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DOCUIIBIT BESUIIB .~
I'L 005 091
ED 107 102 . AUTHOR TITLE
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SPONS AGENCY BUREAU NO PUB DATE CONTRACT NOTE EDRS PRICE DESCRIPTORS r--- - - - ---- -------
., IDEliTIPIERS ABSTRACT
Leslau, Wolf Intermediate Amharic Cultural Reader. Final Report. Institute of International Studies (DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C. BR-1-1015 Oct 73 OEC-0-71-2395 (823) 357p.; Not available in hard copy due to marginal leg~bility of original document 8P-$0.76 HC Not ivailable from EDRS. PLUS POS~AGE Afro Asiatic Languages; *Aaharic; *Cultural , Background; Instructional lIaterials: Language \ Instruction; *Reading ftaterials; semitic Langu~es; Sociocultural Patterns; Student Developed ftaterials; Teacher -Devei-oped-!tateriai-s.-*'l'extboo-k-s-;~~unco.IIOn.].y---- -- - -.... Taught Languages; Vocabulary \ *Ethiopia; NDEA Title VI \
\ This reader is intended to provide lIaterial for the \ intermediate-level student of Amharic,. as veIl as to introduce the student to the cultural ·and social life of Ethiopia. ~ 39 texts were each~repared by a different s~udent at Haile Selassie I University, thu~ providing the reader with a variety of language styles. The Amharic texts are followed by their English translations, which are as close as possible to the original, and ~hich retain Aaharic technical terms. An Amharic-English glossary cOllplete~ the 'Volulle. Uft)
~
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.
'I Final Report
Contract No. OEC-0-7l-2395 (823) _
INTERMEDIATE AMHARIC CULTURAL READER
II
- - - - ---- - . «-- -
Woi:t-Leslau- University of California Los Angele3, California
October 1973
''''l The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract "1 with the Office of Education, u.s. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. contractors undertaking such projects under Government spo~orship are encouraged to express freely their prof~ssional judgment in the conduct of the ~roject.· Points of view or opinions stated do not, therefore, necessarily represent official Office of Education position or policy~
I
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U.s. DEB\RTMENT OF HFALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
-dI
Office of Education Institute of International Studies
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US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS OOCUMfNT HA~ orEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY I.~ ~lC[lvtO 'ROM THE PERSON OR OR(,AI
STATED 00 NOT NI Cl ;~A~ILY REPRF SENT O~FICIAL NATIONAL IN~TITUTl O~ EDUCATION POSlllON OR POllCV
• by ',WLli\ LESLAU
I
..... ,
.
I
••
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j
• INTRODUCTION o
There is at present no Amharic Reader available to ctudentsL who have completed the study of Amharic grammar and are in the , intermediary stage of the ~ ~ Amharic Cultural Reader
same-tlme~,-the-Reader
stud~
of Amharic.
The Intermediate
is intended to fill this gap.
At the'
protides the student wi thtexts that-de---
"
scribe the material culture as well as the soclal institutions of
Et~iopia,
thereby 'introducing him to the cultural life of
the country.
•
The texts were prepared under my direction by students of the Haile Selassie I U:1iversi ty, each text by another student. I adopted this procedure, rather than having all the texts written by the
sam~
writer, in order ,to provide the student
of Amharic with a variety of styles. c
The English translation is as close as possible to the Amharic
ori~!nal.
..!English text,
.
Amharic technical terms are retained in the
and the meaning of these terms is given in the
vocabulary. The notes refer to the English translation. lary contains all the words of the Amharic text.
7 \ \
The voca'Du-
.-
':r ABL~F .
CONTENTS
~
,/
.
TEXTS
k tr '. ~ n'l
.1-3/
. pop;.t. c', Pm l.. c " rf t '"'
4-5
.~
n.,."
6-7
"
8-9
.ncl1'
.'1m",'''J
10-12 13-13a
.'netr,
_.. ----_._-- -..---..~j-61J,---- .
- . --
--
--
14-15 -
~
16-17
.wCOJ
· e4' 11 C "f" \ " f' c. 0, ~ : gt> G'J 11 i',: q"P m If'l ... . · P11 1- '. 1dJJ L.. C : n ~",., !.,.',
n
18-21 c
22-24
.~~
25-26
n; c~
2'7-28
· p ITtJ '. 1, II " n n
29-30
· a-q~ nC t>
31-33
" dtftil
'"
a~,
34-36
'-E"
37-39 40-41
" 'hb.-cti)-
4?-44
'r'i1lr
J
t~'
.' eeh
45-46 47-48
J.ll.t lr
49-51
,-ol W-ni @n, t'·
tfl 'rJ ~ '1 '. ~ r 'U C)
52-54· 55-60
ml~~
61-62
. ~ tp>
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...
· ()1 Ii ~ M0, l) •
... 63-65
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66-67 ~
68-69 . ?O-'7 2a
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..
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73-'75
~l~ IJIL'P"i '1t ;l "." b P~t1) b-·,1nL.',
78-81
\, .\
76-77
82-84
\.
,11/1", tV'J'7C
85-87
.__,~n· '1t!!llr ',-mlJ-n: H1.t', f lTD!.o ~ " n , -- J /71 · . 'h.l@-tj; J t J~ Ii., \ e4>~~cnr Jtp', ~1t-'~ "d). -. n~l1t.. .. nfl', tIi-h tn .. ~ nlfl1t11/h: f"~ ·'.,lab q> ~ II I ~" lTD l) 11 'J1 ~ 'h h .,. oR, J, fI'/ 'm n n', (f1J J\'l tfl' ~ n. 'fe-¢; S tp~: C, ~i I.t : " }.fa,'" ~-~------
l,,'f~" 'i'V · "",~,
·
b
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•. .
----
•
. 88-90
---
91-92 93-96 97.-98 99-101 1c2-103
:j~:tANSLA'rIONS
Addis Ababa
104-106
'l'he city of Gondar
107-109
Harar
110-112
r'iercato
11,-115
Country market
116-120
Christening
121-123
I
Naming
124-126
i:ledding
126-130
Burial ceremony
131-134a
...
. 135-138
Food and:-drink
!}
House construction in
Amh~ra
country (l.
.'
f)
139-vn
"The manner of wearinK the
iHm~a
142-144-
~
t
. lL15-14'7
Credit. society
148-150
"Burial society
151-155
Communal lubor
156-159
Communal inquest
160-161
Fukkara
162-165
Priest
166-168
mibto.ra
169-171
11onkhood
1'1 2- 175
Clerical education
176-179
Divination
180-186
-Fasting
187-189
Christmas
190-193
Epiphany
19 L,.-196
Easter
197-199 200-203 204-207
St. John's Day
208-210
~
f·icrchants
211-215
Artis3ns 4
i'iinstrel
216-219
l'he daily duties of an Amhara farmer
220-223
~ndholding '~~QTI~
the
~mharas'"
224-229
Jhat is the daily work of an Ethiopian woman?
230-232
runctions of an eld8r in society
233-237
A pernon of breeding and
~ood
upbrinLing
238-241
Co
4
-.,-
...
'Il'2:lt
-,
Just what is an Ethiopian girl of good character'?
'e
. Beauty
2'4201t245
NOTES
250-253
Voc~bulary
254-343
24f>-249
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T RAN S L A T ION S
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Addis Ababa Ethiopia's ca!lita.~ was previously built on l·lt. Entotto.
W
However,
since it i.,as unsuitable fer a city, in l87(":::lg~~he Emperor Menelik founded . the city that
he
name a. ~"i.nt'inne and that i~ lmown at present as Addis Ababa.
Addis Ababa is surrounded by mou.ntains like Entotto.
Since the alti-
tude. of the city is 8000 feet above sea (level), its highland ~ality is percepti ble. , Its environs are full of places "lhich 'ar-a like fields, are louer in altit'lde (and) are su:ltable for farming.
Since the city js one
in which eucalYPtus trees a~e seen in large number, it 10~Ks as though it had been founded in the nnddle of a forest.
Still, the various kinds of
trees plnnted along the streets at present give the city a special eppearance.
According to the census ll1..a.de by the Addis Ababa t1Unicipali ty in 1960
(=1968), it shO\-1S that there were 637,831 inhabitants. One of the parts of the city is the one dubbed Yekatit l~ s~are. Most of the time it i~ ~lO\m as tiiddist Kilo.
The monument (~here) "was set
up to cornmem~rate the Ethiopians whom the Fascir.ts killed with picks. and spades on Yekatit 12.
On this monument, a sculpture showing the atroC'ity
. which the Fascists co:mnitted on this date is to be seen.
Near this monu-:,
ment is the large compound of Haile Se~~ssi~I University which was formerly the ro~'nl palace.
To tlie right of the university is the Haile Selassie I
Across (the square) is the Imperial BQdyguard head~arters. A • little further along t== i~ the lions' enclosure which is visit~d by many
Hospi tal.
eople and in which they relax. Even though the roaring of the lionS frightens P . . V ~aople, the p~ce in which they are is well-con.tructed so that it would be J
easy to look (at the,lions) • . There is anvther str.lare a moderate distance from Siddist Kilo.
"ihile
it is called Arat KilO, it has been designated Independence Monument Square •
,
I
.1 I fi
It is also called Hiyaz ya 27 Squar e.
'I'his is bec.D.Use the Italia ns 'Were
dri veit out of F..'thiupia on that. date.
The Ninis try of Educa tion r..nd Fine
so .e large off.Lce Arts, t.he Engin eering Collee ;e, l-1enelilc II 89hoo l and t.lso In a place oppos ite and dO\olpJlill from builcli~s are locate d in this area. . Ind0p enden ce ~{onument (Squa re), the Great Palac e is built
This w~s f.:>rmcrJy
110\'1, howev er, Emperor Haile Selas~ie holc.f> court
Dnper or !·!cne lik' s palac e. in it.
c,
ing to"ler s. l3et\leen the monumcmtf> and the palac e, the Parlia .:r.ent buiJd
Behind, it is the Cathe dral of St. Hary' s. ~'oroe
also Not only is Addis Ababa the capit al of 1taio pia, i t has be a place ,for .being host to the leade rs of
Al~ica.
Palac e, Afric a Hall a.ppea rs, beaut i ful and splen did.
Oppos ite
~he
to
Jubil ee
The area. bet\ie en these
adorn ed wit.h variou s t"ro bailtl ings has been const ructed as a l'abli c parlt ·-and rO!\d) ,~hich passe s t.ree3 and flo..,le rs. One \1110 has gone down follow ing (the ,dng the road extem:._ne 'to .' by this way will arriv e ut J.\HsqUl Squar e. }"ollo locate d about six km the left, the Haile Selas sie I Intern ation al Airpo rt is ,..
•
It is the only airpo rt in the city.
furth er out.
d by the It is known throug h the licens e plate numbers issue "
~cipality
increasi~n this that the number of vehic les in Addis Ababa is const antly 30,001 go ernme nt perio d •. It ",as disco vered in 1960 (=1968) that there were "
cars and priva te vehic les. le)qu are, A little ~o the north ,of the ,Piazz a, known "nQ~. as De Ciaul ,
the statue c.\f the . appea rs the cl'JlJrch'",f St. George •. Near this churc p is
~
Emperor Menel ik which is enclo sed by a fence .
Going down Churc hill Avenue
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" ...,f this stree t. from the .Piazz a, the railro 8a,st ation appea rs at the end M,mic ipali t" Churc hill On the bal;;is of a recen t stree t survey made by the " :
j
Avenue has been (re)co nstru cted in'a
.
fashio n so that the
~~
rnilr~
1 sta-
"
'
t.ly) oppos ite each othe:.:-. tioD and the Mmic ipa::.i ty build ing' will be' ~direc ,
,.
e '.
In the area between the~~
hlO
buildi.Il;,;S, a llide arca has been delimited so
that the .(Emperor) Theodore5nonurr.ent may be St;t up in it. have teen laid.
The foundations
Lo\-:er do~m, Adowa SC]).lare is surrO"v.nded by '... he new b::mk
puilding, Haile Selassie I Theatre, the Defense Ministr'J anll also ::;on:e t~ ,
modern buildinr,s: ~ Leaving the roa.d goin'S to the railroad statirm on the left and follouine; the rpad lee.di~ out of Ado\la Square, one arrives at· Nexico SC]).lare.
Near this square the Vocational School and several large
offices are located. J
.,
To the right of City Hall is located tre statue of Abuna Petros.
One
.
who travels straiBht past that (statue) and over the HabtR-giyorgis bridge will arrive at a very large area, the 14ercato.. Addis Klltfuna..
This area is (also) called ,
It is a place ,~hcre people st~ around on market days.
t'-10 large U".3.rkct ha.lls are loco.ted.
l1ere
In this area, buses of different rout;s
have .Located tneir p01'nt. oi ~eparture: Ont'! of tIle surprising i.h.i.ugt:l It> Lila'\.
,
one .spends the jjime shoving ,-lith the r:lDJ1Y' people, as
,,'i th
"
the many livestock
,
and vehicles. Eyen though the modern buildings recently appearing here and there in AdQis Ababa. give a special appearance to variOUS places, the narrow streets, the unclel:\.l1 houses and shacks are found to be numerous.
Be that as it may,
the city is growing. 1'.
.,
.
"
11 H
•
~------------~-------------------------------------
The City of Gondar Gondar is the chief city
01.'
.-
13lietL'1ld?)l' Provlnce.
This city's rcason ~
for fame is the fact that i t is ancient rather than modern. was one in which "-
ma~
-
In its time'it
lungs set up their thrones, courts iolere held, a.nd pub-
lic assemblies iolcre conducted.
J
Starting with (ldng,) like A~e Fasil to
TheOdo:t"~i t '~as ~ town ,of jdngs, ~
center of trade.
At'the present time,
even though it appea.rs stripped of its ancient -lig lory, on acccunt of the houses wiuch (Western) culture has.crcnted and its asphalted'streets, it i& a city which seems rene''Ied, linking.its ancient glory with the culture of this
ag.e~ f
Gondar is very different from Addis Ababa in its size and in its moderni ty. .'
.e
.
Nevertheles's, just like Addis Ababa, much goverrunent ,,,ork is
dO.ne in it.
It provides hospitality to many travelers and stro.ngGrs o ' Since {
all the
govern~ent
offices have been built grouped together, a person with a
problem ca..ll/-settle many
..
Toe dwellings
ar~
mo.tter~ .mthout
wandering from 'one office to another •
often in rows built joined together.' ;n'Drder to preserve
-
the, c).eanline'Ss of the city, all houses are repaired every year by order of J
the runicipality.
•
•
.~ Whst has caused the city to be f~liar to the world is the historical
castle 'of (Emperor) Fasil.
0:
The number of foreigners and natives who come to
,
see this buildi-ilg ~s large.
t
The strengtb of this blildlng which has lasted
abOl't "three hundreli years is a reason fOl' Bdmiration. • •
Even though it is
called A~e Fasil's castle, there are 1IUUW buildings inside it.
Each build-
'",
il-.6 \(as constructed in the reign of different ldngs.
Since the building
which Was adyanced in age approached the point o,f fa.lling apart, it would be
repaire~
from, time to
~ime
before it collapsed
J 1!f
completelY.~
."
Gondar is a town whiQh IS fru'llou!'3 for i:ts churches.' 'T.'here is in every neiGhborhood.
(
a church
Among the existinc churches ,~hich have a history, the
·1
co~t::uction
of DllbrU"bc)rhan,. (Holy) Tl'inity and Qu;~quam is ancient.
manuscripts and "pictures in them are thl)se having historical' value. 4
The
A
/1'
faithful eo to Ba 'ata and Loze. !,b.ry'am in search of ,ho'1y water in order to
.
recover from illness or some kind of infe~tion or to be cleansed of sin • .
.
I' AmOng all these l:hurches there is a mosque.
This mosque 'Which
built a little outside the city is the place of prayer for
man..v
",as
Mlslims.
In
the city, with regard to religion, the Christians, rather, than the Muslims, ere in the prepondcrance.
The
~lrristians'~
is Orthodox (CHristianity).
Attending church, celebrating (religious) hollda;y's, alros";giving, feeding and gi vinB to drink the hungry and t'he thirsty are a. few of the activities of t
the C9ristian folk.
, Befor~ the education of the (present)
ace .a
(liKe) tOdB\Y,
Gondar" being originally wldely (l'.no,m) thl'Ough clerical education, wns a.' district or city of scholars to which they would travel from many- places in search
J.
education.
Since clerical training has struck root, modern school-
"
ing has not expanded properly.
tLe
However, since _
,.'t~ loS
someWhat weakened on
account. of her clerical achievement, the fact that this a.chiev~ment
4f hers
is a s~cial characteristic in the process of g17adually disappearing. TodB¥, , there is one high school. and numerous primary schools in Gondar. A 1'l\blic Health college is located there.
Even though the number of schools is more ,
~
than one, when (this ,number) is compared with the number of people and (their) needs, it is quite small.
EVen though the people displa¥ the necessary
~oop-
eration, since tber~ are not enough teachers, the nwnber of students entering school and those }>&ssing on to college is quite small.
"
120
.
\
In the Publi c Healt h collc6 c there
i~
t onlY does this
hospi tal.
it ~ hospi ta.l provi de fts servic es to the peopl c oi' the city, insta llatio n for the stude nts in the colleg e.
a traini ng
-
'I'he place where nurse s, healt h
this hospi tal: 'l1}le offic ers,· dres~ers e..ld sanit arian s are traine d is ht!re in injure d and ill suffe r mucp numb~r of clini cs' is small . There fore the day's
.
~
diffic ulty
~n
order to Get medic al atten tion by
~ting
their turn.
~ince
medic ine is manY find it hard to gct medica.l treatm ent by, payin g mon~y, . ent. vernm the.Bo by 1Tee buted distri . " proba bly Ev,en tho}lSh the number of peopl e is not kno"ln exact ly, i-r
.
e.m>roxim~tely ~o, oOO.~ na.ti ves of many distr icts live
. amoun ts to
,
to
to,m on accou nt of goverrl.'nent jobs or commerce.
in' this
The Ethio pian le.ngu ages
spoke n in this city are mostl y Amharic and Tigrin ya. T;he city is some,-:ha.t under devel oped with respe ct to the cing. seelllS that pu13lic i~royernent is retrog ressin g, not advan
The. indus tries
not even known by n&~ in 'Gonci~·. seen in, other laree towr.s a.re " .
of this, many peopl e are unemp loyed.
It •
econo~.
~
On a.ccount
tea.taries and The eElucated are <>secre .. •
c
also. .chers and there are a. modera.te number of soldi ers qr police
Illite rate
of trade . I . succe ssful trade rs, Even thoug h commerce appea rs prepo ndera nt, aside from the. r. does not excee d his dailY consu mptio• n. the profi t of the ordi~ trade • Jo . . make a rce comme in e engag to them allow not does alth Those whose luck or·we
ing in variou s and unedu cated perso ns make. a l.iving by engag .J
k~ds
..
unemplqyment is. .wides pread among, Since # , ed open small or the women, those who are not fortun ate enoug h to be marri
11ving as cooli es and da¥
....
la~orers.
humlarge-scal~ liquo / busin esses and make a living a~ prost itutes . .Their ber is const antly increa Sing. bache lors. and were
This in turn also increa ses the llUmber of
ied it Contr ol of the city has weakened since the Italia ns occup 0.
drive~out
and the govern ment has forgo tten it more and mo' •
.1 ~! l
..
"
lie
"
/
(i
. >.
The c"ity
Pro~nce . pf tqe
In the
way
Harar City
I
'/r' Earar ~iS a.n ancient city '\-lhich is located in Harar e~stern
..
part of Ethiopia •. I~~'~ltiquity is apparent because'
in which the city is constructee and because there are not many
ncw'builqi~s. spe~ifica1ly)
the old cit.y'which is 'called the
~ol
adfu.
. s~ecial proof of its ary,tiquitt on account of the fact that it has reached
.
~
,
the point of fallir~ into ruin.
.
,
The highway which goc" f'".com Dire Dawa +.0 Hsrar cuts right through uhe
.
~
middle of Harar and proceed's on 'to Jijjigo.. on the right just as one comes a 11 ttle I
•
,\-l8¥
,
-
~e Ras Hotel building is located
into the 'town of liarat' and the
I
4
a
,
building located G.t>posite ltt is the palace.
As soon as on7 has proceeded eo
little further by follo\rl.ng thiS' (high\,1\Y) which is decorated "Jy trees along ~/~
.'the sides, the statue of Ra.s
e
l,~konnen 'is
I "
found.
In ti>..!;; 'area the atlministra.-
'tive -offices a.nd. the headqUarter:! of. the Harar m.ill tal'Yo
acaQe~
al"E: loca.tad.
A little to the eo.st on leaving the squar~ is the village of Bottega which
.
was ~lt during the Italian occupa~ion.
When one travels along this ~oute , it takes one to FRrlls }.1Ngala•.
"
Since this place which is known as FHrRa MHgala is,one in which~~ommercial I
. '
-
•
vehicles take on ~d let off cargoes and passengers, J]J1ch ,of the time people, . . f . IU$IM..J. ~ are seen shoving each other apd dashiag about in it. ~ it is it. place of
.cOlmDCrce~ there are a Ia1'ge number o~ bars and hbtels around it in which the ,
blngry and thirsty·~ drink and eat ~d the weary may rest and those who '-
have been overtaken by evening 'CDD\f spend the night. in which the
peop~e of the town assemi>le
"ror
The Ras
Ma.ko~en Hall
•
A
•
"
.)
accoWlt of its antiquity, many walls and ruined bui.ldings are "
located in it.
Inasmuch as it is surrounded. with walls, it haS seven
•
~8.tes • 1
•
"
various reasons is located
here. On
e~
122
..
- '
"e
In former trj,mes, these gates had doors and guards. from these gates came to~ether in the FH.rlls l,1t{gala.
G~te,
gate_, the Shoa
,
All the
~treets leaving
These were the Track
the :&lda Gate, the Ox Gate, the Ycrer Gate, the FHlana
14 '
'
Gate a.'1d the Pepper Gate ~.!ear eyery gate, except the Pepper
"
markets',are found.
,-
Gate,~
The blggest market of all is the- one near Shoa
:
small
Gate~ ·In
the -big markets, as in the other tOioms, very ma.!lY (types of) merchandise are
,
sol<1.
_
v
The streets here in,. the old tOiom (specific name:
'end llave lots of pebbJes in ""':i
the~.
The ,big Ras }:a.'konnen Hospital and the J..8.rge
'
I-b:::lim mosque are located here in the "GRgol. I
..
-
G!lgo:q are ~arrow '"
If one leaves the Ox Gate and
bears to tpe right, tl'J!?re one 'finds 'l;.f\e 'man ''lbo, feeds tbe hyenas 'Who has won .
the
.
,
'"
-
~l,a:tion of the natives' cf the area. as ,;ell as (that of the) foreign
visitors.
Every deY thi.c (hyena) feeder collects bOI.les ,all day and every
eveni!lg he allmrs many s-pectat.ors to "latch hilll feeding the llyenas.
His
li.velihood is oased on this. "-
S:i.,nce Harar is an area of various l"J.nds of fruit, £1X'... (article of) merchandise seen in C}!.lantity in every market is fruit of various !O-llds.
.
A
iittle out!;ide the tmm, the fertile spots in the surrounding area. are full
.
'
:
...
of ,fruit. trees. ' , When one takes the main street and goes out a little 'Way from the old tm-m, one returns to the new town. . pearance
01l
This place has taken on a handsome 8.p-
account of its cleanliness and ~ts modernity.
built of st'one and are constructed in 8. modern style. son looking
a.t i t
'l'l1e houses are
The city, to a per-
from Haran Mountain or" Haldm Mounta.in, lookS like a
village which ,was built on a small hill.
The fact that the old town and
.the new (one) are side by side gives it an ,appearance different from the
•
other Ethiopian ~owns. " .~
12:S ,9
"
-~
-"~
~--
,~
-
-~~
-.
,I'
.
. 'One of the teacher tralning institutes \.;hidi -are located in Etbiopia Besides this, there is a high school and ~our primary schools.' " . All these schools are, located in the new tmm. is in Harar.
.
'(
Even though the number of people is not known exactlY, iy is ~it~
large.
The principal'lA!l&Uages spoken in the town are:
Mare,
Q.ottu~·
Arabic aria AmPeric.' As in other towns; since the (level of) the economy is low:;
t~e
"
,
peop~e, whether successful o,
./
I
merce.
~
n\;.Illber of unemployed and of prostitutes is large.
~ince
Most of the
(ill.ma.Y.ing a living) or not are, engaged in com.,J
~
their income is low, it is not a kind... which. goes beyond (pro-
viding them) with (their) daily bre~d.
Even though the
e~forts this little
lt ,"
glory has n0t been completely stripped aW8\\r.
"~ r
Mercato There is a. large market place which is for the buying and selling of domestic as wall as foreign goods.
,'"
Its name is the Mercato~ In this place
buyers, sel~ers, middlemen,'swi~dlers and honest men are all mixed together. The l-iercato of Addis Ababa is .,.located in the west (ern part) of Addis There are large ruilciings there built in the IlPdern style.
Ababa..
buildings are (bui~t) side-by-side. buildings goes across the middle.
These
A broad street which separates the two Aut'obuses -which transport the plblic from
.the market to all over and from various places to the market let off and take .. Besides the fact that the usual merchandise 01" paSSenger's on" this street. is sold in th~se buildings, some bars are located therein.
In that large ,
"
building, sInall shops encased in glass e:re built close to one another.
e
Not
only are the kinds of goods ~n each shop nwn~r?us, the manner in which they are laId out is unsyst~!llll.tic.
Therefore the market goer obtains. the ari..icle·
~
he wants after much confusion. I
In the arel\ around these larger buildings,
there are crude~ built or simply open air merchandise s·~all.s of mercha.nt.s who were not given locations
frO;-~ 9,0110
systematic~llY.
on whic;h dust has blown
which visitors eagerlY seek.
Tbose things sold here range
anP 'angRra to native pr.oducts
f~~
In this area, ther~ are very many of those
. who JlUt a couple of items in a sort of box which they sus?Cnd on a kind of -
" rope from their shoulders down over their,chests and go around here and there '
in order to earn their daily bread by' crying out, 'Anyone want a nail clippers; anyone out of perl\une?'
toot~brush,
'!'he number of those who spend the
c.ay by pilfering and stealing and when convenient, by picking pockets, is
very large. At the entra.nce of the new marketing ~i1,ding, there are persons in
c."t
. groups of ten and fifteen who spend the da¥ maldng .coffee, chewing
/
~(one
---- -- -:--
e_
g n. drum, the singin g a song, the other s singil '.g the refra in, one beatin From there they other s clapp ing and pr~ing by' bowing down and ris1.n g up. ~ The elder come forwa rd for spitti ng ~or a bless ing and then dispe rse. .
...
v
'(]/
and gives his bless ing • infJ.a .tes his cheek s which are packe d full of tat • ~o.t which he held (in his mouth) • by sendin g out his spit with. the cud of ..:..has kept One who is tired from being in the marke t all day and who
&
in the evenin g little money tied (in ,a h~dkerchief), after proppi~ ip ~te ; a coupl e of ,such, somewhat high, bo&rd the , o~hoOd at a ~lJg bet in the neighb evenin g lamen tbus for 15 cents and go home. Those who are drunk spend the . the night . _A ing, singin g, c~sing, shovin g and _then go to a place to spend ~
~
1O
•
'.
'
, p , ow, beggin g here poor perso n who has no money, after spend ing the d~ someh . . . for his hing somet him toss to ne someo find might and there (hopin g) that he \
.
(of food) he had, and suppe r, but if he does not, nibbl ing on the little bit . 8,/ . ufl lie spen~ the not havin g a regul ar home, takin g shelt er on a porCl~cl.U'lb~ night (ther e). The marke t is divid ed}lp into many (secti ons). I I
a cloth ing
.
section~.a
It is divide'C!: thusl..v:
potte r.y·se ction , a grain sectio n, a spice sectio n, a
'
hold furnis hings and jewelr Y sectio n. r sectio n, hoUse butte I , goods Gener ally cdnsi dered , the Merca to is not just a place in which are exchanged maD;Y' - ,
a place in-·which
bu~
~
"
I
quarr elling sep'e rs and
1ru;yer~
socia l needs
ar~
satis fied. ,However
,,- ..
there tnO¥' be, there are just as many
I
:
peace- maldn g elders : there . .
II
and women ogling each
oth~r
There is noth'1ng strang e in seeing young men
.
for long perio ds or just brief ly. ,
Moreover, it
or ~ec~etly domesis quite usual~'to see peopl e meeti ng and discu ssing ope~ I , al. The gener in ty socie of state the of tic affai rs, gover~nt matt~rs inatin g news as Merca to is a source : of inform ation and a place for dissem
,'
~~ ------~-~ -~-'
e -
-much as it can. seems to
b~.
. I-
LOOked at . quickly, this is \lhat the Y.ercato of Addis Aba'Ua.
I
count ry Market mercrumdise Botb in the count ryside and in tbe town, a place in whicb tbat is neede d is bough t end. sold is calle d ~ marke t. in tbe The perio d during wbicb 1mport ant ms.rkets are beld anywhere to
•
~
count ryside is not more tban two days per }reek.
Of tbese days, tbe first is
ple.ce s come tbe most' consi derab le, one'· in Whic~ very lllalV p,eople from~ tbe peopl e wbo toget ber. The main ~eason for tbis is tbat most of tbe t~, , apart and since trans act busin ess in the count ry marke t 11ve in villag es far to time or be tbey could not go on leavin g off tbeir daily work from time and ~ter suffi . :going back and forth on foot, it is more conve nient to sell bold all at one cient goods and come back (home) with provi sions for tbe house . In view of tbe time. A marke t like tbis mAY be very poPl~r and lively . fatmin g, (tbe fact that the Etbio pinn peopl~ 'mostl y make tbeir living from they get tne Kinds' of food which tbt:.Y Cwulo t place ) where ,
g~'vw
.
on their lAnd.
de, thing s made and genere .l.ly those tbing s wbich agric ulture does not provi keros ene, in facto ries, goods such as salt, coffe e, sugar, spice s, oil, marke t, so fabric s, sboes , cbina , glass es, plate s, soap~ is only in tbis going out to marke t once a week is an oblig ation for them. The count ry marke t is diffe rent from tbe one beld in the town.
As
inten tion is to tbe marke t goes. bas to trave l a long way on fOQt, and his sellin g bis grain, . and to b.ly thing s he needs Wi tb the money he obtain ed by return , all this will take him from. morning to
eVt~ning.
Among his famil y,
and women, there excep t tbe cbild ren, berdsmen and the very feeble old men is so is tbat i. no one wbo does not go to marke t. Tbe' reaso n that this time it slips going tbat IIl1cb distan ce while stl'aig btenin g up tbe load every ing it will not down, unloa ding it after arriv ing at tbe marke t and reload proce ed very well witb on'd0n e perao nts effpr ts.
12H
Since tbe women
are tbe
ones who know the household items which ere needed, they do not stay away from the market. Tbe women, having noted wha.t is lacking from among the household necessaries and keeping what is neede1 in their heads, not on paper, get up in the morning, bring the calves and the cows together, and after they finish scooping up the dung, they boil coffee.
After they bre~~fast, they begin
,'gathering up their fabrics for the market foray as soon as they have finished
drinking their coffee. Until the coffee boils, the men also measure out in g,tmnas the grain
,, !
i
they ~ll sell a.t the ma.rket.
-
They fill the grain that ha.s to be ground in
..
bags, load the donkeys and then until they leave, give them a. kind of grass and let them graze.
Later the women, dressed in their best clothes, call
their neighbors and head for the market.
. ·e
plt
Chickens in their hands or eggs
together with grain in small bags :will. not be absent.
:;..et·ore they al'ri ve
,.
at the lnarket, dealers in poultry who are waiting for the IJUitkctgoers whopl they find along the road take (these) chickens and eggs off their hf'.nds. As soon as they arrive at the market, (the~ take) the things to be
. sold by weight to the weighing platform and after unloading the things ,
to
be sold retail, they spread them O'-1t on a hide or a piece of cloth and begin selling and buying.
Husband and wife spend the dCl¥ together receiving cus!
'
tomers. After tying the donkeys to a peg with the pack stra.ps, the~ spread out a sort of straw and let them browse free~.
Tbey spend the da,y measuring
~
grain and other things, haggling, agreeing on. a price, telling each other, 'it's a deal'> (or) 'it's no deal~'
The wife measures cut (the grai:l), the
husband taking the money and' (customer and seller) sa,y to each other, 'add sorne more', (or) 'we will not add more.' ,<
.12:1
Since in the
~~rket
each perso n estab lisbes himne lf in his respe ctive c
locati on) not much diffic ulty is
.
c~sed
the market goers .
The peppe r, spice ,
ry sectio ns, butte r, livest ock, grain , stalk s of sugar cane, 'Wood and potte large the all these have their ~ell-known locat ions. Ther~fore){however) witho ut confu sion. number of peopl e may be, buyer Md seJ.le r rw.y get togeth er city trade rs Since count rYsid e trade rs come from all over, even if 'tlhe not really get and retai l selle rs ,occupy the place first, :the mar~et t1oe~ 'ate W8¥S, (the underway befor e mid-m orning . The women and men go their seplU thing s they deSir e. women) to where their wants are, (the men) to pick out the back ,to the place where they On finish ing their marke ting, they meet by going repea tedly return tied their _'donkeys. Since the count ry market goers canno t all the matte rs to marke t every ~ their princ ipal aim is to take care of
-,e
(bome). '. for which they 'We~t (to market>.' on that same dB\Y t:md return ga.rwents After going to tbe ~Hmma. sectio n for c~othes ~U1U c'hoosir,g ing to its kind, from those hangin g up or sprea d out on'th e groun d each'a ccord appea ls to him, taking out nH~lL1a shaw~, a gabi, a poncho (or) what (ever ) i one which suits turnin g it this w;xy- and that and lookin g at it, he buys the the cow which him. He goes into th~ live~QCk sectio n, loo~ at'the bxen, , gelde d steer , stoppe d produ cing calve s, the young bullo ck, t.be calf or the
avoid ing the fierce one which is bad-te mpere d, pokin g the
good
ones with
are good for. the staff he carri es, ident ifying by appea rance the ones which desir able, barga inplowi ng or butch ering , the fat and those whose fat is not g what looks ing and haggl ing about, the price~as is the,ru le and then buyin tails , pokes (good) to him. Going into the sheep sectio n, ~e squee zes their
-
them in the breas t and makes a deal, as is the rule.
If it is
co~venient
for
its weakn ess,' him to jutlge the pack anima l {he does SO.~, otherw ise he notes < by) its teeth and so he avoid s ided (proV nce evide the h or its streng :"u throug
.lao
·,
e
the reallY saddle-sore, picks out the really plump one and buys it. Traveling through each merchandise, section in this w8¥, choosing carefully, handling, haggling about the highness of thl ,tlrice) the smeJ.1ness of
the merchandise, he purchases wbat is necessary.
....
'rut after aU, the marketer IIllst 'become tired and weary when he goes hither and thither, so the ~cksters who know this spend the da¥ in a sepa-
.~. (small market) selllng~2n<ra an.d ~~-
" they call a rate place which
bread on wicker'fl':>rk ~ables, parched grain in 9.unna-baskets~ beer in crockS ,
and arrack in bottles or ct'.nt,eens to the hungry and thirsty- who come (there)_ Since their merchandise has a'fixed price, it ~s not suitable for dickering. Therefore th~ income which they get from these separate items is advantageous. ,
~
So 'after the market goers finish the d~'s business and before they ,
go home, they probably remember the children whom they left behind at home. Therefore they journey (homewa..Tf..) after buying candy ,or m1gar cana to please those who saw
ii
off weepins- At that time, they (al.so) buy 'kerosene and
Nafta for the lamps.Since most of the titl'e there is no mill in the countryside, having mch of the~r grain grCi.md at the market at the same occo.sion, they .return
ho~. After all this has te..lten place, the ones who own a donkey loads the merchandise on it, the ones who do not, carrying (the merchandise) on their backs and, indul8ins in talks'; 4i~cussing the state of the markets, they travel quickly so they will, ani ve home before it gets dark.
Singing and
joking with each other so they will not feel tired, sometimes resting, they walk on for a while. and just before arr';' ving at the hoose or t'1e vil.lage,
those who have been at home all da¥,~wel.~qme ,t~r~L.j.9;YfY.l.ly ;-">"rhe merchandise •
is unloaded and the children are given the slll!lar cane ,that was bought f9r
.tal
I),
them.
Ai'tel' that, they sit, breathing a sigh of reliet' and drinkir.g good
coffee until supper is ready.
~e
next market is a weelt away.
J •
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.132 ,'"
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Christening l'orty ruiys after a. boy is born chris~ened.
and
7ighty cls¥s after a girl, they are
For the boy there'is a godfather and for the girl a godmother. ;-
If the C~ld which is ,!>orn is a boy) the fat~er is asked to give his child 'for christening to the requester.
I~ contrast to this, if the child
.
is' a girl, it is the mother who has to be asked.
Persons eager for rela.-
tionship and friendship ask, as soon as they i'ind out the mother has conceiv: d , tIf your child is a boy (give it) to me, if it i~ a g~~' (give it) .. to
rru
wife.'
TheiT purpose is' to have the parents pronrl.se before a.D¥body
else asks first. For example, in Gojjam, th~ one who gives (the chilli in christening) asks (for the child). In Shoa, the parents ask (someone) to give (the child) in christen:.ng for them. ~
If the child
i~ the child of the VOW~all these
re~ests are not made but the child is given ove~ Lu the~.
r~'ents
who are strong in their fat th make a covenant so that the child, when he
-.
grows up_ will serve the tabot that was chosen. ing
Even though the basic. mean-
.
of christening is linked with custom, the source of this custom. is the
need for relationship.
Both the (parents) who ask for and t~e (others) who
seek to be godparen~s are looking for a means of protection in a relative who is strong in wealth and honor.
Even though the one christenec1. 'is a baby
who bas not attained the age of reason, the entire afftrlr is carried Q,lt ~ng
persons who have attained the age of reason. A da¥ before the christening, the mother tells all the neighbors that
sbe has a christeIUng on the morrow and asks them to escort her. chri~tening day--6 a.m. on a non-fast day and 12
a.m.
On
the
on a fast dq--the
gi vers in <;hriste~ and those who are bav1ng the christening done travel
, 'J'-'
fl'S
e-.
III
,. "
•
I
to the c rCh toge~er.
r~
•
The motller •comes with spun thread and the givers'" i n
.
the christening with new clothes and towels . or a kind of ... muslin. As soon as they arrive at the church, if a place is availab.le they t.
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,
""\.
stand at the chr~stening place, othe~se ~they stand) under the eaves. ' ! ,
.
The
,
priest carries out the necessary ccre:mony, carrying the cross and conducting "
the }:.raye~ with the deacons giving the Tespons~.
The deacon receives the
.
.
"
thread from the mother and suspends it on the croSs.
Pla.cing this near the
water whlrCh he has brought in a clay "bowl, he stays urise
t"and
begins the
Those who give the response follow' (him) j..t1., the same fashion.' Arter
prayer. 6
~he prs\yer, the priest blesses the water with the cross and adds cm'ism (holy oil) to it. While the child is naked, the deacon takes him from his mother and when he comes fon.'al'd holding him in his hands under each armpit, the pioiest immerses him in the water which he has prepared. the child ought to be happy on \
J
be~~ming
feeling the coldness of the water.
Even though it is said that
a Chrlsti!n, it
cri~s
bitterly on
Wben he has finished being 1JmDersed, the'
thread ~ which his mother brought for him and which had been Fa;yed over while banging on the cross,is tied around his neck.
~s me....; he bas become l
Christian. In any case, the procedure of.giving the' Christian name is simple.
If the baby is a boY~ the saint's da;y is' taken into consideration
.
'
axitr
trom
the beginning, most often the v.lrd son-of or servant-of is added to Christ's ~ . or a martyr's or 4 saint's name and the name such as 'servant~f CbriBt' (or) 'son-of Gabriel' is given him.
In contrast to this, the girl is given the ,
name !daught~r-or (st.) George' or 'handmaiden-of Christ.' As soon as the na.me-giving is over, the godfather or godmother takes his spiritual child from the deacon and holds it in his /her
.134
armS ... Afterwards
.
e'
the mother takes her child and with the escorts, goes inaide (the church).
,
.
After attending :'b~s, they administer coamunion to the child~
..
From the ti~ ,
tliey start Maas until they leave, the ehil,A does not tnke the bre.~t ~ even ,
\
though hullger l'!.JJRI be gnawing at him.
Could that be to show through fasting
tbat'ne is devote~ to the Lord since he has become a Christian?
.
.,'
, - 'Now, since the'" christening cercmoD,Y is oVE;r, the mother pits tHe child . ., " . ' , on ller back and returns to her hoo.se together with her escort.' Sbe gathers '¢ , • tbe neighbors and ~tives toge~her and gives them to eat and drink of .the
,
.
'
.
,.
"
feast she haS prepare .,.... After tlle pr1es t.g and de~oiUi;taste of the banqU~t ,.
-br~ht
t1thC
.C~~h
for 'them,
yf
--...,,"
tbe~ 'go t~ei~ se~at~~"8YB;
,If
menti6~>,
at a~ Sb/ ld be ~e of their leaving &.rJ¥thing~6r th~ ~burcb, a week ~f~r.e· the cbri~ ening a .full ~ of fine wheat, :-aisins ,and ce.ndles would be sent. . . ,...,.. '.' .
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1e "
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F •
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"
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"
co
"
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"
,
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..w'
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,
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~. Wh<.:.l the father S' tcll parab les _ the~
s~,.
'ange ls give name s.'
When
,his profe sthey say this, it is to sugge st that ,before tile c- 'ld is born the ,name which sion and bis name are decided"'&,.r angel s. It is s&i tkt if will be ' is desire d is given him once he is born, thE;l'e is nothin g which , . added or taken away !'rom him. 6
Whether- or not (such ), tales ~e told, name--has
al.re~
l'.
child 'a name- -hia pp-:.ol.'!r,Ci
been cpnsi dered for some time, not, as 'soon as he is
Jlom.
like Abc)~e (I This name which is givcn cbnsi derat ion ms:y be a hero' s name ), ~ (the g cll.stu rbed), GoS'i)mIne' (I havirW clbow ed), Kande (~ elbow baVin
"
!
,
' .(ransa cker) and the
like. \Uames exprc ssing handsomeness bitte r), Amblirba-r ' . ' . "'- ~, DHnnIlqa are of the kind li~e Wabltu \the beaut y), Amai'H (he is ~dS
'
•• '
(he is admir able). The names given
girJ.s.,~stJy
expre ss b&auty. Just for example:
Par~nts who (diamond) ,c] VI abitu (the beaut y),. §agel'Uda (rose) and the like. ing the s.ex J have' lost a bqy or girl throug h child birth illnes s ~7b.r chang
•
call the boy by'th e girl's name and the 'girl by the boy's they do this
~
1>j because
~heir
of
name.
~e' reaso n
belie f that. c.haDging the sex by na"Ae
will keep the child ren from <\ving. tbe When a baby hay is born, be is christ ened on the fortie th da¥, to be on the eighti ,eth. 'The giver s in christ ening look for a. . .woman
"
~
&11'1
the g~ther ~f the ~irl.
,
If anyone asks .to give tbe child in Cbri~A:en1~, .
ion and the to be the 6odJoother, her circum stance s are taken into consi derat is likew ise , child is -given to her. On the part of the boy, a godfa ther • •
I
•
, q , that they sough t. '!be paren ts go to a nearb y churc h, expla in to the vicar the chlld will have a newly born. child , decid e the Chris tian name by which ) and retur n. be baptiz ed and the dat'3' (on whicb the·name w;l.ll be given
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' ' .... On the day of the christening, the, parents, and i'f they are still.
•
'sllve,the ~by's'gr~dparents, go to the church-wlth (their) relatives, attend the ceremony of the Mass and Give th~ child in christening.
A deacon
takes the child "in his:arms and brings it to the baptismal font.' Then, .
crossing':himself and sa.y:ing 'Halleluiah tQ the. Fathe~,halleluia.h to the Son, halleluiah to -the Holy Ghost, t he baptizes the baby.
The name of the
tabot which is ceIebrated on the ~ the baby is baptized ~ be~used as , . the child's Christian ~. For' exumple, j, f the f~sti val is (Saint) Mi-chael ~ s 4
-
(D~), he ,,:ill be called by (Saint) l·uchael's name; if a boy, Wlildli-Mikael, GRbrH.-l.1ikael, F.ay,llL-MikQ.el, etc. ~
If a girl, she·may be callec1 Aml!tlL-Mikael,
As Ii "~k the priest . of the chri stening, , .0
Wy':l1!.ttH.-!.1ikael etc.
white thread around the child's neck.
~ll
tie a
This is ca.lled the matB.ba
o
After the parents return. ~ome a.nd hole. a fantasia in the presence of·. .
.e
.
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c
the ass~!lbled relatives on account; of the christelliug, the .Lai.,hel' Si-wlUb up and :publicly proclaims the name "
is called the 'w?rld
name;'
hi "lhicl)
he wants his son to be called.
This
When the priest s8\Ys, tl-19.y the name be blessed.
and holy!' the people respond, saying, 'Let it be so •. May it be s~itable. We like it.'
The
priest gives his blessing, sa;ys a prayer, has everyone
say 'OUr father who
(
art in ~eaven' and after he has finished, everyone gulps
do~ what remains in his respective cup and they take leave of each other. The child's Christian and plblic names differ in function.
His plb-
lie name will always be his appelation, his Chri: stian name will ~erve for I>
him to be called by when he takes conmnnion and will be used in the obsequies wben he dies.
Sometimes his Christian name ~ serve as his plblic
name.
•
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If he should be the con of a. wealthy' man; an Bddi tional 'horse name I may be given him •. Just for example, it
rJJB;y be
....,/1 Tatliq. V •
.e
There ar~ names
knO,\ffi
as :pet names.
The pet name is one which they
use to display affection by taking the world name of someone and shortening it or making some alt.eration in it. the pet name (for a boy).. .
'Bayu~,
If his usual name is
'Bayu,' !~u~ t
is (actually) a woman's name ~ v
v
comes Abbe; GnroalGcmnos; B~hanu)Baris.
is ."
A'b$Ubli be-
Particularly 'With reference to
~
'Women, -yye is added and becomes a special pet name.
That is to say, Abliba
(becomes) AbUbewye or Ab~e~ GeneroJ.ly when a name is given it has a meaning. of desire, hope, love and the like.
It has the meaning
It is the rule in Ethiopia t; t for all
these names which are given that they have a meaning ~lhich is connected to the thing the parents 'Wllllt their child to become ~d \'11 th the chara:::ter they want their child to have.
.
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Wedding ~
/
In Ethiopia, specifically in keeping with the customs of the Amharas, " • ' ., ~_t':'tFWI 1J!,(l, .. " weddings arc performed by cODllllLUUon, !b:~t'm CJ.vil or hire. Most .often ci vil marriages are perfo~d.
Throughout the countryside, the ccnmn.uUon ,
marriage is greatly respected, since it couples lrusband and wife together until the end • ..In keeping with this .custOm, when a fine young fellow is fifteen years old, he is considered to be mature and a. life's companion is ~ought. for him. When the pretty girl is all of twelve is not yet betrothed.
01'
thirteen, she is scrutinized if she
As is the Gustom, the parents of the girl, even though r
their daughter is u.mnarried, will not seek a husband for her but will only ./
_t
"
feel disappointed. Alwa.ys they are .the ones who are asked but ~ever those who ask.
tit
Until a bu.sband is ;'ound, their ~uty is only' to help her preserve
her chastity and to bec~ more adept in her housewil'ely skillso Even though it seems a custom which the present day has abolished, ~
three things mUst be considered when a wife is sought for a man. thed must be equal in wealth.
Secon~, their lineage must
The betro-
be pure.
'l'hird:lY,
they must be of the same faith.
The
girl's family and the'bQy's family ~ or .~ not be ac~ainted
with each othe-r (beforehand).
'" .
Even though they do or do not know each
other, it is necessarY to have a mediator who has companionship with both ,-
(sides) in order to bind them together in marriage.
In order to obtain for
their son the girl on whom their eye has lighted, the boy's f8ill1ly choose some of the ccuntry elders and send them as intermediaries to ask the girl fS family to give their daughter in marriage' to their son_
The elders go to
"
the girl's famil¥ with dollars and a. salt bar. As is the rule, when they arrive there, instead of going directly into the girl's house, they stand
•
• '. oj
enter . aside until SOl.'Qeone comes to welcome them and tell them to
~
do not After that, they go into the girl' s hcr..1se, rest a while , b,lt have come. Food begin s"t;raiSht'~ (to discu ss) the Illatte r about which they conve rsatio n. Even and drink are serve d. Sittin g there they indulg e in vario us r.uoor s, thoug h the girl' s family know a.bout the matte r, havin g heard e just as thoug h they talk about llvest ock, the crops , the mark~t, and peopl nothi ne (abou t marri age) had been heard .
'{hen the conve rsatio ll appea l's
may we do for ended , the girl' s family says to them, ''Well , father s., what nilsob . This you'?" The elder s place the money they have broug ht on the
After that, they say,
lOOney is called the 'means for removing the maal. '
e
"We came think ing that you
llOttld
give us your. ~hild for our child ."
~ey
the propo alll discu ss the matte r thoJ.·uug11,y t.\.uu tho~h thej- ha.-.-': accept .ed need it, in their heart s, the girl' s fe~ly, preten ding that they don't couns el on make an appoi ntmen t, sBiYing they mIst think about it and take (try) to speed it. Even thoug h the da,te is set, the ~r's family have to up the l!il.tte r. After the girl' s famdly accep ts the
re~est,
and·a grees to it, the
partie s prepar~tions for the banqu et will be made by both
e. month or t,,-o
. young g:l,rls befor e the weddi ng. About two weeks befor e the weddi ng, the is going on, the of th~ villag e sing in each of the house s. While all this they are not acqua inted boy and the girl do not see each other . Sometimes with each other at all. 's best men, go On the wedding day, the elder s, follow ed by the groom ) fighti ng prowe ss. to the girl's house , dancin g and boas t1ng of (their ,
When
;
to come in. tpey arriv e there , they weit O'..1tside until someone tells them
1·1 {J
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They chatt er anima tedly.
After they enter , t.he elder s in front and the ~
best men in) in best men (follo wing) after , they sit -in the front and (the r about wuich back of them. Even then, they put qllest ions as if the matte g and drink ing, they came were (some thing) new., When they haw finish ed ea.tin ht. the elder s stand ' up and lAY out the dmn-y which .they b~oug customary)(~;he
Since this is
girl' s side) . "till undou btedly s~ tha.t it is too little while
are gener ally (the boy's side) will say tha.t it is too wch. After they ,
agree d, the girl's
f~ly
the thing s that she has.
summons tbe hest men and hands over the bride with Since it is custom ary to weep.",hen one gets marri ed, -1
.
the bride cries copio usly, s8iY'it1g s,he will not go. as thoug h she parte d from the~ by ldeath . .',
Tears cho}-;e the paren ts
bride. is If the place, too. ·,.,hich the '
~,
bast going is far off, she trave ls by llIli~." 6thern-j,se one of the . , , .. her 011 his back.
!OOn
carrie s
.~
'
,
ng. On the boy's side, tnere is mcn ,feast ing' and danci
One
of
01' '-WU
thing s ready and the best men have reme.ined behin d and welcome guest s, get ~ l~t brideg room start s oon put the honeym A in order . When i~ is somewhat dark, th~ ('
"
out with his best men to receiv e his bride . leave s the house she
DllSt
From the time the brideg room ,
be veile d in JlIlLSlln.
there is terri fic jubila tion and danci ng. engag es in talk and conve rsatio n.
on
enter ing into the bower ,
One eats, drink s and dance s.
One
\
, escor ted by himse lf ~d gotte n a bit tired , the brideg room and ~he bri'de off. Every close the best men, go to the honeymoon hut. The guest s are seen g. friend of the family spend s the evenin g dancin g and singin the sake In the honeymoon hut there is a strug gle, althou gh it is for sa.,ys that he is of pla¥. The girl (says ) she will not be viola ted, the boy ~After Dllch strug gling , the boy wins. He takes her the son of so-an d"so. virtu e.
She becomes his first- time wife.
If she is found to be a virgi n,
.1 ·11
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,~O
the jubilation, the dancir.g, the shooting (of ~) are de~fening t but if not, .
•
the surprise and the shame are just as great (in extent).
If it (i.e. marks
of virginity) is foond, the boy's family goes in the morning to the girl's house and says, 'Gopd news! . He broke a fine bracelet to yot''':' advantage.'
F~r a sigrt, they take a baked dabbo and a blood-stained clc,th. The girl's family is pleased and prood. and. sent home.
However, if she is no!; a virgitl, she is whipped
This means there will be gossip for a year.
r-
If things have gone 'Well, on the third day the bride's family send someone to inquire after their d~hter •. Clothing and money for the gO'vd news are sent to them.
After that, they are invited everywhere FlIld some time
later tliey finally ,come out of the (honeymoon) hut and organize their lives until they too engender offspring and marry them off.
:..
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Dlrial Ceremony There are very many things which can make great differences in the turial cereIUOl\Y of a deceased person.
When a headman or a rich person dies,
the Christian burial customs are performed for them without anything being " AlI
If it is a poor person, however, even though. he is a Christian,
left out.
he is interred in a cursory fashion.
The one who has a lot of relatives is
buried in a more thorough fashion thrOugh the efforts of his survivors.
If
during his lifetime the deceased person 'WtlSII a good man, a· participant in tbe afflictions and the joys of others, even though poor in relatives and property, because of his good deeds, he will be buried, his 't.ake being performed with many details and hi.s grave "till be dug verr deep. i
Another thing 'which may make something of a difference in the·burial
e
cereillol\Y, is the time in '\-1hich the soul and body of the deceased became separated.
For somoone ,\-1ho lasted through the night but was a
COll'l:it!
iii the
morning, there is plenty of time, so relatives from far and near gather together and he is burled in a thorough fashion. the time between noon and four This is because
relati~.es
'clock, he is sald to have died inopport,- Jely.
from far awa;y cannot arrive on time (for the funeTal).
A priest ma;y not be in church. village.
0
But if he died during
What is worse, "there ma;y be no sexton in the
It is not liked that the corpse shculd be buried in the morning J
because keeping the corpse all night will, increase the sorrOW of the relatives.
'!bere is also concern that the corpse
therefore the burial.
same
ceremo~ ~
JtJFq'
putrefY and fall apart,
be done summarily md incompletely (0l! the
dt\Y).
A corpse that stB¥s arrund overnight ~ harm the sui-vivors, but the ceremony itself woo.ld be comple ted somehow.
If someone dies in the period
from four o'clock until suppertime, there ·is no imnediate outcry.
J ·1a
It would
'.
e
be a di.sgr ace.
The griev ing perso n has to spend the evenin g conta ining his
r. Even thoug h grief somehOll until the neigh bors h!lve finish ed eatin g suppe has been in his the rules requi re this, after ali, wben a relati ve they love close ,and the soul deatq. throe s for a while , a friend who sees eyesa nd mouth with grief . part from the body will proba bly cry out being craze d and·dru.nlt men in the As soon as it is ascer taine d that this perso n is dead, the dress up the body house get the women away from the corps e, put up a curta in, the rope and all the prope rly and lay it out. The cloth , the mat, the threa d, colle cted from thing s used for enshrC1J.ding (the body) , afte·r· they have been wrapped ~p for variOUS place~ and stock piled' , the corps e is ensbroo.ded ,..and g S'.lpper, the buria l. When the neigh bors are thoug ht to have finish ed eatin
.
produ ced • death is openl y annou nced and lamen ting and confu sion ,ar~ the mourn ers After t.he body is 'resto red,' it is put in a place where e is tse~ll, tied can see it. What is meant by 'resto red i is ",hen the corps or a piece of uprig ht with a sort of a b~lt made of cotton to a suppo rt
,e
and if a wo~>{placed). ---W( )d-rt- xe-d- to--it s back, dress ed in~its best cloth es, ding to a pries t' fJ, accor ding to the proce dures f( a. lady, if a pries t, accor rank just like and if a perso n of rank, accor ding to that of a. perso n's of (
it
'taB when alive . Ai)'er that" the decea sed's goodn ess, his havill6 provid ed
a. low state ....in food'a nd drink -and if poor) the fact that he died still in er. The relati ves gener al. his virtu es are enume rated by a profe ssion al mourn beatin g of the (filli ng) the house , spend the evenin g bathe d in tears while al breas t and enum eratio n of virtue s is done b,y a. profe ssion ,t
~rner.
funera l., So that relati ves from dista nt (areas ) 't!JtJ\f arrive 'J"for the
messe ngers are sent on horse back and on foot. ings are also sent everyw here
)
re1.~tions
Peopl e to tell the death tid-
of tl',e decea sed perso n are said to
~.
cense r. At midni ghtJth e decea sed's fathe r confe ssor comes· with his and he fumiga.tes Except for a few men, he clear s the hoose comp letely of men off. Afterw ards the corps e with incen se after the cloth es have been taken motU'Ilers retur n and ~hen every thing is (put back) jUs't\ like it was, the \
start up the wake again . e is When morning comes and all the re!ati ves have come, the corps '.' taken out of the house about 8:30.
When it is appro ximat ely 500 met~rs
d on the groun d trom the churc h where it is to be Wried , the corps e is place of the 'proc esand the buria l chant (ceremol1Y) is begun. .Now is the start ed five times siona ! obseq uies.' . In tbis fashio ns the buria l chant is inton a hundr ed meter s, while tr~ (corp se) is reste d on the groun d at interv als of times , then rest'e d and on the sixt~ tit;,e it is taken aroun d the churc h three in the . doorway • The comp licatio ns of t. pa1n
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. -. h Howe ver,).1 't e aecea sea
proc e,on al
ob~equies
18
.
·~he
'to
proce ssion al' obseq uies end at this '
.
, .. '
..
~~ •• . ~ j2'W~ '=,,! ! '=IOOI\J rl.go I.~UU~,
De aec~rea
'\d·ll not be enough.
They ha.ve to recit e
t~e
·'h' I.
e
Psal.ms,
the Book of Funer al Ceremony and the Gospe ls. tant pr8¥e r Recit ation of the Psalms is in any caGe a power ful and impor chapt er by chapt er. for holin ess. The .pries ts recite , the"Ps blms divid ing it up smal name and At the end of each chapt er, they call out the decea sed' s bapt~ the souls of besee ch God sS¥in g, 'Place his soul on Your right band with decea sed's' Abraham, Isaac , and Jacob .' At the time of tbis -pr8¥ er, -the '. his baptis mal secul ar name is not mentioDed since God knows him onli by n, they go. throug h name. If there are ma.l\Y pries ts (so engaged) in thi.1 fashio , PseJms t the times nany how ed decid been never has It . times . many s the Psalm are many pries ts, mst be repea ted. Arqwe;y, the fortun ate one for whom there , said that the the Psa.lms are recite d for him that maz:w times . It will be
.
Psalms are recite d
wonder~
for him.
, ~--
"
"
.1 -1:)
.
While all this is going on, the gravediggers are not idle.
Before
the body' is taken' out !)f the boose, they have come with their spades and
p~cks and prepare a pit three cubits deep and four cubits long. They adjust the size of the pit"by measuring tbe coffin beforeha.nd. Until the pr8¥er ceremony' is oyer, the mourners'resembling e. wall stand around the bed on which the corpse was carried.
The profess:i:on:.4l
,
mourner stands in (their) midst and utters cries of WO~.' AU the roourners c
join' (her cries) "in unison. ,After a.l.l these ceremonies are over, the corpse is lifted from the , . place in whiCh, it had been and is taken to the grav,e. People There
frye
~
~
is much beating of breasts. QClose
rela~ives tear out their hair. -(Some)
. become crazed and fall down and get up.
e
The father confessC'r comes awinging ~is censer back and forth s.nd gabbling his pr~ers.
He blesses the gra.ve and smokes it with incense. At
this time the mourners' cries of as~ and all the (other) outcries and tumult ., eease, so all,1s complete silence. The priest utters a prayer. "
.
"
Right a.fter the priests stop speaking when the body' is lowered into
.. up on either ;
the pit and the dirt and stolJes heaped ">-:-f
side are returned (to
•
the pit), there is a rumbling ndise Uke the sky in June. A~er the grave
-
is filled with earth, a (head) stone is placed upon it. NoW it doesn't seem that a.n;vo.!;b1ng ~as been left out. has gone into his eternal home, never to come out again. ,
The deceaced
The despairing
survi vors, realizing that the deceased will never come back, stand in the . church compound after vent:i;.ng their grief.
Male and female mourners stand
sepa.re.tely apart from e~h other. ,An e~ r.er 'I'A9.Y speak mentioning, varioUS incidents of the deceased's llfetime.
He
~ bleGs the sexton. After that,
the father confessor concludes the ceremoD¥ with a. prayer.
11 f)
The mourners may
e'
sit on the ground once, pat the earth with their fingers and wipe their cheeks and forehea.d with (the earth).
\
The significance of this is tha.t the
e3l'th weighL.6 down upon the deceased should tooch (the mourners) too.
After
tha.t, one who wishes to lea.ve i1llUleclia.te],y tells the (ot.her)- lIlOUl'ners, 'May God console yoo' and takes his leave.
All the others,escorting the ~urners ~
return home, th" ~omen in f'ront and the men in th~ rear.
\
\
f
(
}'ood and Drink
ty is In Ethio pia, the main thing by which a girl's womanly quali measu red is hE'r house wifely abill W• -:
Keeping h01lse)
~ecei ving
'.'
guest s,
"'~' ~.~~::.
:
g up respe cting the husba nd, but most of all, making bread , cuttin
~bicken,
is proud est and brewi ng beer- -these are the bigge st thing s of whicb a girl et, exp~essions. in which sbe competes "Ii tb the other (girl s). At every banqu en's e.1c," "so~ like "so-a nd-so 's beer is lightn ing," "it looks like a chick
• "the quinte~sence and-s o's sauce does not upset tbe stoma cb," "she is keen, " no work to do, of women" is a measu re of this (exce llence ). When women r.avc el is a typica .l _discu ssing the kinds of bHrbRrre.&, spice s, beer and hydrom activ ity of their s. water , In the count ryside , 'the woman arise s a.t dawn, .goes to fetch in life a.llows sweeps the house clean , and accor ding to what her statio n ll b:i.~a.d, g,nd ber, puts coffe e on the fire, prepa res parched. grain .:>r wl~at.~ ~
..,
,
fasts witb her when conve nient for her, boils up a bit of suro-s tew and break '~ and then takes third the to g boilin first the from . ' coffee neigh bors, provi des
-
up her work for the day.
After tbe fame r goes to bis work, she prepa res
sauce and bread , packs it in a-
ba~ket, --
and tt\kes it to the field for him. supPe r.
cante en lJUts beer in a crock .a. . or
After retUr ning from there , sb~ prepa res
Since the exten t of the income is 'low, tbe food- -exce pt on
holid~S
ys e.rri ve, such --doe s not go beyond tbe usual bread and s8l!ce . When holida beld •. Besid es thiDg s as lambs are ,butch ered and sometimes a fanta sia is ge, parcb ed barle y (this ), beans steep ed in hot water , pease and wheat porrid
and chick peas are tbe farme r's food. i,
When we go into town, 'we see, thing s which diffe r from this. want. grain and porrid ge are occas ionall y eaten unles s there is diet) . bread and sauce do not cede their place s (in the pe~le '8
Parch ed
NonE'thcJess Even
i,hm;.($ .l'
/
I~'
.'"
the tY1)es and amount of food 8.!e limi tC,d 'by tbe standard of 11 ving, brea.kfast, lunch, and supper are served a.t their proper times.
The weU:..to.o.o, the cul-
ttured,do. not eat agaill. t~e ne~ dSiY what they ate tbe day be!ore. For break~ast, mJ.ch of the tf,\e. :Y'Pical foods are gafa].fal-stew with
.
'v J* then with dabbo, fresh fried meat witb a,ne;fLra-bread, if there is ~-brcad,
~'1!
eggs, conrse porridge, ~u.c;~ubsa, and ,~hen things art.. II J! Y
(
.
.
'
.80
:
11ttle t.ight, wheaten
,
bread a.nd. butter, (such) are typicv.l foo~s. 'lUth breakfast, plaCk coffee "
(without milk or rutter) is served, somet,imes with butter.
Wben things are
well, yoghurt fJ.I:I.vored with ~enaddaU1-spice or:~Titb strong pepper. -This is
, ~st of th~ tirne "Qreo.kfast is a very light'meal.
for the rich.
lm1c;b is a hea.vier meal.
Thou...cll mlch of tbe time lunch consistG of , ~
•
.~nElLra-brea.d
tUld sauce, the· kinds of sauce "
e
from
c~nf3"l,
f
I
differ.
Meat sauces (range)
'
red za-lb!> sauce, ftln&.lgreck pot, za-ga n to ca.bbagp..
eta'9le sauces are
.peas.
~
a1a~~a., ~t~t ~ ·~-stew,
(s~ce);
veg-
sauce ma.de of rwsh1.y groullu
~
DuriIlg fastin8 periods, rolled chickpeas pltt into stew J
bu1:a~~a,
in&lLra-breo.d plt into sauce, salSo, sunflower oil f,.tta-t--all these are typicaJ. foods.
l-lhat is 'eaten for lunch might not
. case, this 1s as may be convenient. .
. for JJJB;y
I
b~. served
for supper.
In
~
Primari 1y food of this )dnd is served '-'"
,
SllppefNOW and again chicken: sauce, chopped meat, ra~ meat and salad be served.
Most . d~ tbe time beer--and if there is
8t)¥.)
by~omel and
arrack --is drUnk during lUnch and supper. Tbe kinds of food made during work da,ys are somewhat few in number. This ~; bectmse (m.Cl}dng '/UADY'rinds) is hard to do. types of foods.
Besides, there are many
Of all ~b!! kinds of sauce, chicken sauce is preferred.
Since the ~thod of preparing it is so~wbat different from the others and reCDlires a special skill, women -make it 'witb anxiety a.nd 8.P1lrehension.
\
~ I",Ult...;
n7
,i /
are great ly afrai d i t is the g~eatest means of rue~suring one's s~~l1, they
•
, 'that soroe1!hing will be frond wrorig With it.. sci- . R~W ~leat is one' of th~ most POp.ll ar thing s. Even thoug h modern
woUld
ence does not accep t it, a. banqu et with.out raw meat ,"
The bount y of a banqu et giver and his
incom plete.
.-
}.
,
be consi dered
~rtise
.
in banqu ets
'
'l'h.,t (meat ) which is
are recog nized thrcug h the kind of raw Qeat he nerve s.
to be eaten raw a.nd fo:, hashin g is known exact ly c.at by 'cut.
Eatin g it with
.
\
al habit s. ~trong peppe r and dn."""""h:king hydro mel and arrac k are, typic
,"
.
,
"
a and sauce When somebGdy goes on c. lo.n£?; journ ey, be takes enough apgHr , and sauce beoome. ·for two or three dl\Ys in a. baske t. However, since ~~Bra i is p8C'ked tor spoil n~t will' that food of ' a~nd d; aroun sit, th'ey if . moldy
,
'.
.
...
I
~"'t
,
wi til peppe r, ~a-b1i~ ~. Among these foods ,..~b.2 9.01~, flour ot barley mixed of pretd tbe 'llke. and butte r J mixed ..p.th on is such that they last ~
~eir ~
~&"kkO,
~Hrbirre-Spice
~ati
I '
I
-
,
The
Beverages" tLso 'have fvario us) kinds .
be~r
is e.lwa-ys of the un-
Sometimes, too, there ''1s a kind calle d
rtlter ed type which is brewed at home.
and addin g beer 'It'ilte r beer' which is '1Jl'epared by filter ing throug h a cloth requi res ;s' very' *st. This (beer) is famoo.s for its potenCY'. The work -it ~ / .....'/ insuff icient :t,y te~ented and fil ... }ttto ed div:1d ise likew ~s l Hy~ subtl e. '~,
..
I
"
,
'
,
-
,
.
/.
Next to ~dromel there is ~rz (or ..honey eq water ).
tered (type sr:
l
v '
~,
there is not m?h geso in this and it i,s not. kept not in€br iate< •, .
it
is
IOOst~ honey.
. , . ~ it is 'lfle k. arrap . or grain ,
"'hen thex:e are the stron g drink s Jtika l.a.
.
'
made,£'~.
like the b~e1Q.ng Of beer:
.
'seco nd.' also wry
of i"t bi di~.<"t~ . l.lj.11g
They make' a very , ~
the disti llate agaiJ? .
This they call
.
There is a hqpeY'6U'rack lhiCh th~y make fl'om bydrO J¥l. . '
pot~nt.
::
~
wher it
J
.....
poten t ~,arra.ck rut
~
until it. ~erments, 'i~ ,does
and dist1. lled. start s to ferme~t, it is... 'PU:t on the fire .
.
Since
~,
~
.
;'
'!'tris is
.j I
JiJO
.'
When women, especial.1y the owners.of taverns, want to make theil' beverage potent, they o.lld va.l'ious kinds of roots.
'Zney also add very mallY' kinds
of s:pices to f'le."lor their food.- It is very necessary to know the (right Y 1:\
amount of spice so
th~t
the sauce "till not be too stroLg and
80
it will not
bUrn; EspeciallY an' iI:IpOrtant i tom like bHrbal're 1'lIlst never be laeking'in r .
the house '-because \-(hen sauce is not prepared) ~bUrre ta.kes the place of sauce.
. /
O
Since there are many kinds of tribes in Ethiopia, the ld.nds of food and the
w~
in which
for their sQUee and
t~ey ar~ prepared are
different.
Tbe Ambara
·'i!,,~l!.ra-bread " thei, ~-b""ad. beer and raw me"t. ~
Guregft.s lmve no one to equ..1.l them in their hash and their cr.bbage are their special foods,.
the
~f
O.11b~ba-brea4,
ar~ fe.mous /
I
dU2!!. and
, miLlt, their porridge, ~
-qo~~o.
Cheese ,fa.nd
The Tigrcru-..s do not have a..'I'l e
~.£:1!it'-stew.
'l'he Galla.s \nth their
~UkkO, ~e.~~f1bSa_,
roast coffee;
~ne
a.n~ote,
So
lam
Gojja.I1Ef> wii"ll
their arrack; the Gondares with their millet beer; the Somalis ",1.th thej,.r
~sorgbum porridge and camel's milk, each one bas his . individual specialty. Even though the kinds of food, vary according to the tribe, since the people l ive II2Ii
~ed \\
together, all the savory ones are appropriated and eate.n with-
put regarq. to origin.
Thus the kind and the preparation are not limited by"
number rut by preference and by income.
J
1~i 1
House c,onstructlon in Amhara Cou~l.-:y Among the; Amhara people who cl9.im to be proud, to be called one 'o1ho
l~erefore
has no hut into ",-bieh to put his head is considered a disgra.ce.
wha.t they think of first)'Whcn thcy reach the age of reason,is constructing Either it is a means by "lhich they cffer testimo~
a "house, t'IUilding a huto.:
that one is self-sustaining, or else they do it because it is not customary to rent a house in the countl"Yside • J.bst of t~e time, the :place on which Al:lha.ras build a house is a high one.
The first reason for which they do this is so that, according to what
their forefathers have bequeathed them, it "'ill be convenient for them to see the
rOutes of
the eneD({ t s entry and passage, or else it is to be safe from
floods and freshets, or even it is done
e
in the -belief that the dunged earth --- --- ----
from their livestock will fertilize their land to their benefit.
The catt1.e
dung flom; do\'m easily into the low places and fertilizes the farms which are below the houses. Most of the time they build their houses of sticks or else of wallS of stone without plaster.
A house of woo rl is made of ~gba-tree and juniper ,
I
which last for a long time ,,7i.thout being '- .. en by termites a.ud worms.
"-
roof is made of a ,C8.r'.e frame",ork and is thtotched with str.e.w.
The
The stone
house's roof is just like the house of wood but not the walls. I
,
I
Wben a house is built in the coontryside, it is (done) by labor.
If the hoose is new, the ~mer himself supplies all the building
,
"
material and the people from the surrounding area help him with their labor. If, however, the housa is suddcnly ruined for some reason or burned, the \ people of the area'contribute not onlY their' labor'but all the things needed for the house and reehablish the house for him.
The O'.mer gives a oo.nquet
according to his mea.n~ as a kind of favor, ·then begs tbose close friends
1,-d{~(
,
WbOld
he knows through the n!3.h btU- " the burial soC:i. ety or through camrmmal
'.
)
•
labor (1,ad:s) 'to help him wild a house, to establish a household. .
First
I'
of all, the priest :in the area is s,::;ken for a. favorabli;! dD¥ and the fcunda.!
. tion is laid. on
0.
The purpose of this is clue to tIler·belief thtl1J
favorable day '-Till be one of peace, love and health.
men engaged on this
COIlDllll.al
Q
house wilt
After that, the
labor divide into teams~. some digging the
foundation, others settip~ up the central pillar and the supporting posts, (.J.nd) others Volt on the cross-pieces (or) shape the stones (and) plaster (the walls) wIth ·mud.
The roof thatohi.ng and the stone wall (building) are TIlis is so that (the work) will not be rui?ed
carried out by a few eA~er~s.
- ~.---'"
y
like a cabb3f.;e which ha.s been handled too ruch.
.-
\
/
- ----~":.:::-~--
Since nails are not found
in the countrysio.e, thincz iih"i.ch have to be stuck togetber are -ooUf1d--bT~~ ~--- ----.: --
- -------
_.
---
-
fiber rope, vines or ba::;t.
~
--
-
After the sticks of the roof are properly inserted,
they are fastened firmly with rope.
ln order to preserve the balbilc~
or
the
roof, the central pill:lr has been f-!...xed in the ground right in the middle. Most of the time, houses of wood are not seen covered with mud plastered on the outside, op~ on the.inside.
Houses of ston~ are built with
- --
squared I'tones and with mud mixed with &aso. fiber OI\hay' in order to~ join \ them together.
Tbe roof (of a stone b,ouse) is
n~ diff~ent \.,
from (that) of
\,
a. house of wood.
On top of a country house a pottery
I
spite",t is found. \,
There are few houses which ha.ve none.. Small holes are made in '"he walls " for the smoke to get out and to let in the light.
0,
When the house is, f'in'~
ished being built, since there are no doors, much of the time a screen
t.rl.ngs llke sticks tied with rope is made for it for the time being until a. strong door of wood like
will not crack is made.
"~ and ~" which
cannot be eaten by
l>lOrmB
and
"
l'1J It f d. ~ tt 9cJA.'\ tJJ1)., o~(!;Hql s) n1f,'U (betlllal' The noor~la.n of the bouse r.l.SY be cir(;u choic<::, mOst of the t5.me it (.:::erh~gu.~Qr) .. Hhile this .requi res the mmer ls
area. follow s the ferm of house const: 'Uctio n (prev ailing ) in the
In some
ing quart ers, the place s, the house is eli vided into t ..-o, half being the sleep r~,=s it is d: vided centra l. one (being ) tbe :place to receiv e visito rs, and so.~etir the time, there are into three , the third (part ) being the pantr y. l ..:ost of the ot",,?!, (part) tbose 'Who make balf of it a living area for thems elves and }, bas to all, at wise) (other sto.ll s for livest ock. The (perso n) who canno t do have his
slcepi~
quart ers, the stall s for livest ock, tbe pantr y and the fire-
place all in the same hou.se .
and As a matte r of fact, it is" (a kind of') curse ~ >
for livest ock and one who can (do so) will at le~st build separ ate struc tures ----
----- ---bouse . to be variO tts kinds of halls , a bedroo m chamber a.nd a cook
At all
times there is an enclo sed cOI!'!pOund /\roun d t!a.cl.l L!UU.i.e. Seein g the grana .ries unusu al.
lin~d
up in the area behin d each house is nothin g
customaJ.7, Not only is suspe nding beehi ves on the walls of each bouse
it is a virtu e.
As soon as a. house has been finisb ed being built , tbe owner
d him and also bis provi des a splen did banqu et, invite s all. those who hclpe with.f ood and other neigh bors,a nd ha.s the house blcss ed by provi ding tbem drink .
Those invite d
;:0
go (to the banqu et) with cash, livest ock, food or
drink , accor ding to their abili ty.
The
guest s say, 'bouse for a. calf ~ ,
The whole matte r is one of aS$oc iating . The owner says, 'tie a cald '
After
bless~ng each other , eatin g, drink ing, and singin g, bless ing (the bouse ) and it comfo rtable . they part. The owner settle s bis bouse hold (and) makes
\
The lWlne r ~
~f
..,
"
v,'earing the S,}Jarama
ness and. Besi'l es the cloth es man usual ly puts on to cover h.is naked
one assig ns to conce al his sexua l parts , there are diffe rent cloth es which ts, wakes and in diffe rent times and tasks • At 'Weddings, festiv als, marke clo«h es and the man'al'l:pearine 'befor e offic ials, a.t each of 1;hese titles the ner of weari ng them are diffe rent. whic~
y cloth es On weddi ng, festiv al and speci al marke t days, the Sundn lU'e new are taken out. ~e white r than the' ordin ary clothe s and ~lhich they were prope rly laund ered and folded when first rec~ized by
pu~ aw~,
Ii'
they may be
the ~~ they are folded and 'by the smell when they are taken
the same hems as out ~ be wo:m., Women wear a dress and a n.
1'r~quent1y
---.---~
in
the to'ftlls . . 30 tha.t '. When women spend the day at home," they do not wear .the n~'tgla
iv will be more conve nient for them to work.
However, shoul d they find it
nRtlllA. aroun d their neces sary, they will wrap the n!i.~H1a or a kind of small roider ed and shoul ders. The work or every day cloth es mS8 be pla.in , unemb ,..~ bttu'\NtQ. bl1t ~ SLf"cI l.t ~ tAste( .,e.. •. rA.. l:!:tL . /)'\ ,I\.t. c1~. Ht (~t.t.« and seen their made of co~eleveryday cloth es after they have become old
tu..
day.
the house herThe festiv e or Sunday cloth es are spm by the l8.dy of spent mch time. self and are made by a speci al techn ique on which she has on the front in When the dress is made, a narrow band of embro idery is made
, b.u.""
~ (of the garme nt) , the shape of a cross which reach es from the neck to the .' (of the garme nt). rut somet imes from the gather ir..gs at the waist to the bottom
aces, earrin gs, When all this is done, they put on 8ilver bangl es, neckl r- r: . dd
1
,.,,} ~
bracelets and such like ornaments that go together with the dress and the
nH~H.la.
'{ne ladies pIt cn a. burnoose or ('ape oVr:.!r this.
This OS-curs when
there is a special festival. The men o:g their part have Sunday clothes too. I
in va.rious fashions as those of the women.
They are not decorated
They are not fanciful.
They
alter their ma.'lJler of c:.rcss according to the festival. and the place. When festiva.ls such as l'.i!sqIil, Christmas and Epipha.n.y come, they wea.r their national dresso
The national dress which custom has preserved is a narrow-
sleeved shirt, jodhpU's and a nlLtUla.
-'
'l:he manner of wearing the
according to the choice of the one who wears it.
nH~lila is
Be that as it may, the
~tll1.a is placed over both sh~llders in order to be different from the
-_.... -
-
•
Sometimes they. carry a fl,ywhisk.
!
Now and again in accordance ",i th ancient. custom, e.n ea.rring is suspended from the ear.
A·cnne~· be carried. A burnoose ,or a cape
lilte the lo.dies
0.0.
mJ!JY be plt
• J
,011
!
During wOl'k periods, however, long loose trOO,sers are
,
more comforta.ble, so they are preferred.
I
This is because they are somewhat
wider. When one goes to an offic::i.al.' shouse, though the ,kind of clothes is not changed, the manner of wearing them (is changed). the official t s door, tbey
~eaz:
the
~ respectfully
When they come to by turning the
nR~Rl.a
-:'own to their waists, passing one end (oVer) their backs, their sbo'llder and
then down over their chests so it will be easy to grasp.
When they bow, they v
do so by taking this free end in hand.
..
Though wearing the alramma respectfully
is freque'ntly done when appearing before an official, it is also sometimes done when supervising at a banquet and when arguing a case in court. What one wears arrund the hOUse both morning and night is the Gabi which protects one from the cold.
Sometimes a rather thick ~ may be
I
•
1'1'f
I
chosen, not for its nppearallce but for its 'Warmth. over the head.
The way this h ~Crji
J.S
They put it over the head or gather it about the ear3, espe-
cially when sitting ~~tDid~ wld indulging in conversation. For major festiva.ls capes decora.ted with embroidery in are the dress for officla.ls and nobles.
h
specinl way
When judges and lawyers argue a.
,case in c'O'.lI't and give verdicts, they "lear b1.E.ck capes. Church vicars and ... priests Olear pWn or decorated capes, especio.l.ly on major festi\ral days. J.1oreover, they sometimes 'Wear white garments 'Hith "their turbans and sometimes a .,gano. Some
The monkS ,rear a black hood and a. black robe with a. black ,ca:pe.
~
wear
~
gray robe.
When a c lose relative dies, the colored fringe of the nll~Ula is dyed black to express mourning or a bla.ck strip of cloth )..S sewn over it. 'If this
is not done, th~ garment is dyed black entir~Jy.
Tne men eAl'ress their sor-
" row by having the black strip of cloth only sewn on ~he nlitiila, l>iu:J.'Vlu6 their -!-
heads)lettir~ their beards grow and ~~tting a black cape on their heads.
/,
When people ,,'ho are not their close relatives or intin:ate friends or are related to them only by (living h. the same) neighborhood die, the men put a blaCk marking on their clothes and the" women wear the nUtUla stripes about • the neck.
The principal. manners of clothes-wea.ring are restricted to tl.e
(a.bove-mentioned) ways.
f:' ,.
I t) I
---~
----~ : ~ r
__ .,
'.
MahbUr ns--w~1ich ple of Eth iop ia- -th e Christie. One of the cus tom s of t.he peo . Its fun dam ent al pur pos e ent tim es is the mahbHr ~ci m ~o n dow e com e hav er acc ord ing to sex on ~or peo ple t~ me et tog eth ion zat ani org an be) (to is ho: q per son s, s of ang els , ma l'tv s, sai nts , cl.ay rial mo me the are ich wh s / day the s'e rig hte ous pre par e banquete. it" to remember the Lord and OUr ~ and to sh. For the asu re for the ms elv es in the fle one s in the sp iri t and fin d ple cee~ bt'\.CIt~e,,{ ~ on ~ are ember God and the sai nts who rem y the y, lit tua iri sp of e sak fee ble and tho se giv es alms to the nee dy, the one l sou 's one For . day t tha rit y, the ~o .. m. In kee pin g wit h its sec uh the for e car to one no e hav who it. lov e and coo per ati< .n thr oug h ple'l!JD.,.v ind ica te the ir un ity , is nif est ati on. Alt hou gh a mahblhma of ds kin two has . tJit: rnah The suc h lik e , ~t is a gen era l ter m for all ion zat ani org of d kin one y its eli onl c,wt:l"ve ye rcal led a stinb~te. More tha n is d kin er oth e -Th s. ion zat org ani ~' do so in, the r.' .IThose "Who found a mabblir hbH ma a ink 'dr l a.Iij ble em son s ass Th eir ood which the y al~~S atte nd& orh ghb nei ir the in ch c~~ a name of the ir vaw aus e the.y bav~ made a vow and bec it do me So y_ var maY mo ti yes e do it or to kee p a pro mis e, and som or fav a urn ret to e som , led was ful fil the \ d a manb!tr in a dream. M for hol to d ere ol'd n bee e hav y. the bec aus e utu al int ent ion of rei nfo rci ng the ir.m oth ers ," the y may do -it wit h the her on the y ~ (al l) lik e. The men gat ich wh rch chu the ng oSi cho un ity by ir women gat her on ~he day of the the and nt, sai le) (ma ir the the d.a¥ of fes ti v$ in sep ara te gro ups . The chi ef bllr mah \ the d hol and nt sai (fe ma le) \ ry, !4a Mi cha el, St. Ga bri el, Vir gin st. : are d hel is r 1b8. \ ma.' a on which Abbo~' ; th Bir St ~-i l& d'e It arJ "8!) and rld, Wo the of er eem Red y, nit (Holy) Tri (memduc t a mahbILr tog eth er. Al l con not do en wom and Hen . of the Vir gin . the cha .lic e in sep ara te gro ups ber s) tak e tur ns bei ng hos t to
.
Jfi E
, "\
For the cereltony of the chalice, there are a decorated mUsob on which bread is :placed and a. crock containing beer.
Ai'ter they ha.ve spent the
da.y
conducting the roahbllr in the various houses, the one whose turn it is, returns home wit.h the bread ill the decorated m!~ob and the l beer in the crock.
t
is ?ecause the next ban~et is hi~. absent from a..'TY r.nhbUx.
This
A priest to bless the chalice is never
otherwise the affair would not be blessede
The ban-' tit ~b" One of the members of the !Uhbll.r is chosen to be bi;l1 t hfi. ~-...... if\. ( ' ,.."1\ ... ", .. - ,
quet is monthl..v.
keep tra~k of t~e success of the banquet, to remind (the mem~rs) no~ for-
.....~
get the tin:e and to suggest that the blessing (of the holy ones) will not be . ~
omitted.
~
All the members of the various ~nahbiirs , the ones :i"'rom far away
(com:i.ng) by nule, the ones close by on horse (back), gathe:r together ~ each with his sll".all gourd dipper or horn cup.
The one whose turn it is ha.s the
biillquet well-pr'1pared and bustles a.bout sen'ir,g food and drinks.
He invites
them to partake (of the banquet) by s~.ying 'Eat in Ma.ry's name for my sake; I IDrink in St. George's name for
rtr;{
sake
0 '
From time to time he dispenses
alJn.s to the poor and ill who knowing that there is a mahbHr stand ·in line I by the doorw~·.
1ven though the occasion is a religious one, it is not
u.rru.sual for people to eat a lot or drink until they get high.
Also, a
minstrel, having asked for news (of such a meeting), may appear. matters predominate.
WorldlY
The name of the festival may be. repeatedly mentioned,
but its meaning is probab~v forgotten on account of the power of the inebriation.
At the conclusion of the affeirs of a day like this, the venerable c1A,"",,,,o.k.
priest has delivered a praye-. the~~ SUIIIIOOns the (next) one whose turn it id and makes him promise (to fulfill his obligations) and concludes (the .",.
. mahbHr) by handing over the chalice.
The one whose turn it is (to hold the
next !IlOnth' s meeting) is escorted by those ,,1ho have come with bi.m (to the mahbRr), lights a candle, and goes to his house with the decorated ~ and
,
e'
1
and the crock.
Another banquet does not have to be given for a nlOnth.
(His)
close neighbors cOme by from time to time and take a ta.ste of hoJy 'Ylater. f'
The member of the mahbilr for whom this is convenient, goes home. >
The one
(who has come) from far aw~ mB¥ spend the night there ~nd etart on his journey the following d..'\Y. ' Although the purpose of the sllnbHte is the same, its orga.~izat~on differs from the U'.!).hblir.
,
'l'he food as ",ell as the drink prepared in the home
are taken in quantity to the church and are distributed to the faithful and the people 'Who live in the cE!metery (of the church compound). of the sanbate meet there.
The members
EssentiallY, the banquet is given for those poor ,
who have no one to care for them as a means of (gaining) spiri,tual recognition.
Unlike the me,hbMx there is no singing and dancing.
Relatives are
--
It esche,.,s world-
not extensi vely invited.
.e
A sM.nb!l.te takes plAce weekly.
!iness and' inclines to spirituality.
Even though the spiritual purpose is
preponderant, it is nqt, after alI, completely a shrune for a little bit (of food) from that srcall baI'lq),let to be kept back for just the family and neighbors.
The difference betlle~n the mahbRr and sl!.nbHte consist in the fact that
.
"
, -
even though the mah'bHr occurs on account of (religious) festivals, the worldly
ple~sure appears dominant whereas the spiritual affair is the basis of the sUnbY.te. FinaJ..]y, the, fact that both bring people together in t.he name of God and brotherhood in a.
11'\
~"which the spirittlal and the material ~ not
be
distinguished, is the great p1rPOse wbich is respected and beloved by the '. fe.i th fu 1;--
J (; ()
I 't to Credi t Socie ty e.xir.1:. in The cred.:.. t l:>('.(:iety Is one of the peopl e's assoc j Co"cioYl:} which of equiv alent staour count ry. This assoc iation is Get up by peopl e who are itltioi .ls, the' tion in life act1r.g +.oget hcr. Just like:: all the other assoc s. If there are credi t soci~ty has an admin istrat ive chart er a.."1d reeuJ. .e.tion er which have .cred it socie ty tnet1bers who brea.~ these reeul ation s and chart in ..o.ecordance ' been decid ed on, they will be made to pa.y a fine in money • perso ns are ty socie t credi a begin who 'l'hose er. cba...~ s ty' socie wi th the restri cted (in nl~ber).
'.' 0
After the members are thoro uehly knuwn, the socie ty's
" chairm al', judge and secre tery aloe chose n by major ity vote.
Even thoug h there
affili a.tion in is nothin g req'.lir.~~ imres tieati on of one's sex and triba l ers' living stanordel to becor::e a member) the cqnrr. ensur ability of the memb dard and ir.come are scrut inize d. determ ined Ooccordin3
t.o
T"ne socie ty's laiols o..'1d tilOOs of
p~rment
moe
the Dlili eu and the members' 11ving stand ards ..
ers' vfuen we look at the credi t socie t3 in the (ligh t of) its memQ They are:
ses). l iving standa .rd, we find "':ha.t i t diVid es into three (cla8
socie ties e The the merch ants, the emplOYt!cs, and the ,.'eighborhood crecli t ants and ~omerch ants ' credi t socie ty 'is vne estab lished by the city merch "
ple who J 6'R like
the~;m=
'
This type
ha.ve an unint errup ted sourc e of ~ ncome.
bas a compl ete organ izatio n.
(~es') payment is restri cr.ed to the week.
Ito
ran,ges from 100 to 500 do'J.lArs'!Y' J
The amount 0:' money (paid as dues)
t
4
_
in tbe The emplo yees' c:--adit socie ty is set up by employees who work same offic e acting
t~ether.
This credi t socie ty is not as compl ete and
(well) organ ized as the merch ants' credi t SOCiety.
Since it is not, this
is held. credi t 30cie ty does not have a defin ite place in which it
That
colle ctor who (is), ,,,hen pay (dny) arrive s every month, the judge and money the rules for were chose n from among them wait for that day and enfor ce
.1 H.I
, I
e
payme nt.
Tbe amount. of money rat:lSen fro:n 20 t.o 50 dolla rs.
.
this, dispu tes and argun lcnts o.re not
lAckip~
In e.ddl.tion to
from tiI.lle to time.
in the A neighb orhoo d credi t socie ty is one formed by peopl e l i vi~ ~ (and) 'Who . same neighb orhoo d 'Who have no regul ar worl~ or sourc e of incoJr ca.teg ory are a.tten d coffe e (part ies) and dlnbY-tes •. J-.tost of tllose in tllls ations . This' '-lomen, prost itutes , and perso ns (labo rers) havin g 10'W occup ite place for credi t socie ty is held weekly. or biweeY~. It has no defin the meeti ng.
ent More than in the other (two) categ ories , dispu tes arc f.re~~
in this one.
cr The l'eas" n for this is that there is nr;> fixed reven ue, chn.r.t
or judge 'Who is q.esig nated by the rules . credi t
so~icty
On this accou nt, this (ldnd of)
is short -lived .
A credi t socie ty may be
consid~red
to have begun its
~ctions
when
and pa¥ the stipu lated all the m~mbers ha~~_ come toget her ill one meeti ng place
.
. (amru nt of) J:lOney.
Arter the money in collec 'ted, the firs i::, lo,,~ usutU.:ly go
lots go to the members to the judg·e and then the secre tary. Arter .' that, the . the money, it is in turn accor ding to custom . At the time the members pay ~he winnin g lot arrang ed for them to have free drinl~s·. A perso n who draws
pays
c~>nsidered
the per ..
inY! te~ the members son ''¥ho . has to stand .a congr atulat ory rOUl(d of drink s t he it is not somet hing . (to drink ). ·Tb!s is in accord ance with' his own.A esires , r pays from his (> done in keepi ng with oblig ation s. The money which ,each membe
\
\
a. speci fic, (bmount of) money to the SOCiety. Being
\
share is depos ited with the judge as the
\
'I
aSSoclation'~roperty.
The member
to someone who wh9 dra'Ws the winnin g lot may take the lIlOney' or may sell it C'oto,(, in front of the" . ~d not get it~whO claim s that hc needs the money urgen tlY some p~es, the (othe r) members. Even t~ough this is the usual pract ice in • iation . daY for the takin g of the lot or sellin g it is speci fied by the assoc
. 'j
has no power to At the time of sellin g or buyin g the... lot, the assoc iation
\
\
J G2
•
e
compel, onlY to assist, in the negotie.tions.
The person 'Who got the (winning)
lot can get the, !'.loney ",hen he presents two or tbree guarantors from among the r
members.
Otherwi-se he takes the final lot.
F.ve~ though beip~ a member Qf a credit society produces many benef1t~ sometimes it has a lot of disputation in it.
Some of the members may attcnd
for a while and then cease (conrl.ng) ... Another w..y -tim aWo.y after he obtains the (vinning) lot.
AlthoUgh the one \:ho has, stayed 8.,ro..y from lot· (drawings) :-
r·
mar (have) the rooney'paid for him somehow, the one ~ho has run awny after he has obtained
.
,
t~e money is a.rr~sted on. e. (legal) cl?arge. The guarantors will {;)
remain con5trained until he is fmmd. What brings any credit society to an end is\when each one of tte members has received a (winning) lot. two lots, he will get it twice.
If there is anyone who has come in with
w~en the credit ~ocicty is ended, a banquet
is held by using the reserved money, property of'the societ.y, talten irom each of the members,.contri~~tions being ~de (to this fund) if necensary. ,
wards it
nl.8(f
Atter-
be resumed or ended ..
The credit society brir~s together people of , different ideas, occupa-
.
tions, tribes and religions (b\lt) who live in the same area. son who has been unexpectedly hit by financi~l distress.
It helps a per:-
For country people "
who do not know the value Of a bank, it is an invitation to make savings. Those who waste their money on
ina~propriate matte~
Very many e.dvantages like these are comprised in i"'. nore and more the advantages of a credit
socie~y,
"
will save (their
mor~y).
Since people understand
it. is spreading throughout
the towns and vil.l.ages.
I G:s
,
Ir,
.
atrial Societ:
The WG..Y in which (tnd the time '\then bwial'societies began
known. Whoevc:-~ ~fl whenever it started, the aim
01'
are, not
the burial 's~cietY is
.
to develop solidarity for the people of a diatrict, to strengthen tQcir mutual brotherhood and to ea.se the burdens of society in general.
..
Even thoogh the kinds of ~:-f'icultieG are manifold, wh~n a 'sudden disruption like death befallS a f~ly, the value of a burial society is clearly apparent.
J.,
When e.1l those who nre burial. society members lose a _
relative, child~ servant or maid to ~~ath, it is
0'#
« ~noame~tal
of this society to meet and help to mourn and bury (the
obligation
d~~~s;d).· .Ev~~
.
.
".
though the kinds'9 f assistence vary according.to the~lo~enesB'~r remote~ ness 01' the relationship, diggi'ng the 'grave, pitching the tent, COO~ng the
e,
pen-idee uhich is a means for Ctrying -r,ears arc functions ~hich are never
• omitted.
'lbc money p3.id, for mc:mberchip is e:pp.u.cCt 'to the purchase of cof-
fins, for shr,,..lds and f-Iur.h lil.e.
mbough this is a standard -requirement,
the living stand4rd of the burial society t s members mB':/ require t':llowi!1g for different proCedures in, addition to this. cieJ. nature of the (burial) society.
This"tD/3.Y indicate the spe':.
.' ' .
All in ill, the main purpose is to
... . .. '
provide (funds from) the contributions which have been made to the SOCiety, .
.-
from time to time--it being a kind of savings deposit--readily, since )t.he money which one did not put aside in good tilOOs is wanting in a (difficul.t) time like this.
(When) the corpse has been taken from the house , (when)
the news of death has come, at both 1;;hese times the roourner obtains people's /
sympathy, financial and physical support through his burial society membership.
.
Therefore no one balds back from becoming a. member. Even thO'.xgh when death comes, the assifttance one gets is rather con-
sidera'ble, when severe distress befalls a r~rsan in his lifeti~, he may
J Gtj
~
..
'I
obtain finrulcial aid cCTrxo.ensurate with his difficulty, at least in ·the :t:orm of a. lou.n.
If te is unable to ('ope with the proble:l l3 of his life for the
IOOment, his hOllse having burned down, he having been robbed, having been fired from his job without rea.son, or havip.g to appear in court ch~ged with
fIJI
a .n.Usdl'ed, this burial society will bl;! a Il"iUnstay for him so !;hat he TJJD:Y ob-
.
tain a lawyer and for (all) such like disruptions.
As Ill€nt.loned above, the
type of e.id is lirPJ.tcd b'J the organization of the bu.rial society and the source of income.
One '\'/no ha.s to hold a. ~hb:lr or give a wedding feast may
get a moderate amount of money either by con:~rlbution;; or in the form of a
loan, even though tbese are personal It'.3.ttcrs. Assis'tance in labor and furnishiI\.~S
will be- provided him.
When e. buria.l society is first set up 8..'ld until a perrnanent judge and secret:::l.ry are cho::;en in uccordc.ncc "lith tho nllea, a. fevl persons get together, , dra.w up the UCwll.1.strative ru.les for the society, "''rite dOlm in the form of a resolution the special a.ins of the society and submit them to the people "
of the area or to those who ~~sh to become m~mbers.
Even though it is clear
. that rules and regulations are beneficial to the honest admihistl'ation, it will indicate to the one who looks dee]t~v that I'!1ltual help thrrugh willir.g<"
ness and conscientious concern (for others) is being made the foundation of the society.
After corre;ctions )lave been made
the elaborated details
rnaae
filling in what is missing,
more concise, and the unnecessary portions
deleted, the c~ter becomes effective. In this wa;y the society is set up. 0_
bY
Anyone who wishes can be regictered.
In general, the charter states the time
the meetings, membership dues, contributions for ~erals and announce-/
ments of death, fines,(the rule). that all those who do not obey must be expelled and a.ll such like (rules).
, \
.
i~
When any burif l socie ty
set up,
th~rc
are stand ard fUrni shing s
I
h~ve
''lhich
.-
They are: ~ tent, chtrir s, ta.ble s) cups, plate s
to be p'..lrchn!.;ed.
and sauce rs, gla.ss es, shove ls ano. picks .
Since they axe the thing s which
get prior ity ove~ are most neces sary at1th e time of (some one's) death , they n.'Oney .hen every thing else. Becau se of this, a perso n may ha.ve to P3Y much .. / he becomes a member. The persc
-'.
I
/
I
riho admin ister the buriu [ socie ty are chose n 'by ,the peo-
s vener able Since (Ethio pian) ,socie ty, in accor~ce with' custom , honor
ple.
perso ns, it will chose elder s perso ns.
~mom
the diJtr ict recog nizes as
judicim~s
cter In addi tiO~ too age, the perso n/ vIho b,\s educ?o tion, good' chara
in ihis 'Work "''ill obta:f n prece dence . It is the oblig ation , I d O'.lt. 'l;he zecre ta.ry' of the judge to have ~hc \);.lria l socie~' s rule:> carrie
and
steadfa~:tness
I
and houxs of has to watch over income a.nd expen diture , lmllounce the times "lnke kno'tm 'the affair s' of Lut:! l:>oG:i.ety. ' t~e meeti ngs and ho.s i to write dO'tm
W11
there ,are expen di'!be treas uxer' s main i\mcti onn are to Ip~ out (money) when / I and to receiv e' s, ction instru n.ryls se~ret tbe and tures , heedi ng the judge 's and depos it the reveh ue.
The prope rty' custo~an organ izes the proble ms I
ha.ving to do wi tb fui'ni shing s.
(orga nizat ion's) office s are per-
sons wbose finan cial abilit y does not"j) e
01;
I
tbem to becOtle members.
('l.'hese.
I
, pitch ing tbe pe1\'&ons) labor by diggin g grave s, transp o ting furnis bings
te~
and inform ing tbe peopl e of the area
trube ts.
'~verytime
In reward for their labor they 1Cei ""
All tbose wbo (or) a rooeti ng for
~e
~
someone dies by blowi ng
membe~ship.
memberc, if they fail to attend a wake, a funera J.,
reaso n must pay the akrop riate fine. \ ~
One who desire s
l and go (abou t his, to avoid being fined bas to expla in his reaso r' in detai
busin e"s) after (getti ng) someone to tuke hiG \laCe . \
I
\ ,
\
I~
~ furial
'"s~eties
are usually establ:i.shed in two kinds of ways.
'rhe
first is (when) tbose who live in the r.xne neighborhood end can get together morning and evening start up a. burial society since it is not difficult for 'them to reeet.
The ,others are those '-lno are separated as to neighborhood, but
"lhose place of employment brings them together end so they also establish a. society.
The principal basis is constant a.ssociation and mutual understanding.
'..~ When the 40 (a.ny), 80 (d.a:r), semi-(annual) or anniversary (memorial service) is celebrated, the rr£mber~ are required to ~~rticipate.
They are
I
not required to do as IT!J.eh ~.wrk as (they did) at the time of the funeral. The grieving pel'f..0n gets nll thz barial socict-y's furnishiI\Ss free of charge. At this tin:e there is very little money which all the members (must) pay. ~j e oi~;;.-~ If'I:J:;f
,
People of the neighborhood who are outside the society
•
rent the !lociety I s furnishings thrO'.leh t'.ie members at a low price. .I!.'Ven 'thougb 'the fundamental purpose is direci:..1-;r
liru.eu
Lo t!i;L(;1l of'
the member:; I problems, burial societies whic:h are well organized ~complish very rnar.w things for society in eeneral.
If there is a,nyt"hing which the
gover~ent fails to do for them, they submit petitions in cooperation with the (other members of) society.
Through providing roads where there is no
road, electricity where there is no electri.city or a school where there a.re too few schools, they do as much as they think their power permits by working wi:t;h the department involved.
When one section of society is harmed by
flooding, freshets, conflagration~, windsto~~ (or) earthquakes, they do not stint their aid.
They enforce Gecurit~ when there is no organized police
(force) by (acting) as police and where there is no court by goir~ out into a public sq)ls'
and holding an assembly.
They punish the wrongdoers.
get compensa.tion for those who have been wroneed. have ~arrelled.
They
They reconcile those ""ho
Iff Even though a rur-,i.a.l socie ~ TlVJ¥ improve Tr.3lry thtngs, in Ethiopia' s .
'
prcse~t state ~nd on the'b~~is of the ~nderstandlng which ~e~ple have through coming frem the
SWlle
urea., i t is an asset for the people.
Since it is some~I\.
thing (derived) from t'he sf-.nb.R~.~ e.nd the m9.hb~l.r, it has pel7Ql\l~Y.
Until
somethir~ better comes alop~, the burial society is a good organization •
•
\\,
15'b
Comro..mal l .!..I.oor There nrc I:lt~ wc;ys in ,,,hieh soci6.1 life, procednres, regule.tiorm a.'1d rules are transmitted from one generation to the next. maJ('ims and proverbs.
..
One of these is (by)
One of t;hese ma.xims is 'You can't clap with one hand.'
The meaninS of this is tha.t if people do not bell' ea.ch other, they will not be able to fulfill life' s oblig~tions incliviuually.
By IJ'N..l.ng this the basis
for a llfetin:e proc:edtU'e, i'cmers 1n the countryside work together during culti vation and harvest -tiI:ie, weeding cacn other's fields in turn, breaklng up clods, ~owift.[~ e.nu threr,hing.
TheJr help ea<.:h other do tasks i1;1 other wuys
. .,
too.
'l11i8 cO:TJ):.mal alld joint labor is called 6J:.:~·
limted
This }dnd of help is net
just to i'artling but occurs in ccti yi ties like house buil
This
kind of interpretation of G"OC:c 1m.s found accept3.nce 1.n eastern :';hoa, the
wri "Ler' s birtlmJ.lJ.ce_
What is perfor:>:-ed thro.lgh co!©.lIlal labor a.re the customary tasks of this section of the cO'J.ntry:
const~lcting fences and also ~~th regard to women, spinning and Guch
houses, like.
plowing, wE:eaing, mowiIl3, threGhing, building
The necessity for communal la.bor is very grea.t. The effort an industrious fa.rmer makes by hi~elf to gathe~ the har-
vest at
harvest~ioe
after ha.ving plowed his broad fields, 'sown and made (his
seed) grow may' not be enough.
While thinking that he can do it himsp.lf, the
time may run out before he has
~iniShed
may spoil.
He will need help_
help with money.
gathering in the'grain, and so it
He may not be a::Jle to afford to purchase
Therefore by J;7.1tt.ing comnnnal labor in the place of cash,
he makes feast prepa:rations for the 8Wropriate cOl1lI!11Ilal labor. I
--
(COlllIIJ.lrut.l labor) means 'loan' or 'thing done in return.'
repaid in
labor~
wlinflil
'
not in
~ney. ~
'!'his loan is J
We have already ~entioned that communal labor is requested for variQUs tazks.
T'ne cO'lmJ.nal. labor banquet cU ffers o.ccording to the tyoe of
activity (the work requires).
-quet is of the same type.
For cultivation (weeding except~d), the ban-
This (type) is beer and ~~gre. with suuce.
For
weeding, house .building, fence -making and spinning, the banquet is limited ,
to beer and ~~bread. Since we have mentioned (~~tters) about this. banquet, it ~AY not be a bad idea to list (things) and get a little mOre.involved (in i~).i Since life ih the countryside is beset with loneliness, the fact that there are no close neighbors causes the woman much trouble at b~1quet "time.
Be that
as it TJJIJ¥, the women have various' means for overcoming' their problems. Ninety percent of the labor of brewing beer 'falls to the wife.
On the day
for fillir.e; (the crocks) with water, the neighbors \:ho participate i~ the communal labor will fetch water for her.
If those fetching water are a
.
lot of young girls, they tie on their crocks with their small nRtYla anq go down to the river or spring humming.
Those that went at least twice to
,.J
the river empty the water that they broul?ht into a container, place their crocks
outs'~de',
and the
~dy
of the house invites them to partake of the"
porridge and the beer which she has prepared for them. After that, when they go (back) to their respective homes and gathering places, a 9Hnnn-baSket of flour will be measured out for each of' them.
This means that they
will take over the task of baking, starting with this flour. ~
On the morn"
,
ing of the 'conm1mal labor day, they bring the bread they have baked in their
J respectiye homes on ~~qab~latters or llm~t-baskets. After th~t, some make \
e
the sauce
pre~red for the main banquet and others take breakfast along with
(some) beer to those engaging in the cOlI!lllmal labor.
170
ISf As soon- as they arrive, they d.istribu.te the breakfast and a gourd of beer (to each person) with the assistance of the per30n directing this com.~ nnmal labor.' This breakfast is called 'thinble.' After msldng sure "Chat f
.
each laborer has received his 'thimble,' the person in charge apportions '
. rut the work by ranking them in lines.
This is during the mowinc.
will net, feel ";ea..ry Bud lose their enthusiasm, they sing having
...
'.
0.
So
they
leader
anA a chorus. Just for ~n example, here is a bit of one o~ the songs they sing when they thresh:
o tefl, ~
the 10rd t n,l:.l.nch, I
Where will I find you, when I st(llf, when I lea... .!. Come on ox, get goir~ for.my sake Before rain cernes, before we get muddled, etc. They go on working lil:e this until noon.
arr~cs
The mastex:. of' the household.
:
each thing in its k1;nd, natne].y, 'the beer,
have been brought in a place suitable to invite.
anC~ra and
cauce which
He mows dried grass from
the bOlmdary and spreads it on the gro..md like a. long table, he folds '3-p'8Hra. and pours sauce on it from the sauce pot.
After that, he asks (them) to eat,
s~ing '®od fellow~, let's taste (some) food and water.'
As soon as the com-
I!llI1al laborers have taken a couple of moothfulJ>, be gives them a gourd ~up
full of beer,"
As soon as the feast of food and drink is over, they go back ., / ' to the mowing or threshing. &>
When the sun goes down, the master~ of the house goes home first and
~l~er seeing that there is or there is being prepared the f~od and drink
.e
needed for the evening, he goes back to the c01lllll1nai labor area.
As soon
as they finish the work, the roaster of the house takns the communal la.oorcr9 and invites them to dine at his house.
The food and drink go well with the < .
17t
conversa.tion and stories dancing follow.
0
At: the conclusion,
It is grea.t.
singil~
is begun.
EsktSta. and
There are 'POems of (the following) kint.l. therein:
Your beer is wine; your beer is wine, And '\ore have seen :\ t. After they have l~nished their activities and ha.ving satisfied their spirits,
•
they go to their respective home,s in order to let their weary bodies rest •
\
,
/6 Con:nUl1al Inquest A method of catching crlminals which
c
in use for quite a. whi.le in
\or"/lS
olden tillleS when a police forc,:' had not been established and ,.,hich is used tod..ay' in places to which police services have not been extendec1. is called ,,\'~.J'
the
",It
all:l.l"Sat.a.
v..,
"tJ
or a\-!cac'ann.
.
..
Vt
.
...
~,
11......
..
B:lsJ..cu.l1y the purpose or the afc.L'sata .
--
.., v v" 01' sw~a~~nn
~--
is to produce the ~l'irniI".a.l by sea.rching (for him), but the procedure of producing (him) differs according to each 'region of the country. explain next. is how this com::llnal
~,nquest
"lhat I will
procedure is carried out in the
1/
Cllbo-Gllre.ge Subprovince among the Gur8.ge people. One
person
\11".0
who~:e
clair::s to have a. criwc perp€:tl'ated against him, tha:c is a. .
house has been set on nre, whose rele.ti ve ho.s been nfllrdered,
or llhol1e l ive5tocl~ have been stulen ,1 (report~;, vhis crime which has been
e
co:r.mi.1.. ted against him t.}1.r,-v.gh the vil.1.!:..3e to tli~ :..uW.i:"L~'.icL commissioner, ('to
GO
}~eMrr:an
so).
or goes directJ.y himself
lie reports the kind of crime
and requests that a comalnal j,nquest be held in his behalf. If the subdistrict
co~ssioner
approves of the matter, he will order
the tribal nota~les, or the village headman and a. communal inquest will be held.
The vill.age headman informs the people of tl',e date and the place of
the conmmal inquest by sending a messenger here and there.
A person who
fails to come a.fter being told withoot a satisfactory reason will pa,y a fine for every ~e
square.
~
in which he stayed away.
comnunal inquest
be held under a plane tree or in a public
After the people gather, five local elders are chosen and they en-
fOrce the proceedings.
They take an oath to examine the matter thoroughly
in front of the people.
e.
~
separnte from the people.
Where these elders examine this matter is a little
"
r Before they exnr'..ir.e each person, they rca.l:e him swear in a.ccordance ~
~
with the rules to bring out thp. truth and not to speak lies.
~hat he saw or heard.
He will tell
Each person who is investigated is called a tbird.' ~
The comrrunal in
times it has to assemble.
The cO!l1lnission can have the people gather as long
as he wants l.Ultil the cri:rJ,nal i3 foond. The statement of
e(~ch 'biM! is kept secret. Except for the elders ",
who 'Were selected to cuide the proceedings, no othe!' person. is penaitted to hear the testimony_
...
Final.ly, one of the elders sta.tes the results jof the investigation. If there is adequate evidence and' the criminE4l is }'ound, be is punished in keeping with his critre.
If the criminal is not found, however, the people·
make iontrib'.lt.i<'llS and compen.<;a.tion is paid to the wronged person. this il:;) wim,\.
..
In brief,
I" • ~.Lu,r~i:l."'u. •
..
o"'t,
,\
.
"
J 7·j '.
, ,
/6')..
fulrJdlra F\t1':kErn. is U Gong st:'tlc ,.;hich 'PCcmle s:peeJt or sil1.G uhi.le reciting
verses shouting in a loud voice f\.lll of l'eelil~ e.!11i stirring up zea.l in order'to rcveb.l (thc:l:r) exc€;llenc,:, intrepidity, bravcry, pO\ler and brfl.ve 'l"ne accorrrpar it.c:nt. of f\1)r"y'~L.·f!. is a kind of m~J.ody called ~<..~!rH.rto or
deeds.
g,H.rP.rt.o is
0.
sloWl, loJ'l.(S, :protracted battle song which heats one's
e!l))tionf> by dru'Wif'.p;· one"s thcr<1~:hts afar (mo.Jdng), ~lllOries appear in one's
,
it".s.gination end '~hich Ill!'..ke't
O:1C.
~3.nt, sha,lt.es one I s entire being, ~es' cne
a.l\.~, r.ti~n one t S couraGe, fCn<.:bants e.;ld n:.J,.~es a brave young fcllow restless. , 'l'hroueh its effC'ct, it transI"its u ~essage wliich suffuses'the ~pirit, telling
.
"
(it to) go
~ £,ht
and !till.
I~ is n' (song) style thro'.\gll. y;hich a
bravo young i'
~fi>
fello'l'/' ·cx'f,rEJ.i;ses his aa.dness, h~ (fee)in~): of 'injury, his sorr"',) and ~Ms bitt'erfless. l!.'ven though a battle song is oftentimes the origin of the
fukl~~,
thel'e arc some till;cs in \ihich the fu}~y.!{,·a to by it ... - is spoken -. tulrl listeneu ' self without any battle so~. places.
~ttle songs and i\.tk1c...~a. are heard in mny
Even though the. fLUldrunentnl cause for t'nkk(tra
Ol'
a battle
SOl',(S
is
to express one IS loyalty s.nd bravery ~efore the Emperor or onl! IS chief in ,
11
preparation for comba.t Slfd after combat: when the brave warr10r throws down . ' Sh"~ ·1\2 II", I the spoils (or) the booty including the ev~.rated ~M vi1'1lif, it is done according to custom, whenever e brave man gets high at a wedding reception, feast or banque people (present).
n order to be a means of cintivating the spirits of the Just for example, the bride~room's party, just to show
that they'are his loyal men, ones who will die with him, a.nd share in his sorfows ann joys will recite: I
td 1~f'
\,
,Whose bl·cther. who will touctr·hi:1!tl --.---- - - -
~\
Who \rill violate 'Whose ".rife?
\_ Who desires whose family l8nd'l \
. Will the termites fqod be earth'l hoot him with a. Wetterly-Gras, urge him on ,d.th a. we.nza. (branch); ere's no joldng arrund with the forebear's familY land and the vife! , followed bY his best !ian, comes out of the 'bower ,in which be
The ----.-b&s been sit.
i~
and strutting among ,the
~ests expresses his boldness, his
spirit end hi l' a So-and -so;
~~eases like a ~ garment
Who h \ s
"
The ~ 1m is ironed is pleasing He tl'rJ.4s on the eround like hail Accustomed to the wiBderness in his childhood
\
He gurgles like unclarii'led \:eer.
He
has
ndt yet
gotten rid of his misfortune.
Likewise in every boose ("I1herE: a) banq-.1et (is being given) when a fine young fellow
~ e~¥n
a battle song, he
mtJ(f
and drunk a.nd is high, he may suddenly get up and sing
narrat'e bis prowess.
Even though batt1e songs and
, :f\1kk!L:ra are essenti~ out of place (at a banquet), it is dOne on every suitable occasion as a means of captive.ting (people' s ) spirits.
Its main
purpose is to make a show of excellence and bring (one's) msnhood to mind.
And since this is S~, when one recites: Leave off, go back, you fellow, go ba:ck,
Let
not' all our houses be wrecked together,
MY crow sings, 'Woe is me, woe is me: f
An cmbarrassing thing has held her back, in m:I opinion, Say boy, the means of binding $ say le.d, the rope! As .'or the hut, what's the matter with it whcn they abandon it'l
all those smor..g the people seated there who are somewhat high stand up in
turn and sbow the e~tent of their manhood by sayinB: IUck!
Young buck!
One who se:ys, 'Ma,.v they come
I
m~ they gather,' .
them~'
One who says, 'When t.hey f,a.tber, I will eat
In time of combat, when the exuberant young mer. proceed to the battlefield under their several leade:cs and chiefs, an excellent young man IlI8¥ let loose 'rit.h a battle song "lhich is captivating in its sound and in its poetry • and maJdng his voice fine so that the one who is afraid will take courage and the brave one will decide on dea.th (on Ny belly
smokes GO, it
bU.rIlS
~he battlefield):
hot so,
Where would the place to (~ the anhes be? Tell him to push, tell him to push and he must do 'so. When the country's mountain ranges appear, he lllUst do so •
.,..
May the coward die, the A man
die, for Lallbela's sake.
we.> is killed wbile fleeing
Wbether one eats grass or
~
will bave no memorial service. I
"\,
I
'
Will he not be 'Wried, a man who is well-mown in his OWJl.cauntry'l
•
At this time, the une.r.med, the nobles, reciting (poems), lifting and
."ct
lowering th~lr rifles, drawing and sheath:1:ng their swordS, _
shaking their
spears, boa.st (as follows): Pill.a8e! brave young buck! Coure,geous as a lion, Fleetfooted as a gazelle,
I ,, ~,.
/
/ He ~s a. marksIl'-?Jl, his rifle is good,
So-n.nd ...so's retc.incr) his favorite. In the Idng' s -banquet ha.ll, thf: nobles decl.are theil' loyalty, bravery I
and achlcve:r.ents to ~'1e 'ting "hroll.gh ~ll~klh:~.
Even ;"ilough the basis is cour-
~e, the main aim of ful~k;l.r!! done at a ti~e l;ike this is to present oneself, for office' and awards by pleasing the lang.
According to custom, the king
appoints to officp., rewardS and grants family land.
Fo~ example (such
fukkRra) is of (tbe follo,....ing) ldnd:' Your serve.rit, your PUl)'PY, (Brave young buck)
(it gurgles) like unclal'ified beer.
He'll roast. the Italians (the ener:ir) like beans (like sorghum), Spirit, spirit (tlmt's) the untty, Dying for his ~ng and for his faith,.
.,
.'i-
•
1(,6 i
.'
Plficst I
A priest is n mn '-lho ~erv~s 'God. by' 5~' ins l"~ss in church and \~hose
, aim- (in liie) and 'Wo.y of thipJcmg is bMed on religion.
It is beUeved that
"because the people beLieve tha.t t!r~ pricst will intercede for them to obta.i.n absolution for their sins beca.use he h:'l,s t!ccepted Christ's t,'::nst, he j.s a sharer in their distress- und the a(lviser and tea.cher of the people.
Since
a cross is never absr:nt fro:;! his hand,. he lets the fa.ithilll Idsa tl.·~ cross I
wherever they E..'l..Y be .8..'1d \ihatever the time)o..nd blesses them "Wi tb the words, 'Hay God absolve YCF,)..'
l.~ things are nec~:;f.>v:l.'y for a -persoll to bccoY':'':! eo }.ll'iclJt. goes to
1.1.
Fi l:':;t, he
clerical (school) at an. car1~' age and ,!hcn he learnc to read a.fter "
be\ne trmc;ht spelling a.r.d goj.r;~ throuf,b the prir:.a.ry reading star.e , he reads
e
the: Psalt(!ry u-nd the boo}:!:; of the Bi bJ e, ;).!ul
£.,0C3
Qvc'r
(tbC'ill)
rerX!a.te~Uy.
\·1hen hE' i s co:;rpletc~r i1.nisned 'm.1.~ the \~~d':t2.::..e EarYanl, T',ne \l1OOY- of) i·i.lracles ~
and all the l~l):~'C, te "tt\':'-<:es It'P the suujee:t of ~~:?-~ chn,"lting to " certain extent.
.
•
Until he retlches the o.ge of 16, he f,p.Tves in the capacity of deacon.
Vnlen he gets older and reaches In.9.tt1.!'i'ty, he l;vkcs v. wife, and after two or
'" three years, he ta.kes up trainir.g for the p}:ics·~ho,?d end obtains priestly rank.
The VUX'pose of his getting marrj ed is t.o observe the words" of the
Bi blc , 'one roan to one "\-roman' and to keep the rules of pdesthood, lest the
church 'be defiled.
Should he divorce his wj;)f'e or coromit fornica:fion, it will
be said of him tho. t he has
t spi lied
ran.lt of' his ,-rill be stripped awa;y.
hin priesthood t) or has ru~ed i t J and this In tha.t case, he may serv.e as a. d1.\btlira..
In ou..(' country, priests are very hard-pressed in their livelihood. firstlY, according to custom they do not receive a fixed salary.
.
(uru;alericd priest::;) are uGually in the country.
These
vnlat they live on in b;r
v v farming the:: gasin or quarter gastJ,!. of land "lhich is gi ven
~ them
8..$
nlt'\(illrj va
\
V
land.
"
l-iol'eovcr) ~c bui.lds up his incol~e by m:lkirlt~ j;~h"!lll.\~, copying rooks and
r~.i.ng :;ueh like '-hir:.:~s.
to d.o addl t},o::la.l tacks
r,j
A l)riect who is a city u,,:¢!llcr '\,ina.s i t neces~;£\ry ;
nr
...
hi s sall\r~r does not exceed 10\\ or 30 dollars. \
The priest "ho has no fa'TIilY land tu..~es a portion have ~;Ol!!': and
\
of
land f*om those wilo \
it on toi'!!, (laud for ,...hich he :i,s hired t~ provide service)
fa't"IrLZ
I
and :in reward for his lauo:!.', he gets from 20 'to 30 dollcn's a
da\!(>ll:].;o-~;>,zurcs of
Grain.
8tlnb~:te::!.,
memorial services,
~€:l.r and two \
christenilJ.'~G,
'-ledding
/
receptions, sp1",ruilll1S holy 'i'ate-r, i\H..!igo.tir.g with incenSe the toom of the -po.rtur ient
.0101::'0.)1,
bei:i.~ a father confessor, are important mea.ns for (obta:'n-
ir,g) the wncre-'dtilc.l .)n \rhich to live for a priest.
All these are methods
for (I:~~king) a li vin?, ,,!hich custo~'1 and the economic situation have provided for him. \{ncn sorr.::O!le dies, he performs the obsequies end he "ill be paid from
5 to 30 dollarG B.ccordil\; to the kind of obsequies. During the fasting j
p~riod, si nee the nobles p.nd It\dies give them 10 to 15 dollars, telling (the ,
priests) not to forget them and to proy for ,them, this becomes a sO\U'ce of inco~e for them.
On account of the father confessorshi-p, every time a f~s,
tivnl occurs, money '(is given them) to celebrate the festival or clothing and food (is gi ven) ~ and ,..hen their confessional or spiritual children die,
I
obtai,ning some of the prorerty in the form of a bequest is another kind of income smlrce.
If the number of those known as confessional children is
large, the income will be correspondir.gly great ..
In society, priests are respected and their words are heeded. Accordi.18 to rule(s) as well as according to custom, their pronouncements are not disobeyed. i
If a certain pernon is discovered transgr~ssing their pronounce-
menta, they o:11lthcrnat.ize him.
The one whom the priest has put under conI
straint by a.nathematizing him will be held in contempt and hat.ed un~",il the I
/ priesL I:\l'solves hi:a nzain. and supplication.
'l'r,erpfore hr:: l.l.lst be o.b~olycd 9Y rl'.c.ldng recompense
All
))''':1'::;0.1s
'IDom the local
elders ~annot reconcile, the pri cst ',dJl reconcile by C'ailil".g on the n$Ir,l~
-,
of God, brinGir.{~ out the tu.bot and reprovin'1 a priest, re~tsing, treati~~
0.
unu
counseling ('them).
, "
Shaming
priest with in~udence is considered as qJarrell~ ,,'
i~ ~~th
G0d, so no one refuses.
~rnen &'\Ything foreiGn
trcdit.ion, 'Priests !:U:e the
it;
ODes
bl"!ing introllllCed "r:hich is held to belittle lih6 oppo:-:e it vigorousJy and give strong
"..a.rnln;;.:; so that it uiD. not be introduced.
Thoir bigC est weapon for this
,
(purpose) is their respect n.r:d influf:nce 'ihich they ha.ve obta.ined through religioo..
On e.cco~mt of this, they are very li1{eJy a hindro.nce to the (ne\1
western) culture to
f1
cert<~:i.n extent.
'meir
fore they fivf.the J,;,h':!lr her.ds in t1J.slin,
step wi. th the
w'J;f
1.'.
of th:i.nking does not keep
'~F!~~ and w~en they get (one),
tim'~s.
,,'1,e
(i:e. Ht s t !) Before tl1e present tim'3 sp:>:'ead Hest.ern educntion they controlled the .)
"
country's cr1ucation) origina.lly in Geez and presently in fI.:nho.ric. the found8ti..JIl (for it).,
They laid
for a. long time:tbeir basic a:'.m is to make God's
word knc.,m, to explain the doG!".:' )f the Orthodox faith and to preach.
Wbether
this el'a, accepts them or not, they have not been completelY divested of tbe respect they have among the people.
1H 1
. Dgbtllra Alllonz those
\;:10
~(!rve
t.he ChllJ.'ch ',.;-i tli var lous skill:;
~ne is
l>
d!~btL:£~.
the
(;ler~s)t.c:n
'the one who served in, th·:! hymnal. ,!>ol'.tion of the church (eel"vice)
in kE'epiJ1~~ ...Iith rules ,,"bieh have been h::l.ll~cd down from the Levites is lmo,-m as
Siner
his Lerm is. a. -tol1ecti ve one, any int;ruder, if he is seen in
~ the outermost corritiur of the church ""waring a. turban and if he can '\'Trite, is
'lsSl.ln8d
to be a
(llil>t~~.To.
ca - led a d;;'I)tJ:rn:i
of
the Bible.
the
'i<,"ri
In addition, the
poiAtiHs
le:~the""
~)ictt11"eS,
HCi·mver, what laaltes c. clltbtlira be
0
0n~ who sings the ~,
.t5.r.~ of clv:-:nns,
desicn<; on
by the people
knm-ls the
~.th£., and is interpreter
fl(~tte-ning, of p31'chmel\~' the nm:ing of in.~,
the carving of votive stones, binding of booY:..s, Ir.3.klng
affixirl<.-:S the strllT,l3, prcpa.ring leather book cases and all tr:0se
c~u~c
him to be cc.ilec1 a ?llbtllra (also).
he (i.c. the per:;on "lho 'Woul(l learn them) has to leave his home district)
roJ~
up his hic.e, shnxPCh his sta.ff, and go from place to place with his
beggar I s ;...allet &1.lSpendcd (from n[
~,is arm). Since in o:rder to graduate know-
J.. the nY~~lls rr.:=nt:i.oned a.bove ,-Till reqllirc from 20 to 30 years, those
who Bra.ciuate are rev' in number.
'tbe main reason for t.his is tha.t study re-
quires pcrseveranee)and teaching, patience.
1"Ven though knowledge is ob-
tained through beneficence or .gra.tis, the E.tudents have to give thought to their daily bread anci their clothlng for the yea:r. battling with dogs in every village is una.voj~hle. !age in order to get food is called ~RfUf~.)
dOO~ t.he
cburch with the
officiati~'l.g
In order to get food, (Begeing in each vil-
Toe line-up held at the eastern
l';iest is not easy.
Since for his
clothes he h3.s to rr.ake a.."1d 5cll Wlts, the raGGing away 0 f others' l i VC3 means clothing fl'r him.
Ev~rytime illness breaks out, this is typir"l.lly a t.i.r.e for .18~
•
"
to b::-ealdng off one'!> stud.i( ;s for one 'tho has begun to wande r throug h hiGhl.9.l1d
g
After ex-pt'r lencir .g these and other tli fficu~ties, gradu atillg in each of these skill s and taking leave of his teach ers, he ~ retur n to his home distr ict. Howe vel' if cirCU!llStances k~ep him there , he W33 remai n there and take the p1ac~ of his teach er. After the novic e cor~~etes his regul ar studi es, he may stud..v the A,roil-rd!g¥s~ t, not in concl ave but in sp.cre t. It is believ ed that he ~ use this knowledee for good or ill, The
offic ial place of servic e in the church for a dJibtll.ra is the
outerm ost corrid or of the churc h. on, Sundays and sacred
... ~sorS' on, ~he.
l>-
In this plD.ce he, serve s, inton ing hymns month ly and yea:-l y festiv als.
At
t~
time the Ir.3.!"iller of his /1nto!1ing the plain cha.nt , the grn.ce of his respo nse and his (sin.:;ir.g) the conclu dint; lines of a hymn, the hidde n meaning of his ~e7. ~l:'t!'Y) t~~
::..co.r.i1'6 vi hi s sermo n, his chal·a .cter and bearin g havin g ,
been noted he 1~'XY r.e inves ted ",'ith rank after rank (risin g from) Era. f:,eta:,
g!ri e:eta, ~Hha.y •
judge or
'r
I
Gil <1g15 r, llqU-t-MbtLbt, lloH-mH.znuran, mHlakg-b rhan (to) mH~a.1Ca.
In the roya1 house hold he may come to be cal.'.ed judge , suprem e court minist:~r
of the pen.
Since most of the time a dUbtUr~does not take order s, he may not say mass and giYe conmm ion. He"II'JFJ.Y not hear confe ssion s. On ~ccount of this, he stand s lower in publi c esteem (than the pries t). Howev er, on accou nt of the fact that there is a differ ence in skill betwe en the offic iating pries t and the dlLbtllra. and on accou nt .of the lack of a.bili ty of the offic iating prips t, the mistakE'S tb,:: latte r makes are a sourc e of amuse ment for the dlLbtHra. F'or examp le, let us take note .of this, It is said that the pries t , ,in A. churc h wishe d to begin reciti ng wlIha llo, rut by sepw: ;ating the 10, began to say wllho., !r.lha. repea tedly . At this time the dlLbtlLra was havin g some water
-
'- ,.
\.
.
v'
I
- --
brought in from 'the .bet leherr:, so he said 1It-a.ke (some). II said, "Hhat will I do \nth it?" hi.:: said c
"SHU.UOW
Vi'hen ths .t,riest
the J.o _ _ \\'1th H. II
So the
priest did it aeain and sa.i.CI, "I cO'J.ldn It say 10 becnuse my teeth hurt," the Q£Ibttlrll. replied and made fun of him by saying, "Hell then, should I cook the
goverr~ent's
book for you now (to soften it f0r
you)?~cnuse
of this (ability), the cilibtfir3: is greatly feared by the officiating priests.
.,
A ciHbtgra is not; ortly feared among the officir~ting pri~sts but is .greatly feared by the people.
It ·is believed that his andUrbi, his conjur-
ing up of spirits, casting evil spells and his riding on clouds cause him to Jive respected and feared ,by those around him.
The para,ble,
!
I'~
.
diLbtHr,!
who doesn It 1II'i.te· (is like) a bird ,·uthou.t wings I indica.tes that if one who
--
is dubbed a dll.~ttLra. does not write, this ,,,..i11 cause him to be considered a. person of no valuc o
This ,·tritJ.Dg sl;il1 of his, o.llows him to live in
COlIl-'
fort and .10y· \lh~n h", C;!:'.i~!: cl~t::::,' ir.tv ~ .1.u.t-u! s or
0
However, even though chere are all t~lese skillt. at present, since the clHbtHrns don 't ha.ve the education of today, ~ the advantege in being a
--
d1!btllr~
is slight; they are heard s¢ne: 'Though the edt~c8.tion of toclair :i.B not writter. on us I and the
~V.n geta are called exercise boo~~'~
"i
Monlmooa Becoming a. monk means heing separated f:rom the pleasures, despising carnal matters, preferring spiri tuali ty and sey.>arating oneself from people
by goine into a monastery (or) a forest to b~ away from peoPtc. the practice of
rnonk~ood
is
cop~.ect~d
In Ethiopia"
with the Christian reli6ion.
Specifi-
cally it ,,,as the monk Abba Pa.-::horuius who spread. monkhood among the Ethiopian" faithful by teaching. which
expl~ins
This man wrote a. book known as the 'Rules of Pachomius
the fUncttons, rules and procedures of
mon~locd.
fiJI
The monks of
Ethiopin follow it as the doctrine of monkhood. There arc very many thir1£s which are reasons for (taking up) monkhood Essential~'
they are:
beil"'.g di:.>gusted withothe world (world weariness),
loathing cernal illusions, re3.lizing the vanity of men but beLlg guided by the Holy Spirit and gtvine one's soul to God.
Be tha~ as it may, the motives
--- - ----..J.
I'Il"P mQ"'"
1nere are those who from the very beginniDg have become monks been enraptured by the teachings of the church, b,y the
~hristian
hav~ng
religion,
by God's Grace, not having wasted even one day of their lives on world~' matters, the males not having known a woman, the females not having desired' (l
a man, having made inheriting t,he imperishable kingdom" their eternal aim, . and having been involveu ;n petitioning God through constant prayer.
These
(persons) are virgins. (others) wno have lived in the world, the men having known' a woman and the woman havil'-S known a J'l'Jln, and then one of them suddenly dies, and since they were .)riginally married b".1 conummion or in the tHklil cerp.mcny, they do not desire
~nother
mate, the death of one of them becoming like the
end of t;he wOlold, they not desiring another mate, the. V don the '!owl, ta.ke ~
up the staff, p.lt on the ht.irGhirt, the giving up the :rest of 'their l:i VF,C
\
173 to serving the ch>.!rch, they go to
E.
monastery.
From a monk who knows thE!
degrees of' lr.onkhood and, who has eXa.IJlined (them)
and who is mOl'e mat.ure as
well as more knowledgeable, they receive the rules, and swearing never to look at the
~orld
and its sins again, they.become monks.
Also, there are those who, while liVing in the world, have the vanity of mankind s~ddenl.Y revealed to them and are enraptured by spiritual life. " And if they are advaI~ced in age (and realize) that the rest of their lives is no good for the world,.they abandon property and relatives, don the cowl ar.d after
declarir~
that they have had enough of this world, they en-
ter into the> monastery. Once they leave the world--even though their motives may.differ-they !ire all monks.
}.lonks of both sexes are f",'tUld Qrrong them.
'called AbbGhoy or Abba nnd the women w..:ns.hoy. :'~Q, .. c..~
The men are
They Jl'.!J.Y live together or
fvJ.' till!lr II ving separately may be that being miE;led
by Satan and the carnal action havi,ng tempted thelll they will not return to
tiose worldlY activities that they have given up.
On account of this, the
men's monastery and the "omen' ~ monastery are at diff~rent places. sin~e coo~raticn monas~ery.
'f However,
is necessary, sometimes the men come into the women's
Women, however, do not come into the men's monastery. ~
The separation by sexe3 and the functions of the monks are different. r.. I
Since most of the time women monks arp not adv8nced in education or are unacquainted o.ri th it, their skills are 11m!ted tc hous"! (work) • }runs '1mo are advanced in age spend the ~ouse and when they are able, they go to chUl"ch and pray as II1tch as they know how to. The help they get is from younger monks.
'!he very weak stay in bed.
The stronger monks serve the
church or monastery by grinding (grain), begging or fetching water. ~
ISh
Their
7
)'" .... are no dl' ffcrellt fr om (th ose Jcti:,,..;.tics .
0
f)
st:CU.Lar ,-
",omen, excep t th a t t'ne
purpose i3 spiritual. lI.ale monks may be divided into two groups. and the eeucated.
They are the uneducGted
Generally the activity of the men if.1 the' same.
They do
the plowin..'S, gathering wood, building huts for the monks and such like ta.sks. I
Work like th"i.!; is for the uneducated (monks).
The reason i's, th''t since they
\
are not educated and reflective, they cannot serve the church or the monastery in other -,l/Jot S •
The educated and reflective share in the work of the unedu-
cated oue s, however most of their' tasks is teaching' the unlettered in the area, ~eaching them to read, conveying God's word (to them), reading boor~, celebrating the canonal ilours, sa,ving Mass, giving corem.mion to and Sprillkj.ing holy water on the feeble and ill in the monastery and the like. , During majo~ festivals, reciting miracles to the fa! t.h~l coming from various places,
ami ~/heu necessary, colle<.:i.ing money for repair.llJg and i:1I.ri.10ing chv.rciles are some' of their (other) duties.
They are listened to, respected and honored.
In general, all their work, 'concern the (means) by which their souls ~ erri.er illto God IS kingdom, not taking care of thei.r bol. t.es.
rcm~nciation enters them.
Jf the world.
Their ultimate goal is
When they have renounced the world, Godfs spirit
It is said that in spirit they converse with God, the angels ,
a~d the holy ones.
The words that the HolY Ghost bas conveyed to them they
convey to those who have not renounced the world as they have and to those worldly persons who are not free from their sins. Their clothes are nothing l1llch. .'
hairshirt.
If availible, they wear a s,ort of
If not, they wear a sheepskin cloak.
Their repasts are not lilte
. those of worldly persons (which aref'eaten) twice or thrice daily. is f,'requent.
Fasting'
When they eat, they restrict themselves to grain, leaf{y vege-
tables) and' water,
"'",
Sometimes one who wantn to be piOUS takes the~~]£~ra or
J7f .y
food like it!
••
~
Day
and night are speut :l.n preyer.
circmnsto.nces were like this, the
(ne~.,)
Although their originu.l
cu 1ture ha.s penet.rated more and loore,
and there are (some) monks 'Wbo ha.ve e}."crienced the city and have beco:ne accustomed to it.
The dreso and diet of these differ from those who live
in forests or in monasteries.
Th'~y even take (strong) drink now and then.
When they convey God' 8 word, they mix anger e.nd insults with it, (they do) not (speak) so1~lY. cism.
Their purpos~ ladks faultlessness.
Therefore they are not heeded by world~v persons as are those who have
renounced the world.
Sometimes they may become a lBughingstock.
gained the name of false lI.essicl1s. who are dre~ c;ed in sheepskin 8.pply'
They have no a3ccti-
\on th
Tbey have
Christ's nords" 'There ldll come those long hair to deceive you in my name I may
to them. Even though a differcnc(~ like this exists, monkbood--in keeping with
a way of ascet1ci.sl1l c.nd a. means of inheriting the Kingdom of God, even though tod.ay the number of those
t~coming
monks is steadily decreasi!lg.
ISH
r.l~ri(!f\l
Education
In Ehtiopia) r,pecifictllly b.rcong the Christian people, the education
of the
c~erllY ,s seen to baY"~
.. strong connection wi th "tradition.
OLginally ,
at a time when modern education was unknown and even now in all districts into •
,1
which (kodern) c\tlt~re has ~ot ~prend,'~ince tbere, is nothing resembling education, the ~vailable clerical education was and still-is on a verJ high level.
Not only did entry into the clergy, (~earning) to spell and to read
cause one to be considered B learned persofi, it was considered as good fortun~ bestowed by God.
W.Lth. re~gion.
1~is is because 'all this education is directly linked
There is (also) e. bellef' that any modern edu~ation will c~
one to chanee one's religion, specifically, it will make one become a
Catholi~,.
~
and so clerical eclu('~tion is full of prea.chi~s, laws and rules v.hich will
e
a.llee;edly strengthen religion, will get rid of th~ enemies oJ: tradition and ~ wiD. "teach t.ne iear of God"
'rnis refers :>pecif.iculJ.y to 'the Ori.llUuux r~li,ll.
Therefore the pers?n w~o enters the clereY, from the very beginning his go~ is. not
,
. just knowleqe but to become a man of God who is loved arid respected '"
too. It does not seem that there is a specified time for completin~ the education given b,y the clergy. ~
school.
There is no speci~i6 time even for starting
All those who had taken up education and understood it, all those
for whom religious instruction had confirmed that they- could become men of God had no (period of) time in which to finish their education.
cause education had no termination.
This is be- '
v
Right away on taking up (this training), on~ begins to recite the syllabA.I"'1 with a. book containing the alphabet and a stalk of grass in the hand.
On finishIng tffi.~ recitation, one is transferred to the reading of
the alphate'c. in all the orders a.nd from that t~.: the step of rea.ding wi
/
18 ~f
if
....
,...-~--------r--------------------~---
111
e'
intonation s.fter,'Which he ib transferred to the rcgul(::I,r reading St~C4
Once
he knows ho,,;' to reed, ~.nd besins readirig books) he r:.:xy refine hiG readi))g abiJi ty by readiJ16 var lous ltinds of books.
They mll¥ read the Fsalt:ery, the
Gospels, the \-la-ddase Naryam, the Z.!lllk3 f e Haryam, the Hll.lka 'e other works.
K:s.-ast~nd
They are learne~ by hea.rt.· Thus ;after he, finishes the first
stage in ttis wf.IY, be vlill g6' on in accordance m. th his in
and inclination to the
•
~n
'.
school
f~
~
pretation he goes to the school of interp.retation. manage it will cc:nbine the three (schools)'.
He who likcs it and can
Th? one who ca..~ot adve.nc e' will,
in .~eephig with the knowle(lee he has, rem:fin a sayer of pr~vers a.nd a. reei ter of t;,e Psaltery.
v
,\ ,-
v.ost often there ~.rer very mnny who an:: inclined to the desconship.
I
"
(
When they iinish reppatir.e over e.nd over again
i '"p'
·viaCiu6se Marywu e.rlC.i the
~
) ,
~~lk~'e, they go to thc bishop and after passing the test they 'see the sac,
rament.'
After that they become servants of the church.
At this point it
is necessary to note that. this training, unlike. modern tra~ing, does not
,
pro'1. de (t~em) with a limited income. I
~hurch and preach the word of God.
-
The provision's for . (church) , , ' : servants .
provided by deducting a portion of the 6fferi'ngS the fai tlfhtl of the time' they get .their
dai1~ breod
by going
frOm house to.
strong ones plow, make ~lL"lJllas (or) thatch hoUses. , is God's spirit.
b~;ng.
ar-e
Much
ho~. ~e
OUtside of that, his :Cood
At the very beginning, when he was a.dvancing in his educa-
tion, he had known that.
The fact that someone who lmows how to read can
interpret a text and broadcast G ~'s word is ~onsidered as a grace 8uffi,
cient to itself and an honor in his society. /
'.
..
/
Ic.s primary pr.lrpose is to serve the
1~Hj .
.
:
\
I
;'
Since (this) training is linked with religton on account of this ldnd of goal, the teach3113 of God's. wi sdorn i s no~ limited by time and
SO
this edu-
cation has no limit in whicb it will be rsr:.id that it should be over in such,
Unless they cli:scontinue it, it 'fill be e. life-
and-such' an e.mount of time.
Attainin,3 1~he scholar's level is not through finishing edu-
long edtlcetion. ca~ion,
but it is because of ~he time th~t a .~ spends ~tb books.
On .
account of thiS, going from one ~rovln~e' to another professedly in search of knowledge would be considered like toj~r's being transferred from one school to another, the diffelence' b.eing that the fonner was a year's jpUl'ney. ,
I
The student's food, befoj.~c tho spread of currency like today, was bread and '
/
water which he would beg at c~er.:"" house.
The place for spending tpe ni'gbt,
if they let him have shelter 'for God's sake, would be anybody's h~Jae~ other-
,
\lise i t
'W~.lld
be :i n the shed of any church. ,
A teac r.ler would set out hi s chair under the shade (of a i.ret:), gather I
'
,
together l'lUllWrous students eollecte'd from v'Ill'ious places and ,Jould read and \
explain only one text, baveJ.t reci t~d, preach on it and interpret it.
The
iI
students would follow him, learning it by heart, since they had no writing t
Ilhteria.ls.
The tools they h~d was only their ability to memorize what had ' !
.
been said to them. .What the~ spent the day learning, they \)lould spend tbe t
I
.
evening chanting at the eastern door of tbe church or in the church shed. i I
At the end of the training period, 1;he one who completes properly the
l
hymns would.be nominated for ~he priesthood~.
engage in teach\tlB.
I
\
'
The ~ extemporizer would
-
He woolF gather studen"cs and teach them.
t
travel about, preaching God \
be knew ~nat he shoulo have
'Ft word.
,OW
H~ would
//
Nevertheless, that doesn't mean that
as ~ p~est.
In ~rder for his lmowledge
to be certified, he would h~e , to complete what on~ needs . to complete of the
j
New Testament, the Old Test.~nt, chants, religicfls dnnce and l.he eiehty-one I
I !
/ 1
.1 B 1
/
/
/
)
I
eo
books which ore conslderei-final.
Aft.er p..'\.Ssine th~ G fOnd llis tea,.)e. tentif'.r-
ing in his bebal'f', t~le G'Ludent "'-ill be called a teacher.
0
After the types a.t1d
/ pro/n,d~ ty of his lcarni11g arc cansi dered, the 0 ff'l ces of elllqa, rnHl.a~JI-"IlIam, .. " l l __lJ, ~~p.-n~.-:!::.,
~ U -lib r, rj)3b~"'-C\.1.
t' .t..... s;,.e cr tOo S, l ' lin':le-J'': l"'.tr ~_, ~~?want and sue h 11kem'1,' ...
,
i>¢' given "/ ~
lim in turn.
Since the primary mission of church gr~duates i8 to make God's word
kno\rm, ,",~en hiS}- officinls are engaged in 4mstrative tasks in the vari-
ous districts, the lower ones in rD.nk go aroo.~' to every- little church and /
/
/
sHrl\;.ll'.;e
and preach.
this is only', their
').'he
I"
t~~
~
office of confessor, baptism, giving blessings, all in which
tod~,ts
-"
'!bet
student does not participate.
~\ f
r ",
have no fixed salArY. \~':'hetr food is thl,;\t s~ food which is brought to memorial services or to various slli1bgtes for banquets.
fuose who are smart 11ve ,
through c"opying books and presenting them to nobl.es and ladies IIO~ pay
{or their labors, D.rt grai:.ui ties.
live by intt:preting
receiving;I
Those who undersiand trickryry t
.
(magic) texts, engagil1g in sorcery and claiming they ,
will baptize.
M(1
o
On a:.~ount of (thit. education) taki.ng (so) mlch time, the
lessening of the contents oi !=.owledge ~d the fact that in this present age of'accul~ration (this educ~tion) is not profit(able-)~n respect of I
income, there are not ~ who send their childrell to the church.
I
As time
goes on, the ~stery which the clergy had in respect of l\~arning it is
_0
0_
0'
letting pass to the
ur~versity.
I
,.
_.
'
I gO '.
DivInation .~
senti~nt
Divl nation in meaning and in
types of eli vination ue many.
is' related to s9rce:t"Y.
It impinges on things like
It is not known "men divination ",-as be(!,Un.
~
The
and spirits.
F.l that as it IDD.Y) history
reminds us that it began to be clearly visible durir.g the reign of Zda Ya'qOb;:,Y p
"
Even in our, time there is no lack of dabtHras nnd swindlers who everywhere decle.re'they ,lill interpret texts, cnst demons~~~e
Derson t s horoscope, conjure up
philtres and offer solutions for problems which have, occurred.
These persons are ones who carry aroo.ml ."
0.
a kind of book in a case and with
elegantly arranged turbans and smooth talk go from house to house and vill.age to- villnee collecting money and solving their tt>r:rporary or lasting difficulties. Since we brO'J.ght this u~, it D".D.Y be useful to cite what zl!mI!ni'Hs Q~ddus-Abreha
"lrote in his book 'EKa.rnination of Spirits and Circuit of Kings'
about casting horoscopes and the stars being represented by beasts and wild ani m] s.
For convenience in' reading, the Geez numerals have been written in \
modern numerals.
The letters are written opposi te '~he number.
Alphabetical cOmpltation (Rule and procedure for
~ ?
. the computation of the letters)
~ Ord~r }
:I
= 2;
1; L
H2 =
Recl.uced by 7
3; M : I 4; slr = 5; R = 6 Reduced by 9
"'8 2
7
Q,
8
1
B
9
2
T
10
3
1
H3
20
6
2
etc.
Reduced by 12
8
')
'l'he star t s number ~ld cqU'l V9.J.el~t chl\ructer:
1st. Aricn (fire)
equivalent hyena
2nd. Taurus (earth)
"
" baboon
3rd. Gemini (air)
"
" antelope ,
4th. CIJ.) eel' (water)
" "
5th.' r:e~'1(i re ) )
II
fox and chsmois
" lion
6th. Virgo (earth)
II
7th. Libra (air)
II
" 1101f
8th. Scorpio (water)
II
" leopard
9th. Sagittarius (fire)
"
"- hyena
11th. Aquarius (wind)
"
"
12th. Pisces (water)
"
" dragon
" O\d, bird of prey
~
ox
lIence the d.i vi nat or , after finding the star of the man ,,!ho wants to
tit
find out u,uVu\' h.1.~ .1U t.ure, ~ai<:es the name ana. numl>er
01'
by his name and his mother's name through 7, 9 or 12.
the star and d.i vides
He then consults the
texts which refer to tbis star and explains to him in detail the state of hi:s future together with the solution.
If the matter (concerns) marriage, .
he casts (the horoscope) with only the names of the two betro~hed. When (information) is sought on buSiness, like th1so
01'
some other kind of job, he ,does it
If it is a. mo.tter of illness, he may tell him (i.e. the client)· .
to slaughter a. black sheep" a red hen, etc., smear (himself) with the blood, eat pigeon's flesh and to taste this (giving him an unknown amount of con-
-.
coction of various kinds of roots) in barley beer.
Depending on the neces-
sity (therefore) he ~ have a. scroll written and tell him to tie it (around) his left arm or his neck.
The scroll may- be written on (a. piece of) parch-
ment the height of the man and be 10 to 15 cm. wide, having mixed (letter~ ill» red and black ink.
A second type of writing is on a. wider parchment..-'nd
has a circl<:
itt the nd.dcllp.
ing is inco:!lprehendble'. ~imes
WhlCh
reuches to. the ,cdges.
Most o1't;en' th~
,n:it-
If i:t i3 legible, it is written in Geaz and ~~-
in vorda of a conrusing kind ,·,hich provide no interpretation.
puzzled le.,.vman accepts them as (jod's "\-lord, s8iY""lng 'Amen.'
The
However, in the
first :P31't of the r'ornr.tla, the names of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost areL..., mentioned.
It is probably a me&.nS of misleading.
.
While there are the interpreters of texts mentioned above, there are
(~o) ~se
who divine by means of china cups, glass beads ,and incense.
is arra..'1ged ror the pers?n
1'01'
coffee to drink this coff'ee.
It
,,,hom divination is to be made by preparing
lThen he finished driXlking, the ciregs are poured
on the ground from the cup ... Tne dregs make ridges inside the cup. di vina.tor looks a.t these ridges and may tell ,
~hiS
The
client) all so;ts of things
(~uch as) 'I see a pit,' 'I see good fortune,' and if (the client) is a woman,
'A
~,
v;ill
cal:.~
lJ.i.s
~ye.c
on you.
\ If you get together, you will have wch good
fortune and happiness. t The one who divines with incense takes some incense from the one for whom the divination is to be made and p.1ts it in a brazier containing fire. When the incense smokes, if the smoke goes straight up, it indicates tha.t it is a. sign of good fortv.ne and that happiness and plenty. are (coming) his .-
If not, then it is a. sign of bad things according to the direction the
--We;:{ •
. .'....... ,
smoke goes.
".
One who divines with glass beads, moreover, does so by looking at the l'
bea.ds, ccunting them one by one and casting them.
.
.
'''''le beads are not complete.
Something is missing.
He may tell (his client), The custodian spirit
of your mother, your father', or both, is estranged from yoo.
Abba THqqWar~
•
is the one who is angry a.t you because you did not do the customary thing which he
re~ires,
so he has acted like this toward you.'
-. .
~
.
'.rhe kinds of di vi. na.t ion mentioned. aLove fl..re th.i..ne;s \1hich they do ",hich ~
nre"~0re
or less visihle to the eye.
evil spirhs like carried
~~t
~,
The others are ncta Qf men infected by
custodian spirit, \1lh' abtlko, ?:!!!. t s offspring \1hich are
b.y reeans of
insubst~~tial
spirits that
car.l~ot
be ceen.
Even
though these spirit d.i vina"'..ors ro-e to be fO'tlnd in many :'11aces, it is believed that most. of them are in northern Ethiopia. Once a,
\ .
year, the spirit divinators celebrate a.
festi~a.l· .~ea.t
~
cerenony "rhile accompanied by fOllov.-ers. ",Ip.~tbis festival, persons who ha.ve ~
~
many spirits come from all over, and after singing
Q..'ld
dancing
~-dances
!J
for two" or three days and after passing judgment, they offer the year t s - t t ib'.lte or 'voU ve offering' due their chief bet'ore tht"y lea.ve. -These spirit di vinators, when the spirits by which tl":ey are possessed are raised up, listen to the E.':!. song, a.cco:np?Jwing it wj.tit clap!,ing and stamping ,[nile dressed in capes or sneepsldn cloa.ks 9 wearing na.ts ot mu.lticolored cotton or or bn.booll sl'".in--some girded wi"th swords--holding their sta.ves in their hands end sitting on their thrones on a high place behind ~ley
a curtain of decorated striped cloth.
slorif'y him.
For example, they sing
M
call out the
1) Come in rlHslin, enter, you. Tell us a ricldle. 2) wRsRn, the Raya (Ga.lla's) (zar), R~a IS (zar) ,
His hair-braid hangs down to tis shoulder. 3) Raspberry, .lemon, he hit (them),
. wHalin (the) whip, 4) wHslLn was late, why was he late While looking across'?
and
follows f~~ the ~ai krtow as \'lHsHn:
C1
wlLslin, the
~t8name
Ii
Also for the
~
sin~n:
)mown as Adal-l!\Y-death (they
.
1) Come in Adul, enter, you. He gi.ves us coffee to drink. . 2) Come in my brother, coce, enter, my brother, The velvet-cloaked one.
.
,
3) The curtain flutters, The Adal has
c~e
to part it.
4) 0 Ada.l, Adal, Adal-nw-death! J.ty
with bounty which is from
y~.
During the tire such things as the foregoing are sung, the spirt t -~ ------~
. - elivinil.tors and their escorts remain nodding. their heads left and right, back and forth for a while and finally they begin judginS
\
e"
t The chicf speaks to
the others, in an unknown language through an interpreter. Those seeking a' ~ .,,!} . solution relate their problems iin plain speech. This is ~derstande,ble to ~{(,
the spirit conjurers without an
in~erpreter.
l\
Arter the afflicted person is
told the solution and the philtre is prescribed for him, he pays what he is
..
told to a.nd goes away after instructed to come back another day. " Generally
s~aldng,
it seems that the beUef of people in' the elivinator
of a (particulnr) are~ is.. based on that divinator there.
By chance, when one
in a hundred finds the solution after receiving a reply to his
~estion,
his
belief (in a di vins.tor) ma;y be stronger than b,efore. It may be tha.t the name " (~ by- which he swears and by which he beseeches will be the guareli~n spirit' s 'I
name.. He extols the eli vinator t s name when he talks about him.
&y doing it
in this ~, i t divides people t s belief between the di vi nat or and God and makes a person the slave of two masters.
•
Certain persons in particular, on account of being completelY possessed by these di vi nat ors and custodian spirits, do not go out of the house (or) do
.l9'j
.,
a.n:.y task in ~
l':.eepii~?;
lvith ."f"+H thei.r c,o!l1rnAnd but -tt
will take ca.re of thnm.
eo
on believing thnt the spirit iJ
" Just for example, if '\-,hen a -pe];'son. leaves the house ,
in the mornillB, he encounters thiJ'l.gs which are not 'in );lairs, he will (go back) and spend the cloy at honlC, not ("going out) in ~
business.
publi~
or showing up for his
.
Wnen he goes out i~hp morning a.nd stumbles or runs across
an'
entpty water ,iar, it. is hard for him to spend the day 'Outside bis home becllUse , h~
has understood from these di vir.ators that such is, a sign of bad luck.
'l'he
llwnber of those who stay away from their affairs in this fashion, wasting ' ..
their working time and remaining attached to poverty is not small.
I
.....,.
OcctlSi911a.l1y, soree people 'tho) ioillen they .,eet up to go out in the morning.>
--
.ha.ve their ri,df.1'ee W!.de, their p,
e
~, 'So-anu".~,o's
spirit, so-and-so's guardian spirit, you kncm (e.ll).
May
you gv.~ U. lJ1~, it:; t. me spend '~he
When one pronounces the words of blessj.ng or of curse, others ss;y
in refrain "May it be
SOli
or "Amen."
Certain person's, whose sentiments are attracted by this aff'o.:b, do not ;refuse 'When someone asks
wen
the~
(ki~d
of)
they a:1'e beseeched by the name of the spirit.
not to do something by invoking the name of the spirit,
they refrain from doiilg what they desired to do.
On account of the fa.~t that
(the situation) is like this, it may seem td them (i.e. the users of this pr \ctice) JOOre
impressi~e
to mention the names of these divinators and
spirit eli vinators than to mention God' s name.
These who are linked together
b.r a deep devotion like vhis buy or breed choice hens and (quadruped) livestock to be slaughtered during the annual festival.
This means (selecting)
IBh
frO:ll
the sheep the blnck one:> with a white blaze, the white, the bla<'k, the
red and from the chickens the golden and such like.
the black, the white, the • Otherwise it is said that if what (the ,spirit) wanted bnrley-color~d,
is not slaughtered for him-, t.he customary custom having become lax, there is C
concern that one may (not)
.-
re~n
alive •
.When ru.vinat.ors travel frOtl1 one place ,to another, they have ma.ny fol ..
lo~e;s.
Drum beaters, coffee \nakers, reed ,
all these go along (with them).
spre8.0.~rs,
transln£ors ~ -mie\eers ,--~~---
If they meet people "'hom they
route, they (i.e. these :people) wj.ll let them pass, boWing low.
lmol(
Wil,) en
t
'You know
(best)' rNJ..Y probably be said. -They will probably ldss each other's hanc)s, ----- --rut--only
sex.
if'-theY-BJ.·e~of'-the-same
-~The-reason
for this-j:s-tbat this is-
tbe only thing that the guQ.!'dian spirit wants (them to do). ,.they stop for a rest, gifts 'and Eveu though
Uivlu~~ors
escor~~
---------11
At every place
are numerous.
are 'well known in ine villages and in the area.
on account of their skill and even. though they seem to obtain much bonor and
.
~
maJliY followers and are provided with a special happiness di fferent from other .
, people's, through obtaining an abundant income, they probably acquire a. heart-
.
felt sorrow through being separated from 8lld unassociated with other , people and failing to ao what other pe~le do.
bY
co~idering
There is no lack of those who live'
their skill as a curse from God &'ld seemin& to recognize that
they are not the SUilty ones.
In contrast
t~
these, there are those who cla.:im
to be chosen by God to cure the sick ones and to help the poor. analysis, they are all di vinators •
•
,
In the, last
.
.~
Ie Fnsting Fasting is a tradition linked to religion.
Its basic philosophy 1s
to prepare the soul for the next world b,y wronging the flesh and satisf,ying the spirit in this world.
....
Even thoueh fasting is refraining from things
like meat, butter, eggs and trl.lk which soothe the flesh in this life nnd cause the sml to be fOl'gotten, it means covertly keepine the mouth "away .'
-~------.---
fr-omiies',-- tEe-eye- rr(iillicentf~iSiiesEf;-tli-e- ear-rrom-lleari'lllrevtl,-the--han.t1------1 from doing
b~,
'.
from offeuding and wronging people and such like things.
If'we go into the matter of food, this is twice a week, ·the regular fast times being Friday and Wednesday. -- --ciii:;'e it avoids
any
kind-
On these days, the one who can en-
of food- from morning until t,relve
0
'cll)ck.
The one
who cannot, refrains from the l'.inds of food mentioned 'abov~ which have fat." • Besides, at specific times during the year, there are fasting :periods decreed by the learned doctors of the church. Starting with the Fast of ~ti'l:h... bet\, ~~ge in ~...z.:m; and including the Christmas (Fast), one fasts those of Nineveh, Lent, SlLne and ~lsata. fasts for those who claim
~o
Among these, those which are obligatoz:.y
be Christian, for all those who have attained
the age of reason, are l'lineveh (3 days), Lent (55 da¥s), and Falsata (15 da¥s). The-Fast of Sage (is) for priests and monks, and likewise the (fasts) of
•
slLne and Christmas are restricted to those who, being very firm in their faith, wish to pmish themselves stronglY. Even though -fasting 1s a matter .of religion, it is determined by the -
I
circumstances of an individual's W8¥ of thinking, especially now at a time in whi.ch (modern) culture is widespread.
Some feel that since they have not _
done anythil1g bad and since they believe in God, there is no special law requiring fasting, so God wiD. not be offended by their eating. simply to mortify the flesh.
Some do it
Some fast without reflecting or investigating,
200
.....
---~------------------------------:-~~---~
-
19 only be~ause the doctors (of the Church) have commanded them on account of ~_
•
•
• I
Christ's having fa.sted. A fasting person being termed' righte~s and one .;mo \ ' :' does not being termed a renegade or a Catholic is nothing new for Orthodox
,-
Christians. Wben we consider the implicit meaniJ'l.g, not speaking evil, not fomieating, ,not 'Wronging people, not committing injustice are indeed gooa. things. -,,'
?
-----
It does not upset the orderlY life of tociety. ------~--
--._---
value to be gi"en the fasting. r - - ----
As for religion, it causes
~---~--.
s~~l.-Not- Pilhging someone'i-s--propertyis a ltind of ..
riot desirins somebody's wife is a considerable visual fast.
Today, (modern) cul~'C':: h_~V?:~_ c~f!!l8ed.. the _whole-1Z!atter-eomplet~...1-oIll'-,-----t -'--~----
--~~-~--~--~--------------
there is no one who ... 6 overly careful with regard to food.
--~uro-stew> (bu~) to~ ~ne
Originally one
-----.
would fast only on bread and
without regard to meat and eggs.
4It
eats whatever
U~
•••
Hurray for hotels: TlJe one who before tasted ,
neither iood nor drink on Wednesday and
-
Fri~
is
to~
seen putting bread and
;uro-stew into his mouth and drinking coffee (on these) morniJigs. even tending to hold fastS' lil.e
~nt
They are
in contempt. After aU, there is no one
to hold (them) responsible, no one to compel them, so all those who tear (God) fast and the impudent break (the fast).
Even so, the church has not given up
its babbling and fastiIlg is a matter of choice however interpreted.
What-
should cause (a person) to be pmished is only when. it is something which , wrongs somebody.
As for
reli~
the pr.iests, hermits and
tinue to counsel, get angry and warn. young persons, lend a deaf ear.
The people of the
monkS
t~,
still con-
eapecially
They have left fasting to their fathers.
T' e disJiUte is restricted (to the follOWing):
'If I retrain (from eating)
rutter and m:i.lk, but do not refrain trom licentiousness and (wicked) desires, lIhat value does (my abstention) have'l
If I see a drunken priest, what' busi-
ness is it of mine? What is the meaning of tasting'l
201
The principal things
18~
is not to do ill, not to wrong SOineQne.
So are all the
(who don It fa.st) rea~ B
Dr.es
this
~ople
mean God
of this
"'~rld
i3 'going to
hat.e those who .have no religion? I ThO~ ·pt&ents and priests Il'.D¥ grumble, the matter is most likely ignored by t.he young. to bolster fasting is eradua.l~ weakening. observe fa.sti~) how~ver, the fa.st
is
The effort the church makes
For the one who has chosen (to
there for him whether proper for him
or not, (whether he observes it) from fear or from questi oning 8...11d inquiry, until it disappears completely in the course of time. __
~
_ _. - - - - 1 1
----
o
Cbri~tD'.as
Christtw.S is celebrated three,ont of four 'the "fourth, on 28 'TPJlsas..
on.. 29 Tahsas, but on
~rears
The rea.sbn for it~ being 7elebra.ted is as the
.
believers in the Christian faith say; 'It is on account of the 'fac~ that (our) Lord Jesus Christ "las born on that iJJJ.y in accorc1&nce uith . (God 's)
.
"'.
promise to Adam that (J('sus) would descend from the heaven of hea~ns to save mankind fro!n sin.' wi th mercy,
thi~
Since a:nong the faithful (Jesu,s ,) birth is llnked
fest). vnl. is 'a major one in '\olhich joy is manifested and di,s-
...
--- -----~----
since the meuns of e."q>ressing joy for the. -people celebrating Christmas is by hll:tchering an ox,
~heep
or goat at home, brewing beer and having reaJ..;lY
.
"
good mead prepared, then eating a.rrd drinking, the rich person picks 011t a youne steer or ~o.stra.tet1. rom, the poor person, according to his (economic)
ruys it on the ~ket.l to be used for celebra.ting this fest.i val and 8~'B.i ts (the big day).
~e
women staying at' home spend the time brewlng beer" making mead,
and dOing up th~ bH.rbY.rre--pe~r and all kinds of spices.• _. _ _
-----
msn, depending on 1)is (financial) means, may purchase and A. married ;,. .., present a castrated ~am or lWmb t6 his old father ,and mo~her ~o celebrate Christmas with. ",
The woman's father" sends'
an
invi~ation~in
edvance ·to his
son-in-J.e.w §o that he will come with his w1fe- ~n.~Christmas dq and partake in the feast. In every house, the person
~ho
is head of the household buys clothes
for the holida¥ starti~ with hims~lf (and) for bis wife 'and his children, and pit them aside.
For the
Christma~
hockey equipment, the young men gq,
down to the woods, cut sliehtly curved sticks, r. '!orch them in the fire, straighten them, decorate them, and put them aside.
A ~rson who loves
,
'
...
. r
.:.. tliis game cuts th~ wood :ror" the baJj. in. 'bhe woOds M.d trims ,it or se,lS up
. leatber ball, Grnears it v.i.th fat, and ·w8.tts/ :for the time of that .game:
0.
,
-
.
Until
'-~"
. . ....:: . the Christnas feptival ~ives, the children p~ this game during the ~-, • or
.
.
~
".~",..
(but) the you~.e men (do
<)0)
-in ,a clearance tPf t.he fields in the moonlight. <> , ~
The da,y' before . the . ~.. one. in which this holitlay iG celebra.ted is. a fast.
-
day called Maad,~ which is never omitted.
-- properly observE;d (as
,(~t ~alls-)
on
,&
~ledl.lesday
The daY on which Gad f~ is
-
fas,t) even if i~ fnlls on a fast da:" and not because or
Frid~~fCcr -~Gad·
_ sover, on Christ;nas 'Day peo-
ple go in the morning to their respective 'parish churches, pay their respects ~
to it by fleying, tThank~OU' for bringing us (to Christmas).
Maycae live ~ ...~
Then they attend Mass and return (h~). . . The sheep, goat or ox to be offered is butchered, or J.s caused to be bu~~
and be people of the future.'
-:;e
chered, on every doorstepo tltilAlt..::
';I:Om:,y, CI"Y"
In va.riou~ place"} people join together, con-
ex and Uivide it up.
After this, the meat is prepared,
(left) raw or prepared·~th sauce, roasted or boiled. ,ClV-e relatives and neighbors ga.ther together in the -- --the same.
s~
hwse and eat
~nch.
TIle children do
The grown-ups drink beer in big quantitie's eitlier
~cause
it is a
festival , . . dP...y or to gain :ourage on Christmas Day and particip8.te freely in ~
the
~lLnna. ga:. CL 0"('1)
",
'AM'.
Arter lunch is eaten, and they have finished driDldna, every child ~ts
on his new clothes first and carrying their hockey (sticks) and driving ,
their livestock, go down to the playing field. teams, they choose their team captains from
The:"'e, being (divided) into
8IOOIlg th~ir
number, dig (the
ho~es) in which tooput the ball to serve as goals whe~a they start the game.
(People) b
frOl4
each side take! up tbeir positiops and stand (there).
When they
begi'n'the game, the team ca.ptains begin skirmishi.gg, both I;ides run about in I
o~der t~ send the
\ ' ,
ball to the appointed pJsee or 'goal, and so they "
·f
p~
b.Y
I
....
-~...01!'---------------------------
e-
guarcling their gonl area.
~I.'he
__ ___ ~
O.le who has not Buardec1 his goa:! area Lu'G is
indolently forgetful, has his leg swept
c"tray
along "rUh "he ball.
I i wittingly
or not he hits the ball O'ler to the wrong goal. on the opponents' side, the
t) opposing team .ieers at him.
His o'l'm team insults him or gets mad at him.
After this, the grownups pla.y.
Even though they are advanced in age, the
team captains mark off the plaee for the
goal~,
receivc the hall from the
,
..
person holdir.g it and se.yip.g, ,
\,
'l>~
caJ.i on God and begi11 their game.
this game not be, one of rancor and revenge'
\
Since in this gam\diSPla¥ing strength by
running fast, struggling 8..Tld showing daring by swinging the gHnna stick and
.
hitting the ball artfully
and
\,
hitting the ball far are means of .measuring
.
,
one's sy~ll and virility, ever.r~ne plays sincerelY in order to acquire a ~ reputation.
~'
"
-
~
.,
>.
Sin~e touchiness, and if touched, overcoming by quarrelling
n
~
.
)ain honor for the'tribe, everyop.e plays seriously..
"It
.'
ball,
jU?~
-
in order to let (people) know •
~o
Every time they hit the
is whose son, it is
~h~
custom
t
every time one strikes to roar a.'1d boast,' (II am) the son of So-and-so.' Even
-\'l
,-
though. it is announced beforehand tha.t the game is not cirt&"'Of rancor and ,
;.
~
...
.:revenge, saying insults or hitt:ing (someone) with a club may lead to con-· siderable~'quarrels~
If a
qu~rrel breakS"~t,
the cr.larreling pel:""ns persons,
~'
foll<.wed by. their 'adherents , strike 'each other on the gHnna (fiel,d) until on ~lder
intervenes and separates them.
.
\.
In addition to this, the
~arrel
does
not distinguish between youth, elder, master (or) servant, and as the,y s~, ,
~.
'In the g'Unna game, the master does not get angry. I
.
,
Be that as it Dl8iY, after
J
~tting
..
each ether, cracking each other's heads (there t~) reconciliatiori, /
but accusing each ot:qer in court is a disgrace.
It would not be manly.
Rancor and reY'enge may have no place (in the game). At the end of the s=e,·.
e,
"\ when the· sun is setting, the winning team shouts cries of triumph while the losing team silently wipes !lwa;y the sweat.
'The ones who have
20;,
quarre~.cd
get
hold of an el(rr, estabJish peace and disperse to the~r respect:i,.ve neighborhoods.
After pra.:{ing they rr.tXI be rr.cn of the future, they bless each other.
The ones who are in sound concq. tion proceed while f'upporting the ailing and those with proken (bones)o
•
~
When sun sets and evening comes, everyone gathers together i~ his, respective'" neighborhood and ea.ts SU1)per a."ld drtnks ,-!hile te.lking at length, mentionir>.g game after game, (diSCllssins) this (past) g~.me, the p!a..ver' s mtanl:ine~s, the ~vclilless of the (Christmas) festival, savor of the sauce,
excellence of the beer, and then they go to their respecti-:e ~ters.- 'J]1er2. will be no game until nC:h-t year.
·0
/
.'
e.
'" Epiphany Of the festi vo.ls in EtRiopia., Epiphany seems to be the most popular and the most celebrated.
The reason this festival is celebrated is to recall
the (day) in which Jesus was baptined at the hands of John the Baptist. Epiphany is .celebrated in Ethiopia on 11
't"d:. )
This day is a time of joy for Ethiopians in p!U'ticular. "The reason is that it is a time of harvest, & time in which evel~hing is in abund~ce. In order to welcome the holiday, one -waits after bre'Wing beer, 'making hydromel a.nd produc:i.ng arrack a.ccording to the customs of the, ~d. and chickens are butchered. drink and be merry.
Oxen, sheep
Friends and relatives gather together to eat,
There is a grea.t deal o( singing and dancing.
Women
and men don the native dress which looks (white) as milk which they have
e
prepared especially for this annual holiday.
In fact, there is a Qs9¥iJlg in
our cexmtry, 'l>1a.y the dress which is not for Epiphany be torn to bits.'
The
pr~ers and l1ymns which the priests srt:y are. rendered in a special WD¥.
Since
.
.
the introduction t'of Christianity had a special form in Ehtiopia, the Epiphany festival is different from the way it is celebra.ted in other Christian ccantr~es. II
Even though Epiphany is observed on only one da¥, there are three whole days. of festivals in c.>nnection with it. K1ltllra.
Epiphany Eve is kn
This is not an independent holida¥. but one associated with Epiphany.
The word klitllra indicates that the baptismal water is impounded, dammed up and collected in a pit.
On Epiph8llY DS¥, this dammed-up water is blessed
EUd 'sprinkled on the beads of the faithful. In the afternoon of KHtlira. Day, government offices clca~.
The tabots
from each church are taken under escort of the believers of that cbuTch to a place in their vicinity where there is water, a river or a pool.
Deacons,
(
'. ~ clergy, and priests \-fearing clothes of' various coicrs a:W>Topriate to tt.e fes~i val
and also holding decorated. uIlIb:::eJ.las narch slovly.
is beautiful.
The jJroceBsion
\llien they ha.ve gone SOl.1e distance, the' number of their escort
comir,g out of various vill3ges grows larger and larger.
Those people 'Who
are unable to go escorting the tabots wait at the Epiphany pool, dancing: singiI".g and chanting. the
ten~
Accordir..g to custom, the tabot remainn overnight in
pitched for it besi6e the
night singing and dancing.
Epiph~~
pool.
People stay there over-
Those who cannot do so, return to their respec-
ti ve homes ai'ter accompanyiI".e the tabot.
•
Tne fei thful "ho are in the surrounding area bring food and drink. for the priests, clergy and deacons.
Torches and fires burn throughout the area.
While the YO'.lths sing and dance, the old people pray quietly.
Even though
this festival is s. religiOUS affair, fantasias are somewhat prevalenl;. aaybreaK the
c~ergy
gather around the
poo~
and lighting
cand~es
At
they begin,
to celebrate EPiphar~. In Addis Ababa, the
gat~ering
large place known as Janhoy Meds..
place of m8.n;y ts.bOts is in the very
There is a pool like a Swimming pool
which has been built specificaJ..J.y for Epiphany.
The people who eome es-
corting the tabot fly banners bearing the insignia of their respeq&i ve
tn
churches.
In Addis Ababa.
particular the festival has changed its ap-
pearance.
At a little distance from the tents in which the tabots are left
"
ove;n:tght are tents in whiclt food and drink is sold.
The people go from
tent to tent, eating, drinking and enjoying (themselves). On
the JOOrning of Epiphany Day, the Patriarch delivers the prBiYer of
blessing and blesses the water. direction.
After blessing it, he sprinkles it in each
Since there is modernity in it, faucets wQich spray water \ddely
are turned on for the public.
Tbe faithful. race to be sprqed witb water so
~----------------------------------------------------~,--------------------------------
'~hc
blessing vill reach them.
renewed.
The fa.ith that
th~y
have in their religion is
After that, with the exception of one tabot, all the others are
returned to thell' respective churches. The
~hl~d
dAy is the festival of the ho~ Archangel l>tichael.
festi val is called Cana of Galilee. 'The date is 12
'f'Clr.
-
'nlis
While a.li. the
other~ tabots o.re returned to their ·r~pec:.,j.ve churches, this tabot will be
left there overnight.
Late in t.he morning of that same
~,
this :tabot is
removed from Janhoy Meda tl..nd taken to the district of Yekka. In sum, Epi'Phany, including Cana of Galilee, ha.s a life of three
~s.
The PeOPle, after spending s. 'While dancing, singing and 'having fun and pr~iog, engage in their respectiye tasks on the fourth da,y.
.,
( ". .., 2Q
Easter Easter means
rcjoicil~g.
\'lhile the ordinary person uses it in this
(meaning), the educated call it Resurrection, for this is the de(t in which Chrl~t was separated from the dead and rose (from the grave).
Even though
the princip~~festival is Sunday, th~ six daYs prior to this festival have a special observance.
After the forty-d~ fast of Lent, the final 'Heek is cel-
ebrnted ns Passion (\~eek).
Since (the period) from'Monday to Saturday was
the time -in which the Lord v:as tested., died and . sorrow.
'WaS
ruried, it is a time of
It is Thurs~ when it becomes very obvious that Easter is near.
This Thursdny
i~
cnlled Holy Thursday ~ \
After Christ had fasted forty days and fortY ~ghts, Thursd~r is the day he g~the~ed the disciples together, fed them and took leave of them.
Taking this as nn example, th0 veople today eat a porriqge madE! of\ roughly ' ,
ground beans, and wlleat known as GUibon. drink beer.
'.L'hey br"eak dabbo-bree.c1. \ '£hr~y
This is 'by' fol.lowing what the Lord gave the disciples tQ taste
when he tore off pieces of bread for the apostles, tested the wine and said,
be torn off and
• (This is) my fle,sh which is to
'lJ1Y' blood whiqll is to b~
..
spilled tomorrow.' Tbe next da¥, .Friday, is Crucifixion FridaiY or Adoration.
On this
~, all males and fema.les who have reached the age of reason and' who are not
engaged in a task assemble at the church in their immediate neighborhood beginniDB midd.a¥) those who have them (briDging) rugs and carpets and those who do n~t, '(coming) Without. ~
They prostrate themselves all da¥ and all •
.ening, saying 'Kire Eleison,' confessing the sins they have been doing
for some time and pr~ng.
Those who are matUX'ein age and are of strong
constitution do not eat all
da.y
stomachs.
long.
They spend even the night with empty
The next ~, HolY Saturday, '(;hey spend da¥ and evening like this. 1'-
~10
\
e-
t.
~
~
not enter their r.out..l{i.
•
Until
7, 8 or 9 o'clock at night food dces
This is kn<)"wl1.e.s
p..l;:falu't
On Holy Saturday, the priests pray 'and chant when the sun sets, sa.y-
ing, 'Olr Lord has been teste:d, the Devil has been imprisoned,' long into the night.
Tbey announce the good news of Christ's' II\Ystery and his miracle.
When the time of the Resurrection arrives, they a specially
~lodious
cha.nt.
expr~3s
their rejoicing ·with
They hnnd out fresh green reeds.
scramble (for them) so as not to miss out on the blessing.
The pe?ple
Even though time
varies in different places, the Resurrection is at nine o'clock at night. At that
ti~
the church ceremonies are over and from then on the festival is ~
t
the Public's. At nigbt, the people, each one in his house, according to their
(financial) ability, oreak the fast and moisten their stomachs which have been hardened .by two months of Lent with the usual chicken sauce, (b'.1t) some, ,
-
in keeping with
which a little butter has been -plt.
-
After all, there is greediness and on
this d.JJ;y the number of those whose stomachs are upset is' not small.
Because
of this, many people soothe their hardened stomachs with a mild stmce which is not upsetting to the stomach or with a fat-free HolY Saturday is a commotion.
1/ ~-stew.
For the festiv,al preparations, the women ~
spend the day' thinldng of household ner-ds, the men (buying) the castrated rams and lambs and the children's clothes.
The reason it is known to be Easter :is
~ot onl;Y by the fact tha.t the ~ber of fa.st da¥s bas come to an end, (but) "
by the hustle ~ bustle on -every road and in every market, bleating of sheep
..
in every house, the cackle of chickens, children' s shouts, the smell of butter, the merr.y disputation of aame and servant, on this Saturday. give large-scale banquets on
t~s
While the haves
da¥, the have-nots give banquets going
211
, beyond 'What their monthly incomo:! allmis, beyond their nnancial abilities, ,
even indu1ging in bf:'C(::l.J".g.
E, penses are high.
HOl-leVer, it is Easter' anel
one In!l.Y be insensitive (to the expense) until l~ter is over.
There are many
who spend Easter t'>atlly just like they spent the t\'lO months of Lent fasting hard.
Even
~hough the~~
do not bemoan their fate, they intrude at someone, ,
else IS banque' demeaning themselves and try to have fun just as much
8S
the
ones l-lho are well off. On Sunday, the ,romen arise in the morning and serve breakfast by prepariro.g the food left over !l'om the night before.
It is at that time the
'sheep and the oxen go to their deaths.
Just as though they understoon the , , meaning of Elster, the dogs bark, wa.llting a piece of meat to be throun to them
e
Q
It is at that time, that the sly cat
dr~s
off a chicken's head or
the sheep t s entrails by snatching (!;hem) if it is convenient for her or by begginG if' it.. .i.s uut..
After that, the d~, is spent in eating, drinking, inViting e..lch other to
di~er,
in inebriation, in drunkenness, in
sing~ng
and in gossip.
tions and close (friends) breakfast together and lunch together.
Rela.-
Tbey say
to each other, 'Happy Easter, congratulations, He has loosed the halter of Lent for you! '
Starting that ve1:y ~, Easter presents of food are taken
to the venerable,ones, to the father confessors, the godparents and to the I
vicars, in their respective homes. clothes are taken out. ~han
YOln's! t
Just
ll~e
on other feast
~s,
the
Sun~
The children boast to each other, '~ne are better
Pri.ests go to e&eh of their confessional ehildren t s homes.
rt is indeed Easter. One ·-who observes the state of the people would not think Easter would ever come again. had risen
fr~ ~he
dead.
Some look as though they themselves
lught this not be in spirit?
10
z.t!Lsqlh is one of the gayest and most color1ul. holidays cdlebrated in EthiopiB.
The reaSOll for this festival is the discov.ry of the Cross of
Q1.r Lord Jesus. Christ. ;This festival is observed ort 17
to the Ethiopian calendar.
J.Ulskll.rllm according ,.
This day, considered holy, is obse . . . ved in all
. of Ethiopia. Accordi~
to the legend, the cx-oss was discovered in the 4th century
A.D. by Queen Helen, the l,,01{her. of Constantine \olho was the King of
Rome~/
Sh,e was a true and resolute Christian, so she traveled to Jert "la1em to find the Cross of the Lord.
She did not find the cross as soon ae she arrived.
She could not find anyone to tell her (where it llaS).
Therefore she burned
incense and prayed to the Holy Spirit to gUide her to the place in which the
e
True Cross of the Lord was.
Heavy smoke rose from 'the incerse.
This smoke
went stra.ight up into the sky and then went down in the shape vf a bow and guided her to the :place in ,-Ihich the True Cross was. dug up and the cross brooght out.
There she had the ?lace
She ascended a nearby mountain and lighted
a fire in order to inform her son that she had frond the eross.
In this we;y
she reve81ed that her search had been successful. ~
Since Ethiopia has been one of the Christian countries since early
time?, this festival is widely observed.
111is
~
is quite colorful througq
being associated 9fith this :religiOUS-type festival and
beCauSH
the rainy
s,~a
son has Pa~ ~eing succeeded by spring, through the appearan,'!e of blooming t'lowell:i and
gr~n
grLSs and leaves.
",,-
Markets, government offices, industries -
aL.l schools are cl~Se.d on account of thiB festival.
"
,
People, bustling about
dreg· ~d in their white clothes give additil.:mal color to this festi~.
e.
What is considered the' ~st pl.easing and marvelrus sigl. ~ is the
dWre. nl1mY.ra .is the
~ before MHsqlh.
of'this holi-
On this day tLe people
lo,
set up the cllL..:ara (or the bonfire) in a public square. poles are eollect/.!d, i.helr ends are tied t.oeether. ,.
After l.~y lone
At the end of each pole
a handful or" !l'lLsqtil flowers is tied. Everyone goes to the church in his
imT~di3.te
neighborhcod D."'d celebrates ~
:
the h0ll.da.Y by setting up the aB.rr...l{ra.
Chi,ldren and youths help enlarge the I
dHrr£ra by
addi~~
some sticks to the main pile.
Priests and deacons dressed
in their best clothes take the cross to the dl~rr!lt'n and give the blessiD,3 'While walld.ne; around the o&&a, burni.ng incense and chanting a beautiful. chant.
The p.!oplc, follol-.'ing the priest s and deacons, sing various songs
:i..ndicatit'.g that spri1".g has corne.
E'or example:
Don't Plt on airs, barley Because it' is the cabbage toot sa.ved our sQ'..1l Courage, 'ltV soul Dear barley 5.s coming to help you.
,
Wben it b~comes a little hard to see afte.r tbe sun goes down, the dlimlLra thrusting up into the sl'iy is ignited.
~e
reason (for this) is to
COlllL1leJlK)-
rate the fire Queen Helen lit after seeking ,:-.nd finding the eross. Villa.gers and city folk spend the evening feeding the firoa and warming themselves by it.
The ,ou~ people dance and hurl their dl!:nHra lights or
torches into the blazing d~ fire. respective homes.
SOllie people light torches in their
.
'!'hey spend the evening and the night rejoiCing, dancing ,..
and singing.
On the following
da¥, Mlisqlh
D~,
wRere the dlLmlLra was burning" scoop up the ashes . foreheads (wit.b it).
This
~
the people 'go to the place ~d
make a cross on their
is spent in inviting people to banquets and
in visiting relatives. In Addis Ababa, this ..festival lis very pleasant.
.
is celebrated is in Mlisql:LJ.
"
S~e,
-
The place where it
a place in which a tent has been pitched
;:.14
to shelter the guests.
In that area, onlY those who have special. pennission
ma:y come very near to this tent and to the. da.~lra.
The c"'ltperor and all. the
nobility and bishops a~e present in that place and celebrate this festival. Since this festival is very important, soldiers, scouts, prieots, deacons
"
and the people are in line a.fter line a.roo..'ld the square and contribute a special aspect to this festival through chants, songs, and dancing. The Portion of t.be (True) Cr"oss in Ethiopia.
It has been more than one thousand years that the l.uisqRl Festival bas " been celebrated with great religious ceremoI\Y.
The occasion for celebrating
this fE"stival and something "mich gives it a special aspect is the fact that
a portion of the True CrosS was br~J.ght to Ethiopia in the 14th Century. The ,3~/
piece of the cross is loca.ted in the monastery of St. Mary's in Gasen'Valong 'f
e
with the book
knO'WIl
~
as Tefut which has Ill.!lllY pages and 'Which tells the truth
• about the 'Way this very cross was brought (there).
It is said that tnis bQok
was written by order (af the king) during the reign of Zara Ya 'qob
(1~68).
According to this Book of tefut, duril'.g the Middle Ages e.11 of the 2mperors in Ethiopia .'Were asked to save the Egyptian Copts from the Egyptian Mlslims and ~ltMS.
Twice these emperors intel:vened to have the Patriarch
of Alexandria released from prison.
For this favor, the Christian folk l1v-
iDg in Egypt, Constantinople and Syria presented precious gifts of gold and ".
other things to the Emperors of Ethiopia. the' Emperor
The king -who 11ved at that time,
David~nt these gifts ba~k and asked to ~ given in t~eir ste~d
the piece of the True Cross which the Patriarch of Alexandria had in his possession.
His reqlest was accepted and they gave it to him, includ£ng
.
the pictures which the Arostles Luke ~d John had painted.
Po account of,
this, the festival knmm as 'A~e MlLsqlh' is celebra.ted in Ethiopia. date is 10 lIJLsklLrRm.
>
The
-After
K;ip.g
David, his fourth son, Zara Ya tqob, inherited the throne.
"lhen he gre~'1 old, the LOrd cOn'Jronded him. in a dream to store His Cross on top of His CroGs.
The king, after ~on$ta.nt1y fasting and praying and living
apart from people for two whol,e years, finally found e. mountain in the sha.pe
,.
of a cross.
On this mountain he had built the beauti;,'l church known as
.' 'God the Father.' I
•
He Plt the Lord's Cros.s in a golq. box and placed it there.
The priests of Ga~~n ~~ard this precious object which is in this
ancient monaotery.
-
Even though the old church he s been burned and pillaged
many times, it has been re~red over and over again and is still in service.
They (used to) spirit e.~·1~ and conceal the crown, capes, books and picv~res which ~re inside (the church) in ti~es of trouble when plur.derers
came.
In times of pesce 'they would return them to their places as before. Every year fLfter the J.~sqY.l (l'estival) is over, .rna.rrJ people would
-
the celebration of the Festival of the Virgin gary on H!dar 21.
•
St. John's (nay) St. John(.'s D~) is a. Uew Year's holiday which l,s celebrated every year on the first of !>ill.skl.lr~
E\ren though the identii'ied purpose of the
,
6
festi val is thp lIew Year, there are other festivals celebrated a.t this sometime.
The memorio.l da..v assigned to St. John the" name of ~ilich is mentioned
a.bove is celebrated on this ~.
Besides) the Hew Year is a timP in wllich
the rainy se&SJn is over, the sun spa.rkles and pours its light ~JVer mountain,-: A
field a.nd valley nnd is genero"J.s with its warmth and (is also a time) in .....hieh flowers b.l00m.
This is a happy occasion of eo New Year.
.
This is the
way in which the Ethiopian people, specifically the Christians, welcome St.
John's. '
,-
Torches are lit, tO'Hard evening on the eve of that holidl:\V.
Those
Who light the torches are uales. After they light tbe torches and leave the house, they sa:y (the following) "hile knocldng on the door three times I Out, cabbage pot! In,
porridg~
pot!
and then they go outside.
While outside) they let out shouts until the torch
finish.es burning, sS¥ing: Oh
m:r flower, Nl!sJrlLrl!! has come
.
Courage 'm:I soul, Barley-o has cOp!e to you:r a.id. In !4LskRrlit!, no one will marrJ you.
. In lboar I will talk to you circumlocutiQUSly
In 'bqamt :;>will talk to you . . a little.
Until the middle of
~sas;
Being haughty and rowuing in ,
-
~l".
After that, at 3 or 4 a.m., people go down to the river and bathe.
The rea-
son for that is in order to arrive before the birds have taken ~ drink.of I)
I..
It.
(
-,
.
r
I ",. 0 ,t."';
...
~
"
.
,
. ,.. wate.~ •. ,~ tr.ea.ui~ of this b3othi.ng,as to Crulse _(1J)Y "bad luck o? ilJ. tbing to
remain :benind "\(i th the old
yea1
,~
&one. 'm~n morning cemes, to welcome the l~ew ('
Year in (a sta.te of) p.l.rit.y.
..
.
In the mornil~, ever30ne sla~~ters· a ~hicken, sheep or'goat according ..
to }-.is financln.l and hC'..ll;;ewi.l'c:1Y, nbi.Uties.
'
~e
. v'
.
also sl~hters castra12ed; , . number of' t}le sl;~,rP., chi~en1Jo and, '
she~p.
\~..
Hany
people differ in the kind
goa.ts th~y b':l+;'cn€'r.
Toe reason
i'OI
ana
'.,
. ..
this is in order to Pl·op~~iitte: Pf ,expel
or see ,off toe evil: sp:,rHs u~pen
Dep.endi.ng
. \"
on the number of spiri t.s, one nviy butcher a rcd, -black or golden 'Chicl:cn' or dark-bro~
a. whitish blsck with a blaze on the head or
shee;.>.
Persons
bold~
ing this bel:i el.. . "Who prppltietc the :3pirits wear gn...ss bea.d necklaces on the .... •
festi val day.
•
.,
J
They re'ci te magic formulE\s. \..
On acccunt
ot the ma.tter 01' !ecitins
ITsg'ic lOnnula.s .. espeC1elly'those ~"
" •
~ilo SD\:I
:-
"~,,'
~
...
II
f
'We have been pos~essed by Add,o KlI.bl'e.' they recite lIlS.gic :fornitias . ,I
•
• I
niGht and dIJ::;f for three da.vs they sing the ~ songs.
S~ng ~om
the festi vnl day.
At, thi{J .tiMe "-
(The spirits) give tb~ir hosts no pe~ce.
On the
.third da.Y when their reason returns, they cc~se their recl tation just llke ' ,
. 'one who has awaken~d from aleep. s:sothers who believe in ~~i 'its give a spe~ cial banquet.
Its. ldnds of foods are llmi ted to a slaughtered chIcken witb
. " "it(; feathers ,(stlli"'~n), hoe cake, ~
(
•
....
a.l4d such like thingr.
"
parched: c~rn, ses~ cakes, ,..,heaten bread
They take this and drop them on the higllwa¥ either
I #
. mixed together or singly.~ _ (AUl...this is a thing whith they offer as a
,,ac;ri-
fice so that the aforeooJnentionecitevil spirits will belp them get rid of illness, want and other misfortunes of life. 'sacrifice is dJinqara" ,
.
-
The secular name for this kind of
When a passer-by sees this sacrifice, he DUst hit it
ro
with a stick, po.tr water on it or otherwise take a taste from the top of what can be, so tasted,
rig
.
.'1
got bere first.' ~ c ,~ ..., 1 .. C",
It is believed that this
'I!t
•
" f
.
,will help the person not to be sick because of the evil spirit.
,In this in every house. asspciating
\-.'aY:
\
wit~
to 3llother place
Rmolt(y fires) are lit and at least one chicken sluughtered
The reason for this slaughtering is that since one has been evil spirits for befol'(~
•
so,m~~b time,~
one goes out of his
hou~e
12 a.m.
This is just to be safe from eyil s:pirits. . ,. ......... " In the eafternoon, children and ycmths flowers for relatives . and. ., bearing ~ . . . • neigh~
.
.
bors come to sAY,.: tC~mgre.:tu18.tions on (God's) bringing you from one year to the
"
.
next! .
.;ti
.,
~
,
,
'~t
~eremony
is r.lcasing ~in this
is the girls going from nouse to
hous~ in gioups, singing.
It is a game 'wb~ch they play t~ get. someone to c . ' . s&ry .~Happ'y Ne'i Ye8:-1" to ~ou' or tG get a present from another (person).~
'.
""t
..
J•
.,
'
..
...
.
..
.whl.le they wanoer aboot, they sing'So New Year's ~ong like this: ,
t
. "
Oh
~ flower (song leader.)
ver~t • • • (refrain:
singers)
"
MY comrades ~, •• (song leader) ~
.
Verdant • • • (refrain) Stand in a row Until I gather wood And build a house.
Let alone a house, I don't even have a
d
'"
•
fenc~.
I will spend the night rutside, Counting stars. Flower, blooming ~th a killer (song;; leader) (refrain singers) . In this
wa¥
they spend the da¥, talking' about their achievements,
.
'
gathering "presents and after dividing up what.. they· have obtained 'they go
.. 21ft
1
1 - - - - - - ----- -
------ -- - - ----- -- -
,I'
home as evening falls. This fest.iva.l is Y.nOiffi by several names:- St. John's, Neu Yearls or
, 3 nqu·tata.:>_, rut its joys and. obser'\,'Mce do not change i 1;s character • ~
.'
.. ~.
-'
-
-------,-------,-'~~--
-,
------ ----
---
l
Differences
are e.pp'lrent emong the traders according to their respective functions. Tl:e merchants of old passed a\-my after doing nuch good by passing ",
through na.ny districts with (nr.lles) loaded ~th merchandise, l1ringing the
things the country nc'eded and teJr'.ing 'aws,y the things the country produced . - '
and grew.
Even though their. basic
fun~tion
",as
trade, they being an instru-
ment for an exchal"..ge of customs, they acquainted the coontry wi. th, other countries.
The ones who laid_the foundation for Ethiopia's present history
are these mergnants.
.
While their good deed is to be admired and appreciated, at first at a ' \
nece~sar.y
time in which (modern) culture was not widespreafr like today, it is ,
to realize bow , much effort was incu:nbent upon tbem. "
Inasmuch as they .went ~
across many districts, they arose at night and after finishing most of the long journeying of their
~. s
.
travel before the sun became very hot, they I
would rest in a kind of shade when the sun got too strong for tbem. before the sun began setting again,
.
~hey
night at the place where it. got dark.
Then,
would travel on, resting for the
Camping together at night, guarding
their livestock from wild animals, talking about the state of their trade, . taking
t~ns
sleeping, they would resume their activity the following
Since there were
~
difficulties on this long journey, many merchants
would put their baggage together.
They
w~ld
load their goods on Dllles,
horses or donkeys)according to the situation of the place. 1n
a place
If they traveled'
of a de~ert type-.they would load up camels which (can) go (in
such conditions).
This is because (a c~el) can stand the sand and heat of
the desert.
221 I
~.
I----.---~-.
----.- -
----
------~------.-----
Host of the
~--~
--.-~.-------
- -...
..
their merchandise comprised spices, jewelry, incense
ti~
and ll\Y'rrh, perfume, !'l>'eCiOUB stones and the like. When trade became very ,-.. wide~spread, they -would eo around with wild animal pelts, ivory, textiles and the like.
They would deal in meat, livestock, pack animals and farming I
tools in places from which the distance from town and the '\"oughness of the journey would not
dete~
them.
The merchants tram distant places used to
deal in goods which would not spoil on account of the long Journey or the change in climate.
"
For the goods which were loaded on mules they used to need straps, wooden load stays, sacks, thongs, for attaching last-minute additions, bags and saddle mats. (Qf goods).
Often they would travel by putting
8
saddle atop the load
Tne reason for this is that if some animals returned unloaded "
and barebacked, the merchants would ride them so as not to get tired. they" :rct~:rncd, theY wv.lld de, .;0
sliig.iu~, illi..vning WF.Lr
Wilen
chants and reciliing
poems of sorrow so that the journey would not bore them. Along with tbeir trade articles they would take various kinds of food iI
for their i,provisions, keeping them separate.
The food they ,",'QUld take was
\
\•
mostly dry' provisions.
'l
Tbin bread, dabbo, f,;ako, dabbo g,ol"b, and roasted
I
barley .
I
fl~
were never absent from the bags and baskets of the merchants.
I
.'
,
Neither requires much preparation nor will it spoil. .
When they would ,come
to a plaee iwhere there was no· water, it is obvious that their dry food would I
create Jl1lC~ difficulty for them.
'
~erefore it was customary to take water
or beer inla leather bottle or in a horn. ,
Merchants of old, after suffering from the length of the journey, the (I
heat of the. sun, the cold of the night, the frost of the morning, the nature" of the climate, from wind, from illness, from all these (things), being·separated from :their families at least two or three months, have passed away
222
,
after laying the basis for modern cororr.erce and after founding ·towns.
Today IS
commerce, having ch3.l1P.ed its aspect on eccount of (llIodern), culture, has ma.ny improvements visible in it, the year.'s journey being limited to a day or a I
week, cities having been built on the plain which used to be a. place .of shelter and-for.spending the night anl because the food which used to go 'carried on their backs can (now) pe obtained at a hotel. rock salt have been replaced by money. come to be
n~ermls.
Salt bars' and
The varieties of merchandise have
The profit is rather large.
Nevertheless, the tech-
niques which the trader bas obtained from this original foundation are based on the effort of the
•
l
trade~s
who preceded him.
111
Artisans In our countr,y, the men who ar~ called artisans are of many and varied
.
skills.
These men own no plots (of ground) in. the city nor family land in
th:! courrtry'.
-
Mostly they live in a client status.
Their daily living as
.
well an their year's clothing it; based on their skill. .
A few of' them are
, those known as 'we'twers, metalsmith1!, blacksndths ~ tanhers. I
~.
-
W~~!l.yers • They make (tM.nes ranging from}f4sfua.ll nlL~Rlas and belts to skilfully decorated native dress of various kinds.
Like the other skilled
craftsmen, a difference in the skillS ~d ability is apparent among the -: weavers.
The weaver who ~es "s~mas of multicolored he~ and produces vari-
ous ki,nds of decorllt,ions may gather in quite a bit of money.
'l'he weaver who
is rather superior in his sy~ll and who has man1 c~stomers ~~y, in consideration of the situlltion 'of his income, move-to a place iri-which a great many people live or to a town which 1s sotne,\-lhat acculturated.
~o
a maker of
~g~G
with' mlticolored
~ems
is the gauzy
is particularlY popular with the ladies and girls.
lHmma maker
and the gauzy
~Hmma
Next in reputation
~s&una~
make·r.
He
The mlticolored-hem
maker mostly turn out (clothes) through
recommendation only, not cheap run-of-the-m1~l clothes.
In any case, i~
is necescary to wait one's turn for a long time to have them make any
----~ -~--
. clo.thes (for one) to wear •. In 'contrast to those weavers who have superior sldlls, there are those whose skill and income is considered low who make thick ~, robes and gabis.
These (make) their living in places where
people's incomes are low or in the countryside, because the clothing of the -country (people) does not follow-'the modern style.
Even though the income
of one who works in the countryside is limited, at least he does not lack enough income to maintain himself.
If he perhaps moves to the town with
.
~-
.
the intention of Ecttering his living standard, he will have to compete with reputa.ble mtl.lters of
e~nts _or
else spend day after day at the market •
. If the number of wea.vers is la:rge, they may settle a little apart fr~
the gentlefolk, otherwise they live in the available and convenient
places mixed with the so-call.ed gentlefolk. me~t
, -'
The permanency of their settle--
varies with the condition of the market.
Should the -market be slack
after the village or neighborhood accepts tr-em, they pack up their baggage
and odds and ends and leave just like they came. able property or ancestral family
l~i1d,
Since they have no immov-
they do not consider more than a mere
trifle wearing theoselves out (movi~~) from place to place just like nomads (do).
'l'hE\ weavel"s
e
. or dltbanansa.
. She is called a pottery maker "
wife
may
make pottery.
Since the weaver's children living in the country are unable
to go to scl1:ool they grcm up learning their mother's and father's trades. Therefore ~ the fact that families like these are trained in the Game kind of skills is not surprising, even though it slackens the country's growth. Metalsmith.
Another appelation is tlLbib, but tod"" they have started
using- the term tliya b.
The metalsmith
gold, silver, brass and copper.
mA~e3 "
---
-
~
jewelry for men and women from
."
The one who .makes trappings for the nobles'
JII1l.es and horses is this same smith.
Among the most typical items of
~ewelry
')
which they make for women are necklaces, anulets, earrings, bracelets, rings, crosses, and 8nklets. As for the men, they have them make crosses for the neck and rings for the finger. The smiths do not gather together in one place and do nC't live (there) like the weavers or tanners. Even in the country they are not to be found in ~ places.
On account of this, country dwellers wanting jewelry go to the"
towns. Like the weavers, the metalsmiths vary in the excellence of their
1)2'" I...,
,)
"
~--------------------~------------------------------~------
trade and refinement of their technique. works onlY gold and siLver.
A metalsn.ith of retnt.c alwa.ys
Since he has a lot of customers, his income
'is (in keeping) with that amount. They sat of them that the metal worker's " income would be high had it' not blowrr away like ashes. When they praise
,.
them'they sing:
. Your metalworker husband, the beauty t the bee'.rty, , He fashioned me like necklaces amd rines. Since the metalworker.' s,' wife is a bit proud, she does not make pottery. Blacksmith.
He is called 'SIirl.,thy-o' and '}'1etBl-o.'
Even though his
efforts are (expended on) various kinds of (ferrOus) metals, he- stands some'what 'apart from the metal worker on account of his particular skill. While the
metal~orker
plow~ho.re
e
makes complicated jewelry" the blacksmith makes plowshares,
rings, axes, 'sicy.J.es and such J.;ike.
da(sge.L's, pik~s
auu
\'1bile he makes weapOns like
~petU'f:i, he IUa.Y uc<.:asiCJI~ repair uroken r l.flea
two.
Even fUrther, there are those who work b.r smelting the ore and
pistols.
melting the metal. " pottery.
The smith's wife, just like the weaver's wi fe, ruakes
The sons follow their fa.thers' trade.
Tanner.
Except for parchment, he makes all the things which are made
from hide b.r smoothing and sotteniDg it.
Since making parchment is somewhat D
more complicated, it is left to the scribe who is trained in that skill on that account.
The tanner makes red oxhide sleeping mats, decclrated bide
~
mats, leather,bags, slings for toting babies, sheepskin capes, book casing, girth straps, horse and DIlle saddles and all tbe reins. trims With leather household items like, ters and slLfed tre,.vs.
~
baskets, sieves,
~
plat-
Since making things from bide does , not get very far "
wi thout water, tbe tanners I
tanner's
~
Bf!:sides this, he
fe makes ,pottery.
settlem~nt
is not far from the ri ve}'side.
The
- - - ----~-~~~ ~~---~--- ~--
-~-----,------------
. ). I 'f Artisans generally have the same appellation--tKbib--even though • their skills di ..'fer.
Their place in society is low.
skill is pop'.llar, the artisa.'Qs are held in c\ .. empt.
h'ven though their Th\'y do not come in
numbers into a quarter (inhabited by) so-called gentlefolk ·~o live. F
~s
is because of a beli.ef that their eyes are not good for children and l ivestock.
Today this beli~f ha.s become more- and more attenuated, especi8.l.ly ,
in towns.
Even though the rea.son' for this is not specificallY Known, gen-
tlefolk ha.ve ;grown close to the weavers and metalsmiths more than the other ~
artislUlS, but have held off the tanners and the pottery makers.
f
.
Since peo-
ple have segregated them and since th~re are no quarrels about fandlY land "
aD.d pr~rty among them, artisans are not people who. frequent courts.
Even
<
though they become rich, they do not give up working unless their strength becomes feeble. Arti~ans do not ever marr,y with so-called gentlefolk unless by a
, ndracle. marriage). lent.
~ey do not become brash and ask (a gentleperson's daughter in
In the countryr.ide especially a. usage like this is still pre va-
City gentlefolk, however,~ have begun to marry up with them se,ying,
'After all, what can one do about (the change-s) the times bring'l'
This
bappens if the artisans give up their old occupatioIl$ and engage in commerce or government work.
Even among themselves, they have little liking
to marrying each other ~nles, compelled, so metalsmith (marries) with metalamith, tanner with tanner, weaver with weaver. "In all spiritual activities they participatE: fully with the gentle-
folk accor~ng to their"'belief.
e
Tbey adopt each other.
They conduct mahblLr and ~!inblite' societies. '
If they are Christians, they can'baptize one another.
They gi ve pre~ents to the church in t~eir parish according to their trade. " ,Tbe weaver offers sacerdotal garmencs; the tanner, drums; the smith, pra.,yel!s
q
_~
________
~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-11
sticks and censers; the metalsmith)crosses and the jewelry nec~ary for the pBccrdotal garments • • In the
countr.yside~
some artisans educate their children by sending ,
·them eo a place where a r~ligi~~s teacher is available.
Even though they
become trained after having learned to spell lUld to read the Bible and take orders being ordained priests just like gentlefolks' children, they are not I
permi tt.ed to s~ !lass.
Even though they ma..v do. so in a district in which
they are not known, until this" wicked custom is wiped out by decree and by the passage of time, artisan will live with a::tis::m and gentlefolk with gen.tlero~t
being segregated from ...
~ach
other •
'-
/
.'
"
228
F---------.---Minstrel From the beginning there were persons in Ethiopian society known as f;cI..tlt
minstrels who were never without a m.a.sinqo-"on their shoulders, a harp in the~ r arms, ,,,no went from ple.ce to place, tavern to tavern and wedding to
wedding ~ leadins their lives by praising people and playing love song~. Th()1Jgh a minstrel's voice might be be?-Utiful, his manner of reciting a. poeltl pleasing, and his manner of playir..g the !Sos~ and harp enchanting, this
SeIne
minstrel was not respected for his skill, he was despised.
matter of fact, the nama 'minstrel'
'Wt.\S
~ke an insult.
As a
His skill was only
for a monent's pleasure, for him it was not a means for lasting respect. f
At the very least a minstrel had to know how to play a masinqo or a harp.
e
(Would) he be perfect, he mst sing.
he must know a lot of poetry.
Since his poems hav'
me~ng,
Even though it seeros that the essence of-
minstreJ.sy is based on knowing the meiociy, all those who could p1a¥ the fiddle, pluck the harp and let their voices be heard make ita means of' (maldng) a living, considering it as' a trade. Even though a male minstrel rtJB.Y' be seen from time to time traveling about alone, Singing at varicus banquets and taverns, most of the time they . are seen as married couples. similarity of their skillS.
The way in which they meet is through the vlben the man pl.e;yS the masinqo, the wome.n~ her
outer garment rolled dovn to the waist, JUts both hands on her hips and sings while trying e. sort of shoulder shrugging now and again. of songs they mow, they sing with different lyrics.
The kinds
If where they pl.e;y
is at a wedding or a house where a banquet is given, they Pl-'V (songs) praising the persons. attending the banquet, or the brinal escort party. ,'l'be lyrics mention the goodness, mM'e.nliness, importance, beauty and affection of these persons.
When the woman runs short of lyrics, the man tells
()
e
~em to her. ~lhen
(one) of the listcn-2rs strikcs up an animated and lively
poem, the professional singer sines joinir..g in with the melody and wigGles
,
her hips and performs the
~skasta.
l-lhen she gets tired, the man takes her
At ~hat time she is not idle.
place.
She passes among (those present)
with her nlltltla .held out and cash is bestowed on her b'.r all those who were pleased (by her
sip~ing)
and to whom praise was offered.
Sometimes they
J
plastel' the. bill to ber his place.
foreh~ad.
ylhen the man finisbes playing, she takes '>
In this way, they collect quite a bit of money.
In addition to
this, they do not have (to pay) the bill for food and drink. about from tavern to ta.vern'playing like this. llttle high, one praises and extols him.
Tbey travel
Seeing someone getting a
One '\-,ho is high will take out
money and give (it to them), end when things are lively, he offers drinY.B
"!hen there is a lott of inebria.tion e.nd corcrcotion, there will """'QaJ.. ..., be many seeking praise. The minstrels, taking gu.J.p,~ 01" the S5 or beer ana.
to
everybo~".
arrack, sing until it mali.es them swea.t.
.
After. doing (this) all day, all
evening, they tie up the money they have collected (in their shawls) and go to
their~respective
homes.
From christenings to weddings,
------
fr~
celebra-
tions of tbe tabot to p.1bllc holidays, there is no place to which minstrels .,.
do not go.
"\
.~
Tbis work which one began with the intention of
~esting
a live-
lihood ha.s become convenient and since it bas become like a babit, whenever one finds the emallest pretext, one sings. pattern of
~he
melodic
typ~
Often, one does not change the
and the lyrics.
The songs dealing with love,
bravery, beauty and goodness are distinguished not just by melody" but by lyrics.
In a.ny case, the greatest "beauty is on the part of the ~cs.
A
minstrel who knows (how to compose) lyrics provokes merriment, causes sadneS'S, rouses memories, stirs admiration through his verce and his style even though his voice may not be dulcet.
2:10
.<
Sometimes his verse IDB\Y become'
~4It
\.
a means for be~ging. secutiYe,
n~
h~~+her or not the lYrics mentioned in a song are con-
one takE:S
jt
into consic1ore.tion.
~
If each (line, of a) poem
psj i·'zh~ has a separate meaning, the first refers to manliness and the
second may refer to love.
It seems that the minstrel composes (thc:n) by
having it in mind.
'As mentioned before, minstrels &re .ftJUnd occupying a low level in societ.y. I
Their ~~rriages, societies and bUrial societies
They don't, mind.
I
are with each other.
Since becoming a minstrel is held in contempt, no one
wants to become one.
Those wbo become minstrels al:"e those born under an
unf,Cky star, who are afflicted with misfortunes and who do not feel this Since n.: have mentfoned the minstrels, let uo discuss the Lalibelas The Lali be las manage (to make) their living by also gOing around -.
0 arly
banquet, house or "rake.
They differ from the minstrels by the fact
hat most of the time (a Lalibela) is not by himself. ravel about in numbEirs as a family. Th~
At all times they
Their melody is ·of oJ1.l3r one kind.
they originally were only just for songs, and later, when they made
this the basis of their '!'8¥. of life,and today, after being tr.ansJ:i.i.tted from ~
~
ECeneration to generation, it has become the profession of their group. I'
.
They
haVe a belief that unless they get up every night and cry out, they will become lepers.
Even though they sing while traveling about like minstrels,
unless they' get the money they seek, they scream stubbornly until it is replgnant to the ear. ,
Their
~dding reception occurs t .
E..J.Se •s wedding (or)_ banquet. singers
They
d~
not have solo poem I reci terS and refrain
------- performers like minstrels.
and~skasta
the minstrels is their shouting.
wa1 ting for somebody ,
What makes them the same as
If they S8¥ the
~
minstr~ls
and the Lalibelas
lit; make their liVins by shouting, it is said of them that minstrels end Lalibel.o.s have no hJmes.
The lAlibela is held in more conteurl1t than the Ill:lnstreli I
Let
UR
llst a few' of the poems the m' ,trels play:.
''n10\l!Yl I find O'..1t about it. as a minstrel, His eye resembles a wildcat.
'Hilord Ato So-and-so, rain bas fallen on you.
..
If I am hurt, may it flatten you.
'If I were God, I woulc1n't be proud of rtrI power, I wouldn't make ...
(somethi~)
.)
in .order :fot, it not to last, in
order to dest.o,y it.
'h1.en they look at For the one
'11.1}}0
6.
pot
i'l:Oill 6.
aista.uCe, it
loo}"~
like j,£vil.
has ey.amined it, it becomes earth for potsherds 0
'I know that God does not walk in ·shadows. >
I wait while they tell me tlie ~ will pass.
tAto So-and-so's character is a
v~r.y
annoying one:
He bows to his enemies and is arrogant toward his friends • •1
.0
.~.
1),,0
The Dro.J.y Duties of
-all
Amhara. Farmer'
.
. the kind of work ' for an Amhara farmer is The th~ng which deterllunes the time of the work.
The reason for this is that the principal tasks of
the farmer are plo,dng,; weedir.g, mo;.,'ing and threshing, so the farmer carries .,
"-'
out his tasks by follO\dng the seasons according ~o the conditions of the "
onset of rain or the appeare.nce of the sun. When it rains, there will be
plO,,-j.l~; when the sun comes out there' will be so,dx,g. i~n the ('season of' ~-
sun(shine) prevails, tll.e .seeds grOl'l, mature .. and reach .t~e mowing stage.
-
'A~er (the grain) is rea.ped and threshed, 'W~t is to go into the granary is pIt there and vhat has been :selected tor the market is measured' out and set aside. -. 'While
all this
is taking place, the farmer decides the det,ails of
each day's work on the evening 'Preceding' that day.
He wi:.! discuss (matters) ,
and ponder (them) seated on the earthen bank inside his more or less comfor'table hut in the presence
01'
his Wli'e and cnrlrlren.
He allots the (val"lul.ts)
tasks ~d (all) head for their respective beds • ., Early in the morning when the cock crows, the' lady of the hoose rises, .and groping (in the dark)
mak~S
her way to her grinder and humming a song in
a loW voice, gr~nds the grain that she has prepared, (the~inding stone) makI
ing a rasping' sound. ~
i'lhen davm is near) the birds' chirping is lively, the ,
JlX)rning t s sunrays come in through crevices in too walls and roof and put to flight the darkness inside the house at which ti.me Mr. Farmer gets up.
While
still in bed, he nutters in a hoarse voice something like a buzzing and s~s '
,
his prayers by heart-· Wrapped up in his gabi so that the morning's :f'rost 'trAY not nip him, he gets out of bed, takes the livestock .from the stalls and pen !Jld feeds then hay~. . If he has had a smattering of edu<:ation, a stone outside his house and read a few pages of the Bible • ........
h:e
may sit on
1 ~,
•
.. ~
His wife, who bas been makipg the grindir.g slab rumble, nncovers the /'
'fire which she had ban.lted the evening (before), spreads some kind of twigs
heart~
The husband sits down on the
and slowlY puts food in his mouth
the 1'ire and contemplating the day IS work. children gather and ea brea.ltfast from what is left over.
}lis
If it is a fast
day, ail go off to th ir respective tasks with empty stomachs •
. ng and sowing time, he goes (to his i':i 'd) witt! his
first born son, ,( He carrteS the ra
he seed being kI:lotted in a bag and carried on mule-back. er heavy
plow~baft and his son the lighter plowshare. , . ~
He arrives at the
. eld ha.ving
inquire~,
along ,dth his greeting, of farmers,
like himself or of passersby about the sufficiency or insufficiency of the •
1:knfall and the
iJ~SS
of the soU.
li.~"lu>. laDd
plO+haft to the yoke, di,,1.des up the
(then) plows, putting the seed in a sort of
up Lh. uX.", huvAs u9 the
(to be plowed) by furrows, and
SlLmma,
and sows.
Grasping the
,
plm-pandle in one hand, his whip in the other, the plow scratching the ground' eve~,
~t
_
•
urgesl the oxen on by lettJ.ng them hear his voice, saying 'Pull!
Up! Down!' and beating them on their backs with h:l..s whip and when
thrnshing them he tills the l8.nd.
necessary~
When the oxen fail to proceed in a straight
I
line, bis son
gu1~es
thepl straight while being alongside them.
When it is midday, if the field is near his house, he unyokes the oxen
~d lets them gra"Xe while he ,goes home..... and eats fresh anSHra in fresh -
But if it is fal', his wife ta.ltes him his lunch in an !!8lLlga-l-contairter , with a canteen which she has filled with beer. They eat together and discuss f
•
.J1ce.
i
the work they have done during the day and what they will do later on.
If
his lunch (was eaten) at home, the farmer JllS¥ lie down in his bed or on the
J'--
•
embanla:lent af.'ter finiship-B eatine and ~ke a short llap.
If lunch 'Was (eaten)
outside the house, he spreads his slli::l!'.3. over a stick like a tent and lies do'\\'Il there.
As soon as he has xestcd a little, he yokes the oxen again, plows what
is to be plowed, sows what is to be sown and when the sun' set.s, ,*,e unyokcs the \
OXCIl, ~:1d p!lckip.r; up the rcm.n.ining seed, ~es home.
If the ·plo"t.-:lng is to be
done over ar,o.:i.n, hc lca-ves the plov¢~haft and plowshare in tae, field and ,;rill Since the yoke has a leather fitting (~r thc Plow}haft)
retl)rn (another day).
on it, he carries this fitting home with him so that animals will not ea.t it. AB soon as he arrives home, he taJt:es' off the animal's ha.rness, brings his oxen en r.rmlcad of hs,y from the rear cOIl':p01md and scatters it (on the ground) for them or p.lts it ix:rtl!e ~er for them. /'
If he ha.s a mother and father living
-
in hi's cOnIpcr,md, he goes to Und out (whether) they have spent the day' well c
e
and to inform them that hc has spent the day well.
,
Discussing what he has
done In ciet.a.il an? ,.,ha~ he bas planned, receiving (their) uavice, ea.ting a.ll t.he food that has been prepared (for him}·, ahd drunk what "las to be drunk, he returns to his (own) . home.
When he comes into his house, he sits down
on the sheepskin near the hearth with his wife and children, and rmrrounding the fire 'which is light and warmth for the house, they talk at length, they discuss things.
The wife serves her husband ~in a special !!!!m2.-tr~ and to ,
<-
,
her children (she serves) in a tray some of the parched grain Which she has prepared by parching during the da¥time.
If there is beer, she' serves it to
them in a horn cup and in gourd dippers.
The news, the comments, the stories
add the warmth of family love to the warmth of the fire.
When supper time
arrives" the oldest cpj.ldren ~ ~e served with the mother and father.
The
younger ones light the fire and stand (beside them) serving (them) until' ,
•
their turn comes.
The wife rolls up the part of the ~iHra that has been
'Wetted by the sauce and plts it into the mouth of her husband and children.
"-.1 v'
123 The husband too p,lts food occasionally in his wife IS mouth.
As is the cUStOll1,
they put food in thE' mouths of' their children uho were stendir..g serving them .. When t.he husband, 'life and older children have finished eating, the YoJ.nger ones are served. Later the wife Wl1shes the husband IS feet, the children wash their feet and (all) get ready for bed.
Oim
After -tIle wife JAys out the grain which
she inll grind when sne gets up before dawn, she banks the fire, goes to bed by feelir.g her way and after taking off her clothes, lies dcr..m -beside her
hUcband.
The day I S work comes to a stop at this point until the morrow.
Landholding
~1O~
the Ambara "
Inasnuch as most people in l'thiopia are farmers, they love the soil more than a.rry other thing. people O\m land.
On account of this, there are many ways in which
One gives (different types) of land-holding different r..ames:
family land, milit.!U'y service land and mortgage{d iand). . . the Amhara, family land is very POJXllar. When a father or mother . . a.t the time of thetr deaths upon ma.k.i~g their 'tdlls, they place s-
AI;;ong
dies, g
. curse, saying '}.1a({ whosoever sells or exchnnges the land which we have bequeathed give birth to a b~Ck
,e.'
Since thi~ curse is greatly fearecr-- on
account of religion, any person, unless in absolute want, will not seU or exchange the far-,J,Jy land
';~ich
he has inheri ted
s~nce
this would gain for
him the (1m.,) opinion or hatred of anyone hear:i,ng .of (his deed);
In -the
Amhara a.rea: r~st or family land is an apyela.tion applied only" to this (land) vvt~lut:u.
",l1:i. •.h Ii.
uy
lnheri cance.
Various appelations are given the other
(systems) according to the various c:br~tances. smaller and more restricted
du~ing
Since familY land becomes
the time in Yhich it is handed down from
generation to generation and age to age, the.developments of ~arr~ls and disputes among their heirs is something unavoidable.
Encroaching on boun-
daries, appearing in coort, threatening to kill the other person with poison
~er, ~ thesE.
or some other convenient way, IIllrdering each tions linked with family land.
They express the zealous love they have for
famil.v land like this:
i
Let him ha.ve it with a Mannlicher{t\,·{tt) Do it again with a ~ (branch)
There' 3 no joking around
•
are complica-
\1i th femily land or the loTi fe • I
' ) I) ,. t) I
i ...
•
-7 vlhat is the princi-pr.l. reason for a dis!'J,te the ,
moth~r
is' when the divisibn is l\nc.lear,
-
and father having died on account of sudden illness without having ,
had time to make out their wills. othe~, 'This
At a time like this, the heirs tell each
Qu&ht to be mine, that must be mine,' and so theY quarrel bit-
terly a.s thruSh, the~~ had not been engendered bY' the S~ (parents). ':,.
According
-to custom, at first relatives, being arbitrators, try, to calm down the quarrel by giving advice and by scolding.
If there is a more violent quarrel, trans-
cending that one, the natter is transferred td the courts. A ,second instance, too, which is a. cause for the quarrel is a change' 4
j
n the will.
~
This
DlC8.l}S
or being adva..nced in age,
.'
when the deceased, thrO'llgh being, weakened by diseam ~ea.lizes
that death is near, he 1Jummons the father
confessor and the elders of the area, bequeaths his land as ~ll as his
.
. "
~her property o.ccording. to the rules and places '(the will) in the hands of h
vrl tlle.s~t:t).
HU\~t:vel',
he Jr.aY' recuperate-' again, God having spoken (to tha.t
effect), and live ofor a long time in good health. two of those declared to be"
~he exist~ng
favor and gain his affections.
During this t1lne, one or
heirs may do the testator a
s~cial
Later on, his death is inevitable and the
testator ma,y get suddenly ill and while in his dellth throes, having forgotten
,;tl 0;
f
the text~of his earlier willJ • so with :the intention benefitting those who C ~".tL&\. ..,,« ...",'H,n. He Wl,et l'fI~t .. t r~l't/l.t~ to ttl Ok" .. I. did him a favor, he WJ.ll, hav~ his gratitude. p, thing like this brings on· ~
DIlch disputing and appearing in court.
All those who claim to be heirs
submi t evidence (to show) by what reason the will is not correct and that
the shares wst again be apportioned.
This matter is a kind which is dif-
t'icult to judge. The cause of the third kind of dispute which creates more disputes than all the others is if sometimes the children are born of differer,t \
motbers or eli fferent fathers.
For example, the mother may have one of (her)
I
children by a man, then divorqe the :first one and marry another man. ms;y live in love
'~i th
her second husband s. long time.
The ctdld of the first
(husband) is considered part of the new household and lives ~
He grows up. be~n
The (second lrusband) becomes ill.
She
~~th
the others.
When her husband dies having
ill or'une>..-pectedly, since the will is undoubtedly prepared and deposited,
the woman's child (by the first husband) is included in the will ac~ord.i.ng to the rules: Jjut after 81.1, (the deceased) did not engender him and so the share of this stepcl?-ld will not fail to be small.
If ·the- stepchild has
.reached the age of reason, he will realize that the man was not his father.
.
"
and 'Hill probably struggle hard to obtain a. more satisfactory share through his mother. and
~~ts
The disputes arising from this kind of situation use up lots
of time, especia.lly if the child is a bastard.
In addition to
this, ii' his relationship as a stepchild is to the woman, the complica.tions
Sometimes the will remains completely va.lid, and after the contract is
fu~ est~blished
in accordance with the judgment of the elders, one of
the heirs, in the belief that (his claim' to) the land is sound" ~r
.. .)Ul'
out
his wealth, develop the SGil ang after he has gotten rich (thereb,y), a con7
tender from np one knows "mere DlB\Y rise. up against' him, claiming that he is an'heir (also).
This contender DlB\Y argue that before an outsider enters in
(to the inheritance) he (i.e. the contender) has prior rights, even if only to purchase (the land) inasmuch as he is a relative. one of those which crowd the crurt's doc~et.
A thing like this is
A disp.lte €ike this arises
mostlY between children whose heirship is undoubted and relatives who are (children of) another (collateral) line.
While the one who bequeaths ~s
alive, those whose voice was never heard while he was alive arise In vari008
places claiming that they are relatives.
Especially if the father's
•
and the mother t s sides do not agree on the manner of t.he inheritance, the
.
'arguments and disp,ttes r:JJAY pot end \d th a da¥ in court or the (arbitration
.
of) the vil.lJl.ge elder:: but be settled in thirty or forty years. . dies, his replacerr~nt (in this dispute) continues the dispute. on this way, the land may be
~sed
wn'en one
B.Y going
from generation to generation without
being propeT,ly worked. Parents may detach a bit of la...·ld ,from the (property mentioned in) the
~ill as a ho.ndsel when ~hey divide up the
shar~s
marry
off a child.
When they die, the children
allotted them_in the will according to their birthright. ,
Generally considered,., those who are in a ma.rri~d state, take that which is .
r
~
the more useful, of the family lar.d.
The sotU'ce (of the problem) is the fact
that sh~res are not (evenly) ~otted, in additi~n to which envY, spite and stinginess are added--and so a life-long dispute is created. Ir...a.sii.v.lch as tui::
~olu!Jllcl:l.tloLlI-;
and kinas of relationship are many, it to , ' is .very hard to find ou.t ttho is the exact' heir. Even t"bough one tna¥ be a relative, if the will does not men~ion him, he will not obtain anything. Should the will mention h-l ..... ,
~d
he not have arq kind of relationship, the
notion that he (.should) get it because the will mentioned h~ finds no ac,-
ceptance in the customs of t~ people. heirs for
!"
good deeds.
be~~st
is his obt
The will does not
ng
What 1Il8¥ Cl!I8ll!)' one of tho
~elatio~hiP'
through favors (and)
end on birth but is (based) on favor, --
Therefore while one who has obtained someon~ 's gratitude ought to obtain vhat the will assigns rrlated by blood' the will quietly.
rt("~
h~:J
in keeping with the law, the fact that be is' not
be a great obstacle to him. 'Relatives will not accept
'lbe suspic,ion that (someone) intoxicated him or gave him
some kind of poison so he would bequeath (something) to (this someone) i!l his
~ll
rra,y develop.
2,1 ()
..
~---------------------------------------------------------------.-----.
l~l In Goncl.'U' especiall.y there is v
•
which is (kn:>wn as) dkmano eBbi.. got married
0.
method for obtaining family land
T.'1e story for this is tha;c once a. man
did not have sufficient livestock, so somehow he gave a
~~t
dowry and married a rich manls daughter.
t
The eirlls father took a piece
of his family land so the bridal couple could make a living farmine with .. out going too far
aw~
from him and telling them to support him when he
got old, ea.ve it to them.
They lived togeth<:T f8l'Dling along with him.
got to be well off by wilding up their livelihood. ~ vorced,
~
toget~er,
0reat deal about the Uivision of what had been obtained just as though they bad not eaten or drunk
il~eritance,
through
When they suddenly
th,had to di-'lide only the property they had produced
they argued
~lt
They
They make use of efumwo CUbi in another way.
togeth~r.
A man notes the prcperty
of a divorced wom:m and 'With the in:tention of improv:ing his living'standard, be ,he
mfu'l'.i..(;S h~.(" t~es
by Ut:::.t:t:cl,lIJg or some other WfW.
over the
land~,and
live (together) in harmony.
him.
works it properly.
As
s~n
as he marries her,
He makes her. rich and so they
She ,treats him properly, lo\'ing and respecting
Blt always love and peace do not get far,' particularly ;,dth property,
so a q..larrel breaks o.lt between them. staee of) divorce.
Their love cools.
They reach (the
At this point, even thougl1 the man is eager to divide
the family land, since the one who has more power is thE' '''!Oman who owns the property, his chance of obtaining, the descent is slim.
l~d by
citing the law or reckoning
When necessary, the wife may renounce him, sfWing that she
l.et him have her home just for nothing, but he is not her husband.
.
Even
though it is the cas~ that the property they have produce~ ~ogether must be divided according to the law and given to them, there is no special law per,
.e
\
mitting the husband to share in the woman I s family land just' because he is e#
her husband. IEven though the matter looks clear-cut when it is considered,
') 1 L I.., ,
'
~
one of the reasons that the number of people at law is so great is (due to) something llk~ this ." Since on the government's side there is no law to bring such disputes as these to a verdict in a decisive fashion, it is not surprising to
s~e
the
courts year after yeax full ~f p'?ople at law in (matters) such as thie and the dockets cro~ded (with them).' MeanwhiJ.e the land goes on, rainY' season alternating with
dry,
without being
plow~d a.:'1d
properly.
,
!
i
') ,1 I) r.",
f..,
without giving its produce
What is the DallY Work of the Ethiopian Woman? Ninety percent of the Ethiopian people make a living from agriculture. Bt!caufe of this, the 'Work which both men and women do from DlOi'Iling to evening is related to this activity.
~The
Ethiopian worran who appears as an example
under this heading is the busy farmer I s wi fe. be reJated to his.
Therefore all her 'Work will
This afore-mentioned lady il') the farmer IS wife who, day
after duy, for about 18 of the 24 hou~s we recognize,. is on the go ali' day without feeling weak or bored, then spends the evening grinding and spinning. \
~
For her, the day begins before daybreak. Sh~
(
rises when it is dawn)(does) her grinding and when the birds
in) to chil~, does her feminine duties, then puts her crock on her
shoul er e.nd goes dOim to the river.
After she brings back the water, the
morniTJg 'rost stinging her bare feet, she starts sweeping the house. ntir~
up
\
While Mr.
t~c
ba.:l1;:.;:\l fi.:"-c;;, tio.JJ ...
Husb~'1d
and falling voice.
iuU.l"e
'wUuu
tl.UU
She
tht:!ll wakes up her husband.
:is still in bed, he says his nx>rning prayers in a rising Placing the, wate~ she has put on t h t ' re off to one
Side, she puts the beans in hot water. her hushand so he rr,ay
~sh
himself.
len
him the steeped beans,
She offers the
ewar.m vater to .
'.
By the time he is dressed, she offer,s
"
goes to the pel. to milk the
c~s
or goes outside.
When the husband departs for the fi'elds, she takes the livestock remaining at the house to pasture.
Having done that, she returns ·to her household
thtties. She gathers up her skirt, rolls up 'her sleeves to her shoulders, and starts scooping up the dung.
She makes a paste with the dung she has scraped
up from the pen and plasters her house with this wet dung.
Until the house
I
dries, she goes to 'a-neighborls to drihk her morning coffee. Upon 'returning f'rom there, she in turn puts coN'ep on, calls a neighbor, and after spending
the morning c}~tting, when the sun is high, she makes just enough of her
d~licious sauce, packs her br~d in a medium-sized basket, puts her beer in a· drinking gourd, and hends for the field where her husb~nd is. , She summons her husband who has been broiled by the sun's heat and who _has been exertl.ne himself by his work 'in the field to a. shadi place, and putting bits of areMra placed in the basket she has,brought into his JOOUth and giving him mouthfuls of cold beer to c drink , he having his hunger appeased, then she begins putting . .food in her mouth together with him.
As
.'
soon as they have finished eating and resting, if ,there is 8.niY task in which she
"I!JB;:f
assist him, she helps him in trifle things.
While he plows, she
Yeeds. As soon as ths sun gets to be somewhat hot', she returns to her home 'antl resume~. her wo~n.ly. tasks.
ltiaking dough, butter, preparing the dough
for brPFl(l s:\!ld b~Jr..ir~ the dou;h m-a hal' hEib,i tl.lal uuties.
Ai"ter beJd.ng the
~nZUra that is to be baked, she bakes the ~ that is to be baked. When the sun goes down, she gathers t~e livestock together, separates th~.cows from the calvea, and after penning them up; takes the milk container and goes' in (the pen) to milk th~ ~.QWs.
Wh~n she thinks the calves have finish~d
.
'.
suckling, she has them go into their various stalls and ldCks them in and : so finishes the task she has (to do) in that regard. J
'.
When the husband comes home a~er finishipg with his field, she takes the plowing equipment and has it put in the. house, after which she rubs his feet which have been on the go all day With watei she has been keeping warm, washes them, rubs them (again)
~th
something like butter, and gets lout the •
ameklLla-thorns with a safety ;pin.
I
Arter she let"s him rest; she has him lie
down on the sheepsldn she has spread beside the fire so that he ~ breathe a
s~gh
of relief.
o
,
"
.
., l3 She heats the sauce she .has !tmde, serves }u~r ~nBllra on ·the m~sob, has him take a ,s\otallow of her cold curdled milk and they eat their supper while
'-
~
she pIts morsels in her husband's moc;th •. When the table is cleared as soon as he is finished,"she boils the coffee, burns i'1cense, and they send
th~ir.
prayers to God that tney may spend the night in (His) bounty as they spent the day.
After that she pours co.free from' the coffee pot into the cups and
hands (a cup) to her husband.
She also drinks (cof~ee).
They discuss what
Q
they were doing (d~rir~ the) day, consider what they should do in the fUture, drink the coffee to the third (steeping) and finish itl after which the lady of the hO'..u::e bcBins clearing off (the table) and .cleaning up the dishes. The husband goes to bed or to the ea.rthen bank and lies down. wife finishes that day' s tasks and has prepared for 'the next sayn, 'gay l;e be praised t
e·-
~. s,
she
and. lies down close to her husband •. When they
>
fall as1cep, \;a.l1Jl1ng (-c.nel.r) bOdies with love, heaven and earth part wi th-
out their Iealizing what they are resting on. resume just like all those which have passed. I
.'
f
,"e"
I
After the
'J.4 r
,..,'td
The tasy.s of the next da;y" will
.
"
, ~~ctions
Those, who nre
of
&1'
Elder in Society
ap.va~~ed
in age, who have experienced a lot through . having lived a long time and who arc grey-headed or bald are called 'old
.....
~.
~....,
-
"
,
.lI)en: ., This l.S the 11 ternl translation.
Be that as it ma.Y, a youngish lIltUl,
, in l)ge (practically), a ch:Lld, ~ho is mature in his views and resembles an
...
"
'~lder i;~~ a~tions' ~d ch~acter ~
~n
is ranked
the level of the elders.
,person, who is called an elder on ac~ount of hh ~e as well as
his acti ons and his w~ of thinking has many functions (to perform) in society.
His essential
ql)ti.l ifications
are to
und~rstahd
the makeup of
society, to know thorO'..lchly the c"~toms, to ,observe and respect the laws and rules, to pa.iticip-'lte in the so~row3 and jOls, not to be ',. ·.. roud, to be tympathetic and .~
'towards people, not to be biased, to help and
CV( _:~3s';.onate
,
,console people thr~~h und~rstanding their problems, to ,fear God, be listened
-
to in diacu~.3ionz,. to c):P:;:~i>i> hi~ propusals correc1ijy, to comment
,
I
;.
,
the proverbs he knows, to instruct, judge and in
gene~al
bi
'(using)
be an example to
his ~ocial grout> . - tlu'ough his seniority and through having lived a long time and experienced nuch. it
~s
difficult' ,t~ find. one" wh~ssesses all of them completely, especiaJ.ly ; , \
y~
-.
among ,0
Even though these are the qualifications of an elder,
men, and co
~o
those ,~o are qualified for eldership through their I
,.-
qualifications are those who are venerAble on account of their age.
.
Let us list a few of the, functions that are performed in an area in which elders live. At marriage, the elder brings about the betrothment through j)ptng the
t
irtermediar,y.
He causes
t~e
two families to
De bound together in family
relationship by stating,' 'The daughter of so-and-so is the one for so-and..
• so •s son; they are sui table for each other, they are we ll-d1s!)03ed towards
each other.' In the (making of) the (marriage)
con~act,
he
~
be the
.
.,.
arbi ter or the BUarantor. brought to
...
th~ settlemen~.
merely have the cont ract
He may be considered as a-witness •
At divorce, he may arbi tra.te wife.
m~
fut if not, he
~
,
~etween
the quarrelling husbttnd and
He hears from both sides the origin of their quarrel 'uhich has be-
come the cause, for their misunderstanding on both sides.
He
m\r re.concile
them by seeking an impartial middle W8¥ on which they, can agree, or through
.
\
. reproving and gettintS angry and separating them, telling (the woman) to take up a (separate) dwelling and telling (the man) to ~o likewise.
\
Still ~
should their quarrel be intense and it seem to him that they will not -agree-;'-----c
they may
divorc~
..",.
after dividing up the property which they have produced
equally and baving
separa~d
their livestock.
He will. arrange for the wife
to go back to her parents or her relatives with the
t~ings
belonging to ber.
When anyone in the villnge becomes feeble from illnes's: he may- go to the sick~~J. .:.on' ~ jlUU~C and
BT.a.V
(a while).
lie ma¥ viai t (him), talk with
If it seems to pim that this enfeebled" person may not recover, he maf
bim.
si t near him and await the passing aW8¥ of, this person.
If this ill person
gives his will or utters (it), he listens to this will and recei.ves it. wri tes what is to be written down.
He
If he cannot write, 'he has someone wi te
,
it dO\ffl. When the ill Person dies, he closes the, eyes and the mouth -of the \ de,a~ person and may enshroud the corpse. 'He arranges for the summons and message of death to be sent to the places where the deceased's parents and , relatives are.
He transmits orders so that the provision contributed by the
conmuni ty will be collected in time and so that
gu~sts
coming :f'rom far and
near for the funeral may eat from it •. He sees to it that the grave is dug and made ready in time.
By standing up and taking charge, he oversees the
burial society's funeral attendants, telling so-and-so to do this, so-and-so to perform this task so that the funeral ceremony w).,ll be carried -out properly.
"
1" (
I) (~.
•
He is the one who sees to it that the funeral at.tendants and the mourners get somethi.ng to eat and dri.nk at the decease", s house and then leave.
He
makes the arrangerr.-ents in every rt.::spect so that guer.ts from far away may stay 0vernight.
He is the one who eives reminders so that the reemorial
service for the dead, the" forty day service as well as the anniversary ser0-
vice will \>e, carried 'out and nOTJ forgotten.
the relatives the property accord~nce
He diyides in the presence of
"hiC~ the chiJ.drcn and the relatiVes in
with the dec('ased~s will.
h~-"sees
t.o it that the rules and 1'ro-
cedures of the area.' s burial. -society _are properly carried out. _ He has the
t--- -
---~
person ivbo did not (help to) ullry or contrilnlte to the community provision when so~eone died fined by the judges of the burial society~
If anyonc
'reI\l.ses to be fined, he has (the offender's) provision or his qpnna of grain impounded'.
---
... ...... _.,.... -1 Whe!l peryple of t!:!e district "",., ~
-_ _
<> 1V'\'1'+ ..... ....
matter" he ::;its down with elders llke himself and asks the quarrelling people, 'Let us recollc~le you.'
Just as in a quarrel bet",een husband and wife, he
finds out by asking fro:n both sides the caUse of the quarrel bet"leen the two antCJgonists and ~he reason by which they are a~ a misunderstanding.
After he
gathers this information, he says, 'So-and-so, you have done;,. wrong, you ha.ve You ~ave acted like so and like so, you "rill be pm-
committed an injustice. I
ished. '
•
However, forgive the ". Thus he cools down the antagonists from their anger
(Then,) 'So-and-so, you have been wronged.
injustice for our sake.' and their resentment.
"'"
Finally, he reconciles them Qy finding the one who ,bas
committed the wrong, have the injured party recompensed, and if the dispute is about family land, have it divided up through agreement, if it is a killing,
\
e
,
"- ,I
pay out the bloodwlt. which the one who did the killing has produced for the
I"
i
ones whose duty it is to avenge their kinsman, and after having reached
/
e
agreement with those engaged in the vendetta, to M.ve them swear by making them clasp the cross, callout God's name, and strike the church door so that the house, ,land property which were des.troyed will be rel)laced. i
Intervening bet''lecn customer and merchant, buyer and seller, ne searches for a way in \-lhich both can agree on a price and brings them to agreement by causing them to come to a raWTochement, telling them, "You, this is enough for you; sell at this price." ''you, do not speak so, buy at this price," so tha.t thcy m.ll do business with each other.
If he is asked
to evaluate the price of a plot (of land), an ~bject or (one of the) livestock, according to local custom (or) local value he decides what the price seems to bl through visual appraisal, saying, "This costs this IIIlch."
When
\
people mak~"-a!transaction) he ,dll indicate by (his) testimony that they msde .the transaction, that they sold '(or) exchanged voluntarily ond willingly. He will ha-Y-t: Lhe (;UU.L.~·... ~:. curuplei,ed by (aci.ine) a::; contract expedi1;er.
When brigands or
~~tlaws
start up in a district, he repeatedly sends
messengers after consulting with the elders of the district so the outlaws
wiU give up outlawry and come home. advice and continues his acts of district that
t~e brigands
If (the outlaw) refuses to accept his
band~ try,
are cauSing
lie reports to the governor of the
proble~\ by pillaging
the area and
disrupting (its) security.
He arranges by WOrking~th the government for
the brigands to be caught.
When a house is set on fi'r~ or a person killed
,
,and the arsonist or the mrderer is not known, he attends'the communal inquest and by assembling with the (other) elders, inquiring, cclmsellng and " '.35'", crUecting evidence, he finds out the identity of the criminal by'the "bird" V and informs the government of this. When two districts which are limitrophe quarrel over. family J.and or (
some other thing, lle argues either with the government or with the (other)
c
e
elders as the lawyer for the district if his district is (one) c.,f the ~arrelling
ones.
He plea.ds his case strol1t11y so that his district's
best interests and pri vilegt!s will not be adverse].y affected ar..:l so that its borders and limits will not be deranged. from other
distri~~s,
he sits as arbitrator, review.:; tho case and oJrings ..I
conciliation about. When
~
If those wl:o are arguing are
new government decree is procJ.aimed, he studies this decree,
and after discovering ,,,hat is good and what is not good (in it), he explains it
to the people of the district.
If the decree seems to him t.o be unsuit-
able for the people of the district, he takes counsel with elders like himself and appeals to the government for the decree to be amended. He urges tJ::a.t the land tax be collected on time and hands it over to the government lest a
fin~
be leyj.ed on the district.
When illness and famine
become prevalent in the district, he submits an appeal to the government so that aid will be rendered the afflicted district. The elder is very firm in religion.
He always pra.ys.
He strives to
make the tenacity of his faith appear a.s an example for others and, so that the people will follow in his footsteps. the festi vala.
He keeps the fasts, he observes
He counsels the people to preserve their blamelessness lest
God's anger and chastisement befall them on account of not observing the festivals.
In this fashion, he llves, carrying out his functions as an
elder with staff and
f~hisk
until advancing in age he becomes feeble,
dull of eye and slow o.f mind and keeps to his house all day.
he too shall taste the cup of death.
\
In. due time,
•
A Person of
Br~eding
and Good Upbrj nging
Juat like they cultivate and trnin a plant st~~ing in its tender stage so that it will grow up straight, beginning from the time a chiJ d >
learns to talk and bcgjns to walk, t}1ey get mad at it, scold it and plnish it so that it will be well-bred.
Good breeding is not something that l'enmins
restricted to childhood b'U,t extends throughout CIne's life. Three years a.fter a child is born, .hen he can "la.lk, he begins to be pmished when he cOIl'Il1i ts minor misdeeds.
The 'P'.lnishments are· based on the
toughness of the child's constitution, his fear and his shyness.
Therefore
they a£9A~~ the child "..-ith a moderate a.mOOllt of pinching and with a sort of rod, according to his misdeed.
At this age, the ones who always punish the
child are the mothers. becf\,llse tlothers are sympathetic, and also because the children due to their stren~th cannot annoy the mothers at this age. spoiled, correction is difficult.
Once
So bee;inning hiS ~nishments at this ~~
is in order to raise him in fear, respecting people and complete obedience making it as a habit.
When a child has grown and can eat bread, he eats being served separately after his parents have eaten and the table has been cleared.
Should
the child s8¥ when the grOWIUlps are eating and without being invited or food being given to him, 'I've come, let me eat with yoo.,' a very severe p1nis~ment will be inflicted on him.
In former times and even now throughout the
countryside, particularly in the upbringing of t~e Amhara, a child, when his parents were served, used to help (them) ymsh their hands and then stand there at a corner while they ate and until the table was cleared.
As soon
QB they had finished eating, he would help them wash their hands again, then
get fL'st a mouthful (of food) and afterwards eat either alone or with his peers.
In this way, the rules in the home would be observed.
251
Outside his
l3'
home, unless he follo'led his family, he would not be allowed to go around , the vil1a.c,e and eat.
One \-:hc did this and was not 'OUnishoed or pinched ,",ould
get the reputation:
'So-and-so's child (is an) intruder.'
• \
\
This would be a
humiliation for hi3 parents. Hhen grOHJ1UpS are engaged in conversation at home or in public, are discus~nng some:thinci important or are engaged in a conversation, he is not
al.lo"led to butt in and ta.lk even if the ms.tter concerns him.
As a matter of
.::.
fact, the (rUrPose) of this :punishment is a way for nlaking him slip out and - ________________________________-11
play ,.Tith the peers or do some task when this kind of talk comes up. ~
Since
this is the f...:lin matter for which the opinion is formed that he is an UlU'eproved a...!d unrefined child in the presence of strangers, it helps him not to be inclined tmlard this kind of rudeuess.
If he is found acting recalcitrantjy.,
well, what ca.n be done?--he is l"mished o . When occasionally certain uncouth / I
. thlng'S are reierl'e
have to remain quiet just as thO'.1gh he had not heard them,' even if he finds them a.nJ.lsing. The good breeding of a. chil.d is not onlY am !ciated by his parents rut
?y
\
the publiC too.
Therefore a fundamental. obligation incumbent on him
is to respect parents, elders and all those who are older than he.
Besides
punishment, counsel. is given him so that he 'Will do this.
It is arranged
for reJj.gious teachers to teach r.im good moral teachings.
The hope is placed
in this child that he will grow up in this wa,y and help the weak and raise the fallen.
The neighbor folks in the area., at a time when their own chilcL:~n .' .
a:~. not around, will send a. child like this (on errands).
on errands without ill will or reluctance. 'How obedient so-and-so's chil.d is!
This child 'Will go
This will cause one to se:y of him,
How polite he is!'
What shows his
politeness is not onlY in his going on e~rands but also in his ~ of greeting.
/'.. child who offers God 1 s saluta.tions by ldGs:i.ng the shoes of those w:vanced in a.ge (or) by bmling 10"1 ,:hen greet.ing 1.\ccordine to the age (of the person greeted) is blessed. ITot onlY should their (i.e. the children's) characters be pure and upright, but lest sloth and such like things attack it (i.e. the character), from the time the child reaches the age of reason he does ver,y,light tasks • • Until he is six or seven, he ~ards the spread out ~ ~ain so the chickens and birds do not eat it, invites the neighbors to coffee, hands things to -
-- -------
- ---- ---
his mother (",hile) iMide- tb~ -hOU;;~Md- all such---Uke -thii1£is. --, - ----
-------------.-----~
When the child is seven, he learns to fast and go to church.
Even
though this matter is cO!ll1ected with religion and even though it is supposed that this will cleanse him of sin, it is (done) on account of the 'existence of a belief that man is by nature maliciOUS, arrogant and qllarrelsome.
It
is e. good habit by which these features are dinunisneCl by 'tlUngs such. as fast.
Shoul.d he be sat ~d, he would not respect his elders and "iOUld forget 1'-.,
God.
Children, as soon as. bo~h sext!S reach puberty, may not join together in sexua.l congress oo.tside of marriage.
Especially a girl, should she -'no"t--~
be fOWld to be a virgin u-pon her marriage, this would be a humiliati ")n for
her and for her parents. wruld quarrel with her.
Her husband would chase her away.
Her parents
Passersby would tell her, 'Shame on you!'
Choosing
a l i fe I s companion at marriage time is the task of parents and elders. Breaking the agreement they have made is not (in) the power of the children. Should the wife do wrong, the husband ,,!ill punish her.
Should he do wrong, ,
it would not be well for her to look up and speak against him, but she will appeal qIlie:t;ly &.nd confidentially to her parents.
A13 for her parents, as
soon a.s they will listen they will not tell her to divorce him, instead they
'\
.. i
will get angry at her o.nd \fill tell her to go back to her home unlecs the
• IllC1ttcr is really. bn.d. Children \lho grow up like this c.nd in turn b come adults, set up housekeeping; engender children and become (p rsons) of substance, and in their turn they "lill teach, advise an.d pt..ull.sh (their children).
Thusly will
this tra.gi tion be transmitted until the· cu]:t;ure of the age dimtnishes it or wipes it oot completely as is
1-----
appc.ren~
in every town toda,y.
-----
Just What is an ~hiopian Girl of Good Character? A person' s childhood upbringiJ"-G rrm.y cau:!e his future character to be straight or ,.;a.rped.
Even though to~'s (upbringing) gets more and more laX,
the stri<:t supervision of yesteryear ,.,hich was desiGned for girls in particu!ar used to make her later cr.aracter attr9;~tive.
Even today this kind of
supervision has not disappeared except among city d,.,ellers.
Tne life of
the tmm end the ('oUlltryside, on account of the developments of the age, ,
},
the_Jevel of character expected from girls in these two places is different. -
~-
----
--~
--- -.-- ---------- - - -
-------.-~------------
A girl who grows up in a ~~ral environment, whb has not come in con"
tact with emlcation does not transgress her parents' commands.
At the time
she reaches puberty, j.t is her parents who select her marriage companion together with the elders.
She is married off'when she is still 13 or
14.
Before 'reaching maturity, she may help her mother in the kitchen or (b,y ,
dr~"'i. ng water) at the spring, or ma,y s~lld some time learning the housewi felY arts.
From the very first, she grows up as one who is slly, res,ectful, wbo
does not look up a-t; people, who is deIIlll'e when she walks, gentle when she speaks, bows when she replies and is well-brought up through punish!nent. All her upbringing is so that she will honor her mother and father, the elders of the locality and those who are older than she, to heed what she i,s told, and not to deviate from what she is told.
This is the distinguish-
ing mark, the sign of good upbringing in the countryside. In contrast to the country girl, tnere is the city girl.
The city
girl has had some e~ticn, ha.s been influenced by Western culture, and is
thesitatiI~)
e
between (obeying) her parents' orders and the free will (Western)
culture has introduced.
~fuen sbe reaches maturity, even though she does not
di vere;e too wch from obeying her parents' o!ders, she has the opportunity 10 o chafe her life's companion.
On the parents' Side, there is just as much
,
until she reach es super vision e.n is done for the count ry girl, partic ularly of Wef> t.ern. cultbe age 0 f reaso n. In view of the fact that she has a bit # Her upbri nsing ture, she has the feelin g of being the guide of her own fa.te. letely spoil ed. is e. little relaxe d in discip line nnd p.mi.shment, "he is comp ng tbe hot.se } Just like the coont ry (girl) ,: she spend s the d,a;y- at home learni wife1.v arts.
the Neve rthele ss, ,she is not one: to be kept at home, ,stUck in ~.
ki tchen outl1u ilding , and
to the river (for vla.ter) all day •
ecins
City life
~~~_s~ it is her own ch~:i.ce. __------ ------ @es E?_~ __~~~;!._ her__~? d? ~~is.__ ~~_!.~~~o_~~ with the head This being so, the funda.'llenta.l slwne ss, restr aint, walki ng
pian girls is down and not being impudent ishich -is funda menta l among Ethio is thoro ugh, sbe _ not corJP letely absen t fro~ her. If her home upbri nging ~ in an indoes not trans gress the limits of tradi tion b,y spend ing the appro pria.t e place with an inapp ropria te-par son in an
~suitable
fashio n.
red by her The puren ess of chara cter of a city girl is most often measu I tion and restr aint, her ~eiehing matte rs, her not consi dering ber educa ts' commands Weste rn cultu re as the final autho rity, her heedi ng her paren arid furth er by her self-d enial for polite ness' sake. determ ined by the 'relat ions sbe has vlith men.
It is espec ially
If she is flirti ntfw itb the
all day, her man whom she found and spend s the night where she has been of bers) is her chara cter will be consi dered bad, even thoug b this (actio n
, her gait, A girl is consi dered good or bad on the basis of her dress ber speec h a.nd her smile .
e
Even t;hough
~dern
cultu re is sprea ding throug hout
by' Weste rn culthe. tOwns more and more, tbe new manner of dress introd uced iia¥s, dress es ture is not great1 .v viewed ·tlith a favor able eye. In the old
used to ree-eil Lh~ ankle . the knee.
Gradu al.ly it came to the calf and is now above
Even thoug h her intrin sic chara cter is not de~mited 'y r. r
,-dn "
b.Y
the
~
e.
dress is a. sien of dimen sions of her dress , most of the ti me her IT'.a.nner Ott , have sexua l reJat.: i.ons. 11' she 'Gtart s up a. to !itins ntt8C! of bad charac te'::', manne r of dress , gait, speech or her
milie.~,
she
i~
~lghter which'~s
diffe rent
fro~
consid cl'ed.: to h9.ve develo ped b::l.cl chara cter.
(that of)
One who puts
her finger n,9.iJ. s, PIts on a lot of kohl, applie s lipsti ck to her lips, sharp ens e is one of bad powder on her fa.~c and anoin ts herse lf h~th too much perfum chara cter.
Her aim is
o~
tation -of a!Jro stitut .e. by socie ty.
Moreo ver: she gets the repu-
Lo cp.:pti vate' men.
This (kind of perso n) is held in conkm pt, is loathe d
Her gait I:'I1St not be a. hop?i ng but sedat e.
rules , her cha.ra cter is consi dered bad.
If she viola tes these
Stran ge cestu res, eccen tric movements,
count ry I s tram tiona and the like, ,,:hich \lest2 rn cultu re has produ ced and the dv not sanct ion are
fa~
from coodn ess.
Openly
taIY~ne abcr~t th~
thine s she
l, impud ent. fe\... ....", excep t ,.nth intiTI' 1\tes, is consi dered as disgr acefu
Even
dered custom ary in thoue h catch ing the nan '\'lho is aGrce able to one is consi immo ral. lfueth er the town, i're~lent exchan ge (of partl. ers) is consi dered dered as a. conshe likes it or not, h~lding fast to one (perso n) is consi delib erate ly West,e rn. sidera ble Virtu e. othl.;:rwise it (if consi dered ) as being mode of life, I not When she choos es her life's companion after prepa ring her weigh ing it carefu lJ.y, despi sing her :paren ts I advic e and listen ing (to it) and •. Ev~n being seen even if it is not asree ablc, are signs of good chara cter others~-even if it is not con-' frequentl;\~ with he~ f'ianc e--to say nothin g of sidere d bad
characte~,
it may be consi dered as folly .
She will be advis ed
up, wande ring to keep it withi n limi.t s. Unles s a neces sary ll13.tter comes about in variou s place s is (cons jdered ) immo ral.
Even going frequ ently to.
close friend is consi dered a sin.
Comp a¢ons , friend s are a
the house of
$\
means of measu ring the cba.ra cter.
In the count ryside , being found to- be a
virgi n is not only- a virtu e, it is also an oblig ation . 'J
r
~u(
Even thoug h in the
,
\
\
,
'
towns the obligation (to be a. v.\.rgin) decreases more' and more, this virtue ""
,ris" not ,...lth:)llt value.
The fundal'lie:ntal ...:o;y of thinltiIl8 has not yet" changed.
This is a mark of good cha.racter, esteemed more than anything else.
,"
\e \ \
\
I\ \
I
.I
I
')f:"h
'- tJ
•
e.
Beauty Amone all peoPle\here is no agreement on' the ~W1S for mea.suring beauty.
It "':"ffe~s accor
In Ethiopia
too, various indications, are" found to be the. meo.ns for measuring beauty.
In
view .01' the fact t~at Eth~ is full of different peoples and traditions, the degrees of beauty differ ~cor~ng to the various places. Firstly, the body, i ts po~t.ure .and shape are considered and thoughts I
are made (such as) 'so-and-so does not have enough of this (~ality), she has
'
to ~ch of this (one), if she'were not a ~ttle like so • • • ,' then a mental judgment is ;nade according to each person I s opiru.on on the basis of the flesh
'visib~e to the eye. After all, since the business of beauty contests is an alien tradition in our country, Ethiopia, so unless tbe things by "lhich people --the natives--lneasure beauty are things '''hich they tell us and " . wOl'ds which we hear in story and iQ spng,
",e
have no means of knoWlng (what they
~J..t::).
All
the exposed parts of the t~O('iy from head to foot have poems made about them and are sung a.bout.
By
the way, what we are talking about is
WOI:!B.ll' s
beau:ty.
Amollb the in
.
,.mole face, her bosom, her
wa~st a.nd ner hips. Her nose rivals a. colum.'l, her
eyes a shell or t.he morning star, her
~
of Afli-wlirq GRbrR-ygs~s., 'a. da,,'Il rose her waist and bips (those her , heels lemons. \
0
-
lips a bite of dabbo,. or in the words ready to blossom,' he~ breasts hills,
f) a king bee Qr an elastic borse' 3 halter, and
This is especially with ArN
'\I'D.
tradition.
Her
~kin rivals
the orange according to its light quality, and a fish according to its brown quality.
Her hair resembles the reeds of the Blue Nile's shore, her eyebrows
the barley field ripe for ,
mo~nng,
her teeth the
.-.,..-.-.
hailstones.
Women of
every type are compared in various ways according to the speech ha.bi ts of ,;he locality, th~ milieu or the observer. I}
r: (
I ... ( ) •
f
/
,l",
e
T"nere are thil'.gs y!hich are cotl.',adercd pleasing beyond wha.t the eye sees.
Even .tho,ugh
WP
take the thing? li ::;t~d !~bove as a means of measuring
beauty, ti~:::!"e will be times in ",hich a woman whom He has provided all tl:.ese
.
things. will not be called beauti.i.ul. 'It wi·ll be said of he:r that her beauty has I10 sheen, th(l.t she is short of or l.o.clting in complexion.
Tlle following
~ans of Imea-
pocm has bee4 composed to sho:: that bodily foro alone is not a ::luring beauty: EVen th~~h the nose juts out like a telephone pole,
.
The one who has a l"ud(~'y nose and her lilte are superior to you in complexion Those \'lho '\-,ere ~ndowed with
~oant) of
8
ll';oderate amount, not an overwhelming
extcrnal beauty, ,who ma.de up in
beauty) h~d'
\a:-
c~mpleY.ion
what they lacked (in
poem like 11his) cOr:Iposed for them:
'}:''very "10~ t s burdc'n is water lon a crock, Who is thr- orie,. who burdened you ",1.th
a:
crock of. c~l~on'l .
Cri teria of beauty sOIlle~hat more refined than this are:
grace in
speaking, th,e 'Way of showir~ her lips, .the smile, gait, conV'f~rsation: appearance, greeting and such' kinds (of things) 9:s these which appeal to ttre spiri t.
'.
One who is bold wh~n she speaks, WllO bares the teeth and whinnies
when she laue;hs, who starcs when she looks (at men), who dces not feel shy and does not turn a'V'ay eyes, who is not demure when she walks, but rather
~
hops, all thia beauty of hers will become a thinS of vanity to her detriment.' Her ap~arance about which she is so fidgety will become no better than ~ t~~t tLt ".·~t wiH ct. ~IAJta ,."Sf" , / . • .. ~¥eai~t~ She will yass the test when her demure character which ihdi- . cates her womanly qualitj,es better than anythi~ (el..:;e) is included with hel' physical appearance.
..
..
}
..
2(; (I
•
;
Before modern
\~esterrj
(J1,,·v( ,J I.", /
culture brought in thil'.gs like
f..r..wioo.{ e::8.U
de .
eol0 3 ne , Acc;.ua de Selva and L·,lx soup, a. e;.i.'rl's beauty had des:irc.'Pility 'Y;hen ba'lIl'(';J
it had e. tinGe of fumiga.tion from the W'l'f;c~: ·,.;ood and sandalwood. not completeLY absent even today.
Thh is
Powder, lipstick, manicuring ~heir nails,
curling their hair--t.ooa,v's culture has#t them in the ascendant, but before it had made natural beauty hated, fresh but ,er for dry hair, butter running down from the hair for a dry ft.ce, wild honey for drying of the lips, henna for nails and feet, for coverine the scars, the tonsure, braids, tattooing' for the neck--all these were mes.r,s for mea.suring beauty.
They are still here
today. All thi s .. ms a zr.eans of measuring bea1.lty.
Then, in addition to that,
she probably wa.nted a husband,so. when she added
housewife~ SY~ll to it, she
'/lould become one whom He had provided with everything.
When marriage or do-
mestic matters were mentioned, the thing that 'Would be asked about all would be her housewifely skill, not ber appearance. pearance is not washed off and drunk.'
iirs~ of
Like they f3ay, 'ap-
There are undoubtecHy tnalJY who (though)
beautiful, remained ul'.J."l'.arried due to a lack of housewifely skill. tlany las. ~, civious beauties who have ~one out 'for business' are seen in various towns • ... One who is found to be adept in housewifely skills, and refined in her character is called the 'quintessence of woman,' the 'limit of beauty.! Even so, there is/nothing which time does not ,bring ~th it) and so
. \ ( such means of measuring beaut~s these are being despised aG obstacles to (modern) 'culture and are falling (into disuse) more and more. ,
They are
gradual~ ceding tteir places to the fads Western culture has brought in. The onlooker seems to say 'After all, what can be done about what the age has brought in?' and to head slow~ toward them.
If anyone looks back starir~,
\
') C'
·~O
1
"
-'.
e
there will probably be those pretty girls anrl In
beginnin~~ ba~e neve!' turjled their eyes and minds a'tl8..V from fonner "!ayn of beauty.
I
/
I
I
I
\ .,
I
'}
~-.tI
{' ':' ),,_
N 0 'II
...
:~.
s
ll)cpendin; on tl~o ;:)onth there is c1 diffpT'once of ? or 8 y8cTf3 betv.H.:en ;;ho EthiopieJn c()lond:n' und the Greeor-io.n co.lendar. ~:hc GreEcrian .cslcndHr in GivGn in p31·t~nthGses.
2rosil reign0.(1. fron 1632 to 1665; '[,heodorc reisned from
1855 to 16E6. -) ...,"1. c.:"$
:'lenelik's neph9\'1, ,l.'''~' (...-..c,.. O'l .L. nr->Il ..., ,
VIaS
J
the Emperor Haile SellaBsie
~ For the n:J.::19S of the gc1tes of :IBrar o.nd. their interpretation, ~i. Leslttu, -·:tyr1010i;.Lc21 Dictionn.:!' J of' IhJrHri, p.44.
S2(;>
?'.~:':':;'::"8 i8
,-
G:~118
:;:9
J.r::;·~U9~_e
k!1NTn
81~o
HIlt'ari; '~ottu is a
BS
fliCllect.
LVerCcJ to (ItolicJn mercoto ) derives its na.':1e because the Italians reestablished the market which was formerly at the Arada, near the Piazza, at this site.
The Amharic name is
7Ble: ,sine;s <"re conferred by elders by spi ttinr; on the person to be blessed. 8These ~re struct~res in the KercJto.
They havE the eaves
projecting over the front of ~he building and resting on ~illars or posts. ()JThn p3ronts h~vc vowod that the child shall become a ' cel~b ate
priest. ')P ~ 1...
0 (,
10 liOn ) I.· 0/-
.
1 ~ iI . ~:i r"
il
;offl~'_'
le:'
~,. (" 1 l' 1\
'! () U
11-", '·ih . ; ~
"'.~~"'t1I'1~ ~LJ bOC'oI2t.' h c' lt
L:
tb til<=-
].i:
the
lll!~!
:;rc,un:::;,s ;;.nd Q.l'unk.
0xpre;~'sion
I\:.lh".lric
:-'lC-nO':!I'8
oy noU :i.n·'. :. . 110
':hich
be2:1S
118VP.
been pounded
Aftor t.hc: ini ti<~l boil in;~, !lot \·/:'ttcr is ;;
to a pO'..'d2r. Gcldt':;
il"·.dG
is
;~Gin
j'he third time is the la.st l,il!le
b~C~luse
UG(')Q
of' tho !:lc1hb:ir urink fron
G
I
01' the fact that
common vessel.
1 ts free
~thiopion ~?in~ of tho 17th contu~y.
:CJ\,n ::thiopic1 n dollo.r is me8nt here.
Until 1973 t!lC va.lue
of the ~t~iopion dollar was U3 40 conts.
l7Li tGrnlly in the sense
I:
fing(~rll. Is perhaps me2nt tho~ from ~no.wing their fingers
protectio;! for the
~hat
the food keeps
in hunger.
18See the Sh<>ft nove.l "'rho Afersota" by ,luhle Sellassie (1909) •
1~1he
., c...'"
centu~y.
best known emperor of the Zagwe dynasty of the 13th . A lhe rock-hewn churches of present-day Lnlibel (former
Roh8) Dr~ attributed Lo hin.
') r' '- f'),)
2' "'';,1:1 theDG v~,ll:,ious bool:::3, consult t'+C'l")', l'Y' v . . . v....
4.. le ---_._-
--
"t)' \,., -"'); v ~ • ,'" ", '-
-------
If..,:>,,\,~rJo \"oJ \,J ,:;
,
l()A~)"I •
,/ ('"
'r
(,
",'
J.."U).(U,
•
,~t:1ioDi'4n cilurche~; :.rc :-,:,GIl(:r:,lly round
21 'rhe
;)torie clc:lla
Dlld
consist oL
sinr;in,;' L!~8 h;p:ms 11. 22}'118
o8storn door of tr..e church (~ ~::~~f,~i. s':,laffi --- - "door of
peacc~) is the trrditional place for distributing alms to the neer~y •
~,~3Thc 'd!-kcl \Jere tr8ditiol1:311y buried l:lr:3ppe<1 in lilRtS.
to lJUY clothGs. 2411 .,t, \,.,1:~ n;";' ro':' ,u. <.,' ""t ~ 1I
;... ~ ~
• (,
book-•• on
25\o1;-:'h8110 in Geez means
----
II
I"'"e. " a"'; ,,, 6~"'·
cmd he is ".
not kno\,i... Gee?, he \,/ronGly sepor8 tE.~c.
.
1l"I1~ter:t [)nd 10.
l'he priest vJas tryin2: to blame his mistake on
the fact that his teeth hurt. implies
~hat
Since the priest did ,.~ "he "lOrd into vl:iha (\Veha)
'rhe' di:i..bt;·;r
the mistake arises from the fact that the book is
too tou:::h for him, an
~~,
should .cook, it for
him to nl8.ke ~t easier for him to Che\1. '2."'~ rla.y on
'vIOr d s
d"b-l-" on _~E!: an d d"bt" 2' ~1r
ll
\I
t b 00 k •nO'e
27 :-.)8e :ll-
---Dur los tex-ces
II'£:
"I'~otes bibliofGr"phiques
10 ',JhrE)[,; to::wthiA aethiopica' cie A. DillVlD.nn" ,
Orient31ia lO(1941),Pp.3 00 -3 02 •
') f~ 1) r I"
)
~() .•,:, ,') I"'~·'" ~
0,t'
,-,
:; p'"lrl.'t •
fast days.
,~ :~1ituutcj ~o the north of ND~dala.
" ,,, ., 'On the ~ona~tGrY ~nd
,.
til~ r',GnuGcript 'ffJi'ut, sec i-:.Gaquot, in (mnDIes <3,1 f:thio.pie ... -
//~~oo the chapter on "Co!i1mun~ll inquest".
7,"
7. j)
I
he
But:10j:
-:::-
of' the 1i ::'st nove] in :.mharic.
•
..
') l' ,".
·-0 (
. v 0 c
~
BUL ARY
e·
" .,-
•
e'
~----------------------------------------------------------.--
-
t.
U" ill 'r
--I.) I(J.. i\ ?,~'l t;1 c
1~ ~
,:Iho
.'ntire OEd n;~ (~ee
p'.<;~:;efj
0,) A..)
(SOG
I
~~~', 'hQ']~ffZl. p,-~SSGr~iJJr
U-/)",Cl11
)1 ~
Ll-h-$O r"':,-Tyt:'lin'"
t)-h ~:tr~'l!'.' ].1
el1t',nf1'.1~b.
[,~ll
in
!.'(£!!~i)onsible trw hend of the
"
h1~+VI.'1'b+U-l)- just
[':.8,
'
th(}~ol\ ,l:i('-s (const'211::~;:Lon)
liusc like
(h,n}or;'t~'<J,I-,sj on (sec
(J.l,.':1f1o al1:rlys
"{)Li-b·'.n~jbel'ore_SV(~r:lthin6 'TJt.J.lt-" ~/6\t;';'iost
ih(J1J0>t¢
'..'
of ~)ll ;:lOS t
V·lllt:; "!w (mtire
r.
oJ.).
l,
I
bile
.11 ~l} t', h, ri tl
l' ;, ~. 'f"
~
'lI'I
bo:i,n~); J.
,l,'l '" .. ' 1 '---
r
I
'>-.
,) I· .'1 I
.J-Iter
a> ,l;', ~~ I) (sec
w'I'rc.tro'"rec.'C' Ii v"',. " .~.:;>
OJ
vine
dlr'r-n
ide8, plan" (see
11 S,./1
in
~~i4"">cor~ ·'utc.\tion
{h 4J if ,~onest
lJ-ll r t\'10
i,-fll..',
U-i) t ~ f}!l/) ei:;ht
,U-II r ~ [.>Ocond,
~
AJ.t, () J
",~,."
0'
,.L
1 J. ...... ,
1. :. 'TC)1,'r It ~ n '.IJ -"1' " v ...
co'" -- C l' '.• " . . . ..... '
~.. ..
(; C
-f}
,,11 L.1'
~mothor time
hi :h::;choo1
j':.. •
n
'hnrij ,
,
. '
\.,ri th his property
man
society (see
~~·nL...', nfl
clock
V
. ,;. A r: '" l' }" -.
\". ()unt!) in
,h L VJ
,h ~
IL
,
I.P(ITJ 6~ hospi t<'11
L;O /- )
V-I I '
on t':'i.:;e
v.)')
4-. &'T! ~J (;",tI3r~..l\'!i
this
b2.c J~ ( ,.; cl raG)
t;\ !', oJ,.", L, W .~" .~ Ii, I'
"
/
t;
/,)lrc. heat
n ).11 nftar
111~ 11
103e
"CoL
el/ .... "
~
{)('I)Cl»
.l}ol).f7 I':.'llursdey
,
't1lJ..i}." ~e- ,il i1 (). ~;h ('
ill (sec
r,(J'j(j1))
7)n L)
sociDl
solidarity, cooperation ,
'!In L.)
union, assoc iDtin;,;
(Ewe
n,."n 1.. t', iJ', join .tJ. ~~n L1 CO;;:!!lunal
to[';ether
~-rlllt (J 11"t,
brend
\'IC [J 1
th
.
..,.. ..-
{
f
I
,
cenii t
.",~
. cJ.rcust,:nce
iOI'l,
( l " 't \ see l!
,.
,
Il. '/'''' co: ,:-:lOt1.on
\.!
\IJI.
be,
I"
bC'CU::12
U' 1 (I, r) :1('
C :1 n
(1 it. i t i
G
: .- , .~.' r I ~
• .,
, P 1 • r,Jl -,''-'C.Q" ... r~ r
v
) -apostle,
~
....
disciple ,
tI}'tH-1
eij;'Ni,
be it ••• or I
t, "
,U 1 1
'r, lrLP ~ ~-O
otll 'I'iTise
116'ltj'I,., fI(;)!: 'cln2,('::s
r";" 'r I,.i
!18
';)~ople
:;!llblic
.
'"
~OL'l'O'vl ~
~;rJ.e.i.
(G00,
"
out.:=ld.8 of~
t:/j"4'-'/,:,;',~
r;riGvln,.:; pcr::>on
'1
, H'I"....I tli
is, unles:.,:; it. is
mourner
('I'lit '" ',.." \' (>1 " ."J
\\IrOn, :
$,6)UJ!1
t. LJ.l (rD~ fLlf
r ''';''LtJ 1..
\I ,
~
,
lJ.V>
~ LF)'.
:;:I'~'Qf life
in8.P?I'o'.lI'i"t;o 1..I
n,:.I, LT' l..:"'-, 't" . '"//A
eyeD nOH
•
be :-)li ve
,
at leoGt
1n to ~ CJ t ~ kf11 .fl h : ,',L lJ.,
even noVi
. just like vlhen he
'nil
~
~, U--:>', . "LC1 "l .!i:,.. T hO·,.'Pver. ~ , be th(.~t it Inn;y
~
\t,T8S
alive
'f,~ go \
DC;I'ee
( 11 t ~ 'h cro',
'(
flS
I)
nevertheleG::;
~
'1, J, 6'l
he is
l"rClduoll"J Vleakenin~) 0
-ftT~~ . ,in ~ lb~ o
~
,
lffJ 5~ "
"
l!o~lcver ~ even i~lOUf:'h
rtJ, \';
..
be
well-disp03sd
e c11 other
h"';' ~ :t'r8=~h ion, ~
(}-Itlf ., :;,::0 bedow ,
.1'
J
.'
~; t;yle
.
ono goes
Il 11 L£ ~
mcmage
h ';r~ ,~~
gait
rQ v0 .."
T, :"0 J.' n('/" ~...
l.)
...
c>
,1ft '~l 1: ;'JoVc::':b8r
th(~j.t'l ne,\'l ~ :~o·..., J,\estof!Jcnt
270
I"
_ \ (
. O-l1~ J~nt
mJ If) lin... , rule,
fh Cl (Ill.
ch9.r t
viri;Sinity
Cl',
i'b i). 1 n5 ght
~ OJ " 'h q; Ifj tL.t'uw up rules ~
mlTJ ',,11 takc
o:rccr (lit. cnter -0 the law and restriction'> of
~l) (~ fertilize, ~:cvelop ~1) cow
;p~lemon
l'I, t11> 1\ 01) be verdant
priesthood)
rfh<:1') : O"l. ni
II ~ 1\ ~
first-time ,... ife
naiio:1al, dorne:;tic
'eU1 r: : t LD ~,~ nat, v"J ;D
"'111'.. h l' ih En
o
'
.,
~
,
..
Ll (se~
1-
J"
child
shJme, sexual parts
'A Il. L )
{
1
.,
.
1b 01j 1-
wickerwork table
?l tro 'I
b~g, beseech"
sJn .
(pl. ~ Et t;
verdant, green (leaves),
. fertile
U1C country
etJ 1 C
p:ro!;pe~'
'/) I1"tJbe vcrdf.l.nt,
-
~
t
bM t( ef
be requested'
1\ ~ D1> ~
beg here and there
-, l\ ~ '1 "rho is r~qu~sted
(J7>1'I~'f means 'for begging
l)O'b c; rcques't
ntn ~
get accustomed to
~ for, to, for the sake o£
-et /I tJ7> /l..
1l1h~ grace
l'l 01) ~ c~tom; tradition, l\ It).r, f hab itual
,
'\~ be lax
- h, 1\ in
nl'b 1\ n1 where
there is
not
n lb 1\ n t
customary, usual
l\ ~~'sheepskin
practice
cape
lln-enPlain (cloth) ~
1 f-b "Then he is not
other, anc l)"'I\~outsiae
l\rtl~rod
?\ ri h ',,,?\
around
lb ~
_.
supplicate, pray
tl\lTb~
t
i
be mild, be soft, be' gentle
l\ ri h gentle
r of, besides,
besides the fact of
n II r1 Ii;l
gently
~; be superior
~~', hl\ be rath:r superior
l1~
in 7UJ.ll- 5l: 1I~ more than
anything else
'"
I
1 )1 11.·. ~J);Pl'ath'er [~ee (~lso
~-fl'.J ~ lukc.>',·;)nn
ti::m
lL;P ]
it
c>... .pert,
1\ f1, 'h 1'j n
?,f)
scholu.r ~'l
·'I\.4>·'?L 9/l}~) \
rank in re15[!ious
s\:eat (n.)
feather
6', {I heart
~
11. ~ '.fT) n·nr
1\ CP 1\ 0/
'h'.f l'l f}
ran.1c of dabtn.rn
I
" nn
1l c:p cp )
i'reely
7l n )) n scorch I
(S(~t:
ta.lce courage
l1l)1} sincercly
ran..l(?f dab tara
it
-1' cp loos
/) fl·,.i! ~.~ ~
.
1U cp', /5TI HO'"D lr ~
...
•
wear, put on a dress, be dressed in
t 7\ n r1
p as ter, smea.r
be 9Ut on, be ,""orn
+~4>n
cry
n be dressed up 7, ?) r; n n dress up
"l}cpn
\helP to mourn
"'" '1 n h
1'll'l S> 4'
n
h~ '1
* 7\ c:f> Ii,'" c? n
•
sweat
I
aChing
, 1
r.wlw
Ar') n
weep, cry, lament, mourn
\
cry copiously
tl 11
~ l) 9> h mourner \
?\ 'P r
.
f\ q
*
11.<1> 11
r
\
)
" cp q:>-1··· ?in ~ f'} ,
wrap-around shawl
start up again
lHl Ii .~ t
Tl 'J fjO
~)
tai~ (of sheep)
Ib 1
night
sacerdotal gannents.
\
fro t carr ing 1\"l
the wake
J
n clothes· (see {) nn )
r)
\ lamentation, lamenting, wa.ke
(see
n'. ~ m~
[See also l) (lh
CTl1 ~4>_ h c~ing I, [See also
WAnner of wearing, d:t'ess
rneasure (v.)
t 1) 'r) be measured. .
l\ h t ~
n lrh.g
mourner
l\ct>~ abandon, leave, let go, let browse
f'reely, cede, be driven out
"
means of measuring, criterion
. [See also l)'n )
II 1'1. halter I
e
+~~ 4>
6)q>
* ?let. m,
part (v.)
~1)'
send
loose
t~l1
h~~11) make a paste
t 11\ 11
\
I --
be sent run errands
.,.
')7') . J..,
,_
.
1
llP (b~i)'n
.
separate, di:Jti!l~u.i~h
tl\ P
goinc; on errands
be separated, be di:;~tinguished.
~.
6l'f\
nInount, t.he ril;ht n..r.lO\lllt, di~en-
differ, part
t l'I.s n--·l)'fl
n l\'f}
jn
r
differ, be different, be
sepamted, vary, go their res!,ccl;ive
keeping with
pro?erly, within limit:> '"
way..s
flH.jtD-·:lI'n to the Gruneexten't,
'" 7\ J r J:'\ake a differenc e, differ",
correspondint;ly
entiate
/
1r11,,';
ignite, light (ca.ndle)
r t 7) P
different, slJeeie.l, various
~'flh:
"1 tfD.1
tl'l
exactly
,61'nEtt ?\ 6)
7HD rn
~~
t t 1\ S P
infection
n mix, t 7\ IJ)
Lu",: soap
different
knef~
n
ff61'1 p~
be mixed
chn.r'3 e (V'.)
"h /) (j) tfl
cha.racteristics, dis tin-
guish5ng mark
,
ca.use to ch€tll(Ze
difference, ,separation
i\ tp ID m cp.ange completely
ti\ cP (j) m
.
be somewhnt different
excha.nge, vary
'>
,
especially, p~n·tic\.larly
[S.ee also l>.~
Q'lIl\ cP (D trI c}-o.ange (n.)
.
~pecifically,
J
~
(T'/')l\tn't}.li~ eHCJ1)1~CT1I7\fJ)~ New Year ~~ on, upon, above, at, north
•
lJ'l)l)q>6)~ place in uhich ?OdS are.
~~'.,{V-,),,,
exchariged
n~,~
?\~
grace
nIi. 'rJr', ~ ~
~~
'. D1) r:,S water.
r
~
name of spring with holy
<.
7) Hn be smooth, be pleasant to the ear
'ohM n
pOlish, refine, go over
') ~
go hither and thither
.~
about in addition to thiS.
nfL.s: ~ ~
i1) addition to i~hQt
~ It'd ~ ~ ~
B:'t this point, in
addition
~ 1i'tJ
to
1": ~ ~
this above
n... n~ ~
above, outside of
1\Hf)·."hf. be soft (voice), be low,
n H. 'thl) ~
at this point
be slow
1) Ii j:
(a. text) repeatedly
.
f) ~ in addition to this ')"j '~ .~
1'1
/
'~~
~" ...",-
r;t }'arli;e I ecC(:nt-ric (see
~pccial,
llP
e-
. ~"
,(}()
)
~Q:\l)t vnrious
-
nl'l~
61
[See also ~
r~f
-ro
,~pecil'icafly
e~ f
)
d.i fference (sC(~
(cee ~l)J.)
l'l,1;'f'blrth
llJ'.;t
hit
;'J
fre3h
.
.01> ul) center (sec also trbl')n l) ) oJ
OTJ '! 1) ~ .,., (J1) LI
"
)
'.
D1l''''1 A1 song '",
~
IJ. 1:.
.. ~
\0
learned, educated. graduate r.1erc~r
e:cnerously
monthly gat.hering in honor of
}
be bestowed generously
a saint, society
(~'ee It J )
tender, stage
t!11~
low (adv.)
~ ilm ,in
scr~tch; draw the s'·rord
en lJ..
(
nF!mlT)
paz,ticipate 'in a mahbar,
hold a mahba.r
(- nl1? '1 nC : U- ~4J- in groups) D1i~n c. f member of a mahbar
r
trI:
II tn Zl~sesrune
61) "
cake
01 U1~ h
~m shave (vt.)
lab()~ (see tJ ~
9i.f tp burial
social
.~
eng iJ)eer
\
college
.
0"0 U~ Ij1' 1 layman, illiterate
bapble
•
membership
f tro U'~.t if: -PAl engineering
spf'ten (vi.)
l'>'~~ labor (n.)
n [. .,. ~ ~ ~
t111'S nlrf
paste, stick on
/) It h.. ~
right through,
\fH~l leo-tiler
lo"l bareback
.h t,. ~
t"
right in' t.h~ l!liddle
,
tCtlder stage
~ tfl', ~,e Lil
il A.. f, A..
,,,hethe'"
D7>m~ ~ 1~ take m oath
l\ ft;) ~ 11 ira
,,~
......
l XO '" rn J) t'Jb
IJ1> th ~ o~th (s ee ~ l) )
1'1" tro trim 711 r.1 give t 111 h
lim!...
....-- -I
she loves or hates)
:,:ridlc (~, ml~le), pack
~ J .~ 1
+ J1> ~ + verb, + §b whether •.• or
• (as in ()):J..e.
(sei~ O)liy' )
"J '1 t ~'Ptr1>
<,
•
6) ~ )
/)r,1L.~ eirl
/)"J
also ~rb
/
birth of th~ Virg~~
l'tI Chlld
•
)
41) ~J, r leather bookcase
.Pf11)'lJi
scroll (in Geez)
"
.'
m't' ~111)~.frbook casiJ)g
2 Co "
(Tl)~, see
rn~
fT1)~ l'id'U~
,
'h (j1) ill)!,")
in;.:18port.. (v.)1'
{f/)lli'7 ,
nne: (jT\,)i{ ,
in
beyond
the door ~
,O'b ~ ";hole (~€'e ~
nJn>7j
tp ~ )
entirely ~
(b
{j1J II
r again
'll h t 'f
sffiflil
IT}~1, in P/1}-) ',07}1)'1 flood (see
l\uly
Cfll~
0Tj 1) s'lren.r I".n.J.: c ~n..·c ar
tTl 1\ 't: i tl)..
./
SWE;ar to one fl.nothDr
lr::;,t:<.:
~ 1)
"
[See <uso r~T
(f1J1 be
(J'7)
rhlj ]
lrn lHI'p
!'ull, fill, provide'
J
r~T
n1)
t tr;J. ~
ro ',.lT1)?lt (pI.
61 ~ 'n r
1J'b~
/
this means
"".,n /) angel )
mer-sage, mission
01> l) ~ 'fit
be perfect
in ~
tM,s means
(see also 1f1)~'rI
•
ab1.mdo.nce
.. ern?) ( h 1 )
)
l11) 1) 1 to say , it means (see 'All )
f
r. h f11) II
rlJi,~" lrP/lh lifter that
tt1D61i'1, in
mf}-full, ...·ho:'..e (see fllI()) , , G1r /). ,,~, it \'or3.ble day
CJb."", nrm!"
•
rrf) II h respon3 e
r
messeneer
(J"b~'f1 angel (see also (f1)
be full, be fillt:d
be cOT:lp,letcd, be complete,
I>"'r> )
0'1Il}il'-1t/6) rank in religious
.
be done completely
teaching -'t.
( eff11). 1'} , complete, thoro~h) ,
~
,
~ '0.~ fulfill
'h ~ 1)'"
rank in religious
teaching
abundant.ly
rank of dab tara
IfD (T) 1L> filli ng
O1)~l1'.
$1 tfT> mlj' :'1eans of fulfillr:1cnt . [See also
tit
~~ n', (1'~~"l
tp ~ ,1J7r~11
8
m~
ral')\{ of dabtnra
~~Yform, shape, appearance, aspect,
Yay, fashion, kind,
char~cter
Cfll~, in nr~',~ ll\ more or less
n/11) In}
ITbl\trfll) pick out
ntT7> II '0 " nfTD /)11- in every respect ne1fT> D1). in every respect
trn 11
r7
retu.rn (vt,) I
t tJTI?i Ii
d,'vf
return (vi-.
f
bOt, k.
properly ,
------------------------~~--------------------.\\---------------------------
\
,",0 'J "
(",., ,,," \ en
,
• .J.!. 0#':"\,0...1\
(j1)
l'l '¥)
r
st'lciying (see
,
1(
tJ1lG1jJ l7!~fI.ns 0'\ t.\tlfiilmmt (Sf'C
(H:e trD tl 'll )
£f, ood.
~
If7JL )
1"1 )
\
e(bll\1rJ '
rrol1\)O:UT]CJT't.i.tlC
in
of book
frO
'?frrb ent,l'Y
(f11
It-
(se~ tTl> f1) )
guide (v.)
'\
I
d1> l'I'0 o·~
~l [
h U1
ti ile
,..f'
\
guid'~d, be intoned (chant)
frrn(,. be
book
.
*" C1>l"I nt, Tin j) 11 t
observe,
( h'" J.;~ m 4-
CO!I-
t. fJ7Ilr-- .head
be i
LSec dlso
~dicatcd.
(r ~ ~ >-
Pt111,.tf7>hn1r.;. \ O1Jr LJ . n'.f
inYblvcd
dep~!rtmer.t)
!?l>'O 1 (1"
II '1L J
on10oker,
'D8ctator
lJb
PH/J1> ~ ',(J1) /) If) !.fJ, Nf,~
+fT) L study nh '" tTl] L teach, L teach
ptlT7) L
one an~.ther
educated
Year
h fi. fr
f.TTl1fl') LJ. ~
'" M+ fJ1] &
nrr characterj stics,
educate
trD'!'}c cducntion, studying
f (see l)/iJm )
".
] \
1..-: ht rank" in religious teaching
f/1l)C7)
sign, indication
T!\casure, neans of n;ca5uring
/J1>" III l!}" in
fl7J L
*" (1T)L,
. (see /)11 ) •
\
for, '.proceed (of road) \
o
(ib
indicate, Tt;port
-
.
Ij ke they carne)
61> /.l leader '. guide (seCl 1,.,,(,. )
o
"t l7J l'l"V}"
\ just \
sider, note, concern, inciicate,
h (11111 "nt
\
:place
01'
education
teacher ,
I
teaching
distinguishing
I
mark (see /)
Oil h't If? C teaching
P)
(bL.trnL investigate
D11'~ 1 intercede I'
,
h tTTl ~ I
lT1l r. ~
t (f7) L {flI L
mediator
,
t If/> lr f11I L
early. mprning
· fdll i\ ~
eathering place
tmi)f\I.,in fJ7)-l}tfI'· ~.t[1·. 'hhtDff)clear completely of
(pl.
(J7i
,? 'J Is)
) teacher
~ tm ~ 4) 1r'1 '" lJ1't tJJ l> m? '·1 PtU C 1: f1 t Teachers'
!J1> c: rm fr investigation /[1l U..
(J1> t)rn be bald
Trainl~s In~ti~ute
examine, inquire, be
reflective
early,' of dawn
~/l~, ~O~}
.?'~ LV c
be tested, be inveatigated
be bitter
'niTTl L 1..
bemoan
n 1'" I. dJ-
bitterly
pD1LL.
v.iolent
[See also
!f ~ 't ]
l
(J1)
e
l.. tp bJ ~ss
t lJ1> L(/>
.GC .0 1 (:S:-iC:i
en I. 1, i nfon:n1...i.un,
,
(see ~ L.~
~44- blessed
~ f1l) L rn choose car.er-~ ly
f" L.9
$" C rp
~C
blezsing
11
1t IJT)
db
r ~~
bless ing (~ee (JD. /.. ~S,?
¢
L';' be cleared and threshed (grain)
t
L.,
lJC hA}, ]
J1'r~ choice, preference (see 8'1' f,/1)
~ Cr 11', f frn ,iu.dicious perr.on ~C
superior
[See also
LIesE> ing
& spittl~
(J7)
)
01> L. 1 pJ as tel' with mud
haVE' !.O!~ethiI~ blc~f,<:d
~
evidence, proof
411 r. b:. : i {) ~
safety pin
iro-/l.ch'lin-:lau of the mahbnr
J7' '1
be gr:ywffi
needle
lunch
~~1 land, ground
p(J7) ~ 1 : 0'1>} ~~ mtrn earthqua.ke $1'1..1 bitterness ("~e fflJLL ) fib C,) chrisJ:l
1"'~P:I17>I'i~ false 1-1essiah
ITt tlr.
n
( f11I I) lQ, he is congen:i al)
+nnn l\
41) Ln captivate
tf'7)
representea, be restored
~C1' boot~r
tn>ririll
C'T) 9 l!ercato (the market in Acldir
l11> L }'). ff
I
t If) L ~ H lean on a
n poison
(J7) L
be .like
~rnt't as if
+,.,'" t1~~; stick,
[See also q1t
D1>
be based
nII peer (see
similarity
n/), r ri It, / fJ1>1 ~
]
tTUill)
6b n/~ like himself
(v.)
+1111!:- H be poiscned, be
~
be compared, be
£11) &n c.llptivating
Ababa)
*
sec:r., be like
IJ7>n~q; people like him
llOss~sse
(by n spirit)
tJ1J t. ~ news of death of a relat.ive
~'1h eX(mlple t11>
(f;P.C
"?'"l @} t agreement
~
nl'l )
(see
r7 d7)
)
.,' ,
,,-) .(
"'P ') '"
&.
( })01
A lJ ::n r. .'if1llJrn
(!(;"'1)lc"'ve
lJ1) h L~ evidence (nee
C. line, bus line
g'" ntr~[.
f> n(1
nr",il
~ri~ nauee :pot
ern k-[ C.
, (J7)
P'1'JVLr-(P
es.f>tern
f1 h 4- §'J }V tr;P '.
n;r 6)
(fT)rn~lDC;P
in the
6l h t
Fl.l'"
be k:.Ged, b~ established
fI5lWL+
[See also ,r.. UJ Lt
tearh';o (see
crtJi/ftp't
glMs
ntj (
':)w
love philter (zee
lay the founda.tion
essentiail.r, basically,
:pla.y the violin
G1I fl'n L testify, bear witness
offer testimony,
have certified
in accordance ·ith,
according to, in keeping with
~h'flc witness
't ~ l
91> h 'fI C ~ )
+ verbal noun + f1J tlJ L ,
on the principle, inasmuch as
eP' f'J 6-:j
good news
Wel.LpOn, buildirlS
eq;~~ i,:'tf)~ ~j
testimony'
(Jt)
h '11 L?
September
tm
f f b~
sacrifice
all ~ ~ kind of, sort of, srmething,
like, (~hings) such as (see 01' till
* 6br11 ~, "'tmn1~'
mater\.al (see U)lr)
material
* h.;L )
C'D h'f/ field
'ld7/111 tin L
n···U1IWLr
C"b ~ b.,J tool,
)
\/hich r..as not yet calved
D'l}1i 1 If:, (J1) }
lay the foundation
pr:iJna.rily
in
* O1)L
G1) ri 1~ one-stringed violin
'1 "fl1 "
n01J tv L1
decorated roasob
wife
lfbh+4'?,>r;
]
+)
Ifl UJ L t !, h 'i' J,
P' &-1 I
Jt;esqel Squa.re
tfl)htlJ1)c
(j7)
~
Ii ~S l\" h';' '7 '7 ~
food is served
DiJWLf fmlJlri, 'build up, establish
61J IJ) L
central pilla.r 01' huvse
trb (In a round footed basket on W\ich
!J'D f) &q, ~~ ~
eas t~rn
L~ )
1(.
fDi'1(~l'I cross (n.)
8.X e
~ IJ)L
t.,;:rbtoffiec, departl::cnt· (nee I),'lr )
fl1) fIJ b J !T1eans for buildine (see I!J 6- )
misun'tcrr: t.P..1ldin;;;) (11J}JJ UTI
gtJ)U
wr~ting
, ,tl))rl"
)
praise;> (\~.)
be pl .. ised, be
apprecia.ted ' ) --I \.
,_ , f·
'Tl>~)" r\.£ l-l ht::'at (v,) [See (u:-;o
t 6b rim i1 ff;.. r
rn ~4> f
I
Qn~tn>'J:),3CUt (see
!!:ys t.ery, hidd.en !:".eaning
tm. 11' 11'..n C'. ~In
/
f f> h m. c n?1)hrn.c , (Jl>(7
p;et dark
"
(J7I
r
(f1ITa &- 1~ 7i
tl see,;e sacrwncn"4
goal for the hoc key ball
* 40 LtAn
(see
~1f1I(/))
'*
)
int;L>":Jate
aT> fJ, LCIb clipper (see
confidentially, covertly
q1I~tllEt1 {J1I
...~-n c
r, (n,.) be ovcrta.l<:en by ni e:1t
0/:, Lm )
misfortune
01;J> fl C'. 4; 4- ~
gravediggel'
ceremony
din:;e
~r: ml. J)::-oi'<:!5:S'ional mourner
nit
QTI.
nlr
nif", rI'f'!
pn.rched sorr,hwn
groom) bri<..egroc:n, bride
(11)
.
Ubn'tnt" hli, dark ( see
(j1)
i1 )
~f
,!fD1' (IP) he 'hr-~.
'[1l~"
WH.m
str~e
cause to strike
tf11);1 hit each other
oneself
r,fFTI ;J 1
heat up~ rr,;';~e comfortable
lJ1)
way of hitting
1 hundred 'htr1' ~
hie h (fro!:'! dr inki l16)
percent
1) 1m 1.. · ~.f percent
{j ani.-r.n.ted, comfort::tble .,
t1~;f
fashion
n t.,. )
privilege, right
'nh tJ1I J
feels h~t
"h1l(6).) feel
t
+11]
nun
GDf hit,
rim )
be ....n.:rm,
l1Tlft:fh fine (n.); see
lTD fit.,. 1 light (see IJ7) 11
ar)~ ~ place ..;here thill(;S are sold
(see
7II} belt " ~ tfo 'f 71 spite:
c5b"n 11) it gets sCY.newhat
'f1>? \. (see 'P'4' )
see
CI1>
•
tavern
ce.'Uetery
inebriation
" /(11) f.~r
~n?i be tittenuated
. i1 j
tOll ;PflC', P:i /11} CPt heat (n.); tfTI j1
sort 1n1.,:!
()O~
)
burial
so;.ethir~
lP.J
4>n L
t~rave, funerll.l (see
~rT1In spend the eV0nir.; doin~
®r
J
be eDl'~pturcd.
~ h 11) t,cr.:.l. :,e ~
crv-1'}
evening :)'"
~
.
.... , .J
~g~;f .. OT);J
it
. Q!)f (tfiTlt
ev(·nin.~
Int,(· )11 tilC
'I' /111'f1)).
die
'P't (J7)-
"rfh'f
,ic[! th
1 (pI.
Oi). ~.;
(11).- J '\1
)
0, C1'fIf anniversary for memorial
"
rl n J: cR 1 .ne'nor ial day PLP~" f
n·
fnl
V'I
tn
~""'(T 1r7\"..1
"1
n
"
memorial'
.,
"days
*
1 : 1.1b qn at all t mes"
~
trr'o r,a
kind of food ,
.'
nothing ~1 ~ : 01>
cross oneself
~~
n~cl{
!
be slim, be err'..aciated
n~;(f1)~
instE>a.d of
ab j~?i
p ~ ~ h : q7) ;f 6J 71 ., -
emaciate, diminish
spiri tua.l
quarters (see
qL )
q 6 J. : n, ~
dwelling
(fb
al) ~h smallness (see 'h~n Ob~~
+
", ~~"
07J ~.£ t... J, adminiS'C.ration, means of making' a living (s~e
'h.e L )
ad:ninistra1,;iv,~
tI ant when? Ut}
t f['I! an t cP
01)
in
well
motive,'beginning, point of r
~1/1)
U(i)tp )
e(J1)J~.2 ~J
)
departure, reason, origin (see
trD j f» ~! the reason of being k.nown
e
ever
Db 'll.a! means of living, living
see t'Y}
fJ7)
t6J.
ro: -r" 11J. (;) even though
01J ~fI7) ~
alterna.te, substitute (n.);
(see
periiaps,
.'
,-n~T' any~ (with negat.iv(. verb)
-
(by Christians)
n..• cr ~~
alwayG
area
'f' ~ II '1"
"
fJ1) 1il cord worn around the
f> 't~
what?
____l1!1.5 goal
r:lcter
Ub;lnnj rc~emure.ncc (see 'nnn )
•
O].~ qcceasea (see ~t)
lJ'l ~
t]1);l Ii n j',
be convenient, be suit£~ule,
r
4].1 deceased
(1't) ;J
it is cO!lyenif'nt. for' hi!'l
hlf7l16).it io:; convcn tent for him
dl~ad
services
0\ t r.
be convenicr,t., be f.uib,Llf:
Ol) 1~ christening place (see ~I
O7J.l?Jr (Jl),}
!lfter nIl
~ '~p j~ motiveo
Mann.licher (type of rifle)
4' t7l eft trj),
O1>~nr:
)
see
lJ7)
Lt
chr.ir
U1J ; (, •
HL,J set out a chair ')
{'
1_ ( )
(' J
0'"0.,
n L·· '" '1 'h t Cb.£"
";") r: he J)
P'n '. IV~ fb·. n.l +'.
!Jl),b,r'l (I'1.rn;'1~f7't
Cuthedral of
St. ll.ary (
hesit
I
r.Trn':a-nlb.n
evil spi:dt.
~tfl>"i b..f7:'
confessional child
trk
~11l1&J·I;;P.r1)7:
)
a1? 1b.
for the so.ke of
) ~:ni.rit
ri (~
/)1:
sriritual child
spiri tual, religious I
.'
spiritual mer:i.t, ~1
f
t t
pot
~~r't··A.(I1i J.~tr'~ n,ot /''l.t.fM.C,l w.·tlff"~ ~ ~ '1 retire frcm the worJ.d tn ')
~ '\ ~ h,');.T!
(J1) \
.,..
~yr.n be a. monk, become a monk
6T!~ 'rr'11, (pl. ()ll'1no"I
rr fl,
~1 i(.
rn ~H L,
rnonlthood
"'crn~rl L
fornicate,
section'~r
neighborhood of
the town
des ire (v.)
t;n~~ desire (n.) c $"1-
t;),
(pl.,-o ').,,., Ij ,
) :faithful
~ d lr{l ~Test western
~r
crq Q£:"1
a"'l-(g. S'
western
rank
lJb 0, ~ chastisement
t112 ""~ table prepared with bread to
kingdom, government
n f', U'b '\ C1j IU r
palw.. d
D1>"i1 ~: '111.6lj capital
e,at
on
+
O't) "I.t : ~ ~
the table is cleared
e'"l j. i "ITll \ ~
the means for
G
__
"
~1 "1l-b~
.(see
nhm.ys, at all times
!f'>1, 1Ji )
0'1),,-1 ~ road, way, fashion
removing the table .'
ttn ~11.s ',1'\ i nt'
Ministry of
Defense (see 1\1,\,'h II
)
1f?I1'll take counsel, counsel
5""l"'l't
rug (r-f!e* ~m!..)
J1> 1t:'i;\ source
o
I11J '" H) corner
§& )k1 what?
JUt
half YE,lar, sP.Illi-o.nnual
+~"n )
"
villaeer, who lives
~1"}
h.. if
9"0 &'7 '2
village, neighborhood
in a
park (see
* D"b '; t +11} ij
t ) Jn0I".k
cqmmit adult<.ry
{)1)11 t
l1
memorial services
D1) 1') ~rr any
n
spiritualit.y
r' )1 C
advic~
G
. n111>"'l'tl C advising
01i .." ,
I . ~
•< ..1•
.i. ••• _
..
h!l.rves L
er TI L
tr~r, tc:t
. 'r't}."hL.
(J1)
",.l
tT1>'tl c..
trTJ
try now nn(1 thf;n
I
r::eans
1'0)'
l~.:l,kinb (t.()mcthing)
r.t
fm)
Hay of s:pcnding the day, time '
J
01>11+
when a. fcsti vcd. occurs, means of
Squilre
celebrating a holiday (see
ward off, protect from'
Q1l'tl;f s.u;;port
.
~~~
tU.:'inl (' h[~nt ceremony
p!J.l1ltu.blc (see
D1b ';1 n 1'1', " •.e. r1'1 y :'~0xiCI)
~~~
/1"
P CTTl q'rp q
r . .·' (....L.i P'"
f].
tIfI'f~
t.h~ep
castratecl
l\
{Ttl
f't) )
fitting contribution (see, 1Ptr) )
G'I1).Il1, cy-i t (s~e (.)", )
d<.:p-.lt.y, vice-
S1~ '111··.$p}J,-',11{
ITtJ. ~ b es t
sub-
district cor.uniss loner
l11!U1
C})101'r C chant, song
.
Hobil i ty, nobles
.
rea.son, ~ 'n'\ !
t f'
S")11.H··
lJl Hi \iCigh, balance
CU'lSC
be prcponderani,
be~nuse
tJ~OJ,
"reighed
occasion of'
61 trb ~111~ " R •. - CJ"lT: lS~
If'}. ~ \
on nccoun;', of
r
tflI'l'n t\ midst, in the midst
~
•••
f
Tn U1\
(1}- g', '111'f ~ intervene
middle, avcrH.ge I
f1>'tJ71hf: ftn, t1T» 'fI b
J
H::! ~ : '\ 1- ~unic ipali ty ment, housewifely skillS, specialty
among
n crn"111 l)',11
e.
register (v.) ,
~1 skill, virt~e, deed, duty, achieve-
)
, fl-iTD ~ n II a.I!lC?ng •
'f
s'ee Ifbll't
oQ
''1 'rI ~
l1b ~ 'h ~
",
b, :"d.nce, scales, weight, Libra
cro H1 n
of this
I
]
(constellation):
on account
"r)11
sense of proportion
[Sec aJ.so Il~\
on account of this),
( see
.
pl(;.ce where thil1{;s arc
on the
f.1iddle Agee
payrtlcnt (see h l ~ "
)
housewifely arts
t tf' "G1)-j dn.iJ.y work '1l)'.aTr! craftsman (JT)- gt 'f laborer lfl}. ~ H.:~ April
..
lJ7}0) 1:cfi, '_1oof
Squsre
DTi311
rr:C~l.:1S of ca.'tching (c<:e
D1Il1lilr,l), c>:pression (see 1l)rn )
D1~ !,la~,n (n.)
c3) ~ 1t
O'bf1i 1
1fl)1 L put on cross-nieces in the
qua.l~ toy of fieJ.d ,
structure of
me(licine, :remedy, ,!?oison,
'I ffTJ 1 L
philter
of rr .e fL- J cOllclus ion ~..e I..S place where one
(s~e
l)1J
11111J. r(1'
tf7} .,~)
)
\
.
r. . .
trn,t nf ]
019 iv~
the next ~y ,
n~
.I (J")1 f1
mercha.ndise
feed
ki tchen, cook house /'
r. regulo.r,
tIl J.. n
feeder
~C1).n
'food '
nO') fL ~
s~andard (adj.);
f' 1 t
n
rea.son for admiration
(see ~ ~'I>
...
)
§Dt ~ fireplace
cro IIJ71 ~S
n.
'fib)
,
III ~ 1 g:
the next dD.Y
be eaten
shop
O"D~
.
,
the following W1Y
'V ~
b ra.l': S
see
I
praise ,( v. )
OTt'}fll f- ~
which one sleeps, stall for
-n
glorify, praise, extol
'1t ell)1 ,.,
O'D .£ 11 rn.ised place of the ground on
lTD ~
drv.w a curtain,
* 1"1", '1, 'P'"
be assigned
[See also
sta 11
put up a. curtain
r
CJ1I,.t11 assiEn, de!;ignate, allot
fp J'. n
house
be framed ( hous e )
(J)1 L1: IY) 1'\
.e:
,(see X£ L )
th~
~J L..~ curtain
spends the
(", .. .I. 1"v~ Il "" Crv...( .'" C~ (l..,.t;.", lJiciht; w.i~.w~.i-s.e-F-"f±{!e-la~nt.( I. .. t lJ w/lJ.. ,,'14 '" .. 'C'I.lII '1 .s til v I·tt:.
'
n t)1)~', ettU:-""ccar:;e
ffTj
~H)
...
beginnit,g (see
~l fl1)L~,p.}-
.i1.trD I (r7> ~ J (1). ').
Itm~
)
entrance (see 1'1 ) litigate
ft1l1of
plead a case'
h"!l1-t "l t 'f
argue a case. (in court) disputing
D'"b0'}1f mean.~ of purchasing (sec
fil'st (adv.)
~h')
come
'It rfI ~
from the
~Mt'1~·
very first "
11'1 )
brine, introduc e • have brought
'}
()
,
'- (),~
,
,
\
•
Db~Th I.~ end (f.ce lifHf] )
int.r~auctl.on
~~(,(\
intcl'!:lcdillry in bctrot;11a..l
D1> 1'1171 ~
sr.eJ:ter
all. ~t1'\t1)
p~p:rt!r
mlr )
',no/'
tDl C',-'ne
nrune by which
r::eus·v.N out the right WilOunt
67> 9-.1D t
~ i V~ a..lms
(f1)
bi)
all the
11 )
L ''\4~
sympathetic (see
bee cilko
* L./fO~. -I &- tr7) t
+ verbal noun + ~m,
keep step
.J, lr be compafsionate
inasmuch
Z:"'I,",
r::oderate
!f1l m1 J .3helter, means of prot.ection mJ )
-
C'tl "1 ~ book, t.ext !J
sympathetic
L ~ forget
tLq be forgotten .,.. H.J.1- _. rr.nke forget
D'DfP 'l'\ drink, strot;1e ar In~c, liquor
(see (illY))
lr/r )
L") n hunger (see Irn )
with a moderate
amount, a little more, for a bit
i?:
solution (see
1T/)m't )
nom} to a certain c>.'tent, ~oderatelY,
f) Ar,
rrl) ]
lTD (rn aITI(')unt, extent (sec
'>
pI"'. . shaft, ,vooden hand.le of plow
01l1t~ ~ toothbrush (:oet! ~", )
[See t1,lso
"
place of' prayer (see l), 11 () )
ploHillG equipment
cqui v:1lent, co;n:;en-
conoc:'1surabili ty
(see
)
if! l. t ; 4> 1nt: "t7 ~ t1
c'n'ate
IfIm
"moe )
book (see ~l.
equ:3..l, be comp!..red.
,.1..2
~tnt )
O"lq;thf (T1)().1" g
if?' A. r ynfT} Il))'
)
(see '*, ffi
O1lfi1J?'slcHe (sf~e
it is call ed
D1>m,
final, last, ul ur"n:t,;->~"=-
"'lT1>~
tern, appelln.tion (see fi)(, )
/1'T)m i.. j
~67) m Li1 (sec ~ ~ )
ap.fcl'~tion (sec
--crnrn'J.,j
f.i l1aHy
07>,;J}.if p~ck strn.p,' Birth, strap
,
I"rnL.
rtlJ1 m i.?i
lrn
"-
be Mol::;t
." &n
moisten
Cli\lSe
t (... ~? if>
Le adept in
L~ ;p " 11;\
&- I).. ~', , J A i!~'icpcndcnt.
"
h L f 'f,
\
r -
(')',m (n.~j
~l,. 11- '. 'A ~ Ct -1
rlrh: b..!i'.t
, 'rr
free "'ill
1..fl.
coffin
* [h, pr.i1~nr:h
.(seel;rh) ~
r. h t· family land ~ (see- a] L
n)
breed
(r-t.;
of worth
be hur.o,.CSry..
1/rn
be hungry
be far
h lr 4>
keep at a d i.stance, keE:p
away, hula off, be far
n~ay
Ln Ln
add
be far apart
lr t
()-q,·.Sl\
far, long (jou.~ney)
r; '1. n',.9.11 c.
f!. ""~!.
'" t;
m~ch
*L"l,'nL.'Y)
Ply.;
4~, r +'t, 4;P ~ t
]
[,.4'
from
L 'PCP
C::1').17: fJ7)l!on evil spirit
r:. 'rl n ~heap "'" * 1..'11 n, hIi l·.'n n ~
~.;C'tant,
tl.e merchants
place
.
~
. t L11 n
the one from far
eL,; f :, ~:J io P1
satisfy
L. ." Ii be defiled
fa.r, far off, lonit(journey); see
rank in religious
teaching
far (adv.)
[See also
to the fire that is
supper
at some distance
diverge too
"1000.
about to be extinguished -
from
+&l.r 1>
/,.q,~ ).~~
L,;P
b-n(~)
plot. of larrd
hand over .
take over
1.. H1m be long
LH cp'.) ~ long :"-0
be subtle, be refim:d .'
•
~
c:. flt1b '1 length
/
/
/
.
,t
"
..
'
)
~lednesda.y
* Lfl. hL'l * L'7. P1..7
mutual
'.
£rep )
'41~} remoteness (see lr~
Pl.~:~m'
Ir f>
refined
iJ c ? ,
C1'1 , see
each one
~''1 corpse
."
distance (se\.:
.
..."
PLlj>(p subtle, refinei L t i}> lnrmbsto.ntial
..) fJ.,"L1{ing his O·...'ll
~ r b:~ 'f t)). ~
be complicated, be
{learni~, l~C
advnnced
eiT n
to bE: f! ne
.
.,
.'
f
1r ~-,;~ runpir.[;
*' L. t.
h L b,J..
!. A.. J"
m)
Gpend the m()rninc,
,
h~.Lp (v,)
be lute in the morning
"n r. J1;t-
~
(f1)
o
(see ~
hc.Ll-' (.1.)
L.'; ~ t
A. t :Ii l) late (artv.)
Lit J:
c(loreration, mutual
micl-mornin,~
n
h(>lp
Lf'h
assistant
if -I- • imperfect'
ulluer::;tand, find out
tl +
explain, express, realize
:hh L I ,
1,.
U)
(
+ ~ L.f7
n<:r,ati ve i£perfect + ~
\
'" HLJ )~ '1-
h fh ., 'I
r1 ;:n 1
evidence
.'In
lf7>.L~ proof., info:r.::ntion,
mistake (.see
r1.j )
pla.te, bo.,.)
paint (picturc!s)
'.
evidence
rf (r l)
i t m:i[?ht
r
cvhicncc
until
IJJ I.J ~
.,
picture, pn.i-nting
tlt1--crbck
Lf).
,
n7\
assistant (see L ~ )
- - --_. ---o bl..cause, because of
L J hold fast to
h 1\ If, rp
GJ
of this
row
'" r <1J D1l "I curse ( n. )
:II-
L1
'tTi~gle the hips"
m, "J.. J 1 m t LJ1 m
be ascertained
* L 1 ~ , h /r"1 1. £:m rWl t'& '[;.m run lr 'I}, L. t:n,
w.e sure
unload, let off
Q)- "!> 6).. ,',
(tJbncpln', 'h ~ l)f'b
spray
+l ~
be sprayed
't1/)trD kiss the cross)
let kiss the cross
n~ l' +'1 i 'r' * 111),1', lilln
d.eference~ ../
t~l\(/> _laugh a:, ridicule
1\ et. S
source of nmusement
ema.sculate, castrate (a person)
ti 11 '1
runni,":
sprin~~le,
!
l1b ~
about
"
hI) Ii 'tltfJ'- therefore ~-* nt.11b, of q?!)In go "to church
L.. 11fT) curse (v.)
L 1 L1
therefore, because
h l) l'
evirated membl~ae v~rL.£ "
vm.r, v:otive of'fe:r:ing
, h 7) ~
" ,...
! 1-: 1
mIJ.kc a
)\I
(;
with water
,
'
t ri (l~, ('~l;ee 1 I (i. c.
t~c parent~;
'hI; /j~
have vo\ .. ~,i
,~,n;J.:)',mce,
rc cite, convey,
that the child :::he.ll be('(.:ne a.
t h n'Tj ""I
l ) cc .... " ~ca."e
of fUfT) 07J (0-) bo;'! H.grcC'~~ble tu, bG
st~,.lc
n6)1
ri?\ t (0}) bore t n7'1+ be diq~u:..;t;d , ~h lIT1 l{orcdom . hZ\3"
suita.ble . . 1.l th
), 11 tI!!~
l,)ri..ng to
n'"l,~Tho
hears
c..
~ /'0) m1.t
of
. ,.
kind. of d'lsh
II ~"l
~a.lfl.d
Ii q it
nITTA), feeling
Ii it. ttl r:, t:::;::t1 f~l~
~n 1':iss, attend church
•
,
trltilYl
go to
\
UJ 1\tiJ~ i.e trc.wcd) QC pr~ficient in ,
church, attend church)
/"
flrn name
}1f 6)"n civill.;ation :. !r'}7'l/"/lITj) authority, ~ffiCial) .. . I .
l V6lIl)'b
n?, :~"I a nO!.1e is given '\
lJlodern culture, •
I
civilization
III l) fTj '0: f ~ !.. r1 n t
I
lJ}- l) I'Tj ~ 'Sul tan
rill Et-~ line,
•
I'
cessioil
I G
( M.i)" ¥;
"I .e, II n"'I
'.
~
ti, be
nrir"b :th
as a
~iest J'
name
* Ii ,rn 'L 't r1 tr1} L
Co "
engage in, be !
.,
/' /
engaged in, head ~owaru (as they
~ust as /
hea~d, be~'perr:ep/t ih) e, ,
be hec(}eci" be listened
G.
"
though he had: not h.er-:fd) ,
'give
WfT> L gd well; go well wi th
l
pn..rade). lirlC-*'!r; pro-
.,
•
l·
'
"?o: "'0)11)
f7'fT'1"i't agre~erit ~ee r1lITJ )
"~e cultured 1
kiss each ·ot~ ~'J.""
v
\
.
influence, a.('ceptr~;,~e
tn> i!1Tlj (01'-1 agreement
/:,-'
Ml\ I-.
-Ii O'l hear
ag!'cs;nr::nt
nf' fj'J '1,.~eement
n7) Ii. 'U cr th(!!'cf'orc (see n~ )
,
an
of rtlf'/~,- suitl'J.ble
b~g
,"T'
ngree, approvt~
head for their respective beds; /
Tl f
h'1 16r : ~hf) f:./'r
/~lley ~ .' f
"heir rospec+.i ve "rays)
'.
yO,
Rppf-al
I
'J~'"
'- '! .
I
/
I
f1lrf'JC o...U kinds
:roots
of'
.,
l"lr',n~S! strlkc roots
'v
.;
n.. , c:
n ·"/Y [ under 71/"": I"e. from
:the -one whose turn
:
/
/
I
/
/~
I
'hold the rr.llh:;nr .. t,'t'
is
.
• f U.(
t."H \( ,
f'
nL IP
Mqt:'rt~- ~i:~h(.
trl\'
eighty, the 80th day
\ W &1
fo:..~
mr;;:noria.l servi.ces j civil InH.rri3{;:e
ntrt} 0 t
rll'fTI ~ ~! 1 n611 ~ hea\'E'n, ~kY~\ i (pi.
beginnin(S to end
steal
t fl L cP be stolen
'ri'P~f officll'.tin.:; priest
n'.. ·,.1 ~tI
under
r
111 C q't
worker, laborer . ceremony, regulation, rule,
procedure, order, discipline
) ,ma.rtyr
I
nlJl CII ~
i- !.
U/& ",ork ~ be in u~~
)"tJJ ir' help to do, ha.ve built
n ." IU C IJ, ';
according to procedure ,
f' ~ : III r: :; t
procedure
Ii 1.. H
hW I,C conctruction, method of
delete
1r1L.H
p~ep3.r~ng (rood)
properly, systematically
be deleted
i I
I
~~
L;
tool, weapon, buildir~g
materia.l 111/11 b ~ ~
ro t
W &~ ~
er.lployee, worker
[See also
nL-
jodhpurs
; r
grass
f' & ]
t"1 r.: h'li " lr
office, u?;:>artment
*
rn f, ." tltri L e r t. ~ Syria Ii Cot
. be
st~lk of grass
'
idle, not have
anythine to do
IV Is ~ L) I
11 !r !, ~ )
eI' tr: b. +
r
unemployed
~ ~ , une'11ploymcn t
.
escort party disseminated (news)
·f
n. n addiction ~ f1 't
greed, overeating, stinginess
tprn
three
cP ht?'
work, effect (see W f:,. )
IV II' lJ
wedding
Ii t.1 _.bridal * fiL.m, t n{'a), be
I
obt~in absolution
h 7~
third steeping of coffee~
good fortune
n., lip
!
n.q,', ~H J H
make one pant
'11>
•
laugh .
""'l"))
he jec!'ed at hi.Jn
"
f1 nn Pl"t!:J.ch h-rrn1 sermon, 'Prea.c~· f
•
lJ"l'1 tC (I lat1,,;hlnf,b -Loclt • > I
r1 ~ A hang, C,&uci1y f1 'P 7)t:. ~ [fl Crucifixion
ncJt ~ UJ1
I
nn
see
I
~
ri Tn
! I 'I W ~ f
su:'fer
rl ~ J r1eilns
for misleading
mist.ake
h't: 6)[ girl 11'-1 : 6) yHl!
h 1 ~ 't
be attracted
~ fl',; ~
'IHlfll'1
cr~:p,
nnL.
break
S1\
eln.~tj c
femi.nine prostitut.e
'f
*r1+
field
b.. I +.~ t !..
participate
n~ June, Fast of ~
in ~'1 [;:
f71 L
stalk of
~
UI~1
ri n rin gather (vt.)
furnish provisions, take pro-
visions of IJJ ~
(gait)
1Ul~
gather, gather up
nll together, nl1 nil :.illl t~!ether
ehfl
tJ). ..
ni1 t't-rt!
procedure
---
tnnrin gather (vi.) " .. nfl nll: "J.. ~ be sedate
ri-n "fJ'. 'Id L1
Siine
ri~rhiCU?, china
IV~:. ttl C a., ~
grass
nil"! n.
ludy
wO!.'l3.nly qualities
eh 1 ~ t r1 t ;- h1L
protrn,cted
fl'W' I.. 111',
Q1)
mir,le~.d
f1, t woman
~n pu.ll
h1 L,
I
t7 trrt'"
,
nt', 1l{l6 fnr.llly
.in
I
1)'1,., t-
be fat ,
rlt be mistaken, err 'r
t 7n
,'e
Friur.y
of lnul ticolorcd cotton
rect.illli;uln.r
,n1>flt :; uJ 4>
"'t
f
be provided of (food) pr~visions
for ,the journey
rnrrl\ Virgo (constellation) in n/), c1) grass take leave,
gathering place be fired
chairman (of a society
involved)
'nn ~n+ make last n~ n r 'Sabbath, Sunda.y
H11 r1 r"]
[See also
where collecting of money is
r'I n 4>
in I
(JI
meeting
n +shake t.he spear
r: n
r'J
'n t
fn n t J
kind of gathering (see
*
)
t ri"1 trpl ,
~uch
bc ir,sertcd
L/'}
1ff>'1't(l
confusion, lit, after how
succeed ~
~uccl:.ssful
arr,an:sclll(;nt
I
M'h L be drur,k
much confw; i(\n '1)
n') t
f".:tny ti.rr.es?
hO;l
~
'\ t 1fTl, t r:
centimeter
~
\. t
S~
sani ta.rinn
~
v
'hnilL
rrrll:
n1) r:
r1 HI 1.
nfj s.. O"D n
t
prepare
be prepared
t) '"
n:p l..
necc3saries
t1
'j.'aurUs (constellation)
(see
nHn~~ cut
nm- )..
eh fi}-
sloth
* n1j. "h n'Ij
secretly
fH}}' i '} boUy, physical constitut.ion
steer
('n!i- r;
conceal
nh(J).t:
h1 ~ "t[heat , nl£ 1\ sandnlYiood
"n:1
person
ri r»- : h ')) '1 L respectful t1ro-ro6} man, individucl n@-,''i body, :physical constitution
strike (the qall)
* ri ~.£,. '" r7 , f..
drurJwnness
s ur,ar
r1 Q- Iran,
~ V~ dc ..'ect, .Trong
illtox.i.cate, inebriate
t)
~', 'n -n r: ~
ITJ 1)
. demean oneself
say of someone, cause to be
Ii ptm na'lle (v.), designate h ~ i1Tb naming, name-g i ving
considere:i
11- S1h
make, IT'.ake be ce.lled, make
at least (see
h ~n
)
/
~ ~ 1h science
'nn1 (t»-) it appeals to him
h.thr
n~ Monday
luiJl\ ho,'f
picture, painting (see
1/))
-, h J tn·· llt'-name
61l
of square in
Addis Ababa
hour, tjrne
nO, ;ll', ~
"1
14
six
celebrate the
tr .t n
insul t ( v. )
canonical hours
"'~l.n
nf nA -r
t1Jll insult (n.)
from til'le to ti."Tle
string (beads), "plug in
nJ
curse (v.)
be apprehens i ve, fear
)-
rib. L
•
.~ ~ b.. L be; men,sure(l out
is conz:crll
" tlJl
fi b. 1.
concern (n.)
el"J: 'Y)'n i t1? r
] i vestock
board
'h~ b..L take on pa.ssenger~
"
Ii b..!
cllrn1.1) I'!i3.terial
conC'2rn (~ec r1')
neighuorhood, settlement, camp
t7 f is- place, r.pot
)
c~rr.r.l, material (see
I"? ce
set. tlc, aMlp
t~b..L
" ' tV;J body, flesn
I") '1!
out
li.(:H:;Ul'e
( CD S'.. P h ~
t";J )
h 9'} width,
"J!f ~l secula~ity ~CTj t~ \ adoration
lr tJ)...
:
to oil over)
nize (see
n,
r)
n&t' kind of tray .,
t7~p.rrct.
..L. m
, ,
"'ive .•
t>
nf1';
gift
·lE-n"l. "ttl If)
A (11 J
Rift (see
,'1 m' , fl~
be _:?ren.'(t on the ground
rUn )
.<
n. thousand ....i "1 wish, want *~}') , tf1l\ t~'"
box
.
be ,nde
t
h !r'bt
be widespread, expand
"A h ~ ~-
nbr
~
spread
,,;,
Ii ~ ,,~ '1\
wide, broad, large,
c?nsiderable,
riL
L~portant
r~
r; 1\ ~
sharpen
we," song
11 ~ Ill} )
n~"VJ
width, size
. alTard (n.)
valley
50 cents
n.l't''n',{1),..:lij, slip out
sew on
~ be sewn
n- Et ' jn' Pn. It: ~ 1 ~ 1
be sharpened
n?\f
exterisively)
n, tn
improvement
r~ kind of tree
( 1) t.1 L 6).. widely, a.bundantly,
t
D'tI~?j ~
n~tra decora.te, give a reward,' award
broad, wide
,h~
improve (vi.) b~ amended improve (vt.), amend
f,
be somewhat wider
/)
.".,,;r;ll
r1\
t
be better
,)to
kind of dish
n-r Ol}, t ,.,.,- '") t'\911'1)
scramhle, st.rugp;le hU.l'd
make scramble to obtain
/
ft.0lj T~ 1 )
"'jI}.tpJ (Yll.
nn ·t~ bt- grey-llen.dec! n) sm2.ll (n.)
o~·fi.ecl',· hl!ad;r~'1.n
j1j..01 offie'e" (func·tion)
~ 01) canrllo-
(1 ~ r ti1
llcrhunc
tl'l'i'llr
ft ~ ~
childbirth illness
chic}:-:peas
nif' n~ . c~lne,
nIl1t
rn tn
reed
. pleat,
i1 ~ ~ C ~ C
purchase (grain or other
j1.rnr
office (function); see
lilT'} 'b
weaver dress
tn
old age
?iii
'.
*
jt'\
01) I
~
carrt,
be carried
ntp: nC name of gate in Harar
put to flight, spirit away
* n11.., ,,~C7) ~
across
'1 ~ 11: ac~bss dampen, put into water,
hCJI:
w~t:tI\.
*r4Jr'f/tr~rf
stir
.
* ~ 1>0, A~4' n look up nfl : t.9. L1 be tied .*' nn t, t nL be alarmed * ~ nl. if n L 4> be resplendent
n
I
be provided with escort
~{ gourd, drinking gourd
Cnncer (constellation)
"rf
•
accompany, see off
n11 t nn n
~ "f1 rous lin
* ~ cr,
defeated
.
' ha.ir· )raid
'n;rj if
winner
n~~ wl., potter, pot.tery maker
nili avoid, ne~. .,.
win, overcome
~ro't clay, pottery
,
fi CfT) '\
hold an assembly
n\h...
f) fu
cf-n ~
bustle about
n~ r fit" :peas porridge nc. ~ f1) pros ti t ute
-
'r,
n
~l abolish
f1.: c1
n, '1: J fI h 'i &
nl71)~i\ old man, elder
nC:1-t: 'hfl
assembly
* () ~ !.,
become old, arbitrate
nrC1J 6'1 ~
sUf,arcane
rnm we.ist
fancifull;Z' be fanciful (dr~ss)
n/T1)"~
n1 ~
~
n
n
* cp\ 'f'l~, t
cl'evice
nl 'r C : "I.e,
rO"f> ,
~
ga.thering at the 'v'aist
ridge
products)
C1
l77
:>
"n
stu;
~ 11' get m(·ldy
1n'l1 pistol .". nm sell
l1nt seller ~1i ~ place where things are sold
r
t;\'.,
'h ~ L.""
beat wi th ~he whip
flAl Hf!lJe r (:'f'c'hm)
h ~ h~:l
,
n~~.r outlaw , nft 11) out,1 ry nh.1 cover, veil (v.) o.',.,r
t .<
11 h.1
r (~'h ~et.
~ (,) ~1\Cf.b' in. e~ t"
eycoro'....
be veiled
11 b. ), 1.. "\. h~
~ be wrappt:d un-
'1,E, 'Ali! h lJund
cp /) h '
in
f~(I)A
mix
~ q,fl
.
(P 1\
it hut
be nixed tocether
h4)~(r71
.'.* ~n1!?I,
(ndj.)
,
join in
"i?l1.n
GO down tof sun),
set (of sutt)
tn t'ti Cl'. ht.
go
9-0 \Offi
(of sun)
~t.f~() ·.fl.ll· dmmhill
n'" f /)itt 1'if. h h111 11)'.11.~ ') A> >-,
/
,. 61 •
r..~e pro~:lise~'
pro:!).lse (n.)
11. .t'l' "'l.. ' ..., n make a promise, ~ ,1 . I, •
1'11"
down to
'food, provisions
41H1't
.
ril~g
l' ~ r
light qua.li t\r (of color)
tp l'I!..
have fun
make a (;oYcnant
e;f> 6)'. ~ T' 'J c~
verbal inst.ruction
.,. !p1lj.
.r'/ 76\ by heart
* ~ll, A r;p,'r . ~~I 17'/
irydividually
-
,
custodian spirit
f lJm ~ ! ;. i'I
be faster, be more
quickly
ea.se
"
if 1\ ~" ).1,
be light, be slight,
be minor, be low (price) ~l\?t pile, hca:pul'
'1'10 hl\
melt (vt.)
effi'i'~nt
4l\r. be light r
mu~h of
of> /) m melt (vi.)
'hf7't m
. grain
he} II il
tpllm be animated, there is -something
roast
tf.~T f~ :Pa.r ched grain, r~asted
ffl.
joke with each other
be heaped up
~COlor, ink,
learning, education
t '" ~: Sh 'P'J", see
.f
t
slightly curved 1]1)
'£ cr ~hCO'\. (,ee ~ '" r11)) ~
1
~Im stand, stop,
(~ fO
sta.nding upright) tZ
'YO' J ,S
i ... •
.. (? 011"?L1
j)lacc, l~et hold of
'h 101>
.
r.:,e is u11!'l
htJ:~t;1I' net. ur: c;;t.&bl.l:;h, as3~st
h 1>1f1} tm ITI. the
+jx 01l
is laid out .
~ITL
be est.abli!ll:cd, be set up
1t77L·.
~-')L1
;. tp' , in i1 ~ U7r in his lifetime, tr.e nOl"r:aJ. v<'--lue
T':
irn't
~ 11: important' ma. t tel'
.
j. t
chair
. ~Imrj) become le'Pe~
fL
be left, be l,ef't out, stay away, fail, be omitted, remain, r~nain
..
behind
(n~n't
!1cight
c
depository
g1}~qn/iTJp£cat,
'.u:::novuble property (
. ~ ~'i lif.... ti.me., . stn.nce
~~
~(~(j1ltf)
pC1illr::nent, survivor
.
t:vJ.~ner. in ,.;hich
··,erl. n'r
he missed out
'on the blessing) . "1~
r
post~e, religious dance
nn;t.
nS;l~e rer.:ain
tJt.i~~J prayer stick
(}all T'
others'
S;ice
to say
nll kinds of spice::.
tpDTJn
taste, take a taste
nothing of others'
. (')tP(j1) f1 give to taste:
--------.-t~~fv.+---.----- -.---one--da;yv-·-4b*e~t:eo~ree----------·------4
q,ITDh: lf1
taste a bit
flq, C
, in 'n'"
n'l'c
outside of, ,
~lf1l.h dress, skirt, rpue
except
f
(n + negative verb +
O'J)
l'
he ight (see ~ 47) )
i at, lifetime,
* fa'» m, t+~m
stance (see" en:> )
unless)
sit, be put, be
nh t l' t
bes ide, nonetheless,
placed, be: set aside, be
otherwise
deposited~e put away
.n'tfC
'Idlq, ant1l
deposit, place, put
aside, have in one's possession
n +C
beside, in that case
'A ~~C1D
preceded by the nega.tive
in ~rfect "is not ] ikely to
~ (~t; h cp ~".t;l ~ 'hs h of ~: ~ ~ t\. they give no peace) ,
t_.nJ tl'
f)
II
.
~L
'h l('/..n
prc~.;ent.,
t ~ L.n
be n(:;:.r
serve, r:ubmit.
p:ovisions cellcct.eJ by the
to, come to a f ravproC'h~jl;ent
cor..:nunity
h tf>lr L'0 presentation, ,~ay in which one ,comes close to another,
~ C: hi\O} have ill \lnl
q, c: ~ t nl' 'h'tpt.rlr
*" flrlr,
~ 4-ft./.. f1
'close
[See also
;p'Cll )
sing a bf\ttle sonr"
recite a war
f Lrt
cOlr.!'!lunion
be di!;uppointed
chan~
(see
.....
n;P CfI r n ii> r f}
fn /, ri )
~
q, r: h
aSf.et
11,'1>1:11 ::tl-b', Q).~'tJ
tLrl
de~nch, tnke a portion, break,
~
~
•
CPC11 near, nea.rby, closely (r.ee 'ft." )
battle song
~ C(1 bren.1-.fast
(at/j.)
;p r 1t
recently
close (fr~end)
eit> r. n..
"
eat,brend, breakfast (v.)
recently
the one from clos e
L"
'hfl~!. ri
q, C(I ~
offer breaJ~fast
f. Ln
" C N breu!':fo.st (v.)
'C 11: 1. L.t1
-,
&.
"
T ", II
-t..LL!...
'1...
w (
~ Crl)
_v. )
with the head down
, en 1
~ L~fIH: fOWld ((' stQ bf.; 5L)
*
i ~ f.o L,
~1
to 1.. ~ L
make one
tL~h,
cf>!; '1
.untanned hide used as a
sleeping mat
~ ('11
ttfoLin
hit the hockey
communion (see ~ tn ,
"* q, L ~, t;> L,~
)
+LJ7 ) ,
conflict (v.), con-
tradict
ball D'll
communion
~ c: 11 t; nearness (see
restless
*
give communion, administer
comnunion
l' "1' t--1l..~
,,; cif, i:
ta.ke communion
.,., "a-n
eat D!"eakfc.st,
breakfast (v.) oII-..l..L
closcnecs
t iT t/!o7i
wooden load stays
q, c. it> 9 ~ t
t; l.r L
goal for the hoc key bull
rcughncss
; L n be ncar, come ne~r, come forward, . be served (food), appear (in court)
opponent
cf! L'\
st..lbble (of wheat, millet) ,
1> un
deduct
'* rn L
,-'
cut 'J () ,) r 1_.
'" ~ L CJ)' d l ;-;CCI;1t i
e+faLtn
t
cea~;c,
t
q,'l
eD1l ~ f C t;'\
i ct.D 9' ~"L '1
ankle
if-
fat (n.)
(r.ce
4>n7), ttpt1l\
4''1 )
song, in cries of mourning), say
up
in refra.in
.'
sculpture, shape
70 lD h t )
hand (v.).
t if '1 e
wh
singerq, who gives the response,
priest (see .....
.-"
who is possessed "by a ~pirit
t q,~~, \ ~ acceptance, receiving C'f) q, n J , Pin f "A ~ C1J J., : I/7Ifn J
(tt1) priesthood, rnnk of priest
priest (see
'h cp nh l
'f>nr. ) ; h" f injured q'tj n be ordained
accept, join (in a. a
'f>l.~ carve
4: n )
...;&1 '2'-.:. n~~_of~churc~ q> ntf n stir
4>1 )
~ flo. ~ ~ don the ho~d
* ~Lmm, t'ilrmf}) wtJ.uder ;;p r:"b' in'~ r "), :.1 fl6'l- divide
(pl.
'P'1, cpn,.)
~f) hood
~ 1. m(1) nibhle
1? fl
oil ($~C
uninterrupted
cp, Lt:t),cl i T-lpcr
~tfl)
sr"car o:-.:-;elf with
cptt't~f
l,:,q;.. fix(' 1.
-t~
1>'1
,.
[See e.l:.o
dec isj vc, clear-cut
lrffi resolute
D"b
a.noint '
eros!>
rlxen
9h
c{! c tn",
I'm;,:,
up, rouse, "lake up
~place
;nn,
to receive visitors
area., district
~r1L bury
t tp nL
be buried
; fn bOyT
)r)!f> nl.
help to bury
q, n~
(n.)
. (see
itt·)
~ht;\1/rn
* ~ 7i;ti, ; tpJ\
f '1 ~ f 11 c:.
priesthood, rank of :f.ricst
S
r. ~ nfi
boil, cook
+~
4>7\ be boiled
~~l manger
burial
011 ~ f) C. grave, f\mera.l
t::onstantinople belittle
who buries, sexton
to!P' fox tpll r J
burial (see
tP n l.
)
.'
(> 4> 11 C buria1 (adj,)
I.
~
p-nr : I";: fllC 0, )
buria.l. ceremony ') (
"(
~.Jn
i- ~ t
. £t> '1
~er! cp '7
1'0. t (v.):
decreFlse (vt.)·
14>Sft\ decrease
~
" f) r
~ fllO 1- folly \
1> \ r1
langH~6e
.
.'
I
(
4scrve to do
/
* S> f. )., ~ f(r,.) he
n~t
is
able,
(vi.)
h~ ~ ~ 1
be a, 'rival,
so~eone
contender
* ~\nL, ..'1"\tf>~ n l..,
he cannot
-
out of
combine, link,
'
,t
coordinate, deal c::.
tt;
~~11 C yokE;
midday, noon
11 ; 1C • n "S, ~
afternoon·
be ~pright
+{',fll"·.'1.t1ook up
to ~ 9.. ~
q, 1
~ 1~
;~ (pl.
honest
bra.in
(pl.
~~ ~ f t
. "l}- C)
envy (n.),
tp, r
) day,
date
i i mL.
,
take a pinch (of roasted
grain), peck
+, ," "1D1T'}(1)1) put in• the
t;'1) I1l L
'h;\ \; \ day after day of grain, qunna.-basket
• ~ religious poetry, vers~
q, ~ ~ tn}~ ibr
outermost corridor
of the church (lit. place for singing hymns)
;p ~ ~ 11 J...L. eq, ~ ~ 'b f.
":J
) pretty, pretty
beauty
;. ~: Q) 1'11(1)1) it haa seen its day
;r a basket
cP II
girl, beauty
ascendant "
q,\
envy (n.); se~'
~if>' ~ horn
tp{ be envious
~_. ~_
"q, t;r
~cp,' settle
-+n
wi~h
qane extemporizer qane school
honest (see
4>, )
tt."mm
be 'fidgety
pinch
-? ~ll~inching (n.) ~,,;n, top
; , right, right hand
.; l: b.r rank of dabtara * ;lPh, ,1. ;tDn upset
ftM
Sagit~arius (constellation)
4> 11;f1
be cold
~"I;n coldness '" ~ red 'J f)
'-'
,
0-
• ,
.
1V
~'.
'. ,i'r, '. 1-{~) r k'inJ of di.sh ~ eI 1~ It:..~t fer· a 10;t;' tir.;c,
~ ;, tpt ~J ~. fanner 4>~tp;-n~flin fro'ni., first (o.dv.)~.
be
,~ previou51y, already, beror~,
~,
~
'.
.JPr some t i!!le s rcrlO.in, star
. , 'Hlr [) ~
e~. ~
II.
~ ~ cr':
ar;cient
.
en. wlr n 't ': rtf in use quit:6 for
f
which
1\
while)
walking for a
( f1 + imperfect + f ~ 7 when it
~/Ti}, t ~ ~ ()t)
t l' £.
rancor
.
4' J ~L alter ~; J PL chnilge
(v.)
em;) ~r
(n.)
,
if ph mea~ure,
n be holy
[See also
q,~t1 (pI.
------------~-----------------------------
change
I'
h h ep j. n atte~d
change (v •. )
+, en
,.
4> i. n say l.mss, sa.nctii'y
offend
>
o
outline (v.)
be measured, be divided
;e~ survey (n.)
t/l.e,.h;
q,~11
,.(',/n ) saint
q, ~f7 ~ f th1h
:P 1,16
l,fa.ss
Ma~s (see
q, ~ Ii ~ 1'} tP "J punish +fl1) be
start l-iass .
punished, be disciplined
f ~ leather
have someone punished
first race (v.)
(see;P~n .)
f ~ n ).
~ h'ftr}
4> t'" precede, be first, get somewhere
]
St. '>John's Day
,~ pour
.,. h q, ~ ,Q ~
first of all
. t 1>~'Il'1, : f'(J. C ~Ioly Saturpay ~;p ~ ~ ;' Ii. C Holy Sa turdcy
hold a gnl'l~e, be
~ tI\ resentment,
t ~L
'.
[See also ~ ~ D"1l; ]
offenden, be nngry at
tf'[t
.
first
~ ~ 111£ S\mday (see
'has been)
rd7 ~ rlJT)
prior
( e1't tp' fo~er ) ~ 'ht1 tf k~' p~viouslY, of l' ~ I!7J,. i I- priority
whU~)
'* f
nl\ Defore
+J P' early times,
for 11 lih He
( h "t t" f ~?
tp
4' ~'"L primar,y',
"as
\
; ~, ?
.
Pl'loj'
prc~(;rvc
cause to be punished,
4>"11 fine, punishment "'+11J1 punishm<::nt trt>+ ~ fine (n.) 'JllL
I..".
J ('.
, ~. m'. hi\.
q, 111 C ('
be s,t ra i..:.:hL
.~ l\l f
~" 'O.h;~c~ (s~e 'f t}~ "1 ) ',ihenten
At If\ ,. ., I
.\O' ... n"t
brc~d
., i
*
iq
-
~
A,
-F
then
"
.
+m
~ (oJ)
1imn
" .------..--~-~'-t1}-~--a--,rc---so-n-i-s-t-..
fm."")
f
~ J ~traight, (see
.f
con~agration
reed. '1
e
number (see ~ I'7Il )
" + perfect + f til z: JJvery time (conj.)
III J;"l
f
ro '.1.~ )
straight (adv.)
" I" 411
directly
flflt'f
straight, lite~a.l (trans-
lation)
;m~ appointment
,me:
as~de (,...on~)
tJ1>4!ml1 restraint .
.'
*
ca.ve, lay
be decorate'd
tlAffln refrain (tabStAO.J I· --- - - -- ~-----.---tf; m.n::-jh ac:mure , r.es-trainCd--
)
S/l)~ fire, blate' (see
i ITt tTl
blac ksmi th
* ~mekm,' cH +.m(~m
burn, stine
.
cr.J.enaar
f tTl L tie, knot, tie up , ti mL b~ linked
burnt, burn dorm
,
supervision
fT1l T& "1 mt superv i::; ;.on
b.C broiled, be
'[See also ~m~
.Co'
"
.
'Og m11
censu!»
nw.ber (see above)
." ~ "l me
I
1> m~'~~' ,
* 4> 1111\, t 5' m It
mc
tp tflroC
I
'h ..~6I t7l~ next' ..to lH£.'t):
",atch (v.)
( em11 -()', *' In lr
Let rtngry
nn:~er
\~~~,
frl m-L
~mlr count (n.)
pr?l>erlY
resu:n~ '( '{~:, vt,), co~tinue
7\
lC:\TIl
one recite the spellip.r, l(wson
~ rn, t.r'ay ,
-
rc"kon,
~n (~ fYI L m'li';l~ O~l\'! spe~l, mnke
"
".'.6 ..,._ . . ,"n' ,.
. 4> f\\,in' r{ '1?fT~
c r; ,rIX)\l nd
(the alp!)!l.bCt.) . . t i'vtll L be considered
s tro.i,,;h:?
"t~
.:---'li)oltnll
. 'ip t;'l C ',"lll.
, t. c1)'.",,\1 ;:;t.rni,:lh.,Jadv. )
'e
18'1
~"'r puniehrneilt (~_e~_1''!J)
t
K).
flil ~ -/Il, s ~ t
tp rom~'supervision "
(see
~ mt- ) 'JO{ j1W'
,
,
•
,
".
t.t$'.7:~ !)i~~ :;it
,
d";'-;l
-n~, .t~in\~iT!;J, (:;ce
,
-
v'·
;1
f~" g!)lI7.:: 1:\'~('i. 01" SI"l~lIl\
6
tpf.
NJ ·t ~
'1/)
~
be sTJoiled, 8110i1 (vL)
~
ntl.stcr or the house~ lndy . of
tb1
the hou'so, wife
have du:; up
+ l . bCG door to door
'nl\ )
c:mcrt
.. . * nf) 7i , t n ~ Pi' ~
beehive
.
door-to-door'beG~inG
fl:
'\
'1 'l'11 tri.bal not.able 11 l'I r r-art, 'cut of meat n~t?
I
n in,
official
~ 1\ husbl1.11d
.br'li' tTl. • of' ..... I":e rc:l'/ , "r_ •
't ~il Gurv.~r(~. food
~~ T't\iTj:)
pe!'son who bour,ht sometning
to cat, customer
at, among, on account of,
fll'l ~ t;
houscwif.:lly i\bilities, house-
b
wifely skills
becauzc of, in view "'of fact that
~
corr.p3.nion
.
.
n-I} 'Ylr 1l1'l'Y' heavy woolen blanket
even if ~
.fi +
"
iLr.perfect
+1"
even
thoU[~,.,
black with a. whi tc blaze
'I \J l\
tradi'tion, custom
'1ihC
sea.
,
\ \
. '1m~~
character
'1 ih ;t ~
hermit
rt 7\
,
in-
til$., h
Old and liew
TestOl1lents
-n &\0),,- rudeness, nnm exceed
be eat~n
.
immoral
make a grea.t difference
'hn'lllm
(~nl)l\
food
~
,,7\ 1'1\
'
n"
fl ;~ .~ ~
of' n
n~ eat
n
)
countryside
'1 ih t,: f1 ~.. eucpJ.yptus
tn~
(see n~
-O1}.', Old Testament· IV
even if ft.~
n/)f1). let hiJn have it:
.one eats)
fe.ed, serve focd, provide
'.,. one with child'
'111: A~
nl'tffl·.Jl\ more
n1l1'l (n
more
O"b n~ 1')1'0 difference
PtriJ.n tim
more
~.,.
~
iliJb majority
aon
n/;ll)! :'a~ t..~
'.
~ t: ~n, hat
best
-n l'l ffi ( fem, -n l\ {fl.1
) shrew!,
-n llri)1- trickery -n l"i~ majority (see nTlffl . t\ {Ill t
. :rtlr
)
light (~.)
,e
~ ~
"h nL '11 + inc~~ase
nr:. 111 :. 'n r.
,
silver thaler,l.ojRtVv
nr:i"1',. ~ ~
* n!..flL,
~
J
?tpln~ nL
e:'IIa:,', e):pel
.
ransack
'h •t]'TI nc-n c p:!"oper
nc. n~
.'
number present a gift .
pepper
nL1) t
nh':)I~',n C ne.me of gate in Ha:riir
-n c:: -p
strong, powerful, indus-
•
n-n ~ -n t: J l
{H , • ( se~
n L.)
•
...nc1li~
-oC ~
. t
orange,
cold
nL.,., ) hailstone (see nl..i )
J
pen
be cold ,
strength, effort ,
wa.ter
"It nt..1 cool, c~lm down (at quarrel)
strongly.,
n!..1 ; catt}.e
, blesSing, gift
n C'iJ "desert ..neff honeyed f1 L. j.
trious
e.
11 ~:n 1- : l1lj"l in quantity, in ereat
•
\'
..
a bit, m?st of, laree (nwnber)
na.1Ue '.
. MLj be_ strong t'
<.
considcrapie, much,
numerous, many, a great dea.l, quite
fly, -run fast. Cn
be'rather large, be
manifold
lisht (n.)
'hq, ~4.'1,
be munerou: ""bc many
\
g~te
......
bless
114'(} hlessed nL'11t be large,
light (a. cn.ndle)
nc -nr: sHyer,
. nl L
wcnr a hat
be bl(.ssed
ox
,-nr:.lf1
n.lw.t
rrlrTb blessing
.. 01>11 tr't
,\ •nl..
tJl.:n
. \/Car
n~l.l
'1t. ~(f): ~ ~
be lit
'Onlr
n'in):
~ly
[See also
n L. ~ .nr.t;',e- t<,',." "I h.et
-n c(,f), ~ slas s n lr lj- doorstep,
"
il &,; parch.rnEmt·
'n c: qfJ
burno;se
nr
n 1..'1'"
porch,
"f~ be worse
,
doo~y
roasted barley flour f«A."f.ftl. fJt't ~ Wllt~
aOl
n q,1l.. ·.l1J,mt !~uletc:er '111) be:::.n nl' r:, in 11·· n q, C
'Worse
nnl\
,
fnnll
*-nnl..,
l!1fl.tUl'C
exce!)t (see
who is mature
11nnL
the good
n+
infona, announce
.f1 1'1
!le~':s
nnnn
putrefy
nht ,
in
nt'lt f L
fL
)
except for,
"\-lith the eXl~eption of) • to the right (see
1'1 )
behind (see ~r'1
ntHlr:1
)
n~
ill
c.:'lceticism (see
qualifY
(for); renounce the world
f'inish, end, bring to an
-nfl', '11
co.lf
III
house
asceUcism
O1}'fljr
renunciation of the world
tnlfl1~ end
fl;P :-ntp;,"hll
ncp 11
~ppear
Brow "
hn 1> 11 make groy' f1
fptl
nip/to
n;P )
railroa.d station
-
.
~
n+'.Il thor small hut outside the churc~ in which the H~st is
fb +: (JT)'VII" ~
palace
fbt:,.,.f' circular house n,+: '(}C 17t J ~ church
n ~ :/I fb1 around the house
:n n ~: nt :,,11
'to
revenge mule
'-house
.
from house to house
-0
sufficient
11 9'1
unless
annpi t
't1n ~ ,: (b.,.
end. n~
n tp C.
fbt: nfl fa.'llily
be sufficient, be qualified,
on;
•
prepared
rln;J illness
nti t~
)
negati ve v~rb +
P'I rrr. :Ifl (1..J
ber-ides,
( n--* nf7 r1' c nhftrS;;
4' L
f) (1-(. train, railroad
-.;'
othentize, nonethele~s (see
•
outs ide of)
w
be coohed, be rip3, be:
-go
from house to"
'
f n,1:l. rm ry, 'f lady of the house P- 'h~:n,~ property custodian ,.. n+4 close friend of the family n 'I- t.t
'.
insuffi,ciently fennepted
"' nt 1'1 P in particular nt 11 ~I tp
(see
11 e
)
espec ially, spec ifically,
particularly
nrc
nlrl\,
Btick, htn.ve
in
n· . ,nrrl\
('onccrntrlJ~, ';lith
~
ntl..b.(j1l
moreover (see tLb..
nt4>'
besides, in tilat c~se
(see
nn7} I.. "
J1n i be
n, t ~
disperse (vi.)
11 tt
disci:pated, go to "Taste
be mm'lerous,. be too much .
great quantity
11 1- )
t1~
dnly, but, ho·.;ever
';dYH?:
111 :11 t fl}-'1
singly
'h 11 Ii ~ OF mo~ t
keep seI':!rate
h 1) Ii ~ If} , : 1. No
/)111 ',l! e ~,P{lJ
11
+17 t
. eat a lot
mos tly, mos t
of the time, usually
sepa.:'ately
~n
lone] ioess
I1Cfll
it is mostly
[See also
n-
1\ "OuU'Pi.t .~, U
ri, fIt in ~ 1-:1& ~ ~himble
coffee
-nit
rr~ ~
rbt
(e) fJ.t;: f ~~
rca.s ted coffee
,,,,, '':''
fa.ucet
n~ ~
blow (of dust), be blown away
M
-n tUD· 'i: 1:tb
-n foil
)
times most of the time,
number (see nt( )
n-n Hi festival .'
spring with holy water
foreilJn~r .
P'Y} ferment. (of dough) ~"11 ferment (vt.)
soothe
frequently, in large munbers
nHdt'p f1 tot f f1 Ii, : fJl-[ ~
in the course of time passage of time I
nt ~ every,
each, at
0.:1
interva.l of,
in each according to
'1~ who says, who hits (see
'1 ~
fl-'Yl doW!,h
.. nll TIt 'h n17"
T"Any
-
mostly"
'l''f.I bank n P, l'l (pI. nn, ~ 1 )
'l'1lJ " iJ t
nU'nerous, many (see 111'/
-nfl-'1ft,
bar
q
11 fl., 171ft ] .
{lt1'~110neliness (see{7J J f}~
M'l
on his part
'h n11 increase, do something in
close friend of 'Lhc fr.mily
(see
respect of, as fv.r
"h '111 ~ "(as te
scatter
+n;f +'1 -n1
exceft for
Hl
a.s it conce.l.'ns
CPL )
'h···ntcpc nt~1
regard to,
)
f1 gII nl
'hll )
proper nome everywhere (from
n-«;, p~ '1. ~ ~ n1- ) (
'.
,~ n_.ben
'1pj.4-f9r(1·
nt1ln rfl
""
n.r1~1 ~ lC
r:z, mm
) ,
mix ~:cro:pc
up
very
T
least
n~ ~ openly, publicly rr '-t f'lC: ru;rr.e of gate in
}ia-rnr
-f
q,..
Jfh"'1JU jt'C~#l1t€lv t tf,i polite ~ihr1
Cr.1pty,· black coffee
'1,t.D-1
f tra-.nll
vrith empty stomach,
': 1"~ 4
't l'll'l;P
barefoot
t nS-h
n~ l'\
e
t~ lj b.
inju~~tice
v
in,iustice, "'TOIlG, injury
+n S) F,
"''Tonged
)
grown-ups ..
transm~t.ted (~~e
be
'f l'I cr furrow t 1) Cp "J A large,
be ""'Tonged
b
big (see +/) ip
f lll'\ f ~
n,R 1\ do wrong, wrong (v.), harm, commit an
come on!
;J /)11 • , see 'hJ/)f't
without it, err.pty-h~~cled ~~
politeness
t l'l ~'
great
.J~~
elder
"A A!.
">
older
• I
-note " rr f'')
loan
<)
<:>
team Pn-~1'· A 11-
-n ~~'. 7-f 1\
·n:r
team captain
get up, stand uP.
be good, be suita.ble, be made
'hOI
make
spend the time
neTt
sheep t~r1r'l
be blazing
e~: nt5b indieent, needy
l:'1 education e't If'1) ['1'f ~ f' s-, tP n.n : fHll. f7 t, c
'f~ tV
.i)
~ 9b r: miracle
J~ &- t 't ITT> ~ t'J e; ~ 't
Book of Miracles s imilari ty (see Ol
J~ ~ ~'t loyalty (see o(TJ~
nIII c>" very
C>
break a string
tnlTj mn
lll1l1big
Vocational School
rtt1l.> kind of
e ' nmn
impo:r:~ance
Ministry of Education
'1 I
*"lP1,
111 Cp 11-
be torn to bits
fir section, turn; ordinary
t &~ b tJJ.. ordinary person
)
n/) )
rH l,.
, f&;
t(,.~,.'l
+r1rn,
in {-urns
tn'r'rrr, 1\
he .i.n turns
n. +IT@- in turn
I,
'l?\ 't lr the ()ne
Pn; (ljl'. 't (,..
f c:. ~ h
be corrected, eqne.l (see
"til)
+11 ~
whc:::c turn :i t is
)
hope
fh ~: tj>..un
merclnnrlif~c st9.ll
fh~
hustle and bustle
'tC ~N ~l(,
hrlL
sCt!
': fTJl't (n'1-)
fht~.£. m
cOllfusion
despair (v.) he placed h?pe in him
~J,trD
race (v.); see
to
tr7'l'l r: 11 L
tlr& moum.ain
t Lt
speak in proverbs, tell
1
:r:~r~ble,
tale, saying
;f~~ hictory
,:f G11
f~lTTl~ savlng deposit, reserved money
• (see'
,parablcs of L
•
h:i.~torica.l
vehicle
-l(.
~C'l> m
)
U;~r.t?f'l.xca. (see", ,I,. ,un ttl> '1 ~{I see .X- if n l\ tf4''1 e, ~t see * tn"
)
I
+1> ~ trfl.1 't
heel
1> 1. 61>
priorit.y (see
+'1" be sa.id (see)) II ) t ~ q 11 say to each other
)
I
TL~D'P
tra!1s1ate
inter:Prct~(io~
t C1-1'>
meaning,
~C"J.1J1b
interpret,ation
'h f7 of" cl
~
t L!..
interpre,ter
be left over, be spared
"'+ L!.. of
.,.fl OL Jr}
;! r ~ '. ~OJ ,.,
: tLlL b. f~tLlLL
moreover,
(see
comment (v.) ~11
be present
1"'. "11b
riOT} )
ncccptance, influence
MCfl)
J';f ~'. industrious, busy
tt
in abundance suitable (see
celebration of the
tabot
profit .
~~
church, altar stone of Ethiopian
church
win, gain, acquire, leave
besides
.tn IfTL
'Ant )
~
nt L !. T h.,. L b.. r
th'"la1!.
coopera.te (see
I" n' )
t n ~ bla.ck strip of cloth
L ~ : Ii lltp moreover
rCq.
(see
,
~
,,11
camnent (n.) resurrection
small, 'a little bit
of" ~ t ~
expla.in
'hot H
~
feel
',I
t'1
'e
Th"
't il il shoulder
rus(;, );';rilice
t." Tn I) "( f\ f-I ~
tr.a.l i c i
;hl
ouS
be wordy, be verbose
1~ b.. n breathe "A h t'l £.. n
t
let rest
11 t A )
n~ \1 'f) Z)
exactly
'I '0 'fill f
exact, right
t'hH be sad
r~;ni command: order, instruction
+1)
+,.
~ 'sl'1iltl st:Aa i.ght, equal
long loose trousers
(see '" Hlf
bcc-ome \-Tcary, be tircd
tll J~ follower (see
~ l) b.7j park '-/
... t ~ ~ '1!f
.
"htnH cause sadness
l'r1lb
)
sadness
n'ff? Ii
~eplace
( n·- "n~C : 't t}
take the
t~
I
sadly
leave, let go, give
u~,'
abandon,
~
eschew
place of)
•
tt 1)
be succeeded by
+7;0"
monophysitism
-It'11.
replacEr'lent
l 0).1) t
generation (see I) kj..
~
111
eHD-lJ J; ·na.~tive
alternate
t117\ plant, set
( i. h1 ~
up, pitch a tent
t'117)
t i 111\
( s.ee 0 (j) tp )
, to)1, 'f
(".J
.( p~[,.! It l..o'. t¥ll)
popular (~ee
(l).e ~ ).
,;J~ caves
be fixed
i "fli't plant
\
t tp lD l' be acquainted with each other
grant family
land)
) \
'rtf;f memories fruit trees)
plant, vegetable
ttl'r)t: memorial service
l ~~
opposi~e (see
hP )
+.t~ comfort t~ i1.l\ religious weddi,ng
tThh 'of
shoot, iron (clothes)
rrn
shooting
"t'll'Ytt-h
the .,,.ay it is ironed
[See alno r1}h ]
'ttrn wann (roast), fresh (bread, 'stew); 'see
'tn.n
l.e,r:
marriage, married life, married
state
lJ, t '; t J II , .
.rn ~ t ; if L
married
llllU1
get married
T~ ~ 1. rna't: a living (see h!. L )
;Jll\ wrestle
\ s trug{.,1.e, -
t <'l ~
l'n'.-n~ si..uObornl:.-.'
s trUf:gJ. ing ,
-)(- qThl'l, 'h t1
efforv
'f-1 c"f
111/\ peg
Tir,r i='.yu. (l~l1<-;uaGe) -, (A..
1'1 fL
f11.."
nppropria;;c (see 1'1 )
t~'1C duty; activity (see
1nt )
help each other (see 'h 11-1
.,. ") ml , of e, lr &
¥~
=tlt..(fl})
he is in need
t t 1L·
be difficult, be hard-
'll
)
nfl L
ca.use problems, a.ff"lict
1'1 r:,: hi)
see rJ {fH..
be difficult
'1dJ c: n.l\ ,,,hen
eneT:lY
tfl~J nature (see
things are tight
l"1C distress, trouble, diffi-
land for which one is hired to
cul ty, proble..TJl
provide service e ' t~;:f spittin,g
tl
be "m,ntj,ng, be difficult
pressed
Vocational School
t? 1~
'tne'I urGent
-c;.~ L
r
').fflicted, needy
f
A. 'TIL )
~
I
-f and; (connected "rith certain verb
>,'
~
3~
1~"
can, be able, Etndure, sta.nd
t
•
£)'1161:',7-/\
~
it takes ca.re for him
~m h 'copper .
~ /).tj ability
't~ life, living (see lj L )
",/\
ll'rf1 ~
ignore
lr
J'!\ )
la.w court, court of justice
1hol', "h J /)
the court meets
r;1~
e~l! ',J, L~
station of life
P;'~'·).J~
life companion
'rtlf L. 'trb~
retail dealer
1f torch
,
. / ~
I
t.
,)
but even so)
mainta.in
~(,dweller
well
, r: J [J
be indolent
'r L live ( n. t: c. t[&
good
nfr. ;
. --
J~(7)~) it provides for him,
l/)oj a.bility (see
,=foe.
forms) Q~ca.use
Lf means. of living,
living '.
quarters
rctl;\il ~.~ • J'
[See also
'rl! ] '.
1 ?~
\ c: H
t:urse
11>1"
~ hold" back
e~ cf t ': f1 ~ '1
t~~ rise, f:et up, D.rir:e, l.efl.ve, I
.
*
be removed, be lifted, brr- men-
liP,.
tioned
11>H
(e-' - ~ 1 r. " 'rl t '1 ~
,-
contC:lipt. (~ee ~- {f
be eaten by ,.;arms
~nL
of) Il~,'~e
,
~it&,
(a sUb.iect»
mention, bring up
*
he
~nLf ~il
take off one's
r
wonn WM
leopard rea.d ,
,'hn'1nn
tening
.,. ~ n.
, 1111
christened
ab~1 motive, beginning, point
* ~nin,
CI'll'\~ christening pJace
, 1(an
e1Ii If, " "'1 t father confe:.sor " tid): n'1 r ~ 1 office of'
.~ ~ ~
,
"1
be pleasing ~
tha~
if'n L.
wa.'te up
be held in contCl;1pt
,; l
contempt
poke
is of the kind of
immerse, dye
* ~ Ylt, n~ 'n.r
~; crack
tc; 4>
h ~L1
~'O:'eLP~ that ir. of.the type,
~ivelY
"
)
(
be affected
't1): ~'l
dampness
C; 1"- despfse
\
Fast of IUneveh
~ 'tf
~nm animate (vo)
~;
dispute, disputation, quarrel.
t~'1
eagle
be
mutter, gabhle,
~"1 touch
confessor, confessorship
, t~nm
'h'1n~n
~ 1- decorated hide mat
~htl, confes~ion
"n ~t
reading
mum.ble
of departure, reason, origin
( 1Ii c:
have recited, cause to
reei te, make rena
take off
,
take charge
'nt/ofli ilL
hands, ghoe this child in chris-
h~~~
contCT!!})t
!'lovcment
~ 1'11
on account
) .
,
~ d)..
break (the f?-S:t)
C disgrace, shame
* ~ HI.., 'n f7 ~ ft HL. stlck)
swing (the hockey
Q
1- ~ Ii, hC'ilit:sl
(!~ee
C; HH )
e).~tt'''·~l\ la:;~ t;H.H
t ') HH
n,f: Y}-J~
c0i1fess
,~f'~
confess, m..1..ke t.he las (..
VT1JU,.
will
·t~l1rl
1 Jr
testator
'I- "lib ]
[See also
queen (see
~1 ~
deal in
(See also
n~l.e. light .... ~
~1
uns~j
,hosp5tality, propitiutp
~ 1 J>; tribo
1PJ.. th~naer (v.)
bec!:une da..m, dnvn (vt.)
t.n.~
dll\m (n.)
s:pea~,
t ~ 1L
t ,,0} t.
J 1[
~
p~ 1 t : 'n rn'
11 \ 1lr"t ~ : l\ ~,
~uarrelsome
~ 1 L.
r,', ~1 C +r ] ~'11.
)
arb~er.
ml\
cut up
(see
'-
~1 t
kind of
~Wmna
] which is not
doubled and has stripes on both
~mL
)
be melted
) """
~ 11. ) '~~fl);P: ~
"''i};;2;RtJ er
b(c~ K.\~' J" l ; ~ 1 &11 tL. t", b.,t
~ I'J)~
ends (see ~ mJ\
'" \m"f
by the
litigant (see
"
~1LIJ
t~( J""d.
separate
~1Jll'l~ 11th separat.e {:fromL apart
o~.
~1 C affair, thing~tem (see
,"/''' l'i~i'le!
commercial
[See also ~ m~ ,
f
m1\
~ 17)
talking
[See also \1·(,
)
~ tTl be white
discuss
speaki!1fi
_~1 C. t
~1.e.
corranerce
expression, way
r
~~f?t ~J-nb(Q
be annow1c.ed
~ 'J ~ who te~ls
~1 L
make
1C1}£;, co:rmerce (see
tell
1'i'1l speak 'h ~? 1 L converse, l11) ~
'1 C17 ! ],
~1~, hh~'f11! host, provide
*
b... infect .
L
~J
q
burn (vi.), be angry
'\ J t
'(,.}V )
dn!-.71 (n.);, see
~!.!
~J
by- ('hr.P'-~l·
q\:eza
~~ drive
~.e.
f
ci:r-cular houce
~ JJ} merchant
e~!~
l. q
,( in P:;a1ms)
"fill
h~ur confcs~ion,
r
11 f~ ~ "f ~ i d t 6"t, nY}}V', tnl- w- cnnptC'l'
t~ ~.,(
m;P:
,,1\
be h011ping (gait)
•
aon
~~ tear out "
~~ be free.
'n ~ ~
clcan~e
fH~
g:ra~,is,
~ ~~ '.'
<
1
,. 9\ tn (
free 01' charge
"
1
6'\', lJ}}
'hu.:'rn 'h'" 11
clennliness, puri ty ~ blO.lne-
~
sustenance
now
hiP'}
itl1.c l'endcnce
m. r
even now, still
numeral Sunday
, 'n 1'1 say, eo something
lessnesl) (see ~ ~ )
~~~
'U l\ g'rn.iu, food ~ 'tJ
[Sec also ') '9) ~t)' )
,
~
(tIll ~
independence (see' ~ ~ )
r:h /)
go to the right)
"91~r parable
( n /)Ij)-
~~ inflate
t,., ~ 'be
"\ Ei-~
porridge
t~'111
say to each other
.5ln
blow (of wind), be in the air
'hh'1l\
have said, ar,k to sny
.
~ ",Ii (n~) influence
regard to
(~r~r:t; ~b,nnl
i-ntro ,
t;!..n, "'ttl r
~Eth soul (see
h ;atD cp
reach the age of
q..;f
naphth~
b.. 1
be stingy,' &tl'ire.t
in ,,~ ~,."
C: :9 l\
for God I s
I
sake
t ~ ~-h:. /) 1- spiritual child e~ fi. h" 'h'1'1 father .confessor
e 'i
i.ll,
H.. f'1 )
reason, be mature
~
in ~- ... tfl~for the
purposeJs~ecifically
take fresh air
[See also
\
-nita thinking
he has a
smattering of education)'
~~
said, be'terrlled
~~l\. without r~flecting, without
. (rumor)
+~ l.fJ
l-;t him have it!)
..
'" 11
criP'l,
see above
he is, there is
nll (Ol)
he has to, he MlSt, he"
should
9'b ~ : h " 111
st,'hi
W(I..a.t business is it
of mine?
n$ ,., nl places
from allover, in various
a1()
JhIl). If! lSce ~~
if there
aJ.!;O
,",,/)\
i, last-minute
l.S
an.v
J }
thnt very day
addition to the
lond. ~lIl\J ululu.tion
n., ?i ern werId "t D, 1'; 1I:n rr o,}\ 6J)
'l
~ H~
nT'
h'/l~ f
tn:l.inGtay (see
}.1IH.~
otherwise, or else
l'l,e"
'i..?l )
othel"oflSe, or else
'hl)'; bed
world name
h
worlcUy, seculor,
'l ~ r
whip
"iHi ~ I)i)
worldly person ~ ~ 01}
'f.tn;J
stew made without ba~biirre
h hb..
world.liness
6)~ ~
itT ~.,
kind of dish
pass, exceed, run out, tro.nscend
('ntt,S:, '111!.
eternal
h ~ II A..
h/)"ll:?roper na."lle
serve (drinks), go
It At/>
( til;e)
spent (in prayers) >!lcr.(n~} who is out of ;wmething
rill j
chief, vicar" rank in religious
let pass, pass the time"
('Ia 7/\ f. :r1f1l 'h i1 t7}" ~ t~ll1i.
b~yond,
expose (the body) let pass, tranSmit
:V'iolnte, break (the law),
"
p
enl·.'\1CrttJ'·· 'h,)?
vicar
transmitted
7,lIn
milk (v.)
~1'l~::1l~ a little ~ther
'h l>r
bangles
nII f 91
and further, moreover occasionally, from
"01\1 day
,. '.a
day after day
.tb/)l daily pb711·. tU~tr ~ tJ ]) 't : n 0, l\ eIJ l) l : rC n eb}) t :P E ~
nOll t: f ~
spend
transgress, be handed down, he
teaching
01) 'oJ : Q?) )
,..s(
outside of that)
~ ~ 01} aim, purpose
be over, come to an end, be
•
time to time, now and then
( 'Tl.'. "It II f daily laborer fest i val daily bread ®lly consuroptipn
on thp. same day
•
beyond, bes ides,
outside of) ."~!,: hc1)~67l.
t61l J ~ f
passerbr
imperishable'
~ 6l ~J bedroom chamber
-n D1l "~appellation for nun ....
311
'} 41 "
nif1) l)
had
or~,
salt ba.r
n'r~'rl
\
loyalty
'h. ?'7) '}}
ncdlator (see 01}1l.e, )
~
line of workers in the field
'no:'~~n 01l~: h!1.1
be bea.utiful, be attractive,
be colorful, be refined .
hOT}L
'11 ? lr ,bird
hG'T't c: if
of prey
quintessence
:ntrJ) l nalll nm> ~
',"aY it Was brought., intro ..
'h c: (f
female singer
h LIiD
'ieed, correct'
L'[J weeding
'h t. tTl), ins ignia,
'.
"" t l['>, in "1, CIJ1)- '1 : h (l) "l release one's
.
inhibitions
bracelet
P>
column
•
"Arr~ ca.lf·~ .' l"I~t}r. ,It Mra:} ~4)1)n,l lady of the hUUse, woman
~ 1'> -{PI
ashes
~
~m> flJ 1~
be means of
; LIT> be refined
t~tt»n.°o "7\ refuse
n?"b'1 C
through
;'1Jl}r.}) intennediary in betrothal (Stf 07M1)
five
-,.,,.,,h'tJ
e, ~t
duction (sec 111M) )
Amharic
'hT'H't
in n~··), f1"1j't)
inte~ediary,
'h IJbIf\ tn the
proper }WEe
jl1lL handsome, splendid 'h i1 'fl fE ,,;ell (aav.)
middle
the
h 1fT) to,§b t
)
kind of thorn
n 9 '1) ~ ~ t,
rank in
lines
'neTJL
witness (see >l.11I ~
hl1l)1
1liflJ'rt ~
. jC1lO'n Get ill
,
nothing, l;lis:;htly
nlt\ 7-1~
1;n.,r,hurt
~f1Ir>
(
temp,,~r
Lord, God
'hfl)~I
f
OUr Lady
many, m.lch
handmaid father--in-law believe
~
L/::nC name of a gate in Harar
~ t, C ball for hockey
'). c:.c. : -n Ire: '1d\q,n
). Ln
, }
0
cry bitterly
plow, farm (v.)
;J
l.n
be plowed
e~;J
Lh
what is to be plm led o
.~cii field, fanning, agriculture T
;tn \ be believed ~'"l~ witness
G1}Ul plow (n.)
'1l1r h \a.rturient (woman)
a 12
.
Tee fl.ll.,
•
{f,Cr:
D!"e
tcn
'1lf'7;l (j) 1>
.
IJ
,
..;on::,tn!ct!on,
l~~:t..hod
of
prc:r~}' iflg food (~ce UJ (r )
1lhl.~ cvi1ence
'hh L t', 't '11
nn
(sec )(
L~ ).
evidence (f:ee
-l(.
.
,
n11
( ~ ~J
n~ r~ n
!;U::-...t1;e~t
D'tln-n
belief
J,"l-n
idea., plan
'hh+:; n-fl
way of thinking
J t ~ tit ~(]f1" U- ~J
way of
h n.j
DJimini stl'?' (~~e
''''1+ 1,.e. C e'h ti~ ~ .Q r: 'hh t ~ .Q. ~
I
'hh+trt ~
teacher (see
see
'hht 01l bit
'hh+ ~ r? i,
t'" n
11
* l11)L )
\1'afih,.
(:;ee
) .
"'ron)
"
brin/?; about the betroth3.1
(see ~m,
)
n ~h:r~ ~
urgently
..~nli wltil 7,n'tl .~~ .tLl7 untH body ~
Ifli
coffin '
I
shrugging
)h~ hi·,
teaching
'h n~'r1
(or fiJLJ, ) .
perform the askasta
~ ti 'f) 1 ~ 1:~
way of thinking
)
Ale:r.andri.a
't")"l'f)t)~ scout
adjust, trim, straighten,
straighten up (see ~ n II
adr.li.ni:>tr::..ti ve
').n'f} r,J dance consinting of shoulder
.
see 'hfiL
(see ~nn
1'Iht'l'}'h7\
'" ~ '"
adminif,trC\~ion
wny of being fol<:Cd
S n7n/'p
nf1 t'l" I>..
r.f )
xg ).
upbring i.nG (s~e hs' "7
'hh;fmn help
n ,,11 1.. '\
reT!lembrRn.::e
~~ 't fire
. ~h
'nht~!!.L
nH ~ }
" ' "'~h~~~ urgent (see 'j.".~ )
thinking)' ,
1'0)
•
•
arpcnl'anc<:, vit!w (see
'hh.f~ff!:
~ ~
concern (n.)
'
(see Om~ )
.
'1l~ri n~~
u(j)(b )
rt'i1+Jft
'h nt IT} to Ei
unexncctcdly)
:(~use to' be
_'lho hhS S~-::T.athY' (see
thi nle,. ·t3.~e into" cons idcl'r..t i.on
.
atDcj> )
'hh +ftli \
L~ )
'nn n(n~) think I1bouj, it ;I nn be taken into consideration
(s('c
" neC'jtniilt,
'femi11[l.!' -(~.ee
f0Ul' 0' clock
.
C(;!C"1:e'w-,rnte
)
NL--:C k'1:);m
n i1ffr»1>
Dr c. " rl !l, 1
'htl.ll,r.
'h rurl
1' .... j;: i. n.l,
)
j
"
"',;~ 1£0 (constella~ion)
i"l il I I
'fd1lr~l
p.,;;;h~it
. ntl It ~)).: l/i t~ .,. ' , .,.;(1 :..rn7.1
!:locicty
'h
.,' /
nnr'; hJ.1..:1
"9;T}~
.~n!'~~ 'silence! •1.'
~~V ~
rrq,
thorn"
~~f1)mC
3tccpcd o~ans
.,.. ;'6... ~~brace,
e'l.t ~:' 'h n.1>.
.
~i1V}t.! .a.cross (see
h' .J(-
~ '1L
)
t •
.
abi.lity, ~o"er, means,
lea.the:r:
(see
·e-
*
'h
(:pI.
) elder,
nn~)
¥~n.:fas Qt)ddUS,
Liabr(i
".
'h'ltr~ appellation for monk
n r l\
)..'1 ]
:first boiling of coffee
'hnl. join up, collaborate
t,.., n L
..
.,,-n I!
cooperate
together
"I-n L! ,.. f1
'H'lL.t
cpLn )
e.
•
society
'solidnrity, cooperation,
union; associating
~ ~ posture, religious dnnce
"
'hnQ-I
11'1 tP~ ]
century .
it can
neighborhood, vic ini ty
Off' credit society
begL~ar' s wallet
-
~ag
. (sce.~n )
a.mlond
[See also
Scorpio (constellati')n)
'n q, /., nJ
s
~" ar';:>ellation for ])Ionk
puberty (girl)
~ f.~"" 0,(,1)
, ',~ il-
~~
r
a,n Ethiopian saint of the 17th
·rea.ch
" 1,l Dq,tnr as much n.B 'ht'1' makeup (see ~ I'D )
;'m1. )
'.
'h r niclma..1lle of ;;/1~.'"
"
$
tr' ;~ L.til
4>41 ) .
forefather
puberty (boy), oe reature (boy)
~ Dcpf1', tf\
~;p
'fa'"
~Dq,
r.
t."nke in one IS
[See also
t~~ ~.nt property 'custodian
<
('iCC
'Pm" )
be embrnceloi, ho).:d in one's'
c:>
..,
financinl means
-It
am.s
(seenfl )
"nf san,i
tl ~ ~
(!;C~
."
C
c~.1.cndar (~ee
;t" l
..:
6enn j>orridg~' _
: ~ii~ 'i\·g,1.1. rub "ti')'.C 'servant
~
ur!>onu;t
~~"lm T)u'1ish'":<:,pt
.
, .
q,.t r b4 ~ plnn, -r. l,tl
",nn
wipe
, "'''Inn
,
wipe
i
!
• f
"
fcnur',r~t>k
7"dln
e
(n.) , 1\(\'1 flo:,.;er
1) +r:
tie Joosely
""nt
'nrlf: "A l)''t' po.rents , h~ 1- P-tf). the father h n, t : ;1'1 i\ c.!>"!)~ftl, spea.~
.
.. [See also
---
~;~
Nrbt-l ) ~
'h 1
.co
" be
.,.
+
•
..
$ub;;1it a",'
,
\)
.
: 'h1'l
~~
'
~~n
title of. a bishop
Abun~
a.t least
'Petros
..
'7t n(j)..
I
11).\ . ," lit~
.
...
(Eiee n~
)
''h11 f1. f Go,: 1. Ii, most of the time, "
, mostly; uSua.lly
a'1 ~
Blue ,Nile ..
. "n,t/l-, . see" ,
'h'"
• 'h n!- be cra.zy, become crazed
nnm .distU!b ."." ~ proper name II
~~,,~
dreg s·
them
~lhlr crock
see h f)
n.fl ~ f tl). 'most
insufficiency ,
." ~ r}'l-" ..
little, small, few .
"n ~ft. they
'>.
of
be few, in' number, be-low
h~htf
'nn
,
have little of
.n~iit1' 'It
,pe~ition 'hrr.~
~n (~)
'h~h
fi
r "
be too 1i ttle
fl;W,
~ ~ln
:nnt..:t: ~f1TIll-n.f
"
:
n,become small ~ become smaller,
peti bitm '.. ,
.
r.-. . !,"". somethinj; like? someone with
_---.
. "'d"b 1 ~, ~ .. 1. P . submit
p.'
1;71) )
"
'r. fb't )
1.
"
plant)"vegeta'oles (see
n\~ ~{ the~e
~
[See nlro
h't
to
'
. '~nt flet dung .', .1, I'b t} peti t,ion ,.
pee.
nr~
\
'hr"}t father
e
nj~~
-t
"n
,.r f7 ~
.h~~ ..
~ 1fUJ, in 'Yl ••• ). '\ I" ,
beginning' frdm, ..
ranging from, starting with (see'
h ~,~
h~t,
choke
't., ' 1? ~ .?\
egg
,. 1 ", l'I ,.,J
(STrng for toting 9abies, 'h) 4> ~ ~
fall asleep <
,
'h 1~ II ft' 's~eep h ~ ip 11
kind of platter
\
31 fl "
..
~
) ...
~~
e.
tr1l trlh
I.;(·;r
I
'Y-,1 ~ 4t
[See (~] [:0
Yeo.1'
'1dR~]
obstacle
!,\?;~r:()1l.!O"'r
::t·.l:~,hJ.e
"1,1z!
n~ '\ '1 '. j mn . n"'ln~
be be.thea in tears
-
according to
[i.3,
... (,per-feet) as
SO!"Jll
as, as
much as '"" 1
lion
'}
like,
~ ij!
tenr (n,)
"l,1'l
'h '£- if' I ~ L~·.~ '1 t "~11 1~,
<
t
+ perfect + 1J.h-
('~ 111 '1 ro--.,
U- A-
a.s thoWsh
as thoue h he
ul'lderstood)
-'
:
~~r" ~ 'h11
~ 1't f
/
·e
}~-:.rents
'"it1! + negative perfect +
n '1;1 t ~ h f1Tl', " IT) CSr
in
in
just as though
\ '1."" +
I
relative i.'nper~'ect +
~"l'}
ta.1<e!
according to
'), ''l
even
'\'~
..n +- imperfect n,.",'J, pike . i.l '1l ,
-n
+ "" 11):
+ negative imperfect + "U-'"
~1.f
+ negative verb + tf? as ....
+ imperf~ct
·though
+.''1.1 Y.J.1
even as thOURh they had not been
'though
•
~'''.n '.1\ 11 t "'11 ',)1 "f70. ~ ?tIL ~l&l- Hap:9'J JI
engendered by the same parent)
•
~
Easter! Happy New
, 9. + noun + IJ. fr
"1
just as ~
+ verbal noun + trim;
inasril\Jch as
Year!
111 UJ L'i
',11, + v.erbal noun + the
Happy New Year!
princ~ple,
('l 11 , /).', ~
'1Il,f o~e
h1.t ~ fJ.II t
'1 , k ; ~ ~
" , t' +
on the basis spending thp day
(imperfect) so' tha:t, in order ,
that
toge~her
o~ce, 50;aQtbl ~
"0.
on
somehoW)
.a couple
.,., 11' : l} ~ together
n1)"
t},.,
as if
even if
even, let alone
~
i'rJ~
$o,..tt ,'ttets
.." 1t
+ iroperfect +
th~t,
so that
•
,
Sf) 1)
in order
...
'1', 't 't)
h ~A. 'IJ "
\ A. CJ..
~
in a.
thus, sue h
n" l,t V
'3 .t 'f
inas~uch
h , £p~
'hl.t? ' .. 'h 1 !-'!"
.
t /1.. C).
~1
)
~
even though
0,.
~~,~{':b~
~
i\..
'l'c:t~ c
".
_1Cf}
b Dt-f~
stepchild
, '» ~ b
raspberry
h' 11'
entrails
I
unity, agreement, t03ether
•
soothe one I s
entra:i...ls, be pleasing
) .), 'a "1 n
in unison
t'h'~'Jl
,,~ ,,,.
joint
s'orne (see ~, t
'h~" 1 ,fl
some.
~r\~14
each
carry ,around put
0:1
the shoulder, wear on
the neck (see
)
l ~
sometime,s more or less '. sCYl1ehow,
crudely, nothing m'Uch
h; 1;
h '(1)-
-)
neck
,.,.. " , l : "
place of neck
,e~ '\ 1 'I- ; CS11}} : 6)11 h
shawl,
. scarf, na.~tila. ~;d/-'J 'stranger, guest, unusual,
,strange I
-
''It
." 1 l ~ ~ lr It
n~ .t ~ l
'It 1-'l1 ~ ."t, , 1. ~ 1 I,
~I
C o~"-
talk (~,)
h'\~'!-
nevertheless
~ (£":'.. ".\ b~ead (I'~ ,e..'~.h .,. F, /7;
'h1.2n}
.
but, except
(jussive) +
somehm'l
industry
(see .'It It
;!la..
in any case
"
in people I s food
:n.'\ J'.,. h 'l'l"
.,
~ tJ. 1 " h '\:(
somehoW'
drops r.eavy things or scatters s" .. ct ~"t~
likewise
." 1~ 91JJ. 'f'
either. •• or
a r-.alicious force 'Which
U1~jQ,t)~
in ar.y case, in fact, as
a matter of fact
+ (negative verb) net one
~'!P~f',-nJ)tn.
suddenly
. n\.~ t5J.. tp
as they are ),1 R:
'h"'.f'f also, or (see
.,., ; ~ cn.
primary t
school
if
"\'\ 9.1"1 'f
)
h'\1r', of L.&;: ~ft iJ &l ': Ib't
,in D, + perfect +
!' ,1'1..~ _u
first, firstly, main (see
'h}9;
thus
. "n t2. fP~ "h
'f, '1 ,g l'
likewise, also
'tl
" i !. ,,~
fa.shion
thus, is
thus, likewise, Sir'lply
;,''''-u,Cj'1)
cttr~OlJr
"
a1'i
\
. ;h;cl'/) be trE:u.tcd meJic.:o.l1.:r
'hYJ 1t
first.born
neighborhood
s~nioT':ty ~
"fa 1 (j) L. C;
respecting (n.); see 'nn C"
net8~s:;1i th
~ , (tl".
Entotto (na:r:1e (;f ln9untej n)
h. '}I\~~
O'1ffil
wood, piece of wo;')d
'h'tli)
"" '1:n t
Galla kind of milk rod"d
'h i 9, t
,in
n ..- 'h '\ ~ C
in con-
scra.tch
;J 11 il
~;r j
rub slightly
:peer
)\"1 ~mz.
trast to
ccono~!y
'h ~"rl)
(su
acadE->my
, ('fIC". h'111\f'L
"h l"
military academy
'n "1 f:t. spade, shovel
really
'n II :~: Jil)~
AcqU3. de Selva (bea.'.lty
'n"(t~l\l fMt •.f k"t~ S-tWlJt\Aj nCl,\.1l. spirit "1 0
product) fashion, style (see l!~ )
7.. 'tJ.)1
'n 'rJ l1, .t gait· (see h'n~
be
~
'hrJrb- ':P~ C;
tt ~ )
"7\
rAd, contribute
adjust, straighten,
I
..
'h'16'\
n:rrn /) ]
-
body
h"l"'~ "n""~
equal-, be c(:)nnected
"o,-\. '
..,. n. J
n
~odily
Tl·--~'n-6\
as much as
"~ ;rll .,1) 01 'at midnight
)
recall, remind, -com-
mernorate
P:J tDi1 recogni ti.on
a 1J)tf, kn~''', '/l~fl) tit
+tp/Dr
find out inform be acquainted with each
other
'hh) tD1>
make known
+
disruption
'" (1+ f t1J
'h n In treat medically
acq\lB.int
~~1\
tiJ L£.
reflect, ponder
1
middle
l\,,t ~"
'M>
'h 1'7 ;I tlH1
straighten up,' trLm
t h+'1l1ll
'hft;lr 1; sub-province
'hID- L1 song leader (see
be filled in
[See als 0
highway
'nfD. ia wild animal
E;qUfU.
n'l1l1 (1\1)
"hfire,. male, chief
ca'use to be familiar,
'hH"If
•
ab;l6) 1! f
b4r~ ''/! tv- ~~
't.I1U
repu~ije
;J wJ ~ f
11-111i
truth
"h e see,
'1. t1}- ~ 1'1' indeed
;r
true
obedience cO!lll1'.and, order, instruction
conSider be seen, appear, be considered
{4"t'l.AGto'\.,
"'f'P~
C~~l:.;".('~ c:x:ped~te.r
* tp 7\
(see
"'tptb kind
I
'I- j
).
~
.
,see each other, be opposit~
ep.ch other
or sm.:.cc
~ ~~
nar,t circuit at»-.a; ~ il·V r -,
C1 f £: proclamation, decree,
'h rll
view, e.ppearance
prevail, beco:ne prevalent", predominate, be in preponderance, be
rule~
overwhelming, be a lot of something
stated purpose
hIP '''' the way in which
opposite
'hh +J r t
title of' a book
on magic (written in Geez)
h Pl\ '. ']."
i t cwne
about, procedure (see
'hHA carry on the back, put on
be considerable, be
prevalent, be very many
eT1"l)
'" t l)'..,,/f1 most ot'tien h ~ It- fJ:'equently
'hd).~~' cOllununal inquest th~
1, gib many.
back
nlltfJllr
harvest, cultivation
"ffiT1lL.,
min,trel
n1tt11j~
"'1""
be ordered, obey
,;Jl-lJf obedient
k'1owlcc4;e
~t). ~f f
tOHl ]
ordor (v.) ; H~
knm.. le:l;;e, e:v:pcrtise
DG-ft
who has sympathy
[See a.bove
11 'f t learned, p,ro;'":1-up
r c£ ~t
mourner
lln'f 1-1 ~11
rca~<;on of belrw: known
I!I-~ , T del ibel·n.tely, 'Willingly OlJT
CJ
r
1't
plane 'h~~'r~l'.
minstrelsy
dung
~
',11
"'1 n.S'
cheese
'h ~ n, l'I p-: n, +', iT1' ) OJ IV}
workinp; days
'h g~
~ra.nd.father
f, tl\ be sad, be sympathetic (townrd)
a,~,
eye
" Hr;
~
airport
JubLJ.ee Palace
'1
t)
1f't •
~f{~',
'h4.l.'I ~P/ilrC
~e,i:"h,.C~r
r.hy
in,a.ge
shyness
'h~01lttn,li13tencr, hCf.l.rer (see )(,
0, €i \.. 1 " q i\ (rn) his eyes ha.ve
h R. L
lighted on him ..,~et"'h~1"~~C nc,~,\',t~~f.
Il,
e, ~ f'
.
vice 'With, be deYoted to
..
h r1 r. L raise
ki nd, tYI>e
f1 €, ~ '± "h l'
wo:nen of every .type
).b'\\'~a l iv1ng
~
rt
n~ y1t
of various kinds
'" h+ J', 1.. L
administer
~ e, ~ .,. ~
typic al, irr.}) ort ant' ,
'hh+ .e.£ r:
adlninistration
( ~~,h+ ~ 1, r. each (sec
l:t'
0, fit; 'h e, pr.J
t gH
shy (see ~ ~/l
administrative)
O1J~c fact of staying around all
h ')t )
l1i~ht,
)
devotion
coure.ge!
J f1 ) (see J H )
the night
join together (sec
pn, 't:
nJJ Il
keeping bouse
j.2C: gradually (see ~ of L )
h 9.', 'YJ n. L
'h.2 lr trus:t ( n. ); plea.se ! '" ~C burial society ~~C
kind of ,zar-spiri,t
-
+~
member of a burial
society
~~t
be distributed, be
+if : '''I/''
buria.l society
fortune, good fortune, membership
luck, fate Dl~ age/lj,fe; hurray!
brO\:lI'fl
the whole life
." ~ lrn
O.t1f1l. ~ Ub /)11f ;lit
he is short-lived get older ,
hall
"" .£ t ~ the la.nguage of Harar, ,
(l tJ R' fI\
burial soe iety
funeral attendant
fortunate
tJ t 1\
B:dlninistrat ion, means
of making a living
fJ i~ distribute, band out ; .eo h
.9, ~ i.J 1.
lTI t
h j gii ' grip, handling eIT?) ~ 1 \ ~ J J 11 landholding ~
~~
;. ~ 9. L
essentia.l
j,
spend the night, ;:;tn.y overr,ight,
las t through the night, tn':e ser-
shwr.e on you! be scrutinized
s"JTlm )
'
." $. ti ' be ;J ~ ti
new
be renewed
~~h
•
'h.e.. h : t. n'l
Addis Ababa
"h 1 6\ -i 1\
h~h "11 to}
If.ercatC'
n1 C.
1-. ~f1 ~ "t
fTl.ti.f.i1
;...e, '1 'H,
publ ic square, court
the public
D,t~: "~'J'1~ AdoM. SqUr,1.re '
~ 'n!?. Y~ 'n n '1,
t.:asqal'
'h~t.:q,6'f:O'
gazelle
e.~"1 C : " 11 r
anklet appeaS'e (hunger)
'h 1 t. in "I,'tJ l)', IJ).~
drinl~
""I :tvG
artisan
.,. t ~ ~ 'i
bow, greet
+
'Whose
one who has received food and
hand be handled ,too much
'. J 1
sustenance is'assured, lit. the
upbr inging
n rl n t
f the foot
..... \"H..', t)'11'\1~1 on the way
Brow ( vt.) , enlarge
'h r +1\ .r. C7') , ~f',
0
I
'h ~ 1 grow, grow up
"".e:
plac e
.x- 01U1 ~n..:r1IU
nower
"-,!, n',oJ,t>1
c~
..,J:"'h ct}
\
assembly is conducted
is
"Ii C1} C foot I';
'j.
'h .£~, '
country
'"1L " l,.t governor
for repairing
~ £ 1'] 'HI ~ tD If\
bas kct
"/,1 Lo native
newness means
) so-and-so
(fem, ~1il..t
')-,1/1
ncVl'
7,? ~11 'l,1H
as a surety
spirit ~sist
hell',
,;I1H
be assisted
-':;1 1 II
'1.1-,,61)1~ gii't
help each other
~lb sleeve
")P'i ta.nned hide, sheepskin
,,1" m'l~
~6)
"
,,In
narrow-sleeved shirt
'hfI'J H,' ~ j
,.,~~1artisan
(~~;:~q.c
escort (v.)
110 be escorted h~ln
'hliL
make accompany
1:
,rJJ-
~ 1 slee'le (see ~ 1:
"l m"
•
0{1
with escort
)
narrow-sleeved shirt
-
(see 'f,j; I m'1.()
~M, It'
m0
Ii-
may God console
God
antelope
h 1!.. prevent, keep ftom, dam up, deter
escort (n,,>
'h~n.tp;cJ'I'" U-
IiC God
'h 1.~ stalk (of sugarcane, of maize)
'h'
"l1lJl. ' in -X '\ t"
X,
t1)
'11 J Itl. supervisor -(a~ see"
1 b..L.
0.
tt
by chance
banquet; '1?
t) .....
1
)Ii) be nosc'11.,
be folded
find, 'lr~ck
'hfll nuns, lose, not
t"l r;' b,
oe Jrtissin..~
be folded
"'ht"l m f'
0,11) lot
the way of being
tJ 11):. .R l. nif)..
folded
" winnine lot
[See above tJ tn If ~
'nml.. be short
iJfflEt-fil~ crease (s'ee: Om! )
,.
hffi be engnged (to
'hmL./Sl- he is short of
n1 m1.
'1·
;J.fA be be:trothed, be nomin&'Ged
(sleeves)
'nht e.l). hl), "Itt;n:
'ntt>,t brief, short
~~
'.
'" ~r
-,
111" "'"nsh oneself 'hh!mn help wash
j
the i.tmnediate neighborhood,
nm~
morning star
incense
i
'~ml.
mow
bon~
be pure nearness, close to
n,.. 'nm1 f) rJ mb. fold
rnovi ng
"'fI.
sovereign, king
oe'f' skeleton, remains .t> oen',~ t f7 't ancestral
family land
Of},,. things done in return
pole
'h ITnfl
'.
Gll~t sickle
fumigate, smoke with incense
'hIfJH
af~iancing
brief, short (see 'J, mL )
'It m~
r. ffl rt J dawn t h ~ln J :"n'"
attn
means for
~lf1jf fiance, betrothed (see~,;n. )
parish
Ome,
betrothed, f'innce
11 m 1., briefly ~ ~ nc: rz ~ . swindler
,,:ash
"'mal
bring about the betrothal
be~rothed
~ r.n f
n fence
" I1l r fenc e
'hm n
Tna;ry), be nffianced,
design.(set a~rt)
' shorten, roll up
." 1Ill. construct
tt
ncar
Dr;; It hair shirt " C1~ ~ ff.R Ln ~
If-
put on the hair sbi~t
mouth
" It- ~ 'It ~ITJ
n,. ;
~ tV t1)
stop speal-:ing become brash
\
\
.,
71~: hI)). tTl ~: +i)1 L
'h ~: b.. J (nt)
sper.k openly
11 +
f
learn to tu.i.k
h + perfect
h b. d l..~ legend
. 'h A.. L
be ashamed
11 h mourning cloth ..
Hall
1r~
coolie; porter
1}1I
l{~hl (se~
'l"
put kohl ..-
two ha.nds 0'
~ 'J., b;h:"'.)7f7 transient,
1 it. who cups
bend~s
the hands, Who • is, one who holds
C""
"'1111
over (that his hands
in supplication for a.lms and bows
'n/l. \.'1l "clinic
stare
n
take gulps
Jl../r
proud ( s ee ,., [,. )
ttl.
pond
nC
thread
I A., 111 ~ en [,
f'r0Tll
J
pile (n.)
;-till.,,""
breathe a sigh of relief
,.
'n1'l 'nil refuse
'rIp'r
h~~, see A..~
spun thread'
'J1!". be proud from place to place
"'.t'l 'rJ ~: .t 1 ':21 to tent
sC,~een (n.)
[See also ""n~'nJ
h,l~ nose,
.,., ,,:J : fl:J
kohl
screen (vo)
." ~ ~
'in thanks)
11 out of,
..'1llt )
't ~ /) ~ut 1;-/\ kohl
o
'h !. m.
priesthood
'1,,e
-11 t /,2, see
." !,rl tnke a fistful of grain with
~
priesthood
'n If) ~ renegade
f h ~ b'r) : h. ft, ir71 I~ica
."C :"n
0
'tl " . 'I' ) prie"t
~ n t·, 'fllV i 't
0., Ei I]!t c ]
7;, A.. r r1 j communal' inquest ~ 'J,,~ 'rJ 'Africn
o
once (cpnj.)
,F
sh:t.'lle, sexual parts
'h !. C dirt, ore
4It
(PI.
~"'J i l'
~f]~L . sha:ne, put to ~hfL.'!le
(See also
+ 11 ~ I.
~ + (ncf,ative verb) unless
)') '1."
~ if. L+
(per!"e~t) Since, if
from tent
'" 1"[,. be arrogant t'b:.'/.i'! be proud 'J1.~ proud
a2:1
~ b-,\ ~ ~I H,
. K.vrie
EJ ei.!}on
t11~
I
r
*' 'nttr,
•
. l' c 1
t.,., t.11J rr;. )
for
SO!t;C
time
~ S~e also 11 C tf" ]
r
'0 lrC
harp
'n 1.r(' e/f7
nr r
£ Li
L
plu.ck the harp
pebbles
l(vrie Eleisop
)
'rln
~YJ'i1"'r
christen,
~ f7 legal charge (sec
't'l"1Ii
n myrah hill
'fJ CtiT ~ )
be strong (drink)
:'t}. h t 1= ~ t7".. seriously I
baptismal name
Christian (see
ac:use e~ch other
"~'rln legal charge
Thi1tL,
Christian
f'fl Ch 'If; "'1 f godfa.ther ~ ~ C171 r; ~ "f'f godmother (~~e also Y, ch t J J )
'll!. h t.!,
accuse
'~'1nn baptisn,
'nn n )
't'hnn be accused
done
f 'f1 &. 11 1~; h rp
pay' recompense, pay comp~nsation
get compensation for someone
have the
,., r. h't,: ;.. , fi. i ~
pick :vockets
'f') "" recompense, cO!npensation
give the child in christening
christe~ing
WOILan
,'lttl''lh m~e give compensation,
christening
'n ch 1~ ; h ~ "'t
yo~ng
11. 11: '1,0''''1'
TIlr'l7) ~ n
rent
1l.:h l)ocll.Ct
'beo baptized (see;~ )
't' I.. ." J
dispute
* 'Yllr t, +lllr ~
be christened,
11 C.
eJ.ec1.rici ty, lighting, excellent
lP l,.~ r '/'Ilr ~
(See also ~ r;.
t
"L ",~
1J.z:t:·nquarter of a gasa be i ntcns e ( quarrel)
\1llnder
saddle
,.'fl r. )1 r.
v
11 L L
t+
)
1H.· rTIl,1\ candy
'q lrC '.
t)'nL
~ c"i kind of tree
'r t. ;
'h c next ~ar (see 'h LIfJ
"
stones
"1'1
cape
1Jf>
vm..ll of stone
"'-0
circ\1~a:r (see
'rmn )
11 n 1.. b.'ecome rich
1'11 nL
be celebrated~ be respected
: ~ 'h nL celebrate, honor, respect
321
'h 1'711 n t.
r..ake r ie h, en for('c
(the 11l\T)
t 71f t 1\
~ 't1n L : £'1. J
"n'l n C p
the ,
n nh ~
precious stone
,.q,y
utive
\
",tll ~-nho following after
it. is celebrated
oecas ion for celebrating
"0 (I C honor,
prest ige,
vj
rtue ,
follower
* 11 i h 1'), "1' t /'I "(l
observance, chastity
!i)-{\L:
r, 0, t\
'n f'l. r.
respected
l:cep track" be consec-
make become a
Catholic
I!lajor festival
l' t /). 'n Catholic
,,'t1 t
* 11 tn,
fT1J
fini sh, be f\pished
'Yl11 C,. virginity
lIn ~
dnun
'fit", city'
'nne ~ aft)
beat the
drU'1!
'114-lT1l, city folk
''11nrt surround
o
tllnn
'I"n-n
r city dweller
'1'\+11'1
be surrounded, be encased
'nttrf) ~ f
circle
~
'I(l{l circular
on J +1['
the way
A.
~it.y is
constrUcted
l'Hll livestock
'nfL embank, imposed
'tl- 'lJ cup
'n fir eve of Epiphany
,'nn ~ \ be heavy, become n. person of
'O).fI amulet, chn.rm
substance
'Yl tf- tuck away, put in storage
,'1'l I') t 0; '1./\ be heavy, be heavier
tl1 tor be kept in
:11'1 t
'rtf, in
hea.vy, impressive
;'n-;I 'large ~iim:na-dress
with embroidered
stripe on each end .'1). J~ 1m~ limitrophe
'Yl1 , in
e"n: ~llh
Sunday clothes,
~ 'fn : l)-(Jh ' SWlda.y clothes,
finery
't'} t l't ~
kind of strong drink
'th1 'ntt cultivate (plants)
11 t , ; ,.1\ .! a.ppear
finery, the best clothes
~'J
(see' 1'lof t
'zit, i1 ;."
over one's head
1\ l1 ~ i
vanity
e '
.. 'n t 1\, font,.,
•
quality of a city
) follow
Ii! chopped mea.t
'J ') ,. t)t:;
d
~I
t'Yl9, I~
be th:itc!led
';11\'1
r0(;f th~tchille,
clothing
bc ho.d
.• ~ ~ /l)
~
'h ~ ,.., !t 'P'
be perf'ol'r.1ed, be
arra~~ed, be carried' out
.'S1' ~ "0 \ It
mune
1-.11
rise
Ii- ~ j f\
.,., ft.!
lip
7, h "'P'} neigh,
large, ill'.portant
11- tf. :'i1- Et :h/) gurgle
whin!l~'
'nit
evil (see '11
11 A.71
cr'.lSned grain
pay
divide up
l" 'YH1 s tOor
7llr l1\ cast a
Ii:i. ville
'h l') A, 1\
h~rosco~e
aivide up
cnsting
be divided
horoscopeS'
divide .
* 't1?'}
c~ckle (n.); see
~ ~J
'h,M Ir cane
'llj
"n
~
in various places, from
''n,l\
)
l" ~ canteen, 1'I.r.~
U,"
~ ~1):
leather bot~le
.,thatch .
Yl,.I>]
share, part, category (see 't'llt•••'
~,i)~
'-' "J1 ~Tt ,dragon
,'tll renounc e *..:n, ...() , see ~ """V
:l;>articipant, sharer
[See also
carry a cane
all over (see h~
e
payment, share, division
., 'Yl 't~
1\ Ii Lr ~ /i1) " "
t)
t'Y} Is. ~ participate, share in,
e'n~;O) I{) kind of dich
"l'l;t.
lift and lower
aJ.titude
lipsti ck
"'}'I) J cackle (r..)
, Tl '0
evil
it is not a bad idea
1\ t ~ "Her; "~1.1
e1i1 ~ r. ':~ '1> 1\ ", f
TIt 11
wlng
• "Yl"l b... 1:.
* 'r}'f",
11~:
elbo,,", , cubit, arm
, -*' 'n 1 ~ proper
..
)
(~ "s
"n ~ to. ~c in a 1m{ state
perform
HIfI';
)
region century
.'n A. t, ope~ (~, )
t"
"r1~J
~ t be opened, open (vi.)
altitude (sec
'nit', 'J./) )
.., A \ wrap up for the burial '1 ') f
() "
1
\ time "hen of
'h It 11 ~ " ~ i 1.1
11 to. 2;
vel vet
\1 £t. j
p9.~(,>nt,
(see
flatten
-I(
festi vnl
('eleLrl1.~ing
f", ~ rp 'P"
...,ccur~,
means 0:...
a holidc.y
ussist in the negotiations u .. t" ~
" l' tp e,
,to",
'
~'\C.t. exr.edi te;t Su ii.C,,, ~ll
sh:.l.re" dhrision
"'' 1\ )
'Y'~J:'!!\,
,Jut on 1, •• e cap
J
tp~
ch~1lois
tJ>.1l
agree.'Jl ent (:;ee
* If' ~ )
tJr,ll " h m'l; mhlte an agreement
'Y' ~ ~ r0!:ll'td cap (on head)
.
r~
. :fly (banners),
'"'''ave ~)
wate
tDII, daughter (used in proper names)
..
ar fI J' contract
fetch wnter cl.rm...
water at
(n~e
*f
1) )
arllJ favor, good deed, grat.uity
.
c
{}"J : (Ph
do a favor
6).1)) : t'1] l) do good
flooding
'1IlI»-I.U- who has one s I
9
If h
sp nd the day, spend the time
at hOJ:l.e, , be celebra,ted (of
'I'.
holiday) be held (of Il.rket), be
gra~itude
"
'
tJ)/)1.. give birth to
GJllt son (IASU a>~
lS
d'~rfll ~jlhol'sl
t'",
parents
t (f)~!
native, offspring of a
"" '\ .l tp l'l ~ I1).l)o I.t spent the day
family,
co~.;::.teral.
}:mehow (lit. having spent the
+t»~i.~)
applied, Jlt!lke
use
day he spent,the
of, be used
d~
1l1~
-n + imperfect + 'r h keep doing, sometht.ng (as in '" tI1r !t "
tn m11 tp"
she has been keeping
h
f $ way
of spending tI,e day,
birthright
birth
r'lrl\,t generation child
[See also
warm)
'
l\ J. J Birth of the Virgiu
til Don,
•
.-..... (1) /) t )
ID 1) t ; 1; r') ~ mortgage, mortgaged, land. (see a)7)~, ~ 1
i
)
..
~----------~------------------------------------------~~---------------
... CD lr
3I
.
1, tf)0t,.. - di~cusr.,
t
talk
.,.
OJ lr 1: who fetches water
(s.ee 6) l..o )
•
'ht»-lr jf song lender
'h tD lr L. i:: , . '(DC
~tj)!.~ CJ~ various ru.'ilorS
(l}-,~ frost
month
OH.~ I
n l'tV lr 4) 1.
turn.
,
*" 0) ti ,"'n ID~ remind, refer to something
monthly (adv.)
n inhcri t
f n guarantor
'hmz,n
tDri,
o
bequcRtll
tIrti1 inheritance
•
1Dr1 ~ be limited·, ,b*: restricted, be apPb~~t~ decided 'p; t»n~ specific
t
C {,t11f heirship
...
OlttrL.?i means of inhcritir~
'r. art,.
n
.
who oe~ueo.thes
'1lml,.L h t:leans of
(j}~'o resolution, decisibn
at-hlJ) inside
inherit~cc
Cill family land: plot of ground. t::.o
limit,. delimit, determine, eat
(0. elate)
4
~b-1i heir
~
S htl.}"lC
6}l7m~
:0'
cphrn.l. implicit
n.. - tl).17t'J\ within,
C) I:~ gold
CD 1.1\ concluding line of a hymn . CJ) lr1 season
f '''l plane
-~Lt.DL hurl
in
from among fI). h r1 ~f intrinsic
'
* mn tt, .f Il) ~ c~
tree, sycamore
be stuck (in)
mhcp',~" lie .down close to .
arnr lie (n.)
G) 1...1 go down
n6) LJ..
meaning
let off , recite (verses),
tl)
g, thresh
~
'
t:D-iJ'threShing
. tl> tPL sha~ stones
fl., L9; while ~/'L'-.
-e
recite
t. tJ) IT L.e. d).! ~: ;
intone
'l-rl
reading stage
.
.~
it is' handed down'
intermediary
'"
t!rgr( custodian spirit
.'lil{j}5'n. .
spirit divinator
t» lp} time lJfil thre~hing
(see
tD1J ) 328
..
. 31 6} fl bNl.Utll\ll (.:;ec
.,
lir n)
e
bequty.
Q}-'nr )
OJ '1 ~ t\
hn.nd~r,r,ene;"s ~ se~ l~n)
done in ret urn .
Q
~ n ~ proper name O)t) ...... tK , 'be on .the G()
OJU. 1) f....
. f tt
C oilL'f,unal
cD ,t £.( sol,dier
(f) ~
to ~
courage, zc"al.
tp;
f t\
chief, n'oL'l..in
-
0>"1 n r
or :h 5
)
',l~.
'1" JO,C1ng
, Ii; t.ll eve
tV Nt ,etc.
*
t;" b3.ndi try
~'-t ~ princi:)al (see .f~
)
Q) ~ ( ~
(5)
a:n 11 '" fJ) 1. f..
a>1i ~ fJ), ID 1l'
r
(l) ~
tD ~ 111~
e:rz ~ profess ion:u mourner
'1
gray
n:.anhood
0) ~} vine
b3.Chelor
~f
brotherhood
~
0
'-ITa: ) lady
(pI. G> ~
ro ~ 1.1
young bullock
(J) 9..
'"
t~wa1"d,
to
tD i + verbal noun +
-
/ll)-k precious (sec ~.e.c,
criminal
f~~"horn,cuP * l.D ~ !. ]), t (j) t) h."
(~P)
tIl ~ H~
manhood (see (H t' )
CD.ft.1J
~ " ." &\ dos Pf:'1
.,tt
"
cries of woe,
tJ)~~ :woe is ne!
cr .brother
t ~)
discuss
the huspand
0) 1 2- "'" OT)~ (J) ,
Je
OJ ~ cp or
C> ~ I: male, 'man
GIl !' ~
fj)
, tl)~ ~ woe is me;
'go to the' river
for water
etf).
t
f ',71~ utter
I.Pl1f river
6) '\ ~
full of enthusiasm
.
-H -, T
sit at the'
brie('·nd
t
COTI'!:J'otion·
dYH '. 'J., lTl~r
feet bf
(l}')1l
sieve
CD Ii sheen, .. enthusiasm
seat
P---11)) n 1:
- COl n~"
labor
em 7 ~ ~\"i'1~ing pool
tftj.~17t; p~·:i.nciFJ.
'P ~1'
As't
,;ho partic ipntes in
swim
.
"
[SeC' also
C0::1I:11.l11~1 labor, things
~ 0). tend
)
tm.re.rd here
m~ 'tl: 'Il~v·.flftbhere and there
help each other.
~
11\
plump I) ' ) ('j t) I~ . ,
,
'"
')'
tv J pi,cree
.
...
pierce ~
tJ)~
*
7, t)) ,R
IJ) g. J7 I
talk, convcrsaJ:,.ion, :;torj', custo:n
n l' "'~ir.·
t'
4r 1) n,', D1} [. Sr
llJt')",
I
Pnl.ise of' lEry
lenr,th, ir.dulr,c in converi;ation
n tP!1] l)J'opcrly
(title of Look)
o £. ~
.tpJ
fall dmm, fall tnto d '!.:'; Uf) e
Q) ~
bl"/~k and forth
J: ID J... 'J', /,71
price,
vf'~ue,.
go around here
flf']
and there '
·.tJr"1 ~ ID-L.2-
~11.t
hip, waist
I1J 11
side, f3:lllily, tea'll
"* tJ) 11'1, h fD 1 M (l) £. J.. love, like
t fi)ii.
oJ- ID 1
be liked, be loved, be
*
OJ- J J 'i
Q)"l go
fr iendship ",
f~~F. popular
Jal t,.t
sunray out, co.me, from, be produced,
( 0) ~
popular.L ty,
III
overcome)
( 0;)-- "1', tJ.).
nil}.£. ~ nt'fection
e
get away, rid of
transgress
desirability
l..e- ":#' ~ lr 1'1 L"
bargain
and ha,egle) , ,
e",
~ £. ~
~t
precious
~ ~ '1
be avoided
CD '? ~ &:- supportill5 post in the house
6;)~! friend
ttl)
t1 'be execrated
'h h C1l1 ..... P
hook up, }?ut together
aJ ~1 ~1
excorr:munic~,te
CD 11.; 'f ([) 11-
beloyed, be popular
hip tJ..
dicker;!,
lD1l) plo\lshare ring
4> ~ ~ IV- r .ight after
.e
reward
'P'J '. "h/)I))- be appreciated n... 'PJ in rel'lard for
IJ)~~ there
OJ y"j', f.i).t LJ
l~O e. talk'lns, ta.:I1~ at
0 Ltf>
'
......
popular
friend (see
'" to f1),' produce,
payout, ta.1t;c out,
get out, make of something 6)
g. 9.. )
~~ I 1)1 fr~end.shlp tJrl-<1)lr- rletterly-Gras (kind
( 'n tD IT) ",
~ I\) Z,
.2.
ponder)
( ~f)~tlJr: ~~r: tlJ)-·:.cf)'J1~ of. rifle)
discuss thoroughly)
,.-- aao
I,
h h I)) 11)
'" 1> "l
have brou~rl t out, .
H
c0nir ~bute
t'D II) " f.,A go out n lit tIc ..ray ( ~ IT)'. (-J...1- a l i ttlc out!;idc of)
t lj) II) l) 1
- ~t:c) in II ~'tJ
because of this
rlIP, ('}cphant
PwCco:J",pl ished,
success1Ul
t1-i lJ> ~ ~ J?) Cf7
'hmlT'! ro
hiL!l".
procc:dure of producing,
the way in hhich it
c~e
about
ivory
Ji! "f/rlm ~: 'hll
deef ear
Hllcp go through, go :far, proceed,
0"1>,( r,o. contribution fI1I fD.. fJ1, ex i t
go in, penetrate
G-m,~
i H1) '" proceed
result,
In ~ sauce
n.A ,,~ t! '1't
permanency
f If)
eIi ~ tJ'
lasting-
[See also (j) hf: r i}}.r.z>.l
e·
Hj') 't>"
s.:allov ~
, 'P ~
r.:e3.T:S
for
l),~ /)
w~king th ings
pa.J.atab-1-e Q) 10 L ~
7) H "
1,
be full o:f
ll> If} t youth
r
Cb Il) )
G>'2.\ eXllendi ture G-~ outside (see
(see
ro Il) )
G't) )
outside of
It> ~ "h rr'}'l
IJJEt~
~ J fj)..
:forever
nomad
H, tJ1>,'II f!n'1l chant, s ing f'b~ hymn
t~!'l'. "'~tD 1.
krmD'O
2.. sing a song
hang· down
Han!. sing lf~L bymn, clinging
kern J
bird
A.4 '. 'hl\
,t tel. for lo~g periods
;t2':-nj}. quietly, Silently
G> mt1\ kid
~
~at)
:further
J1GT!',J,1'a take up zema chant
(D-tn, result (see
~ lin;
*
be stretched.
( n ~ 't .. tID'"
"> ~
H"l )
stretch, distend
t fD mL
lema:: a
expedition, foray ()
kind of zar-spiri t
be rather thick
grinder, mill
H(71)"\ time rI4l)~'.
SII J.. (~f)
out-of-date
. 11 tff)} : el ~ advunced in age
nH®t.,.. at
PH (11) 'r
h HL., turn (yt.)
present
tH TO) l,
mod.ern
PHlJ'1) 'L til) 11 fi)~, HtTl) ~ (~
~!ew Yeal'
place, be transfe:--'red, wund.er about
H(! :' fI J!
r:xlern
HOJ) S '£ ~ '1
~ (fb t. t
rl {JTJ '"
be related, be
Ha'D ~
(pl.
*"
( see
spread
,., t h': J r) (i1-n
name of king
H(ri> t f 11 f>.ft~
'hli ("7 £: )
)
rp~ati ve
11'1\
D • .n ~ r,\ ,,,r'i,..
\oIV~.
;('1"tr relation~hip
(Gee
*"
., Hlr
be sown .
P6'tl.H b-
"hat is to be sO. . '11 .
even today until a month
around around it
rob be robbed
plunderer
Hlr q. '. )., nn
young buck
scoop up (dung)
11 tp: '1.1\ be low, be inferior, lessen (vi.)
from today
rl;P;~ll small, little, low
zar-sp:i.rit
11 ;p "til) lower
p~l c:; or~ ,... L go around
I
znr' Z offzpr ing
)
spread out
-Hlrh
Hcp
/I L
be spread, extend (vi.)
t HLA.
descent, lineage, group (see Hlr-)
~nn ~1·,tlJr
l the way around (see
stretch out
H-Lb.
He]
H2. p>: f1, LP~
•
a:
HL1 b.,
,., 1-.> today
~r
detail (n.)
-I HLJ
~tr/)J, )
sow
[See also
Hr:
1'1 Cl1C
Ii LJ
relatives
k Ir
one by one
n..' t~b J nH- bj t:V.
;'iho bas a lot of
\
H'1-I12
It /.,J
1-1 tr1l ~ )
HCJb'p": '1) 1"1 CJT},t' relatives
H
list, explain in detail,
discuss in detail
make rela.te
[See also
all the way around
HL 1: : 'h! L1 HL Ii L
lin~:ed, as~ociate
nrf eJ>1
If L.l
nalne of
person
*"
finally, in the last
analysis .
!:Jodernity
Hfi>'~fJ: '/> ~t/ :'h-nCll
GO a.round from place to
[See also 11 cp ,,-r
11cp t~
,
low (see
t"f ]
11 ~) ') I) (.
tJ()~
31 H'bH ep
Hro t r:
CO dmm ("i' ~;un), set (of sun)
alwa.ys, constantly
,. ~fI
reins
constant, ordinary,
,
usunJ., nOl1.'1a.l, alwa.ys
be confused
tln.-n
efI tD t r:. '. l'l-n h
rais~n
Hn ~ gua.rd
hHtDrG
p~ -or: . H n ~
bperi1J.l G"mrd
t 1-1 e; 'l""- be relaxed
"- H tj I
-tL£ in
nit j
.incline, be
. 11\ f"} ti
HP'" by
1'\ '" H);"
inr~~r.luch
,I l, zar-song
of the fact that,
as, in vie\f fro~
H'; i.-
t/~ fb quip
H~ re~thod
in order
y
H~ if artful
1-1) lock ilp in J clo~e
that, so that
t #'I")
baboon
.' tfl.. l)
forget
H\")
dance zar-d.!ulces, sing zar-songs
e
n... t-n f'
II!
close (vi.)
shell
* Hl ~ , h H11f'b Jot \.. J
'1
lH ~: J-1\ diverge
H1~
scoop up
1ion
H'tll.. give alms
.-
co~cmoration
of a saint
ragout
.. H1 If'" HJ 1
(usually by a banquet in his
lfOJl't:
honor)
OT> H')
* Hro tt, 'h rilD tL
do something
r e.
~
It
o.l.wa.ys, frequently
prepare, get ready
preparation, organization
It
preparation
tree
Hb.~
frequently
nH,tj).
head slowly
11"1 '1 ki nd of tree
shed
11'0 C
.
'Yl tL ~ f1> after that
inclination
H"\ £: by .
H'\
6).. there
in that regard_
htLj~ there
do~inant
(imperfect) +
see
')') H.S in addition
be inclined,
•
always
tn. nrr~: n.'trl\
.,. Htp l1) L,
1-1)? rain, rainfall
f'veryd$l.y clot,hes
sing
.,. H b.. ~ be sung
HI..). song ~~
It '1
larce the number of J)cople Jr.ay be
..
throne
~ ~~
': rlL, J
st!t up the throne
7-r
/
PI U- '\ : '); 1.'( nevertheless {see. (j ~ ~l\
)
without
j 1\ :
eh tp
nEt lrt'D- cut of place
there in not
e!)n'ftp
it should not
eII PI ::10 tt:: el\ tp e, is there not? /'
~
~cJ this ~ lJ ~'Jt\
21: 1.Pr:
be that as
j
-
no';ID ~
j 'tJ l)
j tV i\
in
'fl et ',l]1){;): just :for, (as in l) 'P~ 1\:
jus t for an e.."{runple)
JO'" J 't)6}, how much?
t + pe. fect
+
!'IJ l)
as much as,
+ imperfect +
''tJt)
just,
fl that (fem.) t i ',n.m, indigent,
needy (see ~ ~ )
~ ~ then, at that time
J \ f'- then university etOrn.t "
name of place
e'r)' t 't-
this much
February
e'Yl t t " I ~ "'" '.
, j~', SlJO that much
ttL ~}: ~1Jl\
f'ro:n no one
knows ",here
h1
as much ~ tV,,; ~ v1\
7~ 7 ~
~.
as long as
etp
'l1> )
('1 . where? l''t 'P somey;here
order that
l\ .-- j IJ l\
in 1) --. ~ II ~ rather than
(see
t may
,about, it equals
n+ verbal
l'tit> ,
'h! '1'7 "
Yakatit Square
as much, tho.t
many ti:tes
f6>-
et]) "1/)',
as there may be
. h () ~" ! l) ar 1 tp :' $ 'rJ t.., .to
the
extent that it now exists
,n ~~) " ~ 'tll)-, "lJ-h ~ul!h
amount of time
the sa.me, that is
in such-and-
gIi
successful, acc:omplished
(see C>") "', ta.1~e, 1.~~g:i n (when
preceded by
verb or by a verbal noun)
t\.
t JH
(~J J) ~
be }(cpt
t.s If (nr)
i,.'l.
contain
ili11,)3.rtinl
stick
r. h SH
itlPQund
J1ib ~iJ?
t >~ H
be connected, be linked.,
f
l) 'V
srtuce l1".ade of pepper, rOfJ.sted
onion, garlic and salt midrlle:nan, jobber
come dO\m f'rc;n ,
nSSH ~ f'I
L,eluding, wi. th
>rl,-' -,.. .e
L1
tz. >~ C'l
when it beca...'!.~ hard
SlL
., .£ ~ J.. 7)
/tD.~}r r:~ecins
'" .s ~ 11
'" J.. ~ J.1) l~
of ca.tching
6)
soothe, take care of
blood, complexion _
e.f p>:ir>r crock of complexion
grip (see above)
eternal (see 0., l\ 'l"
be allotted, be
app()l·t ioned
)
1\
(figure of speech indicating that the woman possesses an extraor-
he is considered
'.
level of!, divide in equal ,
t S'1f constraint
et1) II , see
Aqu~_rius (constellation)
parts, a.sSlgn
r..ana.gement;, control
t H~ l) 'r
whitish ..
'£'l\J..l}
to see ~t4.::f
illusion
til ,.e 'ill ~
join tOGether
,~n " ~ ~ ,:
1\"
t
ane ient t ime£l )
the person .,ho has to stand a
dinary amount of this quality)
'1 11,2 'l'"
one whose duty is to (;
congratulatory round of drinks
avenge his kinSmen
,"If?> ~
revengeful, who is engaged
in the vendetta t~ pick
.~.' poor !~~
good
-
j, ", ,,~
who is in a sound
condition
j, ~ be really good
~ t~, h~~ be biased
!j!IILrthe day before Miisq8.l., bonfire for,
1-1iisqiU
.e. 01>1> be
{!p.y (holiday), be much of
, something
f. Lr'j (n).)
befall
'r\.2,t.n:~ll.ke reacR ;., QiJ
1, .'
see .t..
.e.. 'r'}4 sala:q,
i".. J,.1tJ
r
;.~!.,;be ~xtended
~ ~re; Yo ind
of
r>;1.rriu:::.~
-)~r~ share (n.)
1; L.1ic.
conclude
D1l. S conclusion
Q"l ~,...e
. * t..rL tt'I, +.f,.trO:fl
be heeied
t
UrcGsel'
l: ~ share (n.); see J.Ln
, !-~.l
~ ~ ~ t'f)1I'\ hear, listen
cp
b~ dry, ,~e hardened
ha~aEm
"" oR L cp"
.,... ~ ~~listcner
"'t
-
,
..f.. 'c. ~; q,,. faRt .hard
~T>e voice
~
1.1,
[See also
be anbated (r.larket), b_~ lively
Lq,
dry, strong (coffee), fat-free
.t I:: /PtT] .
rti ha.y (see
of- C
(r..arket)
t ~ 1,.
I
flirt
I
Lcp )
~Ln
wear over something,' put on {e. (. cape), put atop ,
9,.[ forest, J., L give in I:"..::lrria::; e: marry off
t
>
t ~L
'~1,:
crt,
$,
t.c.. side, r:
. n ... 1, r.
J. L1
along ~he sides
.'
~!.
e
be enumerated, be lined
be orgarJizqd, get rich
organi,zation, character
-r
fL.R, level, station (of life)
riverside
degree (rank)
..,.
e',. f: £ l,.g,
necklace
clliclcon ,tC·.l])lT'\chicken sauce
ttn (~rrive
n
L
! C:t'r
f; l.. necklace
S'1l·. t L
I. LI.
~ -J.. f,.]. organize, put in order
along
~ C.
brea~t
up, stand in'line
"n. - .e, t bes ide
PID"H '.
at the same time
L.2l.. en'-;!tDerate ~
.£, r:. ~ .e, r.. c ircumlocutionally ~Lr~ :~
n ~ r.n
it L1 chest,
he given in marriage
but
t:. "', in
of. 1. IN}) he came to his aid
~
g1,;,
). l
.f'C:1.~
" .,
standa.rd of living do
function
j-c'1 (food) pi."ovision, gift of hospitality offered strangers
;{3f)
,.'
r1.11 :'£r1
~h , in
)
* '~n.,
also
;;11 hut rnade
.e, p; /I ft" :.:mnJ.l
plcc.sing (see
.
•
with leaves and branches
, ~,,~
*
oR
g, r
docket
nt,
",,r sh!l.cl~
+~h t
i. n Irt,
* .e. n 1\ if,
'h ~ '1'1 4>
1.e f'] 1) ,p
pleasing
[See also ~-n
pleasure, joy
' 'at t J.. t
together
l\ Ip l);p ]
rpl) q. confusion (see * j. n I) l' ) * ~ nL, h1; nL fertilize
merry
~ 1/ l)
AH ]
j. '-n!. (pI. h t' '1 iT l
s t udcnt
~ ,f-nl. ~
(the breast)
e.1
be beaten (of breast)
tt bea~ing
'f.;}1
{l L ! 17
)
church
vicar
r 'n ;,g ~ I~
name of a
church ~
Tigre kind of dish
nn
touch'lightly, grope
~!t" bastard
t'1 nn pat .
,f,. i l _.
~
~
mix together
be associa.ted, be mixed
J.. h;J
.f. ~ :lTD 11 t;T}- r.:
COlTh'llunal'labor
sheepsl{in cloak
+£. 'll) cp ~
[See also
.
in
roo~ with someone
en ~ nJ pIcas we
t ~h:!
~;
engaged
t g. n A be assoc iated
be pleased, en,joy
'lli1J?ri+ plcase (vt.)
~;
•
c0m:mnal labor
$... nl\
.-
oneself', find pleasure
'h h!.. ~"1
they dry lind. 'brHtle i ,'.. la rf:t. " .. f( eo "$" ttl-cd -t~ ~ ,e.,~ J.(flhh ~ r',! ~ ,.JY!r.ke bread O'
"l ,., -1 r.
sordid, shabby
~~.,
round dou.ghbaU~
which h,Lve heen roasted until
fro:n poles and coveTed
"h doss ier-,
31
flour, powder
q., capacity of deacon, rank of deacon
deaconship,
7
(stf ~ S ~)
n~
groping, feeling one I s way
... 9. n h" n, t .t".n n ,."i
be done
swnmarily
~ -n: ~fl~ 'f,n thud
.tn,drum
nkfl~ in secret .9.11 +Ir- 1 earned men having
'" Il stamping
~ r bread (";
III
,t~t...t
1 /,~Q"
E,W\.oj't ... &uaJ ~ . ,( A
,oe.~ ~f)
lMeri.f
fLtst""t'7
1"...... V
some
clericlU cnpacity
,2,:.rJ,ct(
rankofdD.btiira
~-n 11r ~)-
funcllon of dabt:ctr1.l.
~ n fj 1t'I rvttery naker
~l1.g
stOlle
,e ~ i. 1
decree (v.)
.e:-n 1.'1 beatir.g
t.t ~ -)1
t.(1 ",.(l
t1,1) reGulation, decree, ru.le
~,
s ad (~l e rna.t
be safe, be s:pn:red
~ ~ 1 tn
g" ~IP be adrdrable; proper n~e
t
a~ll'ed
,be
'h M..2 ~" surprise, stir
~;
,
f 'r 01 J.. \ t ~ 'ht~
~~
1.1..
~"11 ~ (l.lf n:l.!lle of gate in Harn;r
Q
X'HI
l'J n, ~ 'rl f1I CII>Jbe tired, exert oneself'
t -'trun .2 'Yl
kind of sacrifice
~~
thorougllly
~~~
tlnC
boundary
-r ~1nt;
customer (see £1-11 )
f~t i'gue, effort
mz. feeble,
"'tt~.,
as is the rule
get tired
r '. 7.l\ be some...,hat weakened
t"1 If'
rule
n£. 1fl
,.
'\I,'ealillet:is
measure of twenty q~ (or
lOO kg.)
.t1l'J " tent
r Pse.ltery, Psalm .e-tl1- s: ck, ill
.e.~HH
S!a. J'r \ (pJ...£'&. ~
~ 1~
be dull
.t ~r
virgin
t, C7} '1.t ~
t, t
sack
t , C? II
virGin
'; 1) sudden, suddenly
...,
.t'1 .,. f
sudden, unexpected
.
,. i"'''''' ,Eau de, Cologne
'h " ~ +) 1, deafE:n
'1. J cJ &
judgment
~.." footstep
.~
be deaf',
shyness
~'f ju~e
acL"'liration reason for a.dmiration
.
t1 dl if} '.1 ~1 'a '1-
marvelous
frighten
t-t'] J7\ surprise
admiration
'h h J? lj t
be t.!.lar.ned
'h h.t ~ 1 f1)
'h 11 ~ save
~ ~ 'P
be decreeu
i
..-
I:
f Ij r
) deacon
deaconship, rank of deacon
d~f)r, doorway, home
.2 j: n?,.
the eastern door of the
church ( lit. the door of peace; it is t rlC traditional place for distributing a.lIas to the needy)
J?J
~j !~
* 9.1 S?1,
hirhlard
c,
r
u.l ti turie
v··
the samma in a. respectful manner,
n.f'l·.~t(Fit)l
'(
~~ns~
r
a.
fa:~orable
eye
Good.ness., bounty
(aroand the "'aist)
£ bot be bold, violate
..
.
f~
t ~ l. L. be violated
book havir,l musirnI notation
1~ repeat~
t g,., trn
?t 1,", t ~ :11 h
&4
do
De G:...ule Squ.e.re
+~ L.1.
nb~in,
impudent
recite
be recited
~ A. C :
do somethin~ over again
PJ. b.. L. .t ~ L't
say re:r>eated~y
J!")
(
e., ;.
£11J1t t'1 ({"
~
be repeated 1 q1)
rCl1cntedly)
recita'\.i.on
. .Ii c1} 'll sec ond
9. """
\
lh be· bold in:pudent boldness, intrepidity
.e.l.
~ bank the fire
t ~ 1. \ ~~
be ba,nked (fire)
£-,. :+lip
~1'; Ir.ake feast preparation
f
ir.IIL begin (vt.)
banquet giver
.,.1 (fT) L begin (vi.) 'h hI r ~ beginning from, If) 1P bj beginning
~.,. ~ millet
make dl-signs on leather,
decorate book cover~
e
-",1!ear
design on leather
~"l ~r' goodness, bounty (see
-,-
lib unanned
banquet
* .e., t, 'h ~ 1 t be difficult, n1., 1 +(Q.) h~ ~s unable
beer 'must
R
I
the banquet is prepared
.f;,.h
( water)
cover
'h
. . repea tecUy
treat with impudence, be
b. L n be,come turbid . h.R!.. L n disrupt
again
I.::n~
~~n
roll down the
outer gnl1'!lent to the waist, wp.l\.r
good
~•. }. C) ~
~ ~1~1
be hard',
to") )
'
J,~ t»-~ ~ ff) ll'· ~ ~ Ll
1r:'1
back
J/:'~
Whip'
heed
from
-
k-n. hyet~?
In,
1/)1'\ :l"'E:tire·,
(eot'n~c)
t "11\/\ be sepcrated
pot
Ai1~ brave
deeds
~~ kind of
na,:tlila
r
~
1 with "d,ie rc(~
stripe
j, n t:
wlt,hJrm-r (vi.~
SUl!
l\: h J, L7
rl)'n
spire
1D l)"')~
young
1l\lJ1't
beco;ne a prostitute
rr:Ul
1'~ ',l1f.
kind of lr.ndholding
111 (\'1) 1J)',1-~ sta.re
J., '1!,. red
oxhirle, sleeping lm.t
1h'l
!~ 1i
chaff
"ttnr
suffuse
knee, effort, la.bur, strength,
~ 1 t1l7't umbrella
endurance
11»- ~.e: ~; 'J.i\ nutter
~"} l)nl
1"1 ccr.r.munal labor
111nm
r
.e, G') I)
hero, br3,v~
.
J ~ ~)- ~ b:nvery 0")
..
physical
copy
'n 1l}n m turn
~ i;'1t co:nmunrll laborer -::.ll\ 1I ..... f ·ftLt Df;.. ,,'tJ 'f UAA,M, (HtV~tV."(''l.r'''II(~ I
this way and that
r in" 1 f1.P convenience market * 1/)1'1\, ~ 1 /)"1 ~ !;erve, be of service
l
'" 1l} O"J ~
. ,to the house, near to, close to
1~""
r-oh
",ll~l\-weed,
dawn, daybrea.lt
".ft.', n..; ~ at
segresatc
dawn (see ~ J.. 9; )
;~ body
1/)
1\
r
service
separate two people who fight break up clods
m express,
explain '. interpret
(a text)
,..
.,~ :;fro n bathe
),11) i)ti) revealing
; l\ ~ '1t l£ earth
1~~~ interpr~ter, thet expresses
J~ be red hot
071\ t;l open,
~, ~
'?l\, in
private, personal,
one's own
e>q>ression
(See also 1 ~ III l't t;l, 1" f/., J , . 1~1fIt. t;)', ~~L 1 spread (see 1/)11) ) ~
f.
~/lI',!if} individual ~?t: 1lt}v
0"DC1')~4),
open air
clc1.rly
1el) 1
clearly
1 ~ ~, interpreter, that (see III IJ) )
~xpres.ses
i
" l7\ l '1
1'(' ""'n 1 .,~_~,
t"'1 ,,~
•
~
l\ 9:
"hI"'"'"
.J . . . . .
1/)rn )
,
::l£!' ':'.hc
be rCYC''l..1.ed
elcr.. r, plll.in
r'}
p'l.rt behind the house, bn.ckynrd
It- ~ wonc!erful '1 t,
, 1" L11'\ bnrc the teeth
V) C. ~ elor'Y
,,1'» l
* "P t. Q'l:l.. '",
1'''1 blood money
.,. 1. 91~ young
11'l. h b ....1 1',
n)
(se~ 1.0\
sorr.e, half
,. en
to
1'"'; .€valucte t1nt
cfl 'll't gppraisal
f}Q) 'l1' ~ approxi,ma tely
,..
~~
L~ grunblc
w;n
burn (of sunj
opinio~
I
t ah l . . rC fl
in
ntake
mbuthful, _ppt food in~p
£1.
one's mouth
.." n" L nput
food into someon~' s mouth
'h""h (, L.t1
put morsels in one's
mout.h
f"h Is Ln
cabbage
daily brend
1t Lit )
(see
,..l
be sllpposed
~~al~
ITt)
, l. C"'!,/) get somewhat hot (of sun)
f;Qme
[See also <1'J '"l
-lO'tln
1 LL
~om(-: of
1~ Pt
o
put food into the mouth
.
C) CJ'I) ~ rope
together with someone else
"1OTitPortion
[See also [
1 0, '1' mountain I a.ne e
""m
'1lr left .
f1J IT', 'b.t r1l.n.~
~ Ir: ~~
'rt
nf dab tara
puzzled confusing
fTZ 17 : r1J ~ 1'10)...
.. "" iT ~ "'1\' drop in
..... ,~ ern tuit ies, JIlorsel (see 'loL
,,.., -fll t;
'n ••. , C with
CTi lr', (>1'" C[).
]
-'PLf1'f neighbor (see"'" )
tak~ 0. pit
,,,. mountain
.,C, in
ren, "L:~ .
pC ~",;.! l\
.,.. b- .20 i , L.~ maid
neighborhood hoarse
~h4l
G'J "Ion bower
.'- ", lr"-r ~/~ .. "t! t.
,.lr-0
. /'
1J,'tL
til
t'l.~jj.,
f&A'f1
".J(
strut
name of an ethnic group
without confu::;ion recite
pOP.mS
of sorrow
n)
i J
rz
r..urr/ each other
te7l'l rt . ap,rec
,
1'1" 'hh enter n
~r't tribe
1rt. lilcome
""3/1
kind of gra=s (or plant) sC2'rving
O')n. compOlmd
fOl" Mak! r:[; ropes
?111
. llt,t.lc
~
way, ,r.et
"
m~rriar.e
t1rt. appropriate 4r) tJ '\ OJ
rt
1 UJ ~
repr t!':al'!d
ic.u~
,.7i
O'b"l fl.j entrance
odds ahd. enris
CTith11l. f
instn."Tlent scrvlr>..g to
put in
scoldil1G
o
unfHt('red beer
.,. h ~ Ifl~
unfil tcre1 .beer
O1)~'j'1t
,mutual
understandir.~
:J 1)
1!i(>n:.ure of land (en. 40 h
"l1"il~ on a high place
•r
a pla.nt the lcr.ve::: of which are
'T'l.
~o
used
Give a'bitter
I"
I
I the drink I . toO n elbow (v.) 1;;' ~ 6l) r J r nfl.::le
:7
t~ste
Inon.as·~ery
,+1~
it is proper or not)
C t;'
,
agricul ture, fa.rrninp,
lC1i -n c ~ tn ~
fine wheat
function, activity, effe"C..t,
CTH11.. ~ 1"1 seA'ual relations whether
ftl) ~n 1.. ; 1-fJ
t
moral
[See also +<7) '1
r. ]
cgriculturc, faming\ (r,ef! 1nlc
." 1 'l rnrrJ
~i)c.c;
hh1"
11Ih badey
brip.3 in
"
temperament
he, ought to)
'1 ~,n Pt 1 '1 (l). ~
.
banquet, feast
V,ilt
(talJ.. 1t] due)
( n. ,
)
VJ of) r taxes
he has to)
( ~ 1'1 f1\
r
I
be proper
(1''1 f).
put on in the e,:,"emDg
servo.nt
/
-
•
•
Sllr.!l".m.
farmer
111& / '1} i)
1 'llCD-) understoo9-
,
,n 1.
"
.,., 1)
of a
y..
"'In compoUl'!d (see 1 f)
to,
GO in, start
,.
(J
thick
...
,
114 t)
t)
(..,
1i1tt~
1 n;
·u:.l.rley-colorpt.!
tut>le' for. bread
tcleared.
91 Egn)t
O""t 11 j
training
bJ.
a table" for
*ltL, t1tL..
. .ed~~cA.ti(Jn)
lord
(0 t &-- g-rv,nary
\
J ;1], l:l!\rriage
(~ec
1'1 )
tt
~
~n1) visit "(v,)
"'l'~ ~s[ie)"'hly,
~
J n ti
what underneveloped
rr1
cO:"lf,ercnce
'l ~ still, yet, right a . .:a.y
invite
. +? nH
be invited
·t, ~ n H in'Ti tc O!1e anotJ1er' , ,.. n 11 fine young ma.'1, goed fcli()w! 1- -fl"Hi
r 1
trans\lct
n Se
t~
.
bu;;;ines~
'~ransact
e
in
t~
n~
S
",1: 1\,.") side by side 'fl .. " '\ close, to ~
'1
build of stone
(""-11
viall, ca.stle
eOJ"l -n
bus incss
\
" r 'Cr} ,
: Tb}'
house of stone
P1 n~ ': II i1 h " clvthcs
-
c0 t1) 1
crock
'1 c.
forehead
pin h : ;
marketing
market (see
1\'1 nS .;
side.
\
[See also" nJ 1
r')
market
business IV 1,0 j
but
"9
n. S , ,make a transacti.on, do ,
o-z,
Yirility, manliness,
excellence ") T}
earring
"11) Christr:l:ls., hockey
n ('onclave
j
cirfl.g, con.jure up (spj ri ts )
P t 1', "h 1\ drag so:newhe.t, be some-
~,"i1 visitor
'nr 170
jut out
') 1,1
J. ). ru.11-of-the-mill
'j "h~
bow down and rise again
(pl. hJ~'1
<7J~ ~ 11
(see
spi~ ~~i" .. t
relation, connection
* 1'1j )
"'1 HI enshroud who went out
1'1 ~ H
be
for business (i,e. she became
I1J 1, H'1
Book
prostitute)
)
en~;hrouded
o:f
F'unerC!..l CerE..'mony
i
-1'1 H fl. · 1-1 ~ tl
II"
•
1"\
H·n,
n
:.rei\1i~:('
'f,
1 tt
l::C:t..~Y '
n11 " 11.
1'1 Hf1',
buy
m,)l~e:: ee' II ec Lor, TH.
l.hlY(?l'
lect int~ noncy is i nvcl ve:3
1'1H·n
or
",~'}r
e1 ~ H 11 ."
of purcha&ing
t!-';:,;~;ur0r
1- fl
fin:~ncieX
trave 1.
1- 1-1"
~ f0nt
'* 1 ~J. TI, h '1 ~~ n
put around the
1. ~~
(~et: J. H
)
fi.~r the I)rocessi(.mal obsequies
ti~::e
711.Jt OJ.. for a short per) ad, for of
the li:o:nen G
drin~
S ,..,',1. f-I.,
ir!opportuncly, occn.5ionaUy
nF1. ~b 0)1 ~ ll'l
boil over
"h11 b...?\
q: "
* -. 't;, )..., lj i" ~
}~erC)sene
J'i-l'
boil up kind of (U~h
~,
J H, fl? H
be pres ent, be: available,
*l
11 ~ 1j
IJeet onE: a.nother
n1lj ~
br~ne toeetbe:r
)
H, 1").11 travel, journey, go .
l1l
bc.genr;€.'
[See also,.. t4
]
1 H t anathemn..tize
'",
tn>1 1.., '11 discovery
~ H~ H spread grass on the groun'
(Jl)1, ~ the coming tOGether
, H b..
O'bi,~t
t1tl9 if
method of obtaining ,:;ome-
relat:ion ,i
* ? ti )
'massive
OJ 1-1 ~ if!
CO'1!le('i..i on
(/1/ pri..·nary reading 1t(l.f,e (see
magic recitatl.on
a"J ,., ~ ::;Ubstllllce ~U~~
~ tit
oJ.so
recite magic formula::;
rrnH..'1
a.ssociation
thing <1'J
If']
go through the prima!"J
reading stage ( see CI'/ rj 1-1
find, obtain
meet
\
fro:n time to time, 'ilany
'?!.~
bod ily, external
the .. ast day before Christr'l:':'s
331 '7~
n~ce"~'r.y (.;c.e 1~.e.
<1j £:
'" ~ i)
@ 1'~
hi,!
)
~ .~,. journey
d(~ef. 1~0t min:l
~~~ cO:Ylpnnion
J. A11 'r f'o ~
1.~
harm, do
h'),,r":1
1 ~ ~( murderers (see 1J! 1)
t1- ~
ht~rr:i(;d
t
llC
~
1!.!.
be kllld
1 J .f?l.
kill (:(":ch other
~~
'1 ~ ~
O]~
killin$.~
O'}jlf
(n,)
"1 !.. b..
he failed
'P~
lP
oblieation, duty
-; 'f.
pit, yell
be reduce:l
tIt t
a' non-fast d=l.Y
hut
1'" : LI' f
misr.ing
set up housekeeping
;1 :0'tlN>"' means r
. less
selves
* 1 ~ ~ , ,,? g. (JT) '~9'D:).1\
''t tjO
monastery
1..t r.
cnlf
* ") ~ L. t L, t
"
up'i~
l?
'domestic matter
be eager
denial for politeness sake
)
rumbling noise forgotten (time)
through being busy with something
sholt' self-
~ ~f oblif~n.t.ion, nece~sity
for settl'ing them-
their home
* 1. ') , t '\ 1. '1 be a * loop 7\ , 1:11-7\ be
<1I.R. L 9. L
(see 1.R~
,'"
f'1}" : ~1 z:
lay out
lie down
1.e.s.. )
brea.tc the fa.st, omit
~
l;>e left out
necessity
t 1 i. b.
to do
for hi;;:
tli l\
force, comr,e.l
ObliGation, duty (see
')-!l.t ·1(~.Q.1\
n)
O"JJ},f obligs.tion, necr;ssity'
~~f
(0-) hc lacks
1 $.
be forced
r.:urderer
(10:;:'0), slip dnm
~.£ Tl
u person uith a problem
'h 111 D. J..
"l £.1), h?.f i\ 11.::111 to one side
)
affair, Inatter
'I') ~ £t killing, spoi.ls (see
t1~ 1)
.,
e,
rz hi- ~ ~
pan1..~y
1.£l'I kill
*
companionship
else, be neglected
*
,1
0'1>1 "'1~
? 11.
bake
recupcrat~
<.,
1
G'" I, ~ c:. i
"1.~
nju!: tice
j
~&S
a1»
on lar{~c sc:;t..lc:
:;ho·.'inl~) puchiug
&"1 et)Cl'o:J.chip.g (c-n boumia.r.i es) ~
J en )t
b
'J.. ~I
stall, livestock pen
m,h&/1)
.
it is not bHd
adorn oneself, be
* i!. L,
d€ccr~ted
~
p 1lT)~
J &r'P
"J lti.J
oversee
supervisor (at a ba.nquet)
b. 10 tonsure
1- A.e
fit, join, writ~ pcetl':?
'h" l L.
be i.:hin (of ox)
1 b. b.. strip off of1 !.. b.. ,be
ctz til T: 117\ be closed
str).p:p~d a~ay)
be' taken
off, be deprived of
OJ
Ill'll
poctl':r ~ lyrics of
f:c.:~~:s,
y(!!';;e
rf) I l
l
(see 1 ITII!1 )
"l (j) cr : . ,. f '1 ~ solo
e<'} l';) ~ " "fJ} lfl G\
POt::::l
rec 1 ter
m~ hate +(Jl~ be disliked, be loathed
the jfoanner of
t"l~ quarrel (v, )
'1 roc: country, countrYGide
ro~:; enemy
OJ,nil pasture,
ro~1 hatred
, m'1 1~
/?I 71 ~ ant1t6onis t
!:a.ddle-sore
m~ beer
page
1 9, " '11.. 11 t
llt
grn.zill3 pla.ce
p\lr;n, bl;! ud'/a.nce::l (in D£e, in
It
abandon, leave, thrO'.'/', toss I
( b til; 11) f\
advance (vi,), nhove one
the lJ,qqub)
o.noth~r,
1~;
"11\
go on (time)
educ~tlon),
t -:1
m~ ~ tflrJ'l'/J brew beer
present) gift
'111\
exceed
be
('rowde~i,
u:,~et
be lu.rp,c, be greut,
\
( mI :"1 i)
d'Wr
attend the i)qqub, hold
prepn.l'(> t:lend)
),
~------------------------------------------------------------------~-----.-h,"ll' •• v ...... ,
).."-·i (t l ,,,..... ,.1..;."
'l','>
~
;;oC't~ Ly) •
creE ..,
of 4.,,\ i\ (or
+Il) 11
'l~;e
e:.cpr(:f.:; ic..'1
---
fIl (:H~)~~' thi2',: 17 lhlr~;t.y
tl1)!l1) be
is j;~stified
)
o..ctivity ('It the soc';'cty in the
iflll1/fI) have
draw:n.; of lots
lit.tle likine
fIT} ffl tf1} be fln.vorcd wrap t:.rotm.d «~ shr-:,-rl), ] cave a
~1f}f1\1TI') t~t.e
little, bit
lJ}Ofi manqr,
herc and there, pick
u.p
tc.ste, good ta.!:;te
be crookcrt, be
'nIT} rrn c:o
C8l.l3e
* m/i1l L, ~ ITl rn 1.... "I1l OTtL
"~fl.rped
\ \
to be "rarped
;join, couple
\
be linked, be a.ssociuted
\ \
set (of .;un)
ffi(jl;ep iJ.i:llerCe onc3elf in water
mll~', ~~ri m/)~:l'l
m1\ ;.1 l1i' l'. ? f
deepl~r
t ITlCilI1> be ba.ptized
nml1&,/>
butt in
m~)
n~;p:
depth, profuncti ty
~ j II 0- deep
trt ttl (JIl ~
t
~i}.1l d')v,ry, gift enemy (see
baptize
tthV7
r
place where one baptizE:::>
~4~t .. s ..... i
lTD f1l61)tJ
~~tiSf1~
mil )
[See eJ.so
John the Baptist
ill tp 1~
m?(~} Epiphany (see
~?tl stripe
] mlJf»q»
'-'
m..,,; t: '1 fh (
c1l~;r hatred (see tn~ )
t1\?lf .antagc~ist (see m~ .IE-
m7\ml'l, 'A,mi\mll
)
su.spend. from
rn tro !
rifle
yoke up
(I" (,.', m(J1) ~ fD-
one's arm
'. tim 1\ rn '"
m1Jl)'~
be r. u~pcncl.ed
('mbroidcry
he was enGaged in
",ork)
+tn If1J ~ ~l\t
Epiphany pool
he involved
[See rol~]
1'·I
'1) ' t
33
rSe.e
fi-"1lr-
, It
. ({lZptfP '1:
til) l.r- be fil terc:t, be clear
blow the trumpet
t;l r: 11 tooth
fil terc~l
r
;, 'l ]
({l4lf'1'1 t.rll::lpct
fTi/r be p'.ll"e
r,llr
(0 t.
also
*
:yureness
."
mL
t
61)
collcc-e, save
tmlrt/>tf1) be collected, collect
mlr invi te ~ ( 0.1) "
t
st~~n,
mlr
mlr
(vi ), Gather (vi.)
caU out
invi~Ge to c0ffee)
mln c~l"Ve .,. ml. n
be invited, be fa:-no1.ls
be squared
'hhmL- cause to call
/fll't effort, strive (see
rot> invitation
ill 1..1 invitation (se~
f.il L1 invho.tion
'" L':i product
O1>m l.s ~ tern, s.Pfellati on
[FlC:~l
10
If) L
b- )
battle (n.)
tn r ~ 1- : I m1m battle: (v.) ".,~
try ver-y hard, be afflicted
h"l",!' ~Lr
be in death
l'1\~'" bind (n book)
m {,1-1
thro~:; ,
mt:"}:f
effort
"}/, roof
c1lt.,. good (see tnl,.. )
edge
m1..1 sweE'p t ml1 be
mlrL 1
goodness, excelJ.ence
l1l20 raw, green (grain), grain
volume, book
mL t1I L
sweep
doubt, dis_trust
~ !. '.') VHl
cash
~f1\lr"ll_
mz.'.~".rock
salt
~l:l1lL.
ttl r. January
(JI L.
P L. provide for Gorncone, care for
If).
the aged parents
swept away
be in doubt
suspiCion
~~ table
nsmoke (see also mil)
11l'~ violate \.
If' ~ ,pro', ider
III b: t/t'l b
who takes care of
tndl
rn; beat,
be violated knock
)
.hm5.
"niP.'ir
Lf1"f)'l'i"
mft n
oj-
{U t~tCY..
he n enti ollell
hL: is beset
,
"
, tt;l1> ip '\
illcluue, curl up
(1)
'P ~ q
IT\ t/!
roll up
m'l
cen:!ral t ad..i . )
mq}~~O-
r few, ~mck
breast, boso:n
mn f
gene!'al
f.cncralJ.y
mni\
holy water
ron';
roast (v.)
()l-nn
rn ncfJ [See also ~
be kept, be obscrved
tf1l '1 n q,
) If)
ntp
await
be fastened
11f}
ntf
be stuck together
h loP." ~ greatly, vigorously
beneficial
t mq,un make use , tm '" ~ (n~)
of he used it
be beneficial, be
~ f%j11-rr>benefit, adva.ntage, value "If) ~rn~ Od·o~fr\ ({'I'~ black
ill.,,;P strict tTl n;p lawyer IT) " ; :
1
t1
rTI '1 i ~ ~ I in
more ,useful
m fri
wait, (l.'\mi t , watch s guard, keep,
trnn 1>
q,1 ~ ]
mCP~ Q,: <j Wt province (see mtf/) ~ mcp ~ ~/: trn '? LJ headquarters mf n benefit, render service, be
t
to;"st (n.)
observe, heed, preserve
considered
m; t[D" 'hl\
quarrelsome, antagonist
gC!1cr
general
~
a, few
tn-n quarrel
gencrally, in
nrn ~~ ~ @
curl up
sriBJ.I
(f}1'
r;enerruly
mG} ~ It (j}-'1
+fJl ;p ~ 1)
* m'P ~'1 ,."
be pllcy,ed, c(,)'!pre:=;s,
m lPli ll', 'l'Ig.. L1
up
into the si,y
m'~ l\ I) p.:\.ck, trr[',Pt ir'oll up
tm1>l\ l\
.
thr~Ul~s
with lor:clinc:;s)
,
mention, cite
mnn
hire a. la.wyer
,P n 'l ~ ,: rri" i ~ 't
be narrow, become restricted
t mnn
hu.vc apprehension
'hrn n n
crowd (vt . .)
.
mastery
-tl1)nn
i,e c:ro\... ~led
mn -fl', i1/r. :':;.rr~)'I'I1.y
Collc;;e [ Sec oJ,so
mn."fl ro n 11
l"lctr~s!:li th (s~e (til
(tn h h
sa.;;:':1'...':', \o."lt.h l~ulticolor~d h!::l3
m~ if. i\
mr1
uner::broidercd
l3nb
mn~ quarrelso'r.e (see
m'1~'
(j'1)
-1(.
divination
d i vina to'r
.,. m~ (P'P
mi ~q):
be careful
'hht1l~rfcf
;~rn,
nl11lj
cOT'lplete, a(;quire' com-
m-n )
~
1)
gjve a rre.rnit'lS
pletely
nature, character
/Tl~ ~:.
nn .pCp '. -nlra carefully '1l ml) t completely
2'l'f}f' of Good chlJ.recter
"
f'
'* mnmn,
t'\/1)'lf1lr}
be sca!:tered
tv
IT}) bosom (see I'fl,/ ) II} 1 : 11l~
adopt a child
"l'1-- finger 1!J.1
(f'ltj be strong (see also
9, cr
steadfa.stness (see
~n t
olden days, 'in olden
1ivinator (see
, tmC}", be studied, be lcarn~d,
mr; ), c1c......ys,
in the
from the' beginning
-, m1f'J
from the very beginning ,
t 'I-
from the very beginning,
~ (1jl ;
originally
be scrutinized
m5"7ll\
be strol1,CS
ms-: Sl'I
strong
stea.dfastness
ro" t:. t} 'b j ~~r-01) w n
beal,t,h officer
original circumstances
original
~asis \,
"\ : ~ t '... ID d . essenti.l~Y m'\ t '. \, c:
health, sound ~tfb~; G1)T}"o,)
'T1 (1j)~ 't <~ t;"1!
)
t
study
n\~
m~ ~" )
nn mr'f
old days, origin, originally
morning
ro tj)
beer
e!!f./.ge in sorcery ~ divine
t'l m"O. !t e l
'. eIb li ~
or
rd xture of inp,'l'ed ients for
(1jn
ffi nl1
]
the preparation of beer
mn.fi )
"'"
~nfl
r"n '\'Ie' tJ tT'!)
tTl ~ rl r~ prepare the ingrcdien\'s
nn, m~ -n )
tec}::1ique, skill, kho",J.c~!~ .
(see
m
,"'V"j
\
essence
)7)"'r : ~ 11 C. essential qUl:.lifichtions
et'f)i ~
of old, old, ancient ~
I
~~fjO \
(li')1,jer!
ro1fcr~f
-1 ~i'J~ue
m, 'i ~n
" cn~.:fl>'t sn:'11J structure in which
,In':' i(':1t
. mend is
Fl.lItjqnity
~;()ld
'I'fl ~ : trl i,\!).r{'pare the T,lCad
(see ,'11, S- )
., tn.~ c~lf
rn J ~ome
"h I'll i 11 L ::;t :ccngthi:n) bois Ler m.111 r.
.; 'j.., II
be strcl1i::
ncar
ttnJ take ,shelter, G!l/t.her .
\
hf7m;;l let,ap'P17oach, let I-,ave ,Ill- (j) ~ tD
t.
I
'ltf.)+
tIT)
[See a.lso
*
shel'ter
be hostile
lJ.. ~ fD t ]
.
m-j''hll ywve or
(p!1"/:
tfl ,
J:
pa.ir (~:ce
mn J,
rn"1; ?/t,fhalong the edge
mi" '1 ~
)
clie~t
status
I
\
.
It1J In 1.as ~hel tel', means of protection
f1)
Otp t'lstc,
m1n
good tR.:>te (see tTJq1»)
1ft1! ~ ':ilc' ho::ey, darl:
fill-r1: ...q 'II satisfact~ry
bro~m
m1 n ~
m ~tp> cCtrk m~ P,~) C
mef
nrrq-;<'.nt
h t;'l? n i ~
d'lrk quality
I
'Tn ~
ask, require, inquire, visit,
sufficiency
rCp3.ir
hold re:.;ponsib1.c
+m? 1 i
+fJ) R'p . be rcqu~rerl 'h 71m e(I' require
over again
mJ t who asks, who holds
fm g1 tflSi
m lr ~ r
"'1111.
t mf)
be drunk
( It m "1 ~
qnesticn, request (n.)
one drinks)
XKlf1l give to drink
cmm tn drink,
o.lso ".17)
~"l problem,
strong drirli), liquor
need, affair, "mnt, com-
plication
be put on the fire
en.~; 0'j11}
()) .... Q-',juniper
mImend
client status (sec rn:J )
171"l drink
who is asked
m~11 rnetnlr.mith (see "l R. Pllt on the fire
be repaired over and
-,
responsible
~.
be snt.ed
household items
If} "1' "l r; wild honey "
* (11 l'1
U-:'l I
'1. 'll "1 1':' f~ E'
* fT) fT) ~ '1, ,Irj f)1 I
L ;-; (~f!
f'l/J11
')1!.-
n~ fl( f:XlT (rin r7::\11y
\t!) ed
but also in thE'
absent,
'" rn ~
Id
Cf:/'l.S(:
;;..
, ,*
"Yf,,~;tc,
',TPt!
out, ~o
r r,
Ah 'I'}',
as men." lIT'e ,
CXJH'(,!,;r; 10rl
f.I[, ~
'r,. 'h -; c : from
hend to foot)
i.'TO!'1g,
>
mln'l..
dcst'roy, kill
n_dd
.
tf).t["r in addition
'11.
\:rite (see 0.1 s() (I) /.., )
(1,., (pf1'/:'"
IfJ b.. t docu.;:'ent, scroll
f~
tJ1)
i
in ariditio!l to
Rddi tional
cJ1I "1 ~ book, text
in addition
m~ n:illet
'11
n:! f 1}1
~h1
m ~ ': 'hll ~ rn1.~
6P f.,
consider
~, f.', j .. , /..1 stir up ~
fly 1ihisk
so:nething no more than a trifle
mt°J!
twig, sticb,
(lit. no morc tha~ a erain of
en ~n
finish
cll co:n!)let.cly;
T:llllct)
(1).)
cc.ndle
verb) at nll
b. L tie (v)
tnlll), U1
m~l
docur.;cnt, scroll (see IYJ.
mitt
crble, misdeed,
~~ t ~ ~rn ~ tn ~
+~
31:1
guilty
rt} l~~ s"avor, flav{)r
4 ~ ~~. dry'
L)
(see m~
commit a misdeed
ITt k 11'1 be ,tasty, be m.;eet
11)
r:',
~!~
)
(with a negr..,tive '
end
dunged earth
6tbn smoke (v.) ~m, n smoke
(vt.), cause to smoke
~h smoke (n.); see also
G'ii!!p mud 6f,\j~ nflv.illage headman mep~', ~!
L1
shec.the
~
(f'J r name of place
\.
()).n
t!bp person of rank, well-bred, r;'entle foJ It, ur.cducnted "
seize, Give
Good breeding
mRtf! '. h 9, L'f t1'l. .J'1 ~I h" )1,1 (1}.,'I' .. (~. '.~
,r,
.
grasp, squeeze
f'ul
discUSfi
n~ eDt talk 'ofith
ro-n(fl. ~ln~~a.T:~ ~J.i~e
*, mn,tIf), n, hliidl!fl
CJ1>~~J C:c!ne
clnp
61;),{/ om '1 cl.J.ppil~?;
it'l> '1 kiNl of bush the leaven of vTl'ii(:h
.
m
mf j
be placed (l()ad), lrei(,h
]
pIny (sec
'*
:JH
eIf.b cp;';
(v.)
+/l4 '1
* m If.;l
[See also \
have a nnldly nn.rcotic qua] ity EiW~ load
someone
trrh rp ~ r
ffi(1)t)
be enga.ged in conversation
rr7b.~ plnying field
go~)d. upbringing (see
tD, fj»
~ "fl, ~ nu?tia.l house
down
\
efSb ~ ~ " n 'f noncymoon hut
'e
* ~q Iitb" ~ be ~bllrr?ssed, be at a loss
tm ~ 1>
~,1hlJJ~C:hirp
(S\ (.Il ;~'1i1k
container
m~-n~ kind of Galla dish (w~ fe>.t
have l!.nxiety
"" .. Hd p./,'U ~"'tc~ Qt'I~
"\ , ~ shoulder
c1\'bl 't>il r
I
m( L dn!1ce (v.)
Sf"te,) .
~ldT do.!1ce (n.)
head
~ ~t cargo (see ~ ~ )
t ~ 1'f '. 11-rl r
btb4./! donce
(n.)
~ ~& body of tl 00PS, adherent
pack animal
4
~"1 fort:~t ~ 111' m-r flour of roas wed
gP('1iM
b~
?repnred with butter and pepper ~
"1 \
bishop
atrocity, perseverance
i>'t\ '1') '\ : fU (,-
e
~~h
"'·11 cry
(sec
atrocity
dft'-:h l ) .
~;,~ !3houtinf~, bleatirv~. (of sheep),
outcry (see
(:f'o~)
fJeh~sun q.,tf)~..l necretarY', scribe (SC(\ ~I...
9, ~
b. "t '" ~/rt Minister
)
of Pen
(low\'
I
'-.
\
Q;",~ ~.,rit:nl~ (f;Ct~ ~L)
"
~r <:('n~er
; 'hi? 6. L vr 1te
n.~(11- ~
<6 rf, b, r.,r1' it.il~,~,
e~rl conceive
']clr»
chrU~:l (SCi~ ~ ~
)
e{j)fhb.. '/- ~ 11 r office ~~fprayer (see 91~e
)
Q; .,)-- tcn~ci ty (see ~ t)
*
~ ~ l) ,see
-l!-
9~ '1 6) 1",
[See
q; cp c~rp',
t
)
9., t;
~
'i I}) 4- be also * m~ fiJ t
hostile
ci:allce
~ ~ be clean, be pure
);QIl~·~Cl~e.n (v.)
q.!'f7 +'f Q;' ~
t
9,.e, ;gil white
sD.yer 0.1' pl"n;ycrs
'lob ve stone
~!r-t-;; s:\yer of pr>::yers (see ~/)-?t)
9i ~ t- cleanliness 9\ £.1' he decla.red righteous,
Q, II e proW tn~1 j}
~/ro
j
't
be vaJ.id
h 9-, P..1>
place of prayer 1'rl~j'er --
91 ~ t t:>' in n ITT> 9, f~ .e cp pio~3ly ~ .e-?r (pl. ~.e: p} ) righteous, holy tfi f'Cf, holiness
~ c-t> it is beir!£; fasted
[See also ~ 'P) ~? fast, f:lf;~j I'.g (see ~ 011 ) ~~~
~4'"
Ck q-a f
\
' in
,\
\,
'11\
nc<J:~j)" quietly
9;1 '
~ t;l
effccti ve ' (see also
~
mIj )
console
9, ~ strong, o!'f,ani zed
n~~
Btro!1p;ly
~ ~ '1 tennci ty
e9;"1', ~rF'ast of Sage
c;.. "} chair
~\
be fim, get too stl'OP.g, become
~1 rich
in
9(t L~
'" 9i I)
\
~J grace, favor, honor, beneficence
hHJ. tc~ of fast
:tJ, title of book
cleanliness (see ~ ~ )
~j sex
_ ,
/):J. T1
C onfi nn
q7)
~.;1) fast (v.)
t
be pious,
f
rose; proper notul
s Hence
q.. ~ r sorrow ~ ~ write, l-rri tc down (see nlso
11) b.
)
n~ ~ ha.;\'--e something written dorm (See alf;o
9, ~
&
I
9\ t/yll,
]
r;;rhb. 't I en 9)~ItJ ') r:- ,.
t) t)
,1
3'f /
b. 7),
hoil (vi.), ferment, (of ...rink)
h b. '1
,q. r. ~ c '; i} e
boll (-vt..)
1, ind of dins'
b., tjr'l be spilled
'Ab. r/(~
spill, pour
(I n. "h A. rlr1
&lL t r: : rn ,) I ?II"". r. c.-. r u,. ~ I ') ....
b. rn
incoi'lc)
::'ili: (;:-' beer
n"""''' . . _..... ~
"
()f
.... <..
I1'l ~ n~
Cl'tt" ;11 .. on'''''''''' (.>"". ~.",," ..... (;J"..,4. 'l._
100;\ fc;r, G~e~, need ~ wish "
'h h b, ~ 1- 1'r
Sh h.. b) 'J l'l ~")
~~
~
lr
tn
~)lo.ce to pour out, p1..:J.ce
.,
to dur.:p
~
h,n ~~ '1 m;;:':c'>!>:l.ry
li."~
4- it rrr
it is nee cnsn.ry sc~rch:
nee.l, des ire
c,
4-1 ta.nner
"
it- i ~
UtI
* !, I~ L
I
toothbrush
~!, '/' L love (v.)
q,ii>c love (n.) Dlt h t ~ cp C love philter
be feared
'f, 17 A.. &- cauce to be ff'C?red ,
* il. lr, 'It I:..i.r produce,
Fnscist
need.
fashion, notion
+!.lr
:::clebrnte J-:n.ster
J.. I ., "T fl 'YJ L').ster
nece'>3i ty
fep.reh, irA
.,'r
b.. frn
fenr
provide, develop
l
y, £.
III I m" , pemit, 'desire
t b.. ~ eft 1
(a character)
(na,,~ ;
&,1. a1 i
obtain an abuncln.nt
l,9 ~
fall apart, be ruined
nb. L n ruin, !..l,Ln
faJ..l into ruin, fall apart
&.. l.. h horse
!. L. n~
* !.. L IPt t l
rf
til
C(
,' ..
ogle each other)
permh3ion
r
willingness
lt11Ll1 factory ~J
b.. /,.f1 :.!:!'J J) "''',.. .... All I(' It
" t b., ~ !p J..
b..!f .5:.1;,
break (an n.greement)
look for one another
release, leave off, unyoke , absolve,
HcV,.O-/\..
hor:;crr:an
divorce
£,. Lc'p alternate
nhb...:J rel<:nsed
'. cause to be released, have
/
! 't.. 0. r
r
.. ~' ','~ "1'( I
t ...
'1;" r'
J '1-
'r~ I
.J
t'
n --. b. 't J
1..
" " ,
'Gtn'1d !>()me.,rhat
npa.rt., ,be ' .
..
,
11 ." &r : l} b.J 1.
O~l'C':; He
cn..ch other s~parlftc
"
6..1111[:111}-.
l t~
or
(, J' t .r',
b.., 1 tTl C.. : ,,1\
etD ~ !4 t,
... :i.nstcn:l
(adj,,)
.
,0
•
l.t. nliitle ~istance"
futm'e
::;cc above
!>l)in
b. ~,m (P
)'lroj~ct (': ber..~n of l,ir,ht), emit .
",
* b. t
~.;.
1\. 11 Fr 1, /) t it
6. 1 tTl ~: 71 .e L7 ;; c'ld
I:nnw (of'
out
h:!!);,; e r )
"
.6...1 m,,/ f (fee
~
b..
1t ~ t
f)
~~~
~ 'Iu 1 nnme of place
pr:l:rer of
'~,'rl'l!ole
absolutirm ~f~ test. (v,)
t l. f
~
ito
tLt LJAef tl) ~t- Ollt l:t..,. ~ .... ~t(e
~l1L boast; n3.:t:'rate on~'s pro'\oiess
t £: l) 11 L
be te5ted
t &.' f t ~ be' tempted. * !.. +1, t!t '1-1 be in conta.ct. !... t l;'
,,
\
fantncia
"
r
dis:ple.y of prowess, "
distrihute mrJr~els
boast, compete
~'rl£" boanting •
with
!.ro n
clIre ( ',)
*
nL.o H(ni) he rna.de
~ H,
fun of him
L.HH!bcco7:e/fceble"b~come dtlll~(of.,eye)', divorce (see
b..! )
J,.. ( ~:t!.y, nei.f:hborho~d
n0 ~ t;'fn . .
Ii- ~ II fu J.. l\
g:)fl. t
;lphab'ct ,
f.cprl1.tt'l.y
J.c~trn
to r(,h(i, &
"
~:""I.stcr
the f4l,phabet .'
,
¢
,
3'1 I rl-) ().., 'l-.,'/ll ,,(.\ .
eLi.,t),.
e
~~(I,1C
:]>,>} 1
'. t/i) Gi,.}, r"M}.) >0 ."1.,.11.l.~· ) . . . '- ........ . (J.:, . \ "~" (, -'. 1,1--) I
~
l s.. A I,,'., . . ~.t_
I...
c ..
..,
b., f"
~ 11-
Ji.,)
,.
I,,)
••
T,
~t:
tU:,i'iL t-
l~:,rj"('r
[. ~} v,':-:'ctl t L:" '
(~;C'c b... I
)
71LJ'7 pc·lice J C1) S''l ,,_rJ,~'~, ,
•
"I",)
"j"",+".",\'',J.1.
) t iJ? C I'll
~.. 1 d,il:1~
~ 1'1 j
I. ~ 1. I\", 1. v~ .,. .....
t'.:
I ...p ~ lu ,o.)
~
1"
~~;\llc (:-:.)
:ra~'ri~rch
Tj~l I'ir~,zo. (na:~e of sq:mre in f.ddis Atmbn)
, r:>.m'tN','l l).; •• I . ~"'.
T ,'?. C
It.,.-,
~ ~
m?
~m1t ,b.~
;"lo,;:der
:.::)C~:'l u~
~l'ced (n.;
gr j nrl grain
h h b. ffi?
bvc Ground
~~ grindir~ Q)~&t»
grinder, mill
Ih~tm accomplish, perform\ sett.le,
conve:r
t ~ 9,trr>
be performed, be
1...u.fillel? be over, be finished
.,., HJ..'h 111>
/
b!'in~ to n ::;ettlement,
have carried out ,,
Ji'~'?' cor~?lete '1 r:- ... Ud I
