic local and of the lamps, imported.Nearly70% lampsin circulationfromthefoundingof the Colonia wereeitherlocal Cretanwheelmadeor mouldmade (ofverylittledistinction) or the last oftheseriesofimportsfromEphesosand Knidos. The latterseembothmoreplentiful at Knossos than at major mainlandsitesand to have remainedin circulationlonger,fortwo examplesoccur in Augustanlevels.A similarsituationwas reportedforKnidian lamps at 6). As the 1stcenturyA.D. developed,thelate Hellenisticseriesdwindled Benghazi(Benghazi, in importance.No precisioncan be givento thedate bywhichproductionceased;perhapsthe local lamp-makers theiroutputto theIvy Leafclass, busywithmould-madelampstransferred whilethewheelmadetraditionwas allowedto die, despitetheobviouspracticaladvantageof in the mannerin whichfragments, its robustness, reflected particularlynozzles,continueto knockabout in construction depositsand fillsuntilvirtuallytheend of thesite'shistory. The positionseemsalreadyto have changedconsiderablyin the Tiberian levels,though thereis a totalofonly21 pieceson whichto base conclusions.19% are Hellenistic(including one completelamp), 42% are Ivy Leaf and 38% Roman. At mid-1stcenturyA.D., 56 pieces divide into 14% Hellenistic,42% Ivy Leaf and 39% Roman. Thanks to the Claudian thereare 184piecesfromcontextsofthatdate,ofwhich12% are Hellenistic,71% destruction, fromNeronianlevels,only3% are Ivy Leaf and 12.5% Roman. Of 64 lampsand fragments Hellenistic,53% are Ivy Leaf and 37.5% Roman. The Flavian populationis only 21; no Hellenistictypesare represented, 57% are Ivy Leaf,42.8% Roman. Thereis a populationof89 Trajanic pieces, of which 4.5% is Hellenistic,37% Ivy Leaf, 58% Roman. The small populationof45 whichbelongsto Trajanic Hadrianiclevelsdividesinto6.6% Hellenistic, 33% Ivy Leaf and 60% Roman. Thereis a muchlargerpopulationfromtheHadrianiclevels, where347 cataloguedand uncataloguedpieces are recorded.1.7% of theseare Hellenistic, 19.5% Ivy Leafand 76.3% Roman. Depositscoveringthelongerspan fromHadrian'sreignto thelater2nd centuryA.D. accountfor38 pieces,ofwhich13% are Hellenistic,7% Ivy Leaf and 76% are Roman. 44 piecescame fromlate 2nd centA.D. deposits,dividinginto 13.5% Hellenistic,25% Ivy Leaf and 61% Roman. A morereliablepopulationof 220 piecesfrom Late 2nd-Early3rdcentB.C. levelsshows3.6% Hellenistic, 33.5% Ivy Leafand 65% Roman. Fromtheadmittedly verysmallpopulationof21 attributedto levelsofmid-late3rd century A.D. no Hellenisticmaterialwas recorded,9.5% Ivy Leaf,90% Roman. The materialthusscrutinizedaccountsfor63% of the total numberof lamps recovered. Another6.5% is accountedforby materialfromdepositsthatshouldprecedethefoundingof the colonia,while a further0.9% of the total was found unstratified. Accordingly,the of the main classesoflamps restson no more conclusionsconcerningtherelativefrequencies than68% ofthematerialfoundin depositsthatdate fromthelate 1stcenturyB.C. untilthe endofthe3rdcentury A.D., theremaining comingfromdepositstowhich lampsand fragments a bracketofmorethan50 yearshas had to be given. A generalviewofthemorecloselydatedlamps- this68% oftherelevantmaterial- suggests thatduringtheearlyhistoryofthecoloniathelamp marketwas in a transitional phase,where several this more severalsourcescompetedfortrade or, to express typesoflamp neutrally, fashionas 19 in old wheelmade the either could be obtained.Some oftheseweremade locally, from mould-made were or moulded,as 64. Alsoin theold tradition Ephesos,or lamps imported for was whoever or of influence the factories under fromEasternAegean responsible Ephesos ' > < dites Bruneau's on so theseries richlyrepresented Delos, (37, 42). 'Lampes Duringthesame periodthefirstItalian mould-madelampsarrivedat Knossos,ofwhichthe datable to thesecondhalfofthe 1stcenturyB.C., rare earliestis probably636, a Warzenlampe,
THE LAMPS
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outsideItaly and the westernRoman world.Also early,and also foundout of context,in a Hadrianiclevel,is the^//«-shapedlamp 252. SeveralotherlampsofBroneerTypesXXI and have been catalogued,may have reached Knossos duringthe XXII, of which fragments lifetime ofAugustus. Contextualevidencesuggeststhat the firstItalian importsand the firstIvy Leaf lamps We have seen thatfora time,at least,Ivy Leaf lampswere appearedalmostsimultaneously. moreabundantthan'Roman' lamps,but thatby thelateryearsofthefirstcenturytheroles werereversed,and remainedso fortherestof thesite'shistory.It is difficult to pointto any within the Leaf it seems that this class,yet development Ivy verylikely categoryoflamp was made fromtheearlyfirst A.D. for without century nearly200 years, anyveryobviouschanges in shape, choice of ornamentor syntax.This judgementis based on an examinationof the have been preserved,and makes the completelamps and lamps of whichlarge fragments unwarranted that the date of manufacture in such cases is fairlyclose to perhaps assumption thedate ofthecontextin whichthepiecewas found.If correct,thetwoearedlamps88 and 91 at least,theyare almostidenticalin size,shapeand suggestmarkedconservatism. Superficially, ornament.91 belongsto a Trajanic level,88 to a late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. level,perhaps 100yearslater.What is more,however,theelementsofthedesignand theirsyntaxare closely matchedby such lamps fromClaudian contextsas 102-103. This long survivalcannot be explainedas a resultofthelonglifeofgivenmoulds,forthemajorityofIvy Leaflamps (unlike theirRoman equivalents)seem to have been made in crisp or verycrisp moulds. More probableperhapsis the repeateduse of an originalseriesofarchetypesforthe productionof new plastermoulds.One ofthefewlampsevidentlymade in a wornmouldis 89, froma late 2nd-early3rd centuryA.D. context,ofstandardornamentand syntax. If the locally made lamps show a verylong historyforcertaintypeswithoutsignificant change,it is also truethata wide rangeoflocal typesappearson thesceneat thebeginningof the series(the significance of whichis furtherconsideredbelow). Accordingly, at least the varietieswerein circulationby themid-1stcentA.D. (or,up to and includingthose following depositsdated to the reignof Claudius). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
StandardIvy Leaf (warts,grooves,leaves) (103). The like,chevronson nozzle (153). The like,prominentnozzle flanges(175). Ivy Leaf,cross-and-circlets (171). Ivy Leaf,warts,main shoulderornament. The like,circletsin the tongues,chevronson nozzle (127). The like,but groovesreplacetongues(141). False volutewithhatched'flanges',circletsand zig-zagon theshoulder(159). (Probably)thelike,circletsonly (181).
In addition,froman early-mid 1st cent A.D. contextcomes 117, probably incorrectly in the catalogue as a local design,moreprobablyan Italian importof Loeschcke identified a V, Type designwhichseemslikelystronglyto have influencedcertainIvy Leaf features, in 'false volute'design. notably The materialattributableto thesecondhalfofthe 1stcentA.D. is in generalscrappierthan thatdescribedabove,but therangeis similar.The following varietiesrecordedduringthefirst halfof thecenturyoccur again. 1. 92. 2. 104. 5. 205(filler).
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6. 128. 7. 140. 8. 160 (thoughconcentriccircletsreplacethevolutes).
In addition,variationsamong typesalready encounteredshould perhapsbe added to the series. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
As 8, but plain shoulder(280). As 8, concentriccircletson shoulder(163). (Probably)as 9, spiralsbetweencircletson theshoulder(196). (Probably)as 9, double rowofcirclets(188). Ivy Leaf (nozzle), warts,tonguesabove spiralson shoulder(139). Ivy Leaf- tongueson shoulder,spiralsat nozzle root,chevronson nozzle (125).
The sameanalysisofmaterialdated to the 1sthalfofthe2nd centA.D. producesthefollowing ofreference). result(again, usingthesame numericalsequenceas a framework 1. 2. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9. 12. 14.
108. 107 (No leafon thechevrons),212 (leafon thechevrons). 167. (Probably)116. 143. 158 (but flangeunhatched;no zig-zag). 183 (above a band ofhatching). 200 (probably). 209 (large eared).
There are somevariantson standardtypesto be added to theseries. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
As 8, but tongueson theshoulder(118). Hybridbetweenthe main types4 and 8 (112). Basic Ivy Leaf design,eared (117). Ivy Leaf,eclecticshoulderornamentofwarts,tongues,spiralsand circlets(136). Outsize Ivy Leaf designs(684). Ivy Leaf dilychnous.
Finally,a similaranalysisofmaterialdatableto thesecondhalfofthe2nd centA.D. (including the largeamountof materialascribedto 'late 2nd-early3rd centA.D.') givesthe following results. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 18. 20. 21.
89. 154. 178. 108. 115. 129. 145. 195 (zig-zagnot certain). (Probably)284. 194 (but volutereplacedby concentriccirclets). 193. (Probably)201. 190. 131 (but circletsreplacespirals). 88 207. 211.
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A fewadditionsmustbe made to theseries,all variationson designspreviouslyrecorded. has been added (208). 22. As 20, but a discusornamenttakenfromtheRoman repertory 23. Main designas 8 - circletsseparatedby verticalson theshoulder.
to materialfromcontextswitha relativelyclose time-span. The analysisabove is restricted variantsamong the materialfromthe remainingcontexts. There are no othersignificant oftheIvy Leaf Thereis no obviouschronologicaldevelopmentwithinthemainframework to the centA.D., and the are confined themselves. The 2nd dilychni verylarge lamps, lamps whiletheonlyIvy Leaf lamp (208) witha factoryowner'sname (Gamos) comesfroma late in thefalsevolutelamps, 2nd-early3rdcentA.D. context.Thereis moresignofa progression in have been from thestart.The volute main their seem to the elements design present though at nozzlerootappearsfirstto dwindlein size,thento loseitsconnectionwiththenozzleflange (which probablylost its hatchingwith the passage of time), beforeappearingeitheras a detachedspiralor as a pair ofconcentriccirclets.It also looksas ifthechangefromcircletsset amonga zig-zagband on theshoulder(e.g. theClaudian 159) to tworowsofstaggeredcirclets withoutzig-zag (e.g. theTrajanic 158) could well be ofchronologicalsignificance. but on the whole is Other evidencefordating the Ivy Leaf complexis fairlyrestricted, Knossos itselfmuch interest consistentwith the evidenceof the UnexploredMansion. At attachesto J.W. Hayes' 'Early Roman Groups', for thereare no Ivy Leaf lamps in the RR/K/60group,whichhe dates20-1 B.C. In thetoppartofMW 58-9 (Claudian or later)was a fragment withtwo rowsofimpressedcirclets,probablya falsevolutelamp. KW/51/13had two levels,one thoughtperhaps to be pre-Augustan,the other'approximatelyClaudian'. materialfromthetwolevelswas mixedbeforerecording, so it is an assumption Unfortunately, (howeverprobable) thatthe Ivy Leaf lamps fromthiswell came fromthe Claudian deposit. In DepositH at theDemeterSanctuarya fragment ofan outsizeIvy Leaf lamp was found. This is oflimitedvalue as thedeposithas thewide date bracket5thcentB.C.-2nd centA.D. DepositJ, dated late 1st-mid 2nd centA.D., was evidentlyrichin lamps,includingIvy Leaf materialof standardform,togetherwithan outsizelamp akin to 208 in thatit has a relief rosetteon the discus (drawnfromthe Roman repertory).The chronological many-petalled evidence,again, is not veryprecise.Three standardIvy Leaf lamps werefoundat Kommos nearthealtarin a latephasein itshistory; value fordatingtheclass. theyare ofno independent Ivy LeaflampsfromMarathianaLakkosTombs 1 and 2 are ofstandardtypes(no falsevolute lampsare included);no closedate forthesetwotombswas proposedbytheexcavator,buttheir use probablyextendsto the2nd centA.D. OtherstandardIvy Leaf lampsformedpartofthe MonasteriakiKephala tomb,thoroughly publishedbyJ. CaringtonSmith.Though thetomb had been used forat least eightburials,thisappears almostcertainlyto be confinedto the secondhalfof the 1stcenturyA.D., contemporary therefore withour Neronianand Flavian deposits.The lampsfoundbyJ.M. Cook in Roman tombsat theHospitalsiteare stilllargely showstheyincludeIvy Leaf types(JHS 73 (1953) 127,fig.13), unpublished;one illustration There is a similarlack ofcloseprecisionin thedatingoftombgroups amongthema dilychnos. further afield.Theseincludethelampsfromthetombsat AyiaTheka and Mátala (PAE, 1969, 278-279); the latterare dated to the firsthalf of the 1stcent A.D., perhaps because the excavatorclassedthemas 'Ephesian' ratherthanforanyobjectivecontextualreason.Another setcame froma tombin Herakleion,Plateia Daskaloyianni,dated to the2nd centA.D. From theRoman structures, partofwhichwereexcavatedat thesame timeas theArab Buildingon the westbank of the Kairatos, two Ivy Leaf lamps were found,one of standardtype,one decoratedwith tonguesin a fashionunrepresented in the UM series.Again, thereis no
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evidenceforthedate ofthelamps,whichP.M. Warrenplaced at or soonafterthe independent at that mid-lstcentA.D., presumablyin view of the verylimitedchronologicalinformation timeavailable. Lilian Mercando,in herstudyof Roman lamps in the HerakleionMuseum, suggeststhattheoriginsoftheIvy Leafclassshouldbe Augustan,thoughshedoes notprovide firmevidenceforthis.She, further, statesthat the lengthof timeduringwhich the class circulatedis not known. Withthe exceptionof an Ivy Leaf lamp publishedby Menzel said to have been foundat to thosereportedbyD.M. Bailey Miletus,IvyLeaflampsoutsideCreteare at presentrestricted fromSidi Khrebish,Benghazi,fromthe excavationsof 1971-1975.Referenceis made to 34 twelveofwhichare catalogued.For Baileytheseare of'Hellenistictype lampsand fragments, date'. He datesto thelate 1stcentB.C. - firsthalf1stA.D. a complete butAugustan-Claudian lamp withcircletswithinthe arms of a diagonal crossof a typeclose to our 171, froma noneofthecontextdatesis as earlyas Augustan,and itseems Claudian deposit.Unfortunately rather on analogy.Baileyalso publishessixlampswhichhe has thatBailey'searlydate depends half of Cretan as locallymade copies identified Ivy Leaflamps,datingthemon styleto thefirst later. are much where context or middleyearsofthe1stcentA.D., though recorded, dates, Althoughnone of our catalogued materialcomes froman Augustancontext,nearly30 are of that date, and confirmBailey's estimateforthe imported uncataloguedfragments ofcontext, materialat Benghazi.At theotherend ofthecirculationa fixedpoint,independent which was Gamos mustbe providedby the outsize208 with the signatureof the factory or of probablynot in productionbeforethe 2nd cent A.D. The presence complete nearly completeivy leaf lamps in late 2nd-early3rd cent levels,(e.g. 88), includingsome outsize specimens(208, 207, 211) suggestsproductioncontinuedat leastuntilthelater2nd centA.D. ofthelocallymade In sum,theUM evidence,whilegivingmoresubstanceto thechronology material.Much Roman lampsofCrete,does notoffera clearerpictureofthisverydistinctive the and end oftheclass,while apparentlack of moreprecisionis neededtodate thebeginnings ofthismaterialas a chronological recognizablechangeand developmentlimitstheusefulness indicator. oflampsin thelocal traditionand Referenceis made elsewhereto thechangingproportions showingtheslowstartmade byRoman lampswhich lampsin the'Roman' (Italian) tradition, thefirst werewelloutnumbered A.D., yetreversed century bylocal varietiesalmostthroughout the restof thehistoryof the site.76% of thelamps reportedfromthe thistrendthroughout Hadrianic levels (a populationof nearly350) were Roman, 21% of materialfromFlavian levels(wherethepopulationwas only21), followedby the54.6% in Neronianlevels(witha between'local' and 'Roman' is rathermorereliablepopulation64) . Noticethatthedistinction of oforigin.Many the'Roman' lampsare likely drawnbetweentypesoflamp,notnecessarily to have been made in Crete. The interestof the contrastingproportionsof the two chief categoriesof lamp of the Roman periodlies in the remarkablesuccessof the local designs to be followedby theirreplacement bylampsoftypesfamiliarall over century, duringthefirst theWesternRoman world. in and and closelyakin to use Italy theEast Mediterranean, been at theexpenseofthewell have said to be The successofthelocal, Ivy Leaf,classcould XXIV and XXIII knownearlyImperialtypesBroneerXXI, XXII, (LoeschkeIII, I, IV and and Tiberianlevelsis very in material The Augustan V, BaileyD, A, B and C respectively). XXIII XXII Broneer of XXI, and/or lamps.Material scrappy,but includesa fewfragments cent mid-lst the to the from fromlevels dating A.D., includingClaudian, is more early a few is the abundant and, though lamps are complete,or nearlyso, majority scrappy, this Rather XXIV Broneer 292. surprisingly materialincludes314, a Broneer includingthe
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XXV withheart-shapednozzle,theearliestexampleofthe typeofRoman lamp thatwas to become dominantduringthe 2nd century.Two globule lamps, 614 and 627, are the first examplesof a type that was in circulation,thoughnot in large numbers,uninterruptedly thereafter. AmongRoman lampsin theNeronianlevelsis one ofthetwoLoeschckeII fromthe site(254). Thereare severalBroneerXXI-XXIV lamps,and almostas manyBroneerXXV's. In theFlavianlevels,and thoseascribedmoregenerallyto thesecondhalfofthe1stcentA.D., BroneerXXV s forma clearmajority;thematerialis all ratherscrappy,withoutanycomplete ofa BroneerXXI-XXIV; thereare lamps.The Trajanic materialincludesonlyone fragment one and the first Broneer XXV's, many globulelamp (628) exampleofan earedlamp,Bailey's which he dates Late Claudian Trajanic. Type G, There are nearly 100 catalogued Roman lamps fromHadrianic contexts,many very scrappy.Two nearlycompletelamps, the pelta-shaped252 (late 1st early 2nd) and the of a Warzenlampe LoeschckeII 253 are survivors, as is 636, the fragment (2nd half1stB.C.). Otherresidualearlylamps are 255, 265 and 298, all fragments ofBroneerXXII-XXIII. A holecover(scallop)and 280 has tonguedshoulder,a simulatedfilling nearlycompletedilychnos, An overwhelming an illegibleinscription. to Broneer XXV; manyof them majoritybelong a seemlikelyto be locallymade. Thereis FAMOYsignatureamongthem693. Obviousimports includea Firmalampe 638 648, the onlyexamplefromthesite,and the Corinthianfragments and 640. There are fourglobulelamps617, 621, 623 and 626. Analysisofthediscustypeswill be foundbelow. The small quantity of Trajanic-Hadrianic material is scrappy; it includes the only Vogelkopflampe (647) and threeBroneerXXV or XXVII (328, 464, 497). Over 30 lampsare fromcontextsdescribedvariouslyas 'mid-late2nd centA.D.', 'late 2nd centA.D.', 'secondhalfofthe2nd centA.D.'. Amongthecatalogueditemsthereis no residual material.Of fournearlycompletelamps,threeare BroneerXXV (440, 484-485), thefourtha (660). A large fragment(692) is signed [FJAMOY.639 is an obvious suspensiondilychnos Corinthianimport. More than 100 lamps werefoundin contextsdated 'late 2nd-early3rd centA.D.'. These includesubstantialfragments ofa BroneerXXI dilychnos, withplaindiscus(279) and therather debased BroneerXXIII 288. None of the threesignedlamps is of FAMOT. 642 and 644 are probablyCorinthian;646 is certainlyAttic.There are sevenglobulelamps. The six hanging 658 and 659. The overwhelming lampsincludethecompletedilychnoi majorityoftheremainder are BroneerXXV, with a much smallernumberof BroneerXXVII. The same general of impressioncomes fromthe uncataloguedmaterialfromthese contexts;fourfragments BroneerXXI-XXIV mustbe residual. Late contextswitha verywide chronologicalrange ('mixed2nd and to early3rd'; 'to 3rd cent') are too broad fortheircontentsto be ofparticularsignificance.
Local manufactureof Roman lamps
The history oftheIvy Leaf classat Knossos,and thewiderdistribution in Creteand elsewhere makesit almostcertainthatthislargeand, in detail,veryvariedclasswas producedin Crete and had a verylimitedcirculationoutside the island. Only one maker'sname has been recorded- FAMOT. This makerwas alreadyknownby numeroussignatures foundat Knossos and elsewherein Creteas themakerofstandardRoman lampswithdecorateddiscuses.Several lamps with his signaturehave been reportedfromBenghazi {Benghazi'» 183), on lamps consideredbyBaileyto be Cyrenaican;Baileysupposesthismakerto be a local man,'...ofthe
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secondcenturyA.D., perhapsof thefirsthalfof thatcentury.'The FAMOT shop is likelyto have been located eitherin Crete or Cyrenaica;in eitherevent,productsof the shop are commonin both regions,particularlyin Crete, and for the purposesof thisinquirycan be treatedas local Cretanmaterial;to thequestionoftheshop'sactual location provisionally we shall return. The FAMOT signatureappearson lampsbelongingto serieswhichare otherwiseverywell in Crete,vizirepresented ArtemisLaphria (300-302) Mercando,on her nos. 11 and 12. Dionysushead (323-325) - unpublished,Knossos,Villa Dionysos. Eros withHeraklesClub (312, 315?, 316) Menzel no. 316. Eroteswrestling(318, signed)HM 9710. Lovemaking(womanand animal) (346, 361) Villa Dionysos,unpublished veryworn,but probable. Villa no. 48. Rosettes,14-petalled(484-486, 487?) Knossos, Dionysos Unpublished.
Lilian Mercandosuggestedotherseriesmightbelongto the FAMOT shop,viz:Craterswithvineleaves/clusters (274, 440-443). HM 6276, 6277. Peacock,displayed(428-430) HM 9258.
fortheseriesmostfrequently As itchances,thereare no FAMOTsignatures among represented our Knossosmaterial,forwhichit is tempting(on numbersalone) to suggesta local origin. These seriesare:Aktaeon,death of (10 examples). Eagle and wreath(15 examples). Rosettes,22-petalled(11 examples,plus two uncertain). . Wreathand Slave mask ( 17 examples,plus one uncertain)
in Cretethananywhere Withtheexceptionof therosette,theseare seriesbetterrepresented else. whichare stillfrequentenoughto suggesta There are otherseries,notso well represented at Benghazi. local origin;in severalcases theseseriesare also represented Cocks (400, 432-437 - 7 examples.Benghazi954, 955). Gladiator- hoplomachos ("341-345- 6 examples,ofa late typeofgladiator). Gladiator- thrax(347-349?- 2 certain,one doubtfulexamples.Benghazi 937). Heraklesand the Nemean Lion (330 - one example.Benghazi1061-1062). Kybele (299 - one example). Lion, séjant,rampant (390 - one example). s head) (391-392, 393? - two certain,one doubtful.Benghazi calf couchant 956-957). Lion, (with 918). Sarapis (294-295 - two examples.Benghazi, 881). Sphinx,frontal(335 one example.Benghazi,
at Knossoson So far,theevidenceofworkshopsignatureand ofseriesthatare wellrepresented its own, or Knossos combinedwiththe restof Crete,has been considered.Can we go any easier?If we accept and pointto a distinctive fabric,whichwillmakediscrimination further, we local for candidate best as the Leaf outsize manufacture, the TAMOT, 208, lamp signed Ivy have a fine,compact,'buffclay,withoutgrit,evenlyfiredonlyfairlyhard. The coatingis a metallicbrownwash,adheringbadly,drippedand dabbledon thesides.Of theotherFAMOT thesurfacecoatingvariesfrommatt signatures(318, 691-693), theclayis buff,or yellow-buff, todarkred.Ifwe lookat thetechniqueofthe to orange-brown, toglossy,and fromred-brown, mostprolificseries,the Wreath-and-Mask(454-471) we finda clay thatis basicallybuffin withpinkor orangetones),usuallyoffinequality, reducedgrey,sometimes colour(sometimes
THE LAMPS
315
notfiredveryhard,withcoatingswhichvaryfrommattto semi-glossy, occasionallycrackled, redcolour varyingconsiderablythroughthe tonesof dark brown,brown,orange-brown, is The fabric of the and Wreath series red to brown, (414-427) generally Eagle plum-red. similar,thoughit includesexampleswithmica. The coatingagain variesfrommattto semito dark red glossy,sometimesmetallic,and has a brownthroughorange-brown/orange-red littlefromtheIvy Leaf series,thoughthewallsofthelatterare colour.Such techniquediffers somewhatthickerthan the 'Roman' series. in technique The UM lampimportsare distinctive enoughto leave no doubtthattheydiffer oí the material discussed above. Clear cases are now from (we only fabric)includethe speaking the Corinthian 647, 648, the Vogelkopflampe Firmalampe lamps638-644,theAtticlamps645-646 are moredifficult to draw betweenwhat and theRed-on-White650-657. Fabric distinctions seemslikelyto be Cretan(ifnot,indeed,Knossian) and whatwas importedamongtheearlier material:whileit seemsveryprobablethattheBroneerXXI-XXIV materialmustlargelybe imported,and importedfromItaly at that,thereis not the same clear divisionbetweenthe fabricoftheimportedlamps and local productions. If we recallthemannerin whichtheIvy Leaf lampsquicklybecamethemostpopulartype and onlylosingit duringthe1stcentA.D., holdingthatascendancyuntiltheend ofthecentury, in theTrajanicperiod,we maysuggesta patternoflocal productionin the1stcentA.D. chiefly ofIvy Leaflamps,withlampsofRoman typelargelyconsisting ofimports, perhapsdirectfrom Italy. Though productionof Ivy Leaf lamps continuedduringthe 2nd cent A.D. the local factoriesnow began to make 'Roman' lamps which became the most popular type,and remainedin thispositionuntiltheend ofthesite'shistory. This is substantiated by thedatesof thecontextsin whichthelamps,believedto be locallymade in Crete,listedabove,werefound. The listcontainsmorethan 100 examples.None comesfroma contextearlierthan Trajan, 25% werefoundin Hadrianiccontexts,51% in thelate 2nd or late 2nd-early3rdcent.Of the fiveFAMOY signatures, one is froma Hadrianicand latercontext,one late 2nd cent,twolate 3rd,and thelast is unstratified. 2nd/early 52 Roman lampscomefromreasonablycloselydated depositswithinthe1stcentA.D., nine ofwhichare certainlyofBroneerXXV type,anotherthreepossiblyso. There is remarkably littleduplicationofseries,and whatthereis attachesfairly obviouslytoimportedmaterial,(e.g, thefinerayson lampsofBroneerXXI-II as 257, 258, 256, 270). It seemslikely(thoughnot certain)thatall theseare importedlamps. It is ofinterestthatthechoiceofsubjectis largely different fromtheseriesthatwe have seen to be typicalof the 2nd century. Otherlampssuggestthemselves as local products,partlybecause oftheircontextualdates, partlybecause ofunusualshape. The twelvecompleteor fragmentary hanginglampswitha nozzle at eitherend (658-669) are veryclose indeed to each otherand have no obvious parallelsoutsideCrete.They do not occur earlierthan the secondhalfof the 2nd centA.D. Probablythe hanginglamps withsinglenozzle are also locallymade - the Ivy leafversion illustrated by672 and 673 mustbe local,and theyare likelyto take670 and 671 withthem.All fourpiecescome fromlate contexts. D. Bailey,as we have seen,was inclinedto assigntheworkshopto Cyrenaica,in viewofthe Benghazievidence,wherebythereare severalFAMOT signatureson lamps whosefabriche consideredlocal. Among the Benghazi lamps was as we have seen a numberof Ivy leaf examples- a totalof34 lampsand fragments, cataloguedunderhisc. 7-18, whichhe identified as Cretan in origin [Benghazi4-5, with pl. 1). He has also isolated six other fragments, Cl 10-115 [Benghazi22, pls. 6-7) whichhe suggestsshould be Cyrenaicanimitationsof the CretanIvy Leaf class. This suggeststhepossibility, at least,thattherecould be an overlapof
316
THE LAMPS
the'Roman' lamp typesproducedin Creteand in Cyrenaica,and thattheFAMOYworkshop mighthave operated,say,in Crete,and been closelyimitatedin NorthAfrica.Of thefigure associatedwiththe FAMOY shop,ArtemisLaphria,theDionysos serieswhichweredefinitely and Eros with Herakles club are foundat Benghazi.Other typesfromthe shop (e.g, head, woman and Erotes, wrestling equid) are notreported.Beyondthiscomparison,thefollowing serieswhichseemlikelyto be local to Creteare also reportedbyBaileyamonghisserieslocal to Benghazi:Aktaeon,death of (Benghazi 960). Cocks (Benghazi954, 955).
Craters(Benghazi992). 967-969). Eagle and Wreath(Benghazi Gladiator- thrax(Benghazi 937). Heraklesand theNemean Lion (Benghazi1061-1063). Lion, (withcalfhead) (Benghazi956-957). Peacocks,displayed(Benghazi 853-858). Rosette,22 petal (Benghazi 876-877). Sarapis (Benghazi918) .
and the MissingfromBenghazi is the Wreath and Mask series,the Lion sejant,rampant, which have local material are series the Gladiator. There Benghazi many among hoplomachos not been foundat Knossos,includinga numberof gladiatorialscenes,certainof the lovemakingseries,maenads,and scenesinvolvingEros. - and a fairlyclose one - betweenthelamp Whileit is clear thattherewas a relationship industries ofCyrenaicaand Creteduringthefirsttwoand a halfcenturiesA.D., thenatureof is elusive.While,viewedfromthe Cretanside oftheevidence,it seemsmore therelationship naturalto locatetheworkshopwithinCrete,itis dangerousto contradict judgementsbased on are suchimmenseexperienceas D. Bailey's,and hisviewthattheBenghaziFAMOTsignatures on locallyproducedlamps is not lightlyto be set aside. The questionis one to whichclay analysismightwell be able to contribute. We mayrecapitulatethemain featuresofthemarketin lampsat Knossos.Duringthelate mould-made Hellenisticperiodbothlocal Cretanwheelmadelampsofplaindesignand foreign available. The were and from Knidos foreignlamps may have Ephesos, lamps,particularly featurewas the distinctive whose most series local mould-made rise to the unassuming given a similarpair had Variants and of nozzle at the small bosses of warts or body(62). junction pair closeto thehandle,and smallgroupsofvertical,parallelincisedgrooveson the ofwarts/bosses shoulder.Lampsofthistype,and,evenmore,theplainwheelmadelamps,laston intotheearly afterthefoundingofthecolony.For howlongtheycontinuedto be Imperialperiod,certainly as opposedto remainingin use, or presentin quantitiesin surfacerubbish,is manufactured, unknown- theyneverentirely disappearedas survivalmaterial.In theAugustanperiod,by a in the UM material,the Ivy Leaf class ofmouldmade lamp is not illustrated which process on theheelsofthelocal mouldmadelampswithwartsand comesintoexistence, probably quite describesthe class as '... of Hellenistictype,but D.M. have As we seen, Bailey grooves. doubtlessseek the decorativeelementsamong should and we date', Augustan-Claudian Hellenisticpredecessors. Perhapsthe actual ivyleafwhichgivesthe class its name may owe But somethingto theleaves on Knidian lamps,whichare also pickedout withwarts/bosses. morethanone influencecan be detectedifthefullrangeofornamentis considered;thewarts influence and groovesprobablyare a local feature.The volutesof159 and 161 maywellreflect as fromthe (Italian) Roman series,whichis also veryclearin thedesignofsuchlargedilychnoi
THE LAMPS
317
TABLE 1 of occurrences of The totalsinclude major lamp-typesin fourteenperiod-contexts. Summary cataloguedand uncataloguedmaterial,but each of the fourteenperiodincludesten or more cataloguedpieces. Period-Context 1stB.C. - 2nd A.D. 1stA.D. Augustan Claudian Neronian Flavian Trajanic Hadrianic Hadrianic to later2nd A.D. Late 2nd Late 2nd/Early3rd Severanto 4th Mixed 2nd (and to early3rd) To 4th A.D.
Total No. of Lamps
H'istic %
Ivy-Leaf %
Roman %
33 29 88 58 64 21 89 347 38 44 219 14 139 11
72 27.5 55.6 36.2 1.5 4.5 1.8 13 13.5 3.2 14 1.4 -
12 41 27 43 54.6 57 37 21 13 25 32.4 17.9 18
15 31 12.5 20 42 42 58 76 73 61 64.3 85 80 81
210. Closeranalysisof thewholeoeuvre willcertainlyexposeotherinfluences. Simultaneously withthe availabilityof thislocallyproducedclass the 1stcent A.D. (ifnot a decade or two earlier)saw thearrivalofmould-madeRoman lampswithfiguredecoration,someofwhich,at least,could have comefromItaly (evenifno Italian factory-owners' stampsare reported).In view of the preponderanceof locallymade lamps of thistypein the 2nd centA.D. it seems possiblethatsuchlamps werebeingmade in Cretealreadyin the1stcentury.We may recall Dr. Perlzweig'sremarksapropos of Corinthianproductionof Roman mouldmadelamps, wheresheproposedCorinthianimitationofItalian typesthirty yearsor so earlierthanthedate suggestedbyBroneer{Agoravii,7). Time was neededforthelocal lampmakerto convertto the different typeoflamp. This analogyoughtnotto be pressedtoo hard,sinceat Corinthit was a case ofconverting 'fromthesimplewheelmadelampsofBroneertypesXVI and XVI F , while in Cretethelamp makersalreadyhad long experienceofmouldingthe Ivy Leaf class. At this point it should be noted that Cretan experiencewas not closely matched in neighbouring regions.Whetheror notlocallymade, thelampsofthe1stcentA.D. at Corinth wereof'Roman' type,withno traceofsucha sub-Hellenistic productionas occurredin Crete. In Athens,Perlzweigexplained,therewas a considerablesurvivalofHellenistictypesintothe 1stcentA.D. To some extenttheAtticAlpha globulelamps,whichweremade in verylarge numbersduringthe second halfof the 1stcentA.D. and the whole of the 2nd, parallel the CretanIvy Leaf phenomenon,but the timingis different, startinglaterand lastinglongerin the ascendant(thoughthereare globulelamps at Knossos,theydo not belongto thisAttic series).Again,thereis littlein commonbetweenCreteand Cyprus.Thereare proportionately Creteis richerin manymoreBroneerXXI-XXIV fromCyprusthanfromCrete;conversely, lampsofBroneerXXV. Finally,althoughthesituationin Creteseemscloserin Cyrenaicathan anywhereelse,theresemblancecannotbe pressedtoo hard,particularly duringthe1stcentury A.D. wherein Cyrenaicathereis no sub-Hellenistic and most production, lamps are Roman mould-madein typeand Italian in origin.
318
THE LAMPS
In Crete,thesecondcenturyA.D. saw theslowdeclineoftheIvy Leaf classand therather rapid ascendancyof locallymade 'Roman' lamps,grouped,it seems,around the dominant FAMOY workshop.Many of the subjectsmostpopular duringthisperiodin Creteare rare wereCretancreations. elsewhere, thoughthereis no necessaryreasonto suggestthearchetypes This situationno doubt persistedinto the 3rd cent A.D.; lamps were introducedfrom neighbouring regions,includingAthens,Corinth,Ephesos,Knidosand Cyprus,thoughin very smallnumbers.The linksbetweenCyrenaicaand Creteare moreobviousduringthe2nd cent, whensignedproductsoftheFAMOY workshopare commonto bothregions,and thereseemsto be morein commonbetweenCreteand CyrenaicathanbetweenCreteand otherpartsofthe Roman world. It shouldbe reiteratedthattheseobservationsare based on a limitedamountofmaterial, fromone siteonlyin Crete(eventhoughcorroboration has comefroma fewotherCretanfind will be clearerwhen the Idaean Cave lamps have been studiedand spots). The position published,and whentheevidenceofotherRoman townsin Cretecan be takenintoaccount. Because of theselimitingfactorsI have made no attemptto localize a centreof lamp productionanywherein Crete.Whileitis possiblethatlampsweremade at Knossos,thereis no evidenceofkilns,mouldsor wastersto supportsuch a hypothesis. Lamps Abbreviations and selectBibliography
Agoraiv: Howland, R.H., The AthenianAgora iv: GreekLamps and theirsurvivalsPrinceton, 1958. Agoravii: Perlzweier,T., The AthenianAgora vii: Lamas of theRomanPeriodPrinceton, 1961.
ApostolakouB. 'Lychni'KritikouTypou" in Eilapini,Volume in honourof NikolaosPlaton,Herakleion,1987, 35-44. Argos:Bovon,A., Lampesd'Argos,Paris, 1966. BaileyD.M., Lamps in the Victoriaand AlbertMuseum in Op. Ath.vi, 1965, 1-83. Benghazi:Bailey, D.M., The Excavationsat Sidi Khrebish,Benghazi (Berenice) iii.2 The Lamps Tripoli, 1985. Berlin:Heres, G., Die punischenundgriechischen Tonlampender staatlichenMuseenzu BerlinBerlin, 1969. BMC i: Bailey, D.M., Catalogueof theLamps in theBritishMuseumI Greek,Hellenisticand Early RomanPotteryLamps
London, 1975.
BMC ii: Bailey, D.M., Catalogueof theLamps in theBritishMuseumII RomanLamps madein Italy London, 1980. BMC iii: Bailey, D.M., A Catalogueof theLamps in theBritishMuseumIII RomanProvincialLamps London, 1988. Carthage:Deneauve, T., Lampesde CarthageParis, 1969. Chybre: Oziol, Th., Salaminede ChybreVII Les Lambesde Musée de ChybreParis, 1977. *S
M.
'
'
mS M.
M
- '
-*
IV pt ii, Terracotta Corinth: Broneer,O., Corinth LampsCambridge,Mass., 1930. Délos:Bruneau,P., DélosxxviLes LampesParis, 1965. Demeter:Coldstream, J.N., Knossos: The Sanctuaryof DemeterLondon, 1973.
Museav PrazeXII, 1958. Národního Haken: Haken,R., 'Roman Lamps in thePragueNationalMuseum'in Sbornik
lsthmia:Broneer, U., Isthmiain lerracottaLamps rrinceton, ly// Kenchreai:Williams, H., Kenchreai,EasternPort of CorinthV The Lamps, Leiden, 1981. Menzel: Menzel, H., AntikeLampenim Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum zu Mainz Mainz, 1969.
Cretesi Mercando:Mercando,L., 'Lucerneromanedel Museo di Iraklion'in Antichita ii, Catania, 1974,235-239. Ontano: Hayes, J.W., AncientLamps in theRoyal OntarioMuseumi Greekand RomanClay Lamps Ontario, 1980. Collection,Qedem8 Jerusalem, 1978. Qedem:Rosenthal, R. and Sivan, R., AncientLamps in theSchloessinger
l Les LampesParis, 1969. de Chypre: Salamine: Oziol, Th. and Pouilloux,}., Salamine
Keramikaus PergamonBerlin, 1968. Schäfer: Schäfer,J., Hellenistische Tarsus: Goldman, H. et al., Excavationsat Gözlü Kule, Tarsus I, Princeton, 1950. TrierMainz, 1985. Laudesmuseums Trier:Goethert-Polaschek, K., Katalog derrömischen Lampendes Rheinischen
VAM: Victoriaand AlbertMuseum
Vindonissa:Loeschcke, S., Lampenaus VindonissaZurich, 1919.
St. Petersburg,1914. Die antiken Waldhauer:Waldhauer,O., Kaiserliche Tonlampen Ermitage.
Walters BMC: Walters, H.B., Catalogueof theGreekand RomanLamps in theBritishMuseumLondon, 1914.
THE LAMPS
319
APPENDIX I Index of Discus Types Aktaeon,death of
Altar (and frontalhuman) Animals,undefined ArtemisLaphria Aphroditeand theGraces Athena AthenaPromachos Birdon Bough Bulls Cavalryman Chariots Cocks Craterswithvineleaves/clusters Dionysoshead Dolphins Eagle Eagle and Wreath Eros and Boat Eros and Dolphin Eros and HeraklesClub Eros playingPipe Eros,Hippocamp and Scallop Erotes,wrestling Gladiators Gladiatorand Animal Goat (fromlargerscene) Goddess Gorgoneion Gryphon Hadrian, portraitof Harpokrates Hare Heraklesand the Lernaean Hydra Heraklesand the Nemean Lion Horses Hound (withboar) Hound (fromlargerscene) Human Figures(undefined)
303-309,310?,311, 411 378 275,394,396,399, 405,407,408,410, 411 bis 300-302 646 297,645 298 438,439,512? 397-398 272 402,404 400, 432-437 274, 440-443
323-325 292, 375, 412, 413?, 413 bis 376? 414-427, 427 bis 313-314, 510? 317 + 375
312, 315?,316 320 319 318 277, 341-345,346, 347-351, 352? 353, 353 bis 369 377, 383? 327 337 296
Jupiterand the Eagle Kybele Lions Lion, Nemean and Herakles Lovers Lovers,woman and equid Maenads Masks,dramatic Masks,satyric Nike Odysseus,escaping Orpheus Pan Peacocks,displayed Peacock,foldedtail Pecténshells Rays Rosettes,4-petalled,2 lobed Rosettes,8-petalled Rosettes,14-petalled Rosettes,16-petalled Rosettes,22-petalled
321 406
Rosettes,many-petalled Sarapis Scallops Slave and Pig Sphinxes Stags Vase and Spray Wreath,Myrtle Wreath,Oak Wreathand Mask
330
Zeus Ammon Unidentified
339
401, 403? 367
505 276, 370-373, 374, 385, 387
336, 338 299 390-392, 393? 330 273?, 284?, 354-360, 362?, 363?, 364-366, 366 bis 361, 361bis 380?, 381, 382? 644 326, 331-332 388?, 389? 340, 349 368 322 428-430 449 449 254-259; 270; 638-641, 643 495, 502? 452, 490-494 484-486, 487? 478, 488, 498 472-476, 477?, 479-481, 482?,483, 489, 497 260, 262, 269, 496 294-295 280, 282, 499-501 373 333-335 395, 453? 444 283, 446-448 450-451 454-462, 463?, 464-471 328, 329? 278, 288-290, 293, 379, 384, 386, 445, 504,506-509,511, 513-531, 531 bis,531 ter,655-656
THE LAMPS
320
APPENDIX TWO Roman Lamps fromPre-TrajanicLevels
Augustanand to mid- 276 lst centA.D. 278 257
BroneerXXIII-IV
Tiberian
269 264 268
BroneerXXI-XXIV » XXI-II » XXIII
Early-Mid 1stA.D.
536 272 258 314
? BroneerXXII-III » XXII » XXV
Mid-lst A.D.
286 271 274 256 260
BroneerXXIII » XXII-IV
To mid-lstA.D.
267
BroneerXXII-III
Claudian
281 685 292
BroneerXXII-III » XXI » XXIV
Neronian
490 BroneerXXV » 539 ? » 538 ? » XXI 270 282Ì VVTTT XXU1 501/ 254 LoeschckeII 277 BroneerXXII-IV » XXIV 291 » 337 ? » XXII-III 261 » XXV 329 » XXIV 293 » XXIII-IV 354 » XXV 510 478 » XXV? 479 » XXI 676 » ? 559
Neronian/Flavian
(Mid 1st) to Flavian Later 1stcentA.D. Flavian
»
» »
XXI-II
XXI-II XXIII
?Maenad ?Nike/Eagle Fine Rays Rosette
Wreathon rim Cavalryman Fine Rays Eros in boat Leaf on shoulder Craterand vine-spray Fine Rays Rosette
MyrtleWreath Dolphin 8-PetalledRosette Wreath:Rosette(8) Wreath:(Shoulder) Fine Rays Scallop Fine Rays Gladiator Gryphon Rosette Lovers Eros in Boat Rosette(16) Rosette(?22) Plain
413 595 448 573
BroneerXXII-IV » XXV? » XXIII-IV » XXV
285
BroneerXXIII
576
BroneerXXV
Plain
398 451
Broneer? » XXV?
Bull Oak Wreath
Dolphin MyrtleWreath Plain
THE LAMPS 553 283 574 587
LoeschckeV? BroneerXXIII » XXV
Volute MyrtleWreath Plain Plain
Mid-Late 1stA.D.
284
BroneerXXIII
Lovers
To Trajanic
357 651
Broneer? Broneer?
Lovers Red-on-White
321
APPENDIX THREE Roman Discus Types,probablyof Cretan origin,withcontext Aktaeon,death of
303 ? 304 Mixed 2nd and early3rd 305 Hadrianic 306 Hadrianic 307 Later 2nd 308 Later 2nd 309 Late 2nd/Early3rd 310 To Severan 3 11 Hadrianic
Eagle and Wreath(cont.) 425 426 427 428
ErotesWrestling
318
Late 2nd/Early3rd
ArtemisLaphria
300 301 302
Gladiator,hoplomachos
Cocks
400 432 433 434 435 436 437
PLater2nd PLater2nd Later 2nd/3rd Hadrianic Trajanic + Late 2nd Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd
341 342 343 344
Hadrianic + 2nd To mid-2nd Hadrianic
Gladiator,thrax
347 Hadrianic 348 Trajanic + 349? Hadrianic
Heraklesand Nemean Lion
330
440 441 442 443
Late 2nd Late 2nd/Early3rd Hadrianic Mixed
Kybele
299
Unstratified
Lion, séjant,rampant
390
Late 2nd/Early3rd
Lion, couchant
DionysosHead
323 324 325
Late 2nd/Early3rd PLate 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd
391 392
Hadrianic Unstratified
Lovers (woman and equid)
346
Late 2nd/Early3rd
Eagle and Wreath
414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424
Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd Hadrianic Late 2nd/Early3rd Hadrianic Mixed Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd Hadrianic + Hadrianic
361
Mixed lst-2nd
Peacocks,displayed
428 429 430
Hadrianic Mixed PLate 2nd
Rosettes,14-petalled
484 485 486 487?
Rosettes,22-petalled
472 473
Mid-Late 2nd Late 2nd Unstratified Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd Hadrianic
Graterswithvine sprays
Eros and HeraklesClub
Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd ? Early/Mid-2nd 312 Hadrianic 315? Late 2nd 316 Mixed 2nd/Early3rd
Unstratified
THE LAMPS
322 Rosettes,22-petalled 474 475 (cont.) 476 477? 480 481 482 483 489 497
Late 2nd/Early3rd Mixed 2nd + Hadrianic Hadrianic Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd To 4th Trajanic? Late 2nd/Early3rd Hadrianic
Sarapis
294 295
Mid/Late2nd Late 2nd
Sphinx,frontal Wreathand Mask
335
To 4th
454 455 456 457
Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd Hadrianic + Late 2nd/Early3rd
APPENDIX FOUR Index of GreekInscriptions AP TAMOT rPO[.../..]OI AIKIOT ...]AOT ]po [
L62 L208,318,691,692,693 L689 L690 L61
(EuTux-fc) MENEMAXOT nA[ /....]H cnû[....
L695 L688 L698
(E)ou8Y)cpópou) ET
(27T(0(Tl.aVoO)
TOS Illegible
L646
L696 L65 L280,282,444
Wreathand Mask (cont.) 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471
Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd Not dated Unstratified Hadrianic Hadrianic Hadrianic + Early/Mid2nd Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd Late 2nd/Early3rd Mixed 2nd + To 4th
TAMOT signatures
Late 2nd/Early3rd Unstratified Late 2nd Hadrianic +
208 691 692 693
Section8 The Coins (PLATES 275-277) M. JESSOP PRICE Coins mayoftenbe dated withaccuracy,but manybronzecoinagesoftheHellenisticperiod lack concreteevidence on which to build a firmchronology.It is imperativethat the to recordthe publicationsof properlyconductedexcavationsshouldtake everyopportunity ofa so thatin thefuturereinspection evidenceofcontextforcoins,as forall otherartefacts, bronzecoinagesuchas thatofKnossosshouldresultin fargreaterprecisionthanis at present l possible.In the meantimeAnneJackson(née Chapman) has providedthe foundationon whichfuturestudieswillbe built,and, withthegeneralworksofSvoronosand Le Rider,2most coinagesfoundin theseexcavationsfitintoa well establishedoverallpattern. This listingpresentsthe material in a chronologicaland geographicalarrangement, beginningwith the coins of Knossos of the Hellenisticperiod. The serial number is accompaniedin bracketsby theprovisionalcataloguenumbergivento thecoinson theirentry to HerakleionMuseum. In addition,the trench,level and deposit number,and, where the date of the deposit,allow cross-reference to the discussionof othermaterial significant, foundwiththecoins.The maximumdiameteris givenin millimetres, and, whenclear,theaxis ofobverseto reverseis givenin degrees,startingwith0° at theverticaland movingclockwise. Coinsillustrated on plates275 to 277 are markedwithan asterisk.Sincethecoinsare normally in a rathercorrodedcondition,theweightshave been omitted,and thereadingofindividual has onlyoccasionallybeen deemedrelevant. inscriptions Whilearchaeologists oftheirlevels, mayviewcoinsas a preliminary guideto thechronology thenumismatist seekstoplace thecoinsin an accuraterelativesequence,and to allocateto that sequenceaccurateabsolutedates.Onlythenmaythecoinsbe usedto throwlighton thehistory oftheirarea oforigin.The evidenceherepresentedis but a smallfractionofthetotalpicture, but as excavationsproceedthenumberofusefulcontextswillgrowuntila muchcloserdating of thevarietieswill be possible. The rangeofcoinagesfromtheUnexploredMansionis verymuchas maybe expectednow at Knossos.3Most coinsof the Hellenisticperiodcome fromCrete,but thereare occasional piecesfromthePéloponnèse,theAegeanislands,Asia Minor,Africa,and Rome. Fromthemid 2nd centuryA.D. Roman coinofficially replacesthelocal issues.Despitethepoorconditionof some attribution has of tracesof manypieces normallybeen possiblethroughidentification or the fabric of the coin. design through There are two main areas ofinterestwhichneed to be underlinedhere: 323
THE COINS
324
Countermarks
The countermarks on nos. 71, 78, and 81 (plate 275) appear to includetheLatin letterS. It ofthistypeshouldbe resolvedas thewordCRETA, as has beensuggested4 thata countermark theprovince.The S makesthisa an authorization to allow thesecoinsto circulatethroughout littleunlikely.It is howeverprobablethatthecoinswerestampedin thiswayat thetimeofthe reestablishment ofCreteand Cyreneas a Roman provincebetween31 and 27 B.C., and the letterspresumablyhide the name of a Roman officialwho thus gave authorityfor the continuedcirculationof thecoinsin theRoman province. coin (no. 170,plate 277) has been placed underRoman coinage, Anothercountermarked illegible.The bestparallelis a coinin theBritishMuseum5 althoughthedesignsare completely a monogramin a circle,ATI in rectangle(a ofthetypesofnos.68-81 withthreecountermarks, on no. 170 are not readingthatis ratheruncertain)and LICIS in rectangle.The countermarks to the must bear some thesame,but theLICV (or possiblyLICIA) in rectangle relationship a coin from countermark on on theBritishMuseumcoin. Anotherrelated thirdcountermark S on no. of the There is no theSanctuaryofDemeterat Knossos6was publishedas LICVS. sign second and the 170. All these countermarks,however, proclaim their Latin origin, ofthe on no. 170,IVL, was almostcertainly countermark appliedat thetimeofthefoundation in later 30's Colonia Iulia at Knossos.This groupof coins,some,ifnot all, struck the B.C., Sanders'viewthatthecolonywas notfoundedat Knossosat thetimeofOctavian's confirms and thatthe grantofland at Knossosto Capua in 36 B.C., but later,in theearlyprincipate,7 as the be viewed issues,one ofwhich(Svoronos185) namesAugustus,should plough/labyrinth recent to shouldbe added Howgego's foundationissuesofthecolony.All thesecountermarks undertheempire.8 studyofcountermarks Halved coins
has beennoted9in theotherhalfoftheRoman province,Cyrenaica,and the Thisphenomenon threeexamplespublishedhereprovidean interesting parallel.One of the pieces (no. 103) is certainlya Roman republicanas, but withdetailsillegible.The second (no. 104) is probably thesame,but thethird(no. 192) is an issueoftheimperialperiod.The head oftheemperoris clear. The reverseis illegible,but theissuemay be of theduoviralcoinagesof Knossos.The The presencein theseexcavations fabricwouldsuggestlocal ratherthanimperialmanufacture. of halved Roman republicanand locallyissuedearlyimperialcoins is an exact parallel to in Cyrenaica. Buttrey'sfindings THE HELLENISTIC
COINAGES
JSJNUööUO
c. 320-300 B.C. Obv. head ofApollo laureater. [KNQ] Rev. head ofArtemisr. [KNQ]. Jacksoni or iii 1 (8) V(S) 4B, classicalpit,disturbed,10mm. 0° 2 (10) Well 14 10; H 12. Hellenisticto 3rdcent. B.C. 11mm.200° 3 (9) iii 10 (below V) 10mm.225° 4 (1) I(S) 21A. 9mm.315° 5 (4) I(S) 20pitix. 10mm315°
(15) XI 16, A2. 12mm.0° Corroded (5) I/V Wall 'b'. 11mm.20° (2) III(E) on floorvi. C2? 11mm.200° (6) V(N) 2, S2. 10mm.160° Corroded (3) VI 3A. 9mm.45° Obv. head ofZeus laureater. Rev. head ofArtemisr.Jacksonv or vi 11* (13) I (S) 31, H9; late 4th - early3rd cent. B.C. 13mm.180° 12 (11) I(N) 22. 14mm.45°
6 7 8 9 10*
THE COINS 13 14
(12) VIII 1. 13mm.0° (7) VII 1. 7mm.Corroded Obv. head ofZeus laureater. Rev. head ofApollo laureater.Jacksonviii (var.) 15* (14) XI Wall 'df ; T4. 12mm.0° The detailsofdifferent issuesobservedbyMrs.Jackson in the earliestcoins of Knossos, fromspecimensin museum collections,are not oftenvisible on these excavationcoins. In this firstseries it is normally possible to decide which design was placed on the punch (reverse)die, but detailsof theheads are often vague. No. 15 clearly has the obverse and reverse and was notso recordedpreviously. designstransposed In additionto theabove therewas foundanothercoin ofsimilartypesbutso corrodedthatitis notpossibleto decidetowhichofthefirst elevenvarietiesrecordedby Mrs.Jacksonit shouldbelong. 16 (16) XIII 36, A2. 12mm.Corroded Early 3rd cent.B.C. Obv. head ofHera r. Rev. square labyrinth. Jacksonxx or xxi 17 (21) XI Wall 'es'. 15mm.0° Obv. head ofApollo laureate1. Rev. square labyrinth[KNQ]. Jacksonp. 288 18 (17) I(S) 21, Hellenisticto late 2nd or early 1stcent.B.C. 14mm.270° 19* (19) VIII 29. 12mm.180° 20 (20) VII Wall 'az'. 13mm.180° 21 (18) VII Wall 't'; R3. 12mm.270° Late 3rd cent.B.C. Obv. head of Zeus laureate1. Rev. labyrinth[KNQZIQN. Jacksonxxiii 22* (38) XI 30; H29. 26mm. 180° 23 (36) XII Wall 'ec'/'j'; A2. 25mm. 180° Obv. Europa 1. on bull; below two dolphins Rev. labyrinthKNQZIQN. Jacksonxxiii 24* (22) VIII 27; T4. 20mm.0° Obv. staron shield Rev. labyrinth[KNQ]. Jacksonxxv 25 (210) XIII 28c, Hellenistic.10mm. 26 relatedto H30. (58) XI Wall 'er' foundation; 12mm. 27* (29) XIII 38, Al. 13mm. Obv. head of Zeus larueate1. Rev. labyrinth;above, star;below KN. Jacksonxxvii 28* (37) XII 29. 26mm. 180° 29 (30) I(S) 15, N3. 23mm.0° Obv. head ofZeus laureate1. Rev. labyrinth. Jacksonxxiior xxvi 30 (32) III(E), below floorvii. 22mm.90° 31 (202) XIII 19c pit 4; C2, 22mm.0°
32 33 34
325 (34) XIV 9; B2, 28mm.Obv. uncertain (33) XIII 7, 1st. cent. A.D. 24mm. Obv. uncertain (35) XII 14, T4. 24mm.Obv. uncertain
Early 2nd cent.B.C. Obv. head of Zeus laureater. Rev. labyrinth. Jacksonxxxi 35* (46) Well 14, 5; H 12. Hellenisticto 3rd centuryB.C., possiblyintrusive.22mm. 0°. This coinis ofa muchlaterdate than the other materialretrievedfromthis well. 36 (45) XIII(N) 29; H32. 23mm.0° 37 (40) VII(W) 9B, Nl. 21mm.0° 38 (73) XIII 17B, N2. 26mm. 180° 39 (39) V(N) 3, Dl. 23mm.0° 40 (25) XV 1, late 2nd to early3rd cent.A.D. 25mm.45° 41 (31) II 1. 23mm.0° 42 (41) II 2. 23mm.0° 43 (42) IX 1. 21mm.0° Obv. Europa 1. on bull; below,dolphin1. Rev. labyrinth. Jacksonxxxii 44 (27) XII 19; H25 late 2nd to early 1stcent. B.C. 20mm.45° 45 (26) XII 19; H25 late 2nd to early 1stcent. B.C. 18mm.0° 46 (28) XII 19; H25 late 2nd to early 1stcent. B.C. 18mm0° 47* (23) XII 2. 20mm. 180° 48* (24) X 3. 20mm.0° Later 2nd cent.B.C. Obv. head of Zeus laureater. Rev. labyrinth. Jacksonxxxiii 49 (53) Pit 65, late 2nd to early 1stcent.B.C. 13mm.180° 50 (54) III floorvi (5), earlyto mid. 1stcent. B.C. 12mm.Obv. illegible 51 (44) XII 18, 1stcent.B.C. 14mm.0° 52 (57) XIII/XIV blk. 28; A2. 14mm.180° 53 (48) VII(W) 15; C2. 16mm.Obv. illegible 54 (43) I(N) 12; N3. 17mm.45° 55 (51) II 7. 14mm.0° 56 (49) II 7. 13mm.180° 57 (50) VIII 4; Tl. 11mm.corroded 58 (113) Well 12, 59, D4. 15mm.corroded 59* (56) XII 9, D5. 15mm.0° 60 (55) III wall T foundation14mm. Obv. illegible 61 (76) III 10; R3. 15mm.0° 62 (47) VII 1. 13mm.180° 63 (52) II. 11mm.Obv. illegible The followingtwocoinsdisplaytracesoflabyrinthon the reverse,but the obversesare completelyillegible
THE COINS
326
and thecoinscorroded.3rd to early2nd centuryB.C. 64 (74) XIII/XIV Blk.; A2. 14mm 65 (75) Well 12, 36; D4. 16mm UnderRomanRule45-40 B.C. Obv. bustofArtemisr. Rev. wingedcaduceus; KNQZIQN. Chapman JVC1968 pl. V.6 66 (60) XI 19, A2. 13mm.0° 67* (59) VII(E), Nl. 14mm.0° Mnesitheos c. 40 B.C. Obv. head of Zeus laureater. Rev. eagle r.; betweenlegs 0. Below r., monogram MM; KNQ2IQN. Chapman pl. VI.3 var. 68* (66) XIII 20, B2. 26mm.0° Obv. bustofArtemisr. Rev. crossedbow and quiver;[KNQ2IQN]. Chapman pl. VI.6 69 (184) Well 12, 60, D4. 20mm0° c. 39-35 B.C. Tharsydikas Obv. head ofArtemisr. Rev. quiver;below r., A; BAPSYAIKAS 70* (72) XI 19, A2. 19mm.180° Tauriadasc. 39-35 B.C. Obv. head of Zeus laureater. Rev. eagle r. TATPIAAA 71* (68) XIV 25 (Sxt), A2. 25mm.0° 72*
Countermark,%flç% (90) VII Wall V, T4. 23mm. 0°. Rev. between legs, F (magistrate'sname uncertain)
Kydasc.37/6-31B.C. Obv. head ofZeus laureater., below r., thunderbolt Rev. eagle r.; KTAAS 73 (61)1 (N) 15, H35. 26mm.0°. Obv. below,A 74* (69) XI 17, A2. 27mm.0°. Obv. below,A 75 (63) V3, D2. 25mm.0°. Obv. below,A? 76* (64) VII S Blk. 26mm.0°. Obv. below,B 77 (65) Surface.27mm.0°. Obv. below,B? 78* (62) III 7, R3?. 27mm.0°. Obv. 79 80 81*
Countermark,'Jp (67) XI 19, A2. 26mm.0° (70) XIII 35 (Sxt) floor3, A2. 25mm. 180° (71) XV 9A, F2. 27mm. 180°.Obv. Countermark, £K
Provincialissues
L. Lollius 39 B.C. or Later Obv. head ofArtemisr., bow and quiverat shoulder; to r., r Rev. stagr.; L. LOLLIVS. Semisses.Chapman pl. V.5 82* (137) VI/VIII, T4. 26mm.0° 83* (139) XI 16-19, A2. 28mm.0°. Rev. below, IT
Obv. club; L. LOLLIVS Rev. A in wreath.Quadrans. Chapman pl. V.8 84 (138) XI 12, C2. 16mm.0° Crassus37/6B.C. Obv. head ofApollo laureater. Rev. fasces;CRA. SemisJVC1968,pl. VI.4 85* (140) XI 19, A2. 18mm.0°
The importantissuesofKnossosand the Cretankoinonin the late Republicanperiodhave l° There is and myself. generalagreementthat recentlybeen discussedby Crawford,Buttrey, theissuesof Lollius (nos. 82-84) precededthoseof Crassus(no. 85), and two overstrikes by leastoftheGreekcoinageof Kydas (as nos. 73-81) upon coinsofCrassusprovethatsomeat x Kydas was laterthansomeor all oftheLatin issueofCrassus.1 The crocodileon thecoinsof Crassusmustpostdate,as Chapmanstated,thedonationofsomeofCreteto Egyptin 37/6B.C. This reptilewas sufficiently symbolicofEgyptto be used on theRoman coinscelebratingthe defeatofCleopatra.The Cretanissuecannotbe as late as 31 B.C., butmustreflect particularly to Egypt.In Cyrenaica,wherethereis a parallelissueforCrassus,Buttreyhas closeaffiliation shownthatbetweentheissueof Crassusand thatofAntonyand Cleopatrain 31 B.C. there mustbe timefortheissueofA. PupiusRufus,buthisinclinationto therefore place theCrassus 2 The mustalso,in the Knossian of the B.C. seems before 37 coinage eagle misplaced.1 coinage 30's B.C., have recalledtheeagle thatis ubiquitouson Ptolemaiccoinage,and thereseemstobe in placingtheCrassusissuein 37/6B.C., thatofLolliusin theyearor two no inherent difficulty withtheseLatin issues beforethat,and the coinagesofKnossosas nos. 68-81 contemporary and continuingafterthemto 31 B.C.
THE COINS
327
to note thattheKnossianethnicdisappearsfromtheeagle coinageand its It is interesting The styleand fabricofthenext fractions afterthefirsttwoissuesin thenameofMnesitheos.13 twoissuesin thenamesofTharsydikas(no. 70) and Tauriadas (nos. 71-72) are closelyakinto thecoinageofLollius,and thesewerefollowedby thecoinageofKydas. This issuehas survived on theLatin coinsofCrassuswould suggestthat in muchlargernumbers,and theoverstrikes theissueofKydas may be viewedas a coinageintendedto replacethe Latin coinageand to playa provincialratherthanmerelya cityrolein circulation.Lackingas itdoes thecityethnic, thoughmostcertainlystruckat Knossos,thisbronzecoinagemay be placed besidethesilver issueoftheCretarchKydas.14Althoughsome15would denythattheseare issues cistophorus same the by person,the Zeus designof thecistophorusmay be equated withtheZeus of the bronzes.The factthata certainprominentCretan named Kydas is knownto have been a friendof Antony16may also be linked with the 'Ptolemaic' eagle of the bronzes. The coincidenceoftwopeople namedKydas, withsimilarpoliticalaffiliations, striking coinageat Knossos was at this time the most time becomes thesame overwhelmingly unlikely. prominent, possiblytheonly,mintin Crete.There is no evidencefora mintat Gortyna,whereKydas is knownas kosmosand cretarch,17 betweenthemid 1stcenturyB.C. and thetimeofTiberius. The bronzecoinageofKydas shouldperhapsbe viewedas thesmalldenomination coinagefor thecistophorus, and bothwereprobablystruckat Knossos. There are small issuesafterthatof Kydas, but such coinage struckby the supportersof founduponitillustrate its Antonymostprobablycame to an end in 31 B.C. The countermarks continuedcirculationin the early principate,to be replaced ultimatelyby the imperial ofthecolonyat Knossos.Againitis Knossos coinagessuchas nos. 126-131afterthefoundation thatprovidesthe bulkof thecoinagestruckon theislandin the earlyempire. OTHER HELLENISTIC
COINAGES
CHERSONESUS, CRETE 2nd - 1stcent.B.C. Obv. head ofAthenar. Rev. prowr. Cf. Svoronos pl. IV. 10 86* (77) XII 22, Cl. 15mm.270° CYDONIA, CRETE 4th cent.B.C. Obv. tortoise Rev. skewincusesquare. AR drachma.Cf. JVC1928 pl. IX.11-12 87* (78) Well I; H14. About2.10 gm. 13mm.90° GORTYNA, CRETE 220-200 B.C. Obv. Zeus laureater. Rev. Europa on bull r. Cf. JVC1971,44.g pl. 14.2 88* (79) I(N)1. 16mm.0° 89 (225) Surface13mm.0° LISUS, CRETE 3rd - 2nd cent.B.C. Obv. caps of theDioscuri Rev. quiverand bow. Cf. Svoronos pl. XX. 37 90* (96) XII 3. 12mm.0° Althoughthetypescorrespondto theSvoronosvariety and quoted, the styleand fabricare quite different, this would seem to be an earlier issue, hitherto unpublished.
OLOUS, CRETE 2nd cent.B.C. Obv. head r. Rev. 91*
jfa'
Cf. Svoronos pl. XXII.30
(80) II 7. 10mm.0°
ARGOS, PELOPONNESE, imitation Obv. forepartofwolf1. Rev. A. AE core of a plated AR hemidrachm. 92* (82) Well 14; H12, early 3rd cent. B.C. 13mm.90° The attribution is a littleuncertaindue to thecorroded natureof the coin. The typesare knownin Cretefor so Lyttus(JVC1949,94.71), but thestyleofengraving, faras itcan be discerned,and thesizeofflan,favouran imitationofArgivesilver. TEGEA, PELOPONNESE Late 4th cent.B.C. Obv. Athenain Atticcrestedhelmet Rev. cock r. to 1.,star 93* (83) Pit 1, H28 to mid 2nd cent.B.C. MELOS Obv. quince Rev. kantharos 94* (84) VII (w) 3; Nl. 10mm.0°
THE COINS
328
EPHESUS, IONIA Mid 1stcent.B.C. Obv. (Artemis) Rev. torchand twostags;KQK02. Cf.NC 1880p. 160 95* (85) XIII 15, N2. 18mm. RHODES Late 4th cent.B.C. Obv. femalehead r. Rev. rose;PO 96 (87) I(S)8. S2. 9mm.0° 97 (88) XII 19, H25. Late 2nd/early1stcent. B.C. 4th- 3rd cent.B.C. Obv. facinghead ofApollo Rev. rose.AR. hemidrachm 98* (86) XI 5. 16mm.0° Late 2nd cent.B.C. Obv. Apollo radiater. Rev. rose;NIKH
CYRENE 4th cent.B.C. Obv. head r. rev.silphiumAR 102 (93) VII 1. 15mm.90° Corroded. ROME 1stcent.B.C. Obv. head ofJanus Rev. prowr. Halved asses 103* (94) XII 6, D6. 28mm.Rev. Only tracesof prowvisible. 104* (202) XIII 17c,N2. 29mm.As last. Coins of uncertain attributionof the Hellenistic period. 105 (95) XII 14,T4. 17mm.Obv. laureatehead (Zeus?) r. Rev. illegible. 106* (97) VII Wall V, T4. 13mm.Obv. head r. Rev. starbetweenraysof whichletters ONA. This may be a varietyof the KnossianissueJackson xvi, but thereis no trace of this linear square on the reverse.The obversestyleis distinctively Cretan,c. 300 B.C. 107* (98) I(S) 16, C2. 20mm.Obv. Apollo laureate r. Rev. ram?r. 108* (99) Pit 65. Late 2nd to early 1stcent.B.C.
12mm. Obv. head r. Rev. tripod or trident. Uncertaintypes,probablyofHellenisticdate, all very corroded. 109 (100) III below wall T. Hellenistic.14mm. 110 (101) I(S) 13, R2. 21mm.Obv. head ofZeus r. 111 (102) I(S) 29. 5th cent.B.C. 10mm. 112 (103) Well I & H14. Late 3rd cent. B.C. 12mm. 113 (104) XIII 17A,N2. 20mm. 114 (105) XI 13, C2. 13mm. 115 (106) XII 14, T4. 15mm. 116 (107) XV Wall 'ek' (phase I) Room II. 12mm. 117 (110) Pit 3, H17. 16mm. 118 (186) XIII 28. Hellenistic17mm. 119 (109) XII wall 'ec'/'j'. A2. 16mm. 120 (108) XII wall 'da' lowercourses. 2nd cent.A.D. 121 (111) VI wall V late 1st/early 12mm. 122 (112) Well 12 60, D4. 14mm. 123 (209) XIII 11mm. cent. 124 (199) VIII 32 belowWall 'ac' 4th./3rd. B.C. 8mm. 125 (207) XII 20, H25. 15mm.0°. Obv. head r. Rev. head? r. IMPERIAL PERIOD CNOSSUS Augustus
Obv. head r. Rev. head r. Cf. Svoronos181 126* (114) XIII(S) 36, A2. 19mm.0° 127 (119) XIV 21, F2. 30mm.0° Obv. head ofAugustusr. CIN
Rev. labyrinth; C PetronioM AntonioIlvir ex DD.
Cf. Svoronos188. 128* (117) XI 14, A2. 21mm. 180° 129 (116) XI 14, A2. 18mm.180° 130 (118) II 9, D6. 18mm.180° 131 (115) X5, pit 3. 2nd cent. A.D. varietyas Svoronos189. Obv. head ofAugustusr. Rev. heads ofGaius and Lucius. Cf. Svoronos192 132 (120) II. 20mm. 180° 133 (121) V(S) 3, D2. 20mm. 180° 134 (122) X 10 pit 4, C2. 20mm. 180° TiberiusCaesar
Obv. head ofTiberiusr. Rev. stag r. ]ter.Cf. Svoronospl. VIII. 10, M. Grant FITA pp. 262-3 135* (124) XIV 22, C2. 16mm.0°
329
THE COINS TiberiusAugustus
150
Rev. Fusco et Maximo Ilvir. Cf. M. Grant Aspectsof the
151 152
Obv. head ofTiberius1. Ti Cae[ ]Augus[
Principate of Tiberius(New York, 1950), 16-17. 136* (123) IX 4, T4. 18mm.270° This is certainlyan issueof Knossos. For otherduoviralissuesmorerecently attributed,see R. Ashton JVC 1973, 40-43 and BSA 70, 1975, 7-9. Caligula
Obv. head of Caligula r. Rev. head ofGermanicusr. Cf. Svoronos202-6 137 (125) VIII 4 pit 2, Tl. 19mm.0° 138 (126) XIII 2, late 2nd/early3rd cent. A.D. 20mm 190° Obv. C Caesar.Rev. ]Pulc[ Aug Germanic
139* (127) XI 1, late 2nd/early3rd cent. A.D. Obv. ]sar Aug Germ.Rev. ]no Pulchro
Obv. head r. ]s Drusus Rev. head r. Caesar 140* (128) VII 5, S2. 15mm.0° Obv. head 1. Rev. head 1. 141* (208) XIV below floorIII. 20mm.0° 142 (135) VII 5, S2. 18mm.0° The group 140-142 are certainlyof early imperial date, and would seem to belong to the time of Caligula. No. 140 is apparentlyunpublished. Claudius
Obv. head of Claudius 1. Rev. head of Messalinar. Cf. Svoronos2 12-4 143* (130) IX 18, C2. 20mm. 180°. Obv. 144
TiClaudiusCaesarAugGermanic [
(131) I(S) wall 'ac' mid lst/early2nd cent. A.D. 21mm.0°
Obv. head ofAugustusradiate1. Rev. Nike 1. ]neIterIIvi[. Cf. Svoronos215 145* (132) X 10 pit 4, C2. 24mm. 180° Nero
Obv. head ofNero r. Rev. heads of Nero, surmountedby a star, and Octavia, withcrescent.Cf. Svoronos217 146* (133) VII Baulk below wall 't', Nl. 25mm. 180° Obv. head ofNero r. Rev. head of Claudius r. Cf. Svoronos2/6 147* (134) VII(W) 16, Nl. 22mm. 180°. Nero ClauCaesAuglmpLupinVoluminio Ilvir
Uncertainearlyimperial,probablyCnossus 148 (136) II 7, 1stcent.A.D. 18mm.0° 149 (175) II 4A late 2nd/early3rd cent. A.D. 23mm.0°
(176) VIII 1, late 2nd/early3rd cent. A.D. 23mm. (177) V Wall 'j', F2. 21mm. (178) VII 1, late 2nd/early3rd cent. A.D. 21mm.
KOINON OF CRETE Domitian
Obv. head of Domitianlaureater. Rev. Caduceus between crossed cornucopiae. Cf. Svoronos53-4 153 (143) surface.28mm. 180° Obv. head of Domitianr. Rev. altar. Cf. Svoronos62 154 (141) VI Wall V, T3. 18mm. 135°. Obv. AOMET[ ]KAISAP 155* (142) VIII 4 pit 2, Tl. 16mm.0° Hadrian
Obv. Hadrian r. Rev. femalestanding1. Cf. Svoronos104 156 (146) VII 4, late 2nd/early3rd cent. A.D. 23mm. 135°
Obv. Hadrian r. Rev. Rivergod 1. Cf. Svoronos103 157 (149) II 2. 24mm. 180° Obv. Hadrian r. Rev. Artemisr. Cf. Svoronos112 158 (148) II(E) 9. 15mm.180° Obv. Hadrian r. Rev. Altar;KK. Cf. Svoronos120-2 159 (144) II(E) 9, D6. 13mm.180° 160 (145) XII 2, late 2nd/early3rd cent. A.D. 15mm.315° Obv. Hadrian r. Rev. uncertain 161 (150) VII 2, S2. 22mm. 162 (151) Surface21mm. Obv. Hadrian ? Rev. uncertain 163 (147) NorthHouse, Room VII. Bevelledflan. PossiblyofAlexandria. 164 (181) 1X2, S2. 23mm. 165 (182) V3, Dl. 26mm. 166 (183) III 2, SI. 24mm. Antoninus Pius
Obv. head ofAntoninusPius r. Rev. hopliter. Cf. Svoronos129 167 (152) III(E) 9 floorIV, D6. 15mm.180° 168 (153) XI 2, late 2nd/early3rd cent. A.D. 16mm.180°
THE COINS
330
CORINTH Time ofAugustus Obv. head r. Rev. L Heio Pol/lioneiter/et Mussio Pr/isco11vir 169* (81) unstratified 22mm. 135° EarlyRoman period Obv. and Rev. uncertain. IVL in rectangle Obv. countermark withinscription withinscription LIC-V in rectangle Rev. countermark 170* (218) Well 12 63, D4. For discussion,see above. This could be theKnossianissue as 73-81 above. ROME
Hadrian
Obv. ? Hadrian r. Rev. Fortuna1. withrudderand cornucopia 33mm. 180° 171 (154) III 4, D3. sestertius
Obv. Hadrian r. Rev. illegible 172 (155) I(N) 7, S2. 26mm.dupondiusor as. Pius Antoninus
Obv. AntoninusPius Rev. Spes 1. SC 173 (156) II (E) 7 and 7B, R3. sestertius31mm. 180° Obv. head ofAntoninusPius.AntoninusAug Pius PP Rev. Cereswithcornears.SC Tr Pot Cos II 174 (157) III 1, SI. sestertius 32mm. 180° Obv. as last Aug Pius Rev. Ceresstanding 175 (158) II 7 mixed,sestertius 32mm. 180° Obv. Head ofAntoniusPius radiater. Rev. femalestanding1. 176 (159) XI 3, D6. 20mm.dupondius Diva Faustina
Obv. Faustina ]a Faus[ Rev. veiledfemalestanding1. holdingsceptre 177 (160) Surface.Sestertius. Lucilia Obv. Rev. femaleseated1. 178* (161) IV(S) 2, S2. As. 22mm.315° Gallienus
Obv. head ofGallienusradiater. GallienusAug Rev. Pax Aug 179* (162) I surface.Antoninianus I A.D. 318 Constantine
180
(174) XIII 29 (3 Sext), S2. 19mm.180°.Soli InvictoCorniti.Cf. RIC VII. 136. A.D. 335-337
181
(169) VI wall of cess pit (C2). 15mm. 0°. Gloria Exercitus,one standard. Mint uncertain.
II A.D. 330-335 Constantine 182 (167) SA 1. 17mm.0°. Gloria Exercitus,two standards. SMNF. Nicomedia mint. LRBC US. Constans 183* (168) SA 1. 17mm.0° Two victoriesholding wreath.Cf.LRBC 860. Mint uncertain. A.D. 330-335 184 (172) XIII 1. 20mm.0°. GloriaExercitus,two standardsSMTSA. Mint of Thessalonica. LRBC 837. II A.D. 337-339 Constantius 185 (171) Surface.15mm.180°.Gloria Exercitus, one standard.SMKS. Mint ofCyzicus. Cf. LRBC 1274-8. A.D. 341-346 186 (165) II Surface.15mm.180°.votxxmultxxx? Mint uncertain. A.D. 346-351 187 (173) XI 2, (late 2nd/early3rd cent. A.D.) 17mm.135°.FelTempReparatiofalling horseman. Mint uncertain. A.D. 351-354 188 (164) II 1A (late 3rdcent.A.D.) 16mm.180°. As last. Thessalonica mint. cf. LRBC 1673. 189 (163) I S. ext. surface.19mm. 135°. As last. Thessalonicamint.Cf. LRBC 1675. A.D. 355-361 190 (170) X 1 (late 2nd/early3rd cent. A.D.) 21mm. 0°. As last. Mint illegible.Cf. LRBC 2037. 191 (166) II surface.14mm. 180°. As last. Mint illegible.Cf. LRBC 2052. Uncertainof the Roman period 192 (185) V E4. Disturbedclassicalpit. Purposely halved. Possiblyan issueof theduoviri at Knossos. Illegible 193 (200) V 109(82) E of Wall 'bk'. Class/Hell. 12mm. 194 (191) V(N) 4 Hellenisticto 1st cent. B.C. 10mm. 195 (188) VIII 28, Bl. 12mm. 196 (205) XIII 35, B2. 15mm. 197 (194) I(S) 16-22, C2. 12mm. 198 (206) XI(blk xiii/xiv)2492, C2. 199 (197) VIII 4 pit 3, Tl. 14mm. 200 (201) XI 8, T4. 10mm. 201 (193) II Sblk 9, T4. 12mm.
THE COINS 202 203 204 205
(198) (187) (192) (196)
III 2, SI. 22mm. V(N) 3, D2. 15mm. V2, S2. 16mm. VII 3A pit 1. Late 2nd/early3rd cent. A.D. 24mm.
206 207 208 209
331 3rdA.D. 15mm. (189) XIII 1. Late 2nd/early (190) XIII 29 (3 S. ext.) Late 2nd/early3rd cent.A.D. 15mm. (195) II 8, R3. 10mm. (204) XV 1 (S. ext.). 19mm.
Section9 Roman PlasterSculptures (PLATES 278-293, FIGURE 8) G. B. WAYWELL
ContextofFinds Catalogue Discussion Material Technique Painting Typologyand Style Comparativematerialand dating Conclusion Appendix SculpturesfromtheVilla Dionysos
Page 333 335 340 340 341 341 342 344 347 349 349
CONTEXT OF FINDS The fragmentsof Roman plastersculptureswhich are the subject of this chapter were filloftheHouse oftheDiamond Frescoesduringthecampaignsof discoveredin thedestruction 1971 and 1977.2 They are the remnantsof two separate but contemporaneousdeposits, roomsof thehouse. belongingto different The larger,and by farthemoreimportant, ofhollowdepositis thecollectionoffragments in life-size heads and nos. which were found 1971 cast, busts,Catalogue 1-35, by the plaster in writer the south-west corner of Room III. on the small area of cobbled floor Theylay present whichhad beenleftintactby Evans,smashedintosmallpiecesby fallingdebrisat thetimeof the destruction. This debrisconsistedof buildingstonesfallenfromthe walls,paintedwalland Alsofoundassociatedwiththemwereseveralpiecesofbone cornices,and roof-tiles. plaster and a numberofsherds,onlytwoofwhichprovidecompleteprofiles(U105 and E Sig B dishat plate 163no. 8). The wallsofthisroomhad beendecoratedwithwall-plaster marble imitating sectionsof whichwere stillin place in the south-westcorner,close to slabs, well-preserved wherethefragments ofheads lay (fora detaileddescriptionsee above, Section 1). The othermiscellaneous fragments, Cataloguenos.36-40, apparentlyfromplasterstatuettes or figurinesratherthan busts,came to light during the 1977 excavationsof Room IV, 333
334
ROMAN PLASTER SCULPTURES
fig. 8 Roman portraitin plaster sculpture (PI). Scale approx. 1:3.
ROMAN PLASTER SCULPTURES
335
fillabove an illto thesouthofRoom III. They toowerefoundin thedestruction immediately ofpaintedwall-plaster and architectural definedclayfloor,in associationwithmanyfragments ofRoom IV, stretches ofwhichstill plastermoulding(Section1, and plate 34). The frescoes adheredto thewesternwall,wereofthesameimitationmarblevarietyas thoseofRoomsI and III ofthishouse,althoughwitha fewdifferences ofdetail.The plastersculpturesfromRoom and IV are meagrecomparedwiththoseofRoom III. Even so, theirdifferent subject-matter, a in some respectstheirdifferent indicate that are the remains of they technique, separate deposit,and nota spill-overfromtheadjacentroom.It is likelythatSir ArthurEvans,in the courseofhisexcavationswhichremovedthegreaterpartofthefloorsofbothRooms III and oftheseplastersculptures, butifso he neitherrecorded IV, came acrossmanymorefragments nor preservedthem. The fragments werestoredin theStratigraphical Museum,Knossos,fromthetimeoftheir until when were transferred to the HerakleionMuseum. 1982, discovery they
CATALOGUE
Fragmentsof heads and busts PI
Bearded male portraithead. 71/PH 1. plates 278-80, 287. figure 8. Max. H. 30, Max. W. 20.5, Max. D. 21.5. H. of head, chin to crown 22.5. H. fromchin to mouth5, frommouthto nose 2.4, fromnostrilsto bridgeofnose 6, from nose to hairline4.5, fromhairlineto crown4.6. W. offaceat eyesoriginallyc. 15. W. ofmouth, as preserved, 5; originallyc. 6. W. oflefteye3.5. H. ofrightear 6.8. Diam. ofneck 11.4. Lifesize. Missing:rightcornerof mouth,rightcheek, righttemple,and hair on upper rightside of head; lefttempleand hair on leftside of head above ear; mostofback ofhead and neck;lower edgeofneckon all sides.Some oftherighteyeis but it likelyto remainin a separatefragment, cannot be fittedbecause of warping in the plasterof the eye socket(see plate 287 fora view of it restingin position). A few small ofhair also survivewhichcannotbe fragments fittedin place. Gypsumplastercast in two layers:an outer layer of fine,whiteplaster5mm. thickat the rightcheek; and withinthisan innerlayer of coarserplaster,varyingin thicknessand very roughlyapplied so thatlarge lumpsremainin of places. Nose solid cast. Specimenthicknesses plaster (two layerstogether):L. side of neck 1.85; leftcheekbone9mm.; hair at leftupper backofhead 1.4; neckbehindand belowleftear 2.4. Surfaceunpainted.Traces of red on leftside ofneckprobablycomefromcontactin theearth withfallenpaintedwall-plaster. The featuresappear to be stronglyrealistic
P2
withprominentcheek-bones,bulbousreceding forehead,hooked nose, wide crooked mouth, and markedAdam's apple. Ears are flapping and setlow in relationto facialfeatures.Closecropped beard, moustacheand eyebrowsare indicatedby dashes in the plaster.Hair more plasticallyrenderedin long, spikylocks with tousledarrangement, and unrulyfringeacross forehead. Close-set eyes have the moulded equivalent of incised iris and hollowed-out pupil, withgaze uplifted.The thinclosed lips and a markedverticalridgein frontof the left ear suggestthisportraitwas remodelledfroma death mask, reworkedareas being the hair, beard,moustache,back and sidesofhead, and theopened eyes. Arch.Reports 18 (1971-2) 21; AR 19 (1972-73) 70-71 fig. 34; Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April 1979) 26-27. Lowerpartoffemaleface.71/PH 2. plates 280, 287. Put togetherfromseveralfragments preservingmostof the frontof the face fromthe chinto thetop oftheeyes.It is possiblethatthe lefteye may not belongto thishead. H. 15.5,W. 13, D. 13.6. H. fromchinto lips 4.3, lips to nostrils2.2, nostrilsto bridgeofnose (estimated)5.8. W. of righteye 3.3; W. of left 2.9. W. ofmouth4.2. Lifesize. eye,as preserved, Gypsum plaster cast in two layers. Outer layeroffinequalitywithgreyishtinge,c. 5mm. thick.Innerlayerofcoarserwhiteplaster,quite neatly applied and smoothlyfinishedon the inside,in contrastto head 1, above. Sample thicknesses (two layerstogether):lowerleftjaw 1.6; leftcheekbone1; leftcheek7mm.No paint is preserved.
336
P2a
P3
P4
ROMAN PLASTER SCULPTURES The featuresof the face are rounded and fleshy,the chin slightand somewhatreceding. Mouth partlyopen with full lower lip. Eyes have oval, incisedirisesand hollowedpupilsset close to upper lids, to give an upliftedgaze turnedslightly to thefigure'sright.Tearductof the righteye somewhatpointedin treatment, is of a matronlyfigure. generalimpression A numberoffragments ofhairand neckmay belongwiththisface,but thereis no join. See below,nos. 7, 11-13, 20-22, 34. 32, 2 (March-April1979) 26. Archaeology Eyebrows,plate 280. L. 7.7, H. 3.2, Th. 1.8. with lightlyincised Four adjoiningfragments eyebrowsand a small part of the righteyelid and eye.Perhapsfromhead 2, althoughthereis no join. If not, then froma femalehead of similarscale and style. Nose and righteye of femalehead. 71/PH 3. plate 280. H. 9.5, W. 7.5, D. 4.8. H. of nose, nostrilsto bridge 5.5. W. of righteye 3.35. Lifesize. Gypsum plaster in two layers, similar in colourand techniqueto thatof head 2. Outer surface very fine with greyishtinge; inner coarserbut finishedinside in smoothbumps. (two layerstogether):right Sample thicknesses cheek9mm.;foreheadabove eye8mm.No paint on surface. The modellingis smoothand delicate,and ofextremely theworkmanship highquality.The small nose and lightlyincisedeyebrowsuggest this is froma female head. Eye beautifully renderedwith ovoid iris and pupil, closer in styleto head 2 thanto head 1. AR 19 (1972-73) 70-71 fig.35; Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April1979) 26 withill. Lowerpartoffacewithnoseand lefteye.71/PH 4. plates 281, 288. H. 11.4,W. 8.6, D. 5.5. H. chin to lips 4.1, lips to nostrils1.5, nostrilsto bridgeof nose 4.6. W. of lefteye 2.2. W. of lifesize. mouth3.3. About two-thirds Fine outerlayerof whiteplasterc. 3-4mm. thick;withinthisa thickmass of verycoarse plastercontainingflecksof carbon. Max. total Th. 2.2. Below rightcornerofmouthis an area of rusty,iron-stainedplaster, H. lern., W. 3.5mm.,Th. 3.5mm.,whichis probablya relic ofthemouldingoperation.No painton surface. The beardless chin and smooth features suggestthat thisis a femalehead ratherthan male,butit is smallerin scale thanheads 2 and The 3, and is workedto different proportions. faceseemsto have been rounder,chinfirmand projecting,lips lightlyparted,nose small and eye narrowand heavy-lidded.Neither straight,
P5
P6
P7
iris nor pupil is indicated,and the upper and lower lids are equally prominentand are markedby deep, verticalincisionslike thatof bronzework. A fragment withlong,flowinglocksof hair, belowno. 16,maybelongwiththisface.Ifso the subjectmay have been Medusa. Nose. 71/PH5. plates 281, 288. H. 6.1, W. 3.8. D. 2.7. Lifesize. Solid castliketheothernoses,althoughtraces ofthecheekssuggesttherestofthehead was cast in two layers.A small patch of the innerlayer whichremainsis fairlyneat and well-smoothed (cf.heads 2 and 3). Clear tracesof paint survive.Yellow-brown or ochre all over the nose itselfrepresents the rose-redis foundwithinthe nostrils. skin-tint; Fromthecolouringthisshouldbe partofa male head. The profileis fairlystraight;certainlyless bulbousthan thenose ofhead 1. Fragment6 and severalsmallerpieces may have belongedto thesame head. 32, 2 (March-April1979) 26-27 Archaeology withill. Partofneckand hairfromback ofhead. 71/PH 6. plates 281, 288. H. 6, W. 11.2,D. 6.9. Two adjoiningfragments. Plastercast in twolayers,ofwhichtheouter one is verythin,only4mm.in thickness; coarsish globulesofgreyishplasterformtheinnerlayer. (both layers):neck 1.9, left Sample thicknesses sideofhair 1.1. The outersurfaceoftheneckis now ratherrough. Traces of paint survive:orange-brown,or ochreon the neck,and black on thehair. The loweredge oftheneckis notbroken,but in a seriesofshallowsteps,suggesting is finished thatitwas fittedon to a separatelyworkedbust. The colouringof the neckis close to thatof the nose, fragment5, and probablyindicates thatit is fromthesame male head. Fourfurther fragmentsof hair exhibitingtraces of black paint, and a tiny fragmentof ochre-painted skin, may also have belonged to this head, although there are no joins (photographed togetherwith5 and 6 in plate 288). from Neck. 71/PH7. plate 281. Reconstructed H. 11.5, W. 12.1, severaladjoiningfragments. D. 15. About lifesizeor slightlyless. outerlayerfine,2-4mm. Plastertwo-layered: thick;innerlayer equally thin in places, but withsomethickerrollssmearedround.Sample wall of neck 6.5mm.;undersideof thicknesses: chin 6mm.; base of neck 1.4cm. No tracesof paint.
ROMAN PLASTER SCULPTURES The loweredge oftheneckhas a smooth,flat surfacecontoursoftheskin undersidepreserved, are delicatelyfinished,and thereis no obvious rather indicationofan Adam'sapple,suggesting that thisis froma femalehead. It may have 2 or 3, to whichthe belongedto eitherfragment textureand workingoftheplasteris similar,but is possiblyofslightlysmallerscale. The scale is closerto thatoffragment 4, but thereis not the coarseinnerlayerof plasterfoundthere. P8 Fragmentofneck.71/PH8. plate 281. H. 6, W. Plaster 9.5, D. 5.5. Three adjoiningfragments. has smoothouter layer, 4mm. thick,and an inner layer of coarser plaster bringingtotal thickness to 1.4cm. Lower part of neck, with smooth,rounded edge. Similarin styleand scale to 7, but froma head. Fragment9 may belong. different P9 Fragmentofneck.71/PH9. plate 281. H. 6.7, W. 5.1, D. 10.4. Three adjoiningfragments. Plaster:outerlayerfine,white,c. 3mm.thick; innerlayerofcoarser,whiteplaster.Total th.at loweredge 1.3cm. Fromthelowerrightsideofa neck,including part of the smoothlyfinishedlower edge. 8 (both Perhapsfromthesameneckas fragment shownin plate 281). PIO Female hair. 71/PH 10. plate 282. L. 21, H. 11.9, D. 9. Reconstructed fromseveraladjoining fragments. Plasterdouble-layered:outerlayervariesin thickness between2mm. at bottomof grooves, and 7mm.at top ofridgesofhair;innerlayerof on slightlycoarserplaster,but well-smoothed inside, gives total thicknessvaryingbetween 6mm.and 1.2cm. A small area of smoothskinfromeitherthe foreheador therightsideofthefaceis preserved. Fromthisthehairis pulledback in wispywaves which give way to a lateral melon coiffure runningacross the back of the head. Three ridges of this coiffuresurvive, each about 3.75cm.in width.Locks of hair are deeper on top of ridges,shallowerin the hollows.Lines frommould-joinsalso followthe segmentsof hairacrossthehead. Excellentwork.This could belong with eitherheads 2 or 3, but perhaps ratherwithhead 3. There are a numberof smallerfragments of hair fromthishead whichcannot be adjoined (someshownin plate 289a). 32, 2 (March-April1979) 26-27, Archaeology withill. PI 1 Femalehair.71/PH 11. plates 282, 287. W. 15, H. 11, D. 14. Reconstructedfrom several Plastercast in two layers, adjoiningfragments.
337
from4mm. to lem., outervaryingin thickness total thicknessbetween6mm. and 2.2cm. No tracesof paint. A meloncoiffure sweepingup in ridgesfrom the forehead,traces of which remain. The hairstylediffersslightlyfromthat of fragment 10, havinga wavy edge around the forehead, and like that made popular by Julia Domna, of exceptforthelack ofa parting.The segments hair average4.1cm. in width,and have ridges frommouldsrunningalong them;also quite a fewtinyholesfromair bubblesin thecasting. Fragments12, 13 and severalsmallerpieces probablybelongto the same head, whichmay 2 (cf.plate 287). go withtheface,fragment 32, 2 (March-April1979) 26-27, Archaeology withill. P12 Femalehair.71/PH 12. plates 282, 287. W. 11, H. 13, D. 12. Reconstructedfrom several adjoiningfragments. Plaster cast in two layers, total thickness varyingbetween5mm. and 2.3cm. Innerlayer lumpy but with smoothfinish.Traces of red paint on the inside are likely to come from contactin the earthwithpaintedwall-plaster. Parts of threesegmentsof a melon coiffure withsomeoftheface,includingwhatappearsto be the end of an eyebrow.Even so it is not absolutelyclearwhetherthiscomesfroma right or a leftside, but thereis littledoubt fromthe style that it belongs to the same head as fragment11. W. ofsegmentsofhair 4.1cm. PI 3 Fragmentoffemalehairand leftear. 71/PH 13. plates 282, 287. H. 11.7, W. 8. Th. 4.2. Two adjoiningfragments. Plastertwo-layered,total th. from7mm. to 2.5cm. Inside fairly smooth with lumpy undulations. Part of a meloncoiffure passingover theleft ear,whichis obscuredexceptforthelobe. From the same head as fragment11 and 12. There are a numberof other smallerfragments,likelyto be fromthishead, whichcannot be adjoined (cf.plate 287). PI 4 Female hairwithivywreath.71/PH 14. plates 282, 288. H. 15,W. 10.3,D. c. 9. Reconstructed fromseveraladjoiningfragments. Lifesize. Plastercast in two layers:outer of chalkywhite consistencyvaryingin thicknessfrom 4mm.to 1.lem.; innerlayernowmostlymissing, butwas up to another8mm.in thickness, and of coarse greyplasterwithsmall flecksof carbon (althoughnot as coarse as the innerlayer of fragment 4). Partofa ridgedcoiffure aroundwhichrunsa wreathofivy,ofwhichthestemand twoleaves
338
ROMAN PLASTER SCULPTURES
are preserved.The segments ofhairare lesswell rounded and flatter-surfaced than those of fragments10-13, and the hairs renderedin moreschematicfashion. The subjectis probablyDionysiac,and since the hairstyleseems feminineone naturally thinksofa maenad,althoughDionysushimself isjust possible.Fragment15 is likelyto be from thesame head, and thereare also a numberof smaller pieces of hair (plate 289, centre, bottomrow). P15 Hair withivy wreath.71/PH 15. plates 283, from 288. H. 13.3,W. 13,D. 3.5. Reconstructed severalfragments. Plastercast in two distinctlayers,the outer one of chalkywhite consistency, the innerof coarse grey,carbon-flecked, plaster; total th. variesbetween1.2 and 2.4cm.Cf.innerlayerof no. 4. of Fromthestyleof thehair,theconsistency theplaster,and thepresenceof theivywreath, ofwhichthestemand a singleleafare preserved, thereis littledoubtthatthisbelongsto thesame head as fragment 14. Whetherfromthefrontor backofthathead, however,is hardto say.Here thereare no transversesegmentsof hair, but instead,belowthewreathand parallelto it,are two stronglycurledconvexridgesof hair. For other smaller fragmentsfromthis head, see plate 289 centre,bottomrow. P16 Female hair. 71/PH 16. plates 282, 288. H. 12.3,W. 10, D. 4.5. Plastercastin twolayers:outerwhiteand fine c. 4-6mm.th.;innercoarseand greywithlarge flecksofcarbon.Max. totalth. 3.8cm. Flowinglocks of hair, deeply and impressmodelled,fallingbeside the faceon ionistically therightside ofa head. A raisedline sweeping acrossthesurfaceis not a crown,but is a ridge caused in moulding,herecuttingratherheavily acrossthe linesof the hair. The innerlayerof plastersuggeststhismay come fromthe same head as thefragment offace,no. 4. 32, 2 (March-April1979) 27, with Archaeology ill. P17 Fragmentoffemalehair. 71/PH 17. plate 283. H. 6.4, W. 7.5, Th. 3. Plastertwo-layered:outerfine,th. 2-6mm.; inner medium-fine, white; total th. 7.5mm.-l.lcm. Flowinglocksofhair,probablyfemale,falling beside a face. Deeply modelled and not dissimilarto fragment16, but to be distinguished fromthat by the finerand thinnercasting. Fragments18 and 19, and various smaller pieces,probablybelongto thesame head.
P18
Fragmentoffemalehair. 71/PH 18. plate 283. H. 7.3, W. 9.5, D. 2.2. Three adjoining fragments. Cast in two finelayersof plaster,total Th. from6mm.to 1.25cm. Long tressesfallingbeside a face, evidently fromthesame head as fragment17. PI 9 Fragmentof hair and forehead. 71/PH 19. plate 283. H. 10.5,W. 5.5, Th. 3. Cast in two layersof fineplaster,total th. varyingfrom1 to 1.6cm. Long locks of hair curlingbeside part of a face.Traces of a partingsuggestit comesfrom the upperpart of theforehead.Stylistically the hair is similarto that of fragments 17 and 18, and thismay well be fromthesame head. P20 Bun ofhair. 71/PH20. plate 283. L. 9.5, H. 6, D. 10.3. Two adjoiningfragments. Cast in twolayers:outerfineand only3mm. total th.;innersmooth,butofvariablethickness; th. ranges from6mm. to 2.7cm. where bun adjoined head. Halfofa bun ofhairfromthebackofa female head, made up of threespirallingplaits. Cf. 21, 22, below. fragments 32, 2 (March-April1979) 27, with Archaeology ill. P2 1 Fragmentofbun ofhair. 71/PH 2 1. plate 283. H. 8, W. 7.2, Th. 3. Plastercastin twolayers,totalthickness lem. Inside smoothlyfinished. 20, Probablyfromthesame bun as fragment althoughthereis no join. P22, 22a, 22b Fragmentsof bun of hair. 71/PH 22. plate 283. 22: H. 7.5, W. 6.5, Th. 2.3; 22a: H. 3.7, W. 4.3, Th. 0.9; 22b: H. 4.1, W. 3, Th. 1.1. Identicalin styleto fragments 20 and 2 1, and probablyfromthesame head. P23 Fragmentof hair and neck. 71/PH 23. plate 284. H. 15, W. 12.5,Th. 4.5. Severaladjoining fragments. Outer layer of whiteplasterbetween4mm. and 9mm.thick;innerlayerofgreyplasterwith rough daubing marksgives total thicknessof lem. to 1.7cm. The outer surface, which is somewhat damaged,is mostlycoveredin hair,dividedby withinwhich groovesor partingsintosegments, therendering ofthehairis somewhatschematic. In one place wispyishhairgivesway to an area of fleshwhichis probablypart of a neck.The hairsyleis moresuitablefora femalethana male head. Fragments24-25 probablybelong,and 26 may also do so. 32, 2 (March-April1979) 27, with Archaeology ill.
ROMAN PLASTER SCULPTURES P24 Fragmentofhairand rightear. 71/PH24.plate 284. H. 8.3, W. 8.2, Th. 3.5. H. ofear 5.2. About lifesize. Plaster:outerlayer8mm. th.; innerlayerof greyerplasterwithroughdaub marks;totalTh. 2.2cm. below ear. The hairstyleis identicalto thatoffragment 23, withstrongpartingsdividingthe hair into withinwhichthe renderingis rather segments, Fromthis,and thesimilarity of impressionistic. theplaster,thereis littledoubt thatthisis from thesame head as 23. 32, 2 (March-April1979) 27, with Archaeology ill. P25 Fragmentofhair. 71/PH25. plate 284. H. 5.2, L. 8.3, Th. 3.3. Plastercastin twolayers,totalth.from1.3 to 2.2cm. The styleofthehair,witha groovedparting and schematicrendering, makesit likelythatit 23-24. belongsto thesame head as fragment P26 Fragmentof neck and hair. 71/PH 26. plate 284. H. 6.5, W. 7, Th. 3.2. Plastercast in twolayers,varyingin th.from 1.2 to 2.6cm.Innerlayerdaubed on. Quite a lot ofredpainton outersurface,but thisis likelyto resultfromcontactin theearthwithred-painted wall-plaster. A finished loweredge to theneckis preserved, and thereare a fewtracesofwispyhair,likethat offragment 23. This,and thestyleoftheplaster, makesascriptionto thesame head probable. 32, 2 (March-April1979) 27, with Archaeology ill. P27 Fragmentof hair. 71/PH 27. plate 284. H. 8, W. 8.5, Th. 3. Plastercast in two layers:outer5mm.-2cm. th.; inner one of grittierplaster, but only Tracesofblack 4-6mm.Th., and neatlyfinished. on surface. paint Partsofthreeflat,slightly steppeddivisionsof hair, the renderingof which is neat but somewhatstylised.It differs fromall stylistically otherfragments found. P28-33 Six fragmentsof draped shoulder-bust. plates 284-5. 28 71/PH 28. Main fragmentfromback and right shoulder, put togetherfrom many smallerpieces.L. 26, W. 19, H. 11.5. 29 71/PH 29. Piece of draperyprobablyfrom above leftshoulder.L. 19.5,W. 10.5, H. 5. 30 71/PH 30. Small fragment withflatunderside,fromin frontofrightshoulder.H. 9, W. 8, Th. 3. 31 71/PH 3 1. Small fragment offoldeddrapery, originalpositionuncertain.H. 10, W. 7.5, Th. 3.5.
339
ofdraperyadjoin32 71/PH 32. Small fragment ing 28 at front,althoughit has not been reattached.L. 8, W. 7.5, Th. 4. 33 71/PH 35. Three adjoining fragmentsof draperywithloweredgepreserved, probably fromend or frontofleftshoulder. Plasterofall fragments cast in twolayers, varying in thicknessfrom 1.2 to 2.3cm. Interiorfinishratherrough,reminiscent of thatofhead 1. There is no doubt thatthesesixfragments all belongto thesame lifesizeshoulder-bust. The drapery,which is apparentlya thick well renderedin realistic cloak,is extremely folds.The workedloweredge is preservedon 28, 30, and 33, provingthat the fragments bust took in both shoulders,but not very much of the chest.There is no sign of an and it seemsmostlikelythat undergarment, this bust belongs with the male head 1, ratherthan with one of the females.The roughinteriorfinishwould supportthis. For other small fragmentsof drapery which probably belong, see plate 289, below. P34 Circularstand with tabula. 71/PH 33. plate 286. Pieced together from several fragments. Stand: H. 5, Diam. below 19.5, Diam. above 18.5.Tabula: H. 3.5,W. 5.5, L. fronttoback 13. Hole at back fordowel is 1.1cm.square. Plastercast in a singlelayer,presumablyfor extra strength.Front plaque of tabula separatelycast. Th. of sides of stand 1.3cm.,th. of top, 1.1cm.Inside roughlyfinished. The upper and lower edges of the circular stand or base have simpleroundedmoulding, the uppersurfaceis flat.The frontof thesmall tabula is concave-sidedand carriesan incised floralmotif,a palmettewithina simpleborder. Behind thisis the remainsof a mass of plaster packing which supportedthe bust and head of a above. Rightat the back is theimpression stoutdowel whichwould have takenthe main weightofthebustabove. Presumablythisdowel would have been ofwood or possiblybone. There is no way of tellingwhich head this standmayhave carried,butperhapson account we shouldassociatewiththe ofitscompleteness head 1, and thedraped bust28-33. P35 Fragmentof circularstandwithtabula. 71/PH 34. plate 286. Two adjoiningfragments. H. 14, W. 14, D. 14. H. ofstand5, diam. originallyc. 18. Tabula: H. 3.5, W. below 5.5, W. above 5, L. frontto back 10. On rear break is circular dowel hole,2.5. diam.
340
ROMAN PLASTER SCULPTURES Plastercast in a singlelayer,sides 1.7cm.th. A standfora bustor head,similarin styleand dimensionsto fragment 34. The frontplaque of the tabula is betterpreserved,and showswell thesimpleincisedfloraldesign.A massofplaster packingfrominsidethe formerbust rises5cm. above thetopofthepedestal.In thebackofiton thebreakis rathermorethanhalfofa circular dowel hole, showinghow a substantialdowel, perhapsa long bone, ran up fromwithinthe lowerstand throughplasterpackingrightinto thehead and bustabove.
Miscellaneous fragments
plate 290. H. 19, P36 Draped leftlegfromstatuette, W. 15.8,Th. 10.2. Plastersolid cast in a single layer. Finishedsurfacewithin,i.e. piece-cast. Scale: about halflifesize. Preservedis a strongly-bent draped leftleg fromtheupperthighto theselvedgearoundthe ankle. The lower leftleg and footwas made separatelyand attachedbybonedowels,thetwo holesforwhichsurvivein the undersideof this one a thincurvinghole fora sliverof fragment: bone, 1.1cm. L., 3.5mm.Th., and 1.5cm. D.; theothera trapezoidalshapewithsidesof9mm. The draperyworn is of heavy texture.It is pulled taut around the leftthigh,a heavyfold fallsfromtheleftknee,and otherthickfoldsfan out towardswhere the rightleg would have been, suggestingperhapsthat thiswas froma seatedfigure.Partofa bunchofdraperyis also preservedat theupperbreakof the thigh. AR 24 (1977-78) 61. P37 Draped arm with attachmentfor forearm. plates 290, 291. H. 14.5,W. 13,Th. 10.8.Arm about at join: H. 6.5, W. 5.8. Scale therefore lifesize. two-thirds Plastercast solidin a singlelayer.
The fragment is fromtheleftarmofa statue, just belowtheelbow.The armis itselfdrapedin a sleeve, and over it falls a mass of heavily bunchedfolds,froma toga or himation.The surface for the attachmentof a separately workedforearmis completelypreserved,as is the dowel hole to secureit. This is of irregular section,2.2cm. H., 7mm.W., and 6cm. D. To judge from the internal surface shape and thedowel was undoubtedlyof bone. markings, The fragment is not entirelybrokenbehind, but was piece-cast. A plug of plaster was smearedin, to fixthedowel in place. P38 Fragmentof drapery,plate 291. H. 17.6, W. 12.4,Th. 6. Plastercast solid in a singlelayer. The draperyis foldedin a spirallingbunch, curvingrounda limbor body.It is notclearifit comes froma bust or a small statue,but the latteris morelikely. P39 Fragmentof rightarm. plate 291. H. 8.2, Diam. 4.4 Dowel hole 4.1 D., 1.5 W. Plastersolidcast in a singlelayer. Preservedis the rear part of a separately workedupper arm, and a small piece of the remains elbow.A flatsurfacefortheattachment above, and thereis one sideofa roundeddowel hole,curvedfora bone dowel.The angleofthe upperjoin suggestthiswas the rightarm of a statuette,set slightlyforwardand bent at the elbow. P40 Fragmentofleg of throneor table,plate 291. H. 18, W. 8, Th. 3.4. Plastersolidcastin singlelayer.Fragmentnot brokenbehind. excessively has a mouldedbase, pedestalThe fragment like, and above this moulded horizontaland verticalmembers.Most likelyfromtheleg of a thronewhichsupporteda statue.Ifso thestatue would have been oflifesize.
DISCUSSION Material wereanalysedby Dr. R.E. JonesoftheFitch Small samplesofplasterfromseveralfragments was foundto materialofall thesculptures and the School at British at the Athens, Laboratory and comments The of be gypsumplaster(calciumsulphate) differing analyses purity. following Dr. a from taken are the material on Jones. reportkindlysuppliedby Frag. 1
Outer layer:fine-textured, verypure,whitegypsumplasterwitha fewquartz inclusions. someuncalcined whitegypsumplaster,a fewquartzinclusions, Innerlayer:generallyfine-textured, limestoneor gypsum.
ROMAN PLASTER SCULPTURES Frag. 2 Frag. 4
Frag. 34 Frag. 36 Frag. 37
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whitegypsumplaster,verypure. Outer layer:fine-textured, Innerlayer:similarto outerlayer. whitegypsumplaster,verypure. Outer layer:fine-textured, Innerlayer:ratherimpuregypsumplaster;severalinclusionsofdifferent coloursand sizesvisible; someuncalcinedlimestoneor gypsum.The materialcontrastsin itsrelativecoarsenesswiththeouter layerof Frag. 4, and indeedwithall theothersamples. whitematerial,a fewquartz inclusions. Generallyfine-textured, whitematerial. Fine-textured, whitematerial. Fine-textured,
The samplesofFrags.4 and 37 wereanalysedby X-raydiffraction throughthekindnessof Dr. V. Perdikatsis at theInstituteofGeologyand SubsurfaceResearch(IGME) in Athens;in thesesamplesgypsumwas foundto be theonlysignificant crystalline phase present.The other as gypsumsincetheygave positivebariumchloridetests. sampleswereidentified of heads and statuettesof thistype. Gypsumis a materialwell suitedto the construction There is an abundance of the raw materialat Knossos on Gypsadheshill,wherea Roman gypsumkilnwas foundand excavatedin 1959.2We maysupposethatthegypsumwas ground up and thenheated gentlyto a temperature probablynot exceeding200° C. The resulting calcinedmaterialwas effectively a 'plasterof Paris'. It appears thatthe craftsmen prepared batchesofsuchplasterwithdiffering themostpureand whiteplasterforthe purity,reserving outerlayerof theheads.
Technique
Fragments1-35 wereall hollow-castin moulds.Heads, bustsand standswerecast separately and thenjoined togetherby means of dowels (of bone, timberor even iron) and plaster 7-9 packing.Evidenceforthisis providedby thefinishedloweredgesof theneckfragments, and ofthebustfragments, 30 and as well as the holes for vertical dowels and 28, 33, by plaster packingon thecircularstands34 and 35. The drapedbust,28-33, and thetwostands,34 and 35, werecastin singlelayers,butall the ofheads and hairwerecast in double layers,withan outerlayerofthinner, fragments higher sometimes coarser qualityplasterto takethefinesurfacedetail,and an innerlayerofthicker, to the head, and perhapsalso to help bond togetherseparate plasterto give added strength piece-casts.3 The techniqueemployedforfragments 36-40 differs somewhatfromthatoftheheads.These of statuettes were in solid-cast fragments separateportionswhichwerethenjoined together by bone dowels,clear tracesofwhichare visibleon 36, 37 and 39. The bone dowelswere then additionallysecured by plasterpacking,fromthe evidence of 37. This is similarto the techniqueemployedforthe plastercastsfromBaiae.4
Painting
Althoughmostofthelargerheads and fragments appear to have been unpainted,twosetsof do reveal clear traces of The first set consistsoftheshatteredfragments called fragments paint. belowhead B, thenose 5 withitsyellow-brown skin-tint and rose-redwithinthenostrils, the neckfragment 6 withorange-brown fortheskinand black hair,and a fewsimilarfragments. To judge fromtheskin-colouring, thesewould seem to be theremnantsofa male head. The otherexampleis 27, wherethehair,thistimefroma female,showstracesof black paint.
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to determine.If The reasonswhyonlytwooftheKnossianheads werepaintedare difficult it be that the other heads were thiswas a craftsman's could waitingto be workshop, simply which is discussed material when the destruction occurred. However,comparative painted belowprovesthatplasterportraits werequite oftenleftunpainted,so thatthereis no need to or thepurposethebust drawthisinference. It mightjust be a questionofcustomerpreference, was intendedtoserve.Paintedplastermasksand bustsare knownin particularfromEgypt,but thereis also an examplefromPortugal,and threeunpublished2nd centuryA.D. plasterbusts fromLeptisMagna are reportedto have black slip on theskullto suggesthair.5
Typologyand Style a) Heads and Busts,1-35
fromthefloorofRoom III all and numeroussmallerfragments The 35 cataloguedfragments to in the criteria,referred appear to belongto heads or busts.From technicaland stylistic heads or belongto at leastninedifferent cataloguesection,it would seemthatthefragments lettersare to heads is suggested:(theidentifying attribution offragments busts.The following the used in thissectionforthesake ofconvenience,but are notgenerallyapplied throughout of the attributions) chapterbecause of the uncertainty
A B C D E F G H I
34. Male head: 1, 28-33 and smallfragments, Male head (painted):5, 6 and foursmallfragments. Female head: 2, ?2a, 7, 11, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 22a and b, 35. Female head: 3, 8, 9, 10. Female head (? Medusa): 4, 16. Head withivywreath(hair only): 14, 15 and smallfragments. Female hair: 17, 18, 19 and smallfragments. Female head: 23, 24, 25, 26. Female hair (painted):27.
ofwhichtwoare definitely Mostoftheseheadsare life-size male,A and B, whileat portraits, and likelyto be leastfiveare female,C, D, G, H, I. Head F, wearingan ivywreath,is life-size life-sizeand than smaller E somewhat is while head a but is not female, necessarily portrait, a child. it is of unless be a not to portrait, appears The mostcompletehead by faris the male head A. There is no absoluteproofthat the 28-33, and circularstand,34, belongwiththehead 1,butcompleteness drapedshoulder-bust, maketheascriptionplausible.These threemainpartswould and thefinishoftheinnersurfaces for the an overall originalbustof about 49cm. (standand tabula 8.5, bust 11.5, height give ofdrapery head and neck30): see reconstructed fragments drawing,fig. 8. All thesurviving to head seemto belongto thisone bust,but theexistenceofa secondstand,35, hereattributed other the in case of the heads than rather busts with are that we fragments C, suggests dealing also. ofthemale head 1 showa markeddegreeofrealism,whichmayresultfromthe The features use ofa reworkeddeathmaskfortheface,to whichinventedmouldsofthetop,back and sides ofthehead have beenadded. The verticalridgenoticeablein thebeardon theleftupperjaw in elsewhereas a residueof this frontof the leftear is a featurewhichhas been interpreted ofdeath masks.Even so, characteristic another are and the thin,tightly-closed lips practice,6 thepeckedbeard and ofthefacialdetails,particularly therehas been considerablereworking unshaven a somewhat the which apppearance,theincisedeyebrows, moustache, subject give and theeyes,whichare shownwide-openwithincisediris,a hollowforthe pupil,and vivid
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upturned gaze. There is a deliberate contrastbetween the impressionisticincision of the beard and moustache, and the carefullymoulded locks on the crown of the head. Altogetherit is a sensitiveportraitof high quality workmanship. Head B, interpretedas male fromits skin-colouring,is unfortunatelytoo fragmentaryto permit any stylisticjudgements to be drawn. The femaleheads whose faces are preservedshow less obvious realism,as tends to be the case in Roman portraiture.Fragment 2 (head C) has oval, fleshyfeatures,a small, fullmouth, and signs of a double chin. The eyes are carefullyrendered with upturned gaze in similar styleto those of the male head 1. Of stillhigherquality is the delicate renderingof righteye, nose and cheek on 3 (head D). Here the eyebrowsare indicated by light incision work, such as is found also on 2a (?head C). Greater realismis to be foundin the detail of the femalehairstyles,which are mainly variants of the melon-typecoiffurewhich recurs at differenttimes throughoutthe historyof Roman female portraiture,becoming particularly fashionable in the later second centuryA.D. There is no certaintyas to which set offemalehair belongs with which fragmentaryface, but the likelihoodis that the mostcomplete hair fragments,11-13, belong with the face 2 (head C). If the fragmentarybun, 20-22b, also goes with thishead, then the original appearance would have been similar to the stylepopularised by Faustina Minor in the later second centuryA.D. There are no grounds, however, for recognisingImperial types in either the male or female heads. The probabilityis that theyare private individuals, presumablyresidentin the Knossos area. Other large fragmentswith variants of the melon hairstyleare 10 (here attributedto head D), and fragments14 and 15 (head F), where the somewhat flattersegmentsare crowned by a wreathofivy,the significanceofwhich is uncertain,although a Dionysiac connection naturally comes to mind. A fewfragmentshave more flowinglocks, as forexample nos. 17-19 (head G), and no. 16, a fragmentwith deep, unruly locks, which has been associated on account of its core-plasterwith the fragmentaryface 4 (head E). The face of 4 stands somewhate apart from the other heads, not only because it is of smaller scale, being some three-quarterslife-size,but because ofstylisticdifferences.It seems to have had a more rounded face, with tauter fleshand firmerlips, but the main differenceis in the renderingof the eyes with theirsevere lids above and below with dotted incision of lashes, and failure to indicate either iris or pupil. The reasonable inferenceis that thisis not a portraithead. It has more the appearance of a version of an idealising Classical head, possibly a Medusa if the hair fragment16 belongs. The standard of workmanship of all these heads is remarkably high, both with regard to proportions and detail. Of exceptional quality are fragment3, with its delicate detail and sensitivemodelling, the neck fragment7, and the draped bust, 28-33, which is extremelywell conceived and most realisticallyrendered. Only a fewof the more fragmentarypieces, such as 23-26 (head H) or 27 (head I), show a sketchieror more stylisedworkmanship. 36-40 b) Fragments
These fragments fromRoom IV differin subject-matter and styleas well as in casting All would to be from statuettes of somewhat less thanlife-sizeratherthan technique. appear fromheadsor busts.The fragments ofdraperyor drapedlimbs,36-38, differ from stylistically thedrapedshoulder-bust, 28-33. Two ofthem,36 and 37, comeclosein styleto Greekdrapery of the fourthcenturyB.C., so thathereit is not impossiblethatwe are dealingwithplaster scale does notreadilysupportsuch replicasofearliersculptures(althoughthelessthanlife-size an interpretation). This heavy styleof draperywithmuch realisticsurfacedetail was also
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fashionablein theAntonineperiod,however,so thatit is equallypossiblethatwe are dealing withworksofcontemporary conception.There is in any case no reasonto supposethatthese with of fragments belong any thosefromRoom III. Theirstyleand techniqueare ifanything levelsofthe foundin thedestruction ofrathercoarseplastersculptures closertosomefragments Villa Dionysosat Knossos (see Appendix).
Comparativematerial and dating
on whichtheywereoften The evidenceforlife-size plasterheadsand busts,and theface-masks 7 Until collected been has based, quiterecentlytheywereconsidered by Drerup. conveniently were such heads it is now clear that but rarities, producedin manyareas oftheRoman world around the Mediterraneanfromthe firstcenturyA.D. onwards,becomingincreasingly numerousin thelatersecondand thirdcenturies.The techniqueofplastercastingmay well with ofplastermummy-masks derivefromPtolemaicEgypt,wheretherewas a strongtradition linksgoingback to theearlydynastiesofthePharaohs,8but thepracticesoon becamewidely suitableforthemodels theGreco-Romanworld,beingfoundparticularly diffused throughout the from as the marble workshopat Baiae ofthe 1st fragments sculpturecopyists, employedby known the half of About B.C. have demonstrated.9 comparableplasterheadshitherto century have beenfoundin Egyptand NorthAfrica,indicatingtheimportanceofthatarea as a source but thereis now also a sizeablebodyofmaterialfrommainlandItaly,mostlyof ofinfluence, fromKnossos howeverare the firstsubstantialdeposit secondcenturydate. The fragments foundin Greece,whichis a measureof theexceptionalimportanceof thegroup.9a whichprovide Amongthe materialassembledby Drerupare severalheads and fragments reasonableparallelsforthemale head 1. A quite similarbeardedman withdraped shoulder bustwas foundin a gravechamberofthecatacombsofSousse (Hadrumetum)in Tunisia in death as theworked-over lost.l° It has beeninterpreted 1905,althoughitis nowunfortunately dated to the late 3rd century maskof a local inhabitant,perhapsa Berber,and tentatively A.D., althoughthismaybe a littletoolate. Featureswhichcomecloseto theKnossoshead are beard and moustache the long,ratherspikylocksof hair, the shorter,moreimpressionistic was moreplastically it that head Sousse of the in the beard curls a few suggest light (although bust The and the appears not to have been so draped wide-open,upturnedeyes. rendered), well rendered. so or large, Also fromTunisia at El-Djem (Thysdrus)comesthe plasternegativeor mouldfora facemoderncastsofthedeceased, maskofa beardedman,completeenoughto produceimpressive 11Here therehas beenno reworking, the beardand foreheadhairare a Berber. again evidently moreor lessas cast,and theeyesare closedwithinsunkensockets,givinga clearindicationof thedegreeofover-workingon theKnossosmale head, assumingit to have been producedby is ofaroundthemiddleofthe3rdcentury thismeans,as is probable.A date forthemask-mould 12 Both it. with head found female worked-over a of the plaster hairstyle partly suggestedby male mould and femalehead are apparentlypart of a large deposit of material,as yet at Elfoundin a plaster-caster's workshopsome600m.westoftheamphitheatre unpublished, in the and death of and overin the which masks, casting working production specialised Djem, offiguresofanimals.13 A finishedversionof a beardedmale plasterportraitis thebustin Alexandria,perhapsof Cyrenaican origin, recentlyrepublishedby Bacchielli, the suggesteddates for which fromthreepiece-casts, betweenJulio-Claudianand Hadrianic.14Here thehead is constructed
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thelargestofwhichcoversthefaceand ears,and was presumablyreworkedfroma face-mask like thatfoundat El-Djem. ofa beardedmale head froma Closerin styleand date to theKnossoshead is a fragment in 1964-66 in a two-roomed of busts five discovered (probably altogether) deposit plaster km. from Via on the 18.2 Rome, and now in the Palazzo dei Praenestina, grave-building Conservatori.15 Preservedis someofthelefthalfoftheface,includingmoustacheand beard, fashionwithstrokesand dashesofa stylus,as on theKnossoshead. renderedin impressionistic There is also preservedthe lowerpart of the neckof thishead, withworkedroundedlower 7-9. 16 A late Antoninedate is suggestedforthe edge, similarto that foundon fragments which a also includes life-size deposit, complete plasterhead ofan unbeardedman, together 17 The withfragments ofan undrapedbustand plate-support. techniqueofthehead providesa in close parallel forthe Knossos fragments, cast two layerswitha total thicknessof being and with no of surface 1.5-2cm., signs paint.18 Anothergroup,consistingof threeplasterface-masksand a head, was foundin 1943 in H oftheVatican necropolis, and is nowin theVatican Museums.19 The date is grave-chamber to be late c. 170-180 A.D. One maskportraysthe lefthalfof the face of a Antonine, likely beardedman,who is probablyC. ValeriusHerma,thebuilderofthetomb.20Its eyeis closed, and themoustacheand beardare fuzzy,as ifmouldedfromtheface.The othertwoface-masks are ofyoungchildren,one ofwhich,probablythatofthesonC. ValeriusOlympianus,has been used as the modelfora fineplasterportrait-head, withopened eyesand realistically plastic of the processesinvolvedin the hair,in thiscase gilded,whichprovidesa vividillustration translation ofdeath-masks intoplasterportraits.21 Similarto theVatican beardedhead is a plasterdeathmaskofa beardedman,also probably ofAntoninedate, in Cairo Museum,fromthe necropolisof HermopolisMagna at Tuna-elGebel.22This face,whichhas notbeenworkedover,has wide,tightly-closed lipsand stronglyhookednose,quite close to thesefeatureson the Knossosmale head 1. Withit was founda ratherpoorer-quality femalemask,withhastily-executed melon hairstyle,much inferiorin qualityto theKnossosfragments.23 Fromtheevidenceoftheseplastersculptures, a date forthemale head 1 in thelateAntonine period seemslikeliest,possiblyshadinginto veryearly Severan. A numberof marble and bronzeportraits, thoughtnow to be earlySeveran,have spiky,plasticlocksofhairon thehead combinedwithimpressionistic, pecked beard, as on the Knossos head. A particularlyfine example in bronze is the head in Corfu Museum,24where the renderingof beard and moustacheis veryclose to thatof theKnossoshead. A similarvariationbetweenlightbeard and weightier hairis to be foundon finemarbleportraits in Dresden,Toulouse and Padua.25 offemaleheads,althoughfewerdirectly Turningto comparativematerialforthefragments are known,26 thereis a wealthofmarbleportraitsculpturewhich, comparableplasterportraits thanksto the variationsin hairstyles and the evidenceof Imperialcoin portraits,permitsa somewhatcloserdating,suggesting in factthattheKnossiangroupofplasterheadsisjust preto the Severan,datingprobably period 170-190 A.D. The somewhatfleshyface of fragment 2, withsmall,slightlyrecedingjaw and signsof a double chin,findsa closeparallelin theportraitheads ofFaustinaMinor,thewifeofMarcus in hertypes7, 8 and 9, coveringtheyearsc. 16 1-180.27 Similartoo are Aurelius,particularly the featuresof a finemarble portraitwith separatelycarved black hair in the Capitoline renderedeyesoftheKnossosfragments, Museum,Rome.28The carefully especiallyno. 3, with oval iris and upturnedgaze, deep ovoid depressionsin thepupils,findmanyparallelsin late Antonineportraiture, as forexample a head fromIstanbul,ex-Bertelé,and anotherin the
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MetropolitanMuseum, New York.29This sensitiverenderingof the eyes lasts into early Severan,as is shownby theseriesofheads assembledby Meischnerofc. 195-205 A.D.30 Fragment10 fromKnossoshas a hairstyleverysimilarto thatwornby Crispina,wifeof Commodus,in her type 1 portrait.In both cases thereis a single band of waved hair runsat an angle,coveringthecrownof theforehead, fromwhicha meloncoiffure surrounding the head. Fittschenhas associatedCrispina'stype 1 portraitwithher Marriageor Augusta portraitof 178.31The hair has a centralpartingand a quite large bun of coiled hair at the A variantofthishairstyle is back,neitherofwhichfeaturessurviveson theKnossosfragment. foundon a portraitin the CapitolineMuseum, Rome,32and a slightlyhardenedSeveran versionis to be seenon anotherfinefemaleportraitin theCapitolineMuseum,ofwhichthere are severalotherreplicaselsewhere.33 witha wavy coiffure Fragments11-13, 20-22, belongto a simpler,morestraightforward hair over the crownand sweepback edge around theforehead,fromwhichridgesofwaved drawn strands of hair then sidesofthehead, coveringtheears exceptforthelobes,the being from coiled bun at thebackoftheneck,made up intoa smallishprojecting tightly plaits.This is other worn a hairstylefirstpopularisedby Faustina Minor c. 150-175, women, by many Imperialor private,c. 170-200,and thenmade morecapaciousand wig-likebyJulia Domna (died 217), thewifeof SeptimiusSeverus,afterwhichtimevariantssurvivewell on into the thirdcenturyA.D. Mostversionshave somesortofcentralparting,althoughthereare no signs ofthison theKnossosfragments. of Faustina Minor, called type5 by This hairstyleis firstencounteredon coin-portraits and dated by himfrom152 intothe 160s.34Here thehairis quite strongly waved, Fittschen, and the bun small and tightlycoiled. Suggestedmarbleversions35seem to me somewhat tallerand knottedratherthan withregardto thebun whichis flatter, divergent, particularly ofLucilia (died 182),daughter coiled.Thereare in anycase problemsofoverlapwithportraits of Faustina Minor and wifeof Lucius Verus,who wore a verysimilarhairstyle.Her coinwaved or ridgedhair oftypeII,36 datable perhapsto after166,have morestrongly portraits and a slightlylargerbut stillcoiled bun, whichfurnishverygood parallelsforthe Knossos Again the suggestedmarble versionsof this type37seem to provideless exact fragments. identified wavedhairis also wornbyanotherAntonineprincess,tentatively parallels.Strongly a looser, into as a sisterofLuciusVerusand dated c. 150-180,38butherethehairis drawnup flatterknotat the back insteadof a bun. Amongthe privateor unidentified portraitsof the time,a good parallelis providedby a finebustin theMuseo Nuovo Capitolino,Rome,39not oftheeyeswiththeir wavedhairwithsmallbun,butalso forthetreatment onlyforthestrongly deep, oval pupils. A keyfactorfortheupwardlimitofthedatingoftheKnossosheadsis theprojecting, tightly 20-22b,whichaccordingto currentthinking byfragments plaitedand coiledbun,exemplified tressof does notoccurlaterthanthedecade 180-190,40afterwhichtimethelarge,flat-lying 1 The fashionable.4 becomes zig-zag plaitsat thebackofthehead,popularisedbyJuliaDomna, of theinterweaving decorationon thecoiledplaitsofthebun,fragments 20-22b, representing in Palazzo the two for Antonine on several thestrandsofhair,is found busts, example portraits ofthebunsof Rome.42Most closelycomparable,however,is thetreatment dei Conservatori, These Conservatori.43 Palazzo dei in the also melon drawn twoheads withtightly hairstyles, whose Knossos of for the excellent heads furnish 23-26, tightly fragments hairstyle parallels drawnand sharplypartedhair,leavingtheear free,evidentlybelongedto a head withmelon of thistype.The limitof the dates set forthe heads in Rome of between147 and coiffure whichpresumably is belongto thesametimeas 166/944 a littleearlyfortheKnossosfragments,
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therestof thedeposit,perhapsa decade or two laterthan 170. Knossosfragment 27 has a hairstylecomparablewiththelayeredhair of the crownof the oftypeI, datingperhapstoe. 165.45This typealso has a bun at head foundon Lucilia portraits theback ofthehead, so thatfragments 20-22b could theoretically belongwithanyofthehair or 27. 23-26 10, 11-13, fragments, ofthe Fragments17-19,withwavyhairoverand besidetheforehead,recallthetreatment 19 looks like the locksaroundthefaceon thesame typeofLucilia portrait.46 Fragment parting 17 and 18 probablycomefromthesideoftheface in thecentreoftheforehead, whilefragments in thevicinityof the ears. A late Antoninedate,as proposedforthefragments ofheads,is supportedalso by theshape and the and styleofthedraped bust (fragments wide,circularstandswithdecorated 28-33), are commonthroughout forbothmale and femaleportraits the tabula.Draped shoulder-busts drawncloak or Roman Empirein the2nd centuryA.D., but thebestparallelsforthetightly himation,wornwithouta shoulderclasp by men,come fromtheeasternMediterranean.An examplein plasteris one of the two fineAntonineportraitsin AlexandriaMuseum,found in Severalmarbleportraits restingon a sarcophagusin the necropolisof Souk-el-Wardian.47 Cairo combinedraped bustwithspreadingcircularstand,48and one has its tabula or name33 and 34.49 There is a plate decoratedwitha palmettemotiflikethatofKnossosfragments simlarexamplein Samos,50wherea headlessdraped marblebustis supportedby a low,wide, circularpedestaland a tabula decoratedwithvolutesand a palmettedevice.A listofsimilarly decoratedtabulaewas compiledbyjuckerand supplemented Both by Freyer-Schauenburg.51 have suggestedthatthepracticewas ofeasternMediterraneanorigin,beginningprobablyin Asia Minor.52 It has beensuggestedabove thatthefragmentary face4, and thewild,flowing locks,16,may have belongedto a Medusa head. The identification is not certainbecause of the absenceof snakylocksand wingsin thehair,but thefirm,roundfacialfeaturesrecalltheMedusa heads whichbecome commondecorativeelementsof architectural structures and Asiaticgarland in the Antonine and Severan The of 4 are in any sarcophagi periods.53 proportions fragment case closerto thesetypesofheads thantheyare to theattenuatedtriangularfaceshape ofthe Medusa Rondanini,formerly ascribedto theshieldof Pheidias'AthenaParthenos.54 The ivywreathwornby fragments 14 and 15 over a segmentalhairstylesimilarto thatof 1 10 and 1-13 is a common attribute ofDionysos,satyrsand maenadsfromArchaic fragments Greektimesonwards.55In the Knossian context,it is worthnotingsome particularlygood in thecontemporary floorexamplesofwreathsofthistypewornby Dionysosand hisfollowers mosaicsof theVilla Dionysosat Knossos.56A numberofgravegoods fromRoman tombsat Knossosalso have Dionysiacconnections,57 so thatitis entirely possiblethatthehead to which 14 and 15 was destined fora tomb. fragments belonged
Conclusions The plastersculptures fromtheHouse oftheDiamond Frescoesat Knossosare ofconsiderable not on meritas worksofartofhighquality,butalso importance, only accountoftheirintrinsic becausetheyrepresent thefirstsuchdepositso farreported(or at leastpublished)fromGreek lands duringthe Roman Imperialperiod.58Given,however,that plastersculptures,as yet unpublished,have also come to lightin theexcavationsoftheVilla Dionysosat Knossos (see excavatedin recent Appendix),theonlyotherarea oftheRoman townto have been carefully we wonder if were so in rare Their times, may they really antiquity. apparentscarcitymay
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resultpartlyfromtheirfriableand crumblynature,whichhas caused themto disintegrate and and which from the failure of excavators to those have go unnoticed, partly publish sculptures beendiscovered.RecentstudiesbyDrerupand othershave rescuedmanyhitherto unknownor from Museum storerooms. We can now see that plasterportrait poorlypublishedexamples headsspreadfromAlexandriaduringtheearlyEmpire,reachingtherestofNorthAfrica,Italy, that Rome,Gaul and PortugalbythesecondcenturyA.D. The findsfromKnossossupplement a in in have more and that Greece record, may played importantpart the suggest workshops dissemination thanhas previouslybeen supposed. In almostall othercases wherethefind-context is known,plasterheads and bustshave a in tombsor burials,in associationwith have been found funerary significance.59 Usuallythey urns or and sometimes even with the cinerary plasterdeathmasksfromwhichthey sarcophagi, have been reworked.The use of plaster as the material for such portraitsis readily areaslikeKnossos,is easy It is cheap to produce,especiallyin gypsum-bearing understandable. to mould,setshardwithoutfiring, and presentsa surfacefinishsimilarto polishedmarble.At least as importantis its relativelightnesscomparedwithmarble,whichmakesplasterbusts much easier to transportin funeralprocessions.The well-knownBarberinitogatusstatue60 showsa late Republicanpatriciancarryingtwobustsofhisancestorsobviouslymade ofsome mustremain material.It is oftensupposedthattheywereofwax,butthepossiblity lightweight for the use ofplaster evidence thattheywereofplaster.Thereis as yethoweverno independent in that forsuchportraits beforetheImperialperiod,and factDrerupsuggests plasterportraits followon from,but do not overlap,the traditionof Roman Republican wax portraits.61 Accordingto his theory,thewax masksdisappearwiththeonsetoftheEmpire,whentheold go out offashionexceptforImperialfunerals.Theirplace is Republicanancestor-processions takenbytheplastermaskand bust,theuse ofwhichgraduallybecomesmorewidespreadas its ofwomenand childrenas wellas men.Apartfrombeing rangeis extendedto includeportraits placed in tombs,masksand bustsof thiskindmay also have been displayedin the ancestorfromtheearlyImperialperiodonwards.62 on Roman gravestones cases represented withsuch funerary ofheads have a numberofpointsofsimilarity The Knossosfragments theyexhibit They are lifesize,theydate to thetimewhensuchbustsare commonest, portraits. thesametechniqueas otherknowntombportraits, and, at leastin thecase ofthemale head 1, was remodelledfroma death-mask. thereis someevidencethattherealisticphysiognomy They foundin a funerary werenot howeverthemselves context,but came to lighton the cobbled floorofa fairlypretentious house,theoccupationofwhichmaynothave beenoflongduration. them? Given thiscontext,how are we to interpret The firstis that theysimplyformedpart of the There seem to be two main possibilities. is internaldecorationoftheHouse oftheDiamond Frescoes.Theirhigh-quality workmanship were in which of the rooms on a par withthatof thecornicesand paintedwall-plaster they discovered,and thereis evidencefromtheVilla Dionysosat Knossosthatplastersculptures weredisplayedin grandioseprivateresidences(see Appendix).If thiswerethecase, theheads and bustsfromroomIII mightreasonablybe seen as the remnantsofsome privateportrait in theancestorsoftheownersofthehouse.There are certaindifficulties gallery,representing heads were some fact that The insurmountable. are not but an such interpretation, they the we are notdealingwitha simpleseries.Furthermore paintedwhileotherswerenotsuggests standswhich surviveprove that the finishedbustsdid not formpart of the actual walldecoration,set high up in roundelsforexample,but musthave restedon shelvesor some ofwhichno traceshave beenfound.But it maybe ofcoursethatthe suitablepieceoffurniture intendedpositionswhenfound,but III werenotin theiroriginally Room of plastersculptures
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had been collectedfromotherroomsin the house and placed forstoragepurposeson the unfinished cobbledfloorjust priorto the finaldestruction. which I considermore likely,is that the House of the Diamond The second possibility, in at least its final Frescoes, phase,servedas theresidenceor workshopofa man whosebusiness was the manufacture of plastersculptures,not onlyheads and bustsbut also statuettesand RoomsIII and IV couldhave beenstorerooms forfinished or partly-finished articles, figurines. theheadsand bustsbeingplaced in Room III, and theotherformsofsculpturein Room IV. If itis feltthatthepaintedwallsare too richfora workshopor store-room (althoughthecobbled orclayfloorscertainly are not),thenperhapsthesewereintendedas show-rooms forthedisplay A numberoffactorssupportsuchan interpretation. ofwaresto potentialcustomers. The house is evidentlyin an industrialratherthanresidentialquarterofKnossos.Also a greatmanycut animal boneswerefoundin theexcavations,suggesting thatthesewerebeingused to supply thelargenumbersofdowelsrequiredforthe mouldingand piecingofplastersculptures(see Section12,withdiscussionofbone workshop).A comparableplasterworker'satelierseemsto have existedat El-Djem in Tunisia,tojudge frompreliminary reports,63 producingnotonly male and femaleplasterbustsbut also othertypesofsculpture. If thisworkshoptheoryis correct,could it be that the Knossian heads and bustswere intendedafterall to be placed in tomb-chambers like theircounterparts in otherprovinces? The circumstances would allow this.There are a good manyrock-cutchamber-tombs in the of Roman Knossos used forfamilyburials,withmultipleloculi and niches burial-grounds whichmighthave accommodatedplasterfunerary busts.64So farnonehas been foundinsitu, butthenmanyoftheRoman tombshave beenplundered,and one recently excavatedexample had been so thoroughly inundatedwithwatersinceancienttimesthatno plastersculptures wouldhave survived.65 It is noteworthy howeverthatin twoinstanceslifesizeterracotta masks have been foundamong thegrave-offerings.66 Even ifone favoursa funerary forthebusts,thesame need not apply to the interpretation ofstatuettes foundin Room IV. These are too smallto givea sureidea ofwhatthe fragments Since thediscovery of was,but thereis no particularreasonto thinkit funerary. subject-matter theBaiae castsit seemslikelythatplastercastsor modelsfulfilled a moreimportantrole in ancientRoman sculptors'workshopsthan has hithertobeen supposed.Whereany multiple stonereplicaswere requiredof a given subject,whethermarblecopies of a famousGreek masterpieceor multipleversionsof some originalRoman conception,the logical and most economicprocedurewouldhave beento createa full-size plastermodelfromwhichthemarble ofthesewhich copiescouldbe takenby thepointingtechnique.It is possiblethatitis fragments survivefromRoom IV. Many marblesculpturesofRoman date have been foundat Knossos, and the workshopswhichproducedthem,or at least finishedthem,are likelyto have been local. A plaster-caster maywellhave suppliedmodelsfora marblesculptoron a regularbasis. It is notentirely inconceivablethatsucha function could have been servedalso by theplaster headsofRoom III, butgiventhattwoat leastwerepainted,and thatthereare good parallels elsewherefora funerary usage forthe unpaintedexamples,it is extremely unlikely. APPENDIX
Fragmentsof plaster sculpturefromthe Villa Dionysos,Knossos
Numerousfragments ofplastersculpturewerediscoveredduringthe 1971 excavationsof the Villa Dionysosat Knossos,fromthe area called SH. They apparentlyformedpart of the
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destruction fill,thedate ofwhichhas recentlybeen suggestedas c. 170-180 A.D.67 Only the twelvelargestfragments are briefly cataloguedhere,and mostoftheseprobablybelongedto a in head. There are addition some otherfragments ofmiscellaneoushair and flesh, single fifty some difficult to identify, all of the same chalkyplasterand relativelycoarse workmanship. plates 292-3. 1 Fragmentofhead withtousled,curlyhair. H. 17, W. 18.5,Th. ofplasterwall, 4.3. Plasterchalkywhitewithbrownsurfacedepositofsoil. Cast in a singlelayer.Surfaceroughwithmanyair bubbles.A sampleofplasterfromthisfragment was analysedby theFitchLaboratoryand foundto be gypsum white,witha fewtracesof calciumcarbonate(calcite) and quartz. plaster(calciumsulphate),fine-textured, Threeadjoiningfragments fromtheupperrightpartofthehead,includingrighttemple,eyebrowsand cornerof righteye. 2 Fragmentofhair belongingto 1. H. 15.5,W. 16.5,Th. ofplasterwall 3.3. 3 Fragmentofhairbelongingto 1. H. 17,W. 11.5,Th. ofplasterwall,3.8. Concave thumbgrooveson underside. 4 Fragmentofhair and neck.H. 7.3, W. 9.7, Th. ofplasterwall 1.9-3cm.Perhapsnotfromthesame head as 1; finishmoredelicate. 5 Fragmentofhair withcurlinglocks.H. 10.7,W. 9.7, Th. of plasterwall 2-2.5. Similarin styleto 4. 6 Small fragment ofhair. H. 7.2, W. 4. Th. ofwall 2.3. Probablyfromsame head as 1. 7 Smallfragment ofhair.H. 5.8, W. 4.6, Th. ofplasterwall,4mm.-1.6cm.Probablynotfromthesame head as 1. 8 Fragmentofface,nose and eye. H. 9, W. 8, Th. 6. Surfacebadly worn.Probablyfromthesame head as 1. 9 Fragmentofneck.H. 15, W. 12, D. 9. Perhapsfromthesame head as 1. ofundrapedbustwithloweredgespreserved. 10-12 Three fragments 10: H. 6, W. 10. Lower edge at 45° angle to frontsurface. 11: H. 7.5, W. 8. 12: H. 7, W. 9.
Section 10 TerracottaFigurinesand OtherObjects (PLATES 294-302) R. A. HIGGINS
Introductory Commentary Geometricand Orientalizing(nos. 1-13) Late Archaicand Classical (nos. 14-25) Hellenistic(nos. 26-72) Roman (nos. 73-94) Catalogue
Page 351 352 352 353 353 356 357
INTRODUCTORY fromtheUnexploredMansionsitemaynotbe muchto look at, The post-Minoanterracottas buttheyhavesomeimportanceas helpingtofillthegapsin ourknowledgeoftheartsand crafts ofpost-MinoanKnossos. whiletheClassicaland earlyHellenistic are scrappy,but informative, The earlyterracottas materialfromthe DemeterSanctuary. tie in well withthe muchmoreplentiful The Late Hellenisticterracottas agreewellwithwhatwe knowfromsuchprolificcentresas the Roman material breaks entirelynew ground and and Taras. But Delos Myrina, fromAthens,Corinthand the supplements inadequate,thoughwell published,information Tarsus. It is interesting to note the presenceof fivemoulds. These come fromwidelydifferent - no. 2a (unfinished) is Dedalic, 51 and 72a Hellenisticand 93-4 Roman- buttheydo contexts show that therewas local manufactureof terracottas, possiblyclose withinthislocality,as in this volume for other industries elsewhere (metal,bone,plastersculpture,glass). suggested of eleven horseman-hero relief fromthisarea indicates the occurrence too, fragments Perhaps, these have been available here foryouthswishingto close may by, although production at theGlaukosshrine,barely300m.to thesouth(see discussionofnos.61-71, dedicateofferings and reference there). 351
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COMMENTARY
Geometricand Orientalizing(nos. 1-13)
No. 1 was, whencomplete,a warriorwearinga close-fitting helmetand a red cuirass.His left a spear.Although armwas at hisside,and hisrightwas raised,perhapsin theact ofthrowing the the influence of mould-made Dedalic heads such as no. 2, and head shows hand-made, shouldprobablybe dated aroundthe middleof theseventhcenturyB.C. No. 2 is a femalehead,coarsein designand clumsyin execution,beingbadlydouble-struck. It was probablymade as a plaque in the Middle Dedalic phase, about 650 B.C.1 No. 2a, forinstancein the and broken,showsa finerqualityof workmanship, thoughfragmentary detailsof hair braidsand of the waist belt; it also has interestin that it suggeststhe local somewherein thisvicinity.No. 3 is froma coarseDedalic manufacture ofsuchearlyfigurines a her and thumbofherlefthand: of naked woman grasping rightbreastwiththefinger plaque, at Gortyn.2 an unusualvariationofa themewidelyrepresented recordedat ofa varietypreviously The animalsare a verymixedlot.Nos. 4-8 are fragments in neck and A a holes horse stands on muzzle, rump were rectangularplaque; Gortyn.3 such as cord or in some material or harness for the attachment of reins perishable evidently leather.The Gortynexamplesare dated in the earlyseventhcenturyB.C. and are mostly decorated like contemporaryProtocorinthian pottery,with incised lines. One example, earlier.4 like but with is decorated these, however, paintedstripes,and was probablyslightly the before in in ours the late be We shouldtherefore B.C., eighthcentury probably right dating fashionofincisiontookhold. withpaintedvertical No. 4 is a horse'shead,withpiercedmuzzle,decoratedalmostentirely lines.No. 5 is a similarhead, piercedthroughmuzzleand neck,and decoratedwithvertical and horizontallines.No. 6 is likeno. 5, but piercedonlythroughthemuzzle.Nos. 7 and 8 are rumps,each one pierced.The firsthas an overallcolourwash,while the secondhas a grid patternon itsback. No. 9 is anotheranimal'srump,also witha gridpattern,but it is not pierced.It could be No. 10 butin theabsenceofpiercingtherecan be no certainty. froma horseliketheforegoing, somehorizontaland somevertical, ofa dog. The stripes, is to all appearancesthehindquarters and the dull black paint of which theyare composed,are both paralleledin no. 11, and presupposea date around800 B.C. No. 11 is a bird on a stand,now lackinghead, tail and It is dated by a similarbirdfroma tombat Fortetsaofabout 800 B.C.5 wing-extremities. The snake's head, no. 12, is more problematic.The eyes are indicatedby a black dot suroundedbya whitecircle,surrounded bya blackcircle;and thebodyis decoratedwithblack chevrons.The paintis muchlikethatofnos. 10 and 11, and thecontextincludesGeometric (PGB/EG pottery).All in all, a date around800 B.C. is probable. The bull'shead,no. 13,has realmerit,eventhoughthehornsare missing.It is hollow,witha piercedmouth,and was evidentlywheel-madeand subsequentlymodelled.The neck has brokenfromtheside ofa vase, and it evidentlyformedthespoutofan oinochoe.Oinochoai withanimal-headspoutswere adopted in Cretein the earlyseventhcenturyB.C. fromthe Threecompletevasesofthisnatureare recorded;one fromFortetsa,dated Cyprioterepertoire. 680-630 B.C.,6 one fromArkades7and one fromKourtes.8 The eyesand detailsofthemuzzleare indicatedin black.There are decorativegeometrical patternson theneck,and below thema floralpatternwhichat firstsightlooksMinoan,9but Mid seventhcenturyB.C.? whichis in factcloserto Orientalizing.10
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Late Archaicand Classical (nos. 14-25)
Thereis onlyone trueLate Archaicterracotta, thefemalehead, no. 14. It maywellcomefrom a seatedfigurewearinga himationover her head, like the standardAttictype.] ¡ No. 15, a femalehead wearinga Stephane,witha centralpartingto thehairlightlyindicated,standson theborderlinebetweenLate Archaicand EarlyClassical,about 480-470 B.C. To judge from Rhodian parallels,thecompletefigurecould equallywell have been standing,12 or seated.13 The seatedversionis also recordedfromthe DemeterSanctuaryat Knossos.14 No. 16 is partofa seatedfigurein theEarlyClassicalstyle.She wearsa peplosand sitsstiffly fromthe on a throne,handson knees.To judge fromsimilarexampleswithheads preserved, DemeterSanctuaryat Knossos,the typemay well be as late as the last quarterof the fifth centuryB.C.15 ofa seatedfemaletypewhichwas commonin theDemeterSanctuary, No. 17 is a fragment thecultstatue.16The formis basicallythatofno. 16, but thethroneis and maywellrepresent a and she holds wider, phialeon herlap. The modellingis minimal.She wearsa peplosand a low polos.Her head is smalland undistinguished and shehas longhair.The typewas probably B.C. createdin thelate fifth and lasted well into thefourth. century The femaleseatedtypenextin popularityin theDemeterSanctuaryis represented herebya headlessexample,no. 18.17In thecompletepiece she is seatedon a cushionon a wide stool withturnedlegs,herhandson herknees,herfeeton a footstool. She wearsa chitonand overit a symmetrically and on her head is an ornamental draped himation, Stephane.Late fifth B.C. century No. 19 is a largefemalehead, completein itself.It is a blown-upversionofthehead on an earlyfourth centuryvariantofno. 18 wearingan elaboraterayedStephane,also commonin the DemeterSanctuary.18 No. 20 is something ofa puzzle.It is a femalehead brokenoffat theneck,withanotherbreak on top. The object missingfromthe top of thehead was presumablya hydria,or perhapsa kalathos.19Strangely, noneofthehydrophoroi fromtheDemeterSanctuarywerelikethis,for withthem,the carryinghand, drapery,hydriaand head weremouldedin one piece.20The styleof thehead is not easy to date, but a likelydate is the mid fifth centuryB.C.21 Nos. 21 and 22 are partsof femaleprotomes,both fromthe upper righthand part. Such are hard to date, but thewavyhair may perhapsbe compared,in bothinstances, fragments witha Rhodian protomedated in thelate fifth centuryB.C.22 No. 23 is part of a rare mid-fourth centurytyperepresentedby one example fromthe A womanstands,wearinga peploswithan overfall.She graspstheback DemeterSanctuary.23 of the overfallwith both hands, stretchingthe righthand up and the lefthand down, to drapingit ov.erherhead in a gestureassociatedwithbrides. preparatory No. 24 portrays an actorfromtheMiddle Comedystandingwithhishandsclaspedacrosshis stomach.He wearsthe usual costumeofshortpadded jacket and phallus.The typeis not a commonone, but thereare parallelsofa kind.24 No. 25 is a squattingape, apparentlydraped,whosesignificance is notclear.The treatment ofthedraperywould place theape betweenthe Classical and Hellenisticperiods,about 330 B.C.25
Hellenistic(nos. 26-72)
Some piecesherecalled Hellenisticin factdate fromtheearlyyearsoftheRoman occupation,
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but as theyare in theHellenistic,as opposedto theRoman, tradition, theyare cataloguedin thissection. No. 26 is a fragment ofa canonical'Tanagra' figurine, ofthelatefourth or thirdcentury B.C. In thecompletepiece she standswithherweighton one leg,wearinga chitonand a tightlyNo. 27 is thelowerpartofa relatedand contemporary drapedhimation.26 type.27In no. 28 she a a an wears chiton.28 No. is of outsizefigureof 29 (another'Tanagra' type) only fragment a standingdraped woman: the completefigurewould have been about 60cm. high. Such figuresare recordedfromGypsades,wheretheyare dated in thesecondcenturyB.C.,29 and thiscouldwellbe contemporary withthem.No. 30 is a headless,butotherwise complete,figure of Nike standingwithwingslowered,wearinga chiton,and holdingin frontof her a small wreath.30 No. 31 is veryfragmentary, but in the Aphroditeoccursin threedifferent representations. arm arm she was with her left raised and her lowered. completepiece probablystanding right She wearsa chiton,whichhas slippedoffherrightshoulder,revealingherleftbreast.31 Second centuryB.C.? No. 32 is a fragment ofa piece oftheAnadyomenetype,whereshe standsnakedfromthe in theserepresentations, she out her bath,wringing longhairwithbothhands.32As frequently wearsa Stephanein herhair. The head suggestsa date in thesecondhalfofthefirstcentury B.C.33 No. 33 is one of the many uninspiredcopies of the Knidian Aphrodite.Examples from Myrinaare dated about thelate firstcenturyB.C.34 and thisis probablycontemporary. No. 34 comesfroma figureofArtemisstandingwithherweighton herleftleg,wearinga shortchitonand highboots.35Late fourthcenturyB.C.? No. 35 is the upperpart of what was probablya seatedfemalefigure.She has long hair, centrallypartedin frontand drawnup intoa bun behind.A date forsucha poorlypreserved is noteasilygiven.The context,however,would suggestthesecondhalfofthefirst fragment B.C.36 century fromtwo The Tanagra standingmale figureof330 to 200 B.C. is represented by fragments his left foot In a no. 39 he stands on advanced,wearinga long base, slightly rectangular types. himationreachingto his ankles.37In no. 40 he standswithhis leftfootslightlyadvanced, and caught wearinga himationdrapedoverhisleftshoulder,or perhapsoverhisleftforearm, roundhis waist.38 couldwellcomefroma third The former ofnakedmalefigures. Nos. 41 and 42 are fragments a from Late HellenisticEros of the comes The latter B.C. Eros.39 perhaps century chubby secondor firstcenturyB.C.40 There are fiveHellenisticmale heads,brokenfromtheirbodies. of youthsmade at Myrina by Diphilos and his Nos. 43 and 44 are stronglyreminiscent 1Nos. 45-47 are B.C.4 in first the late probablyfromHellenisticErotes, century contemporaries but are too damagedfora securedatingto be possible.No. 48 is incompleteand puzzling.It an actordoinga dance. FirstcenturyB.C.? mayhave represented In no. 49 a nakedboystandswithhisweighton leftleg.His himationfallsdownhisback and he holdsone end ofitin hisrighthand,whichhe restson a rock(?). A dog leapsup tohishand. The subjectwas a popularone at Myrinain thelate firstcenturyB.C.42 No. 50 is thewreckofa finegroupofErosand Psycheembracing.The subjectis widespread seenin thesecondcenturyB.C.44 It is first in Late Hellenisticand EarlyRoman terracottas.43 and continuesat leastintothefirstA.D., as an exampleis recordedfromPompeii.45Ours is perhapsbestparalleledin a medallionfromDelos, and so shouldbe dated about theearlyfirst centuryB.C.46
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New Comedyis represented by threepieces.No. 51 is a mould,froman Augustancontext, fora figurine ofan actorin thepartofa slave.He wearsthetypicalslave-maskwithitstrumpet mouth,and has thickshorthair.He wearstightsand a shortchitonand standswithhishands beenfoundat Knossos;twoothersare claspedacrosshisstomach.Few mouldshave previously recordedfromtheRoyal Road excavations.47 The secondNew Comedypiece,no. 52, is a fragmentary figureofa slaveseatedon an altar withhislegscrossed.The type,derivedfromMiddle Comedy,48had a longlife,fromabout 330 such as thiscannotbe moreclosely B.C. tillat least thefirstcenturyB.C.,49 and a fragment dated. The thirdexample (no. 53) is a mask,also of a slave, withlong archingeyebrowsand a withno. 51. trumpetmouth.It could well be contemporary Nos. 54a and b are surelyfromthesame piece,althoughthereis no join, and representa duck (or perhapsa goose). Somewhatsimilarbirdsoccurat Taranto (unpublished)in contexts ofabout the thirdcenturyB.C. No. 55, a sadlydamaged piece,is a flaskofMagenta Ware in theformofa lion trampling withits forefeet on a bull's head. Magenta Ware was made in the late second and the first and the almost certainlyin Campania.50 Many pieces servedas lamp-fillers centuryB.C., associatedflasks(such as thisone) may well have been containersforlamp oil. Anatolianand mayalso be Mithraic.51 It occursin another This unusualsubjectis certainly Magenta Ware version52and in a mosaicfromOstia.53 In view ofits originsand date, it is temptingto regardthispiece as thepropertyofone ofAugustus'Capuan veteranswhomhe settledherein thearea ofKnossos.54 fromblack-glazeHellenisticrelief-pottery. There are two plastic fragments No. 56 is a childishErosholdingan unidentified his a while no. 57 is female head. In objectagainst chest, viewofthepopularityofthiskindofpotteryat Delos,55a date in thelate secondor earlyfirst centuryB.C. is likely. No. 59 is partofa reliefofErosplayingwitha goat.Styleand subjectmatterare paralleledin a MegarianbowlfromAthensofthemidsecondcenturyB.C.56 Anotherrelief(no. 60) shows HerakleskillingtheHydra. It comesfroma contextofthefirstcenturyB.C. and is paralleled by a reliefin theBritishMuseum.57 There are elevenfragments of Horseman-heroReliefs,nos. 61-71,58 a typefoundat the KnossosGlaukosshrinenearbyand discussedin relationto thisby PJ. Callaghan.59Similar terracotta reliefsare also recordedfromEltynia(modernKounavoi), nearArkhanes,Crete;60 Troy,Larisa,and Orta Koy in Aeolia;61Smyrna,and Knidos.62They are,in addition,found in marbleat Delos and elsewhere.63 A sortofsemi-relief occursat Corinthand elsewhere,64 and a caricature varietyin terracotta Herakles to a in on also was version,showing mule, terracotta, foundin the ridingup Olympos AthenianAgora.65 Technically,thereis nothingremarkableabout thesereliefs.The completeplaque would have been about 8cm. square. The thickness variedfromabout 4mm. (background)to about 8mm.(highestrelief) . The frontis mouldedand theback is flat,sometimes leftfairlyrough,at othersrubbedsmooth.The reliefswereoriginallydecoratedwitha mattred paint,probably firedon, whichhas almostentirelyperished. The contextsin whichtheywerefoundrangefromabout 100 B.C. to the secondcentury A.D. A reasonabledate fortheirmanufacture would thenbe thefirstcenturyB.C. Few ofthe reliefs fromothersourcescan be securelydated,butwhatevidencethereis accordswithsucha dating.The marblereliefsfromDelos mustbe before69 B.C. The Troy reliefsare dated
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stylistically by Mrs. D.B. Thompsonbetweenthethirdand firstcenturiesB.C.; in manycases in destruction were found debrisof85 B.C. And theAtheniancaricatureis dated in the they first B.C. century early The significance ofthehorsemenheroesis notapparentfromtheiconography oftheplaques but the association made with the hero themselves, Glaukos,and with by Callaghan youthful thecontinuingtraditionofinitiationceremoniesofyouths,possiblyat theTheodaisia,and in connectionwiththecultofZeus Kretagenes,is a carefully one. That thoughtout and attractive in were a these rites of is borne used to celebrate out they fairlygeneralway by the passage of found. variety types Six varietiesare recordedfromour siteat Knossos.In Type A (nos. 61-63, fromthesame mould) thehorseis prancingto thespectator'sleftand theriderwearsa chlamyswhichblows out behindhim.In TypesB (nos. 64 and 65, fromthesame mould) and C (no. 66) therider in hisrighthand,and hishorsewalksto thespectator'sright.Type D holdsa lancehorizontally 67 and 68 from the same mould)is similar,buttherider'shand is empty,and thehorseis (nos. E richlycaparisoned.Type (nos.69 and 70, fromthesamemould)was apparentlylikeType A, but movingto theright,and Type F (no. 71) was apparentlysimilar. No. 72 is a damaged circularmedallionwitha reliefdecorationof a bird,probablyan ostrich,movingto theright.Aboveitis a bunchofgrapesand elsewherein thefieldare leaves, fruitand a twig.This object is like the so-calledloomweightsfromSicily,Tarentum,and or in reliefon one side.66Theirdate seemsto be thelate fourth withrepresentations elsewhere, thirdcenturyB.C., whichwould suitwell enoughforthis.
Roman (nos. 73-94)
Nos. 73 and 74 (fromthesame mould) portraya gladiatoradvancingto thespectator'sright and carryinga daggerin his righthand. He wearsthetypicallargevisoredhelmet.67A very fromPompeii68ensuresa date in thefirstcenturyA.D., whichagrees similarrepresentation of thesetwo pieces. withthefind-spots of threemasks,of thefirstcentury Drama in Roman Knossosis represented by fragments to be possible,but foranyidentification A.D. (nos.75-77). Nos. 75 and 76 are toofragmentary no. 77, fromthepresenceofan ivy-wreath,probablyportraysDionysos.69A commonfeature in all threeis thehole cutfortheeyes.Masksofthisgeneralkindare recordedfroma tombat Knossosof the firstcenturyA.D.,70 fromdepositsof the same date at Corinth,71somewhat laterdepositsat Tarsus,72and theAthenianAgora.73 No. 78 is a femalehead, possiblyfroma figureofAphrodite.She wearsa Stephanein her hair,whichis longand wavyand is partedcentrally.She has a longfaceand a smallstraight setsthispieceapartfromtheHellenisticstyleoftheearly mouth.A certaindegreeofstylisation firstcenturyA.D. It approaches,withoutequalling,the hieraticstyleof the second-third date,in thefirsthalfofthesecondcenturyA.D., is century(eg. nos.86-89). An intermediate therefore bya resemblanceto theheadson Gallo-Roman probable.Such a datingis confirmed pipe-clayfiguresofthesecondcentury.74 No. 79 is anotherfemalehead, rathermorein theHellenistictradition.Her hair is parted and waved and fallsdown herback. The open mouthsuggestsan actorplayingthepartofa woman. Clay and techniquelead the way to the second-third centurycolour-washedwares earlier.A date in thefirst somewhat looks and the nos. 80-92, but thereis no colouring style is halfofthesecondcenturyA.D. therefore probable.
TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND OTHER OBJECTS
357
Roman figurines datable forthemostpart Nos. 80 to 92 are fragments ofredcolour-washed to thesecondand earlythirdcenturiesA.D. No. 80 is a draped seatedwomanwitha naked male childon herlap. The typerecallsthe AtticMatronaeofthesecondhalfofthethirdcenturyA.D.75 A somewhatearlierdate,in the latersecondor earlythirdcenturyis probableherein viewofthecontextsofotherpiecesofthis groupfromthe UnexploredMansion. No. 81 is a fragment ofa seatedwomanofa similarstyle.Her lefthand is by herside,but otherwisethere is not enough evidence to establish the type. The piece is dated to the secondor earlythirdcenturyA.D. stratigraphically a No. 82 is fragment, probablyfroma bust,ofa womanwearinga necklacewitha globular withnos.80 and 81. A similarpiece pendant.Fromthetechnique,itis probablycontemporary is recordedfromCorinth.76 of a woman wearinga girdledchiton.Dated by its contextto the No. 83 is a half-figure at Pompeii.77 secondcenturyA.D., it is a developmentofa firstcenturytyperepresented No. 84, froma contextcontemporary withno. 83, is the base, withtwo naked feet,of a inscribed(retrograde)A PO. figurine, probablymale. And no. 85 is the back ofa figurine There are threeheads brokenfromfigurines and all in (nos. 86-88), all probablyfeminine thehieraticstyleofthelatersecondcentury.Theycouldwellcomefrombodieslikenos.80 and 81. The emphatically modelledeyes,fleshy mouthsand grimexpressions recalltheslightly later AthenianMatronae,78but the cleftchinsare peculiarto the Knossiangroup. A fourthhead, no. 89 is verydifferent, It although,fromits find-spot, contemporary. portraysa womanwithwavyhair partedand fallingdown her back. The holesforher eyes suggestthatshe may be wearinga mask,probablytragic. Nos. 90 and 91 are twopuzzlingfragments. No. 90 is perhapsfroma comicmaskwithlarge maskfromtheAthenian grotesqueeyebrows.A possibleparallelis providedbya third-century Agora.79No. 91 is a hollowconvexobjectwitha male figurein relief,surmountedby a roofshaped object.It is perhapspartofa modelofa gladiator'shelmet.80 No. 92 is a boar's head, froma figurine(or perhapsa plasticvase) of a boar. Moulds for similarpiecesare known.81 No. 93 is a stampor mouldwitha sceneofHeraklesstruggling withtheNemean Lion. It comesfroma contextofthesecondcenturyA.D., and is paralleledin subjectmatter,butnotin style,by a mouldof thefourthcenturyB.C. fromAthens.82 Catalogue
Geometric andOrientalizing plate 294 1 68/5Warriorthrowing spear (fr.),H. 5.2. Hand-made.Solid. Upper partonly.Pinkclaywithdull redpaint. VIII 29, 175-150 B.C. and 1stcentB.C. mixed. 2 71/8Dedalic head, H. 5. Frontmoulded.Back not moulded,slightlyconcave. Solid. Frontdouble-struck, withverticaldisplacement of 1.5mm.Brokenfromplaque. Outlinesbadlydamaged.Orangeclaywithyellow ochresurface.XII 6, 100-150 A.D. 2a 71/10Mould fr,H. (près)4.2. Partofmouldforfemalededalicfigurine, unfinished. Outsideconvex.Yellowbrownclay,redderat thecore.Preservedis theupperbodyfromwaistbeltto shoulder,and partofthehair, withlongbraidsendingin curls.A cape formsa rigidline acrosstheshoulders.Full breastsand armsbare. Neck and faceunfinished. XIII 2, to 4th centA.D. Mould illustratedat right,impressionat left. 3 67/984Dedalic plaque fr,H. 3.5. Frontmoulded.Back notmoulded,flat.Solid. Chestand leftarmonly.Pale clay. VIII 4, early2nd A.D. purplish-pink 4 Brokenfromfigurine. 71/690Horse'shead, H. 6. Hand-made.Solid. Muzzle pierced.Small holesfornostrils. Pale orangeclay withred paint. XII 45, EG(?).
358 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND OTHER OBJECTS Pink 67/70Horse'shead,H. 6.7. Hand-made.Solid. Muzzle and back ofneckpierced.Brokenfromfigurine. clay withcreamsurface;dull black paint.Unstratified. 68/197Horse'shead, H. 4.1. Hand-made.Solid. Muzzle pierced.Brokenfromfigurine. Greyclay withpale to red. V below wall 'bk', Geom.(?). orangesurface;black paintpartlymisfired Brownclaywith 68/138Horsefr,H. 3.8. Hand-made.Solid. Piercedthroughrump,whichis all thatsurvives. yellowochresurface;dull red paint. MUM 1/2. 72/805Horse fr,H. 5. Hand-made. Solid throughrump,whichis all thatsurvives.Pale orangeclay with creamsurface;red paint.XIII 59, mixedLMIIIA-B and Geom. 67/250Horsefr,H. 4.2. Hand-made.Solid. Rump only.Brownclaywithcreamsurface;purplishblackpaint. VIII 4, early2nd A.D. 67/376Dog? fr,H. 5. Hand-made.Solid. Hind-quartersonly.Dull black paint.VIII 4, pit 2, DepositTl, Trajanic. 71/709Birdon stand,H. 4, W. 4.2. Hand-made.Solid. Extremities damaged.Yellow-ochreclay; dull black paint.House ofDiamond Frescoes,Room I, fillabove Evans' test.Side and top viewillustrated. or a vase. Pale orangeclay;dull black 67/754Snake'shead, L. 4. Hand-made.Solid. Brokenfroma figurine paintand added white.I pit XI, PGB/EG and Classical. modelled.Hollow.Hole formouth.Brokenfroma 68/114 Bull'shead,H. 7.5. Wheel-madeand subsequantly vase. Orange clay withfinerpale orangesurface;black paint.VIII 30, 175-150 B.C./1stcentB.C. mixed.
andClassical plate 295 LateArchaic Brokenfrom 14 71/598Female head, H. 3. Frontmoulded.Back not moulded.Solid, withverticalstick-hole. Orange clay withpale orangesurface.XIII pit 7, mixedHellenistic. figurine. 15 68/278Femalehead,H. 2.2. Frontmoulded.Back notmoulded.Brokenfromfigurine. Orangeclaywithpale orangesurface.Well 5, Classical. 16 71/724Seated woman (fr.),H. 8.8. Frontmouldedas ifforhollowpiece,but backless.Head and lowerpart missing.Pale orangeclay withyellowochresurface.XIII pit 9, mixedHellenistic. 17 67/662Seated woman (fr.),H. 4.1. Frontmoulded.Back not moulded,flat.Hollow. Lower part missing. Yellow-ochreclay. I(S) 19, Hellenisticto 1stcentB.C. 18 68/7Seated woman (fr.),H. 7.9. Frontmoulded,back not moulded,flat.Hollow. Head and lowerpart missing.Pale orangeclay withyellowochresurface.VIII 29, 175-150B.C. /IstcentB.C. mixed. 19 68/137Female head, H. 7.8. Frontmoulded,as iffora hollowpiece,but backless.Pale brownclay.VIII 33, Geom./earlyHellenisticmixed. 20 67/718Femalehead,H. 4.5. Frontand and back moulded.Solid. Breaksat topofhead and belowneck.Pale orangeclay,withtracesofred decoration.I(S) 23, late 2nd/early1stcentB.C. 21 71/292Female protome(fr.),H. 7. Moulded. Wreathattachedseparately.Rightupperpart.Greyclaywith pale orangesurface.XV 8, to mis 1stcentA.D. 22 67/827Femaleprotome(fr.),H. 6.8. Moulded. Piercedforsuspensionon r. side.Rightupperpart.Greyclay withpale orangesurface.Unstratified. 23 71/482Womanstanding(fr.),H. 6.5. Frontand back moulded;back roughlymodelled.Hollow.Righthand and drapery.Pale brownclay; decorationin red. XI 19, Augustan. 24 71/166Actorstanding,H. 5.7. Frontmoulded.Back notmoulded,flat.Solid. Head and lowerlegsmissing. Pale orangeclay. Baulk X/XI 4, Flavian. 25 68/1Ape squatting,H. 9. Frontand backmoulded.Back notmodelled.Hollow.Lowerpartdamaged.Cream clay. VIII 27, stonefallon Tiberianfloor,DepositBl. Hellenisticplates 296-300 26 67/667Womanstanding(fr.),H. 5.5. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Was probablysolid.Centralarea only. Pale orangeclay. Ill 10, Hellenistic. 27 67/660Womanstanding(fr.),H. 5.7. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Lowerpartonly.Yellow-ochre 3rd centA.D. clay withcreamsurface;tracesofwhiteslip decoration.SA 2, late 2nd/early 28 71/227Womanstanding(fr.),H. 7.5. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Partofskirt.Orangeclay.XIII 25b, late 1stcentB.C. 29 71/388Woman standing(fr.),H. 14. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Lower partonly.Orange clay withcreamslip. XIII 2, 3rd centA.D. 30 71/563Nike standing,H. 8.8. Frontmoulded.Back not moulded,flat.Solid. Head missing.Yellow-ochre clay. XIII 39, 1stcentB.C.
TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND OTHER OBJECTS
359
71/130Aphrodite(fr.),H. 3. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Rightshoulderand breast.Pale orange clay withcreamsurface.XIII 12, to mid 1stcentA.D. 32 71/336Aphrodite(fr.),H. 5.5. Frontand back moulded.Back roughlymodelled.Hollow. Head and right arm only.Cream clay. XI 15, late 1stcentB.C. 33 71/310Aphrodite(fr.),H. 7. Frontand back moulded.Back notmodelled.Hollow. Lowerpartonly.Yellowochreclay; tracesofdecorationin red. XIII 33, Deposit Cl, Claudian. 34 67/946Artemisstanding(fr.),H. 7.3. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Part of rightleg. pale orange clay. II 8, mixedGeom. to 2nd centA.D. 35 71/254Female figure(fr.),H. 5.3. Frontand back moulded.Back not modelled.Hollow. Head and right shoulder.Yellow-ochreclay. XI 19, Augustan. 36 71/264Woman seated (fr.),H. 5.8. Frontand back moulded.Back roughlymodelled.Hollow. Bottomhalf missing.Yellow-ochreclay. XIII 32b, Deposit Cl, Claudian. 37 71/721Woman seated (fr.),H. 6. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Upper part missing.Pale orange withcreamsurface.XIII pit 9, mixedHellenistic. Yellow38 71/256Femalehead,H. 5.5. Frontand back moulded.Back roughlymodelled.Brokenfromfigurine. ochreclay; tracesof red decorationon hair. XI 15, Augustan. 39 71/145and 71/185Boy standing(fr.),H. 4. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Lower part,withbase. Greyclay (damaged by fire?).XIII 17b and 19, Neronian. 40 67/966Boystanding(fr.),H. 5.5. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Centralpartonly.Pale orangeclay. Pit 65, late 2nd/early1stcentB.C. 41 67/716Naked male figure(fr.),H. 5. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Thighsonly.Pale orangeclay. VIII 7, pit 4, Deposit Fl, Flavian. 42 67/716Naked male figure(fr.),H. 5. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Thighsonly.Pale orangeclay. VIII 7, pit 4, Deposit Fl, Flavian. 43 Yellow71/186Head and shouldersofboy,H. 4.5. Frontand back moulded.Hollow. Brokenfromfigurine. ochreclay. XIV 8, early 1stcentA.D. 44 71/188Male head, H.3.5. Frontand back moulded.Hollow.Brokenfromfigurine, pale orangeclay.X Wall 'dd', Claudian. 45 Pale orangeclay. 67/694Head ofEros?,H. 3.2. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow.Brokenfromfigurine. VIII 8, early/mid1stcentA.D. 46 67/319Head ofEros?,H. 2.4. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow.Brokenfromfigurine. Orangeclay.VII 4-7, 2nd centA.D. 47 67/258Head of Eros?,H. 2.4. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Brokenfromfigurine.Damaged by fire?Yellow-ochreand greyclay. I(N) 8, Deposit S2, late 2nd/early3rd centA.D. 48 71/638Man dancing(fr.),H. 7.2. Hand-made.Solid. Waistand thighsonly.Yellow-ochreclay. XIII pit9, mixedHellenistic. 49 71/125Boy withdog (fr.),H. 7.5. Frontand back moulded.Back not modelled.Hollow. Upper and lower partsmissing.Cream clay. XIII 17c, Deposit N2, Neronian. 50 71/150Erosand Psyche(fr.),H. 7.0. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Lowerpartmissing.Pale orange clay. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. 51 71/266Mould. Comic actorstanding,totalH. 15.5. Pale orangeclay withcreamsurface.XI 16, Augustan. AR 1972-3,69, fig.26. 52 71/126Comic actorseated (fr.),H. 4.3. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Centralpartonly.Yellowochreclay. XIII 17b,Deposit N2, Neronian. 53 71/3Head ofcomicactor,H. 4. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Brokenfromfigurine(?).Pale orangeclay.XI 3, to mid 2nd centA.D. 54a 67/951Head and neckofgoose,H. 4.8. Frontand backmoulded.Hollow.Brokenfromfigurine. Mustbe from same piece as no. 54b. Pale orangeclay. SA pit 2, 1stcentB.C. and to 60 A.D. 54b 67/737Bodyofgoose,greatestdimension6. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Must be fromsame piece as no. 54a. Pale orangeclay. SA 2. 55 71/551Lion (plasticvase), H. 14.4.Moulded back and front(backin lessdetail).Bottomcoveredin. Remains ofhandleon back. Badlydamaged.Also fivenon-joining frs.Greenishcreamclay,withdull redpaint.XIII 38, DepositAl, Augustan. 56 68/54Eros (fr.),H. 6.2. Frontmouulded.Back rough,forattachmentto vase. Pale orangeclay,withblack VIII 32, 4th-3rdcentB.C. paint throughout. 57 71/333Female head, H. 6.5. Moulded. Hollow. Pale orangeclay,withblackpaintoutside,red paintinside. XI 16, Augustan. 31
360 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 72a
TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND OTHER OBJECTS Vacant no. 67/478Relieffr:Eros and goat, H. 5. Frontmoulded.Back slightlyconcave. Orange clay. VII 5, late 3rd centA.D. 2nd/early 71/627Relieffr:Poseidonand Amymone,H. 6.5. Frontmoulded.Back flat.Yellow-ochreclay. XIII 37, DepositAl, Augustan. relieffr,H. 5.5. Fromtop rightcorner.Pale orangeclay,withtracesofdecorationin 67/775Horseman-hero red. Pit 65, late 2nd/early1stcentB.C. relieffr,H. 2.8. Rider'shead only,fromcentralupperedge.Yellow-ochreclay.SA 4, 67/713Horseman-hero to late 1stcentA.D. relieffr,H. 5.5. Horse'stail,fromrightedge.Pale brownclay,withtracesofredslip. 67/986Horseman-hero VIII Wall x (drainA), 1stcentA.D. relieffr,H. 4.8. Centralarea withmuchofhorseand rider.Pale brownclay.VII wxt 67/644Horseman-hero 3, DepositNl, Neronian. relieffr,H. 4.8. Centralarea, withmuchofhorseand rider.Pale brownclay. Pit 65, 67/574Horseman-hero late 2nd/early1stcentB.C. relieffr,H. 5. Rear ofhorse.Yellow-ochreclaywithtracesofredslip.Well8b, Deposit 68/226Horseman-hero T2, Trajanic. relieffr,H. 5.1. Most ofhorseand rider.Pale orangeclay. I(S) 12-16, 1stcentA.D. 67/628Horseman-hero relieffr,H. 4. Most ofhorse.Yellow-ochreclay. XIII 24a, Augustan. 71/224Horseman-hero surface.VII 13, relieffr,H. 7. Rear partofhorse.Pale orangeclaywithyellow-ochre 67/735Horseman-hero DepositNl, Neronian. SMT 668 Horseman-hero relieffr,H. 7. Much ofhorse.Yellow-ochreclaywithcreamsurface.XI 33, mixed Geom. to laterHellenistic. relieffr.(?),H. 6. Forepartofhorse.Pale orangeclay. X 7, Flavian. 71/131Horseman-hero 68/39Circlularreliefmedallion,D. 8.4, Th. 4.7. Frontmoulded.Back flat.Solid. Reliefofbird.Top missing. VIII 28, depositBl, Tiberian.plate 329, 18. Pinkclay withreddish-brown "paint" throughout. clay,pinkto greyat thecore.Partofmouldfor 68/149Mould fr,L. (près) 10.5,Th. (max) 2. Yellow-brown decorativeplaque(?), withfloraldesign.VIII 28, DepositBl, Tiberian.
Roman plates 300-302 fromsamemouldas no. 74. Yellow-ochre 73 71/167Head ofa gladiator,H. 3. Moulded.Brokenfroma figurine clay. XIV 7, Claudian. 74 68/115 Gladiator,H. 5.5. Frontand backmoulded.Hollow. Lowerpartmissing.Yellow-ochreclay.Well8b, DepositT2, Trajanic. 75 67/981Mask fr,H. 6.2. Moulded. Forehead.Orange-pinkclay. VIII 8, 1-50 A.D. 76 67/983Mask fr,H. 8.8. Moulded. Righteye and partofnose. Orange-pinkclay. VIII 4, to Hadrianic. 77 67/982Mask fr,H. 6.5. Moulded. Leftupperpart. Cream clay. II 7a, mixed lst/2ndA.D. 78 Greyclay. XIII 14, 71/9Female head, H. 4.5. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow.Brokenfromfigurine. Deposit Cl, Claudian. 79 67/100Female head and neck.Actor?H.5. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Mouth pierced.Orange 3rd A.D. clay,withpale orangesurface.VII 3, Deposit S2, late 2nd/early 80 67/19Womanseated,withchild(fr.),H. 8.7. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Centralpartonly.Pale orangeclay,withred paint.VI 5, DepositR3, late 2nd A.D. 81 67/378Womanseated(fr.),H. 7.1. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow.Partofbodyand lefthand.Orange clay,greyat thecore,withred paint.VI 5, Deposit R3, late 2nd A.D. 82 (fr.),H. 6. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Head missing.Pale orangeclay, 71/184Female half-figure 3rd A.D. withred paint.XII 2, late 2nd/early 83 67/138Woman seated (fr.),H. 4.7, W. 5. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Leftshoulderand breast. 3rd A.D. Pale-brownclay,withorange-redpaint.VII 5, late 2nd/early or Coveredunderneath.Froma figurine Hollow. W. 7. Moulded. H. from Base and feet 84 2.7, 67/305 figurine, to black. VIII 4, to Hadrianic. plasticvase?Yellow-ochreclay,withred paint,partlymisfired H. 7. Moulded; roughlymodelled.Frontmissing.Hollow. Inscribed(retrograde) 85 71/817Back ofa figurine, AOPO.... Pale brownclay,withred paint.XIV 24, Tiberian. 86 67/251Female head, H. 4. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Brokenfromfigurine.Pale orangeclay, 3rd A.D. withred paint.VII 4, Deposit S2, late 2nd/early
TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND OTHER OBJECTS 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
361
Pale orangeclay, 67/569Female head, H. 3.7. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Brokenfromfigurine. withred paint.VII 4, Deposit S2, late 2nd/early3rd A.D. 67/113Female head (fr.),H. 3. Front moulded. Back missing.Hollow. Part of rightside. Brokenfrom Pale orangeclay,withred paint. II 5, mid 2nd A.D. figurine. 71/4Femalehead. Actor?H.3.5. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Eyespierced.Pale orangeclay,with red paint.XII 2, late 2nd/early3rd A.D. 67/393Comicmaskfr.(?),H. 4.5, W. 5. Moulded upperrightpartofface.Yellow-ochreclay,withredpaint. I(S) 13, Deposit D3, Hadrianic. 71/250Reliefwithnakedyouth,H. 8.9. Moulded. Lowerpartmissing.Froma vase?Orange clay,withgrey core in parts;red paint. XIV 11, Augustan. or vase. 67/373Boar's head, H. 3.5, W. 5.7. Frontmoulded.Back missing.Hollow. Brokenfroma figurine Brownclay,withred paint,verydark and glossy.VII 12, Deposit Nl, Neronian. 67/479Stamp: Heraklesand Nemean Lion, H. 6.8. Yellow-ochreclay. V(N) 3, Deposit D3, Hadrianic. Mould fr,D. (int). c. 20. Yellow-brownclay, greyat the core. Part of mould forlarge medallion.Raised of designin reliefwiththyrsushead, and head and leftarm of human border,obliquelyridged;fragment figure(Maenad?); veryworn.Well 12, Deposit D4 Hadrianic.
Section 11 Metalworkand MetallurgicalDebris (PLATES 303-314) KEITH BRANIGAN
Introduction Sub-Minoanto Geometric Catalogue (Copper and bronzeM 1-20; lead M21-3; ironM24-6) Discussion Archaic,Classical and Hellenistic Catalogue (Copper and bronzeM27-69; lead M70-2; ironM73-155; debrisM 156-187) metallurgical Discussion Roman Catalogue (Copper and bronzeM 188-325; lead M336-352; ironM353-529; metallurgicaldebrisM530-600a) Discussion Roman and later Catalogue (Copper and bronzeM60 1-621; lead M622-8; ironM629-32; metallurgical debrisM633-649) Conclusion
Page 363 364 364 365 365 365 368 368 368 375 376 377 378
INTRODUCTION A totalof650 itemswereconsideredworthyofindividualcataloguingand recordingofwhich 121 were pieces of debrisfrommetallurgicaloperations.The materialis presentedin three chronological groups- Sub-Minoanto Geometric(withLM survivals),Archaicto Hellenistic, and Roman. The date givenforeach catalogueentryis thatassignedto theassociatedpottery. Withineach chronologicalgroup, the artefactsare grouped accordingto raw materiallead, iron- and finallythe metallurgicalmaterialis described.Withineach copper/bronze, materialgroup,the artefactsare listedin the followingorder:weapons,tools,vessels,toilet and fittings. As mostitemsare commonplace,parallels implements, jewellery,embellishments fromothersitesare notnormallygiven.Each chronologicalgroupis concludedbya discussion of itemsof particularinterestand a briefassessmentof the groupas a whole. Metallurgical materialis being examinedby E. Photos,S. Filippakisand CJ. Salter,and a preliminary 363
364
METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL DEBRIS
reporthas alreadybeen published{Photosetal. 1985). Twenty-five samplescataloguedhere wereselectedby thepresentwriterand set aside fortheirstudy,and theanalysisnumbersof theseitemsis placed in bracketsaftertheitemsin thefollowing catalogue,e.g. M552 is A 15. from the is information available Any preliminary analysis included in the catalogue description.
SUB-MINOAN TO GEOMETRIC
(WITH LM SURVIVALS)
Catalogue
A Copper andBronze plates 303, 312 Ml Knifeblade,singleedged (68/300).L. 7.4,W. 0.9, pointedtip,incomplete.V, baulkbeneathNorthHouse; E edge of Pit 60. G? Knifeor saw blade (68/250)L. 4.4, W. 1.1, tiponly,possiblyserratedteethon cuttingedge. VII 52, SM? M2 but withblade shaped to a point.XIV 41, Commongraver(72/793)L. 6.5, W. 0.5, complete,chisel-like M3 LG. M4 Boreror scriber(72/792)L. 3.6, W. 0.2, complete;ifa borerit may have been setintoa bone or wooden handle XI 56, PG. M5 Needle L. 4.5, head and top ofshaftonly;eye made by loopingend ofshaft.MUM VI 1, G? Mirror?D. 8.0, Th. 0.2, two fragments M6 only,rimdecoratedwithtwo concentricraisedribswithcast (?) decorationbetween(possiblya wavyline ratherthandots,as shownin drawing).XI contentofWall 'dv', associatedsherdsto 7thB.C. M7 TweezersL. 2.1, W. 1.4, tip ofone arm only,splayedblade. V 4A, LMI. M8 Spatula L. 4.2, W. 1.0, spatula head only,made fromsheet,withshaftformedby hammeringintothick wire.East Street,troddenlevel at SectionD. no. 26 (MUM V, Rm 10 7), EPG. M9 Hook-pin(72/808)L. 14.2,D. 0.4 (shaft),completebutbrokenin sixpieces.CommonMinoan type.XV 31, LM? MIO Pin shaftL. 3.0, piece ofshaftonly.XV Pit 27, LM IIIB. Mil Ring bezel (68/254)L. 1.8. Oval bezel only,ringbrokenoffat each end. VII 50A, SM? M12 Spiral finger-ring (68/68)D. 1.8, similarringsfoundat Lefkandiin Sub/Myc.and PG tombs.VII 44a, PG-LG. forwood or leather.V 4A, LM I. M 13 Sheetdisc D. 4.5, possiblyan embellishment M14 Flat strip(71/631)L. 3, W. 1.2, binding(?).XI 34, MG/LG. M15 Small stud (67/680)L. 0.8, D. 1.5, flathead. II 10, Minoan. M 16 Stud head D. 1.1, domed. XI 40, G? Ml 7 Stud head (68/262)D. 1.2, domed. VIII 34, MG-LG. M 18 Hook (72/809)L. 13,D. 1.5,bentovertoforma hookafterbeingdriventhrougha beam (?) 4.5 thick;beam marksremain.A typefoundin theMinoan levelsbelow(cf.MUM pl. 203 no. 12), so perhapsderivingfrom robberdisturbance.XIII 52, PG? M19 Two sheetfrs.L. 6.5, 3.5. XIII 44, EG. M20 Bentbar (68/84)L. 3. Pit 27, Deposit GD. Early MG. ofbronzewireand sheetfromSub-Minoanto Geometriclevels. There werean additional17 fragments
B Lead plates 303, 312 M21 Handle L. 6.8, W. 2.8, in formofhumanfigurefromwaist/hips up, armson hips;back offigureis flat,and base curvesback slightlyat pointwherebrokenoff;sex uncertain.Appears to be handle of some sort, possiblyfroma lead box or casket.Pre-8th?V baulkbeneathNorthHouse #1013;fromhardyellowstratum at top ofrobbingPit 60, close besideMinoan terracewall of the NorthPlatform(see SectionD. no. 17). M22 PotteryrivetL. 8.9, W. 1.1, flatone side,convextheother.Pit 26 (MUM B 2, Pit 1), PG-MG. M23 (68/89)Flat bar L. 2.5, W. 1.4. VII 45 #0891,Pit 9, mixedLM IIIC/SM and Geom. oflead in Geometriclevels. There weretwofurther fragments
METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL C Iron
M24 M25 M26
DEBRIS
365
Knifeblade L. 7.2, W. 3, tangand partofblade only.Two similarblades werefoundat Lefkandi(one of bronze)in LG levels.XV 19, LM III/PG (below MG occupationlevel). Ring (68/259)D. 2.5, flatband, probablypenannular,similarfoundat Lefkandiin Sub-Myc.VI 33A, G? Nail (68/257)L. 7.5, D. Hd 2.5, tip lost.VI 33A, G?
Discussion Thereis littlein themeagrecollectionfromtheGeometriclevelsto call forcomment.The only itemis thelead figurine/handle (M21), a relativelyelaborateitemto findmade of surprising lead in Geometrictimes.Otherwisethe collectionis typicaldomesticmaterial,in whichthe main point of interestis perhaps that all the Geometricitemswould have occasioned no surpriseif theyhad been foundin the Late Minoan levels,and vice-versa;allowingforthe thatsomeitemsare in factBronzeAge survivals,it stillseemsfairto commentthat probability betweenthe two periods. thereis considerablecontinuity in termsof basic metallurgy
ARCHAIC, CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC
Catalogue
A Copperand Bronze plates 303-4, 312
M27
M28 M29 M30 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35 M36 M37 M38 M39 M40 M41 M42 M43 M44 M45 M46 M47 M48 M49 M50
Arrowhead(71/628)L. 3.6, socketedwiththreebarbs;barbed and socketedarrowheadswerecommonin theHellenisticperiod.XII 40, Class, to later3rd B.C. packingfill,as Deposit H19. Arrowhead(67/847)L. 7.6, incompleteblade; tangedwithcentralrib. Pit 64 (III Pit 16), 4th B.C. Chisel (67/839)L. 3.9, W. 7mm.,narrow-bladedand tanged.VI 7, Hell, to 1stB.C. ChiselL. 5.3, W. 1.2, small tool withflaringblade. I(N) 18, Deposit H 34, 2nd B.C. Awl (67/585)L. 6.9, stop-ridgeforfirmhafting.I(N) 20, Class. Punch (68/242)L. 7, deformed.VIII 33, earlyHell. Needle L. 6.6, incomplete,narrowhead. Content(Hell.) ofWall 'ac' (1st A.D.) at southofNorthHouse court. Needle (68/292)L. 7, broad head. Ill East Street#1079,fillbelow 'Floor 6', Hell, to 1stB.C. Needle? (67/682)L. 6.5, head lost.Deposit H14 (Well 1), late 3rd B.C. Spoon? (68/252)L. 3.5, frag,bowl only.VIII 32, 4th-3rdB.C. Vesselhandle?(71/636)L. 7.2, stripofconcavesectionformedintohook-shapedhandle,forcup? XII 23, G-Hell. Toilet scoop L. 19.1, typicaltoiletscoop withsmall spatulateend and otherend pointed.Pit 24, late Archaic-Class. Pin? (72/806)L. 11.1,D. Hd 0.3, dresspin. SouthwestHouse Room III, belowAugustanearthfloor;early to mid 1stB.C. Pin? (68/235)L. 8, the spatula-likehead is suggestiveof a toiletscoop but is probablytoo thickforthis purpose.VII contentofWall 'bh', Class? Pin (72/794)L. 4.1, smalldomed head. Pit 5, Deposit H4, late Archaic. Pin? (67/842)L. 5, similarto M.40. IV(N) 5, Hell? Pin L. 8.1, twistedwireshaftonly.V 6b, late 7thB.C. Pin L. 7, shaftonly.Pit 65, late 2nd-early1stB.C. Pin? (67/840)L. 5.4, shaftonly,possiblya needle.V(N) 5, G-Class. Ring bezel L. 2.5, oval bezel, undecorated.I(S) 33, Archaic-Class,to early4th B.C. FingerringL. 1.7, fragof ringwithoval bezel. I(N) 22, G withsome Class/Hell. Fingerring(67/848)D. 2.2, flatband withoverlappingends. I(S) 33, Archaic-Class,to early4th B.C. FingerringD. 2, W. 0.9, band withrepousseribon eitheredge and apparentlya lineofraisedbossesround centre.Pit 2 (XIII pit 9), Deposit H28, mixedHell, to mid 2nd B.C. Fingerring?(71/635)D. 2.5, deformedand one end broken,but appears to be a penannularringwith
366
METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL DEBRIS
byJacobsthal,but thisexample double-spiralterminals; double-spiralpinsof7thcent.B.C. are illustrated does not appear to be a deformedpin. XIV 32 Archaic-Class. M51 Bangle D. 6.5, fragment of D-sectionbangle.Well 14, Deposit H12, early3rd B.C. M52 Sheathing(72/797)L. 2.5, D. 1.6, frag,sheathingforwoodenshaft?XII 45, pit,late Archaic. M53 Binding(68/294)L. 4.5, W. 1.7, bentoveredge of? leather.Pit 64, 4th B.C. M54 Inlay?L. 6, W. 0.9, T-shaped strip,inlayin wood? I(S) 24, late 2nd to early 1stB.C. M55 Embellishment (67/841)L. 3.2, W. 5.6, fleur-de-lys shapedplate,rivetin one arm. IV(N) 5, Hell to early 3rd B.C. M56 Binding(71/629)L. 4, W. 3.2, flatstripwithironrivet.Deposit H30 (XI 27), late Hell. M57 Small chain (67/845)L. 9.4, two linksoflighttwisted-wire chain,fromchest?III(E) 12, 5thB.C. M58 Box handleW. 5, one halfonly"omega" typeloop handle;similarwerefoundin thesanctuaryofDemeter excavationsat Knossos,in 5thB.C. levels.XII 18, 1stB.C. M59 Box handleW. 3.5, muchsmallerexampleofsame type.DepositH12 (Well 14), early3rdB.C. oval boss,purposeunknown.XII 41, late 3rd B.C. M60 Bosseddisc (71/634)D. 4.5, disc withoff-centre M61 Stud head (71/632)D. 3, low-domedhead. XII 38, Hell, to 2nd B.C. M62 Rivet (68/240)L. 1, verysmall (decorative?)rivet.Fabric ofsouthwall ofstreet(Wall w), sherdcontent Hell. M63 Disc D. 1.7, flatsmallcentralhole. Deposit H3 (Pit 8), Archaic. M64 Stud head D. 1.2, low-domedhead. I(S) 23, late Class-Hell. M65 Stud head (68/86)D. 2.2, as M.64. VIII 29, mid 2nd B.C. studwithsquarewasheron shaft.V(E) 4, mixedHell. M66 Stud and washer(67/836)L. 3.1, D. 2.6, flat-headed M67 Nail (67/835)L. 7.3, D. (head) 1.4, square shaft.Ill 10, Class-Hell. M68 Nail? (67/852)L. 2.4, shaftfr.only.Ill fillbelow Wall V, Hell. M69 Nail? (68/85)L. 3.9, shaftfr.only.VIII Pit 5, Class-Hell. date. There were83 additionalscrapsofcopper/bronze wire,sheet,stripetc. fromlevelsofArchaic-Hellenistic B Lead plates 304, 312 M70 Nail (71/466)L. 6.4, domed head. Deposit H25 (XII 19), early2nd B.C. M71 Stud (71/422)D. 2.5, flathead. XIV 14, Hell, to 1stB.C. M72 BindingL. 7, two strips,one semicircularin section,the otheroblong,joined by two shortcross-pieces, purposeunknown.Deposit H32 (XIII 28A) mid 1stB.C. There weretwo piecesofwastestripfromArchaic-Helllevels. C Iron plates 304-5, 312 M73 Small spearheadL. 4.7, onlyshaftand smallportionofblade survived;socketD. 1.8. I(N) 16,mid-late1st B.C. M74 KnifeL. 5.3, tip only,ordinarydomestictype.Pit 65, late 2nd-early1stB.C. M75 KnifeL. 7, tanged,tip lost.Deposit H12 (Well 14), early3rd B.C. M76 Knife(67/851)L. 4.9, tip onlysimilarto M74. V 4 Pit 6, Hell. M77 KnifeL. 7, tip only,morepointedthan M76. Deposit H30 (XI 27), late Hell. M78 Knife?L. 13, long tang,narrowblade, tip lost.Deposit H12 (Well 14), early3rd B.C. M 79 Axe (71/644)L. 8, blade W. 5.4, flaringedge axe blade,partofironsheathingofshaftsurvives;suitablefor work.XIV 31, Hell. lightcarpentry M80 ChiselL. 6.6, smallchiselwithflaringblade. VII 27, G-Class. chisel.VIII 31, 2nd B.C. M81 Chisel (68/231)L. 4.7, smallstraight-sided M82 File? L. 7.8, narrowtangset centralto broad flatblade, broken.G-late Hell. M83 Punch (71/642)L. 18, square section,bluntedpoint.XIV 32, pit 7, Archaic-Class. bezel. XV 10a, Hell-lst B.C. M84 Finger-ring (71/672)D. 1.5, sub-rectangular M85 Ring (71/671)D. 2.7, penannular,pointedterminals.XIV 31, 1stB.C. M86 Ring D. 2.5, circularsection,broken.Ill 1-2 (street),Class. M87 Catch L. 5.2, smallcatchfromwoodenbox? Deposit H30 (XI 30), late Hell. M88 Catch? (67/835)L. 5.5, brokenbut largerversionof M87. Pit 65, late 2nd-early1stB.C. M89 StripofbindingL. 7, angledstripto edge wood? DepositH5 (Pit 23) early4th B.C. M90 BindingL. 4. 1, squareplate,slightly curved,withfourrivetholes,probablya bindingfroma woodenobject. XIV 14, 1stB.C.
METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL
367
DEBRIS
Beltplate? (67/837)L. 9.2, twolong thinplateswithroundedends,joined by a copperrivetat each end. V(N) 4, mixedHell. M92 Shaftbinding(71/675)L. 7.5,D. 1.3,penannularcylindrical binding.Fabricofstreetsouthwall (Wall 'el'), contentG-Hell. could be a spindlewhorl,but maybe a washer.DepositH28 (Pit 1) mixed M93 Disc D. 4.2, centralperforation, Hell. M94 Stud L. 2.4, flathead. Pit 65, late 2nd-early1stB.C. M95 Wall bracketL. 5.5, L-shaped. I/V #0706,Hell. M96-155 59 nailswhichcan be groupedinto3 mainsizes;accordingto shaftdiameter.A) D. 5-6mm,6 examples all withcircularheads (D 2). B) D. 7-8mm, 15 examplesall withcircularheads (D 2, L. 7.5). C) D. 9-10mm,34 examplesall withcircularheads (D 2-3.5, L. 12). Therewerealso threeexampleswithsquare shafts,one withcircular(D 4mm.) Various contexts,Class-Hell. M91
D
MetallurgicalDebris plate 314
M156 Bronzesmithingslag, 5gms. I(S) 21A, Class-Hell (A13). M 157 Bronzemeltingslag, 15gms.I(S) 21a, Class-Hell. M 158 Repairedfurnacewall, bronzeslag (2% tin) adheringto inside;clay coatingon outside.VIII Pit 8, Hell (A9). M 159 Furnaceliningfromironsmithing, 50gms.I(N) 20, Class (A8). M160 Iron slag; smeltingofoxide ore?50gms.VI 8, Hell (A14). M 161 Iron slag; smithing? 60gms.VI 8, Hell. M162 Iron slag; smithing?HOgms. Deposit H28 (Pit 22), late Hell. M163 Iron smeltingslag, 60gms.XIV 12, early3rd B.C. M164 Iron smeltingslag, 40gms.XIV Pit 5, Hell to 1stB.C. M165 Iron smeltingslag, 80gms.XIII 27, 1stB.C. M 166 Iron bloom?D. 9, 325gms.Deposit H30 (XI 30), late Hell. M 167-187 The following are all eitherfragments of,or complete,furnacebottoms("cinders").They are roundor oval in plan, the undersideis convexlycurvedand the upper is slightlyconcave or flat;the undersideis usuallypartlycoated withyellowishsoil. Each piece appears to be comprisedofsmallpiecesofiron,slag, charcoaland clay - mainlyironand slag. An asteriskafterthecat. numberindicatesa completebottom.
M167* M 168* M 169* M170* M171* M172* M173* M 174* M175* M176* M177* M178* M 179* M 180* M181* M182* M183* M 184* M185* M186 M187
L. 13 14 12 12.5 16 15 15 15 11 8.5 11 8 9 12 10 10 13 11 9 9 12
W. 10 14 12 10 15 12 15.5 13 9 7 8 7 6 9 10 8 12 7 5 7 8
Th. 2 3.5 3.5 3 5.5 5 6 6 2 1.5 2 1.5 1.5
1.5 2 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Wt(gms.) 300 13500 925 675 1850 1220 2250 1475 450 150 350 175 140 150 575 550 475 480 200 175 250
Prov.
Date
Deposit H13 (VII 16A) Deposit H 13 Deposit H13 Deposit H 13 Deposit H13 Deposit H 13 Deposit H 13 Deposit H 13 Deposit HI 2 (Well 14) Deposit H 19 Deposit H28 (Pit 2) HIE 11 Pit 65 (HIE Pit 13) Pit 65 Pit 65 Pit 65 Pit 65 Pit 65 Pit 65 Pit 65 VI 7A
3rd B.C. 3rd B.C. 3rd B.C. 3rd B.C. 3rd B.C. 3rd B.C. 3rd B.C. 3rd B.C. Early 3rdB.C. 3rd B.C. mixedHell. Class./Hell. late 2nd/early1stB.C. late 2nd/early1stB.C. late 2nd/early1stB.C. late 2nd-early1stB.C. late 2nd/early1stB.C. late 2nd/early1stB.C. late 2nd/early1stB.C. late 2nd/early1stB.C. 1stB.C.
368
METAL WORK AND METALLURGICAL DEBRIS
Discussion Although some seventyartefactsare catalogued for this period, they are again an undistinguished group of domesticmaterial.The eightsmall tools of bronze and iron are The main isolatedfinds;thereis no reasonto thinktheywereassociatedwithcraftworkshops. interestin thisassemblagemustbe the metallurgicaldebris,and in particularthe eighteen completeand threeincompletefurnacebottoms. ItemsM 156-8 testify tooccasional,small-scalebronze-working, usingmetallicbronzewhich was simplyre-melted. The repairto furnacewall M 158 suggeststhatsmallbronzefurnacesof etal. cupola typewerein use and thatcrucibleswerenotemployedin theiroperation{Photos and to both The M159-165 1985, 195). smelting smithingactivities,heavily iron-slags point of in theHellenisticperiod,butbeginningin theClassicalera. The concentration concentrated furnacebottomsin twodepositsoftheperiods3rdcenturyB.C. and late 2nd-early1stcentury B.C. certainlypointsto a smithingworkshopor workshopssomewhereclose by,operating- overa periodofat leasttwocenturies, and probablyrathermore.The possiblyintermittently earliestbottomis M 175 datingto theearlythirdcentury.Since bothgroupscontainso many it is likelythatboth groupsare primarydeposits, completebottoms,ratherthan fragments, is no reasonforsupposingthatthelatergroupis There each reflecting activity. contemporary 3rd material from centuryworking. simplyredeposited Sincewe mustassumethatthematerialrecoveredin theexcavationsrepresents onlya partof calculations make realistic we cannot theoriginaldebrisfromthisiron-working any activity, about the amountof iron producedor even the numberof furnacesinvolved.The furnace bottomsrepresentregular clearing of the cinders accumulated in the furnacesof the of themto thinkin termsof specialistsmiths (s) and thereare certainlysufficient workshop ratherthan purelydomesticsmithing.What can be said about the furnacesis that their chambersweresmall,eithercircularor slightlyoval, withtheirbase apparentlycut into the soil, to judge fromthe soil adheringto the lower side of the bottoms.Until analysesare available,thereis littlemorethatcan be said of them. ROMAN
Catalogue
A Copper andBronze plates 305, 306, 307, 308, 312, 313 M188 Knifeblade? (67/589) L. 9.7, W. 1.5, tip broken,unusual slightlycurvedsection.Deposit S2 (VII 2), Severan. M 189 Punch/awl(67/177)L. 6.8, complete.I(S) 12A,late 2nd A.D. M190 Punch/awl(67/681)L. 6.5, bentand broken.Deposit S2 (IX 2), Severan. M191 Needle (67/192)L. 8.8, flatbroad head. Deposit R2 (I(N) 11), late 2nd A.D. M192 Needle L. 10.7,muchfinerthan M191. XIV contentofclay wall 'em', Augustan. M193 Fish-hook?(67/850)L. 3.2, swellingon end ofstem.I(S) 17, Augustan. M 194 Fish-hook?(67/849)L. 4.4, no survivingmeansof attachingto line. IX 26, Claudian. M195 Fish-hook?(67/684)L. 1.2, tip only.Deposit S2 (IX 2), Severan. M 196 Hook or awl? L. 3, probablya twistedawl, square section.XV 8, Claudian. M 197 Spoon terminal?L. 3.1, traceddecorativeline aroundedge. XI 13, Claudian. M198 Fork-likeimplement(67/467)L. 13.5, tracesofgilding.Deposit Nl, Neronian. M199 Stylus(67/268)L. 10, simpledecorationon broad end. I(S) 12, Deposit R2, late 2nd A.D. M200 Lid ofseal box (71/497)D. 1.5, no enameltraces.Deposit D5, Hadrianic. M201 Scale pan? L. 6, circularraisedrib on concaveface.DepositTl, Trajanic. M202 Foot ofvessel?(71/495)L. 3.3, identification verytentative.XI/XIII #2491,mid-Hellto 1stA.D.
METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL
DEBRIS
369
M203 Rim ofvesselbase? (71/400)D. 10, possiblyrimof a hollowpedestal.XIII 1, to mid 3rd A.D. M204 Juglethandle?L. 5.9, angle and shallowarc suggestfroma juglet ratherthan a cup. XIV 1, Trajanic. a circularlid, at rearofwhichare M205 Lid ofan inkwell?(71/677)D. 3.2, L. ofeagle 3.7. An eagle surmounts thetailtoo.The lid remainsofa hinge.The eagle standson twolegs,buthas a columnofbronzesupporting wouldhave fittedontothetopofa well2.2 in d., whichis toolargefora seal box,and itseemslikelyto have been thelid ofan inkwell.No knownparallels.House ofDiamond Frescoes,Room III, fabricofwestwall (Phase 2), 2nd A.D. and thecurledoverrimand raisedribrunning M206 Mirror?L. 8, est.D. 25, ratherlargefora mirror, justinsideit suggestthismightbe a lid fora vessel.Deposit D5, Hadrianic. M207 Mirror?D. 9.5, could be a smallmirroror scale pan. XV 14a, Claudian. M208 Tweezers(71/510)L. 6, complete;narrow-bladedtweezersliketheseare lesscommonthanbroad-bladed. XIV 25, Augustan. M209 Spatula (67/112)L. 15.3, flathead, pointedtip,completebut bent.Deposit S2 (VII 3), Severan. M210 Spatula (67/195)L. 4.7, flathead onlysurvives.Deposit R3 (VI 5), late 2nd A.D. M211 Spatula (71/472)L. 13, flathead, pointedtip,bend in shaftcould be original.XIII 4, Hadrianic. M212 Unguentspoon (67/657)L. 7.3, tip broken.Deposit S2 (IX 2), Severan. ofclasp and bow only,but thebroad flatplate,curled M213 Fibula (71/499)L. ofclasp 1.6. This is a fragment terminaland survivingtracesofa broad bow, all suggestthatit is a 'stray'fromthe9th-8thcenturyB.C. levels.Deposit D5 (XII 8a), Hadrianic. short.DepositD4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M214 Hook pin?L. 6.5, probablya hookpin,thoughthehookis relatively M215 Pin (71/411)L. 9, circularhead slightlycone-shaped,complete.XIV 14, Augustan. M216 Pin (71/480)L. 5.3, twistedwireshaft,smalldomed head. Deposit Cl, Claudian. in centreofpiece. XIII 35, Augustanto ofshaftonly,withsmallstop-ridge M217 Pin (71/474)L. 4.4, fragment Tiberianin SouthwestHouse. M218 Dresspin, L. 13.3,head lost.X/XI 4, Flavian. M219 Pin? L. 7.8, no head, curledterminal?Deposit D5, Hadrianic. could be a broad-headedneedle.X 2, Pit 1, M220 Pin? L. 6.7, brokenbothends but head apparentlyflattened; Hadrianic. M221 Pin? (67/135)L. 7.5, no head, could be an awl. Deposit SI, Severan. M222 Hair-ring(67/462)D. 1, spiralhair-ring.Deposit D2, Hadrianic. M223 Hair-ring(67/846)D. 1.5, similarto last. Ill 10, Hadrianic. M224 Hair-ring(67/460)D. 1.2, annularring,too smallforfinger.Deposit Nl, Neronian. M225 Hair-ring?(61/459)D. 1.3, penannularring,too smallforfinger.Deposit Dl, Hadrianic. M226 Hair-ring?(68/855)D. 1.5, penannular,bentor coiled?Deposit R2 (IV(N) 3), late 2nd A.D. M227 Hair-ring?D. 1.5, penannular,bentor coiled?MUM 1977 1A, late 2nd A.D. M228 Finger-ring (71/481)D. 1.7, ringwithelongatedoval bezel. XIV 24, Tiberian. D. 2.2, penannularringof thinwire.XI 4, Trajanic. M229 Finger-ring, M230 Finger-ring? (67/344)D. 2.4, brokenring,possiblytoo largeforfinger.Deposit R3 (IV(N) 3A), late 2nd A.D. M231 Finger-ring? (67/428)D. 2.2, onlyhalfsurvives.Deposit R2 (I(N) 11) late 2nd A.D. M232 Ring (67/342)D. 1.4, onlysmallsectionsurvives,flatband, possiblya bindingor a hair-ring.DepositD3 (I(S) 13), Hadrianic. D. 2, terminalscurledback; theformis identicalto thatof a smallchesthandle (see M275) M233 Finger-ring? althoughthisexampletoo smalland fragileforthatpurpose.Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. L. 3.2, flattenedringwithtwo pointedterminals.Deposit Nl, Neronian. M234 Finger-ring? M235 Bangle?L. 2.1, shortlengthofbangle?Sheetbronzewithfourraisedrepousséribs.Deposit Cl, Claudian. M236 Bangle?L. 3.2, shortlengthofstrapor bangle. XI 9, Claudian. M237 Bangle?D. 5, narrowband, possibletracesofdecorationon one edge. XIV 22, Claudian. M238 Bangle?L. 4, segmentof twistedwirewithloop terminal(or linkofchain?). VIII 6, to late 2nd A.D. M239 Belthook?(67/838)L. 3.5, theknobbedshaftterminalsuggeststhehookwas firmly attachedto something, and thebroad blunthookindicatesit was expectedto carrysomeweight.IX 25, Claudian(?). M240 Belt hook?(71/501)L. 4.1, flatwithflaringtip to hook,tracesof materialto whichriveted.Deposit Cl, Claudian. M241 Hook (71/498)L. 5.7, verysmallhook,pointed,withwirebindingforattachment.XI 14, Augustan. M242 Strap end (71/503)L. 3.5, two rivets.FoundationtrenchforWall 'df, Augustan. M243 Belt piece (71/479)L. 2.4, rivetL. 1.5. XIII 31a, 1stA.D.
370
METAL WORK AND METALLURGICAL DEBRIS
M244 Washer?(71/512)Sq. 1.8. XIII 36, late Augustan/Tiberian. L. 3.5,flatband narrowing toa notchedterminal.XIV, cobbledarea westofHouse ofDiamond M245 Beltfitting? FrescoesRoom I, Claudian. M246 Box fitting? (67/295)L. 3.5, oval, two rivets.II 7, Hadrianic. M247 Sheathing(71/477)L. 2.8, oblongwithtwo bentoverarms.XIV 30, Augustan. L. 3.5, oblongplate withrivethole at each cornerand centralstud.XI 16, Augustan. M248 Belt fitting? M249 Shaftring?(68/272)L. 3.5, flatsection.Fabric ofWall 'az', earlyRoman. withtop and bottomrim.DepositNl, Neronian. M250 Shaftring?L. 2, barrel-shaped M251 Shaftring?D. 1.5, flatband. XIII 22, Augustan-Tiberianin SouthwestHouse Room I. withraisednotchedribsat eitherend and aroundcentre.DepositD4 M252 Shaftring?D. 3, L. 3.5, cylindrical (Well 12), Hadrianic. arm.DepositD4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. L. 3.3, D. 1,L-shaped,twoholesthroughprojecting M253 Shaftterminal, drain(Drain A), 1st trenchofcourtyard M254 Binding(68/60)L. 5.5, flatstrip,bentat one end. VIII foundation A.D. M255 Binding?L. 2.3, flatstripwithbrokenhole. XI 8, Trajanic. M256 Binding?L. 5.4, flatstripwithtworivetholes?XII 6, Hadrianic. M257 Binding?L. 9.7, flatstripwithone smallrivethole?Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M258 Hinge plate,L. 3.4, flatstrip,curvingat one end, 4 circularholes.Deposit S2 (VII 3), Severan. M259 Small clasp (67/68)L. 3.2, flatplate withwirehookedclasp attachedat rightangles.DepositS2 (VII 2), Severan. M260 Catch-plate(67/262)L. 2.2, broken;probablyfroma smallchest.I(N) 10, Hadrianic. M261 Catch-plate(67/464)L. 5.5, probablyfroma smallbox. VIII 4, Trajanic. M262 Chest-fitting? (67/472)L. 8.5, W. 2, D. ofring3, thinplate (one ofa pair?)withtworivetholesin projecting lobes,and a ringattachedto one end by a splitpin. DepositNl, Neronian. M263 Lock cover?L. 4, cornerangle,fragment only.DepositD5, Hadrianic. M264 Lock-bolt(67/345)L. 4.8, eightcircularholes.VII 6A, Hadrianic. M265 Lock-bolt(71/464)L. 5.2, six egg-shapedholes.XII 10, Hadrianic. has been closedwithlead, another M266 Lock-bolt(71/496)L. 7, seemingly repairedor altered(one perforation apparentlyre-cut).XII 10, Hadrianic. M267 Lock-bolt,L. 11, eightcircularholes.DepositD4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M268 Lock-bolt,L. 4.7, fourcircularholes.Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M269 Lock-bolt,L. 3.5, six smallholes,1 largeoblongone. DepositD4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M270 Lock-bolt(71/412)L. 3.6, eightcircularholes,broken.Deposit D5, Hadrianic. M271 Door-latch?L. 10.7,possiblytoo slenderforuse on a door. DepositD4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. one broken.DepositD4 (Well M272 Door catch?L. 9.2, bar withcentralrivethole and twobent-overterminals, 12), Hadrianic. fora leverkey,ifthisis a key-holeplate.XII 6, Hadrianic. M273 Key-holecover?D. 3.4,smalloblongslotsuggests M274 Casket-handle?(71/511)W. 2.3, omega-shapedloop. XIV 26, Augustan. M275 Casket-handle? (68/72)W. 4, omega-shapedloop,halflost.I(S) E-W baulkbelow'Floor IF (at SectionD. no. 7), Neronian. M276 Loop-handle(71/506)L. 7, strongsquare-section bar, deep hook on one end, otherend broken.XI 19, Augustan. M277 Large rivet,L. 3.7, flattenedhead at eitherend. XIII 25a, Augustan. M278 Decorationstud (71/504)D. 2, circularhead withquadrifoliate designpossiblywithpasteor enamelinlay originally.XIV/XV 1, to 3rd A.D. M279 Stud (71/347)D. 1.7, almostflathead. XIV 11, Augustan. M280 Stud D. 1.5, flathead. XI 6, Trajanic. M281 Stud D. 2.5, flathead. XIII 22, Augustan-Tiberianin SW House Room I. M282 Stud (71/396)D. 1.8, flathead. XI 3, Hadrianic. M283 Stud D. 1.5, flathead. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M284 Stud (67/545)D. 1.8, flathead. DepositNl, Neronian. M285 Stud D. 1.5, domed head. VII 6A, Hadrianic. M286 Stud D. 1.5, domed head. XII 6, Hadrianic. M287 Stud D. 1.6, domed head. XIII 17a, Neronian. M288 Stud D. 2, domed head, lead core. XIV 23, Claudian. M289 Stud (71/509)D. 4.2, domed head, ironnail. XIV 27, Augustan.
METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL
DEBRIS
371
M290 Stud (71/507)D. 2.5, flathead withcentralboss. Deposit Al, (XIII 37), Augustan. M291 Stud (71/417)D. 3.2, low dome,ironnail. XIV 3, Trajanic. M292 Decorativedisc (71/633)D. 6, flutededge and centralboss.House ofDiamond Frescoes,fabricofRoom III westwall (Phase 2), 2nd A.D. on one face.XIII/XIV 27, Augustan. M293 Decorativedisc (71/505)D. 8, two engravedconcentriccircles, M294 "Washer" (71/475)D. 4, smallsquare hole at centre.XIV 29, Augustan. M295 Bar L. 8.5, D. 0.8, straightbar. Deposit D5 (XII 9), Hadrianic. M296 Splitpin L. 3.5, use uncertain.Deposit Cl, Claudian. M297 Splitpin L. 3.5, use uncertain.Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M298 Nail L. 5.6, low domed head. XIV 12, Augustan. M299 Nail L. 4.4, as last. XI 16, Augustan. M300 Nail (71/415)L. 8.8, conical head. Deposit Cl, Claudian. M301 Nail L. 5.8, smallflathead. XII 15, 1stA.D. M302 Nail (71/476)L. 4.7, no head. XIII/XIV #2492,Claudian. M303 Nail (67/363)L. 6.4, low domed head. I(N) 12, Neronian. M304 Nail (67/199)L. 3, as last. I(N) 12, Neronian. M305 Nail (67/834)L. 5.6, as last. Deposit Nl, Neronian. M306 Nail L. 3.2, thinflathead. XIV 3, Trajanic. M307 Nail (71/395)L. 5.2, square shaft,flathead. XI 8, Trajanic. M308 Nail (71/502)L. 6.5, flathead. XII 17, Trajanic. M309 Nail (71/398)L. 6.8, square shaft,pyramidalhead. XI 4, Trajanic. M310 Nail (71/397)L. 4.4, square shaft,flathead. XI 4, Trajanic. M311 Nail (67/592)L. 5.5, head lost.DepositTl, Trajanic. M312 Nail L. 3, broad flathead. D. 2. II 8, late 2nd A.D. M313 Nail L. 3, flathead. XIV 9, Tiberian. M314 Nail (67/434)L. 3, flathead. Deposit R2 (IV(N) 2a), late 2nd A.D. M315 Nail (67/433)L. 7.9, flathead. Deposit R2 (IV(N) 2a), late 2nd A.D. M316 Nail L. 7.3, flathead. MUM 1977 1A, late 2nd A.D. M317 Nail L. 3, flathead. Deposit S2 (VII 3), Severan. M318 Nail (67/52)L. 2.2, flathead. NorthHouse courtfloor(I 7), Severan. M319 Nail L. 7, flathead. Deposit SI, Severan. M320 Nail (71/550)L. 4.5, diamond-shapedhead. SoutheastHouse,fabricofcist('eq') at northwest ofcourtyard, Augustan. M321-3 Bentwires,L. 6.3, 7, 5.5, all threeappear bentdeliberatelyand in a regular"wavy" pattern,but no obviousfunction.XIII 4, Hadrianic. M324 Bar L. 8, D. 0.45. Deposit R2 (I(N) 11), late 2nd A.D. M325 Bar (67/697)L. 51, D. 0.4, as last but bent. II 7a, Hadrianic There were 132 additionalfragments ofcopper/bronze wiresheet,strip,and shaftfragments in Roman levels. B Lead plates 308, 313 M326 Loomweight(71/420)L. 4.2, pyramidal,perforated at top. XI 14, Augustan. M327 Loomweight(71/421)L. 4, pyramidal,perforated at top. XI 3, Hadrianic. M328 Loomweight(67/404)L. 5.1, pyramidal,perforated at top. Deposit Nl, Neronian. M329 Loomweight(67/575)D. 3.3, disc-shaped,perforation near edge. Deposit S2 (IX 2), Severan. M330 Disc (67/503)D. 4, perforated at centre.Deposit S2 (IX 2), Severan. M331 Disc, D. 2.5, broken,unperforated. Deposit R2 (I(N) 11), late 2nd A.D. M332 Square, W. 4, unperforated. Deposit D3 (I(S) 13 ), Hadrianic. M333 Flat sheet,L. 4.9, tongue-shaped.NorthHouse courtfloor(I(N) 8), late 2nd/early3rd A.D. M334 Sheathing?L. 3.5, tracesof rivethole and grooveddecoration.XI 18, Augustan. M335 Handle? L. 4, ear-shaped,circularsection.Deposit S2 (VII 2), Severan. M336 Decorativenail? (67/179)L. 4.1, bi-conicalhead. Deposit R3 (VI 5), late 2nd A.D. M337 As last (68/62)L. 5.2, conical head. Fill in roadway,2nd A.D. M338 As last,L. 5, elongatedconical head. V(E) 3 & 4, Hell, to Hadrianic. M339 As last (67/665)L. 5.5, conical head. IX 4, Trajanic. M340 As last (71/419)L. 7.5, conical head. XV 5, Trajanic. M341 Nail, L. 5, domed head. XIII 36, Augustan/Tiberian in SW House, Room I.
372
METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL DEBRIS
M342 Potteryrivet?W. 3.5,scallopshellcastin lead, possiblyan appliquébutmightbe usedas a decorativerepair rivet.Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M343 As last,W. 3, XIII 17, Neronian. M344 Rivet,L. 3.9, flattenedeitherend. XIV 9, Tiberian. M345 Clamp? (67/734) L. 7, W. 2.8, two flatbarsjoined by two crossstruts,cf M72 (Hellenistic).Southeast House, entrancefromstreet(VII 17), Claudian. M346 As last,L. 4.6, W. 1.7, badly bentwithfourcrossstruts.XIII 17b,Neronian. M347 As last,L. 5, W. 3, fragonly,one strut.XIII 19a, Neronian. M348 As last,L. 10, W. 2.3, broken,twostrutsand one bar. I(N) 12, Neronian. castfineparallelribs,broadlysimilarto M21 (PG-MG). M349 Potteryrivet,L. 10.6,W. 1.4,semicircular-section, XI 14, Augustan. M350 As last,L. 5.5, W. 1.1, fr.only.XIII 20, Claudian. M351 As last,L. 9.5, W. 1.4, complete.DepositR2 (I(N) 11), late 2nd A.D. M352 Strip,L. 12.4, thinstrip,possiblyforbinding.X 2, Hadrianic. oflead fromRoman levels. There were26 additionalfragments C Iron plates 309, 310, 313 M353 Arrowhead(71/517)L. 7, tangL. 3, W. 2, ellipticalsection,roundtang.XIII 24a, Augustan. M354 Arrowhead(71/647)L. 9.5, tangL. 3.8, W. 2.5, barbed head, fish-tail tang.DepositAl, Augustan. M355 Arrowhead,L. 5.5, tangbroken,diamond-shapedhead. X/XI 4, Flavian. M356 Spearhead,L. 10, W. 2.5, socketed.X 9, Neronian. M357 Spearhead (71/575)L. 11, W. 2.2, socketed.XIV 15, late Augustan-Claudian. M358 Sickle-blade?L. 11, W. 3.5, broken;similarfoundin Sanctuaryof Demeterexcavationsin 3rd-4thB.C. levels.Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M359 Sickle-blade?(71/518)L. 10.6,W. 2.5, broken,similarto last. XII 11, Trajanic. M360 Bill-hook?L. 9.5, two copperrivetsat base ofshaft.Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M361 Shear blade? (71/519)L. 8.2, typicalshearblade form,but verysmall.XI 18, Augustan. M362 Knifeblade? L. 9.2, W. 3, centresectiononly.VIII 4, Hadrianic. M363 Knifeblade, L. 6.2, W. 1.7, tip only.DepositD4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M364 Knifeblade, L. 5.7, W. 2.4, complete?Singlerivet.DepositD2 (V(N) 3), Hadrianicand to late 2nd A.D. M365 Knifeblade, L. 4.7, W. 1.8, tip only.Deposit SI, Severan. M366 Broadchiselorset?L. 11.5, W. 3.8, tracesofwoodenhaftoccupieshalflength.XI belowWall 'dy',and over 17, Augustan. M367 Broad chiselor set,L. 4.9, W. 2.8, tip only.XI 14, Augustan. M368 Chisel,L. 7.1, W. 1.3, complete.XIII 17, Neronian. M369 Chisel,L. 8, W. 1.8, complete.XI 3, Hadrianic. M370 Chisel,L. 4.8, W. 0.9, complete.XII 6, Hadrianic. M371 Chisel,L. 6, W. 2.2, complete.Deposit D5 (XII 9), Hadrianic. M372 Punchor set,L. 11.8,D. shaft0.6, complete.Deposit Cl, Claudian. M373 Awl (67/536)L. 6.4, complete.NorthHouse foundationtrenchforRoom V westwall (Wall 'b'), 1stA.D.?. X 2, M374 Punch?L. 7.5, W. 1.5, possiblybentpunchbut lookslike a miniatureaxe-adze withoutshaft-hole. Hadrianic. M375 Shovel (71/681)L. 38.2, blade L. 7.0, handle attachedto blade by two rivets.DepositAl, Augustan. M376 Spatula? (67/858)L. 5.5, W. 1.5, head only.Deposit Fl, Flavian. M377 Heavy-dutyhook (67/304)L. 8.5, made ofironbar (D 1.4). Deposit R2, (IV(N) 2B), late 2nd A.D. M378 ShaftbindingL. 4.3, tracesofoval woodenshaftpreserved.Deposit S2 (VII 2), Severan. M379 Ring (67/418)D. 5. DepositTl, Trajanic. chain. V(E) 4, Trajanic? M380 Oval loop (67/632)L. 14.8,W. 9.5, probablylinkofheavy-duty M381 Bindingstrip?(67/72) L. 6, W. 2.9, fourlarge rivetholes,one small rivetin edge. Deposit S2 (VII 2), Severan. M382 BindingstripL. 20.8, W. 6, in two pieces,one rivethole. Deposit Cl, Claudian. M383 Strapping?(71/520)L. 9.5, W. 2.5, possiblytipofa largeblade (eg. sword);probablystrappingfora chest. XI 17, Augustan. in SW House Room I. M384 Strapend? (71/646)L. 5.4, W. 2.3, triangulartiponly.XIII 35, Augustan/Tiberian M385 Strip,L. 11.5,flatcurvingstrip,no obviousfunction.DepositAl, Augustan. M386 Sheathing?L. 7.7, semicircular section,to coverwoodenrib or shaft?Deposit Cl, Claudian.
METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL
DEBRIS
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M387 Lock bolt?L. 6, fragment only.XIV 28, Augustan. M388 Lock bolt (67/33)L. 6.2, complete.Deposit S2 (VII 2), Severan. M389 Spear butt?L. 11.8,muchcorroded,twoarmsjoined at one end, functionuncertain.Deposit S2 (VII 2), Severan. M390 FittingL. 7, hook at one end, cart-fitting perhaps.Deposit D5 (XII 9), Hadrianic. M391 Latch? L. 7.3, W. 1.3, broken.VII 8, Hadrianic. M392 Hook L. 5.1, rivethole fornailingto beam? Deposit Cl, Claudian. M393 Stud? L. 4, triangularplate withremainsofnail fromcentre.XII 3, Hadrianic. M394 Stud D. 1.6, domed head. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic. M395 Stud (67/451)D. 3, flathead. II 7, Hadrianic. M396 Stud D. 2, domed head. XIII 4, Hadrianic. M397 Stud (67/409)D. 1.5, low domed head. Ill 8, Trajanic. M398-400 StudsD. 1.3, flatheads. X 9, Neronian. L. 7.5, arm 6.5. XIV/XV 8, lst/2ndA.D. M401 Angle-bracket M402 Wall bracket,L. 8.4, arm 4.5, triangularhead. Deposit R2 (I(N) 11 Pit 3), late 2nd A.D. M403-529 127 nails,all completewithhead and tip. There is greatvarietyin combinationsof shaftsize, head shape and size, and length.Lengthsrangefrom3 to 15cms.and shaftsfrom0.4-1.2. The mostcommon ratherthanrectangular(93 lengthsare between6 and lOcms.(87 examples),and mostheadsare round/oval examples). The rectangularhead was morecommonin thesecondcenturylevelsthanin theearlyRoman levels(30% of all nails in the former,14% in thelatter).There werethreenails withtriangularheads. 159fragments ofironobjects ofironnailsfromRoman levels,and a further Therewere329 additionalfragments too corrodedand brokento be identified. D
MetallurgicalDebris
M530 Solidifiedlead waste,150gms.IV(N) 2A, late 2nd A.D. frombronze M531 Cruciblefr?Rim L. 3.4, verysandydarkgreyfabricwithfusedsurface,greendiscolouration; working?VIII 4, Trajanic. M532 Re-linedfurnacewall fr,L. 7, W. 5, Th. 2.2. Slightcurvaturewithbronzeslag adhering.I(N) 5, 2nd A.D. (A3). M533 Re-linedfurnacewall fr,L. 6, W. 2, Th. 3. Slightcurvature,bronzeslag adhering.I(N) 6, 2nd A.D. (A4). M534 Piece offurnacebottom,L. 5, W. 3, 25 gms,bronzeslag adhering.II 9, Trajanic (AIO). M535 Small piece of bronzesmithingslag, 35gms.Fabric ofWall 'ep', Augustan(A16). M536 Small piece ofbronzesmithingslag, 150gms.MUM 1977 1A, late 2nd A.D. (24) frombronzesmithing, M537 Furnace-lining 70gms.XIV 23, Claudian (A19). M538 Pieceofre-linedfurnacewall,L. 12,W. 8, Th. 3.5, approx.D ofwhole30cms.;bronzeslag adheres.I(N) 6, 2nd A.D. (A6). M539 Piece ofironore,pyrites,950gms.XIII Pit 1, Trajanic (A21). M540 Piece ofironore,pyrites,300gms.X 9, Neronian(A25). M541 Piece ofironore,425gms.XI 16-19, Augustan. M542 Iron meltingslag, 200gms.V 2, Severan. ironsmithing, 80gms.XV 8, Claudian (A18). M543 Furnace-lining, M544 Furnace-lining, ironsmithing,75gms.Deposit R2 (I(S) 12), late 2nd A.D. (All). M545 Iron smeltingslag,fromoxide ore?360gms.XI 3, Hadrianic. (A23). of a bloom,400gms.VIII 5, Trajanic. M546 Iron material,possiblymuchcorrodedfragments M547 Iron smithingslag,60gms. I 7, Severan (A2). M548 Three piecesoffurnacelining,upperside relativelysmooth,205 gms.XIV Pit 4, Tiberian (Al 7). M549 Iron meltingslag? 155gms.SouthwestHouse Room I, Claudian floor(XIII 34). M550 Iron meltingslag? 150gms.XV 7, late 2nd/early3rd A.D. M55 1-600 The followingitemsare all eitherfragments of,or complete,furnacebottoms("cinders").They are round or oval in plan, the undersideis convexlycurved and the upper is slightlyconcave or flat;the undersideis usuallypartlycoatedwithyellowishsoil.Each piece appearsto be comprisedofsmallpiecesof iron,slag,charcoaland clay- mainlyironand slag. An asteriskafterthecat. numberindicatesa complete bottom.
374 L W M551 6 3 M552* 20 20 M553 5 4 M554 8 4 M555 8.5' 5 M556 6 3 M557* 10 9 M558 8 7 M559 9 5 M560 9 7 M561 13 9 M562 7 12.5 M563 5 3 M564 10 8 M565* 12 12 M566 9 7 M567* 6 4 M568* 11 9 M569 9 8 M570 7 5 M571* 11 7.5 9 M572 12 M573* 8.5 6.5 M574* 10 9 M575* 16 14 M576* 16 12 M577* 14 11 4 M578 3 M579* 7 7.3 M580 23 pieces,foundtog. M581 10 8.5 M582 12 12 M583 7 8 M584 25 pieces,foundtog. M585 9 pieces,foundtog. M586* 9 6.5 M587* 11 12 M588 11 6.5 M589 9 7.5 M590 10 10 M591 9 7.5 8 8 M592 M593 12 12 11 M594 7 M595 10 9 14 M596 8 M597 6 6 M598 10 6.5 M599 6.5 6.5 M600* 9 9
METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL Th 1.5 3 1.5 2 3 2 2 3.5 1.5 3 3 2 1.5 3 3.5 3 2 2 4 2 2.5 3 3 2.5 3.5 6 4 1.5 2 3.5 3 4.5 2.5 5 3 2.5 2.5 3.5 1 2 2.5 3 3.5 1 1.5 1 2
Wt (gms) 150 1550 180 225 650 160 440 310 130 460 610
505 110 900 580 360 210 600 485 170 250 610 250 480 1600 1600 12500 100 255 2050 480 450 375 3400 1400 310 860 530 390 305 440 145 255 305 385 680 120 185 150 250
DEBRIS
Prov.
Date
XIII 37 XII Wall 'ec/j' XIII 26d XIV Pit 4 XIII 4 XIII 18 XI 11 XI 11 XI 11 XI 11 IX 14 Pit II 1X26 X9 XIII 17a XIII 17 I (N) 12 X/XI2 XIII Pit 1 XIV 1 XIV 1 Well 12 Well 12 Well 12 XII Pit 5.9 XII 9 XII Pit 5.9 XII 3 XV S Ext 2 V2 XII 2 HIE Sectioning » »
Augustan Augustan(Al 5) Augustan Tiberian Claudian Claudian Claudian Claudian Claudian Claudian Claudian Claudian Claudian (A20) Neronian Neronian Neronian Trajanic Trajanic Trajanic Trajanic Hadrianic Hadrianic Hadrianic Hadrianic Hadrianic Hadrianic Hadrianic Aurelian? Aurelian late Roman Severan?
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
to takenozzleofbellows.L. withtaperingperforation M600a (68/302)Partoffurnacewall liningfromexterior, 16.5,W. 20.5, Th 1.5, exceptaroundbellowsaperture,7.5. Bellowsaperturenarrowsfrom6 x 4 to 4 x 3. (A7). DepositT2 (Well 8b), Trajanic. plates 311, 314.
MET AL WORK AND METALLURGICAL
DEBRIS
375
Discussion Althoughthe Roman levelsproducedapproaching350 cataloguedartefacts(in additionto is markedby itsordinariness. It is above material)theassemblageofmetalwork metallurgical all a domesticassemblage,withsmall quantitiesof bronzeand iron tools,toiletimplements, of unpretentious simplejewellery,fragments copperor bronzevessels,and a varietyofsmall furniture The tools include no fittings. highlyspecializeditemssuchas wouldonlybe foundin thehandsofspecialistcraftsmen, and maywell have come mostlyor entirelyfromhousehold sinceafterCretewas incorporated toolkits.The handfulofweaponsis ofsomeinterest, intothe Roman provinceofCyrenein 67 B.C. itspeopleshouldnothave carriedweapons;but similar findsare made in mostRoman provincesand spearsand arrows,ofcourse,could have been usedforhunting.The onlyotherimplements possiblybearingon thesubsistence economywere threesmallironblades M358-60, whichcould have been used forreapingcrops,and which ofTrenchXII had arableplots mighttherefore implythatone or twohouseholdsin thevicinity withinreasonablereachoftheirhomes.Otheritemscallingforcommentincludethreebronze one piecesconnectedwithwritingand recordkeeping.The singlestylus(M199) is surprising; in a substantialRoman townwheretheremust mighthave expectedmanysuch implements have beena reasonabledegree,and frequency, ofliteracyand ampleoccasiontouse it.The seal - are box (M200) and the lid of the ink well (M205) - if the latterbe correctlyidentified welcomesupportingevidence,therefore, thatrecordsweremade and documentskeptin this quarterof Roman Knossos (cf. also the bone stylusesnos. E13,14 and potteryinkwellno. C2,46). Thereis one groupofmaterialwhichmightpointto thelocationofa specialistcraftsman, in theHadrianicperiodin thearea whichwas excavatedin TrenchXII. Fromthisarea came six bronzelockplates,twodoorlatches,a key-holeplate,a lock-cover, fivedecorativestuds,three otherprobabledoor embellishments, as well as two iron tools- a punch and a chiselor set ofitemsis a chance occurrencefrompurely (M370-71). It is possiblethatthisconcentration domesticcontextswithinthisarea, butit is also possiblethata lock-smith had hisworkshopin thevicinity. The metallurgicaldebrisis again the moreinteresting materialin the assemblage.Smallis evidencedby occasionalfindsofbothfurnace scale,and possiblydomestic,bronze-working and late Roman liningand slag, fromAugustan,Claudian, Trajanic, Antonine/Aurelian is theevidenceforiron-working. As in thepre-Romanera, thereis a deposits.More significant littleevidenceforattemptsto smeltironoresin thevicinity;fromthreefirstcenturydeposits thereare pieces of iron ore (pyrites),and froma Hadrianic level thereis a singlepiece of smeltingslag (M545). The scarcityof such finds,however,makesit quite certainthat the werea failure,technically or economically. The bulkofiron-working residuesis again attempts foundas 'furnacebottoms',ofwhichtheRoman levelsproducednotlessthan49 examplesof which17 werecomplete.Most oftheitemswerefoundin depositsofone or theotherof two periods,and in twodiscreteareas,as was thecase withthepre-Romanfindsoffurnacebottoms describedearlier.The sixcompletebottomsfromtheHadrianiclevelsin area XII forma very similargroupto theeightbottomsfromarea VII in thirdcenturyB.C. levels.The Hadrianic bottomsrange in weightbetween250 and 1600 grammes,whilstthe thirdcenturyB.C. examplesrangedfrom300 to 2250 grammes.It seemsreasonableto viewthisHadrianicgroup as a primarydepositofmaterialfromcontemporary as was iron-smithing activity,therefore, to interpret.It suggestedforthe earliergroup. The second Roman group is more difficult the biggestconcentrationof furnacebottomsin the Roman level, but only five represents
376
METAL WORK AND METALLURGICAL DEBRIS
bottoms. completebottomswerefoundin a grouptotallingbetweensixteenand twenty-one under numbers stems from the collections of small recorded (The uncertainty fragments It is also that bottoms were recovered fromthe notable these M584-585). largelyfragmentary same area, HIE, as the late 2nd-early1st centuryB.C. group discussedearlier,albeit in that the Severan/late Severan/lateRoman levels. The possibilitymust remain,therefore, Roman findsare residualdebrisfromthe earlieroperationsin thissame area. of thedepositsoffurnacebottoms. Note on thestratigraphy Some further commentseemsworthwhileon thedepositwhoseprovenienceis stratigraphical as 'East given Sectioning'(M581-600), and on its relationto theothergroups.This deposit derivesfroma dumpofblackenedearthwith'charcoal,ash and quantitiesofironslag',found at the extremenortheastcornerof the excavation.It was firstfoundduringa cleaning left operationwhosepurposewas to straightenand 'read' the verticalsectionconveniently throughthe site by the Little Palace cutting.It lay above the streetsurfaceat depth c. 14.20-14.50immediatelyoutsidethe thresholdof NorthHouse Room III, i.e. at the final (Severan) level,and shouldprobablybe associatedwithDeposit SI. A sketchsectionin the trenchnotebookrunsthroughthedepositfromnorthtosouthand showsfourlevelsabove it ( 1. surfacesoil lOcms.thick,2. greyearthwithnumerouslate2nd/early 3rdA.D. sherdsand stones 10-26cms.thick,3. a lensofburntearthwithash and charcoal2-8cms.thickat thesouthside, and 4. a hard packed yellowclay layerc. 30cms.thickagain at the southside). Below the soil 20-40cms.thick,and layers:6. hard greyish-yellow deposit (level 5) were two further (perhapsdug intothis)7. a fillofloose marblechipsand dust 20cms.deep. The topofthedepositlayc. 25cms.belowthesurviving topoftheNorthHouse eastwall,and itsbottomc. 55cms.below the same point.Thus thedepositseemsreasonablywell stratified and undisturbed. The potteryis consistently ofSeverancharacter. The onlyuncertainty arisesfromthefactthatit lay on theextremeedge oftheexcavation, and was exposedto thesurfaceon theeastsideat theLittlePalace cutting.In thissenseit was the stratigraphy on thisside. The Hellenistic not sealed,and it is not possibleto reconstruct deposit(H 13) whichincludedsimilarfurnacebottomswas also foundpartlyexposedat the extremeeast edge oftheexcavation,but 10-12m. further south,and at a lowerlevel (depthc. sections(SectionsA, C, D, J) showthattheancientlevelsran right 12.50). The maineast-west out onto the edge, and were eroded away, not added to by later tipping,nor disturbedby digging;thusthechancesofthesetwodepositsoriginallyderivingfromone sourceseemvery slight.The thirddepositfromthisarea (M179-186) comesfromthemassivefillofPit65, which oftheNorthHouse, and well was in effectlevellingmaterialplaced beneaththefoundations sealedby itsseriesoffloors.Since thefirstofthesepredatestheSeverandepositby somesix to eightdecades,it is hard to see how any physicalconnectioncould have takenplace. L.H.S.)
ROMAN AND LATER itemswererecoveredfromupperlevelscontainingmaterialofthelate 2nd/early The following or in a fewcases of uncertainprovenience 3rd centuryand later,or werenotwell stratified, forany of theseentriestherefore. more date is recorded no specific (M618, 642, 646);
METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL
DEBRIS
377
Catalogue
A Copper andBronze plates 310, 313 M601 Narrow-bladechisel(67/196)L. 8, W. 0.6, bent.I 6. M602 Awl (67/857)L. 6.3, D. 0.35. IX 2. M603 Blade (67/7) L. 6.4, W. 1.5, brokencurvingblade withinsidecuttingedge. I (W.ext.) surface. L. 2, oval shaft1.3 x 0.8, possiblyfroma knifehandle. I 6. M604 Shaft-binding, M605 Steelyardarm (67/5) L. 13, excellentcondition.Surface;post-Roman? M606 Handle terminal(67/26)L. 2.7, male head, possiblyfroma spoon or jug handle. VIII 1. M607 Mirror,D. 13,fragment only,decoratedwithouterringofincisedcirclesand innerclusterofsame.VIII 1. M608 Pin? (67/178)L. 8.2, shaftonlysurvives.VII 5. M609 Fingerring(67/137)D. 1.95,flatsection.I (W.ext.) surface. M610 Fingerring,D. 1.8, roundsection,XI 2. M611 Hair-ring?D. 1.4, roundsection.XIII cleaning. M612 Hair-ring?(67/182)D. 1.1, roundsection.VII 4B. M613 Bead? L. 1.9, D. 0.9, tubular.Spoil heap. M614 Sheathing,L. 5, W. 1.5, flatsheet.XI 5. M615 Sheathing,L. 5.5, W. 2, sheetfoldedroundperishablecore. XII 2. M616 Caskethandle (67/201)L. 8, omega-typehandle (cf.M58-9 fromHell, levels). IV(N) 2. M617 Handle? L. 2.6, fromsmallcup? XII 1. M618 Hinge,L. 2.4, lightcasket(?) hingefrag,one rivethole. XIII 29(?). M619 Stud (71/478)L. 3, D. head 2.2, groovedhead may have had colouredinlayoriginally.XII 2. M620 Stud, D. 1.8, flathead. XI 3. M621 Nail (67/200)L. 4.6, roundconical head. VII 5. in upperlevels. There were53 further fragments B Lead plates 310, 313 on M622 Weight(71/187)L. 5.3, W. 4.8, Th. 0.9, flatplaque withsigns,apparentlyincludinglettersincisedlightly bothsides.Similaritemswerefound,mainlyin Hellenisticlevelsbut throughto late Roman,in theAgora, wheretheyappear to be weights.(M. Lang and M. Crosby'The AthenianAgoraX: Weights,Measuresand Tokens' (1964), pl. 10, and cat. nos. 77-109 especially.)XII surface. M623 Lid ofsmallbox? L. 6.6, W. 3, two smallloop handles.IV/V(E) 1. M624 Disc (71/399)D. 3.7, Th. 0.25, possiblya gamingcounter.X 6. M625 Disc (67/6) D. 2.4, Th. 0.5, as last?Surfacesoil. M626 PotteryrivetL. 8, W. 1.5,stripflaton one side,convexon otherwithfineparallelribs;as M21 (PG/MG) and especiallyas M349-51 (Augustan-Claudian).XI 5. M627 PotteryrivetL. 7.2, W. 1.6, as last. VIII 1. M628 SheathingD. 6, possiblysheathingforbase ofsmallwoodenpost?XII 2. There were6 further scrapsoflead fromupperlevels. C Iron plates 311, 313 M629 Arrowhead?L. 9, tang L. 4, W. 2.2, simpleleaf-shapedhead. X 4. M629a Arrowhead?L. 6.8, tang L. 2.7, W. 2.2, flattriangularhead muchdamaged and withtip broken. M630 Ring (67/34)D. 4.8, roundsection.VII 1. M631 Hippo-sandal(67/198)D. 5, flatplate withprojectinghook;fr.only.VII 4a. II 4. M632 Disc D. 8.5, raisedcentralboss and outerridge;no centreperforation. There were93 further ofironin the upperlevels. fragments D
MetallurgicalDebris
M633 M634 M635 M636 M637 M638 M639
Bronzesmithingslag, lOgms.I(N) 3, Pit 1. Bronzesmithingslag, 50gms. I(N) 6. Bronzesmithingslag, 25gms. I(N) 7. Solidifiedwastelead, originallypouredmoltenin a smallpot, D. 5.5, 550gms.IX 2 Iron smithingslag adheringto piece offurnacelining?L. 4.3. XI 2. (Al) Iron smithingslag, 250gms.XI 2. Iron smithingslag, 125gms.XV 10.
378
METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL DEBRIS
M640 Iron smithingslag,50gms.XII 3, Pit 1. M641 Iron smeltingslag,probablyfromoxide ore, lOOgms.I(N) 4. (A5). M642-649 The following itemsare all fragmentary furnacebottoms,exceptthelast twowhichare complete,and are identicalto thosedescribedearlierundercatalogueentriesM55 1-600. M642 M643 M644 M645 M646 M647 M648* M649*
L. 7 12 11 7 12 11 10 10
W. 5 10 6 6.5 10 10 8.5 9
Th. 1.5 3 3 2.5 3 1.5 2.5 2.5
Wt(gms.) 210 450 350 175 400 270 500 575
Prov. Well 12? II W Ext. 2 VIII 1 I(N) 5 XI 30 13 I 3 VII 1
Date
No commentis offered on theunstratified pieces,exceptto notethatmanyoftheitemsare certainlyofRoman date and closelyparalleledin thestratified deposits.There is no reasonto thinkthatthefurnacebottomsare not derivedfromRoman (or Hellenistic)levels.
CONCLUSION As notedearlierthebulkofthemetalartefacts foundin theexcavationsare typicaldomestic small numbers of tools and weapons.Apartfromthepossibility ofa debris,including simple Hadrianiclock-smith, oftoolsand otherartefacts of thereis nowherea concentration suggestive in craftsmen at work the area at time from the Geometric to the late Roman any specialist Thereis substantialevidenceof period.The one exceptionto thisruleis clearlyiron-smithing. in the from the 3rd B.C. onwards to thelateRoman period. vicinity early century iron-working in thedebris,in additionto slag, In totala minimumof 79 furnacebottomsare represented furnaceliningand otherpiecesofdebris.There are threesealed groupsofbottomswhichwe ironsmithing activities believeto each represent primarydepositscomingfromcontemporary in the 3rd centuryB.C., late 2nd-early1st centuryB.C., and the Hadrianic period. It is in thisarea in the temptingto suggestthat thereare thusthree'episodes'of iron-smithing that Greco-Romanera; it is equally likely,however, activitywas moreor less iron-working in it is the of both survival and discoverythat this of Knossos and that continuous vagaries part have producedthreediscretegroupsofdebris.Since no obviousworkshopsand installations activitieslies werefoundduringtheexcavations,it seemslikelythatthefocusofthesmithing confirmthe both to would be the area and further excavations excavated necessary beyond scale ofthe and the the actual of and to illuminate further processes continuity iron-working workinvolved.
Section 12 Objects in Bone and Bone Working (PLATES 315-323) (All bone objectsare illustratedby photographsin cataloguesequencein plates 320-323, and are thereidentifiedby catalogue nos. In additionselectedobjects, withinthe groupedby type,are drawnin plates 315-9. Individualplatereferences are limited to these drawn catalogue examples.)
L. H. SACKETT
Introduction Pre-Roman Catalogue (E 1-1la) Roman Discussion: pins;needles;weavingpick;thestylus;instrument; spoons,scoop, fork,knives;boxes etc; awl, handles,rings,buttonsetc. Catalogue:Augustan (El 2-20); Tiberian (E21), Claudian (E22-35), Neronian (E36-43), Flavian (E44-53), Trajanic (E54-58a), Hadrianic (E59-82), later2nd A.D. (E83-109), Severan(E99-109), Upperlevels(late 3rd A.D. and later;El 10-144) 2nd/early EvidenceforLocal Bone Workshops
Page 379 380 380 381 381 383
389
INTRODUCTION Since thegreatmajorityofmaterialunderthisheadingcomesfromtheRoman levels,thepreRoman objectsare treatedseparatelyin a preliminary section.Then commonformswhichare foundthroughout theRoman period(pins,needles,thestylus,spoons,beads,buttonsetc.) are discussed,wherepossiblein termsoftheirchronologicaldevelopment.The restofthematerial is presentedbygroupsin chronological order,witha catalogueofeach group,preceded,where short comments. appropriate,by descriptive Finallytheevidencefora local bone workshopis summarisedand a case made forthe local manufactureof many of the 529 bone objects derivingfromtheUM excavation. 379
380
OBJECTS IN BONE AND BONE WORKING
PRE-ROMAN
plate 320 nos. 1-14.
Few objectsin bone werefoundin thelevelsoftheearlyperiods.Fourteenare listedhereand illustrated fortheirowninterest; two(nos. 1,1a) are fromProtogeometric/Geometric contexts, therestHellenistic.The contextsare notsuchas to throwlighton theirspecificfunctions. The twoearlypiecesare a hollowhandleor containerand a primitive flatstylus.Eitherwouldseem at homein theEarlyIronAge,butcould be muchearlier.A possibleparallelforthefirst, with similarinciseddecoration,is a Cycladiccontainerforcolouringmaterialfroman EC tombon Naxos (Athens Nat.Mus. cat. no. 8818). l In this case ours must be a survivalin its context(pitfillat thenorthend oftheMinoan UnexploredMansion).Equally Protogeometric thestylus(or awl?),made froma flatbone,polishedon one sideand sharpenedat bothends,is a formcommonlyfoundin prehistoric contexts. FromHellenisticcontextscomesa smallgroupofeverydayobjects,includingtwoworked astragali(2), burnishingtool, awl and stylus(5-7), handle, pin, peg, eye inlay,bead and ofa longlineofsimilarRoman dresspins.The eyeinlay buttons.The pin (8) is theforerunner musthave comefromor beenintendedfora lifesize figure.In addition,it is worthnotingthat one largecutbone (Bos metacarpal,likethatat plate 323c) was foundin a Hellenisticcontext, suggestingthat the traditionof bone workingforwhichthereis ample evidencelater,had alreadybegun. Catalogue I
la 2 2a 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I1 Ila
Incisedhandleor container?72/4.L. 7.4. Rectangularsection;hollowedout; decoratedon all foursideswith one in one plane,one in theother. groupsoffourincisedlines,as shown.Wellpolished.Bothendsflareslightly, Could be strungas a long decorativebead, or used as the handle of an implement,or perhapsfittedwith remarksand reference there).No signsofwear. stoppersat each end and used as a container(see introductory MUM A 3, Pit 1; PG. plate 318 no. 1. L. 11.3. Plain flatbone,sharpenedto pointat one end, theotherbroken.One side polished,the Stylus/awl. otherrough.MUM 131; Geometric. Astragalusfr.67/727.L. 3.4. Split throughcentre.Surfacepolishedforuse as gamingpiece?III(E) 11; late Class./earlyHellenistic. A secondwas foundin a similarcontext,burntand unpolished(68/97). Handle fr?L. 8.5, D. 2.5-2.6. Aboutone half.Regularcylinder,taperingveryslightlyat one end. Decorated withsingleand double incisions.Well 14, early3rd B.C. plate 318 no. 2. Peg 67/908.L. 4.1. Three groovesat head formroughspherebetweentwodiscs.Well 1; late 3rd B.C. Disc button,D. 1.6. Wide stringhole,D. 6mm.One side leftrough;elsewherelightlypolished.Well 14; early 3thB.C. tool?L. 9. Thicklimbbone taperingto broadblade,notsharp.Surfaceswornand highlypolished, Burnishing Well 14; early3rd B.C. even at thebreak,fromconstanthandlingand use as a burnisher. Awl. L. 7.3. Roughlyfinished.Pointedforuse as awl (or stylus?).Well 14; early3rd B.C. downthefaceside, Stylus71/410.L. 7.8. Blade at one end,pointat theother.The blade is formedbysmoothing 2nd B.C. plate witha shortbevellingat theback,and drawsa lineas fineas thepoint.XII 36; late 3rd/early 315 no. 26. Pin 67/776.L(pres). 6.3. Pointmissing.Round section;threegroovesand smallonionshapedfinialat head. I(S) 26; Hellenistic. Eye inlay71/418.L. 2.9, H. 2.1. Face side polished,chippedat back. XIII 39; Hellenistic,plate 318 no. 10. Disc bead 71/723.D. 1.9. Plain. One side polished.XIV Room III, floorII; Hellenistic. Disc button67/826.D. 2.6. One side polished,theotherleftrough.Ridge at rim.Outer edge hollowedand piercedwith16 holes (D. 1.5mm.).Pit 65, late 2nd-early1stB.C. plate 318 no. 17. Flat disc (button?)67/646.D. 2.4. Burnt.I(S) 21A; Hellenistic,plate 318 no. 16.
OBJECTSIN BONE AND BONE WORKING
381
ROMAN
plates 320-323.
Almostall thematerialbelongsto some200-250 yearsofRoman colonialoccupation.Thereis a certaincontinuity fromthepastin sometypesofsimpleobject (cf.thedecoratedpinsE8, 15 and 85; pegsE3 and 32), but pre-Romanobjectsavailable forcomparisonare few,and most noticeableis thenewand superiorqualityand finishofa numberofobjectsoftheEarlyEmpire (E13, 14, 22, 54-5). If any objectsare to be singledout as of exceptionalquality both in material(a hardwhitebone) and finish(a superiorpolish)thesemustbe thefourstyluses(E13, and answered 14, 72, 122). Perhapsthesewereimportedfroma specialistworkshopelsewhere, a particularneed fortheRoman settlersto keep up theirLatin in a Greekworld(?). Pins plate 315,nos.1-11. Possiblythemostcommontypeis thesimplestraightpin. This typehas a conicalhead which variesfromnear flat(E62, plate 315, no. 1) to low conical (E60, plate 315, no. 2) to quite sharplypointed (E61; 105, plate 315, no. 3). Firstfoundin the late 1st centuryA.D., it becomesthemostcommontypein the2nd centuryA.D., and willno doubt have servedas a witha highpolish(eg. E61, 78, dresspin.The materialusedis a hardwhitebone,well-finished 2 88). By contrastthe pin withsphericalhead (E64, 86, 129; plate 315, nos. 4-5) though slender,is oftenmade froma browner(springier)bone and leftcomparatively roughcut.This typeis firstfoundin theHadrianic levelsand is commonthereafter.3 the period,beginningwitha simplebead below a Decorateddresspinsoccur throughout conicalor sphericalfinial(E15, 24, 73, 85; plate 315, nos.6-7) and becomingmoreelaborate later,withpine-conefinial(E103, 126, 127; plate 315, nos. 8-9; all probablySeveran). A Hellenisticforerunner (E8), as mentionedabove, is ofcomparabletype. Needles
plate 315,nos.12-20. Bone needlesare almostequally common.A feware slender,of roundor oval section,with small eye suitable for fine thread (E58, 125, plate 315, nos. 12-13).4 But most are comparativelyheavy and thick,usually with large eye made by two drillings,as E36 (Neronian)and E83 (later2nd A.D., plate 315, no. 14) - so moreproperlybodkins,foruse in workingwithwool or goat's hair on coarselytexturedobjectssuch as coverletsor even rugs. Most are flattened towardstheeye,withhead cut flat(E58, plate 315, no. 12), conical (E16, 36, 63; plate 315, no. 15), pointed(E74, 77; plate 315, nos. 16, 17) or rounded(E83, 84, 96, 123; plate 315, no. 14). A fewhave pointedheads withroundsection(E57, 124; plate 315, no. 19). A distinctive typewiththreeeyeholesoccursin Hadrianicdepositsonly(sixexamples, cf.E63, plate 315, no. 20). Weavingpick(?)
plate 316,no. 11. A handle of spade shape (E37, Neronian) perhapsbelongsto a weavingpick. A similarly as a weavingpick.5 shaped objectfromCorinthis interpreted
382
OBJECTSIN BONE AND BONE WORKING
TheStylus plate 315,nos.21-26. comefromtheearlyAugustanperiod(E13, 14, plate 315, nos.21-22), Two veryfinestyluses a thirdfromthe upperlevels (E122, plate 315, no. 23; 2nd-3rdA.D.). Made froma hard whiteboneand extremely wellpolished,twoare fittedwithslightridgetoaid in gripping(E13, articulated and two with head, eitherglobular(E13) or conical (E14). Almostas well 122) finished is an early2nd A.D. example(E55, plate 315, no. 24), pointedat one end and fitted withcarefully made eraserat theother.A secondfragmentary exampleofClaudian date (E27, plate 315, no. 25) is perhapsofthistype;thespatula-likehead could serveto erase,but the example(E7, plate 315,no. 26), thoughof pointis missing.Analogousis theearly,Hellenistic, rougherworkmanship. E68 Instrument plate 315,no. 27. of unknownfunction,but perhaps froma sensitive A bronze-platedbone instrument, where instrument lightweightand metallicprecisionof line wereboth required, measuring comesfroma Hadrianiccontext,see discussionundercatalogueentry. Spoons,scoops,fork,knives
plate 316,nos.1-16. Small bone spoonsare foundin mostdeposits,withplain roundbowlas theTrajanic example no. E56 (plate 316, no. 1), sometimeswith the additionof small concentricgroovesas decorationin thecentre,as on thethreeAugustanexamples(E23, 29, 30; plate 316, no. 2). Spoonswithbowlofa moreoval, taperingformalso occur (E46-7, Flavian and late 2nd-3rd A.D.; plate 316,nos.5-6). Occasionallyhandlesare decorated,as theNeronianexamplewith AphroditeAnadyomenemotif(E40, plate 316, no. 4), a formfoundat Pompeii;6a late reel betweenbeads (El 18, plate 316, no. 3), 2nd/early3rd A.D. spoon has cross-hatched anotherhas simplebeading(E46, Claudian,plate 316, no. 5) and twohave nickson theface side of the stemand St George'scrossbelow (E100, 119-20 Severan;plate 316, nos. 6-7). werefoundin 2nd A.D. and latercontexts(E75, Small scoops,perhapsforuse withcosmetics, 71 Trajanic,plate 316,nos.8-9), a singleear-pickin theformofa spoonwithtinyroundbowl comesfromtheupperlevels(E121, plate 316, no. 10), and a possibleforkin theformofan openhandis froma Trajaniccontext(E54, plate 316,no. 12).7Finallytherecometwoknives, - one slightlikea paper knifeforlightwork,one stronger withbroad blade - bothfromthe upper levels (late 2nd/early3rd A.D., E110-111, plate 316, nos. 13-14); and two knife handles,- one Hadrianic,ofbrownbonecut and piercedto holdblade and rivets(E69, plate 316, no. 16), and one fromthe upper levelswithbrokeniron tangstillheld in place by its bronzeclamp (El 12, plate 316, no. 15). Box and othercontainer , inlays,pegs andpiercedcylinders fragments
plate 317,nos.1-22. no objectin thiscategoryis wholeor fullyrestorable,thereare some Though unfortunately made pieceswithexcellentpolishedfinish(especiallyE21, Tiberian,plate 316,no. veryfinely to Most appear comefromsmallhouseholdobjects,someperhapsfrompiecesoffurniture; 2). some may be unfinishedobjects froma workshop(E17a, Augustan,plate 317, no. 4). deriveare: salt and pepper of theobjectsfromwhichour fragments Suggestedidentification
OBJECTSIN BONE AND BONE WORKING
383
shaker (E12, Augustan, plate 317, no. 1), ink stand or pen and ink holder (?) (E21, Tiberian and E17A Augustan, plate 317, nos. 2 and 4), cylindricalboxes (E132-3, upper levels, plate 8 317, nos. 5-6), rectangular boxes (mostlypanel frs.,E33-4, 26, 17b, 38, all 1st A.D., plate 317, nos. 7-10), and comb (E25, Claudian, plate 317, no. 3). Perhaps fromfurniturecome inlays (E18, 135, Augustan and late 2nd/early3rd A.D., plate 317, nos. 11-12), and pegs (E32 and 71, Claudian and Antonine, plate 317, nos. 13-14). A group ofpierced cylindersand moulded discs (plate 317, nos. 15-22) is best interpretedas part of a box hinge. Most were found togetherin a Flavian context (E48-53), while two almost identical foundin the upper levels (E136-7) may be out of context. Though cut and hollowed separately (the rough interiorsurfacesdo not match), some seem to have been joined, or at least juxtaposed, to judge fromsurface markingswhich continue fromone piece to another. Similar pieces found at Delos are interpretedthereas the elementsof a knuckle hinge, perhaps fora chest.9 In thiscase the cylinderswill have been threaded on a rod at the back of a chest, and the transverseholes will have been used for the attachment of the lid. An excellent illustrationof the way such hingesfunctionedon chestor cupboard is given by N.A. Griffiths in 'Roman Craftsand Industries' by Alan McWhirr (figs. 15-16). 10 It should be remarked that since our pieces show no sign of wear on the inside, where theyshould revolve on a rod, they may not yet have been put to use.
strut Awl,handles, buttons, counter, rings, gaming plate 318,nos.1-20. Simplebone awlsweremade ofheavy,rough-cutbone,as El 14 (upperlevels,plate 318, no. 3). But a numberofhandlesappear to be fittedto takea rodor pin,probablyofmetal,forawl, long pin,hookor similarimplement.A Claudian examplehas a globularhead and grooved stem (E24, plate 318, no. 4); a Hadrianic example was providedwith retainingring, presumablyofmetal(E81, plate 318, no. 5). Others(E113, 115, 97, 92, plate 318, nos. 6-8 and 11) includesimpleand complexforms;handlesfortoolsor small personalobjects(like hand mirrors). A varietyofrings,beads and buttonscome fromwidelydifferent contexts(plate 318, nos. as retainersor holders(E131, 9, 109, 9-10, 12-19). Some have wide hoopsand could function 44, plate 318, nos.9-10, 13-14). Nos. E107, Ila, 11, 80 and 108 (plate 318, nos. 15-19) are made and quiteelaboratelydecorated.No. E68 (plate 318,no. 20) is a buttons,somecarefully finelyturnedgamingcounterofHadrianicdate, inscribedwiththenumberVili (H) on the reverseside.And finallyno. E138 (plate 318,no. 21) is a plainstrutofcutbone,probablyused in the sculptor'satelierof the late 2nd/early3rd centuryA.D. (see discussionof workshop materialbelow). Catalogue 1st Century A.D.
FromtheAugustandestruction deposit(Al) in the SouthwestHouse (plate 320, nos. 12-20). El 2 Lid ofsaltor peppershaker(?) 71/384.1.7 x 2.5. Polishedoverknifeparingmarks.Truncatedpyramidwith threeholesat top. Piercedhingesocketsat one end; triangularnichesin base. XIII 37. plate 317, no. 1. FromotherAugustancontexts(A2) :
E13
E 14
Stylus71/248.L. 12.3. Excellentcondition;finepolish.Ovoid head; taperingstemwithridge.Sharp point. Veryregularin shape; turnedon thelathe. XI 14. plate 315, no. 2. Stylus71/197.L. 10.1.Conditionas 13. Cylindricalhead, taperingtopointfromslightridge.Slightbevelat point.XIV 10. plate 315, no. 22.
384
OBJECTS IN BONE AND BONE WORKING
bead on the Pin 71/183.L. 9.3. Brokenat point.Head withtaperingfinial,above triplebeads; a further shaft.XIII 24A. plate 315, no. 6. E16 Needlefr.71/383.L(pres). 3.6. Flattenedhead withdouble-drilled eyeas keyhole.SouthwestHouse Room II, floor.PLATE 315, no. 15. Also found,thefr.of a second (71/230). hollowedinteriordull. Rectangularstrip,mitredat endsfor E 17a Box fr.71/308.L. 9.2. Well polishedexterior, cornerjointsand providedwithinteriorgrooves,top and bottom,forpanels,c. lmm. thick.Lightgroove XIV 23. plate 317, no. 4. also on bottomedge. One cornerat mitredjoint leftuncut;unfinished? E 17b Panel fr.71/230.5.1 x 2.5, Th. c. lmm. Two lightgrooves,plate 317, no. 9. E 18 Piercedstrip71/247.L(pres). 5. Twelve holespreserved,D. 2.5mm.mostnot goingall theway through. Bevel at one end whereoriginallyfittedto largerobject.XI 18. plate 317, no. 11. E19 Ring 71/198.D. 2.4. Polished,exceptone sideleftrough.Broken,and possibledecorativeelementlost.XI 14. E20 Ring 71/386.D. 1.5. Plain closedhoop,withalmostrectangularsection.SouthwestHouse, Room II floor. plate 318, no. 12. E20a Hemispherical gamingpiece 71/219.D. 1.5. Made on thelathe;highlypolished.Compasspointat thetop. XI 14. plate 318, no. 12a. E15
Tiberianplate 320, no. 21 It is worthnotingthatfromtheTiberianfloor(Room of theAntiquary)DepositBl, came a largecut bone (Bos metacarpalplate 323C), of whichthereare manyin latercontexts,givingevidenceof local bone manufacture alreadyat thistime. Box fr.71/291.L. 7.5. Excellentlypolishedexterior.Raised leaf decoration.SoutheastHouse Phase II, E21 ofstepsto street(sherdcontentTiberian). plate 317, no. 2. construction Claudian plate 320, nos. 20-25 Fromthedestruction deposit(Cl) in the SouthwestHouse came thefollowing: E22 Scoop 71/52.L(pres). 11.6. Brokenat thehandle. Finelypolished. E23 Spoon 71/123.L(pres). 9.2. Brokenat thehandle.Two concentricgroovesaroundpointin bowl. E24 Implementhandle 71/315.L. 5.7. Globular head with small conical depressionat top, for turning; shaftwithslighttaper;finegrooveddecoration,- as continuousspiral,doneon thelathe.Pierced cylindrical at lowerend to depth 1.4 forrod ofcircularsection(D. c. 2.5mm.),perhapsof metal,plate 318, no. 4. Also foundwerethefrs.of two pins (71/116and 71/316),D. 3 and 6mm,not illustrated. Comb fr.71/214.L(pres). 4.8. Carefullycarvedmouldingon each side; piercedlongitudinally below,for E25 attachmentofseparatelymade set of teeth(?).Polished,plate 317, no. 3. Box panel fr.71/135.10.5x 1.5,Th. c. lmm. One facepolished.Made to fitobjectwithfinegrooves,as no. E26 17a. plate 317, no. 8. FromotherClaudian contexts(C2): E27 71/49.L(pres). 6.3. Broken.Pointmissing.XIII 5A. plate 315, no. 25. Spatula/stylus A second,identical,example(67/520)comesfromthemake-upoftheEast House floorin Room I (VII 16). E28 Spoon fr.71/120.L(pres). 6.5. Broken;handle missing.Plain bowl. XIII 13. E29-31 Spoon bowl and handlefrs.67/518,68/13,71/66.D(bowls). 2.3 and 1.7. Bowlsas no. 23. Handle fr.not joining.VII(W) 15; VII Wall x; XIII 12. E32 Peg 71/176.L. 5.4. Disc head withgroove.XIV 7. plate 317, no. 13. E33-4 Box side pieces68/10and 67/977.L(max). 4. Two matchingtrapezoidalpieces,groovedinsideat top and bottom,and fittedwithdovetailjointsat theends.Outerfacepolished.Groovesto fitthinpanellingas no. 26. I(S) 16. plate 317, no. 7. E35 Cylindricalhingeknuckle71/121.D. 2.6, Th. 1.5. Boredby drillat oblique angle on one side (d. 6mm.). Exteriorand sidespolished.XIII 13. plate 317, no. 17 FromNeroniancontextsplate 320, nos. 36-43
None werefoundin themaindestruction deposit(Nl), thougha spatulawas foundin thefloormake-up(see under no. 27). Nos. 36-39 comefromthefillto thenorthoftheSouthwestHouse, DepositN2. Nos. 40-43 comefromthe disturbedremnantsofNeronianoccupationbeneaththeNorthHouse courtfloor(Room I).
OBJECTS IN BONE AND BONE WORKING E36 E37 E38 E39 E40
E41 E42 E43
385
Needle 71/170.L. 11.5. Flattenedsectionat eye. Head cut conical. Handle (ofspoon?) 71/122/L(pres). 2.9. Spade shaped. Face side polished,plate 316, no. 11. Box panel fr.71/119.W. 1.8, Th. c. lmm. Broken;originallyrectangular,plate 317, no. 10. Disc 71/821.D. 2.9, Th. 8mm.Both sidespolished.As no. 45. Spoon (or pin?) handlein formofAphroditeAnadyomene67/458.H (près).5. Angularchiselcuttingsgive detailsincludinghair,eyes,nose,mouth,breasts,navel,spinalcord and draperyback and front.Polished surface.For a parallelin Naples (fromPompeii?)cf.ReinachRS II 343 no. 3. 1(N) 12. plates no. 316,no. 4; 323. Spoon handle and bowl fr.67/247.L(pres). 6.3. Bowl has tinycentralboss withcompasshole and two concentricgrooves;groovealso on rim.I(N) 12. Panel fr.67/166.L(max). 3.4, Th. c. lmm. Trapezoidal. Ridged surface;slightlypolished.I(N) 12. Cylindricalhingeknuckle67/261.L. 2, D. 2.4. Piercedat oblique angle (hole D. 5mm.).Exteriorand both ends polished.I(N) 12. See also nos. E48-53.
Later 1st century A.D. (Flavian)
plate 321, nos. 44-53
FromtheFlavian pit (DepositFl) come twoobjects(E44-45), and fromotherlate 1stcenturyA.D. contextsnos. E46-53. E44 Ring fr.67/516.D. 2.8. Hemisphericalsection.Outer groove.Well polished,plate 318, no. 14. and bothsidespolished.Gamingcounter?plate 317, no. 20. E45 Disc 67/519.D. 2.4. Circumference E46 Spoon, bowl to stemand handle frs.notjoining,71/294.L. 5.4 and 7.2. Perhapsfromtwo spoons.Plain shallowbowl,ovoid. Rough-cutbead decorationon stem.XI S.blk 1-2. plate 316, no. 5. Pin fr.67/246.L(pres). 7.4. Pointmissing.Conical head. VI 5A. E47 Alsofound:fiveotherpinor needlefrs,includingtwoneedlesbrokenoffat theeye.XI 1,2 and 4; VII 6A. Small cylindricaltubeor sleeve,71/118.L. 2.4, D. 2.1. Not pierced;transverse E48 grooveat one end. Slightly flattened on one side.Fitswellinsidethelargertubesor hingeknuckles(wherethegroovecould fitbeneath one of the transverse holes). X 7. plate 317, no. 18. E49-52 Cylindricalhingeknuckles71/17and 449-51. L. 4.1 (exceptE50 whichis 3.8), D. 3.5. All are piercedon one side (holeD. 8mm.)and polishedon exteriorand at cut ends.Exteriorwearmarkings suggestthatthey wereoriginallyfastenedtogetherwiththeholesaligned.XII 15 (Pit 6 in East House Room III) and 21. plate 317, no. 15. E53 Mouldedring67/515. D. 4.4. Exteriorpolished;endsveryslightly hollowedtoformgoodjoin at edges.IX 3. plate 317, no. 22.
Trajanic plate 321, nos. 54-58 No. E54 is fromtheTrajanic pit (Deposit Tl), theothersfromotherearly2nd centuryA.D. contexts. E54 Forkin shape ofhand 67/296.Brokenat shaftand fingers.L(pres). 8.8 VIII Pit 2. plate 316, no. 12. E55 Styluswitheraser(?) 71/39.L. 11. Carefullymade; polished.Pointedat handle; pear-shapedblade on elegant,curvingnarrowstem.Possiblealternativeuse as cosmeticspatula?XIII 5 (washlevel),plate 315, no. 24. E56 Spoon, bowl and stemfr.67/517.L(pres). 5.3. Plain bowl as no. E28. VIII 7. plate 316, no. 1. Also found:thefrs.of two similarspoonsfromWell 8 and X/XI blk 2. E57 Needle fr.71/32.L(pres). 4.6. Round section,conical head. XI 4. plate 315, no. 19. E58 Needle fr.71/168.L(pres). 9.8. Pointbroken.Oval section,flathead. X/XI blk 4. plate 315, no. 12. Also found:six otherpin/needlefrs. E58a Workshopwaster71/114.2.4 x 2.2. Rough cut-outforDoric capital?.Drill hole beneathto attachcolumn. Hadrianic (and to mid2nd A.D.)
plate 321, nos. 59-82
Of the 85 bone objectsfoundin contextsof about 110-150 A.D., by far the mostcommonare pin or needle No.E59 comesfromthe Hadrianic floordepositin the NorthHouse (Deposit Dl), whilenos. E60-66 fragments. werefoundin thefilloverthatfloor(DepositD2). FindsfromtheHadrianiccistern(Well 12) are nos.E67-70. with nos.E71-74 fromtheassociatedfillin thecourtyard(D5). Selectedobjectsofinterest fromotherHadrianicor mid2nd A.D. contextsfollow(nos. E75-82). E59 Spoon 67/297.L(pres). 9. Plain bowl,brokenat edge. Handle broken. Pin 67/322.L(pres). 7.8. Conical head; pointbroken,plate 315, no. 2. E60 Also found:thehead of a secondsimilar(67/325). Pin fr.67/283.L(pres). 6. Head in theformof a bluntpoint.Well polished. E61
386 E62 E63 E64 E65 E66 E67 E68 E69 E70
E71 E72 E73 E74 E75 E76 E77 E78 E79 E80 E81 E82
OBJECTS IN BONE AND BONE WORKING Pin 67/321.L. 11. Head cut flatand leftrough,plate 315, no. 1. Needle fr.67/323.L(pres). 7.2. Flattenedhead withthreeholes.Polished. Also found:thefrs.of twootherneedles. Pin fr.67/334.L(pres). 5. Sphericalhead, plate 315, no. 4. Pin 67/335.L. 8. Small sphericalhead, as no. 64. Polishedon bothfacesand edge. As no. 45. Disc 67/367.D. 2.9, W. 1. About three-quarters. Spoon fr.Bowl D. 2.6. Plain bowl,as no. 56. Counter,D. 2.7. One sidemoulded(turnedon thelathe),theotherinscribedVIII, and below,H. Cf.no. 80 below,plate 318, no. 20. Knifehandle. L. 8.3. Incomplete.Suspensionhole and two rivetholes. Spliced to receiveblade. Simple incisionmarksoffroundedend. plate 316, no. 16. cutwithbronzeplatecovering.Rectangularsection,5 x 3mm.A fr.L. 15. Bone strip,carefully Instrument stripofbronzeplatesuriveson each broad face,attachedby fiverivetsand turneddownovertheedgesat each side,whereit has corrodedaway. Rivets,D. c. lmm.,goingrightthrough.One of thenarrowsides showsfivesmallpin holes,notpenetrating deeply,indicatingthattheobjectwas fullyplated.The endstoo werecovered.Singlelargerriveton broadfacetowardsone end attachesa secondstripofbronzeplate,as if fora finehook,loop or otherattachment. requiringthe Perhapsa finerule,or partofa delicateinstrument combinationofa hard and precisemetallicsurfacewithmaterialofcomaratively lightweight,plate 315, no. 27. Scoop 71/53.L. 14.5. Brokenat tip ofhandle,plate 316, no. 9. Also thefrs.of two others,similar. Stylus71/180.L(pres). 9.3. Brokenat bothends. Finelypolishedas nos. E13-14. Pin 71/117.L(pres). 8.4. Brokenat bothends.Broad head withgrooveddecoration.Missingfinialperhaps as no. 15. plate 315, no. 7. Needle fr.71/55.L(pres). 8.2. Pointmissing.Long pointedhead withoval section,plate 315, no. 16. Scoop 67/278.L. 6.6. As no. 69, butshorterand stouter.Ancientbreakat point;theobliquebrokensurface was polishedand founda secondaryuse as polisheror blade. VII 6A. PLATE 316, no. 8. resulting Needlefr.71/255.L(pres). 9. Brokenat head and point.Round sectiontaperingto oval at head. Threeeye holes,as no. E63. XII 4. Needle fr.67/280.L(pres). 4.5. Head tapersto finepoint.Well polished.VII 6. plate 315, no. 17. Needle fr. 71/100.L(pres). 7.6. Round section,taperingto flatoval at head. Flattenedhead, slightly rounded.XI 3. plate 315, no. 18. Pin fr.71/105.L(pres). 6.6. Conical head, as no. 60. Highlypolished.XI 7. Also found:28 otherpin/needlefrs.(fromD6 contexts). Button67/277.D. 2.3. One facemoulded,one faceplain. Pierced.VII 7. plate 318, no. 18. tofitintoringsof Handle fr.71/42.L(pres). 6.4. Brokenat bothends,at whichsleeveswerecut,presumably othermaterial.Hollow. D(max). 1.6. X 2, Pit 1. plate 318, no. 5. Moulded ringfr.67/392.D. 5.2. Broad outerfacehas internalflangeto fitanotherpieceofD. 4.4. (Cf. no. 53, whichmakesa close fit).II 9. plate 317, no. 21.
A.D. contexts Later2nd century (Deposits R2 and R3) DepositR2
plate 322 nos. 83-98
werefoundin thelater2nd A.D. fill bone objects,all but threeneedlesor pinsand mostfragmentary, Seventy-two beneaththeNorthHouse floors.The existenceofa local craftofbone-workingis suggestedbytheoccurrenceofbone raw material(E93) and a roughedout pin (E94). All finishedobjectshave roundsectionsand polishedsurfaces,unlessnoted. Needle 67/401.L. 12.9. Broad, flattenedhead, withroundedend; largeeye formedby two adjacentdrill E83 holes,plate 315, no. 14. Needle fr.67/388.L(pres). 9.8. As no. E83. E84 Also found:thefrs.ofat least 5 otherssimilar. Pin 67/298.L. 10.2. Bead at head below pear-shapedfinial.Cf. no. 15. E85 Pin fr.67/128.L(pres). 5.5. Pointbroken;pockedsurface.Small sphericalhead, as nos. E64-5. E86 Pin fr.67/171.L(pres). 8.5. Pointbroken;highconical head, as nos. E60-1. E87 Pin fr.67/211.L(pres). 9.4. Pointbroken.Low conical head. E88 Pin. 67/224.L. 9.9. Conical head. A moreslenderexample. E89 Also found:5 otherswithconical head (as E87-9 or intermediate).
OBJECTS IN BONE AND BONE WORKING E90 E91 E92 E93 E94
387
Pin 67/206.L. 6.1. Low conical head. Much smallerand finer.Unpolished. Peg 67/221.L. 4.3. Double grroveat head. Rough-cut,plate 317, no. 14. Decoratedwithridgesand grooves,as shown. Handle of tool?67/425.Cylindrical.L. 5.5. Fragmentary. Trace ofburningat one end, greendiscoloration(fromcontactwithcopper) at theother.Good polished surface.Innersurfaceworkedsmooth,plate 318, no. 11. Bone sliver67/391.L. 7.1. Example of raw materialfrombone-worker's shop. Workedbone 67/320.L. 7.7. Roughed out needle/pinfrombone worker'sshop.
DepositR3
Nineteenobjects,all fragmentary, ofverysimilarnatureto thoseofDeposit R2. They includeplain spoon (E95), largeneedlesas E83 (E96), rough-cutpin withsphericalhead as E86 (E97) and an unusualdecoratedpin shaft (E98). NOS.E95-97come fromthelate 2nd A.D. streetfill(VI 5). E95 Spoon fr.67/167.L(pres). 5.5. Plain bowl. E96 Needle fr.67/235.L(pres). 4. A secondexample (71/41)fromXI 2. Pin fr.67/227.L(pres). 7.3. Small sphericalhead, as no. E86. E97 Two otherssimilar(67/228and 236). Pin shaft?67/390.L(pres). 6.5. Stout cylindricalshaftdecoratedwithincisedgroovesand notches.Well E98 polished.III(E) 9. (2nd A.D.). plate 315, no. 10. Severancontexts (late 2nd'early3rd A.D.)
plate 322, nos. 99-106
Fromthedestruction handle(E99) and depositoftheNorthHouse,finalphase (DepositSI ) comea stoutcylindrical thefragments oftwoneedles(see underno. E 102). Twenty-four objectsfromotherSeverancontexts(S2) include nos. E100-109 following, but it is to be noted that a large percentageof the objectsfoundin the upper levels, includingworkshopwaste,may also be attributedto thisperiod (see 'Deposit' U). E99 Cylindricalhandle67/980.L. 4. Worn.Hollowedout to receiverodofothermaterial.Cf. nos. E81 and 91. plate 318, no. 8. E100 Handle fr.(ofspoon?)67/31.L(pres). 6.2. Shaftofroundsection,changingto rectangularat stem,whereit is offset and decoratedwithnickson one side and a crosson theother.Exactlyas no. E 119, whichmustbe fromthesame workshop. E101 Awl handle 71/249.L(pres). 6.2. Cylindrical.One end broken.The othertapersslightlyand is pierced longitudinally (hole D. 1.5mm,depth6mm.) to receiveshaftofpoint. E102 Needle 67/125.L. 10.3. Round section,flattenedhead. Large eye made withthreedrillholes.Cf. no. E83 (late 2nd A.D.) Also found:frs.of eightotherssimilar,including67/118and 119 fromDeposit SI. E 103 Dresspin 67/577.L. 9.4. Round section.Pine cone head and bead, as shown,plate 315, no. 8. E104 Pin 67/45.L. 9. Conical head. As E105. E105 Pin fr.67/106.L(pres). 7.4. Pointedconical head; finelypolished. Also found:frs.of two otherssimilar(including67/122). E106 Pin 67/102.L(pres). 9.2. Brokenat point.Low conical head. As E62. E107 Button67/103.D. 3.3. One side mouldedand polished;one side plain. Cf. E80. plate 315, no. 15. E 108 Buttonfr.67/248.D. 2.3. As E 107; simpler,plate 318, no. 19. E109 Ring fr.67/624.D. 2.7. Plain. Ellipticalsection,plate 318, no. 13. Upperlevels(U) plates 322, nos. 110-121; 323, nos. 122-144 There are 166 bone objectsderivingfromthe upperwash levels.These levelsare in the main datable to thelate 2nd/early3rd centuriesA.D., but include some later material(to the 4th A.D.) as well as redepositedearlier material,largelylate 2nd A.D. In additiona largenumberofcutbones,workshoprejects,werefound,themajority in associationwithlate 2nd/early3rd A.D. pottery. A selectionof35 objectsis presentedhere,showingthevarietyoftypespresent.Some ofthese(spoonEl 16,stylus E 122,needleE 124,pinsE 128-30) are familiarfromearlydeposits,and especiallyfromtheAurelianand Severan and thesewidenour knowledgeoftherangeoftypesevidentlymade deposits(R2-3, S 1-2), butmanyare different, in thelocal workshops. In thisconnectionitis worthdrawingattentiontofourunfinished objects(El 40-144), and to twostrutsor supports(El 38-9) ofthekindknownto have been used in thelate 2nd/early 3rdA.D. atelierswhich made plastersculptures(see Section 9). E110 Knifeblade 67/4.Two frs.notjoining.L(pres). 9.6 and 4.4. One edge onlysharpened,about as a paper knife.Suitableforcuttingsoftmaterial(suchas misithra)or smearing,levelling,plasteringetc. plate 316, no. 14.
388 El 11 E 112
El 13 El 14 El 15 El 16 El 17 El 18 El 19 E 120 E121 E122 E123 E124 E125 E 126 E 127 E 128 E 129 E130 El 31 E132 E133 E134 E135 E 136 E137 E 138 E 139
OBJECTS IN BONE AND BONE WORKING Blade fr.67/120.L(pres). 7.9. Similar,but a finerand moredelicateobject.Well polished,plate 316, no. 13. in Handle (ofknifeorawl?) 71/305.L. 4.5. Piercedthroughfulllengthto receiveironhaftwhichis preserved place, and protrudesat top ofhandle,whereit is held in place by a bronzeclamp,in U form.Methodof to be threadedby thebronze attachingclampto haftunclear;theironmayhave been flattened sufficiently clamp,plate 316, no. 15. Implementhandle 71/46.L(pres). 4.9. Brokenoffat bottom;originalformuncertain.Suspensionhole at top. plate 318, no. 6. Awl?67/223.L(pres). 10.1. Brokenoffat shaft.Stoutbone rod withbluntpoint.Polished.Wornat point. plate 318, no. 3. Handle fr.67/38.L(pres). 2.7. Oval reel(D. 1.2) decoratedwithtwogrooves.Cut in one piecewithshaftof roundsection(D. 4mm.).Brokenoffat bothends (one perhapsoriginallya smallsphericalfinial),cf.E24). plate 318, no. 7. Spoon 67/2.L(pres). 6.8. Brokenat handle.As no. E23. plate 316, no. 2. withsmallcircles Spoon bowlfr.68/22.D. c. 2.7. Bowl ridgedat edge and decoratedroundcircumference and centraldot. Spoon handle67/146.L(pres). 8.5. Brokenat bowland handletip.Bowlplain;handleshaftdecoratedwith cross-hatched reel,as shown,plate 316, no. 3. Handle (of spoon?) 71/18.L(pres). 8.6. Brokenat both ends. Stout stem of round section,becoming rectangularat lower end, whereoffsetand decoratedwithcrossand nicks,exactlyas E 100 (Severan). Perhapsto be associatedwitha spoon such as E120. plate 316, no. 7. Spoon bowlfr.67/165.L. 6. Brokenoffat stem.Broad shallowbowlofoval shape. Plain,plate 316, no. 6. Miniaturespoon (ear pick) 71/43.L(pres). 3, 2. Shaftbroken,plate 316, no. 10. Also found:twolong scoops,as E71. Stylus71/385.L(pres). 8.3. Brokenat top.Fine,hardwhitebone.Highlypolished.Sharppoint.Cf.E13-14. XIII unstratified (1st A.D.?) plate 315, no. 23. Needle 67/91L. 10.5. As E83. Also found:frs.of28 otherssimilar. Needle fr.67/241.L. 7. Pointbroken.Round section;pointedconical head. As E.57. Two otherssimilar,withflattenedhead, as E77. Needle fr.67/729.L(pres). 4.9. Flattenedhead withsmalleye hole. Highlypolished,plate 315, no. 13. as Pinshaft71/44.L(pres). 7. Brokenat point,and at head whereperhapsa sphericalfinialmaybe restored, E24. Bead and groovedecorationas shown,plate 315, no. 11. Pin 71/303.L(pres). 10.5. Point broken.Head decoratedwithbead and elongatedpine-cone,as shown. plate 315, no. 9. Pin 67/96.L. 7.5. Pointbroken,but smoothedsurfaceat breakshowscontinueduse in shorterform.Head decoratedwithbead and pine-coneas shown.Cf. E 103 (Severan). Pin 67/384.L. 9.6. Pointbroken.Globularhead, as no. 64 (Hadrianic). plate 315, no. 5. Also found:5 otherssimilar. Pin 67/35L. 11.1. Conical head, as E105 (Severan). Also found:frs.of 14 otherssimilar. Ring handle(?) 67/199.D. 2.4. Brokenat one side. Flat section.Bothfacespolished.Decoratedwithtriple elementat one side. For a comparableringhandle,cf.Corinth xii,no. 2389. plate 318, no. 9. Box fr.71/36.H(pres). 5.2, D. 3.2. Grooveddecorationat top. Internalflangeat top,to receivelid. Flange at bottombrokenaway, plate 317, no. 5. Box fr.67/302.H. 2.3, D. 3.5. As no. E132. Box panel or inlayfr.67/255.L(pres). 5, Th. c. 1.5mm.One faceonlypolished.Pierced;hole D. 3mm. Furniture inlay(?)67/809.L(pres). 5.6. Brokenoffat lowerend. Flat taperingformwithserratededges.One side onlypolished,plate 317, no. 12. Pierced cylinder67/380.L. 3.3, D. 2.5. Slightlongitudinalgroove at transversehole. Polished.Ends finishedand lightlyhollowedto make flushjoin at edges. Cf. E48-51 (Flavian), plate 317, no. carefully 16. Cylinderfr.67/381.L. 2.5, D. 3.5. No hole preserved,plate 317, no. 19. ends cut square. Probablya strutforuse in Rod 67/22.L. 17.4,D. 5-7mm.Surfaceroughlyknife-pared; no. plate 21. E 139. Cf. 318, plastersculpture. Strut68/15.L. 9. Cut surfaceat twosidesand one end (theotherbroken).Probablyan internalsupportfor
OBJECTS IN BONE AND BONE WORKING
389
plastersculpture.Matchingholesoccuron theinsidefaceofsomeoftheplastersculpturefrs.foundin the House ofDiamond Frescoes. E 140-144 Workedbonefrs:twostrips(L. 7.4 and 6) squarecut at preservedend and sides;cut ring,ovoid4.5 x 3; roughedout peg (67/522),H. 2. Unfinishedcolumnbase, 2 x 2.5.
EVIDENCE FOR LOCAL BONE WORKSHOPS Althoughno actual bone workshopwas foundwithinthe excavated area, severalfactors combinetoshowthatsuchworkwas done locally,somewherecloseby,overa longperiod,and pointto one specificindustrialuse forworkedbone piecesin thelatestphase. First,thetotalnumberofboneobjectscollected,at 529,is a largeone,and therangeoftypes offinished thatmany objectsis wide and varied,bothin formand quality.It is a presumption at leastofthesimpleobjectswould be locallymade,11 and we mayask whetherthisextended also to themoresophisticated objectssuch as thepanelledboxesand finelypolishedstyluses. For theformer evidenceforlocal manufacture comesin theoccurrenceofa categorysupporting fewunfinished or roughed-out smallobjects(E6 Hellenistic;E94 Antonine;E143 Severan).In and perhaps addition,E58a (Trajanic) was cut as partofa complexobjectbut not finished, someofthepiecesoffinebox panellingalso representunfinished work(as E17a, Augustan), and thehingeknuckles(E35, 43 and 48-52), whichshowno wear on theinteriorand in some cases remainunpierced.The styluses, on theotherhand,standout as exceptionalin material and qualityoffinish,and it may be thoughtthattheseat least wereimported Clinchingevidenceforlocal bone workingis the occurrenceof cut bones representing suchpieceswerecollectedand includesheep,horseand cow bones workshopwaste.Sixty-eight bos (ovis astragalus; metacarpal,radius,scapula, tibia; and similarequus bones). The ends weresawncleanlyfromthelongbonesand objectswerecutfromthestraight centralpieces(see plate 319).12 The chronologicaldistribution of theseworkshopwastersis a wide one, from Hellenisticto 3rd centuryA.D., with a concentrationin the final phase of this site.13 is theconcentration ofpieces (23 in number)in thelate 2nd/early 3rd Particularly interesting A.D. filland on thefloorofRoom I oftheHouse ofDiamond Frescoes,sinceit is established that therewas a specificuse for pieces of such long bones as supportingstrutsin the manufacture of the plastersculpturesfoundand perhapsmade there.The existingsculpture fragments preserveholes forsuch bone struts,and E138-9 are surelyactual examples.The boneswouldhave been cut in or near thesculptor'satelier,thecastoffpiecesdumpednearby and laterbeen broughtback into the roomfillby theforcesoferosion It seemsthena fairpresumption to take the assemblageof bone objectspresentedhereas the of local which can in a smallwayreflect socialand economictrends largely output industry, over the period which concerns us. There are too few pre-Roman objects to justify about theseexceptto suggestthatbone tools,dressitemslikepinsand buttons, generalisations and perhapsgamingpieceswerequiteprobablymade locallyin theHellenisticperiod.For the Roman periodthefindsseemtopointto a graduallyincreasedoutputofhouseholdobjectssuch as pins,needlesand buttons,and, perhapsafteran initialperiodofimporting, theproduction also ofa varietyofmoresophisticated boxes and thelike. objectsincludingspoons,tools,rings, Preciseinformation as to theoutputofa particularworkshop, and the however, provenience ofspecifictypesofobjectsmustawait theexcavationof the actual workshopsthemselves.
Section13 OtherFindsin Stone,Clay and Faience (PLATES 22-3, 222-3, 324-335, 353) L. H. SACKETT withJANE COCKING and others1
Objectsin stone A. Primarilyfunctional(tools,mortars,troughs,millstones etc.) Catalogue (Sl-58) B. Primarilydecorative,and miscellaneoussmallerobjects(inscription, sculpture,gamingpieces,buttons,beads) Catalogue (S59-89) Mineralmaterials Marble Terracottaloomweights and spindlewhorls Iron contexts Early Age (Wl-6) Greco-Roman Type series(W7-19, 21-26) and dated contexts Catalogue ofstamped,incisedand mouldedexamples(W29-88) Commentary(JaneCocking) Terracottatiles,waterpipes etc. Objectsin clay Faience
Page 391 391 393 396 396 397 398 399 399 399 400 403 405 406 41 1 413
OBJECTS IN STONE
A. Primarilyfunctional(tools,mortars,troughs,millstonesetc.)
plates 324-328 The stonetoolsmostfrequently foundare made fromsmallpebblesor cobblesofhardstone,of limestone or calcareoussandstone.They wereused forpounding, commonly igneousrock, and also for grinding perhaps polishing.Fortysevenofthesewerefound,varyingin shapefrom and flattened spherical sphericalto discoid and cuboid. These are simpleand practically indestructible which could finda use in a workingarea of any period.All are types objects familiarin Minoan times.2Thus, since theymay well have been collectedas survivals,no 391
392
OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE
discussionis warranted, on thebasisofthiscollection,oftheirtypology, date ofmanufacture or in uses. But it is worth that do not the Iron occur Early noting they only Age contexts, specific but also in good contextslater (S37 Augustan,S47-49 Hadrianic, S52-3 Severan). Their distribution is as follows:12 PG-Geometric,5 Classical,9 Hellenistic,7 1stA.D., chronological 10 2nd-3rdA.D. (4 not stratified). Two small conical pestles (S13) in black volcanic rock (dacite?) occur in contextsof uncertaindate (perhapsas earlyas Orientalizing).In formtheyresemblelaterpestles(S55 and cf.S40); thematerial,knownin theBronzeAge,is notparalleledin theUM collectionexcept in thelargermillstonefragments, discussedbelow. and occur in PG, Small portable whetstonesare equally widespreadchronologically, is Roman contexts It and Geometric,Orientalizing likelythatlargerfixed (SI, 2, 5, 11, 19). in a 1stA.D. context. one occurred stoneswerealso usedforsharpening blades; (uncatalogued) in occur Geometric and Hellenisticcontexts Piercedweightsoflimestone, roughlyfinished, a small is Worth as homogeneousgroupof weights,too, (S17, 22, 33). considering possible morecarefullymade discs (S27-32), all of roughlyfinishedwhitelimestone.Althoughonly three of these were found together,all come fromHellenisticcontexts,and could be If thesewereindeedweights,theyseemto be based on a unitof30-31 grammes contemporary. as the standard (see discussionin the catalogue under S27-32). A possible alternative is toregardthemas gamingpieces,seeS68-75 below,a roughergroupwhichare interpretation so interpreted ofa limestonebowland a louter(S34, 35), AlsofromtheHellenisticperiodcomefragments farm and in Classical and later countryhouse contexts.3Otherstonevessels typescommon derive fromthe Hellenistichouse or farmwork and to foundbuiltinto Roman walls, likely from three olive areas, are the stone basins presses(one unfinished)(S35a-c) and a tall plate used for limestonemortar(S35d), perhaps gypsumforplasteror whitewash, pulverising 327.4 The firstoccurrenceof millstonepiecesin black porousvolcanicrock,of whichten were found,is a re-usedflatpiece (S36) setintothewashingarea floornearWell 12,whosefinaluse was in themid2nd centuryB.C. Othersmallpieces,again possiblyre-used- perhapsas querns in grinding- occur in Claudian (S43) and Hadrianic contexts(S51). Three largerpieces rectangular belongto mortarsor standardhandmilltypes(S57a-c). Firstis the trough-like withitsuppersurfacesslopinginwardand down to a centralslit.This typeof hopper-rubber levermillwas commonat Olynthos;it was gravityfedand hand manipulatedby meansofa long wooden handle whichfittedinto the slotsprovidedat each end. The undersideof the hopper-rubberand the top surfaceof the lower stone have striationsin a herringbone arrangement(plates 325 no. 12, 324 no. 17). The second piece (S57b) is part of a large circularmortarevidentlyused in the preparationof plaster (as S35d). The third(S57c) appears to be one segmentofa tall rotarymill.5 circularwithconvexand striatedworkingface,were ofwhitishlimestone, Othermillstones late 2nd A.D.; ofDiamond Frescoes,construction the House wall of into the north foundbuilt D. c. 75. from four these of sixteen therewere Theymaybelongto a largemillstones, fragments in Roman times,and common but at known first mill or Olynthos, 'trapetum', typeofrotary revolvedon their millstones two circular In this oil.6 olive a for used as type evidently press on which fixed column a central around mortarium a stone in theyweresuspended large edges in sucha waythattheolivepipswerenotcrushedbytheirweight.Someofthestones,however, show wear on theirflatsurfaces,whichsuggeststhat theyhad been used in a horizontal position,presumablyin a grainmill.Completeexamples(D. 65) in thesame materialcome
OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE
393
in the 1978-82excavationsat theStratigraphical frompost-Minoanconstruction Museum,as does one completeexamplein black volcanicrock (D. 62). 7 plate 327D. In theRoman periodssmallstonegrinder/pounders and whetstones continuedto be used,as notedabove, also largergrindingstonesofsandstoneand volcanicrock(S38, 43, 51). Marble basinsand mortarstoo continuedto be made,thebestexample(S30) beingfoundinsituon an Augustanfloor.Smallerimplements, perhapsmade foruse in preparingcosmeticpowders,are thehighlypolishedgreenstone tools(S39, 54) and palette(S45). The widespreaduse ofvaried fordecorativepurposes- is a featureoftheRoman period,and is importedmarbles- primarily discussedbelow under'materials'. Catalogue
toearlyorientalizing plates 324, 326 Protogeometric 51 Whetstone.L. 9.2, W. 5.3. Grey-brown sandstone.Top and bottomconvex,sidescut straight;endsrough, perhapsfromsecondaryuse as grinder/pounder? Upper faceabraded. XI 36, LMIII/LPG. plates 324 no. 1; 326. Whetstone72/81.L. 9.3, W. 4.2-9. Green micaceoussandstone,fine-grained. 52 Brokenat one end, but smoothed(? fromuse as rubber).XV 19, LMIII/PG. plate 326. 53 67/781.Sphericalwithfacets,max.dimension5.5. Blue-greyigneousrock.Found inside Grinder/polisher GH 4. LPG. plates 324 no. 2; 326 bell-skyphos AnothersimilarfromXI 36, LMIII/LPG. 54 flattened concaveand smooth;edgespitted.Dark Grinder/polisher, sphere,D. 4.7-5.2. Flat surfacesslightly greyigneousrock.XI 37, LM/PG. plate 326. 55 Whetstone68/212.W. 2.5-2.9. L.(pres.) 6.5. Brokenat bothends,one smoothed.One faceabraded. Grey, sandstone.Deposit GC, PGB/EG. plate 326. fine-grained 56 Hemispherical grinder,D. 5.5. Flat surfacepitted.Greycalcareousrock.XI 35, PG/EG. plates 324 no. 3; 326. 57 Piercedweight68/184.H. 10. Yellow-browncalcareoussandstone.Deposit GC, PGB/EG. plate 326. 58 ovoid, 8.5 x 9. Split cobble; flatsides smoothed,edges pitted.Grey-whitecrystalline Grinder/polisher, limestone.Traces of red,fromuse in grindingred-ochreor haematite?XI 34, MG. plate 324 no. 4. 59 D. 6.3. Flattenedsphere.Flat sidessmoothed,edgespitted.Greycalcareoussandstone. Grinder/pounder, XIII 42, 9th-8thB.C. (to LG). plate 326. 5 10 Pounder68/223.Tall oval. H. 12.5,D. 8.1-8.5. Surfacepitted.Fine-grained, grey-green sandylimestone. VI 34a, LG (cf.no. 14). plate 326. 511 Whetstonefr.68/217.L(pres). 5, W. 2.3-2.5. Brokenat one end, all othersurfacesworked.Chipped at unfinished suspensionhole,boredpartway throughnear roundedend. Mauve arcóse.VI Wall 'be', sherd context:LM-EO. plates 324 no. 5; 326. 512 68/214.Spheroid.D. 5.5. Flat surfacessmoothed.Greylimestone.XII 19, LG/EO. Not Grinder/polisher illustrated. S 13a Pestle68/214.Conical. H. 5.4. Flat surfacesmoothed,but pockedin centrefromuse as hammer.Grey, vesicularvolcanicstone,dacite?VI Wall 'bc' Sherdcontext:LM-EO. plates 324 no. 6; 326. b A secondsimilarwas foundin cleaningearly(primarilyGeometric)levels 1972,H. 5. plate 326. 514 calcareous 68/41. Tall ovoid. H. 9.5. Ends pocked and chipped. Grey,fine-grained Grinder/pounder sandstone.VIII Pit Ila, Geometric,plate 326. toClassical plates 324, 326 Archaic 515 flattened and pitted.Pinkishbrownigneousrock Grinder/pounder, regularsphere,D. 6.7. One sideslightly (weldedtuff?).Deposit H2, late 6thB.C. plates 324 no. 8; 326. 516 flattenedcuboid, 5.5 x 4.8. Flat sidesslightlyconcave and smoothed;edges roughand Grinder/pounder, pitted.Black emory.Deposit H2, late 6th B.C. plates 324 no. 9; 326. SI 7 flattened Grinder/pounder, sphere,D. 5. Flat sidessmoothed.Greenigneousrock.DepositH2, late 6thB.C. plates 324 no. 10; 326. 5 18 Grinder/pounder, spherical,D. 5.6. Two sidesflattenedand smoothed,circumference roughand pocked. Greylimestone.XIII 31a, Pit 11; to 5thB.C. Not illustrated. 519 Whetstonefr.68/29.W. 4.8. L(pres). 7.7. Rectangularsection;convexuppersurfaceand sidessmoothed.
394
520
OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE Preservedend pitted.Brownishgreycalcareous sandstone;fine-grained. VII Wall 'ak', sherdcontext Classical,plate 326. 67/869,discoid.D. 7.6. Flat sidessmooth,edgespitted.Greylimestone/marble. Grinder/pounder Deposit H8, 4thB.C. plate 326.
Hellenistic(plates 324, 326) disc. D. 6. Flat sidessmoothed,edges roughand pocked.Black igneousrock.Well 14, 521 Grinder/pounder, early3rd B.C. plates 324 no. 11; 326. 522 Weightfr,pierceddisc. D. 7. Aboutone half.Softwhitelimestone.Surfacerough.Well 14,early3rdB.C. plate 326. 523 Weight?,rod of square section,edges rounded.L. 7. Softwhite,sandylimestone.Deposit H 13, 3rd B.C. plate 326. 524 67/742,biconical.D. 6. Rough surface,one pointchippedoff.Dark grey,fine-grained Grinder/pounder sandstone?Pit 65, late 2nd/early1stB.C. plate 326 Also foundin Hellenisticcontexts:threeotherssimilar,twospherical,one flattenedsphere. 525 fr,irregulardiscoid.W. 6.7. Flat surfacessmooth,edgespitted.Grey-blackigneousrock. Grinder/pounder I(S) 20, Pit 9, to late 2nd/early1stB.C. Not illustrated. 526 Weight?,sphericalwithlow knob above, concave below. D. 6.1. Wt. 270gr. Pale brown,fine-grained calcareoussandstone.XIII 29A, Hellenistic,plates 324 no. 12; 326. S27-32 Disc weights?(six).D. 6.5, 6.1, 6.4, 5.5,4.4, 3.7. Wt. 249, 199,153,93.3,59.8,31.5 gr. (orin unitsoïc. 30gr. 8, 7, 5, 3, 2 and 1). No. 28 damaged.None showsignsofwearfromuse as tools.Softwhitesandylimestone. Contexts:XIII 29A, XI 35, XIII 29A, All are fromHellenisticcontexts, nos.27, 29 and 31 foundtogether. V(N) 4, XIII 30A, I(N) 22. plate 326. Disc weight?D. 13, Wt. 371 gr. One side flatand smooth,the otherconvex and leftrough.Purpose 533 uncertain.DepositH28 (Pit 1), mixedHellenisticto 2nd B.C. plate 324 no. 14. 534 Louter rim fr.67/746.D. c. 50. White marble. Flat rim; externalgroove and carinationbelow. V 4, Class/Hell,plate 324 no. 15 Also base fr,D. 25, fromthisor a similarvessel.Raised base, slightlyconcave beneath;undersideleft rough,withmarksofclaw chiselapparent.Deposit H28 (Pit 1), mixedHellenistic,to 2nd B.C. 535 bowl,rimfr.D. 36. Softwhitelimestone.Smoothedinsideand outsideto 5cm.belowtherim; Hemispherical to2ndB.C. plate 324 belowthisrough,withchiselmarksapparent.DepositH28 (Pit 1), mixedHellenistic, no. 5 Also found,builtintoRoman walls and probablyderivingfromHellenisticworkareas: (a) Olive press trough,square 51.5x52.5, interiorbasin D. 45; H. 13.5. Fine-grainedwhite limestone,well-dressed. and a crossin centre,plate 327. (b) Olive Broken,spoutmissing.Basin has grooveroundcircumference crosson tospout;irregular presstrough,circular,D. 70. Greylimestone.Groovearoundbowlcircumference drillholesin and irregular; floor,plate 327. (c) Trough,circular,D. 45, H. 18. Whitelimestone.Unfinished centreofbowl,twolugson side,plate 327. (d) Tall conicalmortar.H(pres). 40; D. 18-25.Whitelimestone. Used formixingwhitegypsumor limeplaster,whichremainsin narrowbase. This is a knownMinoan type fromHarrietWatrous)and so may well derivefromeven earlierbuildings,plate 327. (information Millstonefr,22.5 x 16,Th. 3-4. Porousgreyvolcanicrock.Sectionas Laconian pan-tile.One sidestriated 536 forgrinding.Originallyperhapspartofthelowermemberofa levermillas (parallelcutsin V-formation) 57a. XII 26, re-usedas washingboardor grindingsurfacein themid-2ndB.C. floorat Well 12. See Deposit H26. plate 324 no. 17. Roman plates 325, 326 A.D. 1stCentury . Irregularspheroid,max.dimension7.6. Pebbleofblack-brown 537 igneousrock; (orweight?) Grinder/pounder flatside smooth,edgespittedfromuse. DepositAl, Augustan,plate 326 limestoneor calcareoussandstone)in other1stA.D. Four others,moreregularspheroids(in crystalline contexts(Augustan,Claudian and Neronian). 9 x 8, H. 6.5. Flat surfacepittedfromuse.Red sandstone.X 11, Augustan,plates 325 538 Grinder,rectangular, no. 1; 326. Greenstonetool 71/407.L. 2.8. Hard greenstone.One end tapersto roundedpoint (forinsertioninto 539 XIV 13, handle?),theothera broadblade,withflatsurfaceforpossibleuse as polisher,or cosmeticgrinder? plates no. 328. 325 2; Augustan,
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marble.Pestle,H. 7. In formofbentthumb.Brokenat tip. S40-41 Pestleand mortar71/P91-90.Whitecrystalline A commontype,cf.Délosxviiipl. 354-7. Mortar,D. 21. Three lug handles(one brokenoff),smallspout. on floorof Raised base; flatbottomwithshallowgroovebeneathmarkingoffslightringfoot.Found together SouthwestHouse, Room II. Augustan,plates 325 nos. 3-4; 326 Frs. of threeotherssimilarfromupperwash levels. marble.Flat rim.Finishedsurfacesinsideand out. Deep groove Louterrimfr.D. c. 58. Whitecrystalline 542 outsidemarksoffrim.X 11, Augustan,plate 325 no. 5 Also found:fourothers,(a) Louterrimfr.D. c. 55. Similar,but withconcavemouldingand carination belowgroove.Floorinsideleftrough.Mendinghole.DepositCl, Claudian floor,(b) Louterrimfr,without groove.D. c. 40. XIII 10,Flavian,(c) Louterbodyfr,withmoreelaboratemouldingbeneathrim.Well 12, smoothedinside,roughoutside.XI 15,Augustan. Hadrianic.(d) Louterrimfr.D. c. 55. Whitishlimestone, Millstonefr.W. 17. Workingfaceconcave,back rounded(re-usedas saddle quern?)Black porousvolcanic 543 rock.Deposit Cl, Claudian floor.Not illustrated. 544 Whetstonefr.W. 2.4. Brokenat both ends. Wear on both flatfaces.Greyand red banded, finegrained chert/limestone. Deposit Nl, Neronianfloor.Not illustrated. Centuries A.D. 2nd-3rd 545 Palettefr.71/762.W. 4.5. Aboutone half.Fine-grainedblack calcareoussandstone.Upper surfacehighly polishedfromuse (perhapsin preparingcosmetics?)XI 9, Trajanic. plates 325 no. 6; 328. marble.Outersurfaceleftroughfromc. 10mm.belowrim.DepositTl, 546 Bowlrimfr.D. 21. Whitecrystalline Trajanic Pit. Not illustrated. 547 (or weight?).Discoid. D. 6.4. Wt. 281gr.Whitecrystallinemarble. Upper and lower Grinder/pounder surfaceswornconcave. Well 12, Hadrianic. plates 325 no. 7; 326. calcareoussandstone. 548 Grinder(or weight?).Flattenedsphere.D. 5.5. Wt. 177gr.Pale-brownfine-grained Signsofwear on all surfaces.Well 12, Hadrianic. plate 326. 549 Grinder/pounder, spherical.D. 4-7-5.1. Traces ofred (fromuse withred-ochre?).Dark grey,fine-grained sandstone.Deposit D5, Hadrianic tip. plate 326. rimfr.D. c. 50. Whitelimestone.Cf. S35. Well 12, Hadrianic.Not illustrated 550 Bowl/mortar Also fromWell 12: bowl base fr,D. 7, in finepinkgrainedwhitelimestone;raisedbase, flatunderside. 551 Millstonefrs.in black,porousvolcanicrock (a) cornerfr,flatand striated,as S36; 23 x 14, Th. 3.7 (b) one faceconvex,theotherconcave (as thick covertile) 13.5x 18, Th. 5.5. plate 325 no. 8 Both piecesperhapsre-usedas grinders.Well 12, Hadrianic. flattened 552 Grinder/pounder, sphere,D. 6. Blackigneousrock.Flat sidessmoothed,edgespittedfromuse. VII 3, Deposit S2, Severan.plate 326 Two otherssimilar,fromlate 2nd/early3rd A.D. contexts. 553 (weight?).Regularcube,4.2 x 4.2 x 4.2. Wt. 160gr.Wear on severalfaces.VII 3, Deposit Grinder/pounder S2, Severan.plates 325 no. 9; 326. 554 Greenstonetool fr.L(pres). 1.8. As S39. VII 4A, Deposit S2, Severan.plate 328. S55a Pestle67/642.H. 4.8. Conical withroundedtop and slightlyconvexbottom.Top pittedfromuse,bottom smooth.Whitecrystalline marble.VII 4, Severan.plates 325 no. 10; 326. S55b Pestle.H (près). 5. Similar.Chipped. Surfacelevel,plate 326. 556 Hemisphericalbowl 67/427.Rim and handle fr.D. 8. Square-cuthandle; grooveson handle and rim,as shown.Whitefine-grained withsmoothedsurface.Surfacelevel (to 4thA.D.) plate 325 no. 11. limestone, 557 Millstoneand mortarfrs.in blackvolcanicrock,(a) Rectangular.W(est). 46, H. 9-1 1. Aboutone quarter, in twojoiningpieces. Flat sides; upper surfaceslopinginwardto centralslit (not preserved).Underside showsregularparallel striationsforgrinding,runningobliquely.A morecompleteparallel at the Villa Ariadne garden measureslength46. These were standardisedand must have been imported.XII 3, Hadrianic.plates 325 no. 12; 327. (b) Circular,rimfr.D(int). c. 55. Interiorfaceabraded. Part oflarge circularbowlor mortar?A patchofwhiteplasterstilladheresto one surface,and mayindicatetheoriginal function ofthisvessel,plate 327. (c) Tall taperingconical.H.42. Shortobliquefacepiercedforattachment. Part ofa rotarymill?plates 325 no. 13; 327. 558 Too largefora tool,Sphere.D. 14. Wt. c. 3kg.Whitelimestone.One side chipped.Surfacerough-hewn. becausedifficult tograspin thehand.Ballistamissile?Found builtintothe1stA.D. cistat thewestendofthe SoutheastHouse courtyard,plate 326.
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396
B. Primarilydecorativeand othersmaller objects (inscription,sculpture,gaming pieces, buttons,beads etc.) PLATE 328.
Under thisheadingis groupeda collectionofmiscellaneousstoneobjects,ofsomeinterestin but fromwidelyscatteredcontexts. themselves, The fragmentary inscription(S59), evidentlypart of an officialdedicationwithimperial fromthisexcavation.Found in thefillabove theflooroftheHouse titles,is theonlyinscription 3rdA.D. date,it is virtuallythe ofDiamond Frescoes(Room I), withsherdsoflate 2nd/early it is not onlyfindderivingfromtheserooms,apartfromtheplastersculptures.Unfortunately possibleto associateit withthe building,eitheras dedicationor as a productof a possible ofthe theinscription predatestheconstruction workshophere.To judge fromtheletterforms, buildingby almosta century.It is evidentlyout ofcontexthere,and may have enteredthe roomsoonafterabandonmentwiththegraduallyaccumulatingsiltwhichcontainedmaterial bothofcontemporary and earlierdate. Few fragments of stonesculpturewerefound(S60-65). One (S61) is Hellenistic,the rest Roman (principally 2nd A.D. or Severan).This paucityservesto emphasisethenatureofthis whencomparedto theresidential a workingarea,poorin ornamentation of the town as quarter area on thehighergroundto thenorthand west.8 A scatteringof gaming pieces was found,beginningwith a soapstonepyramid(S77) countersis date.9The earliestofa numberofmarbleand limestone probablyofProtogeometric froma Geometriccontext(S71); a group of similarobjects (S27-32), consideredabove as possibleweightsdue to theirrathereven gradationin size and weight,is Hellenistic;and a groupof fiveis Severan (S68-70, 72, 74). A finecastle chess-piececomesfroma Neronian context(S67). It is worthnotingthatfarmoresmallgamingpiecesfromtheRoman period were made of glass (see Section 14). But it seemsquite likelythatfinergamingsetsof this qualitywould co-existin such a quarterof townwitha heavier,sometimesroughand ready 'street'variety. Beads ofamethyst (S82-3) and perhapssome (S78), sard (S79), crystal(S80) and serpentine ofthebuttons,thoughfoundin stratified contexts,resemblechancefinds,and could in some cases have survivedas collectors'pieces. It is worthnotingin thiscontextthatseveralengravedMinoan sealstoneswerefoundin the post-Minoanlevels;theseare publishedbyJohnBettswiththe Minoan material(MUM p. 187). ofcarnelian(S89) withrunningstagcomes Finally,a singlefinelyworkedintaglioringstone froma fillofearlyAugustandate. Catalogue
559
560
Inscribedplaque 71/637.Ten joiningfrs.H(pres). 26.5. L(pres). 31.5. Th. 1.9-2.3. Dull whitemarblewith structure('marmorscritto').LetterH. 9.3. Letterscut 3-4mm. deep, in greymarkings,finecrystalline withtaperingpoints.Reading:GERM and in secondlinebelow:. .D. terminals of cuttings v-shapedsection; fr.(13 x 6.5, Th. 1.7-1.9) perhapsbelonging,withsmallerletters(H. c. 8), reading Also smallnon-joining .CO. Part of an officialdedicationor decreewithimperialtitles,presumablyfroma public buildingor intendedforone. LetterstylesuggestsFlavian to Trajanic date. Possiblereconstructions mightincludethe to restoremore title GERMANICUS, DACICUS or DOMITIANUS and COS. Too fragmentary 3rd A.D. Context:XV 14 and 15, fillin House ofDiamond Frescoes,Room I; late 2nd/early extensively. plate 328. fr.67/813.H. 15,W. 8, Th. 8. Missingare thehead,rightarm,bodyfrombelowabdomen. Femalestatuette Fine grained,chalkymarble;local? Upper partofa femalefigure,weighton rightleg,wearingchitonand
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himation.The chitonslipsoffthe leftshoulder,partiallyrevealingthe leftbreast,but is preventedfrom fallingany further by therighthand - tracesoftherightarm are visibleacrossthebreasts.The himation in a theabdomen,windsroundtheleftelbow,and thenfallsdiagonallyacrosstheback. bunch around loops The lefthand is held down,graspingthehimationbunch to preventthatfromfalling. This ratherself-conscious pose is bestattributedto an Aphrodite.The draperystyleis thatof¿. 420-400 withcarelessslashingdrillwork,indicatesthatthedraperyis B.C., but the verysummaryworkmanship, Roman, possibly2nd A.D. Context:V 3, later2nd A.D. fill.(GBW.) plate 328. 561 Leg ofstatuette67/664.H (près). 5.8. Whitemarble(Pentelic?).Leg and partofdrapery,brokenoffbelow kneeand at foot.Outside surfaceofleg finelypolished,insideleftrough.I(S) 22, Hellenistic. Foot of statuette67/25.L(pres). 4.2. Dull whitemarble (local). Brokenat heel and big toe. VIII 1; late 562 3rd A.D. 2nd/early marble(island?).Brokenat wristand finger-tips. 563 Hand of statuette67/162.L(pres). 3. Whitecrystalline I(N) 12A,2nd A.D. 564 Acanthusleaf.L(pres). 6.2. Whiteand greycrystalline marble.Brokenat stem;uppersurfaceleftrough. fr.I(N) 8, Severancourtfloor. Two holespiercedthroughleaf,forattachmentas architectural 565 Leaf fr.67/783.L(pres). 10.2. Whitecrystalline marble.Frontin relief,back flat.IX 26; mid 1stA.D. 566 Pegged finial,H. 8.3, W. 4.7, Th. 3. Whitemarble.Rectangular.Top, frontand one side framedwith I(S) 12A;2nd grooves;back and one sideplain.Fittedwithpeg. Decorativeelementfromhousefurnishing? A.D. 567 Gamingpiece 71/760.H (près). 5.2. Brokenat base, whereremainsofstemprotrude.Softgreylimestone. Cylindricalwithcrenellationabove; threegroovesaround body. As 'castle' chess-piece.XI S Blk; 50-75 A.D. S68-75 Counters(gamingpiecesor weights?),D. 6, 4.6, 4.0-4.5, 3.6, 3.6, 3.5, 3.0-3.2, 2; Wt. 103.5,59.2, 33.5, S71 26.2,32.8,20.4,22.5 and 5 gr.All except73 and 75 ofmarble(pink'gialloantico',whiteorgrey/white). is a regulardisc of whitemarble,carefullyfinishedand witha small circulardepressioncut in the top surface.S73 and 75 are ofgreylimestone;73 preserves compasspointon one surface.Contexts:XV 2, VII 3, VII 4A, XII 20, VII 3, XI 21, IX 2 and XIV 32; 68-70, 72, 74 Severan; 71 Geometric^); 73 mixed Geometric- 1stA.D.; 75 Classical. See also S27-32, listedabove as possibleweights. 576 Gamingpiece(?) Soapstonepyramid.H. 1.7. XI 19, PG/G survivalin Augustancontext?See following. 577 Gamingpiece(?) 77/16.Soapstonepyramid.H. 1.7. XV 19, PG(?). 578 Bead 71/360.Spherical.D. 1.1. Amethyst. XI 16, Augustan. 579 Bead 71/359.Spherical.D. 1.6. Red-brownsard. XIV/XV blk 1; mixedHellenistic- 3rd A.D. 580 Bead 67/292.Amygdaloid.L. 2, W. 1.8. Clear rockcrystal.Surfacefinelyfinished, butboreholesfromeach end meetirregularly at an angle. V(E) 3A; 1-50 A.D. 581 Bead 68/145.Elongated pyramidal.L. 1.9, H. 8mm. Piercedvertically.Green soapstone.Deposit GC, PGB/EG. Bead 71/82.Flattenedsphere.D. 1.8. Black serpentine.Deposit Cl, Claudian. 582 583 Bead 68/144.Flattenedsphere.D. 2. Black serpentine.Irregular;wornand chipped.VIII 34; Geometric and 5thB.C. mixed. 584 Button68/25.Discoid. D. 2.2. One side flat,theotherconvex.Grey-green VIII 29, Hellenistic. serpentine. 585 Buttonfr,discoid.D. 3.1. Greycrystalline marble.Well 14, early3rd B.C. 586 Button67/399.Cylindrical.D. 1.6-1.7. Black serpentine.IV(N) 3, Hadrianic. 587 Button71/461.Discoid. D. 1.8. Pale brownstone (marl?), highlypolished.XII 19, LG/EO and late 2nd/early1stB.C. mixed. 588 Button67/398.Disk withpinchedloop at back. D. 1. Whitemarble.IV(N) 3, Hadrianic. 589 section.L. 1.2. Carnelian.Intaglioofstag runningto right. Ring-stone71/367.Oval withhemispherical Flat side plain; highlypolished.XI 19, Augustan,plate 353 590 Bead of red stone.L. 19mm.Lozenged-shaped.Roman plate 353.
MINERAL MATERIALS In additionto thehardstonetoolscataloguedabove (ofigneousand volcanicrocks,sandstone, limestoneand marble),othersnot cataloguedoccurredas follows.
398
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Obsidian
Sixty-nine pieceswerecollected,one a clearwhite-spotted pieceofGiali type,therestMelian, withan occasionalextremely blacklustrouspiece. There wereblade fragments (17), flakesor chunks(48) rangingfromsmallregularflakesup to largeangularpieces,and corefragments (15) and Roman (47). Their (4). Theircontextsare PG-Geometric(7), Classical-Hellenistic the local of nature manufacture general prismaticblades, as mightbe expectedin suggests Minoan periods.The contextsare scatteredand theexamplestoo fewto makeit possibleto determinehow much, if any, use of this materialcontinuedinto the historicalperiods consideredhere.Such a use seemsnatural,but all could be survivalpieces. Pumice
Twenty-sevenpieces were collected,fromvaried contexts:PG (one), Hellenistic(6) and Roman (20). Of these,eighteenhad flator concavesurfacesshowinguse as an abrasiveor as softbackingmaterial(one showsa shallowdrillhole), or in personaltoiletuses,as in modern times. materials Colouring
Softmineralsofdark-red(haematite/magnetite), pink(mudstone),brightpink,brightorange (mercurysulphide?)and blue (Egyptianfrit)werefoundin thesecontexts:dark-red mixed mid 1st A.D.; blue (7 A.D.; pink PG.; brightpink Augustan;orange Hellenistic/2nd - late 3rd B.C. (2), 2nd B.C. (one), Augustan(3), and one other.These may have samples) beenusedin workshops, producingcolourdyesor paintforfrescowork,or in thedecorationof thatthecontextsare so the glass(especially bluefrit)and otherwares.It is unfortunate pottery, Dr Richard are discussed mineral Their Jones(Appendix3). scattered, separatelyby analyses Other
of carnelian (surface),rock crystal(MG. and Augustan),soapstone Scatteredfragments and Hadrianicfloor),chlorite (Geometric, (Augustan,Trajanic,2ndA.D.), workedserpentine in thesematerials.Some work indicate sufficient to are not coral and red (Hadrianic) (surface) as a in the most Collector's heritageof the wealthy ground perhapssimply may be pieces, Minoan capital. MARBLE Some 212 pieces of marble cut thin forpanelling,dadoes, tiles etc., were collected.The colouredvarietiesin buildingis well extensiveRoman tradein marbleand theuse ofdifferent of marbletypesand their identification The no was Knossos and documented,10 exception. worth is the but is while, and the following proveniences notoriouslydifficult, 11 attempt thatKnossoswas on the notion the confirm hand do an made by experienced suggestions trade routes for this material and was the recipientof a varietyof types. Suggested includePentelic(12 frs.),whiteunbandedwithdistinctive identifications dappled surface Proconnesian(?) (62),12otherwhiteor greyishmarble(over 70), darkgrey(10), grey-white mottled- "marmorscritto"(24), green"verdeantico"or MarmorThessalicum(7), red-white(5), yellow-redmottled greymottled- Phrygian"paronasseto"or Marmor Synnadicum "giallo antico"or MarmorNumidicum(10), darkmauvish-red CretanfromDiete area (?) (8), veinedred-white "brecciade settebasi"fromSkyros(?) (two), and mottledred-white
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have "lumachellacamina" fromTunisia (?) (two). These marbledado and panel fragments in in connection with the diamond and some illustrated colour been discussed already *3 An frescoes. analysisofthefindspotsindicatesthatmostoriginatefromthefillin or overthe NorthHouse. Nineteensmall pieces, mostlygrey/white marble,come fromthe House of none come fromthe lower fillor can be Diamond Frescoes,but belong to the upper fill; associatedwiththebuildingitself.FromtheSeverandestruction deposit(SI) in NorthHouse white and Room III come 24 pieces (identifiedas Pentelic, Proconnesian,other greyPhrygian),and fromotherSeveranfloors(= DepositS2) come 71 pieces (includingPentelic, othergreyProconnesian, white,"verdeantico"and darkmauve,perhapsDictaean). Only 21 piecescomefromearliercontexts(ofthese15 are Hadrianicand 4 later2nd A.D.), whilethe rest(c.55) werein the upperlevelswithlate 2nd/early3rd A.D. materialabove the Severan floors.Curiously,no marble dado or panellingwas foundanywherein situon the North forthis,firstthatsuchpanellingas therewas in the House walls.Two reasonsmaybe offered robbedafterthe abandonment,and secondthatlittleof NorthHouse roomswas thoroughly foundin was foundsurvivingabove thelatestfloorlevel.The fragments thewalls themselves thefloordepositsdo suggestthatthehouse decorationsmade some use of marble.14 On the otherhand,a proportion ofthematerialin theupperlevelsmayoriginatefromotherRoman buildingshigherup theslope to thewestof theexcavatedarea. TERRACOTTA LOOMWEIGHTS AND SPINDLE WHORLS plates 330-1,333-5. Early Iron Age Contexts (Protogeometric - Orientalizing) PLATE 333.
Of a total656 loomweights and 63 spindlewhorlsand otherterracottaweightsfound,onlya few,scatteredexamplesoriginatefromtheEarlyIronAge levels.Theyincludelargeovoidand discoidshapes,and smallerconical,biconicaland cylindricalones. These resemblethelater, standardGreco-Romantypes,butare lessregularin formand ofcoarserfabric.Seven (Wl, laplate 333. Alsofoundin theselevelsweresevenspherical 6) have beenselectedforillustration, - a commonlate Minoan type.These and and weights,piercedcentrally groovedexternally, thirteenotherexamplesfromlatercontextsare presumedto be survivals. W1 Wla W2 W3 W4 W5 W6
Oval weight7 1/755,H. 9, Wt. 26 1gr.Coarseredclay,heavy.DepositGD, MG. Flat triangularweight,H. 4.3, Wt. 39.9gr.Coarse brick-red, fireddarkat surface.Irregularshape,slightly waisted.VII 52 (Pit 52). SM. Biconicalspindlewhorlfr.68/118,D. 3.8, (hole) 6mm,wt. 22.6gr.Coarse grey-brown; black surface.VI 21a, MG. Conical spindlewhorl71/720,D. 3.2, Wt. 15.6gr.Hard grey,gritty;buffsurface.XII 45, LG/EO. with 71/725,D. 2.5, (hole) 7mm,Wt. 17.6gr.Coarse brick-red, Cylindricalspindlewhorl/button/weight smoothblack surface.XI 53, PG. 71/727,D. 2.3, wt. 13.3gr.Fine creamfabric.XIV 36, LG/EO. Cylindricalspindlewhorl/button/weight Biconicalweight71/719,D. 3.3, Wt. 22.9gr.Softbuff,gritty;crude.XI 40, Geometric.
Greco-Roman In theGreco-Romanlevelsthereare twostandardtypesofloomweight, thepyramidaland the with a number of less common sub-forms. Ten are illustrated at plate 333 to disc, examples showthisvariationofform,a-g beingpyramidal,and h-k discoid.
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Veryfewspindlewhorlswerefound.These includebothconicaland biconicalshapes.A few form(as W5), all piercedvertically, otherobjectsofspherical,roundedor cylindrical mayalso have servedthisfunction. Anothercommonobject is a small biconicalweight,pinchedat the top, whereit has a horizontalsuspensionhole (see Type p, plate 333). Althoughtheseseem too small to be loomweights, theyare oftenfoundwiththecommonformsofloomweight. in the The fabricofall theseobjectsis thelocal cream/buff, pinkor lightred clay,grittier is a for the the with smoothed surface. There tendency largertypes,especially discs largersizes, A in to a brittle to cream or cream colour. few be greenish examplesare overfired (Typej), a Flavian kiln from context. wasters come two (71/13) grey; Followingthe list of type samples (a-p below) is a shortaccount of the chronological contextssuchas actual loomweight oftheseweightsand whorls,notingsignificant distribution deposits.A catalogueis also givenofthesixtyexampleswhichbear stampsor incisedmarkings. Theseare illustrated eitherbydrawingor photographat plates 330-1, 334-5. Finallycomesa ofthiscollectionofobjectsand theirusein the commentary byJaneCockingon thesignificance weavingprocess. TYPES
PLATE 333.
Pyramidal
Types a-c are pyramidalproper,square in section.Type a is the commonform,varyingin heightand width,and virtuallymergingwithType b, whichis the pointedshortformand rare.The largerform,Type c, was foundclusteredin twoloomweight deposits, comparatively foundon althoughitoccurssporadicallyelsewhere;therest(d-g) are rareor uniquevariations, floorsin associationwithexamplesofType a. W7-14 (a) Tall triangular,flat-toppedor roundedat top. Example: W7 71/742H. 6.8, Wt. 67gr. XIV pit 10, Late Archaic. Total found:451. Date range:Archaic- Severan;verycommonin theHellenisticperiodand the 1stcentury A.D. (b) Shorttriangular, pointedtop. Example: W8 76/787H. 4.5, Wt. 47gr. I(S) 23, 4th/3rdB.C. Total found:30. Date range4th B.C. - 1stA.D. or roundedat top. Example:W9 Well 14,no. 53, H. 7.5, Wt. 140gr.early3rd (c) Outsizetriangular, flat-topped B.C. Total found:26. Date range:3rdB.C. - 2nd A.D. The largestexample(fromtheHadrianiccistern,Deposit D4) weighed255gr. (d) Small, near rectangular.Example: W10 72/798,H. 4.1, Wt. 27gr.XIII 46, Late Archaic. Total found:6. Date range:5thB.C. - 1stA.D. (e) Tall, near rectangular.Example: Wll 67/746,H. 5.9, Wt. 39gr.V(S) 6; 400-350 B.C. Total found:4. Date: 4th B.C. and Hellenistic. in section.Examples:W12 67/750fr.h(pres).7.4; Wt. 137gr.V(S) 6; 400-350B.C. rectangular (f) Flat triangular, Wl 3 67/686,H. 10.9,Wt. 115gr.Unstratified. Not illustrated. Total found:2. Contexts:Classicaland unstratified. (g) Large conical (roundin section).Example:W14 71/695,H. 9.3, Wt. 330gr.Five holespiercedbeneath.XII Floor 10, late 3rd B.C. Total found:one. Date: late 3rd B.C.
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Discoid The lentoiddisc,Type h, is lesscommon,but frequently stamped,and seemsto be an earlier versionof thestandardflatdisc (Type j), mostcommonin 1stB.C. to 1stA.D. contexts. W15-19 (h) Thickenedlentoiddisc. Examples:W15 71/324,D. 5.5, Wt. 64gr. I 1-2, upper levels (Severan+); =W85 (qv.).W16 67/829,D. 6.8, Wt. 116gr.incomplete.Ill 12, 5th B.C. Not illustrated. Total found:12. Date range:5thB.C. - Augustan. Flat disc,D. 5.5-9.5. Examples:W17 67/720,D. 6.5, Wt. 80gr.W18 71/756,hexagonal,7.5 x 9, Wt. 140gr. (j) XIV/XV Baulk 5, early 1stB.C. Total found:124. Date range:3rd B.C. - 2nd A.D. (k) Small disc,D. 3.2-3.4. Example: W19 71/433,D. 3.2, Wt. 12gr.XI 19, Augustan,plates 331 no. 1, 333. Total found:two,bothfromAugustancontexts.
Spindle whorls The biconicalspindlewhorl(Type1)is commonfromClassicalcontextsonwards.A fewconical or sphericalformsalso occur (Type m). W21 (and W3-5) (1) Biconical,roundedor sharplypointed.Example: W21 67/760,D.4.5; Wt. 51gr.Classical. (m) Conical. Example: W3, 71/720. (n) CylindricalExample: W4 and W5, 71/725and 727.
Others A numberofsmallbiconalweights,pinchedat the top near thestringhole,werealso found (Type p). Their exact functionis unknown.Examples:W22-28. W22 W23 W24 W25 W26 W27 W28
71/752,D. 3.8. Deposit H2, late Archaic. 67/719,D. 2.8. , Classical. 67/709,D. 4.5. Hard grey,gritty.I(S) 29, 5thB.C. 71/748,D. 3.7. Deposit H5, early4th B.C. 68/122,D. 4.1, incisedcrosson top. VIII 32, to 2nd B.C. 71/713,D. 5. Pit 2, Deposit H28, mixedHellenistic,to 2nd B.C. 71/544,H. 4. Pit 1, Deposit H28, mixedHellenistic,to 2nd B.C. Total found:24. Date range:5thB.C. - Severan.
Archaic and Classical Contexts Typesa-b, d-f,h,j, m,n. in good contextsoflate Archaic(one), 5th Pyramidalweights(Type a) werefoundstratified B.C. (one), early4thB.C. (5 fromPit23, DepositH5) and other4thB.C. contexts(18); twentyfiveothersoccurredin otherClassicallevels.The pointedform(Type b) was lesscommon,two beingnotedin 4thB.C. levels,fourothersin broaderClassicalor late Classicalcontexts.The rectangularshape was rare:therewerethreesmallones (Type d), one Late Archaic,one 4th were:Type f(flatpyramidal),one 4thB.C. and one B.C., and one other.Othertypesoccurring other;Type h (lentoid)two,includingone 5th B.C.; and Type j (flatdisc), two in Classical contexts.Fourteenbiconicalweightswere found(Type 1), includingtwo Archaic,and five early 4th B.C. (Pit 23, Deposit H5). Four pinched biconical weights(Type p) occurred includingone 5thB.C., and one early4th B.C. (Pit 23, Deposit H5). Two pyramidalweightsbear stamps,W29 (labyrinth)and W30 (wingedEros).
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HellenisticContexts
Typesa-d, g-j,1-n. continuesto be thecommonform,but largedisc weightsbecome The pyramidalloomweight morecommon;otherformsoccursporadically. The largestearlygroupcomesfromWell 14, dated earlyin the 3rd centuryB.C. (plate 334A). This had eighty-one pyramidalweights,ofwhichone is Type b, fiveare flat-topped withshallowverticalhole on the top, and threehave incisedgraffiti (nos. W34-6). A new offive variationis an outsizepyramidalweight(Type c), H. 7.5, one completeand fragments others.Also in Well 14: one disc weight(Type j), sevenwhorls(one conical,six biconical, Types 1 and m) and threesmallbiconicalweights(Type p). These same typesoccurredin otherearly3rd centuryB.C. contextsas follows:pyramidal (Type a) 16, (Type b) two,disc (Typej) one; whorls(Type m) 4, biconicalweights(Type p) 3 (one withincisedcrosson top,and pinchedon foursides). The later3rd centuryis bestrepresented pyramidal by Well 1, whichcontainedtwenty-six a with on its surface is is b. One of which one standing top (67/911) stamped Type weights, and two biconical 1 three disc contained Well also as W52. p). weights (Type weights figure, These typesalso occurredin othermidto late 3rdcenturycontextsas follows:(Type a) four = (one withstampon top as W52); (Type b) three,and one largeconicalexample(Type g, W14) foundon theSoutheastHouse mid3rdB.C. floor(SectionG no. 12) in associationwith Types a and b. For the 2nd centuryB.C., fewerlarge depositswere found,and in none was therea or spindlewhorls.These occurredin the followingquantities: of loomweights concentration pyramidal(Type a) 11, (Type b) one; disc (Type j) one; biconicalweights(Type p) two. Late 2nd and 1stcenturyB.C. pre-colonialcontextsweremoreproductive, includinglarge the these come From and I in Trenches following:pyramidal III/IV (Pit 65). (Pit 59) pits (Type a) 27, (Type b) two,(Type d) one; discoid(Type h) one, (Typej) 24; whorls(Type 1) are two bell-shapedweightsfromPit 1 one; biconicalweights(Type p) two. Contemporary cf. W28. (DepositH28), Twenty-two weightsfromHellenisticcontextswerestampedor inscribed,see W34-55.
Roman Contexts Augustan
werefoundon theearlyAugustanflooroftheSouthwestHouse Room I, Nineteenloomweights or in itspacking(DepositAl), as follows:pyramidal(Type a) 17, (Type b) one, (Type d) one; also one sphericalspindlewhorland one biconicalweight. floorofRoom III to thewest on thecontemporary Twenty-six weightswerefoundtogether eleven include These a) 3, (Type b) one, (Type (Type pyramidal: (XIV 18,DepositA2, part). moulded or five the rest 61-2, 67, 70). Also one (W56, discoid, stamped including c) 7; plate 334D showsa biconical and 6 whorl n). (Type weights (Type m) cylindricalspindle selectionof these. These groupsshow a continuationof the earlier 1st centuryB.C. trendtowardslarger 'A' occurringearlieris again weights,whetherdisc or pyramidal.The trade-mark/graffito found(twoexamples)alongwithothers.The presenceofso manyweightson thefloorsoftwo a loom in position,does indicatethe adjacentrooms,thoughnotenablingone to reconstruct existenceofa homeweavingindustryhereat thisperiod.
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403
FromotherAugustanlevelscomefifty-one pyramidalweights,(46 Type a, 2 Type b, 3 Type two undersized also discs,including c); (Type k). Of these,elevenbear stampsor forty-two plates 330-1, 334. (W57-60, 63-66, 68-69, 71), graffiti A.D. Contexts Other1st Century
The Tiberianfloordeposit(Bl) includedthreepyramidalweights,one each Typesa, b and c. OtherTiberianlevels(B2) have one pyramidal(Type a) and twodisc (Typej), - one stamped (W72). The Claudian floordeposit(Cl) containedthreepyramidalweights(Type a) and twodiscs (Typej), one ofeach typestamped(W73-4). OtherClaudian levels(C2) had tenpyramidal (Type a), fivediscs(Typej), one roundedwhorl(Type 1) and one biconicalweight(Type p). Includedare threestampedor moulded (W75-7). The Neronianfloordeposit(Nl) containedtwopyramidalweights(Type a), one stamped (W78). Other Neronianlevelshad nine pyramidal(Type a), two discs and one cylindrical whorl. The Flavian pit (Fl) containedsix pyramidalweights(Type a) includingtwokilnwasters, one disc weightand two biconicalweights. A.D. Contexts 2nd Century
From2nd centuryA.D. contextscomefifty pyramidalweights,includingfiveoftheheavytype (W80-83). (Type c), seventeendiscsand twospindlewhorls;fourare stampedor have graffiti The contextsare as follows:Type a: 7 Trajanic,23 Hadrianic(one in thefloordepositDl ), one later2nd century(R2); Type j: one Trajanic, ten Hadrianic (D6) and six later (R3). Two whorls(Type m) come fromtheHadrianic cistern(D4). Severan and later Contexts
Threepyramidalweights(one stamped,W84) and one smallbiconicalweight(Type p) come fromthe NorthHouse courtfloor(I(S)7-8). From otherlate levels ('Deposit' U) come 36 pyramidalweights,12 discs (includingtwo lentoidand two stampedor inscribed,W85 and 87), 2 spindlewhorls(Type m) and 10 small biconicalweights. The weightsand spindlewhorlsfoundin these2nd A.D. and latercontextsare scatteredand notin sufficient numbersto warrantfurther discussion.These are fairlyindestructible objects and mostmaybe survivals.However,theoccurrenceofseveralon theHadrianicand Severan floorssuggeststhatsome at least are contemporary. Though no longerused in the weaving trade,theymayhave foundvaryingotherusesas weightsor measures,as perhapssuggestedby thegraffito OVA on W59. Catalogue of Stamped, Incised and Moulded Weights, pyramidal Type a or disc Type j, unless noted plates 330-1, 334-5.
FromClassical contexts IHellenistic W29 71/600Pyramid,H. 7.5. Labyrinth(H. 1.6), see also W84. Deposit H29, to late Hellenistic. W30 67/494Pyramid,H. 4.8. WingedEros (H. 1). V(S) 4. To late Hellenistic. W31 68/109Pyramid,H. 5.8. Wingedhorse.VIII 33, Deposit H15. 2nd B.C. W32 68/52Pyramid,H. 5.1. Sittingbird.VIII 32, 2nd B.C. W33 67/824Pyramid,Type b, H. 4.8. Quadruped (deer?) runningto right.IV (N) 5, 4th/3rdB.C. W34 73/25Pyramidfr,H(pres). 6.9. Incisedcrosson two adjacentsides.Well 14, DepositH12. Early3rd B.C.
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404 W35 W36 W37 W38 W39 W40 W41 W42 W43 W44 W45 W46 W47 W48 W49 W50 W51 W52 W53 W54 W55
Pyramid,H. 6.1. Incised'XI'. Well 14, as W34. 73/22Pyramid,H. 5.7. Incisedthreestrokealpha. Well 14, as W34. 67/911 Pyramid,H. 5.4. Wornstampon flattop; standingfigure.Well 1, DepositH14, later3rdB.C. Not illustrated. 67/991Lentoiddisc,Type h, D. 6.5. Horse and armedrider,to right.Well 1, as W37. 71/567Pyramidfr,H(pres). 4.8. Incisedletterpl. XII 34a, mixedClassical- late 3rd B.C. 71/612Pyramid,H. 5.7. Incisedleaf.XII 40, late 3rd B.C. 67/952Disc fr,D. 9. Incisedalpha insidepi(?). Pit 39. DepositH18. Mid 2nd B.C. 71/490Pyramid,H. 5.2. Incisedalpha (?), cf.W39. XIV 33. Classical/Hellenistic. 71/739Pyramid,H. 5.3. As W42. Pit 16. Mixed Class, (see Deposit H10) - 2nd B.C. 67/967Disc fr,D. c. 8.8. Moulded 'PH'. Pit 65, late 2nd/early1stB.C. 67/711Disc, D. 7.5. Tridentin relief.Pit 65, as W44. 67/772Pyramid,H. 5.4. Portraithead, helmeted(?). Pit 65 (top of),as W44. 71/426Disc fr,D. 7. StampedwithGreeklettersin twolines:PO LY (in ligature).XII 19,DepositH25, late Hellenistic. 71/560Disc, D. 7.8. Incised 'A'. XI 29, late Hellenistic. helmet.XI 31, 1stB.C. 71/609Disc, D. 8.8. Moulded, Athenahead withthree-plumed 71/438Disc fr,D. 8.5. Incised'A'. XIII 28, 1stB.C. 67/623Disc, D. 7.4. StampedGreeklettersAP retrograde. V(N) 4, mixedClassical/Hellenistic. withcreamslip. Artemiswithbow and quiver (H. 1.5). 67/487Pyramid,H. 4.7. Hard dark grey,gritty, V(S) foundationtrenchofNorthHouse east wall. Late Hellenistic? Two otherssimilar. 71/652Pyramid,H. 5.6. Wornstampon flattop: standingfigureto right.XII 41 , late Hellenistic.Not illustrated. 71/666Pyramid,H. 6. Flat top stampedwithrosette.Pit 2, Deposit H28, mixedHellenistic,to 2nd B.C. 71/616Pyramid,H. 5. Concentriccirclesstampedon one side and on base. Pit 2, as W54.
Augustancontexts
(DepositA2); nos. W56, 61-2, 67 and 70 are fromone loomweightdeposit(SouthwestHouse, Room III). ? as W57. XIV 18,loomweight W56 71/289Lentoiddiscfr,D. 6. Wornstamp,broad oval; twofigures, deposit. XI 17. W57 71/259Pyramid,H. 6. Two figures, symplegma? W58 71/201Pyramidfr,H(pres). 5.3. Incisedoblique line. XI 14. W59 71/218Pyramid,H. 5.4. Incised'OVA'. XIII 24a. W60 71/129Pyramidfr,h(pres). 7.4. Incised T XIII 19b,pit 3. W61 71/273Disc, D. 8-8.5. Incised4-stroke'A'. XIV 18. W62 71/285Hexagonal disc,8.8 x 7.3. 4-stroke'A' in low relief.XIV 18. W63 71/434Disc, D. 7.8. Finelyincised'A'. XI 19. W64 71/440Disc, D. 7.8. Crudelyincised'A'. XI 19. W65 71/267Disc, D. 9. Rounded letter'E' beneathbar, in relief.XIV 18. W66 71/263Disc, D. 9.2. Impressed'M' withincircle.XI 16. W67 71/300Disc, D. 8.7-9.2. Incised'ME'. XIV 18. . XI rosettes beneath(fourpreserved) W68 71/240Disc (facedamaged),D. 8.5. Incised'MAP'; seriesofimpressed 15. W69 71/390Disc fr,D. c. 9. IncisedT XIV 13. W70 71/274Disc, D. 9. Half circleand dot in relief.XIV 18. W71 71/392Disc fr,D. c. 9. Impressedshieldpattern,as on examplefromPhaestos{Ann43-4, 1965-6,582 Fig. 15 no. 2). XI 18. Tiberiancontexts
W72
71/381Disc, D. 8.5. Incisedletterpl. XIII 36.
Claudiancontexts
deposit,Cl.) (No. W73 is fromtheSouthwestHouse destruction W73 71/327Pyramid,H. 6. Incised'X' on threesides.XIII 33. Cl. W74 71/148Disc fr,D. 8.6. Four stroke'A' withbar above, in relief.XI baulk #2492. W76 67/553Disc fr,D. 8.5. Incisedletter'A'(P). I(S) 16. W77 71/141Disc, D. 8.7. Impressedlabyrinth;worn.X 7.
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405
Neroniancontexts
W78 W79
67/350Pyramid,H. 4.8. Flat top withincisedcross.VII 9a, Deposit Nl. vacant no.
2nd A.D. and latercontexts (and includingunstratified)
W80 W81 W82 W83 W84 W85
W86 W87 W88
71/547Pyramid,H. 6.6. Pear shaped incision.XI wall dx and area. 67/265Pyramid,H. 6. Incisedarrow.I(S) 12a. Late 2nd A.D. 71/494Pyramid,H. 6.4. Lightlyincisedcompassbeneathcrescent(P).XV wall 'ey'. Late 2nd A.D.(?) 67/792Disc fr,D. 8.7. Incised 'CI'. V wall b. Late 2nd A.D.(?) 67/67Pyramid,H. 7.6. Labyrinth(H. 1.6), same stampas W29. I(S) 7. Above Severanfloor. columnand standingfigurewithoffering at altar.XI 71/324Lentoiddisc,D. 5.5. Ring stoneimpression; 3rd A.D. 1-2. Late 2nd/early 71/374Pyramidfr,H (près). 4.2. Inciseddigamma.XI unstratified. 71/337Disc fr,D. 8.2. ImpressedtrianglebeneathinvertedV. XV 13. Late 2nd/early3rd A.D. 71/758Disc, D. c. 9. Incised *C'(?). XIV wall er. Late 2nd A.D.?
COMMENTARY 1. Function of Loomweights and Spindle Whorls Beforeexaminingthe objects catalogued as loomweightsand spindle whorls fromthe UnexploredMansionit may be usefulto summarizetheirfunctionin textileproduction.The most commonformof loom in the ancient Greek world was the warp-weighted loom.15 served to exert tension on the vertical threads as from the Loomweights only warp theyhung frame of the loom. Several threads were tied onto each means rectangular weightprobablyby of an intermediate stickor ringpassed throughthe verticalhole in the top of the weight. of a tensionbeam at the Loomweightsweresucceededin theirfunctionby the introduction bottomof theloom aroundwhichthewarp threadswerewrapped. The function ofthespindlewhorlon theotherhand was to exertpull and twiston a vertical the spindleduring conversionofa preparedfibrousmassintoa singletwistedthreadforuse in 16 ofsuchan objectwereto be roughlycircular weavingor sewing. Thereforetherequirements witha centrally, verticallypiercedhole to enable thespindleto turnas evenlyas possible.To maximizeefficiency themostimportant factorwas tohave as higha diametertoweightratioas possible. 2. Range and Chronology of Types Bearingthe above in mindit may be possiblethatnot all of the objectspublishedhere are or spindlewhorls.Neverthelessthe range of loomweightsand spindle actuallyloomweights whorlsrepresented hereis as broadas anygroupfoundelsewherein Greece.This is particularly in providingevidenceforthechronological ofbothclassesofobject.In important development thecase oftheloomweights it is possibleto see thechangefromthecommonMinoan 'melon' weightto the smallpyramidaltypewhichsubsequentlydevelopsinto a slightlylargerform. Parallelwiththisdevelopment is theintroduction ofthemorerare,butstillsignificant disctype ofweight. This chronologicaldevelopmentindicatesthe refinement of loom technique.The Minoan weights,eventhesphericaloneswiththeirsurrounding groovesto givebetterhold whentying threadsonto the weightwere rathercumbersome.The introduction of the pyramidaltype enabledmorethreadsto be attachedto one weightand therewas also space at thetop ofthe weightto allow theweaverto workmorequicklywhenattachingor detachingwarps.
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It is particularly interestingthat loomweights continue into the Roman Period as it has usually been suggestedthat the loom with the tensionbeam ratherthan weightsand which is usually looked upon as a Roman invention spread quickly throughout the Mediterranean 17 during the early Roman period, and yet here we may have evidence forthe continuationof the warp weighted loom at least until the 3rd centuryA.D. In the case ofthe spindle whorlsit is rathermore difficultto establisha chronologyof typesas thereare fewerobjects and theyseem to fall into fewerdistinctgroups, all that may really be said of the collection is that it representsa wide range of materials and sizes which is what would have been expected ifone were consideringthe preparation and processingof a range of typesand weightsof raw materials and fabrics. 3. Features and Distribution of the Loomweights Both the pyramidal and discoid loomweightsdisplay typical wear-markswhich indicate their functionand extensiveuse. Most have intenserubbing around the hole as a resultof the thread which theycarried and wear by the weavers re-threadingthe warp. Around the base of each weight there is considerable chipping fromconstant clashing with adjacent weights. The stamps on some of the weightsare a common featurethroughoutthe post-BronzeAge 8 Aegean1 but as yet theredoes not seem to be any plausible explanation forthem.They do not seem to relate to stamps or markingson any otherclass ofobject and unfortunatelynot enough weightshave been foundeitherin situ or in sealed deposits to suggestthat theydelimitteda 'set' of weights. The survivalrate ofloomweightsis quite high as theyare obviouslyverydurable objects and yet mostare isolated finds.The exceptions to thisare the two Augustan deposits comprising19 numbersto suggestthat each room contained and 26 weights.These would seem to be sufficient a small loom. This is of great interestas this is the firstdefiniteindication fromthe historic periods in Greece that weaving was carried out in a domestic contextas opposed to througha central organization. 4. Unidentified Objects Two main typesof objects published here do not fulfillthe criteriaoutlined in section 1 forthe functionalcharacteristicsof loomweightsor spindle whorls. This section is intended only to suggestpossible otheruses forsuch objects. Type c, the large pyramidal weightswould seem to be too heavy to be used in a textilecontext and may instead have been roofweightsor some other formof architecturalartefact. The small biconical weightswhich make up Type p are even more difficultto interpret,19 they may have been fishingweights,very heavy dress or curtain weights,counter-weightsin some mechanism, buttons or toggles.
TERRACOTTA TILES, WATER PIPES ETC. plates 22-3, 222-3. Roof tiles were found in abundance throughout the excavations and were concentrated in particular areas, on floors,indicating roofcollapse probably due to natural disasterssuch as earthquakes. The numbers found indicate that Roman houses in this area were forthe most part tile roofed. No complete tiles were found in these destruction deposits, which may
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407
indicate some salvage or possibly subsequent breakage due to earth pressures. But some examples could be made up complete or near complete. Others were found in a contextof reuse, notably a seriesof Laconian pan tilesre-used to floora drainage channel in the latestphase of the North House (Room V). Most of the roof tiles were of the Laconian type; tiles of the Corinthian typewere more fragmentary,but the opportunityhas been taken to include here as comparanda complete examples of this type fromKnossian tile graves. in (Note: the catalogue which followsdimensionsgiven referto preservedlength,followedby preservedwidth; in the fewcases where the fulldimensionsof a complete tile are available, this is noted.) a) Pre-Roman Since no buildings remain intact with destruction deposits from the Archaic, Classical or Hellenistic periods, and no tile survives which can be associated with a particular building phase, littlediscussion of the many tile fragmentswhich derive fromfillsetc. is warranted. It may sufficeto say that both Laconian and Corinthian typesoccur, and that a high proportion of the Laconian have black or brown wash on the upper surface. Laconian tiles are c. 10- 17mm. thick,Corinthian 2.5( + ) thick; no overall dimension recoverable. An illustrativesample comes fromPit 1 (Deposit H28) of mixed Hellenistic character,which produced twenty-sevenfragments.Of these fifteenare fromLaconian cover tiles, hard-fired pink to greyfabric,with streakyblack or brown wash, fourfrompan tilesof the same type; six othersare fromplain Laconian tiles with buffslip (three cover, threepan tiles). Only two are fromCorinthian tiles, thickerand of coarser fabric,with buffslip but no colour wash. However, the tileswhich occur in great numbers in the Roman levels, and whose typesare differentiatedbelow, continue to show the common Hellenistic forms,since fragmentsof the same types are found in early levels. Some of those fromRoman contexts could be re-used Hellenistic tiles,but the general collection taken togetherwith other complete examples from Roman Knossos seems to indicate a straightforward continuityin the tile industry.When such an early occurrenceofone of the typeslisted below is found,the relevantcontextis listed under each type. b) Roman Corinthian
The Corinthiantilesare finelymade and have carefullyarticulatedfeatures,whichseem to variationsor styles.The fragments foundwerecataloguedin fiveseparate different distinguish ofthesideand top groups,thecovertiles(I) and thenthepan tilesaccordingto thetreatment ridges.The edge ridgesare ofbroad rectangularsection(II), highand narrow(III), carefully cut obliquelyat the top surface(IV) or withsidescurvingup to a thickedge withno ridge and many proper(V). Howevertilesofthesetypesfoundat theUM siteare veryfragmentary, do not derive from the roofs of excavated Thus it is useful there. probably buildings particularly to have at Knossosa rangeof completeexamplesfromthreetilegraveswhichdisplaythese featuresand to whichour fragments, whichare forthe mostpart fromdated distinguishing contexts,may be referred.These completeexamples are illustratedby permissionof the excavators23at plate 23. The fourgroupsofpan tilespresenteddo notforma chronologicalseries.On thecontrary theyappear to be alternativestyles,each witha longhistoryrunningat leastfromHellenistic throughthe 1stcenturyA.D., whenthemostcommonand standardisedtypehad highnarrow side ridges(Group III).
408
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That thesefinetileswerebeingmanufactured duringtheearlyRoman periodis sufficiently shownby theexamplesstampedwiththelabyrinth and theletters'C.I.C (for'Colonia Iulia Cnosos'), seeJ38-9. Catalogue
I. Corinthiancovertileswithangulargable (Jl-3) plate 23. Dimensions:W. 15,H. 8, lengthas pan tiles(nonefullypreserved).Late contextonly(2nd A.D. and later),but No separateformto serveas ridgetilewas identified. thisis unlikelyto be significant. fabric Covertilefr.38.5 x 12,Th. 2-3.5. Abouthalfofgable preservedincludingpartofone end. Pink-buff Jl and surface;red core; no wash. I 4, conduit(Severan). fabricand surface.Rough exterior. Cover tile,end fr.L(pres). 16.5,fullW. 14.5,H. (gable) 8. Pink-buff J2 Deposit U. Cover tile,end fr.18x12. As preceding.Surfacefiredyellow.Deposit U. J3 in NorthHouse Room V, Hadrianic. structure Anothersimilarwas foundbuiltintothe plaster/tile II. Pan tileswithbroadflatridgeat sidesand smallroundedcrossridgeat top (J4-10). Cf. MKT I(C). plate 23. The undersidemayhave a narrowgrooveacrossthebottom(to fitovertop ridge)or a broadgroove(as MKT I A/B),or curvedown to a ridge(as MKT I C). Contextsare earlyHellenistic(see underJ9), Augustan(J4,J7?),early1stA.D. (J9),2nd A.D. (J6,8) and 3rd A.D. (J5). This typethenseemsto be ofHellenisticorigin,continuingat leastintothe 1stcenturyA.D. Examples fromlatercontextsmay be re-used,as was certainlythecase withan uncataloguedHadrianicexample(builtinto ofNorthHouse Room 3). If so perhapssomesubstantialearlybuildingwas plundered theplaster/tile construction or scavengedbothforbuildingsin the townarea and forthelate tilegrave (MKT I). Pan tilefr.(top leftcorner).13.5x 22, Th. 3.3 (at edge) 5.8. Broad rectangularridgeat side (W. 3), small J4 roundedridgeat end (W. 1.5), set in by lem. Red grittyfabricwithyellowbuffslip. XI 15, Augustan. Pan tilefr.(top leftcorner).24 x 14,Th. 2.5. Ridge at side (W. 3, H. 1.5); ridgeat end,setin by lem. (W. J5 fabricand surface.I 3, Severan. 1). Pink-buff Pan tilefr.(toprightcorner).7.5 x 11,Th. 2.1. Ridge at side (W. 3); ridgeat end,setin by3.2 (W. 3). II 5, J6 mid 2nd A.D. selfslip.Narrowgrooveon undersideat end (W. Pan tilefr.(bottomedge). 21 x 14,Th. 3-3.5. Pinkgritty, J7 Roman Phase II; re-usedin drainbycistern(XII 19 #2287). 1.5), setin by4.5. SoutheastHouse courtyard, 1stA.D.(?) Pan tilefr.(top rightcorner).33 x 15.9,Th. 3. Ridge at side (W. 2.4); ridgeat end,setin by 1.6 (W. 1.9). J8 Red fabricwithsandysurface.NorthHouse, 2nd A.D.( + ) Pan tilefr.(bottomedge). 13x21, Th. 2-3.2. Grittybuff,selfslip.Broadgroovebeneathacrossbottomedge J9 (W. 4, depth 1) as MKT I (A/B),plate 23. SouthwestHouse Room I, early1stA.D. floorbuild-up(XIII 34). side ridgeofrectangularsectionand curvingdownto end ridgebeneathas Anotherexample,preserving MKT I(C), comesfroman earlyHellenisticcontext(I(S) 25 Pit X). III. Pan tilescurvingup at sidesto highridgewithnarrowflattop,as MKT I (A), plate 23; ridgeacrosstopedge. Groovebeneath,acrossbottomedge (as MKT I A), plates 23, 222. The contextsshowthatthis,too,is a Hellenisticform,but thatit continuedin use duringthe 1stcenturyA.D. It bytheRomans;see theexamplesstamped'CIC, J38below,and FJ/70,plates 23, 222. mayhavebeenstandardised withcreamslip.Bottomleftcornerreworked Pan tilefr.(leftbottomcorner).33 x 19,Th. 3-5.6. Pinkgritty, J10 to formangleas MKT I C. SoutheastHouse courtyardPhase II, re-usedin waterconduitleadingto cistern (XII 19 #2287).Early 1stA.D. fromtilesof thistypecome fromthesame waterconduit. Otherlargefragments Jl 1-16 Six similartilescomefromHellenisticcontextsas follows:VII 32, VII 35; I(S) 25, Pit X; Pit 22, Deposit H28 (3 frs). J17-19 Three frs.come fromDepositA2 (XI 14), Augustan. IV. Pan tilesas III but withangledside ridges,slopingdown and outwards,as MKT I(B), plate 23,J20-24. The contextssuggestthatthisform,whichhad an earlyoriginin theClassicalperiod,continuedin use through theHellenisticperiodand intothe 1stcenturyA.D. Pan tilefr.(bottomleftcorner).13 x 14, Th. 2.7-6.2. Red gritty, pinkslip. Side edge withangulartop, J20 worn.Broad groovebelow acrossbottom,W. 5.5. XI 48, Deposit H5 (early4th B.C.). yellow J21-22 Pan tilefrs.(upperleftand rightcornersofsametile?).Small pieces£.11x10, Th. 2.8-5. Distinctive
OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE
409
fabricwithblackgrits;yellowslip.Slightangularbevelat side edge. Low ridgealso leftacrosstop end. Pit 65, late 2nd/early1stB.C. Pan tile (side fr). 17 x 6.5, Th. 3.-5.5. Hard red gritty;good red-brownwash on uppersurface.Side ridge J23 ofsmallcisternat west(XI eq, #2516).Late 1st angledoutwards,Th. 2-2.5. SoutheastHouse,construction B.C./early1stA.D. buffslip.Side ridgeangledoutwards,Th. 1.5-2. XIV 13, Pan tile(sidefr).7 x 9.5, Th. 2.8-5.5. Pinkgritty; J24 Augustan. V. Pan tilescurvingup to thickestpointat each side, two examplesonly (J25-6),one Hellenistic,one 2nd A.D. Roman. smoothedsurface;burnt.Side ridgenotarticulated. Pan tile(rightsidefr).22 x 17,Th. 2.2-4.8. Pinkgritty, J25 plates 23, 222. Pit 22, Deposit H28. Pan tile (bottomleftcorner).18 x 13, Th. 3-6. As preceding.Broad groovebelow acrossend (W. 5-6.5) J26 withslopingedges.NorthHouse Room III, Deposit Dl, Hadrianic.
(c) Roman Laconian (J27-37)
plates 22, 223.
Of theverynumeroustilefragments different fabrics found,onlysampleswerekepttoillustrate and surfacetreatment. The East House was roofedwiththesetilesin theNeronianperiod(see J32). A Hellenisticexample (J37) is distinguished by itscolourslip. J27 J28 J29 J30 J31 J32
J33 J34 J35 J36 J37
Covertile(end fr.).L(pres). 67, fullW. 24.5, H. 7-16. Flattenededges.Pinkto brownfabric;plainsurface. Re-usedas drain in NorthHouse Room V, westwall; 2nd A.D. Cover tile (end fr).L(pres). 29, fullW. 20, H. 7.5. Pink-brown fabricwithbuffslip. Cover tile (end fr).L(pres). 23, fullW. 18, H. 7.2. As preceding. Cover tile (end fr).L(pres). 20, fullW. 22.5. Pink-brown fabric;yellowslip. Pan tile.L.89.7, W. 39-43, Th. 2-3. Made up nearcomplete.Pale pink-buff withdarkgrits;buffslip.Reusedas tiledrainat W. ofNorthHouse Room V, in latestphase.Severan.Similarto no. 32 below;possibly re-usedfromEast House? Pan tile.L.I 10, W. 38-46, Th. 2-3. Made up complete.As preceding.East House Room I, Deposit Nl, Neronian. Numeroussimilarexamplesderivefromthe roofcollapse of thisHouse. (TrenchesVII and XII; see SectionC, no. 10) Pan tile (end fr.).W(full) 37.5 - 39, Th. 2. Pinkishbuffwithyellowbuffslip. Anglededges. Pan tile (broad end). L(pres). 37, fullW. 45, Th. 2-2.5. Buffsurface,red core. Pan tile (end fr.).L(pres). 31, fullW. 40.5, Th. 2.5. Buff-pink withred inclusions,roughsandysurface. Rounded edges. Pan tile(end fr.).L(pres). 58, fullW. 43. Coarseredfabric,yellow-buff slip.Anglededges.Re-usedas drain coverin NorthHouse yard (Area VIII); 2nd A.D. Pan tile (side fr.). 15x6, Th. 1.6-2.3. Grey-buff fabricwith worn red-brownslip. Angled edges with flattenedtip. I(S) 25, Pit X. Early Hellenistic.
(d) Stamped and Incised Tiles plates 23,222-3. Two stampsare foundimprintedon thefinestCorinthiantiles,theletters'CIC for'Colonia That theseare contemporary is provedby theirjuxtaposition Julia Cnosos'and thelabyrinth. on one tilefromtheFortetsagrave (see underJ39 below). The bestexamplesderivefromtile withthesamestampsoccurin theUM Roman houses,and thecontextof graves,butfragments J39 indicatesthatthesewereproducedin the 1stcenturyA.D. when the Colonia was active and expansive. Boththelabyrinth and a comparableacronym(CINC 'Colonia Iulia NobilisCnosos') occur on 1stA.D. coinsfromtheKnossianmint.We maysupposethenthattherewas at thistimea undermunicipalmanagement, tileryin theKnossosterritory, perhapswiththesizestestedand
410
OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE
theseweretiles Alternatively approved(and so stamped)bythe'weightsand measures'official. a as lot for which were roofed with thick Laconian and both municipalbuildings, produced job Corinthiantypes.The tileformitself(CorinthianGroupIII) howeveris a longestablishedone ofHellenisticorigin. The Greeklettersinscribedon theLaconian tiles(J41- 42) seemmorelikelyto indicatethe numberof theindividualtilein itssequenceon the roof. J38 J39
J40 J41 J42 J43 J44 J45
fabricwith inclusions,buffslip. Laconian pan tile (lower rightcorner). 15x23.5, Th. 3.5. Pink-buff Circularstamp,D. 5.2, C.I.C. V(S) 2, Severan. Corinthianpan tile(top rightcorner).25.5 x 18,Th. 2.8-5.5. Coarse redwithcreamslip.Rectangularside faint.SouthwestHouse,DepositCl, Claudian. ridge,insettopridge.Round stamp(D. 6.8) withlabyrinth, and 'CIC stamp,D. 6.7 and 5.4, as J38-9. Cf.nearcompleteparallelfromFortetsawithbothlabyrinth plates 23, 222. 'R' retrograde. Laconian covertile(bottomend fr.).28 x 18. Ratherangularprofile.Graffito III(E) 9, late 2nd A.D. selfslip. Two incisedletters, Laconian pan tilefr.(bottomrightcorner).15x22, th. 2-2.6. Pink gritty, Theta/Alpha(Greeknumeral?).XIII 25b, Augustan. Laconian cover tile fr.(bottomrightcorner). 18.5x 17.5, th. 1.9-2.4. Pink-buff gritty,cream-buff slip. Incisedletters'IK'. Deposit U. Laconian pan tile(bottomleftcornerfr.).24 x 13,th.2.7-3.7. Pink-buff fabric,purplishat core,yellow-buff surface.Inscribed'C in corner,done withthefinger.V (baulk) 2, Severan. Laconian covertile (bottomleftcornerfr.).20 x 19 Th. 3. Fingerholes and finger-drawn impressionin shape ofhorse-shoenear corner.IV(N) 1, Severanand later. selfslip;impressed Laconianpan tilefr.(bottomleftcorner).20 x 21, Th. 3-3.3. Grittypink-buff, dog'spaw 2nd on top surface(foot-padmarkand twoclaws).24NorthHouse Room V, DepositD2, Hadrianic/later A.D.
(e) Antefixes(J46-7) Both Hadrianic
PLATE223. Palmetteantefixfr.H(pres). 14,W(max.) 13,Th. 2. Pale yellowfabric.Moulded. Ridge at back. Well 12, J46 Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Palmetteantefixfr.H(pres). 10, W(max.) 11.5,Th. 1.5-2. As preceding. J47
(f) BuildingTiles etc.
J48-9 Two square buildingtiles,27.5 x 27.5, Th. 3.5. Completeand near complete.Coarse pink,burnt.Two diagonalgrooves,deeplyincised.One has traceofplasterin groove.SouthwestHouse,Severanfloor,plates 15(c), 223. The floordepositcontainedmanyotherssimilar. fabric;smoothedsurface.Plain.XI 5, J50 Square buildingtile(cornerfr.).14 x 18,Th. 4.5. Grittyyellow-green 2nd A.D. ofa hypocaustdisc tile,red fabric,burnt.Deposit U. Also found:one fragment
(g) WaterPipes etc. PLATE223.
waterpipeswerefound(J51-53) twopreserving ofnarrow-bore Threefragments examplesof twoend The water of socketedends,one male,one female,foradjoiningadjacentlengths pipes. are all three But the same from not derive will and so not fit do pipesystem. together, fragments narrowerin borethanexamplesofsimilarwaterpipesfromtheVilla Dionysus(nowhousedin the Stratigraphical (J54). Museum). There was also one thickerfragment these Though piecesmustderivefroman original,continuouspipeline,none was foundin positionforthisor even fora secondarypurpose(as spoutor outlet).
OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE
41 1
fabric.Flange (L. 4) at preservedend. V(S) 3, Waterpipe fr.L(pres). 32, D. 9, (of spout) 7. Pink-buff 2nd A.D. Deposit D2, Hadrianic/later Faint spiralgrooveson ext. End has Waterpipe, end fr,female.L(pres). 28.5, D. 8.8 (at end). Pink-buff. J52 insetstop 2.7 in fromprès,end, to fitflangeof nextpipe section,D(int.) 4. From narrowerseriesthan preceding.II/III wall W #0624,Hellenistic? Waterpipe fr.L(pres). 32, D(ext.) 8.5-9.0, (int.) 5.0-6.5. As preceding,but brokenat both ends. II 7, J53 mixedHell./Roman. Waterpipe fr.L. 27, D(ext.) 20, (int.) 10. Coarse red withgreycore. Trace offlangeat one end, broken J54 away; insetstop at otherend. VII 21b, Deposit H 13, late 3rd B.C. in section,comefromearliercontexts:LG/EO, fromXI #2508(L. près.40, Otherwaterchannelfrs,rectangular W. 9-12, depth6; Th. offabric1.5-2), coarsepinkfabric,creamslip.AnotherfromV(E) #1011 (L. près.31, W. 9, depth7, Th. 2.5-3); coarse red fabric,selfslip.
J51
OBJECTS IN CLAY plates 329, 332.
Incised buttons and beads (and similar) in brown fabric plates 329,332 Thereare twenty-eight ofthese,seventeenfromearlycontexts(SM-LG), mostoftherestfrom areas wherelaterwallsor occupationlevelscut intosuchcontexts.One biconicalmelonbead (K21) comesfromtheAugustanfloordeposit(Al), and thoughofa typecommonin Roman levelsin blue faience(cf.Faience nos. V4-19), is of the normalearlybrownfabric,and was perhapsan antiquein the late 1stcenturyB.C. The fabricis a ratherpure pale brownclay, rangingfromgreyish-brown (as K2, 3, 11, 20-21) toyellowish-brown (as K4, 7, 13); someare firedblackat thesurface(Kl, 2, 5, 8-9, 15, 19, 22, 24), - a fewofthesewell burnished(Kl, 2, 24). K10 is ofa coarsermicaceousfabric. This typeofincisedbead is wellknownand has considerableinterest fortheinterrelations of certainsitesand theirpopulationsin the Early Iron Age. Their distribution, discussedin connectionwith Knossos by Boardman20and again more recentlyin a wider contextby includesAthens,Eleusis,Lefkandi,theCycladesand theDodecanese.In Crete Desborough,21 are known at a numberofsitesin theKnossosarea as well as at Vrokastro,Anavlochos, they The Dictaean Cave, Gortynand Petrokephali(Phaestos).22Our comparatively fulland varied collection,whichincludesmostof the typesfoundin AyiosIoannis Tomb V, adds another as derivingfromsettlement ratherthan tombcontexts. group to the list,and is interesting Knossosis confirmed as a place wheretheywerein generaluse,butitis notsuggestedthatthey are local products,and no further lightis shedon theirorigin.It is howeverworthnotingthat and appear tocontinuethroughat theyoccuralreadyin associationwithSub-Minoanpottery, least to theMiddle Geometricperiod.22a The list followsin approximatechronologicalorder of theirpotterycontexts.All are completeunlessotherwisenoted. Kl K2 K3 K4 K5 K6
Conicalbutton68/33.D. 2.4. Incisedwavyline,strokesand dotsas shown.VII 47A, SM. plates 329 no. 1; 332A. Biconicalbutton72/800.D. 2. Chipped. Plain. XV Wall 'gc' foundation.SM. plates 329 no. 2, 332A. Bead 68/191b. D. 1.9. Flattenedsphere.Double concentriccircles,as shown.V(E) below floor7. SM. plates 329 no. 3, 332A. Bead 68/19la. D. 2. Flattenedsphere.Broad wavy band, as shown.Found withno. 3. plates 329 no. 4, 332A. Bead 68/36.D. 2. As no. 3. Chipped. Singleconcentriccircles.Deposit GB; LPG/PGB pit. plate 332A. Bead 68/136.D. 2.1. Spherical.Chipped. Three setsofoblique strokes.Deposit GC; PGB/EG pit. plates 329 no. 5, 332A.
412 K7 K8 K9 K10 Kl 1 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16 K17 K18 K19 K20 K21 K22 K23 K24 K24a K25 K26 K27 K28
OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE Bead 68/108.D. 1.8. The twinofno. 3. DepositGC; PGB/EG. plate 332A. Biconicalbutton67/768.D. 1.9. Plain. As no. 2. DepositGC; PGB/EG. plate 332A. Bead 71/722.D. 2.1. Spherical.Heavy concentriccirclesbetweenverticalstrokes,as shown.XI 44, PG. plates 329 no. 6, 332A. Bead 71/824.D. 2. As no. 3. XII 53, Pit 9; PG. plate 332A. Bead 72/779.D. 2.5. Large spherical.Irregular;coarse,micaceous.XIII/XV 18; earlyMG. plates 329 no. 7, 332A. Bead 72/777.D. 2.1. As no. 3. XIII/XV 18; earlyMG. plate 332A. Bead 72/812.D. 2.1. As no. 3. XII 55; PG and LG mixed,plate 332A. Bead 72/2.D. 2. Flattenedsphere.Worn.Verticalincisions,as shown.XII 55; PG and LG mixed,plates 329 no. 8, 332A. Bead 72/75.D. 1.9. As no. 4. Chipped. XIII 50; LG/EO. plate 332A. Bead 68/18.D. 2.1. As no. 4. MUM 4, E-W blk. Mixed wash level. LG/EO? plates 329 no. 9, 332B. Bead 68/91.D. 2. As no. 3. MUM 1 wxt,Geometricpit. plate 332B. Bead 68/66.D. 2.1. Flattenedsphere.Abouthalf.Two rowsofcircles.VIII 32; early2nd B.C. plates 329 no. 10, 332B. Bead 71/639.D. 1.9. As no. 3. Chipped. XV Wall 'ek' (Roman); sherdcontentHellenistic,plate 332B. Bead 71/470.D. 1.9. Elongatedsphere.Plain,withborderofshortstrokes.XIV 32, Hellenistic,plates 329 no. 11, 332B. Bead 71/468.D. 2.1. Biconical'melon'shape. DepositAl, Augustan,plates 329 no. 12, 332B. Bead 68/175.D. 2. Spherical.Horizontalgroove,oblique strokesabove and below.VI Wall 'w'; 1-50 A.D. plates 329 no. 13, 332B. plate Bead 77/4.D. 2. Flattenedsphere.Chipped.As no. 6, butcentralzone plain.Surface'77; unstratified. 332B. Biconicalbutton67/638.D. 2.4. Chipped. Plain. V Wall 'j'; 2nd A.D. plate 332B. plate 332B. Biconicalbutton68/119.D. 2.5. As preceding.Unstratified. Bead 67/508.D. 2. As no. 3. About one half.IX 2, Deposit S2, Severan.plate 332B. plate 332B. Bead fr.71/823.D. 1.9. As no. 9. About one half.Unstratified. plate 332B. Unstratified. Bead 68/63.D. 2.3. Flat biconical.About three-quarters. Bead 68/266.D. 2. Cylindrical.About one half.Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1stA.D. plate 332B.
Other beads, discs, counters etc., in plain pink to buffware, including some cut from sherds plate 329 nos.14-16,332C. ofthese,includingcut-sherdcounters.Beads and pierceddiscsfromearly Thereare forty-five contexts(K29-33) and fromgood Roman contexts(K34-36) are brieflylisted. Further discussiondoes notseemwarrantedsincethecontextsare scatteredand suchobjectscould be evenfromMinoan times(see MUM pl. 232). Howeversimpleboardgameswillhave survivals, been playedat all times,and groupsofdiscsand countersfromClassical and again Severan contexts.K35, 36 (two) and 62 come fromSeveranfloor levelsbelongin properlystratified levels.For K43-52 (Classical), see underclay countersbelow. K29 K30 K31 K32 K33 K34 K35 K36
Kylix stembead 68/9.D. 2.4. Rough-cut;surfacesmoothed.VII 46; SM. plate 332B. Kylixstembead 68/2.D. 2.3. Similarto preceding.VII 42; MG/LG, plate 332B. Disc bead 68/159.D. 2.5. Pale brownclay. VIII 34; MG/LG. plates 329 no. 14, 332B. Pierceddisc 71/821.D. 3. Rough-cut,fromkylixstem?XI 48, 1stB.C. Not illustrated. XI 31; 1stB.C. plate 329 no. 15. Disc bead 71/685.D. 1.5. Greyclay, traceof burnishing. Also found:eightothersfromRoman levels,D. 1.8-2.8, two certainlycut fromkylixstems.Survivals? Disc button(or spindlewhorl?)67/770.D. 2.6. Hard darkgreymicaceousclay; smoothedsurface.V Wall 'j', foundation.Sherdcontent1stB.C./ A.D. Not illustrated. Disc button(or spindlewhorl?)67/76.D. 3.2. Hard dark grey;top surfacedecoratedwith concentric withcross-hatched grooves.VII 2, Deposit S2, Severan.plate 329 no. 16. grooves,circumference Pierceddisc 67/114.D. 4.7-4.9. Roughed out fromcream-waresherdof large (Roman) vessel.V(S) 2, Deposit S2, Severan.Gamingpiece?Not illustrated. A secondexample (67/656,D. 2.7) comesfromIX 2, also Deposit S2, Severan.
OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE
413
Sherd counters PLATE 332C.
counterswerefound,cutto a circularshape,somewithsmoothededge.Eighteen Twenty-eight are frompre-Romancontexts.Some of these,to judge fromtheirfindcontexts,may have formedpartofa gamingset (or sets). Mostare cutfromthicksherdsand have diametersvaryingfrom3.8 to 1.8. Two are cutfrom pithossherdsand are muchthickerand larger,d. 6.5. and 6.8. One (K57) is stamped. K38 Counter71/759.D. 2.9. Coarse ware. XI 43; LG/EO. plate 332C. K39-42 Four counters,39 cut froma pithosfr,fromClassical contexts:XIV 32; I 32A; V(E) 4; V(N) 4. plate 332C. XII 30, 33, 34 and 40 (see DepositsH19 and 22). plate K43-52 Ten counters,D. 1.8-3.8. Classical/Hellenistic. 332C. K53-56 FourcountersfromotherHellenisticcontexts.Possiblygamingpiecesofgradatedsizes?VIII 30, 175-150 B.C. (two); XIII 39; V Wall V (lower),plate 332C. K57-66 Ten countersfromRoman contexts, K57 cutfroma pithos,withstampofsevenconcentriccircles.XI 17, Augustan;I(N) 12, Neronian;XI 6 and 8 Trajanic; I(S) 13, Hadrianic; I 7, NorthHouse courtfloor, Severan;and fourfromupperlevels,plate 332C.
Miscellaneous Otherobjectsin clayincludea possiblebreadstampand a seal impression(plates 329, 332E). K67 K68
Cylindricalstamp68/867.H. 3.5. One side chipped.Suspensionhole near top. Lightred clay,creamslip, traceofblackpaintin and outliningincisedcross,whichformsthestampmotif.Perhapsa breadstamp?I(S) 32A, Pit 11; Deposit H8, c. 375-350 B.C. plate 332E. Sealing67/871.Disc, D. 1.5-1.6. Dark brownclay. Artemisfrontal,bow in righthand,quadrupedat left. Linear impression on reverseside. XI 31; 5thB.C. plate 329 no. 17.
FAIENCE plates 332,353. Nineteenbeads and one pendantare theprincipalfinds.These are ofgreento turquoise,white or pinkishfaience.Sixteencome from2nd A.D. contextsand are ofa veryhard and durable fabric. The pottery contexts are as follows: Geometric - one melon bead (VI); - six melonbeads (V2-7); later2nd A.D. - ten melonbeads Neronian/Hadrianic (V8-17); Severan- one pendant(V20); and Upper Levels- two largemelonbeads (V18-19). The one examplefroma pre-Romancontext,may perhapsbe intrusive, beingclose to the foundations ofa Roman wall (Wall 'x'). This is a classofobjectwitha longhistory, wellknown fromthe Aegean BronzeAge and Early Iron Age; theyare equally at home in the Roman Imperialperiod,whentheywereprobablyalso luxurygoodsoftheimporttraderatherthan local products.Parallelsat Knossoscomefroma Flavian tomboftheNorthCemetery(1978) Tomb 124,dated by a coin ofDomitian.25Our examplesare a superiorproductin termsof - both in regularity theirmanufacture, of form,hardnessoffabricand brillianceof surface. They compareverywell in quality with the best of the Egyptianor Near East examples V21 seediscussion importedintoEarlyIronAge Lefkandi,forinstance.For thevesselfragment in Section14. Catalogue (all dimensionsare in millimetres) VI Melon bead 68/31,D. 10. Complete;worn.Whitefabric.VIII below Wall V. 'Geometric'. Melon bead fr.71/302.D. c. 10. About half.Hard. Turquoisethroughout. V2 XII 8, DepositD5, Hadrianic.
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OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE
Melon bead 67/939,D. 12. Complete.Irregular.Turquoise.Neronian,DepositNl in East House, Room I. Melon bead 71/149,D. 11-12. Complete;worn.White.XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. Melon bead 71/304,D. 14. As no. 4. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. Melon bead 71/354,D. 15. Complete,good condition.Turquoise (as no. 20). XII baulk 3, Hadrianic. Melon bead fr.71/295.D. ¿.14. About one third.Turquoise.X 2, Hadrianic. Ten melonbeads 67/256,D. 9-10. Complete;rathercrude;someworn.Whitefaiencewithgreensurface coating;partlywornoff.IV(N) 2B, Deposit R2, later2nd A.D. V18-19 Two melonbeads 67/366,D. 9 and 10. Complete.Crude. As nos. 8-17. IV(S) 3, DepositR2, later2nd A.D. V20 67/66Pendantamulet,H. 19. Intact;good condition.Pinkishwhitefabricwithvitreousturquoisesurface. below (?malegenitalia).V2, Deposit S2, Severan. Elongatedformwithtripleprotrusion x vessel 55 See p. 462. or V21 38mm. fr, Square rectangular
V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8-17
Section 14 Hellenisticand Roman Glass (PLATES 336-353) JENNIFER PRICE Page 415 454 458
Vesselglass Glass objects The evidenceforglassworking VESSEL GLASS
The excavationproducedmorethan3100 fragments oflateHellenisticand Roman vesselglass, rangingin date fromthethirdor secondcenturyB.C. to thethirdcenturyA.D., witha veryfew from piecesdatingfromthefourthcenturyA.D. or later.Eightyglassobjects,fivefragments windowpanes and some evidenceforglassworkingwerealso recordedon thesite. Some aspectsofHellenisticand earlyRoman vesselglassin Creteare alreadywell-known. These includeglasspyxideswithdomed lids probablyproducedin westernCrete (Weinberg 1959), and a fewinstancesoflaterHellenisticpolychromeor monochromecast bowls (Oliver 1968; Weinberg1960; Weinberg(S) 1988), manyof whichprobablycame fromburials.In addition,at least74 cast,mould-blownand blownvesselsand objectsofthefirstcenturyA.D. have been foundin a chambertomb at MonasteriakiKephala, Knossos (CaringtonSmith ofmanycast 1982). Glass has also been notedfromsomesettlement sites;thereare fragments and a fewblownvesselsin fourearlyRoman depositsat Knossos(Hayes 1971) and somecoreformed,cast and blownpiecesfromTarrha in southwestCrete (Buechner1960). Littleis yet knownabout ancientglassin CreteafterthethirdquarterofthefirstcenturyA.D. apartfrom thesmallgroupofByzantineglassrecentlypublishedfromGortyna(Sternini1989), though unpublishedmaterialfromKnossosand Kommoswilleventuallythrowmorelighton vesselsin use duringthelaterRoman period.1 The UnexploredMansion glassis thelargestgroupofvesselglassyetto be studiedfroma Hellenisticand Roman urbansettlement in Crete,and ithas added greatlyto therangeofglass forms knownin theisland.Much oftheglasscame fromstratified floorand destruction deposits datingfromthe Augustanperiod to the early thirdcenturyA.D., and some closelydated depositsin pitsand cisternsalso containedglass. A particularlyinteresting group,including nos.90, 157,179-81,201, 227,231, 262,278-9, 281,299 and 303,occurredin well 12,a cistern in thesoutheasthouse whichwas filledduringtheHadrianic period. Most ofthevesselfragments foundat thissitewereverysmall,and onlythreevessels(nos. 1 their All thefragments 138, 77,298) preserve knownto comefromthesame completeprofiles. vesselhave beenrecordedas one piece,butitis unlikelythatall thelinkshave beenrecognised, notpossibleto providea close particularly amongtheundecoratedblownvessels.It is therefore 415
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estimateoftheminimumnumberofvesselspresentat thesite,thoughthisis likelytohave been at least 1000-1500.Nearlyall theglasshas a surfaceweathering deposit,usuallyeithera hard or a enamel-like iridescent are layer layer;many flaking deeplypitted,and in a fewinstances such as no. 199 thecolourof thevesselis completelyhidden. Four methodsofmanufacture have been recognisedamongthevesselglass;eightfragments are core-formed at (0.26 percent), least397 are cast (12.8 percent),17 are mould-blown(0.55 and at least 2678 are blown (86.39 per cent). The core-formed and mould-blown per cent) a come from a of there is wide limited but varietyofcast and blown fragments range vessels, vessels.No absolutelyrareformswerenoted,thougha few,suchas nos. 9, 13 and 160,would made and many have beenveryunusualvessels.Virtuallyall thevesselglasswas competently ofthe tablewaresare ofhighquality,thougha largequantityofveryordinaryblownvessels werealso found. times at different The glassfallsintothreechronological groups,and theseindicateinfluence fromglass productioncentresin the east and west Mediterraneanregions.Crete is well positionedto receiveproductsfrombotheasternand westernglasshouses,and a Roman cityof theimportanceofKnossosis likelyto have had accessto mostoftheglassavailablein Crete.It toestablishthesourceofmanyofthevesselsfound,becauseso littleis is,however,oftendifficult known about currently manyoftheproductioncentres.The emphasisgivento Syria-Palestine, obscuressimilarproduction and Italyin thediscussionsectionsalmostcertainly Cyprus,Egypt in in Greece,Turkeyand northAfrica,as wellas thelikelihoodofconsiderablelocal production Creteitself. alabastra The firstperiodis represented by a smallnumberoflate Hellenisticcore-formed and amphoriskoiprobablyfromCyprus,and a considerablequantityof plain and ribbed whichwere reachingthe sitein the monochromecast bowlsprobablyfromSyria-Palestine, thirdor secondto firstcenturyB.C. Severaltypesofplain bowlswerefound,includingsome as mostof The presenceofthesevesselsat Knossosis noteworthy, withexteriorwheel-cutting. themhave not previouslybeen recordedin Crete. Duringthesecondperiod,fromthelate firstcenturyB.C. to aroundthemiddleofthefirst centuryA.D., a verysmallnumberofpolychromecast vesselsand a muchlargerquantityof castbowls,oftenmade in brightcolours,werereachingthesite, plainand ribbedmonochrome blownvessels. and monochrome and as werea fewmould-blown severalformsofpolychrome came from vessels monochrome cast and Boththepolychrome Italy,thoughsomeof probably vessels The in have been ones could themonochrome produced Syria-Palestine. mould-blown is to blown most of the while from both to have come early glass likely have regions, appear come fromItaly. This periodcoincideswitha greatincreasein the quantityand varietyof thoughtto have beencausedby theinventionofglassblowingand by glasswarein circulation, ofnew productioncentresin Rome and perhapselsewherein Italy during theestablishment theAugustanperiod.This increasehas been documentedin manypartsoftheMediterranean regionbut is notso apparentat theUnexploredMansionsite;thereis a completeabsenceof ceramicof the earlyproductionphase in Italy,particularly some cast vesselscharacteristic formbowls,and others,such as monochromeribbedbowlsand polychromevessels,are not verycommon. is whenmost The thirdperiod,fromthelaterfirstto thelate secondor earlythirdcentury, most the This is site. Mansion in the use on was importantofthe arguably Unexplored glass The colourlesscast of Crete. Roman the about new information as it glass provides groups, vesselsand muchof thedecoratedblownglasswereimported,eitherfromItaly or fromthe easternMediterraneanregion,but mostof the undecoratedblown vesselsare simpleforms
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made in pale green,blue-greenor colourlessglasswhichare noteasy to discussin theirwider contextbecausefewcloseparallelshave beenfound,thoughthereare oftengeneralsimilarities betweenthemand findsfromCyrenaicaand Tripolitania,and Greece and Cyprus. Ordinaryblown vesselsdominatethe glass of thisperiod,and a wide range of everyday glasswarewas obviouslyused fora varietyof purposeson the site,thoughit is not always in colourand uniform theirpreciseforms.Much ofthisglassis sufficiently possibleto identify in another Knossos or at it was either that production producedlocally, qualityto suggest centrein Crete.Thereis almostno evidencefortheuse ofglasson thesiteaftertheearlythird datingfromthelaterthirdcenturyonwardshave been century,thougha veryfewfragments nos. and 275. 160, 216 noted,such as and thefactthatmanyvesselsappear to be represented The smallsizeofmostfragments, by a one or only fewfragments, mayimplythatmuchofthebrokenglasson thesitewas collected as culletforre-usein a local glass furnace.This practiceis mentionedin Rome in literary the sourcesof thefirstcenturyA.D. and is likelyto have been commonin citiesthroughout found on the from was also Roman world. It is noteworthythat material glassworking UnexploredMansion site (pages 458-62 below). The almostcompleteabsenceofwindowglasssuggeststhatthebuildingson thesitedid not have glazed windows.Windowglassis,however,knownelsewherein Knossos,as manypieces werefoundat theVilla Dionysos(unpublished).
Core-formedvessels (nos. 1-8)
vesselswere found,two in disturbedand redeposited Eight small pieces of core-formed destruction layersdated to the firstcenturyB.C.-Augustanperiod,and the othersin later withwhitefeathered contexts.Seven weredark blue or pale greenneckand bodyfragments knobapplied to the and horizontaltrails,and one was pale greenwitha dark yellow-brown base. They all probablybelong to MediterraneanGroup 3 alabastra or amphoriskoiwhich wereproducedfromthe third(or second) to firstcenturiesB.C. (Harden 1981; Grose 1989, knobbase ofno. 8 showsthatit comesfroman amphoriskos 122-31), and theyellow-brown (Harden MediterraneanGroup 3 Forms5-7B; Grose MediterraneanCore-FormedBottles Group III, 1-2B). A fewadditionalpiecesofHellenisticcore-madeglasshave beennotedin Crete.A pale green withopaque redand whitetrailsand a fewotherfragments werefoundin burialsat amphorisk Knossos(unpublished;information fromA. MacGillivray),and thereis a blue fragment with yellowand turquoisetrailsfromTarrha (Buechner1960, no. 2), but thesevesselsare not commonin the regionand theywere almostcertainlyimported,probablyfromCyprus,as containers forcosmeticproducts.The productionofcore-formed glassapparentlyceasedin the laterfirstcenturyB.C., and onlya fewvesselsoccurin Augustanand latercontexts.There is one in a tombof Augustandate on Samothrace(Dusenbury1967, 37.3, fig.4) and a large fromanothercame froma Gaian-Claudian pit at Frejus,southernFrance (Price fragment no. 1988, 1), whiletheamphoriskfromKnossosmentionedabove was foundin a tombofthe laterfirstcenturyA.D.
Cast Vessels; polychrome(nos. 9-12)
Five smallpiecesfromfourearlyRoman complexstrip,floraland mottledmosaiccast bowls werefoundin firstcenturyA.D. and latercontexts.The fragment ofgold-bandglass (no. 9)
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comesfromthe footof a large vessel,perhapsa bowl, and is noteworthy forits size. Both surfaceshave been groundbut onlythe top surfacehas been polished,leavingtheunderside rough.Stripmosaicglassincorporating goldleafbetweentwolayersofcolourlessglassis found in alabastrain the firstcenturyB.C., and was also used to make a varietyof smallvessels, includingglobularand carinatedunguentbottles,cylindricalpyxideswithlids, bowls and otherformsin the earlyfirstcenturyA.D. (Grose 1989, 196-7, 261, nos. 225-6, 599-607; Goldstein1979,nos. 556-87). Most ofthesehave flator slightly concavebases; applied baseare known on in vessels such as the the rings fragmentary skyphos MetropolitanMuseumofArt in a bowl and the (Oliver 1967,27-8, figs.21-2), Oppenlandercollection(von Saldernet al no. but these are much smaller than no. 9, and have beenpolishedall over. 1974,104-5, 276), The otherfragments comefroma compositemosaicribbedbowl,a floralmosaicsmallbowl withapplied base-ringand a mottledbowl. Polychromemosaicvesselsare foundin profusion in earlyfirst as at Cosa in Tuscany(Grose centurycontextsin Italyand thewesternprovinces, Austria(Czurda Ruth 1979,pls. 1973-6,177),Frejus(Price1988,nos. 7-13), Magdalensberg, 12, 19-20) and Vindonissa(Berger1960, nos. 6-22), and were veryprobablyproducedin Italy. They do not appear to have been reachingCrete in large quantities.Elsewherein Knossosa stripmosaicrimfragment came fromRR/K/60(Hayes 1971,fig.6.32), and three smallbody fragments (1 stripmosaic,2 floralmosaic) have also been noted (unpublishedinformation fromA. MacGillivray). A meltedfragment froma floralmosaicbowlwas foundat scarcein Tarrha (Buechner1960,no. 20). EarlyRoman mosaiccastglassis also comparatively Cyrenaica(Price 1985A, 289, fig.24.1.4-6), and in manypartsof the east Mediterranean region. Cast vessels; monochrome (nos. 13-95) A large numberof monochromecast bowlswerefound,severalfromcloselydated contexts. TheirdatesofproductionrangefromthesecondcenturyB.C. or earlierto at leasttheend of thefirst centuryA.D. Most are formscommonelsewherein theMediterraneanregion,though a feware quite unusual. No. 13, a fragment froma lightyellow-green bowl, was foundin a mixed hemispherical a pointedtriangularleafwithcentralribin reliefand context.It preserves Hellenistic-Roman theedge ofanother,whichhave been createdby cuttingaway theoutsidesurface.Relief-cut bowlsat severalperiodsin thelater decorationoccurson colourless,greenand yellow-brown firstmillenniumB.C., thoughfeware verysimilarto this piece. The Achaemenidbowls, and fourthcenturies(Barag 1985,57-8, 68-9, nos. 46-7; Grose 1989, producedin the fifth 80-1, fig.48), weredecoratedwithvariousformsofflatpetalsand leavesin relief,and fewof and darkgreenbowls thesehave centralribs.The thirdor secondcenturygreenish-colourless Canosa and Xanthos have from prominentalmond-shapedbosses,thoughthe rosettesand surface ofthevessels(Harden 1968,27-8, 43-4). Closerparallels are cut flush with the petals forthe reliefcuttingof thispiece, thoughnot forthe shape of the leaves,occur on a deep colourlessbowlwithalmondshapedbossesand convexleaveswithcentralribsfroma second bowl with centurytombat Salónica (Weinberg1963, 106, fig.67), a shallowyellow-brown oval bossesand convexleaves withcentralribsfromthe Antikythera shipwreck(Weinberg 1965, 32-3, no. 7) and an opaque red fragmentwith similardecorationin the Corning and opaque bowls MuseumofGlass (Goldstein1979,no. 278). Fragmentsofbothtranslucent with comparable relief-cutdecoration have also been found at Delos (unpublishedinformation fromM.-D. Nenna).
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Atleast35 otherfragments ofcastbowlswithcutdecorationon theoutsidesurfacehave been dividedinto threegroups.Two, made in colourless,green-colourless, lightgreen,pale bluein the second and first or were early centuryB.C., while glass, green yellow-brown produced thethird,madein darkblue,peacockblue,darkgreen,opaque redand opaque lightblueglass, to date, thoughit may also be ofsecondor firstcenturyB.C. date. is moredifficult Seventeenfragments fromhemispherical bowlswithhorizontaland close-setverticalgrooves on thebodyand a rosetteor staron thebase werefound(nos. 14-19). Nos. 17a and 18 came frommid-secondto earlyfirstcenturycontextsand mostof theremainderwerein disturbed earlyRoman levels.These vesselswererecordedin theAthenianAgorain midsecondto early first centurycontexts(Weinberg1961),and are knownelsewherein Greece,on Delos and in a burial near Pylos (Grose 1979, 60). They are also foundin Syria-Palestine,at Samaria (Crowfoot1957,fig.93.3) and Tel Anafa (Weinberg1970,profile38), as well as at Benghazi and further west(Price1985A, nos. 13-4). Some completeexamplesfromCyprusand Palestine are also known(Weinberg1961;Grose1979) and thesevesselsappear tohave beenmadein the coastal region. Syro-Palestinian fromheavyconicalor hemispherical bowlswithbandsofhorizontalcutting Eightfragments on thebody(nos.22-6) werefound,fivein second-first centuryB.C. contextsand theothersin disturbedearlyRoman levels.A fragment was foundin a late secondcenturycontextin the AthenianAgora (Weinberg1961,no. 10), othersfromsecondcenturycontextsare knownat Ashdodand Meroein Nubia (Barag 1971,203.3,fig.105.4),and 30 fragments have comefrom contextsdated to thelastquarterofthesecondand earlyyearsofthefirstcenturyB.C. at Tel Anafa (Weinberg 1970, profiles19-27; Grose 1979, 56-7). Two complete examples, presumablyfromburials,are knownelsewherein Crete;one, a pale greenconical bowl,is in Chania Museum,and theother,a pale blue-green bowl,was purchasedin Crete hemispherical in thelate 19thcenturyand is now in theBostonMuseumofFine Arts(Weinberg1961,384, fig.2c, pl. 92d). first in thethirdgroup(nos.27-9) came fromcontextsdated to theearly-mid The fragments colours are of this and translucent A.D. and later. Their period, typical century brightopaque nos. 27 and butare also foundamongHellenisticvessels.The opaque blue and redfragments, and to 29, are verysimilarin formand decorationto nos. 22-6 and no. 17 respectively, fromM.-D. fromDelos (unpublished- information numerousopaque Hellenisticfragments Nenna). No. 28 is comparablewitha smalldarkblue Hellenisticbowlin theCorningMuseum (Goldstein1979, no. 283), and may also be relatedto the stronglycolouredhemispherical bowlsin theCanosa tomb-groups, datingfromthethirdor earlysecondcenturyB.C. (Harden Grose 1968; 1989, 185-8). of heavy conical, hemisphericaland shallow bowls with horizontal Sixty-four fragments wheelcutlineson theinsidesurfacewerefound(nos. 30-41). Two, nos. 39 and 41, came from mid-secondto earlyfirstcenturydeposits,and 43 othersfromHellenisticto firstcenturyA.D. contexts. These vesselsare widelydistributed in theeast Mediterraneanregion(Grose 1979,Group are found in Greece in the Athenian A). They Agora (Weinberg1961,nos.9, 11-12), and are in common as at Tel Anafa (Weinberg1970, Profiles1-18), particularly Syria-Palestine, Ashdod(Barag 1971,202-3. 2, 4-5, fig.105.1,6-7), Hagoshrim(Weinberg1973,fig.3.1-13) and Jerusalem(Avigad 1984, 186, fig.220). Some have been notedfurther west,at Cyrene fromA. Oliver) and Benghazi(Price 1985A,fig.24.1.10-12), and (unpublished- information at Cosa, Voiterraand sitesin southernItaly and Sicily (Grose 1979,58-9). The onlyother piece notedat Knossoscame fromRR/K/60,dated to about 20-1 B.C. (Hayes 1971,253, fig.
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6,33), and it is probablethatthevesselswereimportedfromthe Syria-Palestine region. Thin-walleddeep,hemispherical and shallowbowlswithbandsofhorizontalwheelcutlines belowtherimand on thebodyon theinsidesurfaceare represented by at least89 fragments, two without More than 70 of these were foundin Augustanwheel plus cutting(nos. 42-52). mid firstcenturyA.D. contexts. These bowlsoccurin brightcolourssuchas purple,peacockblue and midand darkblue,as wellas thecolourless, greenishcolourless, glassalso knownin the lightgreenand yellow-brown earlierbowls.They are lessmassivethantheearliergroup,withan area on theoutsidesurface belowtherimwhichis frequently ground,creatinga ratherpointedrimedge,and thinwalls belowtherim.Theywereproducedin thelastthirdofthefirst centuryB.C. and thefirstthird of thefirstcenturyA.D. (Grose 1979,Group D). Thin-walledbowlsare knownin greatnumbersin manypartsoftheMediterraneanregion. at Tel Anafa,Hagoshrimand many have frequently been notedin Syria-Palestine, Fragments othersites;in Greeceand theAegean;and in Italyand Sicily(Grose1979,63-5). Theyare also foundin NorthAfrica,in Cyrenaica(Price 1985A,fig.24.3, 28-34) and Tripolitania(Hayes westat Carthage(Hayes 1978, 187,fig.1, 1-3) and Cherchel 1986,A3, fig.119,and further information from T.W. Potter),as well as in southernFrance (Feugereand (unpublished Price 1988, 28-9, figs.17-20) and Spain (Price 1987,fig.2.5-6; Flos Travieso Leyge 1989; nos. 1987, 183-91,figs.28-9). Otherfragments have been recordedat Knossos,fromearlyRoman deposits(Hayes 1971, Museum fig.6.33-4; fig. 12.58,60; fig. 19.25-6, 31-3, 40-2), and fromthe Stratigraphical Extension (unpublished- informationfrom P.M. Warren) and the Villa Dionysos and shallowbowlsaredisplayedin Chania (unpublished).In addition,completehemispherical fromlocal burials. Museumand a tallone is displayedin Rethymnon Museum,all presumably The great numbersin circulationin the westernprovincessuggeststhat thesebowls were and it is producedat centresin thatregion,probablyin Italy,as well as in Syria-Palestine, west. in came from the that found Crete the ones possible Ribbed bowlswerealso foundin considerablenumbers.A smallpolychrome (no. fragment 10) has alreadybeen mentioned,and themonochromeexampleshave been dividedintotwo groups,ribbedbowlsrathersimilarin shape to theplainbowlsalreadydiscussed,and carefully knownas PillarMoulded bowls. made bowlswithveryregularribs,frequently At least 126 fragments ofthefirstgroupwerefound.These have bandsofhorizontalwheelcut lineson theupperbodyinsideand theoutsidesurfacehas an area below therimwhichis oftenrathercarelesslyground,and a widevarietyofverticalribbingbelowthisarea. The ribs may be in prominentor shallowrelief,long or short,widelyspaced or closelyset,and are ratherunevenin theirformand spacing. frequently Ribbed bowls,liketheplainbowlsdiscussedabove,wereprobablyproducedin twodifferent bowlswith and yellow-brown yellow-green arguedthatcolourless, periods.Grosehas recently first broad,deeplyincisedinternalwheelcutlinesand unevenribsweremade in theearly-mid much in to the contrast B.C. as of the late Hellenistic industry, Syro-Palestinian century part ribbedbowlsproducedat centresin both colouredand polychrome largervolumeofbrightly B.C. untilthemidfirst theeastand westMediterranean century regionfromtheend ofthefirst A.D. 1989, 195, 244-6). (Grose century Using thesecriteria,manyof the piecesfromthe UnexploredMansion site may perhaps weremade in belongto the earliergroup.All of them,exceptno 54 and a small fragment, or yellow-brown colourless, glass,and manyhave broad internalwheel-cutlines yellow-green and noticeablyunevenribs.The datedcontextsdo not,however,providemuchsupportforthe
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as onlya fewpieces,suchas nos.60 and 62, werefoundin contextspredating earlyproduction, theAugustanperiod. Fragmentsfromthe Augustangroup of ribbed bowls also occur elsewherein Knossos. Severalwerefoundin earlyRoman deposits(Hayes 1971,fig.6.29-31,fig.12.54-7,fig.19,27, MuseumExtension(unpublished 30, 39) and othershave been notedfromtheStratigraphical - information fromP.M. Warren) and the Villa Dionysos(unpublished).In addition,two are displayedin Chania Museum. completeribbedbowls,one deep and one hemispherical, The ribbedbowlsin Crete may have come fromthe easternMediterraneanregionor from Italy. Fragmentsfrom33 Pillar Moulded bowls, a clearlyidentifiablegroup of ribbed bowls belongingto theearlyRoman industry(Isings 1957,Form 3), werealso found(nos. 69-72). ribbedbowlformsas theyhave a carefully fromothercontemporary They are distinguishable rim and area below the and evenlyspaced ribson the body. symmetrical, ground polished inside at the sometimes also have narrow cut lines edge and centreof the base. They and one of theshallowbowls (no. 72) has and shallow bowls are represented, Hemispherical came fromAugustanto close-setshortribs on the body. For the mostpart, the fragments Claudian or Neroniancontexts,thoughsomecame fromlaterdeposits.PillarMoulded bowls have beennotedelsewherein Crete.A completeblue-greenhemispherical bowlcame fromthe first chamber tomb at Monasteriaki Smith 1982,no. 1), and other century Kephala (Carington findsin Knossosincludefragments fromtheStratigraphical MuseumExtension(unpublishedinformation fromP.M. Warren)and theVilla Dionysos(unpublished).There is also a partmeltedfragment fromTarrha (Buechner1960,no. 1). PillarMoulded bowlsoccurthroughout theRoman worlduntilthemidfirstcentury.They are verycommonfindsin the westand northwestprovincesand musthave been made at westerncentres.Productionof thesebowlscontinuedin thewesternprovincesuntilnear the endofthefirst century, thoughtheyseemtodisappearin theeasternMediterraneanbeforethis time.On balance,thebowlsfoundin Creteare morelikelyto have comefroma westerncentre ofproduction,perhapsin Italy. Two smallfragments ofcolourlesscastglasswerefoundin Augustanand Tiberiandeposits. No earlyRoman parallelsforno. 91 have been found,but no. 92 is partofa wingedhandle froma two-handledcup or skyphos.Hellenisticcups withwingedhandleswereproducedin colourlessor pale greenglass duringthe third(Harden 1968) or second-first centuryB.C. (Oliver 1967), and one was foundin theAntikythera shipwreck(Weinberg1965,fig.9). This fragment maycomefroma late Hellenisticcup, thoughit mayalso be partofan earlyRoman vessel,perhapscomparablewithexamplesfoundin firstcenturycontextsat the Auerberg, Austria(Ulbert 1975, fig. 19.3), London (Noel Hume 1953, pl. IV), Merida, Spain (Price 1974,fig.2.2) and Vindonissa(Berger1960,no. 215, pl. 14). Colourlesscastbowlsand plateswithbroadrims,convexbodies,and base-rings groundfrom the blank are representedby 19 fragments(nos. 73-86), and 25 furtherbody and base fragments probablycame fromsimilarvessels.The earliestdated piecewas foundin a Flavian context(no. 77) and otherscame fromTrajanic, Hadrianic and laterdeposits.This dating confirms theevidenceoffindselsewherein the Roman world. These colourlessvesselswereamongthelast earlyRoman castvesselformsto be produced. They appear in the earlyFlavian period,and thenoccur in considerablenumbersin many and earlysecondcentury.Mostofthevesselsare partsoftheRoman worldduringthelate first some have under therim,and a fewalso have decoratedbodies undecorated,though cutting and bases.Examplesare also knownwithtwoprojectingcarvedhandles.They wereproduced
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in a wide range of sizes and their distribution,from Dura Europos (Clairmont 1963, nos. 66-93), theJudaean Desert (Barag 1962, no. 6; Yadin 1963, 106-10, nos. 10-12) and Egypt (Harden 1936, nos. 166-8, pl. XII. 166; Meyer 1982, pl. 56.b-c, n, dd-ee) to Spain (Price 1987, 72-80) and northernBritain (Charlesworth 1959, fig. 3.2, 4) suggests they may have been made at several centres,thoughit is interestingthat undecorated pieces foundin different areas have usually been worked in preciselythe same manner. One piece, a base fragment(no. 84), is decorated with a curving facet-cutdesign, and two other base fragments,nos. 82-3, preserve a concentric ring and a central ring and dot respectively.Rim fragmentsfromplain bowls have also been foundat Kommos (unpublished informationfromJ. Hayes), and a fragmentof a horizontal carved handle from the Villa Dionysos (unpublished) shows that more elaborate pieces were also circulatingin Crete. Fragments from seven thin-walled colourless segmental and conical bowls, two with horizontalribsraised by grindingaway the outside surface(nos. 87-90) were foundin Trajanic and later contexts.These vessels are broadly contemporarywith the wide rimmed bowls and plates discussed above, but theyhave received less attentionin print.Nos. 88-9 are comparable in shape with a bowl fromZara on the northAdriatic coast (Mariacher 1966, fig.31), though it is not certain whether this is a cast or a blown bowl. A conical bowl with high base-ring similarto no. 89 is known at Karanis (Harden 1936, no. 304) and a fragmentwas foundin the Cave of Horror, a deposit dated to the firstthirdof the second centuryA.D. (Barag 1962, no. 7)The last three pieces fromcast vessels are base fragments(nos. 93-5), two fromplates or bowls and one probably froma drinkingcup. The plate fragmentswere found in mid first centuryA.D. deposits, and the cup in an early second centurycontext. The body formsare unknown, though it is possible that no. 93 comes froman oval, rather than circular, vessel.
Mould-blownvessels (nos. 96-110)
of earlyImperialdecoratedmould-blownvesselswere found.Nine came Sixteenfragments fromdrinkingcups (nos. 96-104), and sevenfromsmallunguentor perfumecontainers(nos. 105-10). are cylindrical The first Two groupsofdrinking cupswithsmallcurved cupsare represented. modelledstylisedvegetalmotifs rimsdecoratedwithnarrowhorizontalcordonsand carefully in low relief(nos.96-7); nos.98 has been groupedwiththese,thoughno partofthebodydecorationnow survives.The vegetalmotifs,ears of barleyarrangeddiagonallyand a circular are foundon a seriesofmould-blown fruitwiththreespikes,perhapsa pomegranate, drinking A shallow vesselswhichare also decoratedwithivyleaves,bunchesofgrapesand othermotifs. cylindricalcup in theOppenlandercollectionhas a stylisedfoliagedesignwithtwobands of and oval leavesbetweentwopairsofhorizontalcordons(von Saldernet al. fruits three-spiked 1974,no. 446), and twoconcavesidedbeakersdecoratedon theupperbodywithtwobandsof fruitsand ears of barley arrangedin herringbonefashionbetweenpairs of three-spiked collection(Sotheby1979,lot 301), horizontalcordonsare knownfromtheConstable-Maxwell and froma privatecollectionin southGermany(Rutti1981,no. 272). The designon thelower cups, cylindrical bodyofthesebeakers,an ivyleafand vinescroll,providesa linkwithfurther such as one in the Cinzano collection(Lazarus 1978,no. 7) and othersin the Oppenlander collection(von Saldernet al. 1974,no. 454) and in London (JGlass Studies12, 1970,171.5). Mostofthesedrinking cupshave notbeenfoundon excavatedsitesand are notcloselydated or fromrecordedproveniences, thoughit is generallyaccepted theywere producedon the
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Syriancoast.The UnexploredMansioncontextsare nothelpful;theearlydatingofno. 97 must be an error,as decoratedmouldblownglassdoes notoccurbeforethesecondquarterofthefirst and theotherpiecescame frommixedor residualcontexts. centuryA.D. (Priceforthcoming), The secondgroupofdrinkingcups are ribbedbowls,fourofwhichwerefoundin Claudian, Neronianor laterfirstcenturycontexts.Ribbed bowlsare knownin manypartsoftheRoman world,and theyare amongtheearliestdated mould-blownforms.They occurin Tiberianor earlyClaudian contextsat Vindonissa(Berger1960,55) and Frejus (Price 1988,nos. 24-6), and continuein circulation,and probablyalso in production,untiltheFlavian period(Price . forthcoming) Hemispherical,ovoid and shallow bowls were found.The hemisphericalbowls are wellknownand theirwidespreaddistribution suggeststheymayhave beenproducedin theeastand westMediterranean.Ovoid cupsare notverycommon,and theshallowonesare knownin the easternMediterraneanand northern Italy,but notin thenorth-west provinces.A verysimilar smallgroupoffragments was foundat Benghazi (Price 1985A,fig.24.3.43-6). Two typesofdecoratedunguentbottleswerealso found.Nos. 105-9 come fromfivesmall hexagonalunguentbottles,of whichthreewerefoundin Neronianor Flavian contexts.No. 110,a smallbodyfragment froma Flavian context,is probablyfroman unguentbottleformed as a bunchofgrapes. Hexagonalunguentbottleswereproducedin largenumbersin thefirstcenturyA.D., and a widevarietyofbodydesignsare known(Eisen 1927,231-53; Lightfoot1985). Nos. 105-9 are smallfragments, and comparatively littledetailsurviveson them,thoughat leasttwodesigns have beenrecognised. Nos. 105-8have mouldedfeatures above and belowthemaindecoration zone,whichshowspartoftwovessels,apparentlya cantharoswithfruitand an amphoraorjar. These motifs indicatethatthevesselsbelongto theTempleseriesofhexagonalunguentbottles (Eisen 1927, 233-248, figs.114-5), a commontypewhichhas many variantsin the basic for design.Exampleswithoutprovenienceare knownin manymuseumand privatecollections, example in the Constable-Maxwell(Sotheby 1979, lots 70,72) and the Oppenlander (von Saldernet al. 1974,nos.401-405) collections, and mostoftheoneswithknownfindspots come fromSyria,Cyprus,Greeceand theBlack Sea (Lightfoot1985, 125-6), thougha fragmentary exampleis knownat Angerain northItaly (Facchini1981-1983,207, fig.1). No. 109is froma slightly largervessel.It showsan amphoraand partofan angularmotif,perhapsPan pipes, and belongsto theProcessionalseriesofhexagonalunguentbottles(Eisen 1927,249-251,fig. 118). Grape unguentbottleswere produced at several periods,but the contextof no. 110 establishesthisas a firstcenturyvessel.Two examplesof thisformwere foundin the first centurychambertomb at MonasteriakiKephala (CaringtonSmith 1982, nos. 70-1), and severalhave beennotedfromburialselsewhereat Knossos(unpublished- information fromK. Wardle). Othersare knownin Italyand thewesternprovinces,at Pompeii(Isings1957,Form 78e), a firstcenturyburialat Niort,westernFrance (Mitard 1977) and Ampuriasin northeast Spain (unpublished). More early Roman mould-blownunguent bottleshave also been recordedin Crete, particularlyat Knossos. A pinecone bottle fromthe Dictaean Cave is now in Oxford (Boardman 1961,no. 555, pl. XLVIII), and pineconeand date bottles,a face bottleand a hexagonalbottlewerefoundin thechambertombon MonasteriakiKephala (CaringtonSmith date and walnut 1982,278-281, fig.6), whileothertombshave also producedfragmentary bottles(unpublished- information fromA. MacGillivrayand K. Wardle). The hexagonalunguentbottletypesfoundat theUnexploredMansion sitewereprobably
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manufactured on theSyriancoastand broughtto Cretefromthere.It is,however,noteworthy thatthehexagonalbottlefromMonasteriakiKephala belongsto a groupfoundin thewestern provincesthoughtto have been made in Italy (Lightfoot1987), and thegrape bottleis also likelyto come fromItaly.
Mould-blownbottlebases (nos. 111-120)
Fragmentsfromnine or ten bottleswere foundmostlyin second centuryor later contexts, thoughno. 119 came froma Flavian pit. Except forno. 120, theycome fromsquare or rectangularbases,and all exceptno. 111 are blue-greenand decoratedwithdesignsbased on circles.Square and cylindrical bottlesare discussedbelowin connectionwiththerimand body (nos. 279-84). fragments bottleswere usuallyblownin a mould,though The bodies and bases of square-sectioned in tomb at MonasteriakiKephala (CaringtonSmith1982, like the the chamber some, example bottlesare almostinvariably and flattened. The basesofmould-blown no. 58), werefree-blown decorated with designs in raised relief.Some basal designs have limited geographical and may help to identify distributions regionalproductionof bottles,whileothersoccur in world. of the Roman manyparts No. 111, a greenishcolourlessbase,was foundin an earlythirdcenturycontext.Insufficient now survivesto be certainoftheoriginalbase design,thoughit appears to includea stylised wreath.Nos. 112-114come fromthreesmallervessels,twofromthesame Hadrianiccontext. The designoffoursmallringsin thecornersand a largercentralringis notverycommon;a similarfragment was foundat theSanctuaryofDemeter,Cyrene(unpublished- information fromA. Oliver),and othersoccuron a smallbottleat Solduno,Locarno (Donati et al. 1979, 160-1) and on severalsmallbottlesfromthenorthcoastoftheBlack Sea (Sorokina1967,fig. 2,1-6). The circlewithinternalarcs and rosetteon no. 115 is a designfoundin manyother regions,suchas Tripolitania(Price 1985,no. 70), Portugal(Alarcao 1975,no 31) and Britain of concentriccircleswith (Charlesworth1959,fig.9 bottomright),while the arrangements theRoman world. centralpelletson nos. 116-119 are foundin greatnumbersthroughout The mould-blowncylindricalbottlewitha raiseddesignon the base (no. 120) is unusual. The date ofthecontextindicatesthatthisis a secondcentury vessel,butno closeparallelshave that the bottlewas notdecoratedwith lower shows of the beenfound.The surviving body part closeto thebase,so itis notcomparablewiththeone-and two-handled horizontalcorrugations whichoccurin secondand fourth bottles,oftenwithbase designsnamingFelix or Frontinus, in the north-west contexts provinces(Isings 1957,Forms89, 128; Sennequier1985, century nos. 259-84).
Blownvessels; polychrome(nos. 121-9;see also no. 265)
at least nine polychromeblown vesselswere found in Thirteenfragmentsrepresenting first Neronianand latercontexts.Five came fromsmallribbedcupsproducedin theearly-mid were and as blue as well in coloured made A.D. which were greenglass, brightly century decoratedwithopaque whiteor othermarveredtrails. Small ribbedcups (zarte rippenschalen)have a verticalrimwithcrackedoffand ground edge,a squatconvexcurvedbodyand a flatbase,and trailswoundspirallyfromthebase to the shoulderand marveredbeforetheshortverticalribswerepinchedup. Theyhave beenstudied on severaloccasions(forexample,Isings1957,Form17;Berger1960,30-33; Haevernick1967;
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offindsoccursin van Lith 1977,29-38; Czurda-Ruth1979,43-47). The greatestconcentration northern Adriatic and were and the northern area, Italy they probablyproducedin thisregion, in world. Haevernick of the Roman are found manyparts (1967) notedexamples thoughthey in theBlackSea region,Turkey,Cyprus,NorthAfrica,Dalmatia, Italy,France,Iberia and the north-west Many includingsomein northern EuropebeyondtheImperialfrontiers. provinces, morehave been recordedsincethen,thoughno morepieceshave been notedin Crete. Nos. 125-27,whichwerefoundin mid firstcentury,Flavian and latercontexts,also come fromvesselsdecoratedwithtrails.The preciseformsofthesevesselshave not been identified, colouredbodyofno. 125,and theopaque whiteand blue marveredstreaks thoughthebrightly ofvesselsfoundin early-midfirstcenturyA.D. and trailson all threepiecesare characteristic contextsat manysitesin northernItaly and elsewherein the westMediterraneanprovinces and theyare likelyto have been tradedfromnorthern Italy.A blue lagynoswithopaque white marveredsplasheswas foundin the firstcenturychambertomb at MonasteriakiKephala froma (CaringtonSmith1982,no. 17), and elsewherein Knossosa rimand body fragment a with faint white marvered came from burial jar splashes (unpublished yellow-brown opaque - information fromK. Wardle),and a blue unguentbottleneckwithopaque whitemarvered streaksand a blue-greenbowl rimwitha blue zigzag trailwerefoundin the Stratigraphical fromP.M. Warren).Otherwise,earlyRoman MuseumExtension(unpublished- information in vessels have not been noted Crete. polychrome fromlater polychromevesselswere also found.No 128, in a mid to late Two fragments vesselwithopaque white secondcenturycontext,came fromthebase ofa smallyellow-brown a or bowl. is known about the streaks,perhaps cup Nothing shape of the vessel,thoughthe rim mark on the that the witheithera firebase indicates was hot-finished, missing pontil roundedor a tubularedge. A fewblownpolychrome vesselscomparablewiththispiece have been notedin second,thirdor fourthcenturycontextsin Britainand the Rhineland (Price 1985C,470-1), but nothingis knownabout theircentreofproduction.No. 129 came froman unstratified context;thefragment belongsto a cylindricalvessel,thoughthepreciseformhas not been identified. Blown vessels; monochrome Colourless; facetand wheelcutdecoration
decorationwerefoundin Flavian Elevenpiecesfromat leastsixconicalbeakerswithfacet-cut and secondcenturycontexts(nos. 130-35). Conical facet-cutbeakerswereproducedin thelast thirdof the firstand the earlysecond centuryA.D. Tall and shortversionsare known and there are many variationsin the decoration.In a recentstudy(Oliver 1984), the vesselswere dividedinto two groups,one whichhas the facet-cutzone raisedabove the undecoratedareas, and the secondwhichhas zone. The fragments fromtheUnexploredMansion raisedridgesabove and belowthefacet-cut zone (nos. 130, 133-4) belongto group2, and it is sitewhichpreservean edge ofthefacet-cut likelythatnos. 131-2 also come fromthisgroup.Nos. 130-2 are tall beakerswithlargeoval facetsin a facet-cutzone separatedinto at least two parts by a plain band bounded by horizontalridges.Olivernotedfivegroup2 exampleswiththisfeature,fourfromItalyand the westernprovincesand one said to be fromPalestine(Oliver 1984,89-93). The cuttingon no. 130 (and perhapsalso no. 131) is comparablewiththesinglerowofverticaloval facetsin the lowerzonesoftheexamplesfromVindonissaand London. Two ofthegroup2 pieceslistedby
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Oliver came fromclosely dated contexts;the Vindonissa fragmentwas found in the Schutthugel,a generallyFlavian deposit (Berger1960, 72, no. 178), and the fragmentary beakerfromSaltersHall, London was foundin a pit sealed by a Hadrianicfire. Nos. 133-4are smallbodyfragments withcircularfacets,probablyfromshortforms ofgroup 2 comparablewith the pieces illustratedfromAthens,'said to be fromCyprus',Brigetio, Begramand elsewhere(Oliver 1984,figs.46, 48, 51, 55-6). No. 133appearsto be an unusually thin-walled afterthefragment was deposited.No. vessel,butthismaybe a resultofweathering 135 is a smallbodyfragment withthreerowsofverticaloval facets,close-setin quincunxto formhexagons,but toolittlesurvivesto establishwhetherthispiececomesfroma group1 or 2 vessel. Findsfromthewestand north-west provinceshave oftencome fromcloselydated contexts and have receiveda greatdeal ofattentionin print(forexampleIsings1957,Form21; Berger 1960,67-74; Norling-Christensen 1968; Harden and Price 1971,339-44; Rutti 1988,54-7), butthesevesselsare also foundin manyotherpartsoftheRoman empire.Examplesare known in Greece,at Corinth(Davidson 1950,no. 641), Cyprus,at Curium(Harden et al. 1968,no. 102),Syria,in DamascusMuseumand at Dura-Europos(Clairmont1963,nos.236-9), Egypt, at Karanis (Harden 1936, nos. 409-12) and Quseir al-Qadim (Meyer 1982, pl. 55g) and at Begram,in Afghanistan (Hamelin 1953,pls. 7-8, 14). No other beyondtheImperialfrontier findshave been noted in Crete, and the vesselsfromthe UnexploredMansion site were certainlyimports,perhapsfromItaly,thoughthe easternMediterraneanis also possible. Three pieces of hemispherical bowls (nos. 135-6), two fromHadrianic and earlysecond will here as theyare decoratedwithfacetsas well as linear be considered centurycontexts, are also closelycomparablewithnos. 157-9. cutting,thoughthey Colourlesshemisphericalbowls with ground and polishedrims and narrowhorizontal wheel-cutlineshave been recordedin manypartsoftheRoman world.They wereproduced over a long period of time;Isings (1957, Form 96) noted a fewsecond centuryexamples, thoughthe formmainlyoccursin the thirdand fourthcenturies.Comparativelyfewbowls decoratedwithclose-setoval facetshave beenrecorded,and in thecase ofsmallbodyfragments it is oftendifficult to distinguishbetweenthesevesselsand convex bodied facetcut cups. of Fragments hemisphericaland shallowerbowls with verticaloval facetswere foundat Karanis (Harden 1936,nos. 205, 211, 315-6), and Sardis (von Saldern 1980,nos. 64-6), and severalhave been foundin closelydated secondcenturycontextsin thenorth-west provinces (Welker1978; Price 1980,63-4). wheel-cut and abradeddecoration Colouredand blue-green; (nos. 138-46)
of small cylindricaland hemispherical More than 90 fragments cups werefound,mostlyin Claudian-Flavianand latercontexts,thoughno. 145 came froman Augustandeposit. These vesselswerein commonuse in themiddlequartersofthefirst centuryA.D., and a few are knownfromAugustancontexts,as at Magdalensberg(Czurda-Ruth1979). They have verticalor slightly curvedrimswithcrackedoffand groundedges,bands oflinearcuttingor abrasion on the body and small concave bases, sometimeswith a centralpointed kick. and shape,and cylindrical Considerablevariationoccursin bodythickness cups (no. 138) have as hemispherical notbeen recordedas frequently ones,thoughcomparablevesselsare known fromIdalion,Vasa and elsewherein Cyprus(Vessberg1956,fig.44.5 and 21; Harden 1955,fig. 20j), Tripoli,Libya (Price 1985B, no. 8), Bab-el-Oued,Algeria (d'Escurac-Doisy1962-65, 149,fig.29), Aquileia,northeast Italy (Calvi 1968,no. 125,pl. Bl) and Carmona,southern Spain (Bendala Galan 1976,pl. XLIX.30).
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century Hemispherical cupsoccurin verylargenumbersin theRoman worldduringthefirst A.D., and theyare likelyto have been producedat severalcentres.Isings (1957, Form 12) and and manyhave also comefromsettlements listeddatedexamplesin thewesternprovinces, Mansion with the burialsin theeasternMediterraneanregion.Cups comparable Unexplored findscome fromCyprus(Vessberg1956,fig.44. 4,6-20), Samothrace(Dusenbury1967,figs. 35-7), Siphnos(MackworthYoung 1949,pl. 28.2.6), Corinth(Davidson 1952,nos.638-9), the fromA. Oliver),Sabratha (Hayes SanctuaryofDemeter,Cyrene(unpublished information 1986,fig.119-20) and elsewherein Tripolitania(Price 1985B,fig.6.1. 7,9) and at manyother sites.At Knossossomeexampleshave also been notedfromburials(unpublished- information fromA McGillivray),but thesecupshave notbeenrecordedon othersitesin Crete.Theywere certainlyimported,perhapsfromItaly thoughthe east Mediterraneancannotbe ruledout. and abradeddecoration Colourless;wheel-cut (nos. 145-59)
have beendividedintotwogroups.Twentythreepiecescomefromcups (nos. These fragments contextsand the restin latersecond 147-55), 13 beingfoundin late firstcentury-Hadrianic and unstratified contexts.Ten piecescomefrombowls(nos. 156-9),fourfrom century-Severan deposits. earlysecondcenturycontextsand the restfromSeveranor unstratified A widevarietyofcolourlessdrinkingcups withhorizontalabraded and wheel-cutlinesand concavebases,tubularbase ringsor appliedfeet,have beenfoundin manypartsoftheRoman worldin thelate firstand earlysecondcenturyA.D., oftenin burials. Nos. 147-50 and 152 comefrombiconicalor cylindricalcups,and nos. 151 and 153-5 from froma convexcup came fromthe convexcurvedcups. Elsewherein Knossos,a rimfragment fillovertheRoman buildingin RT/60,thoughno wheel-cutor abradeddecorationis indicated (Hayes 1971, fig. 19.36). Other pieces have been foundin Cyrenaica,at the Sanctuaryof fromA. Oliver) and Benghazi,butotherwise the Demeter,Cyrene(unpublished- information examplesfoundin the regionhave mostlycome fromburials. A fragmentary greenishcolourlessbiconicalbeakersimilarto no. 148,withthreebands of on the upper body and a tubularbase ringwithdomed base, was foundin a wheel-cutting burial at Knossos dating fromthe last quarter of the firstcenturyA.D. (unpublishedinformation fromA. MacGillivray),and a similarcompletebeaker,said to have beenfoundin Creteand nowin theBostonMuseumofFine Arts(von Saldern 1968,no. 54) mustalso come froma burial.Othersare knownin Tripolitania,Cyprusand Syria-Palestine (see discussionin Price 1985B,nos. 12-3), and similarcups are also foundin thewesternprovinces.The cups foundin Cretemayhave come fromeitherthewestor theeast,or have been producedmore locally. Hemisphericalor shallowerbowlshave been describedin connectionwithnos. 136-7, and nos. 156-9 also comefrombowlswithbandsoflinearcutting.These bowlshave been foundon settlement sitesin theeast Mediterraneanregionand thewesternprovinces,thoughtheyare rarelyrecordedfromburials.Examplesare knownfromKaranis (Harden 1936,nos. 320-1) and in Cyprus (Vessberg1956, fig.42.18-20), where theywere in use duringthe second century.Fragmentsof two similarbowlshave also been foundin the Cave ofHorror,in the JudaeanDesert,a depositdated to thefirstthirdofthesecondcentury(Barag 1962,figs.8-9), whichsupportstheearlysecondcenturydatingat Knossos,and othershave beennotedin midsecondcenturycontextsin the northwestprovinces. Applieddecoration (nos. 160-70)
No. 160is a colourlessfragment froma mixeddepositcontainingthirdcenturymaterial.It has
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beenblownand manipulatedintotheformofa fish,withseparatelyformedfins,and appliedto thewall ofa vessel.A smallpartofthevesselwall surviveson theinsidesurfacenearthetailof thefish,now missing. A fewbowlswithfishesand othersea creaturesapplied to thebodyin horizontalrowsare knownfromItalyand theRhineland.One comesfromRome (Fremersdorf 1961,27-8, pl. 22; Fremersdorf 1961,23-4, 26-7, pls. 1975,72-3, no 706, pl. 32), threefromKöln (Fremersdorf 1961, 28, pl. 23; 15, 21; Harden et al. 1987, no. 144), and one fromTrier (Fremersdorf Goethert-Polaschek 1977,no. 241, pls. 24, 40). The bowlshave a curvingoutsplayedrimwith crackedoffand groundedge, a convex curved body and a roundedbase, and some are decoratedwithnarrowhorizontalcut linesnear the rim.Two of the vesselsfromKöln are supportedon a footor stemand foot,while the othersreston the bottomrow of applied decoration.Several typesof fishes,sea creaturesand shellswere produced,and no. 160 is oftheTriervessel,as seenin comparablewiththelongslenderfishfacingleftin thetopregister These bowls and theirapplieddecoration and Fremersdorf (1961,pl. 23) Tagart (1982,fig.2). weremade in colourlessglass,thoughblue glasshas been used on the Rome and one of the Köln bowlsforthedetailsof thefishesand sea creatures. have also survived, In additionto thecompleteexamples,numerousdetachedfishfragments vessel. Some pieces, in the form of the known these instances about is original thoughnothing likeno 160,werepreservedas keepsakes,amuletsor beads,as thesharpedgesofthevesselwall existin have oftenbeen carefullygrozed and smoothed.Althoughmany withoutfindspots showsthat ofpieceswithknownprovenience thedistribution museumsand privatecollections, thesevesselswerewidespreadin theRoman world.Fremersdorf (1961, 26-8) listedfragments foundin Köln, Tyre,Beirutand Aquileia,and othershave beennotedfromCorinth(Davidson 1952, no. 619), Saniat Gebril,Wadi el-Agial,Fezzan (Tagart 1982) and Autun (Grosjean 1985,no. 238 a & c). The sparsedatingevidencesuggeststhatthevesselswereproducedin thelate thirdor early fourthcentury.Many of the elaboratelycut cage-cupsbeing made at thistimealso have outsplayedrims,deep convexcurvedbodiesand roundedbaseswhichare rathersimilarto the fishbowls(forexample,Harden et al. 1987,nos. 134-9). Furtherindicationsoflinksbetween thesegroupsofvesselsare foundon theshallowcage-cupfromSzekszard,Hungary,whichhas an open-work cutdesignoffishesand shellsin highrelief(Barkoczi1988,no. 556,pls.LXVIII, fromAutunwhichshowsa carvedand wheel-cutfishin colourless CXVII), and thefragment glasswithdarkgreenoverlay(Grosjean1985,no. 238 b). The Roman rockcrystalbowlwith marineanimalscarvedin highrelief,now mountedas a hanginglamp in theTreasuryofSan Marco, Venice (Alcouffe1984,no. 2), mustbe closelyrelatedto bothgroups. Trailed decorationwas notedon 42 fragments (nos. 161-70), ofwhich23 wereblue-green, and second from late first centurycontexts,and 19 werecolourless,mostlyfromearly mostly are generallyverysmall,and onlyno. secondcenturyto Severancontexts.These fragments The remainder re-constructed. has been a tall ovoid 168, may also come fromdrinking cup, flasks or be from could the base or jars; a pontilmarksurviveson fragments cups bowls,though no. 165. Similarvesselshave beennotedin burialsin Cyprus(Harden 1955,fig.21b; Vessberg has beengivento theseordinaryvessel 1956,fig.45.10-11,24-7), butin generallittleattention forms. fromvariousearlyfirstto mid secondcenturyor Pinchedribswerenotedon 19 fragments later contexts (nos. 171-3). Six fragmentscame from the small ribbed bowls (zarte (nos. 121-4). fragments rippenschalen)alreadydiscussedin connectionwiththepolychrome versionswereproducedat thesame timeas thepolychrome The monochrome bowls,and were
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also made in brightly colouredand blue-greenglass,sometimesdecoratedwithbands offine in theRoman world, abraded linesabove theribs,as on no. 172. They are widelydistributed and fairlycommonin partsof the easternMediterraneanregion.Haevernick(1967) listed manyexamples,and othersare knownfromSardis (von Saldern 1980, nos. 42-3), Cyprus (Harden 1955,fig.20e), Corinth(Davidson 1952,nos.606-7, 609), theSanctuaryofDemeter, fromA. Oliver) and Benghazi.Two were foundin an Cyrene(unpublished- information tomb on Samothrace (Dusenbury1967, figs.33-4) but mostdo not come from Augustan dated contexts. closely Indented decorationwas recordedon 22 blue-green,pale yellow-greenand colourless foundin Neronianto Hadrianicand latercontexts.The fragments came fromfairly fragments narrowvessels,perhapscups.Althoughthepreciseformshave notbeenidentified, thepresence ofpontilmarkson nos. 174-5 indicatesthatthesevesselshad hot-finished rims,whereasno. 176 is likelyto have had a cold-finished, crackedoffand groundrim.A pale blue beakerwith crackedoffand groundrim,tubularbase ring,and 12 indentson thebodywas foundin the firstcenturychambertombat MonasteriakiKephala (CaringtonSmith 1982, no. 57), and fragmentshave been noted elsewherein Knossos, fromthe Villa Dionysos excavations (unpublished),as well as in AghiosNikolaos Museum and fromKommos (unpublishedinformation fromJ. Hayes). Drinkingcups withindentedsideswerecommonlyused in nearly everyprovinceof the Roman empirein the firstand secondcenturiesA.D. Examplesin the regionhave beenfoundin burials,in Tripolitania(Price 1985B,nos. 14-18,20-1, 28), Cyprus fromsettlement (Vessberg1956,fig.44. 25-35; 35. 13-16) and elsewhere,thoughfragments siteshave been publishedlessfrequently.
Undecoratedvessels (nos. 177-304)
The remainderoftheblownvesselfragments come froma wide rangeofundecoratedvessels, mostof whichwerein use betweenthe middleof the firstand the earlythirdcentury.This materialhas been classifiedaccordingto shape and possiblefunction, as cups, bowls,plates, bottles and other vessels. jars, flasks, jugs, bottles,unguent
Cups (nos. 177-216)
At least 116 rim fragments came fromthin-walledsmall cups or bowls withfire-rounded, match-headrims(nos. 177-87). Of these,59 are pale blue-green,38 are colourless,11 are 6 are yellow-green and 2 are darkgreen.Most are extremely greenishcolourless, fragmentary, and none have been linkedto base fragments exceptforno. 177, a small ovoid cup witha tubularbase ring,concavebase and pontilmark.A fewblue-greenand darkgreenpieceswere foundin Neroniancontexts, and greenishcolourlessand colourlesspieceswerenotedin Flavian the contexts,though majority,particularlyof the colourlessvessels,come fromearlysecond and later century deposits. It is noteworthy thatthecolourlessfragments all comefromcylindricalcups,exceptforthe shallowconical bowl (no. 187), whereasthereis much greatervarietyamong the vesselsin blue-greenand othershadesofgreen.The formofthecolourlesscups is generallycomparable withthecolourlesscylindrical rimswhichoccurin greatnumbersin the cupswithfire-rounded northwestprovincesfromthethirdquarterofthesecondcenturyuntiltheearlythirdcentury (Isings 1957, Form 85a). The UnexploredMansion cups are, however,much thinnerand bases; exceptfornos. 212-3 thereis a completeabsenceof the probablyhad quite different
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tubularbase ringswithinnertrailedringsand double trailedbase ringswhichoccuron the northwestvessels. of similarcups have been noted Blue-green,greenishcolourlessand colourlessfragments from the Villa Dionysos (unpublished) and the StratigraphicalMuseum Extension (unpublished- informationfromP.M. Warren), and elsewherein Crete at Kommos fromJ. Hayes). They are also knownfromthe Sanctuaryof (unpublished- information - information fromA. Oliver)and Benghazi.Thin-walledcups Demeter,Cyrene(unpublished or bowlswithfireroundedrimsand variousbodyand base formsgenerallycomparablewith thesefragments have also been foundin firstcenturyand laterburialsin Tripolitania(Price nos. 1985B, 23-8), Samothrace(Dusenbury1967,nos. 43-4) and Cyprus(Harden 1955,fig. 21a,c; Vessberg1956,figs.44. 36-42; 45. 1-5,7,9),and theyappear to have been commonin theregion.The largenumbersfoundat Knossosand elsewherein Cretemaysuggestthatmany ofthesecups wereoflocal manufacture. Many small bases were foundin contextswith a date range similarto the rims (nos. 188-216). Most oftheseprobablycame fromcups,thoughit is notusuallypossibleto identify about 50 per thevesselform.Concave baseswereverycommon(nos. 188-96); 140 fragments, and colourlessvessels. or convexcurvedblue-green centwithpontilmarks,came fromstraight fromtheotherconcavebasesas theglassin thebase is muchthickerthanin No. 194is different thebody,a featurewhichoccurson some thirdcenturycups in thewesternprovinces. The pushed-inbases (nos. 197-208) come froma wide rangeofvessels.Five are open base rings,includingan unusualexamplewitha pontilmark(no. 198), and 71 are tubularor solid bases. Nos. 200-2 are verysimilarto thebase of no. 177,whileno. 203 is a base typewhich occurson talldrinking cupswithlinearcuttingfoundin Claudian and Neroniancontexts(see first Dusenbury1967,fig.41; Hayes 1986,AIO, B20), and no. 204 is probablyalso an early-mid come of nos. a The from Claudian 205-6 base as it came may highbase-rings century deposit. fromdishesor bowls,ratherthancups.They are comparablewiththebaseson low truncated conical dishesand othersmall bowls at Vasa (Harden 1955, 48, fig. 19) and elsewherein Cyprus(Vessberg1956,fig.43.7-16). withappliedbases,or stemsand bases,werenoted(nos.209-16). The pieces Ten fragments with applied true base-rings(nos. 209-11) may come fromearly Roman bowls (cf. nos. 218-20), whilethe trailedbases, mentionedin connectionwithnos. 183-6 above, probably thedark belongtosecondor earlythirdcenturyvessels.Nos. 214-5 are appliedpad base-rings; blue base, no. 214, comesfroman early-midfirstcenturycup or smallbowl,and no. 215 also comesfroma firstor secondcenturyvessel. The last two fragments(no. 216) are yellow-greenstems and feet frommixed and unstratified deposits.They come fromsmall cups made in the late Roman and Byzantine periods (Isings 1957, Form 111). Elsewherein Crete,examplesare knownfromGortyna (Sternini 1989, nos 12-8), and many comparable specimenshave been found in the Mediterraneanregionin fourthto seventhcenturycontexts,as at Sardis (von Saldern 1980, 53-60), Karanis (Harden 1936, nos. 479-88), Benghazi,Sabratha (Hayes 1986, B 60) and Carthage(Tatton-Brown1984,nos. 41-52). Bowls
Bowlsand plateswitha widevarietyofrimformswerefound(nos.217-51). Nos. 217-26 have foldedrimsbentoutand downtoforma tubularedge,exceptforno. 2 17 whichis bentinwards. Nos. 218-21 werefoundin midfirstto earlysecondcenturycontexts;theycomefromdeep or shallowconvexsided or cylindricalbowlswithverticalrims.Shallowversionsof thesebowls
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werein use in Rome and elsewherein Italy at theend of thefirstcenturyB.C. or earlyfirst centuryA.D. (Grose 1977), and both deep and shallowbowlsoccur verycommonlyin the Roman worldin thefirstand earlysecondcenturyA.D. (Isings 1957,Form44). The bowls with broad outsplayedtubularrims,sometimeswithscored horizontaltrails applied to therimedge weremostlyfoundin Hadrianiccontexts(nos. 222-26). Elsewherein Cretefragments of similarvesselshave been noted at Tarrha (Buechner1960, no. 16) and in the Kommos (unpublished- information fromJ. Hayes). These vesselsoccur frequently Mediterranean oftenin latefirst and secondcentrycontexts.Examplesare knownin provinces, Tripolitania(Price 1985B,nos. 40-3) and Cyrenaica,and theywerealso foundin Greece,at Corinth (Davidson 1952, nos. 612-3), Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 42.10-13,16, SyriaPalestine,as at theCave ofHorror,JudaeanDesert(Barag 1962,no. 4), Turkey,at Sardis(von Saldern 1980, nos. 94-101) and elsewhere.They are also foundin the westernprovinces, notablyin northItaly and southernSwitzerland(Isings 1957, Form 44) and at Tipasa in Algeria(Lancei 1967,nos 176-9, 195). The formis also knownin thefourthcenturyin SyriaPalestine(Weinbergand Goldstein1988,41-3, fig.4-3). Much greatervarietywas notedamongthebowlswithfire-rounded rims.Nos. 227-9, which comefromlaterfirstand earlysecondcenturycontexts, have evertedrimswitha ridgeon the undersidecreatinga steppedprofile.No. 227 is a smallhemispherical bowl and no. 229 has a horizontalpinchedtrailon the rimedge. Nos. 230-34 were mostlyfoundin Flavian to Hadrianic contexts.Nos 230-2 come from conical or hemisphericalbowls with evertedrims.Two have a horizontalribbon handle applied to therimedge,and nos. 233-4 are piecesofsimilarhandles(see also no. 243). Deep bowlswithsaucepanhandles(trullae)are knownin firstcenturyand latercontextsin several partsoftheRoman world.Verysimilarexamplesare knownfromIdalium and elsewherein Cyprus(Vessberg1956, fig.43.21-2) and in Italy and the westernprovinces(Isings 1957, Form 75; Lancei 1967,no. 196). The onlyothertrullanotedin Creteis in RethymnonMuseum.It is greenishcolourlessand ratherbubbly,and has a slightlyevertedfireroundedrim,a cylindricalbody withfigureof eightfoldbelowtherim(cf.no. 243), an applied pad footand a shortthickhorizontalhandle withflattened terminal.The vessel,and twoverysimilartwo-handledcups,came fromburials; in colour,qualityand theyare closelycomparablewiththe UnexploredMansion fragments detailsof manufacture, and may well have come fromthe same, perhapslocal, production centre. Nos. 235-7 come fromshallowbowlsor plates.No. 235 is a wide colourlessvesselwitha conicalupperbody,foundin an earlythirdcenturycontext.Similarexamplesare knownfrom Cyprus,at Vasa (Harden 1955,fig.19a) and Kazaphani (Vessberg1956,fig.42.9). No. 236, froman unstratified withlow convex sides. It is comparablewith context,is yellow-green vesselsfromCyprus(Vessberg1956 132 fig.42.6) and othersfroma Flavian burialat Tipasa (Lancei 1967,nos. 167-8). No. 237, whichwas also foundin an unstratified context,probably comesfroma smallcolourlessbowl or jar. Nos. 238-244 comefrombluishgreenvesselswithfireroundedrimsand tubularfoldsat the top of the bodies.Most of themhave double, figure-of-eight folds,thoughnos. 240 and 244 have singlefolds.Fragmentsofbowlswithfigure-of-eight foldshave also been notedfromthe MuseumExtension(unpublished- information fromP.M. Warren),and from Stratigraphical Kommos(unpublished- information from J. Hayes), and thetwo-handled cupsin Rethymnon Museummentionedin connectionwith231-4 above have similarfolds. Nos. 238-40, fromFlavian to Trajanic-Hadrianiccontexts,may belong to hemispherical
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bowlssimilarto theone foundin theCave oftheLetters,a depositdatingfromaroundA.D. 133-5 (Yadin 1963, 104-5,no. 7), thoughtheyare morelikelyto comefromthemoreor less cylindricalvesselsoftenknownas measuringbowls (modioli). has orconicalbodywhichsometimes evertedrim,a broadcylindrical Modiolihave a slightly a doubleor singletubularfoldbelowtherim,a tubularbase ring(cf.nos.246-50), and a single handle.They werefairlycommonin theMediterraneanworldin themiddleand ring-shaped laterfirst centuryA.D. Isings(1957,Form37) listeddatedfinds,mostlyfromthesecondhalfof the century,thoughsome,such as the examplesfromMagdalensberg(Czurda Ruth 1979, 51-2) are likelyto have been producedbeforeA.D. 50. Two principalareas of distributionin the Mediterraneanregionhave been identified (Haevernick1978). A small groupof findsis knownin the easternMediterranean,mainly and a verymuch on theBlack Sea withoutliersin Turkeyand Syria-Palestine, concentrated offindsat the concentrations considerable with in the western provinces, largergroupis known northeast and in the Rhone and outliers in head of theAdriaticand southernItaly, valley context in a Germa (Hayes 1975,67) Flavian-Trajanic Spain. These vesselsoccurin Libya,at and at Benghazi,but further exampleshave not been notedin Crete. They were probably Adriaticarea or Campania. importedfromItaly,perhapsfromthenorthern Nos. 241-2 came fromSeverancontexts.No. 241 is a smallblue-greenbowl witha broad foldat thejunctionwiththe body. Other blue-green horizontalrim witha figure-of-eight exampleshave beenfoundat Vasa, Cyprus(Harden 1955,fig.20k),and in theCave ofHorror, JudaeanDesert,whichdatesfromthefirstthirdofthesecondcentury(Barag 1962,figs.1,5), and colourlessonesare knownin Tripoli(Price1985B,no. 38) and in secondcenturyburialsat Tipasa (Lancei 1967,nos 134-8). No. 242 seemsto be an odd formofjar orjug withone handle foldbelowtheeverted,fireroundedrim.The shapeis generallysimilarto and a figure-of-eight a two-handledvesselfromHerculaneum(Scatozza-Horicht1986, pl. II, top left,middleof foldand therimfinishis different. secondrow) althoughthatdoes notshowa figure-of-eight bowlwitha figure-ofNo. 243,foundin a Trajaniccontext,comesfroma smallyellow-green is eightfoldat thetop ofthebody;a smallpartofa handleattachment preservedon therim thoughthe vesselmay have been a twoedge. Too littlesurvivesforcertainidentification, Museumhas beendescribedabove (cf.nos. handledcup or a trulla.The trullain Rethymnon foldsare known.One was foundat Constanza, 231-4), and otherexampleswithfigure-of-eight Romania (Bucovala 1968,no. 27) and otherswithoutknownproveniencehave been notedin Pavia Museum (Maccabruni 1983,no. 10), and in theOppenlander(von Saldernet al. 1974, no. 557) and ConstableMaxwell (Sotheby1979,no. 262) collections. No. 244, a smallblue-greenbowlwitha tubularfoldbelowtherim,was foundin a first-mid secondcenturycontext.Similarbowlsare foundin manypartsoftheRoman worldin thefirst centuryA.D., includingItaly,Cyprusand Siphnos.Isings(1957, Form69) listedsomedated and suggestedthatthevesselsappearedin theFlavianperiod, findsfromthewesternprovinces, but subsequentfindsfromMagdalensberg(Czurda Ruth 1979 nos. 511-22), Frejus (Price 1988,no. 44) and elsewhereshowthattheywerein use beforethemiddleofthefirstcentury. Nos. 245-51 werefoundin Hadrianicand latercontexts.Theycomefrombaseswithtubular base rings(whichdoes notsurviveon no. 251), and almostcertainlybelongto bowlsor plates. Jars ofjars werefoundin variouscontextsdatingfromtheearlyfirstto late secondRim fragments earlythirdcenturyA.D. They all come fromsmallvesselsoriginallyproducedas containers and have beendividedintotwobroadgroups,funnelmouthedjars withfirerounded(nos.252,
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259-60) or folded(nos.253, 256-8) rims,and jars withhorizontalfoldedrims(nos.254-5). No smallpolychrome otherjars have beennotedin Creteexceptthefragmentary examplealready mentionedin connectionwithnos. 125-7. In the firstgroup,nos. 252-3 are likelyto come fromjars withouthandles,thoughthe are verysimilarto the rimsof nos. 256-60. No. 253 was foundin an survivingfragments and Tiberianburialsat Augustancontext, may be comparedwithones fromAugustan-early and Ticino and no. has a small ovoid 252 Minusio, Aquileia (Calvi 1968,32), body. with ExamplesknownfromCyprus(Vessberg1956,fig.45, 19-27) have some similarities theKnossosfragments, it is otherwise difficult to find close forms though parallels.Many jar were producedfromthe later firstcenturyA.D. onwardsand theymay oftenhave been productsoflocal glasshouses.They have been notedin manypartsofthewesternprovincesas well as the easternMediterraneanregion,thoughtheyhave not oftenbeen studiedin detail (someexampleslistedin Isings1957,Form68; Auth 1975,nos.460-70, 517; Hayes 1975,nos. 141-2, 153-4, 164, 172, 185, 198, 211-2, 271-2, 291-4, 323, 445, 471, 563-5). In thesecondgroup,no. 254 comesfroma smallcolourlesspot withrolledrim,and no. 255 comesfroma largerand morerobustjar withheavyrolledrim.Jarsofthiskindare commonon domesticsitesin Italy and the westernprovincesfromthe mid firstcenturyA.D., and also servedas cineraryurns(Isings 1957,Form67a). The fragments withhandleshave beencataloguedas jars thoughsome,suchas no. 260, may come fromcups and otherscould be fromsmalljugs. Two two-handledcups in Rethymnon Museumhave alreadybeen mentioned(cf.nos.230-4, 243). These are ratherbubblygreenish colourlessvesselswhichhave tworodhandleswithpinchedprojections, foldsin figure-of-eight the body and applied feet.Handled jars have sometimesbeen notedin the Mediterranean provinces,thoughtheyare notverycommon.One- and two-handled jars withfoldedthumb restsat thetop ofthehandlesare knownfromCyprus(Vessberg1956,fig.45.32; Fitzwilliam 1978,no. 102a), and othershave been foundin late firstand earlysecondcenturycontextsin southernSpain and Portugal(Price 1987B,34-6), and a two-handledexamplecame froman early-midfirstcenturyburialat Muralto,Locarno (Carazzettiand BiaggioSimona 1988,no. 46). Flasks
Five fragmentsof flaskswith cracked offand ground rims and taperingor constricted cylindricalnecks,and one witha wide convexbody,werefoundin Hadrianic to earlythird centurycontexts(nos 261-3), but littleis otherwiseknown about theirforms.Another fragmenthas been noted from the StratigraphicalMuseum Extension (unpublishedinformation fromP.M. Warren)and further piecesare knownfromKommos (unpublishedinformation fromJ. Hayes). Flasksoccurin latefirst-fourth centurycontextsin thewesternprovinces(Isings1957,Forms 92, 103-4; Price1987B,37-8), and theyare also knownin theeastand centralMediterranean, fromCyprus(Vessberg1956, fig.48.11-2,14; fig.49.7 - indentedbody), Karanis (Harden 1936,nos. 639-40), Tripolitania (Price 1985B,nos. 50, 51 - indentedbody),Aquileia (Calvi 1968,nos. 296-300) and elsewhere. 3ugs Numerousfragments have been recordedas jugs, thoughmanyofthepiecesweretoosmallfor certainidentification. Nos. 300-2 may also come fromjugs ratherthan unguentbottlesor flasks.
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Nos. 264,268-9 and 272 werefoundin first and earlysecondcenturycontexts, and they,and nos.270-1, comefromearlyRoman vessels.Verysimilarrimsand handlescan be seenon the jugs and amphorisksfoundin the firstcenturychamber tomb at MonasteriakiKephala (CaringtonSmith1982,nos. 17-21), and on someofthejugs fromTripolitania (Price 1985B, nos. 55, 57-60, 63-4). These vesselsare closelyrelatedto otherexamplesfromfirstcentury contextsat sitesin southernSwitzerland(Carazzettiand Biaggio Simona 1988), northern Italy, at Aquileia (Calvi 1968), and othersites near the northernAdriaticcoast such as Magdalensberg(Czurda Ruth 1979). They wereprobablytradedfromthatregion,thoughit has beensuggestedthatsomemayhave been producedin Crete(CaringtonSmith1982,269), thatnos. 269 and 272 in particularweremade in fairlypoorqualityglass. and it is interesting Nos. 265-7 are moreproblematic.No. 265 is a blue greenvesselwitha purplehandle,found in an unstratified colourswas sometimes usedforthehandlesand context.Glassin contrasting colouredjugs and othervesselsin the firstcentury(for otherdecorativefeatureson brightly example,Hardenet al. 1987,no. 50; MackworthYoung 1959,pl. 29.1) and similardecoration also occurson laterjugs fromtheeasternMediterraneanregion(forexample,Harden et al. 1987,Nos 73-4), butthispiececannotbe closelydated.No. 266 camefroma Hadrianicor later are knownon flasksfromCyprus(Vessberg1956, context.Funnelmouthswithconstrictions no. Sardis Saldern 1980, 117), Tipasa (Lancei 1967 no. 76) and Zara (von fig.48.32-3), have crackedoffratherthanfirerounded these vetrina 4.9, fig.28), though (Mariacher1966, the vessel is a jug, whichmayhave been similarto that rims.The handleattachment suggests fromKaranis (Harden twojugs fromCyprus(Vessberg1956,fig.46.19-20) and a fragment belowtherimoccurs cut-out roll context. The without known No. is no. 267 1936, open 728). Auth nos. on late Romanjars fromSyria-Palestine 173,176-7, 180,476-9; 1975, (forexample, Hayes 1974,nos. 324-32, 384-6), but no otherjugs withthisfeaturehave been noted. and mouths(nos.273-4) came fromHadrianicor latercontexts, Two jugs withsmalltrefoil noted at have been No other also recorded. 18 others were Knossos,except examples piecesof forthe smalljug fromthe firstcenturychambertombat MonasteriakiKephala (Carington smallovoid Smith1982,no. 59) whichmayhave a distortedtrefoil mouth,and a fragmentary K. from information another burial mouth from Wardle). (unpublished jug withtrefoil onwards.Examplesare first Trefoil-mouthed century jugs wereproducedfromtheearly-mid knownfromthewesternprovinces,at Magdalensberg(Czurda Ruth 1979,nos. 1049-51) and varioussitesin southernSwitzerland(Carazzettiand BiaggioSimona 1988,nos. 9, 73, 139). Similarexampleshave beenfoundat Tipasa (Lancei 1965,no. 77) and horizontal jugs (askoi) are knownfromHerculaneumand Siphnos (Scatozza Horicht 1986, pl. XXXVII. 1255; MackworthYoung 1949,pl. 31.3). Thesejugs maybe local products,thoughtheycould have been tradedfromItaly. Five rimswithwidefunnelmouthswerefound(nos. 275-7), but thesurviving piecesare too small to establishwhethertheycome fromhandlelessflasksor jugs and bottles.Nos. 276-7, a ridgebelowtherimedge,comefromlatersecondand foldforming whichhave a prominent while no. contexts third 275, the onlypiece witha trailapplied below the rim century early froma thirdor fourthcenturyvessel. be to and is unstratified was likely edge, Rims similarto nos. 276-7 are not verycommonin the Mediterraneanprovinces.One colourlessjug withelongatedpouringspout formedin thesame way occurson a fragmentary fromK. Wardle),and a smallcolourless froma burialat Knossos(unpublished- information fromA. fromthe Sanctuaryof Demeter,Cyrene(unpublished- information rimfragment Vasa from A are known few kind. a rim of this from also come 1955, fig. (Harden Oliver)may 23d - withpouringspout),elsewherein Cyprus(Hayes 1975,no. 208) and at Karanis (Harden
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1936,no. 764), thoughtheseweremade in pale greenor yellowglass.The largestgroupsof colourlessvesselswith rimsof this kind known to me are the second-earlythirdcentury cylindricalbottles and third-fourth centuryflasks found in the north-westprovinces nos. 77b, 79b, 80a; Isings 1957,Form 102). (Fitzwilliam1978, Vesselswithrimssimilarto no. 275 are wellknownin theMediterraneanregion,as in SyriaPalestine,at the mid to late fourthcenturyglass factoryat Jálame,wherelightand yellow wereverycommon(Weinbergand Goldstein green,blue greenand othercolouredfragments in nos. and at Karanis 1988, 217-28,262-71), (Harden 1936,nos.732-4, 736-9), where Egypt, greenishcolourless,yellowgreenand brownpieceswerefound.Colourlessexamplesare not common,thoughStern (1977, no. 24) has discusseda colourlesstwo-handledbottlesaid to come fromthe easternMediterraneanin her studyof the ancientglass in the Fondation Custodiain Paris,and listedotherexamplesfromGreeceand Syria.Severalcolourlessforms withthicktrailsbelowtherimsare foundin thenorth-west provinces(Isings1957,Forms102, 120-1, 123, 126-7). Bottles
fromtwogroupsoffirstand secondcenturybottleshave been identified Fifty-three fragments at the UnexploredMansion site,includingthe mould-blownbase fragments discussedabove (nos. 111-20). Only two pieceswerefoundin firstcenturycontexts,the otherscomingfrom Hadrianicor unstratified are quite small. deposits.All thesquare bottlesrepresented No. 278 comesfroma yellow-green cylindricalbottlewithwheel-cutand abraded bandson the body. These bottleshave eithera verticalfoldedrimforminga collar like no. 282, or a verticalfoldedrimwitha horizontallip, or a horizontalrimfoldedinwards.A pale yellowbottlewithabraded bands on thebodyand a rimsimilarto no. 282, nowin greencylindrical theBostonMuseum of Fine Arts,is said to be fromCrete (von Saldern 1968, no. 53). The bottlesare commonfindsin the east and centralMediterranean,in the Black Sea region in theCave oftheLetters(Yadin 1963, 102,no. (Sorokina1967,fig.1.14-5), Syria-Palestine, 46. 1), Cyprus(Vessberg1956,fig. 21-3; Hayes 1975,no. 147),Tripolitania(Price 1985B,nos. 74-5) and Algeria(d'Escurac-Doisy1962-63,1, 3-7), buttheyare rarein thewest.Theywere and thedatingofno. 278, as wellas theexamplein probablymade in theeastMediterranean, theCave oftheLetters,confirmthattheywerein use in theearlysecondcenturyA.D. It has beensuggestedthatvesselswithverticalfoldedrimsforming a collarwereproducedon recently the coast of Asia Minor at Pergamum(Sorokina 1987, 42), thoughthe evidencefortheir productionat thiscentredoes not seem to be conclusive. The remainingfragments(nos. 279-81, 283-4) come from more robust blue-green cylindricaland square bottleswhichusuallyhave a horizontalfoldedrimand undecorated a collarwas sometimesused,and bottleswiththisfeature body,thougha verticalrimforming have been notedelsewherein Crete,at Chania and Rethymnon.These vesselswereproduced in verylargenumbersand in a widerangeofsizesprimarily to containand transport liquid or semi-liquidsubstances.Bothcylindricaland square bottleshave a foldedrim,cylindricalneck and angular ribbonhandle, oftenwith multipleribbingas on nos. 281 and 283, though sometimes leftplain,as on no. 284, but thebases are different. On cylindricaland free-blown bottles are while mould-blown square they generallyundecorated, square bottle bases generallyhave raiseddesigns. Cylindricaland square bottleshave been studiedin greaterdetailin thewesternprovinces thanelsewhere,thoughtheyoccur throughout theRoman worldduringthefirstand second centuries(Isings 1957, Forms50-1; Charlesworth1966; Charlesworth1968). Productionof
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bothformsappearsto have begunin thesecondquarterofthefirst but neitheroccurs century, in large numbersbeforethe Flavian period.In the north-west provinces,cylindricalbottles disappear in the early second centurywhile square bottlescontinueto be made in large numbersuntiltheend ofthatcentury, but thepresenceofnos.279-80 in Hadrianicdepositsin Knossossuggeststhatthismay not alwaysbe thecase in Crete. fromsevencylindrical bottleswithundecoratedconcavebases (nos.279-80) were Fragments found,and one (no. 279) has a wide squat bodywithverticalscratches,indicatingthatit has beenmovedin and outofa close-fitting woodenor wickerwork toestablish casing.It is difficult the precisenumberof square bottlesrepresentedamong the finds,as many are probably representedby a singlebody fragment;at least nine are indicatedby the decoratedbase (nos. 111-9) and therim,handleand bodyfragment fragments (no. 281), but theremayhave been manymore. Bathflasks
Nos. 285-7 come fromsmall bath flaskswithfoldedrims,shortnecksand two ringhandles attachedto theshoulder,neckand undersideofrim;thevesselsgenerallyhave smallglobular bodiesand convexbases,but thesedo notsurvivehere.They weretoiletbottles,producedto containoilsforuse afterbathing,and weredesignedto be carriedbya metalhandleor a chain attachedby metalringsto thehandlesand thestopper(see thebronzerings,chain and lead stopperfoundwiththebath flaskin thechambertombat MonasteriakiKephala (Carington Smith1982,no. 60, nos. 77-80). Bath flaskswerein commonuse in theRoman worldin the laterfirstto thirdcenturies.Dated finds,mostlyfromItaly and the westernprovinces,were listedby Isings (1957, Form 61), and many more are now known.Variationin detailsof manufactureof the bath flasksin different regionsindicatesthat theywere produced at different centres;a recentstudyofthefindsfromthenorthcoastoftheBlackSea has shownthe varietyofrimformsand handle formsoccurringin thatregion(Sorokina1987). Nos. 285-6 werenotfoundin stratified contexts,but therimprofileofno. 285 is similarto that of the bath flaskfromthe firstcenturychamber tomb at MonasteriakiKephala (CaringtonSmith1982,no. 60) whichsuggestsit is ofbroadlysimilardate,and no. 286 is also froma first or secondcenturyspecimen.No. 287 was foundin an earlysecondcenturycontext; it is greenishcolourlesswitha broad horizontalrimwitha concave top surfaceand narrow aperture,and a large ringhandle,applied to the shoulder,neck and undersideof the rim. SeveralfindsfromBalansourah,Faras,Karanis,Karanog,Kerma,Maharrakaand elsewhere in Egyptand theSudan are comparablewiththisfragment (Harden 1936,252-4,nos. 767-72; Hardenet al. 1987,no. 110),and no. 287 mayhave comefromthatarea. Some bathflaskswith similarrimshave also been foundin thewesternprovinces,notablyfromKöln (Fremersdorf bathsat Caerleon,in SouthWales, 1967,pls. 119-20) and in thedrainofthelegionaryfortress a depositdated to 160-230A.D. (Allen1986,no. 52). Many examplesare decoratedwithfacet and linearcuttingbut too littlesurvivesof no. 287 to knowwhetherit was decorated.The datingevidenceforthesebathflasksgenerallyindicatestheywerein usein thelatesecond-early is veryearly. thirdcentury,so theTrajanic-Hadrianiccontextof thisfragment Unguentbottles
Severaltypesofunguentbottleswerefound,rangingin date fromtheearlyor midfirst century to thelate secondor earlythirdcentury. oftenbrightlycoloured,unguentbottles Nos. 288-90 and 293-5 come fromthin-walled, is froma colourlessglobularunguent No. in and mid first the 288 century. early produced
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AND ROMAN GLASS
437
bottlewitha shortnarrownecksimilarto at least tenexamplesin thefirstcenturychamber tombat MonasteriakiKephala (CaringtonSmith1982,nos.2-11), and likeone ofthepiecesin thatburialit retainsa pinkishreddeposit,apparentlytheresidueofa cosmeticpowder,on the inside surface.An uncataloguedpale blue fragmentprobablycomes froma thin-walled unguentbottlein the shape of a bird, and five or six of these came fromthe tomb at MonasteriakiKephala (CaringtonSmith1982,nos. 12-16, 74). Bothshapeshave been found in tombselsewherein Knossos(unpublished- information fromK. Wardle),and birdsare also knownfromHerakleionand Chania. Thin-walledglobularand birdunguentbottleshave been foundin manyburialsin northern Italy,southernSwitzerlandand theRhineland(Isings1957, Forms10-11). They travelledfarafield,to Crete,Thessaloniki(CaringtonSmith1972,272) and Benghazi,but theywerealmostcertainlyproducedin northernItaly. Nos. 289-90 and 293-5 also come fromearlythin-walledunguentvessels.Nos. 289-90 and 295 have flaringrims,shortneckswithoutconstrictions and expandingconvexbodies,and nos. 293-4 have similarrimswithshortnarrowcylindricalnecks.These are comparablewithmany earlyRoman unguentbottlesfoundat Aquileia (Calvi 1968,anforetta tipoB; balsamarigruppi B, D, F, G-I) and elsewhere,thoughthe bodyformsare not known. Otherfirstcenturyunguentbottlesin theassemblageincludefragments ofblue-greenand colouredtubularunguentbottles(nos. 291-3). They are amongthecommonesttypes brightly ofunguentbottlesin theearlyand midfirst century, generallydisappearingduringtheFlavian period.At least20 tubularunguentbottleswerefoundin thechambertombat Monasteriaki Kephala (CaringtonSmith1982,nos. 25-45), and theformhas been recordedin othertombs at Knossos (unpublished- informationfromA. MacGillivrayand K. Wardle) and at Herakleionand AghiosNikolaios.The earliestdatedfindscomefromburialsin northern Italy, southernSwitzerlandand theRhineland(Isings1957,Form8), thoughtheyoccurin burialsin many otherregions.Most tubular unguentbottlesare blue-green,but brightlycoloured in theearlyfirstcentury. specimenswerealso made, particularly No 296, a tall unguentbottle with a small truncatedconical reservoir,came froma Hadrianicand laterdeposit.None came fromthechambertombat MonasteriakiKephala, but fromA exampleshave been foundin otherburialsat Knossos (unpublished- information MacGillivrayand K Wardle), and at Chania and AghiosNikolaios.These unguentbottles wereproducedin thelate firstand earlysecondcenturyA.D. (Isings1957,Form82B1). One is knownat Herculaneum(Scatozza Horicht1986,no. 211, pls. 19,36) and exampleshave been notedin tombson Siphnos(MackworthYoung 1949,pl. 30. 1), at Gregareschin Tripolitania (Price1985B,no. 100), and in late firstand secondcenturytombsat Tipasa (Lancei 1967,nos. 127-34). Fragmentsofsevensecondand thirdcenturyRoman unguentbottletypeswerealso found (nos.297-8). No. 297,whichcame froma Severancontext,is a blue greenunguentbottlewith rolledrim,long cylindricalneck,narrowindentedbody and small concave base. The form appearsto be withoutlocal parallels,thoughit is knownin thewesternprovincesin themid thirdcentury(Isings 1957,Form83). second-early No. 298 was foundin a depositdatingfromA.D. 150-175,whichprovidesa closedate for thisformof tall thin-walledunguentbottlewithlow conical body.Anotheris knownfroma burial in Knossos (unpublished- information fromK. Wardle), and thereis also one in Chania. Closelycomparablespecimensare knownfromCyprus (Vessberg1956, fig.50.1; Harden 1955,T 4/19,fig.24c; Hayes 1975,no. 256) and Aquileia (Calvi 1968,balsamaritipo C 2, no. 274, pl. L.6), and othersat Tipasa (Lancei 1967,Form 17, no. 137) are verysimilar. No 299, a tallstrongly made unguentbottlewitha largehemispherical body,was foundin a
HELLENISTIC
438
AND ROMAN GLASS
Hadrianicwelldeposit.Two otherscame fromthefirst centurychambertombat Monasteriaki Smith nos. and further 1982, 23-4), Kephala (Carington examplesare knownin Crete in Chania and AghiosNikolaios.Large hemispherical and ovoid bodied unguentbottles(Isings and secondcenturycontexts. 1957,Form28a) occurin manypartsoftheRoman worldin first Most comefromburials,as fromSiphnos(MackworthYoung 1949,pls. 34.5.5; 36.2), Cyprus (Vessberg1956,fig.48.3-6), Tripolitania(Price 1985B,nos. 88-9) and Tipasa (Lancei 1967, no. 52), but theformis also foundin settlements suchas Herculaneumand Pompeii(Scatozza Horicht1986,nos.212-40). Miscellaneousvessels
A curvingneckor tubewithpouringspout (no. 303) was foundin a Hadrianicdeposit.This perhaps mightbe partofan unusualaskos,or a vesselused to pourliquidintosmallapertures, and tubeof a lamp-filler, butno closeparallelshave beenfound.No. 304 is partofthereservoir a convexbodied vessel,probablya funnel,whichwas foundin an early-midsecondcentury of tube were also noted. Fragmentsof funnelsare often context,and fiveotherfragments mistakenforunguentbottlesor flasks,but in thiscase the piece preservesthe characteristic curveofthebodyand the tubeis thickerthanwould be usual in unguentbottlesofthissize. Funnelsoccurat Pompeiiand Herculaneum,and are notuncommonin thewesternprovinces in thelaterfirstand earlysecondcenturyA.D. (Isings 1957,Form 74).
CATALOGUE OF THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN GLASS Abbreviations BD base diameter D diameter Dims dimensions H height Fr fragment L length ND neckdiameter PH presentheight rimdiameter RD T thickness W width Wt weight measurements are expressedin millimetres weightis expressedin grams
Core-formed vessels (plate336) 1.
2.
SouthwestHouse XIII 35, early 1stA.D. Fr, neck. Translucentblue,opaque whitetrailsNarrowcylindrical neckexpandingout to shoulder.5 linesofspiral trailmarverednearlyflush.Insidesurfacerough.PH 26; ND 14; T 1.54. XI 14,A2, late 1stB.C./early1stA.D. Fr,lowerbody. Translucentblue,opaque whitetrails.Cylindricalside curvingin to base. Marvered trails combed into
featherpattern,insidesurfacerough.Dims 24 x 24; T 4. 3.
XI 12, C2, mid 1stA.D. Fr, body.Translucentblue, opaque whitetrails.Cylindricalside. Marveredtrails combed into featherpattern,inside surfacerough. Dims 26 x 19; T 3
4.
II 4a; unstratified.Fr, body. Translucent blue, opaque white trails. Cylindricalside curving in. Marveredtrailscombed into featherpattern,inside surfacerough.Dims 26 x 22; T 3. VIII 4-6, Trajanic. Fr, body. Translucentblue, opaque whitetrails.Cylindricalside. Marveredtrails combed into featherpattern,inside surfacerough. Dims 19 x 15; T 3-4.
5.
6.
XIII 24a; A2, late 1stB.C./early1stA.D. Fr, lower body.Translucentblue,opaque whitetrails.Slightly convex side. 3 horizontalmarvered trails. Inside surfacerough.Dims 17 x 19; T 2
7.
XIII Pit 1,T4, Trajanic. Fr,lowerbody.Translucent greenishground,opaque whitetrails.Slightlyconvex side. 3 horizontalmarvered trails. Inside surface rough.Dims 17 x 19; T 3-4.
8.
XI 12, C2, mid 1st A.D. Fr, base. Pale green translucentground,dark yellow-browntranslucent knob. Very small part of convexlowerbody,round knobattachedas base terminal.Insidesurfacerough. PH 17; max D (knob) 13; T (body) 13.
HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN GLASS Cast vessels Polychrome mosaic (plate 336) 9. NorthHouse, I (E-W baulk); fillbelowphase I floor, 1stA.D. Fr, foot,frombowl (?). 'Gold-band'. Dark blue, stronggreen-blue(peacock blue), purple and opaque white strips,and gold-leafsandwichedbetween2 colourlesslayers.Low outsplayedfoot;outside surfaceand base edge ground away and polished, undersidegroundand leftrough.PH 12; BD 120; T 5-10. 10.
11.
12.
North House, north wall of court and II 7; H6, mid-late 2nd A.D. Fr, body, ribbed bowl. Floral mosaic.Opaque whiteand translucentbrownroundark blue dels withopaque whitecentres;translucent withopaque whitechips;purplewithopaque white; opaque whitesandwichedbetween2 colourlesslayers. Shoulder and convex side, narrow vertical rib. Shoulderand insidesurfaceground.Dims 36 x 26; T (body) 2-4. VIII 27, 1stA.D. (mid + ) Fr, lowerbody and base, small bowl. Floral mosaic. Translucent purple, opaque yellow'raspberries'withopaque whitecentres,surroundedby yellowchips; base-ringpurple, blue, yellowand whitestripes.Convex lower body and base, applied stripbase-ring.PH 13; BD 42; T 2-3. Also found:X 9, N3 Neronian. Small chip, inside surface only. Floral mosaic. Translucent purple, opaque yellow centre with opaque white petals radiatingout. Dims 8x9. XI 3, Hadrianic to mid-2ndA.D. Fr, rim, bowl. Mottled.Translucentdark blue, opaque whitechips. Rim rounded,slightly convexbodytaperingin. PH c. 18; T 2.5-3.
Monochrome Bowls withwheel-cutting on exterior(plates 336, 337, 349) North House, mixed fill beneath Room VI, 13. Hellenistic/Roman.Fr, rim, hemisphericalbowl. Rim edge roundedoutside,flat Light yellow-green. inside,thickconvexside. 2 triangularleavesin raised relief, adjacentareasgroundaway. Insideground.PH 43; RD c. 160; T 5-7. 14.
15.
bowl. XIV 10, A2, Augustan.Fr, rim,hemispherical Green-colourless. Slightlyevertedrim,edge rounded, convexside. 2 narrowhorizontallinesabove shallow verticalgrooveson outsidesurface,narrowhorizontal line below rimon insidesurface.Inside ground.PH 38; RD 140; T 2-5. Also found:similarbody fr.Context:Hellenisticto late 1 B.C. Yellow-brown. 4- to T4, Trajanic. Fr, rim,bowl. XII 17, Hellenistic Yellow-brown.Slightlyevertedrim, edge rounded, convexupper body expandingout. 2 narrowhorizontallinesat base ofrim,tracesofverticalgrooveson body; narrow horizontalline below rim on inside surface.PH 31; RD 110; T 2-4.5.
439
16.
XIII 23, up to A2, Augustan.Fr, rim,bowl. Light green. Slightlyevertedrim, edge rounded,straight side. 2 narrowhorizontallineson upperbody,traces ofverticalgroovesbelow. PH 23; RD 120; T 2.5. Also found:2 similarrimfrs.Contexts:Neronian(1), 1 blue-green. up to 2nd A.D. (1). 1 green-colourless,
17.
XIV 2, unstratified. Fr, body,bowl. Pale blue-green. Convex lower body and base. 9 shallow vertical grooves divided by slightlydeeper vertical lines, terminatingabove 2 concentriccircles on base. Surfacesground.PH c. 16; T 1.5-2. Also found:2 similarbody and base frs.Contexts:up to Augustan( 1) , Neronian( 1) . 1 colourless,1 yellowbrown.
17A. I (S) 21; late 2nd/early1st B.C. Fr, base, bowl. Yellow-green.Convex base. Circle round 6-pointed rosetteat centrebase. Surfacesground.Dims 17 x 12; T 3. 18.
XI 27; H30 (floorcontent)150-125 B.C. Fr, body, hemisphericalbowl. Colourless.Convex lowerbody. Verticalgrooves.Insidesurfaceground.PH c. 32; T 2. Alsofound:3 similarbodyfrs.Contexts:late Classical/ Hellenistic (1), Hellenistic + Hadrianic (1), late 2nd/early3rd A.D. (1). 1 colourless,2 pale yellowbrown.
19.
VIII 28 above Floor III; 1-50 A.D. Fr, rim,bowl. Pale yellowish.Slightlyevertedrim,edge rounded, straightside. 2 narrow horizontallines below rim outside.Surfacesground.PH 18; RD 120; T 3.5-4.5. Also found:3 similarrimfrs.Contexts:Neronian(1), Trajanic (1), Severan (1). 1 lightgreen,2 yellowbrown.
20.
XIV 29; A2, late 1stB.C. early1stA.D. Fr,rim,bowl. Deep dark blue. Slightlyevertedrim,edge rounded, verticalside. 2 narrow horizontallines below rim outside.PH 25; RD c. 120; T 4-5.
21.
IX 10; mid 1st A.D. Fr, base, bowl. Light green. Convex lower body, small slightlyconcave base. Horizontalline at junctionbetweenbody and base. Surfacesground.PH 6; BD 40; T 2-4.
22.
Hellenisticpit fill. Fr, rim, conical bowl. Yellowbrown. Rim edge rounded, almost straightside taperingin. 2 horizontallinesbelow rim,2 on upper body.Surfacesground.PH 26; RD 140; T 3-3.5. Also found: similar rim fr. Context: Hellenistic. Yellow-brown.
23.
IX 29; Pit 39, mixedHellenisticfill,2nd and 1stB.C. Fr, rim,heavyconicalbowl.Yellow-green.Rim edge roundedoutside,slightlyconvex side taperingin. 2 narrowhorizontallinesbelowrim,horizontalband on body,consistingof narrowline, interval,broad line, interval,narrowline. Surfacesground. PH 45; RD 130; T 3.5-4.
24.
I (S) 19; late Hellenisticto early 1st B.C. Fr, rim, conical bowl. Yellow-brown.Rim edge rounded, slightlyconvex side taperingin. 2 narrowclose-set
440
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
horizontallinesbelowrimand 2 bandsofsimilarlines on upper body outside,broad line below riminside. Surfacesground.PH 48; RD 110; T 1.5-4. 25.
26.
27.
33.
II Pit 3 (wall V), 1stA.D. and to late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. Fr,rim,heavyconicalbowl.Yellow-brown. Rim convexsidetaperingin. edgeroundedoutside,slightly 2 narrowclose-sethorizontallines below rim and 2 bands ofsimilarlineson upperbodyoutside,narrow line below riminside.Surfacesground.PH 41; RD 110; T 2.5-5.
34.
V (E) 3; D3, Hadrianicto late 2nd A.D.; VIII 29, to 1st B.C. 2 joining frs, body, heavy conical or bowl.Pale yellow-brown. Rim missing, hemispherical convexbodytaperingin. 2 horizontalbandsof slightly narrowlineson body,broadlineinside.PH c. 43; max Dì. 124; T 3.5-5. Also found:2 similarbody frs.Contexts:Classical,? 4thB.C. (1), Augustan(1). Bothyellow-brown.
35.
House ofDiamond Frescoes,fillabove floor;late 2nd to 3rdA.D. Fr,rim,bowl.Opaque lightblue. Slightly evertedrim,edge rounded,concave upper body. 2 horizontalridgesbelowrimoutside,2 close-setbroad lines below rim inside. Surfacesground. PH 25; T 3.5-4.5. Also found: 4 small body fragmentswith wheelcuttingoutside.Contexts:mixed 1stto 3rd A.D. (1), unstratified 1 darkgreen,2 deep (3). 1 yellow-brown, green-blue(peacock blue).
28.
XIII 15;N2, Neronian.Fr,rim,thin-walled conicalor hemisphericalbowl. Deep dark blue. Rim edge rounded,slightlyconvexside. Ridge on outsiderim edge. Surfacesground.PH 36; RD c. 140; T 1.5-2.5.
29.
SouthwestHouse Room I, XIII 22; early-mid1st A.D. Fr, body,? bowl. Opaque red. Slightlyconvex lowerbody.Verticalribsand groovesabove 3 close-set concentriccircleson base. Dims 22 x 16; T 23.
linesbelowriminside Heavybowls,horizontalwheel-cut Conical(plate 337) 30. XIV 11, A2, Augustan.Fr, rim and body. Greencolourless,somepinkto purplestreaks.Rounded rim, almoststraightside taperingin. Broad and narrow lines.Surfacesground.PH 52; RD 140; T 2.5-4.5. Also found:7 similarfrs.Contexts:late Hellenisticto 1st A.D. (6), Severan (1). 3 yellow-brown, 4 light green. 31.
NorthHouse, cist; Rl, later 2nd A.D. Fr, rim and Rim edge rounded body. Purple-grey/colourless. outside,straightside taperingin. 3 deeplycut lines. Surfacesground.PH 55; RD 170; T 2.5-8. Also found:2 similarfragments. Context:Augustan. Yellow-green.
32.
I (N) 15,H34; 100-50B.C. Fr,rimand body.Yellowcolourless.Rim edge roundedoutside,straightside taperingin. Narrowand broadlines;also,broadband ofwheel-cutlineson bodyinside.Surfacesground.PH 51; RDf. 160; T 4-5.
Streetbetweenwalls 'w' and 'az' (lower); 1stA.D. (? Rim early). Fr, rim and body. Dark yellow-brown. edge roundedoutside,straightside taperingin. One line. Surfacesground.PH 42; RD 150; T 3-5. Also found:5 body frs.Contexts:Hellenisticto 1st A.D. (4), to early2nd A.D. (1). All yellow-green. XIII 27a; A2, Augustan.2 joined frs,rimand body. Dark yellow-brown.Rim edge rounded outside, nearlystraightside taperingin. Narrowand broad lines.Surfacesground.PH 21; RD 140; T 3-5. Also found: 10 similarrim frs.,4 similarbody frs. Contexts:Late Hellenisticto 1stA.D. (10), 2nd A.D. and later (4). 13 Yellow-brown,1 yellow-green. VIII 28; Bl, Tiberian.Fr, rimand body.Blue-green. Rim rounded,straightside taperingin. Narrowand broad lines.Surfacesground.PH 41; RD c. 160; T 6. Also found:4 similarrimfrs.Contexts:Augustan(3), early2nd A.D. (1). All blue-green.
(plate 337) Hemispherical 36. VII 42; to 1stA.D. (late). Fr, rimand body.Yellowgreen. Rim edge rounded, slightlyconvex side taperingin. 2 lines.Surfacesground.PH 34; RD 140; T3-4. Also found:3 similarrim frs.,1 body fr.Contexts: (3), upperlevels (1). 3 yellowHellenistic-Augustan brown,1 yellow-green. 37.
IV 4, Pit 7: ? 2nd A.D. Two joined frs,rim.Yellowbrown.Vertical rim,edge rounded,convex side. 2 broad lines. Surfacesground. PH 37; RD 120; T 2.5-4. Also found:14 similarrimfrs.,2 body frs.Contexts: Hellenisticto 1stA.D. (10), 2ndA.D. and upperlevels 3 yellow-green. (4), unstratified (2). 13 yellow-brown,
Shallow(plates 337, 338) 38. XIV 2; unstratified. Fr, rim and body. Dark greyblue.Roundedrim,convexside.2 lines.Rim edgeand insideground.PH 30; RD c. 140; T 2-4.5. 39.
VIII 29; Hellenistic(175-150 B.C. + mixed1stB.C.) Fr, rim and body. Yellow-brown.Rounded rim, convexside. 2 lines;rimedge and insideground.PH 45; RD-;T 1.5-4.
40.
XI 4; A2, Augustan.Fr,rim.Yellow-green.Rounded rim,convexbody.2 lines;rimedgeand insideground. PH 40; RD 120; T 2-4.5. Also found:4 similarrimfrs.Contexts:Augustan.All yellow-green.
(plate 338) Cylindrical 41. Pit 65; late 2nd/early1stB.C. 2 joined frs,rim and body. Pale yellow-brown.Slightlyinturned rim, verticalstraightside. Narrow line. Rim edge and insideground.PH 53; RD 120; T 2-3.5.
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
Thin-walledbowls,horizontalwheel-cut linesbelowrim inside Tall bowlswitheverted rims(plate 338) VIII 8; to mid 1st A.D. Fr, rim. Yellow-brown. 42. Slightly everted rim, edge pointed, upper body cylindrical.Narrow line. Ground band below rim outside.PH 27; RD 150; T 2.5-4. Also: similarfr.Augustancontext.Green-colourless. 43.
SouthwestHouse; Cl, mid 1stA.D. Fr,rimand upper body. Mid-blue.Slightlyevertedrim,edge rounded, upper body convex.Narrowlinesbelow rimand on body.Groundband belowrimoutside.H 35; RD 120; T 1.5-3. Also: similarfr.Tiberiancontext.Colourless.
44.
VIII 8 wall 'x'; 1stA.D. 2 joiningfrs,rimand upper body. Green-colourless. Slightlyeverted rim, edge rounded,upperbodyconvex.Broad linebelowrim,2 narrowclose-setlineson body. Ground band below rimoutside.PH 37; RD 110; T 1.5-3. Also: similarfr.Neroniancontext.Yellow-brown.
45.
441
Also: similarfr.Augustancontext.Green-colourless. Also found: 15 other frs., hemisphericalbowls. Contexts:Hellenisticto 1stB.C. (3), Augustan (1), Tiberian (3), Claudian (1), 1stcentA.D. (2), 1st3rd A.D. (1), Trajanic (1), unstratified (3). Shallowbowls(plate 338) XI 14; A2 Augustan.Fr,rimand upperbody.Green50. colourless.Rim edge pointed,side convex.Broad line belowrim,narrowlineon body.Groundband below rimoutside.PH 33; RD 140; T 2-3. Also found: 3 similar frs. Contexts:Tiberian (1), Neronian to mid-2ndA.D. (1), 1st A.D. ? (1). 2 1 green-colourless. yellow-brown, Bowls withoutwheel-cut lines (plate 338) 51. XIV 15; Augustan,to 50 A.D. Fr, rim and upper body, conical bowl. Yellow-brown. Rim edge rounded,straightside taperingin. Surfacesground. PH 29; RD 140; T 3-4.5. 52.
NorthHouse, phase 1, D2; Hadrianic, and to later 2nd A.D. Fr, rim and upper body. Purple. Slightly evertedrim,edgerounded,upperbodyconvex.Broad line below rim, 2 narrow close-setlines on body. Groundband below rimoutside.PH 43; RD 100; T 1-3. Alsofound:4 similarfrs.Contexts:Hellenistic+ later 2nd A.D. (1), Claudian (1), Neronian(1), Hadrianic + (1). All yellow-brown.
VII 4a Pit 1; S2 Severan. Fr, rim and upper body, shallowcylindricalbowl. Green-colourless. Rim edge rounded, straightupper side, convex lower body. Surfacesground.PH 30; RD c. 160; T 2-3. Also found: 46 body frs., cast bowls. Contexts: Hellenistic-1st cent A.D. (12), Augustan (14), Tiberian (5), Claudian (8), Neronian (3), Trajanic/Hadrianic(4), Severan (1), unstratified (1). 1 blue-green,8 green-colourless, 32 yellow-brown, 7 yellow-green.
bowls(plate 338) Hemispherical 46. II pit 2; to 2nd A.D. ? Fr, rim and upper body. Yellow-brown. Vertical rim, edge pointed, side convexand taperingin. Broadline belowrim,narrow lineon body.Groundband belowrimoutside.PH 34; RD 120; T 1.5-2.5.
Ribbedbowls,wheel-cut linesinside (plates 339, 340, 349) 53. VIII 28; Bl Tiberian.Fr, rimand upperbody,deep bowl. Pale yellow-brown. Evertedrim,edge rounded, convex side. Close-set, prominent,vertical ribs, flattenedtops.Broad line below rim,2 narrowclosesetlineson body.Shoulderoutsidepartlyground.PH 49; RD 120; T (body) 1.5-4.
47.
54.
VIII 28, VIII 8; Bl Tiberian,to mid 1stA.D. 5 frs, rim and body, deep bowl. Dark blue. Evertedrim, edge rounded,convex side. Vertical ribs, rounded tops.Narrowline below rim,2 narrowclose-setlines on body. Shoulderoutsidepartlyground.PH c. 66; RD 110; T 1.5-5.
55.
V 3, 4; Hellenistic,and to 2nd A.D., D 1/2 Hadrianic. 2 joined frs,rim and body, deep bowl. Yellow-brown.Everted rim, edge rounded,convex side. Close-setverticalribs in low relief.Broad line below rim. Shoulderoutsidepartlyground.PH 47; RD 100; T 1.5-4. Also found: 2 similar frs. Neronian, Hadrianic contexts.Bothpale green. XI 14;A2 Augustan.Fr,rimand body,hemispherical bowl. Yellow-green.Everted rim, edge rounded, convex side. Short, unevenlyspaced vertical ribs, roundedtops,extendingto mid-body.Line belowrim. Shoulderoutsidegroundoverall,tool/mould-marks survive.PH 46; RD 130; T 1.5-4.5.
48.
49.
XI 14; A2 Augustan.2 joining frs,rim and upper body. Deep green-blue(peacock blue). Verticalrim, edge pointed,side convexand taperingin. Broad line below rim, 2 narrowlines on body. Ground band belowrimoutside.PH 45; RD 120; T 1.5-2.5. Also found:9 similarfrs.Contexts:Augustan(3), to mid 1stA.D. (3), Claudian (1), to mid 3rd A.D. (1), unstratified (1). 5 Yellow-brown,3 peacock blue, 1 green-colourless. VIII 29; 2nd centB.C. (2nd quarter),and to 1stB.C. 3 joined frs,rim and upper body. Yellow-brown. Verticalrim,edge pointed,side convexand tapering in. Broad line below rim, 2 narrowlines on body. Groundband below rimoutside.PH 37; RD 110; T 1.5-2.5. Also: similarfr.Augustancontext,green-colourless. I (S) 16; C2, Claudian. Fr,rimand upperbody.Midblue. Verticalrim,edge rounded,side convex.Line belowriminside.Groundband belowrimoutside.PH 28; RD 100; T 2.5-3.5.
56.
442
57.
58.
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
Alsofound:20 similarfrs.Contexts:Hellenisticto mid 1stA.D. (5), Augustan(5), Tiberian (5), Neronian 3rdA.D. (1), Flavian (1), 1stA.D. (1), late 2nd/early (1), unstratified(1). 14 yellow-brown,5 greenish colourless,1 yellow-green. Ill Wall (c) East Bastionremoving StreetI fill;late 1st A.D. Fr, rim and body, hemisphericalbowl. Light green.Evertedrim,edge rounded,convexside.Closeset smallribsin low relief,roundedtops.Line below rim.Shoulderoutsideground.PH 37; RD 130;T 3-6. XI 14;A2 Augustan.Fr,rimand body,hemispherical bowl. Yellow-brown.Everted rim, edge rounded, convexside. Close-setshortribsin low reliefon body. Broad wheel-cutline below rim. Shoulder outside partlyground.PH 53; RD 150; T 2-5. Also found: 19 similarfrs.Contexts:Augustan (7), Tiberian (1), Claudian (4), Trajanic (1), to late 2nd A.D. (4), Severan (1), unstratified (1). 15 yellow1 green-colourless. brown,2 yellow-green,
59.
XIV 11; A2 Augustan. Fr, rim and upper body, bowl.Yellow-green.Evertedrim,edge hemispherical rounded,convexside. Close-setshortdiagonalribsin low relief,roundedtops. Line below rim. Shoulder outsideground.PH 36; RD 130; T 4.
60.
XII 12,removalWall 'ec/j';late 1stB.C. Fr, rimand bowl. Yellow-green. body,veryheavyhemispherical Verticalrim,diagonal flatface outside,convexside. Shortclose-setverticalribsin low relief,upper body only. Narrowline below rim.Small area below rim outsideground.PH 53; RD 120; T 1-6.
61.
XIII 20; early-mid 1st A.D. Fr, rim and body, hemisphericalbowl. Yellow-brown.Vertical rim, diagonalflatfaceoutside,convexside. Shortclose-set verticalribsin low relief.2 linesbelowrim.Small area visible.PH 40; belowrimoutsideground,depressions RD 140; T 2-4. Also found: 6 similar frs. Contexts:Hellenisticto lst/2ndA.D. (5), Augustan (1). 5 blue-green,1 yellow-brown. VIII 29; Hellenistic,175-150 B.C., + mixedto 1st bowl. B.C. 3 joined frs,rimand body,hemispherical Yellow-green.Verticalrim,edge flatoutside,convex side. Shortwell-defined ribs,roundedtops. 2 broad linesbelowrim.Smallarea belowrimoutsidepatchily groundoverall.PH 59; RD 160; T 1.5-4.5. Alsofound:11 similarfrs.Contexts:Augustan(11). 11 yellow-green. XI 16; A2 Augustan.2 frs,rimand body,hemispherical bowl.Yellow-green.Thickverticalrim,diagonal flatfacesto edge,convexside.Broadwell-defined ribs, roundedtops,extendingto lowerbody.2 broad lines belowrim.Shoulderoutsideground.PH 58; RD 140; T 2.5-7. Also found: 7 similarfrs.Contexts:Augustan (4), Tiberian(1), Neronian(1), unstratified (1). 3 yellow1 green-colourless. brown,2 yellow-green, XI 15; A2 Augustan.Fr,rimand body,shallowbowl.
62.
63.
64.
Verticalroundedrim,flattened Deep yellow-brown. outside, convex side. Widely spaced, short, very prominentribs,roundedtops,on mid body only. 2 lines below rim. Shoulderoutsideunevenlyground. PH 54; RD 160 ; T 36. Also found: 5 similarfrs.Contexts:Augustan (1), (1). 3 early-mid1stA.D. (2), Flavian (1), unstratified 2 yellow-brown. yellow-green, 65.
XI 16; A2 Augustan.Fr,rimand body,conicalbowl. Light green. Rim rounded, slightlyconvex side. ribs,roundedtops.2 Widelyspaced,short,prominent linesbelowrim.Shoulderoutsidemostlyground.PH 40; RD 160; T 3-6.
66.
Fill beneath NorthHouse, V 5; mixed Classical to Roman. 2 joined frs,rim, body and base, shallow bowl. Yellow-green.Rim rounded,flattenedoutside, convexside. Uneven widelyspaced,shortprominent ribs,roundedtops.2 broadlinesbelowrim,2 on body. Depressionson shoulderoutside,slightevidencefor grinding.PH 55; RD 140; T 2.5-6. Also found: 5 similar frs. Contexts:Hellenisticto Neronian (1), Augustan (1), 1st to 3rd A.D. (1), Severan (1), unstratified(1). 4 yellow-brown,1 yellow-green.
67.
XI 16;A2, Augustan.Fr,rimand body,conicalbowl. Light green. Rounded rim, almost straightside taperingin. Uneven widelyspaced, shortprominent ribs,indentedtops.2 broadlinesbelowrim.Shoulder outsidegroundfor6mm. PH 53; RD 120; T 1.5-7. Also found:4 similarfrs.Contexts:mixedHellenistic (1), Augustan(1), 150 A.D. (1), to 3rd A.D. (1). 3 lightgreen,1 yellow-green. XIII 10, upper fillin SouthwestHouse, Room I; to bowl. late 1stA.D. Fr, rimand body,hemispherical convexside. Pale green.Verticalroundedrim,slightly Prominent rib,roundedtop.Narrowlinebelowrim,2 closelyset on body. Deep shoulder,mostlyground, somedepressions.PH 38; RD -; T 34. Alsofound:31 othercastribbedfrs.Contexts:4th-3rd B.C. (1), 2nd-lst B.C. (5), Augustan(7), early-mid 1st A.D. (7), lst-early2nd A.D. (4), late 2nd-3rd 5 greenA.D. (4), unstratified (3). 21 yellow-brown, 2 lightgreen,1 dark blue. colourless,2 yellow-green,
68.
Pillar MouldedBowls; Blue-green(plates 340, 349) XII 14; 1stA.D. to mid-2ndA.D. 3 joiningfrs,body, 69. deep bowl. Convex side. Uniformprominentribs, groundslopingtops. Insideground,shoulderground to ribs.PH45;T 1.5-4.5. Also found:2 similarfrs.Early2nd A.D. Blue-green. 70.
I (N) 11, I (S) 12, 12a; later 2nd A.D. Fr, rimand bowl.Roundedrim,convexside. body,hemispherical Uniform, widelyspaced ribsextendingto lowerbody, roundedtops.Insideground,shoulderlightlyground to ribs.PH 46; RD 120; T 1-4. Also found:4 similarfrs.Contexts:Hadrianic to late 2nd A.D. (2), to 4thA.D. (1), unstratified (1).
HELLENISTIC 71.
72.
AND ROMAN GLASS
XIII 15; N2, Neronian.Fr, rim and body, shallow bowl. Rounded rim,low convexside. Uniformwelldefinedribs extendingto lower body, groundtops. Inside ground,shouldergroundto ribs. PH 42; RD 160; T 2-4. Alsofound:10 similarbodyfrs.Contexts:earlyto mid 1stA.D. (3), 1stA.D. (2), 2nd A.D. (4), unstratified X 10, 11; A2, Augustan.2 frs,bodyand base,shallow bowl. Low convexside,concave base. Uniformshort close-setribs on mid body only. Inside ground, shoulder ground to tops of ribs; two concentric wheelcutcirclesand centralringinsidebase. PH c. 19 ; T2-3. Also found:similarbodyfr.Flavian context. Contexts:early-mid 13 unclassified body fragments. 1stA.D. (8), Hadrianic (2), Severan (1).
verticalbase-ring,flatbase. Surfacesground.PH 40; RD 220; T 2. 79.
X 2, Pit 1; D6, Hadrianic. Fr, rim and body,small bowl. Everteddiagonal rim, edge rounded,convex side. Surfacesground.PH 23; RD 130; T 0.5-2. Also found:2 similarrims.Hadrianic contexts.
80.
VII 9; S2, Severan. Fr, rim and body, small hemisphericalbowl. Everteddiagonal rim,rounded edge,convexside. Surfacesground.PH 18; RD 80; T 1. Also found:3 similarfrs.Hadrianic contexts.
81.
VII 9; S2, Severan.Fr, rimand body,small conical bowl. Almosthorizontalevertedrim,edge rounded, almost straightside. Upper surfaceof rim convex betweenridges,lower surfaceflat.Surfacesground. PH 20; RD96;T 1.5-3. frs.Contexts:1stA.D. (3); Also found:25 unclassified early2nd A.D. (12), late 2nd-3rdA.D. (5), unstratified(5).
82.
VII 42; to late 1stA.D., Flavian. 2 joined frs,base. Vertical base ring,flat base. 2 close-setconcentric wheel-cutlineson undersideofbase. Surfacesground. PH 10; RD 120; T 3.
83.
XIII 4; D6, Hadrianic. Small fr,base, bowl (?). Flat base. Centralraisedcircleand dot. Surfacesground. Dims 26 x 17; T 2.
84.
XIV 1; Trajanic. Small fr,base, bowl (?). Flat base. Curving facet-cutdesign. Surfaces ground. Dims 26 x 17; T 2.
85.
XII 8; D5, Hadrianic. 2 joined frs,body and base. Carinationabove flatlowerbodyand base; highbasering.Surfacesground.PH 15; BD 100; T 2 Also found:5 similarfrs.Contexts:Hadrianic (4), Severan (1).
86.
XII 2; 2nd A.D. 2 joined frs,body and base. Lower body taperingin, flatbase; high base-ring.Surfaces ground.PH 16; BD 70; T 2-3. Also found:similarfr.Unstratified.
Colourless Bowls with overhanging rims (plate 340) 73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
XII 2; 2nd A.D. Fr,rim.Horizontalevertedrimwith overhang,roundededge. Upper and lower surfaces flat,ridgeson upper surfaceat overhangand body junctions.Surfacesground.PH 8; RD c. 230; T 3. Also found;similarfr.Context:early2nd A.D. XI 8; T4, Trajanic. 3 frs,2 joined, rim and body. Horizontalevertedrimwithoverhang,edge rounded, shallowconvexside. Upper and lowersurfacesflat, ridges at overhang and body junctions. Surfaces ground.PH 13; RD c. 220; T 1.5-2. XIII 4; D6, Hadrianic. 2 joined frs,rim and body. Diagonal evertedrimwithoverhang,roundededge, almoststraight side taperingin. Upper surfaceconvex betweenridgesat overhangand bodyjunctions,lower surfaceflat.Surfacesground.PH 19; RD 200; T 1-2. Also found;2 similarfrs.Contexts:2nd century. XII 2; 2nd to early 3rd A.D. Fr, rim,small bowl. Wide everteddiagonal rim withoverhang,rounded edge. Upper surface convex between ridges at overhang and body junctions, lower surface flat. Surfacesground.PH 8; RD 120; T 3. Also found:similarfr.Severancontext. XIII lib; F2, Flavian. 6 frs,somejoining,rim,body and base. Everted diagonal rim with overhang, roundededge, shallowstraightside taperingin, low verticalbase-ring,flat base. Upper surfaceof rim slightlyconcave,lowersurfaceflat.Surfacesground. PH 13 (base), 8 (rim); RD 180; BD 120; T 1-2. Also found: 2 frswith overhangingrim. Contexts: Hadrianicand Severan.
Bowls withoutsplayed rims (plates 340, 341, 349) 78. VIII 6; T3, Trajanic and mixed,to late 2nd A.D. 3 joined frs,rim,bodyand base. Everteddiagonal rim, edge rounded,shallowconvex side taperingin, low
443
Segmentaland ConicalBowls (plate 341) VIII 6; T3, Trajanic, mixedwithlater 2nd A.D. 2 87. joined frs,rim and body,segmentalbowl. Rounded rim,convexside. 2 close-sethorizontalridgeson body outside, narrow line below rim inside. Surfaces ground.PH 28; RD 180; T 1.5. 88.
89.
XI 9; T4, Trajanic. Fr, rim and body, segmental bowl. Rounded rim,convexside. 2 close-setridgesat rimoutside.Surfacesground.PH 32; RD c. 180; T 1. Also found:2 frs,similarbowls. Contexts:mid 2nd B.C. (1), 2nd A.D. (1). VIII 6; T3 + , to late 2nd A.D. Fr, rim,smallconical bowl.Slightlyevertedrim,roundededge,straight side taperingin. Narrowline below rim inside. Surfaces ground.PH 19; RD 120; T 1-2. Also found:similarrimfr.Severancontext.
444 90.
HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN GLASS Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. 2 joined frs,rimand body, conical bowl. Rounded rim, almost straightside taperingin. Surfacesground.PH c. 40; RD c. 120; T 1.5-3.
MiscellaneousForms (plates 341, 349) I (S) 17; A2, Augustan;I (S) 15; Neronian.2 joined 91. frs, rim, jar (?) Grey-greencolourless. Everted edge,cylindrical diagonalrim,thicksquare-sectioned neck.Lowersurfaceofrimgroundflat,wheel-cutline on uppersurface.PH 16; RD 88; T 2-6. 92.
VIII 28; Bl, Tiberian. Fr, handle, cup. Expanded upper projectionand holdingloop, wingedhandle. Carved,groundand polished.PH 11; widthofwing 17; T 2.
MiscellaneousMonochromeVessels
100. VII 5; S2, Severan. Fr, body, hemisphericalbowl. Yellow-green.Convex side, tapering in. Close-set narrowverticalribbing,endingabove narrowhorizontal moulding on lower body. Dims 33 x 29; T 0.5-2.5. 101.
Ill 7; 2nd A.D. Fr, body,shallowbowl. Pale bluegreen.Cylindricaland convexside taperingin. Closeset narrowverticalribbing.PH 24; T 2.
XIV 7; C2, Claudian. Fr, body, hemisphericalor shallowbowl. Pale blue-green.Slightlyconvexlower bodytaperingin, base edge. Close-setnarrowvertical raisedridgeat base ribson body,roundedterminals, edge. PH c. 9; T 2-3. 103. XIII 5a; Neronian( + ). Fr,bodyand base, hemispherical bowl. Dark blue. Wide lower body, concave base. Close-set narrow vertical ribs, rounded terminals;3 concentricringson base. Verticalmouldseam on body. PH 11; BD 60; T 3-6.
102.
(plate 341) I 15; Hellenistic (mid 1st B.C.), and 1st A.D. 93. (Neronian). Fr, base, bowl or plate. Yellow-green. Wide lowerbody,flatbase, verticalbase-ring.Broad wheel-cutline on upper surfaceoutside base-ring. Surfacesground.PH 13; BD c, 90; T 1.5-2.5.
104.
X 7; F2, Flavian to late 1stA.D. Fr, body and base, ovoid cup (?). Blue-green. Slightly convex side taperingin, smallconcave base. Narrowverticalribs on body,roundedterminals;fainthorizontalmoulding on lowerbody,raisedridgeat base edge, central dot. PH 12; BD 36; T 1-2.
XIII 13; topofCl, Claudian. Fr,base, bowlor plate. Blue-green.Flat base, diagonal base-ring.Surfaces ground.PH 13; BD 60; T 2.5-5. Alsofound:bodyfr,unknownform.2nd-lstcentB.C. context.Pale green. VII 68; T4/H6, to Hadrianic. Fr, body and base, beaker (?). Pale green. Straightside taperingin, slightlyevertedlow base-ring,flatbase. Inside base convexcurved.Surfacesground.PH 24; BD 50; T 1.5-5.
105.
XIII 10,later1stA.D. fill,SouthwestHouse,Room I; Flavian. 2 joined frs,body,hexagonalunguentbottle. Verticalsidetaperingin,base edge.3 Pale blue-green. panels of decorationseparatedby horizontalridges; boss,footedvesselcontaining3 oval bosses,triangular moulding;low ridge at base edge. Vertical mouldseam. PH 46; T 1-2.
106.
X 9; N3, Neronian.Fr, neck and shoulder,unguent Smallcylindrical bottle.Pale blue-green. neck,convex shoulderexpandingout. Partsof 2 loops of arcading with rounded tops, one containingvertical oval. Verticalmould-seamon neck.PH c. 25; NeckD 14;T 1.
107.
II Baulk below Wall 'a'; 2nd A.D. Fr, shoulder, unguent bottle. Pale blue-green.Convex shoulder expandingout, raised oval loop containingcircular motif;horizontalridgebelow.Verticalmould-seamon neck.PHf. 15; T 1.
94.
95.
DecoratedMould-BlownVessels (plates 341, 349) VI 2; S 2, Severan.Fr,rimand body,cylindrical 96. cup. Pale green.Curved rim,edge missing,verticalside. Row of diagonal ears of barley betweenhorizontal cordonon bodybelowrimand twohorizontalcordons on lowerbody. PH 49; RD c. 88; T 1-1.5. 97.
I (S) 21; late 2nd-early1stB.C. Fr, rim,hemispherical cup. Pale blue-green.Curved rim,edge cracked offand ground smooth;slightlyconvex side. Two narrowhorizontalcordonsbelow rim,circlewith 3 shortspikesbelowcordons.PH 25; RD 80; T 1-1.5.
98.
Ill 10; mixedHellenistic-Roman.Fr, rim,cup. Pale smallcurvedrim,edge crackedoffand yellow-green, convexside.Tracesofvertical groundsmooth,slightly raiseddesignon body. PH 15; RD 80; T 0.5-1.
99.
bowl.BlueX 9; N3, Neronian.Fr,rim,hemispherical green. Vertical rim,edge cracked offand ground, inward bevel, convex side; thick walls. Close-set narrowverticalribbing.PH 27; RD c. 120; T 3.
108. VIII 4; T1/H6, Trajanic/Hadrianic.Fr, lowerbody, unguentbottle.Blue-green.Convexside taperingin, small flatbase. Bossesand triangularmotif.Mouldseamon bodyand acrossbase. PH 9; BD c. 28; T 1-2. 109.
XI 11 3 1a, post-Claudianfill,SouthwestHouse,Room I; later 1stA.D. Fr, body,hexagonalunguentbottle. Yellow-brown.Partsof2 verticalsides.Raised design; amphoriskwithovoid body and foot,angularmotif; ridgesat anglesand bottomedgesofsides.PH 35; T 1-2.
110.
X/XI baulk4; F2, Flavian. Fr, body,unguentbottle. Pale blue-green.Thin convex side, close-setsmall raisedbossesin quincunx.Dims 28 x 14; T less than 0.5.
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
Square bottles(plates 341, 342, 350) 111. VII 5; S2, Severan. 2 joining frs, base. Greencolourless.Slightlyconcavebase,edgesof2 sides.Part circular of2 hollowlozengeswithextendedterminals, motifwithcentralring,? wreath.Dims 62 x 68; width ofside 66; T 16.5. 112. XII 9; D5, Hadrianic. Fr, lower body and base, square bottle.Blue-green.Parts of 3 verticalsides, concave base. Small ringand centralpellet at each corner,largerringand pelletat centre.PH 15; Width ofsides52x53;T 1-2. 113. XII 9; D5, Hadrianic. Fr, lower body and base, square bottle. Blue-green. Part of vertical side, concavebase. Small ringand 'tail' nearcorner,larger ring and pellet at centre. PH 7; Dims 40x40; T 1.5-3.5. 114.
to mid 3rd A.D. Fr, lowerbodyand 14; unstratified, base, square bottle.Blue-green.Part of verticalside, concave base. Small ring and central pellet near corner,edge ofringat centre.PH 8; Dims 44 x 27; T 1-1.5.
115. VIII 4; to Hadrianic. Fr, base, square bottle.Bluegreen. Angle of side, concave base. Large circle enclosing4 linesand pellet.PH 9; Dims 42 x 45; T 6. 116.
XII 2; 2nd to early3rdA.D.; X 2, Pit 1; Hadrianic.2 joiningfrs,base, square bottle.Blue-green.Concave base. 4 concentriccircles.Dims 56 x 47; T 2-4.
445
122.
II 4a; late 2nd/early 3rdA.D. Fr, body,smallribbed bowl.Yellow-brown, opaque whitetrail.Convexside expanding out; verticalrib. Marvered spiral trail. Dims 22 x 19; T 2-3.
123.
XI 5; mixed,1stand 3rdA.D. Fr, body,smallribbed bowl. Pale yellow-brown, opaque whitetrail.Convex side expanding out. Marvered spiral trail. Dims 19x21; T 1.5.
124.
XIII 19a; N2, Neronian.Fr, base,smallribbedbowl. Strongyellow-brown, opaque whitetrail.Wide lower body,flatbase. Marveredspiraltrail.Dims 31 x 42; T 1.5-2. Also found:similarrimfr.1st, + late 2nd/early3rd A.D. context.Purple,opaque white.
125.
I 6, unstratified. Fr, rim,jar. Purple,opaque white trail.Evertedrim,edge rounded,constriction below rim,convexside expandingout. Trail on rim edge. PH 20; RD 96; T 0.5-2.
126. VIII 8; to mid 1stA.D. Fr, rim,bowl. Blue-green, opaque whitetrail.Evertedrim,roundededge, side expandingout. Unmarveredspiraltrailon body. PH 11; RD 104; T 1-2. Also found:3 similarbodyfrs.Contexts:Flavian (1), 2nd A.D. (2). Colours:blue-green, opaque white(2), dark blue, opaque white(1). 127.
X 7; F2. Fr, bodyand base Blue-green, opaque white streaks,opaque lightblue. Convexsidecurvingin,flat base. Unmarveredblue trail at body/basejunction. PH 8; T 2-2.5.
128.
Ill; R2, mid/late2nd A.D. Fr, bodyand base, bowl. Yellow-brown,opaque white streaks.Wide convex lower body taperingin, tubular base-ring,concave base, pontilmark. Marveredopaque whitestreaks. PH 10;BD46;T 1.5 + .
119. VIII 7, Pit4; Fl, Flavian.6 joiningfrs,bodyand base, small thin-walledsquare bottle. Blue-green;very bubbly. Convex shoulder,verticalsides, flat base. Carelesscircle,centralpellet.PH 44; widthof sides 34x38; T 0.5-1.5.
129.
XIII 28, SouthwestHouse, Room I, Final phase; Severan. Fr, body. Colourless, dark green trail. Convex side, thickunmarveredcurvingtrail. Dims 20 x 15; T 0.5 (wall), 3 (trail).
Bottle (plate 342) Cylindrical 120. IV (N) 3; Hadrianicand tolater2ndA.D. 5 joined frs, base. Pale green-colourless. Vertical side, flat base. Large circle,centralpellet.Mould-seamon side. PH 5; BD 80; T 0.5-2.
Monochrome:
117.
XII 2; 2nd to early3rd A.D. Fr, base, square bottle. Blue-green.Concave base. 3 concentriccircles.Dims 32x52;T 1.5-5.
118.
XII 1; unstratified, to mid/late3rd A.D. Fr, base, squarebottle.Blue-green. Angleofside,concavebase. 2 concentriccircles,large centralpellet.PH 7; Dims 47x33;T 1-3.
BlownVessels Polychrome (plates 342, 350) 121. V (E) 2, NorthHouse, phase II; S2, Severan. Fr, body,small ribbedbowl. Royal blue, opaque white trail. Convex side expanding out; 2 vertical ribs dependingfromshoulder.Marvered spiral trail on shoulderand topsof ribs.Dims 23 x 34; T 0.5-2.
Decorated
Facet Cutting;Colourless(plate 342) 130. X 2, Pit 1; early/mid2nd A.D. (Hadrianic). 2 frs, or conicaldrinking body,tallcylindrical cup. Vertical sidetaperingin,outsplayedbase-ring.2 bandsoflarge verticaloval facets,separatedby plain zone bounded by horizontalridges.Horizontalridge below decoration zone. Outside surfacegroundaway to produce ridgesand base-ring.PH c. 96; BodyD c. 72; T 1.5-6. Also found:similarfr.2nd/3rdA.D. context. 131. VII 42. Fr, body,tall cylindricalor conical drinking cup. Verticalside. 2 bands of close-setlong narrow verticaloval facets,separatedby plain zone bounded by horizontalridges.PH 42; BodyD c. 66; T 2.5-3.5. Also found:similarfr.Later 2nd A.D. context.
446 132.
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
XI 7; early 2nd A.D. Fr, body, tall cylindricalor conicaldrinkingcup. Verticalside. 2 bands offacetcuttingseparatedby plain zone bounded by horizontal ridges;a) smallverticaloval facetwithpointed terminals, b) close-set largeverticaloval facets.PH 36; Body D c. 66; T 3.
133. Unstratified. Fr, body,conicaldrinkingcup. Weathered; very thin glass. Straight side tapering in. Horizontalridgeabove 2 circularfacets.PH c. 20; T 1-1.5. 134.
XIII 11b; F2, Flavian.Fr,body,conicaldrinking cup. Straightside taperingin. 2 rows of circularfacets, close-settoproducediamonds,above horizontalridge. PHt. 38; T 1.5-5.
135. XII 4, Pit 2; Hadrianic. Fr, body,conical drinking cup. Straightside.3 rowsofverticaloval facets,closesettoproducelonghexagons.Dims 28 x 18;T 1.5-2.5. Also found:3 similarfrs.Contexts:Flavian (1), 2nd A.D. (2). Facet and Linear Cutting;Colourless(plate 342) 136. XII 8; D5, Hadrianic.2 frs,rimand body,hemispherical bowl. Greenishtinge.Curved rim,edge cracked offand ground,convexsidecurvingin. 2 narrowlines on rim,broad line on upperbody,3 rowsofvertical oval facets,close-setto formdiamonds,broad line on lower body, row of circular facets near base. H 56; RD 132; T 2-4. (reconstructed) Also found:similarrimfr.Early 2nd A.D. context. 137. X West Baulk; unstratified. Fr, rim, hemispherical bowl. Curved rim, edge cracked off and ground, convexside. 2 narrowlineson rimand upper body, oval or circularfacetbelow. PH 40; RD 118; T 2. Alsofound:2 frs,similarbowls.Contexts:1stA.D. (?), early3rd A.D.
Linear Cuttingand Abrasion;Colouredand Bluegreen(plates 342, 343) 138. VII E Baulk; early2nd A.D. 2 frs,rim,body,base, thick-walledcylindricalcup. Light green. Inturned convexside, rim,edgecrackedoffand ground,slightly concavebase. Broad and narrowlinesat rim,narrow, broad and narrowon body,2 narrowabove base. H 64; RD 70; T 1.5-4.5. Also found: 6 similarfrs.Contexts:Claudian (1), Flavian (2), lst-early2nd A.D. (2), unstratified (1). 2 pale yellow,4 blue-green. 139. XIII 16; Cl, Claudian. 2 joined frs,rim and body, Rim edge thick-walled cup. Blue-green. hemispherical cracked offand ground smooth,low convex side. Narrowline at rim,broad on body, narrowabove base. PH 42; RD 70; T 2-4.5. 140. XI 5; Mixed, lst-3rd A.D. Fr, body, thick-walled hemisphericalcup. Blue-green.Rim edge missing, convexsidecurvingin. Broad and narrowlinesbelow
rim,abraded band on body.PH c. 62; max D c. 90; T 1.5-4.5. Also found: 4 similarfrs.Contexts:Claudian (2), Neronian(1), Trajanic/Hadrianic(1). Blue-green. 141.
XIV 15; C2, Claudian. Fr, rim,thin-walled hemisphericalcup. Pale blue-green.Rim edge crackedoffand ground,convexside.Broad lineon rimand body.PH 38; RD80;T 1.5-2.5.
XIII 17c; N2, Neronian.Fr, rim,thin-walledhemisphericalcup. Blue-green.Rim edge crackedoffand ground.Slightlyconvex side curvingin. 4 abraded bands on rimand body. PH 43; RD 80; T 1. Also found:58 similarfrs.Contexts:Claudian (2), Neronian (18), Flavian (4), late lst/early2nd A.D. (4). Colours: (24), late 2nd/3rdA.D. (6), unstratified 1 darkblue,3 1 purple,1 pale yellow,1 yellow-brown, 36 bluedark green,4 pale green,11 yellow-green, green. 143. XI 3; Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, base, thin-walledhemisphericalcup (?) . Blue-green.Smallconcavebase,central 1-1.5. 'kick'.PH6;BD26;T Also found: similar base fr. Unstratified.Yellowgreen. 144. XIII 13; Top of Cl, Claudian ( + ). Fr, rim, Slightly hemisphericalcup. Pale purple-colourless. evertedcurved rim, edge cracked offand ground, convexside. 2 narrowlinesat rim.PH 32; RD 80; T 1.5-2. Also found; 9 similarfrs.Contexts:Neronian (3), Hadrianic (5), Severan(1). 1 purple,1 yellow-green, 4 pale green. 3 blue-green, 145. XIV 29; A2, late 1stB.C.-early 1stA.D. Fr, rim,cup Curvedrim,edgecrackedoffand (?). Pale blue-green. ground,convexside. 2 abraded bands belowrim.PH 16; RD 90; T 1-3.
142.
146.
walled hemispherical XV 4; 2nd A.D. Fr, rim,thinbowl. Pale green.Curved rim,edge crackedoffand ground,convexside. 2 bands ofabraded lineson rim and body. PH 32; RD 100; T 1. 2nd Also found;4 similarfrs.Contexts:late lst/early 2 A.D. (2), Severan(1), unstratified (1). 2 blue-green. pale green.
Linear Cuttingand Abrasion;Colourless(plate 343) 2nd A.D., to Hadrianic. 147. XIII 4, XIII 5; late lst/early 3 joined frs,rim,cup. Curved rim,edge crackedoff and ground,straightside. 2 narrowlinesat rim.PH 14;RD94;T 1. 148.
2nd A.D., to Hadrianic. XIII 4, XIII 5; late lst/early 2 joined frs,body,biconical(?) cup. Slightlyconcave sideexpandingout.Bandsof3 and 1 narrowlines.PH c. 43; T 1-1.5.
149.
XII 2; unstratified. Fr,rim,biconical(?) cup. Vertical rim,edge crackedoffand ground,slightlyconcave blob of side expandingout. 3 abraded bands;fugitive glassattachedto body. PH 27; RD 60; T 0.5-1.5.
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
150. XIII 4; to Hadrianic. Fr, rim,cylindrical(?) cup. Curved rim,edge cracked offand ground,straight side. Narrowline at rim.PH 22; RD c. 84; T 1. 151. VII 1; unstratified. Fr, rimand body,smallhemisphericalbowl.Slightlycurvedrim,edge crackedoffand ground,convex side taperingin. 4 pairs of narrow lines.PH 30; RD c. 70; T 1-2. 2nd A.D., to 152. XIII Pit 1,XIII 4, XIII 5: late lst/early Hadrianic. 3 joined frs,body and base, cylindrical cup. Verticalside taperingin, small concave base. 2 narrowlineson body,one at carination.PH 28; BD 20; T 1-2. Also found:5 similarfrs.Contexts;Hadrianic (2), Severan (2), unstratified (1). 153.
IX 2; S2, Severan. Fr, rim and body, ovoid cup. Curved rim,edge cracked offand ground,convex side.2 narrowlinesat rim,2 bandsof5 lineson body. PH 57; RD 80; T 2. Alsofound:similarfr.Late lst/early 2ndA.D. context.
Evertedrim,edge fire-rounded, straightside expanding out. Unmarveredspiral trail.PH 19; RD 70; T 1-3. 162.
bowl. 156. VII E baulk;early2ndA.D. Fr,rim,cylindrical Slightlycurved rim,edge cracked offand ground, verticalside. 2 narrowlineson body.PH 25; RD 120; T 1. 157. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. 4 frs,hemisphericalbowl. Curved rim,edge cracked offand ground,convex side. 2 pairsofnarrowlineson rimand body.PH 42; RD 110;T 1.5-2.5. 158. X, cleaningW. baulk; unstratified. Fr, body, bowl. Convexside. 2 lines.PHf. 11; T 2.5. Also found:similarfr.Hadrianiccontext. 159. XII 9, XII 7, XII 6; D5, Hadrianic.3 joined frs,body and base, segmental(?) bowl. Wide convex side. 3 bandsof3 narrowlineson body,raisedridgeat base edge.Outsidesurfaceground.PH 48; BD 70; T 1-2.5. Also found: 5 similar frs. Contexts: Severan (4), unstratified (1). AppliedDecoration(plate 344,349) 160. XIII 7; to 3rd A.D. Fr, body and fish-shaped attachment,bowl (?). Colourless.Small part of side. Tube-blown and tooled fish,tail missing.Present length36; max H 16; T (vessel) 1.5. Trails; Blue-green(plate 344, 350) 161. I 9, Pit 2; 2nd A.D. Fr, rim,cup or bowl. Bubbly.
XI 2, Pit 1, XI 9; D6, Hadrianic, T4, Trajanic. 2 joined frs,rim,cup or bowl. Evertedrim,edge firerounded,convex side expanding out. Unmarvered spiraltrail.PH 19; RD 100; T 0.5-2. Also found:similarfr.2nd A.D. context.
163. VII 6; D6, Hadrianic.Fr,rim,bowl.Verticaltubular rim,edge bentout and down, verticalside. Unmarveredspiraltrailon body. PH 14; RD 80; T 0.5-1. 164.
XII 11, Pit 6; T4, Trajanic. Fr, base, bowl or flask. Convexside,concave base. Unmarveredtrailwound spirallyfromcentrebase. PH 6; RD 44; T 1-3. Also found: 2 similarfrs.Contexts:Hadrianic (1), unstratified (1).
165.
XIII 37, XIII 15b; Al, Augustan,N2, Neronian.2 joined frs,body and base, bowl or flask.Bubbly. Convexside,smallconcavebase. Pontilscar. Unmarvered trailwound spirallyfromcentrebase. PH 22; BD 38; T 1-2.5. Also found:6 similarfrs.Contexts:Hadrianic (5), unstratified (1). 2 body frs.Contexts:Hadrianic (1), late 2nd A.D. (1).
154. VIII 4, Pit 2; Tl, Trajanic. 2 joined frs,body and base, ovoid (?) cup. Convexside,smallconcave base. Bands of 3 and 2 narrowlines. PH 33; BD c. 35; T 1-2.5. 155. VIII 6; Trajanic, to late 2nd A.D. Fr, rim,ovoid (?) cup. Curvedrim,edgecrackedoffand ground,convex side. 2 abraded bands belowrim.PH 34; RD 90; T 1. Also found:8 frs.Contexts:Flavian (1), late lst/early 2nd A.D. (4), late 2nd/3rdA.D. (1), unstratified (2).
447
Trails; Colourless(plate 344) 166. I (S) 12a; R2, later 2nd A.D. Fr, rim,cup. Slightly evertedrim,edge fire-rounded, straightside. Unmarveredspiraltrail.PH 16; RD 50; T 0.5-2. 167. VIII 5; T3. Fr, rim,segmentaibowl or plate. Rim edge rounded,low convex side. Unmarveredspiral trail.PH 26; RD 240; T 1-1.5. Also found:4 frs,spiraltrails.Contexts:Flavian (2), unstratified (2). Also found:4 blue-greenfrs,spiraltrailsand indents. Late lst-2ndA.D. 168.
Room IV N 2a; late 2nd A.D./Severan.11 frs,rim, bodyand base, tall ovoid cup. Green-tinged. Slightly evertedrim,edge fire-rounded, narrowconvexside, small tubularbase-ring,concave base, central'kick'; pontil mark. Unmarveredtrail below rim. H (reconstructed)108; RD 40; BD 32; T 1-2.
169.
X 3; unstratified. Fr, rim,cylindricalcup. Everted vertical side. Unmarvered rim, edge fire-rounded, trailbelow rim.PH 22; RD 70; T 0.5-2.
170.
I 13; D3, Hadrianic,to later2nd A.D. Fr, body and base, cylindricalcup. Verticalside, almostflatbase. Unmarveredtrail at carination,thicktrailed basering.PH 11; Body D c. 80; T 1-1.5. Also found:blue-greenfr.Late 2nd A.D. context. Also found:12 frs,'spectacle'and othercurvedtrails. Contexts:Hadrianic (11), late 2nd A.D. (1). 9 pale 2 blue-green,1 colourless. green-colourless,
448
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
Ribs (plate 344) 171. XI 5; mixed, lst-3rdA.D. Fr, rim and body,small ribbedbowl. Royal blue. Curved rim,edge cracked offand groundslightly, convexside expandingout. Verticalpinched-uprib. PH c. 30; T 1-3. Also found: 4 similar frs. Contexts:Tiberian (1), Neronian (1), 2nd A.D. (2). 3 blue-green,1 pale green. Also found:4 colourlessribbedfrs.Unstratified. 172.
I (N) 12; lst-150 A.D. Fr, body,ribbedbowl. Pale blue-green. Convex side. 2 prominent vertical pinched-upribs.Abradedband above ribs.PH c. 40; T 1-3.
173. VIII 7; Fl, Flavian.2 frs,bodyand base,ribbedbowl. Blue-green.Convex side, small concave base; pontil mark.4 verticalpinched-upribs extendingto base edge. PH 13; BD 24; T 1-3.5. Also found: 8 ribbed frs.Contexts:Claudian (2), Flavian ( 1) , Hadrianic(3) , 2ndA.D. ( 1) , Severan( 1) . 5 blue-green,1 dark blue, 1 pale green,1 colourless. Indents(plate 344) 174. East House, VII (W) 3; Nl, Neronian.2 joined frs, body and base, cup (?). Blue-green.Convex side, slightlyconcave base; large pontil mark. 5 oval indents.PH 23; BD 38; T 0.52. Also found:4 similarfrs.Contexts:Hadrianic (3), later2nd A.D. (1). 3 blue-green,1 yellow-green. 175. XI; Unstratified. Fr,bodyand base,cup (?). Yellowgreen.Convexside,smallconcavebase; pontilmark.4 oval indents.PH 12; BD 30; T 0.5-1.25. 176. XII 6; Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, body and base, cup (?). Pale blue-green.Convex side, small concave base. 4 oval indents.PH 12; BD 30; T 0.5-1. Also found: 15 indentedfrs.Contexts:Flavian (1), early2nd A.D. (10), later2nd A.D. (3), unstratified 3 pale green,4 colourless,7 blue( 1) . 1 yellow-green, green.
Monochrome: Undecorated rims (plate344) Gups and Bowls: fire-rounded
177. XII 15,Pit; 1stA.D. 27 frs,rim,bodyand base,ovoid cup. Blue-green. Weathered, very thin walled. Evertedrim,convexside,tubularbase-ring,concave base,central'kick';pontilmark.H 65; RD 60; BD 38; T 0.25-1.5+ . Also found:4 similarrimfrs.Contexts:Neronian(1, dark green),2nd A.D. (2, blue-green),Severan (1, darkgreen). 178.
I (N) 8; S2, Severan.Fr, rim,cylindrical. Blue-green. Weathered,very thin-walled.Evertedrim, vertical side. PH 12; RD 80; T 0.25-2. Also found: 3 similar frs. Contexts; Flavian (1), Hadrianic (1), later 2nd A.D. (1). 2 blue-green,1 colourless.
Well 12; D4, Hadrianic.Fr,rim,cylindrical cup. Bluegreen. Weathered,very thin-walled.Vertical rim, straightside. PH 19; RD 80; T 0.25-2. Also found:32 similarfrs.Contexts:Neronian (1), Flavian (2), Hadrianic (19), later 2nd A.D. (7), 4 pale green-colourless, Severan (3). 2 yellow-green, 26 blue-green. 180. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. 2 joined frs,cup (?). Bluegreen.Straightside taperingin. PH 28; RD 66; T 0.25-3. Also found: 25 similar frs. Contexts; TrajanicHadrianic (13), 2nd A.D. (6), Severan (4), unstrati19 3 pale green-colourless, fied (2). 3 yellow-green, blue-green. 179.
181. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. Fr, rim, cup. Blue-green. Funnelmouth,side expandingout. PH 19; RD 70; T 0.25-2. Also found: 6 similar frs. Contexts: late 1st 5 A.D.-Hadrianic (5), 3rd A.D. (1). 1 yellow-green, blue-green. 182. VII 5; S2, Severan. Fr, rim, cup. Pale greencolourless.Bubbly.Inturnedrim,convexside. PH 22; RD 60; T 0.25-3. Also found:3 similarfrs.1 Flavian, 1 Hadrianic, 1 later2nd A.D. 183.
I 11 (N), Pit 3; R2, later2nd A.D. Fr,rim,cylindrical cup. Colourless.Vertical side. PH 23; RD 60; T 0.25-2. Also: 11 similarfrs.Hadrianic (6), later2nd A.D. (2), (2). early3rd A.D. (2), unstratified
184. V 4 and 4; D 1-2, to Hadrianic. Fr, rim,cylindrical cup. Colourless.Vertical side. PH 26; RD 90; T 0.25-2.5. Also found:6 similarfrs.late 1stA.D.-Hadrianic (3), later2nd A.D. (2), unstratified (1). 185. V 3, NorthHouse phase 1; D2, Hadrianicto later2nd A.D. Fr, rim, cylindricalcup or bowl. Colourless. Verticalside. PH 35; RD 100; T 0.25-2.5. Alsofound:7 similarfrs.2ndA.D. (2), unstratified (5) 2 joinedfrs, Ill, clearingfromNE corner;unstratified. bowl.Colourless.Verticalside.PH 31; rim,cylindrical RD 120; T 0.25-3. Also found: 3 similar frs. Early 3rd A.D. (1), unstratified (2). 187. Ill, clearingfromNE corner;unstratified. Fr, rim, shallow conical bowl (?). Colourless.Straightside taperingin. PH 21; RD 140; T 0.25-1.5. Also found:4 similarfrs.Hadrianic (3), unstratified
186.
Cups and Bowls; Concavebases (plate 344) Blue-green to 4th A.D. Fr, conical cup (?). 188. Ill 4; unstratified, Almostverticalside;pontilwad. NB: wad deeperthan
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
449
concavity,so vesselunstable.PH 15; BD 20; T 1-2+ . 189. Unstratified.Fr, conical cup (?). Straight side taperingin. PH 16; BD 33; T 12+ .
204.
XIV 22; C2, Claudian. Fr, cup or bowl. Blue-green. Wide convexside,outsplayedbase-ring,highdomed base; pontilscar. PH 22; BD 44; T 1.5+ .
190. XII 2; unstratified. Fr, conical cup (?). Straightside taperingin; pontilscar. PH 13; BD 40; T 1-2.5+ . Alsofound:40 frs,similarbases,withpontilmarks;50 frs,similarbases,withoutpontilmarks.
205.
VIII 2; unstratified. Fr, bowl (?). Blue-green.High outsplayedbase-ring,convexbase. PH 16; BD 60; T 1-1.5.
206.
VII 4a, Pit 2; S2, Severan. Fr, bowl (?). Colourless. High outsplayedbase-ring.PH 16; BD 66; T 1. XIV 1; unstratified.Fr, small cylindricalbowl. Yellow-green.Slightlyconvex side, nearlyflatbase. PH 17;BD52;T 1.5-5.
Colourless (plates 344, 345) 191. I (N) 11; R2, later2nd A.D. 2 joiningfrs,conicalcup (?). Almostverticalside;pontilscar. PH 14; BD 32; T 0.5-2. 192.
XIII, Pit 1; T4, Trajanic. Fr, conical cup (?). Side taperingin. PH 9; BD c. 36; T 2-2.5.
193.
I (N) 6; unstratified.Fr, hemisphericalcup (?). Convexside. PH 13; BD 22; T 2-2.5 + .
207.
208.
194. VIII 3; S2, Severan. Fr, hemisphericalcup (?). Convexside,thickbase, pontilscar. PH 14; BD 26; T 1-2+ . I (N) 11; R2, later 2nd A.D. 3 joined frs,bowl (?). High base, pontilmark.PH 10; BD c. 70; T 1.5. 196. II, Wall a; R3, later2nd A.D. Fr, cup or bowl. High base, central'kick'. PH 16; BD 46; T 1. Alsofound:25 frs,similarbases,withpontilmarks;16 frs,similarbases,withoutpontilmarks. 195.
Cups and bowls: open,pushed-inbase-rings(plate 345) 197. SXT la; Mixed, Hellenisticto lst/2ndA.D. Fr, cup. Blue-green.Narrowconvexside taperingin. PH 18; BD 38; T 1+ . 198. X 2; D6, Hadrianic. Fr, cup. Pale yellow-green. Convexside; pontilmark.PH 12; BD 33; T 0.5-1 + . Also found:3 frs,similarbases. 1 blue-green, 2 greencolourless. Cups and Bowls: tubular,pushed-inbase-rings (plates 345, 349) 199. II (E) 9; D6 + , Hadrianic. Fr, cup or small bowl. Colour not known.Side taperingin. Brokenedges grosedforsecondaryuse. PH 5; BD 24; T 1. 200.
VII (E) 6, 7, 8, 8a; T4-D6, Trajanic-Hadrianic.Fr, cup or small bowl. Pale blue-green.Convex side, central'kick';pontilscar. PH 10; BD 32; T 0.5-1.
201.
Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. Fr, cup or small bowl. Pale Convexside,central'kick'.PH 12;BD 40; blue-green. T 0.5-2.
202.
VIII/IX, baulk 5; 2nd A.D. ? Fr, cup or small bowl. Blue-green.Convexside,central'kick'.PH 10;BD 47; T 0.5-2.
203.
XIII 10a; post-Claudianfill,SouthwestHouse, Room I, 1stA.D. Fr, conical cup. Blue-green.Straightside taperingin,thickbase edge,thinhighglobularcentre. PH 23;BD40;T 1.5+ .
Unstratified. Fr,smallbowl. Green-colourless. Slightly convexside taperingin, concave base. PH 13; BD 60; T 1-1.5. Also found:15 frs,similarbases,withpontilmarks.10 blue-green,3 colourless,1 yellow-brown,1 yellowgreen. 13 frs,similarbases, withoutpontilmarks.8 33 small frs, blue-green.3 colourless,2 yellow-green. similarbases. 22 blue-green,7 colourless,3 yellowgreen,1 dark blue.
Cups and Bowls: appliedbase-rings(plate 345) 209. NorthHouse fill,V (S) 3; D2, Hadrianic,later2nd A.D. Fr, small bowl. Blue-green.Wide lower body, convexbase, 'true' ring.PH 11; BD 38; T 1-3. 210.
XI 3; D6, Hadrianic( + ). Fr,smallbowl.Dark green. Wide lower body,slightlyconcave base, 'true' ring. PH 8; BD 44; T 0.5-2.
211.
XIII 4; to D6, Hadrianic.Fr,smallbowl.Blue-green. Concave base, 'true' ring. 'Post' scars on base-ring edge. PH9; BD 58; T 1.5-3.5.
212.
XII 2; later2nd A.D. to unstratified. 3 frs,cylindrical cup or bowl (?). Colourless.Curve at junctionwith side, wide lowerbody,flatbase. 2 trailedbase-rings. Pontilmarkon insidetrail.PH 6; BD 58; T 1-3.5.
213.
VIII 2; unstratified. Fr,bowl (?). Colourless.Concave base, thicktrailedbase-ring.PH 7; BD 42; T 0.5-2.5.
214.
XIV, below cobbles 'ee'; C2, Claudian. Fr, small bowl. Dark blue. Concave base, pad base-ringwith roundededges.Tooled pointat centrebase. PH 7; BD 46; T 3.5-4.5. Also found:2 similarfrs.2nd/early 3rdA.D. contexts. Blue-green,colourless. XI 3; T4, Trajanic. Fr, small bowl. Blue-green. Convexside,highoutsplayedpad base-ring,rounded edges. PH 19; BD 50; T 1-3.5. Also found:similarfr.Early 3rd A.D. Blue-green.
215.
Cups and Bowls: appliedstemandfoot (plates 345, 350) 216. XI 12; mixed,2nd A.D. onwards.Fr, drinkingcup (?). Yellow-green.Solid twistedstem attached to body,low conicalfoot,scoredlines,roundededge. PH 21; BD43; T (body) 1. Also found:similarfr.Hadrianic and latercontext.
450
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS Diagonal rim,ridge on underside.Pinched trail on rimedge. PH 8; RD c. 120; T 1.5-2.5. Also found:7 frs,similarrims.3 blue-green, 2 yellowgreen,2 greencolourless.
Bowls and Plates: Tubularrims 217. XIII lib, 5; F2, Flavian ( + ). 2 joined frs,conical bowl. Pale blue-green.Edge rolledin and down,side taperingin. PH 15; RD 130; T 1.5. Also found:5 frs,similarrims.Blue-green.
230.
218.
VA 4; T4, Trajanic. Fr, smallcylindricalbowl. Bluegreen.Narrowverticalrim,edgerolledout and down, straightside. PH 13; RD 76; T 0.5 + .
SA 2; S2, early3rd A.D. Fr, conical bowl. Yellowgreen.Evertedrim,straightside taperingin. PH 25; RD 120; T 1-2.5.
231.
219.
XI 13; C2, Claudian. Fr,cylindrical bowl.Blue-green. Narrow vertical rim, edge rolled out and down, straightside. PH 12; RD 120; T 0.5-1.
Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. Fr, rim and handle, bowl. Blue-green.Everted rim, horizontalribbon handle appliedto rimedge. PH 10; RD c. 140;T 1.5-3; width ofhandle 18-48.
220.
X 8; F2, Flavian. Fr, cylindricalbowl. Blue-green. evertedrim,edgerolledout and down, Broad,slightly straightside. PH 13; RD 170; T 0.5-1.5. Also found:6 frs,similarrims.Blue-green. XII 23; Hellenisticto mid 1stA.D. Fr, shallowbowl. Blue-green.Broad verticalrim,edge bent out and down,horizontalside taperingin. PH 10; RD 98; T 11.5.
232.
I (N) 12; 1stA.D.-150 A.D. Fr,rimand handle,bowl. Light green.Evertedrim,horizontalribbonhandle appliedto rimedge. PH 10;RD 120;T 1.5-3; widthof handle 17-48.
233.
No provenance; unstratified.Fr, handle, bowl. Yellow-green.Horizontalribbonhandle,flatpinched terminal.Presentlength36; width20-31. XII 7; D5, Hadrianic. Fr, handle,bowl. Blue-green. Horizontal ribbon handle, flat pinched terminal. Presentlength40; width17-27. Also found:2 similarblue-greenfrs.Flavian/Trajanic contexts.
221.
222.
XII 13; D5, Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, bowl. Greencolourless.Diagonal evertedrim,edge rolledout and down,side taperingin. PH 9; RD 110; T 0.5-1.5.
223.
XII 7; D5, Hadrianic.Fr,bowl.Blue-green.Diagonal evertedrim,edge rolledout and down,side tapering in. PH8; RD 180; T 0.5-1. Also found:9 frs,similarrims.Blue-green.
224.
XIII 4, D6, Hadrianic. 2 frs,bowl. Pale greencolourless.Horizontalrim,edge rolledout and down. Scored trailattachedto rimedge. PH 10; RD 80; T 0.51+ .
225.
XII 4, Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, bowl. Pale blue-green. Broad horizontalrim, edge rolled out and down, straightside taperingin. Scored trailattachedto rim edge. PH 7 (withtrail) 10; RD 140; T 0.5-1 +.
226.
XII 2; unstratified. 2 frs,bowl. Pale green-colourless. Broad horizontalrim, edge rolled out and down, straightside taperingin. Scored trailattachedto rim edge. PH 6; RD 200; T 0.5-1. Also found: 53 frs, horizontal rims. 31 greencolourless,20 blue-green,2 yellow-green.: 16 frs, 5 green horizontalrimswith trails.6 yellow-green, colourless,5 blue-green.
Bowls and Plates: steppedand otherroundedrims (plates 345, 346, 349, 350, 351) 227. Well 12, XII; Hadrianic and 2nd A.D. 2 frs, hemisphericalbowl. Yellow-green.Diagonal rim, ridgeon underside,convexside. PH 31; RD 140; T 1-3. 228.
I 10 and 12; mixed,Neronianto Hadrianic.Fr, bowl. Blue-green.Diagonal steppedrim,side taperingin. PH6; RD 140; T 1.5-3.
229.
XI 3; D6, Hadrianic ( + ). 2 frs,bowl. Yellow-green.
234.
235.
I (S) 3. Fr,shallowbowlor plate.Colourless.Straight side taperingin. PH c. 7; RD 260; T 0.25-3.
236.
XIV 1; unstratified. Fr, rim,body and base, shallow cylindricalplate. Yellow-green.Verticalrim,convex side,tubularbase-ring.H 24; RD 180;BD 160;T 1.5.
237.
IV and V (E); unstratified. Fr, bowl (?). Colourless. Diagonal rim,straightside. PH 13; RD 100; T 0.5-1. VIII 7, Pit 4; Fl, Flavian. Fr, bowl (?). Pale bluefoldbelow, green.Horizontalrim,double (figure-of-8) verticalside. PH 12; RD 114; T 0.5-2.5.
238.
239.
V (N) 3, XI Road (dismantlingwall 'dx'); D2, Hadrianic ( + ), Trajanic. 2 joined frs,bowl (?). Bluebelow, green.Diagonal rim,double fold(figure-of-8) straightside. PH 22; RD 120; T 1-3.
240.
VII 9 and 10; T4, Trajanic. 2 frs,bowl. Pale green. Outsplayedrim,internaltubularfoldbelow,straight side taperingin. PH 29; RD 140; T 1-3.
241.
SA 2; S2, Severan.Fr, small bowl. Pale blue-green. foldat junction Horizontalrim,double (figure-of-8) withbody. PH 4; RD 94; T 0.5-1.
242.
Ill 3, Floor 1; SI, Severan. 10 frs,rim,body and handle, small bowl or jug (?). Green-colourless. foldbelow,straight Diagonal rim,double (figure-of-8) side expandingout. D-sectionedcurvingrod handle applied to body, attached to outside of rim. PH c. 54; RD 70; T 0.5-1.5. (reconstructed)
243.
X/XI Baulk, 2 and 3; T4, Trajanic. 2 frs,rim and handle, small bowl. Yellow-green.Diagonal rim, foldbelow,verticalside. Handle double (figure-of-8) attachedto rim.PH 16; RD 94; T 0.5-1.5.
HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN GLASS 244.
I (N) 12; 1st A.D.-150 A.D. Fr, small bowl. Bluegreen.Verticalrim,externaltubularfold.PH 15; RD 110; T 0.5-2. folds.6 blueAlso found:9 frs,cut-outor figure-of-8 green,3 greencolourless.
Bowls and Plates: tubularbase-rings(plate 346) 245. VII 6; D6, Hadrianic. 6 frs,body and base, shallow Wide convexside,high bowlor plate.Pale blue-green. concavebase, pontilmark.PH 14; BD 70; T 0.5-3. 246.
247.
XII 6; D5, Hadrianic. Fr, body and base, shallow bowl or plate. Pale blue-green.Wide convex side, slightlyconvexbase. PH 11; BD 100; T 0.5-2. VII 5; S2, Severan.3 frs,lowerbodyand base,shallow Wide lower body, bowl or plate. Green-colourless. partofflatbase. PH 10; BD 120; T 1-1.5.
248.
XII, SA 2; 2ndA.D., S2, Severan.2 frs,bowlor plate. Green-colourless. Outsplayed base-ring(figure-of-8 concavebase. PH 6; BD foldwithlowerbody),slightly 140; T 1-1.5.
249.
XII 6; D5, Hadrianic.Fr, bowl or plate. Blue-green. Outsplayedbase-ring,concave base. PH 11; BD 100; T 1-3.5.
250.
NorthHouse fill,V 3; D2, Hadrianic,and to late 2nd A.D. Fr,bowlor plate.Colourless.Verticalbase-ring, flatbase. PH 11; BD 80; T 1-2.5. Also found:27 frs,similarbases. 12 green-colourless, 1 yellow-brown. 11 blue green,3 yellow-green,
251.
Unstratified. Fr, base, bowl or plate. Yellow-green. Wide flatbase; pontilmark(base ringmissing).Dims 91 x82; max D c. 120; T 1-4. Also found: 6 similar frs. 3 blue-green;3 greencolourless.
Jars (plate 346, 347) 252. VII E baulk; 1sthalf2nd A.D. Fr, rim.Blue-green. funnelmouth,convex Evertedrim,edgefire-rounded, side. PH 36; RD 80; T 12.5. 253.
XI 1316; A2, Augustan.Fr, rim.Mid-blue,streaky. Everted tubular rim, edge rolled in and flattened, funnelmouth.PH 22; RD 80; T 1.5.
254.
II 7a; mixed, Hellenistic to 2nd A.D. Fr, rim. Colourless.Horizontalrim, edge rolled up and in, strongconstrictionabove body. PH 8; RD 46; T 1-1.5.
255.
I (S) 2; unstratified. Fr, rim,largejar or urn. Pale green.Horizontaltubularrim,edge rolledout,down and up. PH 13; RD 116; T 1.5-5.
Jars and othersmall vesselswithhandles (plate 347) 256. VII 8; D6, Hadrianic( + ). Fr,rimand handle,jar (?). Green-colourless. Small tubularrim,edge rolled in, side expandingout. Curved rod handle applied to
451
body, attachedto rim,verticalpinchedthumb-rest. PH c. 30; RD c. 80; T 0.5. 257.
VII 4a; S2, Severan. Fr, rim and handle,jar (?). Small tubularrim,edge rolledin, Green-colourless. funnelmouth,sideexpandingout. Curvedrodhandle applied to body, attached to rim, verticalpinched PH 54; T 0.5-1. thumb-rest.
258.
XII 4; to 1sthalf2nd A.D. Fr,rimand handle,jar (?). Blue-green.Diagonal tubularrim,edge bent in and down, side expandingout. Curved D-sectionedrod handle applied to body, attached to rim, pinched above rim,pinchedprojectionon lower thumb-rest attachment.PH c. 48; T 0.5-1.
259.
VIII 7a; mid to late 1stA.D. (Flavian). Fr, rimand handle,jar (?). Pale yellow-green. Diagonal rim,edge side expandingout. Small angularrod fire-rounded, applied to body, attached to rim, folded vertical PH 42; T 0.25-1. thumb-rest. Also found:22 frs,similarhandles. 15 blue-green,3 1 2 yellow-brown,1 yellow-green, green-colourless, opaque white.
260.
I (N) 8; S2, Severan.Fr, rimand handle,small bowl or jar. Pale green-colourless. Slightlyevertedrim, almostverticalside.Curvedribbon edgefire-rounded, handlewithfoldedand pinchedloop applied to body, attachedto rim.PH (reconstructed) 52; RD c. 80; T 0.25-1.5. Also found: 14 frs,similarhandles. 6 blue-green,5 3 yellow-green. green-colourless,
Flasks (plate 347) 261. VII 5; S2, Severan.Fr. Pale blue-green.Verticalrim, edge crackedoffand ground,straightneck.Band of abraded lines.PH 22; RD 38; T 0.5-1. Also found: 2 similar frs. Severan (colourless), unstratified (yellowgreen)contexts. 262.
Well 12;D4, Hadrianic.Fr. Green-colourless. Vertical rim,edge crackedoffand ground,cylindricalneck, PH 35; RD c. 40 ; T 1-2. strongconstriction.
263.
II 4A; unstratified. Fr. Green-colourless. Cylindrical necktaperingin,wideconvexside. PH 37; neckD 22; T 1-2.
Jugs and Flasks (plates 347, 351) 264. XIV 4; 1stA.D. Fr, rimand neckwithhandle scar. Blue-green.Tubular rim,edge rolled in, cylindrical neck; upper attachment,narrow ribbon handle, 2 ridges.PH 20; RD 44; T 1-2. Also found:6 blue-greenfrs,similarrimswithhandle scars (NB. perhaps also frombottles). 13 frs,necks (NB. perhapsalso frombottlesor unguentbottles).9 blue-green,4 green-colourless. 265. XV 1; unstratified. Fr, rim with handle scar. Bluegreen, purple handle. Funnel mouth,tubular rim, edge rolledin, narrowcylindricalneck.Fine unmar-
452
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
vered spiral trail below rim, upper attachment, narrowribbonhandle.PH 15; RD 37; T 1-2. Also found: 19 similarrims(NB. perhapsalso from bottlesor unguentbottles).13 blue-green,4 green1 dark blue. colourless,1 yellow-brown, 266.
II (E) 9; D6, Hadrianic ( + ). 4 frs,rim,neck,handle funnel scar. Pale blue-green.Rim edge fire-rounded, convexside; upper attachment, mouth,constriction, narrowribbonhandle below rim.PH 36; RD 46; T 0.5-1.
267.
No provenance.Fr, rim,neck, handle. Pale greencolourless.Horizontalrim,edge fire-rounded, open cut-out roll below, neck expanding out. Upper attachmentof ribbonhandle,3 ribs,looped vertical above rim.PH 25; RD c. 60; T 0.25-1. thumb-rest
268.
269.
XIII, Pit 1; Flavian/Trajanic.Fr, rim and handle. Blue-green.Slightlyevertedrim,edge fire-rounded, cylindricalneck.Curvedribbonhandle,2 ribs;upper attachmentand verticalloop above rim.PH c. 17; T 0.5-1. VII (E) 6, 7, 8, 8a; T4/D6, Trajanic-Hadrianic.Fr, body and handle. Blue-green.Poor quality. Curved ribbonhandle,2 ribs,appliedtoconvexside.PH c. 72; T (body) 1. Also found: 15 frs,similarhandles. 8 blue-green,5 1 opaque white 1 yellow-green, green-colourless,
270.
Unstratified.Fr, neck, body and handle. Yellowgreen. Angular ribbon handle, 3 ribs, applied to convexside, attachedto cylindricalneck. PH 30; T 0.25-0.5. Also found:3 blue-greenfrs,similarhandles.
271.
Pit 65; late 2nd/early1st B.C., under 2nd A.D. foundationsof North House. Fr, body and large handle.Yellow-brown. Angularribbonhandle,3 ribs, applied to convexside. PH c. 73; T (side) 1.5. Also found: 10 frs,similarhandles. 5 blue-green,3 2 green-colourless. yellow-green, XI 9; T4, Trajanic. Fr, bodyand handle.Blue-green. Poor quality. Small curved rod handle, applied to side,attachedto neck.PH 38; T (wall) 0.5.
272.
273.
274.
275.
I (S) 13; D3, Hadrianic( + ). 2 frs,rim,jug withtrefoil tooledto mouth.Pale blue-green.Edge fire-rounded, formpouringspout,cylindricalneck;handlemissing. PH 24; T 0.5-1. Also found: 16 similarfrs. 10 blue-green,5 greencolourless,1 yellowgreen. I (S) 13; D3, Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, rim,jug withtrefoil mouth.Pale green.Tubularrim,edge rolledin,tooled to form pouring spout, cylindricalneck; handle missing.PHc. 24; T 1.5. Also found: 2 similar frs. 1 blue-green,1 greencolourless. VIII 2; unstratified. Fr,rim.Colourless.Evertedrim, edge firerounded,funnelmouth.Thick trail below rim.PH 10; RD 80; T 2.5.
276.
VII 4A; S2, Severan.Fr, rim.Colourless.Folded rim, edge bentout, down and up, funnelmouth,cylindrical neck.PH 31; RD 76; T 2.5.
277.
I (S) 12A; R2, later2nd A.D. Fr, rim.Lightgreen. Folded rim, edge bent out, down and up, funnel mouth.PH21; RD 86; T 2.5. Also found:2 similarfrs.Hadrianic to latercontexts. Green-colourless
Bottles:Cylindrical(plates 347, 348) 278. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. 3 frs,body. Yellow-green. Verticalside. Horizontalband of abraded lines. PH 45; bodyD 68; T 1.5-2. 279.
Well 12; D4, Hadrianic Fr, body.Blue-green.Curve to shoulder,verticalside,curveto base (shoulderand base missing). Vertical scratcheson body below shoulder.PH 75; body D c. 120; T 2-2.5.
280.
X 2, Pit 1; D6, Hadrianic.3 frs,bodyand base. Bluegreen.Verticalside,concavebase. PH 33; bodyc. 100; T2-5. Also found:5 similarfrs.Contexts:Hadrianic (3), unstratified (2).
Bottles:Square (plate 348) 281. Well 12; Deposit D4, Hadrianic. 11 frs,rim,neck, shoulder,body,handle.Blue-green.Folded rim,edge bentout,up, in,and flattened, neck,slight cylindrical constrictionabove flat shoulder, square-sectioned body, verticalsides. Broad angular ribbon handle appliedtoshoulder,attachedto neckbelowrim,8 ribs combed onto body. PH 134; RD 42; body width 66 x 66; T 1-4. Also found:19 frs,square bottles.Contexts:early2nd A.D. (11), later2ndA.D. (5), unstratified (3). See also Cat. Nos. 111-119; fordecoratedbases. Bottles:Rims and Handles (plate 348, 351) 282. VII 2; unstratified. Fr,rim,neck,handle.Blue-green. Folded rim,edge bentout,down and up, cylindrical neck; upper handle attachmenton neck below rim. PH23; RD40;T 1.5-2. Also found:5 similarrims (NB. perhaps also from 2 greenflasks, jugs or unguentbottles).2 blue-green, colourless,1 yellow-brown. 283. XII 2; unstratified. Fr, shoulderand handle. Bluegreen.Convex shoulderedge, broad angular ribbon handle with multiplereedingattached. PH 44; T (side) 1. 284.
XII 7; D5, Hadrianic.Fr,shoulderand handle.Bluegreen.Convex shoulderedge, broad angular ribbon handleattached.PH 44; T (side) 0.5. Also found:9 otherbottlefrs.Contexts:Flavian (1), Hadrianic (4), unstratified (4).
Bath-flasks(plates 348, 351) 285. XI 1, 2; unstratified. Fr, rimand neck,thick-walled
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS 296.
XII 7, Pit4; D5, Hadrianic( + ). Fr,body,base,small conical unguentbottle.Blue-green.Slightlyconcave side expandingout, small concave base. PH 20; BD 30; T 12. Also found:7 blue-greenfrs,similarunguentbottles.
297.
Ill 3, 2, Floor I; SI, Severan.2 frs,rim,body,base, indentedunguentbottle.Blue-green.Tubular rim, edge rolledin,narrowneck,convexshoulder,cylindrical body taperingin, small slightlyconcave base. 4 128; RD 17; long narrowindents.H (reconstructed) BD 10; T 0.25-1 + .
298.
II, Pit 2, Cist; Rl, 150-175 A.D. Fragmentarytall Wide discoid unguentbottle.Pale green-colourless. rim,edge rolledin and flattened, longneckexpanding low wide convex reservoir, out, slightconstriction, concave base. H 144; RD 36; BD 88; T 1+ . Alsofound:7 frs,other2nd-3rdA.D. unguentbottles. 6 blue-green,1 green-colourless.
299.
Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. 5 frs,rim,neck,body,base, tallhemispherical unguentbottleor flask.Blue-green. Horizontalfoldedrim,edge bentout, up, diagonally in and flattened,long neck, wide convex body expandingout, slightlyconcave base. H (reconstruc1+ . ted) 128; RD32;BD60;T Alsofound:9 similarfrs.Contexts:early2ndA.D. (7), unstratified (1). 16 similarrims(NB. could also come fromflasks, jugs or bottles).15 blue-green,1 purplecolourless.
300.
XI 1; unstratified. Fr, body, base, tubularunguent bottle.Blue-green.Narrow straightside, small flattenedbase. PH 27; max D 21; T 1-2.
No provenance.Fr, rim,neck,tall unguentbottleor flask.Yellow-brown.Folded rim,edge bentdown,out and up, cylindricalneck.PH 32; RD 41; T 1+ .
301.
XII 2; unstratified.Fr, body and base, tubular unguent bottle. Dark green-blue (peacock blue). Narrowstraight base; pontilwad side,smallflattened on base. PH 48; max D 28; T 2-4. Also found: 11 frs,similarunguentbottles.8 blue1 dark blue, 1 purple. green,2 yellow-green,
XII 6; D5, Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, rim,neck,unguent bottleor flask.Blue-green.Wide rim,edge rolledin and flattened,cylindricalneck. PH 15; RD 58; T 1-1.5.
302.
Unstratified. Fr, rim,neck,unguentbottleor flask. Colourless. Wide horizontal rim, edge rounded, cylindricalneck.PH 14; RD 60; T 2-3.
flask.Blue-green.Folded rim,shortnecktaperingin, wideconvexside. Handle scaron neckand underside ofrim.PH 22; RD 28; T 3-3.5. 286.
287.
VIII 2; unstratified. 2 frs,rim, neck, handle. Pale Bubbly.Folded rim,edge bentout,up, in blue-green. and flattened,shortneck, wide convex side. Ringhandleappliedto body,attachedto neck.PH 30; RD 34; T 1.5. VIII 4; Tl, Trajanic. 2 frs,rim,neck,body,handles. Folded rim,edge bentout, up and Green-colourless. in to leave verysmallaperture,shortcylindricalneck, wide convex body. 2 ring-handlesapplied to body, attachedto neckand undersideofrim.PH 31; RD 48; T2.
Unguentbottles(plates 348, 351) 288. VII 18; early 1stA.D. 2 frs,neck,body,thin-walled neck,convexbody globe.Colourless.Smallcylindrical depositon insidesurface. expandingout.NB. pink-red PH 28; neckD 15; T 0.25-0.5. 289.
Flared Unstratified. Fr, rim,body. Green-colourless. rim, edge rolled in, narrow neck, convex side expandingout. PH 23; RD 20; T 0.25-0.5.
290.
XIV, belowcobbles'ee'; C2, Claudian. Fr,rim,body. Flared rim,edge rolled in, short Pale yellow-green. wide neck,convexside expandingout. PH 20; RD c. 30; T 0.5-1. Also found: 4 similar frs.2 blue-green,1 yellowbrown,1 royalblue.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
453
V (E) 3, 4; to Hadrianic. Fr, rim,neck.Royal blue. Horizontal rim, sheared edge, short,narrow neck, at base, bodymissing.PH 20; RD constricted slightly 20; T 1. I (S) 13; Hadrianic,and to later 2nd A.D. Fr, rim, neck, thin-walledunguentbottle. Pale blue-green. neck.PH 33; RD Flaredrim,shearededge,cylindrical 30; T 0.5. Also found: 11 frs,similarunguentbottles.6 blue1 green-colourless. green,2 darkblue,2 yellow-green, XIII 17c;N2, Neronian.2 frs,rim,neck.Pale yellowgreen. Flared rim, sheared edge, cylindricalneck expandingout. PH 55; RD 30; T 0.5.
Funnelsand Miscellaneous(plates 348, 351) 303. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic.Fr,rim,neck,askosor funnel withpouringspout(?). Pale green.Curvedcylindrical neck, fire-rounded edge pulled into pouringspout. Presentlength45; neckD 1418; T 1.5. 304.
XI 4; T4/D6, early/mid 2nd A.D. Fr, bodyand tube, funnel. Pale blue-green.Convex side tapering to narrow cylindricaltube. PH 45; tube D 9.514; T 1-1.5. Also found; 5 similarfrs.Contexts;Neronian (1), Hadrianic (1), late 2nd on (3). 3 blue-green, 2 greencolourless.
HELLENISTIC
454
AND ROMAN GLASS
GLASS OBJECTS
Countersand GamingPieces (Nos. 305-7,310)
ofthesesmallbun-shapedobjects,formedby droppinga blob ofglasson to a flat Thirty-nine surface,were foundin contextsrangingin date fromthe Hellenisticto Severan periods. Exampleswere noted in opaque whiteand yellow,dark blue and greenappearingblack, colourlessand translucent pale greenand blue-green.Most are circularin plan and planoconvexin section,thoughsomeare lessregular.Theirdimensionsvary(in heightfrom5 to 7 that the early millimetres and in diameterfrom9 to 18 millimetres), and it is noteworthy examplesare generallysmallerthan theones foundin Neronianand latercontexts. Theseobjectsare well-known on settlement sitesin manypartsoftheRoman world,and itis rarelypossibleto establishwhethersingleundecoratedexampleshave beenusedas countersor as gamingpieces.Setsofgamingpiecesin at leasttwocoloursare knownfromburials;thereare 816 turquoise,yellowand whiteonesin a burialin at Perugia{NotiziedegliScavi1887,396) but mostare foundin smallergroups,as in an Augustanburialat Samothrace,whereelevenare illustrated(Dusenbury1967,fig.53). In Crete,two opaque whiteexamples,thoughtto be counters,werefoundin thefirstcenturychambertombat MonasteriakiKephala (Carington Smith1982,nos. 124-5). Catalogue
305 306 307 310 Also a. b. c. d. f. g. h. i. j. k. 1. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. w. x. y. z. aa. ab.
Round, D 13, H 6. Dark blue. I (S) 19, late 2nd/early1stB.C. (plate 353.1) 71/358Irregulartriangle,L 11, H 6. Dark blue. XI 17, Augustan,(plate 353.2) 67/470Round, D 15, H 7. Black,brightsurface.VII 15, depositNl, Neronian.(plate 353.3) 71/406Oval, L 13, H 5. Pale green.VIII 2, Severan- 4th century,(plate 353.6) 68/116Round, D 9, H 5. Turquoise.VIII 32, 4th-3rdB.C. 71/403Round, D 12, H 6. XII 19, DepositH 25, late 2nd/early1stB.C. 71/688Round, D 11, H 6. White.XII 24, late 2nd/early1stB.C. 71/687Oval, D 14-16, H 7. Pale green.XIII 39C, early-mid1stB.C. XIII pit 7, mixedHellenistic 71/686Irregular,D 12-14, H 6. Grey-white. 71/361Round, D 11, H 6. Dark blue. XI 16-19, Augustan 71/351Round, D 11, H 6 Pale green.XIII 24A, Augustan 68/70Round, D 11, H 6. Pale green.Vili 28, depositBl, Tiberian 71/362Round, D 17, H 6. Green.XIII 35, early1stA.D. Round (irregular),D 16-18, H 6. Colourless.XIII 20A, Claudian 68/14Heart-shaped,L 18, H 7.5. Colourless.VIII 27, early-mid1stA.D. 67/726Oval, L 12, H 6. Green.SA 25, Claudian 67/647Round, D 17, H 7. Blue. VII 3A, depositNI, Neronian 67/349Round, D 15, H 7. Yellow. I (S) 15, Neronian 77/318Round, D 12, H 6. White.VIII 4, Trajanic 67/280Round, D 12, H 6. Black. VIII 4, Trajanic III(E), paved streetI, Trajanic 68/247Round, D 13, H 6. grey-white. 71/323Round (worn),D 14, H 6. Pale green.XI,9 Trajanic 71/317Oval, L 11, H 5. Blue. XII 10, Trajanic V(N) 3, Hadrianic 67/653Round, D 16, H 6. Mottledwhite/black. Round, D 18, H 6. Black. Well 12, depositD4, Hadrianic 71/356Oval, L 16, H 6.5. Pale green.XII 8A, Hadrianic 71/319Round, D 10, H 5. Dark blue. XI 3, Hadrianic 71/320Round, D 18, H 7. Black. XI 3, Hadrianic 67/423Round, D 10, H 5. Dark blue. II 8 mixedHellenistic 2nd A.D. 77/26Round, D 11, H 6. Pale turquoise.MUM 77, IA (as z) 67/331Round, D 14, H 6. Green.II 7 (as z)
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
455
ac. 67/400Round, D 12, H 6. Yellow. IV(N) 3, Hadrianic- late 2nd A.D. ad. Round, D 12, H 6. Lightgreen.II 8 (as z) ae. Round, D 12. H 8. Lightblue-green.VII 4, depositS2, Severan af. 67/23Oval, L 11, H 6. Blue. VIII 2, Severanand to 4th century streaky.XII 2, Severan ag. 71/322Round, D 15, H 7. Blue/white, ah. 71/321Round, D 13, H 7. Green.XIII 7, Severan ai. 71/350Round, D 15, H 7. Dark blue. XIV 2, Severan No. 309 is a truncatedconical glazed potteryobject.
Needles and Stirringrods (Nos. 311-13)
were foundin firstand second centuryA.D. deposits.No. 311, foundin a Eightfragments Neroniancontext,is a narrowtubularpale blue-greenrod taperingtowardsthe (missing) point.This probablycomes froma tubularneedle,a long pointedrod whichoftenhas an twodark expandedpointedhead and a narroweye.Four completeexamples,one blue-green, a trail wound and one dark each with fine white marvered blue, green opaque spirallyround thepointedhead, are displayedin AghiosNikolaosMuseum,and twofurther examples,one blue and white,one yellowbrownand white,are displayedin RethymnonMuseum. These centuryA.D., and are sometimes thoughtto be cosmetic objectsare foundin burialsin thefirst needles,used fortheapplicationofperfume.They are knownin northern Italy and Southern Switzerland,in Cyprus(Vessberg1956,fig.51.18) and an Augustanburial in Samothrace, wheretwodarkgreenand whiteones werefoundwithbone rodsarrangedroundtheskullof theskeleton, indicatingthatthesewereprobablyhairornaments(Dusenbury1967,49, fig.52). Brokenexampleswerealso foundin burialsat Siphnosin associationwithtruncatedconical glassdiscs (MackworthYoung 1949,T 20.10, T 22.15, pl. 36.1). Seven otherfragments, one dark blue, fiveblue-greenand two yellowand opaque white, came fromtwistedrods.The yellowand opaque whitepieceswerenarrowerthan theothers and probablybelongto thesamerod.Fragmentsofsolidtwistedrods,withring,discand more elaborateterminals, occur quite frequently on settlement sitesduringthefirstcenturyA.D., and completeones are foundin burialsat thistimein manypartsoftheRoman world.They are commonin northernItaly and southernSwitzerland(Isings 1957,Form 79) and Cyprus (Vessberg1956,fig.51.15-7), and in Cretea dark green,opaque whiteand yellowexample withringand disc terminalsis displayedin AghiosNikolaosMuseum. Catalogue
311 312 313 Also a. b. c. d. e.
Fr, narrowtubularrod taperingto pointedend, L 57, D 4. Blue-green.X 2 Neronian(plate 353.7) Fr, solid rod tightrighthand twist,L 21, D 6. Dark blue. X 1 (plate 353.8) Fr, solid rod lefthand twist,L 28, D 6. Blue green.Ill cleaningofwall V (plate 353.9)
solidrodlooselefthand twist,L 28, D 6. Blue-green.IV (N) 3 Hadrianicand later2ndA.D. Fr,ringterminal, Fr, ringterminal,solid rod loose lefthand twist,L 24, D. 5. Blue green.Well 12 D 4 Hadrianic Fr, solidrod tightrighthand twist,L 20, D 7.5. Blue-green.I 21 Fr, solidrod loose righthand twist,L 24, D 4. Pale yellowbrown,twostrandsopaque white.X 7 Flavian Fr, as d., L 22, D 4. As d. X/XI baulk 4 Flavian.
Ring insets (Nos. 308,323-6)
Eightringinsetswerefound,fourplain and fourwithcut decoration.No. 308, a colourless convexdisc froma Severancontext,is probablya ringsetting,and threesimilardiscswere
456
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
noted.Two darkblueones,one inlaidwitha whiteand blackring,perhapsan eye,occuredin Claudian and Neroniancontexts,and a lightblue-greenone came froma Severancontext. They have slightlyconcave ground undersides,which presumablygave the insetsmore brilliance. No. 324 is a circularcameo-cutopaque whiteand dark blue disc whichwas foundin a Flavian context.The opaque whitelayersurvivesas theborderand a male head withcomic maskfacingleftin thecentre,whiletherestofthislayerhas been cut away to revealthedark blue underneath.The otherthreepiecesare engraved.Nos. 323 and 326, fromNeronianand late second centurycontexts,are yellow brown oval discs with flat surfaces.No. 323 is chariotor biga, and no. 326 retainspartofa decoratedwitha charioteerdrivinga two-horse floraldesign.No. 325 is a more unusual glass gemstone,as the design,now lost,has been engravedon theconvexsurface. Catalogue
67/379Circulardisc, D 12, H 2.5. Colourless.Convex top surface,flatbase withcentralconcavity.SA 2 depositS2, Severan (plate 353.4) bevellededges.Yellow brown.Engraved;charioteerdrivingtwo323 71/366Oval disc,L 11, T 2. Flat surfaces, horsechariotto right.XIII 17B depositN2 Neronian(plate 353.20) 324 71/348Circulardisc,D 22, T 4. Flat surfaces.Opaque whiteabove dark blue. Cameo cut; male head with comicmaskfacingleftinsideborder.XIII 5, Flavian, (plate 353.21) Yellowbrown.Engraved;subjectuncertain. abouthalfsurviving. 325 67/288Oval disc,W 13,T 5. Plano-convex, VIII 5, Trajanic (plate 353.22) 326 67/163Oval disc ?, W 11, T 1.5. Flat surfaces,about one thirdsurviving.Yellow brown.Engraved;floral design.VI5, depositR3 (road fill)late 2nd A.D. (plate 353.23) Also a. Disc, D 8, H 2. Shallowconvextop surface,flatbase withcentralconcavity.Dark blue. I(N) 12, Neronian b. Disc, D 6, H 4. As a. Inlaid black ringand whitecentraldot. XIV 7, Claudian c. Disc, D 13, H 4. Lightblue-green.Shallow convextop surface,flatbase withcentralconcavity.I (N) 8, depositS2, Severan 308
Beads and 'button'(nos. 314-5,317-21)
Seventeenbeads and one truncatedconical'button'werenoted,in contextsrangingfromthe thirdcenturyA.D. firstcenturyB.C. to thelate second-early or white Various typesofpolychromebeads werefound,includingthreewithpolychrome from others and the context an from one surfaces set into their Augustan (notillustrated), spots latesecondor earlythirdcenturycontexts.No. 314, a largetubularbead withfeathered trails, is also froma late secondor earlythirdcenturycontext,and nos. 318-9, twosphericalbeads werefoundin thesame Flavian deposit.The lasttwowerealso withmarveredspiralpatterns, associatedwithtwosphericalblack beads. The undecoratedbeads includea long segmentedopaque whiteexamplefroma Trajanic context(no. 315), and a small square-sectioned pale blue bead (no. 320) and a spherical and Hellenistic from bead blue Augustanlevels. (no. 321), opaque smallnumber,and theabsenceofexamplesin museumsin Crete,appears This surprisingly to indicatethatglassbeads werenotgenerallyin commonuse in theregion,and it has been to findparallelsformostof the types,thoughsome are knownat the Sanctuaryof difficult fromA. Oliver). Demeter,Cyrene(unpublished- information The perforatedtruncatedconical object (no. 317) came froma Neronian context.Its functionis uncertain,as some examplesfromburialshave been foundin situationswhich
HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN GLASS
457
suggesttheywere ornamentsor buttonsfromgarments (Dusenbury 1967, 48-9, fig.51), while others are associated with the needles and stirringrods already mentioned, as at Siphnos (Mackworth Young 1949, pl. 35.22[15a]) and Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 51.15, 17). Catalogue
314
315 317 318 319 320 321
D 11, L 24. Blue, opaque whitemarveredtrailscombed in featherpattern. Tubular, wide perforation, 3rd A.D. (plate 353.11) XIX/XV baulk,late 2nd/early 67/160Segmented,D 3.5, L 17. White.Five segments.VIII 4, pit 2, depositTl, Trajanic (plate 353.12) D 21. Pale green.I(N) 12 Neronian(plate 353.14) 67/254Truncatedconicaldisc,large perforation, 67/507Spherical,D 16. Yellow, yellow,black,lightblue spiralpattern.VIII 7, pit 4, depositFl, Flavian (plate 353.15) 67/506Spherical,D 15. Pale green,whitespiralpattern.Found with318. (plate 353.16) W 4, L 4. Pale blue. XI 15; A2 Augustan(plate 353.17) 71/357Small, square-section, 67/652 Spherical (irregular), very narrow perforation,D 7, H 6. Opaque mid blue. V(N) 5, Classical/Hellenistic (plate 353.18)
Also a. Spherical,D 14. Dark blue. XIV below 'floorIIP, 100-50 B.C. H 24. Dark brown/black, whiteinclusions.XIII 26A, 1st b. 71/405Melon bead, about one quartersurviving, B.C. c. 67/504Flattenedsphere,D 10. as b. V 4, Hellenistic d. 71/353Eye bead, Dc. 15. Damaged. Black,insets,whitecircleswithblue centres.XIV 14, Augustan e. 71/349Flattenedsphere,D 11. Black,shinysurfaces.XIV,8, Tiberian.f.67/291Fr, flattened sphere,about halfsurviving, D 14. Yellow, black spiraltrail.I(N) 12, Neronian g-h. Two sphericalbeads, D 14 and 16. Black surface,burnt?. Found withnos. 318-9. i. 67/505Spherical,D 12. Greenishwhite,worn.IV 3, Hadrianic and to late 2nd A.D. 67/60Fr, spherical,D 27. About half.Inlaid withwhitedots. II 4A, late 2nd/early3rd A.D. j. k. 3rd 71/352Spherical,D 10. Dark blue. Inlaid withthreewhitecircles,forming 'eyes'.XIV 2, late 2nd/early A.D. plate 353.10 is vesselfragment no. 160 and has been discussedthere. 316 (plate 353.13) is a piece of meltedglass,not a pendant.
Tesserae (no. 322)
one Eighteensmallcubesofglasswerefound.ThreecamefromTrajanicor Hadrianiccontexts, froma late secondand ninein earlythirdcenturycontexts,and fourwereunstratified. Eight weredarkblue,4 blue-green, 2 opaque midblue,2 opaque yellowgreen,and therewas one in opaque yellowand one in yellowbrown. These cubes are interesting finds;theyusuallyoccur as glass tesseraein floorand wall but no mosaics were found on theUnexploredMansionsite,so theyare likelyto have mosaics, had anotherfunction.They may simplyhave fallenout of inlaid panels in furniture, or have been for intended as enamel for or metalwork, alternatively theymay perhaps forming smallglassobjects,thoughno otherevidencefortheseprocesseshas been found. Catalogue
RH W ext 2, unstratified; dark blue. Dims 7-7.5-12 (plate 353.19) I(N) 4, to 4th A.D.; opaque yellowgreen I N/S baulk,late secondcentury;opaque yellowgreen I (S) 5, late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.; 2 blue-green;2 dark blue; 1 yellow-brown I (S) 7, early3rd A.D.; blue-green I (N) 7, early3rd A.D.; opaque blue VII 5, early3rd A.D.; dark blue VIII 2, unstratified; dark blue
458
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
dark blue VIII 3, unstratified; VIII 4, Trajanic; dark blue; opaque yellow XI 1, unstratified; opaque blue XI 4, Trajanic/Hadrianic;blue-green XIII 1, early3rd A.D.; dark blue
THE EVIDENCE FOR GLASSWORKING Severalcategoriesof meltedglass and lumpsof firedclay withglass adheringto themwere foundin areas I, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV/XV and theSouthExtension, in I, VII and XII. Most of thesepieces were recordedin withthe greatestconcentrations or latersecond-third unstratified centurydeposits,thoughsomecame fromHadrianicor later contexts,and a fewwerein firstcenturycontexts. The materialhas been dividedintosix groups- dripsand trails,distortedvesselfragments, fractured meltedlumpswithoutsurfacedirt,glassdepositsadheringto thickclay fragments, distorted and On their and vitrified and trails, own, drips clay fragments. chips, glasslumps and meltedlumpsof glass are not persuasiveevidenceforglassworking,as vesselfragments theycould have been createdin ordinarydomesticor accidentalfires.If, however,other as scrap are also presenttheyare worthconsideration categoriesofevidenceforglassworking vesselglassor cullet,and otherminorwasteproductsfromglassworking. The glass The other threegroups providemore convincingevidenceforglassworking. or or come from to of fired to crucibles, pots glassmaking clay appear depositsadhering pieces the areas of the furnacesuch as the walls or flooron which the cruciblesstood. The clay withfusedsurfacesand glass coatingmay also have come fromglass cruciblesor fragments furnaces,thoughclay surfacescan sometimesbecome fusedand coated in thisway from have been identified, Several cruciblefragments though processesotherthan glassworking. theseare small and littlecan be learnedabout theirsize or form.Two pieces,(Vlla.i. and MUM S Ext.a.i.) have convexsurfaceson theinsideofthebase, and others,suchas Vllb.i., Xllc.ii. and Ie.i., mayeitherhave comefromsquaresectionedcruciblesor perhapsbe partsof tankfurnaces.One ofthese,Xllc.iii., containsglasswithpatchesofwhiteinclusions,perhaps silica,whichmayindicatethatsomeoftheglassproducedwas made fromrawmaterialsrather thanfrommeltingcullet. and meltedlumpsis in a stable The glassofthedripsand trails,distortedvesselfragments and the the to attached the whereas lumps largeand smallfractured clayfragments, state, glass are and chips,some of whichmay originallyhave been attachedto similarclay fragments, This small into down often and crazed extremely pieces. breaking fragmentary, generallyvery impliesthatthe glasshas not cooled in controlledconditionsand is a strongindicationthat theselumpsand chipsare materialfromglassworkingtakingplace in thelocality.Some trade in glassaroundthecoastsofCretehas beensuggested;preparedculletmayhave beenfoundat Tarrha (Buechner1960,116-7) and a blockofblue-greenglasshas beendiscoveredin thesea offtheislandofGavdos (Weinberg1963, 107). It is, however,unlikelythatglassofthekind foundon the UnexploredMansion sitewould have come fromsimilarblocksas theywould too easilyto be practicable. have fractured furnacewas not found,but it is likelyto have been situated The siteof the glassworking somewhereclose by. or pale greenish, thoughone piecewas darkblue Virtuallyall theglasswas eitherblue-green
HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN GLASS
459
(XHIa.i.), one yellowbrown(Va.i.) and a fewpieces(Ia.i., IVa.i., Vb.i., VHId.i., Xlf.i. and g.i. and XHIb.i.) wereblack.The lastgroup,withtheexceptionofIa.i. whichhad weathered surfaces,may representa metalworking processratherthanglassworking. evidenceon was notverylarge,thereis sufficient the of material found Although quantity and indications for some thesiteto argue glassworking (forexample,XIIc.iii-iv), that nearby, as well as from re-meltedcullet.There was raw materials glass was being producedfrom site.No moiles,the waste were blown at the however,no indicationthatglass vessels being productswhichare certainevidenceofglassblowing(Price 1974, 182,fig.4), werefound,and no otherevidencesuggeststhatglassblowingwas takingplace. evidencewas beingdepositedon thesite The contextsindicatethatmuchoftheglassworking in thelatephasesofoccupation,buttheyare notcloselydateable.It is possiblethatat leastone someformof glassattached(Va.i.) may represent piece oftileor cruciblewithyellow-brown in glassworking. post-Romanindustrialactivity,thoughnot necessarily
Glassworkingfinds TrenchI a. b.
c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. 1. m.
baulk 1 & 2 up to 3rdA.D. i. Meltedblob,complete.'Black'. Enamel-likeweathering deposits,flaking.Max L 25.; Max W 19. 2 (southarea) U (plate 352.2). i. 12smallangularlumps,brokenfromlargerpiece.Blue-green.Enamel-like flakingweathering depositson unbrokensurfaces.Dims (largestlump) 19 x 10 x 11. Total wt 10.6. ii. Oval flatblob,melted,pock-marked surfaces.Roundededgesexceptwherebroken.Possiblypreparedcullet.Bluegreen.Enamel-likeweatheringdeposits,flaking.Max L 42; W 19.; T 8.5. 2 (S) U. i. 3 lumps,as b.i. above, veryprobablysame deposit, ii. Sandy materialwithfusedsurfaces, includingcrazed pale green-colourless glasscrystals.Dims 25 x 22. T 15. 2 (8) . i. Lump ofgrey-white glasscrystals sandymaterialwithfusedsurfaces.Depositofpale green-colourless along edge. Iridescentweathering.Dims 31 x 24. baulk3 Pit I. Early3rdA.D. i. Lump ofsandyfiredclay,pitted.Surfacesfusedon 2 surviving right-angled includesverycrazedpale green-colourless surfaces. glasscrystals.Max L 60; Max W 48. Ridgeon right-angle ii. 6 lumps.Blue-greenand green-colourless. As b.i. and ci. above. Wt 9.9 grams. baulk 3 U. i. 2 joininglumps.Pale blue-green/green-colourless. As b.i., c.i., and d.ii. above. Enamel-likeweathering, 3 Pit I (N) U. i. 3 smalllumps.Pale green-colourless. flaking.As b.i., c.i.,d.ii.,and f. Max L 21; Max W 17; T 8. Wt 3. one side rough.Pale green-colourless. 3 (S) Pit I. i. Lump. Rounded edge,veryuneventhickness, Flaking enamel-likeweathering, iridescence.Max L 20.5; Max W 17; Max Til. Wt 5.3. 4 (N) late 2nd/early3rd to 4th A.D. (plate 352.3). i. Lump of sandyfiredclay. Glass embeddedin one surface, includinglargeprotruding glass.Max L 93; W 53; T 35. ii. 3 lumpofveryshatteredgreen-colourless lumpsdetachedfromembeddedglass.Wt 2.4. 5 (S) U. i. 5 lumps.Pale green-colourless. iridescence.Wt 3.7. ii. (plate Flakingenamel-likeweathering, Iridescentweathering.L 31; Max W 8. 352.7 bottom)Twistedtrail.Pale blue-green/green-colourless. 13 S H3 + . i. Small lump. Blue-green.Wt 0.9. 15 S N3 (plate 352.4). i. 12 fragments, blownglasswasteordistorted piecesofcullet.Pale blue-green/greencolourless.Some black specks.Wt 16.1. 17 (S) A2. i. fragment, meltedlump,greenishcolourless(not weighed)
TrenchIV a.
(N) 3 Hadrianic- late 2nd A.D. R 2. i. Blackishsandyfiredclay,pitted.Glazed surface.Dims 53 x 26; T 17. Wt 12.3. Not necessarilyevidenceforglassworking.
TrenchV a.
SurfaceU (plate 352.6). i. Fragment,red ceramictileor vessel.Depositofyellow-brown glassor glaze all
HELLENISTIC
460
b. c.
AND ROMAN GLASS
overslightlycurvedinsidesurface,also drippeddown outsidesurfaceto formcrazed depositat base. Dims 75 x 43 x 10. Not necessarily Roman glassworking. above floorI. i. 4 smallfragments, Southofbaulkimmediately lump.'Black'. Pitted,smallwhiteinclusions. evidenceforglassworking. Shinyoutsidesurfaces.Wt 3.75. Not necessarily (E) 3 and 4 Hellenisticto Hadrianic. i. lumps.Bluishgreen(not weighed)
TrenchVI a. b.
Enamel-likeflaking 2 S 2. i. 2 lumpsand 4 small flakesfromlump(s). Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Wt 6.3 (flakesonly,lumps Sandyfiredclaydepositattachedto one surfaceon twooffragments. weathering. notweighed). vessel.Pale greenish. 27 Mid 1stA.D. onwards, i. Melted fragment,
TrenchVII a.
b.
c. d. e.
crazedglassfromconvex-basedcontainer.Blue-green. 1 late 2 - early3 A.D. (plate 352.5). i. 2 fragments, in glass;firedclay attachedto outsidesurface. Partofside and insidesurfaceofbase remainingas impression NB. in cross-section, itis evidentthattheglasshas penetratedthecrucibleto a depthof9mm.in places.Dims (includingfiredclay) 87 x 53 x 16; 59 x 40 x 14. Max T ofglass 11. Wt 79.3. ii. 3 joininglumps.Blue-green; calcareousdepositon surfaces.Dims 31 x 23 x 28. Wt 18.9. 1 U 3rd-4thA.D. (plate 352.10). i. 3 large pieces fromveryheavy vitrified partitionedclay object or divisions.Verypale green-colourless Flat base,verticalblockcreatingrectangular structure. glassadheringto or partof cruciblewithinternalpartitions, topofpartition.Perhapspartoftankfurnace,or square-sectioned siege (flooroffurnace).Max L 90; Max W 102; T (floor)30; (partition)16. 2 S 2. i. Small lump. Blue-green(not weighed) Enamel-likeflakingweatheringdeposits.Wt 12.6. 3 S 2. i. 4 smalllumps.Pale/green-colourless. 13 depositNl, Neronian(plate 353.13). i. Fragment,melteddroplet(notweighed).May notbe evidence forglassworking
TrenchVIII a. b. c. d.
i. Small trail,bulbousend. Blue-green.Probablydripfrommanufacturing process. 2 U late 2 - early3 A.D. i. Lump,densefiredsandyclay,fusedat edges.Thin layerofgreen-colourless glass. baked 6B drain-fill,i. 5 fragments, probablybrokenfromsmalllump.Blue-green.Flattenedoutsidesurfaces, clay deposit.Wt 6.0. 27 2 B.C. -y1 A.D. i. Fragment,irregularlump. Shiny'black'. Whiteinclusionsinside.Not necessarily evidenceforglassworking.
TrenchX a. b.
2 Pit 1. i. Triangularlump.Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Verymanyverysmallbubbles.Glass crazed.2 surfacesbroken,one verycorrugatedand distorted,some sandymaterialembeddedin thissurface.Dims 19x15. Wt 6.5. One surfacebroken,otherscoveredwith 3. i. Fragment,triangularlump.Pale blue-green/green-colourless. enamel-likeweatheringdeposits,flaking.Dims 26 x 7.
TrenchXI a. b. c. d.
detached.Firedsandy 1 § 2153 U. i. smalllumps.Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Verycrazed;8 crystals clay adheringto somesurfaces.Dims 20 x 20; 20 x 16. Wt 7.5. 1 ^ 2154 U. i. 15 smalllumpsand chips.Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Many surfacesbroken,others coveredwithenamel-likeweathering, flaking.Wt 8.1. 2 R3 - late 2nd A.D. and Severan. 11 + smalllumpsand chips.Greenishcolourless(not weighed) 3 ^ 2157 D6. i. Triangularlump.Dirtyblue-green.Probablyveryburned,perhapsfromcrucibleorfurnace bottom,but no clay attached.Dense and heavy,whiteinclusions.Whitedepositson outsidesurfaces.Dims 19.5x31. Wt 12.5.
HELLENISTIC e. i. f. g. h.
AND ROMAN GLASS
461
3 # 2162. Crescentshaped,undersideflattened,top rounded, Melted blob or trail.Pale blue-green/green-colourless. terminalspulledout. L 22; T 5. Wt 1.1. Not necessarilyevidenceforglassworking. 3 $ 2162. i. Lump. 'Black',redstreaks.Lightin weight.Insidevesicular,whitespecks,outsidesurfaceshiny. Dims 20 x 14. Wt 2.1. This may be metal-workingslag. 14 jj- 2341. i. 2 smalllumps.Greyish'black'. Lightin weight.Insidevesicular,whitespecks,outsideshiny. Wt 2.05. i. Plano-convextriangularblob. Pale blue-green. 27 $ 2520 Mixed - Geometric/Hellenistic/Roman, evidenceforglassworking. Probablydropletof meltedglass.Wt 2.25. Not necessarily
XII Trench
a.
b. c.
d. e.
1 U mid 3rd A.D. onwards, i. Lump, melted.Greenish(not weighed), ii. 2 smalllumps.Blue-green(not weighed). Detached crystalsfromlargerlump. Wt 2.9. 2. i. 4 smalllumps.Pale blue-green/green-colourless. fromlargerlump.Wt 6.3. Detachedcrystals 3 § 2105 U. i. 7 smalllumps.Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. ii. 2 fragments. Thin, crazed glass perhapsfromnear base of container. One piecehas angularlineon underside,theotherhas firedclay depositon underside, iii. largerfragment. mixedin batch,which crazed;whiteinclusionsin patches.This mayindicatesilicanotthoroughly Blue-green, infersproductionfromraw materials.2 surfacesembedded with crumblingfiredclay; fromedge of rectangularcontainer,perhapsa tankfurnace,or part of the siege,or less probably,a square/rectangular crucible.L 37. iv. (plate 352.8) Large lump of verycoarse vitreousmaterial.Blue-green.Very dense, crazed, whiteand buffinclusions.One surfaceflatwithroundededge, one high and pock-marked, very This may be skimmingfroma crucible;the inclusionsmay indicateworkingfromraw uneventhickness. materials.Dims 65 x 35. Max T 26. 6 (plate 352.7 top), i. Fragment,pulled trail.Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Elongatedbubbles,some black specks,tool marksnear terminal.L 30; W c. 8. Wt 1.25. Enamel-like 9 pit 5. i. Small lump,detachedas crystalfromlargerpiece. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. flakingweatheringdeposits.Wt 0.9. ii. Drip. Bluishgreen(not weighed).
Trench XIII a. b.
4 jf-2054. i. 4 small lumps.Dark blue, white/buff inclusions,verybubbly.Fired clay embeddedin one surface.Surfacesroundedand unevenexceptsurfacewithclay,whichis flat.Wt 5.7. 4. i. Small lump.'Black'. Lightmaterial,verypittedinside,outsidesurfacesshiny.Wt 1.85. Not necessarily evidenceevidenceforglassworking.
Trench XIV/XV
a.
Baulk 1 $ 2467 U. i. Lump ofsandyfiredclay,blue-greenglassattached, ii. Threedetachedcyrstals.Wt 0.85.
77 MUM S. EX
a.
thicksandyfiredclay,layerofpale green-colourless Topsoil8 U (plate 352.1). i. Large fragment, glasson convexcurvedupper surface.Perhapscruciblebase or part of furnacewall. Max dims 72 x 58 x 34. T of crazed glasslayer2.5. The surfaceof theclay beneaththeglassis heavilypock-marked.
Unknowncontext i.
8 meltedlumps.Pale blue-green/greenish (not weighed).
462
HELLENISTIC
AND ROMAN GLASS
FAIENCE VESSEL (V 21) One fragment froma pale blue faiencevesselwas foundin a latersecondcenturycontext. The fragment preservespartsof twosidesand is completelyflatwitha raisedridgewhich runsparallelto theedgeson bothsurfaces.It has been cataloguedas a plate or tray,but no be partofthelid froma closeparallelsfortheformhave beenfound,and it could alternatively box fromSaqqara nowin a small moulded similar to or very square rectangularbox,perhaps theBrooklynMuseum (Riefstahl1968,no. 65), or a cosmeticpalette. Smallfragments fromtwoRoman faiencevesselshave been notedin first centurycontextsat Corinth(Davidson 1952,no. 622; Wright1980,no. 128) and othersare knownfromRoman similarfaience levelsat Benghazi,but none are at all similarto thispiece. The onlyremotely vesselsknownto me are therectangularshallowdisheswithhorizontalmouldedhandlesfrom Memphis,nowin theBritishMuseum, and a similarone in Tomb 9 at Wadi el-Agial,Germa in theFezzan (Tagart 1983,no. 3). Catalogue
X 3, #2017 Later 2nd A.D. (plate 352.9) finebufffabric.Partofflatvessel,perhapsa interior vessel.Pale bluedull surfaces, Fragment, squareor rectangular at corneron bothsurfaces. sidewithroundededge,ridgeparalleltosideswithright-angle plateor tray.One straight Dims 55 x 38; T 9.
Section 15 Summaryand Conclusions L. H. SACKETT at thissite,itis onlywith Whilealmostall periodsfromSub-Minoanto Severanare represented unitswithassociateddepositsbegin theadventoftheimperialRoman periodthatarchitectural toforma coherentpattern.For theSub-Minoanto Classicalperiods,and toa lesserextenteven forthemuchbetterrepresented Hellenisticperiod,we are dependenton pits,wells,washlevels ofthoselater ofbuildingsor depositsleftbychancebetweenthefoundations and thefragments back into the hillside which were terraced continually slope. buildings In the summarywhichfollowsthesephases are discussedin chronologicalorderand an is offeredof the contribution made to each by the UnexploredMansion finds. assessment froma severelydisturbed The evidenceforSub-Minoanactivityon thissitecomesprimarily area withinthe re-occupiednortheastquarterof the UnexploredMansion. Here layerswith over LM IIIC and cut fromabove by a Sub-Minoan materialwere foundpartlystratified seriesofGeometricpits(see introductory remarksto theSub-Minoaandeposits).The evidence pointsratherto stonerobbingthanany kindofhabitationat thisspot,an activityfromwhich the Minoan masonrysuffered fromthe LM IIIC periodto at least Hellenistic intermittently to from network of the times, judge robbingpits shownin plan at plate 5. However the here of is usefulin showingcontinuedoccupationin thisarea of Sub-Minoan material presence KnossosthroughtheEarly Iron Age, and is supplemented by thefullerdepositsfounda little further westin the Stratigraphical Museum excavation(AR 1982-3,p. 124). While thereis verylittleevidenceof later 10thor early9th centuryB.C. lifeon thissite ofoccupationin thegeneralarea is shownby a slender (EPG-MPG), an apparentcontinuity threadofevidencesurviving at theveryedge oftheLittlePalace cutting,wherea successionof troddenlevelsor floorsproducedsherdmaterialofEPG to Orientalizingdate (see discussionof PG contextsin Section3). The quantityofmaterialavailable graduallyincreasesduringthe8thand 7thcenturies, but is stilllargelymade up ofpitor wellfills,wherea homogeneousgroupofcontemporary pottery had remainedintact.An exceptionis foundin theearly8th century(MG, see underDeposit GD), whenthereis evidencefora fairlybroad levelledspace, withtroddenearthfloorsover partsofthesouthhalfof theexcavation;even herehoweverno buildingor floordepositwas found,and the publishedmaterialderivesalmostexclusivelyfroman associatedpit fill.It is difficult to estimatehow muchofthehillsidewas coveredwithbuildingsduringtheseperiods, since most traceswould in any case have been removedby later buildingactivity.Two late wells,theLate OrientalizingWell 12 and theearlyArchaicWell 8a, do indicate relatively theexistenceofhousinghereofwhichall tracewas laterlost,yetthefilloftheformer had much theappearanceofsmallfieldstones,clearedto improveyield,so perhapsthebuildingswereat mostsporadic.It does seemclear thatan earlytrack-way passedobliquelythroughthesiteon 463
464
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
approximatelythe same line as the later Hellenisticand Roman roads, a factorof some oftheMinoan buildingalongthis importancein accountingfortheselectivehighpreservation of to the or due line, impracticality impropriety diggingrobbingpitsat any timein theroad itself(see fullerdiscussionin Section 1, The Street). The maincontribution ofthefindsoftheseearlyperiods(theSub-Minoanat Section2, the GA-GG and theOrientalizingwell,Well 12,) is to providea seriesof Hellenic Early deposits a which form usefulsupplementto the verynumerous,richand indeed settlement deposits oftenexoticfindsderivingfromtheKnossoscemeteries.Some ofthemhelp to fillgaps in the settlement series (see table in Section 3). Certain itemstoo have considerableinterestin with themselves, includinga decoratedhousemodel (GB1), twofiguredPG kraterfragments or in incision in white birddecoration(GH1-2), wingedgriffins paint (GH19) represented ofa domesticfowl,a (GH25) on local potteryof thelate 8th centuryand the representation thatthe newcomerofabout thesame period(GH53).1 These combineto givetheimpression characterof theearlyoccupationon thishillsideslope overlookingtheold palace sitewas of somequality. The Archaicand Classical periodsare also principallyrepresented by scatteredmaterial, of the continuance whichcan do littlemore than indicate occupationduringmostof this evidence forsixthcenturyB.C. activity all the absence of period, perhaps of it, though ofthesixthcenturygap in this site discussion (see generallyat Knossosseemsalso to applyto hearth and wall foundations, earth Section3). The natureoftheevidence, floors,fragmentary the and of hillside houses wellcuttingand pit fills,suggeststheexistence practiceofdomestic ofresidual The occurrence in centuries. the ofthekindbetterdocumented activities succeeding in not the area excavated materialoftheseperiodsovermuchof by the quantities represented the in mind when also be selectedforpublicationshould stratified considering kept fragments and conditions minimal. That the densityof such occupation; the publishedgroups are oflifewereofreasonablequalityis suggestedby theoccurrenceofgood black-and furnishings ware,one showinga musicianplaying(HI 1,1,see plate 106). red-figured oftheseexcavationsto ourknowledgeofHellenisticKnossosis muchmore The contribution substantial,forwhile the natureof the evidenceis largelysimilarto that of the preceding by the periodsdue to dense occupation and continualconstructionand re-construction should which dated and prove Romans,thissitehas produceda seriesof stratified deposits selectiveand Hellenisticstudies.The publishedgroups,rigorously invaluabletoolsforfurther extractedwith considerabledifficulty by Peter Callaghan fromcomplex stratigraphical contextsare, again, a smallproportionoftheHellenisticmaterialfound,whosetotalvolume includeda massofresidualmaterialand maybe bestindicatedin itsrelationto theRoman by theproportions ofthecoinsfound,or about 1:3,Hellenisticto Roman. Such a wide spreadof remainssuggeststhatourarea was architectural materialin combinationwiththefragmentary in Section Hellenistic the period,a processsummarised densityduring occupiedwithincreasing 1 above. the mostimportantdevelopmentseemsto have been a 2nd centuryB.C. Architecturally in stone,at leastoverthecentraland southareasofthesite,includingthe buildingprogramme ofthestreet:thestreetline,thelayoutofthebuildingsand so too the firstmassivefoundations to This bringsa usefulcontribution remained lines unchangedthereafter. essentially property of urban developmentat Knossos,if this area may be taken as at all our understanding of this hypothesismust await furtherexcavationat -thecity Confirmation representative. to the northwest(KnossosSurvey further be located which should centre, p. 19) but seminal as at Berenice noted are this of elsewhere, (Benghazi) and period buildingprogrammes
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
465
factorin theEast Sabratha.2This was theperiodwhenRoman expansionbecamea significant characterised as the most influential indeed Rome has been and Mediterranean, powerin 2nd in theirown of Crete seem to have continued Yet the Hellenistic states B.C. Crete.3 century of offered as the historical reconstruction the strife undeterred, by PJ. period way ofinternal thatthisreconstruction ofpoliticalevents Callaghanin Section4 above shows.It is noteworthy witha growthspurtin the2nd centuryBC. AlthoughKnossoslostpowerrelatively is consistent to Gortyn,theredoes seemto have been a considerablegrowthin absolutetermsduringthis period. At thetimeofexcavationHellenisticKnossoswas regardedas veryprovincial,not theprein a regionbestknownas a sourceof eminentmemberofa groupoflocal warringcity-states a More recentdiscussion(Knossos notto mentionas refugeforpirates. mercenaries, Survey pp. The 18-22) was able to focuson thesize oftheHellenistictownand thelocationofitsdistricts. excavationsat theUnexploredMansionsiteadd newevidencefortheexistenceofan industrial and cultural centre of some importancehere. Activitiesare not only agriculturaland commercial,tradingwith centressuch as Athens,Corinth,Cyprus and Egypt, and the productionof potteryformsin a local style,but includealso the developmentat thissiteof of Hadra Ware,a pottery byone ofa groupoflocal workshops styleofinternational reputation, at Section4, followingDeposit Hll, of qualityand interest(see discussionof fore-runners whichare better at DepositH38E). Otherlocal industries, Hadra Ware and relatedworkshops documentedin theRoman periods,werealso developedduringtheHellenisticperiod,among and plaques thoseforwhichwe have evidencemetal-working(M156-87), mouldingfigurines in terracotta (TC51, 61ff,72a), spinning, weavingand perhapsworkingin bone (E6) and glass (see Section14 and plate 252). Howeverinfluential Roman powermayhave beenin Creteduringthecenturyprecedingthe oftheColoniaJuliaNobilisCnossus,thefirstevidenceprovidedby theseexcavations founding thereconsistsof the coinsofKydas and othersin theyears foractual Roman administration 40-31 B.C. (C66-85), about a decade beforethe date now acceptedforthe foundingof the Roman colony.4 ofMetellandate twodecadesearlierin the 1st No clearevidencewas foundfora destruction remainsof the latest Hellenisticpresence centuryB.C.; on the contrarythe fragmentary (Deposits H33-36) under the North House and the occupation floorsand structural observedin the SouthwestHouse, whereearlyRoman stratigraphy and deposits adjustments werebestpreserved, ratherindicatea continuity ofdwellingintotheAugustanperiod.It was earlyin theAugustanperiod,presumablynot long afterthe foundingof the colonyand the establishment ofthenewcomersthatthefirstdestruction tookplace. This is interpreted as the resultofthefirst in a seriesofearthquakeswhichshookthecolony,perhapsas manyas sixtimes in its twocenturiesand moreofexistence. Whetheror notthefirst colonistswerebasicallyRoman ratherthanCapuan,5severalobjects foundin theAugustandestruction levelswereofCampanianorigin depositand contemporary (a Magenta Ware flaskTC55, amphoraAl,30 and Pompeian-redware cookingdishA2,84) and do supportotherevidencefora connectionbetweenthe two areas and the presenceof did notenjoytheuse oftheSouthwest Capuans at Knossos.6Capuans or Romans,thesettlers House forlong.The destruction caused theentirebuildingexceptRoom I to be permanently abandoned. Only in Room I of the SouthwestHouse and in the SoutheastHouse did some clearancetake place and new earth floorsbuild up duringthe later Augustanperiod and thereafter. Therewas also someearly1stA.D. occupationin thenorthhalfofthesite,beneath theNorthHouse, but too fragmented ofitsquality by laterbuildingto make any assessment
466
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
a generaloccupationoftheentireexcavationsiteduringthe possible;enoughhowevertoaffirm Augustanperiod. and newconstruction associatedwitha fullsequenceof Therefollowsa seriesofrebuildings richer for 1st and other the material, centuryA.D. at thesouthofthesite,and deposits pottery forthe 2nd centuryA.D. at the north.The centralstreetwas borderedwithstronglybuilt retainingwalls,was stonepaved and providedwitha drainagesystemearlyin the 1stcentury A.D. Houses were constructedon eitherside: on the south (followingolder plans) the 1st centurySouthwest,Southeastand East Houses werefollowedby the House of the Diamond Frescoesin the2nd centuryA.D.; on thenorthside theNorthHouse, in twobuildingphases as razed all but slighttracesofsuchearlierstructures duringthe2nd centuryA.D. effectively had been there.These buildingshave all been discussedin detailin Section 1. Two 1stcenturyA.D. destructions deposits,one ofthe provideus withrichand informative mid 1stA.D. (Claudian) in theSouthwestHouse (Room 1 only),and thesecondlessthantwo decadeslaterin theEast House. For thelaterdecadesofthecenturyand theearly2nd century A.D. we have to relyon pitfilland otherredeposited debris,evidently derivingfrombuildings laterdestroyedby theNorthHouse or awaitingdiscoveryoutsideour excavationarea at the westside. Taken togetherthesedepositsofpotteryand otherfindsprovidegood evidencefor in domesticand agriculturalworksuch as the preparationand storageof local employment foodand wine,and a varietyofindustrialactivitiesin thisregionofKnossos,whichcontinue along the linesset in late Hellenistictimes,but are stillmorefullydocumentedin the 2nd centuryA.D., and bestdiscussedin thatcontext. in spiteof The 2nd century A.D. buildingswerefoundin a muchbetterstateofpreservation, the North House and left which a Hadrianic destruction also because destroyed of) (butpartly abundantdebrisboth thereand in the area of the SoutheastHouse (DepositsDl-5). The House ofDiamondFrescoeshad wallspreserved up to twometreshighwithsubstantialareasof iftheinterpretation ofthe frescofoundinsitu.Yet it had a chequeredand short-lived history, caused evidencegivenin Section 1 is correct:thatis two destructions by earth (presumably of the actual course of construction the building,causingrebuildingand retremors)during in late 2nd centuryA.D. beforethe the a final abandonment and to decoration, leading studied an The of the work. groupofplastersculptures principalfinds, interesting completion in their floors were but not after the decorated in Section9, apparently walls,ceiling building later the too was 2nd House The North finalstateof completion. fullyre-occupiedduring this material of of useful and groups centuryA.D. aftertheHadrianicdestruction, produced But material. destruction from the earlier isolated not date, (Hadrianic) succesfully everywhere thefinalfloordeposit(NorthHouse Room III, Deposit SI) is Severan,and thisis the date allotted to the latest activityon the site. That therewas more occupation in the close thanis represented by DepositSI is shownby thelargegroupofre-deposited neighbourhood Severanmaterial(DepositS2) foundoverlyingthecentralsectoroftheexcavatedarea. Both floorsat the SouthwestHouse the NorthHouse depositand even more the contemporary came backtorepairor rebuild no-one indicateabandonmentratherthandestruction; certainly and latermaterial(up in this area. Wash structures of the layerscontainingcontemporary any to the4thand 5thcenturiesA.D., see DepositU) graduallyaccumulatedovertheentiresite. The depositsfromwithinthebuildingswererichand varied.The studyofthepotteryhas showna variationin thesourcesofimportedfinewareschangingfromSyria,Italyand Cyprus fromAsia Minor (E Sig B and ÇandarliWares) in the 1stcenturyA.D. to a higherproportion ofNorthAfricanRed-slipware towardstheend of in the2nd Century,and theintroduction our period.It is hoped thatfurther studyoftheplainwares,includingespeciallytheimported
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
467
to thepicturein thefuture.A veryfineseriesoflamps,fully amphoraemayadd substantially treatedin Section 7, is new forKnossos,and indeed should be usefulforfuturestudiesof debris Roman Creteon a widerbasis.The studyofthemetalobjectsand ofthemetallurgical in area evidence for and somewhere this iron-smithing perhaps smelting provides with the of a local locksmith at work at our site the Hadrianic (M551-600a), suggestion during period(see M263-273 and plates 308, 312). The studyof theremarkableplastersculptures objects(Section 12) suggests (Section9) along withthatof the bone finishedand unfinished thatbothwerebeingmade locallyin the2ndcentury.The frescoworkbeingdone concurrently at theHouse ofDiamond Frescoesshowsanotherkindofartisticworkin progress, thoughone cannotconnectdirectlyany ofthemineralcolouringmaterialsdiscussedin Appendix3 with thisparticularcontract.The glassobjectsoffera good rangeoftechniquesand shapes,and the The finding wastemustindicatethatthistoo was a local industry. occurrenceofglass-making forweavingand spinning,and of ofterracottamoulds,ofpotterykilnwasters,ofinstruments relateto different trades. agriculturalimplements The associationofthosekindsofindustrialfindslistedabove withthegreatmassofobjects intendedpurelyfordomesticuse, along withthe lack of evidenceforany specificindustrial buildingon oursiteseemsto indicatethatthisarea was one wheredomesticor homeindustries flourished.Thus we may envisageon our site or in the close neighbourhooda varietyof industriesincludingthe traditionalagriculturalones, food production,storage,preparation and evensmelting, themakingoffullsize and perhapstrading,weavingand spinning, smithing in and of smaller terracottas, sculptures plaster perhapspotterymaking(thoughthismaywell have been somedistanceaway; thekilnwastersare comparatively few); workingin bone and glassmaking. While theseactivitiesare bestdocumentedforthe 2nd centuryA.D., thereis similarbut more scatteredevidence for the same kinds of employmentin the 1st century,with the and withgreateremphasison thepreparationand exceptionofworkingon plastersculptures, wine of food and and East (Southwest storage Houses). We maynowvisualizeon thewesternslopesfacingoverthesiteoftheold Palace ofMinos,a slopinghillsidestreetwithhouseson eitherside, part of a domesticand industrialzone of Knossos and one occupied almostcontinuouslyfromMinoan timesuntil the finalRoman abandonment.This site has been veryproductivein a wide range of stratified artefactsof in later times as the remains were more and increasingintensity fullypreserved, bringsmuch new evidenceforthevariedlifeand workofancientKnossos.
NOTES Section 1
Excavationand Architecture
withPJ. Callaghan.For theRoman period,first 1. The pre-Romansectionsare byL.H. Sackett,in consultation and theNorthHouse werewritten draftsofthesectionson theHouse ofDiamondfrescoes byJ. EllisJones,the othersby L.H. Sackett;all sectionsweresubsequentlyrevisedin collaborationwithbothwriters. 2. The lineofthiswall was revealedin theMinoan excavationsof 1977 (afterthecompletionofthefinalplansby K. McFadzean). It ran parallelwiththe northwall at a distanceof4.10m. 3. Here the northwall (Wall 'dt') is shownbuilt on strongand broader Hellenisticfoundations.A poorly preservedHellenisticoccupationlayer(no. 15) is shownrunningup againstthenorthfaceofthiswall beneath theNeronianfloor(no. 9). 4. For thepotterydatingthisfeature,see Deposit H23. 5. The floorlevelsare these:SoutheastHouse court,13.50 at west,13.17 at east; SouthwestHouse, Room I 13.60-13.76;Room II 13.45-13.50;Room III 13,40-13.45.Intermediate buildingsc. 13.45 (SectionG, no. 9). 6. These wouldthenformapproximately equal stepsup ofc. 15cmsintervalfromfloorat c. 13.50to firststepat 13.64,secondstepat c. 13.80,top stepat 13.97. 7. If thisbasindoes belongto thislowerfloor,and was notcut downfroma subsequentone, it shouldbelongto themid 1stcenturyB.C., butit mayhave beenre-usedlater.In eithercase therewillhave been no connection withtherectangularbuiltcisternnearby,whichwas constructed later. 8. The wall whichrunsnorth-south sincetheother acrosstheyard,dividingitintotwo (Wall 'ec') was builtfirst, (Wall 'df) whichrunsup to theentrancesteps,abuttsagainstit.But theyare partofone contemporary replan. The generalviewat plate 26a showsan intermediate stagein excavation,aftertheremovalofWall 'df but withthecrosswall ('ec') stilldividingtheyard. 9. The intervalsare at thefollowing levels:from14.10 at floor,to 14.24at lowerstep,14.43at middlestep,14.67 at upperstepand 14.87 at streetlevel. 10. The excavationwas directedbyL.H. Sackettand theworkdone byNikosDaskalakisand AntoniosLambakis, supervisedat variousstagesby CharlesCoolidge,David Erhart,J.E. Jones,and RhodriCaradogJones.The excavationofthewellshaftbelowthecisternwas supervisedbyTony Spawforth. Help in cleaning,sortingand mendingfindswas givenby Mrs Renee EllisJones,AngharadWynJones,and RhodriCaradogJones.Petros Petrakisrestoredthepotteryfromtheprimarydepositof thewell-shaft. Findsfromthecisternwerestudied and cataloguedbyJ. EllisJonesand thosefromthewell shaftbyJ.N. Coldstream.Thanks are also due to who,withhisAppliedMathematicsclassof 1987-8workedout the JonathanChoateofGrotonMassachusetts routineto solvetheproblem. liquidcapacityofthecistern,usinga Basic programwithnumericalintegration 11. In theeventonlytheArchaicmaterialfromthelowerwell-shaft was publishedseparately(BSA 73 1978,49), sinceit has no connectionwithany stratified levelwithintheUnexploredMansionexcavation.The Roman contentsofthebottlecisternhoweverare associatedwithfillsin theSoutheastHouse,and can be fittedintothe Roman potterysequenceof thesite,intowhichtheyare now incorporated. wereas follows:at depth0-1m. belowMinoan floor,2 baskets;at l-2m., 4 baskets;at 12. The quantitiesofpottery 2-3m., 4 baskets;at 3.0-3.50m., 11 baskets;at 3.50-3.90m. 2 baskets;at 3.90-4.15m.,5 baskets;and at or wholepots. 4.15-4.35m.,6 baskets,includinga higherproportionoflargerfragments 13. This typeofcisternis oftenfoundat ancienthousesites.At Olynthustheinhabitants mostlydependedon piped waterdrawnfrompublic fountainhouses,but a fewhouseshad cisternsto collectrain-water.These were generallyin theopen court;somesignificantly enoughundertheeaves-lineofroofedgalleries,buta fewinside theroofedpastasor a coveredloggia.The majoritywerebottle-shaped, from4.50 to 6.0m. deep, cut intothe hard subsoil,linedwithplaster,and providedwitha shallowrounddepressionin the middleof thefloorto make cleaningeasier.Capacitiesvariedfrom23 to 26 thousandlitres.See Olynthus viii 307-9, pls. 28.2 and xii 118, pls. 101, 123 forothersimilar especially76.1 fora profilelike the Knossianexample;also Olynthus 469
470
14. 15. 16. 17.
18. 19. 20.
21. 23. 24. 25.
26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 31a 32.
NOTES TO PAGES 33-56 viii 307-9 citesparallelsto thistypefoundin theearlyexcavationsin theAthenianAgora, profiles.Olynthus said to have beenin use in thefourthcenturyB.C., possiblyevenas earlyas thefifth but abandoned century, would fallbetweenthedates of the by earlyHellenistictimes.Certainlythe Olynthusexamplesthemselves ofOlynthus,i.e. 432 and 338 B.C. Anotherbottle-shaped cisternis to be seenat an expansionand destruction isolatedhouse-site(perhapsa farmhouse)to theeastofVari villagein Attica,whichis thoughton thebasisof fromE. Vanderpool,autopsy,and C.WJ. Eliot, surfacefindsto date back to Hellenistictimes;information CoastalDemesofAttica43-4 (Site D): 'A cisternwithintheenclosedarea suggestsbyitsshape thatoccupation began duringGreektimes.The potterythatwe saw was largelyRoman but therewerea fewpiecesof the Hellenisticperiod'.Our bottle-shaped cisternfollowsthestructural traditionoftheseratherearlierexamples. Its periodofuse extendsfromc. 150 B.C. to 130 A.D. There is no reasonto thinkthatthethickand well laid hydraulicplasterdescribedabove neededreplacing, sinceit is identicalin texturewiththatof the2nd B.C. lined basin (Deposit H23). For a description ofthetiles,see Section13,cat.no.J32.One can see tileroofsofolderbuildingsin Cretetoday or 'anchored'withlargeflatstones. strengthened and earlyprehistoric Britain'Journal Science1: Harcourt,R.A. (1974) 'The dog in prehistoric ofArchaeological 151-175. An analysisofthisash,undertaken byD. Ninkovich(as partofa profileofsoilsat Knossos,and in connection resultthatit containeda recognisable withtheBronzeAge eruptionoftheThera volcano) gave thesurprising ofthisis notclear,thoughithas beenreportedtome thatsuch quantityofash fromSantorini.The significance ash can be used as a clarifier ofwine. These suggestions weremade to me by VronwyHankeyand SteliosAndreou,at Knossos. These includeda lamp witheroticscene (L355) and a carinatedcasseroleofformas D4,23. An earthquakein Nero'sthirteenth to in theDictysCretensisstory,forwhichseeJ. Forsdyke yearis referred it seems Greece BeforeHomerp. 153. Althoughtheyare foundin a generalcontextof romanticfabrication, oftabletsand probablethatsomeofthedetailsofthestory,includingtheearthquakeat Knossos,thediscovery theinvolvement ofNero,maywellbe based on fact.It is now thoughtthattheauthorwroteduringtheearly Literature ofGreek 860). empire(A. LeskyHistory AJ. Evans PM II 545-6.22. The excavationofRoom IV was carriedout by MervynPopham,who kindly made overhis notes,plans and photographsforuse in thispublication. Cf. L.H. Sackettand J.E.Jones 'Knossos:A Roman House Revisited'in Archaeology 32(1979) 18-27. Cf.M.K. Durkinand C J. Lister'The Rods ofDigenis:an AncientMarbleQuarryin EasternCrete'in BSA 78 (1983) 69-96. of The construction and a summaryofthehistory. Cf.J.W. Hayes VilD,esp. pp. 97-99 withearlierreferences and mosaicfloorsis dated theVilla Dionysosin itsfinal,elaborateformwithcolumns,marbleveneers,frescoes 'notearlierthantheendofthereignofHadrian' ( 117-138 A.D.), a date in keepingwiththecuirassedstatueof thatemperorfoundnear thewestend ofitscourt,whilea destruction, perhapsfromearthquakeand at least and thedestruction layerwas sealed withdumped partialabandonmentfollowednot verylong afterwards, materialof170-180 A.D., whileevenlatermaterialfounditswayintopartsofthebuildingup to themid-3rd centuryA.D. See Section 13 belowfordiscussionof thestoneand marblefinds. in The contrastin vividnessbetweenthe dado panels of the two roomsis visiblein the colourillustrations different the hands of as between differences and from 18 32 craftsmen, 20; stylistic (1979) Archaeology apart pp. in preservation of thepaint. thereis a definitequalitativedifference PlinyNH 35, 2; 36, 47, 114, 134; Vit.ii,8 and 10. M. Rostovtzeff JHS 39 (1919) 144-63,esp. 150, 152f. vonVirunum C. Praschniker and H. Kenner,Der Bäderbezirk (1947), pp. 17-18, 180, 180. The Minoan block formeda usefulbase, and the pointremainedunmovedover the centuries.Preserved heightsofthesuccessivewallsare as follows:Minoan blockat 11.73; earlywall at 12.37;3rdB.C. Wall 'al' at (Wall 't') at 14.62. 12.79; 1stA.D. Roman streetat 13.98; late 2nd A.D. reconstruction OtherHellenisticcontextswherecobbledpavingofthesamecharacteris foundare: in thebottlecisternarea, beneaththeSoutheastHouse late Hellenisticfloor(plate 29a-b) and in theyardarea ofthelate Hellenistic 'winery'northof the SouthwestHouse (plate 26). It has a buildofevenly The styleofmasonryin thenorth(upper)and south(lower)wallsis veryhomogeneous. coursed,roughlyfacedstonesofmediumsize,levelledup withsmallerstones.However,thetwowallsare of different dates: thelowerstretchformsthewestwall oftheEast House and shouldbe early1stcenturyA.D.; of the NorthHouse (southwall ofRoom V). The theupperstretchis partof the Hadrianic reconstruction
NOTES TO PAGES 56-64
471
inferior stretchat the right(Wall 't') whichreplacesthe southwall at a higherlevel,is a late 2nd A.D. addition,see discussionbelow. 33. The occurrenceofone 4thcenturyA.D. coin (C169) in thecist,totallyout ofcontext,suggeststhatwaterwas able toflowdowndrainor crevicebythewallsuntila date longafterthestreetin thisformhad goneoutofuse. drainin associationwiththelargeblocksofNorth 34. The photographshows1stA.D. streetpavingand tile-lined ofthis is dated by Deposit Dl. Above is thelater2nd A.D. reconstruction House phase I, whosedestruction house,builton a line partlyoverlyingthedrain.
Section2
The Sub-MinoanPottery
1. MUM Plate l(b) and pp. 7-15. 2. Evans,PM II 134-8;V.D'A. DesboroughPGP p. 236ffandGDA 57-63;J.K. Brock,Fortetsa; J.N. Coldstream, 'Knossos1951-61:Protogeometric and GeometricPotteryfromtheTown' in BSA 67 (1972) 63-87, henceforth referred to as Coldstream;J. Boardman,'Protogeometric Gravesat Agios Ioannis near Knossos'in BSA 55 referredto as Boardman; P.M. Warren,'Knossos: StratigraphicalMuseum (1960) 128-148, henceforth Excavations1978-82,Part II' in AR 1982-3 pp. 64-87, henceforth abbreviatedto Warren. 3. PM II p. 136 Fig. 69. I am gratefulto theauthorities ofHeraklionMuseumforgrantingme facilities to study thispottery. 4. Referredto in S. Hood and D. Smyth,Archaeological Survey oftheKnossosArea(1981) p. 48 site 188. 5. Fortetsa pp. 8-10 and Plate 3. 6. Boardman,p. 144 who anticipatesthatothervases too may be SM. 7. AR 1978-9 pp. 45-6. 8. Warren,Fig. 60(a) and (b). 9. Coldstream,p. 70 Fig. 2 no. A25. 10. Fortetsa Tomb VI.57 at Plate 6; Boardman,p. 142 and Plate 36, Tomb VIII, 14. 11. Fortetsa Plate 1, no. 10. Plate 1, no. 19. 12. Fortetsa 13. MUM p. 162 withreferences. 14. Boardman,Fig. 5 and Plate 36. 15. Fortetsa Tomb VIII no. 622, Plate 38 and p. 58. 16. Coldstream,p. 67. 17. Warren,Fig. 62; also Coldstream,Plate 14, 12a and 14, in the SM/EPG deposit. 18. Fortetsa Plate 6 no. 62. 19. Fortetsa Plate 138 no. 166. 20. PM II Fig. 70 no. 3 a drawingfroma photographin theAshmoleanMuseumarchive,in partreproducedhere. 21. Coldstream,p. 67. 22. PM II p. 137, Fig. 70, 3. 23. See mycommentsin OxfordJournalofArchaeology,Vol 5(2) p. 159 24. Boardman,Plate 36, Tomb VIII, 10 a smallexample;Fortetsa Tomb VI, 74 and 90, Plate 5. 25. Lefkandi,BSA 66 ( 197 1) p. 341, Fig. 5, 7; Melos,C. Renfrew,TheArchaeology atPhylakopi on ofCult:theSanctuary Melos(BSA Suppl. Vol. 18) p. 188, Fig. 5.19, no. 315; Karphi,BSA 55 (1960) p. 10, Fig. 6 no. 8 and p. 11. Plate 6. 26. Fortetsa 27. PMUp. 134, Fig. 68. 28. BSA 55 (1960) p. 11. Tomb P no. 1429,p. 124 and Plate 78. 29. Fortetsa 30. BSA 55 (1960) p. 12 withreferences, Fig. 7, 6. 31. Coldstream, p. 68, Fig. 1 no. Al; Fortetsa p. 23, Tomb BLT no. 205, Plate 14;Boardman,Plate 32, Tomb IV, 1 and VIII, 1. 32. Boardman,Plates 32-3. 33. Lefkandi,BSA 66 (1971) Plate 51, 6 and 53, 1; Palaikastro,BSA 60 (1965) p. 296, fig.16 but verycrude. 34. Coldstream,p. 66. 35. They are, forinstance,presentin earlylevelsof LH IIIC at Lefkandi. 36. Fortetsa Plates3 nos. 1 and 20, and 132 nos. 1 and 3.
NOTES TO PAGES 64-82
472
ADelt(Chronika)28 (1973) Plate 559. Fortetsa Tomb VI nos. 42 and 52, p. 161 and Plate 6. The designis verysimilarto thaton a sherdpublishedby Heurtley,BSA 31 (1930-31) Plate XIX no. 3. Warren,Fig. 56 and p. 76. Coldstream,Fig. 9, F32 and G 136. MUM Plate 87(f). Coldstream,Fig. 9, F27. MUM Plate95(c); Palaikastro,BSA 60 (1965) KP13, p. 296 Fig. 16 and p. 298 withparallels;Karphi,BSA 55 (1960) p. 10 Fig. 6 no. 7 and pp. 10-11 and Coldstream,Fig. 4 A33. ofexamplesat Fig. 16. 45. Discussedin MUM pp. 174-5 withillustrations 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.
Section 3
Early Hellenic Pottery
Acknowledgements
ofstudyat Knossos,and for I am obligedto theManagingCommitteeoftheBritishSchool at Athensforfacilities meetingtheexpensesof research.My thanksare also due to mywife,Mrs Nicola Coldstream,forhelp withthe drawings,and to Miss Susan Birdforpreparingthefinaltracings.
Abbreviations AA AR F GGP Teke tholos
Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
AtomicAbsorption Archaeological Reports (JournalofHellenicStudies) BSA Suppl. 2 (Cambridge,1956). J.K. Brock,Fortetsa: EarlyGreekTombsnearKnossos, Pottery (London, 1986). J.N. Coldstream,GreekGeometric R.W. Hutchinsonand J. Boardman,'the Khaniale TekkeTombs', in BSA 49 (1954) 215ff.
ofBrock'sabsolutedating. F. xvi; see GGP 330 fora slightmodification Cf. BSA 67 (1972) 65 forPG; 78 forG; BSA 68 (1973) 35 forO. BSA 55 (1960) 159-63,'lowerdeposit';pls. 42-3. I plates,oppositep. x. For Euboean Subprotogeometric phasesand chronologysee Lefkandi See mostrecentlyCaterinaMavriyannaki,SMEA 15 (1972) 161-70. fig.63. AJ. Evans, ThePalaceofMinosII, 128ff, St. Alexiou,KCh 4 (1950) 441ff. theabductionofa fertility This modelhas beenthoughtto represent goddess(Alexiou,KCh 12 (1958) 277ff.), whose ofa Minoan tholostomb(Boardman,BSA 62 (1967) 66), or Hades withPersephone, or therediscovery emergencein springis eagerlyawaited by farmersin the world above (Coldstream,Deitiesin AegeanArt (BedfordCollege,London, 1977) 10). World(Oxford,1964) 168,form3b, fig.18b. in theMycenaean H.W. Catling,Cypriot Bronzework thehandlesoftheTirynscauldronwiththeirspool A muchcloserKnossiancopyin coarseclay,reproducing tombin the NorthCemetery:KMF T. 287.15. has been foundin a ninth-century attatchments, S. Benton,BSA 35 (1934-35) 57f.nos. 1-2 fig.14. Cf. BSA 67 (1972) 67. Art.cit. 80. F. 166B(i) and B(ii), C. Respectively F. 162. Cf. thedecorationon a kraterfromtheNorthCemeteryTeke D 13: SteleKontoleontos (Athens,1979) 410f.pl. 195. Sackett,BSA 71 (1976) 117ff.pl. 16,Teke E 3; Catling,AR 1977,15f.figs.34-5, Teke F 1. The latterkrater, likeour GH 2, combinesfigureswithconcentriccircles. BSA 31 (1930-31) 64f.no. 16 fig.9. andCrete c. 2000-500B.C. (Nicosia,1979) between Coldstreamin Actsof2ndInt.Arch.Symp. , TheRelations Cyprus 258f.
NOTES TO PAGES 82-87
473
20. Op. cit.259 pl. 44, 6-7. 41 If. 21. Brock,F. 144; Coldstream,in SteleKontoleontos, AsiaticJewellery 22. Cf.K.R. Maxwell-Hyslop,Western (London, 1971) 254 pl. 234,decorationofa lady'stiaraon an ivoryfromNimrud. 23. E.g. GGP pl. 52a = Teke G 8. 24. BSA 55 (1960) 163-71, 'upper deposit';BSA 67 (1972) 77-87. 25. F. no. 749; BSA 55 (1960) 1969 nos. 89-90 pl. 45a; all LG. 26. BSA 67 (1972) 78f. 27. Importedbelly-handled amphoraeare nowknownin theNorthCemetery:Teke G 3, N 6 (AtticMG I); KMF BC. ed. R. Renaissance 219.33 (AtticMG II). For thelastseeJ.N. Coldstreamin TheGreek oftheEighthCentury Hägg (Stockholm,1983) 204 fig.5). 28. BSA 73 (1978) 45f.nos. 1-2 pl. 10. Greece in Oxford(Oxford,1961) 83; Coldstream,Geometric 29. Brock,F. 164f.;Boardman, The CretanCollection 272. 1977) (London, 30. Cf. GGP pl. 9g,j. 31. F. 188. Greece 313 fig.100. 32. Coldstream,Geometric di D. LeviII (Catania, 1977) 161-4;for Studiinonore 33. I have discussedthesepiecesmorefullyin Antichità Cretesi, GH 19 see also Geometric Greece 287 fig.92c. 34. F. no. 1414,the'Zeus' lid; BSA 67 (1972) 88, G 14-15,pl. 24, wingedsphinxes;KMF 134.47,a cup portraying lionsand sphinxesin panels,in MélangesH. Metzger ■,RA 1982,25ff. 35. F. no. 1299; Boardman,op.cit.(n. 29 supra)144f. Greece 36. AJA 5 (1901) 148 fig.11; Geometric 285 fig.92a. e orientalizzanti Greece nos.54, 56; Geometrie 287 fig.93a; F. Canciani,Bronziorientali 37. Kunze, Kretische Bronzereliefs a Creta... (Roma, 1970) 176ff.,'gruppodei cervipascenti'. 38. BSA 73 (1978) 49-60 pls. 11-13. 39. F. 214. 40. Cf. the two amphorae,n. 28 supra. 41. E.g. BSA 73 (1978) 46 no. 5 pl. 10. 42. Art.cit. 59; pl. 13 nos. 17, 25. 43. For themassedcirclesof GF 21 cf.F. no. 848; BSA 76 (1981) 145 no. 7, 148 no. 40. 44. Cf. BSA 73 (1978) 56 no. 39 fig.9. 45. F. 167 E(ii). 46. As in the LO kotyle,AE 1945,64 no. 84 fig.13. 47. Cf. BSA 68 (1973) 35; 48 no. 35; 43 no. 21; BSA 73 (1978) 56 no. 41. 48. Cf. BSA 73 (1978) 56 no. 42. 49. Cf. BSA (1973) 39f.nos. 43-4, 48, fig.2. discussedin thefinalsectionofthischapter,is represented 50. Cf.art.cit. 39 fig.2 toprow.The coarseprototype, by GE26. 51. Cf. art.cit. 39 nos. 38-40, 42, fig.2. 52. Cf. BSA 56 (1961) 76-80 fig.13. 53. Boardman,op.cit.(n. 29 supra)46-8. 54. Athenian AgoraIV, 8, 14. 55. TocraI no. 974; see also B. Sheftonin Perachora II, 384f, on nos. 41 14-17. Knossianimitationscontinueinto theearlyfifth-century contextofRR Well H (no. 23). 56. ContrastBSA 68 (1973) 39 fig.2, H 38-40. 57. Hesperia7 (1938) 601f.nos. 176-83 figs.25-6. 58. Teke J 46, AR 1977, 14 fig.31 top centre,now providesa PG precedentforthisform. 59. J. Schäfer,Studien zu dergriechischen Relief pithoi....(Kallmunz, 1957) 9ff.;Boardman,BSA 57 (1962) 31f.fig.3 (rectangularstamp). 60. Cf. PAE 1936,83 fig.1 (Amnisos);BSA Suppl. 8 (1973) 21f.,A 34 pl. 10 (Knossos,Demeter). 61. The analysiswas conductedby Drs R.E.Jones and D. Liddy ofthe Marc and IsmeneFitchLaboratory,to whomthanksare due foradvanceinformation theresults.See nowD. Liddy.FitchLab. Occ.Papers concerning 3 (1988) 29fT.
474
NOTES TO PAGES 90-98
Section 4
Archaic to Hellenistic Pottery
Acknowledgements
1. Miss S. Alcockwho helpedwiththe laborioustaskof readingthroughthe excavationnote books,siftingthe evidenceand writingup thesummaries.Withoutherhelp theprocesswould have been a muchmorearduous one. 2. Dr I. McPhee who examinedand dated theAtticPelikeH5,l. 3. Dr K. Arafatwho helpedwiththedatingoftheAtticvasesin Hll and suggestedthestylistic groupsintowhich somemightbe placed. 4. Professor A.M. Snodgrasswho read themanuscriptand made manyhelpfulsuggestions.
Abbreviations Agoraxii: Agoraxxii: Corinth IV Délosxxvii: Délosxxxi: Guerrini KCG KDS KKG KRS KSP LPW TocraI TocraII
Notes
B.A. Sparkesand L. Talcott,Black and Plain Potteryof the 6th,5th and 4th centuriesB.C. The Athenian Agoraxii Princeton1970. S. Rotroff, Hellenisticpottery:Athenianand ImportedMold Made Bowls. TheAthenian Agoraxxii, Princeton1982. IV Cambridge,Mass. 1930. O. Broneer,TerracottaLamps. Corinth P. Bruneauet.al L'îlot de la Maison des Comédiens,Délosxxvii,Paris 1970. A. Laumonier,La céramiquehellénistiqueà reliefs.Ateliers'Ioniens'. Délosxxxi,Paris 1977. L. Guerrini,Vasi di Hadra, tentativodi sistemazionecronologicadi una classe ceramica,Studi Miscellanei 8, 1964. Knossos,CisternGroup. BSA 45 (1950) 175-92. Volume 8, London 1973. J.N. Coldstream,Knossos,the Sanctuaryof Demeter.BSA Supplementary BSA 45 (1950) 165-175. The ShrineofGlaukos.BSA 73 (1978) 1-33. BSA 76 (1981) 83-108. The LittlePalace Well, BSA 76 (1981) 35-58. J. Boardman& J. Hayes, Excavationsat Tocra 1963-5. The ArchaicDeposits,BSA Supplementary Volume 4, London 1966. Volume Ditto BSA Supplementary 10, London 1973.
1. BSA 68 (1973) 45-63 and n. 18. Some finebfsherdsoftheLeagrosgrouphave been foundat thesouthern end of theTekke cemetery. 2. Ibid.,46 and thediscussionafterDepositGG in thisvolume. 3. Ibid.,43, 33 and examplesin DepositGG. 4. Tocrai nos. 927-8; ii no. 2104. 5. BSA 68 (1973) 56, L53-5. 6. BSA 73 (1978) 8, no. 16. 7. Ibid.,18f. 8. Note thatthenecksare also shorterthanany of thosefromWell H: BSA 68 (1973) 50, L6-11. of the period425-400 B.C. 9. We owe thisdatingto Dr I. McPhee. Our examplehas thesquat proportions XIII lateris Olynthos ratherthanthetallerprofileoftheearly4thc. B.C. Close in paintingstylebut slightly PL 70. 10. Outlinedin BSA 80 (1985) 1-17 and refinedby Enklaarin Babesch61 (1986) 41-43. 11. BSA 73 (1978) lOf. 12. AgoraXll, 118-9. 13. Ibid.,nos. 696-9. 14. For thestyleof theTheseusPaintercf.AB V 450, 518-21, 703-4, 716. Our piece is probablya littlelater. 15. ARV2 1338, 1. 16. The squared kneecapsseemcharacteristic 17. For a similarhead cf.Olynthos XIII, PI. 59.
NOTES TO PAGES 98-122
475
18. OlynthosXIII, PL 60; Hesp.3 (1934) 427-9. 19. A fewunpublishedexamplesfromthe LittlePalace Well. 20. In a farlatercontext:Hesp.3 (1934) 417, no. E132. Note thatanotherexampleof thistypewas foundin H8,17. 21. The sherdis mentionedin Babesch61 (1986) 43, n. 19. di A. Adriani791; BSA 80 (1985) 11 and 14; Babesch60 Studiin onore ellenistico-romano. e il mondo 22. Alessandria (1985) 142. 23. Dr K. Lembesiswas kind enough to let me examine the materialfromher destructiondeposit,partly B2 493-6. Comparisonsin thisvolumeare onlymade withtheKnossian publishedin ADelt26 (1971) Chron followtheirown line ofdevelopment. local vases that the at site; imports 24. For example,the relativelyfullsequence providedat Athensin Hesp. 3 (1934) 311-396, AM 85 (1970) 128-196 and manyotherpublications. di A. Adriani792; BSA 80 (1985) 11-13; Babesch60 (1985) . Studiinonore ellenistico-romano e il mondo 25. Alessandria 142 no. 3. 60 (1985) 140-2. For otherlocal Knossiansherdspaintedbythesamehand see BSA 80 (1985) 15,fig. 26. Babesch 5. In thisvolumesee H18,16. 27. Praktika (1973) PL 218b. 28. ADelt27 (1972) Chron. B2, PL 580. one at Athens,a shallowervarietyat Knossos 29. The deep formofthisshape seemsto have been thepreferred and - generally- in the restof Crete. 30. Praktika (1973) 211, fig.7. 31. Ibid.,PL 218:b. of thesitesee AR 22 (1975-6) 30. 32. Ibid.For theidentification 33. Délos31. Chronika 34. Kretika 21 (1969) PL 10 oppositep. 161. 35. ADelt27 (1972) Chron. B2 PL 580; Praktika(1973) 208, fig.5. 36. Thoughitmustbe admittedthatthebestparallelsare laterand itis possiblethatthisvase belongsto thelater fillH37. For a late 2nd c. B.C. examplesee Hesperia3 (1934) El. The reasonsforthenew date are givenin Agora22, p. 110. 37. The reasonsforthisup datingare givenin thedepositsummaryforH23. e il mondo ellenistic-romano 38. Alessandria 791; BSA 80 (1985) 11, fig.5 and Plate 3 (a); Babesch60 (1985) 140-2. 39. Babesch60 (1985) 137-9; 61 (1986) 60-2. 40. BSA 75 (1980) 33-48; BICS 30 (1983) 125-7; Babesch60 (1985) 137-9; 61 (1986) 62. fabricand glaze all suggestan 41. The hydriaBSA 73 (1978) 15,no. 42 belongsto thesamegroupbutitsprofile, earlierdate. See also H38,43. Chronika 21 (1969) PL 10 oppositep. 61. 42. Kretika 43. Babesch60 (1985) 126-9. 44. BSA 76 (1981) 57 and fig.9. to examinehis materialfromAghia 45. I wishto thankProfessor St. Alexiouforallowingme theopportunity Pelaghia/Apollonia. 46. BICS 30 (1983) 31-9; especially35 and n. 15 fora discussionof thisolpe. 47. BSA 76 (1981) 17; 73 (1978) PL 6 nos. 72 and 74 and (unpublished)HM 2501 froma cemeteryon the GypsadesHill southof thecity. 48. BSA 45 (1950) 181,fig.20: middleand right.For a similarexample,thoughslightlymoreattenuatedsee Guerrini PL X, e. e il mondo 49. Alessandria ellenistico-romano, 812, fig.2: bottomright. 50. Babesch60 (1985) 142. Enklaar'sDolphin Painter;BSA 80 (1985) 11 and figs3-4: myAlikiPainter. 51. Babesch60 (1985) 142-3. was discoveredfurther southAR 24 (1976-7) 61 and fig.105. 52. A similarsmallwinemakingestablishment 53. These remainunpublishedand thenatureofthedepositsallowsonlyroughestimatesas to thedate ofthese developments. 54. BSA 45 (1950) 181,fig.20. For a similarexamplesee Guerrini PL X, e. For therelativepositionofthecistern groupin theKnossiansequencesee thedepositsummariesforH30, H35. Of theothershapes,we can place 6 afterBSA 45 (1950) 178,fig.15D, and 8-9 also seemmoredevelopedthanBSA 45 (1950) 178,fig.15E or BSA 76 (1981) 90, fig.5, 283. The MegarianBowl 5 is discussedat lengthas H38,85. 55. BSA 45 (1950) 181,fig.20 left.
476 56. 57. 58. 59.
60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
71. 72. 73. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95.
NOTES TO PAGES 123-136 Ibid.,183,fig.23A. And also in KDS, G,l PL 19. This fabricalso occurson the plate BSA 76 (1981) 99, fig.10, no 360. It has beenimpossibletoisolatea Metellandestruction depositat Knossosand itis possiblethattherewas no oftheAugustancolonyc. 25 B.C. Economichardshipmayhave severesocialdislocationuntilthefoundation followedtheconquestoftheislandif,as seemslikely,Knossoslosta largepartofitschora TAPA 106 (1976) 313-30. BSA 66 (1971) 263. Possiblypre-Augustan? For later 1stc. B.C. domesticpotterysee BSA 66 (1971) 260; 267-8. Ibid.266; KDS 49, nos. 22-3. Guerrini PI. X, a-e. The rangeof typesin thisgroupsuggestseithera long use periodforthe tombor a secondaryburialafterthelapse ofsome time. Unpublished,but usuallyfoundin a laterHellenisticcontexts. PaintedPottery, London (1960), 208. R.M. Cook, Greek on earlierworkin thisfield. 61 (1986) 41-65. Bothhave extensivebibliographies BSA 80 (1985) 1-17;Babesch e il mondo ellenistico-romano Rome (1984) 804-18. Alessandria Thereseemsto be a generalreluctanceto admita widespreadproductionon Cretebut ifbothKnossosand Phaistoscan be givensomeoftheseHadra vases,I see no reasonto excludeGortys,Chania, Hierapytnaor othermajorcentresas possiblehomesforsomeof theworkshops. B.C.H 100 (1976) Etudes253-60. 60 (1985) 126-9. 1 wouldliketo As withthefiguredand floraltypespaintedbytheCentaursPainter:Babesch add thefollowingto thisgroupon the basis of a sharedtypeoflaurelwreathwithdouble dottedberries: GuerriniB2-3, E,2; IHV2 and 15; TorontoROM 919x13.27and CyprusNationalMuseumD707. For the lastoftheseI wouldliketo thankB.F. Cook fordrawingmyattentiontoit.A missingvasewhichalso belongs has 799 GroupIV, 47. Dr C. Lightfoot ellenistico-romano e il mondo hereis ex New York90.9.20 see Alessandria me thatyetanothervase to be assignedto thispainteris now in theAntalyaMuseum. kindlyinformed Babesch60 (1985) 142. Délosxxxi,3. Babesch61 (1986) 48-51. Pausanias VI, 4, 11; Pindar Olympics XII; IC, 1, 47. BSA 73 (1978) 1-33. Historical M.N. Tod A Selection ofGreek (Ox) 1933,no 33; R. Meiggs& D. LewisA Selection Inscriptions ofGreek Historical (Ox) 1969,no 42. Inscriptions For examplesee IC 3, VI, 7 A-B; IV, 165 and Rhaukosbelow. TAPA 106 (1976) 327-8. I owe thisthoughtto Dr N. Sekunda. DiodorusXVI, 62, 3ff. ADelt26 (1971) Chron B2 494-6, PL 512-3. /Cl,6. Strabo,X, 479, 14. PolybiusIV, 53, 3-54; IC 1 pp. 48-9. PolybiusIV, 55, Iff. PolybiusIV, 54. /C4, p. 21. PolybiusXXII, 15, Iff. /C4, 181. IC 4, 182; PolybiusXXX, 23, 1. SIG 627. ofMilatosby Lyttosin the2nd centuryB.C. (StraboX, 479, 14) and thefallof For examplethesuppression Praisosto Hierapytnac. 150 B.C. (IC 3, IV, 9-10 and commentary). The Drerianoath is verypro-Knossianand anti-Lyttian ( B.C.H 61 (1937) 327-32) and seemsto represent the fearsof the Dreriansthattheircitymightbe takenover by the neighbouring Lyttos.They turnedto Knossosforhelp,as theyhad probablydone in the 3rd centuryB.C. As theymay well have done to attackLato wherea Gortynianslingbullethas been found(IC 4, p. 22). ASAC 240. VitruviusI, 4, 10. None of the riversin the HerakleionValley literallylies betweenKnossosand Gortys.
NOTES TO PAGES 137-148
96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104.
477
formedtheborder, They are all southnorthflowing.Vitruviusdoes notspecifically say thatthePorthereus but his wordingimpliesthatit did. IG II- III2, 1443,col II, 121f. DiodorusXX, 88, 9. ACAS passim. PolybiusVII, 11, 9. IC 1, p. 49. P. Panos, Tà SçpayícrfxaTa Athens(1985) no. 88. KotXknzóXzo^ç, zf¡c'AltcoXixyjç SIG 627. For Cretanmercenaryactivitycf.G.T. Griffith, TheMercenaries World(Cambridge) 1935 oftheHellenistic passim. Ibid,and H.A. Ormerod,Piracyin theAncientWorld (Liverpool) 1978,passim.
Section 6
The Roman Pottery
Abbreviations Agorav Cosa
H.S. RobinsonTheAthenian oftheRomanPeriod,Chronology (Princeton1959). AgoraV,Pottery M. T. Marabini Moeus TheRomanThinWalledPottery fromCosa (Memoirsof theAmerican Academyin Rome XXXII) Rome 1973. BSA SupplementaryVolume 8, London Demeter Sanctuary J.N. ColdstreamKnossos,theSanctuary of Demeter 1973. EAA delleFormeCeramiche II. Ceramica J-W.Hayes, Typologiesofeasternsigillatawaresin Atlante FineRomanaNel BacinoMediterraneo volumeoftheEnciclopedia delVArteAntica, supplementary Classicae Orientale^ issuedby the IstitutoPoligraficodello Stato,Rome 1986. Goudineau C. Goudineau Fouillesde VÉcoleFrançaisede Romeà Bohena(PoggioMoscini)1962-67iv, la aretine lisse(Paris 1968). céramique Haltern S. Loeschcke, "Keramische Fundein Haltern,"Mittwestfalen 5 (1909) 101-322. Hayes(1971) J.W. Hayes 'Four Early GroupsfromKnossos' BSA 66 (1971) pp. 249-76. Hayes(1973) J.W. Hayes 'Roman potteryfromthe South Stoas at Corinth'Hesperia42 (1973) 416-70. Kenrick P.M. Kenrick Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi(Berenice)in. 1 The Fine Pottery (= Supplementsto Libya Antiqua V.iii.l. Tripoli 1985). Knossos M.F.S. Hood and D. SmythAn Archaeological Survey oftheKnossosArea.BSA Suppl. no. 14 Survey London 1981. KMF KnossosMedical FacultyExcavations. Loeschcke S. Loeschcke"Sigillata-Topfereien in Tschandarli,"AthMitt 37 (1912) 344-407. LRP J.W. Hayes LateRomanPottery (London 1972). Altertumer vonPergamon Vols I-XVI Berlin1912-86. Pergamon M. BonghiJovinoRicerche a Pompeii, l'insula5 dellaRegioVI dalleorigini al 79d.C. I (campagne di PompeiiVI, 5 I scavo1976-1979)Roma 1984. RCRFActa Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta. at Sidi Khrebish, Riley (Berenice) J.A. Riley 'The coarse pottery'in J.A. Lloyd (Ed.), Excavations Benghazi (Berenice)ii ( = Supplementsto Libya Antiqua V.ii) Tripoli 1979. Sabratha P.M. KenrickExcavations at Sabratha 1948-1951(SocietyforthePromotionofRoman Studies Monographno. 2). MercedesVegas Cerámica Común RomanadelMediterráneo Occidental Institutode ArqueologíaY Vegas Barcelona 1973. Prehistoria, VilD J.W. Hayes, 'The Villa DionysosExcavations,Knossos: The Pottery'in BSA 78 (1983) 97-169.
Notes
1. For instancethequantityofpottery derivingfromthelate 2nd to early1stB.C. pit (Pit 65) was 42 zembilsor nearlyhalfa ton.The Hadrianicfillof'Well 12' in theSoutheastHouse was 68 zembilsor closeto twothirds ofone ton.
478
NOTES TO PAGES 148-161
ofCypriotsigillata,E Sig B and Çandarliwaresin pre-publication 2. In particulartheseincludedthetypologies delleFormeCeramiche form,studieswhichhave now been issuedin theAtlante II, pp. 79, 49 and 71 typescript and for (see note 4 below). I am also indebtedto Howard Comfortforhis interestand encouragement reliefwares,and to Kathy Slane who examinedand helped identify some problempieces at identifying Knossos. 3. Those pieceswhichproperlybelongto Severandepositsare listedseparatelyundertheheadingS2, but are illustrated withDeposit U. 4. Atlante delleForme Ceramiche FineRomana issuedas a supplementary volume Nel BacinoMediterraneo II, Ceramica of the Enciclopedia dell'ArteAntica,Classicae Orientale, by the IstitutoPoligraficodello Stato, Rome 1986. Abbreviatedhereas E AA. 5. For thesimilarity to Corinthian,see remarksby Kathy Slane in Hesperia49(1980) 175-6. 6. 113 pieces,or about 20% of the total,derive from2nd A.D. or later contexts.It is possiblethat reexaminationwithan increasedknowledgeoflate formsmightturnup somefragments herealso. 7. The rimfragment withthe base A2,9b may well be an incorrectmatchsincethemore (A2,9a) illustrated closedrimformshouldbe earlierin theseries. 8. J.W. Hayes 'CypriotSigillata'inEAA,p. 79. A. Negev,'The Nabataean Potter'sWorkshopat Oboda' (Bonn 1974); foran alternate,modifiedviewnowin thefinalreportsee id. 'The Late Hellenisticand EarlyRoman PotteryofNabatean Oboda' QEDEM 22 Jerusalem1986. 9. Oberaden 12-9 B.C. C.Albrecht'Das Romerlagerin Oberaden ii' (Dortmund 1942), summarisedin Goudineau (1968) 28-35. 15 (Berlin 10. Rödgen 10-8 B.C. H. Schonberger& H.-G. Simon 'RömerlagerRödgen' = Limesforschungen 1976). 5 (1909) 101-322, 11. Haltern 12 B.C. - 9 A.D. S. Loeschcke'KeramischeFunde in Haltern' MittWestfalen summarisedin Goudineau (1968) 18-25. 'Ein kleinesSigillata-Depotaus Mainz' MZ 56/57(1961-2) 12. Mainz 10/3B.C. - 11/14A.D. W. von Pfeffer 208-12. Pro Vindonissa'1954-5,5-54; and E. der Gesellschaft 13. Vindonissa15-20 A.D. R. Fellmann'Jahresbericht 33 (1955) 364-73. Ettlinger& R. FellmannGermania 6 (1973) 275-84 and 14. DramontD. Shipwreckmid 1stcenturyA.D. J.-P.JoncherayRev.Arch.JVarbonnaise Cahiers 3 (1974) 21-48. d'archéologie subaquatique 15. CorinthSouth Stoa c. 55-70 A.D. See Hayes(1973). 16. Bolsena c. 50 B.C. - 50 A.D. See Goudineau (1968). Also: C. Goudineau & J. Andreau 'Bolsena (Poggio II' MélRomeAnt 86 (1974) 275-360. Moscini): les deux citernescommunicantes, 17. A. Moutinhode Alarcao 'Fouillesde Conimbrigaiv, les sigillées'(Paris 1975) 1-66. 'Die glatte rote Terra sigillata von 18. Magdalensberg,to 45 A.D. M. Schindler & S. Scheffenegger Magdalensberg'(Klagenfurt1977). 19. See KenrickBerenice pp. 126-129. 20. HayesEAA, p. 49 (Introductionto E Sig B ware). C. Sentiusworkedduringtheperiodc. 20-1 B.C. One of hiseasternproductsreachedKnossos:our Y29, an E Sig B bowl base, residualin theupperlevels,stamped C.SE. Perhapsalso a second,Y12, also foundout ofcontext. 21. RobinsonAthenian AgoraV, Deposit F. 22. Hayes EAA, p. 71 (Introductionto Çandarli ware). been cataloguedwithÇandarliware,see 23. Some problempiecesofsimilarfabrichave, perhapsincorrectly, Fl,8, Fl,10. 24. For a fullerand usefuldiscussion,see KenrickBerenice 388sq.,fromwhichthesebriefremarksare derived. 25. The figurebecomes19%, iflocal slippedware is also takenintoconsideration. 26. KenrickBerenice p. 219. in the BritishMuseum' RCRFActa14/15(1972-3) 27. D.M. Bailey 'Cnidian reliefware vases and fragments 11-25, and 19/20(1979) 257-72. 28. Hayes(1971) p. 258 and no. 8. to therelevantarticlebyhimgivenin and forthereference toJohnHayes forthisinformation 29. I am grateful note50 below.See also discussionofa parallelfromTomb 12 at EpiskopibyA. Oliverin RDAnt.Cyprus 1983, 249. 30. LRPp. 13-14. 31. LRPp. 323. 32. LRP p. 325 and 328.
NOTES TO PAGES 161-173
479
33. Knossos Survey p. 26. withlocal wares,thisgroupmay 34. One caveatshouldbe made,thatdue to a tendencyto includeunidentified includesomeotherproducts,suchas unrecognised importsfromotherpartsofCreteor Greece(cf.Kenrick's attributedto the Péloponnèse). 'Brown-slipWare', tentatively rarelagynos(A2,14,N2,12) and feeding 35. The onlyclosedshapesfoundin anyofthewaresare therelatively bottle(A2,17). 36. Cf.dishesas A 1,8and A2,51-3;bowlsas A 1,11 and A2,68,and perhapsthecup withappliquéon thehandle, Al,6. 37. Cf.thedishesA2,46-7,and thebowlsA2,48-9.The broadbowlwithwidegroovedrim(A2,31) is a puzzle:a carefullyarticulatedshape, it occursonlyhere,at F2,24 and in a smaller,variantversionin a Hadrianic context(D6,8). 38. For E Sig A, cf.thedishesA2,46-7 and 49; Bl, 12-15; B2,48 and 50-1; Cl,43 and 50. 39. For E Sig B, cf.A2,49?;Bl,16; B2,52; Cl,48; F 1,12; F2,28c; D4,12. 40. For Italian, cf.A2,29?; Cl,39 and 49; C2 uncat. (see afterC2,61); N2,15? 41. For Ponticsigillata,cf.NI, 16; Dl,5?; D4,13-14; R3,5. 42. For Cypriotsigillata,cf.A2,30b?;Cl, 44. 43. For Çandarliware,cf.T2,2; U35-7. 44. For Knidian ware,cf.C2 uncat. (see afterC2,61); U34. 45. See also catalogueentryafterB2,64. 46. See discussionat catalogueentryforC 1,69-74. 47. KenrickBerenice pp. 514-5. Note that the thin-walledwaresincludedtherewiththe finewares are here placed withthe coarsewaresin a separatesection. 48. In thiscase, as forthesucceedingwares,thecountis thatoftheestimatednumberofvesselsrepresented by thefragments found.A sherdcountincludingsplinters would be considerablyhigher.For example,in the case of theNorthItalian GreyWare 123 fragments are thoughtto represent 46 vessels. 49. See discussionof the chronologybelow and reference at n. 53b. 50. For a parallelto C 1,81-2, see Hayes inJ. RosserDumb.OaksPapers39 (1985) 95, n.48, fig.H,7 (a Paphos find).See also n.29 above. 51. G.C. Duncan 'A Roman potterynear Sutri'BSR 32 (1964) 38-88. 52. P. Pelagatti'Akrai (Siracusa). Ricerchenel territorio' Mc 1970,436-99. 53. F. Mayet Les céramiques à paroisfinesdansla Péninsule Ibérique(Paris 1975). 53a The examplesfoundin earlycontextsare: IG3, foundwithClaudian materialin the road cistwithopen 4thA.D. coin (C169), and threefragments fromthesame drain,wherehowevertherewas also an intrusive typeofbowl. 53b M.G. Maioli: "Vasi a Pared SottiliGrigiedal Ravennate"in RCRFActa14-15 (1972-3) 106-24. 54. KenrickBerenice p. 465sq. His discussionis based on the researchof Goudineau (1970) and Peacock (see followingnote). 55. D.P.S. Peacock'PompeianRed Ware' in D.P.S. Peacock (Ed.) Pottery andEarlyCommerce (London 1977) 147. 56. Hayes(1973) no. 171. 57. Sinceit is notpossibleto distinguish smallrimfragments ofcasserolesfromthoseofcookpots,thisratiomay not be accurate.There may have been a tendencyto give thecookpotshape priority whenin doubt. 58. Cf. also T4,7b; D5, Type 6. 59. U77 is a 4th/early 5th centuryA.D. form,cf.Hayes VilD 94, 98. 60. The emphasisgivento horizontalribbingin illustration is somewhatsubjectto thedraughtsman's style.The suddenemphasisappearingin our Trajanic depositsshouldnot contrastquite so muchwiththe apparent smoothprofilesof muchof the Hadrianic material. 61. F2,31, threeout ofsevencasseroles;threeout of twentyone cookpots. 62. The cookpotTl,19; one jug and one trefoil jug fromT3. 63. See Rl,2 and 4,6,7; R2,14-16 and 18-20; SI, 10 and 13a, 15; and U73-79. 64. Hayes VilD 106. 65. This contrasts withdouble thenumberofcookpots(over300). Presumablynoteverycookpotwas provided witha lid; but it may have been the normforthe casseroleshape. 66. See Hayes VilD 109. 67. This shape appears to imitatea familiarPompeianred ware shape cf.RileyBerenice 441, 448-9. 68. For parallelsat Berenicesee RileyBerenice 252 'Early Roman CookingWare 5' and nos. 463, 470.
480
NOTES TO PAGES 173- 256
69. Cl, 96 - fourexampleswitha varietyof handle shapes,illustratedat plate 205; C2, see catalogueentry followingC2,69. 70. Nl,26; N2 catalogueentryfollowing N2,24. 71. Catalogue entriesfollowing Tl,10 and T3,12. 72. Three examplesin DepositD5, foundalongsidetwowithpie-crusthandle. 73. Hayes VilD 110. S 1,13a D5 Type 7, fourteen; 74. T2,5; T3 twoexamples;T4 sixexamples;D4,21 thirteen; R2,21; R3 fragments; two; U79 eight. 75. BSA 73, 1978, 17 fig.10, nos. 63-6. 76. See discussionin thecatalogueunderC 1,69-74and followingN2,32. 77. Nineteenexamples:A2,86; B2 not cat.; N2 not cat.; Fl,20 and 22; F2 not cat. nine2nd 78. Thirtythreeexamples:six 1stA.D. fragments, A2,92;C2,73; Nl notcat.; N2,38;F2 notcat.; twenty centuryexamples. 79. VilD 111 and no. 193,withbase preserved(fig.16); ritualpurposesuggested. 80. Vegas type64; examplescitedfromOstia, Pollentiaand Vindonissa. in fragmentary to distinguish formfromtheplainshallowbowl;doubtfulexamplesare 81. This shapeis difficult D4,40-l; U90-1 drawnas bowl rims. 82. See also precedingnotefordoubtfulexamples. 83. For theclassicalshape (Vari), see BSA 68, 1973,397-413,443-452. of thistype,see VilD 110 and n.38. 84. For thewidergeographicaland chronologicaldistribution 85. Augustan,A2,94-5,fourexamples;Tiberian,B2,85-6; Claudian,Cl,l 13; Neronian,N 1,40-2and N2,33-5, nine examples;Flavian, F 1,21 and F2 not cat.; Trajanic, Tl,25 and T2,12; Hadrianic,D3,16 (ribbed), fourexamples. D4,56-9, D5 notcat.,and D6,10; later2ndA.D., R2,12; upperlevels,Ul 10-1, 113-6,twenty 86. Tiberian,Bl,32 and B2,84; Claudian, C2,20; Neronian,N2,44 (twentyone examples);Trajanic, Tl,23 (two),T2,14 and T3,21; Hadrianic,D4,65; and Severan,Sl,20. 87. VilD 143 and 145, types3 and 5, followinga Rhodian model. 88. Cf. anotherexamplefroma Trajanic context,Tl,24. there. 89. VilD type3, perhapsassociatedwiththeCretanwinetrade;RileyBerenicenos. 107-8 and references 90. Illustratedexamplesof stoppersare: A2,62; N3,7; F2,41; U119; of amphorastands:A2,109; Cl,99-100; Nl,46; N2,45; D 1,14; D4,83-4; U 159-60. fromthesouthwall at thesoutheast 91. The stubend ofan earliercrosswall at theeastside,projectingslightly corner,could have servedto supportsuch a stairway. 92. Cat. nos. 1-2, 4-23, 28-31, 33-39, 41-43, 45-51, 54-60, 66-70, 72-75, 77-80, 82-87, 89-96 and 98-109. 93. Trenchand levelnos. (as markedon thesherds)are as follows:X 11; XI 14-19and baulk#2773,2489,2490; XIII 23, 24, 24a, 25b, 26; XIV 10-15, 18, 25-30, Pits 1 and 5. 94. The relevantcoinsfoundin thisdepositare C66, 71, 74 and 79. and fordiscussionof thechronology. 95. I am indebtedto A. Oliverforthesereferences excavatedand recorded,and thereis no adjacentlevelofOrientalizingdate. 96. This trenchwas meticulously Homer. 97. E. ForsdykeGreece Before 98. All theitemscataloguedas B2 comefromthisdepositexceptthosemarkedwithan asterisk:nos. 14, 16,27, 35, 40, 51, 54-5. 99. See also underDepositA2, especiallynos. 32, 55, 65 and 71, to whichthosecataloguedmay be related. 100. CoinsfromthisdepositincludetwoHellenistic,C34 fromthemaindepositand C43 fromI(N) 12; and C80 (KYDAS c. 37-31 B.C.) fromXIII 35, theearly 1stA.D. floorbuild-upin the SW House Room I. 101. Statisticsare givento make comparisonpossiblewiththeotherdeposits. datesare thoseofKenrickfortheItalianSigillataand E Sig A, thoseofHayesforthe 102. The following suggested E Sig B. 103. A groupofbone hingeknuckles, E49-52, was foundin theloose earthofTrenchXII 'Pit 3' at theextreme SW cornerofRoom III. Althoughthesehave beengroupedwiththelater1stA.D. material,itseemslikelyin thatthe 'pit' formeda loose partof the N 1 destruction deposit. retrospect 104. Levelswheretheseoccurredare: X 7 (twoexamples),X/XI 2, X/XI 3, XI 4, XI 9, XI S.baulk#2483,XIII Pit 1.
NOTES TO PAGES 323-342
Section8
481
The Coins
1. A.E. Chapman,Some first centuryB.C. bronzecoinsofKnossos,NC 1968,13-26;A.Jackson,The chronology of thebronzecoinsof Knossos,BSA 66 (1971) 283-295. in Arch.Eph. 1889,195-212;G. Le dela Crète ancienne 2. J. Svoronos,Numismatique (Maçon, 1890) and supplement de Veau 1ersiècleav. J-C. (Paris, 1966). Rider,MonnaiesCretoises BSA Suppl. 8 (1973) 99-113. 3. Cf. A.Jackson,The coins,in N. Coldstream,Knossos:Sanctuary ofDemeter, 4. JVC1949,43. 5. JVC1949,43 underno. 36. 6. BSA Suppl. 8 (1973) 102.89. A coin issue in the name of a P. Liciniusand P. Lepidius (M. Price,Israel 6-7 (1982-3) 119 and plate 21.3) is probablytoo earlyto be relatedto theLICI ofthese Numismatic Journal countermarks. 7. I.F. Sanders,RomanCrete(Warminster, 1982), 5 and 14. 8. CJ. Howgego,GreekImperial Countermarks (London, 1985). 9. T.V. Buttrey,in Studiesinnumismatic method toPhilipGrierson presented (Cambridge,1983), 30. 10. M. Crawford, andmoney under theRoman above note9, 31; Coinage (London, 1985),252-3; T.V. Buttrey, Republic M. Price,above note 6, 118-122. 11. JVC1968,21. 12. T.V. Buttrey,above note9, 31. 13. NC 1968, 17. 14. Svoronospl. XXXII. 1. 15. Crawford, above note 10,following in MélangesH. vanEffenterre A.M. Rouanet -Liesenfelt (Paris, 1984), 343. 16. Cicero PhilippicsV.5.13. 17. Guarducci/CIV.250-251.
Section9 Abbreviations Drerup Fittschen, Bildnistypen Fittschen-Zanker
Roman Plaster Sculptures
H. Drerup,'Totenmaske undAhnenbild beidenRömern,' RM 87 (1980)81-129,pls. 34-55.
K. Fittschen, Die Bildnistypen derFaustinaMinorunddieFecunditas Augustae (Göttingen, 1982). K. Fittschenand P. Zanker,Katalogderrömischen indenCapitolinischen Porträts Museenund denanderen kommunalen derStadtRomIII: Kaiserinnen-und PrinzessinnenSammlungen
bildnisse; (Mainzam Rhein,1983). Frauenporträts
Notes
1. Preliminary references to theplastersculptureshave been publishedin: AR 18 (1971-2) 21; AR 19 (1972-3) 70-71; AR 24 (1977-8) 61; L.H. Sacke« and J.E. Jones,Archaeology 32, 2 (1979) 25-27. Cf. also A.W. andRoman Lawrence,Greek Sculpture (London, 1972) 43; and I.F. Sanders,RomanCrete(Warminster, 1982) 152. 2. For the kiln,see M.S.F. Hood and D. Smyth,Archaeological oftheKnossosArea(1981), no. 304. The Survey statement ofRJ. Ling,'StuccoDecoration,'PBSR 40 (1972) 23 withn. 73, thatwhiletheEgyptiansworkedin gypsumplaster,"theGreeksnormallyutilisedthefiner,moredurableplasterbased on lime (calciumoxide)," is notsupportedby thechemicalanalysisof theKnossosfragments. 3. For thistechnique,cf.Drerup97. 4. Chr. Landwehr,Die antiken aus Baiae,Archäologische Band 14 (Berlin,1985) 12-25 Gipsabgüsse Forschungen, and esp. 203-5. 5. Egyptianpainted masks: G. Grimm,Die römischen Mumienmasken aus Ägypten (Wiesbaden, 1974) 20-21. Portuguesemask:Drerup92-93, pl. 49, 2. LeptisMagna busts:L. Bacchielli,QuadALibia9 (1977) 103;Drerup 95.
482
NOTES TO PAGES 342-346
6. Drerup88. 7. Drerup,op.cit. 8. R.E.M. Wheeler,Antiquity 23 (1949) 15; S. de Marinis,EAA 7 (1966) 527 s.v. Stucco;RJ. Ling,op.cit.(n. 2) RM-EH15 (1975) 13 n. 25; Grimm,op.cit.(n. 5), 13; idem, CQ23 (1973) 154;H. Mielsch,Römische Stuckreliefs, passim. AA 1974631ff;Chr.v. Hees, 9. Landwehr,op.cit.(n. 4). Cf.also W.H. Schuchhardt, 1973 lOOff; idem, JbHeidelb. AntK21 (1978) 108ff;Drerup 102 n. 55. 9a An armofgypsumplasterwas foundin theDipylonexcavationsaccordingto E. Curtius,AZ 29 (1872) 35; cf. ofGreekmetalwork fromtheAthenian Landwehr,op.cit.(n. 4) 12 n. 88. Comparealso theclay impressions as "thepredecessors 45 (1976) 41-66, whichare interpreted Agorapublishedby E. ReederWilliams,Hesperia and casts."For a plasterdeathmask oftheHellenisticand Roman workshopcollectionsofplasterimpressions once in Athens,see below n. 58. 10. H. Slim,Antiquités 10 (1976) 89-90, fig.6; Drerup91-92, pl. 47, 2. Africaines 11. Slim,op.cit.(n. 10) 79-86, figs.1-3; Drerup91, pls. 46, 1-2; 47, 1. 12. Slim,op.cit.(n. 10) 86-89, figs.4-5; Drerup91, pl. 48, 1-2. 13. Slim,op.cit.(n. 10) 81 n. 2. 14. Bacchielli,op.cit.(n. 5) 97-100, figs.1-3. 15. W. v. Sydow,AA 1973625fF;L. Quilici,Collatia.FormaItaliaeI 10 (1974) 273ff;Bacchielli,op.cit.(n. 5) 103; Drerup87-89, esp. 88 no. 4, pl. 41, 3. 16. Drerup88, pl. 42, 1-2. 17. Drerup88 no. 1, pls. 38-40. 18. Drerup97. 19. J.M.C. Toynbee-J.B. Ward Perkins,TheShrine ofSt.Peter(1956) 82ff;Mielsch,op.cit.(n. 8) 94-95, 174-177; 34-37. 85-87, Drerup pls. 20. Drerup86-87 no. 3, pl. 35. 21. Drerup86 no. 2, 87, pls. 36-37. 22. A. Adriani,RM 11 (1970) 108ff, pl. 35, 1-2; A. Rieth,P£49 (1974) pl. 22, 1; Grimm,op.cit.(n. 5) 122, 136 D2; Drerup90 no. 1, pl. 45, 1-2. 23. Drerup91 no. 2, pl. 44.4. 1960 141-154,pls. 7-11; J. Meischner,Jdl 97 (1982) 402 no. 2, fig.4, and p. 406. 24. Kallipolitis,EphArch 25. Dresden:K. Fittschen, Jdl 86 (1971) 241 no. 13, figs.35-36; Meischner,op. cit. (n. 24) 402 no. 1, fig.2. Museum,said to Toulouse,Musée St. Raymond:Fittschen, op.cit.240 no. 10,figs.31-32. Padua, University be mid-Severan(200-215 A.D.): Meischner,op.cit.(n. 24) 413 no. 17, fig.17. femaleheads fromEgyptofearly 26. Apartfromtheexamplesalreadycited (nn. 12 and 23), note twofurther thirdcenturydate: Philadelphia,University Museum,Inv. E 2148 - Grimm,op.cit.(n. 5) 88, 106, 150 B108, and Cairo,EgyptianMuseum,no. C.G.33175- Grimm,op.cit.(n. meloncoiffure; pl. 94, 1 withblack-painted waved hair like the Knossianheads. 5) 88, pl. 96, 1, withstrongly 27. Fittschen, 55-65, pp. 21-24 nos. 20-23, pls. 27-32. Bildnistypen pls. 24-43; cf.also Fittschen-Zanker 28. Fittschen-Zanker p. 83 no. 113, pls. 142-3,dated by themto c. 160-180. RM 82 (1975) 136-7,pls.28-29. New York,Met. Mus.: Brilliant, R. Brilliant, 29. Istanbul,ex-Bertelé: op.cit.138, pl. 35. 30. E.G. Berlinhead: Meischner,op.cit.(n. 24) 406-7, fig.1; Copenhagenhead: Meischner,op.cit.(n. 24) 406, fig. 3; cf.Brilliant,op.cit.(n. 29) 139, pl. 36. 31. Fittschen, 82-86, pl. 7, 1-3 (coin portraits)and pls. 49-52 (marbleportraits). Bildnistypen no. 151 p. 103, pl. 179,dated by themc. 180-210. 32. Fittschen-Zanker no. 140 pp. 96-97, pls. 165-7; cf.versionin BritishMuseum,no. 1914,Fittschen-Zanker, 33. Fittschen-Zanker Beil. 20. 34. Fittschen, Bildnistypen p. 36 no. 5, pl. 3, nos. 6-7, 11-12; pl. 4 nos. 3-4; pl. 5, 4-7. 35. Fittschen, Bildnistypen pp. 51-53 nos. 1-6, pls. 19-22. 36. Fittschen, Bildnistypen p. 70 no. 2, pl. 6 nos. 3-9. 37. Fittschen, Bildnistypen pp. 78-80, pl. 48. nos. 26-27 pp. 26-27, pls. 35-37. 38. Fittschen-Zanker no. 105 pp. 79-80, pls. 132-3,dated by themto c. 160-180. 39. Fittschen-Zanker 40. Fittschen-Zanker p. 80 underno. 107. no. 28, pl. 38, ofType 1 ofJulia Domna (193 - c. 210), see Fittschen-Zanker 41. For themostrecenttreatment withpp. 27-29 fora listof 38 replicas.
NOTES TO PAGES 346-352 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.
54.
55.
56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67.
Fittschen-Zanker no. 120 p. 87, pl. 152; and no. 122 p. 88, pls. 154-5. Fittschen-Zanker nos. 118-119 pp. 86-87, pls. 149-151. Fittschen-Zanker p. 86. Fittschen, Bildnistypen p. 69, pl. 6, 1-2 (coin portraits);pp. 75-77, pls. 44-47 (marbleversions). loc.cit.(n. 45). Fittschen, ad Aegyptum nn. 31a and 33, figs.91-92; E. Breccia,BullSocAlex 9 (1907) 112figs.23-24; idem,Alexandrea 182ff, AnArchaeological GuidetotheCityandtheGraeco-Roman H. Riad - Y. Hanna Shehata- H. El Gheriani,Alexandria. Museum(Cairo, no date) 132ff;Bacchielli,op.cit.(n. 5) 104 n. 4. P. Graindor,BustesetStatues-portraits romaine (1936) no. 36 p. 87, pl. 30; and no. 15 p. 56, pl. 15. d'Egypte Cairo Museum,Inv. 44671: Graindor,op.cit.(n. 47) no. 12 p. 52, pl. 11; H. Jucker,RM 68 (1961) 104 no. 7, pl. 34, 2. B. Freyer-Schauenburg, Eikones:Festschrift HansJucker (Bern,1980) 119 no. 11,pl. Tigani, Castlestoreroom: 42, 1. op. cit.(n. 50) 118-125. Jucker,op.cit.(n. 49) 103-113; Freyer-Schauenburg, op. cit.(n. 50) 120. Jucker,op.cit.(n. 49) 112; Freyer-Schauenburg, Numerousarchitectural exampleshave been foundat Didyma, Aphrodisias,Side and Leptis Magna; and thereis a particulary finemarblehead in theMuseo Nazionale,Rome, perhapsfroma secondcenturyA.D. Le Sculture I, 2 (Rome, 1981) no. 28, pp. building:M. Cima in A. Giulianoand others,MuseoNazionaleRomano. Römische 37-39, withlit.For Asiaticgarlandsarcophagi,see G. Koch and H. Sichtermann, (1982) Sarkophage Die Werkstatt der repräsentativen kleinasiatischen 499; M. Waelkens, Dokimeion. Sarkophage, Archäologische Bd. 11 (Berlin,1982). Forschungen, E. Buschor,MedusaRondanini (Stuttgart,1958). Recentlyan originforthe typein theHellenisticperiodhas beensuggestedbyJ. D. Belson,AJA84 (1980) 373-8; and P. Callaghan,BSA 76 (1981) 59-70. For gorgoneia, desGorgoneion, Orbis Antiquus,vol. 29 (Münster,1977), and BoreasI cf.alsoJ. Floren,Studien zur Typologie (1978) 37-38. See e.g. C. Houser,Dionysos andhis Circle:Ancient Modern(Fogg Art Museum,Harvard University, through inStone(Boston,1976) 1979); themarblesilenos'head in Boston,M. Comstockand C. C. Vermeule,Sculpture no. 165p. 108;or themarblemaenad'shead in thesamemuseum,Comstockand Vermeule,op.cit.,no. 195p. 126. JHS55 (1935) 164-5 fig.12 pl. XI; AR 195724; AR 195822; AR 1960-61,29-30; AR 1971-72,21-22; M.S.F. Hood and D. Smyth,Archaeological volume Area,BritishSchool at Athens,supplementary oftheKnossos Survey no. 14 (London, 1981) no. 114 p. 43. J. CaringtonSmith,BSA 11 (1982) 259, 288. A plasterdeathmaskin thecollectionoftheArchaeologicalSocietyin Athenswas recordedby L. von Sybel, zu Athen KatalogderSkulpturen (1881) 208 no. 2921,butis now apparentlylost.Cf.Drerup94-95, and above n. 9a. Drerup 100. II (1966) no. 1615; Drerup 105, pl. 51, 1-2. Heibig,Führer* Drerup 122-3. H.G. Frenz,Untersuchungen römischen zu denfrühen a.M., 1977) 55 nos. 1-3; Drerup 122-3. Grabreliefs (Frankfurt See above, n. 13. Hood and Smyth,op.cit.(n. 56) 24-26 and nos. 154-9, 361. CaringtonSmith,op.cit.(n. 57) 262. K. Wardle,BSA 67 (1972) 275-9 nos. 103-4 pl. 53; CaringtonSmith,op.cit.(n. 57) 286-9 no. 115. AR 1971-72,21-22; J. Hayes, BSA 78 (1983) 97-99.
Section 10 1. la. 2. 3. 4. 5.
483
TerracottaFigurinesand Other Objects
Cf. BMC i, pl. 3, no. 19. See Getty Museum xii (1984), 33-6 fora discussionof CretanDedalic dress. Journal G. Rizza and A.M. Scrinari,//Santuario di Gortina, i (Rome, 1968). Sull'Acropoli op.cit.pls. 39 & 40. op.cit.pl. 39, no. 280. Fortetsa, pl. 36, no. 549.
484 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.
NOTES TO PAGES 352-355 Fortetsa, pl. 95, no. 1211. Annx-xiv (1927-9), 114,fig.93. op.cit.503, fig.596. cf.Furumark,MP, 265, fig.34, no. 39. Fortetsa, figs.16 ae and as. cf.BMC i, pls. 85f,nos. 655-60. op.cit.pl. 21, no. 112. op.cit.pl. 22, no. 121. ofDemeter Sanctuary pl. 52, no. 143. op.cit.pl. 52, nos. 149, 150. op.cit.pl. 54, nos. 153-5. op.cit.pl. 54, no. 161. And see refsforotherexamples. op.cit.pl. 54, no. 158. cf.Winter,ii; 156-9. Sanctuary ofDemeter, pls. 40-42. cf.op.cit.pl. 53, no. 147. BMC i, pl. 50, no. 295. ofDemeter, Sanctuary pl. 37, no. 43. See especiallyWinter,ii, 417:12. cf.Sanctuary ofDemeter pl. 47, nos. 105-6. cf.Winterii, 25:2, ii, 27:4, ii, 37:2. cf.Winterii, 42:3, ii, 49:5. cf.Winterii, 72 passim. ofDemeter, Sanctuary pl. 51. cf.Winterii, 179:4 = BMC C 727-8 (fromCyrenaica). cf.Winterii, 211:6 etc. e.g. Winterii, 211:6 etc. cf.LouvreCat.ii, pl. 31a. i.e. LouvreCat.ii, pl. 15c to/. cf.Winterii, 164:1. cf.BSA 66 (1971) pl. 43, no. 16. di Sciatbi(Cairo, 1912) pl. 63, no. 158. cf.Winterii, 237:5 or E. Breccia,La necropoli cf.Winterii, 242:4 or Higgins,GTC pl. 45.F. cf.Winterii, 321 to 323. cf.Winterii, 336 to 343. See LouvreCat.ii, pls. 146-7; HigginsGTC pl. 56E. cf.LouvreCat.ii, pl. 74 a to c. See Winterii, 220-231 passim;Tarsus,i, 372; Délosxxiii,274. e.g. BMC ('903), D 19. Winterii, 230:6. Délosxxiii,pl. 97, no. 1296. BSA 66 (1971) pl. 47, nos. 53 and 54. e.g. BMC i, pl. 98, no. 743. e.g. Délosxxiii,pl. 92, no. 1219; BMC (1903) D 322. i (1975), 27, no. 80. MuseumYearbook See British andIdeology inMagicalAmulets C. Bonner,Studies (1968), 288. Iconography (1950), 36. E.A. Campbell,Mithraic i (1975), 27, no. 79. MuseumYearbook British Scavidi Ostia,iv, pl. 96 (top). and ofveteransfromCapua in theKnossosterritory, has beenmade betweenthesettlement A firmdistinction andCapuaTAPA 106, 1976, thefoundingoftheColoniaJulia NobilisCnossusby Rome. K. J. RigsbyKnossos 322 sqq. à reliefs cf.F. Courby,Vasesgrecques (Paris, 1922), pls. 8 and 9. Hesperiaiii, 380, fig.66¿. AR 23, 1976-7,20-1 and fig.50. Greco-romain cultuel See E. Will,Le relief (1955), 55. TroyTc, 56. BSA 73 (1978) 21 sqq, and pl. 9.
NOTES TO PAGES 355-389
485
Museum 60. Unpublishedin Heraklion.But see Pendlebury,Archaeology ofCrete,384; TroyTc 57, 108; Heraklion Guide(1972) 115. 61. TroyTc, 56. LarisaamHermos iii, 48, nos. 128-32. LouvreCat. iii, 112 (not Kyme,as TroyTc). 62. AJAlxxvii(1973), 419. LarisaamHermos, iii, 48. 63. Délosxxx,304, pl. 95. Pergamon vii, pt. 2, 248-57. 64. Corinth xii,49. Winterii, 299 to 302. 65. Hesperiaxxxv (1966), pl. 6, no. T2466. 66. BMC (1903), E 162-180. 67. See M. Grant.Gladiators (London, 1967) passim. 68. Winter,ii, 387:2. 69. cf.Corinth xii, pl. 39, no. 436. 70. BSA 67 (1972) pl. 53a. 71. Corinth xii,nos. 436-445. 72. Tarsusi, pls. 235-6. 73. Athenian Agoravi, pl. 11, no. 587. defigurines enargile(Paris, 1859), pl. 19. 74. E.g. E. Tudot, Collection 75. Athenian Agoravi, 44fF. 76. Corinth xii,pl. 41, no. 448. 77. Winter,i, 255:5. 78. cf.Athenian Agoravi, pl. 5. 79. Athenian Agoravi, pl. 11, no. 571. 80. See M. Grant,Gladiators (London, 1967), passim. 81. Athenian Agoravi, pl. 20, no. 796; LouvreCat. iii, pl. 'c. 82. HesperiaSuppt. vii, 156,fig.68, no. 103.
Sections 11 and 12
Objects in Metal and in Bone
to Sections11 and 12 Abbreviations Photosetal. 1985
D elos
Notesto Section12
of some Metallurgical E. Photos,SJ. Filipakisand CJ. Salter "PreliminaryInvestigations Remainsat Knossos,Hellenisticto thirdcenturyA.D.", in P.T. Craddockand MJ. Hughes inAntiquity andSmelting Technology (eds.) Furnaces pp. 189-197 ( = BritishMuseumOccasional Paper no. 48) London 1985. d'Athènes Fase, xviii. de DélosFaitepar VÉcoleFrançaise Exploration Archéologique
1. G. PapathanasopoulosNationalArchaeological Museum, (Athens1981) 143 and fig.71. Neolithic-Cycladic 2. This typeof pin, withplain conical head, is foundin Romano-British contexts,rangingfromFlavian to of Antonine.This providessomesupportforthechronology suggestedhere.Cf.Nina Crummy"A Chronology X (1979) 159. Romano-British Bone Pins,"Britannia 3. The pin withsphericalhead occursonlyin laterRomano-British contexts,date rangesuggested,c. 200-400 A.D. Cf. Nina Crummyloc.cit.(see n.2). 4. Also used forfineworkwould be smallermetalneedles,such as M 191 (plate 305, no. 5). xii no. 1271. Cf. also thehandle of a bronzespoon ofdoubtfuldate fromDélos, Délosxviiipl. 611. 5. Corinth 6. See ref.in catalogue.For pinswithelaborateheads of thisform,cf.Corinth xii 285, no. 2349 and pl. 119. 7. Note however,thattheopen or clenchedhand is a frequentdeviceforspoon or pin handlesalso; Corinth xii, nos. 2351-2. 8. A parallelforthesmallerbox or pyxis(no. E 133) is associatedwitha Roman couchat Cambridge,perhapsof 106, 1979,20-1. Augustandate; cf.R.V. Nichollsin Archaeologia 9. Délosxviii242-4, pl. 643 sqq. 10. Alan MeWhirr'Roman Craftsand Industries'ShireArchaeology no. 24, Aylesbury1982. 11. For evidenceoflocal manufacture of pinsat Corinth,see Corinth xii 278 and pl. 147-8.
NOTES TO PAGES 389-411
486
toDr Owen Bedwinforexaminingand identifying theboneslistedhere;and also forthedrawing 12. I am grateful theworkshopuse of thesematerials,plate 319. illustrating 13. Contextsare as follows:Hellenistic(1), Augustan(2), Tiberian(1), Claudian (2), Hadrianic(5), Aurelian(6), Severanand later (51).
Section 13
Other Finds in Stone,Clay and Faience
and spindlewhorls,and 1. Jane Cockingrevisedthesectionscontainingdiscussionoftheterracotta loomweights of her own. HarrietWatrousand Don Evely assistedin examiningthe stoneobjects, added a commentary oftheobjects.The latter ofthestonesand helpfully identification discussingthepossiblefunctions suggesting also providedsomeusefulreferences. 2. Parallelsforalmostall are knowntoHarrietWatrousfromtheMessara,and are discussedin thepublicationof theKommosstonematerial. intheRomanWorld154.4.Since these,again,are 3. Délosxviii48 and pls. 148-9, 177. K.D. WhiteFarmEquipment typesknownfromthe Minoan period,theycould also derivedirectlyfromMinoan sources. 43 sqq, pl. 3 and figs.3-5. 5. For therectangulartype,see L.A. MoritzGrainmillsandflourin ClassicalAntiquity Délosxviii127. For discussionoftheirorigin,see n.7 below.A cargoofthesestoneswas foundin a 4thcentury B.C. ship wreckedoffKyrenia;C. ConophagosLe Laurium Athens,1980, pl. 10.9 and 10.15,with Antique diagramshowingthe methodof work.For the circularbasin,see Délos xviii 104 and pl. 288 sqq. For the segmentedcone,see Délosxviii 133 and pl. 393. 6. L.A. Moritzop.cit.57-8 and fig.7. 7. I am gratefulto PeterWarrenforpermissionto illustratethisexample.The importanceof theseobjectsof in Italyand specialisedtradeis emphasisedby D.P.S. Peacockin a discussionoftheirsourcesand distribution NorthAfrica:"The Roman millstonetrade:a petrologicalsketch"(in WorldArchaeology 12, 44-53). Possible lever-mill(S57a) wouldincludeNisyros(see local sourcesforthesupplybothofthistypeand therectangular Moritzop.cit.91), Thera,Melos (stillthe20thcenturysource,eg. forthecurrently workingmillat Zaros) and the LikhadesIslands (whereancientworkingswereobservedby thewriterduringthe courseof a Euboean Surveyin 1965). 8. This contrastwas highlighted duringtheUM excavationwhenworkin replacingtheVilla Ariadnesewerline some 100m.to theNorthproduceda fineimperialRoman sculptureand cut throughmosaicfloors. 9. S76, whichis verysimilar,was foundin an Augustancontextbut may be a PG/G survival;the onlyother objectin thismaterial(S81) is a bead ofsimilarpyramidalform,also dated early PGB/EG. Romana 10. Cf. R. Gnoli Marmora (Rome 1971). identifications. 11. I am indebtedto Sarah Parfittforexaminingthesemarblespecimensand suggesting used in 12. Proconnesianmarbleseemsto have comeintofashionin theSeveranperiod,whenit was extensively in Memoirsof theAmericanAcademyin Lepcis Magna, cf.J. Ward Perkins The Marble Trade and its Organisation
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
20. 21. 22.
thatitsoccurrenceat Knossosalso fallsat thisdate. RomeXXXVI 1980,332. It is interesting L.H. Sackettand J.E. Jones"Knossos:A Roman House Revisited"in Archaeology 32, 1979,24. werefoundin thefilloftheprotected Perhapsit was used in theupperflooroverRoom III, wherefragments and unrobbedsoutheastcorner,but even herenot on thewalls. loomstillremainsM. HoffmanTheWarpWeighted The beststudyofthewarp-weighted Loom,(Leiden, 1964). For a generalsurveysee E. Chadwick,TheCraftofHandSpinning. London, 1980. G.M. Crowfoot,'Of theWarp-weighted Loom', BSA 7, 1937,pp. 36-47. For examplethosefromCorinthin G.R. DavidsonCorinth XII, theMinorObjects(Princeton1952),pp. 148-62, figs.24-5 and 27. Otherexamplesinclude:J. Boardman'The Khaniale TekkeTombs II' BSA 62, 1967,74, fig.7 no. 63; J.N. ColdstreamKnossos,The Sanctuary of Demeter(London 1973) p. 122, 60/157,pub. 54, pl. 80; E.H. Hall EasternCrete(Philadelphia 1914) p. 122, fig. 73; D. Levi 'Arkades' Ann.X-XII at Vrokastro, Excavations 1927-9-29,p. 479, fig.591. BSA 55, 146-8. DarkAges229, 232. DesboroughGreek I 83; E. SmithsonHesperia see BSA 55, 146-7,n.31-2 and 36; Desboroughop.cit.232. Lefkandi For references, xxx 170-3.
NOTES TO PAGES 411-415
487
22a The firstoriginoftheseincisedbeads maygo back as faras the Mycenaeanperiod,cf.Jan Bouzek TheAttic DarkAgeIncisedWarein SbornikNovodnihov Praze 28, 6 and n.26. 23. These includeM.A.S. Cameron,K. McFadzean, M.S.F. Hood, J.A. MacGillivray,M.R. Popham and K. no. 157,Tomb FJ/70,Knossos no. 61, Wardle.The tombsconcernedare: Tomb MKT I, Knossos Survey Survey no. 78. and tombsat theTopana ridge,KnossosSurvey 24. Dog paw printshave been notedin somenumberon theproductsofRoman tileriesin Britain.They werethe of various species recordedat Silchester,cf. L. Cram and M. Fulford most numerousfoot-impressions 'SilchesrerTile Making - the Faunal Environment'in A. McWhirr(ed.) 'Roman Brickand Tile' BAR Series68, 1979,201. International fromJ.A. MacGillivray;publicationforthcoming. 25. Information
Section 14
Hellenistic and Roman Glass
Notes 1.
I am verygratefulto colleagueswho have generously providedaccess to theirunpublishedmaterial,as this theUnexploredMansionglassin itsregionalcontext.Dr J.W. Hayes, has beenofgreatvalue forestablishing Royal OntarioMuseum,Toronto,sentnotesofhisreporton theglassfromexcavationsdirectedby Professor J. Shaw at Kommos;Mr A. OliverJr,NationalEndowmentfortheArts,WashingtonDC, sentnotesofhis D. Whiteat theSanctuaryofDemeterat Cyrene; reporton theglassfromexcavationsdirectedby Professor Dr A. McGillivray,formerly Curatorat Knossos,showed me the glass fromhis excavationsat Knossos; P.M. Warren,University ofBristol,showedme theglassfromhisexcavationsfortheStratigraphical Professor of Birmingham, Museumextensionat Knossos;Dr K.A. Wardle,University permittedme to examinethe glassfromhisexcavationsin tombsat Knossos;and Dr T.W. Potter(BritishMuseum) drewmyattentionto to Benghaziare takenfrommyown unpublishedreport glassfromhisexcavationsat Chercel.The references on theHellenistic,Roman and Islamicglassfromexcavationsat Sidi Khrebishdirectedby Dr J.A. Lloyd. I also wishto thankDr D.B. Harden and Dr G. Weinberg,whohave answeredmyquestionsand provided information on the glass fromCrete, and Dr M. Ehrenberg(Universityof Birmingham)and Ms S J. Hardman (Universityof Durham) who have producedthe drawings.Dr A. MacGillivray,and Drs C.E. Morrisand A.A.D., as Curatorsat Knossos,wereextremely helpfulto me duringmystaysat theTaverna.
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on thesouth-eastslopesofMonasteriakiKephala, Knossos'. CaringtonSmith,J. 1982. 'A Roman chamber-tomb TheAnnualoftheBritish Schoolat Athens 77, 255-91. D. 1959. 'Roman Glass in NorthernBritain'.Archaeologia Aeliana(4th series)37, 33-58 Charlesworth, D. 1966. 'Roman square bottles'.Journal Charlesworth, ofGlassStudiesVIII, 26-40 D. 1968. 'The datingand distribution of Roman cylindricalbottles'.In RJ. Charlestonetal. eds. Charlesworth, Studiesin GlassHistory andDesien.Old Wokine;,Surrey,6-8 at Dura Europos, FinalReport Clairmont,C.W. 1963 TheGlass Vessels:TheExcavations IV, Part V. New Haven. III: theobjects Crowfoot, J.W., Crowfoot,G.M., Kenyon,K.M. 1957. Samaria-Sebaste fromSamaria.London. GläservomMazdalensberp. Kärntner Museums 65. Klaerenfurt Czurda-Ruth,B. 1979. Die römischen Schriften XII. TheMinorObjects.Princeton. Davidson,G.R. 1952 Corinth d'Escurac-Doisy,H. 1962-65 'VerrerieAntique et Collectionsdu Musée National des Antiquités'.Bulletin I, 129-157 d'Archéologie Algérienne romana di Solduno. Bellinzona. Donati, P.A. 1979. Locamo.La necropoli ofSamothrace'.Journal Dusenburv,E. 1967. 'Ancienterlassfromthecemeteries ofGlassStudiesIX, 34-49 tothesixteenth New York. Technic andClassification century. History, Eisen,G.A. 1927. Glass; itsOrigin, Chronology, de l'Association Internationale 9, 205-8. Facchini,G.M. 1981-83.Andera(Várese).Bulletin pourL'Histoiredu Verre augustéennede l'épave de la Tradelière(Iles de Lerins)'. Feugere,M. and Leyge,F. 1989.'La cargaisonde verrerie In M. Feuerere enEuropeOccidentale. éd. Le Verre Preromain Montaernac,169-76. Museum.Cambridge. Fitzwilliam1978. Glassat theFitzwilliam Badalona. Flos Travieso.N. 1987. Baetulo:eis Vidres. desrömischen Glass in Köln'. Die Denkmaler F. 1961. 'Römischesgeformtes Fremersdorf, Köln,VI. Köln des GlasermitSchliff, F. 1967. 'Die römischen Fremersdorf, Bemalungund Goldauflagenaus Köln'. Die Denkmaler Köln.VIII. Köln. römischen ausstein, Glas (sowiekleinere arbeiten F. 1975.Antikes, Islamisches undMittelalterliches Fremersdorf, eaeat,undverwandten indenVatikanischen Roms). Vatican City. Stoffen Sammlungen Landesmusums Trier.Mainz. GlaserdesRheinischen K. 1977. Katalogderrömischen Goethert-Polaschek, MuseumofGlass.Corning. andEarlyRomanGlassin theCorning Goldstein,S. M. 1979 Pre-Roman Internationale del'Association Grose,D. F. 1973-76.'The glassfromtheRoman coloniaofCosa'. Bulletin pourL'Histoire du Verre 7, 175-82. Grose,D. F. 1977. 'Early blownglass:thewesternevidence'.Journal ofGlassStudiesXIX, 9-29. in thelaterHellenisticperiod'.Muse 13, 54-65. erlassindustry Grose,D.F. 1979. 'The Syro-Palestinian Glass.New York Grose,D.F. 1989. The ToledoMuseumofArt:EarlyAncient Grosjean,B. 1985. La vassailleen verre.Autun- Augustodunum: CapitaledesEduens.Autun,143-50. Haevernick,T.E. 1967. 'Die Verbreitungder "zarten Rippenschalen'". Jahrbuchdes Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 14, 153-66 Berichte 51, 328-30. Haevernick,T.E. 1978. Modioli. Glastechnische deBegram'.CahiersdeByrsaIII, 121-8. a l'étudedesverreries Hamelin,P. 1953. Matériaux pourservir ofMichiganStudiesHumanisticSeriesXLI. Ann Arbor. Harden,D.B. 1936.RomanGlassfromKaranis.University 46-60 1940-1948, Harden,D.B. 1955.'Roman Tombsat Vasa: theglass'.Report ofAntiquities, Cyprus, oftheDepartment Harden, D.B. 1968. 'The Canosa groupof Hellenisticglassesin the BritishMuseum'. JournalofGlassStudiesX, 21-47. MuseumVol.I. London. andRomanGlassin theBritish Harden,D.B. 1981. Catalogue ofGreek R., Tait, H. 1968. Masterpieces Harden,D.B., Painter,K.S., Pinder-Wilson, ofGlass.London. Harden,D.B., Hellenkemper, H., Painter,K., Whitehouse,D. 1987. GlassoftheCaesars.Milan. 1961-1969.Vol.II: theFinds. at Fishbourne Excavations Harden,D.B. and Price,J. 1971.'The Glass'. In B.W. Cunliffe, London: 317-68. Schoolat Athens 66, 249-75. Hayes,J.W. 1971. 'Four earlyRoman groupsfromKnossos'. TheAnnualoftheBritish Glassin theKoyalUntanoMuseum,loronto. Hayes, J.W. 1975. Romanandrre-Koman 1957conducted at Carthage by Hayes,J.W. 1978.'Glass findsfromthe 1975season'. In J.H. Humphreyed. Excavations theUniversity ofMichigan,Vol.II. Ann Arbor,187-93. at Sabratha1948-1951.London,297-311. Hayes,J.W. 1986. 'The Glass'. In P. Kenrick,Excavations Isings,C. 1957. RomanGlassfromDatedFinds.Groningen/Djakarta. de Tipasa.Paris. Lancei, S. 1967. Verrerie antique London. Lazarus, P. 1978. TheCinzanoGlasscollection. Association andProceedings 72, Philological of theAmerican Leon, HJ. 1941. 'Sulphurforbrokenglass'. Transactions 233-6.
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StudiesXXXV, 123-9. C.S. 1985. 'A Roman glassflaskfromGaziantep Museum'. Anatolian Lightfoot, C.S. 1987.'A groupofearlyRoman mold-blownflasksfromtheWest'.Journal 29, 11-21. Liffhtfoot, ofGlassStudies
van Oudhedete Lith, S.M.E. van 1977. Römisches Glas aus Velsen. Oudheidkundige Mededelingenuit hetRijksmuseum Leiden58, 1-62 Maccabruni, C. 1983. / Vetriromanidei Musei Civicidi Pavia. Pavia.
MackworthYoung, G. 1949. 'The Roman Gravesof the FirstCenturyA.D.'. In J.K. Brockand G. Mackworth Young, Excavationsat Siphnos.The Annualof theBritishSchoolat Athens44, 80-92.
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H. 1968.'Hohe GlasbechervomPompeji-TypmiteinerVerzierung'.In Provincialia: Festschrift Norling-Christensen, fürR. Laur-Beiart,410-27.
Oliver,A. Jr. 1967. 'Late Hellenisticglassin the MetropolitanMuseum'. Journal ofGlassStudiesIX, 13-33. Oliver,A. Jr. 1968. 'MillefioriGlass in ClassicalAntiquity'.JournalofGlassStudiesX, 48-70 ofGlassStudies26, 35-58 Oliver,A. Jr.1984. 'Early Roman faceteddass'. Journal
Price.J. 1974. 'Some Roman glass fromSpain'. Annalesdu 6 Congrèsde l'AssociationInternationale pourL'Histoiredu Verre,
65-84. Price,J. 1980. 'The Roman Glass'. In G. Lambrick,Excavationsin Park Street,Towcester.Northamptonshire Archaeology 15, 63-9.
and Price,J. 1985A. 'Late Hellenisticand earlyImperialvesselglass at Berenice'.In G. Barkeretal. eds. Society inClassicalCyrenaica. Economy SocietyforLibyan StudiesOccasional PapersI. Oxford,BAR InternationalSeries 236, 287-96. Price,J. 1985B.'EarlyRoman vesselglassfromburialsin Tripolitania'.In DJ. Buckand DJ. Mattinglyeds. Town and Country inRomanTripolitania:papersinhonourofOlwenHackett.Society forLibyan Studies Occasional Papers II.
Oxford,BAR InternationalSeries274, 67-106 Price,T. 1985C. 'Two piecesofpolychrome class table-warefromRoman Britain'.Antiquaries Journal LXV, 468-71. du10eCongrès del'Association Price,J. 1987A.'Late Hellenisticand earlyImperialcast vesselglassin Spain'. Annales Internationale pour l'Histoiredu Verre,61-80.
Price,J. 1987B. 'Glass vesselproductionin southernIberia in the firstand secondcenturiesAD: a surveyof the archaeologicalevidence'.JournalofGlassStudies29, 30-9. sitesat Fréjus (ForumJulii)'. HemesJournées d'Étudede L'Association Price,J. 1988. 'The Aiguièresand Argentière du Verre(Rouen), 24-39. Françaisepourl'Archéologie
'Decorated mould-blownglass tablewaresin the firstcenturyAD'. In M. Newbyand K. Price,J. forthcoming.
Painter eds. RomanGlass: Two Centuries of Artand Invention(London). Riefstahl, E. 1968. AncientEgyptianGlass and Glazes in theBrooklynMuseum (Brooklyn, New York). Rutti, B. 1981. 'Romisches Glas'. In 3000 JahreGlaskunstvoederAntikebis zum Jugendstil. Luzern, 59-108. Oberwinterthur -Vitudurum 4. Die Gläser. Zurich. Rutti, B. 1988. Beitragezum römischen Saldern, A. von 1968. AncientGlass in theMuseumof Fine ArtsBoston.Boston.
andByzantine GlassfromSardis.Cambridge,Mass./London. Saldern,A. von 1980. Ancient ErwinOppenländer. Saldern,A. von, Nolte,B., La Baume, P., Haevernick,T.E. 1974. GläserderAntike:Sammlung Hamburg. di Ercolano.Rome. Scatozza-Horicht,A. 1986. / Vetriromani Rouen. Sennequier,G. 1985. Verrerie d'EpoqueRomaine. Annales du4e Congrès desJournées Internationales du Sorokina,N. 1967. 'Das antikeGlas der Nordschwarzmeerkuste'. Verre( RavenneVenise ), 67-79.
centuries BlackSea region'.Journal Sorokina,N.P. 1987.'Glass aryballoi(first-third AD) fromtheNorthern ofGlass Studies29, 40-6.
Stern, E. M. 1977. AncientGlass at theFondationCustodia.Groningen. Sternini,M. 1989. 'Verrerie byzantine de Gortyne'. II lemesJournéesd'Etudede L'AssociationFrançaisepourl'Archéologie du Verre(Lattes), 18-27.
Tagart, C. 1982. 'A Glass FishbeakerfromFezzan'. LibyanStudies13, 81-4. Tagart, C. 1983. Roman Faience fromGerma'. LibyanStudies14, 143-54. V.A. 1984. 'The Glass'. In H.R. Hurstand S.P. Roskams,Excavations at Carthage: theBritish Mission Tatton-Brown,
490
NOTES TO PAGES 464-465
thanpottery. thesiteandfindsother 194-212. Salammbô: Vol.1,1. TheAvenue duPresident HabibBourguiba, Sheffield, in Deutschland 1, 409-33. Ulbert,G. 1975. 'Der Auerberg'.In Ausgrabungen Vol.IV. Part3. The Expedition. Vessberg,O. 1956. 'Glass'. In O. Vessbergand A. Westholm,TheSwedishCyprus Hellenistic andRomanPeriodsin Cyprus. Stockholm,128-75; 193-219. in AncientCrete:a perliminary I, 10-21. ofGlassStudies study'.Journal Weinberg,G.D. 1959. 'Glass manufacture Weinberg,G.D. 1961. 'HellenisticglassvesselsfromtheAthenianAgora'. HesperiaXXX, 380-92. Internationales du Verre desJournées 2, 104-7. Weinberg,G.D. 1963. 'Grece'. Bulletin oftheAmerican Philosophical shipwreck'.Transactions Weinberg,G.D. 1965. 'The glassvesselsfromtheAntikythera 55, 30-9. Society ofGlassStudiesXII, 17-27. Weinberg,G.D. 1970. 'HellenisticglassfromTel Anafain Upper Galilee'. Journal ofGlassStudiesXV, 35-51. Weinberg,G.D. 1973. 'Noteson glassfromUpper Galilee'. Journal at Jálame. Weinberg,G.D. and Goldstein,S.M. 1988. 'The glass vessels'. In G.D. Weinberged., Excavations Columbia,Miss.,38-102. bowl type'.Muse22, 94-74. Weinberg,S.S. 1988. 'A Syro-Palestinian 56, 504-10. Welker,E. 1978. 'Eine Facettenschaleaus Nida-Heddernheim'.Germania Wright,K.S. 1980. 'A TiberianpotterydepositfromCorinth'.Hesperia49, 135-177. Periodin theCaveoftheLetters. Yadin, Y. 1963. TheFindsfromtheBar-Kokhba Jerusalem.
Section 15
Summaryand Conclusions
1. For mainlandGreecetheearliestrecordofthedomesticfowlappearson Proto-Corinthian potteryofaround 650 B.C. OswynMurrayEarlyGreece1980,p. 80. at Sabratha1948-1951(Societyforthe 2. Sabratha:'AspectsofUrban Development'in P.M. KenrickExcavations inAntiquity PromotionofRoman StudiesMonographno. 2). p. 313. Berenice:P.M. Kenrickin Cyrenaica (BAR InternationalSeries236, 1985) p. 247. 9 (1985,Vrakasi,Crete),p. 91. K.T. Rigsby'Cnossusand 3. St. Spyridakis'Creteand theRomans' in Kritologia Capua' in TAPA 106, 1976,p. 317. 4. K.T. Rigsbyop.cit.p. 322, 329. 5. K.T. Rigsbyop.cit.p. 324. I.F. SandersRomanCretep. 14. 6. I.F. Sandersloc.cit.
Appendix1 The AnimalBones OWEN BEDWIN A totalof4475 fragments ofanimal bone and teethwereidentified. 77.9% (3483) came from Roman levels,another5.8% fromvariouspre-Romanlevels,and the remainderwerefrom Becausethegreatmajorityofbonesare ofRoman date,itis theseon whichthis mixedcontexts. concentrates. report Table 1, below,providesa breakdownofthematerialfromtheRoman levelsaccordingto forall Roman levelstakentogether are given,and thereis also subdivision species.The figures intoa secondand/orthirdcenturycategory,and a pre-secondcenturycategory.The reasonfor thisis thata numberofcarefully a wasteproductin themanufacture sawn-offbone terminals, in secondand thirdcenturycontexts(see finalpartofthis ofbone tools,werefoundexclusively bonereport).It is clearthata workshoparea has beenexcavated,in whichtherawmaterialsin theformofcattleand horsebones,are unusuallyplentiful, and thisdistortsconsiderablythe relativeproportions ofthemainspecies.Thus onlythepercentages ofthespeciesin pre-second Roman contexts a reliable to the diet of the inhabitants. century give guide (No attempthas been made to distinguish betweensheepand goats). In thepre-secondcenturyRoman levels,thedominanceof thecaprinesin the economyis evident.However,theproportion ofcaprines,55.5%, is lowerthanin theLate Minoan period Bed and win,forthcoming), lowerthananyoftheEarlyNeolithicfigures(Jarmanand (60.4%; Jarman,1968). The considerably greaterweightoí Bos comparedto Ovisdoes mean thatbeef would have been a substantialpart of the diet. Chicken (Gallus),was presentin small but constantamounts,contributing to thedietas meat,but no doubtprovidingmore onlyslightly in theformofeggs.Red deer (Cervus and there elaphus)was presentin onlysmallproportions, werealso fourexamplesof fish;theselatterconsistedof one hyomandiblefragment of Sarda the Atlantic and three scombrid i.e. to the sarda, bonita, vertebrae, belonging tunnyfamily, finally,the bone recordcontainedone exampleeach of cat (Felissp. ), rat (Rattussp.), hare (Lepussp.), and one mustelid,probablybadger.The evidenceoffishin thedietis interesting, thattheproportionis so low,sinceKnossosis notfarfromthe thoughit is perhapssurprising sea. Poor survivalof thesetinybones may be a factor. Theproduction of bonetools
of the faunal remains,60 examplesof sawn-offbone terminalswere During identification found.Withone exception,a Bos scapula,all werefromthelong bonesofeitherBos or Equus. Table 2 summarisesthefindings. It is clearfromtherighthand columnoffigures thattheproductionofbone tools,withthese sawn-off terminals as a by-product, was at itsheightin thesecondcenturyA.D., and tailedoff to a certainextentin the thirdcentury. 491
THE ANIMAL BONES
492
The limb bones of Bos and Equuswere chosenas the startingpoint because theirshafts constitute a strong,thicksourceofbone.The processesinvolvedin producingbonetoolsfroma Bos metatarsalare shownschematically in plate 319. First,theendsofthebonesare sawnoff and discarded;thismusthave beendonewitha finesaw bladejudgingbythesmoothness ofthe cutedges.Next,theshaftis treatedto further to sawingand/orsplitting produce'blanks',from whichthefinaltoolsare manufactured. The terminals weresawn offbetween2cm and 10cm fromtheend ofthebone;in threecasesout of60, thesaw had gonethroughabout 90% ofthe shaft,and theresthad snappedoff,leavinga jagged break.In 11 cases (10 Bosand one Equus), thediscardedbone terminalhad beenimmature, i.e. theepiphysishad notfusedat thetimeof death.It is possiblethatthebonesofyounganimalswerepreferred as beingeasiertoworkthan thoseofold animals. The Bos scapula, the onlyexceptionamong the limb bones,consistedof an almostintact specimenfromwhichlong,wide slivershad been cut. It is conceivablethatthesemay have been used forinlay. References
Mansion. Bedwin,O.R. 'UnexploredMansionBone Report'in Popham,M.R., TheMinoanUnexplored Jarman,M.R. and Jarman,H.R. 1968 'The Fauna and Economyof Early NeolithicKnossos; BSA 63, 1968, 241-264. TABLE 1 Sheep/Goat (Caprine)
Context All Roman levels
1775 50.9% 947 55.5% 573 43.0%
Pre-2ndC Roman levels 2nd + 3rd C levels
Pig
Cattle
Horse
Dog
Chicken
Deer
Other
Totals
745 21.4% 452 26.2% 199 15.0%
850 24.4% 273 15.8% 500 37.6%
31 0.9% 4 0.2% 23 1.7%
16 0.5% 5 0.3% 11 0.8%
53 1.5% 26 1.5% 24 1.7%
6 0.2% 5 0.3% -
7 0.2% 4 0.2% 1
3483 1716 1331
TABLE 2 BOS BONE TERMINALS
Metacarpal
Metatarsal Tibia Radius HumérusFemur Scapula 11
3 5
6 4
1 9
EQUUS BONE TERMINALS
11
6 2 13 9
2 4 7
17
Tibia
MetaFemur podial 13
13 111
2
1
1
1
2 6
1
1
1
1
3
Date Totals (cent,a.d.) 2 26 21 7 1 60
lst-3rd Early 2nd 2nd 2nd/3rd 3rd 2nd-4th
Appendix2 Recent and FossilMarine Invertebrates DAVID S. REESE The 34 marineinvertebrates foundin post-Minoanlevels at the UnexploredMansion at about 5km. from thesea, are listedbyspecieson Table 1 and bydate on Table Knossos,today beenpublishedbyD. Evely(1984, 2. The 40 Late Minoan examplesfromthesitehave recently PL and 222 246-7, 296-7, 255-6, #9 personalanalysis). Dentalium is the mostcommonshellin post-Minoanlevels,and one water-worn shellwas foundin theLM II Room H here(Ibid.,PI. 222 #9,bottomright).They have also been found in Neolithicto EarlyMinoan levels(Reese 1987) and in theRoyal Road excavationat Knossos (personalanalysis).It is a speciesfoundburiedin sand or mud,is notedible,and has a long historyofornamentaluse in the MediterraneanBasin and Near East. Dentalium and all otherspeciesfoundhere but coral are presentin Temple C (Classical, Hellenistic,EarlyRoman,ca. 400 B.C. to 150 A.D.) levelsat Kommosin southernCrete.The dentaliumat Kommosis a smallerand finer-ribbed speciesthanD. dentalis (personalanalysis). Thereare also sixdentalis of21 marineshellsfromtheMinoan to8/7thcenturyB.C. Idean cave, about 18km.fromthesea (personalanalysis). Of the fiveCharonia fromfourdepositsfound,the mostinteresting is the 4/3rd fragments B.C. cut on the There are a number of similar century fragment longeredge. examplesknown fromotherCretansites.There are EarlyNeolithicla and Ib exampleswithcut and smoothed witha cut markand twocut and edge knownfromKnossos (Reese 1987,207), one fragment smoothedfragments fromthe Royal Road, and two cut body fragments knownfromPyrgos on the south coast. Mallia also a cut Myrtos produced fragment(Chevallier1975, 158, PL XLIX #1).ElsewhereI morefullydescribetheseshellsas wellas Charonia remainsfromsitesin and the Near East these cut are likelyto be Greece,Cyprus (Reese 1985a,354-62); fragments fromshellvesselsor containers. The probablyMG Conushas beenground-down on thelabial sideand holed.This workingof theshellhas beenfoundat othersitesin Greeceand Cyprus,mainlyoftheMycenaeanperiod (Reese 1982a, 1983, 1985a,343-7), includingvariousexcavationsat Knossos:EarlyNeolithic Ib levels(Shackleton1968,266), 12fromtheMinoan levelsat theUnexploredMansion (Evely 1984, 246, PL 222 #9,centre),one fromthe Royal Road, severalfromthe Stratigraphie Museum site,and one fromthe Sanctuaryof Demeter (Hughes-Brock1973, 118-9). The Neolithicexamplecannotbe easilyexplained,but thepost-Mycenaeanexamplesare likelyto be residuals. A workedcoral semicirclecomes fromthe 'Hadrianic' Well 12 filland has a radius of 11.5mm.,a maximumlengthof 26mm. and a diameterof 4-5mm. An unmodifiedcoral fragment (#2154)is 41mm.long and has a diameterof8-1 lmm. 493
494
RECENT AND FOSSIL MARINE INVERTEBRATES
hole at the Thereis one Glycymeris collecteddead on thebeach whichhas a naturally-made umbo (bivalve'beak') whichwas probablyused as an ornament.The LM IIIA-B Room C/D at theUnexploredMansionproducedtwosimilarexamples(Evely 1984,246, PI. 222 #9,left), wornexamplesfromTemple and theyare commonat siteson Crete.Thereare over 140waterC at Kommos,withabout halfholedat theumbo.At theRoyal Road thereis a shellgrounddownand holedat theumboofthe 1stcenturyA.D. The Idean cave producedthreeunholed withtwo burntand one collecteddead. Glycymeris Cerithium, Cerastoderma, Pinna,Spondylus, Donax, Mactra, Venus,Glycymeris, Mytilusand Eriphia
is beach-wornand one Spondylus and the are all edible forms,althoughone Cerastoderma of the edible forms makes it that water-worn. The they were rarity unlikely Glycymeris food items. significant The collectionalso includesten fossilshellsfromnine deposits.All of theseare probably weatheredout ofthebedrockand buildingstone,and havingno particular chancespecimens, likethefossilscallopfromtheMiddle Minoan III A Tomb XVIII archaeologicalsignificance, of the Gypsades cemetery,Knossos (Reese 1982b, 249). Sometimes fossilsdo have in theKommossanctuary{Idem1985b). suchas thevotiveofferings archaeologicalsignificance, Two fossiloystersand one wornfossilbivalvecome fromWell 12 and date to ca. 600 B.C. These remainsare muchlike theotherobjectsfoundin thewell, with from fieldorgarden, derived contents weresmallroughstones, Theprincipal cleaning perhaps somekouskouras probablyfromMinoanbuildingmaterial lumpsand a fewworkedfragments, and Sackett1978,49). (Sackettin Coldstream
References
Chevallier, H. 1975. 'Coquilles Marines.' Chapter IX in ÉtudesCretoisesXX FouillesExécutéesa Mallia. Sondagesau Sud-Ouestdu Palais (1968). Paris, 157-9.
Coldstream,T.N. and L.H. Sackett,1978. 'Knossos:Two DepositsofOrientalisingPottery.'BSA 72, 45-60. Evely,D. 1984. 'The OtherFindsofStone,Clay, Ivory,Faience,Lead etc' Section8 in M.R. Popham,etal., The Minoan Unexplored Mansion at Knossos.Oxford, 223-59, 288-300.
H. 1973. 'The Beads, Loom Weights,etc' In J.N. Coldstream,Knossos:TheSanctuary ofDemeter. Hughes-Brock, Oxford,114-23. Reese, D.S. 1982b. 'The use of Cone Shellsin Neolithicand BronzeAge Greece.' AAA XV/1, 125-29. Reese, D.S. 1982a. 'Recent and FossilShellsfromTomb XVIII, GypsadesCemetery,Knossos,Crete.' BSA 77, 249-50. Reese, D.S. 1983. 'The Use of Cone Shellsin Neolithicand BronzeAge Greece.' BSA 78, 353-57. Reese,D.S. 1985a. 'The Late BronzeAge to GeometricShellsfromKition.'AppendixVIII (A) in V. Karageorghis, at KitionV/II. Nicosia,340-71. Excavations Reese, D.S. 1985b. 'Fossilsand MediterraneanArchaeology.'AJA89/2,347-8 (abstract). Reese,D.S. 1987. 'The EM IIA shellsfromKnossoswithcommentson Neolithicto EM III shellutilization.'BSA 82, 207-211. Shackleton,N.J. 1968.'KnossosMarineMollusca (Neolithic)'inJ.D. Evans,'KnossosNeolithic,PartIL' BSA 63, 264-66.
RECENT AND FOSSIL MARINE INVERTEBRATES
TABLE 1 in of Post-Minoan levelsat the UnexploredMansion Catalogue Species present (in orderoffrequency) MOLLUSCA (gastropods,bivalves,scaphopods) dentalis 7 Dentalium Linnaeus, 1767 Dentalia, Tooth shell,Tusk shell 5 Charonia nodifera (Lamarck, 1822) ( = C. lampas(L.)) Triton,Trumpetshell;Greek:triton (4 deposits) 2 Luria( = Cypraea,= Talparia)luridaLinnaeus, 1758 Mediterraneaneyed or Lurid cowrie,Cowrie;cypraea 2 Phalium( = Cassis,=Semicassis)undulata (Gmelin,1791) Helmetshell 2 Cerithium vulgatum (Bruguière,1792) (Common) Cerith,Horn shell,Needle shell;kerátios eduleglaucum(Bruguière,1789) 2 Cerastoderma ( = Cardium) (Common) Cockle; kydóni, methystra 2 PinnanobilisLinnaeus, 1758 (Noble or Rough) Pen shell,Fan mussel,Pinna shell;pinna 2 Spondylus Linnaeus, 1758 gaederopus Spinyor Thornyoyster 1 Conusmediterraneus Hwass in Bruguière,1792 ( = ventricosus Gmelin) (Mediterranean)Cone 1 Donaxtrunculus Linnaeus,1759 (Abrupt)Wedge-shell;kochili 1 Mactrastultorum (Linnaeus, 1758) ( = corallina Linnaeus) (Rayed) Trough-shell;archivada 1 Venusverrucosa Linnaeus,1758 (Warty)Venus shell;kydóni 1 Glycymeris { - Petunculus) (Linnaeus, 1758) glycymeris clam, Comb shell;melokidono Dog-cockle,Bittersweet 1 Tonna( = Dolium)galea (Linnaeus, 1758) Giant tun,Tun shell,Dolium shell 1 Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) di, mavromydi (Mediterranean)Mussel; my COELENTERATA (coral,jellyfish, sea-anemones,hydroids) rubrum 2 Corallium (Linnaeus, 1758)) (Precious)Red coral ARTHROPODA (crabs,lobster,shrimp) 1 Eriphiaverrucosa (Forskâl,1775) ( = spinifrons Heller) or (Yellow Furry)Crab; kávouros
495
496
RECENT AND FOSSIL MARINE INVERTEBRATES
TABLE 2 ShellsfromPost-Minoanlevelsat the UnexploredMansion Date
Trench
Species
PG (9th cent.B.C.) MG (c. 750 B.C.) MG (?)
XI 35, packingforroadway XI 34 XIII/XV 18 #1778,'just above Geometricfloor' XII XII 34A #2535,fill
Pinna Luria Conns(g-d,ww)
Geometric(?) 4th/3rdcent.B.C.
1stcent.A.D. (?) 50-75 A.D. (Neronian)
V(E) 4 VII 34 no. 208 I(S) 18 #551 XI 17 #2396 XI 18 I(S) 12+ 12A East House, Deposit Nl
c. 130 A.D. (Hadrianic)
X 7 #2036 X 7 (below X pit 2) XI 3 #2161
Classical (?) Classical 1stcent.B.C. Early 1stcent.A.D. (Augustan)
Mid/Late2nd cent.A.D. 2nd cent.A.D. Late 2nd/Early3rd cent.A.D.*
Late 2nd/Early3rd cent.A.D.* 3rd cent.A.D.* Mixed, to Roman Key:
g-d ww h x w *
XI 3 #2163 Well 12, cisternfill IV(N) 3 XV 12 #2419 XII 2 #2107 Vili 4A X 1 #2013 #2013+ 2015 XI 1 #2154 X 1 #2002 XV 25
ground-down water-worn holed at umbo workedintoa semicircle worn upperlevelwash
Donax Charonia (cut on one edge and slightlyworn) Charonia Dentalium (ww) Luria Dentalium 2 Charonia fragments Eriphia Mactra Venus Phalium(ww) Glycymeris (ww, h) Phalium Dentalium Dentalium Cerithium Dentalium Corallium (ww, x) Charonia (ww) Dentalium Cerastoderma Tonna(large) Pinna Cerastoderma (w) Dentalium (ww) Spondylus Mytilus Corallium Cerithium Spondylus
Appendix3 A Note on the Roman Pigments R. E. JONES A very brief and exploratory technical examination was made of some painted plaster fragmentsfromthe 'House of the Diamond Frescoes', excavated at the Unexplored Mansion, Knossos. The principal aim was to identifysome of the principal pigmentsin use at Roman Knossos, allowing comparison with those employed during the Minoan period (Cameron etal., 1977). Pieces or lumps of colouring materials,perhaps connected with wall painting,were also investigated.A dozen specimens of painted wall painting were selected and examined under a stereomagnifier;some cleaning of the surface was required before analysis because of the presence of a heavy calcareous concretion,which is likely,especially in the case of the blues, to have altered the hue of the original colour. Preliminaryidentificationof the pigmentswas made by qualitative chemical analysis using the Isoprobe (Hall etal., 1973), an energydispersiveXRF, particularlywell suited to the rapid non-destructiveanalysis of many artefacts;it does not, however, detect elements lighterthan potassium. Two samples were subsequently more fullycharacterised by X-ray diffraction. The followingresultsemerged: Plasters Paint was applied to a thin layer (average thickness3mm) of good quality plaster, perhaps gypsum,which had been laid over a rathercoarse and thickerlime plaster. Pigments Red Iron rich,doubtless haematite; well prepared pigment,fineparticle size and evenly spread; littleor no penetration into the plaster. Orange Iron rich, probably limonite; similar textureand application to the red. Blue Copper rich,doubtless Egyptian Blue. Crystalsof Egyptian Blue can be seen on the surface,unevenly distributedand of variable size. The quality is inferiorto that of the Minoan counterpart at Knossos. Green Iron rich. XRD analysis, kindly undertaken at the British Museum Research Laboratory by Miss M. Bimson, revealed calcite and gypsumbut no crystallineironcontaining phases. The colour may be attributed to ferrousiron. Although the nature of this vivid pigment is not yet clear, one possibilityis that it derives froma naturally occurring (local) green limestone. In any case it appears to contrastboth in colour and texturewith the greensused infrequentlyby Minoan frescopaintersat Knossos (Cameron etal., 1977, 159), as well as those used in Roman contextsoutside Knossos, for example the 'green earth' at Stobi in Macedonia (Wiseman and Georgievski 1975, 182-4) and elsewhere (Pratt 1976, 226). The pigment was well prepared and evenly spread over the plaster surface. Like the red and orange pigments there was little or no penetration into the plaster. 497
A NOTE ON THE ROMAN PIGMENTS
498
Black
No elementsdetectedin the XRF spectrumthatcan be associatedwiththe black layer;probablycarbonblack,well prepared,givinga smoothsurface.
Possiblecolouring materials
Three piecesofblue fritor powder(UM/67/Ilevels17, 18 and 25) werefoundon analysisby XRF to be copperrich;theyare mostlikelyto be EgyptianBlue. A small lump of crystalline,brightorange-redmaterial (UM/71/XIV 14, #2014)was l identified by XRD as thearsenicsulphide,realgar. The analysiswas kindlyarrangedby Dr V. Perdikatsisat IGME. This unusual mineralis of rare occurrencein the Aegean. Lucas (1962, 82, 348Í) and Noll (1981), amongstothers,describethe occurrenceof realgaras a colourantand cosmeticin ancientEgypt,but thereseemsto be scant evidenceof its use in Roman wall paintingdespitetheremarksofPlinyand Vitruviuswho mentionit in connection withpainting(Pratt1976,225). References
Cameron,M.A.S., Jones,R.E. and Philippakis,S.E. 1977. Scientificanalysesof Minoan frescosamplesfrom Knossos,BSA 71, 121-84. 15, Hall, E.T., ScweizerF. and Noller,P.A. 1973.X-rayanalysisofmuseumobjects:a newinstrument, Archaeometry 53-78. MaterialsandIndustries. London. Lucas A. (revisedbyJ.R. Harris), 1962. Ancient Egyptian Noll, W. 1981. Zur kenntnisaltägyptischer Pigmenteund Bindemittel, N.Jb. Miner.Mh 9, 416-32. London, 223-29. Pratt,P. 1976. Wall painting,in D. Strongand D. Brown(Eds.), RomanCrafts. intheAntiquities D. 1975.Wall decorationat Stobi,mJ.Wiseman(Ed.), Studies WisemanJ. and Georgievski, ofStobi II. Belgrade,163-86.
Note
1. The presenceofsmallquantitiesofgypsumand haematitewas also detected.
KNOSSOS FROM GREEK CITY TO ROMAN COLONY Excavationsat theUnexploredMansionII PLATES BY
L. H. SACKETT WITH K. BRANIGAN P. J. CALLAGHAN H. W. and E. A. CATLING J. N. COLDSTREAM R. A. HIGGINS M. R. POPHAM J. PRICE M. J. PRICE D. SMITH G. B. WAYWELL and others
THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS THAMES AND HUDSON 1992
© The BritishSchool ofArchaeologyat Athens and individualauthors1992 ISBN 0 0904887 081
Typesetby Oxbow Books at OxfordUniversity ComputingService Printedin Great Britainat theAlden Press,Oxford
Contents Introduction 1. Excavationand Architecture 2. Sub-MinoanPottery 3. EarlyHellenicPottery 4. Archaicto HellenisticPottery 5. StampedAmphoraHandles, SigillataStampsand Graffiti 6. Roman Pottery 7. Roman Lamps 8. The Coins 9. PlasterSculptures 10. TerracottaFigurinesand OtherObjects 11. Metal Objects and MetallurgicalDebris 12. Objectsin Bone and Bone Working 13. OtherFindsin Stone and Clay 14. Glass Vesselsand OtherObjects
Plates vii 1-41 42-50 51-73 74-118 119-124 125-223 224-274 275-277 278-293 294-302 303-314 315-323 324-335 336-353
Introduction handsovera long The illustrations publishedin thisvolumehave beenmade bymanydifferent in with the first season of field work 1967. while it has not been However, period,starting a consistent set of conventions it is to to fully throughout, hoped that where possible keep are selfvariationsoccur,principallybetweensectionsby different authors,interpretations evident. and periodplans weredrawnby Duringthefourmain seasonsofexcavation,architectural sectionsbyHugh Sackett.David Smyth,whosucceeded Ken MacFadzean and stratigraphical in 1977,workedduringthefollowing Ken as excavationarchitectand surveyor yearsofstudy in drawingup thefinalrevisionsofall theseplans and sections.In additionhe put intofinal formor adapteddetailedfloorand findplansfromtrenchsupervisors' records,and contributed othersofhisown,includingnotablythegroundplan oftheHouse ofDiamond Frescoesand the elevationand reconstruction ofthefrescoes containedin thatHouse (plates 20-21), thelatter based on an originalstudybyJ. EllisJones. The drawingsofpotteryand otherfindshave been done by varyinghands,includingsome veryexperiencedones, over a long period: included are Owen Bedwin,Susan Bird, Peter Callaghan (the Archaic,Classical and Hellenisticpottery),Abby Camp, Elizabeth Catling, Nicola Coldstream (the Protogeometricto Orientalizingpottery),Henry Davis, Garth Price,AnnNicholson, Denning,Emma Faull, PenelopeMountjoy,ElizabethMurray,Jennifer MervynPopham (the Sub-Minoanpottery),Hugh Sackettand Ann Thomas. A numberof the contributors to thesevolumesalso tookthe photographswhichillustrate theirrespective sections,as follows:MervynPophamfortheSub-Minoanpottery(Section2), NicolasColdstreamfortheEarlyHellenicpottery(Section3), Geoffrey Waywellfortheplaster sculptures(Section9), ReynoldHigginsfortheterracotta (Section10), MartinPrice figurines forthecoins (Section8) and Jennifer Pricefortheglass (Section 14). Sheila Raven tookthe oftheRoman lamps (Section7). Photographs excavationin progress, photographs illustrating architectural finds,the Classical,Hellenisticand Roman potteryand otherfinds(Sections1, 4-6, 11-13) weretakenby Hugh Sackett.
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Plate 9
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1. Upper wash levels,late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. and later.Deposit U. 2. NorthHouse, Severanfloor.Deposit S2. 3. Foundationtrenchesand levellingfillforlatestbuildingphase. Later 2nd A.D. Deposit R2. 4. Earlier2nd A.D. destruction fillin Rooms I and II. Deposit D3. 5. NorthHouse Room V, Hadrianic destructiondeposit and levelling materialabove this:DepositsDl and D2. Wall 'z', partitionwall of Rooms IV/V in Phase I, projectedon. 6. NorthHouse, Hadrianicfloors. 7. Later 1stA.D. floor(Neronian). 8. Streetlevel,latestRoman phase (to Severan). 9. Streetlevel,earlierRoman phase (lst/2ndA.D.) 10. 1stB.C./lstA.D. wash levels. 11. LatestHellenisticwash levelsand silt. 12. Hellenisticoccupationlevel (late 2nd/early1stB.C.) 13. Floorpacking(late 2nd/early 1stB.C.). Seals overWell 1 further south. 14. Late 4thcentury B.C. occupationleveland silt(Well 1 dug throughthis further south).Deposit H9. 15. Classicaloccupationand wash levels,400-360 B.C. Deposit H7. 16. Late Classical fillof Pit 57 (I Pit XI upper; I(S) 32). Deposit H8, c. 375-350 B.C. 17. PGB/EGfillofrobbingPit60 (I PitXI lower;= I(N) 23). DepositGC. 18. Stonechippingsnear bottomofrobbingpit. 19. Minoan Mansion,foundationblocksat NW corner. 20. Minoan NorthCorridor,pavingslabs. 21. Minoan wall ofNorthPlatform. 22. Road surface,to 3rd cent.B.C. 23. Road surfaceand build up, LG/EO c. 700 B.C. 24. 10thand 9thB.C. gravelstroses. 25. Hard whiteplasterfloor,EPG. 26. Troddenlevelof 10thcent.B.C. (EPG). 27. Sub-Minoanwash levels. 28. LM IIIB Pit (BSA 65, 1970, 195).
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1. Upper wash levels.Deposit U. 2. Severanoccupationlevel.Deposit S2. 3. House of Diamond Frescoes,construction, foundation trench(later2nd A.D.), and floor. 4. Wash levels,mid 2nd A.D. 5. Redeposited destructiondebris and fill, Hadrianic. Deposit D5. 6. Robbing trenchfor south wall of Roman Southeast House, phase I (earlier1stA.D.) 7. Early2nd A.D. debris,as level 5. 8. Later 1stA.D. silt. 9. Later 1stA.D. destruction, XII 13. Deposit Nl. 9a. Early-mid1stA.D. build-up. 10. Southeast House, 2nd phase of court floor - clay patchingetc. (later 1st A.D.?), with Wall 'ej' (later north-south dividingwall). 11. SoutheastHouse, constructionperiod. Wall 'dt' and courtflagstonefloor(earlier1stA.D.). 12. Robbingpit forHellenisticPhase II wall (Wall Te').
1
13. SoutheastHouse, HellenisticPhase II. Wall Te' (part robbed) and survivingfragmentof floor,XII 20. ( = Deposit H24). 14. Southeast House, Hellenistic Phase I. Packing for 250-210 B.C. (= Deposit H24). construction, 15. FragmentofHellenisticoccupationlevelwithbuild-up above; betweenbuildingcomplexin XII and 'al/ak'in TrenchVII. 16. 7thcent.B.C. silt. 17. MG. fillin Pit 27 (VII/XII Pit 8). Deposit GD. 17a. Mixed fill(PG/Geom.)in Pit 26 (MUM B Pit 1). 18. EG/earlyMG wash level. XII 45. 19. FragmentofGeometricpit (Pit 25). 20. Troddenearthlevelwithlargegypsumblock,leftfrom MG. robbingactivity?. 21. Minoan pitwithash fill(LMIIIB). Cf.MUM Section8. 21a. Fill in earlyIron Age robbingpits. 22. Minoan fillin PillarRoom. Cf. MUM Section8. 23. Walls of Minoan UnexploredMansion.
SectionE': TrenchXII, westface.Scale 1:50.
Key to Plate
12
(a) 1. Upper wash levels,late 2nd/early3rd A.D. DepositU. 2. North House, street and open area to SE: final occupationlevel,late 2nd/early3rd A.D. DepositS2. 3. NorthHouse: finalphase,SE wall and bench(Severan). 4. Later 2nd A.D. build up over streetpaving,beneath raisedearthflooroffinalphase. and fill 5. NorthHouse,Room V(S): Hadrianicdestruction above. DepositsDl and 2. 6. NorthHouse: SE wall ofearlyphase (Hadrianic). 7. Retainingwall forpaved street(early 1stA.D.). 8. Late 1stand 2nd A.D. wash levels,withstones,tileand ash. 9. Neroniandestruction deposit.DepositNl. 10. Hellenisticfloordeposit,late 3rd B.C. DepositH13. 11. Hellenisticwall, late 3rd B.C. 12. Classicalearthfloor,early4th B.C. DepositH7. 13-15 Trodden levels of presumedearly roadway: 13. 1st B.C./lstAD; 14. Hellenistic;15. Archaic. terracewalls. 16. Classical/Hellenistic 17. Geometricand earlierwash levels. 18. DisturbedLMII-LMIIIC materialredepositedin the Geometricperiod. 19. Minoan fill. 20. Minoan UnexploredMansion: East wall ofRoom C.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
(b) Roman court(SoutheastHouse). Plasteredwashingarea (Hellenistic). Plasteredsink(Deposit H26). House ofDiamond Frescoes(late 2nd A.D.) LM II floorlevel. Cisternfill(Hadrianic,Deposit D4). Stone packingforplasteredcisternfloor. Orientalizingwell (BSA 73 1978,45).
Plate 12 NORTHWEST North House -- - -_ --15-00-
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(c) Sectionthroughroad soak-away,and plan. Scale 1:60.
Key to Plate 13(b) 1. SoutheastHouse, Roman flagstonefloor(1st A.D.). ofRoman flagstonefloor. 2. Packingforconstruction 3. RobbingpitsforHellenisticPhase II walls. 4. Stonepackingforwell shaft,HellenisticPhase II. 5/6.HellenisticPhase II floors,175-150B.C. 7. HellenisticPhase II walls, 175-150B.C. ('fr','ff, 'fj'). 8. PackingforHellenisticPhase II floors,Deposit H24. 9. Hellenisticfill. 10. Hellenisticfill,similarto level8. 11. HellenisticPhase I cobbled floor,c. 230-210 B.C. DepositH21.
12. HellenisticPhase I early floor,mid 3rd B.C. (Cf. Deposit H21). - Walls 'fm' and 'fl'. 13. HellenisticPhase I structures, H20. Deposit 14. Mixed fill,mainlyClassical,redeposited225-200 B.C. Deposit H 19. Walls ^g' 'fu'. 15. Classical and earlierwall fragments. 16. Wash levels,Geometric. 17. Early MG wash levels and trace of occupationlevel, withclay floor.
Plate 13
(a) SoutheastHouse, plan ofHellenisticand earlierbuildings.Scale 1:50
and deposits.Scale 1:50. (b) SectionG. TrenchXII centralE-W section,withdetail ofHellenisticstructures
Plate 14 SOUTH
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1. Upper wash levels,withmud brick,some ash. Deposit U. 2. Earlier2nd A.D. wash levels,Hadrianic. 3. Brownearthwithsherds,tileand rubble.Later 1stA.D. redepositeddestructionmaterial.DepositN2. 4. Later 1stA.D. (Neronian)earthfloor. 5. Lighteryellowishwithmudbrick.Mid 1stA.D. material,Deposit C2. redepositeddestruction 6. Early 1stA.D. occupationbuild up. 7. Pebble floor,early 1stA.D. 8. Greyishearth with late 1st B.C. redeposited destruction material,Deposit A2. 9. Earth flooroflate 1stB.C. building. 10. Thin clay partition wall ('em') on broad mudbrickbase; early/mid1stBC, withlate 1st B.C. re-use. 11. Pink wall plasterand pink plasterflooringof late 1stB.C. building. 12. SouthwestHouse, northwall. 13. Late Hellenisticoccupationdeposit.XIII 28a. Deposit H32 (part). 14. Late Hellenistic cobbled floor (winery complex?) 15. Late Hellenisticoccupationdeposit.XIII 28. Deposit H32 (part). 16. Late Hellenisticrobbingpit. Pit 2 (XIII pit9). Deposit H28 (part).
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5. 6. 7. 8.
Mid 1stA.D. wash level. Mid 1stA.D. wall ('ac'). Claudian coin (C144). 1stB.C. upperfillin Pit 39 (SA Pit 2). Deposit H37. 2ndB.C. lowerfillin Pit39 (SA Pit2). Dark brownearth with sherds;Deposit H 18, 175-150 B.C. ark brown earth,sherdsand Deposit H 18, 175-150 B.C.
(b) SectionJ, westfaceofTrenchIX (South Area Pit 2). Scale 1:50.
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(a) Tiberian floordeposit(Bl). Scale 1:75. 1 Pyramidalloomweight 68/47;2 Mould fr. TC72a; 3 Basin Bl,30; 4 Krater Bl,9; 5 Bowl fr. Bl,19; 6 Medallion TC72; 7 Gaming piece G259; 8 CookpotBl,25; 9 Jug B 1,31; 10 Ape figurine TC25; 11 Dish Bl,24; 12-13 Pyramidalloomweights68/46 and 45; 14 Lid Bl,20; 15 Stamnosfr. Bl,32
(b) East House NeronianFloorDeposit,Nl. Scale 1:50. 1 CookpotNl,33; 2 AmphoraNl,44; 3 Bowl Nl,7; 4 AmphoraNl,43; 5 CookpotNl,31; 6 Amphoraas Nl,45; 7 Dog skeleton;8 Lid Nl,27; 9 Bronze ring67/460; 10 Coin C147; 11 Brazierhandle 67/P214;12 Amphoraas Nl,45; 13 Dish Nl,25; 14 BronzeattachmentM262; 15 Amphoraas Nl,45; 16 Lead weightM328; 17 Gamingpiece G266; 18 Amphorabase as Nl,45; 19 AmphoraN 1,51;20 Boar's head TC 92; 21 HellenisticCoin (fromwall); 22 AmphoraNl,45; 23 AmphorastandNl,46; 24 Lid Nl,29; 25 Piercedshell (sf 156).
Plate 17
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TrenchVIII, Flavian and Trajanic pits (DepositsFl and Tl). Scale 1:40.
Plate 19
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of House of Diamond Frescoes.Top: (a-f) Elevationof preservedplasterin situ.Scale 1:60. Bottom:Isometricreconstruction frescoes.Scale as shown.
Plate 22
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(a) House ofDiamond Frescoescornices.Scale 1:4. A. Room I uppercornice,white,red below. B. Room I lowercornice,redveinedyellow"marble",red above, dark greenbelow. C. Room I, heavymoulding,possiblydoor lintel. D. Room II upper cornice,white,red above, pinkwithblackline below;and lowerpartofcornicepedimenton one fragment (lowercorniceas in B.) (b) NorthHouse Room III, SeveranFloorDeposit (SI). 1JugletSl,6; 2 Lamp L323; 3 Bronzepin M221; 4 Coin C202; 5 Bone needleE 102; 6 Coin C 174; 7 PitcherS 1,20;8 Iron nail M3 19; 9 AmphoraS 1,23; 10 BasinSI, 18; 11 Bone needlefr.;12JarSl,5; 13 Coin C171; 14 Marble dado fr;15 Iron handle67/269;16 Coin C166; 17Jar Sl,4. (c) Laconian tiles.Scale 1:20.
Plate 23
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Plate 27
Southwest House: (a) view of Rooms I - 111 fromnorth; (b) Room I, Severan floor; (c) Room I, Augustan deposit, with upper floor fall; (d) Room I Augustan floor deposit; (e) Room II, marble pestle and mortar (Augustan); (f) Room II, pit with amphora deposit (1st B.C.; cf. A2 nos. 81, 88, 97, 102).
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Plate 29
SoutheastHouse, bottlecistern('Well 12'): (a) FirstHellenisticphase withpiped inletand flagstonefloor(Deposit H23); (b) withplasterbasin (Deposit H26); (c-d) finalHellenisticPhase withmillstonecoveringbasin (Deposit Hellenisticreconstruction H27); (e) Roman Phase II withtile-linedwaterchanneland laterHouse ofDiamond Frescowall, showingre-usedmillstones.
Plate 30
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Plate 31
East House: (a) tilerooffall(Rooms I and III); (b) Room I withdoor to Room II (left)and Room III (withoutblocking);(c-d) Neroniandestruction deposit(Nl), (c) in Room III at the east edge; (d) in Room I, withdog skeleton.
Plate 32
beforeremoval;(b-c) Room IV frescoes on westand north The House ofDiamond Frescoes:(a) Room I fromsouth,withfrescoes corner. walls (over blockeddoor); (d) Room III, two phasesof the westwall; (e) Room IV door blockingin northwest
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Plate 34
The House ofDiamond Frescoes,frescoes, (b) paintedplastercorniceand pediment:(a) Room IV plasterpedimentfragments; Room III paintedcornicefragments; (c) Room III imitationmarbledado.
Plate 35
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Plate 37
NorthHouse and Courtyard(Room I): (a-b) viewfromnorth,columnfallenand columnrestored;(c) sunkpithosand column foundations;(d) column.
Plate 38
NorthHouse Rooms II- III: (a) streetdoorwithpottery(DepositSI) on and overRoom III floor;(b) Room II cist(DepositRl) and robbedarchitraveblock; (c) Room II northwall (aqueduct) withMinoan wall below; (d) PG pottery(GH4) and Minoan blockbeneathaqueduct wall foundations.
Plate 39 sV eS
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2 PLATES 42-50
Sub-Minoan Pottery
Plate 42
Main deposit,4, 6, 12-13 and 17. 1. Sub-MinoanPottery.1-6 Wavy line cups, 7-8 blob cups,9-19 monochromebell-skyphoi. Museum Excavation.Scale 1:3. Stratigraphical
Plate 43
Main deposit,1-3 and 6. 5. LittlePalace Excavation.Scale 1:3. Sub-MinoanPottery.1-6 Decorated bell-kraters.
Plate 44
1 Cup,2jar,3 tray, Sub-Minoan 5-8amphora/hydria Maindeposit, 3-4, Pottery. lips,9-15coarseware jars,16-21bakingtrays. 6,8-10, 13-21.Scale 1:3.
Plate 45
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Plate 48
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Plate 49
Sub-MinoanPottery,(a)-(b) Pyxisfromthe Stratigraphical Museum Excavation,(c) sherdsdepictingdouble-axes,(d) Spring Chamberdeposit.
Plate 50 c4
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3 PLATES
51-73
Early HellenicPottery
Plate 51
Pottery:DepositsGA and GB (open and coarsevessels).Scale 1:3. Protogeometric
Plate 52
and GeometricPottery:DepositsGB (GB 1, reconstruction ofhousemodel) and GC. Scale: GB at 1:2; GC at 1:3. Protogeometric GB Tat 1:2; GC at 1/3.
Plate 53
Middle GeometricPottery:Deposit GD (pyxis,amphora,kraters).Scale 1:3.
Plate 54
GD16
GD14
GD17
^|BH
GD 18
jung
GD 23
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GD 26 Middle GeometricPottery:Deposit GD (drinkingvessels,lids,tray).Scale 1:3.
' OK / Plate 55
GD32i / ' j ' ; ì/
Ü
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I
GD 33
P^^H^^p
/
GE26
ge25i
/
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i
Middle to Late GeometriePottery:coarsevesselsfromDepositsGD and GE. Scale 1:3.5.
V
Plate 56
Late GeometricPottery:fineware fromDepositGE. Scale 1:3.
Plate 57
Orientalizingto ArchaicPottery:DepositsGF and GG. Scale 1:3.
Plate 58
GH1
GH5
GH2 / xA/^
JBÏ
^
^^
Orí 11
GH3 ¿_^
^^^^■Hiiiiiir
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GH15 MiscellaneousProtogeometric Pottery(GH1-8, 11, 15). Scale 1:3.
y
Plate 59
19 'm V^ll GH 'Xw i^^_*-HLSiiA*y
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' 6H25 ^x^^r*?^^
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GH119
SHI35 jj^^gjj
GH 136
^
Miscellaneous Geometric and Orientalizing Pottery (GH19, 25, 37, 49, 71, 105-6, 117-9, 135-6). Scale: GH19 and 25 at 2:3; rest at 1:3.
Plate 60
Pottery:DepositsGA (above) and GB 1-7, 10-12. Protogeometric
Plate 61
Protogeometric Pottery:Deposit GB 8, 13-45.
Plate 62
and GeometricPottery:DepositsGC, and GD 1 (below). Protogeometric
Plate 63
GeometricPottery:Deposit GD 2-19, 21-2.
Plate 64
GeometricPottery:GD 20, 23-39.
Plate 65
GeometricPottery:Deposit GE.
Plate 66
OrientalizingPottery:DepositGF.
Plate 67
Plate 68
MiscellaneousProtogeome triePottery:GH 1-15.
Plate 69
MiscellaneousGeometricPottery:GH 18-28, 37, 55.
Plate 70
MiscellaneousGeometricPottery:GH 29-36, 38-54, 56-7.
Plate 71
MiscellaneousGeometricPottery:GH 58-75; Orientalizing:GH 76-83.
Plate 72
MiscellaneousOrientalizingPottery:GH 84-114.
Plate 73
MiscellaneousOrientalizingPottery:GH 115-137.
4 PLATES 74-118
Archaicto HellenisticPottery
Plate 74
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15
6
7
8
_9
Archaicpottery.DepositsH1A nos. 1-4; H1B nos. 5-11; HIC nos. 12-15; H2 nos. 1-12. Scale 1:3.
Plate 75
ite
/^T~B
7
'
5
10
/
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Archaicpottery.DepositsH3 nos. 1,3-8; H4 nos. 1-10. Scale 1:3, exceptH4,7 at 1:6.
8
Plate 76
13
Archaicpottery.DepositH4 nos. 11-13. Classical pottery,Deposit H5 nos. 1-7. Scale 1:3.
Plate 77
J
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HfiJ
9
W
2
10
H7_
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6
Classicalpottery. DepositsH5 nos.8,10-11; H6 nos.3-5; H7 nos. 1-10; H8 nos. 1-6. Scale 1:3,exceptH5,10-l 1 and H7,10 at 1:6.
Plate 78
7
s
I
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3
Classicalpottery.DepositsH8 nos. 7-9, 11-17; H9 nos. 1,3,5-8.Scale 1:3, exceptH8,15 at 1:6.
Plate 79
¿23
9
X
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Classical pottery.Deposit H10 nos. 1-12. Scale 1:3, exceptnos. 7-12 at 1:6.
/
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S 7=6
Plate 80
3
5
6
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9
10
12
12
Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H12 nos. 1-13. Scale 1:3.
Plate 81
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Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H12 nos. 14-30. Scale 1:3, exceptno. 30 at 1:6.
17
Plate 82
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Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H12 nos. 31-40. Scale 1:3.
î3
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Plate 83
41
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|)(»Hei'.
Deposit
( 42
H 1 2 nos.
11
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1:4.
Plate 84
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53
Hellenisticpottery.Deposit HI 2 nos. 46-54. Scale 1:3.
'
Plate 85
55
58
Jr
'59 Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H12 nos. 55-59. Scale 1:3.
Plate 86
Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H12 nos. 60-68. Scale 1:3.
Plate 87
CSS ^rn ^~n ^T^j 3 * '
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1
Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H13 nos. 1-23. Scale 1:3.
«
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Plate 88
6
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8 Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H 14 nos. 1-12. Scale 1:3.
7
Plate 89
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Hellenisticpottery.DepositsH 15 nos. 1-17; H 16 nos. 1-13. Scale 1:3.
"
Plate 90
Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H16 nos. 14-19; 21-25. Scale 1:3.
Plate 91
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6
7
Hellenisticpottery.DepositsHI 7 nos. 1-4; H 18 nos. 1-10. Scale 1:3.
Plate 92
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Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H18 nos. 11-20. Scale 1:3.
/
Plate 93
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Hellenisticpottery.DepositsH19 nos. 1-6, H20 nos. 1-5; H21 nos. 1-4; H22 nos. 1-8. Scale 1:3, exceptH 19,5-6 at 1:6.
Plate 94
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Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H23 nos. 1-13. Scale 1:3.
12
I
7
Plate 95
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9
10
11
Hellenisticpottery.DepositsH24 nos. 1-5; H25 nos. 1-11. Scale 1:3.
Plate 96
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Hellenisticpottery.DepositsH26 nos. 1-2; H27 nos. 1-3; H28 nos. 1-9. Scale 1:3.
y
Plate 97
Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H28 nos. 10-16. Scale 1:3.
Plate 98
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23
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Plate 99
H 28
Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H28 no. 34. Scale 1:3.
Plate 100
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Hellenisticpottery.DepositsH28 nos. 35-40; H29 nos. 1-5; H30 nos. 1-10. Scale 1:3.
I ^i
Plate 101
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Hellenisticpottery.DepositsH31 nos. 1-3; H32 nos. 1-21. Scale 1:3.
1
1
Plate 102
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Hellenisticpottery.DepositsH33 nos. 1-19; H34 no. 1; H35 nos. 1-15. Scale 1:3.
^
Plate 103
18
17
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Hellenisticpottery.DepositsH35 nos. 16-22; H36 nos. 1-3; H37 nos. 1-10. Scale 1:3.
Plate 104
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Hellenisticpottery.Deposit H37 nos. 11-15. Scale 1:3.
'
Plate 105
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Plate 106
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Plate 107
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Plate 108
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Plate 109
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Plate 110
Hellenistic pottery. Deposit H 16 (part); (b) Deposit H 17; (c) Deposit H 18 (part). Scale: no. 17,1 at approx. 1:5; 17,4 at approx. 1:4; rest as indicated.
Plate
111
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Plate 112
Hellenistic pottery. Deposit H28 nos. 9, 11, 18-19, 22-3, 28, 34. Scale: nos. 9 and 11 at approx. 1:3; rest as indicated.
Plate 113
Hellenisticprotomesand spouts.Deposit H38 nos. 1-14. Scale approx.3:4.
Plate 114
Hellenistictondosand floralreliefvases. Deposit H38 nos. 15-17 (tondos),18-21 (reliefvases). Scale as indicated.
Plate
Hellenisticbrazierlugs. Deposit H38, nos. 22-28. Scale as indicated.
115
Plate 116
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Plate 117
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Plate 118
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5 PLATES 119-124
StampedAmphoraHandles SigillataStampsand Graffiti
Plate 119
Stampson amphorahandles,nos. X1-12. Approx.scale 1:1.
Plate 120
Stampson amphorahandles,nos. XI 3- 16, 18-26, 28-30. Approx.scale 1:1.
Plate 121
on amphorafragments, nos. X32-38. Scale as indicated. Graffiti
Plate 122
Othergraffiti, nos. X39-45. Scale X45 at 1:1, othersas indicated.
Plate 123
Sigillatastamps,nos. Yl-28. Scale, sections1:2, stampsapprox. 1:1.
Plate 124
nos. Y29-57. Scale, sections1:2, stampsapprox. 1:1. Sigillatastampsand graffiti,
6 PLATES 125- 223
Roman Pottery
Plate 125
DepositAl. Local colourcoated and part paintedware (3-11); Plain ware (23-4). Scale 1:3.
Plate 126
co
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Plate 127
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29
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DepositAl. Plain bowl and amphorae.Scale: A 1,25at 1:4, the restat 1:8.
'Ã
33
Plate 128
1
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DepositA2. Black ware (1-2) and E Sig A (4-13). Scale 1:3.
M ffa b
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Plate 129
Deposit A2. E Sig A (14) and CypriotSigillata (15-23). Scale 1:3.
Plate 130 co Id
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Plate 131
DepositA2. Local colourcoated ware (46-60) and miniaturesetc. (61-65). Scale 1:3.
Plate 132
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Plate 133
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Plate 134
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96
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Plate 135
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Plate 136
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Deposit Bl. Italian Sigillata (1-3); E Sig B (5-8); Cypriot (9); E Sig A (10-11); Local (12-17); Coarse (18); Survivals (20-21). Scale 1:3.
Plate 137
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DepositBl. Part paintedware (22); Coarse ware (23-27); Plain ware (29-32). Scale 1:3, exceptBl,30 and 32 at 1:6.
Plate 138
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63
64
65
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67
DepositB2. E Sig A (32-42); Cypriot(43); Other Sigillata (44-46); Knidian (47); local (48-67). Scale 1:3.
Plate 140
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DepositB2. Coarse ware (68-83); Plain ware (84-94). Scale 1:3, except84 at 1:6.
Plate 141
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Plate 144
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Plate 147
Deposit Cl. Local part-paintedware (63-75); thin-walledcoarseware (76-83). Scale 1:3.
Plate 148
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106 /''
Plate 149
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Plate 150
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Plate 151
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22 Deposit C2. Italian Sigillatabowlsand largedishes(9-10 and 17-22). Scale 1:2.
Plate 152
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Plate 153
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Plate 154
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Plate 155
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Plate 157
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Plate 162
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Plate 163
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Plate 165
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Plate 169
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Plate 176
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HadrianicDeposit D4, nos. 33-37. Coarse ware. Scale 1:3.
Plate 179
Hadrianic Deposit D4, nos. 38-54. Plain ware. Scale 1:3, exceptas noted.
Plate 180
HadrianicDeposit D4, nos. 55-64. Jugs.Scale 1:3.
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Plate 182
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Plate 183
HadrianicDepositsD5 and D6. Various wares.Scale 1:3.
Plate 184
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Plate 185
Later 2nd A.D. Deposit R2, nos. 2-16. Various wares.Scale 1:3.
Plate 186
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SeveranDeposit SI, nos. 1-8. Fine and thinwalled coarseware. Scale 1:3.
Plate 188
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Plate 190
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Plate 193
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Upper levels,Deposit U, nos. 82-104, Plain ware. Scale 1:3, exceptas noted.
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Plate 196
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Upper levels,Deposit U, nos. 105-118. Plain ware. Scale 1:3, exceptas noted.
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Plate 197
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Plate 200
Roman PotteryDepositAl (late 1stB.C.) nos. 3-6, 10 and 15 (nos. 5b-g and 6b-d are comparandafromothercontexts).Scale (approx.): nos. 3, 10, 15 at 1/3;restat 2/3.
Plate 201
Roman potteryDepositsAl-2 and Bl-2 (late 1stB.C. and early 1stA.D.) plain ware (Al, 25 & A2,97); thin-walledcoarse (A2,37-43); Athenian(?)reliefware (Bl,4 & A2,25); Italian sigillata(B2,4-6); E Sig B (B2,20-29). Scale: Al,25 at 1/5,A2,97 at 1/10;restas indicated.
Plate 202
Roman and otherpottery.DepositBl (Tiberian) withsurvivalpieces:nos. 9, 20, 21, 21a. Scale as shown,(forBl,4 see plate 'rp2').
Plate 203
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Plate 208 e .2 IS o cr i a
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Plate 209
Roman pottery.Importedsigillata(from1stand 2nd A.D. contexts):A-B Italian reliefbowl fragments (nos. R2,l; F2,la); C Gaulishsigillata(nos.T3,2 and 2a-b); D-F Italiansigillataappliques (nos.T3,la and F2,2-6); E various(including1 = C2,10; 5 = C2,15). Scale as indicated.
Plate 210
Roman pottery.NorthItalian GreyWare (mid-late1stA.D.) Cat. nos. IG1-24 and C2,67. Scale as indicated.
Plate 211
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Plate 213
Roman pottery.1stA.D. and early2nd A.D. importedsigillataand reliefware: E Sig B (nos. F2,15a, T3,l, T4); Pontic(T3,9); Italian (D5, D6,l-3); Candarli (D6,7); Knidian reliefware (C2,56a, R2,8, R3,4). Scale as indicated.
Plate 214 8
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Plate 215 co"
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Plate 216
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Plate 217
Roman pottery.'Deposit' R3 (late 2nd A.D.) no. R3,3a withU165, vault pins. Nos. R3,5-6 mouldedtrays(top and bottom views).Scale: R3,5 at 1/3;othersas indicated.
Plate 218
Roman pottery.SeveranDepositsSI (part) and S2 (nos. U26 and U65). Candarliware (no. U26); coarseware (SI nos.4,5,10& 14 and U65); plain ware (nos. 18,20-21). Scale (approx.): nos.4-5 at 1/3;nos. 10.14, 18,20 at 1/4;nos. 21 and U26 at 1/5;no. U65 at 1/8.
Plate 219
Roman pottery.'Deposit' U (2nd to 4thA.D.) importedwares:NorthAfrican(nos. 1, 5, 6, 8, 12b, 13a & c, 15); Pontic(no. 28); Cypriot(nos. 29-30); Knidian (nos. 31-34); decoratedcoarseware (nos. 53a, 54, 57 and S 1,8). Scale as indicated.
Plate 220
Roman pottery.DepositsSI (Severan) and U (2nd to 4th A.D.). Cookingware withtrade-marks (nos. U68, 68a and S 1,10); coarseribbedamphora(SI, 9); amphorastoppers(nos. U1 17-8); amphoradipintiand graffito (nos. U161-4). Scale: SI, 10 at 2/3, U117-8 at 1/4;restas indicated.
Plate 221
Roman pottery:'Deposit' U (2nd-4thA.D.). Plain ware:bowlswithinciseddecoration(nos.81,81a); pie-crust(nos.82-86 & 88, withside and top views);barbotineand other(nos. 90, 93); ribbed(nos. 91, 97, 97a); lids (nos. 95-6); chafer(no. 99); beehive kalathos(no. 100). Scale as indicated.
Pt.atr 222 !
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Plate 223
Terracottatiles,antefixand waterpipes: Laconian tiles(nos. 27-31, 33-36), inscribedor impressedtiles(nos. 40-41, 43-45), antefix(no. 46), buildingtiles(nos. 48-9) and waterpipes (nos. 51-54). Scale as indicated.
7 PLATES
224-274
The Lamps
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Roman Lamps L253, 258, 260, 265, 272-4, 276, 283, 285-6, 289, 292, 406.
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Plate 235
v^/
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'QJ
Plate 236
I f*'' f I
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321 Roman Lamps L303, 310-322.
320
322
n^ - --pr ^^^
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Plate 237
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324
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334
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337 339 ^-^O-W
327
OOP 328
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340 RomanLampsL323-5,327-8,331,333-5,337,339-40.
Plate 238
Roman Lamps L341, 346-8, 350-1, 387.
Plate 239
354
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359
358
-^/y361 'S/ Í /^'
376 /W^X v ■ ^
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372
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370
373X/
380
378
RomanLampsL354-61,363,367-8,370-3,375-8,380,382-3,385,402.
371
383
Plate 240
390 /íffk
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Roman Lamps L353, 369, 390-2, 395-9, 401, 403, 405, 408, 412.
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Plate 241
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425 ^41/
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434
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Roman Lamps L338, 400, 414, 422-5, 428, 431, 433-4, 437-8.
7
Plate 242
440 J^. ^
441
/ /'^^'' ^Ovojj/7 446
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454 'xs^^¿S^^
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444
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458
a'-'* ■•'-''''" V f:0m^^ 455
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Roman Lamps L439-41, 444, 446, 449, 451, 454-5, 458, 461-2, 467, 541.
Plate 243
548
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549
547
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553
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263
259
Roman Lamps L193, 259, 263, 516, 520-1, 546-9, 553, 572.
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Plate 244
638
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Roman Lamps L613, 620, 637-40, 642-52, 655-7.
V'-ffffP/ D^r/ y y^aßm^y
Plate 245
tf
689
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646
695
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Lamp signaturesand devicesL61-2, 65, 280, 589, 600, 646, 695, 699, 701.
Plate 246
Pre-RomanLamps LI - 18.
Plate 247
Pre-RomanLamps L19, 21-4, 26-32, 34-41.
Plate 248
Ephesosand local HellenisticLamps L42, 44-59, 61, 70, 74.
Plate 249
Late HellenisticLamps L60, 62-8, 71-3, 75-80, 247.
Plate 250
Roman Lamps L81-97, 99-101.
Plate 251
Roman Lamps L98, 102-120.
Plate 252
RomanLampsLI 25-145.
Plate 253
RomanLampsL146-7,149-69.
Plate 254
Roman Lamps LI 70-204.
Plate 255
RomanLampsL205-8,212-5.
Plate 256
Roman Lamps L209-10, 216-22, 224.
Plate 257
Roman Lamps L69, 211, 223, 225-8, 230, 232-4, 236-46, 248-51.
Plate 258
RomanLampsL252-6,258-64,266-8,270-8.
Plate 259
Roman Lamps L279-93.
Plate 260
RomanLampsL294-314,316-8.
Plate 261
RomanLampsL319-23,325-31,333-7,339-43.
Plate 262
RomanLampsL345-50,352-8,360-75.
Plate 263
RomanLampsL376-84,386-88,390-93,395-406.
Plate 264
Roman Lamps L407-39.
Plate 265
Roman Lamps L440-51, 453-6, 458, 461-2, 467.
Plate 266
Roman Lamps L472-500.
Plate 267
RomanLampsL502-20,522-31.
Plate 268
Roman Lamps L532-*, 537-8, 540-1, 542-53.
Plate 269
RomanLampsL554-75.
Plate 270
Roman Lamps L577-82, 585-601, 603-4, 606-12.
Plate 271
Roman Lamps L6 13-649.
Plate 272
RomanLampsL670-3,676-86.
Plate 273
Roman Lamps L658-669.
Plate 274
Roman Lamps L208, 280, 651-7, 674-5, 689-92, 694-701. Lamps L208, 280, 651-7, 674-5, 689-92, 694-701.
8 PLATES 275-277
The Coins
Plate 275
Coins: Hellenisticto Roman Pre-colonial
Plate 276
Coins: Hellenisticto Roman Imperial
Plate 277
Coins: Roman Imperial,1stto 4th centuriesA.D.
9 PLATES
278-293
PlasterSculptures
Plate 278
PlasterSculpture,portraithead PI.
Plate 279
I
I
PlasterSculpture,PI, fourviews.
Plate 280
PlasterSculpturesPl-3.
Plate 281
PlasterSculpturesP4-9.
Pt.atr 282
PlasterSculpturesPI 0-14, 16.
Plate 283
PlasterSculpturesP15, 17-22b.
Plate 284
PlasterSculpturesP23-27, 29-30, 33.
Plate 285
PlasterSculpturesP28-32.
Plate 286
PlasterSculpturesP34-5.
Plate 287
PlasterSculpturesPI witheye restored,P2, PI 1-13.
Plate 288
PlasterSculpturesP4-6 withfragments, PI 4- 16.
Plate 289
of hair similarto that of PIO and 17-19, (b) PlasterSculptures,small uncataloguedfragments: (a) uncataloguedfragments ofdrapery. of hair similarto thatof PI 1-13 and 14-15, (c) uncataloguedfragments uncataloguedfragments
Plate 290
P36-7. PlasterSculpture,fragments
Plate 291
PlasterSculptures,fragments P37-40.
Plate 292
nos. 1-7. PlasterSculpturesfromtheVilla Dionysos,fragments
Plate 293
PlasterSculpturesfromthe Villa Dionysosnos. 8-12.
10 PLATES 294-302
TerracottaFigurinesand otherObjects
Plates 294
Geometricand OrientalizingTerracottas(TC1-13). Scale: approx 1/2exceptno. 11 at 1/1.
Plate 295
Late Archaicand Classical Terracottas(TC14-25). Scale: nos. 14-19 at 1/2;nos. 20-25 at 2/3 (approx.)
Plate 296
HellenisticTerracottas(TC26-41). Scale: approx 1/2.
Plate 297
HellenisticTerracottas(TC42-54). Scale: approx 2/3,exceptwhereindicated.
Plate 298
Magenta Ware lion and bull (TC55). Scale as indicated.
Plate 299
HellenisticTerracottas(TC56-71). Scale: approx 1/2,exceptno. 60 at 1/1.
Plate 300
Hellenisticand Roman Terracottas(TC72-79). Scale (approx.): no. 78 at 1/1,restat 1/2exceptwhereindicated.
Plate 301
Roman Terracottas(TC80-89). Scale (approx.): 2/3,exceptno. 82 at 1/2,no. 89 at 1/1( + ).
Plate 302
Roman Terracottasand Moulds (TC90-94). Scale (approx.): 2/3.
11 PLATES
303-314
Metal Objects and MetallurgicalDebris
Plate 303
2
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15
16
Pre-Romanmetalobjects,bronzeexceptas noted.Top 1-5 (Ml, 3, 5-6, 9); middle6-11 (M8,12, 18, 21, 27-8); bottom12-16 (M29-31, 33, 34). Scale 1:2.
Plate 304
iTYíi 1 T#I-^ 1
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Pre-Romanmetalobjects,bronzeexceptas noted.Top 1-5 (M37-9, 41, 46); middle6-9 (M47, 49, 55, 59), 10-13 (M60, 66, 70, 72); bottom14-16 (M75-6, 79). Scale 1:2.
Plate 305
"tri"-<= 5>-íüj'o -J
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Plate 306
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Bronzeobjects.Top 1-7 (M209-215); 2nd row8-12 (M222, 229-230, 233, 239); 3rd row 13-17 (M240-242, 245-246); bottom 18-21 (M247-248, 250, 252). Scale 1:2.
Plate 307
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lockand keyfragments Door fastenings, (bronzeexcept2 - iron).Top 1-5 (M253-4, 258-9, 261); 2nd row6-8 (M262, 264-5); 3rd row9-11 (M266-268); 4th row 12-14 (M269-271); bottom15-18 (M272-4, 276). Scale 1:2.
Plate 308
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Metal objects(1-10 bronze; 11-21 lead). Top 1-5 (M278, 290-293); 2nd row 6-10 (M294, 296, 302, 322-3); 3rd row 11-15 (M326-330); bottom16-21 (M337-340, 343, 349). Scale 1:2.
Plate 309
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Iron weaponsand tools.Top 1-5 (M353-4, 356-7, 360); 2nd row6-10 (M358-9, 363, 361, 364); 3rd row 11-15 (M366, 368-9, 371-2); bottom16-18 (M374, 375, 377). Scale 1:3, exceptas noted.
Plate 310
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Metal objectsfromlate levels.Top 1-6 (M378, 381, 383, 388-390); middle7-9 (M391, 402, 601); bottom10-15 (M605-7, 616, 619, 622). Nos. 1-8 iron,9 and 11-14 bronze;10 steel; 15 lead. Scale 1:2.
Plate 311
Metal objectsand clayfurnacefragment. 1-2 lead (M623, 626); 3-5 iron(M353a, 632, 629); 6 clay (M600a). Scale 1:2,exceptas noted.
Plate 312 X
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Plate 313 S co co m co
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Plate 314
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12 PLATES
315-323
Objectsin Bone and Bone Working
Plate 315
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Bone pins,needles,styluses etc.Top row 1-10 (E62, 60, 105,64, 129, 15, 73, 103, 127,98); middlerow 11-20 (E126, 58, 125,83, 16, 74, 77, 78, 57, 63); bottomrow 21-27 (E13, 14, 122,55, 27, 7, 70). Scale 1:2.
Plate 316
D fi ©fi @j i¡ li i
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Bonespoons,scoop,earpick,fork(?)and knives.Top row 1-4 (E56, 116, 118,40); middlerow5-12 (E46, 119-120,75, 71, 121,37, 54); bottomrow 13-16 (EHI, 110, 112,69). Scale 1:2.
Plate 317
£^
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Bone box fragments, inlays,pegs,comb and piercedcylinders. Top tworows1-6 (El 2, 21, 25, 17a, 132, 133); 3rd and 4th rows 7-14 (E33, 26, 17b,38, 18, 135,32, 91); bottomtwo rows 15-22 (E49, 136, 35, 48, 137,45, 82, 53). Scale 1:2.
Plate 318
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21 Bone awl, handles,rings,beads,buttons,counterand strut.Top 1-7 (El, 2a, 114, 24, 81, 113, 115); 2nd row8-1 1 (E99, 131,9, 92); 3rd row 12-16 (E20, 20a,109,44,107,1la); bottom17-21 (Ell, 80, 108,68, 138). Scale 1:2.
Plate 319
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Plate 320
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Plate 321
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Plate 322 a jj 13 u
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Plate 323
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13 PLATES
324-335
OtherFinds in Stone and Clay
Plate 324
Stoneobjects.Contexts1-7 PG-EO (SI, 3, 6, 8, 11, 13a, 14); 8-1 1 Classical(S15-18); 12-17 Hellenistic(S21, 26, 27, 33-36). Scale 1:3 except14-17 at 1:6.
Plate 325
StoneobjectsfromRoman contexts.Top 1-5 (S38-9, 40-42); middle6-1 1 (S45, 47, 51b, 53, 55-6); bottom12-13 (S57a, c). Scale 1:3, exceptwherenoted.
Plate 326
If li ¿«
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Plate 327
fi mO
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Plate 328 ü
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Plate 329
Clay buttons, beads, sealing and medallion. Top 1-5 (Kl, 2, 3, 4, 6); 2nd row 6-10 (K9, 11,14, 16, 18); 3rd row 11-15 (K20-22, 31, 33); bottom 16-18 (K35, 68, TC72). Scale 1:2, except 17 at 1:1.
Plate 330
Terracottapyramidalloomweights. Contexts:Classical/Hellenistic 1-7 (W29-31, 33, 46, 52, 54); Augustanand 1stA.D. 8-11 (W57, 59, 73, 78); later 12-15 (W80, 81, 82, 86). Scale 1:2.
Plate 331
Contexts:Hellenistic3-7 (W41, 47-8, 50-1); Augustanand 1stA.D. 1 (W19), 8-12 (W64-5, 68, 72, Terracottadiskloomweights. 75); upperlevels2 (W85). Scale 1:2.
Plate 332
i
fi
(ti
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C/5
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co
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Plate 333
Terracottaloomweights, etc. Early Iron Age (nos. W1-W6); Greco-Romantypesa-q (nos. W7-28). Scale as spindlewhorls .indicated.
Plate 334 ■as
Si si
co fi
il il sï
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ili 111 M i> et
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Plate 335
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14 PLATES
336-353
Hellenisticand Roman Glass
Plate 336
wheel-cut.Scale 1:2. Roman glass.G 1-8 core-madevessels;9-12 cast vessels,polychrome;13-23 cast vessels,monochrome,
Plate 337
wheel-cut.Scale 1:2. Roman glass. G24-38 cast vessels,monochrome,
Plate 338
undecorated.Scale 1:2. Roman glass.G39-50 cast vessels,monochrome, wheel-cut;51-2 monochrome,
Plate 339
v 101 I fWJ 53
i v_4-^.i/
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Roman glass.G53-64 cast vessels,monochrome, ribbedbowls.Scale 1:2.
'
Plate 340
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Roman glass.G65-72 cast vessels,monochrome, ribbedbowls;73-82 cast vessels,monochrome, otherforms.Scale 1:2.
Plate 341
Roman glass. G83-95 cast vessels,monochrome,otherforms;96-110 mould-blownvessels;111-4 mould-blownvessels,bottle bases. Scale 1:2.
Plate 342
Roman glass. Gl 15-120 mould-blownvessels,bottlebases; 121-8 blown vessels,polychrome;130-7 blown vessels,facet-cut decoration;138-9 blownvessels,linear-cutdecoration.Scale 1:2.
Plate 343
Roman glass.G140-159 blownvessels,linear-cutdecoration.Scale 1:2.
Plate 344
Romanglass.G 160-70blownvessels,appliedand traileddecoration;171-3 blownvessels,ribbeddecoration;174-6 blownvessels, indenteddecoration;177-191 blownvessels,undecorated.Scale 1:2.
Plate 345
Roman glass. G 192-229 blownvessels,undecorated.Scale 1:2.
Plate 346
Roman glass.G230-253 blownvessels,undecorated.Scale 1:2.
Plate 347
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273 Roman glass.G254-278 blownvessels,undecorated.Scale 1:2.
Plate 348
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Roman glass.G279-303 blownvessels,undecorated.Scale 1:2.
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Plate 349
Roman glass. Nos. G24, 53, 56-8, 60, 62-6, 70, 78, 92, 96-101, 103-4, 106-7, 110, 160, 202, 204 and 242. Scale as indicated.
Plate 350
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Plate 351
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Plate 352
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Plate 353
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1-23 GLASS
19
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27-29 FAIENCE
26
21
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rods,beads,gemsand otherobjectsin glass,stoneand faience(no. 5 glazed clay). Top 1-9 (G305-313), 10 Gamingpieces,stirring waste,14-24 (G317-326 and S89); Bottom26-29 (S90, V4, 6 & 20). (see G160), 11-12 (G314-315); Middle 13 = glassworking Scale 1:1 exceptwherenoted.
